title: Arrondissement of Loches

abstract: The arrondissement of Loches is an arrondissement of France in the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has 112 communes. Its population is 118,282 (2016), and its area is 2,742.5 km⁲ (1,058.9 sq mi).

text:
# Arrondissement of Loches

The **arrondissement of Loches** is an arrondissement of France in the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has 112 communes. Its population is 118,282 (2016), and its area is 2,742.5 km2 (1,058.9 sq mi).

## Composition

The communes of the arrondissement of Loches, and their INSEE codes, are:

1. Abilly (37001)
2. Amboise (37003)
3. Athée-sur-Cher (37008)
4. Autrèche (37009)
5. Auzouer-en-Touraine (37010)
6. Azay-sur-Indre (37016)
7. Barrou (37019)
8. Beaulieu-lès-Loches (37020)
9. Beaumont-Village (37023)
10. Betz-le-Château (37026)
11. Bléré (37027)
12. Bossay-sur-Claise (37028)
13. Bossée (37029)
14. Le Boulay (37030)
15. Bournan (37032)
16. Boussay (37033)
17. Bridoré (37039)
18. Cangey (37043)
19. La Celle-Guenand (37044)
20. La Celle-Saint-Avant (37045)
21. Céré-la-Ronde (37046)
22. Chambon (37048)
23. Chambourg-sur-Indre (37049)
24. Chanceaux-près-Loches (37053)
25. La Chapelle-Blanche-Saint-Martin (37057)
26. Chargé (37060)
27. Charnizay (37061)
28. Château-Renault (37063)
29. Chaumussay (37064)
30. Chédigny (37066)
31. Chemillé-sur-Indrois (37069)
32. Chenonceaux (37070)
33. Chisseaux (37073)
34. Cigogné (37075)
35. Ciran (37078)
36. Civray-de-Touraine (37079)
37. Civray-sur-Esves (37080)
38. Cormery (37083)
39. Courçay (37085)
40. La Croix-en-Touraine (37091)
41. Crotelles (37092)
42. Cussay (37094)
43. Dame-Marie-les-Bois (37095)
44. Descartes (37115)
45. Dierre (37096)
46. Dolus-le-Sec (37097)
47. Draché (37098)
48. Épeigné-les-Bois (37100)
49. Esves-le-Moutier (37103)
50. La Ferrière (37106)
51. Ferrière-Larçon (37107)
52. Ferrière-sur-Beaulieu (37108)
53. Francueil (37110)
54. Genillé (37111)
55. Le Grand-Pressigny (37113)
56. La Guerche (37114)
57. Les Hermites (37116)
58. Le Liège (37127)
59. Ligueil (37130)
60. Limeray (37131)
61. Loches (37132)
62. Loché-sur-Indrois (37133)
63. Louans (37134)
64. Le Louroux (37136)
65. Lussault-sur-Loire (37138)
66. Luzillé (37141)
67. Manthelan (37143)
68. Marcé-sur-Esves (37145)
69. Monthodon (37155)
70. Montrésor (37157)
71. Montreuil-en-Touraine (37158)
72. Morand (37160)
73. Mosnes (37161)
74. Mouzay (37162)
75. Nazelles-Négron (37163)
76. Neuillé-le-Lierre (37166)
77. Neuilly-le-Brignon (37168)
78. Neuville-sur-Brenne (37169)
79. Noizay (37171)
80. Nouans-les-Fontaines (37173)
81. Nouzilly (37175)
82. Orbigny (37177)
83. Paulmy (37181)
84. Perrusson (37183)
85. Le Petit-Pressigny (37184)
86. Pocé-sur-Cisse (37185)
87. Preuilly-sur-Claise (37189)
88. Reignac-sur-Indre (37192)
89. Saint-Flovier (37218)
90. Saint-Hippolyte (37221)
91. Saint-Jean-Saint-Germain (37222)
92. Saint-Laurent-en-Gâtines (37224)
93. Saint-Martin-le-Beau (37225)
94. Saint-Nicolas-des-Motets (37229)
95. Saint-Ouen-les-Vignes (37230)
96. Saint-Quentin-sur-Indrois (37234)
97. Saint-Règle (37236)
98. Saint-Senoch (37238)
99. Saunay (37240)
100. Sennevières (37246)
101. Sepmes (37247)
102. Souvigny-de-Touraine (37252)
103. Sublaines (37253)
104. Tauxigny-Saint-Bauld (37254)
105. Tournon-Saint-Pierre (37259)
106. Varennes (37265)
107. Verneuil-sur-Indre (37269)
108. Villedômain (37275)
109. Villedômer (37276)
110. Villeloin-Coulangé (37277)
111. Vou (37280)
112. Yzeures-sur-Creuse (37282)

## History

The arrondissement of Loches was created in 1800. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Indre-et-Loire, it gained 46 communes from the arrondissement of Tours.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Loches were, as of January 2015:

1. Descartes
2. Le Grand-Pressigny
3. Ligueil
4. Loches
5. Montrésor
6. Preuilly-sur-Claise

47°08′N 1°00′E / 47.13°N 1.00°E / 47.13; 1.00

## InfoBox

| Loches | |
| --- | --- |
| Arrondissement | |
| Location within the region Centre-Val de Loire | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Indre-et-Loire |
| No. of communes | 112 |
| Subprefecture | Loches |
| Area | 2,742.5 km2 (1,058.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 116,590 |
| Density | 43/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| INSEE code | 373 |


title: 2014 Audi Melbourne Pro Tennis Classic

abstract: The 2014 Audi Melbourne Pro Tennis Classic was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and part of the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Indian Harbour Beach, Florida, United States, on April 28–May 4, 2014.

text:
# 2014 Audi Melbourne Pro Tennis Classic

The **2014 Audi Melbourne Pro Tennis Classic** was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and part of the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Indian Harbour Beach, Florida, United States, on April 28–May 4, 2014.

## Singles main draw entrants

### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank1 | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NZL | Marina Erakovic | 63 | 1 |
| POR | Michelle Larcher de Brito | 121 | 2 |
| ~~USA~~ | ~~Melanie Oudin~~ | ~~132~~ | ~~3~~ |
| PAR | Verónica Cepede Royg | 139 | 4 |
| USA | Irina Falconi | 144 | 5 |
| USA | Grace Min | 146 | 6 |
| KAZ | Yulia Putintseva | 151 | 7 |
| USA | Allie Kiick | 159 | 8 |

* 1 Rankings as of April 21, 2014

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:

The following player received entry by a lucky loser spot:

The following player received entry by a special exempt:

## Champions

### Singles

### Doubles

## InfoBox

| 2014 Audi Melbourne Pro Tennis Classic | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April 28–May 4 |
| Edition | 9th |
| Category | ITF Women's Circuit |
| Prize money | $50,000 |
| Surface | Clay |
| Location | Indian Harbour Beach, Florida, United States |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Taylor Townsend | |
| Doubles | |
| Asia Muhammad /  Taylor Townsend | |
|  | |


title: Forget About the World

abstract: "Forget About the World" is a song by English singer-songwriter Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle along with Ben Barson, Andy Dean, and Ben Wolff for her self-titled second album (1996). "Forget About the World" did not perform as well as its predecessor "Give Me a Little More Time", peaking at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the lowest-charting single from Gabrielle. The release included a remix by French electronic music duo Daft Punk. On their Alive 2006/2007 concert tour they created a mashup with "Aerodynamic", which was later released on the Alive 2007 live album.

text:
# Forget About the World

"**Forget About the World**" is a song by English singer-songwriter Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle along with Ben Barson, Andy Dean, and Ben Wolff for her self-titled second album (1996). "Forget About the World" did not perform as well as its predecessor "Give Me a Little More Time", peaking at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the lowest-charting single from *Gabrielle*.

The release included a remix by French electronic music duo Daft Punk. On their Alive 2006/2007 concert tour they created a mashup with "Aerodynamic", which was later released on the Alive 2007 live album.

## Critical reception

Caitlin Moran from *Melody Maker* wrote, "Firstly, 23? *Twenty-three?* That's where "Forget About the World" charted at. Where's the justice in that? Gabrielle releases one of the sweetest, slinkiest summer ballads, with just the right about of melancholy and unease ribboning through it, and the bastard peaks at twenty three. I had a tenner on it going to Number One, and everything."

## Track listings

UK CD: 1 (GODCD 146)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Forget About the World" | 4:19 |
| 2. | "Forget About the World" (The Rollo & Sister Bliss mix) | 4:55 |
| 3. | "Forget About the World" (Booker T. R&B mix) | 5:42 |
| 4. | "Forget About the World" (Daft Punk 'Don't Forget About The World' mix) | 6:47 |
| 5. | "Forget About the World" (Matty's mix) | 5:43 |

UK CD: 2 - Four Track EP (GOLCD 146)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Forget About the World" | 4:23 |
| 2. | "If You Really Cared" (acoustic) | 4:12 |
| 3. | "People May Come" (acoustic) | 4:45 |
| 4. | "Give Me a Little More Time" (acoustic) | 4:22 |

UK cassette single (GODMCD 146)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Forget About the World" | 4:19 |
| 2. | "Forget About the World" (The Rollo & Sister Bliss mix) | 4:55 |

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 143 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 29 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 23 |

## InfoBox

| "Forget About the World" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Gabrielle | |
| from the album  *Gabrielle* | |
| Released | 10 April 1996 |
| Length | 4:19 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Gabrielle * Ben Barson * Andy Dean * Ben Wolff |
| Producer(s) | The Boilerhouse Boys |
| Gabrielle singles chronology | |
| "Give Me a Little More Time"
(1996) "**Forget About the World**"
(1996) "If You Really Cared"
(1996) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Forget About the World" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Ernie Eiffler

abstract: William Ernest Eiffler was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Ernie Eiffler

**William Ernest Eiffler** (4 November 1925 – 2 June 2014) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Ernie Eiffler | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eiffler in 1945 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | William Ernest Eiffler | | |
| Date of birth | (1925-11-04)4 November 1925 | | |
| Place of birth | Youanmi, Western Australia | | |
| Date of death | 2 June 2014(2014-06-02) (aged 88) | | |
| Place of death | Palmyra, Western Australia | | |
| Original team(s) | Subiaco | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1945 | Collingwood | 3 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1945. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Archaeological Museum of Messenia

abstract: The Archaeological Museum of Messenia is located in Kalamata, the capital of Messenia in southern Greece. It is in located in 3, Agiou Ioanni street. The museum is built on the site of the city's old market hall. Among else its collection includes the finds which were formerly kept in the Benakeion Archaeological Museum of Kalamata, a remarkable 1742 building of Venetian architecture which collapsed during the 1986 earthquake. The new museum holds antiquities from Messenia from prehistoric and Mycenaean times to the Byzantine and Latin eras, divided along the four geographic areas that traditionally made up Messenia: Kalamata, Messene, Pylia and Triphylia.

text:
# Archaeological Museum of Messenia

The **Archaeological Museum of Messenia** is located in Kalamata, the capital of Messenia in southern Greece. It is in located in 3, Agiou Ioanni street.

The museum is built on the site of the city's old market hall. Among else its collection includes the finds which were formerly kept in the Benakeion Archaeological Museum of Kalamata, a remarkable 1742 building of Venetian architecture which collapsed during the 1986 earthquake. The new museum holds antiquities from Messenia from prehistoric and Mycenaean times to the Byzantine and Latin eras, divided along the four geographic areas that traditionally made up Messenia: Kalamata, Messene, Pylia and Triphylia.

* Official website
* (in Greek) newsrelease 27 July 2007 Το Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Μεσσηνίας θα περιλαμβάνει ουσιαστικά όλα τα ευρήματα που εκτίθενται στο Μπενάκειο της Καλαμάτας και πολλά ακόμη, που έχουν προκύψει από πάμπολες ανασκαφές των τελευταίων χρόνων. Transl: The Archaeological Museum of Messenia will include all the finds which are displayed in the **Benakeion** (Archaeological Museum) of Kalamata and many more which are the result of numerous excavations of the last years.
* www.messinia-guide.gr on the Benakeion
* Ministry of Culture on the Benakeion
* (in Greek) Ministry of Culture on the Benakeion Από 24 Νοεμβρίου 2008 διακόπτεται η λειτουργία του Μουσείου λόγω μεταφοράς των εκθεμάτων του στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Μεσσηνίας. Transl: From 24 November 2008 the functioning of the museum is interrupted due to the transfer of the displays in the Archaeological Museum of Messenia
* (in Greek) newsrelease www.arxaiologia.gr 18 June 2009

37°2′37.3″N 22°6′48″E / 37.043694°N 22.11333°E / 37.043694; 22.11333 (Archaeological Museum of Messenia)

## InfoBox

Archaeological Museum of Messenia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 2009 |
| Location | Kalamata, Greece |
| Type | Archaeological museum |
| Website | www.archmusmes.gr/eng/museum.htm |


title: Erode taluk

abstract: Erode taluk is a taluk of Erode district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Erode. In 2016, Erode Taluk has been trifurcated into Erode, Modakurichi and Kodumudi. It falls under Erode Revenue Division.

text:
# Erode taluk

11°21′N 77°44′E / 11.350°N 77.733°E / 11.350; 77.733 **Erode taluk** is a taluk of Erode district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Erode. In 2016, Erode Taluk has been trifurcated into Erode, Modakurichi and Kodumudi. It falls under Erode Revenue Division.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Erode had a population of 820,720 with 410,323 males and 410,397 females. There were 1,000 women for every 1,000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 73.5%. Child population in the age group below 6 years were 35,016 Males and 33,498 Females.

After trifurcation of the taluk, the present Erode taluk has a population of around 558,074 (as per census 2011). So there is a proposal and request to further bifurcate the Erode taluk into Erode North and Erode South.

## Populated places

1. "Kodumudi, Modakurichi and Thalavadi taluks take off". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
2. "Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011" (PDF). Census Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.


title: Eucosma atelosticta

abstract: "Eucosma" atelosticta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Shanghai, China.

text:
# Eucosma atelosticta

***"Eucosma" atelosticta*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Shanghai, China.

## InfoBox

| *Eucosma atelosticta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Eucosma* |
| Species: | ***E. atelosticta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucosma atelosticta***<br>Meyrick, 1925 | |
|


title: Avon, Montana

abstract: Avon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Powell County, Montana, United States. The population was 124 at the 2000 census. The town sits along the Little Blackfoot River, and serves as a gateway to the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest. The post office was opened in 1884 by Bill Cramer. The town was named Avon after the Welsh word for river. The town served as a supply point for nearby ranchers, prospectors, and miners. The town includes the Fitzpatrick Ranch Historic District, a designated location on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Avon, Montana

**Avon** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Powell County, Montana, United States. The population was 124 at the 2000 census. The town sits along the Little Blackfoot River, and serves as a gateway to the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest.

The post office was opened in 1884 by Bill Cramer. The town was named Avon after the Welsh word for river. The town served as a supply point for nearby ranchers, prospectors, and miners.

The town includes the Fitzpatrick Ranch Historic District, a designated location on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Avon is located at 46°35′57″N 112°35′56″W / 46.59917°N 112.59889°W / 46.59917; -112.59889 (46.599204, -112.598899).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.4 square miles (35 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 124 |  |  |
| 2010 | 111 |  | −10.5% |
| 2020 | 114 |  | 2.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 124 people, 48 households, and 28 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 9.3 inhabitants per square mile (3.6/km2). There were 62 housing units at an average density of 4.6 per square mile (1.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 100.00% White.

There were 48 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, and 39.6% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.52.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.9% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 79.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,208, and the median income for a family was $25,625. Males had a median income of $31,750 versus $22,969 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,777. There were 30.8% of families and 41.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 63.2% of under eighteens and 16.7% of those over 64.

1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Avon, Montana
3. "Montana Place Names Companion". Montana Historical Society. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
4. Carkeek Cheney, Roberta (1983). *Names on the Face of Montana*. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 5. ISBN 0-87842-150-5.
5. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

## InfoBox

| Avon, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
|  | |
| Location of Avon, Montana | |
| Coordinates: 46°35′57″N 112°35′56″W / 46.59917°N 112.59889°W / 46.59917; -112.59889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Powell |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.37 sq mi (34.62 km2) |
| Land | 13.36 sq mi (34.61 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 4,692 ft (1,430 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 114 |
| Density | 8.53/sq mi (3.29/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 59713 |
| Area code | 406 |
| FIPS code | 30-03175 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0779204 |


title: Arkansas Valley National Bank

abstract: The Arkansas Valley National Bank, constructed in 1902, is a two-story, 30 feet x 90 feet sandstone structure located in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Constructed in a Late Victorian architectural style, it was Pawnee's original bank. When the building opened, the bank occupied the first floor, while a doctor, photographer, and local telephone office occupied the second floor. The bank closed around 1918, and the building has served as various storefronts since. Originally the bank was to be called the Pawnee County Bank, and this name is engraved on the east wall; however it was chartered as the Arkansas Valley National Bank. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The building's facade was heavily damaged in a 5.8-magnitude earthquake on September 3, 2016.

text:
# Arkansas Valley National Bank

The **Arkansas Valley National Bank**, constructed in 1902, is a two-story, 30 feet x 90 feet sandstone structure located in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Constructed in a Late Victorian architectural style, it was Pawnee's original bank. When the building opened, the bank occupied the first floor, while a doctor, photographer, and local telephone office occupied the second floor. The bank closed around 1918, and the building has served as various storefronts since.

Originally the bank was to be called the Pawnee County Bank, and this name is engraved on the east wall; however it was chartered as the Arkansas Valley National Bank. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

The building's facade was heavily damaged in a 5.8-magnitude earthquake on September 3, 2016.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Arkansas Valley National Bank | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Arkansas Valley National Bank<br>(original chartered name) | |
|  | |
| Location | 547 6th St., Pawnee, Oklahoma |
| Coordinates | 36°20′19″N 96°48′12″W / 36.33861°N 96.80333°W / 36.33861; -96.80333 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1902 (1902) |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 78002256 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1978 |


title: Entropic gravity

abstract: Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information theory, describes gravity as an emergent phenomenon that springs from the quantum entanglement of small bits of spacetime information. As such, entropic gravity is said to abide by the second law of thermodynamics under which the entropy of a physical system tends to increase over time. The theory has been controversial within the physics community but has sparked research and experiments to test its validity.

text:
# Entropic gravity

**Entropic gravity**, also known as **emergent gravity**, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an *entropic force*—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information theory, describes gravity as an *emergent* phenomenon that springs from the quantum entanglement of small bits of spacetime information. As such, entropic gravity is said to abide by the second law of thermodynamics under which the entropy of a physical system tends to increase over time.

The theory has been controversial within the physics community but has sparked research and experiments to test its validity.

## Significance

At its simplest, the theory holds that when gravity becomes vanishingly weak—levels seen only at interstellar distances—it diverges from its classically understood nature and its strength begins to decay *linearly with distance* from a mass.

Entropic gravity provides an underlying framework to explain Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND, which holds that at a gravitational acceleration threshold of approximately 1.2×10−10 m/s2, gravitational strength begins to vary inversely *linearly* with distance from a mass rather than the normal inverse-square law of the distance. This is an exceedingly low threshold, measuring only 12 trillionths gravity's strength at Earth's surface; an object dropped from a height of one meter would fall for 36 hours were Earth's gravity this weak. It is also 3,000 times less than the remnant of Earth's gravitational field that exists at the point where *Voyager 1* crossed the solar system's heliopause and entered interstellar space.

The theory claims to be consistent with both the macro-level observations of Newtonian gravity as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity and its gravitational distortion of spacetime. Importantly, the theory also explains (without invoking the existence of dark matter and tweaking of its new free parameters) why galactic rotation curves differ from the profile expected with visible matter.

The theory of entropic gravity posits that what has been interpreted as unobserved dark matter is the product of quantum effects that can be regarded as a form of *positive dark energy* that lifts the vacuum energy of space from its ground state value. A central tenet of the theory is that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal-volume law contribution to entropy that overtakes the area law of anti-de Sitter space precisely at the cosmological horizon.

Thus this theory provides an alternative explanation for what mainstream physics currently attributes to dark matter. Since dark matter is believed to compose the vast majority of the universe's mass, a theory in which it is absent has huge implications for cosmology. In addition to continuing theoretical work in various directions, there are many experiments planned or in progress to actually detect or better determine the properties of dark matter (beyond its gravitational attraction), all of which would be undermined by an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects currently attributed to this elusive entity.

## Origin

The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on black hole thermodynamics by Bekenstein and Hawking in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between gravity and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995, Jacobson demonstrated that the Einstein field equations describing relativistic gravitation can be derived by combining general thermodynamic considerations with the equivalence principle. Subsequently, other physicists, most notably Thanu Padmanabhan, began to explore links between gravity and entropy.

## Erik Verlinde's theory

In 2009, Erik Verlinde proposed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force. He argues (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with Gerard 't Hooft's holographic principle. It implies that gravity is not a fundamental interaction, but an emergent phenomenon which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic degrees of freedom encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. Andrew Strominger, a string theorist at Harvard said "Some people have said it can't be right, others that it's right and we already knew it – that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."

In July 2011, Verlinde presented the further development of his ideas in a contribution to the Strings 2011 conference, including an explanation for the origin of dark matter.

Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure, and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology, the dark energy hypothesis, cosmological acceleration, cosmological inflation, and loop quantum gravity. Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales. Entropic gravity can emerge from quantum entanglement of local Rindler horizons.

## Derivation of the law of gravitation

The law of gravitation is derived from classical statistical mechanics applied to the holographic principle, that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as $N$ bits of binary information, encoded on a boundary to that region, a closed surface of area $A$. The information is evenly distributed on the surface with each bit requiring an area equal to $\ell \_{\text{P}^{2}}$, the so-called *Planck area*, from which $N$ can thus be computed: $N={\frac {A}{\ell \_{\text{P}^{2}}}}$ where $\ell \_{\text{P}}$ is the Planck length. The Planck length is defined as: $\ell \_{\text{P}={\sqrt {\frac {\hbar G}{c^{3}}}}}$ where $G$ is the universal gravitational constant, $c$ is the speed of light, and $\hbar $ is the reduced Planck constant. When substituted in the equation for $N$ we find: $N={\frac {Ac^{3}{\hbar G}}}$

The statistical equipartition theorem defines the temperature $T$ of a system with $N$ degrees of freedom in terms of its energy $E$ such that: $E={\frac {1}{2}Nk\_{\text{B}T}}$ where $k\_{\text{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant. This is the equivalent energy for a mass $M$ according to: $E=Mc^{2}.$

The effective temperature experienced due to a uniform acceleration in a vacuum field according to the Unruh effect is: $T={\frac {\hbar a}{2\pi ck\_{\text{B},}}}$ where $a$ is that acceleration, which for a mass $m$ would be attributed to a force $F$ according to Newton's second law of motion: $F=ma.$

Taking the holographic screen to be a sphere of radius $r$, the surface area would be given by: $A=4\pi r^{2}.$

From algebraic substitution of these into the above relations, one derives Newton's law of universal gravitation: $F=m{\frac {2\pi ck\_{\text{B}T}{\hbar }=m{\frac {4\pi c}{\hbar }{\frac {E}{N}=m{\frac {4\pi c^{3}{\hbar }{\frac {M}{N}=m4\pi {\frac {GM}{A}=G{\frac {mM}{r^{2}.}}}}}}}}}}$

Note that this derivation assumes that the number of the binary bits of information is equal to the number of the degrees of freedom. $\frac {A}{\ell \_{\text{P}^{2}=N={\frac {2E}{k\_{\text{B}T}}}}}$

## Criticism and experimental tests

Entropic gravity, as proposed by Verlinde in his original article, reproduces the Einstein field equations and, in a Newtonian approximation, a $\ {\tfrac {\ 1\ }{r}\ }$ potential for gravitational forces. Since its results do not differ from Newtonian gravity except in regions of extremely small gravitational fields, testing the theory with earth-based laboratory experiments does not appear feasible. Spacecraft-based experiments performed at Lagrangian points within our solar system would be expensive and challenging.

Even so, entropic gravity in its current form has been severely challenged on formal grounds. Matt Visser has shown that the attempt to model conservative forces in the general Newtonian case (i.e. for arbitrary potentials and an unlimited number of discrete masses) leads to unphysical requirements for the required entropy and involves an unnatural number of temperature baths of differing temperatures. Visser concludes:

> There is no reasonable doubt concerning the physical reality of entropic forces, and no reasonable doubt that classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics \[52–55\]. Based on the work of Jacobson \[1–6\], Thanu Padmanabhan \[7–12\], and others, there are also good reasons to suspect a thermodynamic interpretation of the fully relativistic Einstein equations might be possible. Whether the specific proposals of Verlinde \[26\] are anywhere near as fundamental is yet to be seen – the rather baroque construction needed to accurately reproduce n-body Newtonian gravity in a Verlinde-like setting certainly gives one pause.

For the derivation of Einstein's equations from an entropic gravity perspective, Tower Wang shows that the inclusion of energy-momentum conservation and cosmological homogeneity and isotropy requirements severely restricts a wide class of potential modifications of entropic gravity, some of which have been used to generalize entropic gravity beyond the singular case of an entropic model of Einstein's equations. Wang asserts that:

> As indicated by our results, the modified entropic gravity models of form (2), if not killed, should live in a very narrow room to assure the energy-momentum conservation and to accommodate a homogeneous isotropic universe.

Cosmological observations using available technology can be used to test the theory. On the basis of lensing by the galaxy cluster Abell 1689, Nieuwenhuizen concludes that EG is strongly ruled out unless additional (dark) matter-like eV neutrinos is added. A team from Leiden Observatory statistically observing the lensing effect of gravitational fields at large distances from the centers of more than 33,000 galaxies found that those gravitational fields were consistent with Verlinde's theory. Using conventional gravitational theory, the fields implied by these observations (as well as from measured galaxy rotation curves) could only be ascribed to a particular distribution of dark matter. In June 2017, a study by Princeton University researcher Kris Pardo asserted that Verlinde's theory is inconsistent with the observed rotation velocities of dwarf galaxies. Another theory of entropy based on geometric considerations (Quantitative Geometrical Thermodynamics, QGT) provides an entropic basis for the holographic principle and also offers another explanation for galaxy rotation curves as being due to the entropic influence of the central supermassive blackhole found in the center of a spiral galaxy.

In 2018, Zhi-Wei Wang and Samuel L. Braunstein showed that, while spacetime surfaces near black holes (called stretched horizons) do obey an analog of the first law of thermodynamics, ordinary spacetime surfaces — including holographic screens — generally do not, thus undermining the key thermodynamic assumption of the emergent gravity program.

In his 1964 lecture on the Relation of Mathematics and Physics, Richard Feynman describes a related theory for gravity where the gravitational force is explained due to an entropic force due to unspecified microscopic degrees of freedom. However, he immediately points out that the resulting theory cannot be correct as the fluctuation-dissipation theorem would also lead to friction which would slow down the motion of the planets which contradicts observations.

### Entropic gravity and quantum coherence

Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break quantum coherence. There is no theoretical framework quantitatively describing the strength of such decoherence effects, though. The temperature of the gravitational field in earth gravity well is very small (on the order of 1019K).

Experiments with ultra-cold neutrons in the gravitational field of Earth are claimed to show that neutrons lie on discrete levels exactly as predicted by the Schrödinger equation considering the gravitation to be a conservative potential field without any decoherent factors. Archil Kobakhidze argues that this result disproves entropic gravity, while Chaichian *et al*. suggest a potential loophole in the argument in weak gravitational fields such as those affecting Earth-bound experiments.

## Footnotes

1. Jacobson, Theodore (4 April 1995). "Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State". *Phys. Rev. Lett*. **75** (7): 1260–1263. arXiv:gr-qc/9504004. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.1260J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260. PMID 10060248. S2CID 13223728.
2. Padmanabhan, Thanu (2010). "Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights". *Rep. Prog. Phys*. **73** (4): 6901. arXiv:0911.5004. Bibcode:2010RPPh...73d6901P. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901. S2CID 209835245.
3. Mok, H.M. (13 August 2004). "Further Explanation to the Cosmological Constant Problem by Discrete Space-time Through Modified Holographic Principle". arXiv:physics/0408060.
4. van Calmthout, Martijn (12 December 2009). "Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?". *de Volkskrant* (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 September 2010.
5. E.P. Verlinde (2011). "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton". *JHEP*. **2011** (4): 29. arXiv:1001.0785. Bibcode:2011JHEP...04..029V. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029. S2CID 3597565.
6. Overbye, Dennis (12 July 2010). "A Scientist Takes on Gravity". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
7. E. Verlinde, The Hidden Phase Space of our Universe Archived 17 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Strings 2011, Uppsala, 1 July 2011.
8. The entropy force: a new direction for gravity, New Scientist, 20 January 2010, issue 2744
9. Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information, *Wired Magazine*, 20 January 2010
10. Fu-Wen Shu; Yungui Gong (2011). "Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon". *International Journal of Modern Physics D*. **20** (4): 553–559. arXiv:1001.3237. Bibcode:2011IJMPD..20..553S. doi:10.1142/S0218271811018883. S2CID 119253807.
11. Rong-Gen Cai; Li-Ming Cao; Nobuyoshi Ohta (2010). "Friedmann Equations from Entropic Force". *Phys. Rev. D*. **81** (6): 061501. arXiv:1001.3470. Bibcode:2010PhRvD..81f1501C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.756.6761. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.061501. S2CID 118462566.
12. It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy, Johannes Koelman, 2010
13. Easson; Frampton; Smoot (2011). "Entropic Accelerating Universe". *Phys. Lett. B*. **696** (3): 273–277. arXiv:1002.4278. Bibcode:2011PhLB..696..273E. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.025. S2CID 119192004.
14. Yi-Fu Cai; Jie Liu; Hong Li (2010). "Entropic cosmology: a unified model of inflation and late-time acceleration". *Phys. Lett. B*. **690** (3): 213–219. arXiv:1003.4526. Bibcode:2010PhLB..690..213C. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.033. S2CID 118627323.
15. Yi Wang (2010). "Towards a Holographic Description of Inflation and Generation of Fluctuations from Thermodynamics". arXiv:1001.4786 \[hep-th\].
16. Lee Smolin (2010). "Newtonian gravity in loop quantum gravity". arXiv:1001.3668 \[gr-qc\].
17. Jarmo Mäkelä (2010). "Notes Concerning "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton" by E. Verlinde". arXiv:1001.3808 \[gr-qc\].
18. Lee, Jae-Weon; Kim, Hyeong-Chan; Lee, Jungjai (2013). "Gravity from quantum information". *Journal of the Korean Physical Society*. **63** (5): 1094–1098. arXiv:1001.5445. Bibcode:2013JKPS...63.1094L. doi:10.3938/jkps.63.1094. ISSN 0374-4884. S2CID 118494859.
19. Visser, Matt (2011). "Conservative entropic forces". *JHEP*. **1110** (10): 140. arXiv:1108.5240. Bibcode:2011JHEP...10..140V. doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2011)140. S2CID 119097091., to appear in JHEP
20. Wang, Tower (2012). "Modified entropic gravity revisited". arXiv:1211.5722 \[hep-th\].
21. Nieuwenhuizen, Theodorus M. (5 October 2016). "How Zwicky already ruled out modified gravity theories without dark matter". *Fortschritte der Physik*. **65** (6–8): 1600050. arXiv:1610.01543. doi:10.1002/prop.201600050. S2CID 118676940.
22. "Verlinde's new theory of gravity passes first test". *phys.org*. 16 December 2016.
23. Brouwer, Margot M.; et al. (11 December 2016). "First test of Verlinde's theory of Emergent Gravity using Weak Gravitational Lensing measurements". *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **466** (to appear): 2547–2559. arXiv:1612.03034. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.466.2547B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3192. S2CID 18916375.
24. "First test of rival to Einstein's gravity kills off dark matter". *New Scientist*. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
25. "Researchers check space-time to see if it's made of quantum bits". *Quanta Magazine*. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
26. Pardo, Kris (4 December 2020) \[2 June 2017 (arXiv)\]. "Testing emergent gravity with isolated dwarf galaxies". *Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics*. **2020** (12): 012. arXiv:1706.00785. Bibcode:2020JCAP...12..012P. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/012. ISSN 1475-7516. S2CID 39251260. arXiv accessed 2017-06-22.
27. Parker, M.C.; Jeynes, C. (25 July 2019). "Maximum entropy (most likely) double helical and double logarithmic spiral trajectories in space-time". *Scientific Reports*. **9** (1): 10779. Bibcode:2019NatSR...910779P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46765-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6658702. PMID 31346186.
28. Parker, M.C.; Jeynes, C. (21 April 2021). "Entropic uncertainty principle, partition function and holographic principle derived from Liouville's Theorem". *Physics Open*. **7**: 100068. Bibcode:2021PhyO....700068P. doi:10.1016/j.physo.2021.100068. ISSN 2666-0326. S2CID 235090066.
29. Wang, Zhi-Wei; Braunstein, Samuel L. (2018). "Surfaces away from horizons are not thermodynamic". *Nature Communications*. **9** (1): 2977. arXiv:2207.04390. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2977W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05433-9. PMC 6065406. PMID 30061720.
30. Richard Feynman (lecturer) (1964). *The Relation of Mathematics and Physics* (filmed lecture). Feynman gives the Messenger Lectures. Vol. #2. Cornell University  via Youtube.
31. Kobakhidze, Archil (2011). "Gravity is not an entropic force". *Physical Review D*. arXiv:1009.5414.
32. Chaichian, M.; Oksanen, M.; Tureanu, A. (2011). "On gravity as an entropic force". *Physics Letters B*. **702** (5): 419–421. arXiv:1104.4650. Bibcode:2011PhLB..702..419C. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2011.07.019. S2CID 119287340.

## Further reading


title: 1996 Budapest Lotto Open

abstract: The 1996 Budapest Lotto Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Budapest in Hungary that was part of Tier IV of the 1996 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 6 May until 12 May 1996. Sixth-seeded Ruxandra Dragomir won the singles title.

text:
# 1996 Budapest Lotto Open

The **1996 Budapest Lotto Open** was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Budapest in Hungary that was part of Tier IV of the 1996 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 6 May until 12 May 1996. Sixth-seeded Ruxandra Dragomir won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Ruxandra Dragomir defeated  Melanie Schnell 7–6, 6–1

* It was Dragomir's first singles title of her career.

### Doubles

Katrina Adams /  Debbie Graham defeated  Radka Bobková /  Eva Melicharová 6–3, 7–6

* It was Adams' 1st title of the year and the 18th of her career. It was Graham's 1st title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

## InfoBox

| 1996 Budapest Lotto Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 6–12 May |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | Tier IV |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | 107,500 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Budapest, Hungary |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Ruxandra Dragomir | |
| Doubles | |
| Katrina Adams /  Debbie Graham | |
|  | |


title: 2008 Philippine Collegiate Championship

abstract: The 2008 Philippine Collegiate Championship is the inaugural tournament of the Philippine Collegiate Championship (PCC) for basketball in its current incarnation, and the sixth edition overall. The champion teams from the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. (CESAFI) and 3 other Metro Manila leagues took part in the final tournament dubbed as the "Sweet Sixteen". Other teams had to qualify in the zonal tournaments to round out the 16 teams in the tournament. The De La Salle Green Archers defeated arch-rivals Ateneo Blue Eagles in the championship; budding rivals Letran Knights and the San Beda Red Lions disputed third place, with Letran winning. The winners would have qualified for the 2009 Summer Universiade in Serbia as the Philippine representative. However, FISU thumbed down an application by the SBP and the Philippine Olympic Committee. As a result, other international tournaments were lined up for the champion team. The 1967 UE Red Warriors led by Robert Jaworski and Danny Florencio was the last team to participate in the Universiade's basketball tournament. Solar Sports served as the main coverage partner, with the games broadcasting on C/S 9 and Basketball TV.

text:
# 2008 Philippine Collegiate Championship

The **2008 Philippine Collegiate Championship** is the inaugural tournament of the Philippine Collegiate Championship (PCC) for basketball in its current incarnation, and the sixth edition overall. The champion teams from the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. (CESAFI) and 3 other Metro Manila leagues took part in the final tournament dubbed as the "Sweet Sixteen". Other teams had to qualify in the zonal tournaments to round out the 16 teams in the tournament.

The De La Salle Green Archers defeated arch-rivals Ateneo Blue Eagles in the championship; budding rivals Letran Knights and the San Beda Red Lions disputed third place, with Letran winning.

The winners would have qualified for the 2009 Summer Universiade in Serbia as the Philippine representative. However, FISU thumbed down an application by the SBP and the Philippine Olympic Committee. As a result, other international tournaments were lined up for the champion team. The 1967 UE Red Warriors led by Robert Jaworski and Danny Florencio was the last team to participate in the Universiade's basketball tournament.

Solar Sports served as the main coverage partner, with the games broadcasting on C/S 9 and Basketball TV.

## Rankings

### Metro Manila

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 6/22 | 6/29 | 7/6 | 7/13 | 7/20 | 7/27 | 8/3 | 8/10 |
| 1 | UE | San Beda | UE | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo |
| 2 | Ateneo | UE | Ateneo | San Beda | San Beda | Letran | San Beda | La Salle |
| 3 | San Beda | Ateneo | San Beda | Letran | Letran | La Salle | Letran | San Beda |
| 4 | La Salle | La Salle | Letran | UE | La Salle | FEU | FEU | Letran |
| 5 | FEU | FEU | La Salle | La Salle | FEU | San Beda | La Salle | JRU |
| 6 | JRU | Letran | FEU | Mapúa | UE | JRU | UE | FEU |
| 7 | Mapúa | Adamson | UST | UST | Mapúa | UE | JRU | UE |
| 8 | Letran | UST | Mapúa | FEU | Adamson | UST | UST | UST |
| 9 | UST | JRU | Adamson | Adamson | UST | Mapúa | Mapúa | San Sebastian |
| 10 | Adamson | Mapúa | Benilde | Benilde | JRU | Adamson | San Sebastian | Mapúa |
| 11 | San Sebastian | Arellano | Arellano | San Sebastian | Arellano | San Sebastian | Arellano | STI |
| 12 | NU | STI | JRU | JRU | STI | Arellano | STI | Arellano |
| 13 | Arellano | NU | STI | Arellano | San Sebastian | Benilde | Adamson | EAC |
| 14 | STI | Lyceum | Lyceum | Lyceum | Lyceum | STI | EAC | St. Clare |
| 15 | Lyceum | Perpetual | UP | STI | EAC | EAC | UP | Adamson |
| UAAP | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
| NCAA | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 8/17 | 8/24 | 8/31 | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 10/19 (Final) |
| 1 | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo | Ateneo |
| 2 | La Salle | San Beda | San Beda | San Beda | La Salle | La Salle | San Beda |
| 3 | JRU | FEU | FEU | La Salle | San Beda | JRU | La Salle |
| 4 | Letran | JRU | La Salle | FEU | FEU | San Beda | JRU |
| 5 | FEU | La Salle | San Sebastian | UE | Letran | FEU | FEU |
| 6 | San Beda | UE | JRU | Letran | JRU | Mapúa | Mapúa |
| 7 | UE | San Sebastian | UE | San Sebastian | Mapúa | UE | UE |
| 8 | Mapúa | Letran | Letran | Mapúa | San Sebastian | Letran | Letran |
| 9 | San Sebastian | UST | Mapúa | JRU | UE | San Sebastian | San Sebastian |
| 10 | UST | AMACU | UST | SSC-R Cavite | SSC-R Cavite | UST | Arellano |
| 11 | St. Clare | Mapúa | St. Clare | PSBA | STI | EAC | SSC-R Cavite |
| 12 | AMACU | New Era | AMACU | STI | St. Clare | UCN | UST |
| 13 | SSC-R Cavite | St. Clare | PSBA | AMACU | UST | STI | Lyceum |
| 14 | Arellano | PSBA | SSC-R Cavite | Manila | LPC | SSC-R Cavite | St. Clare |
| 15 | EAC | Arellano | LPC | LPC | AMACU | LPC | EAC |
| UAAP | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| NCAA | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Other | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 |

### Cebu

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 6/29 | 8/10 | 8/17 | 8/24 | 8/31 | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | USJ-R | USJR | USJR | USJR | USJR | UV |  |  |  |
| 2 | SWU | SWU | UV | UV | UV | USJR |  |  |  |
| 3 | USC | USC | SWU | SWU | SWU | USC |  |  |  |
| 4 | UV | UV | USC | USC | USC | SWU |  |  |  |
| 5 |  | Cebu | Cebu | Cebu | Cebu | Cebu |  |  |  |
| 6 |  | ACT | Don Bosco | Don Bosco | Don Bosco | Don Bosco |  |  |  |
| 7 |  | Don Bosco | ACT | USPF | USPF | USPF |  |  |  |
| 8 |  | USPF | USPF | ACT | ACT | ACT |  |  |  |
| 9 |  | Cebu Tech | Cebu Tech | Cebu Tech | Cebu Tech | Cebu Tech |  |  |  |
| 10 |  | Salazar | Salazar | Salazar | Salazar | Salazar |  |  |  |
|

### Region 1 (Dagupan, Pangasinan, Baguio)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | UNP |  |  |  |
| 2 | St. Louis University, Baguio |  |  |  |
| 3 | University of the Cordilleras |  |  |  |

### Region 2 (Pampanga, Tarlac, Bulacan)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Lyceum-Subic |  |  |  |
| 2 | Luzon |  |  |  |
| 3 | Lyceum Northwestern |  |  |  |

### Region 3 (Quezon, Bicol)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Nueva Caceres |  |  |  |
| 2 | Enverga |  |  |  |
| 3 | CCDI |  |  |  |

### Region 4 (Iloilo, Bacolod)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Western Tech |  |  |  |
| 2 | Lacson Maritime |  |  |  |
| 3 | West Negros |  |  |  |

### Region 5 (Dumaguete, Bohol)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | BIT International |  |  |  |
| 2 | Holy Name |  |  |  |
| 3 | Silliman |  |  |  |

### Region 6 (Tacloban, Ormoc, Samar)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Western Leyte |  |  |  |
| 2 | AMA |  |  |  |
| 3 | Leyte |  |  |  |

### Region 7 (Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental, Caraga)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Xavier |  |  |  |
| 2 | Capitol |  |  |  |

### Region 8 (Davao, Soccsksargen, Maguindanao)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Agro-Industrial |  |  |  |
| 2 | Emar |  |  |  |
| 3 | Mindanao |  |  |  |

### Region 9 (Zamboanga, Misamis Occidental)

| Up | Down | Unchanged | New/re-entry |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |

| # | Week ending | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 9/7 | 9/14 | 9/21 | 9/28 |
| 1 | Immaculate Conception |  |  | Ateneo de Zamboanga |
| 2 | Kabasalan Tech |  |  | Dipolog Medical |
| 3 | Ateneo de Zamboanga |  |  | Saint Vincent's |

## Qualifying

| Finish | League | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | UAAP | NCAA | CESAFI | CUSA | NAASCU | UCAA | Provincial leagues |
| 1st | Round of 16 | | | | | | Regional championships |
| 2nd | Round of 16 | | Zonal championships | Wildcard qualification | Wildcard qualification | Wildcard qualification |  |
| 3rd | Zonal championships | | | | | | |
| | 4th | | |  | | |
| 5th | Wildcard
qualification |  | | | | | | |

* Regional championships has four teams in each of the nine regions: one team per region qualifies for the zonal championships.
* Wildcard qualifying has eight teams split into two groups: top two teams per group qualifies for the zonal championships.
* Zonal championships has four zones divided into two groups composed of two groups: the top team from each group qualifies for the round of 16.

### Automatic qualifiers

### Regional championships

Winners qualify for the zonal championships:

1. Region 1: SLU Navigators
2. Region 2: U of Luzon Tigers
3. Region 3: UNC Greyhounds
4. Region 4: WNU Mustangs
5. Region 5: U of Luzon Tigers
6. Region 6: AMA Computer Learning Center - ACLC College Ormoc
7. Region 7: Capitol Stallions
8. Region 8: U of Mindanao Wildcats
9. Region 9: Ateneo de Zamboanga Blue Eagles

### Wildcard qualifying

|  | Qualified for zonal championships |
| --- | --- |

Top two teams from each group qualify for the zonal championships:

#### Group A

| Team | W | L | PCT | UST | SCC | LPC | SFACS |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| UST Growling Tigers | 3 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 8071 | 6966 | 6451 |
| St. Clare Saints | 2 | 1 | .667 |  |  | 7466 | 7066 |
| LPC Blue Lions | 1 | 2 | .333 |  |  |  | 6253 |
| SFACS Doves | 0 | 3 | .000 |  |  |  |  |

#### Group B

| Team | W | L | PCT | LPU | EAC | STI | DOMC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lyceum Pirates | 3 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 8680 | 8886 | 7975 |
| EAC Generals | 2 | 1 | .667 |  |  | 9088 | 8070 |
| STI Olympians | 1 | 2 | .333 |  |  |  | 7665 |
| DOMC Cobras | 0 | 3 | .000 |  |  |  |  |

### Zonal championships

|  | Qualified for the final tournament |
| --- | --- |

Winners from the regional championships and wildcard qualifying are drawn into four different teams: each zone has to have only one wildcard team.

#### Zone 1

Games were held at the Makati Coliseum from November 3–6:

Group A
| Team | W | L | PCT | MIT | UL | Lyc |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mapúa Cardinals | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 7759 | 10458 |
| U of Luzon Golden Tigers | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  | 7962 |
| Lyceum Batangas | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

Group B
| Team | W | L | PCT | AU | UST | SLU |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arellano Chiefs | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 6959 | 8236 |
| UST Growling Tigers | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  | 10252 |
| St. Louis Navigators | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

#### Zone 2

Games were held at the Makati Coliseum from November 3–6:

Group A
| Team | W | L | PCT | LPU | DBTC | UNC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lyceum Pirates | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 8779 | 8160 |
| Don Bosco Grey Wolves | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  | 7364 |
| UNC Greyhounds | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

Group B
| Team | W | L | PCT | UE | EAC | SCC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| UE Red Warriors | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 9274 | 10880 |
| EAC Generals | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  | 6562 |
| St. Clare Saints | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

#### Zone 3

Games were held at the Ormoc City Superdome from November 9–11:

Group A
| Team | W | L | PCT | CSJL | UC | AMA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Letran Knights | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  |  | 9655 |
| UC Webmasters | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  |  |
| AMA Ormoc Titans | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

Group B
| Team | W | L | PCT | USJ-R | WNU | BIT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| USJ-R Jaguars | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 88-77 |  |
| WNU Mustangs | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  |  |
| BIT Cruisers | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

#### Zone 4

Games were held at the Xavier University Gym from November 14–17:

Group A
| Team | W | L | PCT | FEU | XU | ADZU |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FEU Tamaraws | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |  | 7771 | 10555 |
| Xavier Crusaders | 1 | 1 | .500 |  |  | 8061 |
| Ateneo de Zamboanga Blue Eagles | 0 | 2 | .000 |  |  |  |

Group B
| Team | W | L | PCT | PD | USC | UMin | Cap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| USC Warriors | 1 | 1 | .500 | +27 |  | 8151 | 8487 |
| U of Mindanao Wildcats | 1 | 1 | .500 | -6 |  |  | 8374 |
| Capitol Stallions | 1 | 1 | .500 | -21 |  |  |  |

## Qualifying teams

| Seed | School | League | Result | Berth type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ateneo Blue Eagles | UAAP | UAAP champion | Automatic |
| 2 | San Beda Red Lions | NCAA | NCAA champion | Automatic |
| 3 | De La Salle Green Archers | UAAP | UAAP runner-up | Automatic |
| 4 | JRU Heavy Bombers | NCAA | NCAA runner-up | Automatic |
| 5 | SSC-R Cavite Baycats | NAASCU | NAASCU champion | Automatic |
| 6 | UV Green Lancers | CESAFI | CESAFI champion | Automatic |
| 7 | UCN Dragons | UCAA | UCAA champion | Automatic |
| 8 | MLQU Stallions | CUSA | CUSA champion | Automatic |
| 9 | Mapúa Cardinals | NCAA | NCAA fourth place | Zonal |
| 10 | Arellano Chiefs | NCRAA | NCRAA runner-up | Zonal |
| 11 | UE Red Warriors | UAAP | UAAP fourth place | Zonal |
| 12 | Letran Knights | NCAA | NCAA third place | Zonal |
| 13 | FEU Tamaraws | UAAP | UAAP third place | Zonal |
| 14 | USC Warriors | CESAFI | CESAFI third place | Zonal |
| 15 | USJ-R Jaguars | CESAFI | CESAFI runner-up | Zonal |
| 16 | Lyceum Pirates | NCRAA | NCRAA runner-up | Zonal |

## Bracket

## Round of 16

| **Ateneo Blue Eagles** | **77**56 | Lyceum Pirates |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **San Beda Red Lions** | **98**83 | USJ-R Jaguars |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Mapúa Cardinals** | **97**85 | MLQU Stallions |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **De La Salle Green Archers** | **71**51 | USC Warriors |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Arellano Chiefs** | **76**61 | UCN Golden Dragons |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **UE Red Warriors** | **68**62 | UV Green Lancers |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Letran Knights** | **85**70 | SSC-R Cavite Baycats |
| --- | --- | --- |

| JRU Heavy Bombers | 75**84** | **FEU Tamaraws** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Quarterfinals

| **Ateneo Blue Eagles** | **67**53 | Mapúa Cardinals |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **De La Salle Green Archers** | **75**72 | UE Red Warriors |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Letran Knights** | **94**93 | FEU Tamaraws |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **San Beda Red Lions** | **87**72 | Arellano Chiefs |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Semifinals

| **Ateneo Blue Eagles** | **61**60 | Letran Knights |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **De La Salle Green Archers** | **62**61 | San Beda Red Lions |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Third-place playoff

| **Letran Knights** | **75**67 | San Beda Red Lions |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Final

| Ateneo Blue Eagles | 62**71** | **De La Salle Green Archers** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Awards

## Record per league

| League | \# of teams | Record | PCT | QF | SF | CG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CESAFI | 3 | 03 | .000 |  |  |  |
| NAASCU | 2 | 02 | .000 |  |  |  |
| NCAA | 4 | 65 | .583 | 3 | 2 |  |
| NCRAA | 1 | 11 | .500 | 1 |  |  |
| UAAP | 4 | 93 | .750 | 4 | 2 | 2 |

The CUSA and the UCAA went 01. Other provincial leagues aside from the CESAFI failed to qualify.

1. Fisu nixes Archers’ Serbia Universiade stint Archived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Machine by Jasmine Payo, Philippine Daily Inquirer.
2. PCC Week 1 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
3. PCC Week 2 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
4. PCC Week 3 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
5. PCC Week 4 Power Rankings Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, BTV.com.ph
6. PCC Week 5 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
7. PCC Week 6 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
8. PCC Week 7 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
9. PCC Week 8 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
10. PCC Week 9 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
11. PCC Week 10 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
12. PCC Week 11 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
13. PCC Week 12 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
14. PCC Week 13 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
15. PCC Week 14 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
16. PCC Week 18 Power Rankings, BTV.com.ph
17. PCC Cebu Power Rankings - as of 8/11/08, Gameface.ph
18. PCC Cebu Power Rankings - as of 8/18/08 Archived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, Gameface.ph
19. PCC Cebu Power Rankings - as of 8/25/08 Archived 2008-09-15 at the Wayback Machine, Gameface.ph
20. PCC Cebu Power Rankings - as of 9/1/08, Gameface.ph
21. PCC Cebu Power Rankings - as of 9/10/08 Archived 2008-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, Gameface.ph
22. "Philippine Collegiate Championship". Archived from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2008-12-06.

## InfoBox

2008 Philippine Collegiate Championship
| Men's Finals G1 Wins  Ateneo Blue Eagles 62 0  **De La Salle Green Archers** **71** 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | December 8 |
| Arena(s) | Araneta Coliseum |
| Finals MVP | JV Casio |
| Winning coach | Franz Pumaren |
| Semifinalists | Letran Knights
San Beda Red Lions |
| TV network(s) | C/S 9 |
|


title: Forest Park, Chalfont

abstract: Forest Park was an amusement park located in Chalfont, Pennsylvania. It operated from 1835 to 1968.

text:
# Forest Park, Chalfont

**Forest Park** was an amusement park located in Chalfont, Pennsylvania. It operated from 1835 to 1968.

## History of grounds

The introduction of the railroad in Chalfont brought new visitors to the area. In 1835, George Eckhardt opened Eckhardt's Grove, a park commonly used for picnics. The land eventually changed ownership, and in 1885, the new Forest Park opened. One of its main attractions was music played by the Chalfont Cornet Band.

## Amusement park

In 1930, business partners Koons and Sanders bought the park. In 1933, the Lusse family installed a scooter ride in the park. Later, the Lusses brought radio shows to the park, most notably the Uncle Ezra show in 1933. The park's popularity grew, and in 1934, the Lusses bought the park. A number of amusement rides, including a merry-go-round and swan ride came to the park. A large swimming pool was also constructed in the 1930s. In 1945, a woman was buried alive for ten days at the park, generating much local publicity and bringing guests. In 1948, the Frontiertown section was opened, featuring a miniature railway and several stores. A Native American, "Chief One Star", also served as an attraction. The park reached its height in the post-World War II years of the 1940s. Strings bands played weekly at the park, and many companies held picnics on its grounds. In a notable event, a company's picnic attracted 40,000 of its employees to the park.

## Decline

In the late 1950s, the park began to decline. The local school board levied an amusement tax, and limits were made to the trains which brought guests to the park. On Memorial Day of 1958, a race riot took place, causing much damage and injuring 20 people. That day, there were around 20,000 guests at the park, and during the riot many fled into the nearby forest to escape the danger. This event severely damaged both the park and its reputation. In 1968, the park closed.

## Legacy

The only attraction of the park which remained in use after 1968 was the swimming pool. In more recent years, neighborhoods with amusement park-inspired names have been built in the area. Many of the picnic groves and several other buildings remained standing for decades past the park's closure. As of 2014, there were still remains of concrete park benches scattered about the former location.


title: Ernie Epp

abstract: Abram Ernest (Ernie) Epp is a Canadian historian and former politician. Currently a professor of Canadian and environmental history at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, he represented the electoral district of Thunder Bay—Nipigon in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 1988 as a member of the New Democratic Party. He defeated Liberal incumbent Jack Masters in the 1984 Canadian federal election to represent the seat and lost it to Liberal challenger Joe Comuzzi in 1988. As a historian, his publications include From Rivalry to Unity: A History of Thunder Bay (1995) and The North American Fur Trade: Pivotal Interpretations (1995). Epp was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

text:
# Ernie Epp

**Abram Ernest (Ernie) Epp** (born September 28, 1941) is a Canadian historian and former politician. Currently a professor of Canadian and environmental history at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, he represented the electoral district of Thunder Bay—Nipigon in the House of Commons of Canada from 1984 to 1988 as a member of the New Democratic Party. He defeated Liberal incumbent Jack Masters in the 1984 Canadian federal election to represent the seat and lost it to Liberal challenger Joe Comuzzi in 1988.

As a historian, his publications include *From Rivalry to Unity: A History of Thunder Bay* (1995) and *The North American Fur Trade: Pivotal Interpretations* (1995).

Epp was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.


title: Emmanuel Episcopal Church Complex

abstract: Emmanuel Episcopal Church Complex is a historic Episcopal church complex located at 37 W. Main Street in Norwich, Chenango County, New York. The complex consists of the church, parish hall, and education building. The church was designed by architect Isaac G. Perry and built in 1874 in the Gothic Revival style. It is a one-story, rectangular limestone structure, 116 feet long and 62 feet wide. The main facade features two square, engaged towers of uneven heights. The parish hall was built in 1915 and expanded with the education building. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

text:
# Emmanuel Episcopal Church Complex

**Emmanuel Episcopal Church Complex** is a historic Episcopal church complex located at 37 W. Main Street in Norwich, Chenango County, New York. The complex consists of the church, parish hall, and education building. The church was designed by architect Isaac G. Perry and built in 1874 in the Gothic Revival style. It is a one-story, rectangular limestone structure, 116 feet long and 62 feet wide. The main facade features two square, engaged towers of uneven heights. The parish hall was built in 1915 and expanded with the education building.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Emmanuel Episcopal Church Complex | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| North elevations of church and parish house, 2019 | |
|  | |
| Location | 37 W. Main St., Norwich, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°31′49.72″N 75°31′38.14″W / 42.5304778°N 75.5272611°W / 42.5304778; -75.5272611 |
| Area | 0.9 acres (0.36 ha) |
| Built | 1874 |
| Architect | Perry, Isaac G. |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 09000654 |
| Added to NRHP | August 26, 2009 |


title: Ernst August Köstring

abstract: Ernst-August Köstring was a German diplomat and officer who served during World War II.

text:
# Ernst August Köstring

**Ernst-August Köstring** (20 June 1876 – 20 November 1953) was a German diplomat and officer who served during World War II.

## Early life and military career

Born in Imperial Russia in 1876, Ernst August Köstring grew up in St Petersburg (or Moscow) and was fluent in Russian. He left Russia just before World War I like many other Germans. He took part in the war and served under Major General Hans von Seeckt in the Austro-Hungarian Seventh Army. After the war, he was retained in the Reichsheer. From 1919, he was back in the Prussian War Ministry and then detached to the Ministry of the Reichswehr that year soon after it had been established.

On 1 August 1935, he was returned to active service as a military attaché to Russia and Lithuania and sent back to Moscow. During the invasion of Poland, as a German military attaché in Moscow, Köstring played a key role in co-ordination between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. In September 1939, he was involved in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations, along with Colonel Heinrich Aschenbrenner. On 8 August 1940, Köstring was warned by General Franz Halder that "he would have to answer a lot of questions soon", which made him one of a few people who knew of the invasion of the Soviet Union despite the non-aggression pact. With the planned Operation Barbarossa, his position in Moscow was untenable. He was repatriated under diplomatic immunity and assigned to the *Führerreserve*. He visited, together with Friedrich Werner von Schulenburg, prisoner-of-war camps to recruit Soviet prisoners-of-war for the German war effort.

On 1 May 1941, German military delegation, including Köstring and Hans Krebs, attended the Soviet military parade in Moscow in honour of International Workers' Day.

On 1 September 1942, he was appointed "General Officer attached to Army Group A for Caucasian Questions" under General Eduard Wagner. In that role, he worked on creating national legions among the indigenous people of the Caucasus, among them the Muslim Karachai. He arranged for Armenians, Georgians, and other Caucasian populations to fight at the front after training in Poland. Most of the Armenians deserted.

The Karachai had formed an anti-Soviet committee under Qadi Bayramukov(ru) before the Germans arrived. Köstring invited them to the Bairam feast on 11 October. He was exceptionally well received and was carried shoulder-high in celebration, as was the custom.

In the spring of 1943, Köstring was put into the *Führerreserve*. In mid-June 1943, he was appointed Inspector of the German-commanded Turkic associations. On 1 January 1944, he was appointed the General of the "volunteer" organizations in the Army High Command. Throughout that period, he spent most of his time helping with the creation of Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army.

He surrendered on 4 May 1945 to the US Army and he was released in 1947. He co-authored the 1946 book *The Peoples of the Soviet Union*, which was later used by the US Army.

## Sources

* Mitcham, Samuel W. (2009) *Men of Barbarossa: Commanders of the German Invasion of Russia* 1941. Casemate.

## InfoBox

| Ernst-August Köstring | |
| --- | --- |
| Köstring (right) along with Hans Krebs (1941) | |
| Born | (1876-06-20)20 June 1876
Serebryanye Prudy, Tula Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 20 November 1953(1953-11-20) (aged 77)
Unterwössen, West Germany |
| Allegiance | German Empire
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Prussian Army
Reichsheer
Army (Wehrmacht) |
| Years of service | 1895–1933; 1935–45 |
| Rank | General of the Cavalry |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords |


title: Authume

abstract: Authume is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Authume

**Authume** (French pronunciation: \[otym\]) is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 512 |  |
| 1975 | 576 | +1.70% |
| 1982 | 760 | +4.04% |
| 1990 | 820 | +0.95% |
| 1999 | 776 | −0.61% |
| 2009 | 809 | +0.42% |
| 2014 | 819 | +0.25% |
| 2020 | 832 | +0.26% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Authume | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Authume | |
| Location of Authume | |
| AuthumeAuthume | |
| Coordinates: 47°07′36″N 5°30′11″E / 47.1267°N 5.5031°E / 47.1267; 5.5031 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Dole |
| Canton | Authume |
| Intercommunality | CA Grand Dole |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Grégory Soldavini |
| Area**1** | 7.52 km2 (2.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 856 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 39030 /39100 |
| Elevation | 223–337 m (732–1,106 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: En Bref

abstract: En Bref is a Canadian folk-rock musical group. Based in Sudbury and North Bay, Ontario, the band consists of vocalist and guitarist Yves Doyon, guitarist Martin Laforest, bassist Scott Aultman and drummer Shawn Sasyniuk. Formed in 1992, the band performed locally in Northern Ontario, and at francophone music festivals in Ottawa, Montreal and Winnipeg, and won the La Brunante competition for emerging bands in 1994. They released their self-titled debut album in 1997. They attracted some attention from major record labels, but due to management problems were not signed and broke up for a number of years. In the mid-2000s, they reunited to perform occasional live shows, and independently released a live album recorded at Sudbury's Little Montreal bar in 2012. Their second studio album, Silence Radio, was released in 2014. The album was promoted with live performances at both Sudbury's La Nuit sur l'étang and Ottawa's Festival Franco-Ontarien.

text:
# En Bref

**En Bref** is a Canadian folk-rock musical group. Based in Sudbury and North Bay, Ontario, the band consists of vocalist and guitarist Yves Doyon, guitarist Martin Laforest, bassist Scott Aultman and drummer Shawn Sasyniuk.

Formed in 1992, the band performed locally in Northern Ontario, and at francophone music festivals in Ottawa, Montreal and Winnipeg, and won the La Brunante competition for emerging bands in 1994.

They released their self-titled debut album in 1997. They attracted some attention from major record labels, but due to management problems were not signed and broke up for a number of years. In the mid-2000s, they reunited to perform occasional live shows, and independently released a live album recorded at Sudbury's Little Montreal bar in 2012.

Their second studio album, *Silence Radio*, was released in 2014. The album was promoted with live performances at both Sudbury's La Nuit sur l'étang and Ottawa's Festival Franco-Ontarien.


title: Art in Public Places

abstract:
Art in Public Places (AiPP) is a common term for public art programs at the local government level. Public art is significant within the art world, amongst curators, commissioning bodies and practitioners of public art, to whom it signifies a working practice of site specificity, community involvement and collaboration. It can be both permanent and temporary, internal and external, and large or small scale. The term does not refer to public art in general or to individual public artworks. Art in Public Places programs are publicly administered, often overseen by public art review committees and permanent staff. Under the auspices of local government they may receive public funding as well as private funding. Public art is art in any media that has been planned and executed with the intention of being staged in the physical public domain.
Street art in Melbourne These are the examples for how council of Melbourne allows artists to show their talents to the world.

text:
# Art in Public Places

**Art in Public Places** (**AiPP**) is a common term for public art programs at the local government level (cities, countries). Public art is significant within the art world, amongst curators, commissioning bodies and practitioners of public art, to whom it signifies a working practice of site specificity, community involvement and collaboration. It can be both permanent and temporary, internal and external, and large or small scale. The term does not refer to public art in general or to individual public artworks. Art in Public Places programs are publicly administered, often overseen by public art review committees and permanent staff (Arts Coordinators). Under the auspices of local government they may receive public funding as well as private funding. Public art is art in any media that has been planned and executed with the intention of being staged in the physical public domain. Street art in Melbourne These are the examples for how council of Melbourne allows artists to show their talents to the world.


title: Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours

abstract: The Basilica of St. Martin is a Roman Catholic basilica dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, over whose tomb it was built. It is located in Tours, France. The first basilica was established here in the 5th century on the site of an earlier chapel. It was at first served by a community of monks under an abbot, the Abbot of St Martin, who between 796 and 804 was Alcuin, the adviser of Charlemagne. Shortly before this the monastic establishment was changed to a collegiate church manned by a community of canons, but the office and title of abbot persisted. The mediaeval basilica was completely demolished during the French Revolution. The present church was built between 1886 and 1924 by French architect Victor Laloux in a neo-Byzantine style, on part of the site of the original basilica which was repurchased by the Church. It was dedicated on 4 July 1925.

text:
# Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours

The **Basilica of St. Martin** is a Roman Catholic basilica dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, over whose tomb it was built. It is located in Tours, France.

The first basilica was established here in the 5th century (consecrated in 471) on the site of an earlier chapel. It was at first served by a community of monks under an abbot, the Abbot of St Martin, who between 796 and 804 was Alcuin, the adviser of Charlemagne. Shortly before this the monastic establishment was changed to a collegiate church manned by a community of canons, but the office and title of abbot persisted.

The mediaeval basilica was completely demolished during the French Revolution. The present church was built between 1886 and 1924 by French architect Victor Laloux in a neo-Byzantine style, on part of the site of the original basilica which was repurchased by the Church. It was dedicated on 4 July 1925.

## Mediaeval basilica

The Abbey which developed around the shrine of St Martin at Tours became one of the most prominent and influential establishments in medieval France. Charlemagne awarded the position of Abbot to his friend and adviser Alcuin. At this time the abbot could travel between Tours and the court at Trier in Germany and always stay overnight at one of his own properties. It was at Tours that Alcuin's scriptorium (a room in monasteries devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic scribes) developed Caroline minuscule, the clear round hand that made manuscripts far more legible.

In later times the abbey was destroyed by fire on several occasions and ransacked by Norman Vikings in 853 and in 903. It burned again in 994, and was rebuilt by Hervé de Buzançais, treasurer of Saint Martin, an effort that took 20 years to complete. Expanded to accommodate the crowds of pilgrims and to attract them, the shrine of St. Martin of Tours became a major stopping-point on pilgrimages. In 1453 the remains of Saint Martin were transferred to a magnificent new reliquary donated by Charles VII of France and Agnes Sorel.

During the French Wars of Religion, the basilica was sacked by the Protestant Huguenots in 1562. It was disestablished during the French Revolution. It was deconsecrated, used as a stable, then utterly demolished. Its dressed stones were sold in 1802 after two streets were built across the site, to ensure the abbey would not be reconstructed.

## Current basilica

In 1860 excavations by Leo Dupont (1797–1876) established the dimensions of the former abbey and recovered some fragments of architecture. The tomb of St. Martin was rediscovered on December 14, 1860, which aided in the nineteenth-century revival of the popular devotion to St. Martin.

After the radical Paris Commune of 1871, there was a resurgence of conservative Catholic piety, and the church decided to build a basilica to St. Martin. They selected Victor Laloux as architect. He eschewed Gothic for a mix of Romanesque and Byzantine, sometimes defined as neo-Byzantine. The new Basilique Saint-Martin was erected on a portion of its former site, which was purchased from the owners. Started in 1886, the church was consecrated 4 July 1925.

* Official webpage for the Basilica
* Sacred destinations

47°23′35″N 0°40′58″E / 47.39306°N 0.68278°E / 47.39306; 0.68278


abstract: The 2008 Phillip Island Superbike World Championship round was the 2nd round of the 2008 Superbike World Championship season. It took place on the weekend of 29 February – 2 March 2008, at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit near Cowes, Victoria, Australia.

text:
# 2008 Phillip Island Superbike World Championship round

The **2008 Phillip Island Superbike World Championship round** was the 2nd round of the 2008 Superbike World Championship season. It took place on the weekend of 29 February – 2 March 2008, at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit near Cowes, Victoria, Australia.

## Superbike race 1 classification

| Pos | No | Rider | Bike | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 21 | Troy Bayliss | Ducati 1098 F08 | 22 | 34:22.933 | 1 | **25** |
| 2 | 11 | Troy Corser | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +4.221 | 2 | **20** |
| 3 | 84 | Michel Fabrizio | Ducati 1098 F08 | 22 | +4.738 | 3 | **16** |
| 4 | 111 | Rubén Xaus | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 22 | +5.171 | 11 | **13** |
| 5 | 10 | Fonsi Nieto | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 22 | +5.543 | 5 | **11** |
| 6 | 7 | Carlos Checa | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +5.895 | 4 | **10** |
| 7 | 76 | Max Neukirchner | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 22 | +5.964 | 8 | **9** |
| 8 | 41 | Noriyuki Haga | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +14.826 | 7 | **8** |
| 9 | 23 | Ryuichi Kiyonari | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +18.899 | 19 | **7** |
| 10 | 44 | Roberto Rolfo | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +20.633 | 13 | **6** |
| 11 | 36 | Gregorio Lavilla | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +21.601 | 14 | **5** |
| 12 | 31 | Karl Muggeridge | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +29.281 | 12 | **4** |
| 13 | 57 | Lorenzo Lanzi | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 22 | +29.500 | 17 | **3** |
| 14 | 54 | Kenan Sofuoğlu | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +30.030 | 21 | **2** |
| 15 | 38 | Shinichi Nakatomi | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +30.223 | 22 | **1** |
| 16 | 194 | Sébastien Gimbert | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +30.800 | 20 |  |
| 17 | 83 | Russell Holland | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +50.107 | 9 |  |
| 18 | 88 | Shuhei Aoyama | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +1:07.385 | 24 |  |
| Ret | 3 | Max Biaggi | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 15 | Accident | 16 |  |
| Ret | 100 | Makoto Tamada | Kawasaki ZX-10R | 12 | Retirement | 18 |  |
| Ret | 86 | Ayrton Badovini | Kawasaki ZX-10R | 9 | Retirement | 25 |  |
| Ret | 77 | Loïc Napoleone | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 7 | Retirement | 27 |  |
| Ret | 55 | Régis Laconi | Kawasaki ZX-10R | 6 | Retirement | 10 |  |
| Ret | 96 | Jakub Smrž | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 2 | Accident | 6 |  |
| Ret | 94 | David Checa | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 0 | Retirement | 15 |  |
| DNS | 22 | Luca Morelli | Honda CBR1000RR |  | Not started | 26 |  |
| DNS | 13 | Vittorio Iannuzzo | Kawasaki ZX-10R |  | Not started | 23 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

## Superbike race 2 classification

| Pos | No | Rider | Bike | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 21 | Troy Bayliss | Ducati 1098 F08 | 22 | 34:35.284 | 1 | **25** |
| 2 | 7 | Carlos Checa | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +1.127 | 4 | **20** |
| 3 | 10 | Fonsi Nieto | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 22 | +4.395 | 5 | **16** |
| 4 | 111 | Rubén Xaus | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 22 | +6.621 | 11 | **13** |
| 5 | 76 | Max Neukirchner | Suzuki GSX-R1000 | 22 | +11.550 | 8 | **11** |
| 6 | 23 | Ryuichi Kiyonari | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +11.620 | 19 | **10** |
| 7 | 41 | Noriyuki Haga | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +12.049 | 7 | **9** |
| 8 | 36 | Gregorio Lavilla | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +12.134 | 14 | **8** |
| 9 | 83 | Russell Holland | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +13.462 | 9 | **7** |
| 10 | 31 | Karl Muggeridge | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +15.519 | 12 | **6** |
| 11 | 54 | Kenan Sofuoğlu | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +16.225 | 21 | **5** |
| 12 | 94 | David Checa | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +21.959 | 15 | **4** |
| 13 | 194 | Sébastien Gimbert | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +21.989 | 20 | **3** |
| 14 | 100 | Makoto Tamada | Kawasaki ZX-10R | 22 | +29.106 | 18 | **2** |
| 15 | 38 | Shinichi Nakatomi | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 22 | +29.219 | 22 | **1** |
| 16 | 44 | Roberto Rolfo | Honda CBR1000RR | 22 | +32.994 | 13 |  |
| 17 | 55 | Régis Laconi | Kawasaki ZX-10R | 22 | +34.380 | 10 |  |
| 18 | 96 | Jakub Smrž | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 22 | +42.537 | 6 |  |
| 19 | 84 | Michel Fabrizio | Ducati 1098 F08 | 22 | +46.623 | 3 |  |
| 20 | 57 | Lorenzo Lanzi | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 22 | +47.030 | 17 |  |
| 21 | 86 | Ayrton Badovini | Kawasaki ZX-10R | 22 | +1:08.601 | 25 |  |
| Ret | 3 | Max Biaggi | Ducati 1098 RS 08 | 6 | Accident | 16 |  |
| Ret | 11 | Troy Corser | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 4 | Accident | 2 |  |
| Ret | 88 | Shuhei Aoyama | Honda CBR1000RR | 3 | Retirement | 24 |  |
| Ret | 77 | Loïc Napoleone | Yamaha YZF-R1 | 3 | Retirement | 27 |  |
| DNS | 22 | Luca Morelli | Honda CBR1000RR |  | Not started | 26 |  |
| DNS | 13 | Vittorio Iannuzzo | Kawasaki ZX-10R |  | Not started | 23 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

## Supersport race classification

| Pos | No | Rider | Bike | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 88 | Andrew Pitt | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | 33:51.257 | 1 | **25** |
| 2 | 25 | Josh Brookes | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +0.062 | 2 | **20** |
| 3 | 127 | Robbin Harms | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +0.597 | 6 | **16** |
| 4 | 99 | Fabien Foret | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 21 | +0.780 | 4 | **13** |
| 5 | 65 | Jonathan Rea | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +0.976 | 5 | **11** |
| 6 | 24 | Garry McCoy | Triumph 675 | 21 | +1.228 | 17 | **10** |
| 7 | 26 | Joan Lascorz | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +6.590 | 7 | **9** |
| 8 | 105 | Gianluca Vizziello | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +10.266 | 9 | **8** |
| 9 | 55 | Massimo Roccoli | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 21 | +10.594 | 14 | **7** |
| 10 | 69 | Gianluca Nannelli | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +10.991 | 10 | **6** |
| 11 | 47 | Ivan Clementi | Triumph 675 | 21 | +16.068 | 8 | **5** |
| 12 | 8 | Mark Aitchison | Triumph 675 | 21 | +16.245 | 13 | **4** |
| 13 | 81 | Graeme Gowland | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +16.355 | 20 | **3** |
| 14 | 9 | Chris Walker | Kawasaki ZX-6R | 21 | +16.526 | 16 | **2** |
| 15 | 31 | Vesa Kallio | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +17.270 | 24 | **1** |
| 16 | 18 | Craig Jones | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +17.480 | 12 |  |
| 17 | 14 | Matthieu Lagrive | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +20.948 | 22 |  |
| 18 | 44 | David Salom | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 21 | +36.396 | 11 |  |
| 19 | 4 | Lorenzo Alfonsi | Kawasaki ZX-6R | 21 | +45.078 | 28 |  |
| 20 | 77 | Barry Veneman | Suzuki GSX-R600 | 21 | +46.640 | 21 |  |
| 21 | 17 | Miguel Praia | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +52.165 | 29 |  |
| 22 | 121 | Arnaud Vincent | Kawasaki ZX-6R | 21 | +57.732 | 34 |  |
| 23 | 199 | Danilo Dell'Omo | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +57.879 | 26 |  |
| 24 | 15 | Gergő Talmácsi | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +58.409 | 32 |  |
| 25 | 38 | Grégory Leblanc | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +1:04.267 | 23 |  |
| 26 | 75 | Luka Nedog | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +1:07.943 | 31 |  |
| 27 | 72 | Attila Magda | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +1:08.158 | 35 |  |
| 28 | 32 | Mirko Giansanti | Honda CBR600RR | 21 | +1:23.152 | 25 |  |
| 29 | 888 | Josep Pedro Subirats | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 20 | +1 lap | 36 |  |
| 30 | 51 | Santiago Barragán | Honda CBR600RR | 18 | +3 laps | 33 |  |
| Ret | 57 | Ilario Dionisi | Triumph 675 | 7 | Retirement | 27 |  |
| Ret | 37 | William de Angelis | Honda CBR600RR | 6 | Retirement | 30 |  |
| Ret | 21 | Katsuaki Fujiwara | Kawasaki ZX-6R | 2 | Retirement | 15 |  |
| Ret | 23 | Broc Parkes | Yamaha YZF-R6 | 2 | Retirement | 3 |  |
| Ret | 61 | Andrea Antonelli | Honda CBR600RR | 1 | Accident | 19 |  |
| DNS | 83 | Didier Van Keymeulen | Suzuki GSX-R600 |  | Not started | 18 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

2008 Australian Superbike World Championship round
| Round details | |
| --- | --- |
| Round 2 of 14 rounds in the
2008 Superbike World Championship.
and
Round 2 of 13 rounds in the
2008 Supersport World Championship. | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Date | 2 March, 2008 |
| Location | Phillip Island |
| Course | Permanent racing facility
4.445 km (2.762 mi) |
| Superbike World Championship | |
| Pole position  Troy Bayliss  1:31.493  Fastest lap race 1 Fastest lap race 2  Troy Bayliss  Max Biaggi  1:32.516 1:32.477 | |
| Supersport World Championship | |
| Pole position  Andrew Pitt  1:34.592  Fastest lap  Robbin Harms  1:35.429 | |


title: Formation patch

abstract: A formation patch or formation badge is a military insignia that identifies a soldier's military formations. Originally developed during the 20th century for battlefield identification, it has persisted into the 21st century as an element of military heraldry.

text:
# Formation patch

A **formation patch** or **formation badge** is a military insignia that identifies a soldier's military formations. Originally developed during the 20th century for battlefield identification, it has persisted into the 21st century as an element of military heraldry.

## History

Previous to the 20th Century, tactical control of military units in the field - particularly in the "post-Cromwell era" - was aided by the use of distinctively coloured uniforms and colours, standards and guidons.

### World War I

During World War I, as armies adopted drab coloured uniforms, the need to identify friendly troops in assaulting formations was made acute by the problems of intensive defensive firepower and the attendant problem of dispersion. The British Army, among others, developed a solution whereby individual divisions, brigades, battalions and even companies were identified by distinctive coloured cloth insignia, either sewn to the uniform jacket (on the sleeves, or the back of the tunic), or painted on the helmet. These marks became common after the Battle of the Somme in 1916. These distinguishing marks were also alternately known as "Battle Patches". Other armies continued to identify regiments through the use of numerals, but did not identify military divisions through the use of patches. The United States Army, however, did develop a system of shoulder sleeve insignia with distinctive badges identifying individual divisions.

### World War II

By the time of the Second World War, the various armies did not feel a perceived need to identify individual battalions on battledress uniforms. The German Army had a system of coloured bayonet knots that identified the wearer's company, number shoulder strap buttons that identified the wearer's company/battalion, and shoulder straps that identified the wearer's regiment, but had no distinguishing divisional insignia other than the cuff titles of the 'elite' formations. The British Army prohibited all identifying marks on its Battle Dress uniforms in 1939 save for drab regimental slip-on titles, but in 1941 introduced formation patches to identify the wearer's division. They were initially referred to by the British as "Divisional Signs", but this was soon changed to "Formation Badges". By the end of the war, Corps, Armies, and Army Groups had their own insignia.

The Canadian Army followed suit. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division used a "battle patch" system of geometric shapes identifying individual brigades and battalions, similar to that used by the 2nd Canadian Division in the First World War, during the 1941-42 period, but abandoned this system after the Dieppe Raid. Other Canadian divisions used plain formation patches, and separate unit titles.

The United States continued its system as shoulder sleeve insignia with a regulation that prior combat service entitled the wearer to sew the formation patch of a former unit on the right sleeve of a uniform or field jacket, and the patch of the currently assigned formation on the left sleeve.

### Modern usage

Formation patches have survived into the 21st Century in many modern militaries, though when in use on combat uniforms are generally rendered in subdued colours and their use in their original intended purpose - battlefield identification - is questionable.

See also Formation patches of the Canadian Army, Divisional insignia of the British Army, Brigade insignia of the British Army, and Unit Colour Patch for the Australian Army.

Notes Bibliography * Glyde, Keith *Distinguishing Colour Patches of the Australian Military Forces 1915 - 1951* (self published, Claremont Tasmania, 1999)
* Thomas, Malcolm and Cliff Lord *New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911-1991*


abstract: The men's 5000 metres sprint competition of the athletics events at the 1979 Pan American Games took place on 11 July at the Estadio Sixto Escobar. The defending Pan American Games champion was Domingo Tibaduiza of Colombia.

text:
# Athletics at the 1979 Pan American Games – Men's 5000 metres

The **men's 5000 metres** sprint competition of the athletics events at the **1979 Pan American Games** took place on 11 July at the Estadio Sixto Escobar. The defending Pan American Games champion was Domingo Tibaduiza of Colombia.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:

| **World record** | Henry Rono (KEN) | **13:08.4** | Berkeley, United States | April 8, 1978 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pan American Games record** | Van Nelson (USA) | **13:47.4** | Winnipeg, Canada | 1967 |

## Results

| **KEY:** | **WR** | World Record | **GR** | Pan American Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Matt Centrowitz | United States | 14:01.0 |  |
|  | Herb Lindsay | United States | 14:04.1 |  |
|  | Rodolfo Gómez | Mexico | 14:05.0 |  |
| 4 | Enrique Aquino | Mexico | 14:05.9 |  |
| 5 | Peter Butler | Canada | 14:07.6 |  |
| 6 | Jaime Vélez | Puerto Rico | 14:17.2 |  |
| 7 | Víctor Mora | Colombia | 14:17.7 |  |
| 8 | Jorge Monín | Argentina | 14:21.3 |  |
| 9 | Luis Tipán | Ecuador | 14:29.1 |  |
| 10 | José Cobo | Cuba | 15:00.5 |  |
| 11 | Sergio Gregorio da Silva | Brazil | 15:07.7 |  |
| 12 | Luis Aquillón | El Salvador | 15:22.5 |  |
|  | Silvio Salazar | Colombia | DNS |  |
|  | Domingo Tibaduiza | Colombia | DNS |  |
|  | Errol Drakes | Guyana | DNS |  |
|  | Michael Fuertado | Jamaica | DNS |  |
|  | Luis Hernández | Mexico | DNS |  |
|  | Lucirio Garrido | Venezuela | DNS |  |
|  | Víctor Gil | Venezuela | DNS |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 5000 metres at the 1979 Pan American Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Estadio Sixto Escobar |
| Dates | 11 July |
| Winning time | 14:01.0 |
| Medalists | |
| United States  United States  Mexico | |
| «1975 1983» | |