title: Elaine Reese

abstract: Jeanne Elaine Reese is an American-New Zealand psychology academic.

text:
# Elaine Reese

**Jeanne Elaine Reese** FRSNZ is an American-New Zealand psychology academic.

## Academic career

After a PhD at Emory University on early-childhood literacy, Reese moved to the University of Otago, where she rose to full professor in 2012. Reese has received four Marsden grants from the Royal Society of New Zealand.

Reese's work involves longitudinal studies of language and story formation in childhood and youth. In 2013, *The Atlantic* published her piece, "What Kids Learn From Hearing Family Stories", based on her research.

In 2019, Reese was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.

## Selected works

* Reese, Elaine, Catherine A. Haden, and Robyn Fivush. "Mother-child conversations about the past: Relationships of style and memory over time." Cognitive development 8, no. 4 (1993): 403–430.
* Fivush, Robyn, Catherine A. Haden, and Elaine Reese. "Elaborating on elaborations: Role of maternal reminiscing style in cognitive and socioemotional development." Child development 77, no. 6 (2006): 1568–1588.
* Reese, Elaine, and Robyn Fivush. "Parental styles of talking about the past." Developmental psychology 29, no. 3 (1993): 596.
* Reese, Elaine, and Adell Cox. "Quality of adult book reading affects children's emergent literacy." Developmental psychology 35, no. 1 (1999): 20.

## InfoBox

| Elaine ReeseFRSNZ | |
| --- | --- |
| Reese in 2008 | |
| Alma mater | Emory University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Psychology of early language acquisition |
| Thesis |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Robyn Fivush |
|  | |


title: Australasian Mediterranean Sea

abstract: The Australasian Mediterranean Sea is a mediterranean sea located in the area between Southeast Asia and Australasia. It connects the Indian and Pacific oceans. It has a maximum depth of 7,440 m and a surface area of 9.08 mil. km².

text:
# Australasian Mediterranean Sea

The **Australasian Mediterranean Sea** is a mediterranean sea located in the area between Southeast Asia and Australasia. It connects the Indian and Pacific oceans. It has a maximum depth of 7,440  and a surface area of 9.08 mil. km².

## Geography

In contrast to the American Mediterranean Sea and Mediterranean Sea, it is not surrounded by continents, only by islands and peninsulas. It includes the following seas:

1. South China Sea \- 3.5 million km2
2. Banda Sea \- 695,000 km2
3. Arafura Sea \- 650,000 km2
4. Timor Sea \- 610,000 km2
5. Java Sea \- 320,000 km2
6. Gulf of Thailand \- 320,000 km2
7. Gulf of Carpentaria \- 300,000 km2
8. Celebes Sea \- 280,000 km2
9. Sulu Sea \- 260,000 km2
10. Flores Sea \- 240,000 km2
11. Molucca Sea \- 200,000 km2
12. Gulf of Tonkin \- 126,250 km2
13. Halmahera Sea \- 95,000 km2
14. Bali Sea \- 45,000 km2
15. Savu Sea \- 35,000 km2
16. Joseph Bonaparte Gulf \- 26,780 km2
17. Seram Sea \- 12,000 km2
18. Straits of Johor
19. Riau Strait
20. Karimata Strait
21. Lombok Strait
22. Luzon Strait
23. Makassar Strait
24. Ombai Strait
25. Strait of Malacca
26. Qiongzhou Strait
27. Singapore Strait
28. Taiwan Strait
29. Sunda Strait
30. Gaspar Strait
31. Wetar Strait

States or territories with a coast on the Australasian Mediterranean Sea are: Australia, Brunei, China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam. It includes the straits of Malacca, Singapore and Luzon, and adjoins the peninsulas of Indochina and Malaysia. The following islands are located within it:

## InfoBox

| Australasian Mediterranean Sea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Australasian Mediterranean Sea | |
| Coordinates | 6°30′S 123°54′E / 6.5°S 123.9°E / -6.5; 123.9 |
| Type | Sea |
| Basin countries | List |
|  | |
| Surface area | 9,080,000 km2 (3,510,000 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 7,440 m (24,410 ft) |


title: 1894–95 Ottawa Hockey Club season

abstract: The 1895 Ottawa Hockey Club season was the club's tenth season of play. After qualifying for the final championship match in 1894, the club placed second in the league.

text:
# 1894–95 Ottawa Hockey Club season

The **1895 Ottawa Hockey Club season** was the club's tenth season of play. After qualifying for the final championship match in 1894, the club placed second in the league.

## Team business

Former player and Stanley Cup trustee P. D. Ross was elected president of the Hockey Club for the season.

## Pre-season

Ottawa played four pre-season games, on December 27, 1894, at home against Montreal HC, winning 5–1. Chauncy Kirby would play goal for Ottawa. The clubs played a rematch exhibition in Montreal on December 30. In this game, spirits were high in the Victoria Skating Rink as the crowd rushed onto the ice after Ottawa tied the game 2–2. Captain Young would order Ottawa off the ice and the game did not resume.

A team composed of American collegiate players visited Ottawa for a two-game series at the start of January. The first game, on January 2, 1895, was played under American rules (with a ball, and the positions titled goal, quarterback and three forwards) and was won by the Americans 5–3. The second game was played under Canadian rules and was won by Ottawa 15–1.

## Season

Ottawa entered the season without a regular goalie as a replacement for Albert Morel was needed. New player Fred Chittick would win the job, but the club would not keep pace with Montreal Victorias and finished second.

### Highlights

A game involving Quebec was noteworthy, on February 23 against Ottawa, won by Ottawa 3–2. The game, played at Quebec, was very rough and the crowd became hostile towards the visitors. At the end of the match, the crowd pursued referee Hamilton and Umpire Findlay as they left the arena, and dragged them back to force them to declare the game a draw. Police were called to break up the demonstration. Subsequent to the match, the AHAC decided to suspend the Quebec hockey club for the rest of the season.

### Final Standing

| Team | Games Played | Wins | Losses | Ties | Goals For | Goals Against |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Montreal Victorias | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 35 | 20 |
| Montreal Hockey Club | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 33 | 22 |
| Ottawa | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 25 | 24 |
| Montreal Crystals | 8 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 21 | 39 |
| Quebec†† | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 18 | 27 |
|

†† Quebec team suspended after attack on officials after game of February 23.

### Results

| Month | Day | Visitor | Score | Home | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jan. | 5 | Crystals | 1 | Ottawa | 9 |
| | 12 | Ottawa | 1 | Victorias | 5 |
| | 19 | Ottawa | 2 | Montreal | 3 |
| | 26 | Quebec | 0 | Ottawa | 1 |
| Feb. | 16 | Montreal | 3 | Ottawa | 4 12' overtime |
| | 23 | Ottawa | 3 | Quebec | 2 |
| Mar. | 2 | Victorias | 3 | Ottawa | 2 |
| | 6 | Ottawa | 3 | Crystals | 7 |
|

### Goaltending averages

| Name | Club | GP | GA | SO | Avg. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chittick, Fred | Ottawa | 6 | 18 | 1 | 3.0 |
| Westwick, Harry | Ottawa | 2 | 6 |  | 3.0 |
|

### Leading scorers

| Name | Club | GP | G |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Russel, Bert | Ottawa | 8 | 10 |
| Kirby, Chauncey | Ottawa | 7 | 5 |
| Smith, Alf | Ottawa | 8 | 5 |
|

### Roster

* Fred Chittick
* Chauncey Kirby
* Joe McDougal
* Harvey Pulford
* Bert Russel
* James Smellie
* Alf Smith
* Dan Waters
* Harry Westwick
* Weldy Young

* Coleman, Charles L. (1966). *The Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol. 1, 1893–1926 inc*.

## InfoBox

| 1894–95 Ottawa Hockey Club | |
| --- | --- |
| League | 3rd AHAC |
| 1894–95 record | 4–4–0 |
| Team information | |
| Captain | Weldy Young |
| Arena | Rideau Skating Rink |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Bert Russel (10) |
| Goals against average | Fred Chittick |
|


title: 1894–95 Scottish Cup

abstract: The 1894–95 Scottish Cup was the 22nd season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by St Bernard's when they beat Renton, 2–1, in the final.

text:
# 1894–95 Scottish Cup

The **1894–95 Scottish Cup** was the 22nd season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by St Bernard's when they beat Renton, 2–1, in the final.

## Calendar

| Round | First match date | Fixtures | Clubs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| First round | 24 November 1894 | 16 | 32 → 16 |
| Second round | 15 December 1894 | 8 | 16 → 8 |
| Quarter-finals | 19 January 1895 | 4 | 8 → 4 |
| Semi-finals | 9 March 1895 | 2 | 4 → 2 |
| Final | 20 April 1895 | 1 | 2 → 1 |

## First round

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Abercorn | 1 – 5 | Leith Athletic * |
| Ayr Parkhouse | 5 – 3 | Polton Vale |
| Celtic | 4 – 1 | Queen's Park |
| Clyde | 7 – 2 | Stevenston Thistle |
| Dumbarton | 2 – 1 | Galston |
| Dundee | 5 – 1 | Orion |
| Hibernian | 6 – 1 | Forfar Athletic |
| Kilmarnock | 5 – 1 | East Stirlingshire |
| Lochee United | 2 – 5 | King's Park |
| Motherwell | 1 – 2 | Mossend Swifts |
| Raith Rovers | 6 – 3 | 5th KRV * |
| Rangers | 1 – 2 | Heart of Midlothian |
| Slamannan Rovers | 2 – 3 | Renton * |
| St Bernard's | 4 – 2 | Airdrieonians |
| St Mirren | 5 – 0 | Battlefield * |
| Third Lanark | 4 – 5 | Annbank |

* Match Declared Void

### First round replay

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Abercorn | 4 –1 | Leith Athletic |
| 5th KRV | 4 – 3 | Raith Rovers |
| Renton | 4 –0 | Slamannan Rovers |
| St Mirren | 8 –1 | Battlefield |

## Second round

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Abercorn | 1 –6 | Heart of Midlothian |
| Ayr Parkhouse | 3 – 1 | Mossend Swifts |
| Clyde | 4 – 2 | Annbank |
| Dundee | 2 – 0 | St Mirren |
| Hibernian | 2 – 0 | Celtic * |
| King's Park | 2 – 1 | Dumbarton |
| Renton | 6 – 0 | 5th KRV |
| St Bernard's | 3 – 1 | Kilmarnock |

* Match Declared Void

### Second round replay

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hibernian | 0 –2 | Celtic |

## Quarter-final

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ayr Parkhouse | 2 – 3 | Renton |
| Clyde | 2 – 6 | St Bernard's |
| Dundee | 1 – 0 | Celtic |
| Heart of Midlothian | 4 – 2 | King's Park |

### Quarter-final replay

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Clyde | 1 – 2 | St Bernard's |

## Semi-finals

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dundee | 1 – 2 | Renton * |
| Heart of Midlothian | 0 – 0 | St Bernard's |

* Match was played as a friendly due to difficult field conditions

### Semi-final replay

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dundee | 3 – 3 | Renton |
| Heart of Midlothian | 0 – 1 | St Bernard's |

### Semi-final second replay

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Renton | 3 – 0 | Dundee |

## Final

| St Bernard's | 2–1 | Renton |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cleland |  | Gilfillan  44' |

Ibrox Park, GovanAttendance: 12,000

### Teams

| **St. Bernard's:**   GK  James Sneddon  RB  Bob Foyers  LB  Coombe Hall  RH  George Murdoch  CH  Tom Robertson  LH  Patrick McManus  OR  Robert Laing  IR  Daniel Paton  CF  Jimmy Oswald  IL  Bernard Crossan  OL  James Cleland | **Renton:**   GK  Matthew Dickie  RB  John L. Ritchie  LB  Archie McCall  RH  David Tait  CH  William McColl  LH  Robert Glen  OR  John McLean  IR  John Murray  CF  Jack Pryce  IL  David Gilfillan  OL  Robert Duncan |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1894–95 Scottish Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Scotland |
| Defending champions | Rangers |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | St Bernard's |
| Runner-up | Renton |
|  | |


title: East Toronto

abstract: East Toronto is a former municipality, located within the current boundaries of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It covered much of the present-day neighbourhood of the Upper Beaches, stretching up to Danforth Avenue in the north, part of it stretching to Lake Ontario in the south a portion of the present-day neighbourhood, The Beaches. The central street in East Toronto was Main Street, running between Danforth Avenue to Kingston Road. The commercial center of the town was located at the intersection of Main Street and Lake View Avenue. Following the annexation of East Toronto into Toronto, Main Street retained its name despite Toronto's conceptual Main Street being historically designated to be Yonge Street.

text:
# East Toronto

**East Toronto** is a former municipality, located within the current boundaries of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It covered much of the present-day neighbourhood of the Upper Beaches, stretching up to Danforth Avenue in the north, part of it stretching to Lake Ontario in the south a portion of the present-day neighbourhood, The Beaches. The central street in East Toronto was Main Street, running between Danforth Avenue to Kingston Road. The commercial center of the town was located at the intersection of Main Street and Lake View Avenue (present-day Gerrard Street). Following the annexation of East Toronto into Toronto, Main Street retained its name despite Toronto's conceptual Main Street being historically designated to be Yonge Street.

## History

The area, after being colonized by British settlers, was occupied in about 1850, when it was a considerable distance from the city of Toronto. It was incorporated as a village in 1888 when about 800 people were living in the area. The area began to grow rapidly and in 1903 it was elevated from a village to a town. The southern part of the community by the lake became one of Toronto's most popular travel destinations and became home to hotels and amusement parks. The northern section, by contrast, was an industrial centre, home to the Grand Trunk Railway's main yards. These facilities stretched along most of Gerrard Street and employed several hundred workers.

When East Toronto was annexed to city of Toronto in 1908 it had a population of about 5,000 people. The CN freight yards closed down in that same year of 1908 and relocated to Belleville and Etobicoke, a move that forced the area into a transition from a railway-based small town into a commuter-based neighbourhood within a city. The trunk yards themselves were essentially abandoned for over 90 years until a housing development was built on most of the land they once occupied

Today East Toronto commonly refers to the area east of the Don River. This includes neighbourhoods such as Upper Beaches, Riverdale, Leslieville, East Danforth, and the Beaches.

## Street name changes

With the annexation by the city of Toronto in 1908, many East Toronto street names were changed, as the city of Toronto already had streets by those names. The following tables show the changes made, with the names of changed streets **in bold text**.

### North/south streets

| Street names | |
| --- | --- |
| Pre-annexation | Present |
| **Oak Avenue** | Willow Avenue |
| **Beach Avenue** | Beech Avenue |
| Balsam Avenue | Balsam Avenue |
| **Spruce Avenue** | Spruce Hill Road |
| **Howard Avenue** | MacLean Avenue
(between Lake Front and Queen only) |
| **Catherine Street** | Pickering Street |
| Hannaford Street | Hannaford Street |
| **Charles Street** | Malvern Avenue |
| **John Street** | Wayland Avenue |
| **Edward Street** | Osborne Avenue |
| Walter Street | Walter Street |
| **Mary Street** | Kimberley Avenue |
| Main Street | Main Street |
| Enderby Road | Enderby Road |
| Norwood Road | Norwood Road |
| Lee Avenue | Lee Avenue |
| Woodlee Road | Woodlee Road |
| **Elliot Street** | Barrington Avenue |
| **Donald Street** | Westlake Avenue
(south of The Danforth only) |
| Morton Road | Morton Road |
|

The following north/south streets were outside the village limits of East Toronto, but were included in the annexation, and had their street names changed.

| Street names | |
| --- | --- |
| Pre-annexation | Present |
| **Birch Avenue** | Silver Birch Avenue |
| **Maple Avenue** | Scarborough Road
(between Queen and Kingston only) |
| **Cockburn Avenue** | Scarborough Road
(between Swanwick and Gerrard only) |
| **Reid Avenue** | Rhodes Avenue |
| **Erie Terrace** | Craven Road |
| **Morley Avenue** | Woodfield Road |
|

### East/west streets

| Street names | |
| --- | --- |
| Pre-annexation | Present |
| Queen Street | Queen Street East |
| Cedar Avenue | Cedar Avenue |
| Pine Avenue | Pine Avenue |
| Kingston Road | Kingston Road |
| Lyall Avenue | Lyall Avenue |
| Benlamond Avenue | Benlamond Avenue |
| Swanwick Avenue | Swanwick Avenue
(between Enderby and Pickering only) |
| **Lake View Avenue** | Gerrard Street East |
| Stephenson Avenue | Stephenson Avenue |
| Danforth Avenue | Danforth Avenue |
| **Lansdowne Avenue** | Coleman Avenue |
|

The following east/west streets were outside the village limits of East Toronto, but were included in the annexation. Streets that had their names changed are **in bold text**.

| Street names | |
| --- | --- |
| Pre-annexation | Present |
| Glenfern Avenue | Glenfern Avenue |
| Balmy Avenue | Balmy Avenue |
| **Barwick Avenue** | Swanwick Avenue
(between Lawlor and Scarborough only) |
|

43°40′51″N 79°17′40″W / 43.6808°N 79.2944°W / 43.6808; -79.2944


title: Eburia cubae

abstract: Eburia cubae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Eburia cubae

***Eburia cubae*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Eburia cubae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eburia* |
| Species: | ***E. cubae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eburia cubae***<br>Fisher, 1932 | |
|


title: Echinolittorina albicarinata

abstract: Echinolittorina albicarinata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

text:
# Echinolittorina albicarinata

***Echinolittorina albicarinata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Echinolittorina albicarinata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Littorinidae |
| Genus: | *Echinolittorina* |
| Species: | ***E. albicarinata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Echinolittorina albicarinata***
(McLean, 1970) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Littorina albicarinata* McLean, 1970
*Nodilittorina albicarinata* (McLean, 1970) | |


title: Echinolittorina angustior

abstract: Echinolittorina angustior is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

text:
# Echinolittorina angustior

***Echinolittorina angustior*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

## Distribution

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 17 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 0 m.

## InfoBox

| *Echinolittorina angustior* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Littorinidae |
| Genus: | *Echinolittorina* |
| Species: | ***E. angustior*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Echinolittorina angustior***<br>(Mörch, 1876) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Littorina angustior* Mörch, 1876 | |


title: Ambili Ammavan (film)

abstract: Ambili Ammavan is a 1986 Indian Malayalam film, directed by KG Vijayakumar. The film stars Jagathy Sreekumar, Nedumudi Venu, Kalaranjini and Santhakumari in lead roles. The film had musical score by Kannur Rajan.

text:
# Ambili Ammavan (film)

***Ambili Ammavan*** is a 1986 Indian Malayalam film, directed by KG Vijayakumar. The film stars Jagathy Sreekumar, Nedumudi Venu, Kalaranjini and Santhakumari in lead roles. The film had musical score by Kannur Rajan.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Ambili Ammavan | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | KG Vijayakumar |
| Written by | Veloor Krishnankutty |
| Screenplay by | Veloor Krishnankutty |
| Produced by | vijay varghese, Joice Thoppil |
| Starring | Jagathy Sreekumar
Nedumudi Venu
Kalaranjini
Santhakumari |
| Cinematography | VC Sasi |
| Edited by | L Bhoominathan |
| Music by | Kannur Rajan |
| Production
company | Yuvaraja Productions |
| Distributed by | Yuvaraja Productions |
| Release date | * 28 November 1986 (1986-11-28) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Early life of Lord Byron

abstract: George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale, better known as the poet Lord Byron, was born 22 January 1788 in Holles Street, London, England, and from 2 years old raised by his mother in Aberdeen, Scotland before moving back to England aged 10. His life was complicated by his father, who died deep in debt when he was a child. He was able to work his way through school, and his life advanced after he inherited both his great-uncle's title in 1798 and the Newstead Abbey estate.

text:
# Early life of Lord Byron

**George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale**, better known as the poet **Lord Byron**, was born 22 January 1788 in Holles Street, London, England, and from 2 years old raised by his mother in Aberdeen, Scotland before moving back to England aged 10. His life was complicated by his father, who died deep in debt when he was a child. He was able to work his way through school, and his life advanced after he inherited both his great-uncle's title in 1798 and the Newstead Abbey estate.

## Parents

Lord Byron's family in the English Midlands can be traced back without interruption to Ralph de Buran who arrived in England with William the Conqueror in the 11th century. His land holdings are listed in the Domesday Book.

Byron was the only child of Captain John Byron (known as 'Jack') and his second wife Catherine Gordon, heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

Byron's paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral John Byron and Sophia Trevanion. Having survived a shipwreck as a teenage midshipman, set a new speed record for circumnavigating the globe and become embroiled in a tempestuous voyage during the American Revolutionary War, John had been nicknamed 'Foul-Weather Jack' Byron by the press. The rest of the Byron family seemed to have a knack for scandal, and a history of infidelity and debt. The poet's great-uncle, William, 5th Baron Byron had virtually ruined their ancestral estate at Newstead Abbey thanks to his constant spending, and had been tried for murder after a violent encounter in a London tavern.

Byron's own father Jack was the sixth child and eldest boy of nine. Having attended school, and a military academy, he enlisted into the army. Even before he turned 21 he had developed a habit for spending, and constantly wheedled money out of his parents. While in his early twenties Byron's father Jack had previously been somewhat scandalously married to Amelia, Marchioness of Carmarthen, with whom he had been having an affair – the wedding took place just weeks after her divorce from her husband, and she was around eight months pregnant. The marriage was not a happy one, and their first two children – Sophia Georgina, and an unnamed boy – died in infancy. Amelia herself died in 1784 almost exactly a year after the birth of their third child, the poet's half-sister Augusta Mary. Though she succumbed to a wasting illness, probably tuberculosis, the press reported that her heart had been broken out of remorse for leaving her husband. Much later, 19th-century sources blamed Jack's own "brutal and vicious" treatment of her.

John Byron, in debt and deprived of his wife's £4000 a year income, went to Bath in search of another rich wife. Here he met Catherine Gordon, who was called his "Golden Dolly" for her fortune of £23,000; she was a direct descendant of James I of Scotland.

The Gordon family, like the Byron family, had a history of turmoil and death; her grandfather drowned in 1760, her sister Abercromby died in 1777, her father drowned in Bath Canal in 1779, her other sister Margaret died in 1780, and her mother died in 1782. Her parents, to preserve the family name, had introduced a clause in their will that required the husband of their daughter to take the Gordon name as his own, which John Byron was eager to do. The two married in Bath, 13 May 1785. By July the newly-weds had settled at Gight where John Byron ran through most of the £23,000 Catherine had brought to their marriage. Soon after, he sold her property, the Castle of Gight, for £18,690 to pay off his debts. In March 1786 they went through a second marriage ceremony and John Byron became John Byron Gordon to fulfil the need to sell the estate in Gight. By the end of 1786, Catherine had lost her fortune and her land to John Byron's creditors but she never blamed him for her loss. In July 1787 John fled from the Isle of Wight, where the couple had been living to avoid creditors, to Paris. He was joined there the following September by Mrs Byron who was pregnant. In December she returned to London whilst Byron's father remained on the move to avoid creditors.

## Childhood

George Gordon Byron was born 22 January 1788 in a house on Holles Street in London. In 1790, Jack and Catherine moved to Aberdeen for a period but His parents' residency in Scotland was not to last, as John wrote to his sister, "She is very amiable at a distance; but I defy you and all the Apostles to live with her two months, for if anybody could live with her, it was me". Byron's parents then decided to live in separate houses upon the same street to see if the distance would allow them to bear each other, which left Byron to be raised by his mother and a nursemaid, Agnes Gray. His parents would meet regularly until they realised that their separation did not solve their problems; John Byron would come to talk to his son, but after being allowed to take Byron to his house to spend one night, he realised that he could not tolerate either Byron or his mother any longer. Shortly thereafter, John left Scotland to live with his sister Fanny (Frances) Leigh at Valenciennes, France, where he died in 1791 of a 'long & suffering' consumptive illness, probably tuberculosis. After John Byron's death, Gordon claimed that she "ever sincerely loved" Byron, and she despaired at her loss.

Catherine Gordon was taught to read at a young age and had a passion for literature, a passion she shared with her son. Byron would read through the Bible, focusing predominantly on the Old Testament, and he would also read works dealing with history or narrative tales like the *Arabian Nights*. However this passion for reading was not the only passion mother and child shared; Catherine was also known for having a violent temper. The son inherited his mother's temper but he would not speak while he experienced various fits. On one occasion, the young Byron bit off a piece of a china saucer during his "silent rage". Byron's problems were compounded by his mother's lack of money, especially with her having to provide for her delinquent husband. When word reached her that John Byron had died, she cried out loud enough for her neighbourhood to hear. However, her troubles were not over, for in his final moments John Byron had incurred even more debt, which burdened his widow to the point of having to move to another home in worse conditions.

Without money, she was instead forced to send her son to a day-school at the Long Acre of Aberdeen. Byron did not learn anything at the school, and his mother was forced to hire a series of tutors who taught him literature until he was able to enter the Aberdeen Grammar School which he attended until his move back to England as a ten year old in 1798. It was here that Byron became fascinated with politics and began to practice writing narratives. Not everything taught to Byron was met with appreciation; Byron was brought up under Scottish Calvinistic influences including predestination, which encouraged a pessimistic view of life. His mother felt that Byron took in "the gloomiest Calvinistic tenets" and believed that she was also "broken against the rock of Predestination."

### Illness and Newstead

In 1796, Byron suffered from scarlet fever, and his mother took him to the Scottish Highlands to stay in the mountains until his recovery. This experience affected Byron greatly, as he described in his poetry, especially his memory of the mountain of Lochnagar and a girl named Mary. He soon fell in love with another Mary, a cousin, and would still think of her until he was 27. On 21 May 1798, the death of Byron's great-uncle, the "wicked" Lord Byron, allowed the 10-year-old to become the 6th Baron Byron; he inherited the Rochdale estate in Lancashire, and Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire, coming under the care of his relative, Frederick Howard, Earl of Carlisle. Byron noticed no difference in how he was treated until the first time he was given the title *dominus* (meaning 'lord') in class; he was struck speechless and burst into tears while the other schoolchildren sat in amazement. However, little money came with the inheritance, as his great-uncle had already squandered most of his fortune; the fifth Lord Byron had sold the Rochdale estate illegally, and more money had to be put into a legal battle to restore Rochdale to Byron.

Although Newstead was not in a state that allowed Byron and his mother to live there, they were able to move to nearby Nottingham during August 1798. The residence formed by the ruins of Newstead Abbey adjoined by a large house served as an inspiration of Gothic themes and his belief that there are layers of history that are part of objects in life. During his early moments at Newstead, Byron was attended to by a nurse, May Gray, who developed a reputation for "perpetually beating him", which shocked the residents of Nottingham. These beatings occurred as she attempted to educate Byron on religion, after which she abandoned the young boy in the dark. This darkness particularly frightened Byron, as Gray led him to believe that the house was haunted at Gray's prompting. Byron's mother did not find out about these incidents until after Gray was dismissed in 1799.

When Byron was born, he suffered from lameness and a twisted foot. After Gray was fired, Byron was put in the care of a "trussmaker to the General hospital", a man named Lavender, in hopes that he could be cured; however, Lavender instead abused the boy and would occasionally use him as a servant. After Byron exposed Lavender as a fool, Gordon took her son to visit Doctor Matthew Baillie in London. They took up residence at Sloane Terrace during the summer of 1799, and there Byron started to receive treatment, such as specially designed boots. This medical treatment amounted to £150 a year with 2 guineas per school visit by the physician. Not all of Byron's experiences at Nottingham were for the worse, as Byron was popular among his relatives, such as his great-aunt Frances Byron and her Mrs Parkyns, and among the gentry, middle class, and other important individuals of Nottingham society.

### Education

In August 1799, Byron entered the school of William Glennie, an Aberdonian in Dulwich. Glennie was Byron's first "serious teacher", but also one with whom Catherine Gordon would constantly squabble, especially over the control of her son's schedule. Catherine's actions alienated her from both Glennie and Lord Carlisle, with Byron unable to do anything but observe. Regardless of his suffering, Byron was able to perform his "first dash into poetry" in 1800; he wrote a love poem in honour of his cousin, Margaret Parker, "one of the most beautiful of evanescent beings"., and she would inspire another poem two years later when she died at the age of 15. Byron also refused to let his lameness prevent him from participating in any of the usual physical activities that schoolboys engage in, and on one occasion threw his leg brace into a pond in defiance.

In 1801, his mother declared "he must go to a public school", and Byron was soon after sent to Harrow. His experience at Harrow was dissatisfying to Byron as his lame foot, his lack of money, and his previously neglected education caused to say later that "I always *hated* Harrow till the last year and a half." The Headmaster, Dr Joseph Drury, believed that Byron was "a wild mountain colt" who had a "supersensitive vanity", and as a result placed him under the individual tutorial guidance of his own son Henry Drury, an assistant master, until he could be placed in a class of boys that were his own age. In response to the harsh treatment that he felt that he received at Harrow from the schoolmasters and some of the fellow students, Byron wrote to his mother in 1804: "I will cut myself a path through the world or perish in the attempt. Others have begun life with nothing and ended Greatly. And shall I who have a competent if not a large fortune, remain idle, No, I will carve myself the passage to Grandeur, but never with Dishonour."

While at Harrow, Byron became close to John FitzGibbon, second Earl of Clare, and with George John, fifth Earl De la Warr, and Byron retained memories of both. Clare in particular was Byron's favourite, and, after one meeting in which they could spend only five minutes together, Byron afterwards could "hardly recollect an hour of my existence which could be weighted against them". Byron had other friends at Harrow, including John Wingfield, Edward Noel Long, (grandson of Edward Long) and George, Duke of Dorset, all of whom appear in Byron's *Childish Recollections*. Only Long would continue to Cambridge with Byron. These friendships meant a lot to Byron, and when his friends started dying he claimed that "some curse hangs over me. I never could keep alive even a dog that I liked, or that liked me". Not all of Byron's relationships encouraged him to stay at the school. Byron's early loves included Mary Duff and Margaret Parker, his distant cousins, and Mary Chaworth, whom he met while at Harrow. Byron refused to return to Harrow in September 1803 due to his love for Chaworth. In Byron's later memoirs, according to Byron's biographer Fiona MacCarthy, "Mary Chaworth is portrayed as the first object of his adult sexual feelings". He returned to Harrow in January 1804. By Easter of that year he had begun to correspond with his half-sister, Augusta. His early letters to her illustrate his earnest desire to establish an affectionate friendship with 'a Friend to whom I can confide.'

|  | Since I left Harrow, I have become idle and conceited, from scribbling rhyme and making love to women. |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| – Byron | | |

However, his time at Harrow was not spent just in idleness or with his friends; Byron busied himself by reading books; history was his primary subject, followed by biography, poetry, philosophy, and other topics. He was originally supposed to be an orator, and he would read various passages in aloud for others. However, Byron's attitude caused problems between him and the administration at Harrow (markedly, he led a rebellion among the boys against the new headmaster, the Revd Dr George Butler) and during the 1804 Christmas holidays, Byron, at Drury's prompting, wanted to leave the school. However, Carlisle intervened and Byron stayed at Harrow until July 1805. He was accepted at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he went up the following October.

### College

While not at school or college, Byron lived with his mother at Burgage Manor in Southwell, Nottinghamshire. Although there was some antagonism between mother and son, Byron cultivated friendships with Elizabeth Pigot and her brother, John, with whom he staged two plays for the delight of the community, along with Augusta Mary Byron, his half-sister. During this time, with the help of Elizabeth Pigot, who copied many of his rough drafts, he was encouraged to write his first volumes of poetry. *Fugitive Pieces* was the first, printed by Ridge of Newark, which contained poems written when Byron was only 14. However, it was promptly recalled and burned on the advice of his friend, the Reverend Thomas Becher, on account of its more amorous verses, particularly the poem "To Mary". The second edition impression of the book, called *Poems on Various Occasions* printed in January 1807, was given to John Pigot as a gift that he cherished until his death.

Instead of Cambridge, Byron originally wanted to go to Christ Church, Oxford but there were no vacancies. Instead, he chose Cambridge at Drury's recommendation. The choice did not matter, since college life in general did not suit his personality. He wrote in his diary, "I was so completely alone in this new world that it half broke my spirits... It was one of the deadliest and heaviest feelings of my life that I was no longer a boy". However, this did not mitigate his contempt towards the other students, and he quickly grew dissatisfied with the society surrounding Cambridge: "It is the *Devil* or at least his principal residence. They call it the University, but any other appellation would have suited it better, for Study is the last pursuit of the Society".

He spent his time with Long, and the two would swim, ride, read, and talk with each other. However, they shared a fear of becoming overweight, and this marked the beginning of Byron's "Thinning Campaign". Long was not Byron's only companion during this time; he had a short-lived friendship with John Edleston, a fifteen-year-old choirboy. About his "protégé" he wrote, "He has been my *almost constant* associate since October, 1805. His *voice* first attracted my attention, his *countenance* fixed it, and his *manners* attached me to him for ever." The boy gave Byron a carnelian ring, in return for saving his life, and to which Byron wrote *The Cornelian* in October 1806:

He offer'd it with downcast look, As *fearful* that I might refuse it; I told him, when the gift I took, My *only fear* should be, to lose it.

The two planned to live together after Edleston grew older, but the two parted and Byron would never see the boy again as Edleston died from consumption in 1811. As well as spending time with friends, Byron did join in with the rest of the community; however, he did not enjoy this time because, as he said, "I could not share in the commonplace libertinism of the place and time without disgust. And yet this very disgust, and my heart thrown back upon itself, threw me into excesses perhaps more fatal than those from which I shrunk, as fixing upon one (at a time) the passions which, spread amongst many, would have hurt only myself".

Lord Byron (main article)


title: Early life of Mark and Steve Waugh

abstract: The early life of Mark and Steve Waugh, a set of twins who played Test and ODI cricket for Australia from the 1980s to the 2000s, was characterised by their steady rise through the sporting rankings in a variety of sports.

text:
# Early life of Mark and Steve Waugh

The **early life of Mark and Steve Waugh**, a set of twins who played Test and ODI cricket for Australia from the 1980s to the 2000s, was characterised by their steady rise through the sporting rankings in a variety of sports.

## Birth

Born at Canterbury Hospital on 2 June 1965, Mark Edward Waugh and Stephen Rodger Waugh are fraternal twins born to Rodger and Beverley Waugh. Mark arrived four minutes after Steve. Their father was a bank official and their mother was a teacher within the New South Wales Department of Education. The family settled in the western Sydney suburb of Panania. The twins were later joined by two more brothers, Dean and Danny. From an early age, the parents introduced their children to sport. By the age of six, the twins were playing organised soccer, tennis and cricket. In their first cricket match, the brothers were both dismissed for ducks.

## Family heritage

The twins came from a sporting family. Their paternal grandfather Edward was a greyhound trainer. Raised in the northern coastal town of Bangalow, Edward earned selection for the New South Wales Country team in rugby league. He was about to join Eastern Suburbs in the New South Wales Rugby League, but had to give up his career to nurse his wife, who was ill with polio. Rodger was Edward's only son and was a promising tennis player. He was ranked eighth in Australia in his junior years, in an era when Australia was the dominant power. He played against the likes of Tony Roche and John Newcombe and was the state champion at under-14 level. On the maternal side, Bev was a tennis player who won the under-14 singles at the South Australian Championships. Her eldest brother Dion Bourne was an opening batsman who played for Bankstown in Sydney Grade Cricket and remains the leading runscorer in the club's history.

## Junior career

The twins made their first representative cricket team when they were selected the Bankstown District under-10s at the age of eight. They were both sent off the field because their sleeves were of the wrong colourBev had knitted on the colours of the team, but everyone else was wearing plain white. In 1976, the twins were the youngest ever to be selected in the New South Wales Primary Schools' soccer team. Playing for Panania Primary School, the twins swept their school to win the Umbro International Shield, a statewide knockout soccer competition, scoring all of their team's three goals in the final. They were a key part of their school's consecutive state cricket championships, and were part of the school tennis team that came second in the state in their final year. In their final year, Mark was the captain of the state primary school cricket and tennis teams, both of which won the national championships. Steve was the vice-captain of the cricket team and captained the state soccer team. The twins were instrumental in New South Wales winning the cricket carnival without a defeat, in one match combining in a partnership of 150.

By this time, the increasing time demands led to conflicts between the sports, and the twins were delisted from the Bankstown Junior Soccer Association for missing a representative team. At the time, both were away playing tennis and soccer for the state age group team. Bankstown were unrepentant, so the twins registered with Auburn in soccer. The twins progressed to East Hills Boys Technology High School, which had a history of producing Australian international representatives in a number of sports. The school later educated quintuple-Olympic gold medallist Ian Thorpe.

Aged 13, the twins were invited by their uncle Bourne, then the captain of Bankstown's first grade team, to trial for the club's under-16 team for the Green Shield. They gained selection, but neither averaged more than 20 for the season. Aged fourteen, both made their senior grade cricket debut in 19791980, playing in the Fourth XI. The twins broke into East Hills Boys First XI in the same season, and achieved the same level in soccer. In 1980, the twins began playing for Auburn in the state soccer league. The twins generally played two games in a row, in their proper age group, before again with older boys. The same occurred in cricket, where they played in age group competitions in the morning before playing grade cricket in the afternoon. In 198081 the brothers were elevated to the Third XI mid-season. Mark's performance in the Green Shield saw him selected in Bankstown's under-21 team, still aged 15.

The brothers often won formed a two-man teamin one match against Bankstown Boys High School, Mark scored a century and then the brothers took 16/85 between them. At the end of 1980, the twins were selected in the state under-16 team for the national carnival, with Mark as vice-captain.

When Mark was 16, he grew around one foot in one year. It was a relief, because he had been diagnosed with the repetitive stress injury Osgood-Schlatter disease at 15, and told that he would not grow any further than his then height of 152 cm. The pair changed soccer teams to play in the reserve grade for Sydney Croatia in the state league. Mark was a defender while Steve was a forward, and the pair were paid small amounts in the professional league. However, they quickly left as their cricket careers increasingly demanded more time.

The brothers were promoted to Bankstown's Second XI, before being selected for the First XI in the 198283 season, aged 17, both making their debut against Western Suburbs. Mark made 97 on debut, opening against a bowling attack that included Test player Greg Matthews. Steve was dropped back to the Second XI, but Mark stayed in top division and ended the season with 427 runs at 30.50. This placed him second in his team's aggregates and he contributed 14 wickets at 10.71. By this time, his coaches had already identified the traits by which Mark was to be characterised in his international career. The Bankstown yearbook noted that "accomplished . . . apart from the occasional lazy shot in no-man's land . . . A very good right-hand medium-pace bowler and one of the safest pairs of hands." Steve was regarded as an aggressive player, something that characterised his early international career.

The twins finished high school at the end of 1983. In 198384, both were members of New South Wales Combined High Schools and the state under-19 team. Mark was named as the player of the series in the New South Wales Schoolboys Championships, having scored 132 not out against Combined Associated Schools and then 105 not out and 4/32 against Combined Catholic Colleges. Steve made 170 against Great Public Schools. The brothers were then selected for Australia for the first time. They had been named in the national under-19 team to play a Test and ODI series against the touring Sri Lankan counterparts.

The under-19 series pitted several future international players against one another. Opening batsman Mark Taylor later went on to captain the Waugh brothers in the senior national team, while Craig McDermott was to break into international cricket less than a year later and lead the Australian pace attack for the next decade. Mark scored 123 in the Second Test at the Adelaide Oval, before Steve scored 187 in the Third Test at Melbourne as Australia won 10.

During the season, the brothers began life after high school. Mark did not contemplate going to university and both became sports equipment salesmen. Steve had enrolled in a teaching course, but withdrew after a few lectures. Both brothers made their maiden First XI century during the season; Mark scored 108 against Mosman, while Steve scored centuries against Sydney University and Waverley.

At the start of the 198485 season, the brothers were included in the New South Wales state squad.

* Knight, James (2003). *Mark Waugh:the biography*. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-7322-7493-1.
* Perry, Roland (2000). *Captain Australia: A history of the celebrated captains of Australian Test cricket*. Sydney: Random House Australia. ISBN 1-74051-174-3.


title: 1903 Liverpool City Council election

abstract: Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Monday 2 November 1903. Wavertree West was a new ward with 1 seat elected. All three seats in each of the Wavertree and West Derby wards were contested. This was the first Liverpool City Council election that the Liverpool Protestant Party took part. Protestant candidates stood in four wards, Breckfield, Garston, Kirkdale and St. Domingo. Three of these wards, Garston, Kirkdale and St. Domingo returned Protestant councillors. Of the 38 seats up for election, 14 were not contested. After the election, the composition of the council was:

text:
# 1903 Liverpool City Council election

**Elections to Liverpool City Council** were held on Monday 2 November 1903.

Wavertree West was a new ward with 1 seat elected.

All three seats in each of the Wavertree and West Derby wards were contested.

This was the first Liverpool City Council election that the Liverpool Protestant Party took part. Protestant candidates stood in four wards, Breckfield, Garston, Kirkdale and St. Domingo. Three of these wards, Garston, Kirkdale and St. Domingo returned Protestant councillors.

Of the 38 seats up for election, 14 were not contested.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

| Party | | Councillors | ± | Aldermen | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | ?? | -4 | ?? | ?? |
|  | Liberal | ?? | +2 | ?? | ?? |
|  | Irish Nationalist | ?? | +2 | ?? | ?? |
|  | Protestant | 3 | +3 | 0 | 3 |
|  | Irish Nationalist & Liberal | 1 | +1 | 0 | 1 |
|  | Independent | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? |
|

## Election result

Liverpool Local Election Result 1903
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **20** | **2** | **6** | **-4** | **53%** |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 10 | 3 | 1 | +2 | 26% |  |  |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist | 4 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 11% |  |  |  |
|  | Protestant | 3 | 3 | 0 | +3 | 7.9% |  |  |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist and Liberal | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | 2.6% |  |  |  |
|  | Labour Repr. Cmte. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Independent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

In view of the significant number of uncontested seats (14 of 38), these statistics should be taken in that context.

## Ward results

***** \- Retiring Councillor seeking re-election

Comparisons are made with the 1900 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.

### Abercromby

No. 21 Abercromby
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Dr. Charles Alexander Hill** | **737** | **50.1%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Richard George Hough | 734 | 49.9% |  |
| Majority | | | 3 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,796 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,471 | 53% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Aigburth

No. 29 Aigburth
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Salmon *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Anfield

No. 3 Anfield
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Henry Jones** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### Breckfield

No. 6 Breckfield
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Duncan *** | **1,200** | **50.02%** |  |
|  | Protestant | Dr. John Percy Waddy | 1,199 | 49.98% |  |
| Majority | | | 1 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,196 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,399 | 57% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Brunswick

No. 25 Brunswick
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irish Nationalist and Liberal | **John Alfred Kelly** | **994** | **55%** |  |
|  | Conservative | James Maddrell | 804 | 45% |  |
| Majority | | | 190 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,961 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,798 | 61% |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist and Liberal Party (UK) **gain** from Liberal | |  |  |  |

### Castle Street

No. 18 Castle Street
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Thomas Wood *** | **586** | **59%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Henry Baker Wyatt | 409 | 41% |  |
| Majority | | | 177 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,130 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 995 | 47% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Dingle

No. 26 Dingle
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Alfred Stephen Collard *** | **1,159** | **72%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Cæsar Alfred Mudie | 446 | 28% |  |
| Majority | | | 713 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 5,249 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,605 | 31% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Edge Hill

No. 12 Edge Hill
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **William Edward Parry** | **1,417** | **50%** |  |
|  | Independent | Arthur Grove Wragg | 749 | 26% |  |
|  | Labour | Samuel Reeves | 676 | 24% |  |
| Majority | | | 668 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,999 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,842 | 57% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Everton

No. 9 Everton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Edward Lewis Lloyd *** | **1,424** | **56%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Robert Roberts | 974 | 38% |  |
|  | Ind. Conservative | Edward Forrester | 156 | 6% |  |
| Majority | | | 450 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,672 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,554 | 55% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Exchange

No. 16 Exchange
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Sutherland Harmood-Banner *** | **424** | **80%** |  |
|  | Independent | Edward Phillips | 101 | 19% |  |
|  | Independent | John Hughes | 7 | 1% |  |
| Majority | | | 323 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,643 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 532 | 32% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Fairfield

No. 4 Fairfield
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Francis L'Estrange Joseph** | **1,323** | **71%** |  |
|  | Conservative | George Harold Jäger | 550 | 29% |  |
| Majority | | | 773 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 3,384 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,873 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### Garston

No. 30 Garston
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Protestant | **Frederick Maddocks** | **631** | **39%** |  |
|  | Liberal | James Pickthall ***** | 510 | 32% |  |
|  | Conservative | Joseph Matthews | 458 | 35% |  |
| Majority | | | 121 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,913 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,599 | 84% |  |
|  | Protestant **gain** from Liberal | | Swing |  |  |

### Granby

No. 22 Granby
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Joseph Harrison Jones *** | **1,188** | **54%** |  |
|  | Conservative | Alexander Henderson | 1,016 | 46% |  |
| Majority | | | 172 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 3,899 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,204 | 57% |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Great George

No. 20 Great George
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **William Muirhead *** | **800** | **59%** |  |
|  | Liberal | John Henderson | 551 | 41% |  |
| Majority | | | 249 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,833 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,351 | 74% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Kensington

No. 11 Kensington
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Edward Burns *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Kirkdale

No. 2 Kirkdale
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Protestant | **David Henry Grant** | **2,424** | **61%** |  |
|  | Conservative | Edward Russell Taylor ***** | 1,526 | 39% |  |
| Majority | | | 898 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 6,302 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 3,950 | 63% |  |
|  | Protestant **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### Low Hill

No. 10 Low Hill
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **David Alexander McNeight *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Netherfield

No. 8 Netherfield
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Simon Jude *** | **1,648** | **69%** |  |
|  | Liberal | William Harrop | 731 | 31% |  |
| Majority | | | 917 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,200 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,379 | 57% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### North Scotland

No. 13 North Scotland
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irish Nationalist | **Thomas Kelly** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Old Swan

No. 28A Old Swan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **James Wilson Walker** | **723** | **56%** |  |
|  | Liberal | William Ramsden | 577 | 44% |  |
| Majority | | | 146 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,168 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,300 | 60% |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

### Prince's Park

No. 23 Prince's Park
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Harold Chaloner Dowdall *** | **1,206** | **53%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Max Muspratt | 1,090 | 47% |  |
| Majority | | | 116 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 3,723 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,296 | 62% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Sandhills

No. 1 Sandhills
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irish Nationalist | **Michael Edward Kearney** | **1,081** | **54%** |  |
|  | Conservative | David Henry Grant ***** | 911 | 46% |  |
| Majority | | | 170 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 3,339 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,992 | 60% |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### St. Anne's

No. 17 St. Anne's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **George King *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### St. Domingo

No. 7 St. Domingo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Protestant | **William Gilbert** | **1,627** | **59%** |  |
|  | Conservative | Robert Alfred Hampson ***** | 1,102 | 40% |  |
|  | Independent | Patrick Arthur Loftus | 9 | 0.33% |  |
| Majority | | | 525 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,582 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,738 | 60% |  |
|  | Protestant **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### St. Peter's

No. 19 St. Peter's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **William Crossfield *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Sefton Park East

No. 24A Sefton Park East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **John Japp *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Sefton Park West

No. 24 Sefton Park West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Herbert Reynolds Rathbone *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### South Scotland

No. 14 South Scotland
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irish Nationalist | **John O'Shea *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist **gain** from Independent Irish Nationalist | | Swing |  |  |

### Vauxhall

No. 15 Vauxhall
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irish Nationalist | **Thomas Burke *** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Irish Nationalist **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Walton

No. 3A Walton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Brunskill** | **1,257** | **62%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Alfred Thomas Davies | 775 | 38% |  |
| Majority | | | 482 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 3,859 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,032 | 53% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Warbreck

No. 27 Warbreck
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Harvey Farmer *** | **262** | **95%** |  |
|  | Independent | Patrick Cullen | 15 | 5% |  |
| Majority | | | 247 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,722 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 277 | 10% |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Wavertree

No. 5 Wavertree \- 3 seats
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Arthur Crosthwaite** | **unopposed** |  |  |
|  | Liberal | **Charles Clarke Morrison** | **unopposed** |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Robert Stephen Porter** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### Wavertree West

No. 5A Wavertree West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Charles Henry Rutherford** | **1,091** | **54%** |  |
|  | Liberal | Charles Allcot Whitney | 947 | 46% |  |
| Majority | | | 144 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 3,315 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,038 | 61% |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

### West Derby

No. 28 West Derby \- 3 seats
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Thomas Shaw** | **831** | **52%** |  |
|  | Liberal | **Samuel Skelton** | **827** | **51%** |  |
|  | Conservative | **Robert Edward Walkington Stephenson** | **780** | **48%** |  |
|  | Liberal | John Lyon Langford | 769 | 48% |  |
|  | Conservative | David Scott | 616 | 38% |  |
|  | Conservative | George James Smith | 584 | 36% |  |
| Majority | | | 51 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,619 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,611 | 62% |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Aldermanic Elections

The Council (Councillors and Aldermen) elected Councillor William Edward Willink (Conservative, Prince's Park, elected 1 November 1901) as an Alderman for the new ward of Wavertree West on 9 November 1903

Councillor Jacob Reuben Grant (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1901) was elected by the Council as an alderman for the new ward of Old Swan on 9 November 1903.

| Party | | Alderman | Ward | Term expires |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Jacob Reuben Grant** | **No. 28A Old Swan** | 1904 |
|  | Conservative | **William Edward Willink** | **No. 5A Wavertree West** | 1907 |
|

* The death of Alderman Herbert Campbell (Conservative) on 7 December 1903 was reported to the Council on 9 December 1903. His position was filled when Councillor Robert Alfred Hampson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 19 November 1903) was elected as an alderman by the Council on 3 February 1904.

| Party | | Alderman | Ward | Term expires |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Robert Alfred Hampson** | **No. 20 Great George** | 1907 |
|

* The resignation of Alderman Dr. Thomas Clarke was reported to the Council on 9 November 1903. Councillor Edward Burns (Conservative, Kensington, elected 2 November 1903) was elected as an alderman by the Council on 2 December 1903.

| Party | | Alderman | Ward | Term expires |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Edward Burns** | **No. 9 Everton** | 1907 |
|

* The resignation of Alderman Alexander Murray Bligh (Irish Nationalist, elected 28 May 1902) was reported to the Council on 9 November 1903. Councillor John Lawrence (Conservative, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1902) was elected as an alderman on 2 December 1903.

| Party | | Alderman | Ward | Term expires |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Lawrence** | **No. 8 Netherfield** | 1907 |
|

* Councillor John Duncan (Conservative, Breckfield. elected 2 November 1903) was elected as an alderman

| Party | | Alderman | Ward | Term expires |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **John Duncan** | **No.** |  |
|

.

* Following the death of Alderman John Lawrence, Councillor William Oulton (Liberal Unionist, Everton, elected 1 November 1901) was elected as an alderman on 1 June 1904.

| Party | | Alderman | Ward | Term expires |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **William Oulton** | **No. 8 Netherfield** | 1907 |
|

* Alderman John Ellison died on 17 October 1904

## By-elections

### No. 3A Walton, 19 November 1903

Caused by the election by the Council of Councillor Jacob Reuben Grant (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1901) as an alderman for the new ward of Old Swan on 9 November 1903.

No. 3A Walton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Dr. John George Moyles** | **1,548** | **67%** |  |
|  |  | David John Williams | 754 | 33% |  |
| Majority | | | 794 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,302 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 29 Aigburth, 19 November 1903

Caused by the resignation of Councillor Arthur Twiss Kemble (Conservative, Aigburth, elected unopposed 1 November 1902) which was reported to the Council on 9 November 1903.

No. 29 Aigburth
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Robert Albert Hampson** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 23 Prince's Park, 24 November 1903

Caused by the election by the Council of Councillor William Edward Willink (Conservative, Prince's Park, elected 1 November 1901) as an Alderman on 9 November 1903.

No. 23 Prince's Park
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Max Muspratt** | **1,101** | **41%** |  |
|  |  | John Lockhart Bailey | 857 | 32% |  |
|  |  | Robert Griffiths | 728 | 27% |  |
| Majority | | | 244 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,686 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 11 Kensington, 16 December 1903

Caused by the election to Alderman of Councillor Edward Burns (Conservative, Kensington, elected 2 November 1903).

No. 11 Kensington
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Thomas Bland Royden** | **1,383** |  |  |
|  |  | John Lyon Langford | 1,063 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 18 Castle Street, 16 December 1903

Caused by the election as alderman of Councillor John Lawrence (Conservative, Castle Street, elected 1 November 1902)

No. 18 Castle Street
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Thomas Augustus Patterson** | **758** | **53%** |  |
|  |  | Frederick Moreton Radcliffe | 685 | 47% |  |
| Majority | | | 73 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,130 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,443 | 68% |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 21 Abercomby, 19 January 1904

Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Charles Alexander Hill (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 2 November 1903) was reported to the Council on 6 January 1904

No. 21 Abercromby
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Charles Allcot Whitney** | **809** | **53%** |  |
|  | Conservative | Dr. Charles Alexander Hill ***** | 725 | 47% |  |
| Majority | | | 84 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,534 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 3A Walton, 26 February 1904

Caused by the resignation of Councillor John Brunswick (Conservative, Walton, elected 2 November 1903) which was reported to the Council on 10 February 1904.

No. 3A Walton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Richard Pritchard** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 29 Aigburth, 26 February 1904

Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor Robert Alfred Hampson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 19 November 1903)

No. 29 Aigburth
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Hartley Wilson** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

The Term of Office to expire 1 November 1905

### No. 17 St. Anne's, 17 May 1904

Caused by the resignation of Councillor Julius Jacobs (Conservative, St. Anne's, elected 1 November 1902).

No. 17 St. Anne's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **John Clancy** | **1,082** | **58%** |  |
|  |  | Edwatd Russel Taylor | 677 | 37% |  |
|  |  | Samuel Maddock | 82 | 4% |  |
| Majority | | | 415 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,841 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

The term of office to expire on 1 November 1905 .

### No. 6 Breckfield, 26 May 1904

Caused by Councillor John Duncan (Conservative, Breckfield. elected 2 November 1903) being elected as an alderman.

No. 6 Breckfield
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **William Herbert Priest** | **1,123** |  |  |
|  |  | Robert Roberts | 999 |  |  |
| Majority | | | 124 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,122 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

The term of office to expire on 1 November 1906 .

### No. 9 Everton, 15 June 1904

Following the death of Alderman John Lawrence, Councillor William Oulton (Liberal Unionist, Everton, elected 1 November 1901) was elected as an alderman.

No. 9 Everton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Gerald Kyffin-Taylor** | **unopposed** |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 4,672 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal Unionist | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 16 Exchange, 6 October 1904

Councillor Alexander Allan Paton (Liberal, Exchange, elected 15 June 1903) died 8 September 1903

No. 16 Exchange
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | **Joseph Bibby** | **510** | **57%** |  |
|  |  | George Broadbridge | 386 | 43% |  |
| Majority | | | 124 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 1,643 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 896 | 55% |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### No. 28A Old Swan, 18 October 1904

Caused by the resignation of Councillor Thomas Utley (Liberal, West Derby, elected 1 November 1902), which was reported to the Council on 5 October 1904.

No. 28A Old Swan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **John Ellis** | **612** | **52%** |  |
|  |  | William Ramsden | 555 | 48% |  |
| Majority | | | 57 |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 2,168 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,167 | 54% |  |
|  | **gain** from | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1903 Liverpool City Council election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Conservative**  **Liberal**  **Irish**  Party Conservative Liberal Irish Nationalist   ---  **Liberal Unionist**  **Protestant**  Party Liberal Unionist Protestant Party | |
| ---  **Council Leader before election**<br><br>Conservative **Council Leader after election** <br><br>Conservative | |


title: 1899 Melbourne Cup

abstract: The 1899 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Tuesday, 7 November 1899. This year was the thirty-ninth running of the Melbourne Cup. This is the list of placegetters for the 1899 Melbourne Cup.

text:
# 1899 Melbourne Cup

The **1899 Melbourne Cup** was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Tuesday, 7 November 1899.

This year was the thirty-ninth running of the Melbourne Cup.

This is the list of placegetters for the 1899 Melbourne Cup.

| Place | Name | Jockey | Trainer | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Merriwee | Vivian Turner | James Wilson Jnr | Herbert Power |
| 2 | Voyou | F. Kuhn | J. Allsop |
| 3 | Dewey | L. Kuhn | T. Payten |

## InfoBox

1899 Melbourne Cup
| Melbourne Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Flemington Racecourse |
| Date | 7 November 1899 |
| Distance | 2 miles |
| Winning horse | Merriwee |
| Winning time | 3:36.25 |
| Final odds | 7/1 |
| Jockey | Vivian Turner |
| Trainer | James Wilson Jnr |
| Owner | Herbert Power |
| Surface | Turf |
| Attendance | 60,000 |
|  | |


abstract: The 1899 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team represented Michigan State Normal College during the 1899 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Dwight Watson, the Normalites compiled a record of 1–1–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 29 to 23. George L. Wood was the team captain. They played the University of Michigan freshman team to 5-5 tie, lost to Michigan Agricultural College by an 18-0 score, and defeated the Toledo YMCA team, 24-0.

text:
# 1899 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team

The **1899 Michigan State Normal Normalites football team** represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1899 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Dwight Watson, the Normalites compiled a record of 1–1–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 29 to 23. George L. Wood was the team captain. They played the University of Michigan freshman team to 5-5 tie, lost to Michigan Agricultural College by an 18-0 score, and defeated the Toledo YMCA team, 24-0.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 30 | at Michigan freshmen | Ann Arbor, MI | T 5–5 |  |
| November 11 | Michigan Agricultural | Ypsilanti, MI | L 0–18 |  |
| November 18 | Toledo YMCA | Ypsilanti, MI | W 24–0 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1899 Michigan State Normal Normalites football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association |
| Record | 1–1–1 (0–1 MIAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | George L. Wood |
|


title: 15 equal temperament

abstract: In music, 15 equal temperament, called 15-TET, 15-EDO, or 15-ET, is a tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 15 equal steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of ⁱ⁵√2 (=2), or 80 cents. Because 15 factors into 3 times 5, it can be seen as being made up of three scales of 5 equal divisions of the octave, each of which resembles the Slendro scale in Indonesian gamelan. 15 equal temperament is not a meantone system.

text:
# 15 equal temperament

In music, **15 equal temperament**, called 15-TET, 15-EDO, or 15-ET, is a tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 15 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of 152 (=2(1/15)), or 80 cents (). Because 15 factors into 3 times 5, it can be seen as being made up of three scales of 5 equal divisions of the octave, each of which resembles the Slendro scale in Indonesian gamelan. 15 equal temperament is not a meantone system.

## History and use

Guitars have been constructed for 15-ET tuning. The American musician Wendy Carlos used 15-ET as one of two scales in the track *Afterlife* from the album *Tales of Heaven and Hell*. Easley Blackwood, Jr. has written and recorded a suite for 15-ET guitar. Blackwood believes that 15 equal temperament, "is likely to bring about a considerable enrichment of both classical and popular repertoire in a variety of styles".

## Notation

Easley Blackwood, Jr.'s notation of 15-EDO creates this chromatic scale:

B/C, C/D, D, D, E, E, E/F, F/G, G, G, A, A, A, B, B, B/C

**Ups and Downs Notation**, uses up and down arrows, written as a caret and a lower-case "v", usually in a sans-serif font. One arrow equals one edostep. In note names, the arrows come first, to facilitate chord naming. This yields this chromatic scale:

B/C, ^C/^D, vC/vD,

D, ^D/^E, vD/vE,

E/F, ^F/^G, vF/vG,

G, ^G/^A, vG/vA,

A, ^A/^B, vA/vB, B/C

Chords are spelled differently. CEG is technically a C minor chord, but in fact it sounds like a sus2 chord CDG. The usual minor chord with 6/5 is the *up*minor chord. It's spelled as C^EG and named as C^m. Compare with ^Cm (^C^E^G).

Likewise the usual major chord with 5/4 is actually a *down*major chord. It's spelled as CvEG and named as Cv.

**Porcupine Notation** significantly changes chord spellings (e.g. the major triad is now C–E♯–G♯). In addition, enharmonic equivalences from 12-EDO are no longer valid. It yields the following chromatic scale:

C, C/D, D, D/E, E, E/F, F, F/G, G, G, A, A, A/B, B, B, C

One possible **decatonic notation** uses the digits 0-9. Each of the 3 circles of 5 fifths is notated either by the odd numbers, the even numbers, or with accidentals.

1, 1/2, 2, 3, 3/4, 4, 5, 5/6, 6, 7, 7/8, 8, 9, 9/0, 0, 1

In this article, unless specified otherwise, Blackwood's notation will be used.

## Interval size

Here are the sizes of some common intervals in 15-ET:

Size of intervals in 15 equal temperament
| interval name | size (steps) | size (cents) | midi | just ratio | just (cents) | midi | error |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| octave | 15 | 1200 |  | 2:1 | 1200 |  | 0 |
| perfect fifth | 9 | 720 |  | 3:2 | 701.96 |  | +18.04 |
| septimal tritone | 7 | 560 |  | 7:5 | 582.51 |  | −22.51 |
| 11:8 wide fourth | 7 | 560 |  | 11:8 | 551.32 |  | +8.68 |
| 15:11 wide fourth | 7 | 560 |  | 15:11 | 536.95 |  | +23.05 |
| perfect fourth | 6 | 480 |  | 4:3 | 498.04 |  | −18.04 |
| septimal major third | 5 | 400 |  | 9:7 | 435.08 |  | −35.08 |
| undecimal major third | 5 | 400 |  | 14:11 | 417.51 |  | −17.51 |
| major third | 5 | 400 |  | 5:4 | 386.31 |  | +13.69 |
| minor third | 4 | 320 |  | 6:5 | 315.64 |  | +4.36 |
| septimal minor third | 3 | 240 |  | 7:6 | 266.87 |  | −26.87 |
| septimal whole tone | 3 | 240 |  | 8:7 | 231.17 |  | +8.83 |
| major tone | 3 | 240 |  | 9:8 | 203.91 |  | +36.09 |
| minor tone | 2 | 160 |  | 10:9 | 182.40 |  | −22.40 |
| greater undecimal neutral second | 2 | 160 |  | 11:10 | 165.00 |  | 5.00 |
| lesser undecimal neutral second | 2 | 160 |  | 12:11 | 150.63 |  | +9.36 |
| just diatonic semitone | 1 | 80 |  | 16:15 | 111.73 |  | −31.73 |
| septimal chromatic semitone | 1 | 80 |  | 21:20 | 84.46 |  | 4.47 |
| just chromatic semitone | 1 | 80 |  | 25:24 | 70.67 |  | +9.33 |
|

15-ET matches the 7th and 11th harmonics well, but only matches the 3rd and 5th harmonics roughly. The perfect fifth is more out of tune than in 12-ET, 19-ET, or 22-ET, and the major third in 15-ET is the same as the major third in 12-ET, but the other intervals matched are more in tune (except for the septimal tritones). 15-ET is the smallest tuning that matches the 11th harmonic at all and still has a usable perfect fifth, but its match to intervals utilizing the 11th harmonic is poorer than 22-ET, which also has more in-tune fifths and major thirds.

Although it contains a perfect fifth as well as major and minor thirds, the remainder of the harmonic and melodic language of 15-ET is quite different from 12-ET, and thus 15-ET could be described as xenharmonic. Unlike 12-ET and 19-ET, 15-ET matches the 11:8 and 16:11 ratios. 15-ET also has a neutral second and septimal whole tone. To construct a major third in 15-ET, one must stack two intervals of different sizes, whereas one can divide both the minor third and perfect fourth into two equal intervals.

## Further subdivisions

### 45 equal temperament

45 equal temperament, which has a step size of 26.67 cents, is a threefold subdivision of 15 equal temperament. It has a perfect fifth of 693.33 cents, which is quite flat, but is still more accurate than the 720-cent fifth of 15-ET. Its best major third is 373.33 cents, which is slightly more accurate than the 400-cent one.

45-ET is an important example of a flattone temperament. Thus, it tempers out the syntonic comma like meantone temperaments do, but has a different mapping for intervals involving the seventh harmonic. Ordinarily, in meantone temperaments the 7:4 ratio is equated with the augmented sixth, whereas in 45-ET, this interval is instead equated with the diminished seventh, due to the smaller size of the chroma. This makes pieces involving chromatic alterations sound quite different.

45-ET is practically equivalent to an extended 2/5-comma meantone. Although it is harmonically less accurate than meantone temperaments like 31-ET or 19-ET, having a flatter fifth than both, it is still more accurate than 12-ET.

### 105 equal temperament

105 equal temperament (a sevenfold division of 15-ET) gives a meantone temperament with a fifth of 697.14 cents. It has a chromatic semitone equal to 80 cents, one step of 15-ET.

### 270 equal temperament

270 equal temperament does not see as much practical use as it is an extremely fine equal division with a step size of 4.44 cents, eighteen of which make up one step of 15-ET. Nonetheless, it is of academic interest due to being exceptionally accurate for an equal temperament of its size, particularly in the 15 odd limit.


title: 1972 Detroit Lions season

abstract: The 1972 Detroit Lions season was their 43rd in the National Football League (NFL). The team improved on their previous season's output of 7–6–1, winning eight games. The team missed the playoffs for the second straight season. It would also be the team's last winning season until 1980 Linebacker Wayne Walker established a new team record for games played at 200. It was also the final season for longtime defensive back Dick LeBeau.

text:
# 1972 Detroit Lions season

The **1972 Detroit Lions season** was their 43rd in the National Football League (NFL). The team improved on their previous season's output of 7–6–1, winning eight games. The team missed the playoffs for the second straight season. It would also be the team's last winning season until 1980

Linebacker Wayne Walker established a new team record for games played at 200. It was also the final season for longtime defensive back Dick LeBeau.

## Offseason

### NFL Draft

| **1972 Detroit Lions draft** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes |
| 1 | 16 | Herb Orvis | DE | Colorado |  |
| 3 | 65 | Ken Sanders | DE | Howard Payne | from Philadelphia |
| 6 | 145 | Charles Potts | DB | Purdue |  |
| 7 | 172 | Charles Stoudmire | WR | Portland State |  |
| 8 | 197 | Henry Stuckey | DB | Missouri |  |
| 9 | 224 | Bill McClintock | DB | Drake |  |
| 10 | 249 | Jim Teal | LB | Purdue |  |
| 11 | 276 | Bob Waldron | DT | Tulane |  |
| 12 | 301 | Paul Bradley | WR | SMU |  |
| 13 | 328 | John Kirschner | TE | Memphis State |  |
| 14 | 353 | Eric Kelley | OT | Whitworth |  |
| 15 | 380 | Steve Roach | LB | Kansas |  |
| 16 | 405 | Leon Jenkins | DB | West Virginia |  |
| 17 | 432 | Mike Tyler | DB | Rice |  |
| Made roster    *   Made at least one Pro Bowl during career | | | | | |

**Notes**

* Detroit traded QB Greg Barton to Philadelphia in exchange for the Eagles' second- and third-round selections (40th and 65th) and second-round selection in 1971.
* Detroit traded the 40th selection received from Philadelphia to Atlanta in exchange for RB Paul Gipson.
* Detroit traded its second-round selection (41st) to Atlanta in exchange for CB Rudy Redmond, RB Sonny Campbell and Atlanta's fourth-round selection in 1973.
* Detroit traded its third-round selection (68th) to Philadelphia in exchange for QB Bill Cappleman.
* Detroit traded its fourth-round selection (93rd) to Dallas in exchange for WR Ron Jessie.
* Detroit traded its fifth-round selection (120th) to Los Angeles in exchange for DT Dick Evey.

## Roster

| Detroit Lions roster | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quarterbacks** **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends** |  | **Offensive linemen** **Defensive linemen** |  | **Linebackers** **Defensive backs**
**Special teams** |  | **Reserve lists*** *currently vacant*  *rookies in italics*
 |
|

## Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 17 | New York Giants | W 30–16 | 54,418 |
| 2 | September 24 | Minnesota Vikings | L 10-34 | 54,418 |
| 3 | October 1 | at Chicago Bears | W 38–24 | 55,701 |
| 4 | October 8 | at Atlanta Falcons | W 26–23 | 58,850 |
| 5 | October 16 | Green Bay Packers | L 23-24 | 54,418 |
| 6 | October 22 | San Diego Chargers | W 34–20 | 54,371 |
| 7 | October 30 | at Dallas Cowboys | L 24-28 | 65,378 |
| 8 | November 5 | Chicago Bears | W 14–0 | 54,418 |
| 9 | November 12 | at Minnesota Vikings | L 14-16 | 49,784 |
| 10 | November 19 | New Orleans Saints | W 27–14 | 53,752 |
| 11 | November 23 | New York Jets | W 37–20 | 54,418 |
| 12 | December 3 | at Green Bay Packers | L 7-33 | 56,263 |
| 13 | December 10 | at Buffalo Bills | T 21–21 | 41,583 |
| 14 | December 17 | at Los Angeles Rams | W 34–17 | 71,761 |

## Season summary

### Week 13 at Bills

**Week Thirteen: Detroit Lions (7–5) at Buffalo Bills (3–9)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lions | 0 | 7 | 7 | 7 | **21** |
| Bills | 0 | 7 | 7 | 7 | **21** |

*at War Memorial Stadium, Buffalo, New York*

* **Date**: December 10
* **Game time**: 1:00 p.m. EST
* **Game weather**: 32 °F (0 °C)
* **Game attendance**: 41,583
* Box Score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

## Standings

| NFC Central | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| Green Bay Packers | 10 | 4 | 0 | .714 | 5–1 | 8–3 | 304 | 226 | W3 |
| Detroit Lions | 8 | 5 | 1 | .607 | 2–4 | 6–5 | 339 | 290 | W1 |
| Minnesota Vikings | 7 | 7 | 0 | .500 | 4–2 | 6–5 | 301 | 252 | L2 |
| Chicago Bears | 4 | 9 | 1 | .321 | 1–5 | 3–7–1 | 225 | 275 | L1 |

## InfoBox

| 1972 Detroit Lions season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Joe Schmidt |
| Results | |
| Record | 8–5–1 |
| Division place | 2nd NFC Central |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: Anne Vondeling

abstract: Anne Vondeling was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and agronomist.

text:
# Anne Vondeling

**Anne Vondeling** (2 March 1916 – 22 November 1979) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and agronomist.

## Biography

Vondeling studied Agronomy at the Wageningen Agricultural College obtaining a Master of Science in Engineering degree and worked as a researcher at his alma mater before finishing his thesis and graduated as a Doctor of Engineering in Agricultural engineering. Vondeling worked as an agronomist and agricultural engineer in Friesland from November 1940 until July 1945 and as a director of an agricultural firm in Leeuwarden from July 1945 until January 1958. Vondeling became a Member of the House of Representatives shortly after the election of 1946 on 25 July 1946 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Agriculture. Vondeling was appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies in the Cabinet Drees III following a cabinet reshuffle taking office on 13 January 1958. The Cabinet Drees III fell just 11 months later and was replaced on 22 December 1958. Shortly thereafter Labour Leader Willem Drees announced his retirement and Vondeling served as one of the *Lijsttrekkers* (top candidates) for the election of 1959. After the election Vondeling return to the House of Representatives on 20 March 1959 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Finances. Vondeling also worked as a professor of Agricultural science and International relations at the University of Groningen from January 1960 until January 1963. After the Labour Leader and Parliamentary leader Jaap Burger announced he was stepping down Vondeling was anonymously selected as his successor on 16 September 1962.

For the election of 1963 Vondeling served again as one of the *Lijsttrekkers*. After the fall of the Cabinet Marijnen a successful cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Cals with Vondeling appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance taking office on 14 April 1965. In September 1966 Vondeling unexpectedly announced that he was stepping down as Leader but continued to serve in the cabinet. The cabinet Cals fell just one year into its term after the Night of Schmelzer and was replaced on 22 November 1966. After the election of 1967 Vondeling returned to the House of Representatives on 23 February 1967 and served again as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Finances. Vondeling also served as Party Chairman from 7 March 1969 until 1 May 1971. After the election of 1972 Vondeling was elected as House of Representatives on 7 December 1972. After the election of 1977 Vondeling was re-elected as Speaker of the House of Representatives. In May 1979 Vondeling announced that he would stand for the European Parliament election of 1979 and would resigned from the House of Representatives. After the European election Vondeling was elected as a Member of the European Parliament and became Delegation leader on 17 July 1979. On 22 November 1979 Vondeling died after suffering a fatal car crash in Mechelen, Belgium at 63. The Anne Vondeling prize is given annually to journalists who write in a clear manner concerning political subjects.

## Decorations

| **Honours** | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ribbon bar | Honour | Country | Date | Comment |
|  | Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau | Netherlands | 17 August 1974 | Elevated from Commander (5 December 1966) |
|  | Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II | Belgium | 10 December 1975 |  |
|  | Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour | France | 15 May 1976 |  |
|  | Commander of the Order of Merit | Germany | 18 September 1976 |  |
|  | Grand Officer of the Order of the Oak Crown | Luxembourg | 30 January 1978 |  |
|  | Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion | Netherlands | 28 June 1979 | Elevated from Knight (2 December 1958) |
|

Official

## InfoBox

| Anne Vondeling | |
| --- | --- |
| Vondeling in 1971 | |
|  | |
| Delegation leader in the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
17 July 1979  22 November 1979 | |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Piet Dankert |
| Parliamentary group | Socialist Group |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
17 July 1979  22 November 1979 | |
| Parliamentary group | Socialist Group |
| Constituency | Netherlands |
| Speaker of the House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
7 December 1972  17 July 1979 | |
| Preceded by | Frans-Jozef van Thiel |
| Succeeded by | Dick Dolman |
| Chairman of the Labour Party | |
| **In office**
7 March 1969  1 May 1971 | |
| Leader | Joop den Uyl |
| Preceded by | Sjeng Tans |
| Succeeded by | André van der Louw |
| Deputy Prime Minister | |
| **In office**
14 April 1965  22 November 1966Serving with Barend Biesheuvel | |
| Prime Minister | Jo Cals |
| Preceded by | Barend Biesheuvel |
| Succeeded by | Jan de Quay
Barend Biesheuvel |
| Minister of Finance | |
| **In office**
14 April 1965  22 November 1966 | |
| Prime Minister | Jo Cals |
| Preceded by | Johan Witteveen |
| Succeeded by | Jelle Zijlstra |
| Leader of the Labour Party | |
| **In office**
16 September 1962  13 September 1966 | |
| Deputy | *See list* |
| Preceded by | Jaap Burger |
| Succeeded by | Joop den Uyl |
| Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
16 September 1962  14 April 1965 | |
| Preceded by | Jaap Burger |
| Succeeded by | Gerard Nederhorst |
| Parliamentary group | Labour Party |
| Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies | |
| **In office**
13 January 1958  22 December 1958 | |
| Prime Minister | Willem Drees |
| Preceded by | Kees Staf (*Ad interim*) |
| Succeeded by | Kees Staf |
| Member of the House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
23 February 1967  17 July 1979 | |
| **In office**
20 March 1959  14 April 1965 | |
| **In office**
25 July 1946  13 January 1958 | |
| Parliamentary group | Labour Party |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Anne Vondeling
(1916-03-02)2 March 1916
Appelscha, Netherlands |
| Died | 22 November 1979(1979-11-22) (aged 63)
Mechelen, Belgium |
| Cause of death | Traffic collision |
| Political party | Labour Party (from 1946) |
| Other political
affiliations | Dutch People's Movement
(1945–1946) |
| Spouse | Antonia van 't Hof  (m. 1941; div. 1978) |
| Children | 2 sons and 1 daughter |
| Alma mater | Wageningen Agricultural College
(B.S.A., MSE, D.Eng) |
| Occupation | Politician · Civil servant · Agronomist · Agricultural engineer · Accountant · Researcher · Professor |
|  | |


title: 1985 Piedmontese regional election

abstract: The 1985 Piedmontese regional election took place on 12 May 1985.

text:
# 1985 Piedmontese regional election

The **1985 Piedmontese regional election** took place on 12 May 1985.

## Events

In the Regional Council of Piedmont, Christian Democracy resulted narrowly ahead of the Italian Communist Party, which had been ousted from the regional government by the Italian Socialist Party in 1983. After the election, the Socialists and Christian Democrats, along with the Italian Republican Party, the Italian Liberal Party, and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, continued their Pentapartito alliance but this time the regional government was led by a Christian Democrat, Vittorio Beltrami.

## Results

|  | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Party | | votes | votes (%) | seats |
|  | Christian Democracy | 918,557 | 30.5 | 19 |
|  | Italian Communist Party | 871,141 | 28.9 | 18 |
|  | Italian Socialist Party | 389,170 | 12.9 | 8 |
|  | Italian Social Movement | 165,691 | 5.5 | 3 |
|  | Italian Republican Party | 158,597 | 5.3 | 3 |
|  | Italian Liberal Party | 152,989 | 5.1 | 3 |
|  | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 143,055 | 4.7 | 3 |
|  | Civic Greens | 52,240 | 1.7 | 1 |
|  | Green List | 50,091 | 1.7 | 1 |
|  | Proletarian Democracy | 48,575 | 1.6 | 1 |
|  | Piedmontese UnionVenetian League | 33,978 | 1.1 | - |
|  | Pensioners Italian Alliance | 23,927 | 0.8 | - |
|  | Pensioners' National Party | 8,545 | 0.3 | - |
|
| **Total** | | **3,016,556** | **100.0** | **60** |

Source: Ministry of the Interior


title: El Paso County, Kansas Territory

abstract: El Paso County was a county of the United States Territory of Kansas that existed for two years from February 7, 1859, to January 29, 1861.

text:
# El Paso County, Kansas Territory

**El Paso County** was a county of the United States Territory of Kansas that existed for two years from February 7, 1859, to January 29, 1861.

## History

In July 1858, gold was discovered along the South Platte River in Arapahoe County of the Territory of Kansas (now in the State of Colorado). This discovery precipitating the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. To provide local government for the gold mining region, the Kansas Territorial Legislature split Arapahoe County into six counties on February 7, 1859: a much smaller Arapahoe County, Broderick County, El Paso County, Fremont County, Montana County, and Oro County. None of these six counties were ever organized. Many residents of the mining region felt disconnected from the territorial government, and they formed their own Territory of Jefferson on October 24, 1859.

Following the Republican Party election victories in 1860, the United States Congress admitted Kansas to the Union. The Kansas Act of Admission excluded the portion of the Kansas Territory west of the 25th meridian west from Washington from the new state, and El Paso County and the rest of this region reverted to unorganized territory.

On February 28, 1861, the Colorado Territory was organized to govern this unorganized territory and adjacent areas of the New Mexico Territory, the Utah Territory, and the Nebraska Territory. The new Colorado General Assembly organized 17 counties on November 1, 1861, including a new El Paso County for the Colorado Territory.