title: 1988 Belgian Grand Prix

abstract: The 1988 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on 28 August 1988. It was the eleventh race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship. The 43-lap race was won from pole position by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda. Senna's French teammate Alain Prost was second, with Italy's Ivan Capelli third in a March-Judd after the Benetton-Fords of local driver Thierry Boutsen and Alessandro Nannini were disqualified for fuel irregularities. The win, Senna's seventh of the season and fourth in succession, gave him a three-point lead over Prost in the Drivers' Championship.

text:
# 1988 Belgian Grand Prix

The **1988 Belgian Grand Prix** (formally the XLVI Champion Belgian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on 28 August 1988. It was the eleventh race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship.

The 43-lap race was won from pole position by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda. Senna's French teammate Alain Prost was second, with Italy's Ivan Capelli third in a March-Judd after the Benetton-Fords of local driver Thierry Boutsen and Alessandro Nannini were disqualified for fuel irregularities.

The win, Senna's seventh of the season and fourth in succession, gave him a three-point lead over Prost in the Drivers' Championship.

## Qualifying summary

This was the first race after the death of Enzo Ferrari. Nigel Mansell was forced to miss the race due to chicken pox and was replaced at Williams by Martin Brundle who actually managed to be fastest in the second, wet qualifying session. The McLaren-Hondas had dominated the first qualifying session and occupied the whole front row for the 7th time in 11 races, though neither Ayrton Senna nor Alain Prost could match Michele Alboreto on the uphill Kemmel Straight as he pushed his Ferrari to 312 km/h (194 mph). This was the first race in 1988 where neither of the new EuroBrun cars made the field.

Riccardo Patrese did a fine job to be 5th on the grid in his naturally aspirated Williams-Judd, but his time of 1:57.138 was still 3.420 seconds slower than pole man Senna. Local driver Thierry Boutsen gave the Belgian crowd something to cheer when he put his Benetton-Ford in 6th place on the grid.

The grid was set by Friday's qualifying session as Saturday's qualifying was held in wet conditions. Martin Brundle surprised by being fastest in the Williams, but even more of a surprise was Satoru Nakajima who was second fastest in his Lotus-Honda. Alain Prost, never a fan of driving in the wet and knowing his second place on the grid was safe, did not drive in the second session.

The Minardis of Luis Pérez-Sala and Pierluigi Martini, Stefano Modena in the EuroBrun and Julian Bailey in the Tyrrell all failed to qualify while Modena's teammate Oscar Larrauri failed to pre-qualify.

## Race summary

Throughout 1988, Senna had copied Prost's car settings feeling that the Frenchman had a better handle on setting up the McLaren (after driving Prost's spare car in Brazil he found that his teammates settings actually suited his own driving style, plus they were easier on the car). At Spa Prost decided at the last minute to alter the settings on his car by taking off some wing for more straight line speed in a bid to gain an advantage. Unfortunately for the Frenchman this had a detrimental result and he was unhappy with the balance and handling of his car in the race, compared to Senna with Prost's original settings who reported no such problems. At the start, pole sitter Senna had too much wheelspin and Prost was able to take the lead. However, the first time through Eau Rouge, Senna, with better downforce and grip, was clearly quicker and easily retook the lead after he slipstreamed Prost on the Kemmel Straight and out braked him at Les Combes. Senna powered off into the distance while Prost, struggling with a car that was no longer handling to his liking, settled for second place.

Gerhard Berger managed to get his Ferrari up to 3rd, challenging Prost briefly before pitting on lap 3 with electrical problems. He managed to rejoin and set the fastest lap before retiring on lap 12. Due to Berger's retirement, Boutsen climbed to 4th behind Alboreto and ahead of a thrilling battle between Alessandro Nannini (Benetton), Nakajima, Nelson Piquet (Lotus), and the two Arrows-Megatrons of Derek Warwick and Eddie Cheever. Piquet passed teammate Nakajima on lap 17, before the Japanese driver pitted with an acute misfire from a jammed plug, which caused him to retire. In the meantime, Ivan Capelli climbed from ninth to sixth in his March-Judd.

On lap 36, Alboreto's engine blew at Les Combes, sending him out of the race from third. On lap 38, Nannini passed Piquet for fourth at the La Source hairpin, before Capelli overtook the Brazilian driver for fifth on the penultimate lap.

McLaren's 1-2 sealed the Constructors' Championship for the British team with five races remaining. Boutsen and Nannini came home third and fourth for Benetton, with Capelli and Piquet rounding out the top six. In a post-race interview, Prost virtually conceded the championship to Senna, who had won his fourth race in succession and had taken the championship lead for the first time.

## Post-race

Both Benettons were later disqualified for using irregular fuel, so the third podium spot went to Ivan Capelli. It was his first podium finish in Formula One and March's first podium finish since Ronnie Peterson had won the 1976 Italian Grand Prix. The post race disqualification of the Benettons also meant that the two Arrows of Warwick and Cheever went into the points.

The disqualification of the Benettons was not made official until long after the season had finished, so many published records list them as having finished third and fourth. The three points Arrows gained from the disqualification brought the team to fifth in the Constructors' Championship.

## Classification

### Pre-qualifying

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Time | Gap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 36 | Alex Caffi | Dallara-Ford | 2:01.068 |  |
| 2 | 31 | Gabriele Tarquini | Coloni-Ford | 2:02.101 | +1.033 |
| 3 | 21 | Nicola Larini | Osella | 2:02.347 | +1.279 |
| 4 | 33 | Stefano Modena | EuroBrun-Ford | 2:02.933 | +1.865 |
| DNPQ | 32 | Oscar Larrauri | EuroBrun-Ford | 2:04.208 | +3.140 |

### Qualifying

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Q1 | Q2 | Gap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 | Ayrton Senna | McLaren-Honda | **1:53.718** | 2:15.196 |  |
| 2 | 11 | Alain Prost | McLaren-Honda | **1:54.128** | no time | +0.410 |
| 3 | 28 | Gerhard Berger | Ferrari | **1:54.581** | 2:17.115 | +0.863 |
| 4 | 27 | Michele Alboreto | Ferrari | **1:55.665** | 2:15.667 | +1.947 |
| 5 | 6 | Riccardo Patrese | Williams-Judd | **1:57.138** | 2:15.358 | +3.420 |
| 6 | 20 | Thierry Boutsen | Benetton-Ford | **1:57.455** | 2:15.236 | +3.737 |
| 7 | 19 | Alessandro Nannini | Benetton-Ford | **1:57.535** | 2:17.077 | +3.817 |
| 8 | 2 | Satoru Nakajima | Lotus-Honda | **1:57.616** | 2:14.739 | +3.898 |
| 9 | 1 | Nelson Piquet | Lotus-Honda | **1:57.821** | 2:15.027 | +4.103 |
| 10 | 17 | Derek Warwick | Arrows-Megatron | **1:57.925** | 2:16.770 | +4.207 |
| 11 | 18 | Eddie Cheever | Arrows-Megatron | **1:57.980** | 2:19.908 | +4.262 |
| 12 | 5 | Martin Brundle | Williams-Judd | **1:58.206** | 2:14.517 | +4.488 |
| 13 | 15 | Maurício Gugelmin | March-Judd | **1:58.361** | no time | +4.643 |
| 14 | 16 | Ivan Capelli | March-Judd | **1:58.439** | 2:22.821 | +4.721 |
| 15 | 36 | Alex Caffi | Dallara-Ford | **1:59.736** | 2:18.052 | +6.018 |
| 16 | 30 | Philippe Alliot | Lola-Ford | **1:59.906** | 2:21.219 | +6.188 |
| 17 | 25 | René Arnoux | Ligier-Judd | **2:00.037** | 2:19.260 | +6.319 |
| 18 | 14 | Philippe Streiff | AGS-Ford | **2:00.410** | 2:23.953 | +6.692 |
| 19 | 22 | Andrea de Cesaris | Rial-Ford | **2:00.521** | 2:17.028 | +6.803 |
| 20 | 26 | Stefan Johansson | Ligier-Judd | **2:00.857** | no time | +7.139 |
| 21 | 3 | Jonathan Palmer | Tyrrell-Ford | **2:01.078** | 2:20.594 | +7.360 |
| 22 | 31 | Gabriele Tarquini | Coloni-Ford | **2:01.359** | 2:19.939 | +7.641 |
| 23 | 29 | Yannick Dalmas | Lola-Ford | **2:01.467** | 2:19.909 | +7.749 |
| 24 | 9 | Piercarlo Ghinzani | Zakspeed | **2:01.899** | 2:22.064 | +8.181 |
| 25 | 10 | Bernd Schneider | Zakspeed | **2:01.938** | 2:19.825 | +8.220 |
| 26 | 21 | Nicola Larini | Osella | **2:02.029** | 2:17.127 | +8.311 |
| DNQ | 24 | Luis Pérez-Sala | Minardi-Ford | **2:02.129** | no time | +8.411 |
| DNQ | 23 | Pierluigi Martini | Minardi-Ford | **2:02.314** | no time | +8.596 |
| DNQ | 33 | Stefano Modena | EuroBrun-Ford | **2:02.322** | 2:19.880 | +8.604 |
| DNQ | 4 | Julian Bailey | Tyrrell-Ford | **2:02.519** | no time | +8.801 |

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 | **Ayrton Senna** | **McLaren-Honda** | 43 | 1:28:00.549 | 1 | **9** |
| 2 | 11 | **Alain Prost** | **McLaren-Honda** | 43 | \+ 30.470 | 2 | **6** |
| 3 | 16 | **Ivan Capelli** | **March-Judd** | 43 | \+ 1:15.768 | 14 | **4** |
| 4 | 1 | **Nelson Piquet** | **Lotus-Honda** | 43 | \+ 1:23.628 | 9 | **3** |
| 5 | 17 | **Derek Warwick** | **Arrows-Megatron** | 43 | \+ 1:25.355 | 10 | **2** |
| 6 | 18 | **Eddie Cheever** | **Arrows-Megatron** | 42 | \+ 1 Lap | 11 | **1** |
| 7 | 5 | Martin Brundle | Williams-Judd | 42 | \+ 1 Lap | 12 |  |
| 8 | 36 | Alex Caffi | Dallara-Ford | 42 | \+ 1 Lap | 15 |  |
| 9 | 30 | Philippe Alliot | Lola-Ford | 42 | \+ 1 Lap | 16 |  |
| 10 | 14 | Philippe Streiff | AGS-Ford | 42 | \+ 1 Lap | 18 |  |
| 11 | 26 | Stefan Johansson | Ligier-Judd | 39 | Engine | 20 |  |
| 12 | 3 | Jonathan Palmer | Tyrrell-Ford | 39 | Throttle | 21 |  |
| 13 | 10 | Bernd Schneider | Zakspeed | 38 | Gearbox | 25 |  |
| DSQ | 20 | Thierry Boutsen | Benetton-Ford | 43 | Irregular fuel | 6 |  |
| DSQ | 19 | Alessandro Nannini | Benetton-Ford | 43 | Irregular fuel | 7 |  |
| NC | 31 | Gabriele Tarquini | Coloni-Ford | 36 | +7 Laps | 22 |  |
| Ret | 27 | Michele Alboreto | Ferrari | 35 | Engine | 4 |  |
| Ret | 6 | Riccardo Patrese | Williams-Judd | 30 | Engine | 5 |  |
| Ret | 15 | Maurício Gugelmin | March-Judd | 29 | Spun Off | 13 |  |
| Ret | 9 | Piercarlo Ghinzani | Zakspeed | 25 | Oil Leak | 24 |  |
| Ret | 2 | Satoru Nakajima | Lotus-Honda | 22 | Engine | 8 |  |
| Ret | 21 | Nicola Larini | Osella | 14 | Fuel System | 26 |  |
| Ret | 28 | Gerhard Berger | Ferrari | 11 | Injection | 3 |  |
| Ret | 29 | Yannick Dalmas | Lola-Ford | 9 | Engine | 23 |  |
| Ret | 22 | Andrea de Cesaris | Rial-Ford | 2 | Collision | 19 |  |
| Ret | 25 | René Arnoux | Ligier-Judd | 2 | Collision | 17 |  |
| DNQ | 24 | Luis Pérez-Sala | Minardi-Ford |  |  |  |  |
| DNQ | 23 | Pierluigi Martini | Minardi-Ford |  |  |  |  |
| DNQ | 33 | Stefano Modena | EuroBrun-Ford |  |  |  |  |
| DNQ | 4 | Julian Bailey | Tyrrell-Ford |  |  |  |  |
| DNPQ | 32 | Oscar Larrauri | EuroBrun-Ford |  |  |  |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

## Championship standings after the race

* **Bold Text** indicates World Champions.

* **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Points accurate at final declaration of results. The Benettons were disqualified from this race, and their points reallocated, after the end of the season.

## InfoBox

| 1988 Belgian Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 11 of 16 in the 1988 Formula One World Championship | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 28 August 1988 | | |
| Official name | XLVI Champion Belgian Grand Prix | | |
| Location | Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps<br>Francorchamps, Wallonia, Belgium | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 6.940 km (4.312 miles) | | |
| Distance | 43 laps, 298.420 km (185.429 miles) | | |
| Weather | Warm, dry and overcast | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | McLaren-Honda |
| Time | 1:53.718 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Gerhard Berger | Ferrari |
| Time | 2:00.772 on lap 10 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | McLaren-Honda |
| Second |  | McLaren-Honda |
| Third |  | March-Judd |
| Lap leaders * | | | |


title: Balleza Municipality

abstract: Balleza is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Mariano Balleza. The municipality covers an area of 7,073.6 km⁲ (2,731.1 sq mi). As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 17,672, up from 16,325 as of 2005. The municipality had 594 localities, the largest of which were: Mariano Balleza (2,087), classified as urban, and Ejido el Vergel (2,008), classified as rural.

text:
# Balleza Municipality

**Balleza** is one of the 67 municipalities of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Mariano Balleza. The municipality covers an area of 7,073.6 km2 (2,731.1 sq mi).

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 17,672, up from 16,325 as of 2005.

The municipality had 594 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Mariano Balleza (2,087), classified as urban, and Ejido el Vergel (2,008), classified as rural.

## InfoBox

| Balleza | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipality of Balleza in Chihuahua | |
| BallezaLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 26°57′N 106°20′W / 26.950°N 106.333°W / 26.950; -106.333 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Chihuahua |
| Municipal seat | Mariano Balleza |
| Area | |
| Total | 7,073.6 km2 (2,731.1 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 17,672 |


title: Bahía Piña Airport

abstract: Bahía Piña Airport is an airport serving Puerto Piña, a Pacific coastal village in the Darién Province of Panama. The runway starts at the shore next to the village, and runs inland into the forest. There is mountainous terrain to the north, and rising terrain both east and west. South approach and departure are over the water. The La Palma VOR is located 49.6 nautical miles (92 km) north of the airport.

text:
# Bahía Piña Airport

**Bahía Piña Airport** (IATA: **BFQ**) is an airport serving Puerto Piña, a Pacific coastal village in the Darién Province of Panama.

The runway starts at the shore next to the village, and runs inland into the forest. There is mountainous terrain to the north, and rising terrain both east and west. South approach and departure are over the water.

The La Palma VOR (Ident: **PML**) is located 49.6 nautical miles (92 km) north of the airport.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Air Panama | Panama City–Albrook |

## InfoBox

| Bahía Piña Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Puerto Piña, Panama |
| Elevation AMSL | 14 ft / 4 m |
| Coordinates | 7°35′15″N 78°10′50″W / 7.58750°N 78.18056°W / 7.58750; -78.18056 |
| Map | |
| **BFQ**Location of the airport in Panama | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  02/20 700 2,297 Asphalt | |
| Source: Google Maps HERE Maps GCM | |


title: 1972–73 Brentford F.C. season

text:
# 1972–73 Brentford F.C. season

During the 1972–73 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division. The early-season departures of goalscorers John O'Mara and Bobby Ross and 15 consecutive away league defeats led to Brentford's relegation straight back to the Fourth Division.

## Season summary

Brentford's promotion to the Third Division at the end of the 1971–72 season meant that the club would compete in the third-tier for the first time since 1965–66. Self-imposed financial austerity since the club's relegation to the Fourth Division had enabled the club's large debts to be paid off, but despite promotion and increasing attendances, manager Frank Blunstone would again be forced to maintain a small playing squad. Blunstone turned down the chance to become assistant manager at Everton during the off-season. Released in the wake of the promotion were defender Steven Tom, midfielder Brian Turner and winger Gordon Neilson and in came amateur goalkeeper Paul Priddy, midfielders David Court and Alan Murray, winger David Jenkins and Stewart Houston's loan was turned into a permanent transfer for a £15,000 fee. The Brentford youth team was also reactivated after being disbanded due to the budget cuts of 1967, with Kevin Harding, Richard Poole and Graham Pearce being taken on as apprentices. Gary Huxley would win an England Youth cap during the season.

Despite losing and drawing the first two league matches of the season, three consecutive wins put Brentford in 2nd position by 2 September 1972. 10 days later, forward John O'Mara, the previous season's Gallagher's Divisional Footballer Of The Year, was sold to Third Division rivals Blackburn Rovers for a club-record £50,000 fee. Given that Chelsea had recently paid Southend United £100,000 for 25-goal forward Bill Garner, it was felt amongst the Brentford supporters that O'Mara had been sold cheaply. The loss of O'Mara's goals and the departure of captain Bobby Ross shortly afterwards contributed a great deal to Brentford's relegation at the end of the season, given that the two players had scored over half of Brentford's goals during the previous campaign.

By early October 1972, Brentford were in the bottom-six of the Third Division, but a profit of nearly £80,000 from the first eight league matches of the season and the £50,000 from the sale of John O'Mara allowed manager Frank Blunstone to pay £10,000 for Carlisle United forward Stan Webb. By mid-December, Blunstone had just 12 fit players available and despite spending over a further £25,000 on attackers Roger Cross, Barry Salvage and Andy Woon, Brentford's slide towards relegation continued through the early months of 1973. The mid-season signings failed to help arrest the slump and Brentford were relegated after taking just two points from the final six matches of the season. Aside from the lack of goals (winger John Docherty top-scored with 8), Brentford lost 15 consecutive away league matches during the season, a new club record.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20 | Halifax Town | 46 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 43 | 53 | 0.811 | 41 |  |
| 21 | Rotherham United | 46 | 17 | 7 | 22 | 51 | 65 | 0.785 | 41 | Relegated |
| 22 | Brentford | 46 | 15 | 7 | 24 | 51 | 69 | 0.739 | | 37 |
| 23 | Swansea City | 46 | 14 | 9 | 23 | 51 | 73 | 0.699 | | 37 |
| 24 | Scunthorpe United | 46 | 10 | 10 | 26 | 33 | 72 | 0.458 | | 30 |

Source: rsssf.com

## Results

*Brentford's goal tally listed first.*

### Legend

| Win | Draw | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Pre-season and friendlies

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 July 1972 | Portsmouth | H | 0–1 | n/a |  |
| 1 August 1972 | Hillingdon Borough | A | 2–1 | n/a | Allen, Murray (pen) |
| 5 August 1972 | Aldershot | A | 1–1 | 2,730 | Allen |
| 8 August 1972 | Ashford | A | 1–4 | n/a | Murray (pen) |
| 18 October 1972 | Hampton | A | 2–3 | n/a | Murray, Proctor |
| 9 December 1972 | Exeter City | A | 0–1 | n/a |  |
| 4 May 1973 | Everton | H | 3–0 | 3,035 | Salvage, Woon, Bence |

### Football League Third Division

| No. | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 August 1972 | Halifax Town | H | 0–1 | 10,164 |  |
| 2 | 19 August 1972 | Oldham Athletic | A | 1–1 | 6,106 | Houston |
| 3 | 26 August 1972 | Blackburn Rovers | H | 4–0 | 9,427 | Arentoft (og), Houston, O'Mara, Graham |
| 4 | 28 August 1972 | Bolton Wanderers | H | 2–1 | 11,803 | Allen, Murray |
| 5 | 2 September 1972 | Plymouth Argyle | A | 1–0 | 7,833 | Murray |
| 6 | 9 September 1972 | Swansea City | H | 0–2 | 9,986 |  |
| 7 | 16 September 1972 | Port Vale | A | 0–1 | 4,663 |  |
| 8 | 20 September 1972 | Chesterfield | A | 0–3 | 6,507 |  |
| 9 | 23 September 1972 | Bournemouth | H | 1–1 | 11,100 | Docherty |
| 10 | 25 September 1972 | Bristol Rovers | H | 2–1 | 9,720 | Docherty, Jenkins |
| 11 | 30 September 1972 | Notts County | A | 0–1 | 8,152 |  |
| 12 | 7 October 1972 | Scunthorpe United | A | 0–1 | 3,378 |  |
| 13 | 9 October 1972 | Tranmere Rovers | H | 2–0 | 8,154 | Docherty, D'Arcy (og) |
| 14 | 14 October 1972 | Walsall | H | 2–0 | 9,493 | Houston, Docherty |
| 15 | 21 October 1972 | Southend United | A | 0–4 | 7,205 |  |
| 16 | 28 October 1972 | Rochdale | H | 1–0 | 9,201 | Docherty |
| 17 | 4 November 1972 | Bristol Rovers | A | 1–3 | 7,916 | Houston |
| 18 | 11 November 1972 | Chesterfield | H | 3–1 | 8,078 | Murray (pen), Webb, Houston |
| 19 | 25 November 1972 | York City | H | 2–0 | 7,111 | Webb, Graham |
| 20 | 28 November 1972 | Charlton Athletic | A | 1–2 | 6,192 | Docherty |
| 21 | 2 December 1972 | Shrewsbury Town | A | 0–2 | 2,079 |  |
| 22 | 16 December 1972 | Grimsby Town | A | 0–4 | 9,110 |  |
| 23 | 23 December 1972 | Wrexham | H | 1–0 | 6,067 | Docherty |
| 24 | 26 December 1972 | Bournemouth | A | 2–3 | 14,372 | Houston, Graham |
| 25 | 30 December 1972 | Oldham Athletic | H | 1–1 | 7,719 | Webb |
| 26 | 6 January 1973 | Blackburn Rovers | A | 1–2 | 6,534 | Graham |
| 27 | 13 January 1973 | Rotherham United | H | 1–1 | 7,446 | Cross |
| 28 | 20 January 1973 | Plymouth Argyle | H | 0–2 | 7,075 |  |
| 39 | 26 January 1973 | Swansea City | A | 1–2 | 2,119 | Murray |
| 30 | 2 February 1973 | Tranmere Rovers | A | 2–6 | 6,650 | Court, Murray |
| 31 | 10 February 1973 | Port Vale | H | 5–0 | 6,694 | Woon (3), Graham, Salvage |
| 32 | 24 February 1973 | Grimsby Town | H | 0–1 | 9,302 |  |
| 33 | 26 February 1973 | Charlton Athletic | H | 1–0 | 9,929 | Salvage |
| 34 | 3 March 1973 | Scunthorpe United | H | 1–0 | 7,896 | Murray |
| 35 | 6 March 1973 | Rotherham United | A | 1–2 | 3,758 | Webb |
| 36 | 10 March 1973 | Walsall | A | 0–3 | 4,192 |  |
| 37 | 17 March 1973 | Southend United | H | 1–2 | 8,051 | Cross |
| 38 | 19 March 1973 | Watford | H | 1–1 | 8,232 | Cross |
| 39 | 24 March 1973 | Rochdale | A | 1–0 | 1,747 | Allen |
| 40 | 31 March 1973 | York City | A | 1–0 | 2,307 | Allen |
| 41 | 4 April 1973 | Halifax Town | A | 2–3 | 970 | Webb, Allen |
| 42 | 7 April 1973 | Shrewsbury Town | H | 1–2 | 6,758 | Salvage |
| 43 | 14 April 1973 | Watford | A | 2–2 | 7,813 | Cross, Murray |
| 44 | 20 April 1973 | Notts County | H | 1–1 | 11,658 | Graham |
| 45 | 23 April 1973 | Wrexham | A | 1–4 | 2,611 | Webb |
| 46 | 28 April 1973 | Bolton Wanderers | A | 0–2 | 21,917 |  |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1R | 18 November 1972 | Yeovil Town | A | 1–2 | 9,447 | Allen |

### Football League Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1R | 16 August 1972 | Cambridge United | H | 1–0 | 7,750 | Docherty |
| 2R | 5 September 1972 | Rotherham United | A | 0–2 | 4,996 |  |

* Sources: 100 Years of Brentford, The Big Brentford Book of the Seventies, Statto

## Playing squad

*Players' ages are as of the opening day of the 1972–73 season.*

| Pos. | Name | Nat. | Date of birth (age) | Signed from | Signed in | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Goalkeepers | | | | | | |
| GK | Gordon Phillips |  | 17 November 1946 (aged 25) | Hayes | 1963 |  |
| GK | Paul Priddy |  | 11 July 1953 (aged 19) | Maidenhead United | 1972 |  |
| Defenders | | | | | | |
| DF | Peter Gelson |  | 18 October 1941 (aged 30) | Youth | 1961 |  |
| DF | Alan Hawley () |  | 7 June 1946 (aged 26) | Youth | 1962 |  |
| DF | Alan Nelmes |  | 20 October 1948 (aged 23) | Chelsea | 1967 |  |
| DF | Terry Scales |  | 18 January 1951 (aged 21) | West Ham United | 1971 |  |
| Midfielders | | | | | | |
| MF | Michael Allen |  | 30 March 1949 (aged 23) | Middlesbrough | 1971 |  |
| MF | Paul Bence |  | 21 December 1948 (aged 23) | Reading | 1970 |  |
| MF | David Court |  | 1 March 1944 (aged 28) | Luton Town | 1972 |  |
| MF | John Docherty |  | 29 April 1940 (aged 32) | Reading | 1970 |  |
| MF | Jackie Graham |  | 16 July 1946 (aged 26) | Guildford City | 1970 |  |
| MF | David Jenkins |  | 2 September 1946 (aged 25) | Tottenham Hotspur | 1972 | Loaned to Hereford United |
| MF | Alan Murray |  | 5 November 1949 (aged 22) | York City | 1972 |  |
| MF | Barry Salvage |  | 21 December 1946 (aged 25) | Queens Park Rangers | 1973 |  |
| Forwards | | | | | | |
| FW | Roger Cross |  | 20 October 1948 (aged 23) | Fulham | 1973 |  |
| FW | Stewart Houston |  | 20 August 1949 (aged 22) | Chelsea | 1972 |  |
| FW | Stan Webb |  | 6 December 1947 (aged 24) | Carlisle United | 1972 |  |
| FW | Andy Woon |  | 26 June 1952 (aged 20) | Bognor Regis Town | 1973 |  |
| Players who left the club mid-season | | | | | | |
| GK | Kieron Baker |  | 29 October 1949 (aged 22) | Bournemouth | 1972 | Returned to Bournemouth after loan |
| FW | John O'Mara |  | 19 March 1947 (aged 25) | Wimbledon | 1971 | Transferred to Blackburn Rovers |
| FW | Bobby Ross |  | 10 May 1942 (aged 30) | Shrewsbury Town | 1966 | Released |

* Sources: The Big Brentford Book of the Seventies, Timeless Bees

## Coaching staff

| Name | Role |
| --- | --- |
| Frank Blunstone | Manager |
| Eddie Lyons | Trainer |

## Statistics

### Appearances and goals

*Substitute appearances in brackets.*

| Pos | Nat | Name | League | | FA Cup | | League Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| GK |  | Gordon Phillips | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| GK |  | Paul Priddy | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| DF |  | Peter Gelson | 41 (1) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 44 (1) | 0 |
| DF |  | Alan Hawley | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 45 | 0 |
| DF |  | Alan Nelmes | 35 (1) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 38 (1) | 0 |
| DF |  | Terry Scales | 41 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 44 | 0 |
| MF |  | Michael Allen | 26 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 28 | 5 |
| MF |  | Paul Bence | 33 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 34 (3) | 0 |
| MF |  | David Court | 8 (4) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 (4) | 1 |
| MF |  | John Docherty | 34 (2) | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 36 (2) | 8 |
| MF |  | Jackie Graham | 30 (1) | 6 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 33 (1) | 6 |
| MF |  | David Jenkins | 13 (5) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 (5) | 1 |
| MF |  | Alan Murray | 42 (3) | 7 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 45 (3) | 7 |
| MF |  | Barry Salvage | 16 | 3 |  | |  | | 16 | 3 |
| FW |  | Roger Cross | 19 | 4 |  | |  | | 19 | 4 |
| FW |  | Stewart Houston | 39 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 42 | 6 |
| *FW* |  | *John O'Mara* | *4* | *1* |  | | *1* | *0* | *5* | *1* |
| *FW* |  | *Bobby Ross* | *7* | *0* |  | | *1 (1)* | *0* | *8 (1)* | *0* |
| FW |  | Stan Webb | 24 | 6 | 1 | 0 |  | | 25 | 6 |
| FW |  | Andy Woon | 5 (1) | 3 |  | |  | | 5 (1) | 3 |
| Players loaned in during the season | | | | | | | | | | |
| *GK* |  | *Kieron Baker* | *6* | *0* |  | |  | | *6* | *0* |

* Players listed in *italics* left the club mid-season.
* Source: 100 Years of Brentford

### Goalscorers

| Pos. | Nat | Player | FL3 | FAC | FLC | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MF |  | John Docherty | 7 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| MF |  | Alan Murray | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| MF |  | Jackie Graham | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| FW |  | Stewart Houston | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| FW |  | Stan Webb | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| MF |  | Michael Allen | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| FW |  | Roger Cross | 4 |  |  | 4 |
| MF |  | Barry Salvage | 3 |  |  | 3 |
| FW |  | Andy Woon | 3 |  |  | 3 |
| *FW* |  | *John O'Mara* | *1* |  | *0* | *1* |
| MF |  | David Court | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| MF |  | David Jenkins | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| *Opponents* | | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Total | | | 51 | 1 | 1 | 53 |

* Players listed in *italics* left the club mid-season.
* Source: 100 Years of Brentford

### Management

| Name | Nat | From | To | Record All Comps | | | | | Record League | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | P | W | D | L | W % | P | W | D | L | W % |
| Frank Blunstone |  | 12 August 1972 | 28 April 1973 | 49 | 16 | 7 | 26 | 032.65 | 46 | 15 | 7 | 24 | 032.61 |

### Summary

| Games played | 49 (46 Fourth Division, 1 FA Cup, 2 League Cup) |
| --- | --- |
| Games won | 16 (15 Fourth Division, 0 FA Cup, 1 League Cup) |
| Games drawn | 7 (7 Fourth Division, 0 FA Cup, 0 League Cup) |
| Games lost | 26 (24 Fourth Division, 1 FA Cup, 1 League Cup) |
| Goals scored | 53 (51 Fourth Division, 1 FA Cup, 1 League Cup) |
| Goals conceded | 73 (69 Fourth Division, 2 FA Cup, 2 League Cup) |
| Clean sheets | 13 (12 Fourth Division, 0 FA Cup, 1 League Cup) |
| Biggest league win | 5–0 versus Port Vale, 10 February 1973 |
| Worst league defeat | 4–0 on two occasions; 6–2 versus Tranmere Rovers, 2 February 1973 |
| Most appearances | 48, Alan Murray (45 Fourth Division, 1 FA Cup, 2 League Cup) |
| Top scorer (league) | 7, John Docherty, Alan Murray |
| Top scorer (all competitions) | 8, John Docherty |

## Transfers & loans

| Players transferred in | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date | Pos. | Name | Previous Club | Fee | Ref. |
| June 1972 | MF | Alan Murray | Middlesbrough | Free |  |
| July 1972 | MF | David Jenkins | Tottenham Hotspur | Free |  |
| August 1972 | MF | David Court | Luton Town | Free |  |
| October 1972 | MF | Billy Stagg | n/a | n/a |  |
| October 1972 | FW | Stan Webb | Carlisle United | £10,000 |  |
| 1972 | FW | Stewart Houston | Chelsea | £15,000 |  |
| 1972 | FW | Roy Cotton | Tottenham Hotspur | n/a |  |
| January 1973 | FW | Roger Cross | Fulham | £16,000 |  |
| February 1973 | MF | Barry Salvage | Queens Park Rangers | £9,000 |  |
| February 1973 | FW | Andy Woon | Bognor Regis Town | £1,000 |  |
| Players loaned in | | | | | |
| Date from | Pos. | Name | From | Date to | Ref. |
| February 1973 | GK | Kieron Baker | Bournemouth | March 1973 |  |
| Players transferred out | | | | | |
| Date | Pos. | Name | Subsequent club | Fee | Ref. |
| 12 September 1972 | FW | John O'Mara | Blackburn Rovers | £50,000 |  |
| Players loaned out | | | | | |
| Date from | Pos. | Name | To | Date to | Ref. |
| March 1973 | MF | David Jenkins | Hereford United | End of season |  |
| Players released | | | | | |
| Date | Pos. | Name | Subsequent club | Join date | Ref. |
| October 1972 | FW | Bobby Ross | Cambridge United | October 1972 |  |
| May 1973 | MF | David Court | Barnet | 1973 |  |
| May 1973 | MF | Alan Murray | Doncaster Rovers | July 1973 |  |
| May 1973 | GK | Gordon Phillips | Hillingdon Borough | 1973 |  |

## Awards

## InfoBox

Brentford
| 1972–73 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Les Davey &
Walter Wheatley |
| Manager | Frank Blunstone |
| Stadium | Griffin Park |
| Third Division | 22nd (relegated) |
| FA Cup | First round |
| League Cup | Second round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Docherty,
Murray (7)
All: Docherty (8) |
| Highest home attendance | 11,803 |
| Lowest home attendance | 6,067 |
| Average home league attendance | 8,742 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Free Jim Mine

abstract: The Free Jim Mine was a Georgia Gold Rush gold mine located in the town of Dahlonega in Lumpkin County, Georgia, United States. The mine was started by a free African American named James Boisclair, who arrived in the area in the 1830s from Augusta, Georgia. Apparently, Boisclair discovered gold on a tract of land but, under state law, could not purchase the land since he was black, except through a guardian. A local resident, Joseph J. Singleton became his custodian, consequently allowing Boisclair to purchase the land and start what would become known as the Free Jim Mine. The mine was operated by Bosclair for some years. Boisclair left Georgia following news of the California Gold Rush. A little mining continued after the departure of Boisclair, but interest quickly waned as miners were unable to find any ore vein. Today, the Free Jim Mine lies underneath the present-day Pine Tree Mfg. plant and other nearby businesses within the city limits of Dahlonega.

text:
# Free Jim Mine

The **Free Jim Mine** was a Georgia Gold Rush gold mine located in the town of Dahlonega in Lumpkin County, Georgia, United States. The mine was started by a free African American named James Boisclair, who arrived in the area in the 1830s from Augusta, Georgia. Apparently, Boisclair discovered gold on a tract of land but, under state law, could not purchase the land since he was black, except through a guardian. A local resident, Joseph J. Singleton became his custodian, consequently allowing Boisclair to purchase the land and start what would become known as the Free Jim Mine. The mine was operated by Bosclair for some years. Boisclair left Georgia following news of the California Gold Rush.

A little mining continued after the departure of Boisclair, but interest quickly waned as miners were unable to find any ore vein.

Today, the Free Jim Mine lies underneath the present-day Pine Tree Mfg. plant and other nearby businesses within the city limits of Dahlonega.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Free Jim Mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Free Jim Mine | |
| Location | Dahlonega, Lumpkin County |
| State | Georgia |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 34°32′05″N 83°58′21″W / 34.5347°N 83.9725°W / 34.5347; -83.9725 |


title: 1946 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting

text:
# 1946 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting

Three of the players elected in 1946 (L-R): Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance, the subject of "Baseball's Sad Lexicon"

Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1946 were conducted by methods refashioned and then fashioned again during the year. As in 1945, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from recent players, and elected no one. Also, as in 1945, the Old Timers Committee responded by electing the biggest class yet, then 10 and now 11 people: Jesse Burkett, Frank Chance, Jack Chesbro, Johnny Evers, Clark Griffith, Tommy McCarthy, Joe McGinnity, Eddie Plank, Joe Tinker, Rube Waddell, and Ed Walsh.

The election of the 11 players was announced in April 1946. At that time, Burkett, Evers, Griffith, Tinker, and Walsh were still living. The June 13, 1946, induction ceremony in Cooperstown, New York, honored former Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis, who had been elected to the Hall of Fame shortly after his death in late 1944. The players elected in 1946 were inducted—along with players elected the following year—on July 21, 1947, in Cooperstown. Johnny Evers had died in March 1947, and of the four inductees still living, only Ed Walsh was at the ceremony.

Most of those "old timers" were star players from the 1900s and 1910s rather than the 19th century. Afterward, the jurisdiction of the BBWAA was formally reduced to cover only players who retired during the last 25 years; for the 1947 election, those would be players active in 1922 and later. Perhaps the relatively narrow scope would help the writers concentrate their votes on a few candidates. To make certain, the rules for 1947 provided for a runoff ballot in case of no winner on the first ballot. Also, on December 3, 1946, the BBWAA limited voting to writers who had been members for at least 10 years.

## BBWAA election

Because the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) had failed to elect any candidates in 1945, and had elected only one player since 1939, the previous delay of three years between elections had been eliminated in September 1945 by the Hall of Fame Committee, and annual elections restored. In response to the high number of candidates drawing votes in the 1945 election, a two-step ballot process was created to narrow the field for a final vote. The first ballot would proceed in the same manner as previous elections, with voters free to name any 10 candidates. However, there would be no possibility of any inductees being elected in this vote; instead, the top 20 candidates would proceed to a final ballot. In order for any candidate to be elected, at least 200 ballots would have to be cast in each phase of the election.

In addition to the field being narrowed in this manner, it was hoped that the absence of several previously popular candidates would clear the way for others; the 10 players elected by the Old-Timers Committee in 1945 had received 26% of the vote in the last BBWAA election, and had included seven of the top 16 candidates. It was hoped that the revised approach and reduced field of candidates would result in up to five new members of the Hall annually.

### Nominating stage

Members of the BBWAA again had the authority to select any players active in the 20th century (after 1900), provided they had not appeared in a major league game in 1945. Voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates. The top 20 candidates would advance to the final ballot, but the vote totals from the first ballot would not be revealed until the second election was over.

In addition, the Hall of Fame Committee had instituted a set of criteria for the voters to observe in completing their ballot; for each candidate, they were to take into consideration:

1. playing ability
2. integrity
3. sportsmanship
4. character
5. contribution to the team on which they played and to baseball in general.

A total of 202 ballots were cast, with 1,948 individual votes for 76 specific candidates, an average of 9.64 per ballot; due to a tie for 20th place, the top 21 candidates (those who had received 39 or more votes) were announced on January 3, 1946, and advanced to the final ballot.

Even following the previous year's election of several players from that era, the emphasis on the stars of the 1900s and 1910s – who many voters felt should be given priority – was again evident, although not quite at the levels seen previously. Only five of the top 14 candidates in the voting, and none of the top five, had seen any substantial play since 1917; only two of the top 26, and none of the top 19, had played their final season anytime between 1918 and 1933. Players who had been retired over 28 years—35 of the 76 named—received 53% of the votes. No player received 75% of the vote in this stage; even if the rules had allowed a selection at this point, none would have occurred.

Individuals who were barred from baseball were still not officially ineligible. Shoeless Joe Jackson received two votes; this was the first time since 1937 that anyone who had been thrown out of baseball had received any votes, and it would be the last time any such candidate received any recognized votes. Candidates who have since been selected in subsequent elections are indicated in *italics*; players selected by the Old-Timers Committee in 1946 are marked with an asterisk (\*).

### Final ballot

The 21 final candidates were listed on the ballot in alphabetical order, as their vote totals in the first round had not been revealed. Because no more than five selections were desired at this time, voters were restricted to voting for their top five choices; this, of course, did not allow for the fact that candidates were less likely to be among a voter's top five choices than they were to be among his top ten, thus making any selections *less* probable than they otherwise might have been. A total of 263 ballots were cast, with 1318 individual votes for the 21 candidates; 198 votes were required for election. The results were announced on January 23, 1946.

For the second year in a row, no candidate gained the necessary number of votes, with none even coming within 40 of the required total. As might have been mathematically projected, every candidate got a *lower* percentage of the vote than they had received on the nomination ballot. As a result of the restriction to five choices, only four candidates received even half the necessary votes for election. Again, an emphasis on the earliest candidates was evident; the top six candidates were all retired by 1917, while the bottom four were all active in 1934 or later, with the eleven candidates who were retired over 23 years receiving 65% of the vote.

The continuing inability to elect anyone created an even greater clamor for radical revision of the selection method. Some suggested that perhaps a lower threshold than 75% was advisable; others proposed that the final ballot should include only ten names, with voters choosing the top five. The Hall of Fame Committee, meeting in April and again in December, found it necessary to again overhaul the election method.

All of the candidates on the ballot were elected by 1955, with the exception of manager Miller Huggins, who was elected in 1964.

| Player | Votes | Percent | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Frank Chance* | 150 | 57.0 | 14.3% |
| *Johnny Evers* | 110 | 41.8 | 22.6% |
| *Miller Huggins* | 106 | 40.3 | 23.6% |
| *Ed Walsh* | 106 | 40.3 | 16.6% |
| *Rube Waddell* | 87 | 33.1 | 27.3% |
| *Clark Griffith* | 82 | 31.2 | 4.9% |
| *Carl Hubbell* | 75 | 28.5 | 21.5% |
| *Frankie Frisch* | 67 | 25.5 | 26.0% |
| *Mickey Cochrane* | 65 | 24.7 | 14.9% |
| *Lefty Grove* | 61 | 23.2 | 11.9% |
| *Pie Traynor* | 53 | 20.2 | 12.0% |
| *Mordecai Brown* | 48 | 18.3 | 9.4% |
| *Joe McGinnity* | 47 | 17.9 | 8.3% |
| *Dizzy Dean* | 45 | 17.1 | 2.7% |
| *Joe Tinker* | 45 | 17.1 | 10.1% |
| *Frank Baker* | 36 | 13.7 | 5.6% |
| *Chief Bender* | 35 | 13.3 | 6.0% |
| *Bill Dickey* | 32 | 12.2 | 7.6% |
| *Rabbit Maranville* | 29 | 11.0 | 13.8% |
| *Charlie Gehringer* | 23 | 8.7 | 12.6% |
| *Herb Pennock* | 16 | 6.1 | 14.2% |

## Old-Timers Committee

After its 1945 selections, the committee had intended to review the pitchers from the pre-1910 era and to also re-focus on the earlier 19th century players; but after the BBWAA had failed to select any inductees for the second year in a row, and with only one player chosen by the BBWAA since 1939, it was generally accepted that a dramatic revision of the election process by the Hall of Fame Committee was necessary. The committee firmly agreed that any flaws in the rules were causing errors of omission rather than ones of liberality in selections, and that the wide field of candidates from the entire 20th century was making it unlikely that any candidate could draw 75% of the vote from the BBWAA.

The committee members were: Hall of Fame president Stephen C. Clark, who chaired the committee; Hall of Fame treasurer Paul S. Kerr, the committee secretary; former Yankees president Ed Barrow; Athletics owner/manager Connie Mack; former Braves president Bob Quinn; and Boston sportswriter Mel Webb. New York sportswriter Harry Cross, who had been named in February to fill the vacancy created by the death of Sid Mercer, also died, on April 4. On April 23, the members of the committee met in New York City to consider their selections and to make further revisions in the election process. In May, Grantland Rice was named to fill the vacancy on the committee, and another major revision in the BBWAA voting process was enacted at their meeting in December.

### Selections

The committee determined that the candidates from the early part of the century were gaining the most support, but would likely never reach the necessary threshold of 75% because many younger writers were reluctant to vote for players about whom they had limited first-hand knowledge. In 1945 the committee had believed that only a handful of those early candidates whose careers bridged the turn of the century needed to be removed from BBWAA consideration in order to facilitate elections; they were now more certain that they needed to select players whose careers *began* after 1900, and extended through the 1910s, in order to break the deadlock in the BBWAA voting. There was even some support on the committee from eliminating the BBWAA from the process entirely, due to their inability for several years to agree on appropriate inductees.

The committee selected 11 inductees – five of whom were still living – including the first two left-handed pitchers to reach the Hall. They were formally inducted on July 21, 1947, with National League president Ford Frick officiating; however, of the four still living at that time (Johnny Evers died in the interim), only Ed Walsh attended the ceremonies:

* Jesse Burkett, a left fielder who played primarily for Cleveland and St. Louis from 1890 to 1905; he compiled a .338 career batting average, hitting over .400 twice and winning three batting titles. His 240 hits in 1896 stand as the 19th century record, and his 2850 career hits ranked behind only Cap Anson's total upon his retirement. His ability to foul off pitches was a factor in baseball's move to count fouls as strikes. He later won four pennants as a minor league manager before coaching at Holy Cross and then becoming a scout for the New York Giants.
* Frank Chance, the first baseman and manager, known as the "Peerless Leader", of the great Chicago Cubs teams from 1898 to 1912. The team won four pennants in five seasons from 1906 to 1910, winning a record 116 games in 1906 for a .763 winning percentage. He was widely considered baseball's best right-handed first baseman, and remains the only player at that position to steal 400 bases. He later managed the Yankees and Red Sox, and had been hired to manage the White Sox before dying at age 47.
* Jack Chesbro, a spitball pitcher from 1899 to 1909, winning 198 games. His 41 wins in 1904 stand as the modern record, and he won over 20 three other times. He led both leagues once each in wins and winning percentage.
* Johnny Evers, the star second baseman on the Cubs and Boston Braves from 1902 to 1917, he was named the NL's Most Valuable Player in 1914 with the "Miracle Braves." Arriving in the majors when he weighed under 100 pounds (45 kg), he was consistently one of the sport's most dynamic figures, and his alertness helped capture the 1908 pennant with a famous defensive move. He was a manager or coach for four teams from 1920 to 1932, later working as a scout.
* Clark Griffith, a pitcher who won 237 games between 1891 and 1906, collecting over 20 wins seven times. He managed four teams from 1901 to 1920, winning the first AL pennant with the White Sox; he not only managed the Washington Senators from 1912 to 1920, but became the majority owner of the team from 1919 until his death in 1955.
* Tommy McCarthy, an outfielder and excellent baserunner from 1884 to 1896 who played a notable role on the Boston teams of the early 1890s. Along with center fielder Hugh Duffy, he was known as one of the "Heavenly Twins" for his defensive ability. He also played a part in developing important aspects of defensive strategy and team signals.
* Joe McGinnity, a pitcher from 1899 to 1908 who won over 20 games eight times, and over 30 twice. Known as "Iron Man" for his durability and stamina, he pitched complete double-headers five times, including three times in one month, and once won five games in six days. He won nearly 500 games in a professional career which lasted until he was in his fifties.
* Eddie Plank, a left-handed pitcher from 1901 to 1917, primarily with the Philadelphia Athletics, he won 20 games eight times and was a mainstay of the pitching staff on six pennant winners. He was the first left-hander to win 200 games, and kept going until he finished with 326 victories – the most by a left-hander until 1962, and still the AL record.
* Joe Tinker, shortstop on the Cubs from 1902 to 1912 and a daring baserunner, later the player-manager of the Chicago Federal League team, winning that league's pennant in 1915. The defensive standout led the NL in fielding average four times. After retiring as a player, he became a minor league manager and executive, and a scout for the Cubs.
* Rube Waddell, a pitcher from 1897 to 1910, the unpredictable left-handed pitcher starred for the Athletics from 1902 to 1907; he set numerous strikeout records, leading the AL in each of his seasons with the A's and notching a record 349 in 1904. Out of the major leagues at 33, he died at the age of 37.
* Ed Walsh, a spitball pitcher from 1904 to 1917, almost all with the Chicago White Sox, he peaked from 1906 to 1912 when he won 24 games or more four times, including 40 wins in 1908. His career ERA of 1.82 remains the lowest in major league history. He played a major role on the 1906 "Hitless Wonders" which won the World Series, and pitched a no-hitter in 1911. He was later an AL umpire for one year, and then coached the Sox for several seasons.

The committee had followed up on its intent to review most of the popular pitching candidates of the era, but took no further action on the candidacies, proposed one year earlier, of Abner Doubleday and Franklin Roosevelt. They also took no action on additional stars such as Jim "Deacon" White from the era before 1890, an area in which selections had continually been postponed.

### Honor Rolls of Baseball

The Hall of Fame Committee also announced the creation of the Honor Rolls of Baseball, which would be displayed at the museum, featuring the names of significant non-players in four areas. This second-tier list consisted of five managers, 11 umpires, 11 executives and 12 sportswriters. These contributors were not designated as official Hall of Fame members, so plaques on the wall were not authorized, as they were reserved only for those outstanding players, along with certain pioneers of the game.

Of the 39 honorees, eight were still living: Barrow (died 1953), Carrigan (d. 1969), Connolly (d. 1961), Dinneen (d. 1955), Evans (d. 1956), Heydler (d. 1956), Klem (d. 1951), and Quinn (d. 1954).

The committee was clear that anyone named to the Honor Rolls would still be eligible for induction to the Hall of Fame, per the Hall's selection processes. Of those named to the Honor Rolls of Baseball, nine have subsequently been inducted to the Hall of Fame, all through selection of the Veterans Committee:

* Ed Barrow (1953)
* Tom Connolly (1953)
* Barney Dreyfuss (2008)
* Billy Evans (1973)
* Ned Hanlon (1996)
* Miller Huggins (1964)
* Bill Klem (1953)
* Frank Selee (1999)
* John Montgomery Ward (1964)

Additionally, two sportswriters named to the Honor Rolls have subsequently been awarded the BBWAA Career Excellence Award (previously known as the J. G. Taylor Spink Award): Sid Mercer (1969) and Tim Murnane (1978).

### Criticism and rationale

Whereas the committee's 1945 selections met with criticism only in later years, complaints regarding their moves in 1946 began more immediately. The committee had not yet outlined the revised voting rules for BBWAA elections, and many observers felt that the BBWAA's privilege of selecting 20th century players was being infringed. It was widely suggested that the committee should either reform the BBWAA's voting rules or eliminate the writers entirely from the process; it was also noted that there was still plenty of work for the committee in selecting further 19th century inductees. Criticism was also directed at the Honor Rolls, which had been created by the committee without any popular request; many felt that the Roll was a backhanded, secondary honor for individuals who had perhaps earned full membership in the Hall, and that the committee had simply established it as an excuse for inaction regarding non-playing candidates. It was further noted that managers (Connie Mack), executives (Ban Johnson), sportswriters (Henry Chadwick) and pioneers (Alexander Cartwright) were already included among the Hall's members, indicating that it had not been intended as an honor solely for players. Probably as a result of this criticism, there were never any additions to the Honor Rolls.

Specific, individual criticism regarding the 11 inductees selected by the committee was not as immediate, although the choices included some which have come to be met with greater disapproval than any of the 1945 choices; McCarthy has been described as the worst player in the Hall of Fame. Again, it is reasonably clear to discern the several factors which the committee likely found most important in making their selections in both 1945 and 1946:

1. The committee's primary focus in both years was dealing with the failure of two consecutive BBWAA elections. In helping to ease the BBWAA's task, they initially intended only to select popular candidates whose peak years were before 1905; but they later decided that clearing the BBWAA logjam would require that they forgo their earlier limitation to the 19th century, and cover the entire period before 1920. As a result, almost all of their 21 selections over the two years played in the 25-year period between 1893 (when baseball moved the pitcher back 10 feet from the plate) and 1917; all of their selections were active players in 1893 or later, with 11 playing their entire careers within that span. Only 4 enjoyed their peak years before 1893, including 3 selected in 1945: Dan Brouthers, Mike "King" Kelly, Jim O'Rourke, and the newly added Tommy McCarthy. Fully 17 were active after 1900, and 7 were active after 1910.
2. The committee was selecting the most popular candidates from the BBWAA voting; had they instead selected players who received scant support from the BBWAA, they would have been far more heavily criticized for overriding the writers' judgment. With their selections over two years, they had chosen 15 of the 18 candidates who had retired by 1920 and who had received at least 10% of the vote in either year's election; every non-pitcher retired before 1920 who had *ever* received over 10% of the BBWAA vote had now been elected to the Hall or (in Miller Huggins' case) named to the Roll of Honor. Jesse Burkett, also elected, was the only player retired before 1910 who received more than 1 vote in the 1946 election. 4 of the committee's other selections had retired before 1900 and were not eligible for BBWAA consideration. The BBWAA members who supported the selection of these inductees are more appropriate targets for criticism than the Old-Timers Committee, which was essentially confirming their votes; the committee elected the same candidates the BBWAA had been *trying* to elect.
3. Throughout this period, most voters and media observers supported the idea of choosing players who had remained in the sport as managers, coaches or executives after retiring. A majority of the selections were major league managers at some point, with eight leading their teams to pennants. Five of the inductees each served at least five seasons as coaches in the major leagues; Burkett and Hugh Duffy worked as scouts for several years. Every retired manager with over 1000 victories had now been either elected to the Hall or placed in the Roll of Honor. Here follow the names of the 21 managers who had won over 750 major league games prior to 1946, only 3 of whom were retired but had not yet received either recognition; those who had been selected by 1946 are shown in *italics*:
    1. *Connie Mack* – 3387 (active)
    2. *John McGraw* – 2763
    3. Joe McCarthy – 1880 (active) (elected by Veterans Committee, 1957)
    4. Bill McKechnie – 1832 (active) (elected by Veterans Committee, 1962)
    5. *Fred Clarke* – 1602
    6. Bucky Harris – 1456 (active) (elected by Veterans Committee, 1975)
    7. *Clark Griffith* – 1491
    8. Miller Huggins – 1413 (Roll of Honor) (elected by Veterans Committee, 1964)
    9. *Wilbert Robinson* – 1399
    10. Ned Hanlon – 1313 (Roll of Honor) (elected by Veterans Committee, 1996)
    11. *Cap Anson* – 1292
    12. Frank Selee – 1284 (Roll of Honor) (elected by Veterans Committee, 1999)
    13. *Hughie Jennings* – 1184
    14. Joe Cronin – 1049 (active) (elected by BBWAA, 1956)
    15. Harry Wright – 1000 (elected by Veterans Committee, 1953)
    16. *Frank Chance* – 946
    17. Frankie Frisch – 935 (active) (elected by BBWAA, 1947)
    18. Jimmy Dykes – 889 (active)
    19. George Stallings – 879
    20. *Charles Comiskey* – 839
    21. Bill Terry – 823 (elected by BBWAA, 1954)
4. The committee had elected players at positions which were not yet represented in the Hall. By 1945, the BBWAA had elected 20th century players at every position except catcher, third base and left field; these omissions were corrected through the elections of Roger Bresnahan, Jimmy Collins, and Fred Clarke respectively. The 1946 selections of Eddie Plank and Rube Waddell corrected the absence of any left-handed pitchers.
5. There was a strong emphasis on those who had played central roles on championship teams, particularly the 3-time champion Baltimore Orioles of 1894-95-96 (4 inducted members), and the powerhouse Chicago Cubs teams which won 4 pennants between 1906 and 1910 (3 inducted members). 16 of the 21 inductees had been regulars on a world championship team; all except Burkett and Ed Delahanty had played for a pennant winner. Of the 21 selections, 15 had been a starting player, manager or owner for at least three pennant winners.
6. The committee evidently chose to include players who had accomplished noteworthy feats in single seasons, particularly establishing single-season records (Jack Chesbro, Duffy and Waddell), and winning multiple batting titles (Brouthers, Burkett, Delahanty).
7. The committee included groups of players who were closely associated with one another in baseball lore, such as Chicago's infield combination of Tinker, Evers and Chance, and Boston's "Heavenly Twins" outfield in the early 1890s of Duffy and McCarthy.

## InfoBox

1946 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
| New inductees | 11 |
| --- | --- |
| via Old Timers Committee | 11 |
| Total inductees | 49 |
| Induction date | July 21, 1947 |
|  | |


title: Austrostipa densiflora

abstract: Austrostipa densiflora is a widespread species of grass found in south eastern Australia. This bunchgrass may reach 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall. Often found on rocky, poor quality soils in woodland.

text:
# Austrostipa densiflora

***Austrostipa densiflora*** is a widespread species of grass found in south eastern Australia. This bunchgrass may reach 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall. Often found on rocky, poor quality soils in woodland.

Media related to **Austrostipa densiflora** at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Austrostipa densiflora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Wagga Wagga, Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | *Austrostipa* |
| Species: | ***A. densiflora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Austrostipa densiflora***<br>(Hughes) S.W.L.Jacobs & J.Everett | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Stipa densiflora* D.K.Hughes. | |


title: 1933 Paris–Roubaix

abstract: The 1933 Paris–Roubaix was the 34th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 16 April 1933 and stretched 255 km (158 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Sylvère Maes from Belgium.

text:
# 1933 Paris–Roubaix

The **1933 Paris–Roubaix** was the 34th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 16 April 1933 and stretched 255 km (158 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Sylvère Maes from Belgium.

## Results

Final results (1–10)
| Rank | Cyclist | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sylvère Maes (BEL) | 5h 59' 00″ |
| 2 | Julien Vervaecke (BEL) | +0' 00″ |
| 3 | Léon Le Calvez (FRA) | +1' 48″ |
| 4 | Ludwig Geyer (GER) | +1' 48″ |
| 5 | Maurice Archambaud (FRA) | +1' 48″ |
| 6 | Alfons Deloor (BEL) | +1' 58″ |
| 7 | Gaston Rebry (BEL) | +1' 58″ |
| 8 | Charles Pélissier (FRA) | +1' 58″ |
| 9 | Emile Decroix (BEL) | +3' 43″ |
| 10 | René Bernard (FRA) | +4' 16″ |
|

## InfoBox

1933 Paris–Roubaix
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 16 April 1933 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 255 km (158.4 mi) |
| Winning time | 5h 59' 00" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Sylvère Maes (BEL)  Second  Julien Vervaecke (BEL)  Third  Léon Le Calvez (FRA) | |
|


title: Bailey W. Diffie

abstract: Bailey Wallys Diffie was an American historian and teacher of Latin American and Iberian history who focused on Portuguese maritime and colonial history.

text:
# Bailey W. Diffie

**Bailey Wallys Diffie** (June 27, 1902 – January 12, 1983) was an American historian and teacher of Latin American and Iberian history who focused on Portuguese maritime and colonial history.

## Biography

Diffie was born on June 27, 1902, in Detroit, Texas, in the Red River Country. He was the son of a small town lawyer and grew up on a farm. He soon learned Spanish, having studied both Spanish and history at Texas Christian University. He graduated from Southeastern Teachers College in Durant, Oklahoma, in 1923. An early interest in East Asia turned to the Iberian World after taking a Summer course with Edward Everett Dale in 1924. Having sailed to Europe as an apprentice seaman, he returned to TCU and completed an M.A. in 1926. In August 1927 he began to study at the University of Madrid, having spent three years in Spain and France; he received a doctoral degree from Madrid in 1929.

After initially teaching at Texas Christian from 1926 to 1927, Diffie began teaching at the City College of New York in 1930, a position he held for thirty-eight years, with visiting professorships to Yale University, New York City University and Columbia University. He began to write on history by the mid-1930s. He wrote several books and articles on Latin American and Iberian history. He published his historical study *Latin American Civilization: Colonial Period* in 1945. He was both professor emeritus at City College and a visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Published works

* *New Governments in Europe* (1934)
* *Latin-American Civilization: Colonial Period* (1945)
* *A History of Colonial Brazil: Fifteen Hundred to Seventeen Ninety-Two* (1947)
* *Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas Before Henry the Navigator* (1963)
* *Foundations of the Portuguese Empire 1415-1580* (1977)
* *History of Colonial Brazil, 1500-1792* (1987)


title: Erik Axelsson Tott

abstract: Erik Axelsson (Tott) was a Dano-Swedish statesman who served as the regent of Sweden under the Kalmar Union, jointly with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna in 1457 and alone from 1466 to 1467.

text:
# Erik Axelsson Tott

**Erik Axelsson (Tott)** (c.1419–1481) was a Dano-Swedish statesman who served as the regent of Sweden under the Kalmar Union, jointly with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna in 1457 and alone from 1466 to 1467.

## Biography

He was born in Scania during the reign of King Eric of Pomerania, as the son of Axel Pedersen Thott, lord of Herlev and Lilloe, and his second wife Ingeborg Ivarsdotter. He entered the service of his mother's first cousin, King Charles VIII of Sweden (c.1408–1470), at an early age, when Charles was Lord High Constable and Castellan.

Erik Axelsson was the "Swedish anchor" of his family, of whom most regarded themselves as Danish subjects. His father's first wife was from Scania, a region then integral to the (Danish) kingdom. In two generations during the latter half of the 15th century, the nine Tott brothers (*Axelssöner*), held high and mighty positions just when Denmark and Sweden were struggling to shape the Kalmar Union, however trying to preserve their own family's position and often act in concert. A few of them changed sides in certain occasions, but mostly each of them aligned according to their most important personal landholdings. For longer periods Eric held for the Swedish crown the key Finnish castles and fiefdoms of Viborg, Tavastehus (and built Olofsborg), and was always on the Swedish side, accepting the Danish monarch when Swedish nobility wanted that, and supported separate state/monarchy when the Swedes wanted that. His brother, Iver Axelsen Tott, established a veritable principality for himself by taking the island of Gotland, and sometimes surrounding regions.

Eric opposed his older kinsman the king in 1457, when he as king had gathered much dissatisfaction among Swedish high nobility. In 1467, Eric yet again supported King Charles VIII in his third election. He acquired the former Swedish estates of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1467, including Årsta Castle. As overlord of Finland (*Österland*), he initiated the construction of the border fortress Olavinlinna in Savonlinna and the Vyborg town wall, both in the 1470s.

Eric Axelsson was married to Bengta Mattsdotter Lillie (d.1452) and Elin Gustavsdotter Sture (d.1495) but died childless. His brothers Ivar Tott (d.1487) and Laurens Axelsson Tott (d.1483) survived him, inheriting most of his properties, together with his various nephews and nieces.

## Tott's Russian wars

**Tott's Russian wars** refers to two conflicts between Russia and Sweden spanning from the years of 1475–1476, and then 1479–1482. They were both fought over the construction of fortifications at Nyslott.

### Tott's first Russian war

| Tott's first Russian war | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Russo–Swedish Wars | |
| Date 1475–1476  Location Finland  Result  Inconclusive | |
| Belligerents | |
| Sweden | Russia |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Erik Axelsson Tott | Unknown |

After the appointment of Erik Axelsson Tott as commander of Viborg in 1457, tensions began to rise with Novgorod. Despite a peace treaty being signed in 1468, the Russians engaged in raids along the border the same year. The situation was worsened by the fact that a truce signed in 1458 would expire in 1473.

In 1475, Tott began the construction of a fortification in Finland called Nyslott or Olofsborg, situated on an islet in the strait between Saimed and Haukivesi though it is unclear whether it was in Swedish or Russian territory. Under these circumstances, the construction led to increased Russian activity in the area. The Swedes had begun requiring a tax for the defense of the east and began equipping troops for this purpose. The commander of these troops was likely the knight Erik Karlsson Vase.

The fighting between the Swedes and Russians was however likely to have only been in smaller patrols, and a peace was eventually signed in 1476.

### Tott's second Russian war

| Tott's second Russian war | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Russo–Swedish Wars | |
| Date 1479–1482  Location Finland  Result  Inconclusive | |
| Belligerents | |
| Sweden | Russia |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Erik Axelsson Tott (1479-1481) <br>Lars Axelsson | Unknown |
| Strength | |
| 24,000 | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Thousands |

The construction of Nyslott continued despite the renewed peace between Russia and Sweden in 1476 and became an issue for the Russians. Erik Axelsson Tott, the commander of Viborg and also responsible for Nyslott, prepares and awaits himself for a large attack by the Russians. Nyslott was at that point extended from having only dirt and wood defenses to stone.

In 1479, the awaited attack occurred, and the Russians launched a raid in the area of Nyslott; however, specific details of the event are not known. In 1480, as revenge for this attack, Tott committed to a revenge attack against the Russians. He had earlier received reinforcements from Sweden and advanced 120 kilometres (75 mi) into Russian territory. According to Olaus Petris, the incursion was extremely brutal, quoting that the Swedes "killed both people and animals, men and women, young and old, to several thousands".

In 1481, Tott died and was succeeded by his brother Lars Axelsson, who continued the conflict until 1482, when he signed a truce which would remain until 1495.

## InfoBox

| Erik Axelsson Tott | |
| --- | --- |
| Tott family coat of arms | |
| Regent of Sweden | |
| Reign | 1457 (with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna) |
| Predecessor | Charles VIII of Sweden |
| Successor | Christian I |
| Reign | 1466–1467 |
| Predecessor | Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna |
| Successor | Charles VIII of Sweden |
|  | |
| Born | c.1419 |
| Died | 1481 |
| Burial | Aspö Church north of Strängnäs |
| Consorts |  |
| House | Tott |


title: 1985 Maui Invitational

abstract: The 1985 Maui Invitational Tournament was the second edition of an early-season college basketball tournament that was played November 22–23, 1985. The tournament, which began the year prior in 1984, was part of the 1985-86 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The tournament was played at the Lahaina Civic Center in Maui, Hawaii and was won by the Michigan. It was the first title for the program and its head coach Bill Frieder.

text:
# 1985 Maui Invitational

The **1985 Maui Invitational Tournament** was the second edition of an early-season college basketball tournament that was played November 2223, 1985. The tournament, which began the year prior in 1984, was part of the 1985-86 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The tournament was played at the Lahaina Civic Center in Maui, Hawaii and was won by the Michigan. It was the first title for the program and its head coach Bill Frieder.

## Bracket

|  | **Semifinals**
Friday, November 22 | | |  |  | **Championship game**
Saturday, November 23 | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Chaminade | | 56 |  |  | | | | |
|  | || | |
|  | **Kansas State** | | **68** |  | |
|  | |  | | | Kansas State | | 58 |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | **Michigan** | | **70** |  |
|  | Virginia Tech | | | | | | 66 |  |
|  | || |
|  | **Michigan** | | **67** |  |  | **Consolation**
Saturday, November 23 | | |
|  | || |
|  | | | | |
|  | | | | |  | Chaminade | | 66 |
|  | | | | || |
|  | | | | |  | **Virginia Tech** | | **70** |

## InfoBox

1985 Maui Invitational Tournament
| Season | 1985–86 |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 4 |
| Finals site | Lahaina Civic Center
Maui, Hawaii |
| Champions | Michigan (1st title) |
| Runner-up | Kansas State (1st title game) |
| Semifinalists |  |
| Winning coach | Bill Frieder (1st title) |
| MVP | Dell Curry (Virginia Tech) |
|


abstract: The 2015 North Dakota State Bison football team represented North Dakota State University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Chris Klieman. The team, which played its 23rd season in the Fargodome, entered the season as the four-time defending national champions. The Bison have been members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) since the 2008 season. The Bison went 13–2 on the season, won their fifth straight MVFC title, and their fifth consecutive NCAA Division I Football Championship, becoming the first-ever NCAA football team to win five straight championships at any level. Yale won six straight college football national championships from 1879 to 1884, before the NCAA was formed.

text:
# 2015 North Dakota State Bison football team

2015 Missouri Valley Football Conference standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 1 North Dakota State +^ |  | 7 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 2 |  |
| No. 5 Illinois State +^ |  | 7 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  |
| No. 8 Northern Iowa ^ |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 5 |  |
| No. 15 South Dakota State ^ |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  |
| Western Illinois ^ |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |
| Indiana State |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  |
| Youngstown State |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  |
| South Dakota |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  |
| Southern Illinois |  | 2 |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  |
| Missouri State |  | 0 |  | 8 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 10 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions * ^  FCS playoff participant Rankings from STATS Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2015 North Dakota State Bison football team** represented North Dakota State University in the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Chris Klieman. The team, which played its 23rd season in the Fargodome, entered the season as the four-time defending national champions. The Bison have been members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) since the 2008 season.

The Bison went 13–2 on the season, won their fifth straight MVFC title, and their fifth consecutive NCAA Division I Football Championship, becoming the first-ever NCAA football team to win five straight championships at any level. Yale won six straight college football national championships from 1879 to 1884, before the NCAA was formed.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| August 29 | 2:30 pm | at No. 13 Montana* | No. 1 |  | ESPN | L 35–38 | 26,472 **(R)** |
| September 12 | 2:30 pm | Weber State* | No. 2 |  | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 41–14 | 18,801 |
| September 19 | 2:30 pm | North Dakota* | No. 4 |  | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 34–9 | 19,044 |
| October 3 | 6:00 pm | at No. 5 South Dakota State | No. 3 |  | Midco/NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 28–7 | 17,348 **(R)** |
| October 10 | 6:00 pm | No. 10 Northern Iowa | No. 3 | * Fargodome * Fargo, ND | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 31–28 | 18,954 |
| October 17 | 2:30 pm | South Dakota | No. 2 | * Fargodome * Fargo, ND | Midco/NBC ND/ESPN3 | L 21–24 | 18,420 |
| October 24 | 12:00 pm | at No. 18 Indiana State | No. 8 |  | MVC TV/ESPN3 | W 28–14 | 6,524 |
| October 31 | 2:00 pm | at Southern Illinois | No. 7 |  | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 35–29 | 6,508 |
| November 7 | 2:30 pm | Western Illinois | No. 6 | * Fargodome * Fargo, ND (Harvest Bowl) | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 59–7 | 18,251 |
| November 14 | 1:00 pm | at No. 20 Youngstown State | No. 2 |  | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 27–24 | 11,309 |
| November 21 | 2:00 pm | Missouri State | No. 2 | * Fargodome * Fargo, ND | NBC ND/ESPN3 | W 55–0 | 18,624 |
| December 5 | 2:30 pm | No. 16 Montana* | No. 2 |  | ESPN3 | W 37–6 | 18,232 |
| December 12 | 11:00 am | No. 15 Northern Iowa* | No. 2 |  | ESPN2 | W 23–13 | 18,041 |
| December 18 | 7:00 pm | No. 12 Richmond* | No. 2 |  | ESPN2 | W 33–7 | 18,105 |
| January 9, 2016 | 11:00 am | vs. No. 1 Jacksonville State* | No. 2 |  | ESPN2 | W 37–10 | 21,836 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from STATS Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Central time | | | | | | | |

* Source:  **(R)** indicates record attendance.

## Coaching staff

| Name | Position | Year at
North Dakota State | Alma mater (Year) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chris Klieman | Head coach | 5th | Northern Iowa (1990) |
| Matt Entz | Defensive coordinator
Linebackers | 2nd | Wayne State (NE) (1995) |
| Tim Polasek | Offensive coordinator
Running backs | 9th | Concordia (WI) (2002) |
| Atif Austin | Special teams coordinator
Wide receiver coach | 2nd | Iowa State (2003) |
| Jamar Cain | Defensive ends coach | 2nd | New Mexico State (2002) |
| Nick Goeser | Defensive tackles coach | 6th | Wisconsin–Eau Claire (2003) |
| Randy Hedberg | Quarterbacks coach | 2nd | Minot State (1977) |
| Joe Klanderman | Defensive backs coach | 2nd | Minnesota State Mankato (2001) |
| Tyler Roehl | Tight ends
Fullbacks | 2nd | North Dakota State (2009) |
| Brian Gordon | Director of football operations
Equipment services | 2nd | South Florida (2002) |
| Jake Otten | Video coordinator | 2nd | Cal Poly (2013) |

## Roster

## Recruiting class

| US college sports recruiting information for 2015 recruits | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | Commit date |
| **Ben Ellefson**
*#76 TE* | Hawley, MN | Hawley Secondary | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 243 lb (110 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Aaron Mercadel**
*#113 MLB* | Oakland, CA | Saint Mary's College High School | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 196 lb (89 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Jack Darnell**
*#190 DT* | Champlin, MN | Champlin Park High School | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | 277 lb (126 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Bryan Carlton**
*#145 DE* | Chanhassen, MN | Minnetonka High School | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 246 lb (112 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Derrek Tuszka**
*#136 DE* | Warner, SD | Warner High School | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 226 lb (103 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Matt Anderson**
*#133 TE* | Lakeland, MN | Stillwater High School | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) | 228 lb (103 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Trent Mooney**
*#226 OT* | Lamar, MO | Lamar High School | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 269 lb (122 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Robbie Grimsley**
*#221 ATH ()* | Hutchinson, MN | Hutchinson High School | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | 181 lb (82 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Connor Hubbs**
*#201 DT* | White Bear Lake, MN | White Bear Lake High School | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 283 lb (128 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Braden Sikes**
*#230 ATH ()* | Excelsior, MN | Minnetonka High School | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 192 lb (87 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Dimitri Williams**
*#232 ATH (WR)* | Lakeville, MN | Rosemount High School | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 174 lb (79 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **James Hendricks**
*#243 ATH (QB)* | Laporte, MN | Bemidji High School | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 189 lb (86 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Marquise Bridges**
*#327 WR* | Brooklyn Park, MN | DeLaSalle High School | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 170 lb (77 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Zack Johnson**
*#324 OT* | Blaine, MN | Spring Lake Park High School | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 276 lb (125 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: | | | | | | |
| **Ty Brooks**
*CB* | Fargo, ND | Fargo South High School | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | 161 lb (73 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Jaxon Brown**
 | Eau Claire, WI | Regis High School | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | 189 lb (86 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Demaris Purifoy**
*RB* | Wauwatosa, WI | Wauwatosa West High School | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 188 lb (85 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Brock Robbins**
*FB* | Cavalier, ND | Cavalier High School | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 230 lb (100 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Cole Karcz**
*TE -\> DE* | Germantown, MN | Germantown High School | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) | 233 lb (106 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Bruce Anderson**
*RB* | Ruskin, FL | Newsome High School | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 202 lb (92 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Jake Brinkman**
*OLB* | North Liberty, IA | Regina High School | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | 210 lb (95 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Dominic Davis**
*ATH (CB)* | Belleville, IL | Belleville West High School | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 175 lb (79 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Jack Albrecht**
*OG* | Rolling Meadows, IL | Fremd High School | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 276 lb (125 kg) | February 04, 2015 (Signed) |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Overall recruiting rankings:** Scout: *-*   247Sports: *#131*  ESPN: *-* | | | | | | |
| * *Note*: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. * In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.  *Sources:*
* "2015 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved September 1, 2016. | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### At Montana

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #1 Bison | 7 | 21 | 0 | 7 | **35** |
| **#13 Grizzlies** | 10 | 11 | 7 | 10 | **38** |

### Weber State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wildcats | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | **14** |
| **#2 Bison** | 7 | 21 | 3 | 10 | **41** |

### North Dakota

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North Dakota | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | **9** |
| **#4 Bison** | 3 | 21 | 10 | 0 | **34** |

### At South Dakota State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#3 Bison** | 7 | 14 | 7 | 0 | **28** |
| #5 Jackrabbits | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | **7** |

### Northern Iowa

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #10 Panthers | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | **28** |
| **#3 Bison** | 3 | 7 | 0 | 21 | **31** |

### South Dakota

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Coyotes** | 0 | 14 | 0 | 10 | **24** |
| #2 Bison | 14 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **21** |

### At Indiana State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#8 Bison** | 7 | 7 | 14 | 0 | **28** |
| #18 Sycamores | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | **14** |

### At Southern Illinois

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#7 Bison** | 7 | 7 | 7 | 14 | **35** |
| Salukis | 3 | 7 | 9 | 10 | **29** |

### Western Illinois

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leathernecks | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | **7** |
| **#6 Bison** | 17 | 21 | 7 | 14 | **59** |

### At Youngstown State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#2 Bison** | 0 | 3 | 7 | 17 | **27** |
| #20 Penguins | 7 | 7 | 10 | 0 | **24** |

### Missouri State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bears | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** |
| **#2 Bison** | 14 | 27 | 14 | 0 | **55** |

## FCS playoffs

### Second round – Montana

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #16 Grizzlies | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | **6** |
| **#2 Bison** | 7 | 14 | 10 | 6 | **37** |

### Quarterfinals–Northern Iowa

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #15 Panthers | 7 | 3 | 0 | 3 | **13** |
| **#2 Bison** | 7 | 0 | 7 | 9 | **23** |

### Semifinals–Richmond

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #12 Spiders | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | **7** |
| **#2 Bison** | 13 | 13 | 0 | 7 | **33** |

### Championship–Jacksonville State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#2 Bison** | 3 | 21 | 3 | 10 | **37** |
| #1 Gamecocks | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | **10** |

## Ranking movements

Ranking movements
**Legend:** ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking
т = Tied with team above or below ( ) = First-place votes
|  | Week | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Poll | Pre | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Final |
| STATS FCS | 1 (144) | 2 (22) | 4 (23) | 3 (17) | 3 (16) | 3 (20) | 2 (27) | 8 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 (2) | 1 (150) |
| Coaches | 1 (24) | 2–T (6) | 2 | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 2 (6) | 2 (5) | 8 | 6 | 5–T | 3 | 3 | 3 (5) | 1 (24) |

## 2016 NFL draftees

| Player | Round | Pick | Position | NFL Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Carson Wentz | 1 | 2 | Quarterback | Philadelphia Eagles |
| Joe Haeg | 5 | 155 | Guard | Indianapolis Colts |

## InfoBox

| 2015 North Dakota State Bison football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NCAA Division I champion
MVFC co-champion | |
| NCAA Division I Championship, W 37–10 vs. Jacksonville State | |
| Conference | Missouri Valley Football Conference |
| Ranking | |
| STATS | No. 1 |
| FCS Coaches | No. 1 |
| Record | 13–2 (7–1 MVFC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Tim Polasek (2nd season) |
| Offensive scheme | West Coast |
| Defensive coordinator | Matt Entz (2nd season) |
| Base defense | 3–4 |
| Home stadium | Fargodome |
|


title: Ballymena Borough Council

abstract: Ballymena Borough Council was the local authority of Ballymena in Northern Ireland. It merged with Carrickfergus Borough Council and Larne Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Mid and East Antrim Borough Council. The borough of Ballymena was created in 1973 from the merging of the former municipal borough of Ballymena with most of the surrounding Ballymena Rural District. The new council inherited the 1937 charter of incorporation of the municipal borough, continuing the borough status and mayoralty.

text:
# Ballymena Borough Council

**Ballymena Borough Council** was the local authority of Ballymena in Northern Ireland. It merged with Carrickfergus Borough Council and Larne Borough Council in May 2015 under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland to become Mid and East Antrim Borough Council.

The borough of Ballymena was created in 1973 from the merging of the former municipal borough of Ballymena with most of the surrounding Ballymena Rural District. The new council inherited the 1937 charter of incorporation of the municipal borough, continuing the borough status and mayoralty.

## Makeup

The borough was divided into four electoral areas: Ballymena North, Ballymena South, Bannside, and Braid, from which 24 members were elected. The entire council was elected every four years by proportional representation. The last election was due to take place in May 2009, but on April 25, 2008, Shaun Woodward, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland announced that the scheduled 2009 district council elections were to be postponed until the introduction of the eleven new councils in 2011. The proposed reforms were abandoned in 2010, and the most recent district council elections took place in 2011 In February 2012, the political composition of the council was:

## Population

The area covered by the former Ballymena Borough Council has a population of 64,044 residents according to the 2011 Northern Ireland census.

## InfoBox

| Ballymena Borough Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | |
| Type | District Council of Ballymena (borough) |


title: French occupation of Malta

abstract: The French occupation of Malta lasted from 1798 to 1800. It was established when the Order of Saint John surrendered to Napoleon Bonaparte following the French landing in June 1798. In Malta, the French established a constitutional tradition in Maltese history, granted free education for all, and theoretically established freedom of the press, although only the pro-French newspaper Journal de Malte was actually published during the occupation. The French abolished nobility, slavery, the feudal system, and the inquisition. The only remaining architectural reminder of the French occupation is probably the defacement of most coats of arms on the façades of buildings of the knights. The Maltese soon rebelled against the French and drove the French garrison into Valletta and the Grand Harbour fortifications where they were besieged for more than two years. The French surrendered Malta when their food supplies were about to run out.

text:
# French occupation of Malta

The **French occupation of Malta** lasted from 1798 to 1800. It was established when the Order of Saint John surrendered to Napoleon Bonaparte following the French landing in June 1798. In Malta, the French established a constitutional tradition in Maltese history (as part of the French Republic), granted free education for all, and theoretically established freedom of the press, although only the pro-French newspaper *Journal de Malte* was actually published during the occupation.

The French abolished nobility, slavery, the feudal system, and the inquisition. The only remaining architectural reminder of the French occupation is probably the defacement of most coats of arms on the façades of buildings of the knights. The Maltese soon rebelled against the French and drove the French garrison into Valletta and the Grand Harbour fortifications where they were besieged for more than two years. The French surrendered Malta when their food supplies were about to run out.

## French invasion of Malta

On 19 May 1798, a French fleet sailed from Toulon, escorting an expeditionary force of over 30,000 men under General Napoleon Bonaparte. The force was destined for Egypt, Bonaparte seeking to expand French influence in Asia and force Britain to make peace in the French Revolutionary Wars, which had begun in 1792. Sailing southeast, the convoy collected additional transports from Italian ports and at 05:30 on 9 June arrived off Valletta. At this time, Malta and its neighbouring islands were ruled by the Order of Saint John, an old and influential feudal order that Holy Roman Empire's Frederick Barbarossa had pledged his protection to. The Order was weakened by the loss of most of their revenue during the French Revolution. Nevertheless Grandmaster Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, refused Bonaparte's demand that his entire convoy be allowed to enter Grand Harbour and take on supplies, insisting that Malta's neutrality meant that only two ships could enter at a time.

On receiving this reply, Bonaparte immediately ordered his fleet to bombard Valletta and, on 11 June, General Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers directed an amphibious operation in which several thousand soldiers landed at seven strategic sites around the island. Many of the French Knights deserted the order (although some fought for it valiantly), and the remaining Knights failed to mount a meaningful resistance. Approximately 2,000 native Maltese militia resisted for 24 hours, retreating to Valletta once the city of Mdina fell to General Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois. Although Valletta was strong enough to hold out against a lengthy siege, Bonaparte negotiated a surrender with Hompesch, who agreed to turn Malta and all of its resources over to the French in exchange for estates and pensions in France for himself and his knights. Bonaparte then established a French garrison on the islands, leaving 4,000 men under Vaubois while he and the rest of the expeditionary force sailed eastwards for Alexandria on 19 June.

## Reforms

During Napoleon's short stay in Malta, he stayed in Palazzo Parisio in Valletta (currently used as the Ministry for Foreign Affairs). He implemented a number of reforms which were based on the principles of the French Revolution. These reforms could be divided into four main categories:

### Social

The people of Malta were granted equality before the law, and they were regarded as French citizens. The Maltese nobility was abolished, and slaves were freed. Napoleon decided to set up a government ruled by 5 Maltese people that would govern Malta. Freedom of speech and the press were granted, although the only newspaper was *Journal de Malte*, which was published by the government. Political prisoners including Mikiel Anton Vassalli and those who took part in the Rising of the Priests were released, while the Jewish population was given permission to build a synagogue.

### Administrative

All of the Order's property was surrendered to the French Government. A Commission of Government was set up to rule the islands, and it was made up of the following people:

| Office | Officeholder |
| --- | --- |
| ***Commission de gouvernement*** | |
| Military Governor | Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois |
| Commissioner | Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud |
| President of the Civil Commission | Jean de Bosredon de Ransijat |
| Secretary to the Commissioner | Coretterie |
| Member | Don Francesco Saverio Caruana (Canon of the Mdina Cathedral) |
| | Baron Jean-François Dorell (juror of the university) |
| | Dr. Vincenzo Caruana (secretary of the archbishop and president of the court) |
| | Cristoforo Frendo (notary) |
| | Benedetto Schembri (magistrate) |
| | Paolo Ciantar (merchant) |
| | Carlo Astor |
| ***Commission des domaines*** | |
| Member | Martthieu Poussielgue |
| | Jean-André Caruson |
| | Robert Roussel |
|

Moreover, Malta was divided into cantons and municipalities. Each was run by a president, secretary and four members:

A National Guard was also set up, with 900 men.

### Educational

Primary schools were to be set up in the main towns and villages, while 60 students were to be allowed to study in France. The University of Malta was to be renamed *Polytecnique*, and scientific subjects were to be taught there. However, none of these reforms were actually implemented due to the short duration of French rule.

### Church-State relations

The church's extensive property on Malta was taken over by the Government, and religious orders were only allowed to keep one convent each. The Inquisition was also abolished, and the last inquisitor was expelled from the islands.

Later on, French troops began to loot church property, and this was one of the main reasons for the Maltese uprising.

## Maltese uprising

The French rapidly dismantled the institutions of the Knights of St. John, including the Roman Catholic Church, and the Maltese people were not happy about this. There were economic problems and the French government did not pay wages or pensions anymore, and began taking gold and silver from banks and palaces of the Order.

Church property was looted and seized to pay for the expedition to Egypt, an act that generated considerable anger among the deeply religious Maltese population. On 2 September, this anger erupted in a popular uprising during an auction of church property, and within days thousands of Maltese irregulars had driven the French garrison into Valletta and the Harbour area. Valletta was surrounded by approximately 10,000 irregular Maltese soldiers led by Emmanuele Vitale and Canon Francesco Saverio Caruana, but the fortress was too strong for the irregulars to assault. The Maltese built siege fortifications surrounding the harbour area to bombard French positions.

Help from Britain arrived later in the year and, in 1799, Captain Alexander Ball was appointed Civil Commissioner of Malta. The French garrison in Valletta finally surrendered to the British on 5 September 1800, and were taken to Toulon aboard British ships, with Malta becoming a British protectorate.

### Gozo

On 28 October 1798, Ball successfully completed negotiations with the French garrison on the small island of Gozo, the 217 French soldiers there agreeing to surrender without a fight and transferring the island to the British. The British transferred the island to the locals that day, and it was administered by Archpriest Saverio Cassar on behalf of Ferdinand III of Sicily. Gozo remained independent until Cassar was removed from power by the British in 1801.

## Further reading

* Frendo, Henry (December 1998). "The French in Malta 1798 - 1800 : reflections on an insurrection". *Cahiers de la Méditerranée*. **57** (1). University of Malta: 143–151. doi:10.3406/camed.1998.1231. ISSN 1773-0201.

## InfoBox

| Malta*Malte* (French) | |
| --- | --- |
| 1798–1800 | |
| Flag | |
| **Motto:** *Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité*<br>Liberty, Equality, Fraternity | |
| **Anthem:** *La Marseillaise* | |
| French-language map of Malta and Gozo, c. 1798 | |
| Status | Military occupation |
| Capital | Valletta |
| Common languages |  |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Demonym(s) | (MT) Malti, (EN) Maltese |
| Government | |
|  | |
| Military Governor | Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois |
|  | |
| Legislature | Commission of Government |
| Historical era | French Revolutionary Wars |
|  | |
| French invasion | 9 June 1798 |
| Established | 11 June 1798 |
| Maltese rebellion | 2 September 1798 |
| Surrendered to the British | 4 September 1800 |
|  | |
| Currency | Maltese scudo |
|  | |
| Today part of | Malta |


title: Euxylophora

abstract:
Euxylophora is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rutaceae. Its native range is Northern Brazil. Species:
  - Euxylophora paraensis Huber

text:
# Euxylophora

***Euxylophora*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rutaceae.

Its native range is Northern Brazil.

Species:

* *Euxylophora paraensis* Huber

## InfoBox

| *Euxylophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Subfamily: | Zanthoxyloideae |
| Genus: | *Euxylophora*<br>Huber |
|