title: ETAP 48Ds

abstract: The ETAP 48Ds is a Belgian sailboat that was designed by Marc-Oliver von Ahlen, with the interior designed by Stile Bertone, as a cruiser and first built in 2009. The design was originally marketed by the manufacturer as the ETAP 46Ds.

text:
# ETAP 48Ds

The **ETAP 48Ds** is a Belgian sailboat that was designed by Marc-Oliver von Ahlen, with the interior designed by Stile Bertone, as a cruiser and first built in 2009.

The design was originally marketed by the manufacturer as the **ETAP 46Ds**.

## Production

The design has built by ETAP Yachting in Belgium since 2009. It remained advertised as still in production in 2021.

## Design

The ETAP 48Ds is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of glassfibre. The construction is of a polyester glassfibre and closed-cell polyurethane foam sandwich, which provides buoyancy and makes the boat unsinkable. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or shoal draft tandem keels. The fin keel version displaces 26,350 lb (11,952 kg) and carries 8,490 lb (3,851 kg) of ballast, while the tandem keel version displaces 27,100 lb (12,292 kg) and carries 9,260 lb (4,200 kg) of ballast.

The boat has a draft of 6.73 ft (2.05 m) with the standard keel and 5.09 ft (1.55 m) with the optional shoal draft tandem keels.

The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar 4JH4-TCE 75 hp (56 kW) diesel engine for docking and manoeuvring. The fuel tank holds 74 U.S. gallons (280 L; 62 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 111 U.S. gallons (420 L; 92 imp gal).

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double berth in the bow cabin and another in the aft cabin. The galley is located on the port side just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a two-burner stove, a refrigerator and double sinks. There are two heads, one just aft of the bow cabin on the starboard side and one on the port side forward of the aft cabin. The main salon has a U-shaped settee around a table and a second table opposite.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an gennaker of 1,068.85 sq ft (99.299 m2).

The design has a hull speed of 8.58 kn (15.89 km/h).

## Operational history

The boat was at one time supported by a class club, the *ETAP Owners Association*.

## InfoBox

ETAP 48Ds
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | Marc-Oliver von Ahlen |
| Location | Belgium |
| Year | 2009 |
| Builder(s) | ETAP Yachting |
| Role | Cruiser |
| Name | ETAP 48Ds |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 26,350 lb (11,952 kg) |
| Draft | 6.73 ft (2.05 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | monohull |
| Construction | glassfibre |
| LOA | 47.44 ft (14.46 m) |
| LWL | 41.01 ft (12.50 m) |
| Beam | 14.76 ft (4.50 m) |
| Engine type | Yanmar 4JH4-TCE 75 hp (56 kW) diesel engine |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | wing keel |
| Ballast | 9,259 lb (4,200 kg) |
| Rudder(s) | internally-mounted spade-type rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| foretriangle height | 52.72 ft (16.07 m) |
| foretriangle base | 14.93 ft (4.55 m) |
| mainsail luff | 51.25 ft (15.62 m) |
| mainsail foot | 19.68 ft (6.00 m) |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | fractional rigged sloop |
| Mainsail area | 590.40 sq ft (54.850 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 258.33 sq ft (24.000 m2) |
| Spinnaker area | 1,068.85 sq ft (99.299 m2) |
| Other sails | genoa 546.81 sq ft (50.800 m2)
storm jib 157.15 sq ft (14.600 m2) |
| Total sail area | 897.85 sq ft (83.413 m2) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Dyschirius ussuriensis

abstract: Dyschirius ussuriensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Fedorenko in 1991.

text:
# Dyschirius ussuriensis

***Dyschirius ussuriensis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Fedorenko in 1991.

## InfoBox

| *Dyschirius ussuriensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Dyschirius* |
| Species: | ***D. ussuriensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dyschirius ussuriensis***<br>(Fedorenko, 1991) | |
|


title: Edwin Erle Sparks

abstract: Edwin Erle Sparks was the eighth president of the Pennsylvania State University, serving from 1908 until 1920.

text:
# Edwin Erle Sparks

**Edwin Erle Sparks** (July 16, 1860  June 15, 1924) was the eighth president of the Pennsylvania State University, serving from 1908 until 1920.

## Biography

Sparks was born in Newark, Ohio, on July 16, 1860. After high school, he attended Ohio Wesleyan University for two years and the Ohio State University, Class of 1884. He was a Phi Beta Kappa, and received his M.A. from Harvard University, his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and his LL.D. from Lehigh University. He married Katherine Bullard Cotton on January 1, 1890.

Sparks became a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity at Ohio Weslayen and a founder and charter member of the Iota chapter at the Ohio State University. He served as the Grand Gamma (National Secretary) of the Fraternity and was also instrumental in bringing Chi Phi to Penn State just before his death in 1924. In his memory, Chi Phi established the Sparks Memorial Medal, presented to the undergraduate member in each chapter who had, during the preceding year, the highest grade point average.

## InfoBox

| Edwin Erle Sparks | |
| --- | --- |
| Sparks pictured in *La Vie 1920*, Penn State yearbook | |
|  | |
| 8th President of the Pennsylvania State University | |
| **In office**
1908–1920 | |
| Preceded by | James A. Beaver |
| Succeeded by | John Martin Thomas |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 16, 1860
Newark, Ohio |
| Died | June 15, 1924(1924-06-15) (aged 63)
State College, Pennsylvania |
| Alma mater | Ohio State University
University of Chicago |
|  | |


title: Akaroa Marine Reserve

abstract: The Akaroa Marine Reserve is a marine reserve covering an area of 512.15 hectares at the entrance to the Akaroa Harbour in New Zealand. It was approved in 2013 after a lengthy campaign, and established in 2014.

text:
# Akaroa Marine Reserve

The **Akaroa Marine Reserve** is a marine reserve covering an area of 512.15 hectares (1,265.6 acres) at the entrance to the Akaroa Harbour in New Zealand. It was approved in 2013 after a lengthy campaign, and established in 2014.

## History

Forest and Bird carried out exploratory dives in the Akaroa Harbour in 1990. The Akaroa Harbour Marine Protection Society formal proposed the establishment of a 560-hectare (1,400-acre) marine reserve in 1996.

Conservation Minister Kate Wilkinson declined the application for the reserve in 2010 on the grounds that it would adversely affect recreation fishing. The decision was challenged in the High Court and was quashed in a 2012 ruling. In terms of actual numbers the two separate consultation processes for the application had attracted more support than opposition.

In April 2013 Conservation Minister Nick Smith announced the approval of the reserve but at the reduced size of 475 ha. The size was reduced to take into account the concerns about customary and recreational fishing. Subsequently, the size was finalised as 512 ha.

## Ecology

The harbour as a whole has considerable natural values and fauna of the inner and outer harbour differs. There are pressures on the ecology from human activity such as settlements on the edge of the harbour and there is land and water-based industrial activity.

## InfoBox

| Akaroa Marine Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve) | |
| The entrance of Akaroa Harbour. The reserve is in an area on the left hand side of the entrance. | |
|  | |
| Location | New Zealand |
| Nearest city | Christchurch |
| Coordinates | 43°52′57″S 172°57′54″E / 43.882367°S 172.965131°E / -43.882367; 172.965131 |
| Area | 512 ha |
| Established | 2014 |


abstract: Douglas Township is one of fifteen townships in Effingham County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,556 and it contained 5,947 housing units.

text:
# Douglas Township, Effingham County, Illinois

**Douglas Township** is one of fifteen townships in Effingham County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,556 and it contained 5,947 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Douglas Township has a total area of 33.64 square miles (87.13 km2), of which 33.58 square miles (86.97 km2) (or 99.83%) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) (or 0.17%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

### Extinct towns

* Green Creek

### Cemeteries

The township contains these five cemeteries: Effingham City, Green Creek, Ramsey, Saint Anthony Catholic and Saint John Lutheran.

### Major highways

### Airports and landing strips

* Saint Anthony Memorial Hospital Heliport

### Landmarks

* Oak Ridge Cemetery

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 12,556 people, 5,268 households, and 3,188 families residing in the township. The population density was 373.29 inhabitants per square mile (144.13/km2). There were 5,947 housing units at an average density of 176.80 per square mile (68.26/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 91.76% White, 0.80% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.27% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.55% from other races, and 4.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.01% of the population.

There were 5,268 households, out of which 29.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.44% were married couples living together, 11.31% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 39.48% were non-families. 30.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.93.

The township's age distribution consisted of 23.1% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $54,215, and the median income for a family was $70,285. Males had a median income of $37,440 versus $26,837 for females. The per capita income for the township was $31,730. About 10.3% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 12,674 |  |  |
| 2010 | 12,604 |  | −0.6% |
| 2020 | 12,556 |  | −0.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## School districts

* Beecher City Community Unit School District 20
* Effingham Community Unit School District 40
* Stewardson-Strasburg Community Unit District 5a
* Teutopolis Community Unit School District 50

## Political districts

* "Douglas Township, Effingham County, Illinois". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
* United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
* United States National Atlas

1. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Douglas Township, Effingham County, Illinois
2. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023.
3. Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". *Census.gov*. Retrieved January 22, 2023. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
4. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Douglas Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Effingham County | |
| Effingham County's location in Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 39°10′N 88°32′W / 39.167°N 88.533°W / 39.167; -88.533 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Effingham |
| Established | November 6, 1860 |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.64 sq mi (87.1 km2) |
| Land | 33.58 sq mi (87.0 km2) |
| Water | 0.06 sq mi (0.2 km2)  0.18% |
| Elevation | 610 ft (190 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 12,556 |
| Density | 370/sq mi (140/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 62401, 62467 |
| FIPS code | 17-049-20474 |


title: Ellen Heber-Katz

abstract: Ellen Heber-Katz is an American immunologist and regeneration biologist who works as a professor at Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR). She discovered that the Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mouse strain can regenerate wounds without scarring and fully restore damaged tissue. Her research focuses on immunology, regenerative medicine, and cancer. In July 2015, she expanded her research to include studies funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) that investigate novel aspects of breast cancer causation.

text:
# Ellen Heber-Katz

**Ellen Heber-Katz** is an American immunologist and regeneration biologist who works as a professor at Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR). She discovered that the Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mouse strain can regenerate wounds without scarring and fully restore damaged tissue. Her research focuses on immunology, regenerative medicine, and cancer. In July 2015, she expanded her research to include studies funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) that investigate novel aspects of breast cancer causation.

## Education and career

Heber-Katz received her B.A. in microbiology and immunology in 1969. She received her M.S. in immunology in 1972 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison while studying with Robert E. Click. Her M.S. thesis focused on the role of reducing agents as critical factors in cellular immune responses. In 1976, she earned her Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Pennsylvania, studying with D.B. Wilson.

In her thesis work, she showed that single T-cell subsets could respond to both histocompatibility antigens and environmental antigens, establishing the unity of these two branches of the immune response. She pursued postdoctoral studies at the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in the Laboratory of Immunology, under the immunologists E. Shevach, W.E. Paul, and R. Schwartz. While there, she established the first functional evidence for the formation of a molecular complex between a T-cell antigen and the MHC class Ia molecule, anticipating the crystal structure later determined for this fundamental molecular complex in T-cell biology.

At NIAID, Heber-Katz also conducted experiments that illuminated the molecular details involved in controlling interactions between T-cells and macrophages. The experiment termed the "A/5R experiment" confirmed the Determinant Selection Hypothesis, which concerned the spatial relationships between the histocompatibility I-A and I-E molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, the bound antigen and the recognition structure of the T-cell receptor, contributing to the fundamental understanding of how ‘foreign’ antigens activate the adaptive immune system in mammals.

In 1976, Heber-Katz was appointed as the Assistant Professor at the Wistar Institute. In her viral studies, she developed a T-cell vaccine for the herpes virus HSV-2 that could protect subjects against lethal infection in the total absence of an antibody response. This proved for the first time that, by themselves, T-cells could protect against lethal viral infection. In her autoimmune studies, she developed the “V Region Disease Hypothesis” in showing that the same T-cell receptor in mice and rats recognized different antigens to mediate different diseases.

In 1995, during her investigations into how autoimmune disease arises, Heber-Katz discovered that two of the mouse strains she was using (MRL/LPR and MRL/MPJ) had an unusual ability to heal in a regenerative amphibian-like fashion rather than through a fibrotic response. This was shown first for ear hole closure but was extended to many organ systems such as the heart. Together with Dr. Robert K. Naviaux at the University of California at San Diego, an expert in mitochondrial physiology, Heber-Katz discovered that a key to non-scarring healing in the adult MRL mouse was activation of an embryonic metabolic pattern known as aerobic glycolysis, suggesting the types of molecules involved in this unusual healing response. In particular, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) was identified as a critical molecule, based on the discovery that blocking its activity in MRL mice was sufficient to eliminate the regenerative response.

She has investigated therapeutic strategies to activate this regenerative healing response with Phillip Messersmith, a biomaterials chemist at the University of California at Berkeley. An initial milestone was the creation of time-release hydrogel formulations of a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that, when delivered subdermally, confers regenerative healing to a normal mouse. She has obtained evidence of regenerative healing of chronic wounds and osteoporosis in aged mice using this experimental therapeutic approach. With Dr. George Hajishengallis at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dentistry, the hydrogel drug formulation was shown to induce rapid and complete bone and soft tissue regrowth in a preclinical model of periodontal disease, characterized by tooth loss and jaw bone degeneration.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Heber-Katz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S |
| Alma mater | University of Pennsylvania
University of Wisconsin Madison |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Immunology, Microbiology |
| Institutions | Lankenau Institute for Medical Research
The Wistar Institute |
|  | |


title: Luganoia

abstract: Luganoia is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Anisian and Ladinian ages of the Middle Triassic epoch. Fossils were recovered from the Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio and Besano area and from the Zhuganpo Member of Guizhou, South China. It was also reported from the Ladinian of Spain. The genus is named after Lake Lugano next to Monte San Giorgio.

text:
# Luganoia

***Luganoia*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Anisian and Ladinian ages of the Middle Triassic epoch. Fossils were recovered from the Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio and Besano area (Swiss-Italian boundary) and from the Zhuganpo Member (Falang Formation) of Guizhou, South China. It was also reported from the Ladinian of Spain.

The genus is named after Lake Lugano next to Monte San Giorgio.

## InfoBox

| *Luganoia*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Luganoiiformes |
| Family: | Luganoiidae |
| Genus: | *Luganoia*
Brough, 1939 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Luganoia lepidosteoides***
Brough, 1939 | |
| Species | |
| * *L. fortuna*  Xu, 2020 | |


title: Hunat Hatun Complex

abstract: The Hunat Hatun Complex is a historic Islamic religious complex in Kayseri, Turkey. Early in the 13th century, Kayqubad I, Sultan of the Anatolian Selçuks (1219–1237), captured the Alanya fortress from its Armenian ruler, Kir Vart. One of the conditions of Vart's surrender was that his daughter Hunat Mahperi Hatun would become the sultan's wife. After her marriage, Lady Hunat converted to Islam and commissioned the Hunat Hatun Complex, made up of the Hunat Hatun Mosque, tomb, medrese, and hamam, which is still functioning and has separate facilities for men and women.

text:
# Hunat Hatun Complex

The **Hunat Hatun Complex** is a historic Islamic religious complex in Kayseri, Turkey.

Early in the 13th century, Kayqubad I, Sultan of the Anatolian Selçuks (1219–1237), captured the Alanya fortress (then called Kalon Oros, later renamed Ala'iyya) from its Armenian ruler, Kir Vart. One of the conditions of Vart's surrender was that his daughter Hunat (“lady” in Persian) Mahperi Hatun would become the sultan's wife. After her marriage, Lady Hunat (as she is redundantly called in English) converted to Islam and commissioned the Hunat Hatun Complex, made up of the Hunat Hatun Mosque, tomb, medrese, and hamam, which is still functioning and has separate facilities for men and women.

38°43′14″N 35°29′27″E / 38.72056°N 35.49083°E / 38.72056; 35.49083


title: Dyschirius vietnamicus

abstract: Dyschirius vietnamicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Fedorenko in 2000.

text:
# Dyschirius vietnamicus

***Dyschirius vietnamicus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Fedorenko in 2000.

## InfoBox

| *Dyschirius vietnamicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Dyschirius* |
| Species: | ***D. vietnamicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dyschirius vietnamicus***<br>(Fedorenko, 2000) | |
|


title: 173rd Fighter Wing

abstract: The 173rd Fighter Wing is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard, stationed at Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base, Klamath Falls, Oregon. The 173d Fighter Wing is responsible for training combat pilots and support personnel on the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle for the active duty Air Force and the Air National Guard. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) of the United States Air Force. In addition, as part of the Air National Guard, the 173 FW serves the state of Oregon and the United States in times of peace and war.

text:
# 173rd Fighter Wing

The **173rd Fighter Wing** (**173 FW**) is a unit of the Oregon Air National Guard, stationed at Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base, Klamath Falls, Oregon. The 173d Fighter Wing is responsible for training combat pilots and support personnel on the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle (C and D models) for the active duty Air Force and the Air National Guard. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) of the United States Air Force.

In addition, as part of the Air National Guard, the 173 FW serves the state of Oregon and the United States in times of peace and war.

## Units

* 173d Operations Group

114th Fighter Squadron 270th Air Traffic Control Squadron 173d Operations Support Squadron * 173d Maintenance Group
* 173d Mission Support Group
* 173d Medical Group

## History

On 1 April 1996, the 173d Fighter Wing was formed at Kingsley Field ANGB as a host organization and parent unit for the 114th Fighter Squadron (114 FS) when the unit was authorized to expand, with the 114th being transferred from the 142d Fighter Wing at Portland to the new wing at Kingsley ANGB. The 173d Fighter Wing consists of the 173d Operations Group; 173d Maintenance Group, 173d Mission Support Group and 173d Medical Group.

Initially flying early versions of the F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft as a formal training unit (FTU), the F-16As and F-16Bs were retired in the late 1990s as their service life was ending. The squadron began receiving F-15A and F-15B Eagles in 1998, upgrading to the F-15C and F-15D Eagle in 2004 as the A and B series aircraft were retired and continuing its mission as a fighter-interceptor training unit for the Air Force and the Air National Guard.

### Lineage

* Designated **173d Fighter Wing**, and allotted to Oregon ANG, 1996

Extended federal recognition and activated, 1 April 1996

### Assignments

* Oregon Air National Guard

Gained by: Air Education and Training Command

### Components

### Stations

### Aircraft

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* 173rd Fighter Wing lineage and history
* Rogers, B. (2006). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. ISBN 1-85780-197-0
* 173rd Fighter Wing website

## InfoBox

| 173d Fighter Wing | |
| --- | --- |
| 173d Fighter Wing F-15C-24-MC Eagle<br>AF Ser. No. 79-0022. | |
| Active | 1996-present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Oregon |
| Branch | Air National Guard |
| Type | Wing |
| Role | Fighter/Air Defense |
| Part of | Oregon Air National Guard |
| Garrison/HQ | Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base, Klamath Falls, Oregon |
| Tail code | "Oregon" American bald eagle |
| Insignia | |
| 173rd Fighter Wing emblem |  |


title: Alexander Blackwell

abstract: Alexander Blackwell (c.1700–1747) was a Scottish adventurer. He was born in Aberdeen, the son of Rev Dr Thomas Blackwell principal of Marischal College in Aberdeen, and his wife Christian Johnston of Glasgow. His elder brother was Rev Thomas Blackwell. He studied medicine, took to printing, and was thrown into prison for debt. His wife Elizabeth Blackwell supported him by writing and publishing a herbal. After his release, he went to Sweden in 1742, was patronised by the king, convicted of conspiracy, and beheaded in 1747.

text:
# Alexander Blackwell

**Alexander Blackwell** (c.17001747) was a Scottish adventurer.

He was born in Aberdeen, the son of Rev Dr Thomas Blackwell principal of Marischal College in Aberdeen, and his wife Christian Johnston of Glasgow. His elder brother was Rev Thomas Blackwell.

He studied medicine, took to printing, and was thrown into prison for debt. His wife Elizabeth Blackwell supported him by writing and publishing a herbal (*A Curious Herbal*, published between 1737 and 1739). After his release, he went to Sweden (without his loyal wife) in 1742, was patronised by the king, convicted of conspiracy, and beheaded in 1747.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Blackwell, Alexander". *The Nuttall Encyclopædia*. London and New York: Frederick Warne.

## Further reading


title: Dong Qiwu

abstract: Dong Qiwu was a general in the People's Liberation Army of China. Dong was born in Hejin, Shanxi Province. He attended the military study group founded by Yan Xishan in 1919. He joined the army in 1924. He first was recruited in Liu Zhenghua's army, and later joined National People's Revolution Army, and participated in North Expedition. After that, he joined Fu Zuoyi's army. Since 1918, he actively fought Japanese, and such battles in the Great Wall, Bailingmiao established his reputation. He was promoted to lieutenant general and head of 102 division in 1937, and fought in Pingxingguan battle. In 1946, he became the governor and commander of Suiyuan Province, and later became vice commander of northwest military and political official bureau. On September 19, 1949, he announced peaceful liberation of Suiyuan Province. He participated in Korean War, and was the commander of 23 army group of Chinese People's Volunteer Army. He became head of 69 army of PLA in 1953. He was a delegate to 1st–5th National People's Congress, and a member of standing committee of 4th and 5th NPC. A member of 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th National Political Consultative Conference, and vice chairman of 5th and 6th NPCC. He served as a member of 1st–3rd National Defense Commission. He was made a general in 1955. He died on 3 March 1989 in Beijing. His granddaughter, Li Jie, is the mother of Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo.

text:
# Dong Qiwu

**Dong Qiwu** (Chinese: 董其武; pinyin: *Dǒng Qíwǔ*; November 27, 1899 – March 3, 1989) was a general in the People's Liberation Army of China.

Dong was born in Hejin, Shanxi Province. He attended the military study group founded by Yan Xishan in 1919. He joined the army in 1924. He first was recruited in Liu Zhenghua's army, and later joined National People's Revolution Army, and participated in North Expedition. After that, he joined Fu Zuoyi's army. Since 1918, he actively fought Japanese, and such battles in the Great Wall, Bailingmiao established his reputation. He was promoted to lieutenant general and head of 102 division in 1937, and fought in Pingxingguan battle. In 1946, he became the governor and commander of Suiyuan Province, and later became vice commander of northwest military and political official bureau. On September 19, 1949, he announced peaceful liberation of Suiyuan Province. He participated in Korean War, and was the commander of 23 army group of Chinese People's Volunteer Army. He became head of 69 army of PLA in 1953.

He was a delegate to 1st–5th National People's Congress, and a member of standing committee of 4th and 5th NPC. A member of 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th National Political Consultative Conference, and vice chairman of 5th and 6th NPCC. He served as a member of 1st–3rd National Defense Commission.

He was made a general in 1955.

He died on 3 March 1989 in Beijing.

His granddaughter, Li Jie, is the mother of Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo.


title: Alex Kavanagh

abstract: Alexandra Kavanagh is an Irish association footballer who plays for Women's National League (WNL) club Shelbourne and the Republic of Ireland women's national team. She is a central midfielder with good technique, who is also a capable goal scorer.

text:
# Alex Kavanagh

**Alexandra Kavanagh** (born 11 December 1999) is an Irish association footballer who plays for Women's National League (WNL) club Shelbourne and the Republic of Ireland women's national team. She is a central midfielder with good technique, who is also a capable goal scorer.

## Club career

Kavanagh is from Finglas, Dublin and began playing soccer for Shelbourne's girls' teams in 2011 when she was 11 years old. She also played up to under-14 level with Home Farm, as the only girl in the team.

In January 2016 Kavanagh was elevated into Shelbourne's Women's National League squad, scoring on her debut on 20 February 2016; a 12–1 win over a Castlebar Celtic team in rapid decline. In the remainder of the 2015–16 season Kavanagh featured as Shelbourne were edged out by Wexford Youths in both the WNL Shield final and a play-off for the League title.

In the 2016 season, Kavanagh started the 5–0 FAI Women's Cup final win over Wexford Youths as Shelbourne secured a League and Cup "double". She displayed good form in the 2019 Women's National League, being named WNL Player of the Month for March 2019, and named in the WNL Team of the Season.

In the delayed and truncated 2020 Women's National League season Kavanagh missed some time out through injury. When she scored the WNL's first ever televised goal, in Shelbourne's 1–0 win over DLR Waves at Tolka Park on 2 October 2021, it was her first 90-minute appearance for a year.

After further injuries disrupted her progress, Kavanagh recaptured her best form in the later stages of the 2022 campaign, winning WNL Player of the Month for October 2022. In the 2022 FAI Women's Cup Final, she served an assist for the first goal as Shelbourne beat Athlone Town 2–0 to secure a League and Cup "double".

## International career

### Youth

In November 2012 Kavanagh became the youngest ever person to play football for Ireland, when she played for the under-15 schoolgirl team in two matches at St George's Park National Football Centre in Burton upon Trent, England. At 12 years old she broke the record previously held by Conor Clifford. She continued to play for Ireland's under-15s during 2013–14, while attending St. Michael's Secondary School in Finglas.

With the Republic of Ireland women's national under-17 football team, Kavanagh competed at the 2016 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification mini tournament in Turkey, then the elite round in France. She was promoted to the Republic of Ireland women's national under-19 football team for a match against Belgium in September 2016, and scored a penalty kick in Ireland's 2–1 defeat.

With the under-19s Kavanagh competed in the 2017 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification series in North Macedonia and in the elite round at Markets Field, Limerick. By the time of the following year's elite round at Turners Cross, Cork, Kavanagh remained part of the team. She concluded her under-19 national team career with three goals in 17 appearances.

### Senior

In August 2016 Ireland coach Susan Ronan named Kavanagh in a young and predominantly home-based senior squad for a training camp in Wales. She won her first senior cap in the second of two scheduled friendly matches against the Welsh hosts, as an 83rd-minute substitute for Jetta Berrill in Ireland's 2–1 win.

Kavanagh made another substitute appearance in a 2–1 home friendly win over the Basque Country on 25 November 2016, coming in for Áine O'Gorman after 85 minutes. She continued to be selected by Ronan's successor Colin Bell, being called up for two friendlies against Iceland and Scotland ahead of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying series. In August 2019 Kavanagh was an unused substitute in a 3–0 friendly defeat by the United States at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.

## Personal life

Kavanagh's older brother Cian is also a soccer player. An attacking midfielder like his sister, Cian Kavanagh developed at St. Kevin's Boys and has played in the League of Ireland for Shamrock Rovers, Shelbourne, UCD, Drogheda United and Wexford.

Alex and Cian's father George Kavanagh played League of Ireland football for St. Pats, Bray Wanderers and Thurles Town.

1. Castlebar Celtic later withdrew from the WNL and their 2015–16 results were expunged from the records.
1. "Ireland WU16 end campaign with Danish loss". Football Association of Ireland. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
2. "On The Radar | Players Eyeing International Call-Ups". Women's National League (Ireland). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
3. Doyle, Stephen (25 April 2019). "Shelbourne goal machine Alex Kavanagh named Player of the Month". Newstalk. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
4. "Sport: Shelbourne's super siblings". Dublin People. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
5. O'Regan (19 November 2012). "Alex (12) enters record books as youngest ever to play for Ireland". Irish Independent. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
6. "Wexford edge Shels in WNL Shield Final". wnl.fai.ie. 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
7. "WNL Play-Off Report: Shelbourne Ladies 1–2 Wexford Youths Women". www.extratime.ie. 22 May 2016.
8. "Five-star Shelbourne turn on the style to win FAI Women's Cup". *The Irish Independent*. 6 November 2016.
9. "Shelbourne Ladies wrap up league title". RTÉ Sport. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
10. "Shelbourne star Alex Kavanagh scoops player of the month award". RTÉ Sport. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
11. "2019 Women's National League Team of the Season". Women's National League (Ireland). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
12. Donnelly, Dave (2 October 2021). "Shelbourne's Alex Kavanagh makes history as spectacular strike settles first-ever live WNL broadcast with DLR Waves win". Dublin Live. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
13. Duffy, Emma (10 November 2022). "Shelbourne double winner caps stunning season with Player of the Month award". *The42.ie*. TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
14. Pyne, Anthony (6 November 2022). "Shels break Athlone hearts to complete the double". RTÉ Sport. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
15. "#2 Alex Kavanagh". FAI Schools. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
16. "Kavanagh believes in UEFA European Championship Finals dream". Extratime.com. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
17. "Ireland U-17s Fight Back To Beat Hungary". She Kicks. 20 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
18. "Report: Kavanagh on target for WU19s". Football Association of Ireland. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
19. "Ireland women's under-19 side too good for Ukraine in Limerick". Irish Independent. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
20. "Ireland U-19s have to settle for a draw with Austria". RTÉ Sport. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
21. "Alex Kavanagh". SoccerScene.ie. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
22. Blake, Ben (17 August 2016). "Youth given a chance to impress as 9 new faces named in Ireland senior women's squad". The42.ie. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
23. "Sue Ronan names Wales training camp squad". Football Association of Ireland. 16 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
24. "Young Ireland hold Wales in stalemate". Football Association of Ireland. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
25. "Video: Late McCabe double secures victory over Wales". Football Association of Ireland. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
26. "Report: Ronan ends six-year tenure with win". Football Association of Ireland. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
27. O'Neill, Jen (22 May 2017). "Bell Names Ireland Squad For Iceland Friendly". She Kicks. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
28. "USA Rolls Past Ireland 3-0 In Front Of 37,040 Fans At The Rose Bowl To Win First Match Of 2019 Victory Tour Presented By Allstate". United States Soccer Federation. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
29. "Cian Kavanagh signs for Wexford FC". Wexford F.C. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

## InfoBox

Alex Kavanagh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Alexandra Kavanagh | | |
| Date of birth | (1999-12-11) 11 December 1999 | | |
| Place of birth | Finglas, Dublin | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Shelbourne | | |
| Number | 6 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Home Farm | | |
| 2011–2015 | Shelbourne | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016– | Shelbourne |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2016–2018 | Republic of Ireland U19 | 17 | (3) |
| 2016– | Republic of Ireland |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 01:17, 6 December 2020 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 01:17, 6 December 2020 (UTC) | | | |


title: Dorian Peña

abstract: Dorian Alan Peña is a Filipino-American former professional basketball player. He is nicknamed the "Junkyard Dawg" for his consistent plays of putbacks and offensive rebounds. He previously played for the Negros Slashers and the Pasig-Rizal Pirates in the defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association before being recruited by the Beermen. A Mythical Five member in the 2004–05 season, the 6-6 slotman was relegated to the Second Team the following year. He was one of the only three locals to average in double-double during a season, the other two being Eric Menk and Asi Taulava, both former Most Valuable Player winners. Peña averaged a career-best 13.2 points and 11.5 boards per game in the 2005–06 season and has been consistent since then. After spending twelve seasons with the Beermen, he was traded to the Barako Bull Energy along with Dondon Hontiveros, Paul Artadi and Danny Seigle for Nonoy Baclao, Rey Guevarra and Rabeh Al-Hussaini. He spent a season with the Energy providing boost off the bench after being traded again back to his former team. Pena went back to Barako again after another trade and was waived eventually after one season. After testing the free agency, Pena signed a deal with the GlobalPort Batang Pier. He was waived before the start of the 2016-17 PBA season.

text:
# Dorian Peña

**Dorian Alan Peña** (born October 12, 1977) is a Filipino-American former professional basketball player. He is nicknamed the "**Junkyard Dawg**" for his consistent plays of putbacks and offensive rebounds. He previously played for the Negros Slashers and the Pasig-Rizal Pirates in the defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association before being recruited by the Beermen.

A Mythical Five member in the 2004–05 season, the 6-6 slotman was relegated to the Second Team the following year. He was one of the only three locals to average in double-double during a season, the other two being Eric Menk and Asi Taulava, both former Most Valuable Player winners. Peña averaged a career-best 13.2 points and 11.5 boards per game in the 2005–06 season and has been consistent since then.

After spending twelve seasons with the Beermen, he was traded to the Barako Bull Energy along with Dondon Hontiveros, Paul Artadi and Danny Seigle for Nonoy Baclao, Rey Guevarra and Rabeh Al-Hussaini. He spent a season with the Energy providing boost off the bench after being traded again back to his former team. Pena went back to Barako again after another trade and was waived eventually after one season. After testing the free agency, Pena signed a deal with the GlobalPort Batang Pier. He was waived before the start of the 2016-17 PBA season.

## PBA career statistics

| Legend | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

### Season-by-season averages

| Year | Team | GP | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | San Miguel | 55 | 19.8 | .489 |  | .421 | 5.9 | .3 | .3 | .2 | 3.8 |
| 2002 | San Miguel | 49 | 29.3 | **.566** |  | **.651** | 9.0 | .7 | .3 | **.5** | 10.9 |
| 2003 | San Miguel | 32 | **34.9** | .493 |  | .595 | **12.5** | **1.2** | .2 | **.5** | 12.2 |
| 2004–05 | San Miguel | **70** | 27.6 | .472 |  | .524 | 8.6 | **1.2** | .2 | .2 | 9.2 |
| 2005–06 | San Miguel | 42 | 31.1 | .541 | .000 | .528 | 11.5 | .8 | **.4** | .2 | **13.2** |
| 2006–07 | San Miguel | 62 | 24.9 | .552 | .000 | .525 | 8.6 | .7 | .3 | .2 | 9.5 |
| 2007–08 | Magnolia | 35 | 20.5 | .455 | .000 | .426 | 6.4 | .8 | .3 | .3 | 5.9 |
| 2008–09 | San Miguel | 49 | 21.3 | .460 | .000 | .552 | 7.1 | .6 | **.4** | **.5** | 8.1 |
| 2009–10 | San Miguel | 52 | 15.3 | .505 |  | .441 | 5.6 | .4 | .2 | .2 | 4.4 |
| 2010–11 | San Miguel | 40 | 20.6 | .518 |  | .338 | 8.3 | .6 | .1 | .3 | 4.3 |
| | Air21 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2011–12 | Barako Bull | 46 | 17.2 | .443 | .000 | .548 | 6.4 | .4 | .2 | .4 | 4.3 |
| | Petron Blaze | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2012–13 | Petron Blaze | 32 | 14.1 | .407 |  | .600 | 4.6 | .2 | .3 | .2 | 1.9 |
| 2013–14 | Barako Bull | 24 | 20.5 | .475 |  | .452 | 6.0 | .26 | .2 | .2 | 5.1 |
| 2014–15 | Barako Bull | 20 | 11.2 | .111 |  | .429 | 2.2 | .3 | .1 | .1 | .3 |
| | Barangay Ginebra | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2015–16 | GlobalPort | 15 | 4.2 | .500 |  |  | .9 | .0 | .1 | .0 | .3 |
| Career | | 623 | 22.2 | .502 | .000 | .524 | 7.4 | 0.7 | .3 | .3 | 6.9 |

## Criminal charges

Pena was arrested on drug charges on May 11, 2017, in a buy-bust operation held in Mandaluyong, Philippines.

## Awards

* 2005-06 PBA Mythical Second Team
* 2005-06 PBA All-Defensive Team
* 2004-05 PBA Mythical First Team

## InfoBox

Dorian Peña
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-10-12) October 12, 1977
Cheverly, Maryland, U.S. |
| Nationality | American / Filipino |
| Listed height | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) |
| Listed weight | 280 lb (127 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Lackey
(Indian Head, Maryland) |
| College | Coppin State (1995–1999) |
| PBA draft | 2001: Elevated |
| Playing career | 1999–2016 |
| Position | Center |
| Career history | |
| 1999 | Negros Slashers |
| 2000 | Pasig-Rizal Pirates |
| 2001–2011 | San Miguel Beermen / Petron Blaze Boosters |
| 2011–2012 | Barako Bull Energy |
| 2012–2013 | Petron Blaze Boosters |
| 2013–2015 | Barako Bull Energy |
| 2015 | Barangay Ginebra San Miguel |
| 2015–2016 | GlobalPort Batang Pier |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dov Dori

abstract: Dov Dori is an Israeli-American computer scientist, and Professor of Information Systems Engineering at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, known for the development of Object Process Methodology (OPM). The ideas underlying OPM were published for the first time in 1995.

text:
# Dov Dori

**Dov Dori** (born 2 September 1953) is an Israeli-American computer scientist, and Professor of Information Systems Engineering at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, known for the development of Object Process Methodology (OPM). The ideas underlying OPM were published for the first time in 1995.

## Biography

Born in Haifa, Israel, Dori received his BS in Industrial Engineering and Management in 1975 at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. In 1981 he received his MS at the Tel Aviv University, Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration, and in 1988 his PhD in Operations Research from the Weizmann Institute of Science under supervision of Amir Pnueli and Shimon Ullman.

Dori started his academic career in the United States as Assistant Professor in Computer Science at the University of Kansas in 1987. At the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology in the Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management he was appointed Senior Lecturer in 1991, Associate Professor in 1999, and Professor in 2008. Since 2010 At the Technion he also heads the Enterprise Systems Modeling Laboratory. Between 2000 and 2020 he was intermittently Visiting Associate Professor and later Visiting Professor and Scholar at Sloan Business School and the School of Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Dori is known for the development of Object Process Methodology, for which he received the Technion Klein Research Award and the Hershel Rich Innovation Award. He is IEEE Fellow since 2017 "For contributions to model-based systems engineering and document analysis recognition" and IEEE Life Fellow since 2021. He is Fellow of the International Association for Pattern Recognition (IAPR) since 2000, Fellow of the Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association (AAIA) since 2021, and ACM Senior Member since 2006. In 2023 he received the INCOSE Pioneer Award "For his seminal work as a researcher and educator, and most successfully transitioning research to practice." He has published in the fields of conceptual modeling of complex systems, systems architecture and design, and systems biology.

## Selected publications

1980s * Pliskin, Joseph; Dori, Dov (1982). "Ranking Alternative Warehouse Area Assignments: a Multiattribute Approach". *IIE Transactions*. **14**: 19–26. doi:10.1080/05695558208974578.
* Dori, Dov; Ben-Bassat, Moshe (1983). "Circumscribing a Convex Polygon by a Polygon of Fewer Sides with Minimal Area Addition". *Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing*. **24** (2): 131–159. doi:10.1016/0734-189x(83)90040-3.

1990s * Dori, D. (1995). "Object-Process Analysis: Maintaining the Balance between System Structure and Behavior". *Journal of Logic and Computation*. **5** (2): 227–249. doi:10.1093/logcom/5.2.227.
* Dori, Dov; Bruckstein, Alfred (1995). *Shape, Structure and Pattern Recognition*. Singapore: World Scientific Co. ISBN 981-02-2239-4.
* Amin, Adnan; Dori, Dov; Pudil, Pavel; Freeman, Herbert. *Advances in Pattern Recognition, Joint IAPR International Workshops, SSPR'98 and SPR'98*. Sydney, Australia.

2000s * Dori, Dov; Liu, Wenyin (2001). *Algorithms for 2D Engineering Drawings Recognition - Implementation and Evaluation*.
* Dori, D. (2002). *Object-Process Methodology – A Holistic Systems Paradigm*. New York: Springer Verlag.
* Dori, Dov (2002). *Object-Process Methodology – A Holistic Systems Paradigm*. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-65471-2.
* Soffer, P.; Golany, B.; Dori, D. (2003). "ERP modeling: a comprehensive approach" (PDF). *Information Systems*. **28** (6): 673–690. doi:10.1016/s0306-4379(02)00078-9.
* Reinhartz-Berger, I.; Dori, D. (2004). "Object-Process Methodology (OPM) vs. UML: A Code Generation Perspective" (PDF). *Proceedings of the CAiSE'04 Workshops*. Vol. 1. pp. 275–286.
* Niemann, Jorg; Tichkiewitch, Serge; Westkamper, Engelbert (2008). *Design of Sustainable Product Life Cycles*. Springer.
* Dori, Dov; Reich, Yoram (2009). *Proceedings of the International Conference on Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE'09)*. Haifa and Herzeliya, Israel.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

2010s

## InfoBox

| Dov Dori | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-09-02) September 2, 1953
Haifa, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli-American |
| Alma mater | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (BS) Tel Aviv University (MS)
Weizmann Institute of Science (PhD) |
| Known for | Development of Object Process Methodology (OPM) |
| Awards | Technion Klein Research Award, Hershel Rich Innovation Award, IEEE Fellow, IAPR Fellow, AAIA Fellow, ACM Senior Member, INCOSE Pioneer Award |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer science, Information systems engineering |
| Institutions | Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Doctoral advisor | Amir Pnueli, Shimon Ullman |
|  | |


title: Dov Berish Weidenfeld

abstract: Rabbi Dov Berish Weidenfeld (1881–1965) was the Chief Rabbi of Tshebin (Trzebinia), Poland, and after World War II spent his final years in Jerusalem. His principal work of Jewish law is titled "Dovev Meisharim".

text:
# Dov Berish Weidenfeld

Rabbi **Dov Berish Weidenfeld** (1881–1965) was the Chief Rabbi of Tshebin (Trzebinia), Poland, and after World War II spent his final years in Jerusalem. His principal work of Jewish law is titled "*Dovev Meisharim*".

## Biography

Dov Berish was born in Hrimlov, Galicia (now Ukraine) on 5 January 1881 (5 Shvat 5641 in the Jewish calendar) to his father Jacob 'Yekele' Weidenfeld, rabbi of the town and author of the responsa *Kochav MiYaakov*.

With Reb Yekele's death shortly before Beirish's Bar Mitzvah, the delicate task of raising a new prodigy fell to his widow – herself renowned for her genius and wit (she wrote a great number of her husband's responsa on dictation) and to her two older sons: Reb Yitzchak, who replaced his late father as Rav of Hrimlov and Reb Nachum, Rav of Dombrovo and author of the Chazon Nachum, and later celebrated as a great posek in his own right.

By age 19 Reb Beirish entered by marriage into the illustrious family of Rav Yisroel Yoseif HaCharif of Tshebin. Since he did not want any rabbinic post, his wife administered a modest coal business, while he continued his single-minded pursuit of Torah study, amassing knowledge of phenomenal breadth and scope. Nonetheless, the avalanche of requests from varied kehillos that he lead them as their Rav continued, and his friend, Reb Meir Arik, prayed that his business fail so that Klal Yisrael not be deprived of his leadership. For twenty years, this Tshebiner ba'al habayis (layman) – already renowned as the "Gaon of Tshebin" – was consulted by leading rabbanim with whom he maintained a vigorous correspondence; still he remained deaf to all rabbinical offers. However, due to his love of learning and teaching, he would commute daily to and from \[Cracow\] to say shiurim to the local bachurim after business hours.

He carefully collected copies of these responsa, amassing enough material to publish ten volumes. In 1937 he succeeded in producing the first and only sefer ever printed in Tshebin, entitled *Doveiv Meishorim* – the other nine volumes were never published.

His noted son-in-law, his successor as rosh yeshiva of Kochav MiYaakov, and a noted gaon and author in his own right, Rabbi Baruch Shimon Schneersohn relates that upon republishing these responsa some 26 years after they were written, he included the Rabbie's subsequent handwritten glosses to the first edition. He found not one correction, only additional proofs to those very answers originally written without as much as a Gemara.

The Tshebiner Rav's picture, along with those of the Rebbes of Ger and Belz, had appeared in the venomous tabloid Der Sturmer, his caption reading: "The world's greatest Talmudist." Realizing that he was a target for elimination, he fled, crossing the Communist border and entering Lvov (Lemberg). Communist authorities were carrying out their systematic erasure of religious life, and the gaon of Tshebin, along with his wife, youngest daughter and thousands of other Jews, were deported to Siberia, arriving in Sverdlovsk, Siberia, in late 1940.

The Tshebiner Rav arrived on Erev Pesach, 1946, in Jerusalem, which he was to call home for the rest of his life. He was soon recognized as one of the leaders of Chareidi Jewry in the Land of Israel and served as a leading member of the Council of Sages of Agudas Yisroel.

He established the Kochav miYaakov Yeshiva in Jerusalem, first in the Shaarei Chesed neighborhood and later in a purpose-built building in Tel Arza.

He died on the 10th of Cheshvan, 5726, 70 minutes before Shabbos. He was interred on Har HaMenuchot.


title: Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora

abstract: Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora was an Italian general who is best remembered for founding the military unit known as the Bersaglieri. Two of his brothers were Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora and Alberto Ferrero la Marmora, the naturalist.

text:
# Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora

**Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora** (27 March 1799 – 7 June 1855) was an Italian general who is best remembered for founding the military unit known as the Bersaglieri. Two of his brothers were Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora and Alberto Ferrero la Marmora, the naturalist.

## Bersaglieri

La Marmora was born in Turin in what was then the Kingdom of Sardinia.

He had travelled in France, Britain, Bavaria, Saxony, Switzerland, and the Austrian county of Tyrol to study the armies and tactics of these countries and meticulously investigated the armaments and equipment of these foreign armies. He demonstrated an early interest in military technology, and worked assiduously to improve the breechloading gun, for example. At his own house, he built a workshop to experiment with military technology.

The first public appearance of the Bersaglieri was on the occasion of a military parade on 1 July 1836. The new corps impressed King Carlo Alberto, who immediately had them integrated as part of the *Armata Sarda*, the Piedmontese regular army.

Throughout the nineteenth century, under La Marmora's leadership, the Bersaglieri filled the role of skirmishers, screening the slow-moving line and column formations, but acting as special shock troops if required. They were originally intended to serve as mountain troops, as well; the climber Jean Antoine Carrel was a Bersagliere. When the Alpini Corps were created in 1872 a strong rivalry arose between the two elite corps.

## Military record

He participated in the Battle of Goito (1848) during the First Italian War of Independence and served as a division commander in the Crimean War.

## Death

He died in Balaklava from cholera shortly after disembarking there during the Crimean War. A memorial bust was erected outside among the statues and monuments of patriots on the Janiculum hill in Rome. The *Giardino La Marmora* in Turin is a park which includes a life-size bronze statue.

## InfoBox

| Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1799-03-27)27 March 1799
Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Died | 7 June 1855(1855-06-07) (aged 56) |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Service/branch | Royal Sardinian Army |
| Battles/wars | First Italian War of Independence
Crimean War |


title: Double Concerto (Previn)

abstract: The Double Concerto for Violin, Violoncello, and Orchestra is a 2014 composition by the German-American composer André Previn. The work was co-commissioned by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and Linton Music with financial support from Ann and Harry Santen. It was additionally commissioned by the Austin Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen, the Kansas City Symphony, the Pacific Symphony, the Swedish Chamber Orchestra, and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. The world premiere was given by the husband/wife duo of the violinist Jaime Laredo and the cellist Sharon Robinson with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Louis Langrée in Cincinnati on November 21, 2014. The concerto is dedicated to Jaime Laredo and Sharon Robinson.

text:
# Double Concerto (Previn)

The **Double Concerto for Violin, Violoncello, and Orchestra** is a 2014 composition by the German-American composer André Previn. The work was co-commissioned by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and Linton Music with financial support from Ann and Harry Santen. It was additionally commissioned by the Austin Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen, the Kansas City Symphony, the Pacific Symphony, the Swedish Chamber Orchestra, and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. The world premiere was given by the husband/wife duo of the violinist Jaime Laredo and the cellist Sharon Robinson with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Louis Langrée in Cincinnati on November 21, 2014. The concerto is dedicated to Jaime Laredo and Sharon Robinson.

## Composition

The concerto has a duration of roughly 20 minutes and is composed in three numbered movements cast in the standard fast–slow–fast form.

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for a solo violin and cello and an orchestra consisting of three flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), two oboes, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, timpani, percussion, harp, and strings.

## Reception

The concerto has been praised by musicians and critics alike. Reviewing the world premiere, Janelle Gelfand of *The Cincinnati Enquirer* opined, "Sophisticated and well-crafted, Previn's new work \[...\] is a terrific addition to the double concerto repertoire." She added, "The heart of the concerto was the slow movement, where Previn's gift for melody was on display. Here the soloists performed its romantic theme seamlessly, and with beauty of phrasing. The movement included a soaring melody for the strings and evocative writing for horns and winds. The finale was bright, syncopated and witty, and sometimes reminiscent of Bernstein. Laredo and Robinson brought it to a stirring conclusion with deeply expressive dialogue." Libby Hanssen of *The Kansas City Star* said the work "leapt and crackled with unexpected colors and design" and wrote:

> The thematic material of the first movement had a mercurial quality, starting angular then suddenly turning grandiose, with pockets of romanticism and more familiar-sounding resolutions. Frequent, fast tempo meter changes created evident concern for the orchestra, though the soloists’ virtuosity persevered. The second movement ("Slow") had a lovely sepia-toned quality, as though from another era, with a gorgeous simultaneous statement from the soloists. The pastiche effect returned in the final movement with aggressive strikes from brass and percussion, playful cello line and triumphant strings, culminating in a reverberant final chord.

The dedicatees Jaime Laredo and Sharon Robinson also praised the work, particularly the second movement. Laredo referred to it as "gorgeous" and "ravishing," while Robinson said, "It's a real gift, this movement. I think it's just so beautiful."


title: Alers

abstract:
Alers is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - David Alers, South African cricketer
  - Frederick Alers Hankey (1832–1892), English banker and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1892
  - Jim Alers, American boxer
  - Karmine Alers, singer, former member of 3rd Party
  - Luis Alers (1950–2005), Puerto Rican sprinter.
  - Rafael Alers (1903–1978), musician, composer, bandleader and the first Puerto Rican to compose the music score for a Hollywood feature film
  - Rochelle Alers, African-American writer of romance novels
  - Yassmin Alers, American stage actor

text:
# Alers

**Alers** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* David Alers (born 1956), South African cricketer
* Frederick Alers Hankey (1832–1892), English banker and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1892
* Jim Alers (born 1986), American boxer
* Karmine Alers, singer, former member of *3rd Party*
* Luis Alers (1950–2005), Puerto Rican sprinter.
* Rafael Alers (1903–1978), musician, composer, bandleader and the first Puerto Rican to compose the music score for a Hollywood feature film
* Rochelle Alers (born 1963), African-American writer of romance novels
* Yassmin Alers, American stage actor


title: Alexander James Inglis

abstract: Alexander James Inglis was an American author and educator who was instrumental in promoting the "new American" secondary education at the beginning of the 20th century. His scholarship largely shaped modern public schools and continues to be influential.

text:
# Alexander James Inglis

**Alexander James Inglis** (November 24, 1879 – April 12, 1924) was an American author and educator who was instrumental in promoting the "new American" secondary education at the beginning of the 20th century. His scholarship largely shaped modern public schools and continues to be influential.

## Biography

Inglis was born in Middletown, Connecticut on November 24, 1879, to William Grey Inglis (1854–1939) and Susan Beyer Inglis (1858–1915). His father worked at a local gold and silver plating factory for 30 years before taking proprietorship of a laundromat. His grandfather, Alexander Inglis (1815–1893), was a miner who emigrated from Edinburgh, Scotland in 1852. Little is known about his childhood. In 1892, his brother Willie died of diphtheria at the age of six in Newark, New Jersey while visiting their maternal grandparents. He graduated from Middletown High School in 1898 with honors for attendance and academics. Later that year, he enrolled in Wesleyan University. He played varsity baseball and football for four years. His first professional job was as a Latin teacher at The Kiski School, a boarding school in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, during the 1902–1903 school year. There, he also coached football and assisted with baseball. In 1903, he took a position teaching Latin at the Horace Mann School in Manhattan, New York, where he stayed through 1911. In the summer of 1905, he became a student of the American School of Classical Studies in Pompeii and Rome, Italy. He authored three Latin textbooks while a teacher at Horace Mann, two of which the school added to the curriculum.:

He died in Boston on April 12, 1924.

## Ideas

According to *Principles of Secondary Education*, three aims of secondary education are:

> * Social-Civic Aim – The preparation of the individual as a prospective citizen and cooperating member of society.
> * Economic-Vocational Aim – The preparation of the individual as a prospective worker and producer.
> * Individualistic-Avocational Aim – The preparation of the individual for those activities … primarily involving individual action, the use of leisure, and the development of personality.

He summarized his position of what the intent of secondary education should be thusly:

> Many important functions are therein involved, e.g., means of adjusting the individual and his social environment, the development of a "social mind" and social cohesion among groups of individuals, the adjustment of individual differences to the differentiated needs of society, control of the factor of selection in secondary education, educational, moral, social, and vocational guidance.

## Influence

The Harvard Graduate School of Education established the Inglis Lectureship in Secondary Education in his honor.

His work was referenced by John Taylor Gatto in his essay, "Against School".

His thought inspired Ellwood Patterson Cubberley and James Bryant Conant.

## Bibliography

* *Key to Pearson's Latin Prose Composition*, 1904
* *First Book in Latin*, 1906, with Virgil Prettyman
* *High School Course in Latin Composition*, 1909, with Charles McCoy Baker
* *Principles of Secondary Education*, 1918
* *Inglis Intelligence Quotient Values*, 1921

## InfoBox

| Alexander James Inglis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1879-11-24)November 24, 1879
Middletown, Connecticut |
| Died | April 12, 1924(1924-04-12) (aged 44)
Boston, Massachusetts |
| Education | Middletown High School |
| Alma mater | Wesleyan University |
| Occupation(s) | Teacher, author |
| Notable work | *Principles of Secondary Education* |


title: Doyle Conner

abstract: Doyle Edward Conner Sr. was an American politician. He served as Florida Commissioner of Agriculture for 30 years, and also served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives. He was born in 1928 in Starke, Florida.

text:
# Doyle Conner

**Doyle Edward Conner Sr.** (December 17, 1928  December 16, 2012) was an American politician. He served as Florida Commissioner of Agriculture for 30 years, and also served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives. He was born in 1928 in Starke, Florida.

## Early life

Conner was a fourth generation Floridian. From an early age, he worked in the family business of raising cattle, growing strawberries, and cutting timber. As a young man, Conner was active in 4-H, serving as president of the local and Alachua County branches of the club. At the age of 14, while attending a Florida Cooperative Extension Service forestry camp at a 4-H facility, Conner met the Florida Commissioner of Agriculture Nathan Mayo, and proclaimed that he would, some day, become Agriculture Commissioner when Mayo retired. In later life, Conner would remark that *Without 4-H I would not be the person I am today, or have accomplished the things that I have.*

## Education

Conner attended the University of Florida from 1947 until 1952 graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in agriculture. While in college he was also a member of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. In addition, he served as National FFA President and was inducted in the Florida FFA Hall of Fame in 2007.

## Political career

Conner served his entire political career as a Democrat. He was first elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1950, while he was still a student at the University of Florida. The feat earned Conner the nickname of "Boy Wonder", a label that stuck with him throughout his legislative career. Conner represented Bradford County while serving in the lower house. In 1958, at the age of 28, he was elected as the youngest Speaker of the House. On January 2, 1961, Doyle Conner was inaugurated as Commissioner of Agriculture, succeeding Lee Thompson who assumed the post of interim Commissioner upon Nathan Mayo's death in office. Conner went on to serve as Florida's Agriculture for the next 30 years. During his tenure as Commissioner, Conner oversaw efforts to eliminate the giant African snail, hog cholera, the Mediterranean fruit fly, and the cattle screwworm. During the 1980s, Conner was embroiled in political controversy regarding the lethal citrus canker disease and Florida citrus nurseries. While serving in this post he served under 7 Governors of Florida. Conner retired in 1991, and was active in Florida 4-H for much of his remaining life. He was inducted into the Florida Agriculture Hall of Fame in 1985, the Florida Citrus Hall of Fame in 1991, and the Florida 4-H Hall of Fame in 2002.

## Death

Doyle Conner died at a nursing home in Monticello, Florida on December 16, 2012, one day before his 84th birthday.

## InfoBox

| Doyle Conner | |
| --- | --- |
| Conner in 1982 | |
|  | |
| 7th Agriculture Commissioner of Florida | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1961  January 1991 | |
| Governor | *See list* |
| Preceded by | Lee Thompson |
| Succeeded by | Bob Crawford |
| Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1957  January 3, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas E. David |
| Succeeded by | Thomas D. Beasley |
| Member of the
Florida House of Representatives
from Bradford County | |
| **In office**
January 2, 1951  January 3, 1961 | |
| Preceded by | Jake Perman Roberts |
| Succeeded by | A. J. Thomas Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Doyle Edward Conner
(1928-12-17)December 17, 1928
Starke, Florida |
| Died | December 16, 2012(2012-12-16) (aged 83)
Monticello, Florida |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Profession | Farmer |
|  | |


title: Dorina Vaccaroni

abstract: Dorina Vaccaroni is an Italian former fencer, competing in the foil.

text:
# Dorina Vaccaroni

**Dorina Vaccaroni** (born 24 September 1963 in Venice) is an Italian former fencer, competing in the foil.

## Biography

She received a gold medal in the foil team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona and silver at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles she received a bronze medal in individual foil. She also competed in the individual foil event at the Mediterranean Games in 1979 where she won a bronze medal and in 1983 where she won a gold medal. After her competitive fencing career she became a cyclist, participating in master competitions, most recently winning the 60-69 year old division of 2023 RAAM (Race across America). Vaccaroni is a vegan.

## Achievements

Olympic Games

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow | 6th | Foil individual |
| | | | 5th | Foil Team |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles | 3rd | Foil individual |
| | | | 4th | Foil Team |
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul | 2nd | Foil Team |
| | | | 10th | Foil individual |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona | 1st | Foil Team |

## InfoBox

Dorina Vaccaroni
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1963-09-24) 24 September 1963<br>Venice, Italy |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 57 kg (126 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Fencing |
| Event | Foil |
| Medal record      Women's fencing  Representing  Italy  Olympic Games  1992 Barcelona  Foil team  1988 Seoul  Foil team  1984 Los Angeles  Foil individual  World Championships  1982 Rome  Foil Team  1983 Vienna  Foil Individual  1983 Vienna  Foil Team  1990 Lyon  Foil Team  1991 Budapest  Foil Team  1982 Rome  Foil Individual  1981 Clemont-Ferrand  Foil Team  1987 Lausanne  Foil Team  1993 Essen  Foil Team  Mediterranean Games  1983 Casablanca Individual foil  1979 Split Individual foil | |


title: Alonso Gonzalez Calderón

abstract: Alonso Gonzalez Calderón (c.1610-1696) was a Spanish Captain, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as regidor, and mayordomo of Santa Fe. He was born in Santander, possibly son of Antonio Calderón, who served as alguazil of Santa Fe City in 1625. He was married to Gerónima Cortés granddaughter of Diego Thomas de Santuchos and Catalina Correa de Santa Ana. His son Bartolomé Calderón, was married to María Robles descendant of Antonio Thomas (conquistador), born in Portugal.

text:
# Alonso Gonzalez Calderón

**Alonso Gonzalez Calderón** (c.1610-1696) was a Spanish Captain, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as regidor, and mayordomo of Santa Fe.

He was born in Santander, possibly son of Antonio Calderón, who served as alguazil of Santa Fe City in 1625. He was married to Gerónima Cortés granddaughter of Diego Thomas de Santuchos and Catalina Correa de Santa Ana.

His son Bartolomé Calderón, was married to María Robles descendant of Antonio Thomas (conquistador), born in Portugal.

## InfoBox

| Alonso González Calderón | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayordomo of Santa Fe Province | |
| **In office**
1676–1677 | |
| Monarch | Charles II of Spain |
| Preceded by | ? |
| Succeeded by | ? |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c.1610
Santander, Spain |
| Died | 1696
Santa Fe, Viceroyalty of Peru |
| Spouse | Gerónima Cortés de Santuchos |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Army's officer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Spanish Empire |
| Branch/service | Spanish Army |
| Rank | Captain |
|  | |


title: Early Riser (novel)

abstract: Early Riser (2018) is a standalone alternate history satire novel of novelist Jasper Fforde.

text:
# Early Riser (novel)

***Early Riser*** (2018) is a standalone alternate history satire novel of novelist Jasper Fforde.

## Plot

The story takes place in an alternate version of the United Kingdom, where the Ice Age continues and most of the human population hibernates in winter. Returning early from hibernation may cause Dead in Sleep from neural collapse, but death during hibernation may also arise from a shortage of fats, low temperature, vermin predation, carbon dioxide build-up, calcitic migration and many other complications. Some people awake with only enough vestigial memory to walk and eat, and became known as "nightwalkers".

As the novel opens, people's survivability during hibernation has dramatically increased after the introduction of Morphenox, a drug produced by HiberTech, a large and powerful "vertically integrated" corporation. HiberTech also "takes care" of nightwalkers, "redeploying" those who are suitable for performing simple tasks and supervising "transplant potential" of others.

Their Winter Consul Service is responsible for the safety of dreaming people. The main protagonist, Charlie Worthing, is a novice within the service and the story begins as they prepare for their first season as a member of the Winter Consul. Over the course of the winter, the Consul Service discovers an outbreak of viral dreams that, while not believed to be a serious concern at first, inevitably builds into a widespread emergency that endangers every Sleeper.

## Reception

*Early Riser* was listed 10th in the *New York Times* Best-Seller Books Hardcover Fiction on 3 March 2019.

"As Charlie uncovers a conspiracy connected with a viral dream, Fforde keeps the puns and neologisms coming thick and fast while exploring every facet of his novel’s intriguing premise." - James Lovegrove, *Financial Times* (30 November 2018)

"Early Riser is a zany send-up of all things British and an often hilarious account of Charlie’s stumbling, hare-brained attempts to work out the secret of the authoritarian HiberTech company." - Eric Brown, *The Guardian* (7 September 2018)

"Early Riser has all of the elements and sensibility that have earned Fforde a sizable and devoted following: wordplay, allusion, a playful exuberance and -- of course -- his signature method of World-Building via Copious and Suggestive Use of Capitalization, often in the service of creating Imaginary Socioeconomic Hierarchies and Related Governmental Agencies. (...) Fforde writes witty, chewy sentences, full of morsels, and delivers them deadpan. (...) It’s not so much that the book is less than the sum of its parts. It’s just that there are so many parts. Early Riser, while never underwritten, can be at times a bit underfelt, the verbal dexterity crowding out the room for emotion." - Charles Yu, *The New York Times* Book Review (28 February 2019)

## InfoBox

*Early Riser*
| Early Riser (UK 2018 Edition) | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Author | Jasper Fforde |
| Cover artist | Robert Frank Hunter |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Genre | alternate history, fantasy, science fiction, satire |
| Publisher | Hodder & Stoughton (UK)
Viking Press (US) |
| Published | 2 August 2018 (UK)
12 February 2019 (US) |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |


title: Douglas I. Foy

abstract: Douglas I. Foy is an environmental advocate and former president of the Conservation Law Foundation. In 2003, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney appointed Foy to the new post of Chief of Commonwealth Development. Romney instructed Foy "to devise an environmentally-friendly 'smart growth' plan for the state and (initially) back[ed] Foy when he trie[d] to organize a greenhouse gas emissions accord among several Northeast states." Foy resigned in February 2006. While in office, he helped design the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative which Romney refused to sign on to because of its potential impact on businesses and consumers. Foy is a founder and CEO of Serrafix, a strategic consulting firm focused on environmental, energy, transportation, and climate change issues. He currently serves on the corporate boards of Ameresco, Acumentrics, GreenerU, and RainBank; the non-profit boards of the Ocean Genome Legacy Foundation, Pioneer Institute, and Conservation Law Foundation; and the National Transportation Policy Project of the Bipartisan Policy Center. Foy also serves as a Legal Advisor to the nonprofit Fuel Freedom Foundation. In 1992 President George H.W. Bush recognized Foy's work on energy efficiency with the President's Environmental and Conservation Challenge Award. In 2006, Foy was named the recipient of the national Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service. Foy also received the Woodrow Wilson award from Princeton University for his public interest achievements. Foy, a member of the 1968 USA Olympic Rowing Team and the 1969 USA National Rowing Team, graduated from Princeton University as a University Scholar in engineering and physics, attended Cambridge University in England as a Churchill Scholar in geophysics, and graduated from Harvard Law School.

text:
# Douglas I. Foy

**Douglas I. Foy** (born c. 1947) is an environmental advocate and former president of the Conservation Law Foundation. In 2003, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney appointed Foy to the new post of Chief of Commonwealth Development. Romney instructed Foy "to devise an environmentally-friendly 'smart growth' plan for the state and (initially) back\[ed\] Foy when he trie\[d\] to organize a greenhouse gas emissions accord among several Northeast states." Foy resigned in February 2006. While in office, he helped design the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative which Romney refused to sign on to because of its potential impact on businesses and consumers.

Foy is a founder and CEO of Serrafix, a strategic consulting firm focused on environmental, energy, transportation, and climate change issues. He currently serves on the corporate boards of Ameresco, Acumentrics, GreenerU, and RainBank; the non-profit boards of the Ocean Genome Legacy Foundation, Pioneer Institute, and Conservation Law Foundation; and the National Transportation Policy Project of the Bipartisan Policy Center. Foy also serves as a Legal Advisor to the nonprofit Fuel Freedom Foundation.

In 1992 President George H.W. Bush recognized Foy's work on energy efficiency with the President's Environmental and Conservation Challenge Award. In 2006, Foy was named the recipient of the national Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service. Foy also received the Woodrow Wilson award from Princeton University for his public interest achievements.

Foy, a member of the 1968 USA Olympic Rowing Team and the 1969 USA National Rowing Team, graduated from Princeton University as a University Scholar in engineering and physics, attended Cambridge University in England as a Churchill Scholar in geophysics, and graduated from Harvard Law School.


title: Dresden Coinage Convention

abstract: The Dresden Coinage Convention of 1838 was a multilateral treaty that attempted to bring some degree of standardisation to the currencies used in the Zollverein. The convention was agreed to at the General Mint Convention of the States of the German Customs Union or Zollverein, held at Dresden. The conference had been prompted in part by the Munich Coin Treaty of 1837, by which the south German states adopted a unified currency. The Dresden Treaty was concluded on 30 July 1838 and was ratified by the States of the Zollverein at a follow-up meeting on 7 January 1839. The contracting parties to the convention agreed to use either the Prussian thaler or the gulden; the treaty established permanently fixed exchange rates between the two currencies. The thaler was agreed to be equal to 1.75 gulden and thus the gulden was agreed to be equal to 4/7 thaler. The parties to the treaty were the states that at the time were members of the Zollverein: Baden, Bavaria, Frankfurt, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Homburg, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, Prussia, Reuss-Gera, Reuss-Greiz, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxony, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and Württemberg. Further standardisation came in 1857, when the Zollverein states and Austria agreed to the Vienna Monetary Treaty. By 1857, the Dresden Convention had also been accepted by Brunswick, Hanover, and Oldenburg. Luxembourg did not accept the Dresden Convention, even though it joined the Zollverein in 1842.

text:
# Dresden Coinage Convention

The **Dresden Coinage Convention** of 1838 was a multilateral treaty that attempted to bring some degree of standardisation to the currencies used in the *Zollverein*.

The convention was agreed to at the General Mint Convention of the States of the German Customs Union or *Zollverein*, held at Dresden. The conference had been prompted in part by the Munich Coin Treaty of 1837, by which the south German states adopted a unified currency. The Dresden Treaty was concluded on 30 July 1838 and was ratified by the States of the Zollverein at a follow-up meeting on 7 January 1839. The contracting parties to the convention agreed to use either the Prussian thaler or the gulden; the treaty established permanently fixed exchange rates between the two currencies. The thaler was agreed to be equal to 1.75 gulden and thus the gulden was agreed to be equal to 4/7 thaler.

The parties to the treaty were the states that at the time were members of the Zollverein: Baden, Bavaria, Frankfurt, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Homburg, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, Prussia, Reuss-Gera, Reuss-Greiz, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxony, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and Württemberg.

Further standardisation came in 1857, when the Zollverein states and Austria agreed to the Vienna Monetary Treaty. By 1857, the Dresden Convention had also been accepted by Brunswick, Hanover, and Oldenburg. Luxembourg did not accept the Dresden Convention, even though it joined the Zollverein in 1842.

* Forrest Capie, "Monetary Unions in Historical Perspective: What Future for the Euro in the International Monetary System", *Open Economies Review* **9**:447-466 (1998).
* William Arthur Shaw, *A History of Currency, 1252 to 1896* (New York : Augustus M. Kelley, 1967)

## InfoBox

Dresden Coinage Convention
| Type | Multilateral treaty |
| --- | --- |
| Context | To bring some degree of standardisation to the currencies used in the Zollverein |
| Drafted | 30 July 1838 |
| Signed | 7 January 1839 (1839-01-07) |
| Location | Dresden |
| Parties | States of the Zollverein |


title: Alexander Walker Scott

abstract: Alexander Walker Scott was an Australian entomologist mainly interested in butterflies. Scott was the son of Dr Helenus and Augusta Maria Scott. He was born in Bombay, India and was educated at Bath Grammar School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, receiving a BA in 1822 and an MA in 1825. Scott was elected to the new Legislative Assembly, representing Northumberland and Hunter from 1856 to 1859, Northumberland 1858 to 1859 and Lower Hunter from 1860 to 1861. He supported the secret ballot and franchise extension. In 1861 he was nominated to the Legislative Council for life, but he took no part in it and resigned in 1866. A failed entrepreneur, he later became a prominent figure in the commercial establishment of the Newcastle region. He lived at Ash Island on the Hunter River with his wife, formerly Harriet Calcott, a seamstress, and his two daughters Harriet (1830–1907) and Helena Scott (1832–1910), both born in Sydney. At Ash Island the sisters helped their father in his entomological work, collecting, preparing and drying specimens of plants and insects, and also accepted painting, drawing and lithography commissions from Australian naturalists including Gerard Krefft, William Macleay, Thomas Sutcliffe Mort, Edward Pierson Ramsay, William Woolls and Ferdinand von Mueller. The Scott sisters became established with the publication of Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations, drawn from the life by Harriet and Helena Scott which illustrated insects in the stages of metamorphosis, in the environment in which they lived and fed. This work, published in 1864, was time-consuming and expensive and publication was delayed for 12 years. Although published under Alexander Walker Scott it was an entirely collaborative work as its title states. Alexander Walker Scott was a trustee of the Australian Museum 1862–79 and a Fellow of The Entomological Society of New South Wales, founded in 1862, as were both Helena and Harriet, though in their case it was honorary, a rare distinction. He died in Paddington. The Scott collection is conserved in the Australian Museum in Sydney. In 1842 Scott invited French explorer and artist Fredrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichardt to stay at his house and arrived on 23 September and spent 3–4 days there.

text:
# Alexander Walker Scott

**Alexander Walker Scott** (10 November 1800 – 1 November 1883) was an Australian entomologist mainly interested in butterflies.

Scott was the son of Dr Helenus and Augusta Maria Scott. He was born in Bombay, India and was educated at Bath Grammar School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, receiving a BA in 1822 and an MA in 1825. Scott was elected to the new Legislative Assembly, representing Northumberland and Hunter from 1856 to 1859, Northumberland 1858 to 1859 and Lower Hunter from 1860 to 1861. He supported the secret ballot and franchise extension. In 1861 he was nominated to the Legislative Council for life, but he took no part in it and resigned in 1866.

A failed entrepreneur, he later became a prominent figure in the commercial establishment of the Newcastle region. He lived at Ash Island on the Hunter River with his wife, formerly Harriet Calcott, a seamstress, and his two daughters Harriet (1830–1907) and Helena Scott (1832–1910), both born in Sydney. At Ash Island the sisters helped their father in his entomological work, collecting, preparing and drying specimens of plants and insects, and also accepted painting, drawing and lithography commissions from Australian naturalists including Gerard Krefft, William Macleay, Thomas Sutcliffe Mort, Edward Pierson Ramsay, William Woolls and Ferdinand von Mueller.

The Scott sisters became established with the publication of *Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations, drawn from the life by Harriet and Helena Scott* which illustrated insects in the stages of metamorphosis, in the environment in which they lived and fed. This work, published in 1864, was time-consuming and expensive and publication was delayed for 12 years. Although published (in London : John van Voorst) under Alexander Walker Scott it was an entirely collaborative work as its title states.

Alexander Walker Scott was a trustee of the Australian Museum 1862–79 and a Fellow of The Entomological Society of New South Wales, founded in 1862, as were both Helena and Harriet, though in their case it was honorary, a rare distinction. He died in Paddington.

The Scott collection is conserved in the Australian Museum in Sydney.

In 1842 Scott invited French explorer and artist Fredrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichardt to stay at his house and arrived on 23 September and spent 3–4 days there.

## Works

* Description of an ovo-viviparous moth, belonging to the genus Tinea. *Trans. Ent. Soc. London* 1: 33–36 (1863).
* *Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations, drawn from the life by Harriet and Helena Scott*. 1. London : John van Voorst \[ii\]+36 pp., pls 1–9.(1864).
* On the "Agrotis vastator", a species of moth, now infesting the seaboard of New South Wales. *Trans. Ent. Soc. London* 2: 40–48 (1869).
* *Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations, with illustrations drawn from the life by his daughters, Harriet Morgan and Helena Forde*. Edited and revised by Arthur Sidney Olliff and Helena Forde. Sydney : Australian Museum 2 volumes.

## Additional references

* Anonym 2010: Encyclopedia of Australian science
* Musgrave, A. 1932: Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775 – 1930. Sydney

## InfoBox

| Alexander Walker Scott | |
| --- | --- |
| Alexander Walker Scott, August 1882 | |
| Born | (1800-11-10)10 November 1800
Mumbai, India |
| Died | 1 November 1883(1883-11-01) (aged 82)
Paddington, Sydney |
| Known for | Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations |
| Spouse | Harriet Calcott |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Natural history, entomology |
| Notable students | Harriet Morgan Helena Scott |
|  | |