title: 14 regions of Medieval Rome

abstract: During the Middle Ages, Rome was divided into a number of administrative regions, usually numbering between twelve and fourteen, which changed over time.

text:
# 14 regions of Medieval Rome

During the Middle Ages, Rome was divided into a number of administrative regions (Latin, *regiones*), usually numbering between twelve and fourteen, which changed over time.

## Evolution of the Regions

Originally the city of Rome had been divided by Augustus into 14 regions in 7 BC. Then sometime during the 4th century, Christian authorities instituted seven ecclesiastical regions, which ran parallel to the civil regions. With the collapse of Imperial authority in the Western Roman Empire, after the death of Julius Nepos in 480, much of the old imperial administrative structures began to fall into abeyance.

After the destructive Gothic Wars of the 6th century, the city of Rome had become virtually depopulated. When the city began to recover it was inhabited in new parts and whole districts were in ruins. Consequently, the Augustan regions now had no relationship to the administration of the city, but they continued to be used as a means for identifying property. But as Rome slowly recovered from the disasters of the Gothic wars it became necessary to organize the city for the purpose of defence, and one theory contends that this was the origin of the twelve medieval regions. In particular, it is suggested that it was connected with the Byzantine military system (the *scholae militiae*) and was introduced into Rome in the 7th century, along with its implementation at Ravenna. This saw the creation of a new series of regions based upon a different principle from either of the older ones. However, this revision did not last much longer than two centuries after the fall of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751.

Certainly, the division of the city according to the revised civil and ecclesiastical regions appears to have fallen out of use in the confusion of the 10th century. Local variations seem to have sprung up that were adopted, used and then discarded as the years progressed. It has been conjectured that the sack of Rome by Robert Guiscard in 1084 caused a displacement of the population which probably made a revision of the regions necessary. The district from the Lateran Palace to the Colosseum was engulfed and ruined by fire, and the Caelian and Aventine hills were gradually abandoned. The number of regions needed for the south and south-east of the city became smaller, while there emerged a greater need for the organization of the rapidly growing districts to the north-west and along the Tiber.

## The Geographic Boundaries of the 12 Regions during the Tenth Century

During the Tenth Century, it appears that there were only 12 regions in use, and their names, locations and boundary divisions bear very little relationship to the subsequent revisions of the regions. Their locations within the city of Rome are as follows:

• The first region was called the *Horrea*, named after the granaries located within it. At that time it included all the Aventine Hill and it stretched across the *Marmorata* and the *Ripa Graeca*, butting up against the banks of the Tiber River.

• The second region included the Caelian Hill, a section of the Palatine Hill, and stretched southward to the foot of the Aventine Hill. It incorporated the areas around Santi Quattro Coronati, the Aqua Claudia (between the Caelian and Palatine hills), the Circus Maximus, the Septizodium and the Porta Metronia. Both of these regions were merged during the twelfth century to form *Ripe et Marmorate*.

• The third region largely corresponded to the old 5th Augustan Region (*Esquiliae*). It contained Porta Maggiore, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, the modern Via Merulana, the Arch of Pietas and the Porta Tiburtina.

• The fourth region contained the church of Sant’Agata and most likely the Quirinal and Viminal hills. It also contained the Suburra and the Baths of Diocletian.

• The fifth region contained the part of the Campus Martius which housed the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, the Via Lata and the church of San Silvestro in Capite. It probably also contained the Porta Pinciana and the modern Porta del Popolo.

• The sixth region, called *Biveretica*, presumably named after the monastery of Saint Andrew known as *Sant'Andrea de Biveretica*, which was situated between the Santi Apostoli and the Column of Trajan, meaning it included at least part of the old Augustan seventh region, the Via Lata. This region included the church of Santa Maria in Trivio, so it was probably centered near the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, which is supported by the name of the region, a corruption of the Latin *Bibere* (to drink). This region was absorbed into the subsequent region of *Trivii et Vie Late*.

• The seventh region contained the area around the Column and Forum of Trajan, and a part of the *Suburra*.

• The eighth region was called *Sub Capitolio*, and it contained the area of the Roman Forum and the Colosseum, so this region corresponded to the old 8th Augustan region of Rome.

• The ninth region was given the label *ad Scorticlarios*, named after the tanners quarter which was situated next to the Baths of Nero. Apart from the Baths, this region also contained the church of Sant'Eustachio, Piazza Navona, the Pantheon and San Lorenzo in Lucina. It also included most of the Campus Martius. It broadly corresponded to the later medieval region of *Campi Martis et S. Laurentii in Lucina*.

• The tenth region was referred to as *Regione Marcello* (Region of Marcellus), meaning that this region was centered around the Theatre of Marcellus which had been part of the ninth region of Imperial Rome (the Circus Flaminius).

• The eleventh region is not identified. Given the geographic spread of the other regions, it is most likely identical to the largely depopulated 1143 region of *Arenule et Caccabariorum*.

• The twelfth region was known as the *Piscina Publica* and was identical to the old Augustan region. It contained the Baths of Caracalla.

## List of the 14 *regiones* of 1143

The next major reform was after the revolution of 1143 and the establishment of the Commune of Rome, as the city was redivided into 14 regions. There was a minor adjustment made in the 13th century, bringing the total number down to thirteen, and it wasn’t until 1586 that another region was created, once again bringing the total number up to fourteen, and Rome kept these administrative divisions intact until the 19th century.

Unlike the Augustan regions of Rome, the medieval regions were not numbered, and few had any relationship to the ancient Roman divisions. They are numbered here merely for convenience.

### I *Montium et Biberatice*

By the 12th century, the older 10th century region of *Biveretica* had its name changed to *Montium et Biberatice*, before simply becoming *Montium* at the close of the 14th century. This change of name reflected the fact that the Esquiline and the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and the Caelian Hills belonged to this rione during the Middle Ages. Like many of the regions during the Middle Ages, the parts on top of the hills were abandoned, as the population sought to remain close to the Tiber River, and so only the part of the region that contained the easternmost part of the Campus Martius was inhabited.

By 1143 this region also contained the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum, which was not a part of the older *Montium et Biberatice*. The Colosseum had at some point during the Middle Ages been fortified and for a time belonged to the area controlled by the Frangipani family.

In the beginning of the 16th century this region included part of the district in the neighbourhood of Forum of Trajan, and by the 19th century, the region then referred to as Monti had a boundary which passed between Trajan's Forum and the Santi Apostoli.

### II *Trivii et Vie Late*

A region that is believed took its name from absorbing part of the Via Lata, the old Seventh Region of Augustan Rome, while the *Trivii* described the three principal streets that led to the "piazza dei Crociferi", a square next to the modern Trevi square. The importance of this location in Medieval Rome is that it was the main output for the Aqua Virgo aqueduct, one of the few aqueducts which underwent frequent restoration works during the centuries. By its remaining active it enabled the region to survive well throughout the Middle Ages, although the change of its sources caused the water's properties (purity, taste, etc.) to become much worse than the original one, which was only restored during alteration works in 1562.

During the Middle Ages, the higher reaches of the region (which included part of the Quirinal Hill) were abandoned, as the people chose to inhabit the parts of the region closer to the Tiber River, and during the 9th century, this region was the aristocratic quarter of Rome. Its name was transformed in modern times to become the region of Trevi.

### III *Columpne et S. Marie in Aquiro*

This region included parts of the city situated around its most prominent features, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, or Antonine Column (late 2nd century), now standing in Piazza Colonna and the Church of Santa Maria in Aquiro. It also contains the remains of the Temple of Hadrian, with its eleven columns also contributing to the name of the region. A prominent feature during the Middle Ages was the *Mons Acceptorius*, a small artificial embankment created by the pre-Roman inhabitants in order to drive stilts into the swampy ground, and build dry huts for housing. Prior to the 16th century, the region was never densely populated. It now forms part of the modern rione of Colonna.

### IV *Campi Martis et S. Laurentii in Lucina*

Included the parts of Rome around the Campo Marzio and San Lorenzo in Lucina.

### V *Pontis et Scorteclariorum*

Included the parts of Rome around Ponte. Unlike its modern counterpart, it included the area across the Tiber spanned by the Ponte Sant'Angelo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally named after him *Pons Aelius*) in 134 to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city.

In ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called *Circus Flaminius*, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Nero built another bridge, that was called *Neronianus* or *triumphalis* because the Via Triumphalis, the Triumphal Way, passed over it: Starting with Titus, the victorious Emperors celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching through it.

Nero's bridge was also called *Pons Vaticanus* (meaning "Vatican Bridge" in Latin), because it connected the *Ager Vaticanus* to the left bank, later *Pons ruptus* ("broken bridge"), because it was already broken in the Middle Ages.

Pope Sixtus V eventually changed the rione limits so that the Ponte Sant'Angelo belonged to Borgo.

### VI *S. Eustachii et Vinea Teudemarii*

Included the parts of Rome around the church of Sant'Eustachio and forms part of the modern rione of Sant'Eustachio.

### VII *Arenule et Caccabariorum*

The name of the region stemmed from *Arenula*, (the name is present in the modern *Via Arenula*) that was the name given to the soft sand (*rena* in Italian) that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. It included parts of the city around Regola.

In Augustan Rome, the medieval region straddled both the Campus Martius and the IX region called *Circus Flaminius*. Here there was the Trigarium, the stadium where the riders of the *triga* (a cart with three horses) used to train. During the early Middle Ages, it belonged to the 4th of the seven ecclesiastic regions.

The region was not widely inhabited due to the frequent flooding of the river Tiber, causing the whole area to be extremely unhealthy, especially during summer. It was only drained at the end of the Middle Ages, after which it was reclaimed by the city and reinhabited once again.

### VIII *Parionis et S. Laurentii in Damaso*

During Antiquity, it belonged to the 9th Augustan region called *Circo Flaminio*. In this area Pompey built his curia, while Domitian built his stadium and an *Odeon* (*Odeum* in Latin), for musical and poetic competitions. During the early Middle Ages it included parts of the city around San Lorenzo in Damaso. From 1200 the population kept on increasing until the 15th century, when it increased in importance due to the paving of Campo de' Fiori, so that it soon became an important economic center.

Under Sixtus IV (1471–1484) the rione lost much of its chaotic look, typical of the Middle Ages, for a cleaner and tidier one, in keeping with the changes brought about by the Renaissance. It saw the recovery of buildings, the enlargement of streets, and the rebuilding of the ancient *Pons Aurelius* into a new bridge, the "Ponte Sisto" connecting Trastevere and Parione. This activity improved the quality of the region.

Thanks to this renewal, urbanization increased between the 1400 and 1500. In the same period, several artists were asked to renew the front of the most important of the buildings in the region. In 1500, most of the commercial activity slowly moved from Campo de' Fiori to Piazza Navona, due to the fact that it had more space for trading.

Today it is part of the modern rione of Parione.

### IX *Pinee et S. Marci*

At the beginning of the 10th century, this region was referred to as *Pina* before transforming into *Pinee et S. Marci* by the 12th century, and finally into *Pigna* by the 16th century. For many centuries this region has been reckoned as the ninth region, certainly parts of it, such as the Pantheon were included in the ninth region of Augustan Rome.

From at least the 16th century, and possibly much earlier, this region has been centered on the Basilica of San Marco, Santa Maria sopra Minerva and the Pantheon.

### X *S. Angeli in Foro Piscium*

Referred to as *Regione Marcello* in the tenth century, by the 12th century, its name had changed to indicate that it included parts of the city around the fish market, which had moved from the Forum Piscarium, located near the Forum Romanum, into the ruins of the Porticus Octaviae, though it still included the Theatre of Marcellus, which now housed the shops of smiths and coppersmiths inside the arcades of the theater.

It also included the most important church of the rione, *Sant'Angelo in Foro Piscium* ("St. Angel in the Fish Market"). This church, erected in 770 inside the Propylea of the Portico of Octavia, had a great historical importance during the Middle Ages. From here, on the Whitsunday of 1347, the Romans, led by Cola di Rienzo, launched the assault on the Capitol, attempting to restore the Roman Republic.

This region now forms part of the region of Sant'Angelo.

### XI *Ripe et Marmorate*

Includes part of the city that bounded on the east bank of the old Port of Rome, the Ripa Grande ("Great Bank"), it was constructed after the Second Punic War, and was only abandoned in the 19th century. The area of the Marmorate referred to the river bank south of the Aventine Hill where, since the imperial age, rough blocks of different kinds of marble (marmora), shipped to Rome from the East, were stored in a large deposit area, called the emporium.

During the period of the high empire, a number of rich mansions stood here but they were mostly destroyed during the barbarian invasions of the 5th century, resulting in the area being almost completely abandoned, with the exception of a few convents on the heights of the Aventine Hill, located on a safer spot. The district became again inhabited during the Renaissance, when sometime during the 16th century the river port called Ripa Grande was made operational once again.

During the 13th century, the section where the Arch of Janus is located was included by the Frangipani family in their fortified estate, which stretched over the Palatine Hill and included the remains of the small Frangipani Tower at the southern end of the Circus Maximus, which was also within this region. The area also had the headquarters of the Knights Templar in Rome from the 11th to the 13th centuries.

The region incorporated parts of today’s Via Marmorata, and forms part of the modern rione of Ripa.

### XII *Campitelli et S. Adriani*

During the 10th century, this region was referred to as the *Clivus Argentarii*, and it contained the streets that now connect the Corso with the Forum Romanum (the old Via di Marforio). It includes parts of the city around the Piazza di Campitelli, near Santa Maria in Campitelli, and forms part of the modern rione of Campitelli. It also included the church of Sant'Adriano al Foro.

### XIII  *Trastevere*

Originally a separate region in 1143 from the Tiber Island, these two regions were combined in the 13th century, bringing the total number of regions down to thirteen.

### XIV *Insula Tiberina*

The Tiber Island. After its amalgamation with the region of Trastevere, Rome did not get a fourteenth region until 1586 when Sixtus V added the old Leonine City, considered until then outside the city, as a new administrative division, under the name of Borgo.

* Gregorovius, Ferdinand, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume 3 (1895), pgs 530-534
* Gregorovius, Ferdinand, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume 4 (2008), pgs 620-621
* Mann, Horace K., The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volume 4: The Popes In The Days of Feudal Anarchy, from Formosus to Damasus II, Part 1 (London, 1925), pgs 274, 280
* Mann, Horace K., The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volume 5: The Popes In The Days of Feudal Anarchy, from Formosus to Damasus II, Part 2 (London, 1910), pgs 121-122, 143
* Poole, Reginald L., *Lectures on the History of the Papal Chancery Down to the Time of Innocent III*, Cambridge University Press (1915), pgs. 170-177


title: Amazon Underground

abstract: Amazon Underground was an Android app offered by Amazon through which people could freely download and obtain in-app items that they otherwise had to pay money to purchase. Amazon used the catchphrase "Actually Free" to describe the policy, and affirmed that Amazon Underground was not a one-time or temporary offer but was here to stay. Participation by app developers in the program was voluntary. Amazon compensated app developers based on the time that users spent within the app, at a flat rate of $0.002 per user minute. Amazon announced on April 28, 2017 that the program would cease accepting new apps on May 31, 2017 and would shut down completely in 2019.

text:
# Amazon Underground

**Amazon Underground** was an Android app offered by Amazon through which people could freely download and obtain in-app items that they otherwise had to pay money to purchase. Amazon used the catchphrase "Actually Free" to describe the policy, and affirmed that Amazon Underground was not a one-time or temporary offer but was here to stay. Participation by app developers in the program was voluntary. Amazon compensated app developers based on the time that users spent within the app, at a flat rate of $0.002 per user minute.

Amazon announced on April 28, 2017 that the program would cease accepting new apps on May 31, 2017 and would shut down completely in 2019.

## Model

### For consumers

Consumers interested in using Amazon Underground could download the app from the Amazon website. The app could not be downloaded from Google Play, Google's Android app store, since it violated the conditions necessary to be listed in the app store.

Once the consumer had downloaded Amazon Underground, they could download all apps participating in Amazon Underground from within the Amazon Underground app. In addition to being able to download the app for free, the consumer could also make in-app purchases for free.

### For app creators

An app creator could choose to participate in the Amazon Underground program. The app creator received payment based on the time spent by users in the app after downloading it, at a flat rate of $0.002 per user minute in the app.

Amazon listed the following eligibility requirements for participating apps:

* The app must have been available for download from the Google Play or Apple App Store, and have been monetized in at least one of the following ways:
    + The app was available to purchase for a fee in all other app stores where it was sold
    + The app contained in-app items that were available for purchase for a fee.
* The app must *not* have contained any subscription in-app items.
* The features and gameplay of the Amazon Underground version must have been substantially similar to or better than the non-Underground version.
* When submitted to the Amazon Appstore, the app must have been made available on at least one non-Amazon mobile device.

Amazon advised against using Amazon Underground for the following apps:

* Apps that ran continuously in the background
* Apps that were completely free (freely available, no in-app purchases)
* Apps that were monetized through ads
* Apps that supported streaming, such as radio apps
* Apps containing subscription services

In addition, Underground was not recommended for modified versions of an app that removed in-app purchases, or that modified their gameplay by removing in-game currency, or premium apps whose only premium feature was being ad-free.

### Monetization by Amazon

Amazon paid app creators based on the total time spent by users in the app, at a rate of $0.002/minute. In order to monetize Amazon Underground, Amazon showed ads when a user first downloaded an app, and occasionally on each subsequent opening of the app.

## History

Amazon Underground launched on August 26, 2015, and Amazon simultaneously retired its daily free app program.

In March 2016, Amazon reported some statistics on the growth of Amazon Underground, leading to renewed media coverage of Amazon Underground.

In April 2017, Amazon announced the program would close to new apps at the end of May 2017, and shut down completely in 2019.

## Reception

Amazon Underground was criticized for being much smaller than the Google Play app store, making it of limited utility as a standalone source for getting games.

*Goat Simulator* performed well on Amazon Underground, leading *Wired* writer Brian Barrett to argue that the lack of need for payment may have made the app particularly appealing to children, for whom even a small amount of money requires parental consent.

Amazon Underground was praised for helping developers focus on creating engaging in-app experiences rather than worrying about monetizing through in-app purchases. It was also praised for helping all developers make money right off the bat in direct proportion to usage, compared to the in-app purchase model that only some kinds of apps could make significant money off of. Commentators compared it to the Kindle Unlimited plan where Amazon allows readers to read books for free from a diverse collection of authors and then pays authors based on the fraction of their books read.

A report by IHS Technology highlighted the following key challenges for Amazon Underground:

* The challenge of user acquisition, in a world where many apps were free for initial download and monetized through in-app purchases
* Economics that would not fit the needs of all apps
* Strong app store competition, and the fact that Amazon Underground did not come pre-installed on any non-Amazon devices (the bulk of smartphones and tablets)


title: 1976 Cam 2 Motor Oil 400

abstract: The 1976 Cam 2 Motor Oil 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that took place on June 20, 1976, at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan.

text:
# 1976 Cam 2 Motor Oil 400

The **1976 Cam 2 Motor Oil 400** was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that took place on June 20, 1976, at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan.

## Background

Michigan International Speedway is a four-turn superspeedway that is 2 miles (3.2 km) long. Opened in 1968, the track's turns are banked at eighteen degrees, while the 3,600-foot-long front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at twelve degrees. The back stretch, has a five degree banking and is 2,242 feet long.

## Race report

David Pearson defeated Cale Yarborough by three car lengths in front of an audience of 46,000. There were 17 lead changes and three cautions for 20 out of the 200 laps. The race took two hours and fifty minutes. Richard Petty earned the pole position with a speed of 158.569 miles per hour (255.192 km/h), the average speed of the race was 141.148 miles per hour (227.156 km/h). Joe Frasson finished last due to an engine problem on lap 2. All 36 of the drivers on the racing grid were American-born males. The field was dominated by Chevrolet vehicles as opposed to Ford and Mercury vehicles.

Cale Yarborough dominated most of this race, with radio announcer Ken Squier saying it was one of the best runs he'd seen Cale have, but in the closing stages it was David Pearson out front and cruising to a win when a late caution came out for Coo Coo Marlin's blown engine while he was running seventh in the closing laps. Under the yellow the leaders all pitted with Yarborough regaining the lead only for Pearson to pass him on the backstretch after the restart and take the win. Overall it was still a good day for Yarborough as he capitalized on a 74-point swing in the point standings to vault back into the points lead as a result of Benny Parsons' issues. He would eventually become the 1976 NASCAR Winston Cup Series champion.

Bobby Allison was running second very late when he was black flagged for the Penske team having put tape over parts of the grill of his Cam 2 #2 Mercury. That aerodynamic improvement was illegal at the time but later became commonplace. Allison still recovered to finish third in part due to how few cars were left on the lead lap and the late caution.

The grand total of this race's prize purse was $105,355 ($564,111 when considering inflation).

### Qualifying

| Grid | No. | Driver | Manufacturer | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 43 | Richard Petty | Dodge | Petty Enterprises |
| 2 | 2 | Bobby Allison | Mercury | Roger Penske |
| 3 | 15 | Buddy Baker | Ford | Bud Moore |
| 4 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Dodge | Nord Krauskopf |
| 5 | 72 | Benny Parsons | Chevrolet | L.G. DeWitt |
| 6 | 11 | Cale Yarborough | Chevrolet | Junior Johnson |
| 7 | 54 | Lennie Pond | Chevrolet | Ronnie Elder |
| 8 | 21 | David Pearson | Mercury | Wood Brothers |
| 9 | 52 | Jimmy Means | Chevrolet | Bill Gray |
| 10 | 88 | Darrell Waltrip | Chevrolet | DiGard Racing |
| 11 | 24 | Cecil Gordon | Chevrolet | Cecil Gordon |
| 12 | 48 | James Hylton | Chevrolet | James Hylton |
| 13 | 90 | Dick Brooks | Ford | Junie Donlavey |
| 14 | 60 | Jackie Rogers | Chevrolet | Lou Viglione |
| 15 | 81 | Terry Ryan | Chevrolet | Bill Monaghan |
| 16 | 05 | David Sisco | Chevrolet | David Sisco |
| 17 | 47 | Bruce Hill | Chevrolet | Bruce Hill |
| 18 | 79 | Frank Warren | Dodge | Frank Warren |
| 19 | 3 | Richard Childress | Chevrolet | Richard Childress |
| 20 | 14 | Coo Coo Marlin | Chevrolet | H.B. Cunningham |

## Results

| POS | ST | # | DRIVER | SPONSOR / OWNER | CAR | LAPS | MONEY | STATUS | LED | PTS |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 8 | 21 | David Pearson | **Purolator** (Wood Brothers) | Mercury | 200 | 15845 | running | 24 | 180 |
| 2 | 6 | 11 | Cale Yarborough | **Holly Farms** (Junior Johnson) | Chevrolet | 200 | 11845 | running | 129 | 180 |
| 3 | 2 | 2 | Bobby Allison | **CAM 2** (Roger Penske) | Mercury | 200 | 9275 | running | 4 | 170 |
| 4 | 1 | 43 | Richard Petty | **STP** (Petty Enterprises) | Dodge | 200 | 9065 | running | 3 | 165 |
| 5 | 3 | 15 | Buddy Baker | **Norris Industries** (Bud Moore) | Ford | 199 | 6630 | running | 20 | 160 |
| 6 | 13 | 90 | Dick Brooks | **Truxmore** (Junie Donlavey) | Ford | 197 | 3035 | running | 0 | 150 |
| 7 | 7 | 54 | Lennie Pond | **Pepsi-Cola** (Ronnie Elder) | Chevrolet | 196 | 2725 | running | 0 | 146 |
| 8 | 16 | 05 | David Sisco | David Sisco | Chevrolet | 196 | 2615 | running | 0 | 142 |
| 9 | 14 | 60 | Jackie Rogers | **Red Dog's** (Lou Viglione) | Chevrolet | 194 | 1845 | running | 2 | 143 |
| 10 | 11 | 24 | Cecil Gordon | **Pruette** (Cecil Gordon) | Chevrolet | 193 | 2405 | running | 0 | 134 |
| 11 | 31 | 67 | Buddy Arrington | Buddy Arrington | Dodge | 191 | 2295 | running | 0 | 130 |
| 12 | 24 | 40 | D.K. Ulrich | **Garden State Auto** (J.R. DeLotto) | Chevrolet | 190 | 2185 | running | 0 | 127 |
| 13 | 20 | 14 | Coo Coo Marlin | **Cunningham-Kelley** (H.B. Cunningham) | Chevrolet | 189 | 1920 | **engine** | 0 | 124 |
| 14 | 33 | 25 | Dick May | Don Robertson | Chevrolet | 188 | 1835 | running | 0 | 121 |
| 15 | 32 | 30 | Tighe Scott | **Clyde Lynn** (Walter Ballard) | Chevrolet | 187 | 1720 | running | 0 | 118 |
| 16 | 26 | 70 | J.D. McDuffie | **Butler's** (J.D. McDuffie) | Chevrolet | 184 | 1540 | running | 0 | 115 |
| 17 | 28 | 8 | Ed Negre | Ed Negre | Dodge | 181 | 1515 | running | 0 | 112 |
| 18 | 19 | 3 | Richard Childress | **Kansas Jack** (Richard Childress) | Chevrolet | 180 | 1490 | running | 0 | 109 |
| 19 | 5 | 72 | Benny Parsons | **King's Row Fireplace** (L.G. DeWitt) | Chevrolet | 179 | 3965 | running | 0 | 106 |
| 20 | 22 | 92 | Skip Manning | **Stratagraph** (Billy Hagan) | Chevrolet | 161 | 940 | **engine** | 0 | 103 |
| 21 | 27 | 64 | Tommy Gale | **Stamey's Bar-B-Q** (Elmo Langley) | Ford | 145 | 1415 | **engine** | 0 | 100 |
| 22 | 30 | 46 | Travis Tiller | **Little B / C & K Coal** (Travis Tiller) | Dodge | 134 | 890 | **overheating** | 0 | 97 |
| 23 | 9 | 52 | Jimmy Means | **Means Racing** (Bill Gray) | Chevrolet | 132 | 865 | **engine** | 0 | 94 |
| 24 | 18 | 79 | Frank Warren | **Native Tan** (Frank Warren) | Dodge | 108 | 1340 | **wheel bearing** | 0 | 91 |
| 25 | 17 | 47 | Bruce Hill | **Howson Algraphy** (Bruce Hill) | Chevrolet | 103 | 1315 | **engine** | 0 | 88 |
| 26 | 29 | 36 | Bobby Wawak | **J & B Corvette** (John Gwinn) | Chevrolet | 57 | 790 | **engine** | 0 | 85 |
| 27 | 36 | 95 | Gary Myers | **Hicks Pharmacy** (Junior Miller) | Chevrolet | 49 | 765 | **engine** | 0 | 82 |
| 28 | 21 | 10 | Bill Elliott | **Sunny King** (Bill Champion) | Ford | 46 | 1240 | **engine** | 0 | 79 |
| 29 | 10 | 88 | Darrell Waltrip | **Gatorade** (DiGard Racing) | Chevrolet | 33 | 3725 | **engine** | 0 | 76 |
| 30 | 4 | 71 | Dave Marcis | **K & K Insurance** (Nord Krauskopf) | Dodge | 26 | 3830 | **engine** | 18 | 78 |
| 31 | 25 | 29 | Walter Ballard | **Velvet Touch Furniture** (Bill Hollar) | Chevrolet | 26 | 690 | **engine** | 0 | 70 |
| 32 | 15 | 81 | Terry Ryan | **WAM Racing** (Bill Monaghan) | Chevrolet | 20 | 680 | **engine** | 0 | 67 |
| 33 | 23 | 19 | Henley Gray | **Belden Asphalt** (Henley Gray) | Chevrolet | 20 | 670 | **ignition** | 0 | 64 |
| 34 | 35 | 01 | Earle Canavan | **Benihana** (Earle Canavan) | Dodge | 15 | 660 | **transmission** | 0 | 61 |
| 35 | 12 | 48 | James Hylton | **Hylton Engineering** (James Hylton) | Chevrolet | 2 | 1150 | **transmission** | 0 | 58 |
| 36 | 34 | 18 | Joe Frasson | **Excuse Lounge** (Joe Frasson) | Chevrolet | 1 | 640 | **engine** | 0 | 55 |

## Standings after the race

| Pos | Driver | Points | Differential |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Cale Yarborough** | **2318** | 0 |
| 2 | Benny Parsons | 2267 | -51 |
| 3 | Richard Petty | 2201 | -117 |
| 4 | Bobby Allison | 2161 | -157 |
| 5 | Lennie Pond | 1964 | -354 |
| 6 | Dave Marcis | 1905 | -413 |
| 7 | Richard Childress | 1867 | -451 |
| 8 | Buddy Baker | 1823 | -495 |
| 9 | David Pearson | 1743 | -575 |
| 10 | Darrell Waltrip | 1740 | -578 |

## InfoBox

1976 Cam 2 Motor Oil 400
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 15 of 30 in the 1976 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season | | | |
| 1976 Cam 2 Motor Oil 400 program cover | | | |
| Date | June 20, 1976 (1976-June-20) | | |
| Official name | Cam 2 Motor Oil 400 | | |
| Location | Michigan International Speedway, Brooklyn, Michigan | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>2.000 mi (3.218 km) | | |
| Distance | 200 laps, 400 mi (643 km) | | |
| Weather | Temperatures of 80.1 °F (26.7 °C); wind speeds of 9.9 miles per hour (15.9 km/h) | | |
| Average speed | 141.149 miles per hour (227.157 km/h) | | |
| Attendance | 46,000 | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Petty Enterprises |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Cale Yarborough | Junior Johnson & Associates |
| Laps | 129 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 43 | David Pearson | Wood Brothers Racing |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | untelevised | | |
| Announcers | none | | |


title: 1992 Ottawa Rough Riders season

abstract: The 1992 Ottawa Rough Riders finished third place in the East Division with a 9–9 record. They were defeated in the East Semi-Final by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

text:
# 1992 Ottawa Rough Riders season

The **1992 Ottawa Rough Riders** finished third place in the East Division with a 9–9 record. They were defeated in the East Semi-Final by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

## Offseason

### CFL draft

| Rd | Pick | Player | Position | School |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | Denny Chronopoulos | OG | Purdue |
| 2 | 11 | Ken Walcott | OG | Saint Mary's |
| 2 | 16 | Joe Sardo | OL | Hawaii |
| 3 | 19 | Dave Chaytors | DL | Utah |
| 5 | 35 | Rob Trebllcock | WR | Weber State |
| 6 | 43 | Mike Boone | LB | Queen's |
| 7 | 51 | Mike Doucette | CB | Ottawa |
| 8 | 59 | Ian Ployart | DB | Concordia |
|

### Preseason

| Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| June 25 | vs. BC Lions | W 43–36 | 1–0 |  | 14,276 |
| July 2 | at Winnipeg Blue Bombers | W 21–19 | 2–0 |  | 33,359 |

## Regular season

### Season standings

**East Division**
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Winnipeg Blue Bombers** | 18 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 507 | 499 | 22 |
| **Hamilton Tiger-Cats** | 18 | 11 | 7 | 0 | 536 | 514 | 22 |
| **Ottawa Rough Riders** | 18 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 484 | 439 | 18 |
| Toronto Argonauts | 18 | 6 | 12 | 0 | 469 | 523 | 12 |

## Regular season

### Schedule

| **Week** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Result** | **Record** | **Venue** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | July 9 | vs. Toronto Argonauts | W 53–42 (OT) | 1–0 |  | 23,222 |
| 2 | July 16 | vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers | W 29–14 | 2–0 |  | 23,594 |
| 3 | July 24 | at Saskatchewan Roughriders | L 13–23 | 2–1 |  | 20,117 |
| 4 | July 30 | vs. Edmonton Eskimos | L 25–30 | 2–2 |  | 25,625 |
| 5 | Aug 6 | at Edmonton Eskimos | L 14–29 | 2–3 |  | 25,113 |
| 6 | Aug 13 | vs. Calgary Stampeders | W 32–11 | 3–3 |  | 24,752 |
| 7 | Aug 20 | vs. Saskatchewan Roughriders | W 20–9 | 4–3 |  | 24,020 |
| 8 | Aug 26 | at Toronto Argonauts | L 16–24 | 4–4 |  | 44,922 |
| 9 | Sept 3 | at BC Lions | L 27–33 | 4–5 |  | 20,997 |
| 10 | Sept 13 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | W 44–31 | 5–5 |  | 24,364 |
| 11 | Sept 19 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | W 54–25 | 6–5 |  | 17,682 |
| 12 | Sept 27 | vs. BC Lions | W 27–23 | 7–5 |  | 24,938 |
| 13 | Oct 4 | at Calgary Stampeders | L 11–47 | 7–6 |  | 20,207 |
| 14 | Oct 12 | vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers | L 47–49 | 7–7 |  | 23,898 |
| 15 | Oct 18 | at Toronto Argonauts | L 4–10 | 7–8 |  | 26,337 |
| 16 | Oct 25 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | W 31–9 | 8–8 |  | 16,742 |
| 17 | Oct 31 | vs. Toronto Argonauts | W 31–12 | 9–8 |  | 24,694 |
| 18 | Nov 8 | at Winnipeg Blue Bombers | L 6–18 | 9–9 |  | 27,589 |

## Postseason

| **Round** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Result** | **Record** | **Venue** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| East Semi-Final | Nov 15 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 28–29 | 0–1 |  | 21,412 |

## Awards and honours

### 1992 CFL All-Stars

## InfoBox

| 1992 Ottawa Rough Riders season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Ron Smeltzer |
| Home field | Frank Clair Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | **9–9** |
| Division place | **3rd, East** |
| Playoff finish | **Lost East Semi-Final** |
| Uniform | |
|  | |
|


title: Alisma gramineum

abstract: Alisma gramineum is a small aquatic plant in the water-plantain family. It has several common names including narrowleaf water-plantain, ribbonleaf water-plantain or ribbon-leaved water-plantain, and grass-leaved water-plantain. It grows in mud or submerged in shallow fresh or brackish water in marshy areas.

text:
# Alisma gramineum

***Alisma gramineum*** is a small aquatic plant in the water-plantain family. It has several common names including **narrowleaf water-plantain**, **ribbonleaf water-plantain** or **ribbon-leaved water-plantain**, and **grass-leaved water-plantain**. It grows in mud or submerged in shallow fresh or brackish water in marshy areas.

## Description

The leaves and tiny purple-tinted white flowers may be submersed or not. When the flowers grow underwater they are cleistogamous, meaning they stay closed and self-pollinate. When the flowers grow above water they open. The leaves above the surface are stiff and wide, but submerged leaves are ribbon-like. The fruit is a ring of dry nutlets. Reproduction is by seed or from division of the corm.

## Distribution and habitat

*Alisma gramineum* is widespread across temperate and subarctic portions of Asia and Europe and North Africa from France and Libya to China and Yakutsk. It is reported from much of Canada from British Columbia to Quebec, as well as most of the western United States plus New York, Vermont and Virginia. This is an endangered and protected species in the United Kingdom. It was first found in Britain in Worcestershire in 1920, and later beside the River Glen in Lincolnshire. At both sites, populations are small, and vary in size from year to year. It typically grows in shallow, nutrient-rich water at the edge of bodies of water and fenland drains. It is an annual plant, or a short-lived perennial, and the seeds may remain viable for some years, sometimes germinating after the ground has been disturbed.

## InfoBox

| *Alisma gramineum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Alismataceae |
| Genus: | *Alisma* |
| Species: | ***A. gramineum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alisma gramineum***
Lej., 1811 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Alisma geyeri* | |


title: 1973 New York Mets season

abstract: The 1973 New York Mets season was the 12th regular season for the Mets, who played home games at Shea Stadium. Manager Yogi Berra led the team to a National League East title with an 82–79 record and the National League pennant, though they were defeated by the Oakland Athletics in the World Series. Their.509 winning percentage is the lowest of any pennant-winner in major league history. Having won only 82 games during the regular season, they, along with the 2005 San Diego Padres, qualified for the postseason with the fewest regular season wins since Major League Baseball expanded to a 162-game season in 1961, and the fewest of any team since 1885. The season was well known for pitcher Tug McGraw's catchphrase "Ya Gotta Believe!!!"

text:
# 1973 New York Mets season

The **1973 New York Mets season** was the 12th regular season for the Mets, who played home games at Shea Stadium. Manager Yogi Berra led the team to a National League East title with an 82–79 record and the National League pennant, though they were defeated by the Oakland Athletics in the World Series. Their .509 winning percentage is the lowest of any pennant-winner in major league history. Having won only 82 games during the regular season, they, along with the 2005 San Diego Padres, qualified for the postseason with the fewest regular season wins since Major League Baseball expanded to a 162-game season in 1961, and the fewest of any team since 1885 (excluding the strike-shortened 1981 season and the 2020 season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic). The season was well known for pitcher Tug McGraw's catchphrase "Ya Gotta Believe!!!"

## Offseason

## Regular season

### Season highlights

#### Initial turmoil

The 1973 Mets were much improved from their "miracle" 1969 team. They had a group of young proven stars—including Jon Matlack, Rusty Staub, John Milner, and Félix Millán—mixed in with veterans from the 1969 club, such as Jerry Grote, Cleon Jones, Wayne Garrett, and Bud Harrelson. Their pitching staff, led by Tom Seaver, was among the finest in baseball. But injuries hampered the Mets throughout the entire season.

The Mets got off to a 4–0 start to the season, and were still at first place by April 29 with a 12–8 record. But then, injuries to their key players caused turmoil. By July 26, the Mets were in last place, yet still only 7+12 games behind. On August 16, they were 12 games below .500, with 44 games to play.

On August 30, the Mets were in last place, with only a month left to play. However, the division was so tight-knit that the last place standing consisted of only a 6+12 game deficit. At the completion of August (one day later), the Mets were in fifth place, nine games under .500, but, in the balanced mediocrity of that year's Eastern Division, just 5+12 games out of first. The mathematical inequities of divisional play were beginning to show up. On September 11, the Mets were in fourth place, five games under .500, but just three games out. Ahead of them were the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Montreal Expos.

#### "You Gotta Believe!!!"

With Tug McGraw urging his teammates on and celebrating victories with what soon became the catch phrase of 1973, "You Gotta Believe!!!" the Mets clinched the most unlikely of pennants. Yogi Berra, veteran of many a pennant race, used a four man rotation down the stretch: Tom Seaver, Jerry Koosman, Jon Matlack, and George Stone, with the suddenly unhittable McGraw coming out of the pen with boisterous - and justified - confidence. In his last 19 games, the screwball-throwing lefty recorded 5 wins, converted 12 saves and had an ERA of 0.88.

#### "Ball on the wall" play

One of the most famous plays in Mets folklore occurred when their September 20 match-up against the Pirates at Shea Stadium went into extra innings. The Pirates had Richie Zisk on first base when Dave Augustine hit what appeared to be a two-run home run to left. Instead, the ball hit the top of the wall, and caromed directly into left fielder Cleon Jones' glove. Jones fired a strike to Wayne Garrett as the cut-off man, who in turn, fired a strike to catcher Ron Hodges to nail Zisk at the plate. The Mets went on to win the game in the bottom of the inning as part of a three game sweep.

#### The unexpected clincher

After completing the three-game sweep of the Pirates on September 21, the Mets' record stood at an even 77–77, but that .500 record was good enough for first place and a half-game lead. Illustrating just how dense the crowd was at the top, fifth-place Chicago was just 2+12 out. The Mets won five of their last seven to finish as National League East Division Champions. The clinching took place at Wrigley Field on October 1 as the Mets beat the Cubs 6-4 as Tom Seaver won his 19th game of 1973 and Tug McGraw recorded the save. The Cardinals finished second, 1+12 games back, Pittsburgh third at 2+12, Montreal fourth at 3+12, and Chicago fifth, 5 games back.

This was the only NL East title between 1970 and 1980 not to be won by either the Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates.

### Season standings

NL East
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New York Mets | 82 | 79 | .509 |  | 4338 | 3941 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 81 | 81 | .500 |  | 4338 | 3843 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 80 | 82 | .494 |  | 4140 | 3942 |
| Montreal Expos | 79 | 83 | .488 |  | 4338 | 3645 |
| Chicago Cubs | 77 | 84 | .478 | 5 | 4139 | 3645 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 71 | 91 | .438 | 11½ | 3843 | 3348 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | ATL | CHC | CIN | HOU | LAD | MON | NYM | PHI | PIT | SD | SF | STL |
| Atlanta |  | 7–5 | 5–13 | 11–7 | 2–15–1 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 12–6 | 8–10 | 6–6 |
| Chicago | 5–7 |  | 8–4 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 9–9 | 10–7 | 10–8 | 6–12 | 7–5 | 2–10 | 9–9 |
| Cincinnati | 13–5 | 4–8 |  | 11–7 | 11–7 | 8–4 | 8–4 | 8–4 | 7–5 | 13–5 | 10–8 | 6–6 |
| Houston | 7–11 | 6–6 | 7–11 |  | 11–7 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 6–6 | 10–8 | 11–7 | 5–7 |
| Los Angeles | 15–2–1 | 7–5 | 7–11 | 7–11 |  | 7–5 | 7–5 | 9–3 | 10–2 | 9–9 | 9–9 | 8–4 |
| Montreal | 6–6 | 9–9 | 4–8 | 6–6 | 5–7 |  | 9–9 | 13–5 | 6–12 | 7–5 | 6–6 | 8–10 |
| New York | 6–6 | 7–10 | 4–8 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 9–9 |  | 9–9 | 13–5 | 8–4 | 5–7 | 10–8 |
| Philadelphia | 6-6 | 8–10 | 4–8 | 5–7 | 3–9 | 5–13 | 9–9 |  | 8–10 | 9–3 | 5–7 | 9–9 |
| Pittsburgh | 5–7 | 12–6 | 5–7 | 6–6 | 2–10 | 12–6 | 5–13 | 10–8 |  | 8–4 | 5–7 | 10–8 |
| San Diego | 6–12 | 5–7 | 5–13 | 8–10 | 9–9 | 5–7 | 4–8 | 3–9 | 4–8 |  | 7–11 | 4–8 |
| San Francisco | 10–8 | 10–2 | 8–10 | 7–11 | 9–9 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 11–7 |  | 6–6 |
| St. Louis | 6–6 | 9–9 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 4–8 | 10–8 | 8–10 | 9–9 | 8–10 | 8–4 | 6–6 |  |

### Opening Day starters

### Notable transactions

### Roster

| 1973 New York Mets | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Jerry Grote | 84 | 285 | 73 | .256 | 1 | 32 |
| 1B | John Milner | 129 | 451 | 108 | .239 | 23 | 72 |
| 2B | Félix Millán | 153 | 638 | 185 | .290 | 3 | 37 |
| SS | Bud Harrelson | 106 | 356 | 92 | .258 | 0 | 20 |
| 3B | Wayne Garrett | 140 | 504 | 129 | .256 | 16 | 58 |
| LF | Cleon Jones | 92 | 339 | 88 | .260 | 11 | 48 |
| CF | Don Hahn | 93 | 262 | 60 | .229 | 2 | 21 |
| RF | Rusty Staub | 152 | 585 | 163 | .279 | 15 | 76 |
|

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1B-LF | Ed Kranepool | 100 | 284 | 68 | .239 | 1 | 35 |
| SS-OF | Ted Martinez | 92 | 263 | 67 | .255 | 1 | 14 |
| CF-1B | Willie Mays | 66 | 209 | 44 | .211 | 6 | 25 |
| C | Duffy Dyer | 70 | 189 | 35 | .185 | 1 | 9 |
| C | Ron Hodges | 45 | 127 | 33 | .260 | 1 | 18 |
| 3B-SS | Jim Fregosi | 45 | 124 | 29 | .234 | 0 | 11 |
| LF | George Theodore | 45 | 116 | 30 | .259 | 1 | 15 |
| 3B | Ken Boswell | 76 | 110 | 25 | .227 | 2 | 14 |
| OF | Jim Gosger | 38 | 92 | 22 | .239 | 0 | 10 |
| 1B | Jim Beauchamp | 50 | 61 | 17 | .279 | 0 | 14 |
| CF | Dave Schneck | 13 | 36 | 7 | .194 | 0 | 0 |
| CF | Rich Chiles | 8 | 25 | 3 | .120 | 0 | 1 |
| C | Jerry May | 4 | 8 | 2 | .250 | 0 | 0 |
| SS | Brian Ostrosser | 4 | 5 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |
| PH-PR | Greg Harts | 3 | 2 | 1 | .500 | 0 | 0 |
| PH-PR | Lute Barnes | 3 | 2 | 1 | .500 | 0 | 1 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tom Seaver | 36 | 290.0 | 19 | 10 | 2.08 | 251 |
| Jerry Koosman | 35 | 263.0 | 14 | 15 | 2.84 | 156 |
| Jon Matlack | 34 | 242.0 | 14 | 16 | 3.20 | 205 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Stone | 27 | 148.0 | 12 | 3 | 2.80 | 77 |
| Ray Sadecki | 31 | 116.2 | 5 | 4 | 3.39 | 87 |
| Harry Parker | 38 | 96.2 | 8 | 4 | 3.35 | 63 |
| Jim McAndrew | 23 | 80.1 | 3 | 8 | 5.38 | 38 |
| Craig Swan | 3 | 8.1 | 0 | 1 | 8.64 | 4 |
| Tommy Moore | 3 | 3.1 | 0 | 1 | 10.80 | 1 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tug McGraw | 60 | 5 | 6 | 25 | 3.87 | 81 |
| Phil Hennigan | 30 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 6.23 | 22 |
| Buzz Capra | 24 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 3.86 | 35 |
| John Strohmayer | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.10 | 5 |
| Hank Webb | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.80 | 1 |
| Bob Miller | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
| Bob Apodaca | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | inf | 0 |

## Postseason

### NLCS

#### Game 1

October 6: Riverfront Stadium, Cincinnati

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | R | H | E |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New York | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **1** | **3** | **0** |
| **Cincinnati** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | **2** | **6** | **0** |
| **W**: Pedro Borbón (1–0)   **L**: Tom Seaver (0–1)   **S**: None | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **HR**: **NYM** – None  **CIN**Pete Rose (1), Johnny Bench (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers**: **NYM** – Seaver  **CIN** – Billingham, Hall (9), Borbón (9) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Attendance**: 53,431 | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Game 2

October 7: Riverfront Stadium, Cincinnati

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | R | H | E |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **New York** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | **5** | **7** | **0** |
| Cincinnati | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** | **2** | **0** |
| **W**: Jon Matlack (1–0)   **L**: Don Gullett (0–1)   **S**: None | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **HR**: **NYM**Rusty Staub (1)  **CIN** – None | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers**: **NYM** – Matlack  **CIN** – Gullett, Carroll (6), Hall (9), Borbón (9) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Attendance**: 54,041 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Game 3

October 8: Shea Stadium, New York City

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | R | H | E |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cincinnati | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **2** | **8** | **1** |
| **New York** | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | x | **9** | **11** | **1** |
| **W**: Jerry Koosman (1–0)   **L**: Ross Grimsley (0–1)   **S**: None | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **HR**: **CIN**Denis Menke (1)  **NYM**Rusty Staub (2), (3) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers**: **CIN** – Grimsley, Hall (2), Tomlin (3), Nelson (4), Borbón (7)  **NYM** – Koosman | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Attendance**: 53,967 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Game 4

October 9: Shea Stadium, New York City

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | R | H | E |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Cincinnati** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | **2** | **8** | **0** |
| New York | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **1** | **3** | **1** |
| **W**: Clay Carroll (1–0)   **L**: Harry Parker (0–1)   **S**: Pedro Borbón (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **HR**: **CIN**Tony Pérez (1), Pete Rose (2)  **NYM** – None | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers**: **CIN** – Norman, Gullett (6), Carroll (10), Borbón (12)  **NYM** – Stone, McGraw (7), Parker (12) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Attendance**: 50,786 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### Game 5

October 10: Shea Stadium, New York City

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | R | H | E |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cincinnati | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **2** | **7** | **1** |
| **New York** | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | x | **7** | **13** | **1** |
| **W**: Tom Seaver (1–1)   **L**: Jack Billingham (0–1)   **S**: Tug McGraw (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **HR**: **CIN** – None  **NYM** – None | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers**: **CIN** – Billingham, Gullett (5), Carroll (5), Grimsley (7)  **NYM** – Seaver, McGraw (9) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| **Attendance**: 50,323 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### World Series

AL Oakland Athletics (4) vs. NL New York Mets (3)
| Game | Score | Date | Location | Attendance | Time of Game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mets – 1, **A's – 2** | October 13 | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum | 46,021 | 2:26 |
| 2 | **Mets – 10**, A's – 7 (12 inns) | October 14 | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum | 55,989 | 4:13 |
| 3 | **A's – 3**, Mets – 2 (11 inns) | October 16 | Shea Stadium | 54,817 | 3:15 |
| 4 | A's – 1, **Mets – 6** | October 17 | Shea Stadium | 54,817 | 2:41 |
| 5 | A's – 0, **Mets – 2** | October 18 | Shea Stadium | 54,817 | 2:39 |
| 6 | Mets – 1, **A's – 3** | October 20 | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum | 49,333 | 2:07 |
| 7 | Mets – 2, **A's – 5** | October 21 | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum | 49,333 | 2:37 |
|
|

## Awards and honors

### All-Stars

**All-Star Game**

* Tom Seaver
* Willie Mays

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Tidewater Tides | International League | John Antonelli |
| AA | Memphis Blues | Texas League | Joe Frazier |
|  | Visalia Mets | California League | Nolan Campbell |
|  | Pompano Beach Mets | Florida State League | Gordon Mackenzie |
| A-Short Season | Batavia Trojans | New York–Penn League | Wilbur Huckle |
| Rookie | Marion Mets | Appalachian League | Owen Friend |

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Memphis

### Book sources

* Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). *The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball* (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.

## InfoBox

| 1973 New York Mets | |
| --- | --- |
| National League Champions
National League East Champions | |
| Mets equipment staffer John Sellers sits in the locker room of Payson Field in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1973. | |
| League | National League |
| Division | East |
| Ballpark | Shea Stadium |
| City | New York City, New York |
| Record | 82–79 (.509) |
| Divisional place | 1st |
| Owners | Joan Whitney Payson |
| General managers | Bob Scheffing |
| Managers | Yogi Berra |
| Television | WOR-TV |
| Radio | WHN
(Ralph Kiner, Lindsey Nelson, Bob Murphy) |
| Stats | ESPN.com
Baseball Reference |
|  | |


title: 1973 New Zealand Grand Prix

abstract: The 1973 New Zealand Grand Prix was a race held at the Pukekohe Park Raceway on 6 January 1973. The race had 20 starters. It was the 19th New Zealand Grand Prix, and doubled as the first round of the 1973 Tasman Series. Australian John McCormack won his first NZGP in his Elfin MR5 who finished ahead of Britons Allan Rollinson and Steve Thompson. The first New Zealand driver to finish was Graham McRae in the McRae GM1 who came in 4th place. After the fatal accident of Bryan Faloon the previous year, two chicanes were added to circuit in a bid to slow the cars down. One was placed down the back straight and the other was just before the main straight. These chicanes were very artificial, with them being made up of concrete kerbing, railway sleepers and tractor tyres.

text:
# 1973 New Zealand Grand Prix

The **1973 New Zealand Grand Prix** was a race held at the Pukekohe Park Raceway on 6 January 1973. The race had 20 starters.

It was the 19th New Zealand Grand Prix, and doubled as the first round of the 1973 Tasman Series. Australian John McCormack won his first NZGP in his Elfin MR5 who finished ahead of Britons Allan Rollinson and Steve Thompson. The first New Zealand driver to finish was Graham McRae in the McRae GM1 who came in 4th place.

After the fatal accident of Bryan Faloon the previous year, two chicanes were added to circuit in a bid to slow the cars down. One was placed down the back straight and the other was just before the main straight. These chicanes were very artificial, with them being made up of concrete kerbing, railway sleepers and tractor tyres.

## Classification

| Pos | No. | Driver | Team | Car | Laps | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **29** | **John McCormack** | **Ansett Team Elfin** | **Elfin MR5 / Repco 4994cc V8** | **58** | **57min 16.5sec** |
| 2 | 21 | Alan Rollinson | McKechnie Racing Organisation | McRae GM1 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 58 | \+ 0.6 s |
| 3 | 3 | Steve Thompson | Servis / Alan Brodie | Chevron B24 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 57 | \+ 1 Lap |
| 4 | 22 | Graham McRae | Crown Lynn | McRae GM1 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 56 | \+ 2 Laps |
| 5 | 89 | Garry Pedersen | Wright Machinery | Begg FM4 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 56 | \+ 2 Laps |
| 6 | 11 | Ken Smith | Air New Zealand Motor Racing | March 722 / Cosworth 1930cc V8 | 52 | \+ 6 Laps |
| 7 | 15 | Noritake Takahara | Takahara Racing Inc. | Brabham BT36 / Cosworth 1790cc V8 | 52 | \+ 6 Laps |
| 8 | 30 | Dave McConnell | D.W.M. Racing Ltd. | Surtees TS15 / Hart 1975cc 4cyl | 52 | \+ 6 Laps |
| NC | 1 | Frank Matich | Frank Matich Racing Pty Ltd. | Matich A50 / Repco 4994cc V8 | 43 | Not Classified |
| Ret | 10 | Warwick Brown | Team Target | Lola T300 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 54 | Out of Fuel |
| Ret | 34 | Sam Posey | Champ Carr Inc. | Surtees TS11 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 44 | Throttle |
| Ret | 12 | Baron Robertson | Robertson Racing | March 722 / Cosworth 1790cc V8 | 40 | Engine |
| Ret | 52 | Dexter Dunlop | Cameron Racing | McRae GM1 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 40 | Flagged Off |
| Ret | 5 | Kevin Bartlett | Chesterfield Filter Racing | Lola T300 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 17 | Overheating |
| Ret | 7 | Evan Noyes | Gemco Racing | McRae GM1 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 15 | Fuel Injection |
| Ret | 36 | Kelvin Cameron | Cameron Motor Court | Brabham BT23C / Cosworth 1791cc 4cyl | 11 | Flywheel |
| Ret | 19 | David Oxton | G.N. Begg Engineering Co. Ltd. | Begg FM5 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 5 | Accident |
| Ret | 6 | Max Stewart | Max Stewart Motors | Lola T330 / Chevrolet 4995cc V8 | 3 | Suspension |
| DNS |  | Frank Radisich |  | McLaren M10B / Repco 4994cc V8 |  | Did Not Start |
| Source(s): | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1973 New Zealand Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 1 of 7 in 1973 Tasman Series | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 6 January 1973 | | |
| Location | Pukekohe Park Raceway, Pukekohe, New Zealand | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 2.82 km (1.76 miles) | | |
| Distance | 58 laps, 164 km (102 miles) | | |
| Weather | Light Cloud | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Matich-Repco |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Graham McRae | McRae-Chevrolet |
| Time | 1:07.7 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Elfin-Repco |
| Second | * Alan Rollinson | McRae-Chevrolet |
| Third | * Steve Thompson | Chevron-Chevrolet |


title: Electrometallurgy

abstract: Electrometallurgy is a method in metallurgy that uses electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis. It is usually the last stage in metal production and is therefore preceded by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical operations. The electrolysis can be done on a molten metal oxide which is used for example to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide via the Hall-Hérault process. Electrolysis can be used as a final refining stage in pyrometallurgical metal production (electrorefining) and it is also used for reduction of a metal from an aqueous metal salt solution produced by hydrometallurgy (electrowinning).

text:
# Electrometallurgy

**Electrometallurgy** is a method in metallurgy that uses electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis. It is usually the last stage in metal production and is therefore preceded by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical operations. The electrolysis can be done on a molten metal oxide (smelt electrolysis) which is used for example to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide via the Hall-Hérault process. Electrolysis can be used as a final refining stage in pyrometallurgical metal production (electrorefining) and it is also used for reduction of a metal from an aqueous metal salt solution produced by hydrometallurgy (electrowinning).

## Processes

Electrometallurgy is the field concerned with the processes of metal electrodeposition. There are seven categories of these processes:

### Molten Oxide Electrolysis

Molten Oxide Electrolysis in steelmaking is utilizing electrons as the reducing agent instead of coke as in conventional blast furnace. For steel production, this method uses an inert anode (Carbon, Platinum, Iridium or Chromium-based alloy) and places iron ore in the cathode. The electrochemical reaction in this Molten Oxide cell can reach up to 1600 °C, a temperature that melts iron ore and electrolyte oxide. Then the molten iron ore decompose following this reaction.

$\ce {Fe2O3(l) + e- -\> Fe(l) + O2(g)}$

The electrolysis reaction will produce molten pure iron as a main product and oxygen as its by-product. Because this process does not add coke in the process, no CO2 gas is produced. So no direct greenhouse gas emission. Moreover, if the electricity to run such cells comes from renewable sources, this process may have zero emissions. This technology also can be implemented for producing Nickel, Chromium, and Ferrochromium.

Currently Massachusetts-based Boston Metal company is in a process to scale up this technology to an industrial level.

### Direct Decarburization Electrorefining

The purpose of this method is to reduce carbon content from steel. This process is suitable for secondary steelmaking industry which recycling steel scrap that has variety of carbon content in their feedstock. This method aim to replace current conventional method that utilizing Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) to reduce carbon content of iron by blowing oxygen to make it react with carbon and forming CO2.

In electrorefining, decarburization process happened in electrochemical cell that composed of inert electrode, slag and steel. During the process, current passing through the cell and made slag and steel melted. Oxygen ion from slag decompose and oxidize carbon on steel and to form CO. That decarburizing reaction is occurred in three steps as follow. (ads) means adsorbed intermediate

1. $\ce {O2- + C \<=\> C(O^{-}\_{(ads)}) +e-}$
2. $\ce {C(O\_{(ads)}^{-})\<=\>C(O\_{(ads)}^{})}$ $\ce {+ e-}$
3. $\ce {C(O\_{(ads)}^{})\<=\>CO\_{(}g)}$

The total reaction from this cell is following this scheme

$\ce {C{}+1/2SiO2\<=\>CO\_{(g)}{}+1/2Si\_{(}l)}$

The SiO2 is come from the slag, based on the reaction above, beside producing CO gas, this method also producing pure silicon (depending on the slag). The benefit of this direct decarburization process is it does not produce CO2 but CO which is not considered as greenhouse gas.


title: Anne Villeneuve (scientist)

abstract: Anne Villeneuve is an American geneticist. She is known for her work on the mechanisms governing chromosome inheritance during sexual reproduction. Her work focuses on meiosis, the process by which a diploid organism, having two sets of chromosomes, produces gametes with only one set of chromosomes. She is a Professor of Developmental Biology and of Genetics at Stanford University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

text:
# Anne Villeneuve (scientist)

**Anne Villeneuve** is an American geneticist. She is known for her work on the mechanisms governing chromosome inheritance during sexual reproduction. Her work focuses on meiosis, the process by which a diploid organism, having two sets of chromosomes, produces gametes with only one set of chromosomes. She is a Professor of Developmental Biology and of Genetics at Stanford University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

## Career

Villeneuve earned a B.S. in Biochemistry at the University of Notre Dame in 1981, and a Ph.D. in Biology from MIT in 1989, where she worked on sex determination and dosage compensation in the laboratory of Barbara J. Meyer. She joined Stanford University as an Independent Fellow in 1989 and began to work on meiosis. She joined the faculty at Stanford in 1995.

Her work has been instrumental in establishing the nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans* as a major model system for investigating how homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis, and how they recombine, exchanging genetic information. Her work has helped elucidate whether mechanisms of meiotic recombination are conserved from yeast to multicellular organisms.

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| ProfessorAnne VilleneuvePh.D. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Education | University of Notre Dame, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Stanford University |
| Academic advisors | Barbara J. Meyer |
| Notable students | Abby Dernburg |
|  | |


title: 1604 in music

abstract: The year 1604 in music involved some significant events.

text:
# 1604 in music

The year **1604 in music** involved some significant events.

## Events

## Publications

* Gregor Aichinger*Lacrimae D. Virginis et Ioannis in Christum à cruce depositum...* (Augsburg: Johannes Praetorius)
* Adriano Banchieri*Il Zabaione musicale inventione boscareccia*, first book of madrigals for five voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Filippo Lomazzo)
* Thomas Bateson*The first set of English Madrigales: to 3. 4. 5. and 6. voices*
* Lodovico Bellanda*Sacrae cantiones* for three, four, and five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
* Joachim a Burck*Ein schön geistlich Lied, genommen aus dem 19. Capitel des Buchs Jobs, von der Aufferstehung Jesu Christi* (A beautiful sacred song, taken from the 19th chapter of the book of Job, of the resurrection of Jesus Christ) for four voices (Erfurt: Johann Beck)
* Christoph Demantius*Nuptiis Dn. Iohannis Salvelderi cum matrona Anna Hornia* for six voices (Dresden: Johann Bergen), an epithalamium
* John Dowland*Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares figured in seaven passionate pavans, with divers other pavans, galliards and allemands, set forth for the lute, viols or violins, in five parts* (London: John Windet)
* Johannes Eccard*Liedlein (Gar offt thut mancher klagen)* for five voices (Königsberg: Georg Neykken), an epithalamium
* Christian Erbach
    + *Modorum sacrorum sive cantionum, liber secundus* for four, five, six, seven, eight, and more voices (Augsburg: Johann Praetorius)
    + *Modorum sacrorum tripertitorum*, part 1, for five voices (Dillingen: Adam Meltzer), a collection of introits, alleluias and post-communion songs for holy days from Pentecost to Christmas
* Alfonso Fontanelli – Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano), published anonymously
* Melchior Franck
    + Second book of *sacrae melodiae* for four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve voices (Nuremberg: Konrad Baur)
    + Third book of *sacrae melodiae* for three and four voices (Coburg: Justus Hauck)
    + *Deutsche Weltliche Gesäng und Täntze* (German Secular Songs and Dances) for four, five, six, and eight voices (Coburg: Justus Hauck)
* Marco da Gagliano – Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
* Ruggiero Giovannelli – Second book of motets for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
* Thomas Greaves – *Songs of Sundrie kinds ... Madrigalles, for five voyces*
* Cesario Gussago – First book of *sacrae cantiones* for eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
* Konrad Hagius*Neue Deutsche Tricinien* for three voices or instruments (Frankfurt: Wolfgang Richter for Johann Spiess)
* Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger*Libro primo d'intavolatura di chitarrone* (Venice)
* Carolus Luython – Lamentations for six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
* Luzzasco Luzzaschi – Seventh book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
* Tiburtio Massaino
    + First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
    + Second book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
* Ascanio Mayone – First book of madrigals for five voices (Naples: Giovanni Battista Sottile)
* Claudio Merulo
    + Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
    + Second book of *Toccate d'Intavolatura d'Organo* (Rome: Simone Verovio)
* Simone Molinaro – First book of motets for five voices (Milan: Agostino Tradate)
* Annibale Padovano*Toccate et ricercari d'organo* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), published posthumously
* Benedetto Pallavicino – Seventh book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), published posthumously
* Enrico Antonio Radesca - First book of masses for four voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Filippo Lomazzo)
* Orfeo Vecchi*Scielta de madrigali* (A collection of madrigals) for five voices (Milan: heirs of Simon Tini & Francesco Lomazzo), a collection of sacred contrafacts of madrigals by other composers, published posthumously

## Classical music

## Opera

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in music (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


abstract: The 2004 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament was an international football tournament that was held in Mexico from 2 to 10 February 2004. The eight national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of twenty players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers. The final lists were published by CONCACAF on 1 February 2004. The age listed for each player is on 2 February 2004, the first day of the tournament. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team. Players marked in bold have been capped at full international level.

text:
# 2004 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament squads

The **2004 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament** was an international football tournament that was held in Mexico from 2 to 10 February 2004. The eight national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of twenty players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers.

The final lists were published by CONCACAF on 1 February 2004.

The age listed for each player is on 2 February 2004, the first day of the tournament. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team. Players marked in **bold** have been capped at full international level.

## Group A

### Canada

Coach: Bruce Twanley

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Andrew Olivieri | (1981-03-27)27 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Montreal Impact |
| 2 | 2DF | Adam Braz | (1981-06-07)7 June 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Montreal Impact |
| 3 | 2DF | Winston Marshall | (1983-02-26)26 February 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Wright State University |
| 4 | 2DF | Victor Oppong | (1981-09-04)4 September 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | 1. FC Saarbrücken |
| 5 | 2DF | Chris Pozniak | (1981-01-10)10 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Örebro |
| 6 | 3MF | Tam Nsaliwa | (1982-01-28)28 January 1982 (aged 22) |  |  | Jahn Regensburg |
| 7 | 3MF | Chris Williams | (1981-06-01)1 June 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Montreal Impact |
| 8 | 3MF | Rocco Placentino | (1982-02-25)25 February 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Avellino |
| 9 | 2DF | Kevin Harmse | (1984-07-04)4 July 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Tromsø |
| 10 | 3MF | Julian de Guzman | (1981-03-25)25 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Hannover 96 |
| 11 | 4FW | Rob Friend | (1981-01-23)23 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Moss |
| 12 | 3MF | David Masciantonio | (1981-12-17)17 December 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Isola Liri |
| 13 | 3MF | Atiba Hutchinson | (1983-02-08)8 February 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Östers |
| 14 | 4FW | Stephen Ademolu | (1982-11-20)20 November 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Cleveland State Vikings |
| 15 | 3MF | Joshua Simpson | (1983-05-15)15 May 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | University of Portland |
| 16 | 4FW | Elliott Godfrey | (1983-02-22)22 February 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Watford |
| 17 | 3MF | Sita-Taty Matondo | (1984-12-28)28 December 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Montreal Impact |
| 18 | 2DF | Justin Thompson | (1981-01-09)9 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Bury |
| 19 | 3MF | Mathieu Savaria | (1981-05-14)14 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Fairleigh Dickinson University |
| 22 | 1GK | Alim Karim | (1983-04-20)20 April 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Syracuse University |

### Honduras

Coach: Edwin Pavón

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Donis Escober | (1981-02-03)3 February 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Olimpia |
| 3 | 2DF | Maynor Figueroa | (1983-05-02)2 May 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Olimpia |
| 4 | 3MF | Clifford Laign | (1982-09-20)20 September 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | No club |
| 5 | 2DF | Nery Medina | (1982-08-05)5 August 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Motagua |
| 6 | 2DF | Sergio Mendoza | (1981-05-23)23 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Real España |
| 7 | 3MF | Emil Martínez | (1982-09-17)17 September 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Marathón |
| 8 | 2DF | Wilson Palacios | (1984-07-19)19 July 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Olimpia |
| 9 | 3MF | Alex Andino | (1982-08-02)2 August 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Platense |
| 10 | 3MF | Walter Martínez | (1982-03-24)24 March 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Victoria |
| 11 | 4FW | Abidán Solís | (1984-07-10)10 July 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Motagua |
| 12 | 1GK | John Bodden | (1981-10-03)3 October 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Victoria |
| 13 | 3MF | Samir Arzú | (1981-03-19)19 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Real España |
| 15 | 3MF | Ronald Maradiaga | (1982-12-04)4 December 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Victoria |
| 16 | 3MF | Mauricio Castro | (1981-08-11)11 August 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Motagua |
| 17 | 2DF | Roy Posas | (1984-03-14)14 March 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Motagua |
| 18 | 4FW | Jeffrey Brooks | (1981-03-02)2 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | No club |
| 19 | 2DF | Mario Berríos | (1982-01-29)29 January 1982 (aged 22) |  |  | Marathón |
| 20 | 3MF | Hendry Thomas | (1985-02-23)23 February 1985 (aged 18) |  |  | Olimpia |
| 21 | 4FW | Jerry Palacios | (1982-05-13)13 May 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Olimpia |
| 24 | 2DF | Víctor Bernárdez | (1982-05-24)24 May 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Vida |

### Panama

Coach:  José Hernández

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Jaime Penedo | (1981-11-26)26 November 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Arabe Unido |
| 2 | 2DF | Roberto Stewart | (1981-05-19)19 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Plaza Amador |
| 3 | 2DF | Luis Moreno | (1981-03-19)19 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Tauro |
| 4 | 3MF | Engie Mitre | (1981-10-16)16 October 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Plaza Amador |
| 5 | 2DF | Felipe Baloy | (1981-02-24)24 February 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Grêmio |
| 6 | 3MF | Gustavo Avila | (1981-08-21)21 August 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Tauro |
| 7 | 3MF | William Aguilar | (1982-05-08)8 May 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Tauro |
| 8 | 3MF | Rolando Escobar | (1981-10-24)24 October 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Chorrillo |
| 9 | 4FW | José Garcés | (1981-05-06)6 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Arabe Unido |
| 10 | 4FW | Luis Tejada | (1982-03-28)28 March 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Tauro |
| 11 | 2DF | Luis Henríquez | (1981-11-23)23 November 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Arabe Unido |
| 12 | 1GK | Francisco Portillo | (1981-02-25)25 February 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | San Francisco |
| 13 | 2DF | Víctor Miranda | (1982-07-27)27 July 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | San Francisco |
| 14 | 2DF | Francisco López | (1981-07-03)3 July 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Alianza |
| 15 | 4FW | José Justavino | (1981-12-02)2 December 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Racing Club |
| 16 | 4FW | Blas Pérez | (1981-03-13)13 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Envigado |
| 17 | 3MF | Wess Torres | (1981-08-04)4 August 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Chorrillo |
| 18 | 2DF | Leonel Parris | (1982-06-13)13 June 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Plaza Amador |
| 19 | 4FW | Nicolás Muñoz | (1981-12-12)12 December 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Chorrillo |

### United States

Coach: Glenn Myernick

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Delvin Countess | (1982-01-09)9 January 1982 (aged 22) |  |  | Dallas Burn |
| 2 | 2DF | Jose Burciaga | (1981-11-16)16 November 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Kansas City Wizards |
| 3 | 2DF | Ricky Lewis | (1982-05-29)29 May 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Los Angeles Galaxy |
| 4 | 2DF | David Stokes | (1982-05-28)28 May 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | D.C. United |
| 5 | 3MF | Kyle Beckerman | (1982-04-03)3 April 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Colorado Rapids |
| 6 | 2DF | Nat Borchers | (1981-04-13)13 April 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Colorado Rapids |
| 7 | 3MF | DaMarcus Beasley | (1982-05-24)24 May 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Chicago Fire |
| 8 | 3MF | Logan Pause | (1981-08-22)22 August 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Chicago Fire |
| 9 | 3MF | Brad Davis | (1981-11-08)8 November 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Dallas Burn |
| 10 | 4FW | Landon Donovan | (1982-03-04)4 March 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | San Jose Earthquakes |
| 11 | 4FW | Alecko Eskandarian | (1982-07-09)9 July 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | D.C. United |
| 12 | 3MF | Brian Carroll | (1981-07-20)20 July 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | D.C. United |
| 13 | 2DF | Zak Whitbread | (1984-01-10)10 January 1984 (aged 20) |  |  | Liverpool |
| 14 | 2DF | Chad Marshall | (1984-08-22)22 August 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Columbus Crew |
| 15 | 3MF | Bobby Convey | (1983-05-27)27 May 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | D.C. United |
| 16 | 2DF | Chris Wingert | (1982-06-16)16 June 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Columbus Crew |
| 17 | 3MF | Eddie Gaven | (1986-10-25)25 October 1986 (aged 17) |  |  | NY MetroStars |
| 18 | 1GK | Doug Warren | (1981-03-18)18 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | D.C. United |
| 19 | 4FW | David Testo | (1981-08-07)7 August 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Richmond Kickers |
| 20 | 4FW | Edward Johnson | (1984-03-31)31 March 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Dallas Burn |

## Group B

### Costa Rica

Coach: Rodrigo Kenton

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Adrián De Lemos | (1982-10-13)13 October 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Herediano |
| 2 | 2DF | Michael Rodríguez | (1981-12-30)30 December 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Alajuelense |
| 3 | 2DF | Pablo Salazar | (1982-11-21)21 November 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Cartaginés |
| 5 | 2DF | Michael Umaña | (1982-07-16)16 July 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Herediano |
| 7 | 4FW | Erick Scott | (1981-05-29)29 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Alajuelense |
| 8 | 3MF | José López | (1981-03-31)31 March 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Saprissa |
| 9 | 3MF | Pablo Brenes | (1982-08-04)4 August 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Pérez Zeledón |
| 10 | 3MF | Warren Granados | (1981-12-06)6 December 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Alajuelense |
| 12 | 3MF | Leonardo Araya | (1982-12-15)15 December 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Santos |
| 13 | 3MF | Luis Vallejos | (1981-05-27)27 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Herediano |
| 14 | 2DF | José Villalobos | (1981-06-05)5 June 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Cartaginés |
| 15 | 2DF | Júnior Díaz | (1983-09-12)12 September 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Herediano |
| 16 | 3MF | Carlos Hernández | (1982-04-09)9 April 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Alajuelense |
| 17 | 4FW | Berny Scott | (1982-08-04)4 August 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Comunicaciones |
| 18 | 1GK | Víctor Bolívar | (1981-07-23)23 July 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Municipal Liberia |
| 19 | 4FW | Álvaro Saborío | (1982-03-25)25 March 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Saprissa |
| 20 | 2DF | Roy Myrie | (1982-08-21)21 August 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Alajuelense |
| 21 | 4FW | Winston Parks | (1981-10-12)12 October 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Lokomotiv Moscow |
| 22 | 4FW | Jairo Arrieta | (1983-08-25)25 August 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Guanacasteca |
| 23 | 1GK | Neighel Drummond | (1982-02-02)2 February 1982 (aged 22) |  |  | Alajuelense |

### Jamaica

Coach: Peter Cargill

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Richard McCallum | (1984-04-24)24 April 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | Invaders United |
| 3 | 2DF | Shavar Thomas | (1981-01-29)29 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Dallas Burn |
| 4 | 2DF | Tyrone Sawyers | (1981-05-22)22 May 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Portmore United |
| 5 | 2DF | Bradley Thomas | (1984-03-29)29 March 1984 (aged 19) |  |  | No club |
| 6 | 2DF | Wayne Ellis | (1981-11-13)13 November 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Arnett Gardens |
| 7 | 3MF | Demar Phillips | (1983-08-23)23 August 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Waterhouse |
| 8 | 3MF | Keith Kelly | (1983-03-05)5 March 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Arnett Gardens |
| 10 | 4FW | Roland Dean | (1981-10-13)13 October 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Tivoli Gardens |
| 11 | 3MF | Damion Williams | (1981-02-26)26 February 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Seba United |
| 14 | 2DF | Desmond Breakenridge | (1981-01-30)30 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Waterhouse |
| 15 | 3MF | Simeon Howell | (1985-08-26)26 August 1985 (aged 18) |  |  | Reading |
| 16 | 2DF | Christopher Harvey | (1982-10-09)9 October 1982 (aged 21) |  |  | Harbour View |
| 18 | 4FW | Christopher Nicholas | (1981-01-16)16 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Tivoli Gardens |
| 19 | 2DF | Garfield Reid | (1981-01-14)14 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Rivoli United |
| 20 | 3MF | Omar Daley | (1981-04-25)25 April 1981 (aged 22) |  |  | Reading |
| 24 | 4FW | Nicholas Addlery | (1983-09-09)9 September 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | South Starworld Strikers |
| 30 | 1GK | Maurice Evans | (1983-03-31)31 March 1983 (aged 20) |  |  | Portmore United |
| 31 | 3MF | Khari Stephenson | (1981-01-01)1 January 1981 (aged 23) |  |  | Real Mona |

### Mexico

Coach:  Ricardo La Volpe

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | José de Jesús Corona | (1981-07-26)26 July 1981 (aged 22) | Atlas |
| 12 | 1GK | Cirilo Saucedo | (1981-01-05)5 January 1981 (aged 23) | León |
| --- | | | | |
| 2 | 2DF | Omar Monjaraz | (1981-05-11)11 May 1981 (aged 22) | Jaguares |
| 3 | 2DF | Mario Pérez | (1982-06-17)17 June 1982 (aged 21) | Necaxa |
| 4 | 2DF | Aarón Galindo | (1982-05-08)8 May 1982 (aged 21) | Cruz Azul |
| 6 | 2DF | Ismael Rodríguez | (1981-01-10)10 January 1981 (aged 23) | Monterrey |
| 7 | 2DF | Gonzalo Pineda | (1982-10-19)19 October 1982 (aged 21) | Pumas |
| 8 | 2DF | Diego Martínez | (1981-02-15)15 February 1981 (aged 22) | Necaxa |
| 14 | 2DF | Francisco Javier Rodríguez | (1981-10-10)10 October 1981 (aged 22) | Guadalajara |
| 19 | 2DF | Jaime Durán | (1981-12-02)2 December 1981 (aged 22) | Atlas |
| 20 | 2DF | Hugo Sánchez Guerrero | (1981-05-08)8 May 1981 (aged 22) | Tigres |
| --- | | | | |
| 18 | 3MF | Ismael Íñiguez | (1981-07-23)23 July 1981 (aged 22) | Pumas |
| 21 | 3MF | Rodolfo Espinoza | (1981-06-14)14 June 1981 (aged 22) | Necaxa |
| 23 | 3MF | Luis Ernesto Pérez | (1981-01-12)12 January 1981 (aged 23) | Monterrey |
| --- | | | | |
| 5 | 4FW | Gerardo Espinoza | (1981-10-03)3 October 1981 (aged 22) | Atlas |
| 9 | 4FW | Juan Carlos Cacho | (1982-05-03)3 May 1982 (aged 21) | Monterrey |
| 10 | 4FW | Juan Pablo García | (1981-11-24)24 November 1981 (aged 22) | Atlas |
| 11 | 4FW | Rafael Márquez Lugo | (1981-11-02)2 November 1981 (aged 22) | Morelia |
| 15 | 4FW | Sergio Amaury Ponce | (1981-08-13)13 August 1981 (aged 22) | Toluca |
| 17 | 4FW | Luis Alonso Sandoval | (1981-09-27)27 September 1981 (aged 22) | Guadalajara |

### Trinidad and Tobago

Coach:  Stuart Charles-Fevrier


title: Anime Web Turnpike

abstract: Anime Web Turnpike was a web directory founded in August 1995 by Jay Fubler Harvey. It served as a large database of links to various anime and manga websites. With well over 40,000 links, it had one of the largest organized collections of anime and manga related links. Users could add their own website to the database by setting up a username on the site and adding it to the applicable category. The website also had services such as a community forum, chat room, and a magazine. The Anime Broadcasting Network, Inc. acquired the Anime Web Turnpike in 2000 with plans to enhance and expand the site, but multiple technical issues delayed these plans. The site went offline in 2014, but came back online by July 2016, with no new posts since 2014. As of March 2021, the website had not been updated.

text:
# Anime Web Turnpike

**Anime Web Turnpike** (also known as Anipike) was a web directory founded in August 1995 by Jay Fubler Harvey. It served as a large database of links to various anime and manga websites. With well over 40,000 links, it had one of the largest organized collections of anime and manga related links. Users could add their own website to the database by setting up a username on the site and adding it to the applicable category. The website also had services such as a community forum, chat room, and a magazine. The Anime Broadcasting Network, Inc. acquired the Anime Web Turnpike in 2000 with plans to enhance and expand the site, but multiple technical issues delayed these plans. The site went offline in 2014, but came back online by July 2016, with no new posts since 2014. As of March 2021, the website had not been updated.

## Reception

In 1995, the site was mentioned among 101 Internet sites to visit. The site and its creator were featured in the 2003 documentary film *Otaku Unite!* In 2003, Anime Web Turnpike was ranked the number three "must visit" anime website by the online magazine *Animefringe*.

1. Mays, Jonathan (February 28, 2003). "The Revival of Anipike". Retrieved August 21, 2009.
2. "Early Anime Site 'Anime Web Turnpike' Goes Offline". *Anime News Network*. ANN. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2014-11-18.
3. "Anime Web Turnpike". *The Wayback Machine*. 4 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-07-04. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
4. "Anime Web Turnpike". *The Wayback Machine*. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
5. "101 Must-See Sites". *MacUser*. March 1996. Archived from the original on November 11, 1999. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
6. "Animefringe Top 25 Must Visit Anime Websites". *Animefringe*. January 2003. Retrieved August 21, 2009.


title: Echigo-Hirota Station

abstract: Echigo-Hirota Station Echigo-Hirota Station is a railway station in the city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Echigo-Hirota Station

**Echigo-Hirota Station** (越後広田駅, *Echigo-Hirota-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Echigo-Hirota Station is served by the Shin'etsu Main Line and is 48.1 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Naoetsu.

## Station layout

The station consists of two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge, serving two tracks. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **1** | Shin'etsu Main Line | for Kashiwazaki and Naoetsu |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Shin'etsu Main Line | for Nagaoka and Niigata |

## History

Echigo-Hirota Station opened on 27 December 1921. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

## Surrounding area

* Hirota hot springs

## InfoBox

| Echigo-Hirota Station
越後広田駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Echigo-Hirota Station, April 2006 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Kyu-Hirota, Kashiwazaki-shi, Niigata-ken 949-372
Japan |
| Coordinates | 37°21′27″N 138°39′41″E / 37.3574°N 138.6613°E / 37.3574; 138.6613 |
| Operated by | JR East |
| Line(s) | Shin'etsu Main Line |
| Distance | 48.1 km to Naoetsu |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Status | unstaffed |
| History | |
| Opened | 27 December 1921 (1921-12-27) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  Kitajōtowards Naoetsu  Shin'etsu Main LineLocal  Nagatoritowards Niigata | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Echigo-Hirota StationLocation within JR Shinetsu Main LineEchigo-Hirota StationEchigo-Hirota Station (Japan) | |


title: 1466

abstract: Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1466

1466 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1466
*MCDLXVI* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2219 |
| Armenian calendar | 915
ԹՎ ՋԺԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6216 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1387–1388 |
| Bengali calendar | 873 |
| Berber calendar | 2416 |
| English Regnal year | 5 Edw. 4  6 Edw. 4 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2010 |
| Burmese calendar | 828 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6974–6975 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙酉年 (Wood Rooster)
4163 or 3956
*to*
丙戌年 (Fire Dog)
4164 or 3957 |
| Coptic calendar | 1182–1183 |
| Discordian calendar | 2632 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1458–1459 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5226–5227 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1522–1523 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1387–1388 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4566–4567 |
| Holocene calendar | 11466 |
| Igbo calendar | 466–467 |
| Iranian calendar | 844–845 |
| Islamic calendar | 870–871 |
| Japanese calendar | Kanshō 7 / Bunshō 1
(文正元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1382–1383 |
| Julian calendar | 1466
*MCDLXVI* |
| Korean calendar | 3799 |
| Minguo calendar | 446 before ROC
民前446年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −2 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2008–2009 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴木鸡年
(female Wood-Rooster)
1592 or 1211 or 439
*to*
阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
1593 or 1212 or 440 |

Year **1466** (**MCDLXVI**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: 12th Filmfare Awards

abstract: The 12th Filmfare Awards were held in 1965. Sangam led the ceremony with 11 nominations, followed by Dosti with 7 nominations and Shehar Aur Sapna with 4 nominations. Dosti won 6 awards, including Best Film and Best Music Director (Laxmikant–Pyarelal), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony. Sangam was the runner-up of the ceremony with 4 awards, including Best Director Best Actress.

text:
# 12th Filmfare Awards

The **12th Filmfare Awards** were held in 1965.

*Sangam* led the ceremony with 11 nominations, followed by *Dosti* with 7 nominations and *Shehar Aur Sapna* with 4 nominations.

*Dosti* won 6 awards, including Best Film and Best Music Director (Laxmikant–Pyarelal), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

*Sangam* was the runner-up of the ceremony with 4 awards, including Best Director (for Raj Kapoor) Best Actress (for Vyjayanthimala).

## Main awards

Nana Palsikar, Best Supporting ActorNirupa Roy, Best Supporting ActressMohammed Rafi, Best Playback SingerLaxmikant–Pyarelal, Best Music DirectorMajrooh Sultanpuri, Best Lyricist

| Best Film | Best Director |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Best Actor | Best Actress |
|  |  |
| Best Supporting Actor | Best Supporting Actress |
|  |  |
| Best Music Director | Best Lyricist |
|  |  |
| Best Playback Singer – Male | Best Playback Singer – Female |
|  |  |
| Best Story | Best Dialogue |
|  |  |

## Technical Awards

| Best Art Direction | Best Cinematography |
| --- | --- |
| * **G. L. Yadav and T. K. Desai – *Kohra*** (for B/W) * **Sant Singh – *Jahan Ara*** (for Color) |  |
| Best Editing | Best Sound Design |
|  |  |

## Superlatives

The following films had multiple wins and/or nominations

| Movie | Awards | Nominations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Dosti* | 6 | 7 |
| *Sangam* | 4 | 11 |
| *Shehar Aur Sapna* | 1 | 4 |
| *Woh Kaun Thi?* | | 3 |
| *Jahan Ara* | | 2 |
| *Kohra* | |
| *Ayee Milan Ki Bela* | 0 | 3 |
| *Sant Gyaneshwar* | | 2 |

https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000245/1965/

## InfoBox

| 12th Filmfare Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 1965 |
| Site | Bombay |
| Highlights | |
| Best Film | *Dosti* |
| Best Actor | Dilip Kumar for *Leader* |
| Best Actress | Vyjayanthimala for *Sangam* |
| Most awards | *Dosti* (6) |
| Most nominations | *Sangam* (11) |
|


title: 1992 Oregon Ducks football team

abstract: The 1992 Oregon Ducks football team represented the University of Oregon during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were led by head coach Rich Brooks, who was in his 16th season as head coach of the Ducks. They played their home games at Autzen Stadium in Eugene, Oregon and participated as members of the Pacific-10 Conference.

text:
# 1992 Oregon Ducks football team

1992 Pacific-10 Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 11 Washington \+ | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 9 Stanford \+ | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 15 Washington State | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| USC | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Arizona | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Arizona State | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Oregon | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| UCLA | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| California | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Oregon State | 0 |  | 7 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  | 9 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1992 Oregon Ducks football team** represented the University of Oregon during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were led by head coach Rich Brooks, who was in his 16th season as head coach of the Ducks. They played their home games at Autzen Stadium in Eugene, Oregon and participated as members of the Pacific-10 Conference.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 5 | 1:00 pm | Hawaii* |  |  | L 21–24 | 32,560 |  |
| September 12 | 12:30 pm | at No. 21 Stanford |  | ABC | L 7–21 | 43,656 |  |
| September 19 | 12:30 pm | Texas Tech* | * Autzen Stadium * Eugene, OR |  | W 16–13 | 28,361 |  |
| September 26 | 1:00 pm | UNLV* | * Autzen Stadium * Eugene, OR |  | W 59–6 | 29,508 |  |
| October 3 | 1:00 pm | Arizona State | * Autzen Stadium * Eugene, OR | Prime | W 30–20 | 30,121 |  |
| October 10 | 3:30 pm | at No. 20 USC |  | Prime | L 10–32 | 46,343 |  |
| October 17 | 1:00 pm | No. 1 Washington |  | Prime | L 3–24 | 47,612 |  |
| October 31 | 2:00 pm | at No. 19 Washington State |  |  | W 34–17 | 25,450 |  |
| November 7 | 1:00 pm | California | * Autzen Stadium * Eugene, OR |  | W 37–17 | 34,651 |  |
| November 14 | 1:00 pm | UCLA | * Autzen Stadium * Eugene, OR |  | L 6–9 | 33,771 |  |
| November 21 | 1:00 pm | at Oregon State |  | Prime | W 7–0 | 35,547 |  |
| December 31 | 9:30 am | vs. Wake Forest* |  | ESPN | L 35–39 | 31,337 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Pacific time | | | | | | | |

## Games summaries

### Oregon State

**Oregon Ducks (5–6) at Oregon State Beavers (1–8–1)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Oregon** | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **7** |
| Oregon St | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** |

*at Parker Stadium, Corvallis, Oregon*

* **Date**: November 21, 1992
* **Game weather**: Rain
* **Game attendance**: 35,547
* **TV**: Prime
* Eugene Register-Guard. 1992 Nov 22.

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

## Personnel

| 1992 Oregon Ducks football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  RB  Sean Burwell  OL  David Collinsworth  OL  Tom Curran  RB  Derrick Deadwiler  OL  Mike DiFonzo  TE  Vince Ferry  OL  Steve Hardin  WR  Ronnie Harris  OL  Heath Howington  WR  Anthony Jones  RB  Dwayne Jones  WR  Cristin McLemore  RB  Dan Meade  RB  Donovan Moore  WR  Kory Murphy  QB  Doug Musgrave  QB `16` Danny O'Neil So  RB  Juan Shedrick  OL  Justin Starck  TE  Willy Tate  OL  Jon Tattersall  RB  Ricky Whittle | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  LB  Jeremy Asher  DL  Romeo Bandison  DB  Eric Castle  DB `7` Chad Cota So  DE  Jeff Cummins  LB  Terrell Edwards  LB  Joe Farwell  LB  Ernest Jones  LB  Dave Massey  DB  Alex Molden  DB  Herman O'Berry  DB  Paul Rodriguez  DL  Gary Williams | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  ,   Tommy Thompson | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

## InfoBox

| 1992 Oregon Ducks football | |
| --- | --- |
| Independence Bowl, L 35–39 vs. Wake Forest | |
| Conference | Pacific-10 Conference |
| Record | 6–6 (4–4 Pac-10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Mike Belotti (4th season) |
| Defensive coordinator | Denny Schuler (7th season) |
| Captain | Eric Castle, Jeff Cummins, Vince Ferry, Jon Tattersall |
| Home stadium | Autzen Stadium |
|