title: Automatism (law)

abstract: In criminal law, automatism is a rarely used criminal defence. It is one of the mental condition defences that relate to the mental state of the defendant. Automatism can be seen variously as lack of voluntariness, lack of culpability (unconsciousness) or excuse. Automatism means that the defendant was not aware of his or her actions when making the particular movements that constituted the illegal act. For example, in 1958, Esther Griggs threw her child out of a first floor window believing that the house was on fire, while having a sleep terror. In 2002, Peter Buck, lead guitarist of the band R.E.M., was cleared of several charges, including assault, which resulted from automatism brought on by a bad interaction between alcohol and sleeping pills. In a 2009 case in Aberporth in west Wales, Brian Thomas strangled his wife in their camper van, also during a sleep terror, when he mistook his wife for an intruder. The defence of automatism is denying that the person was acting in the sense that the criminal law demands. As such it is really a denial-of-proof – the defendant is asserting that the offence is not made out. The prosecution does not have to disprove the defence as is sometimes erroneously reported; the prosecution has to prove all the elements of the offence including the voluntary act requirement. Automatism is a defence even against strict liability crimes like dangerous driving, where no intent is necessary. There are several limitations to the defence of automatism in English law. Prior fault generally excludes automatism. Intoxication generally excludes automatism, even when involuntary. Any defence that rests on insanity comes under the M'Naghten rules. Under English law internal causes of automatism are generally judged to be insane automatism and so result in the special verdict rather than simple acquittal.

text:
# Automatism (law)

In criminal law, **automatism** is a rarely used criminal defence. It is one of the mental condition defences that relate to the mental state of the defendant. Automatism can be seen variously as lack of voluntariness, lack of culpability (unconsciousness) or excuse. Automatism means that the defendant was not aware of his or her actions when making the particular movements that constituted the illegal act.

For example, in 1958, Esther Griggs threw her child out of a first floor window believing that the house was on fire, while having a sleep terror. In 2002, Peter Buck, lead guitarist of the band R.E.M., was cleared of several charges, including assault, which resulted from automatism brought on by a bad interaction between alcohol and sleeping pills. In a 2009 case in Aberporth in west Wales, Brian Thomas strangled his wife in their camper van, also during a sleep terror, when he mistook his wife for an intruder. The defence of automatism is denying that the person was acting in the sense that the criminal law demands. As such it is really a denial-of-proof – the defendant is asserting that the offence is not made out. The prosecution does not have to disprove the defence as is sometimes erroneously reported; the prosecution has to prove all the elements of the offence including the voluntary act requirement. Automatism is a defence even against strict liability crimes like dangerous driving, where no intent is necessary.

There are several limitations to the defence of automatism in English law. Prior fault generally excludes automatism. Intoxication generally excludes automatism, even when involuntary. Any defence that rests on insanity comes under the M'Naghten rules. Under English law internal causes of automatism are generally judged to be insane automatism and so result in the special verdict (not guilty by reason of insanity) rather than simple acquittal.

## Scope

Automatism is arguably the only defence that excludes responsibility by negating the existence of the *actus reus* which uniquely allows it to be a defence to both conventional and strict liability offences (although this argument could be extended to the status defence of insanity, too). Strict automatism is a denial of *actus reus* and therefore most commonly used as a defence against strict liability offences. There are a number of reasons why a person may go into a state of automatism, including dissociation or hypo or hyperglycemia. Unconsciousness is the defence of denial of *mens rea*, which is easier to prove and hence more commonly used for non-strict liability crimes. For example, in cases of homicidal sleepwalking the illegal act is typically not denied but the intent to kill is. The defendant will typically be perplexed and confused and will not cover up the episode. Kenneth Parks, after killing his mother-in-law and severely injuring his father-in-law, drove to the police station stating that he thought he had killed some people. The person's movements seem purposeful - the sleepwalker interacts with their environment in a limited way. Nonetheless the sleepwalker is not conscious of their actions. The use of the term "automatism" for these situations causes some confusion, as in these cases it is really the lack of intent on the part of the defendant which denies the *mens rea* of the offence rather than the *actus reus* (although this distinction is problematic in many instances), better called "unconsciousness". Intention is a problem in crimes of strict liability. Very few people intend to crash their vehicles, so clearly something better than intent is required to define automatism.

Another issue with automatism is that when the issue is raised by the defence as a realistic defence (an evidentiary basis), the prosecution then has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant was acting voluntarily. This is the case for several other defences e.g. duress. The justification for this is that voluntary action is part of the definition of the offence, and therefore something under the presumption of innocence the prosecution has to prove. The evidentiary burden was laid down in *Hill v Baxter* where the defence of automatism failed because there was no good evidence for the alleged blackout. Evidentiary burden means that the defendant needs to provide evidence to satisfy the judge that the issue should be put to the jury, which normally requires medical evidence (although *R v Woolley*, in which an HGV driver crashed after sneezing, proved an exception).

## Exclusions

Because automatism is such a comprehensive defence, there are various exclusions to an automatism defence. The person must not be at fault. The classic example of this is falling asleep at the wheel of a car (*Kay v Butterworth*). Although one is not responsible for acts done while asleep, one can be held responsible for driving in a state where one would fall asleep at the wheel. The issue of prior fault applies to many diabetics who suffer hypoglycaemia while driving. Voluntary (and often involuntary) intoxication cannot cause legal automatism.

In many jurisdictions, there is a distinction made between "sane automatism" and "insane automatism". Where the involuntariness is caused by a mental illness, or "disease of the mind", as per the M'Naghten rules, it will be regarded as "insane automatism" and will often result in a special verdict of "not guilty by reason of insanity". This can have significant practical effects for the defendant, as they still may be detained after a special verdict as opposed to the straight acquittal available through sane automatism.

The M'Naghten rules require a "disease of mind", which requires an internal cause. This is medically nonsensical, and does not always bear much relationship to continuing risk which is the main justification. This means that insane automatisms do not require total loss of voluntary control (see below). Thus they are easier to prove in some circumstances, but conversely the burden of proof is on the defendant. Sleepwalking was initially an exception to the internal-external doctrine until the case of *R v Burgess*.

The most contentious qualifier is that there must be a total loss of control. In *Attorney-General's Reference No 2 of 1992*, this definition of legal automatism was confirmed. A lorry driver had crashed, and his defence (backed up by expert evidence) was that the monotony of motorway driving had caused him to go into a state of "driving without awareness" where, although he could make minor adjustments to follow the road, he was not truly conscious of driving. This followed the decisions of *Watmore v Jenkins* and *Broome v Perkins* where diabetic drivers who had driven three miles or more were held to not have the total loss of control necessary for the defence of automatism. This definition is problematic, and the Law Commission, Butler Committee and leading legal academic R. D. Mackay have all argued that this definition is too restrictive.

Classically automatisms in the legal sense have been defined as spasms, reflexes, convulsions or acts committed in a state of unconsciousness e.g. sleep. However, there have been cases where the automatism defence was successful when none of these apply. In *R v T* the defendant had been raped a few days prior to committing a robbery. She was clearly conscious of what she was doing, but in a dissociative state due to post-traumatic stress disorder from being raped. However, in *R v Isitt*, when the defendant drove away from a collision and evaded a police roadblock in a dissociative state, the defence was not successful. The Ontario Court of Appeal expressed a logical way of distinguishing such cases in *Rabey v The Queen*. There, the defendant went into a dissociative state due to being spurned. It was held that such a commonplace occurrence was not the sort of external stimulus that would cause legal automatism (although the insanity plea would be open to him).

## Omissions

The problem with omissions and automatism is that the strict legal definition requires total loss of control. A person may well not be able to avoid a crash even though they have some residual control. In this case, the law is imposing liability for failing to do the impossible. Several commentators, including H. L. A. Hart, have suggested that responsibility for omissions must be framed with reference to the actor's capabilities at the time, rather than the objective test.

## Voluntariness

La Forest J. in the Canadian Supreme Court case of *R v Parks*, asserted that automatism is "conceptually a subset of the voluntariness requirement". One of the main rationales of criminal law is to use the threat of punishment as a deterrent to future wrongdoing. But, if an individual is to be deterred, he or she must be acting under voluntary control. If something is interfering with this control, automatism may be available as an excuse. Duress is not an example of involuntary action as although the choices faced by the person under duress may be difficult, nonetheless they are still acting voluntarily. Some would describe action under duress as non-voluntary as opposed to involuntary. This distinction is emphasized by the exclusion of the defense of duress for murder. In the words of the Queensland Court of Criminal Appeal in *R v Milloy*, Thomas J says, that for automatism to succeed:

> impairment of relevant capacities as distinct from total deprivation of these capacities \[will not suffice\] ... it is fundamental to a defence of automatism that the actor has no control over his actions.

## Reflex movements

One of the difficulties is defining what a voluntary action is and is not. Words like "willed" have the same difficulty: a voluntary action is one that is willed, whatever that means. In Australia, *Ryan v The Queen*, the defendant entered a shop with a loaded rifle for a robbery. In a sudden attack, the shop assistant caught the appellant by surprise, causing him by a reflex action to discharge the gun, killing the assistant instantly. The Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) requires that "murder shall be committed where the *act* of the accused ... causing the death charged". Barwick CJ said: "That a crime cannot be committed except by an act or omission is axiomatic. It is basic, in my opinion, that the 'act' of an accused ... must be a 'willed', a voluntary act which has caused the death charged. It is the act which must be willed, though its consequences may not be intended."

Concerning whether the firing of the gun was willed so as to constitute an "act" for the purposes of the murder charge, Elliot commented that "his reaction was like the sudden movement of a tennis player retrieving a difficult shot; not accompanied by conscious planning, but certainly not involuntary". Despite accepting that the actual discharge was involuntary, Barwick CJ confirmed the murder conviction because "the act causing death" included the general circumstances in which the gun was fired. The judge and jury

> could have concluded that the act causing death was the presentation of the cocked, loaded gun with the safety catch unapplied and that its involuntary discharge was a likelihood which ought to have been in the contemplation of the applicant when presenting the gun in the circumstances.

In the U.S., in *People v. Decina* (1956) 2 NY2d 13 3, 143 the defendant had epilepsy. While driving his car, he had an epileptic seizure and the car went out of control, killing four people. Decina was convicted of negligent homicide because he had voluntarily driven an automobile without assistance knowing that a seizure was possible, breaching Penal Law 1053 on the negligent operation of a motor vehicle:

> Even though a reflex or a convulsion is an excuse, the actor in this instance cannot use this defence because he knowingly undertook the risk of driving while suffering from a disease that is characterised by frequent convulsions, etc. The *actus reus* was established when he began driving.

This reasoning matches that in English law where any foreseeable loss of control is excluded from automatism. To hold otherwise would be to excuse any driver or other person engaged in an activity where public safety is an issue, from the consequences of a loss of control that occurred after losing consciousness. Only sudden and unexpected health problems avoid culpability. In Scots law, *Cardle v Mulrainey* (1992) SCCR 658 applies the general requirement for cases involving a defence based on insanity or a comparable state, that there must be a total alienation of reason leading to a loss of self-control, to a case in which the accused claimed that he had involuntarily consumed a drug which had the effect that he knew what he was doing but was unable to refrain from acting (at 668):

> Where, as in the present case, the accused knew what he was doing and was aware of the nature and quality of his acts and that what he was doing was wrong, he cannot be said to be suffering from the total alienation of reason in regard to the crime with which he is charged which the defence requires. The sheriff found in finding that the respondent's ability to reason the consequences of his actions to himself was affected by his ingestion of the drug. The finding narrates that he was unable to take account in his actions of the fact that they were criminal in character and to refrain for them. But this inability to exert self-control, which the sheriff has described as an inability to complete the reasoning process, must be distinguished from the essential requirement that there should be total alienation of the accused's mental faculties of reasoning and of understanding what he is doing.

## Sleep

The Australian Model Criminal Code Committee states the law as follows (at 14–15):

> At the minimum there needs to be some operation of the will before a physical movement is described as an act. The physical movements of a person who is asleep, for example, probably should not be regarded as acts at all, and certainly should not be regarded as acts for the purposes of criminal responsibility. These propositions are embodied in the rule that people are not held responsible for involuntary 'acts', that is, physical movements which occur without there being any will to perform that act. This situation is usually referred to as automatism.

In the U.S., *People v Huey Newton* (1970) 8 CA3d 359 holds that unconsciousness, when not self-induced (say, as by voluntary intoxication), is a complete defence to a criminal act even though the defendant's acts seem very goal-oriented. The medical evidence was that "\[a\] gunshot wound which penetrates in a body cavity, the abdominal cavity or the thoracic cavity is very likely to produce a profound reflex shock reaction, that is quite different from a gunshot wound which penetrates only skin and muscle and it is not at all uncommon for a person shot in the abdomen to lose consciousness and go into this reflex shock condition for short periods of time up to half an hour or so." But the reflexive activity or unconsciousness need not cause physical collapse: it can exist where the subject physically acts in fact, but is not at the time conscious of acting (cf some European continental jurisdictions classify conduct resulting from automatism under the rubric of unconsciousness). In *R. v. Cogdon* (1950), unreported but noted in Morris, *Somnambulistic Homicide: Ghosts, Spiders and North Koreans* (1951) 5 *Res Judicatae* 29, the defendant struck her daughter on the head with an axe while sleepwalking and dreaming about North Koreans. Her movements were not voluntary, so she was acquitted. This interpretation of automatism is consistent with Lord Denning's *dicta* in *Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland* (1963) AC 386, at 409:

> No act is punishable if it is done involuntarily: and an involuntary act in this context – some people nowadays prefer to speak of it as 'automatism' – means an act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind, such as a spasm, a reflex action or a convulsion; or an act done by a person who is not conscious of what he is doing, such as an act done whilst suffering from a concussion or whilst sleepwalking.

Situations involving hypnotism, concussion, and sleepwalking may involve apparently deliberate and purposeful conduct. In fact this is the case for many situations where the defense of automatism is presented – spasms or reflex actions are rarely likely to be perceived as criminally liable acts. As for sleepwalking itself, the Canadian case of *R v Parks* exemplifies a certain judicial willingness to regard a sleepwalker as behaving as an automaton even though he had performed apparently goal-directed acts. The accused fell asleep in his living room. A few hours later he got up and drove 23 kilometres to his in-laws' home. Still asleep, he entered the house, found a knife in the kitchen and went to the bedroom where his in-laws were sleeping. He strangled and cut his father in-law, who survived the attack. The mother in-law died from the repeated stab wounds and the brutal beating. The medical experts at trial unanimously agreed that the accused was sleepwalking and that sleepwalking was not a "disease of mind". The Supreme Court agreed and held that sleepwalking can negate the voluntary ingredient of the *actus reus*. There is widespread disagreement among forensic sleep experts that Kenneth Parks was in fact sleepwalking – it is not entirely clear the reason why the prosecution did not call its own experts on sleepwalking, one explanation being frank disbelief that the defence could succeed.

The point made in these cases is that the key component of the two categories of cases identified by Lord Denning in *Bratty* is a defendant's inability to control their behaviour and not the way in which loss or impairment of the conscious or deliberative functions of the mind arises. Similarly, under the Swedish penal code, acts during sleep and unconsciousness, reflex movements, spasms and convulsions, as well as acts performed under physical force or hypnosis are generally not punishable. Moreover, omissions caused by sleep, weakness, physical numbness or anaesthesia are generally not blameworthy. The issue is whether the accused had the ability to control the behaviour, including taking early precautions to avoid loss of control. But, in English law, the ruling in *R v Sullivan* (1984) AC 156 held that, for the purposes of the M'Naghten rules, a disease of the mind need have no permanence, leading many academics to suggest that sleepwalkers might well be found to be suffering from a disease of the mind with internal causes unless there was clear evidence of an external causal factor. In *R v Burgess* the Court of Appeal ruled that the defendant who wounded a woman by hitting her with a video recorder while sleepwalking, was insane under the M'Naghten rules. Lord Lane said, "We accept that sleep is a normal condition, but the evidence in the instant case indicates that sleepwalking, and particularly violence in sleep, is not normal."

Overall, this emphasis on control rather than consciousness is supported by clinical science. Michael Coles says:

> ... on the basis of the available knowledge of human behaviour, it may be suggested that many of the crimes the courts have decided were committed in an automatistic state – that is, in the absence of conscious, volitional control, or while the mind was a total blank – actually may have occurred in a state of diminished consciousness, with the diminished consciousness resulting in the diminished conscious control of behaviour. In other words, the individual becomes disinhibited, and behaviour that the individual would otherwise be able to \[contain\] gains expression.

## Insanity

A discussion of the relationship between automatism and insanity and "internal" and "external" factors is in M'Naghten rules. The internal-external divide is a doctrine of English law, but not followed in Canada for example - hence Parks' acquittal.

## Drunkenness

Voluntary intoxication is *not* automatism. Involuntary intoxication *can* constitute automatism. This was the decision in *R. v Hardie* \[1985\] 1 WLR 164, although this decision may have been the result of judicial misunderstanding of the effects of diazepam. However, in *Kingston* \[1994\] 3 WLR 519, a man with normally controlled paedophiliac urges succumbed to them after being drugged unknowingly for blackmail purposes; he was found still able to form the *mens rea* for indecent assault. This decision has been much criticised by jurists.

## Provocation

To constitute a provocation, there must be a sudden and unexpected loss of control as a result of things said or done but the accused is still capable of activity which is sufficiently directed to cause the death of another. Hence, there is insufficient loss of control to constitute automatism e.g. as in the Canadian case of *Bert Thomas Stone v R* (1999). Provocation is only a partial defence, a concession to human frailty, and not a complete defence like automatism.

## Sources


title: Eugène Chigot

abstract: Eugène Henri Alexandre Chigot was a post impressionist French painter. A pupil of his father, the military painter Alphonse Chigot, in 1881 he entered the internationally renowned École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he was exposed to the ideas of the realist movement of the Barbizon School and to Impressionism. He settled in Étaples in the Pas-de-Calais in an artists’ colony, later returning to Paris where he became a founder of the Salon d’Automne. An official military painter he painted a series of canvases in Calais and Nieuwpoort recording the destruction caused by the First World War. Chigot's reputation was built on his maritime and landscape paintings that arose from his affinity to Flanders and the Pas-de-Calais. He recorded the lives of the people of Flanders placing them within a landscape of soft opalescent light. Later his paintings show traces of expressionism and a more vibrant pallette. He was also a skilled nocturne painter who travelled extensively within France, Italy and Spain.

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# Eugène Chigot

**Eugène Henri Alexandre Chigot** (French pronunciation: \[øʒɛn ɑ̃ʁi alɛksɑ̃dʁ ʃiɡo\]; 22 November 1860 – 14 July 1923) was a post impressionist French painter. A pupil of his father, the military painter Alphonse Chigot, in 1881 he entered the internationally renowned École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he was exposed to the ideas of the realist movement of the Barbizon School and to Impressionism. He settled in Étaples in the Pas-de-Calais in an artists’ colony, later returning to Paris where he became a founder of the Salon d’Automne. An official military painter he painted a series of canvases in Calais and Nieuwpoort recording the destruction caused by the First World War. Chigot's reputation was built on his maritime and landscape paintings that arose from his affinity to Flanders and the Pas-de-Calais. He recorded the lives of the people of Flanders placing them within a landscape of soft opalescent light. Later his paintings show traces of expressionism and a more vibrant pallette. He was also a skilled nocturne painter who travelled extensively within France, Italy and Spain.

## Early years

Eugène Chigot was born in Valenciennes in French Flanders on 22 November 1860, the fourth child of six of Alphonse Chigot (1824 – 1917) and Pauline Chigot (née Dubreuil) (1825 – 1910). His father was a former soldier and war artist who had served in the North African campaigns of the 1840s and later studied art in Valenciennes under Julien Potier. Eugène attended the Collège et Lycée Notre Dame des Dunes in Dunkerque where he met and befriended Henri Le Sidaner, who was to become a lifelong friend and supporter. His initial art training was as a pupil with his father Alphonse who operated an atelier in Valenciennes. His Father was not initially supportive of his son becoming a full-time artist but acquiesced to his son's wishes upon the intervention of his artist colleague Alfred Philippe Roll (1846 – 1919), a former pupil of Léon Bonnat. In 1880, Chigot joined the atelier of Alexandre Cabanel and from 1881 until 1886 he attended the prestigious École des Beaux-Arts, at which he studied under Bonnat,Paul Vayson and Cabanel. The latter's influence on the young Chigot was considerable. Although Cabanel mainly painted in an academic style, that was dismissed derisively as *L'art pompier* (literally ‘Fireman art’) by some critics, he was a skilled painter with a deep knowledge of nineteenth century French art, in particular impressionism and the naturalism of the Barbizon School from which Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Charles-François Daubigny were significant influences on Chigot. Chigot's interests in the use of colour, softness of form and in atmospheric weather were formed under Cabanel's tutelage.

## The Colonie artistique d'Étaples

Following his pupillage in Paris, Chigot searched for an appropriate environment from where he could paint. Initially he travelled to the south of France and to Italy. At this stage in his career Chigot favoured ‘*En plein air*’ painting, a theory credited to Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes (1750–1819) that he expounded in a treatise entitled *Reflections and Advice to a Student on Painting, Particularly on Landscape* (1800) developing the concept of *landscape portraiture* by which the artist paints directly onto canvas *in situ* within the landscape. It enabled the artist to better capture the changing details of weather and light.

Eugène Chigot began exhibiting at the Paris Salon in 1884 and would continue to do so until 1924. He was commended by the jury in 1885 for *Portrait des Artistes Français*, before winning a third class medal in 1887 for *La pêche interrompre* and a second-class medal in 1890 for the maritime painting *Prière du soir*. These successes came with a monetary award which funded a stay in Spain in 1887. He then joined his long-term friend Henri Le Sidaner at Étaples on the Opal Coast, south of Calais where they established an artists’ workshop and regular exhibitions that would eventually develop into a school of art, called the *Villa des Roses*. Étaples had a tradition of *en plein air* painting established by Charles-François Daubigny (1817–1878), who retreated there from the outbreak of the Paris Commune in 1871 and of the local Deauville painter Eugène Boudin (1824–1898), a leading post impressionist. In the period until the start of World War I in 1914 the area attracted numerous artists from abroad particularly the United States, Australia and the British Isles.

Chigot lived in the area for most of the next twenty years initially at the villa attached to his studio in Étaples. In 1893 he married Martha Colle and spent part of his honeymoon in Berck, a favoured haunt of the impressionist painter Manet.Two years later, he bought a house in the new and wealthy resort of Le Touquet. The union produced a son Paul Louis, born in 1906 who was become an eminent decorated surgeon and a daughter Mathilde. The Chigots moved again in 1902 to the western Flanders town of Gravelines at the mouth of the river Aa where he built a chalet by the sea in which to paint. Chigot's output during the 1890s was of a post impressionistic style, in which he depicted beach scenes with expansive skies, atmospheric seascapes, and local châteaux often with a pond in the foreground. His figures are intimate and placed within the coastal landscape. Chigot possessed the ability to convincingly paint still and moving water.

## Return to Paris and the Salon d’Automne

Eugène Chigot was an active participant in the founding of the Salon d'Automne, now an annual art exhibition held in Paris, which opened on 31 October 1903. Perceived as a reaction against the conservative policies of the official Paris Salon, the new exhibition was an immediate success showcasing developments and innovations in early 20th Century art. The Salon d’Automne from its inception received strong support from artists across the artistic spectrum including some of the most established artists in France that included: Paul Cézanne, Édouard Vuillard and Auguste Rodin who featured works at the inaugural exhibition. At the 1905 exhibition Chigot exhibited three canvases featuring the Flanders landscape: *Le Soir à Vormouth*, *Place morte*, *Jardin en Flanders*. The salon also witnessed the birth of Fauvism in 1905 and of Cubism in 1910.

The febrile artistic atmosphere of the later Belle Époque undoubtedly affected Eugène Chigot, who was based in Paris from 1908. Whilst Chigot could not be seen as a radical painter it is possible to see a second period in his work from 1905 –1923 where he has incorporated elements of modernist movements especially in the use of colour which becomes more vibrant and abstract. During this second period Eugène Chigot painted the landscapes of different regions of France. He continued to be inspired by the light and landscapes of Flanders but he also painted in: Versailles, Normandy, Brittany and Ile de France in the north and in Clisson and in the forests of Nivernais. He was drawn to the light and exuberant colours of the Côte d'Azur also painting a few canvases over the France-Italy border in Liguria notably at Dolceacqua.

## Peintre officiel de la Marine and war artist

In 1891 Chigot accepted the offer to become an official painter for the Marine Nationale (*Peintre officiel de la Marine*). The position necessitated a series of official paintings to commemorate notable events including the Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits . In 1893 Chigot completed a number of official paintings to mark President Émile Loubet's visit to the French fleet at Toulon and that of the Russian Admiral Theodor Avellan's visit to Toulon. Then in 1897 he was commissioned by President Felix Faure to capture the moment when Faure left France to meet the Russian Tzar and sign the Franco-Russian Alliance. In 1913 Chigot's large canvas *Pax* was donated by the French government to hang in the newly founded Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Peace Palace in The Hague.

The disruption to French cultural life of the Great War was severe and within a short period many artists were struggling financially. In response, art critic Louis Vauxcelles organised an Exposition at George Petit's Gallery in Paris, to which Chigot contributed a painting, with the profits going to the relief of artists. At the Exposition La Triennial in 1916 he contributes four paintings : *La rue fleurie à Menton*, *Solitude au Grand Trianon*, *Printemps en Flandre*, *la Mortola Italie*. On a tangible level the war had a deleterious effect on Chigot. His father Alphonse, was behind enemy lines after the fall of Valenciennes to the Germany army. As a consequence, Chigot was unable to visit his father during his final illness in October 1917. In the previous month he had moved his family to Dieppe to keep them away from the front-line.

In 1917, in his capacity as an official government artist, Chigot was approached to join the French forces at Calais where he helped organise a morale boosting exhibition of Great War art. He recorded war damaged Calais, in a series of drawings and paintings, some of which have been lost. One major canvas *Le Port de Calais* (1917) has survived and shows a group of, heroically posed dockers, purposefully repairing the destroyed dock in Calais. At Nieuport on the River Yser, he witnessed first hand the effects of the bombardment on the town and created a series of stark drawings and paintings of the destruction.

The psychological effects of his experiences in the Great War left him in a depressed state. He and his wife embarked on a long vacation on the Côte d'Azur, where paintings such as *Juan-les-Pins* (1919), displayed expressionist tendencies. He was re elected to the committee of the Salon d'Autumn in 1919 and in 1920 he received a modicum of international recognition when he had paintings exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, an exhibition that toured some of the major galleries of the United States.

Eugène Chigot died in Paris on July 14, 1923. His body was returned to Valenciennes and buried beside other members of his family at the Saint-Roch cemetery (*Cimetière Saint-Roch*).

## Public collections (selected)

Examples of Chigot's work can be found at : Musée d'Orsay, Musée de France d'Opale Sud, Musée Antoine Vivenel, Musée du Touquet-Paris-Plage, Palais des Beaux-Arts de LillePetit Palais, Musée Carnavalet, Musée de Nantes, and Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Eugène Chigot has been the subject of several posthumous exhibitions (selected): at the Musée Galliera in 1954, at the Hôtel de Ville de Calais in 1960, the Salon d' Automne, Paris in 1960, the Kaplan Gallery, London in 1964 and in le Touquet at the Musée du Touquet in 2008. On the centenary of his death in 2023 the Maison du Port départemental d'Etaples-sur-mer and the Musée de la marine d'Etaples-sur-mer organized the exhibition "Eugène Chigot, Peintre de la Côte d'Opale" commemorating his work in the local area.

The Association des Amis d' Eugène Chigot in Touquet maintains his legacy.

## Biography

* Antoine Descheemaeker- Colle (2008), Eugène Chigot, Sa Vie, Son Oevre Peint, Editions Henri, France. ISBN 9782917698020 in French
* Jean-Francoise Louis Merlet (1910), Eugène Chigot, peintre, Paris Societè de L’edition Libre.
* Eugène Chigot, exhibition catalogue, musée Galliera, Paris, 1954.

## Bibliography

* Jean-Claude Lesage /Lionel François: ‘L'École d'Étaples. Une foyer artistique à la fin du XIXe siècle’ in Revue du Louvre, no. 3, p. 57, periodical, Paris, June 2001
* Edith Marcq (2019), La Côte d'Opale et ses peintres au XIX ème siècle à la fin de l'entre-deux-guerres: l'individualité de son appellation à ses diverses représentations picturales, *in french*.
* Camille Mauclair (2019), Henri Le Sidaner, The Obolus Press, ISBN 978-0981178035
* Joshua Taylor (1989), Nineteenth Century Theories of Art, pages 246–7, University of California Press, USA. ISBN 0520048881
* J Turner, (2000). From Monet to Cézanne: Late 19th-century French Artists. Grove Art. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0312229712 \- background only.
* Malcolm Baker, Andrew Hemingway, Briony Fer et al., (2018) Art as Worldmaking: Critical Essays on Realism and Naturalism, University of Manchester, ISBN 9781526114907

1. Chigot leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr
2. Antoine Descheemaeker- Colle (2008), *Sa Vie, son oeuvre peint*, Editions Henri, France. ISBN 9782917698020 french
3. Alphonse Chigot, (2011), extract from the notice in the Bénézit dictionary, Oxford Art Online. ISBN 9780199773787
4. Edith Marcq (2019), La Côte d'Opale et ses peintres au XIX ème siècle à la fin de l'entre-deux-guerres: l'individualité de son appellation à ses diverses représentations picturales, *in french*
5. Turner, Jane (2000). *The Grove dictionary of art: From Monet to Cézanne : late 19th-century French artists*. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press US, 2000. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-312-22971-9.
6. James Harding,(1979), Artistes pompiers: French academic art in the 19th century, New York: Rizzoli, ISBN 9780856704512
7. Hugh Honour and J.A. Fleming,(2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing. ISBN 9781856695848
8. Joshua Taylor (1989), Nineteenth Century Theories of Art, pages 246-7, University of California Press, USA. ISBN 0520048881
9. Henri Le Sidaner, (1862-1939) et la Bretagne (2002): Exposition, Pont-Aven, Musée de Pont-Aven
10. "Philip Wilson Steer, O.M. (1860-1942)".
11. "Son oeuvre". *www.asso-eug-chigot.org*. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
12. Salon d'automne; Société du Salon d'automne, Catalogue des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, dessin, gravure, architecture et art décoratif. Exposés au Petit Palais des Champs-Élysées, 1903
13. https://archive.org/details/cataloguedesouvr1905salo Catalogue des ouvrages de peinture, sculpture, dessin, gravure, architecture et art décoratif. Exposés au Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, 1905
14. "Le Journal". 5 October 1912.
15. Sanborn, Joshua A. (2012). *An Improbable War?: The Outbreak of World War I and European Political Culture Before 1914*. Berghahn Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-85745-310-5.
16. Hamel, Catherine. La commémoration de l’alliance franco-russe : La création d’une culture matérielle populaire, 1890-1914 (French) MA thesis, Concordia University, (2016)
17. Eugène, Chigot. "Pax (Peace)". *Carnegie Foundation: Peace Palace*. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
18. La Presse (Journal), 25/3/1916
19. Letter from Martha Chigot from Dieppe to Chigot (family archive) 11/9/17, curated by association des Amis d'Eugène Chigot
20. Letter to Martha Chigot dated 19/3/1917 (family archive) curated by The Association des Amis d' Eugène Chigot, Le Touquet
21. 'Paysage, château sous le givre' (1905), oil. 54,0 cmx 73,0cm (right inset)
22. "L'école de Berck - Musée de Berck-sur-Mer". *musee.berck.fr*. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
23. "Musée du Touquet-Paris-Plage". *Site de letouquet-musee !* (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2020.
24. Chigot, Eugène. "Tendresse nocturne (Peaceful evening)". *Palais des Beaux Arts, Lille*. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
25. "La foule attendant le passage du corps du général Galliéni (recto) / Une maison (verso) | Paris Musées". *www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr*. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
26. "La Bourse | Paris Musées". *www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr*. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
27. Chigot, Eugène. "Perdus au large (Perdus en mer)". *Musée de Nantes*. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
28. "Le Mazet at Juan-Les-Pins". *Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection*. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
29. Antoine Descheemaeker- Colle (2008), *Sa Vie, Son Oeuvre Peint,* Editions Henri, Chapter XIV. pages 221 -241 ISBN 9782917698020
30. Collectif; Lesage, Jean-Claude (2023). Moitel, Anne (ed.). *Eugène Chigot, Peintre de la Côte d'Opale (Eugène Chigot, Painter of the Opal Coast)* (in French). Lille: Editions invenit. p. 96. ISBN 9782376801139.

## InfoBox

| Eugène Chigot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Eugène Henri Alexandre Chigot
(1860-11-22)22 November 1860
Valenciennes, France |
| Died | 14 July 1923(1923-07-14) (aged 62)
Paris, France |
| Education | École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts |
| Known for | Oil painting, Watercolours |
| Notable work | *Verrotières dans la baie*,*Fraipont*, *Juan-les-Pins*. |
| Movement | Naturalism, Post impressionism, |
| Awards | Légion d'honneur - Chevalier (Knight) (1895)
Legion d’honneur – Officier (Officer) (1912) |


title: Arroxo

abstract: Arroxo is one of thirteen parishes in Quirós, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, in northern Spain. The population is 68 in 2011.

text:
# Arroxo

**Arroxo** is one of thirteen parishes (administrative divisions) in Quirós, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 68 in 2011.

## Villages

* Arroxo
* El Barón
* El Castañeo
* El Quintanal
* La Fábrica
* San Pedro
* San Salvaor
* Veiga
* Viḷḷagondú

### Small towns

* El Chalé
* La Retoral
* L'Arbechal
* El Campu'l Forno
* La Casa'l Cura
* La Casa Nueva
* El Comercio
* La Conca
* La Estrá
* La Naranxa
* La Quintana
* Sobreforno
* Torales
* El Palacio
* El Campón
* La Casa'l Molín
* Las Casas del Xagarín
* La Casona
* La Curva
* El Molinón
* El Portalón
* El Reculaño
* Los Torales
* La Escuela
* El Reboḷḷal
* La Campa
* El Prauvaḷḷe
* Los Solhorros

43°11′00″N 5°59′00″W / 43.183333°N 5.983333°W / 43.183333; -5.983333


title: Arkansas Valley Regional Medical Center

abstract: The Arkansas Valley Regional Medical Center is a regional hospital in La Junta, Colorado, United States. The present hospital building was completed in 1971, replacing earlier hospital buildings and sanitariums that had existed since the early 20th century. The medical center currently has 25 licensed beds. The hospital is a Level IV trauma center.

text:
# Arkansas Valley Regional Medical Center

The **Arkansas Valley Regional Medical Center** is a regional hospital in La Junta, Colorado, United States. The present hospital building was completed in 1971, replacing earlier hospital buildings and sanitariums that had existed since the early 20th century.

The medical center currently has 25 licensed beds.

The hospital is a Level IV trauma center.

## InfoBox

| Arkansas Valley Regional Medical Center | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The hospital's location in Colorado.Arkansas Valley Regional Medical Center (the United States) | |
| Geography | |
| Location | La Junta, Otero County, Colorado, United States |
| Coordinates | 37°58′41″N 103°32′57″W / 37.97806°N 103.54917°W / 37.97806; -103.54917 |
| Organization | |
| Care system | Private, regional hospital |
| Funding | Non-profit hospital |
| Type | District general |
| Affiliated university | None |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Level IV trauma center |
| Beds | 25 |
| Helipad | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 1971 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.avrmc.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in Colorado |


title: 1997–98 Detroit Red Wings season

abstract: The 1997–98 Detroit Red Wings season was the 72nd National Hockey League season in Detroit, Michigan. The highlight of the Red Wings' season was winning the Stanley Cup for a second season in a row.

text:
# 1997–98 Detroit Red Wings season

The **1997–98 Detroit Red Wings season** was the 72nd National Hockey League season in Detroit, Michigan. The highlight of the Red Wings' season was winning the Stanley Cup for a second season in a row.

## Regular season

### Sergei Fedorov's holdout

After a lengthy holdout to start the 1997–98 season, Sergei Fedorov, a restricted free-agent, signed an offer sheet with the Carolina Hurricanes worth up to $38 million (with bonuses). The Red Wings matched the offer on February 26, 1998, ending Fedorov's holdout. The offer broke down as: $14 million for signing, $2 million for 21 regular season games and $12 million for the team reaching conference finals. $28 million for 43 total games in 1997–98 is the largest single season amount paid to an NHL athlete. Fedorov helped the Red Wings win their second consecutive Stanley Cup that year.

### Season standings

Central Division
| No. | CR |  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | **Dallas Stars** | 82 | 49 | 22 | 11 | 242 | 167 | 109 |
| 2 | 3 | **Detroit Red Wings** | 82 | 44 | 23 | 15 | 250 | 196 | 103 |
| 3 | 4 | **St. Louis Blues** | 82 | 45 | 29 | 8 | 256 | 204 | 98 |
| 4 | 6 | **Phoenix Coyotes** | 82 | 35 | 35 | 12 | 224 | 227 | 82 |
| 5 | 9 | Chicago Blackhawks | 82 | 30 | 39 | 13 | 192 | 199 | 73 |
| 6 | 10 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 82 | 30 | 43 | 9 | 194 | 237 | 69 |

Western Conference
| R |  | Div | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | p – Dallas Stars | CEN | 82 | 49 | 22 | 11 | 242 | 167 | 109 |
| 2 | x – Colorado Avalanche | PAC | 82 | 39 | 26 | 17 | 231 | 205 | 95 |
| 3 | Detroit Red Wings | CEN | 82 | 44 | 23 | 15 | 250 | 196 | 103 |
| 4 | St. Louis Blues | CEN | 82 | 45 | 29 | 8 | 256 | 204 | 98 |
| 5 | Los Angeles Kings | PAC | 82 | 38 | 33 | 11 | 227 | 225 | 87 |
| 6 | Phoenix Coyotes | CEN | 82 | 35 | 35 | 12 | 224 | 227 | 82 |
| 7 | Edmonton Oilers | PAC | 82 | 35 | 37 | 10 | 215 | 224 | 80 |
| 8 | San Jose Sharks | PAC | 82 | 34 | 38 | 10 | 210 | 216 | 78 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Chicago Blackhawks | CEN | 82 | 30 | 39 | 13 | 192 | 199 | 73 |
| 10 | Toronto Maple Leafs | CEN | 82 | 30 | 43 | 9 | 194 | 237 | 69 |
| 11 | Calgary Flames | PAC | 82 | 26 | 41 | 15 | 217 | 252 | 67 |
| 12 | Mighty Ducks of Anaheim | PAC | 82 | 26 | 43 | 13 | 205 | 261 | 65 |
| 13 | Vancouver Canucks | PAC | 82 | 25 | 43 | 14 | 224 | 273 | 64 |

**Divisions:** *CEN* – Central, *PAC* – Pacific

**bold** – Qualified for playoffs; **x** – Won Division; **p** – Won Presidents' Trophy

## Playoffs

### Stanley Cup Finals

The **1998 Stanley Cup Finals** were played in the 105th year of the Stanley Cup. The series was played between the Western Conference champion Detroit Red Wings and the Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals. The Red Wings were led by captain Steve Yzerman, Head Coach Scotty Bowman and goaltender Chris Osgood. The Capitals were led by captain Dale Hunter, head coach Ron Wilson and goaltender Olaf Kolzig. The Red Wings swept the Capitals to capture their second consecutive Stanley Cup. During the presentation of the Stanley Cup, Vladimir Konstantinov was wheeled onto the ice in his wheelchair and captain Steve Yzerman gave him the cup while his teammates surrounded him.

## Schedule and results

### Regular season

| 1997–98 regular season |
| --- |
|
| October: 10–2–2 (home: 4–2–2; road: 6–0–0)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  1 October 1 Detroit 3–1 Calgary  Osgood 1–0–0 2 Recap  2 October 3 Detroit 8–2 Edmonton  Osgood 2–0–0 4 Recap  3 October 8 Dallas 1–3 Detroit  Osgood 3–0–0 6 Recap  4 October 10 Tampa Bay 0–3 Detroit  Osgood 4–0–0 8 Recap  5 October 12 Calgary 4–4 Detroit OT Osgood 4–0–1 9 Recap  6 October 14 Detroit 3–2 Toronto  Osgood 5–0–1 11 Recap  7 October 15 Toronto 4–3 Detroit  Osgood 5–1–1 11 Recap  8 October 18 Carolina 2–4 Detroit  Osgood 6–1–1 13 Recap  9 October 20 St. Louis 3–3 Detroit OT Osgood 6–1–2 14 Recap  10 October 22 Detroit 4–1 Anaheim  Osgood 7–1–2 16 Recap  11 October 23 Detroit 4–1 Los Angeles  Hodson 8–1–2 18 Recap  12 October 26 Detroit 5–1 Vancouver  Osgood 9–1–2 20 Recap  13 October 29 San Jose 3–4 Detroit  Osgood 10–1–2 22 Recap  14 October 31 Los Angeles 5–1 Detroit  Hodson 10–2–2 22 Recap |
| November: 7–4–2 (home: 5–2–1; road: 2–2–1)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  15 November 2 Anaheim 3–4 Detroit  Osgood 11–2–2 24 Recap  16 November 5 Detroit 1–3 Carolina  Osgood 11–3–2 24 Recap  17 November 7 Pittsburgh 1–1 Detroit OT Osgood 11–3–3 25 Recap  18 November 9 Calgary 3–6 Detroit  Osgood 12–3–3 27 Recap  19 November 11 Colorado 2–0 Detroit  Osgood 12–4–3 27 Recap  20 November 13 Detroit 4–2 Ottawa  Hodson 13–4–3 29 Recap  21 November 15 Detroit 2–5 St. Louis  Osgood 13–5–3 29 Recap  22 November 16 Detroit 3–3 Chicago OT Hodson 13–5–4 30 Recap  23 November 19 NY Islanders 3–2 Detroit  Osgood 13–6–4 30 Recap  24 November 21 Dallas 2–4 Detroit  Osgood 14–6–4 32 Recap  25 November 22 Detroit 5–2 Montreal  Osgood 15–6–4 34 Recap  26 November 26 Ottawa 1–4 Detroit  Hodson 16–6–4 36 Recap  27 November 28 Montreal 0–2 Detroit  Osgood 17–6–4 38 Recap |
| December: 8–3–4 (home: 4–1–1; road: 4–2–3)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  28 December 1 Detroit 3–3 Vancouver OT Osgood 17–6–5 39 Recap  29 December 3 Detroit 4–3 Calgary  Osgood 18–6–5 41 Recap  30 December 5 Detroit 1–3 Edmonton  Osgood 18–7–5 41 Recap  31 December 9 Vancouver 5–7 Detroit  Hodson 19–7–5 43 Recap  32 December 12 Edmonton 3–2 Detroit  Osgood 19–8–5 43 Recap  33 December 14 Detroit 3–3 Phoenix OT Osgood 19–8–6 44 Recap  34 December 16 Detroit 1–5 San Jose  Hodson 19–9–6 44 Recap  35 December 17 Detroit 2–2 Colorado OT Osgood 19–9–7 45 Recap  36 December 19 New Jersey 4–5 Detroit  Osgood 20–9–7 47 Recap  37 December 22 Detroit 4–2 Boston  Osgood 21–9–7 49 Recap  38 December 23 Detroit 3–1 Buffalo  Osgood 22–9–7 51 Recap  39 December 26 Toronto 1–4 Detroit  Osgood 23–9–7 53 Recap  40 December 27 Detroit 8–1 Toronto  Osgood 24–9–7 55 Recap  41 December 29 Dallas 2–2 Detroit OT Osgood 24–9–8 56 Recap  42 December 31 St. Louis 2–5 Detroit  Osgood 25–9–8 58 Recap |
| January: 4–5–3 (home: 4–2–1; road: 0–3–2)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  43 January 2 San Jose 4–1 Detroit  Osgood 25–10–8 58 Recap  44 January 4 Detroit 1–3 Chicago  Osgood 25–11–8 58 Recap  45 January 6 Phoenix 0–2 Detroit  Hodson 26–11–8 60 Recap  46 January 9 Detroit 3–3 Dallas OT Osgood 26–11–9 61 Recap  47 January 11 Washington 0–2 Detroit  Osgood 27–11–9 63 Recap  48 January 12 Detroit 1–1 NY Islanders OT Hodson 27–11–10 64 Recap  49 January 14 Vancouver 0–4 Detroit  Osgood 28–11–10 66 Recap  50 January 20 Detroit 1–3 New Jersrey  Osgood 28–12–10 66 Recap  51 January 21 Toronto 3–0 Detroit  Osgood 28–13–10 66 Recap  52 January 24 Philadelphia 0–1 Detroit  Osgood 29–13–10 68 Recap  53 January 28 Phoenix 4–4 Detroit OT Osgood 29–13–11 69 Recap  54 January 31 Detroit 2–4 Pittsburgh  Osgood 29–14–11 69 Recap |
| February: 3–1–2 (home: 1–0–1; road: 2–1–1)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  55 February 1 Detroit 4–2 Washington  Hodson 30–14–11 71 Recap  56 February 3 Detroit 1–1 Florida OT Osgood 30–14–12 72 Recap  57 February 5 Detroit 5–4 Tampa Bay  Osgood 31–14–12 74 Recap  58 February 7 Detroit 1–4 St. Louis  Osgood 31–15–12 74 Recap  59 February 25 Los Angeles 1–1 Detroit OT Osgood 31–15–13 75 Recap  60 February 27 Florida 1–3 Detroit  Osgood 32–15–13 77 Recap |
| March: 7–5–2 (home: 3–1–2; road: 4–4–0)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  61 March 2 Detroit 3–1 Phoenix  Osgood 33–15–13 79 Recap  62 March 4 Detroit 2–0 Anaheim  Hodson 34–15–13 81 Recap  63 March 5 Detroit 4–5 San Jose  Osgood 34–16–13 81 Recap  64 March 7 Detroit 1–2 Los Angeles  Osgood 34–17–13 81 Recap  65 March 10 Boston 6–3 Detroit  Osgood 34–18–13 81 Recap  66 March 12 Chicago 0–3 Detroit  Osgood 35–18–13 83 Recap  67 March 14 Detroit 1–6 Philadelphia  Osgood 35–19–13 83 Recap  68 March 17 Edmonton 3–4 Detroit  Maracle 36–19–13 85 Recap  69 March 18 Detroit 5–2 Toronto  Maracle 37–19–13 87 Recap  70 March 21 Detroit 4–3 NY Rangers  Hodson 38–19–13 89 Recap  71 March 23 Chicago 5–5 Detroit OT Maracle 38–19–14 90 Recap  72 March 26 Anaheim 3–3 Detroit OT Hodson 38–19–15 91 Recap  73 March 28 Detroit 2–3 St. Louis  Osgood 38–20–15 91 Recap  74 March 29 Buffalo 2–4 Detroit  Osgood 39–20–15 93 Recap |
| April: 5–3–0 (home: 4–0–0; road: 1–3–0)    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Record Points Recap  75 April 1 Colorado 0–2 Detroit  Osgood 40–20–15 95 Recap  76 April 4 Detroit 3–2 Chicago  Osgood 41–20–15 97 Recap  77 April 7 St. Louis 3–5 Detroit  Osgood 42–20–15 99 Recap  78 April 9 Phoenix 1–5 Detroit  Osgood 43–20–15 101 Recap  79 April 11 NY Rangers 2–5 Detroit  Osgood 44–20–15 103 Recap  80 April 14 Detroit 1–2 Phoenix  Osgood 44–21–15 103 Recap  81 April 15 Detroit 1–3 Dallas  Osgood 44–22–15 103 Recap  82 April 18 Detroit 3–4 Colorado  Hodson 44–23–15 103 Recap |
| ***Legend***: Win (2 points)   Loss (0 points)   Tie (1 point) |

### Playoffs

| 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs |
| --- |
|
| Western Conference Quarterfinals vs. (6) Phoenix Coyotes: Detroit won 4–2    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Series Recap  1 April 22 Phoenix 3–6 Detroit  Osgood 1–0 Recap  2 April 24 Phoenix 7–4 Detroit  Osgood 1–1 Recap  3 April 26 Detroit 2–3 Phoenix  Osgood 1–2 Recap  4 April 28 Detroit 4–2 Phoenix  Osgood 2–2 Recap  5 April 30 Phoenix 1–3 Detroit  Osgood 3–2 Recap  6 May 3 Detroit 5–2 Phoenix  Osgood 4–2 Recap |
| Western Conference Semifinals vs. (4) St. Louis Blues: Detroit won 4–2    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Series Recap  1 May 8 St. Louis 4–2 Detroit  Osgood 0–1 Recap  2 May 10 St. Louis 1–6 Detroit  Osgood 1–1 Recap  3 May 12 Detroit 3–2 St. Louis 2OT Osgood 2–1 Recap  4 May 14 Detroit 5–2 St. Louis  Osgood 3–1 Recap  5 May 17 St. Louis 3–1 Detroit  Osgood 3–2 Recap  6 May 19 Detroit 6–1 St. Louis  Osgood 4–2 Recap |
| Western Conference Finals vs. (1) Dallas Stars: Detroit won 4–2    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Series Recap  1 May 24 Detroit 2–0 Dallas  Osgood 1–0 Recap  2 May 26 Detroit 1–3 Dallas  Osgood 1–1 Recap  3 May 29 Dallas 3–5 Detroit  Osgood 2–1 Recap  4 May 31 Dallas 2–3 Detroit  Osgood 3–1 Recap  5 June 3 Detroit 2–3 Dallas OT Osgood 3–2 Recap  6 June 5 Dallas 0–2 Detroit  Osgood 4–2 Recap |
| Stanley Cup Finals vs. (E4) Washington Capitals: Detroit won 4–0    Game Date Visitor Score Home OT Decision Series Recap  1 June 9 Washington 1–2 Detroit  Osgood 1–0 Recap  2 June 11 Washington 4–5 Detroit OT Osgood 2–0 Recap  3 June 13 Detroit 2–1 Washington  Osgood 3–0 Recap  4 June 16 Detroit 4–1 Washington  Osgood 4–0 Recap |
| ***Legend***: Win   Loss |

## Player statistics

### Scoring

* *Position abbreviations: C = Center; D = Defense; G = Goaltender; LW = Left wing; RW = Right wing*
* *= Joined team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, signing) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Red Wings only.*
* *= Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Red Wings only.*

| No. | Player | Pos | Regular season | | | | | | Playoffs | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | GP | G | A | Pts | +/- | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | +/- | PIM |
| 19 | Steve Yzerman | C | 75 | 24 | 45 | 69 | 3 | 46 | 22 | 6 | 18 | 24 | 10 | 22 |
| 5 | Nicklas Lidstrom | D | 80 | 17 | 42 | 59 | 22 | 18 | 22 | 6 | 13 | 19 | 12 | 8 |
| 14 | Brendan Shanahan | LW | 75 | 28 | 29 | 57 | 6 | 154 | 20 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 22 |
| 13 | Vyacheslav Kozlov | LW | 80 | 25 | 27 | 52 | 14 | 46 | 22 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 4 | 10 |
| 55 | Larry Murphy | D | 82 | 11 | 41 | 52 | 35 | 37 | 22 | 3 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 2 |
| 8 | Igor Larionov | C | 69 | 8 | 39 | 47 | 14 | 40 | 22 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 5 | 12 |
| 17 | Doug Brown | C | 80 | 19 | 23 | 42 | 17 | 12 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 6 | −1 | 0 |
| 25 | Darren McCarty | RW | 71 | 15 | 22 | 37 | 0 | 157 | 22 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 34 |
| 20 | Martin Lapointe | RW | 79 | 15 | 19 | 34 | 0 | 106 | 21 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 6 | 20 |
| 41 | Brent Gilchrist | LW | 61 | 13 | 14 | 27 | 4 | 40 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 12 |
| 18 | Kirk Maltby | LW | 65 | 14 | 9 | 23 | 11 | 89 | 22 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 30 |
| 33 | Kris Draper | C | 64 | 13 | 10 | 23 | 5 | 45 | 19 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
| 96 | Tomas Holmstrom | LW | 57 | 5 | 17 | 22 | 6 | 44 | 22 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 9 | 16 |
| 44 | Anders Eriksson | D | 66 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 21 | 32 | 18 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 16 |
| 91 | Sergei Fedorov | RW | 21 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 10 | 25 | 22 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 0 | 12 |
| 11 | Mathieu Dandenault | RW | 68 | 5 | 12 | 17 | 5 | 43 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −2 | 0 |
| 2 | Viacheslav Fetisov | D | 58 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 4 | 72 | 21 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| 22 | Mike Knuble | RW | 53 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 2 | 16 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | Bob Rouse | D | 71 | 1 | 11 | 12 | −9 | 57 | 22 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 16 |
| 26 | Joey Kocur | RW | 63 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 7 | 92 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 4 | −3 | 30 |
| 27 | Aaron Ward | D | 52 | 5 | 5 | 10 | −1 | 47 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | Dmitri Mironov | D | 11 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 14 |
| 4 | Jamie Pushor | D | 54 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 71 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 28 | Yan Golubovsky | D | 12 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 31 | Kevin Hodson | G | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 0 |
| 21 | Darryl Laplante | C | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 34 | Jamie Macoun | D | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 18 |
| 34 | Norm Maracle | G | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 30 | Chris Osgood | G | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 31 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  | 12 |

### Goaltending

| No. | Player | Regular season | | | | | | | | | | | Playoffs | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | W | L | T | SA | GA | GAA | SV% | SO | TOI | GP | GS | W | L | SA | GA | GAA | SV% | SO | TOI |
| 30 | Chris Osgood | 64 | 64 | 33 | 20 | 11 | 1,605 | 140 | 2.21 | .913 | 6 | 3,806:39 | 22 | 22 | 16 | 6 | 588 | 48 | 2.12 | .918 | 2 | 1,361:04 |
| 31 | Kevin Hodson | 21 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 444 | 44 | 2.67 | .901 | 2 | 987:49 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |  | 0 | 0:16 |
| 34 | Norm Maracle | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 63 | 6 | 2.02 | .905 | 0 | 178:15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Awards and records

### Awards

Nicklas Lidstrom was a runner-up for the James Norris Memorial Trophy.

| Type | Award/honor | Recipient | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| League
(annual) | Conn Smythe Trophy | Steve Yzerman |  |
| | NHL First All-Star Team | Nicklas Lidstrom (Defense) |  |
| League
(in-season) | NHL All-Star Game selection | Viacheslav Fetisov |  |
| | Igor Larionov | |
| | Nicklas Lidstrom | |
| | Brendan Shanahan | |

### Milestones

| Milestone | Player | Date | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| First game | Yan Golubovsky | December 12, 1997 |  |
| | Darryl Laplante | | January 6, 1998 |
| | Norm Maracle | | March 14, 1998 |

## Transactions

The Red Wings have been involved in the following transactions during the 1997-98 season.

## Draft picks

Below are the Detroit Red Wings' selections at the 1997 NHL Entry Draft, held on June 21, 1997 at Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

| Round | # | Player | Position | Nationality | College/Junior/Club team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | 49 | Yuri Butsayev | LW | Russia | Lada Togliatti (Russia) |
| 3 | 76 | Petr Sykora | C | Czech Republic | HC Pardubice (Czech Republic) |
| 4 | 102 | Quintin Laing | LW | Canada | Kelowna Rockets (WHL) |
| 5 | 129 | John Wikstrom | D | Sweden | Lulea HF (Sweden) |
| 6 | 157 | B. J. Young | RW | United States | Red Deer Rebels (WHL) |
| 7 | 186 | Mike Laceby | C | Canada | Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) |
| 8 | 213 | Steve Wilejto | C | Canada | Prince Albert Raiders (WHL) |
| 9 | 239 | Greg Willers | D | Canada | Kingston Frontenacs (OHL) |

Notes    * "Detroit Red Wings 1997-98 roster and scoring statistics at hockeydb.com". *www.hockeydb.com*. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
* "1997-98 Detroit Red Wings Roster, Stats, Injuries, Scores, Results, Shootouts". *Hockey-Reference.com*. Retrieved July 5, 2023.

1. "1997-1998 Conference Standings Standings - NHL.com - Standings". NHL.
2. "1997-98 Detroit Red Wings Schedule". *Hockey-Reference.com*. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
3. National Hockey League Official Guide and Record Book 2006, p. 222, Dan Diamond & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, ISBN 0-920445-98-5
4. "Conn Smythe Trophy". *records.nhl.com*. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
5. "Postseason All-Star Teams". *records.nhl.com*. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
6. "NHL All-Star Game Starting Lineups by Year (since 1986)". *NHL.com*. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
7. "1998 NHL All-Star Game Rosters". *Hockey-Reference.com*. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
8. "1997-98 NHL Debuts". *Hockey-Reference.com*. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
9. "1997 NHL Entry Draft Picks at hockeydb.com". *www.hockeydb.com*. Retrieved July 9, 2023.

## InfoBox

| 1997–98 Detroit Red Wings | |
| --- | --- |
| Stanley Cup champions | |
| Western Conference champions | |
| Division | 2nd Central |
| Conference | 3rd Western |
| 1997–98 record | 44–23–15 |
| Home record | 25–8–8 |
| Road record | 19–15–7 |
| Goals for | 250 |
| Goals against | 196 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Ken Holland |
| Coach | Scotty Bowman |
| Captain | Steve Yzerman |
| Alternate captains | Nicklas Lidstrom
Brendan Shanahan |
| Arena | Joe Louis Arena |
| Average attendance | 19,983 (100%)
Total: 819,303 |
| Minor league affiliate(s) | Adirondack Red Wings (AHL)
Toledo Storm (ECHL) |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Brendan Shanahan (28) |
| Assists | Steve Yzerman (45) |
| Points | Steve Yzerman (69) |
| Penalty minutes | Darren McCarty (157) |
| Plus/minus | Larry Murphy (35) |
| Wins | Chris Osgood (33) |
| Goals against average | Chris Osgood (2.21) |
|


title: Arley, Alabama

abstract: Arley is a town in Winston County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated on December 18, 1965. At the 2020 census the population was 330, down from 357 in 2010.

text:
# Arley, Alabama

**Arley** is a town in Winston County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated on December 18, 1965. At the 2020 census the population was 330, down from 357 in 2010.

## Geography

Arley is located at 34°4′53″N 87°12′39″W / 34.08139°N 87.21083°W / 34.08139; -87.21083 (34.081499, -87.210768), partially inside William B. Bankhead National Forest. The town has a total land area of 3.76 square miles (9.7 km2). Bounded by Lewis Smith Lake and the nearby town of Addison, Arley's terrain is forested and rural with rolling hills.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Arley has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Demographics

### Town of Arley

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 164 |  |  |
| 1980 | 276 |  | 68.3% |
| 1990 | 338 |  | 22.5% |
| 2000 | 290 |  | −14.2% |
| 2010 | 357 |  | 23.1% |
| 2020 | 330 |  | −7.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Arley was incorporated in 1965 and first appeared as a town on the 1970 census. The area it is located in was also named Arley, and the former precinct existed from 1920 until its dissolution in 1960. See below.

### 2000 Census data

As of the census of 2000, there were 290 people, 123 households, and 89 families residing in the town. The population density was 103.6 inhabitants per square mile (40.0/km2). There were 139 housing units at an average density of 49.7 per square mile (19.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.31% White, and 0.69% from two or more races. 1.38% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 123 households, out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.9% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,500, and the median income for a family was $31,000. Males had a median income of $25,750 versus $16,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,822. About 13.3% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under age 18 and 22.6% of those age 65 or over.

### Historic Demographics

| Census
Year | Population &
Racial
Majority | State
Place
Rank | County
Place
Rank | White
(White, Non-
Hispanic 1980- | Hispanic
(1980- | Native
American | Asian | Pacific
Islander | Other | 2 or More
Races
(2000- |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1970** | 164 (-) | 406th (-) | **5th** (-) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **1980** | 276 ↑ | 386th | **5th** X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **1990** | 338 ↑ | **377**th | **5th** X |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **2000** | 290 ↓ | 414th | **5th** X | 284 (-) **97.9%** | 4 (-) 1.4% |  |  |  |  | 2 (-) 0.7% |
| **2010** | **357** | 433rd | **5th** X | **336** ↑ 94.1% | **5****1.4%** | **2** (-) **0.6%** | **1** (-) **0.3%** | **1** (-) **0.3%** | **1** (-) **0.3%** | **15****4.2%** |
|

## Arley Precinct (1920-1950)

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 1,030 |  |  |
| 1930 | 1,126 |  | 9.3% |
| 1940 | 1,524 |  | 35.3% |
| 1950 | 1,286 |  | −15.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Arley Precinct (Winston County 5th precinct) first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census. It had been previously named Dismal from 1890-1910. In 1960, the precinct was merged as part of a larger reorganization of counties into the census division of Addison.

## Education

Public K-12 education in Arley is provided by Winston County Schools. Meek Elementary School (grades K-6) and Meek High School (grades 7-12) serve the town. Arley has a branch of the Carl Elliott Regional Library.

### Notes

### References

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
2. "Arley".
3. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
5. Climate Summary for Arley, Alabama
6. "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
7. Bureau of the Census. "1970 Census of Population - Characteristics of the Population - Alabama" (PDF).
8. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
9. Bureau of the Census (April 1982). "1980 Census Characteristics of the Population - Number of Inhabitants - Alabama" (PDF).
10. Bureau of the Census. "1990 Census of Population and Housing - Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics - Alabama" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2022.
11. U.S. Census Bureau (June 2002). "Alabama: 2000 Census of Population and Housing - Summary Population and Housing Characteristics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2019.
12. U.S. Census Bureau (December 2012). "Alabama: 2010 Census of Population and Housing - Summary Population and Housing Characteristics" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2019.
13. Bureau of the Census (1920). "Fourteenth Census of the United States - State Compendium Alabama" (PDF).
14. "Number of Inhabitants - Alabama" (PDF). *United States Census Bureau*. 1960.

34°04′53″N 87°12′39″W / 34.081499°N 87.210768°W / 34.081499; -87.210768

## InfoBox

| Arley, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Homes on Lewis Smith Lake near Arley | |
| Location of Arley in Winston County, Alabama. | |
| Coordinates: 34°4′53″N 87°12′38″W / 34.08139°N 87.21056°W / 34.08139; -87.21056 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Winston |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.77 sq mi (9.77 km2) |
| Land | 3.76 sq mi (9.74 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation | 778 ft (237 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 330 |
| Density | 87.74/sq mi (33.88/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 35540-35541 |
| Area codes | 205, 659, 256 |
| FIPS code | 01-02500 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0159081 |


title: Entropic force

abstract: In physics, an entropic force acting in a system is an emergent phenomenon resulting from the entire system's statistical tendency to increase its entropy, rather than from a particular underlying force on the atomic scale.

text:
# Entropic force

In physics, an **entropic force** acting in a system is an emergent phenomenon resulting from the entire system's statistical tendency to increase its entropy, rather than from a particular underlying force on the atomic scale.

## Mathematical formulation

In the canonical ensemble, the entropic force $\mathbf {F} $ associated to a macrostate partition $\\{\mathbf {X} \\}$ is given by

$$\mathbf {F} (\mathbf {X} \_{0})=T\nabla \_{\mathbf {X} }S(\mathbf {X} )|\_{\mathbf {X} \_{0},}$$

where $T$ is the temperature, $S(\mathbf {X} )$ is the entropy associated to the macrostate $\mathbf {X} $, and $\mathbf {X} \_{0}$ is the present macrostate.

## Examples

### Pressure of an ideal gas

The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, and not on the volume of its containing box, so it is not an energy effect that tends to increase the volume of the box as gas pressure does. This implies that the pressure of an ideal gas has an entropic origin.

What is the origin of such an entropic force? The most general answer is that the effect of thermal fluctuations tends to bring a thermodynamic system toward a macroscopic state that corresponds to a maximum in the number of microscopic states (or micro-states) that are compatible with this macroscopic state. In other words, thermal fluctuations tend to bring a system toward its macroscopic state of maximum entropy.

### Brownian motion

The entropic approach to Brownian movement was initially proposed by R. M. Neumann. Neumann derived the entropic force for a particle undergoing three-dimensional Brownian motion using the Boltzmann equation, denoting this force as a *diffusional driving force* or *radial force*. In the paper, three example systems are shown to exhibit such a force:

### Polymers

A standard example of an entropic force is the elasticity of a freely jointed polymer molecule. For an ideal chain, maximizing its entropy means reducing the distance between its two free ends. Consequently, a force that tends to collapse the chain is exerted by the ideal chain between its two free ends. This entropic force is proportional to the distance between the two ends. The entropic force by a freely jointed chain has a clear mechanical origin and can be computed using constrained Lagrangian dynamics. With regards to biological polymers, there appears to be an intricate link between the entropic force and function. For example, disordered polypeptide segments   in the context of the folded regions of the same polypeptide chain   have been shown to generate an entropic force that has functional implications.

### Hydrophobic force

Another example of an entropic force is the hydrophobic force. At room temperature, it partly originates from the loss of entropy by the 3D network of water molecules when they interact with molecules of dissolved substance. Each water molecule is capable of

Therefore, water molecules can form an extended three-dimensional network. Introduction of a non-hydrogen-bonding surface disrupts this network. The water molecules rearrange themselves around the surface, so as to minimize the number of disrupted hydrogen bonds. This is in contrast to hydrogen fluoride (which can accept 3 but donate only 1) or ammonia (which can donate 3 but accept only 1), which mainly form linear chains.

If the introduced surface had an ionic or polar nature, there would be water molecules standing upright on 1 (along the axis of an orbital for ionic bond) or 2 (along a resultant polarity axis) of the four sp3 orbitals. These orientations allow easy movement, i.e. degrees of freedom, and thus lowers entropy minimally. But a non-hydrogen-bonding surface with a moderate curvature forces the water molecule to sit tight on the surface, spreading 3 hydrogen bonds tangential to the surface, which then become locked in a clathrate-like basket shape. Water molecules involved in this clathrate-like basket around the non-hydrogen-bonding surface are constrained in their orientation. Thus, any event that would minimize such a surface is entropically favored. For example, when two such hydrophobic particles come very close, the clathrate-like baskets surrounding them merge. This releases some of the water molecules into the bulk of the water, leading to an increase in entropy.

Another related and counter-intuitive example of entropic force is protein folding, which is a spontaneous process and where hydrophobic effect also plays a role. Structures of water-soluble proteins typically have a core in which hydrophobic side chains are buried from water, which stabilizes the folded state. Charged and polar side chains are situated on the solvent-exposed surface where they interact with surrounding water molecules. Minimizing the number of hydrophobic side chains exposed to water is the principal driving force behind the folding process, although formation of hydrogen bonds within the protein also stabilizes protein structure.

### Colloids

Entropic forces are important and widespread in the physics of colloids, where they are responsible for the depletion force, and the ordering of hard particles, such as the crystallization of hard spheres, the isotropic-nematic transition in liquid crystal phases of hard rods, and the ordering of hard polyhedra. Because of this, entropic forces can be an important driver of self-assembly

Entropic forces arise in colloidal systems due to the osmotic pressure that comes from particle crowding. This was first discovered in, and is most intuitive for, colloid-polymer mixtures described by the Asakura–Oosawa model. In this model, polymers are approximated as finite-sized spheres that can penetrate one another, but cannot penetrate the colloidal particles. The inability of the polymers to penetrate the colloids leads to a region around the colloids in which the polymer density is reduced. If the regions of reduced polymer density around two colloids overlap with one another, by means of the colloids approaching one another, the polymers in the system gain an additional free volume that is equal to the volume of the intersection of the reduced density regions. The additional free volume causes an increase in the entropy of the polymers, and drives them to form locally dense-packed aggregates. A similar effect occurs in sufficiently dense colloidal systems without polymers, where osmotic pressure also drives the local dense packing of colloids into a diverse array of structures that can be rationally designed by modifying the shape of the particles. These effects are for anisotropic particles referred to as directional entropic forces.

### Cytoskeleton

Contractile forces in biological cells are typically driven by molecular motors associated with the cytoskeleton. However, a growing body of evidence shows that contractile forces may also be of entropic origin. The foundational example is the action of microtubule crosslinker Ase1, which localizes to microtubule overlaps in the mitotic spindle. Molecules of Ase1 are confined to the microtubule overlap, where they are free to diffuse one-dimensionally. Analogically to an ideal gas in a container, molecules of Ase1 generate pressure on the overlap ends. This pressure drives the overlap expansion, which results in the contractile sliding of the microtubules. An analogous example was found in the actin cytoskeleton. Here, the actin-bundling protein anillin drives actin contractility in cytokinetic rings.

## Controversial examples

Some forces that are generally regarded as conventional forces have been argued to be actually entropic in nature. These theories remain controversial and are the subject of ongoing work. Matt Visser, professor of mathematics at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ in "Conservative Entropic Forces" criticizes selected approaches but generally concludes:

> There is no reasonable doubt concerning the physical reality of entropic forces, and no reasonable doubt that classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics. Based on the work of Jacobson, Thanu Padmanabhan, and others, there are also good reasons to suspect a thermodynamic interpretation of the fully relativistic Einstein equations might be possible.

### Gravity

In 2009, Erik Verlinde argued that gravity can be explained as an entropic force. It claimed (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerard 't Hooft's holographic principle. It implies that gravity is not a fundamental interaction, but an emergent phenomenon.

### Other forces

In the wake of the discussion started by Verlinde, entropic explanations for other fundamental forces have been suggested, including Coulomb's law. The same approach was argued to explain dark matter, dark energy and Pioneer effect.

It was argued that causal entropic forces lead to spontaneous emergence of tool use and social cooperation. Causal entropic forces by definition maximize entropy production between the present and future time horizon, rather than just greedily maximizing instantaneous entropy production like typical entropic forces.

A formal simultaneous connection between the mathematical structure of the discovered laws of nature, intelligence and the entropy-like measures of complexity was previously noted in 2000 by Andrei Soklakov in the context of Occam's razor principle.


abstract: The 1953 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1953 college football season. Led by 13th-year head coach Rex Enright, the Gamecocks compiled an overall record of 7–3 with a mark of 2–3 in conference play, placing in a three-way tie for third in the ACC. The team played home games at Carolina Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina. 1953 was the ACC's inaugural year of competition. South Carolina and six other schools from the Southern Conference (SoCon) broke off to form the new conference in 1953. Also this year, South Carolina entered the AP Poll for the first time in school history, though it would be another five years before it would finish a season ranked in that poll.

text:
# 1953 South Carolina Gamecocks football team

1953 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 1 Maryland \+ | 3 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| No. 18 Duke \+ | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| South Carolina | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| North Carolina | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Wake Forest | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Clemson | 1 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| NC State | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1953 South Carolina Gamecocks football team** represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1953 college football season. Led by 13th-year head coach Rex Enright, the Gamecocks compiled an overall record of 7–3 with a mark of 2–3 in conference play, placing in a three-way tie for third in the ACC. The team played home games at Carolina Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina.

1953 was the ACC's inaugural year of competition. South Carolina and six other schools from the Southern Conference (SoCon) broke off to form the new conference in 1953.

Also this year, South Carolina entered the AP Poll for the first time in school history, though it would be another five years before it would finish a season ranked in that poll.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 19 |  | No. 10 Duke |  |  | L 7–20 | 30,000 |  |
| September 28 |  | The Citadel* |  | * Carolina Stadium * Columbia, SC | W 25–0 | 15,000 |  |
| October 3 |  | at Virginia* |  |  | W 19–0 | 12,000 |  |
| October 10 |  | Furman* |  | * Carolina Stadium * Columbia, SC | W 27–13 | 15,000 |  |
| October 22 |  | Clemson |  | * Carolina Stadium * Columbia, SC (rivalry) | W 14–7 | 35,000 |  |
| October 31 |  | at No. 2 Maryland |  |  | L 6–24 | 22,000 |  |
| November 7 |  | North Carolina |  | * Carolina Stadium * Columbia, SC (rivalry) | W 18–0 | 23,000 |  |
| November 14 |  | at No. 8 West Virginia* |  |  | W 20–14 | 31,000 |  |
| November 21 |  | Wofford* | No. 18 | * Carolina Stadium * Columbia, SC | W 49–0 | 8,000 |  |
| November 26 | 2:00 p.m. | vs. Wake Forest | No. 15 |  | L 13–19 | 11,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1953 South Carolina Gamecocks football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| Record | 7–3 (2–3 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Gene Wilson |
| Home stadium | Carolina Stadium |
|


title: Andy Ripley

abstract: Andrew George Ripley OBE was an English rugby union international, who represented England from 1972 to 1976, and the Lions on their unbeaten 1974 tour of South Africa.

text:
# Andy Ripley

**Andrew George Ripley** OBE (1 December 1947 – 17 June 2010) was an English rugby union international, who represented England from 1972 to 1976, and the Lions on their unbeaten 1974 tour of South Africa.

## Early life

Ripley was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, and educated at the University of East Anglia, London School of Economics (M.Sc.) and Hughes Hall, Cambridge (MPhil). His lifelong career was as a chartered accountant.

## Rugby career

Ripley played for the Rosslyn Park club for his entire career.

He made his international debut on 15 January 1972 at Twickenham in the England vs Wales match. Of the 24 matches he played for his national side, he was on the winning side on eight occasions.

Between June 1972 and November 1973 England defeated the three major Southern Hemisphere countries, Ripley playing in all three games. On 3 June 1972 England beat South Africa 18–9 at Ellis Park, Johannesburg. On 15 September 1973 they defeated the All Blacks 16–10 at Eden Park, Auckland, and on 17 November the same year they beat Australia 20–3 at Twickenham, Ripley scoring a try.

Ripley was a member of the unbeaten 1974 Lions, although the test starting role was taken by Mervyn Davies.

He played his final match for England on 21 February 1976, at Murrayfield, in the Scotland vs England match.

He also played in a Presidents XV.

Ripley was the captain of the Barbarians team that competed in the 1981 Hong Kong Sevens, a team that included Les Cusworth and Peter Wheeler. The Barbarians won the Cup Final 12-10 against Australia and in doing so became the first team from the Northern Hemisphere to win the Hong Kong Sevens.

## Superstars

Ripley took part in several Superstars competitions between 1981 and 1983, winning his British Superstars heat and International Superstars in 1981. He also represented the UK in the 1981 World Championship and the 1982 International.

A tremendously strong runner, Ripley dominated the 800 metres contest, winning this race in the 1981 World final and in most Superstars events he entered. Tall and muscular, Ripley had enormous stamina and also performed well in the canoeing or rowing events; again he won this event in the World Final, setting a new record time in the process.

As was the case with other British Superstars of the era, Ripley could not attempt to win the events by picking up points in every event – he had to use the popular tactic of scoring as highly in his 'banker' events as possible, and holding on in the others. Unfortunately for Ripley his size proved to be a disadvantage in the gymnasium tests – he was too big to contemplate parallel bar dips or squat thrusts and while he could lift prodigious amounts in the weightlifting, his heavy bodyweight meant that smaller athletes would always win using the coefficient system. He could also have used a little luck – a puncture right at the start of the 1981 British Final cycling race cost him eight valuable points, and any chance of the title. Instead it went to Keith Fielding, his former England Rugby Sevens teammate.

Undoubtedly Ripley's finest hour in Superstars came in Israel in the 1981 International, when he gained revenge on Fielding and won the prestigious title. He defended his title a year later in Hong Kong, but could not defeat the best European Superstar of all-time, Brian Hooper, finishing second. With the contest as much about camaraderie as athletic prowess for many of the competitors however, Ripley's outgoing, larger-than-life persona fitted in very well. His final appearance in Superstars came in the 1983 UK Past Masters event, where he again finished runner-up, this time to another former champion David Hemery.

### Superstars record

| Year | Event | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1981 | British Heat 2 | 1st |
| 1981 | British Final | 2nd |
| 1981 | International | 1st |
| 1981 | World Final | 3rd |
| 1982 | International | 2nd |
| 1983 | UK Past Masters | 2nd |

## Honours

Ripley was awarded the OBE in the 2010 Birthday Honours.

In 1998, he became an indoor rowing world record holder in the 50–54 yrs age-group on the Concept2 ergometer (2000m in 6:07.7).

Ripley won the 'Best Rugby Book' category of the 2008 British Sports Book Awards for his memoir *Ripley's World*.

## Death

Ripley was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2005, and died on 17 June 2010.

## InfoBox

Andy Ripley
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Andrew George Ripley |
| Date of birth | (1947-12-01)1 December 1947 |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, Lancashire, England |
| Date of death | 17 June 2010(2010-06-17) (aged 62) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  No. 8  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Rosslyn Park   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1972–1976 England  24  (Pts:8;
Tries:2;
Conv:0;
Pens:0;
Drop:0) | |


title: 1991 Primera División de Chile

abstract: The 1991 Campeonato Nacional, was the 59th season of top-flight football in Chile. Colo-Colo won its eighteenth title following a 0–0 away draw against Coquimbo Unido on 18 December. Coquimbo Unido, as runner-up, and Universidad Católica, as Liguilla winners, also qualified for the next Copa Libertadores.

text:
# 1991 Primera División de Chile

The 1991 Campeonato Nacional, was the 59th season of top-flight football in Chile. Colo-Colo won its eighteenth title following a 0–0 away draw against Coquimbo Unido on 18 December. Coquimbo Unido, as runner-up, and Universidad Católica, as Liguilla winners, also qualified for the next Copa Libertadores .

## Final table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Colo-Colo | 30 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 57 | 25 | +32 | 44 | Champions and qualified for the 1992 Copa Libertadores |
| 2 | Coquimbo Unido | 30 | 15 | 9 | 6 | 41 | 31 | +10 | 39 | Qualified for the 1992 Copa Libertadores |
| 3 | Universidad Católica | 30 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 54 | 38 | +16 | 38 | Qualified for the Liguilla Pre-Copa Libertadores |
| 4 | O'Higgins | 30 | 15 | 7 | 8 | 50 | 33 | +17 | | 37 |
| 5 | Fernández Vial | 30 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 28 | 33 | 5 | | 32 |
| 6 | Cobreloa | 30 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 57 | 40 | +17 | | 31 |
| 7 | Deportes Concepción | 30 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 43 | 49 | 6 | | 31 |
| 8 | Deportes Antofagasta | 32 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 22 | 24 | 2 | | 29 |
| 9 | Palestino | 30 | 7 | 15 | 8 | 39 | 43 | 4 | 29 |  |
| 10 | Deportes La Serena | 30 | 11 | 6 | 13 | 42 | 56 | 14 | | 28 |
| 11 | Cobresal | 30 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 43 | 35 | +8 | | 27 |
| 12 | Unión Española | 30 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 50 | 49 | +1 | | 27 |
| 13 | Everton | 30 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 35 | 39 | 4 | 27 | Promotion/relegation Liguilla |
| 14 | Universidad de Chile | 30 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 36 | 39 | 3 | | 23 |
| 15 | Provincial Osorno | 30 | 5 | 9 | 16 | 35 | 66 | 31 | 19 | Relegated to Segunda División |
| 16 | Santiago Wanderers | 30 | 3 | 13 | 14 | 26 | 58 | 32 | | 19 |

Source: Solofutbol.cl

## Results

| Home \ Away | DAN | CLO | CSA | COL | DCO | COQ | EVE | FVI | DLS | OHI | POS | PAL | UCA | UCH | UES | SWA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Antofagasta |  | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 |
| Cobreloa | 3–1 |  | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 6–2 | 2–3 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 3–0 |
| Cobresal | 0–2 | 0–2 |  | 1–3 | 4–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 8–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 4–0 |
| Colo-Colo | 1–0 | 4–2 | 3–1 |  | 1–2 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 4–2 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 4–1 | 2–0 |
| Concepción | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 |  | 0–1 | 4–2 | 1–2 | 4–2 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 4–2 | 0–0 |
| Coquimbo | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 3–3 |
| Everton | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 2–0 |  | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–4 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 4–0 |
| F.Vial | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 3–2 |  | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 |
| La Serena | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–5 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 |  | 1–0 | 3–1 | 5–6 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 |
| O'Higgins | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 4–2 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 2–0 |  | 2–1 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 |
| Osorno | 2–2 | 1–4 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 2–0 |  | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 2–4 | 1–1 |
| Palestino | 0–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 4–2 |  | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 |
| U. Católica | 3–0 | 1–0 | 3–2 | 0–2 | 5–1 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–1 |  | 5–2 | 2–1 | 6–1 |
| U. Chile | 1–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 5–1 | 6–0 | 2–3 |  | 1–0 | 2–2 |
| U. Española | 0–1 | 4–2 | 2–1 | 1–5 | 3–0 | 2–2 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 7–2 | 0–2 | 3–2 | 4–4 | 4–0 | 3–1 |  | 0–0 |
| S. Wanderers | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–5 | 0–1 | 3–3 | 4–4 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 |  |

Source: Solofutbol.cl
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Topscorers

| Pos | Name | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Rubén Martínez** | **Colo Colo** | **23** |
| 2 | Aníbal González | Unión Española | **22** |
| 3 | Gustavo De Luca | O'Higgins | **21** |
|  | Juan Carlos Almada | Deportes Concepción | **21** |
|  | Marco Antonio Figueroa | Cobreloa | **21** |

## Title

| Campeonato Nacional de Chile
1991 champion |
| --- |
| **Colo-Colo
18th title** |

## Liguilla Pre-Copa Libertadores

### Preliminary round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Deportes Concepción** | 3–2 | Fernández Vial | 1–0 | 2–2 |
| **O'Higgins** | 2–1 | **Universidad Católica*** | 1–0 | 1–1 |
| **Deportes Antofagasta** | 3–1 | Cobreloa | 0–0 | 3–1 |

* Qualified as "Best Loser"

| 2 January 1992 | **O'Higgins** | **1 – 0** | **Deportes Antofagasta** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | De Luca  69' (pen.) |  |  | Attendance: 18,022
Referee: I. Guerrero |

| 2 January 1992 | **Universidad Católica** | **3 – 1** | **Deportes Concepción** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Contreras  40'
Tupper  67'
Reinoso  76' |  | 86' J. Pérez | Attendance: 18,022
Referee: H. Silva |

---

| 4 January 1992 | **O'Higgins** | **1 – 1** | **Deportes Concepción** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Baroni  60' |  | 76' R. Castillo | Attendance: 18,841
Referee: E. Marín |

| 4 January 1992 | **Universidad Católica** | **3 – 1** | **Deportes Antofagasta** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Contreras  19'
Reinoso  70'
Barrera  87' |  | 34' S. Olivera | Attendance: 18,841
Referee: S. Imperatore |

---

| 6 January 1992 | **Deportes Antofagasta** | **2 – 0** | **Deportes Concepción** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Letelier  38'
Salgado  69' |  |  | Attendance: 27,686
Referee: V. Ojeda |

| 6 January 1992 | **Universidad Católica** | **2 – 0** | **O'Higgins** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Contreras  22'
Reinoso  84' |  |  | Attendance: 27,686
Referee: S. Imperatore |

Universidad Católica also qualified for the 1992 Copa Libertadores

## Promotion/relegation Liguilla

| 26 December 1991 | **Everton** | **2 – 1** | **Deportes Puerto Montt** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Baeza
Cofré |  | Casas |  |

| 26 December 1991 | **Universidad de Chile** | **3 – 0** | **Soinca Bata** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Arancibia
Torres
Puyol |  |  |  |

---

| 28 December 1991 | **Soinca Bata** | **0 – 0** | **Everton** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 28 December 1991 | **Universidad de Chile** | **4 – 0** | **Deportes Puerto Montt** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Morales
Mora
Arancibia
Torres |  |  |  |

---

| 30 December 1991 | **Soinca Bata** | **4 – 0** | **Deportes Puerto Montt** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Fabbiani
Puga
Cueto |  |  |  |

| 30 December 1991 | **Universidad de Chile** | **0 – 2** | **Everton** | Estadio Nacional, Santiago |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Cofré
Guarda |  |

Everton and Universidad de Chile will play in the 1992 Primera División

## Sources

* RSSSF Page
* "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL 1991". *solofutbol.cl* (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2020.

## InfoBox

Campeonato Nacional 1991
| Dates | 27 April – 22 December 1991 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Colo-Colo (18th title) |
| Relegated | Provincial Osorno
Santiago Wanderers |
| 1992 Copa Libertadores | Colo-Colo
Coquimbo Unido
Universidad Católica (Liguilla winners) |
| 1992 Copa CONMEBOL | O'Higgins (Liguilla 2nd place) |
| Matches played | 240 |
| Goals scored | 658 (2.74 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Rubén Martínez
(23 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Cobresal 8–1 Provincial Osorno
(1 December) |
| Highest attendance | 59,610 Universidad Católica 0–2 Colo-Colo
(20 October) |
| Total attendance | 1,759,454 |
| Average attendance | 7,331 |
| 1990 1992 | |


title: Arnold Munnich

abstract: Arnold Munnich, is a French paediatrician-geneticist. He is the creator and head of the department of medical genetics at the Necker-Enfants malades hospital in Paris. He was an advisor to the President of the Republic from 2007 to 2012 and a member of the Scientific Council of the AMMi Association.

text:
# Arnold Munnich

**Arnold Munnich** (born 9 October 1949, in Paris), is a French paediatrician-geneticist. He is the creator and head of the department of medical genetics at the Necker-Enfants malades hospital in Paris. He was an advisor to the President of the Republic from 2007 to 2012 and a member of the Scientific Council of the AMMi Association.

## Scientific background

After a doctorate in medicine (1979) and a science thesis (1988) at the Institut Cochin in the U129 unit then headed by Axel Kahn, he was appointed Professor of Genetics at the University of Paris-Descartes in 1989. He has been head of the Inserm unit "Genetic handicaps of the child" since 1990, succeeding Jean Frézal, where he had done his clinic (1986-1990) at the Necker Hospital in Paris.

After Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of the French Republic, Arnold Munnich was appointed Advisor to the President for Biomedical Research and Health.

Arnold Munnich has tried to use molecular genetics in paediatrics and to reconcile clinical and molecular genetics. He is the co-founder and current president of the Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases and a member of the Scientific Council of the AMMi Association.

## Distinctions

A 2021 publication found Munnich to be a central researcher for describing rare genetic diseases.

## Books

* *La Rage d'espérer*. La génétique au quotidien, Plon Publishing, 1999 (ISBN 2259189849)
* *Programmé mais libre*, Plon Editions, 2016 (ISBN 2259230091)

He is the author or co-author of more than 700 scientific publications.