title: 1918 Louisiana hurricane

abstract: The 1918 Louisiana hurricane was a tropical cyclone that struck southwestern Louisiana as a major hurricane in August 1918. The first tropical cyclone of the 1918 Atlantic hurricane season, it was first detected south of Barbados on August 1. Moving west-northwest, the storm traversed the Caribbean Sea and gradually strengthened, though the sparse observations available did not sample the storm's intensity. On August 5, the storm attained hurricane intensity after moving through the Yucatán Channel into the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane strengthened further into a major hurricane before making landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, on August 6 with maximum sustained winds of around 120 mph (195 km/h). The storm quickly moved north-northwest into Texas and Oklahoma while rapidly weakening, and eventually dissipated on August 7 over eastern Oklahoma. Due to a lack of observations and the hurricane's small size, the major hurricane struck Louisiana with little advance warning. The hurricane quickly moved through southwestern Louisiana, limiting rainfall accumulations in the storm's path. However, the hurricane produced damaging winds with gusts reaching about 125 mph (201 km/h) in Sulphur and exceeding 100 mph (160 km/h) in Lake Charles. The most severe damage occurred in those areas, with many buildings destroyed. Corn and cotton crops also suffered from the strong winds. Along the coast, buildings in Grand Chenier and Creole were swept by storm surge. The hurricane killed 34 people in Louisiana, and the Weather Bureau estimated the total damage toll to be around $5 million.

text:
# 1918 Louisiana hurricane

The **1918 Louisiana hurricane** was a tropical cyclone that struck southwestern Louisiana as a major hurricane in August 1918. The first tropical cyclone of the 1918 Atlantic hurricane season, it was first detected south of Barbados on August 1. Moving west-northwest, the storm traversed the Caribbean Sea and gradually strengthened, though the sparse observations available did not sample the storm's intensity. On August 5, the storm attained hurricane intensity after moving through the Yucatán Channel into the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane strengthened further into a major hurricane before making landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, on August 6 with maximum sustained winds of around 120 mph (195 km/h). The storm quickly moved north-northwest into Texas and Oklahoma while rapidly weakening, and eventually dissipated on August 7 over eastern Oklahoma.

Due to a lack of observations and the hurricane's small size, the major hurricane struck Louisiana with little advance warning. The hurricane quickly moved through southwestern Louisiana, limiting rainfall accumulations in the storm's path. However, the hurricane produced damaging winds with gusts reaching about 125 mph (201 km/h) in Sulphur and exceeding 100 mph (160 km/h) in Lake Charles. The most severe damage occurred in those areas, with many buildings destroyed. Corn and cotton crops also suffered from the strong winds. Along the coast, buildings in Grand Chenier and Creole were swept by storm surge. The hurricane killed 34 people in Louisiana, and the Weather Bureau estimated the total damage toll to be around $5 million.

## Meteorological history

Weather observations first indicated that a tropical disturbance was south of Barbados and moving towards the west-northwest on August 1. The official Atlantic hurricane database lists a tropical storm developing southeast of Barbados by 00:00 UTC on August 1 with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). However, there were no accompanying measurements of gale-force winds, and it is unclear whether the storm exhibited a well-defined wind circulation as it moved through the Lesser Antilles into the Caribbean Sea on August 1–2. No land stations or ships observed the center of the storm as it traversed the Caribbean. The tropical cyclone passed south of Jamaica on August 3 and moved through the Yucatán Channel into the Gulf of Mexico on August 5. Maritime observations suggested that the storm intensified into a hurricane by 12:00 UTC on August 5 north of the Yucatán Peninsula.

The United States Weather Bureau did not receive any reports regarding the between the afternoon of August 4 and the morning of August 6, by which time air pressures had already begun to fall along the U.S. Gulf Coast. A 2008 reanalysis of the storm conducted by the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory estimated that the hurricane reached the equivalent of Category 3 intensity on the modern Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale by 06:00 UTC on August 6, making it a major hurricane. At around 17:30 UTC that day, the hurricane made landfall 30 mi (48 km) east of the Sabine River near Cameron, Louisiana, with maximum sustained winds of approximately 120 mph (195 km/h). A minimum air pressure of 960 mbar (hPa; 28.35 inHg) was observed in Sulphur, Louisiana, implying that the hurricane had a minimum central pressure of about 955 mbar (hPa; 28.20 inHg). The hurricane was slightly smaller than average at landfall, with a radius of maximum winds extending 17 mi (27 km) from its center. The storm continued to the north-northwest after landfall with a forward speed of around 18 mph (29 km/h), crossing the Sabine River into Texas south of Merryville, Louisiana, and moving along the state border between Louisiana and Texas as it rapidly weakened. The 2008 reanalysis determined that the storm dissipated over eastern Oklahoma after 18:00 UTC on August 7.

## Impact

The hurricane's small size shortened the period of inclement weather heralding the impending hurricane, providing little warning of the storm. A Weather Bureau forecast published on the morning of August 6 remarked that "A tropical disturbance is evidently approaching the Gulf coast," but that the point of landfall could not be determined. Hurricane warnings were ultimately issued by the Weather Bureau for the Louisiana coast and the Texas coast east of Galveston during the afternoon just prior to landfall, though the agency also provided antecedent notices of a tropical storm in the area. The swath of significant damage resulting from the small hurricane spanned 25 mi (40 km) across, with impacts felt between Orange, Texas, and Jennings, Louisiana. Minor to negligible damage occurred along the hurricane's periphery. The center of the hurricane moved through Cameron, Calcasieu, and Beauregard parishes in Louisiana, and the most destructive impacts of high winds sustained in Cameron and Calcasieu parishes. The hurricane killed 34 people in Louisiana and injured at least 68. The Weather Bureau estimated that total property and crop damage amounted to around $5 million, but this figure excluded the damage in smaller villages and lost livestock. The heaviest property damage occurred at Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, Louisiana, Lockmoor, and Sulphur. Fires indirectly caused by the hurricane caused limited additional damage. Strong winds also wrought significant damage to cotton and corn crops in extreme southwestern Louisiana. The rice crop sustained comparatively less severe losses due to their recent planting. The storm surge produced by the hurricane raised tides at Morgan City 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal and Johnson Bayou 2.4 ft (0.73 m) above normal. Higher surge heights likely occurred but were unmeasured over eastern Cameron Parish.

The hurricane's quick passage of Louisiana led to relatively low rainfall accumulations despite the moderate to heavy rainfall ahead of the storm and on its eastern flanks. Rainfall amounts generally ranged between 2–3 in (51–76 mm) along the Louisiana coast over a 24-hour period, with 2–4 in (51–102 mm) rainfall totals over southwestern and south-central Louisiana. A peak rainfall total of 4.91 in (125 mm) was measured near Franklin, and only one weather station recorded over 4 in (100 mm) of rain in a 24-hour period. Rain from the hurricane also extended into Texas along the state border with Louisiana.

The storm surge razed homes in Grand Chenier and Creole. The mail and passenger *Borealis Rex* departed from Cameron en route to Lake Charles early on August 6 when it encountered the hurricane. Strong winds pushed the vessel into the shoreline as it entered Prien Lake, whereupon the passengers sought refuge in a nearby home. As winds switched from the north, the boat was pushed a mile downstream and capsized in 8–10 ft (2–3 m) waves. All passengers survived the hurricane. At Garstner Field, 7 hangars and 96 airplanes were destroyed. Three pilots were killed. An anemometer in Lake Charles recorded a maximum five-minute sustained wind of 80 mph (130 km/h) with gusts estimated to be in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h); the instrument was disabled by either debris or the strong wind after measuring the maximum wind speed. A string of freight cars in Lake Charles were blown into the rear of a train, smashing the vehicles and killing 25 people. The Temple Sinai was severely damaged while the old Presbyterian church was demolished. A portion of the Methodist Episcopal Church was detached and disintegrated. The Goosport milling district was ravaged by a combination of strong winds and fire, with a red glow in the sky visible 25 mi (40 km) away in DeQuincy. In DeQuincy, at least 50 residences were destroyed while several churches and stores were rendered useless. Three people were killed in the city, and another three deaths occurred at Hammond Camp to its east. Westlake was described as "a scene of desolation" with a majority of its buildings leveled.

Wind gusts as high as 125 mph (201 km/h) were reported in Sulphur. Automobiles in Sulphur were stripped of their tops and laid on their bodies. Many buildings were unroofed or otherwise pushed off their foundations. Few businesses remained standing, with The Union Sulphur Mines suffering most severely. A large warehouse was blown across a set of railroad track in Vinton. Oil fields adjacent to Vinton and Edgerly sustained what was described as "great damage," and rice crops across Calcasieu and Jefferson Davis parishes saw their stalks broken or bent. In Lafayette, Louisiana, travel came to a standstill as wreckage from homes and toppled communication lines littered roadways. The Pierce Oil Corporation Building collapsed upon a number of occupants, resulting in minor injuries. Several other structures caught fire as they collapsed upon hot stoves, though heavy rainfall inflicted by the hurricane helped to quell the resultant flames. Losses from the city topped $1 million.

In the aftermath of the storm, soldiers patrolled the debris-littered streets in an effort to combat looting and civil unrest. The Big Lake Gunnery School, one of the only buildings at Gerstner Field intact in the storm's wake, was used as a base for relief work.

1. Henry, Alfred J. (August 1918). "Forecasts and Warnings for August, 1918". *Monthly Weather Review*. **46** (8). American Meteorological Society: 378–380. Bibcode:1918MWRv...46..378H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1918)46\<378:FAWFA\>2.0.CO;2.
2. "Tropical Cyclone Activity" (PDF) (Technical Documentation). Environmental Protection Agency. August 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
3. "Tropical Cyclone History for Southeast South Carolina and Northern Portions of Southeast Georgia". *National Weather Service Charleston, South Carolina*. North Charleston, South Carolina: National Weather Service. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
4. "1918 Hurricane NOT\_NAMED (1918213N13302)". *International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS)* (Database). Asheville, North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Asheville. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
5. Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; Carrasco, Cristina; Charles, Noel; Chenoweth, Michael; Clark, Gil; Delgado, Sandy; Dunion, Jason; Ellis, Ryan; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; Feuer, Steve; Gamanche, John; Glenn, David; Hagen, Andrew; Hufstetler, Lyle; Mock, Cary; Neumann, Charlie; Perez Suarez, Ramon; Prieto, Ricardo; Sanchez-Sesma, Jorge; Santiago, Adrian; Sims, Jamese; Thomas, Donna; Lenworth, Woolcock; Zimmer, Mark (2008). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". *Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory* (Metadata). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1918/01 - 2008 REVISION. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
6. "Hurricanes Frequently Asked Questions". *Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory*. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1, 2023. The Saffir-Simpson Scale. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
7. Cline, Isaac (August 1918). "Louisiana Section" (PDF). *Climatological Data*. **23** (8). New Orleans, Louisiana: United States Weather Bureau: 59. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023  via National Centers for Environmental Information.
8. "\[Daily Weather Map Valid August 6, 1918 at 8 A.M.\]" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau. August 6, 1918. Retrieved August 15, 2023  via NOAA Central Library.
9. Roth, David (April 8, 2010). "Louisiana Hurricane History" (PDF). Weather Prediction Center. pp. 30–31. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
10. Schoner, R. W.; Molansky, S. (July 1956). "Storm of August 46, 1918". *Rainfall Associated With Hurricanes (And Other Tropical Disturbances)* (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Hurricane Research Project. p. 103. Retrieved August 14, 2023  via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.
11. Roth, David (March 15, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". *Tropical Cyclone Rainfall*. Camp Springs, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
12. Bunnemeyer, Bernard (August 1918). "Texas Section" (PDF). *Climatological Data*. **23** (8). Houston, Texas: United States Weather Bureau: 87. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023  via National Centers for Environmental Information.
13. "Twenty-Five Lost in Louisiana Hurricane". *The Lima News*. Lima, Ohio. August 7, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
14. "Three Lives Lost". *The Oshkosh Northwestern*. Oshkosh, Wisconsin. August 7, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
15. "City All But Wrecked". *Natchez Democrat*. Natchez, Mississippi. August 7, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
16. "Million Dollar". *Natchez Democrat*. Natchez, Mississippi. August 7, 1918. p. 8. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
17. "Loss Will Exseed Million". *Natchez Democrat*. Natchez, Mississippi. August 7, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
18. "Gerstner Aviation Field Almost Completely Blown Away". *The Town Talk*. Alexandria, Louisiana. August 7, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved May 7, 2017.

## InfoBox

1918 Louisiana hurricane
| Surface weather analysis of the hurricane over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico on August 6 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | August 1, 1918 (1918-08-01) |
| Dissipated | August 7, 1918 (1918-08-07) |
| Category 3 major hurricane | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 120 mph (195 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 955 mbar (hPa); 28.20 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 34 |
| Damage | $5 million |
| Areas affected | Louisiana, Texas |
| ---  Part of the **1918 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Edmilsa Governo

abstract: Edmilsa Governo is a Mozambican athlete, who won a bronze medal in the women's 400 metres T12 event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. She also won a gold medal in the 200 metres T12 event at the 2015 African Games, and a bronze medal in the 400 metres T12 event at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships.

text:
# Edmilsa Governo

**Edmilsa Governo** (born 28 February 1998) is a Mozambican athlete, who won a bronze medal in the women's 400 metres T12 event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. She also won a gold medal in the 200 metres T12 event at the 2015 African Games, and a bronze medal in the 400 metres T12 event at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships.

## Personal life

Governo was born on 28 February 1998 in Maputo, Mozambique. She started racing at the age of 8. Governo has cited fellow Mozambican athlete Maria Mutola, who competed at six Olympic Games as an inspiration.

## Career

In 2015, Governo won the 200 metres T12 event at the 2015 African Games, and came third in the 400 metres T12 race at the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, Qatar. In 2016, she won the 200 metres T12 event at the IPC Athletics Grand Prix in Tunis, Tunisia.

At the age of 18, Governo competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. She was the only Mozambican athlete at the Games, and as such was the country's flag bearer at the Parade of Nations. She competed in the women's 100 metres T12 and 400 metres T12 races. In the semi-finals of the 400 metres T12 event, she set an African continental record time of 54.99 seconds. Her time was the third quickest time of the round. In the final, Governo broke the African continental record again, finishing third in a time of 53.89 seconds. She lost to Ukrainian Oksana Boturchuk in a sprint finish; Boturshuk finished second in the race. Governo was Mozambique's first medalist at a Paralympic Games. In the 100 metres T12 event, Governo came third in her semi-final, in a national record time of 12.35. She did not qualify for the final. In 2017, Governo failed to qualify for the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships in London.

Governo and Hilario Chavela were Mozambique's flag bearers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Parade of Nations. At the delayed Games, she came last in her heat in the 100 metres T13 event. She won her 400 metres T13 heat in an African record time of 55.50 seconds, and finished fifth in the final.

## Honours

In 2015, Governo was named Mozambique's female sportsperson of the year, at the country's *Gala Nacional do Desporto* (National Sports Gala).

## InfoBox

Edmilsa Governo
| Governo on TV Surdo Mozambique in 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1998-02-28) 28 February 1998<br>Maputo, Mozambique |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Disability class | T12, T13 |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Paralympic finals | 2016, 2020 |
| Medal record      Para-athletics  Representing  Mozambique  African Games  2015 Brazzaville 200 m T12  IPC Athletics World Championships  2015 Doha 400 m T12  Paralympic Games  2016 Rio de Janeiro 400 m T12 | |


title: Anaplectoides brunneomedia

abstract: Anaplectoides brunneomedia is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from only a few localities in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August.

text:
# Anaplectoides brunneomedia

***Anaplectoides brunneomedia*** (**brown-lined dart**) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from only a few localities in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina.

The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August.

## InfoBox

| Brown-lined dart | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Anaplectoides* |
| Species: | ***A. brunneomedia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anaplectoides brunneomedia***<br>McDunnough, 1946 | |
|


title: Anaplastic thyroid cancer

abstract: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), also known as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, is an aggressive form of thyroid cancer characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells in the thyroid gland. This form of cancer generally carries a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to cancer treatments. The cells of anaplastic thyroid cancer are highly abnormal and usually no longer resemble the original thyroid cells and have poor differentiation. ATC is an uncommon form of thyroid cancer only accounting for 1-2% of cases, but due to its high mortality, is responsible for 20-50% of deaths from thyroid cancer. The median survival time after diagnosis is three to six months. Some studies report that 10% to 15% survive more than 1 year; 3-year and 5-year survival is very rare. It occurs more commonly in women than in men and is seen most commonly in people ages 40 to 70.

text:
# Anaplastic thyroid cancer

**Anaplastic thyroid cancer** (**ATC**), also known as **anaplastic thyroid carcinoma**, is an aggressive form of thyroid cancer characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells in the thyroid gland. This form of cancer generally carries a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to cancer treatments. The cells of anaplastic thyroid cancer are highly abnormal and usually no longer resemble the original thyroid cells and have poor differentiation.

ATC is an uncommon form of thyroid cancer only accounting for 1-2% of cases, but due to its high mortality, is responsible for 20-50% of deaths from thyroid cancer. The median survival time after diagnosis is three to six months. Some studies report that 10% to 15% survive more than 1 year; 3-year and 5-year survival is very rare. It occurs more commonly in women than in men and is seen most commonly in people ages 40 to 70.

## Signs and symptoms

Anaplastic thyroid cancer typically manifests as a rapidly enlarging neck mass. Associated redness and swelling of the overlying skin sometimes occur. ATC commonly causes symptoms by compressing local structures, such as the esophagus, carotid arteries, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and trachea. This compression of local anatomic structures may cause symptoms such as difficulty controlling the voice, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or trouble breathing. Other symptoms include cough, neck pain, or symptoms from the spread of cancer to distant sites in the body, such as the brain. ATC may rarely present with coughing up blood.

## Causes

Risk factors include being over the age of sixty, a long-standing goiter, and repeated radiation exposure to the chest or neck.

## Pathogenesis

Nearly half of ATC cases occur in the setting of coexisting differentiated thyroid cancer. This suggests that many ATC cases have dedifferentiated from differentiated thyroid cancer and, as a result, become more aggressive and difficult to treat. Differentiated thyroid cancer is seen coexisting with ATC on fine-needle aspiration biopsies in 20-50% of cases.

Anaplastic tumors have a high mitotic rate and frequently invades the local blood and lymphatic vessels. Cellular death is frequently visualized on microscopic images. The presence of regionally swollen lymph nodes in older patients in whom needle aspiration biopsy reveals characteristic vesicular appearance of the nuclei supports a diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma. Microscopic images of ATC usually show inflammatory cells from the immune system such as T cells and macrophages.

On immunohistochemistry testing, ATC is usually positive for the keratin, p53, and PAX8 proteins and is negative for thyroid transcription factor-1, thyroglobulin, and calcitonin. ATC cells demonstrate high levels of PD-L1 expression. BRAF and TERT mutations are seen more commonly in ATC than in differentiated thyroid cancer.

## Diagnosis

Fine-needle aspiration is essential in order to obtain a sample of the thyroid tissue to allow for microscopic examination. This allows an experienced pathologist to differentiate ATC from other diseases, such as other forms of thyroid cancer. It is very important to distinguish between ATC and poorly-differentiated thyroid cancer and this distinction can be difficult to make. The presence of PAX-8 positive staining and association with a different thyroid cancer that is adjacent to the ATC support the diagnosis.

ATC is divided into several different subclasses based on its microscopic characteristics. These include sarcomatoid, squamoid, osteoclastic, paucicellular, rhabdoid, and carcinomasarcoid variants. As of 2019, despite the fact that these ATC subtypes are recognized, this classification has not led to differences in management. ATC is always considered to be stage IV when it is diagnosed.

There are no reliable laboratory tests for ATC. Ultrasound imaging of ATC lesions reveals a hypoechoic mass (appears dark on ultrasound) with invasion of the local structures and may help to better characterize the presence or absence of neck lymph node metastases. If surgery is planned, however, then a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck must be performed. A PET scan is preferred for staging ATC but a CT scan of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis can be substituted if the former is unavailable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is also recommended to assess for distant metastases.

### Differential diagnosis

In addition to ATC, a rapidly enlarging neck mass prompts consideration of several other important diagnoses. These include other cancers such as primary thyroid lymphoma, poorly differentiated thyroid cancer, sarcomas, and metastases from cancers of the upper digestive tract and respiratory tract. Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is a rare cause of this presentation.

## Prevention

## Management

ATC is considered an emergency cancer diagnosis since it poses a high risk of blocking the airway and/or esophagus due to its rapid growth in the neck, either of which can quickly cause a person's death by asphyxiation, if not immediately corrected.

Unlike its differentiated counterparts, anaplastic thyroid cancer is highly unlikely to be curable either by surgery or by any other treatment modality, and is in fact usually unresectable due to its high propensity for invading surrounding tissues. A multidisciplinary team including an endocrine pathologist, head and neck surgeon, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, endocrinologist, and a palliative care physician is essential for optimal management. Palliative treatment consists of radiation therapy usually combined with chemotherapy.

The use of tracheostomy as part of supportive care for ATC is controversial.

Medications, such as fosbretabulin (a type of combretastatin), bortezomib and TNF-Related Apoptosis Induced Ligand (TRAIL), are, however, under investigation *in vitro* and in human clinical studies. Based on encouraging Phase I and II clinical trial results with fosbretabulin, a type of medication that selectively destroys tumor blood vessels, clinical trials have been evaluating whether the medication can extend the survival of patients with ATC.

With the advent of molecular testing and next-generation sequencing, BRAF and MEK inhibitors are playing an increasing role in the management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer harboring such mutations. The combination of dabrafenib and trametinib has shown significant increases in overall survival and has been approved by the FDA. Another similar combination is vemurafenib and cobimetinib.

Immunotherapy is also starting to play an important role in anaplastic thyroid cancer management with several ongoing clinical trials demonstrating promising effects. Specific drugs being tested are atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, and spartalizumab, amongst others.

Combinatorial therapy that is molecular-based may lead to significant tumor regression, potentially making patients amenable to curative surgery.

### Post-operative radiotherapy

The role of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in thyroid cancer remains controversial and there is no level I evidence to recommend its use in the setting of differentiated thyroid cancers such as papillary and follicular carcinomas. Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, however, are histologically distinct from differentiated thyroid cancers and due to the highly aggressive nature of ATC aggressive postoperative radiation and chemotherapy are typically recommended.

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines currently recommend that postoperative radiation and chemotherapy be strongly considered. No published randomized controlled trials have examined the addition of EBRT to standard treatment, namely surgery. Radioactive iodine is typically ineffective in the management of ATC as it is not an iodine-avid cancer.

Imbalances in age, sex, completeness of surgical excision, histological type and stage, between patients receiving and not receiving EBRT, confound retrospective studies. Variability also exists between treatment and non-treatment groups in the use of radio-iodine and post-treatment thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression and treatment techniques between and within retrospective studies.

Some recent studies have indicated that EBRT may be promising, though the number of patients studies has been small.

Clinical trials for investigational treatments are often considered by healthcare professionals and patients as first-line treatment.

### Add-on therapy

In the absence of extracervical or unresectable disease, surgical excision should be followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In the 18–24% of patients whose tumour seems both confined to the neck and grossly resectable, complete surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy could yield a 75–80% survival at 2 years.

There are a number of clinical trials for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma underway or being planned.

## Prognosis

The overall 5-year survival rate of anaplastic thyroid cancer has been given as 7% or 14%, although the latter has been criticized as being overestimated. Additional factors that affect prognosis include the person's age, the presence of distant metastases, the dose of radiation administered to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes, and if combined modality treatment is used.

Treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer is generally palliative in its intent due to its highly aggressive nature and nearly universal mortality. Larger tumors, distant metastases, acute obstructive symptoms, and leukocytosis portend a poorer prognosis. Death is attributable to upper airway obstruction and suffocation in half of patients, and to a combination of complications of local and distant disease, or therapy, or both in the remainder.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is extremely aggressive; historically, in most cases death occurs in less than 1 year as a result of aggressive local growth and compromise of vital structures in the neck. ATC in most series has a median survival of 4 to 5 months from the time of diagnosis, with rare long-term survivors.

Recent data however suggests that patients with BRAFV600E mutated disease, even if in an advanced stage, may have significantly better prognosis, as novel targeted therapies can extend tumor control considerably, while also leading to tumor burden decrease and potentially make patients candidates for surgery. Recent advances show that using a combination of novel targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and surgery, 1 year and 2 year survival for anaplastic thyroid cancer patients have increased to 59% and 42%, respectively.

## Epidemiology

## History

## Research directions

## Notable cases

## InfoBox

| Anaplastic thyroid cancer | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, ATC |
|  | |
| Microscopic image of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | ENT surgery, oncology, endocrinology |
| Prevention | Use a thyroid guard when having any type of radiation, like X-rays or certain scans - even dental X-rays. |
| Treatment | Chemotherapy, radiation therapy |


title: Edith Halbert

abstract: Edith Conrad Halbert was an American physicist, elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1972. She worked on computations in the nuclear shell model at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

text:
# Edith Halbert

**Edith Conrad Halbert** (23 April 1931 – 31 December 2023) was an American physicist, elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1972. She worked on computations in the nuclear shell model at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

## Education

Halbert attended Cornell University, where she was elected to Sigma Xi and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1951. She then went to the University of Rochester to pursue graduate studies in physics. At Rochester, she was the student of James Bruce French. She earned a doctorate in 1957 with a PhD thesis entitled *A Shell Model for the Even-Parity States of Nitrogen-15*.

## Career

She worked at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where she directed the development of the Oak Ridge–Rochester Multi-Shell Program, a computer program used to compute the properties of atomic nuclei based on the nuclear shell model. While at Oak Ridge, she also worked as a visiting scientist in the low energy nuclear theory group at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the nuclear theory group at Stony Brook University.

## Personal life

Halbert came from a Forest Hills, New York family. She married Melvyn Halbert of Jamaica, New York, also a Cornell and University of Rochester physics student and later an Oak Ridge researcher.

## Selected publications

* Zucker, A.; Howard, F. T.; Halbert, E. C., eds. (1961). *Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Reactions Between Complex Nuclei, May 2–4, 1960, Gatlinburg, Tennessee*. New York & London: John Wiley & Sons.
* Halbert, E. C. (January 1964). "Optical-model analysis of elastic deuteron scattering". *Nuclear Physics*. **50**: 353–402. Bibcode:1964NucPh..50..353H. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(64)90216-0.
* Austern, N.; Drisko, R. M.; Halbert, E. C.; Satchler, G. R. (1964-01-13). "Theory of finite-range distorted-waves calculations". *Physical Review*. **133** (1B): B3–B16. Bibcode:1964PhRv..133....3A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.133.B3. ISSN 0031-899X.
* McGrory, J. B.; Wildenthal, B. H.; Halbert, E. C. (1970-07-01). "Shell-model structure of 42−50Ca". *Physical Review C*. **2** (1): 186–212. Bibcode:1970PhRvC...2..186M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.2.186. ISSN 0556-2813.
* Ichimura, Munetake; Arima, Akito; Halbert, E. C.; Terasawa, Tokuo (April 1973). "Alpha-particle spectroscopic amplitudes and the SU(3) model". *Nuclear Physics A*. **204** (2): 225–278. Bibcode:1973NuPhA.204..225I. doi:10.1016/0375-9474(73)90272-8. OSTI 4564483.

## InfoBox

| Edith Conrad Halbert | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-04-23)April 23, 1931
New York City, NY |
| Died | December 31, 2023(2023-12-31) (aged 92)
Oak Ridge, TN |
| Alma mater |  |
| Spouse | Melvyn Halbert (m. 1951) |
| Children | 3 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
| Thesis | *A shell model for the even-parity states of N¹⁵ and general results for states of parity ( - )A̳¹ in the nuclei 5 ≤A ≤ 16* (1957) |
| Doctoral advisor | James Bruce French |
|  | |


title: Edith Hacon

abstract: Edith Hacon, also known as Rhyllis Llewellyn Hacon, later Mrs "Amaryllis" Robichaud, was an international socialite, an artists' model and a leading Scottish suffragist. She was vice-president of the Dornoch branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and president of the Women's Liberal Association. During the First World War she volunteered with the Scottish Women's Hospitals in France for three years and was awarded a silver Medaille des Epidemics, the British War Medal and Victory Medal. She would later take a key role in the development of Girl Guiding as an early leader in Dornoch in the 1930s.

text:
# Edith Hacon

**Edith Hacon** (1875 – 25 August 1952), also known as **Rhyllis Llewellyn Hacon**, later **Mrs "Amaryllis" Robichaud**, was an international socialite, an artists' model and a leading Scottish suffragist. She was vice-president of the Dornoch branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and president of the Women's Liberal Association. During the First World War she volunteered with the Scottish Women's Hospitals in France for three years and was awarded a silver Medaille des Epidemics, the British War Medal and Victory Medal. She would later take a key role in the development of Girl Guiding as an early leader in Dornoch in the 1930s.

## Biography and early life

Edith Catherine Mary Dolores Broadbent was born in 1875 to John Broadbent and Margaret Broadbent, née Rayment. Her parents died when she was a young woman. Little is known about Edith's early life and her original birth certificate has not been traced.

Edith became a socialite in London in her 20s when she worked as a model for Selwyn Image, Charles Shannon and other artists and used the alias '**Amaryllis**'. Her portrait *The Lady with the Green Fan (Portrait of Mrs Hacon)* may be the one mentioned in a poem by WB Yeats, *The Municipal Gallery Revisited*, in which he calls her ‘beautiful and gentle in her Venetian way.' The portrait is held in the collection of the Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin. Her social circle included Oscar Wilde, Aubrey Beardsley, Selwyn Image, Herbert Horne and international visitors, such as Paul Verlaine.

Edith was also called '**Muriel'** in the poems of Arthur Symons. Symons wrote Edith's (partly fantasy) life story in 'The Life of Lucy Newcome', with extracts published in *The Savoy.* The fictional Lucy Newcome was brought up in an affluent home but following the death of her parents lived with an aunt and uncle. She was assaulted by her elder cousin and was turned out of their house because she was pregnant. The baby later died. It is not clear whether this fictional narrative reflects Edith's experience in her early life. 'Muriel' also appeared in a poem *To Muriel: At the Opera* (14 November 1892) published in his collection *London Nights*.

Edith married barrister and art collector, and investor in the Vale Press, William Llewellyn Hacon and became known as **Rhyllis Llewellyn Hacon**. At this point in her life she converted to Roman Catholicism.

## Life in Dornoch before the First World War

Due to her husband's interest in golf, the couple built a home in Dornoch, Sutherland called *Oversteps* an Arts and Crafts style house (now a nursing home).

It has been suggested that Edith became a 'society hostess' at this point in her life. Artist Charles Conder came to Dornoch and painted Edith's portrait in 1896, '*On the Shore at Dornoch*' which is in Aberdeen Art Gallery. Another portrait (entitled '*The lady with the green fan (portrait or Mrs Hacon)*' ) was painted by Charles Haslewood Shannon; it hangs in Dublin City Gallery, and was referred to in a poem by W.B. Yeats: called *The Municipal Gallery Revisited.* Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resided at Oversteps on his annual holiday in Scotland in 1912. The Llewellyn Hacons also had a home in Dieppe where they hosted artist Toulouse Lautrec.

After her husband's death in 1910, when Edith was only 36 years old, she became involved in charitable work in Shetland in 1912–13 with 'Irish fisher girls' who were supported by the Catholic church in the 'gutting' season. This involved travelling with the fishing fleet and contributing to building a rest home called 'The White Rest'.

Edith also helped fund the Catholic Church in Lerwick, and the brass tabernacle there is inscribed 'In Memory of Llewellyn Hacon'.

## Suffragist leadership

In 1912, Edith was a member and president of the Women's Liberal Association at Dornoch, and they hosted a tour of leaders from the Scottish women's organisations, encouraging local support for the women's suffrage cause. Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resided at Oversteps on his golfing holiday in Dornoch in 1912 and probably 1913, when suffragettes disturbed him while playing both years.

In 1914, Hacon became vice-president of the Dornoch National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) branch and she was able to report that half of the electors had signed their petition in support of women's suffrage, whilst campaigning at the Northern Burghs by-election that year. Her friend Margaret Davidson, a teacher, was the first secretary of the branch and she lived at Oversteps with Edith before the First World War.

The NUWSS membership had grown to 60 members under her leadership and had regular visiting speakers from the national groups.

## Role in war nursing service (Scottish Women's Hospitals)

At the start of the First World War, Hacon volunteered with Margaret Davidson for a role in Dr. Elsie Inglis's WW1 Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont. She began as an orderly but 'Mrs. Hacon' became the housekeeper and called herself 'Head of Char'. Hacon supervised the kitchen, and seamstress work, making and repairing uniforms and organised hockey matches and tea to keep up morale, and made a rag doll for one of the wounded soldiers. Hacon served for three years, and was awarded a Silver Medal "Medaille des Epidemics" by the French Government, and both the British War Medal and Victory Medal.

As a Roman Catholic, Hacon was not included in the Dornoch Cathedral World War One Roll of Honour plaque as was her friend Margaret Davidson.

## Life after the First World War

In 1918, Hacon married a Canadian forester Private William Robichaud in the Canadian Forestry Corps France; he later became a timber merchant. Her friend Margaret Davidson was a witness at their wedding. Edith and William couple later adopted two children.

Hacon and Davidson took part in the 1928 tercentary *Dornoch Pageant* marking the granting of the Royal charter to the Burgh of Dornoch by Charles I in 1628.

They also both became Girl Guide leaders in 1931 and were integral to the development of the movement in Dornoch and Sutherland.

Hacon died on 28 August 1952 in Glasgow but is buried next to William Llewellyn Hacon in Dornoch.

### Images

## InfoBox

| Edith Hacon | |
| --- | --- |
| "Mrs Amaryllis Robichaud" – detail of an 1896 painting by Charles Conder | |
| Born | Edith Catherine Mary Dolores Broadbent<br>1875 |
| Died | 25 August 1952 |
| Other names | Ryllis Llewellyn Hacon ; Edith Catherine Robichaud; and earlier in her life Muriel Broadbent |
| Organization | National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies |
| Known for | Suffragist, World War One nursing service volunteer, socialite |
| Spouse | William Llewellyn Hacon |
| Awards | Silver Medaille des Epidemics (France); British War Medal; British Victory Medal |


title: Abadam

abstract: Abadam is a remote Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria, on the western coast of Lake Chad. It borders Chad and Niger, and it's very close to Cameroon, in 2016 its population is projected to be 140,000 inhabitants, It has its headquarters in the town of Malumfatori. Security, Healthcare, infrastructure, and climate change are some of the major challenges in Abadam Local government.

text:
# Abadam

**Abadam** is a remote Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria, on the western coast of Lake Chad. It borders Chad and Niger, and it's very close to Cameroon, in 2016 its population is projected to be 140,000 inhabitants, It has its headquarters in the town of Malumfatori. Security, Healthcare, infrastructure, and climate change are some of the major challenges in Abadam Local government.

## Landscape

It has a landmass area of 3,973 km2

## Population

Abadam has a total population of100, 180 in 2006 population census

## Postal Code

The postal code of the area is 602.

## History

It is one of the sixteen LGAs that constitute the Borno Emirate, a traditional state located in Borno State, Nigeria.

## Cases of Insurgency

In October 2014, Boko Haram fighters took over Abadam town, with at least 40 deaths, but fled after an attack by Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) troops. Local residents, some of whom had fled to Niger border areas, were urged to return.

On 2 February 2015, the Nigerian Army said it had recaptured Abadam from Boko Haram, along with the nearby towns of Gamboru, Mafa, Mallam Fatori, and Marte, following joint military operations by Nigerian and Cameroonian forces, civilian forces, and three days of Chadian airstrikes. A bomb dropped by an air strike and smashed the midst of a mourning ceremony, which injured 27 peoples and killed 37 persons. Borno State senator Baba Kak Garbai however stated in February 2016 that the group still controlled Abadam. Major General Lucky Irabor also stated in August 2016 that Abadam was under control of the militants.

## InfoBox

| Abadam | |
| --- | --- |
| LGA | |
| AbadamLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 13°36′39″N 13°16′40″E / 13.610953°N 13.277664°E / 13.610953; 13.277664 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Borno State |
| Local Government Headquarter | Malumfatori |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 100,180 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
|  | |


title: 1995 in Hong Kong

abstract: The following lists events during 1995 in British Hong Kong.

text:
# 1995 in Hong Kong

The following lists events during **1995 in British Hong Kong**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### January

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September

### October

### November

### December

### Undated

## InfoBox

|

**1995 in British Hong Kong** |
| --- |
|

1993    1994    **1995**    1996    1997

 |
| **Decades:**

1970s    1980s    **1990s** |
| **See also:** History of Hong Kong
Timeline of Hong Kong history
List of years in Hong Kong |


title: Alberta Highway 519

abstract: Alberta Provincial Highway No. 519, commonly referred to as Highway 519, is an east-west highway in southern Alberta, Canada, stretching from Highway 2 near Granum through Picture Butte to Highway 845. In tandem with Highway 23, Highway 519 is often used by traffic in the CANAMEX Corridor to bypass Fort Macleod on the route between Calgary and Lethbridge.

text:
# Alberta Highway 519

Template:Attached KML/Alberta Highway 519KML is not from Wikidata

**Alberta Provincial Highway No. 519**, commonly referred to as **Highway 519**, is an east-west highway in southern Alberta, Canada, stretching from Highway 2 near Granum through Picture Butte to Highway 845. In tandem with Highway 23, Highway 519 is often used by traffic in the CANAMEX Corridor to bypass Fort Macleod on the route between Calgary and Lethbridge.

## Route description

Highway 519 is a two-lane undivided highway that begins in the Municipal District of Willow Creek in Granum at an intersection with Highway 2. At a speed limit of 60 km/h (37 mph), it proceeds east through the town after which the speed limit increases to 100 km/h (62 mph) and the highway reaches Highway 811 which turns south to Fort Macleod. After crossing into Lethbridge County, It reaches a roundabout at Highway 23, after which the speed limit drops to 70 km/h (43 mph) before passing the town of Nobleford and crossing a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The speed limit then increases to 100 km/h (62 mph) again. North of Shaughnessy, it merges with Highway 25 with which it is briefly concurrent until Picture Butte where Highway 25 splits north to Iron Springs while Highway 519 continues east to end at Highway 845 near the Oldman River.

## Major intersections

| Rural/specialized municipality | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MD Willow Creek No. 26 | Granum | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 2 Fort Macleod, Calgary |  |
| |  | 8.2 | 5.1 | Highway 811 south Fort Macleod |  |
| Lethbridge County |  | 31.6 | 19.6 | Highway 23 Vulcan, Lethbridge | Roundabout |
| |  | 49.3 | 30.6 | Highway 25 south Shaughnessy, Lethbridge | West end of Hwy 25 concurrency |
| | Picture Butte | 52.9 | 32.9 | Highway 25 north / Highway 843 north Iron Springs, Enchant | East end of Hwy 25 concurrency;
west end of Hwy 843 concurrency |
| | 53.8 | 33.4 | Highway 843 south | East end of Hwy 843 concurrency |
| |  | 65.0 | 40.4 | Highway 845 Lomond, Coaldale |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Highway 519 | |
| --- | --- |
| Highway 519 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Alberta Transportation | |
| Length | 65.0 km (40.4 mi) |
| History | 1979 (paved) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Highway 2 in Granum |
| Major intersections | Highway 811 near Granum
Highway 23 near Nobleford
Highway 25 near Picture Butte |
| East end | Highway 845 near Picture Butte |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Specialized and rural municipalities | Willow Creek, Lethbridge |
| Towns | Granum, Picture Butte, Nobleford |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 515   Highway 520 | |


abstract: The 1958 SCCA National Sports Car Championship season was the eighth season of the Sports Car Club of America's National Sports Car Championship. It began January 12, 1958, and ended October 5, 1958, after sixteen races.

text:
# 1958 SCCA National Sports Car Championship

The **1958 SCCA National Sports Car Championship season** was the eighth season of the Sports Car Club of America's National Sports Car Championship. It began January 12, 1958, and ended October 5, 1958, after sixteen races.

## Classes

| Class | Modified | Production |
| --- | --- | --- |
| B | 5000-8000cc | 3500-5000cc |
| C | 3000-5000cc | 2700-3500cc |
| D | 2000-3000cc | 2000-2700cc |
| E | 1500-2000cc | 1600-2000cc |
| F | 1100-1500cc | 1300-1600cc |
| G | 750-1100cc | 1000-1300cc |
| H | 500-750cc | 750-1000cc |
| I | 350-500cc | 500-750cc |
| J | under 350cc | 350-500cc |
| K | - | under 350cc |

## Schedule

| Rnd | Race | Length | Circuit | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Orange Bowl National Championship Sports Car Races | 100 mi (160 km) | Master Field | Miami, Florida | January 12 |
| 2 | President's Cup | 80 mi (130 km) | Marlboro Motor Raceway | Upper Marlboro, Maryland | April 20 |
| 3 | National Championship Spring Sprint Sports Car Road Races | 1 hour | Virginia International Raceway | Danville, Virginia | May 4 |
| 4 | Cumberland National Championship Sports Car Races | 1 hour | Greater Cumberland Regional Airport | Wiley Ford, West Virginia | May 19 |
| 5 | SCCA National Races | 75 mi (121 km) | Bridgehampton Race Circuit | Bridgehampton, New York | June 1 |
| 6 | Lime Rock National Sports Car Races | 100 km (62 mi) | Lime Rock Park | Lakeville, Connecticut | June 15 |
| 7 | International June Sprints | 150 mi (240 km) | Road America | Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin | June 22 |
| 8 | Lime Rock National Championship Races | 100 km (62 mi) | Lime Rock Park | Lakeville, Connecticut | July 5 |
| 9 | SCCA National Races | 70 mi (110 km) | Milwaukee State Fair Park | West Allis, Wisconsin | August 16 |
| 10 | SCCA National Races | 150 km (93 mi) | Montgomery Airport | Montgomery, New York | August 17 |
| 11 | Thompson National Championship Races | 60 mi (97 km) | Thompson International Speedway | Thompson, Connecticut | September 1 |
| 12 | Road America 500 | 500 mi (800 km) | Road America | Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin | September 7 |
| 13 | Watkins Glen Grand Prix | 100 mi (160 km) | Watkins Glen International | Watkins Glen, New York | September 20 |
| 14 | SCCA National Races | 1 hour | Vaca Valley Raceway | Vacaville, California | October 5 |
| 15 | Autumn Festival Sports Car Races | 150 km (93 mi) | Virginia International Raceway | Danville, Virginia | October 5 |
| 16 | Palm Springs Exhibition Sports Car Races | 50 mi (80 km) | Palm Springs Municipal Airport | Palm Springs, California | November 2 |

**^A**  Feature race

## Season results

Feature race overall winners in **bold**.

| Rnd | Circuit | BM Winning Team | BP Winning Team | CM Winning Team | CP Winning Team | DM Winning Team | DP Winning Team | EM Winning Team | EP Winning Team | FM Winning Team | FP Winning Team | GM Winning Team | GP Winning Team | HM Winning Team | HP Winning Team | IM Winning Team | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | BM Winning Driver(s) | BP Winning Driver(s) | CM Winning Driver(s) | CP Winning Driver(s) | DM Winning Driver(s) | DP Winning Driver(s) | EM Winning Driver(s) | EP Winning Driver(s) | FM Winning Driver(s) | FP Winning Driver(s) | GM Winning Driver(s) | GP Winning Driver(s) | HM Winning Driver(s) | HP Winning Driver(s) | IM Winning Driver(s) | |
| 1 | Miami | #92 *Ferrari* | #14 *Chevrolet* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | #621 *Jaguar* | #115 *Ferrari* | #188 *Austin-Healey* | #25 *Ferrari* | #55 *A.C.-Bristol* | #0 *Porsche* | #83 *Porsche* | #37 *Lotus* | #130 *Alfa Romeo* | #77 *Bandini-Saab* | *no entries* | *no entries* | Results |
| | George Reed | Rees Makins | **Walt Hansgen** | Don Smith | James Johnston | Fred Moore | Gaston Andrey | Duncan Forlong | Charles Wallace | John Cuevas | Roy Schechter | Art Tweedale | George Parsons | | | |
| 2 | Marlboro | *A.C.-Jaguar* | *Chevrolet* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | *Jaguar* | *Maserati* | *Austin-Healey* | *Ferrari* | *A.C.-Bristol* | *Porsche* | *Porsche*
*MG* | *Elva* | *Alfa Romeo* | *Bandini-Saab* | *D.B.-Panhard* | *no entries* | Results |
| | Chuck Sarle | Fred Windridge | **Walt Hansgen** | John Hayes | Bark Henry | Fred Moore | Gaston Andrey | Ed Welch | Bob Holbert | Emil Pupulidy (Porsche)
Ben Fowke (MG) | Frank Baptista | Bob Grossman | George Parsons | Richard Toland | | |
| 3 | VIR | #16 Lance Reventlow | *Chevrolet* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | #97 *Ferrari* | *no finishers* | #26 *Austin-Healey* | #50 *Ferrari* | #20 *A.C.-Bristol* | #74 *Porsche* | #33 *Porsche* | #35 *Elva* | #179 *Alfa Romeo* | #160 *Osca* | #7 *D.B.-Panhard* | *no entries* | Results |
| | Lance Reventlow | Fred Windridge | **Walt Hansgen** | George Arents | | Reed Rollo | Gaston Andrey | Ross Wees | Don Sesslar | Emil Pupulidy | Frank Baptista | Tony Briggs | Robert Ferguson | Howard Hanna | | |
| 4 | Cumberland | *no finishers* | *Chevrolet* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | *Ferrari* | *no finishers* | #17 David L. Herson | #7 J.V. Quackenbush | *A.C.-Bristol* | #74 Cyrus L. Fulton | #33 Emil Pupulidy | #35 Continental Motors, Ltd. | #82 Barry Budlong, Jr. | #127 James P. Eichenlaub | #1 Richard H.R. Toland | *no entries* | Results |
| | | Fred Windridge | **Walt Hansgen** | George Arents | | Dick Thompson | John Quackenbush | Ross Mees | Don Sesslar | Emil Pupulidy | Frank Baptista | Barry Budlong | James Eichenlaub | Richard Toland | | |
| 5 | Bridgehampton | *no finishers* | *Cheetah* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | *Ferrari* | *Aston Martin* | *Austin-Healey* | *Ferrari* | *A.C.-Bristol* | *Porsche* | *Porsche* | *unknown* | *Alfa Romeo* | *unknown* | *no entries* | *no entries* | Results |
| | | John Plaisted | **Walt Hansgen** | George Arents | Fred Windridge | Dick Thompson | Gaston Andrey | Harry Carter | Bob Holbert | Emil Pupulidy | | Bob Grossman | | | | |
| 6 | Lime Rock | *no entries* | #99 *Chevrolet* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | #98 *Ferrari* | #76 *Aston Martin* | #11 *Austin-Healey* | #8 *Maserati* | #80 *A.C.-Bristol* | #140 *Porsche* | #33 *Porsche* | #35 *Lotus* | #71 *Alfa Romeo* | #74 *PBX* |  | *no entries* | Results |
| | | Fred Windridge | **Walt Hansgen** | George Arents | Alan Markelson | Dick Thompson | John Fitch | Harry Carter | Bob Holbert | Emil Pupulidy | Frank Baptista | John Clapp | Candy Poole | | | |
| 7 | Road America | #91 J. M. Lyeth, Jr. | #14 L. Lindheimer | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | *unknown* | #21 C.J. Hughes | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *no entries* | *no entries* | Results |
| | Richard Lyeth | Jim Jeffords | **Walt Hansgen** | | Dan Collins | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | Lime Rock | *no entries* | #99 *Chevrolet* | **#61 Briggs Cunningham** | #98 *Ferrari* |  | #17 *Austin-Healey* | #8 *Maserati* | #180 *A.C.-Bristol* | #140 *Porsche* | #33 *Porsche* | #16 *Lotus* | #32 *Alfa Romeo* | #174 *PBX* |  | *no entries* | Results |
| | | Fred Windridge | **Ed Crawford** | George Arents | | Dick Thompson | John Fitch | Harry Carter | Bob Holbert | Emil Pupulidy | Floyd Aaskov | Ray Anderson | Candy Poole | | | |
| 9 | Milwaukee | *no finishers* | #1 *Chevrolet* | #10 *Ferrari* | #96 *Ferrari* | **#7 Pabst Motors** | #66 *Austin-Healey* | #27 *Porsche* | #21 *A.C.-Bristol* | #44 *Porsche* | #0 *Porsche* | #214 *Lotus Cars* | #8 *Alfa Romeo* | #53 *Martin T* | *no entries* | *no entries* | Results |
| | | Jim Jeffords | John Kilborn | George Reed | **Augie Pabst** | Ralph Durbin | Ernie Erickson | Luke Stear | Dean Causey | Chuck Rickert | John C. Kilburn | Kaser | Martin Tanner | | | |
| 10 | Montgomery | **#15 Reventlow Automobiles** | #1 *Chevrolet* | #60 Briggs Cunningham | #80 *Jaguar* | *no finishers* | #11 *Austin-Healey* | #46 Ed Hugus | #246 *A.C.-Bristol* | #140 *Porsche* | #33 *Porsche* | #2 *Lotus-Climax* | #170 *Alfa Romeo* | #38 *Danielini Special* | #171 *D.B.-Panhard* | *no entries* | Results |
| | **Chuck Daigh** | Jim Jeffords | Walt Hansgen | Harry Carter | | Dick Thompson | Ed Hugus | Jordan King | Bob Holbert | Emil Pupulidy | Floyd Aaskov | John Guthrie | Joe Daniels | Howard Hanna | | |
| 11 | Thompson | **Reventlow Automobiles** | *unknown* | #60 Briggs Cunningham | *Jaguar* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *A.C.-Bristol* | *Porsche* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | *unknown* | Results |
| | **Lance Reventlow** | | Walt Hansgen | Harry Bristol | | | | Harry Bristol | Bob Holbert | | | | | | | |
| 12 | Road America | #45 *Excalibur* | #2 *Chevrolet* | **#25 North American Racing Team** | #96 *Ferrari* | #15 James R. Johnston | #66 *Austin-Healey* | #13 *Ferrari* | #7 *A.C.-Bristol* | #42 *Porsche* | #0 *Porsche* | #35 *Elva* | #2 *Alfa Romeo* | #53 *Martin T* | *no entries* | *no entries* | Results |
| | Hal Ullrich
Carl Haas | Jim Jeffords | **Gaston Andrey
Lance Reventlow** | George Reed | James Johnston
Bud Seaverns | Ralph Durbin | James Place
Ken Neill | Luke Stear | Dean Causey
Chuck Rickert | Chuck Rickert | Frank Baptista | Ted Baumgartner | Martin Tanner | | | |
| 13 | Watkins Glen | *no finishers* | #1 John F. Stephani | **#61 Briggs Cunningham** | #80 Harry E. Carter | *no entries* | #11 David Herson | #45 A. H. Burrough | #27 Arch M. Means | #140 Bob Holbert | #71 Harry C. Blanchard | #67 Louis C. Bartol | #47 *Alfa Romeo* | #121 John Milos | #29 *D.B.* | #134 *Berkeley* | Results |
| | | Jim Jeffords | **Ed Crawford** | Harry Carter | | Dick Thompson | Gilbert Geitner | Arch M. Means | Bob Holbert | Harry Blanchard | Floyd Aaskov | Chuck Stoddard | John Milos | Richard Toland | Sam Moses | |
| 14 | Vaca Valley | *no finishers* | #5 *Chevrolet* | **#11 John von Neumann** | #47 *Jaguar* | *Ferrari* | #1 *Mercedes-Benz* | #88 *Porsche* | #117 *A.C.-Bristol* | #12 *Porsche* | #44 *Porsche* | #37 *Lotus* | #148 *Alfa Romeo* | #79 *D.B.* | *no finishers* | *no entries* | Results |
| | | Jim Jeffords | **John von Neumann** | Cliff Wright | Josie von Neumann | Ray Rairdon | Jack McAfee | Chick Leson | Eldon Beagle | John Barneson | Stan Peterson | Steve Froines | Bill Wood | | | |
| 15 | VIR | #91 *Ferrari-Chevrolet* | #69 *Chevrolet* | **#60 Briggs Cunningham** | #190 *Jaguar* | *no entries* | #73 *Austin-Healey* | #25 *Ferrari* | #19 *A.C.-Bristol* | #74 *Porsche* | #123 *MG* | #14 *Lotus* | #90 *Alfa Romeo* | #121 *Osca* | *no entries* | *no entries* | Results |
| | Richard Lyeth | Frank Dominianni | **Walt Hansgen** | Bob Grossman | | Fred Moore | Gaston Andrey | Arch Means | Don Sesslar | Murray Clark | Floyd Aaskov | Bob Grossman | Ed Ginther | | | |
| 16 | Palm Springs | *no finishers* | *Chevrolet* | *Ferrari* | *Mercedes-Benz* | #146 *Ferrari* | *Austin-Healey* | *no entries* | *Porsche* | ***Porsche*** | *Porsche* | *Lotus* | *Alfa Romeo* | *Little Digger-Crosley* | *Austin-Healey* | *Berkeley* | Results |
| | | Fred Grant | Jim Connor | Pete Caulkin | Dick Morgensen | Jack Rowe | | D. D. Michelmore | **Jack McAfee** | Richard Bellows | Chuck Schroeder | Bythiner | Bill Beck | Bill Louden | Jerry Beem | |

**^A**  A K Production class was also held, won by George Metzger in a Berkeley. **^B**  A K Production class was also held, won by William Harding in a Berkeley-Excelsior. **^C**  Separate Porsche and MG winners were declared in F Production at Marlboro. **^D**  H Production were classified with G Production at Lime Rock (June). **^E**  D Modified were classified with C Modified at Lime Rock (July). **^F**  H Production were classified with G Production at Lime Rock (July).

## Champions

| Class | Driver | Car |
| --- | --- | --- |
| B Modified | Hal Ullrich | Excalibur |
| B Production | Jim Jeffords | Chevrolet Corvette |
| C Modified | Walt Hansgen | Jaguar D-type, Lister-Jaguar |
| C Production | George Reed | Ferrari 250 GT |
| D Modified | James Johnston | Ferrari 250 TR |
| D Production | Dick Thompson | Austin-Healey 100-Six |
| E Modified | Gaston Andrey | Ferrari 500 TRC Spyder |
| E Production | Harry Carter | AC Ace-Bristol |
| F Modified | Bob Holbert | Porsche 550 RS |
| F Production | Emil Pupulidy | Porsche 356 Carrera |
| G Modified | Frank Baptista | Elva Mk II, Lotus Eleven, Elva Mk III |
| G Production | Bob Grossman | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce |
| H Modified | Martin Tanner | "Martin T" Special |
| H Production | Howard Hanna | D.B.-Panhard |
| I Modified | Sam Moses | Berkeley Sports |


title: Delft tower experiment

text:
# Delft tower experiment

In 1586, scientists Simon Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot conducted an early scientific experiment on the effects of gravity. The experiment, which established that objects of identical size and different mass fall at the same speed, was conducted by dropping lead balls from the Nieuwe Kerk in the Dutch city of Delft. The experiment is considered a foundational moment in the history of statics, which Stevin's work helped to codify.

## History

In the late 16th century, increasing interest in physics resulted in a number of European scientists conducting experiments into the intricacies of the scientific field. Many of these experiments were—directly or indirectly—presenting a challenge to the laws of physics formulated by Aristotle, whose theory was then the dominant school of thought in Europe. While most contemporaneous scientific experimentation was undertaken by Italian scholars, by the 1580s new ideas on physics had proliferated to the rest of Europe.

One of the European scientists to embrace the new view of physics was Simon Stevin, a Flemish engineer and mathematician. Stevin was employed as a military adviser for the court of William the Silent, and as such resided in the city of Delft while William's government occupied the city; one of Stevin's main benefactors was Maurice, Prince of Orange, whose patronage allowed Stevin to further his scientific interests. While Stevin's primary concern at court was the design of defensive fortifications, he also took interest in fluid dynamics, designing a series of improvements for Delft's windmills. To gain permission to tinker with Delft's mills, Stevin employed the services of Jan Cornets de Groot, a local lawyer and future father of legal scholar Hugo de Groot. The elder De Groot and Stevin became friends, with the former eventually investing in several new mills built using Stevin's design.

In 1586 Stevin and De Groot collaborated to perform an experiment intended to challenge Aristotle's theory that objects fall at a speed directly proportional to their mass. To conduct their experiment, the two carried a pair of identically-sized lead balls up the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft before dropping them onto a wooden platform 30 feet below; of the pair, one ball was ten times heavier than the other. When the balls were dropped, both spheres hit the wooden platform below at substantively the same time, indicating that objects of the same size fall at the same speed regardless of mass. Stevin concluded that Aristotle's theory was therefore incorrect.

While the Delft tower experiment had been a success, it was not conducted with the same scientific rigor that later experiments were; Stevin lacked an instrument to accurately measure the speed of the falling spheres, and was forced to rely on audio feedback (caused by the spheres impacting the wooden platform below) and eyewitness accounts to deduce that the balls had fallen at the same speed. As such, the experiment staged at the Nieuwe Kerk was given less credence than similar experiments, namely the more substantive work of Galileo Galilei and his famous thought experiment at the Leaning Tower of Pisa in 1589.

Stevin published his findings in his 1586 work *De Beghinselen Der Weeghconst*—translatable to *The Principles of Statics & The Principles of the Art of Weighing*. Stevin and De Groot's experiment is—along with those of their Italian contemporaries—considered to be one of the foundational experiments in the history of modern statics.


title: Eagle Point, Saskatchewan

abstract: Eagle Point is an unincorporated community and cluster subdivision within northern Saskatchewan, Canada. It is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada.

text:
# Eagle Point, Saskatchewan

**Eagle Point** is an unincorporated community and cluster subdivision within northern Saskatchewan, Canada. It is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada.

## Geography

Eagle Point is on the western shore of Lac la Ronge.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Eagle Point had a population of 105 living in 33 of its 36 total private dwellings, a change of 15.4% from its 2016 population of 91. With a land area of 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi), it had a population density of 105.0/km2 (271.9/sq mi) in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Eagle Point | |
| --- | --- |
| Cluster subdivision
(designated place) | |
| Location of Eagle Point in Saskatchewan | |
| Coordinates: 55°07′37″N 105°15′47″W / 55.127°N 105.263°W / 55.127; -105.263 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division | No. 18 |
| District | Northern Saskatchewan Administration District |
| Government | |
| Type | Unincorporated |
| Area | |
| Land | 1.00 km2 (0.39 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 105 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Area code | +1-306 |


title: 1904–05 FC Barcelona season

abstract: The 1904–05 season was the sixth soccer season for FC Barcelona.

text:
# 1904–05 FC Barcelona season

The **1904–05 season** was the sixth soccer season for **FC Barcelona**.

## Events

Barcelona becomes champion of Catalonia for the first time.

## Squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  GK  ESP Joan Soler  DF  ESP Arthur Witty  DF  ENG Miguel Morris  DF  URU Pizo  MF  ESP Carles Comamala  MF  ESP Josep Vidal  MF  ESP Josep Quirante  MF  ESP Josep Ortiz  MF  ESP Francisco Sanz | No. Pos. Nation Player  FW  ESP Romà Forns  FW  ENG Stanley Harris  FW  GER Udo Steinberg  FW  ESP Pérez  FW  ENG Henry Whil  FW  ENG Enrique Morris  FW  SCO Joseph Black  FW  ESP George Noble  FW  ESP Luis de Ossó  FW  ESP Bernardo Lassaletta |
| --- | --- |

## Results

### Friendly

| 26 November 1904 | Català FC | **1 – 0** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Catala
Referee: Jaime Vila |

| 7 December 1904 | Català FC | **3 – 1** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Velódromo de la Bonanova |

| 8 December 1904 | Club Espanyol | **2 – 1** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Black | Stadium: Espanyol
Referee: Escardo |

| 26 December 1904 | FC Barcelona | **4 – 0** | Stade Olympique Toulouse | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Gamper
Steinberg
Lassaletta |  |  | Stadium: Espanyol
Referee: Vidal |

| 6 January 1905 | FC Vilafranca | **0 – 6** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Chown
Ossó
Comamala | Stadium: Vilafranca
Referee: Batlle |

| 26 February 1905 | FC Barcelona | **2 – 32** | Català FC | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Comamala
Quirante |  |  | Stadium: Camp del Carrer Muntaner
Referee: George Meyer |

| 1 June 1905 | FC Barcelona | **3 – 1** | FC Internacional | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Comamala
Quirante |  |  | Stadium: Associacio
Referee: Vinyes |

### Sportsmen's Club Cup

| 24 September 1904 Semifinal | Club Espanyol | **1 – 3** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Ossó
Steinberg
Forns | Stadium: Espanyol
Referee: Darné |

| 26 September 1904 Final | FC Internacional | **1 – 01** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Colmenares  105' |  |  | Stadium: Placa d,Armes del Parc
Referee: Eduardo Alesson |

### Catalan football championship

| 11 December 1904 Round 2 | X Sporting Club | **0 – 1** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Steinberg | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: Eduardo Alesson |

| 8 January 1905 Round 4 | FC Barcelona | **6 – 0** | Català FC | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Forns
Quirante
H. Morris
Steinberg | Report |  | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: George Meyer |

| 29 January 1905 Round 5 | FC Barcelona | **2 – 2** | FC Internacional | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Forns
H. Morris | Report |
 | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: Joaquim Carril |

| 12 February 1905 Round 7 | FC Barcelona | **1 – 1** | Club Español | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Vidal | Report | Green | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: Degollada |

| 12 March 1905 Round 8 | FC Barcelona | **4 – 1** | X Sporting Club | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic |

| 2 April 1905 Round 10 | Català FC | **4 – 1** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Ossó  45' | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: George Meyer |

| 7 May 1905 Round 13 | FC Internacional | **1 – 2** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Comamala
Black | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: Darné |

| 21 May 1905 Round 14 | Club Español | **2 – 3** | FC Barcelona | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |
Ponz |  | Black
Forns | Stadium: Camp de l'Hospital Clínic
Referee: Park |

* 1. Game with extended 15 minutes.
* 2. Opening the field of Muntaner.

## InfoBox

FC Barcelona
| 1904–05 season | |
| --- | --- |
| President | Arthur Witty |
| Campionat de Catalunya | *First* |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: American Bicycle Company

abstract: American Bicycle Company (1899-1903) was an American bicycle company (Trust) led by Albert Augustus Pope. The company was formed to consolidate the manufacturers of bicycles and bicycle parts. In the 1890s the advancements in bicycle design led to unprecedented demand for the new Safety bicycles. The "American Bicycle Company" trust only lasted for three years.

text:
# American Bicycle Company

**American Bicycle Company** (1899-1903) was an American bicycle company (Trust) led by Albert Augustus Pope. The company was formed to consolidate the manufacturers of bicycles and bicycle parts. In the 1890s the advancements in bicycle design led to unprecedented demand for the new Safety bicycles. The "American Bicycle Company" trust only lasted for three years.

## Background

### Early Bicycles

Early bicycles received the name Boneshakers because they were made of wood with hard wheels. Next was the "High Wheeler" also known as the Penny-farthing which was difficult and dangerous to ride.

### Safety Bicycles

The Overman Wheel Company, founded 1882, was the first manufacturer of a safer bicycle in the United States: the design came to be known as a safety bicycle in the United States, in their factory complex in Chicopee, Massachusetts. During the 1880s there was great demand for bicycles because of the advancements in safety and design. One of the major advances which helped bicycles become popular were chain driven cycles with gears which allowed the bicycle to use smaller wheels. Inflatable rubber tires were also a great advancement which helped to make bicycles practical and possible.

The bicycle craze reached a peak in the 1890s when there were up to 4 million riders and 300 bicycle manufacturers.

## History

American Bicycle was founded by Albert Augustus Pope, owner of Columbia Bicycle. In 1898, the U.S. bicycle industry was caught in a downward spiral of market saturation, over-supply and intense price competition. Pope issued an affidavit stating that the American Bicycle Company was incorporated on May 12, 1899. In an attempt to control supply and limit competition, 42 manufacturers (later over 75 companies) formed the American Bicycle Company and soon afterwards announced plans to open a branch plant in Canada called the National Cycle Company.

### Company failure

The American Bicycle Company only lasted a few years (from 1899 to 1903). Historians have not determined why the company failed but they have several theories. One idea was that the company was poorly organized, and another theory is that the various manufacturers involved in the company had different objectives. After the breakup the many different companies went back to competing.

One contributor to the end of the bicycle craze may have been the advent of combustion engines which were initially applied to 4-wheel carriages. In early 1900 the resulting "motor car" or "automobile" and large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was underway in Lansing, Michigan. In the late 1890s and early 1900s manufacturers also installed engines on bicycles to create the first motorcycles.

### Gormully & Jeffery

American Bicycle later bought the Gormully & Jeffery Manufacturing Company which made Rambler brand bicycles. Rambler bicycle was obtained in 1900 after Thomas B. Jeffery sold it to focus on the Rambler automobile.

CCM (bicycle company)

## InfoBox

American Bicycle Company
| Company type | Trust |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Bicycle manufacturing |
| Founded | 1899 (1899) |
| Founder | Albert Augustus Pope |
| Defunct | 1903 (1903) |


title: American Bicycle Group

abstract: American Bicycle Group (ABG) is a manufacturer of bicycles based in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States. The company operates under a consumer-direct business model: selling their made-to-order bikes online and shipping them direct to the consumer. In July 2019, ABG was honored at a White House "Made in America Product Showcase".

text:
# American Bicycle Group

**American Bicycle Group** (**ABG**) is a manufacturer of bicycles based in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States. The company operates under a consumer-direct business model: selling their made-to-order bikes online and shipping them direct to the consumer.

In July 2019, ABG was honored at a White House "Made in America Product Showcase".

## Technology

Best known for its cold-worked titanium bikes, the company also built the titanium legs of the Mars Land Rover Curiosity for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2009.

Since 2012, ABG has used 3D printing technology for rapid prototyping and product development.

## Brands

ABG owns three brands:

Litespeed has received Bicycle Guide Magazine Best of Cycling Award (1988) and Eurobike Design Award.

QR has received LAVA Magazine Gear-of-the-Year Award (2015) and (2016) and Interbike/TBI Innovation Award (2016).

QR also produces a line of triathlon-specific wetsuits and swimskins.

QR has been an official partner of USA Triathlon since 2013.

## InfoBox

American Bicycle Group
|
|  |
| Founded | 1986 |
| Headquarters | Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States |
| Key people | Christopher Pascarella (President) |
| Products | bicycles |
| Revenue | $15.78 million (2021) |
| Number of employees | 125 (2021) |
| Website | americanbicyclegroup.com |


title: American studies in Germany

text:
# American studies in Germany

Teaching and research in German American studies is mostly done on the level of universities. Many English studies departments have one or more professorships designated as "Amerikanistik" or "Amerikastudien". Some universities offer full American studies programs or even have individual American studies departments consisting of several, specialized professorships and an individual budget.

## Information

On a national level, the German Association for American Studies (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Amerikastudien, DGfA) organizes annual conventions and smaller local congresses.

The most important periodical publishing venue is the quarterly *Amerikastudien American Studies*, the official publication organ of the German Association for American Studies.


title: American stoneware

abstract:
American Stoneware is a type of stoneware pottery popular in 19th century North America. The predominant houseware of the era, it was usually covered in a salt glaze and often decorated using cobalt oxide to produce bright blue decoration. The vernacular term "crocks" is often used to describe this type of pottery, though the term "crock" is not seen in period documents describing the ware. Additionally, while other types of stoneware were produced in America concurrently with it—for instance, ironstone, yellowware, and various types of china—in common usage the term "American Stoneware" refers to this specific type of pottery. As elsewhere, not all clays suitable for pottery could successfully make stoneware; American stoneware was fired to a high temperature. European stoneware originated in the Rhineland area of Germany in the Middle Ages, and was made in England by the late 17th century. Americans began producing salt-glazed stoneware circa 1720 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Yorktown, Virginia. By the 1770s, the art of salt-glazed stoneware production had spread to many centers throughout the United States, most notably Manhattan, New York. There the Crolius and Remmey families, two of the most important families in the history of American pottery, would by the turn of the 19th century set the standard for expertly crafted and aesthetically pleasing American stoneware. By 1820, stoneware was being produced in virtually every American urban center, with potters from Baltimore, Maryland, in particular raising the craft to its pinnacle. While salt-glazing is the typical glaze technique seen on American Stoneware, other glaze methods were employed. Vessels were often dipped in Albany Slip, a mixture made from a clay peculiar to the Upper Hudson Region of New York, and fired, producing a dark brown glaze. Albany Slip was also sometimes used as a glaze to coat the inside surface of salt-glazed ware. While decorated ware was usually adorned using cobalt oxide, decorative techniques such as incising were also used. Flowering plants, birds, or other decoration were cut into the leather-hard clay using a stylus to produce detailed recessed images on the vessels; these were usually also highlighted in cobalt. Stamped or coggled designs were sometimes impressed into the leather-hard clay, as well. Potters occasionally substituted manganese or iron oxide for cobalt oxide to produce brown, instead of blue, decorations on the pottery. In the last half of the 19th century, potters in New England and New York state began producing stoneware with elaborate figural designs such as deer, dogs, birds, houses, people, historical scenes and other fanciful motifs including elephants and "bathing beauties." A significant percentage of American Stoneware was signed using maker's marks and, much more rarely, incised signatures. Many pieces can be attributed to particular makers based on the cobalt decoration, clay body, form, etc. The gallon capacity of the vessels was often denoted using numeral stamps or incised or cobalt oxide numbers or hash marks applied in freehand. American Stoneware was valued as not only a durable, decorative houseware but as a stronger alternative to lead-glazed earthenware produced in America before and during its production there. This earthenware, commonly referred to today as American redware, was often produced by the same potters making American Stoneware. Stoneware manufacturers of note include:
  - Manhattan — John Remmey, Clarkson Crolius.
  - Bennington, Vermont — Julius Norton.
  - Utica, New York — Whites & Co.
  - South Amboy, New Jersey — Captain James Morgan, Warne & Letts.
  - Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — Cowden & Wilcox.
  - Waynesboro, Pennsylvania — John Bell.
  - Greensboro, Pennsylvania — Hamilton & Jones.
  - Newport, Pennsylvania — Michael and Theophilus Miller.
  - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — Richard C. Remmey.
  - Baltimore, Maryland — Henry Remmey, David Parr, Maulden Perine.
  - Alexandria, Virginia — B.C. Milburn.
  - Fincastle, Virginia -- George N. Fulton (1834-1894)
  - Richmond, Virginia — John P. Schermerhorn, David Parr, Jr.
  - Strasburg, Virginia — Samuel Bell, Solomon Bell, J. Eberly & Co.

text:
# American stoneware

**American Stoneware** is a type of stoneware pottery popular in 19th century North America. The predominant houseware of the era, it was usually covered in a salt glaze and often decorated using cobalt oxide to produce bright blue decoration.

The vernacular term "crocks" is often used to describe this type of pottery, though the term "crock" is not seen in period documents describing the ware. Additionally, while other types of stoneware were produced in America concurrently with it—for instance, ironstone, yellowware, and various types of china—in common usage the term "American Stoneware" refers to this specific type of pottery.

As elsewhere, not all clays suitable for pottery could successfully make stoneware; American stoneware was fired to a high temperature (about 1200 °C to 1315 °C). European stoneware originated in the Rhineland area of Germany in the Middle Ages, and was made in England by the late 17th century. Americans began producing salt-glazed stoneware circa 1720 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Yorktown, Virginia. By the 1770s, the art of salt-glazed stoneware production had spread to many centers throughout the United States, most notably Manhattan, New York. There the Crolius and Remmey families, two of the most important families in the history of American pottery, would by the turn of the 19th century set the standard for expertly crafted and aesthetically pleasing American stoneware. By 1820, stoneware was being produced in virtually every American urban center, with potters from Baltimore, Maryland, in particular raising the craft to its pinnacle.

While salt-glazing is the typical glaze technique seen on American Stoneware, other glaze methods were employed. Vessels were often dipped in Albany Slip, a mixture made from a clay peculiar to the Upper Hudson Region of New York, and fired, producing a dark brown glaze. Albany Slip was also sometimes used as a glaze to coat the inside surface of salt-glazed ware.

While decorated ware was usually adorned using cobalt oxide, decorative techniques such as incising were also used. Flowering plants, birds, or other decoration were cut into the leather-hard clay using a stylus to produce detailed recessed images on the vessels; these were usually also highlighted in cobalt. Stamped or coggled designs were sometimes impressed into the leather-hard clay, as well. Potters occasionally substituted manganese or iron oxide for cobalt oxide to produce brown, instead of blue, decorations on the pottery.

In the last half of the 19th century, potters in New England and New York state began producing stoneware with elaborate figural designs such as deer, dogs, birds, houses, people, historical scenes and other fanciful motifs including elephants and "bathing beauties."

A significant percentage of American Stoneware was signed using maker's marks and, much more rarely, incised signatures. Many pieces can be attributed to particular makers based on the cobalt decoration, clay body, form, etc. The gallon capacity of the vessels was often denoted using numeral stamps or incised or cobalt oxide numbers or hash marks applied in freehand.

American Stoneware was valued as not only a durable, decorative houseware but as a stronger alternative to lead-glazed earthenware produced in America before and during its production there. This earthenware, commonly referred to today as American redware, was often produced by the same potters making American Stoneware.

Stoneware manufacturers of note include:

1. "Red Wing bailed jug with Jacob Esch advertisement". *MNHS Collections*.


title: Ammakkorumma

abstract: Ammakkorumma (1981) is an Indian film in the Malayalam language directed by Sreekumaran Thampi, starring Ratheesh, Jagathy Sreekumar, Zarina Wahab and Rajakumaran Thampi, Thampi's son. The Malayalam title literally means A Kiss for Mother.

text:
# Ammakkorumma

***Ammakkorumma*** (1981) is an Indian film in the Malayalam language directed by Sreekumaran Thampi, starring Ratheesh, Jagathy Sreekumar, Zarina Wahab and Rajakumaran Thampi, Thampi's son. The Malayalam title literally means *A Kiss for Mother*.

## Plot synopsis

Varghese, an employee in Vijayan's factory, passes away due to an ailment. When Vijayan goes to attend the funeral rites of Varghese, he finds that Varghese's wife is none other than his old lover.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Song | Playback | Lyrics | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Adimudi poothu ninnu..* | K. J. Yesudas | Sreekumaran Thampi | 4:33 |
| *Makane vaa pon makane vaa..* | S. Janaki | Sreekumaran Thampi | 4:27 |
| *Water water..* | Anitha | Sreekumaran Thampi | 3:35 |
| *Ormavacha Naal muthal..* | K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki | Sreekumaran Thampi | 4:37 |

## InfoBox

| Ammakkorumma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Sreekumaran Thampi |
| Written by | Sreekumaran Thampi |
| Produced by | Sreekumaran Thampi, Bhavani Rajeswari Cambines. |
| Starring | Ratheesh
Jagathy Sreekumar
Zarina Wahab |
| Edited by | V. P. Krishnan |
| Music by | Shyam |
| Release date | * 25 December 1981 (1981-12-25) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Ammal

abstract: Ammal is a town and commune in Boumerdès Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 8,567.

text:
# Ammal

**Ammal** is a town and commune in Boumerdès Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 8,567.

## Villages

The villages of the commune of *Ammal* are:

## History

### French conquest

### Algerian Revolution

### Salafist terrorism

## Rivers

This commune is crossed by several rivers:

## Football clubs

| Club | Division | Level | Location | Logo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CS Ammal | Ligue de Football de la Wilaya | 5 | Ammal |  |
|

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Ammal | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ammal | |
| Coordinates: 36°38′05″N 3°35′26″E / 36.63472°N 3.59056°E / 36.63472; 3.59056 | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Boumerdès Province |
| Population (1998) | |
| Total | 8,567 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: American Music Program

abstract: The American Music Program is a youth jazz band in Portland, Oregon founded by jazz trumpeter, composer, and educator Thara Memory. This non-profit youth music program mentors primary school students from 7th-12th grade. On May 9, 2015, the group won Jazz at Lincoln Center's Essentially Ellington Competition, playing Ellington's Tattooed Bride from memory.

text:
# American Music Program

The **American Music Program** (née Pacific Crest Sinfonietta, Cultural Recreation Band) is a youth jazz band in Portland, Oregon founded by jazz trumpeter, composer, and educator Thara Memory. This non-profit youth music program mentors primary school students from 7th-12th grade. On May 9, 2015, the group won Jazz at Lincoln Center's Essentially Ellington Competition, playing Ellington's *Tattooed Bride* from memory.

## History

Under the direction of Thara Memory, Greg McKelvey, and Ronnye Harrison the **Cultural Recreation Band** was founded in 1983. This multicultural performing orchestra served inner city youth primarily in Portland, Oregon's Albina District. Students in the program competed in state and regional jazz band competitions.

Expanding its reach throughout Portland's metropolitan area suburbs, the non-profit 501(c)3 **Pacific Crest Sinfonietta** was founded by Thara Memory and LeAnn Kritz in 2005. Students in the group came from Beaverton's Arts and Communications Magnet Academy as well as Portland's Metropolitan Youth Symphony. The program has since enrolled middle school and high school students throughout the greater Portland metropolitan area.

Changing its name to **American Music Program**, the band has performed in competitions across the country, including the Essentially Ellington Competition at Lincoln Center, the Next Generation Jazz Festival in Monterey, the Charles Mingus Festival and Competition, Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival, Swing Central at the Savannah Music Festival, and locally at events such as the Mt. Hood Jazz Festival and the PDX Jazz Forward Competition.

American Music Program students have performed with musicians such as Obo Addy, Bennie Maupin, Chuck Redd, Curtis Salgado, Esperanza Spalding, Terell Stafford, and Randy Weston.

## Notable achievements and alumni

Upon high school graduation, AMP alumni have attended colleges such as The Juilliard School, Berklee College of Music, Manhattan School of Music, The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music, USC Thornton School of Music, California Institute for the Arts, Oberlin College Conservatory, among others. Students in the band have been selected for the Jazz Band of America, The Grammy Band, and The Monterey Next Generation Jazz Band. Youth members have received scholarships to attend the Berklee College of Music's summer programming and the Vail Jazz Workshop. Students in the band have participated in the Metropolitan Youth Symphony, Portland Youth Philharmonic, PDX Jazz Project, and Alan Jones Academy of Music.

American Music Program Alumni include Esperanza Spalding, Domo Branch, Charlie Brown III, Hailey Niswanger, Aubrey Cleland, and Patrick Lamb.


title: American Collegiate Rowing Association

abstract: American Collegiate Rowing Association (ACRA) is one of the governing bodies of college rowing in the United States, together with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA).

text:
# American Collegiate Rowing Association

**American Collegiate Rowing Association** (ACRA) is one of the governing bodies of college rowing in the United States, together with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA).

## History

Established in 2008 by Gregg Hartsuff under the General Not for Profit Association Act of 1986, the American Collegiate Rowing Association (ACRA) is made up of club-level collegiate rowing teams.

Before 2006, competitive club rowing programs, which receive little or no funding from their university athletic departments, were able to compete at the IRA Championship. During the 2006-2007 season, Rutgers University cut funding from its men's rowing program, reducing it to "club" status. Part of Rutgers's justification for cutting rowing was that clubs could compete equally with funded programs at the IRA Championships. To avoid other varsity program members from losing funding, the IRA excluded clubs from competing at its championship beginning in 2007. ACRA became an alternative championship for these clubs. It has since grown to include over 76 competing collegiate programs in 2024.

The **ACRA National Championship Regatta** is considered the National Championship for collegiate club programs and all programs outside the NCAA/IRA structure.

The regatta is split into six regions: the Mid-Atlantic region, the Great Lakes region, the Plains region, the Northeast region, the South region, and the West Coast region. The ACRA is a broadcast partner of The Rowers Consortium of Huntington Harbour, California, who has broadcast the regatta on The Rowing Channel since 2014.

ACRA is currently organized by a coach-elected board consisting of elected officers and representatives from each of the six regions. As of 2024, the board consists of the following members:

ACRA Coach-Elected Board
| **President** | Dan Wolleben *Bucknell University* |
| --- | --- |
| **Secretary** | Gregg Hartsuff *Michigan University* |
| **Treasurer** | Scott Armstrong *Minnesota University* |
| **Great Lakes Rep.** | Peter Rosberg *University of Cincinnati* |
| **Mid-Atlantic Rep.** | Frank Biller *University of Virginia* |
| **Northeast Rep.** | Doug Welling *Bowdoin University* |
| **Plains Rep.** | Rachel Tuck *Wichita State University* |
| **South Rep.** | Jon Miller *Vanderbilt University* |
| **West Coast Rep.** | Peter Brevick *Washington State University* |

## Members

### ACRA Schools

| Mid-Atlantic Region | Great Lakes Region | Plains Region | Northeast Region | South Region | West Coast Region |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bucknell University | Augustana College | Baylor University | Amherst College | Auburn University | Arizona State University |
| Carnegie Mellon University | Butler University | Colorado State University | Boston College | University of Alabama | California State University-Long Beach |
| George Mason University | Case Western Reserve University | Iowa State University | Bowdoin College | University of Central Florida | California State University Maritime Academy |
| George Washington University | Cleveland State University | Kansas State University | Canisius College | Clemson University | Chapman University |
| Haverford College | Denison University | Macalester College | Clarkson University | College of Charleston | Humboldt State University |
| Lafayette College | DePaul University | University of Missouri | Endicott College | Davidson University | Menlo College |
| Lehigh University | Grand Valley State University | Oklahoma State University | Fordham University | Duke University | Nevada State College |
| Liberty University | IUPUI | Rice University | Gordon College | Emory University | Orange Coast College |
| Penn State University | John Carroll University | St. Cloud State University | Manhattan College | University of Florida | Portland State University |
| Rutgers University | Lawrence University | St. John's University and College of St. Benedict | Middlebury College | Florida State University | Sacramento State University |
| Rutgers University-Camden | Marquette University | St. Louis University | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | University of Georgia | San Diego State University |
| Stockton University | Miami University (OH) | St. Olaf University | Stony Brook University | Georgia State University | Seattle University |
| Susquehanna University | Michigan State University | St. Edwards University | SUNY at Albany | Georgia Tech | University of California-Berkeley Lightweights |
| The College of New Jersey | Michigan Tech University | Texas A&M University | SUNY at Buffalo | High Point University | University of California-Davis |
| University of Delaware | Northern Michigan University | Texas Christian University | SUNY at Geneseo | Louisiana State University | University of California-Irvine |
| University of Maryland | Northwestern University | University of Colorado | SUNY at Binghamton | Murray State University | University of California-Santa Barbara |
| University of Maryland-Baltimore | Ohio State University | University of Denver | SUNY at Oswego | University of North Carolina | University of California-Los Angeles |
| University of Pittsburgh | Ohio University | University of Iowa | United States Military Academy | North Carolina State University | University of Oregon |
| University of Richmond | Purdue University | University of Kansas | University of Connecticut | Northwestern State University | University of Southern California |
| University of Virginia | University of Cincinnati | University of Minnesota | University of Maine | University of Tennessee | Washington State University |
| Villanova University | University of Dayton | University of Missouri-Kansas City | University of Massachusetts-Amhert | University of Tennessee-Chattanooga | Western Washington University |
| Virginia Tech | University of Illinois | University of Nebraska-Lincoln | University of Massachusetts-Lowell | Tulane University | - |
| West Virginia University | University of Michigan | University of Oklahoma | University of New Hampshire | Vanderbilt University | - |
| College of William & Mary | University of Notre Dame | University of St. Thomas | University of Rhode Island | Wake Forest University | - |
| - | University of Toledo | University of Texas | University of Rochester | - | - |
| - | Wheaton College | Washington University in St. Louis | University of Vermont | - | - |
| - | Xavier University | Wichita State University | - | - | - |

## Champions

### Varsity 8+

**Men**
| Year | Champion |
| --- | --- |
| **2008** | Michigan |
| **2009** | Michigan |
| **2010** | Michigan |
| **2011** | Virginia |
| **2012** | Virginia |
| **2013** | Michigan |
| **2014** | Michigan |
| **2015** | Michigan |
| **2016** | Michigan |
| **2017** | UC Santa Barbara |
| **2018** | Michigan |
| **2019** | Delaware |
| **2020** | *Not held due to COVID-19 Pandemic* |
| **2021** | *Not held due to COVID-19 Pandemic* |
| **2022** | George Washington |
| **2023** | UCLA |
| **2024** | Notre Dame |

## ACRA Championship 2024-25

The ACRA Championship for the 2024-25 season will be hosted in Oak Ridge, Tennessee from Friday, May 16 until Sunday, May 18.