title: Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer

abstract: Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer, 18th-century British Whig politician, styled the Hon. Andrew Archer between 1747 and 1768.

text:
# Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer

**Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer** (29 July 1736 – 18 April 1778), 18th-century British Whig politician, styled **the Hon. Andrew Archer** between 1747 and 1768.

## Life

The son of Thomas, 1st Baron Archer, by Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Tipping, 1st Baronet, he was educated at Eton College before going up to Trinity College, Oxford.

In 1761 he was returned to Parliament for both Bramber and Coventry, but chose to sit for Coventry, which he represented until 1768 when he succeeded to his father's title and took his seat in the House of Lords.

He inherited Umberslade Hall near Tanworth and served as Recorder of Coventry from 1769 until his death.

Lord Archer died at Portman Square, Marylebone, London, in April 1778, aged 41, and was buried at the Church of St Mary Magdalene, Tanworth-in-Arden. His monument was sculpted by John Hickey.

He married Sarah, daughter of James West of Alscot Park, in 1761 and had one son and 4 daughters. His son predeceased him and thus the peerage became extinct, but his properties (Umberslade, Pyrgo and a town house in London) were divided between his wife and daughters.

Umberslade eventually passed to Sarah, Countess of Plymouth, who married secondly William, 1st Earl Amherst.

Lady Archer moved to London with her daughters and living up to being a grand dame then became the subject of a series of malicious caricatures in the press. She died at Charles Street, Grosvenor Square, London, in February 1801, aged 59.

## Ancestry


abstract: The 1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Lou Holtz and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana.

text:
# 1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team

1990 NCAA Division I-A independents football records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 14 Louisville |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| No. 3 Miami (FL) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| No. 4 Florida State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| No. 6 Notre Dame |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 11 Penn State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Louisiana Tech |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Southern Miss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Temple |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Syracuse |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 2 |
| Army |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Northern Illinois |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| South Carolina |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Virginia Tech |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| East Carolina |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Southwestern Louisiana |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Navy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Memphis State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Boston College |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Tulane |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| West Virginia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Akron |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  | 1 |
| Pittsburgh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  | 1 |
| Rutgers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| Tulsa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| Cincinnati |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 10 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team** represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Lou Holtz and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 15 | 8:00 p.m. | No. 4 Michigan | No. 1 |  | CBS | W 28–24 | 59,075 |
| September 22 | 2:30 p.m. | at No. 24 Michigan State | No. 1 |  | ABC | W 20–19 | 80,401 |
| September 29 | 12:00 p.m. | Purdue | No. 1 | * Notre Dame Stadium * Notre Dame, IN (rivalry) | SportsChannel | W 37–11 | 59,075 |
| October 6 | 12:00 p.m. | Stanford | No. 1 | * Notre Dame Stadium * Notre Dame, IN (rivalry) |  | L 31–36 | 59,075 |
| October 13 | 12:00 p.m. | Air Force | No. 8 | * Notre Dame Stadium * Notre Dame, IN (rivalry) |  | W 57–27 | 59,075 |
| October 20 | 2:30 p.m. | No. 2 Miami (FL) | No. 6 | * Notre Dame Stadium * Notre Dame, IN (rivalry) | CBS | W 29–20 | 59,075 |
| October 27 | 6:45 p.m. | at Pittsburgh | No. 3 |  | ESPN | W 31–22 | 56,500 |
| November 3 | 12:00 p.m. | vs. Navy | No. 2 |  |  | W 52–31 | 70,382 |
| November 10 | 2:30 p.m. | at No. 9 Tennessee | No. 1 |  | CBS | W 34–29 | 97,123 |
| November 17 | 4:00 p.m. | No. 18 Penn State | No. 1 | * Notre Dame Stadium * Notre Dame, IN (rivalry) | ESPN | L 21–24 | 59,075 |
| November 24 | 8:00 p.m. | at No. 18 USC | No. 7 |  | ABC | W 10–6 | 91,639 |
| January 1, 1991 | 8:00 p.m. | vs. No. 1 Colorado | No. 5 |  | NBC | L 9–10 | 77,062 |
|  | | | | | | | |

## Roster

| 1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  FB `6` Jerome Bettis Fr  RB `40` Tony Brooks Jr  TE `86` Derek Brown Jr  RB `5` Rodney Culver Jr  WR `87` Lake Dawson Fr  WR `25` Raghib Ismail Sr  WR `10` Adrian Jarrell So  OT `65` Lindsay Knapp Jr  RB `4` Dorsey Levens So  TE `80` Oscar McBride Fr  OT `76` Gene McGuire Jr  QB `3` Rick Mirer So  `52` Tim Ryan Sr  WR `12` Ricky Watters Sr | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  `9` Jeff Burris Fr  CB `32` Willie Clark Fr  CB `29` John Covington Fr  DT `93` Bob Dahl Sr  LB `31` Demetrius DuBose So  LB `42` Michael Stonebreaker Jr  CB `1` Todd Lyght Sr  LB `89` Karmeeleyah McGill So  LB `46` Brian Ratigan So  CB `21` Rod Smith Jr  DT `97` Bryant Young Fr  DT `50` Chris Zorich Sr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  K, P `28` Craig Hentrich So  `16` Jim Sexton Sr | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster |

## Game summaries

### Michigan

**#4 Michigan Wolverines (0–0) at #1 Notre Dame Fighting Irish (0–0)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Michigan | 3 | 7 | 14 | 0 | **24** |
| **Notre Dame** | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | **28** |

*at Notre Dame Stadium, South Bend, Indiana*

* **Date**: September 15
* **Game time**: 8:05 p.m. EST
* **Game attendance**: 59,075
* Box Score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

### Michigan State

#1 Notre Dame at #24 Michigan State
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Fighting Irish** 7 0 0 14 21  Spartans 0 12 7 0 **19**   * **Source:** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The Immaculate Deflection - Rick Mirer's 24-yard completion to Adrian Jarrell, which bounced off hands of MSU LB Todd Murray up and into Jarrell's arms at MSU 2. Three plays later, Culver scored. "There's definitely somebody looking out for us. There's somebody on our side," said Mirer.

* Notre Dame's 60th victory as No. 1 ranked team & 5-0-1 vs. MSU when ranked #1

### Purdue

### Stanford

Stanford at #1 Notre Dame
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Cardinal** 7 8 14 7 36  Fighting Irish 7 17 7 0 **31**   * **Source:** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Air Force

### Miami (FL)

#2 Miami (FL) at #6 Notre Dame
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Hurricanes 10 7 0 3 20  **Fighting Irish** 10 6 6 7 **29** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Pittsburgh

#2 Notre Dame vs. Navy
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Fighting Irish** 7 3 21 21 52  Midshipmen 0 10 7 14 **31** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Tennessee

#1 Notre Dame at #9 Tennessee
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Fighting Irish** 7 3 7 17 34  Volunteers 6 0 14 9 **29**   * **Source:** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

### Penn State

### USC

### Colorado (Orange Bowl)

#5 Notre Dame vs. #1 Colorado
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Fighting Irish 0 6 3 0 9  **Buffaloes** 0 3 7 0 **10** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

## Team players drafted into the NFL

* Despite being drafted by the Los Angeles Raiders, the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League signed Raghib Ismail to a four-year contract worth 18 million dollars in April 1991. The Ismail signing included four million dollars upfront.

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| 1990 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Orange Bowl, L 9–10 vs. Colorado | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 6 |
| AP | No. 6 |
| Record | 9–3 |
| Head coach |  |
| Defensive coordinator | Gary Darnell (1st season) |
| Captains |  |
| Home stadium | Notre Dame Stadium (c. 59,075, grass) |
|


title: Empress Dowager Fu (Later Zhou)

abstract: Empress Fu was an empress consort and empress dowager during the Later Zhou dynasty. She was a daughter of general Fu Yanqing and a younger sister of Empress Xuanyi, who was married to the Later Zhou emperor Guo Rong from 951 or so to 956. Guo Rong had been without a wife ever since Empress Xuanyi's death in 956, and he married the younger Fu in July 959 when he fell critically ill. The marriage was clearly political and most likely not consummated: Guo Rong died 10 days later and was succeeded by his 6-year-old son Guo Zongxun. Empress Dowager Fu as his guardian became the regent. During her reign, she relied heavily on the advice of chief ministers Fan Zhi, Wang Pu, and Wei Renpu. Half a year later, general Zhao Kuangyin staged a coup and usurped the Later Zhou throne, establishing the Song dynasty. The empress dowager and the child emperor were exiled to the Western Capital (Luoyang) where they lived out the rest of their lives. After Guo Zongxun's death in 973, she became a Taoist nun with the title Master Yuqing (玉清仙師). She died in 993, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Song, who was married to another sister of hers before 975.

text:
# Empress Dowager Fu (Later Zhou)

**Empress Fu** (符皇后, given name unknown, 932–993) was an empress consort and empress dowager during the Later Zhou dynasty. She was a daughter of general Fu Yanqing and a younger sister of Empress Xuanyi (Empress Fu the Elder), who was married to the Later Zhou emperor Guo Rong (Chai Rong) from 951 or so (before he became the emperor in 954) to 956. Guo Rong had been without a wife ever since Empress Xuanyi's death in 956, and he married the younger Fu in July 959 when he fell critically ill. The marriage was clearly political and most likely not consummated: Guo Rong died 10 days later and was succeeded by his 6-year-old son Guo Zongxun. Empress Dowager Fu as his guardian became the regent.

During her reign, she relied heavily on the advice of chief ministers Fan Zhi, Wang Pu, and Wei Renpu. Half a year later, general Zhao Kuangyin staged a coup and usurped the Later Zhou throne, establishing the Song dynasty. The empress dowager and the child emperor were exiled to the Western Capital (Luoyang) where they lived out the rest of their lives. After Guo Zongxun's death in 973, she became a Taoist nun with the title **Master Yuqing** (玉清仙師). She died in 993, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Song, who was married to another sister of hers before 975.

## Notes and references

### Sources

* (in Chinese) Xue Juzheng; et al., eds. (974). *Wudai Shi* (五代史) \[*History of the Five Dynasties*\].
* (in Chinese) Ouyang Xiu (1073). *Wudai Shiji* (五代史記) \[*Historical Records of the Five Dynasties*\].
* (in Chinese) Sima Guang (1086). *Zizhi Tongjian* (資治通鑑) \[*Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government*\].

## InfoBox

| Empress Fu | |
| --- | --- |
| Empress consort of Later Zhou | |
| Tenure | 17 July 959 – 27 July 959 |
| Predecessor | Empress Fu the Elder (sister) |
| Empress dowager of Later Zhou | |
| Tenure | 28 July 959 – 3 February 960 |
| Monarch | Guo Zongxun (stepson) |
|  | |
| Died | 993 |
| Spouse | Guo Rong |
| Names  Surname: Fú ()<br>Given name: unknown | |
| Father | Fu Yanqing |


title: 1992 Origins Award winners

text:
# 1992 Origins Award winners

The following are the winners of the 19th annual (1992) Origins Award, presented at Origins 1993:

| Category | Winner | Company | Designer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Best Historical Figure Series of 1992 | Ravenloft | Ral Partha | Dennis Mize |
| Best Vehicular Miniatures Series of 1992 | BattleTech Mechs & Vehicles | Ral Partha | Jeff Wilhelm, David Summers, Sandy Garrity, Richard Kerr, Tom Meier, Bob Charrette, Julie Guthrie |
| Best Vehicular Miniatures Series of 1992 | Ogre Miniatures | Ral Partha | Jeff Wilhelm, David Summers, Richard Kerr |
| Best Historical Figure Series of 1992 | Hyksos Ancient Biblical | Ral Partha | Jim Johnson |
| Best Miniatures Accessory Series of 1992 | Tiny Terrain 15mm Fantasy | Simtac | Martin Fenelon |
| Best Miniatures Rules of 1992 | Ogre Miniatures | Steve Jackson Games | Steve Jackson |
| Best Roleplaying Rules of 1992 | Shadowrun, 2nd Edition | FASA | Tom Dowd with Paul Hume, Bob Charrette |
| Best Roleplaying Adventure of 1992 | GURPS Cyberpunk Adventures | Steve Jackson Games | Editor Jeff Koke, designers David Pulver, Jak Koke, Timothy Keating |
| Best Roleplaying Supplement of 1992 | GURPS Illuminati | Steve Jackson Games | Nigel Findley |
| Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement of 1992 | Cthulhu for President (for Call of Cthulhu) | Chaosium | Charlie Krank, Les Brooks |
| Best Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure, or Supplement of 1992 | Shadowrun, 2nd Edition | FASA | Jeff Laubenstein, Joel Biske |
| Best Play-by-Mail Game of 1992 | Illuminati | Flying Buffalo | Draper Kauffman |
| Best Play-by-Mail Game of 1992 | Middle Earth | Game Systems Inc | William Feild, Peter Stassun |
| Best New Play-by-Mail Game of 1992 | Lords of Destiny | Maelstrom |  |
| Best Pre-20th Century Boardgame of 1992 | SPQR | GMT | Mark Herman, Richard Berg |
| Best Modern-Day Boardgame of 1992 | Hacker | Steve Jackson Games | Steve Jackson |
| Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Boardgame of 1992 | Nuclear Proliferation | Flying Buffalo | Rick Loomis |
| Best Graphic Presentation of a Boardgame of 1992 | Battletech, 3rd Edition | FASA | Jeff Laubenstein, Jim Nelson |
| Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1992 | Ultima Underworld | Origin Systems |  |
| Best Military or Strategy Computer Game of 1992 | V for Victory | Three-Sixty Pacific |  |
| Best Professional Adventure Gaming Magazine of 1992 | White Wolf | White Wolf | Stewart Wieck, Richard Thomas, Chris McDonough |
| Best Amateur Adventure Gaming Magazine of 1992 | Berg's Review of Games | Richard Berg |  |
|


title: 1999–2000 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

text:
# 1999–2000 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

The 6th NKP Salve Challenger Trophy was an Indian domestic cricket tournament that was held in Ahmedabad from 10 February to 13 February 2000. The series involved the domestic and national players from India who were allocated in India Seniors, India A, and India B. India Seniors defeated India A by 84 runs in the final to become the champions of the tournament.

## Squads

| India Seniors | India A | India B |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

## Points Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | NR | Pts | NRR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **India Seniors** | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.633 |
| 2 | **India A** | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | −0.120 |
| 3 | **India B** | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | −0.516 |

Source: 'Points Table'

## Matches

### Group stage

* India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
* Points: India Seniors 2, India A 0

---

* India B won the toss and elected to bat.
* Points: India Seniors 2, India B 0

---

* India A won the toss and elected to bat.
* Points: India A 2 , India B 0

## Final

* India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
* India Seniors became the winners of the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999/2000.

## InfoBox

| NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999/2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 10th - 13th February 2000 |
| Location | Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India |
| Result | Won by India Seniors |
| Teams  India Seniors  India A  India B  Captains  Rahul Dravid  Mohammad Azharuddin  Ajay Jadeja  Most runs  VVS Laxman (201) Sridharan Sharath (155) Mohammad Kaif (183)  Most wickets  Sunil Joshi (6) <br>Nikhil Chopra (6) Amit Bhandari (7) Reetinder Singh Sodhi (3) | |
|


abstract: Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow was a landmark decision of Botswana's Court of Appeal. The case upheld the decision brought to the High Court of Botswana, by the lawyer, Unity Dow, who would go on to become a judge on the High Court and a government minister. It declared provisions of the 1984 Citizenship Act, which barred children from receiving nationality from their mothers, to be unconstitutional. It resulted in the passage of the 1995 Citizenship Act of Botswana, which eliminated gender disparities in the law. The case sparked women to press for changes to nationality laws across Africa.

text:
# Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow

***Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow*** (sometimes abbreviated ***Attorney General v. Dow***, Civil Appeal No. 4/91, and known locally as the Citizenship Case or Dow Case) was a landmark decision of Botswana's Court of Appeal. The case upheld the decision brought to the High Court of Botswana, by the lawyer, Unity Dow, who would go on to become a judge on the High Court and a government minister. It declared provisions of the 1984 Citizenship Act, which barred children from receiving nationality from their mothers, to be unconstitutional. It resulted in the passage of the 1995 Citizenship Act of Botswana, which eliminated gender disparities in the law. The case sparked women to press for changes to nationality laws across Africa.

## Background

In 1990, Unity Dow, a Motswana lawyer and the plaintiff filing suit in the High Court of the Republic of Botswana challenged the nationality statues of Botswana. The action, *Unity Dow v Attorney-General (Botswana)* (High Court of Botswana Misca. 124/1990), argued that the 1984 Citizenship Act was discriminatory because it did not allow children the equal ability to derive nationality from their parents. Dow was an indigenous Mosarwa woman who had a child with Peter Nathan Dow, a US national, in 1979. The couple married on 7 March 1984 and subsequently had two other children. Because of the provisions of the 1984 Citizenship Act, the Dows' oldest child was able to acquire Motswana nationality because she was born outside of wedlock. Their two youngest children were ineligible to derive nationality from their mother because their parents were legally married. Under Section 4 of the Citizenship Act, legitimate children could only derive Motswana nationality if their father was a citizen of Botswana, despite the fact that they were born in the country and had lived there their entire life.

Dow argued that under the constitution, all citizens were granted rights without distinction to belief, color, creed, origin, race or sex; were barred from receiving inhuman or degrading punishments; and were granted freedom of movement. She argued that Section 15 prohibited laws from making provisions that were discriminatory. High Court judge, Martin Horowitz found in favor of Dow, concurring that the law impacted her free choice of whom to marry, could force her to be separated from her family if her husband and children's residency permits were not renewed, and was discriminatory.

## Appeal

The government filed an appeal in 1992, *Attorney General of Botswana v. Unity Dow* making the argument to the Court of Appeal that Dow did not have standing to challenge the law, as she personally suffered no harm, and that the constitution provided no right to citizenship or the ability to pass citizenship on to offspring. The Attorney General also argued that the omission of the word "sex" in Section 15 (3) of the Constitution was designed to allow for the customary patrilineal organization of society and preservation of the traditional customs regarding the treatment of Motswana women and therefore, the Citizenship Act was not discriminatory because it followed custom. He justified the sex-based discrimination in the Citizenship Act as necessary to preserve the male-oriented custom of Motswana society and prevent dual nationality.

Austin Amissah, Judge President of the Court of Appeal, evaluated Chapter II, Section 3, of the Botswanan Constitution which lists individual's fundamental rights and freedoms, and Section 18, which contains provisions to enforce fundamental rights of the Constitution. He found that Section 3 specifically mentioned "sex" as a characteristic defining entitlement of those fundamental rights. As it was the foundational provision of Chapter II in defining the rights and freedoms to which every person is entitled, fundamental rights could not be infringed except in the case that they impact public interests or the enjoyment of rights by others. He further found that Chapter II, Section 15 could not be separated from Section 3, as all other provisions in Chapter II of the Constitution were founded upon Section 3. He concluded that as discrimination is not mentioned in Section 3, unequal treatment could not be allowed to limit the rights and freedoms outlined in it. Specifically, Amissah stated, "I know of no principle of construction in law which says that a fundamental right conferred by the Constitution on an individual can be circumscribed by a definition in another Section for the purposes of that other Section". Maintaining that custom cannot override the constitution, as the Constitution is preeminent, he reiterated that equal protection of their rights under the law is afforded to any person, male or female, and was expressly required by the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which Botswana was internationally obligated. The majority of the justices, Amissah, Akinola Aguda, and George Bizos determined that under the merits of the case, the Constitution forbade gender-based discrimination.

As for standing, Amissah noted that the respondent (Dow) merely had to have a reasonable belief that her rights might be breached to seek redress from the court. Justice Aguda agreed, stating that if Dow's husband and children were refused admission to Botswana, she would rightly feel that she had been subjected to degrading treatment and could seek relief on those grounds. The majority of justices, Amissah, Aguda, Bizos and Bill Schreiner, concurred that Dow had standing. The full bench of the Court of Appeal in a 3 to 2 majority affirmed the High Court decision with slight modifications, declaring Sections 4 and 5 of the 1982 Citizenship Act, as amended in 1984, unconstitutional. Amissah, Aguda, and Bizos joined in the majority with Cedric Puckrin and Schreiner in the minority.

## Impact

The case became landmark litigation in Africa. In 1995, a new Citizenship Act was passed in Botswana, which eliminated gender disparities in the law. The case empowered women activists to press for changes to nationality laws across Africa. By 2010, changes had been made to the nationality laws in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, to eliminate at least some of the gender-based discrimination in their nationality laws. Before 2018, 42 of the 54 African countries had changed laws which had restricted women from passing their nationality to their children. The case thrust Dow into the national and international spotlight and in 1997, she was appointed as the first woman to serve on the High Court of Botswana. In 2014, she was elected as a Special Elected Member of Parliament and served the government in various ministries until 2020, when she became a backbencher.

### Citations

1. Segwai 2008.
2. Superintendent of Documents 2008, p. 332.
3. Lederer & Macharia-Mokobi 2012, p. 248.
4. Coldham 1992, p. 91.
5. Beyani 1994, p. 294.
6. Quansah 1992, p. 196.
7. Coldham 1992, pp. 91–92.
8. Quansah 1993, pp. 190–191.
9. Quansah 1993, p. 191.
10. Beyani 1994, p. 295.
11. Quansah 1993, p. 193.
12. Quansah 1993, p. 195.
13. Quansah 1993, p. 196.
14. Quansah 1993, pp. 197–198.
15. Quansah 1993, p. 200.
16. Quansah 1993, pp. 200–201, 203.
17. Quansah 1993, p. 189.
18. Quansah 1993, p. 201.
19. Manby 2010, p. 50.
20. Pailey 2020, p. 1839.
21. Manby 2010, p. 45.
22. Motsamai 2014.
23. Motlhoka 2020.

### Bibliography


title: Englund

abstract: Englund is a surname of Swedish origin, meaning "meadow grove".

text:
# Englund

**Englund** is a surname of Swedish origin, meaning "meadow grove" (from Swedish *äng*, meadow, and *lund*, grove).

## Geographical distribution

As of 2014, 57.0% of all known bearers of the surname *Englund* were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:1,255), 31.0% of the United States (1:84,563), 4.5% of Finland (1:8,866), 2.0% of Norway (1:18,431) and 1.6% of Denmark (1:24,976).

In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,255) in the following counties:

In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:8,866) in the following regions:

## People


title: En annan jag

abstract: En annan jag is the ninth studio album by Swedish singer/songwriter Darin, released on 15 September 2023 by his own record label Dex Music and distributed by Universal Music Group. The album contains only Swedish-language songs.

text:
# En annan jag

***En annan jag*** (English translation: *Another me*) is the ninth studio album by Swedish singer/songwriter Darin, released on 15 September 2023 by his own record label Dex Music and distributed by Universal Music Group. The album contains only Swedish-language songs.

## Singles

On 5 May 2023, Darin released "Starkare" ("Stronger" in English) as the lead single from the album. The official music video was released on 9 May 2023. The single charted at number 20 on the Sverigetopplistan.

The second single, "Satellit" ("Satellite") was released on 4 August 2023 and peaked at number 62 in Sweden.

## Live performances

Darin performed "Satellit" on *Allsångsscenen är din på Skansen.*

## Track listing

Credits adapted from Spotify.

*En annan jag* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Om du var min" |  | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Högre än allt" | * Zanyar | 3:19 |
| 3. | "Den sista sången" | * Zanyar * Maria Jane Smith * Victor Thell | 2:45 |
| 4. | "Behöver inte nån" | * Zanyar | 2:55 |
| 5. | "Kommer aldrig över dig" | * Zanyar | 3:02 |
| 6. | "Starkare" | * Zanyar | 2:25 |
| 7. | "Satellit" | * Zanyar | 3:01 |
| 8. | "Vi Är På Riktigt" |  | 3:08 |
| 9. | "Krossar allt" | * Zanyar | 2:10 |
| 10. | "Det kommer alltid vara du" | * Zanyar | 3:20 |
| 11. | "En annan jag" | * Zanyar | 3:23 |
| Total length: | | | 32:40 |

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for *En annan jag*
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 1 |

## Release history

Release history for *En annan jag*
| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 15 September 2023 |  |  |
|

## InfoBox

| En annan jag | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Darin | |
| Released | 15 September 2023 |
| Recorded | 2023 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 32:40 |
| Language | Swedish |
| Label |  |
| Darin chronology | |
| *Tvillingen*
(2017) ***En annan jag***
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *En annan jag* | |
| 1. "Starkare"
Released: 5 May 2023 2. "Satellit"
Released: 4 August 2023 3. "Den sista sången"
Released: 15 September 2023 | |
|  | |


title: Anerastia lotella

abstract: Anerastia lotella is a species of snout moth in the genus Anerastia. It was described by Jacob Hübner in 1813. It is found in most of Europe, western Russia, Asia Minor, Iran and western Turkestan. It has also been recorded from most of Canada. The wingspan is 19–27 mm. Adults are on wing in July. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species, including Ammophila arenaria, Corynephorus canescens and Festuca ovina.

text:
# Anerastia lotella

***Anerastia lotella*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Anerastia*. It was described by Jacob Hübner in 1813. It is found in most of Europe, western Russia, Asia Minor, Iran and western Turkestan. It has also been recorded from most of Canada.

The wingspan is 19–27 mm. Adults are on wing in July.

The larvae feed on various Poaceae species, including *Ammophila arenaria*, *Corynephorus canescens* and *Festuca ovina*.

## InfoBox

| *Anerastia lotella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Anerastia* |
| Species: | ***A. lotella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anerastia lotella***<br>(Hübner, 1813) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tinea lotella* Hübner, 1813 * *Tinea miniosella* Zincken, 1818 | |


title: 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature

abstract: The 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world." She is the fifth female and first Latin American recipient of the literature prize.

text:
# 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature

The **1945 Nobel Prize in Literature** was awarded to the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) "for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world." She is the fifth female and first Latin American recipient of the literature prize.

## Laureate

Lucila Godoy Alcayaga borrowed the pseudonym, Gabriela Mistral, from her favorite poets, Gabriele D'Annunzio and Frédéric Mistral. Her poetry is distinguished by intense emotion and straightforward language, having been influenced also by the modernist movement. Affection, deceit, sorrow, nature, travel, and love for children are some of their major themes. Mistral's first prominent poetry collection was *Desolación* ("Despair"), published in 1922. *Ternura* ("Tenderness"), published in 1924, contains nursery rhymes and lullabies for children whereas *Tala* ("Harvesting", 1938) makes use of strange imagery and free verse. She was well-known for writing op-eds for major Chilean newspapers such as *El Coquimbo: Diario Radical* and *La Voz de Elqui*. In her country, she became the first female to be awarded the National Prize for Literature.

## Deliberations

### Nominations

Mistral received eight nominations beginning in 1940. For 1945, she was nominated by the newly inducted Swedish Academy member Elin Wägner (1882–1949) by which she was eventually awarded. In total, the Nobel Committee received 23 nominations for 18 writers. Four of the nominees were nominated first-time: Thomas Stearns Eliot (awarded in 1948), Yiorgos Theotokas, Edward Morgan Forster, and Marie Under. There were four female nominees namely Elisaveta Bagryana, Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício, Gabriela Mistral and Marie Under.

The French poet Paul Valéry was nominated for the tenth, eleventh and twelfth time by three members of the Swedish Academy. It is believed that the Academy intended to award Valéry the prize in 1945, but he died in July.

The authors Maurice Baring, Ursula Bethell, Robert Brasillach, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ernst Cassirer, Mário de Andrade, Margaret Deland, Lucie Delarue-Mardrus, Robert Desnos, Jelena Dimitrijević, Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, Maurice Donnay, Alfred Douglas, E. R. Eddison, Ioan Constantin Filitti, Zinaida Gippius, Ellen Glasgow, Josef Hora, Else Lasker-Schüler, Régis Messac, Arthur Morrison, Otto Neurath, Kitaro Nishida, Charles Gilman Norris, Else Lasker-Schüler, Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Alexander Roda Roda, Felix Salten, Lurana W. Sheldon, Antal Szerb, Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Charles Williams died in 1945 without having been nominated for the prize. The Dutch historian Johan Huizinga and Austrian-Bohemian author Franz Werfel died months before the announcement.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Elisaveta Bagryana (1893–1991) | Bulgaria | poetry, translation | Stefan Mladenov (1880–1963) |
| 2 | Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948) | Soviet Union
( Ukraine) | philosophy, theology | Alf Nyman (1884–1968) |
| 3 | Edmund Blunden (1896–1974) | United Kingdom | poetry, essays, biography | Heinrich Wolfgang Donner (1904-1980) |
| 4 | Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
(1884–1947) | Portugal | poetry, essays | António Baião (1878–1961) |
| 5 | Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) | France | novel, short story, poetry, drama, literary criticism | Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) |
| 6 | Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888–1965) | United States
United Kingdom | poetry, essays, drama | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 7 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Norway | novel, short story, essays | Eugenia Kielland (1878–1969) |
| 8 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Greta Hedin (1889–1949) |
| 9 | Johan Huizinga (1872–1945) | Netherlands | history |  |
| 10 | Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) | Chile | poetry | Elin Wägner (1882–1949) |
| 11 | Arvid Mörne (1876–1946) | Finland | poetry, drama, novel, essays | Gustav Suits (1883–1956) |
| 12 | Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947) | Switzerland | novel, poetry, short story | Marcel Raymond (1897–1981) |
| 13 | Jules Romains (1885–1972) | France | poetry, drama, screenplay | Holger Sten (1907–1971) |
| 14 | John Steinbeck (1902–1968) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay | Gustaf Munthe (1896–1962) |
| 15 | Yiorgos Theotokas (1906–1966) | Greece | novel, short story, drama, essays | Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) |
| 16 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Soviet Union
( Estonia) | poetry | Ants Oras (1900–1982) |
| 17 | Paul Valéry (1871–1945) | France | poetry, philosophy, essays, drama |  |
| 18 | Franz Werfel (1890–1945) | Czechoslovakia | novel, short story, drama, poetry |  |

1. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 nobelprize.org
2. Mildred Adams (9 December 1945). "The 1945 Winner of the Nobel Award, Gabriela Mistral". *New York Times*.
3. Allison E. Peers (1946). "Gabriela Mistral: A Tentative Evaluation". *Bulletin of Spanish Studies*. **23**: 101–116. doi:10.1080/14753825012331359810  via Taylor & Francis Online.
4. "Gabriela Mistral". *Encyclopedia Britannica*.
5. Gabriela Mistral – Facts nobelprize.org
6. Nomination archive – Gabriela (Lucile) Mistral (Godoy y Alcayaga) nobelprize.org
7. Nomination archive – 1945 nobelprize.org
8. "The Nobel Prize in Literature - Nominations and reports 1901-1950". nobelprize.org.

## InfoBox

| 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature | |
| --- | --- |
| **Gabriela Mistral** | |
| ***"for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"*** | |
| Date | * 15 November 1945 (announcement) * 10 December 1945
(ceremony) |
| Location | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Presented by | Swedish Academy |
| First awarded | 1901 |
| Website | Official website |
|


title: 1967 NHL expansion

text:
# 1967 NHL expansion

BostonChicagoDetroitMontrealNew YorkTorontoOaklandLos AngelesMinneapolis–Saint PaulPhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louisclass=notpageimage|Map of the Original Six cities in red and the 1967 expansion cities in blue

The 1967 National Hockey League (NHL) expansion added six new franchises for the 1967–68 season, doubling the size of the league to 12 teams. It was the largest expansion undertaken at one time by an established major sports league and the first change in the composition of the NHL since 1942, ending the era of the Original Six.

The six new teams were the Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota North Stars, Oakland Seals, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and St. Louis Blues. This expansion, including placing two new clubs on the West Coast, was the result of the league's fears of a rival league that would challenge the NHL for players and the Stanley Cup. In addition, the league hoped that the expansion would result in a lucrative TV contract in the United States.

The Seals, later renamed the California Golden Seals and then the Cleveland Barons, are the only team from the expansion to cease operations and not reach the Stanley Cup. The Blues, Flyers, Kings, and Penguins continue to operate in their home cities, while the North Stars relocated to Dallas, Texas and became the Dallas Stars. All active teams have won the Stanley Cup at least once, with the Penguins holding the most Cup titles among the 1967 expansion franchises at five.

## Background

In the aftermath of the shakeout caused by the Depression and World War II, in which the National Hockey League contracted from ten teams to the so-called "Original Six" clubs (Boston Bruins, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks), the NHL became immensely profitable. Professional sports teams of the era were primarily gate-driven enterprises; however, attendances consistently rose after the end of the war. With arenas that generally held around 15,000 spectators in this era selling out with increasing frequency, the league expanded the schedule from the wartime 50 games to 70 games by the 1950s. Meanwhile, owners aggressively kept costs (especially player salaries) as low as possible and ruthlessly suppressed all attempts by the players to unionize, in particular when they perceived a threat by the organizing efforts of Red Wings star Ted Lindsay.

As the NHL stabilized, it came under the control of a few wealthy tycoons, in particular the powerful Norris family. James E. Norris, the owner of the Red Wings, effectively controlled the league's other three American teams as well. After the elder Norris died in 1952, this control was exercised by his son James D. Norris. NHL owners staunchly resisted applications to expand beyond six franchises. Groups representing Philadelphia (which had secured rights to the dormant Montreal Maroons franchise), Los Angeles and the AHL Cleveland Barons were each in turn given conflicting requirements that seemed to contemporary observers designed to disqualify the bids, and it was widely understood that the existing NHL owners wanted no encroachments upon their profits.

The NHL had been an early leader in television broadcasting, both in Canada and the U.S. However, by 1960, its TV contracts had expired, and the league had none until 1963. The owners saw that the televising of other sports had enhanced the images of those leagues' players, and feared that this would provide leverage at salary time. Already, Montreal, and William M. Jennings in New York, took power.

## Expansion teams

**Los Angeles****Pittsburgh****Minneapolis-St. Paul****Philadelphia****San Francisco-Oakland****Baltimore****Buffalo****Vancouver****Cleveland****Louisville**class=notpageimage|Map of cities interested in an NHL expansion team

In 1963, Rangers governor William Jennings introduced to his peers the idea of expanding the league to the American West Coast by adding two new teams for the 1964–65 season. His argument was based around concerns that the Western Hockey League intended to operate as a major league in the near future. He also hoped that teams on the west coast would make the league truly national, and improve the chances of returning to television in the United States as the NHL had lost its deal with CBS. While the governors did not agree to the proposal, the topic of expansion arose every time the owners met thereafter.

The expansion process formally began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division. San Francisco – Oakland and Vancouver were declared "acceptable cities" with Los Angeles and St. Louis as potential sites. In February 1966, the NHL Board of Governors considered applications from 14 different ownership groups, including five from Los Angeles, two from Pittsburgh, and one each from Minneapolis – Saint Paul, Philadelphia, San Francisco – Oakland, Baltimore, Buffalo, and Vancouver. Cleveland and Louisville had also expressed previous interest but were not represented.

Six franchises were ultimately added: the California Seals (San Francisco – Oakland), Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota North Stars, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and St. Louis Blues. Had one of the teams been unable to start, a franchise would have then been awarded to Baltimore. Four of those teams are still playing in their original cities under their original names. In 1978, the North Stars merged with the Cleveland Barons, who were the relocated Seals, and in 1993 the North Stars became the Dallas Stars. Both the San Francisco-Oakland market and the Minneapolis-St. Paul markets were eventually granted new teams as the San Jose Sharks and the Minnesota Wild.

### Opposition

Canadian fans, including Prime Minister Lester Pearson, were irate that no Canadian teams were added, particularly since Vancouver had been generally considered a lock for a team. Internal considerations took a hand in that since as Montreal and Toronto were not interested in sharing CBC television revenues with another Canadian club, and Chicago owner Arthur Wirtz's support was reputedly contingent on the creation of a St. Louis team, although that city had not submitted a formal bid, to purchase the decrepit St. Louis Arena, which the Black Hawks ownership then also owned. Buffalo also nearly got a team over nearby Pittsburgh until Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney, who served as a minority investor in the Penguins early years, persuaded the Norris brothers, whom he knew through their common interest in horse racing, to vote for Pittsburgh in the expansion process. Vancouver and Buffalo both subsequently received teams for the NHL's next expansion in 1970.

On a more general note, many traditionalists resisted expansion, claiming it would dilute the talent in the league. Even some proponents of expansion were worried at the idea of immediately doubling the NHL's size and wanted to ease teams in gradually, as Major League Baseball was doing.

The expansion fee was US$2 million, and players taken in the very strict expansion draft came at a cost of $50,000 each. Experts tended to see that as high, and most expansion teams were seen as having no hope of competing successfully with the established teams in the near future.

Because of the inherent competitive imbalance, there was some support for the idea of placing the new teams in a completely separate division or conference, with a separate schedule for the first few seasons and then gradually integrating the new teams into the established NHL, much like the then-progressing AFL-NFL merger was being carried out. Ultimately, the league partly implemented the idea by placing all six of the new teams in the new West Division. Alternative proposals included putting Detroit and Chicago in the West with Pittsburgh and Philadelphia going to the East. In a surprising concession, the league also agreed to implement a strictly divisional playoff bracket, meaning that four expansion teams would make the playoffs, and an expansion team was guaranteed a slot in the Stanley Cup Finals.

### Changes

The new teams offered a big change to the league. After seeing virtually the same red/blue/black uniforms for over 20 years, purple, green, sky blue, and orange were introduced. Teams now regularly travelled between cities by air because of the distances involved; at the time, all of the Original Six cities had daily overnight passenger rail service between one another.

## Aftermath

The 1967 expansion marked the end of the Original Six era and the beginning of a new era of the NHL. The expansion, Bobby Orr's record $1 million contract in 1971, and the formation of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in 1972 forever changed the landscape of the North American professional game. It was the WHA that ended up being the NHL's chief rival during the 1970s, while the Western Hockey League ceased operations in 1974. The NHL's first expansion period ended in 1974 by which time the league had tripled in size to 18 teams, and then merged with the WHA by absorbing four of its teams in 1979. As a result, the NHL retained its status as the premier professional ice hockey league in North America; no other league has attempted to compete against the NHL since then.

However, the NHL's other goal of immediately securing a lucrative TV contract in the U.S. similar to MLB and the NFL never fully materialized until decades later. Despite the expansion and the subsequent merger with the WHA, NHL broadcasting on a national scale in the U.S. continued to be spotty between 1967 and 1981. Although NBC and CBS held rights at various times, neither network carried anything close to a full schedule, even carrying only selected games of the Stanley Cup Finals.

All the 1967 expansion teams were placed in the same division in 1967–68, so their success was largely gauged relative to each other before the 1974 realignment, which radically mixed up all of the league's teams into four divisions and two conferences. Subsequent expansions and realignments separated both the Original Six and the 1967 expansion teams even further, essentially reviving the league's earlier alternative plan to put Detroit and Chicago in the West, and Pittsburgh and Philadelphia in the East. After the 1998 realignment, which reorganized the league into six divisions, only the Flyers and the Penguins are in the same division. When the league realigned again in 2013 to a different four division setup, the Stars and Blues were placed in the same division.

The St. Louis Blues immediately made an impact by appearing in three consecutive Stanley Cup Finals in the first three years, but were swept in each. Their first Stanley Cup title in 2019 came 49 years after their previous finals appearance. Although they were the first team from the expansion to reach the finals, the Blues were the last of the five active 1967 teams to win the Stanley Cup.

After the 1969–70 season, the league moved Chicago to the West Division and altered the playoff format to force Eastern and Western teams to face each other prior to the final. Until 1974, no expansion team defeated an Original Six team in a playoff series or even reached the Final again. That season, the Philadelphia Flyers, who had steadily built a strong team, defeated Boston to win the Stanley Cup. The Flyers repeated as champions in 1975 by defeating the Buffalo Sabres in the first modern Stanley Cup Finals to not feature an Original Six club. As of the end of the 2016–17 NHL season, which marked the 50th season for the 1967 expansion teams, the Flyers are the most successful of the expansion team in terms of all-time points percentage (.576), second only to the Montreal Canadiens (.590) in NHL history. Additionally, the Flyers have the most appearances in the league semi-finals (known as the conference finals since the 1981–82 season) out of all 26 expansion teams with 16 and the most Stanley Cup Finals appearances with a total of eight.

The Pittsburgh Penguins were largely unsuccessful in the beginning, failing to win their division until the 1990–91 season, but accumulated draft picks and built a strong team that won two consecutive Stanley Cups in 1991 and 1992. In 2009, the Penguins became the first of the 1967 expansion teams to win three Cups. Then in 2016, Pittsburgh tied the New York Rangers (an Original Six team) and the New York Islanders (a 1972 expansion team) with four Cups. After successfully defending their title the following year, the franchise tied the Edmonton Oilers (at five Cups), with the Oilers joining the league in the 1979 merger with the WHA.

The Los Angeles Kings did not make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance until 1993 during the Wayne Gretzky era. The Kings did not return to the Cup Finals again until 2012, when they finally won their first Cup. Los Angeles won the Cup again in 2014.

While four of the 1967 expansion teams still play in their original cities, one has relocated and one ceased operations. The Oakland/San Francisco Bay Area-based franchise was the least successful of the 1967 expansion teams: noncompetitive both on the ice and at the box office, the club eventually moved to Cleveland to become the Barons in 1976. While the Minnesota North Stars were in a traditional hockey area, the team was struggling financially. In 1978, the two ownership groups merged the franchises into the North Stars with the Barons' owners Gordon and George Gund III becoming the majority owners of the team. Although, the merged North Stars improved on the ice and made two finals appearances in 1981 and 1991, they continued to have financial difficulties.

In late 1980s, the Gunds attempted to relocate the North Stars to the Bay Area, but were denied by the league. The NHL and the Gunds came to a compromise with the Gunds selling the North Stars and were given an expansion team that became the San Jose Sharks in 1991. As part of the compromise, the North Stars and Sharks had a player dispersal and expansion draft in which the North Stars' roster was split between the two teams and then each took part in the expansion draft. The new owners of the North Stars only kept the team in Minnesota for two more seasons and moved to Dallas, Texas, in 1993 to become the Dallas Stars, eventually winning their first Cup in 1999. The NHL returned to the Twin Cities market when the Minnesota Wild began play in 2000.

### 50th Anniversary season

During the 2016–17 NHL season, the four "expansion six" teams still in their original cities had festivities commemorating their 50th year in the NHL and each unveiled uniform patches to be worn by those teams. The patches were unveiled on February 9, 2016, on the 50th anniversary of the NHL awarding the franchises, which led the Penguins to unveil a patch with three Stanley Cups. With the Penguins winning that year's Stanley Cup Finals, their patch was modified to have four Cups. The season ended with the Penguins clinching their fifth Cup.

## Timeline of the 1967 expansion teams

Among the six 1967 expansion teams, four still play in their original cities. One has since relocated, while the other relocated and then was merged out of existence.

| Team | City/Area | City/Area's previous NHL franchise | Years active in original city | Destiny |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| California Seals | Oakland, California (San Francisco Bay Area) | None | 1967–1976 | Renamed Oakland Seals midway through the 1967–68 season, and then later California Golden Seals during the first week of the 1970–71 season. Later relocated to Cleveland, Ohio, as the Cleveland Barons in 1976, then merged into the Minnesota North Stars in 1978.
In 1991, the former Barons' owners returned to the Bay Area with half the North Stars' roster as the San Jose Sharks expansion team.
They never won a Stanley Cup. |
| Los Angeles Kings | Los Angeles, California | None | 1967–present | Still active in same city. The Kings have two Stanley Cup wins (2012 and 2014). |
| Minnesota North Stars | Bloomington, Minnesota (Minneapolis–Saint Paul) | None | 1967–1993 | Merged with the Cleveland Barons in 1978. Later relocated to Dallas, Texas, as the Dallas Stars in 1993.
The NHL returned to the market in Minnesota with the Minnesota Wild in 2000.
As Minnesota North Stars, they did not win any Stanley Cups, however, as the Dallas Stars, they now have one Stanley Cup title win: (1999). |
| Philadelphia Flyers | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Philadelphia Quakers, which were the relocated Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1930 to 1931. Franchise suspended after 1931 and canceled in 1936. | 1967–present | Still active in same city. The Flyers have two Stanley Cup wins (1974 and 1975). |
| Pittsburgh Penguins | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | Pittsburgh Pirates from 1925 to 1930 before the team relocated to Philadelphia for the 1930–31 NHL season. | 1967–present | Still active in same city. The Penguins have five Stanley Cup wins (1991, 1992, 2009, 2016, and 2017). |
| St. Louis Blues | St. Louis, Missouri | St. Louis Eagles, a relocation of the original Ottawa Senators, from 1934 to 1935. Franchise canceled after one season. | 1967–present | Still active in same city. The Blues have one Stanley Cup win (2019). |


title: 1993 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Doubles

text:
# 1993 Toray Pan Pacific Open – Doubles

Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Helena Suková were the defending champions, but Sánchez Vicario did not compete this year.

Suková teamed up with Martina Navratilova and successfully defended her title, by defeating Lori McNeil and Rennae Stubbs 6–4, 6–3 in the final.

## Seeds

1. Gigi Fernández /  Natasha Zvereva *(semifinals)*
2. Larisa Neiland /  Jana Novotná *(semifinals)*
3. **Martina Navratilova /  Helena Suková (champions)**
4. Lori McNeil /  Rennae Stubbs *(final)*

## Draw

### Key

### Draw

## InfoBox

| Doubles | |
| --- | --- |
| 1993 Toray Pan Pacific Open | |
| Champions |  |
| Runners-up |  |
| Score | 6–4, 6–3 |


title: Empress Dowager Gong

abstract: Empress Dowager Gong, formally Empress Dowager Yuan was an empress dowager of the Chinese dynasty Western Liang dynasty. She was the mother of Xiao Cha who founded the Western Liang with the support of Western Wei. Lady Gong was a concubine of Xiao Tong, the first crown prince of Liang dynasty's founder Emperor Wu. Her rank was the second rank for a concubine of the crown prince, Baolin (保林). She gave birth to Xiao Cha in 519. Little is known about her background, including her birth family, and Xiao Cha himself appeared to be closer to Crown Princess Cai's nephew Cai Dabao (蔡大寶) than he was with any maternal cousins he might have had. Historical references to Lady Gong were not numerous. In 549, while Liang was in a state of disarray after the fall of the capital Jiankang to the rebel general Hou Jing and the imperial princes were battling each other, Xiao Cha, then the Prince of Yueyang, was leading an army against his uncle Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong to try to save his brother Xiao Yu (蕭譽) the Prince of Hedong, when he left his headquarters Xiangyang in the hands of Cai Dabao and Lady Gong, and they defended the city against a surprise attack by the general Du An (杜岸), who served under Xiao Cha but had defected to Xiao Yi. When Xiao Cha retreated at night, Lady Gong, unaware of his military failure, mistook him for the enemy; only until the next morning did she realize that it was him and let him in. Subsequently, in order to fend off Xiao Yi's attacks, Xiao Cha became a Western Wei vassal and was created the Prince of Liang. In 555, after Western Wei forces had defeated and killed Xiao Yi, Western Wei created Xiao Cha the emperor of (Western) Liang. While Emperor Xuan posthumously honored Xiao Tong as an emperor and Xiao Tong's wife Crown Princess Cai as an empress, he honored his mother as an empress dowager. After he died in 562 and was succeeded by his son Xiao Kui, Emperor Ming honored her as grand empress dowager. She died about three months after her son.

text:
# Empress Dowager Gong

**Empress Dowager Gong** (龔太后, personal name unknown) (died June or July 562), formally **Empress Dowager Yuan** (元太后, literally "the discerning empress dowager") was an empress dowager of the Chinese dynasty Western Liang dynasty. She was the mother of Xiao Cha who founded the Western Liang with the support of Western Wei.

Lady Gong was a concubine of Xiao Tong, the first crown prince of Liang dynasty's founder Emperor Wu. Her rank was the second rank for a concubine of the crown prince, *Baolin* (保林). She gave birth to Xiao Cha in 519. (It is not known whether any of Xiao Tong's other four known sons were her sons as well, although his oldest son Xiao Huan (蕭歡) was not, as he was the son of Xiao Tong's wife Crown Princess Cai.) Little is known about her background, including her birth family, and Xiao Cha himself appeared to be closer to Crown Princess Cai's nephew Cai Dabao (蔡大寶) than he was with any maternal cousins he might have had.

Historical references to Lady Gong were not numerous. In 549, while Liang was in a state of disarray after the fall of the capital Jiankang to the rebel general Hou Jing and the imperial princes were battling each other, Xiao Cha, then the Prince of Yueyang, was leading an army against his uncle Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong to try to save his brother Xiao Yu (蕭譽) the Prince of Hedong (whom Xiao Yi's forces were besieging), when he left his headquarters Xiangyang in the hands of Cai Dabao and Lady Gong (who was at that time still referred to as *Baolin*, not as princess dowager), and they defended the city against a surprise attack by the general Du An (杜岸), who served under Xiao Cha but had defected to Xiao Yi. When Xiao Cha retreated at night, Lady Gong, unaware of his military failure, mistook him for the enemy; only until the next morning did she realize that it was him and let him in. Subsequently, in order to fend off Xiao Yi's attacks, Xiao Cha became a Western Wei vassal and was created the Prince of Liang.

In 555, after Western Wei forces had defeated and killed Xiao Yi, Western Wei created Xiao Cha the emperor of (Western) Liang (as Emperor Xuan). While Emperor Xuan posthumously honored Xiao Tong as an emperor and Xiao Tong's wife Crown Princess Cai as an empress, he honored his mother as an empress dowager. After he died in 562 and was succeeded by his son Xiao Kui (as Emperor Ming), Emperor Ming honored her as grand empress dowager. She died about three months after her son.