title: Arrest of Rozina Islam

abstract: On April 17, 2021, Rozina Islam, a senior female reporter of the Bangladeshi daily Prothom Alo, went to the Health Ministry office in the Bangladesh Secretariat for COVID-19 related reporting. She was confined in the ministry for five hours and her cell phones were seized. She was allegedly harassed and assaulted during her detention at the secretariat. She was then arrested from the Ministry for alleged theft and taking photographs of sensitive state documents. Sibbir Ahmed Osmani, Deputy Secretary of the Health Services Division, filed a case against her around midnight of April 17, 2021 with Shahbagh police station under the Official Secrets Act. She was jailed in Dhaka Kashimpur Women's Central Jail amid widespread protests. A virtual hearing for her bail was held on May 20, 2021, later the court announced the decision would be delayed to May 23, 2021, and on that day she was granted a conditional bail after being imprisoned for 7 days.

text:
# Arrest of Rozina Islam

On April 17, 2021, **Rozina Islam**, a senior female reporter of the Bangladeshi daily Prothom Alo, went to the Health Ministry office in the Bangladesh Secretariat for COVID-19 related reporting. She was confined in the ministry for five hours and her cell phones were seized. She was allegedly harassed and assaulted during her detention at the secretariat. She was then arrested from the Ministry for alleged theft and taking photographs of sensitive state documents. Sibbir Ahmed Osmani, Deputy Secretary of the Health Services Division, filed a case against her around midnight of April 17, 2021 with Shahbagh police station under the Official Secrets Act. She was jailed in Dhaka Kashimpur Women's Central Jail amid widespread protests. A virtual hearing for her bail was held on May 20, 2021, later the court announced the decision would be delayed to May 23, 2021, and on that day she was granted a conditional bail after being imprisoned for 7 days.

## Background

Rozina Islam is known for her investigative news reporting on official corruption and misconduct. Several news stories published by her previously have a claim to have exposed the alleged corruption of the Ministry of Health and others and have drawn attention to the alleged graft of millions of dollars that were spent on health equipment to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Honors and awards

Islam received several national and international awards for her investigative journalism. In 2021 Amsterdam based Free Press Unlimited awarded her the Free Press Award 2021 in the Most Resilient Journalist category. Her other notable awards are:

* UNESCO Prize (2011)
* Canadian awards for excellence in Bangladeshi Journalism (2011)
* Mass Media Award Bangladesh to Prevent Corruption (2014)
* Deutsche Welle International Prize for Corruption (2015)
* TIB Investigative Journalism Award (2015)

### Lawsuit and arrest

Rozina Islam was arrested on 16 May 2021 on charges of stealing information, removing the state secret documents under the Penal Code of 180, and the Official Secrets Act of 1923, and taking pictures of them without permission. Human rights groups have claimed that she was tortured for publishing news of corruption, and it has been widely reported in the media.

## Aftermath

Nationwide protests broke out after the arrest of Rozina Islam, demanding the immediate release of her. A subsequent press conference by the Ministry of Health in the Bangladesh Secretariat was boycotted by journalists following a decision of the Bangladesh Secretariat Reporters' Forum. The Bangladesh government has faced severe backlash both nationally and internationally for the incident. The UN has condemned and expressed concern over the arrest of Rozina Islam. In response to the detention of Rozina Islam on allegations of stealing confidential official documents and espionage, a spokesman for Amnesty International said, "Rozina Islam must not be punished for her journalistic work." RSF, an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, called for the immediate release of Rozina Islam. Human Rights Watch, an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights, urged the released of Islam. National Press Club in Washington D.C. and the National Press Club Journalism Institute (U.S.) has urged the release of Islam.

Dhaka Union of Journalists (DUJ), and Diplomatic Correspondents Association, Bangladesh (DCAB), has condemned the arrest of Islam and urged for her release. Newspaper Owners' Association of Bangladesh (NOAB), demanded unconditional release of Islam. Transparency International Bangladesh, the Bangladeshi branch of the Berlin-based Transparency International, has condemned the detention of Islam, also demanded her immediate release. The South Asians for Human Rights (SAHR), a regional network of human rights defenders, has expressed its concern over the detention of Islam.

## Bangladesh government's response

Bangladesh's health minister, Zahid Maleque, has denied all the allegations of torturing and 5-hour confinement of Islam. In a press briefing, he said,

> This is unfortunate. These documents were related to vaccines -- the Russian and Chinese vaccines. These are non-disclosure documents. If they are leaked, it will violate state commitments. We might not get the vaccines. It could cause great harm to this country and its people. These are secret documents and they should not have been taken away. We didn't confine Rozina for nine or five hours. She was handed over to the police after a confinement for half-an-hour. The Home Minister himself also knows about the matter. I don't have any idea whether she was tortured after being confined at the Health Ministry.

Information and Broadcasting Minister Hasan Mahmud said,

> \[We should\] judge the incident based on the truth, rather than \[being\] emotional. Anyone can make a mistake at any time. To err is human. Rozina may have made a mistake too. I am a minister appointed by you all. Hence, I am sympathetic towards your claims and will do my best to do what is possible.”

### Prison release

On May 23, 2021, Rozina Islam was released from prison after 7 days of imprisonment. A Dhaka court bench of metropolitan magistrate Mohammad Baki Billah granted her interim bail in the case filed by the health ministry under the Official Secrets Act, which would last till July 15, 2021. The bail was granted upon a bond of BDT 5,000 (±US$59), and the submission of her passport to the court.

## InfoBox

| Rozina Islam | |
| --- | --- |
| রোজিনা ইসলাম | |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Organization | Daily Prothom Alo |
| Spouse | Monirul Islam Mithu |


title: Arnold of Nijmegen

abstract: Arnold of Nijmegen was a 15th-century Dutch stained glass artist who worked in both modern-day Belgium and France, adopting the Renaissance style and influencing the stained glass workshops of Normandy. His best known works are a series of windows depicting historical subjects in Tournai Cathedral, Belgium. His work is known for its delicate draftsmanship, brilliance of colouring, the rich decoration of robes and detailed architectural settings. He was praised in his own time by the writers Noviomagus (1522) and Francesco Guicciardini.

text:
# Arnold of Nijmegen

**Arnold of Nijmegen** (also known as Aert Ortkens, Aert van Hort, Arnoud van Nijmegen, Arnt van Ort van Nijmegen, Arnoult de Nimègue, Arnouldt de la Pointe) (active c. 1490 – c. 1536) was a 15th-century Dutch stained glass artist who worked in both modern-day Belgium and France, adopting the Renaissance style and influencing the stained glass workshops of Normandy. His best known works are a series of windows depicting historical subjects in Tournai Cathedral, Belgium. His work is known for its delicate draftsmanship, brilliance of colouring, the rich decoration of robes and detailed architectural settings. He was praised in his own time by the writers Noviomagus (1522) and Francesco Guicciardini (published 1567).

## Work

### Early works

The earliest works of Arnold of Nijmegen in Gelderland, now in the Netherlands, are two cycles of windows in the transepts of Tournai Cathedral, both depicting important events in the history of the town. One cycle depicts a sequence of events which took place in the 6th century, and led to the Cathedral of Tournai having the rights to collect tolls and taxes. The narratives which are depicted in the lower section of the windows show the defeat of King Chilperic by his brother Sigebert, the protection of Chilperic by the Bishop of Tournai, and the plotting and assassination of Sigebert by Chilperic's wife Queen Fredegund. The upper sections of the same windows depict various aspects of taxation and toll collection by the clergy of Tournai Cathedral. The second cycle tells how the city, having been annexed to Noyon, gained favour with Pope Eugene III through the influence of Bernard of Clairveaux and regained its rights.

The style of these windows is High Gothic in character, and strongly influenced by Early Netherlandish painters of the 15th century such as Jan van Eyck. This can be seen in the proportions of his figures, with small heads and long bodies, and in the elaborate and richly decorated robes. The style also has much in common with the style of tapestries that were produced at the Tournai factories.

### Later works

In 1502 Arnold travelled to Rouen in France, where he was to have a very strong influence on the schools of stained glass painters in Normandy. His windows at this date are generally signed "Arnouldt de la Pointe". His work combined the medieval iconography and naturalism of 15th century Flanders with the architectonic motifs of Italian Renaissance art and the influence of Northern Renaissance printmakers such as Albrecht Dürer, who visited him in 1521. In 1513, he returned to Antwerp where he was admitted to the Guild of St Luke, but continued to maintain contact with his pupils in Normandy and for many years supplied cartoons for windows in France.

Examples of his signed work include a large Tree of Jesse window in the Church Saint-Godard of Rouen (1506); a *Martyrdom of Saint Stephen* at the Church Saint-Romain of Rouen and a Three Marys window made in Antwerp in about 1526 for the Church Notre-Dame of Louviers.

Other windows by Arnold have survived in England at Wells Cathedral, Lichfield Cathedral, York Minster and St George's Church, Hannover Square. The Victoria and Albert Museum has three panels depicting scenes from the life of Saint Peter. The panels are sections of a window from a church in Rouen. The Metropolitan Museum of Art holds two roundels showing the heads of Christ and John the Baptist.

* Lawrence Lee, George Seddon, Francis Stephens (1976).*Stained Glass*, Mitchell Beazley, ISBN 0-600-56281-6
* Sarah Brown (1994). *Stained Glass- an Illustrated History*, Bracken Books, ISBN 1-85891-157-5
* Victoria and Albert Museum, *French Stained Glass, 1510-1540*, retrieved 13 March 2013
* Larousse Encyclopdie, *Arnoult de Nimègue*, retrieved 13 March 2013
* Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1, *Arnoult\_de\_Nimègue*, retrieved 13 March 2013


title: Enfield Power Station

abstract: Enfield Power Station is a 408 MW gas-fired station, opened on part of the original Brimsdown Power Station site on Brancroft Way at Brimsdown in the North London Borough of Enfield. It is near the A1055 and Lee Valley Park.

text:
# Enfield Power Station

**Enfield Power Station** is a 408 MW gas-fired station, opened on part of the original Brimsdown Power Station site on Brancroft Way at Brimsdown in the North London Borough of Enfield. It is near the A1055 and Lee Valley Park.

## History

Known as **Enfield Power Station** (originally **Enfield Energy Centre**), construction was started in September 1997 and it was commissioned in December 1999. It was opened as the Enfield Energy Centre Ltd by original owners Indeck Energy Services and Enfield Holdings BV, itself jointly owned by NRG Energy Services and El Paso Energy.

E.ON UK bought it for £109 million on 6 May 2005 and operated it until January 2016 when the new company of Uniper was formed. It is one of seven power stations that Uniper owns and operates in the United Kingdom.

## Specification

It is a CCGT type natural gas power station. Using an Alstom GT26B2.2 gas turbine, to drive an electrical generator rated at 500 MVA and with a terminal voltage of 21 kV. Waste heat is recovered by a Combustion Engineering heat recovery steam generator to drive an Alstom Steam Turbine unit connected via a SSS clutch to the main powertrain. It connects to the National Grid via a transformer at 132 kV.

## InfoBox

| Enfield Power Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Enfield Power Station viewed from the Lee Navigation towpath | |
|  | |
| Country | England |
| Location | Enfield |
| Coordinates | 51°39′46″N 0°1′22″W / 51.66278°N 0.02278°W / 51.66278; -0.02278 |
| Commission date | 1999 |
| Operators | Uniper |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Natural gas |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 408 MW |
| External links | |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| \[edit on Wikidata\]<br>grid reference TQ368978 | |


title: Enfield London Borough Council

abstract: Enfield London Borough Council, which styles itself Enfield Council, is the local authority for the London Borough of Enfield in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in London. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010. It is based at Enfield Civic Centre.

text:
# Enfield London Borough Council

**Enfield London Borough Council**, which styles itself **Enfield Council**, is the local authority for the London Borough of Enfield in Greater London, England. It is a London borough council, one of 32 in London. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010. It is based at Enfield Civic Centre.

## History

The first elected local authority for Enfield was a local board, established in 1850. Such boards were reconstituted as urban district councils under the Local Government Act 1894. Enfield was then incorporated to become a municipal borough in 1955, after which it was governed by a body formally called the "Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough of Enfield", generally known as the corporation or borough council.

The much larger London Borough of Enfield and its council were created under the London Government Act 1963, with the first election held in 1964. For its first year the council acted as a shadow authority alongside the area's three outgoing authorities, being the borough councils of Enfield, Edmonton and Southgate. The new council formally came into its powers on 1 April 1965, at which point the old boroughs and their councils were abolished. The council's full legal name is "The Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of Enfield".

From 1965 until 1986 the council was a lower-tier authority, with upper-tier functions provided by the Greater London Council. The split of powers and functions meant that the Greater London Council was responsible for "wide area" services such as fire, ambulance, flood prevention, and refuse disposal; with the boroughs (including Enfield) responsible for "personal" services such as social care, libraries, cemeteries and refuse collection. As an outer London borough council Enfield has been a local education authority since 1965. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986 and its functions passed to the London Boroughs, with some services provided through joint committees.

Since 2000 the Greater London Authority has taken some responsibility for highways and planning control from the council, but within the English local government system the council remains a "most purpose" authority in terms of the available range of powers and functions.

## Governance

The local authority derives its powers and functions from the London Government Act 1963 and subsequent legislation, and has the powers and functions of a London borough council. It sets council tax and as a billing authority also collects precepts for Greater London Authority functions and business rates. It sets planning policies which complement Greater London Authority and national policies, and decides on almost all planning applications accordingly. It is a local education authority and is also responsible for council housing, social services, libraries, waste collection and disposal, traffic, and most roads and environmental health.

### Political control

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010.

The first election was held in 1964, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1965. Political control of the council since 1965 has been as follows:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 1965–1968 |
|  | Conservative | 1968–1994 |
|  | Labour | 1994–2002 |
|  | Conservative | 2002–2010 |
|  | Labour | 2010–present |

### Leadership

The role of Mayor of Enfield is largely ceremonial. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1965 have been:

| Councillor | Party | | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ted Graham |  | Labour | 1965 | 1966 |
| Eric Smythe |  | Labour | 1966 | 1968 |
| Alan Young |  | Conservative | 1968 | 1987 |
| John Lindsay |  | Conservative | 1987 | 1988 |
| Graham Eustance |  | Conservative | 1988 | 1994 |
| Jeff Rodin |  | Labour | 1994 | 1999 |
| Doug Taylor |  | Labour | 1999 | 2002 |
| Mike Rye |  | Conservative | 2002 | 26 May 2010 |
| Doug Taylor |  | Labour | 26 May 2010 | 23 May 2018 |
| Nesil Caliskan |  | Labour | 23 May 2018 | 9 August 2024 |
| Ergin Erbil |  | Labour | 9 August 2024 | Present |

## Premises

The council is based at Enfield Civic Centre on Silver Street, which had originally been completed in 1961 for the old Enfield Borough Council. The building was later significantly extended with a 12 storey tower block, which was completed in 1975.

## Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2022 the council has comprised 63 councillors representing 25 wards, with each ward electing two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

## InfoBox

| Enfield London Borough Council | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of Arms | |
|  | |
| Type | |
| Type | London borough |
| Leadership | |
| Mayor | Mohammad Islam,
Labour
since 15 May 2024 |
| Leader | Ergin Erbil,
Labour
since 18 August 2024 |
| Chief Executive | Ian Davis
since 1 June 2017 |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 63 councillors |
| Political groups | Administration (37)   Labour (37) Other parties (26)   Conservative (25)   Independent (1) |
| Elections | |
| Voting system | First past the post |
| Last election | 5 May 2022 |
| Next election | 7 May 2026 |
| Meeting place | |
|  | |
| Civic Centre, Silver Street, Enfield, EN1 3XA | |
| Website | |
| www.enfield.gov.uk | |


title: Enfield No. 2

abstract: The Enfield No. 2 was a British top-break revolver using the.38 S&W round manufactured from 1930 to 1957. It was the standard British/Commonwealth sidearm in the Second World War, alongside the Webley Mk IV and Smith & Wesson Victory Model revolvers chambered in the same calibre. Note that in the context of British service revolvers, the.38 S&W cartridge has often been called ".380".

text:
# Enfield No. 2

The **Enfield No. 2** was a British top-break revolver using the .38 S&W round manufactured from 1930 to 1957. It was the standard British/Commonwealth sidearm in the Second World War, alongside the Webley Mk IV and Smith & Wesson Victory Model revolvers chambered in the same calibre. Note that in the context of British service revolvers, the .38 S&W cartridge has often been called ".380" (no relation to the common modern .380 ACP pistol cartridge).

## History

After the First World War, it was decided by the British Government that a smaller and lighter .38 calibre (9.2 mm) sidearm firing a long, heavy 200 grain (13 g) soft lead bullet would be preferable to the large Webley service revolvers using the .455 (11.6 mm) round. While the .455 had proven to be an effective weapon for stopping enemy soldiers, the recoil of the .455 cartridge complicated marksmanship training. The authorities began a search for a double-action revolver with less weight and recoil that could be quickly mastered by a minimally trained soldier, with a good probability of hitting an enemy with the first shot at extremely close ranges. By using a long, heavy, round-nosed lead bullet in a .38 calibre cartridge, it was found that the bullet, being minimally stabilised for its weight and calibre, tended to 'keyhole' or tumble longitudinally when striking an object, theoretically increasing wounding and stopping ability of human targets at short ranges. At the time, the .38 calibre Smith & Wesson cartridge with 200-grain (13 g) lead bullet, known as the .38/200, was also a popular cartridge in civilian and police use (in the US, the .38/200 or 380/200 was known as the ".38 Super Police" load). Consequently, the British firm of Webley & Scott tendered their Webley Mk IV revolver in .38/200 calibre. Rather than adopting it, the British authorities took the design to the Government-run Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, and the Enfield factory came up with a revolver that was very similar to the Webley Mk IV .38, but internally slightly different. The Enfield-designed pistol was quickly accepted under the designation "Revolver, No 2 Mk I" (single/double action, with a hammer spur), and was adopted in 1931, followed in 1938 by the Mk I\* (lightened trigger pull, spurless hammer, double-action only), and finally the Mk I\** (simplified for wartime production) in 1942.

Webley sued the British Government for £2,250, being "costs involved in the research and design" of the revolver. Their action was contested by Enfield, who stated that the Enfield No 2 Mk I was actually designed by Captain Boys (the Assistant Superintendent of Design, after whom the Boys Rifle was named) with assistance from Webley & Scott, and not the other way around—accordingly, their claim was denied. By way of compensation, however, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded Webley & Scott £1,250.

RSAF Enfield was unable to manufacture enough No. 2 revolvers to meet the military's wartime demands, and as a result Webley's Mk IV was issued as a substitute standard for the British Army.

## Variants

There were three main variants of the Enfield No 2 Mk I revolver. The first was the **Mk I** which had a full-spur hammer and was double-action/single-action, meaning the shooter could either thumb-cock the hammer before pulling the trigger or could pull the trigger with the hammer uncocked; some shooters preferred the latter option as the trigger pull is much lighter with the hammer cocked. The handgrips were made of wood. This version was made until 1939, when a change order introduced the Mk I\*. About 55,000 Mk Is were made, and an unknown number were converted to Mk I\* during factory repair, as required by the change order that created the Mk I\*. See: Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton, *.380 Enfield Revolver No. 2* for further information.

The second variant was the **Mk I\***, which had a spurless hammer and was double-action only, meaning that the hammer could not be thumb-cocked by the shooter for each shot. Additionally, in keeping with the revolver's purpose as a close-range weapon, the handgrips, now made of plastic, were redesigned to improve grip when used in rapid double-action fire; the new handgrip design was given the designation Mk II. The majority of Enfields produced were either Mk I\* or modified to that standard.

The third variant was the **Mk I\****, which was a 1942 variant of the Mk I\* simplified in order to increase production, but was discontinued shortly thereafter as a result of safety concerns over some of the introduced modifications.

The vast majority of Enfield No 2 Mk I revolvers were modified to Mk I\* during World War II, generally as they came in for repair or general maintenance; It is believed that the reason was that the Mk I\* version was cheaper and faster to manufacture and allowed for far quicker training. When used in the manner in which British forces trained (rapid double-action fire at very close ranges), the No 2 Mk I\* is at least as accurate as any other service pistol of its time, because of the relatively light double-action trigger pull. It is not, however, the best choice for deliberately aimed, long-distance shooting — the double-action pull will throw the most competent shooter's aim off enough to noticeably affect accuracy at ranges of more than 15 yards (14 m) or so. Despite officially being declared obsolete at the end of World War II, the Enfield (and Webley revolvers) were not completely phased out in favour of the Browning Hi-Power until April 1969.

The Enfield No 2 is very fast to reload—as are all British top-break revolvers—because of its automatic ejector, which simultaneously removes all six cases from the cylinder. British combat experience with the .38/200 Enfield revolvers during World War II seemed to confirm that, "for the average soldier", the Enfield No. 2 Mk I could be used far more effectively than the bulkier and heavier .455 calibre Webley revolvers that had been issued during World War I. Perhaps because of the relatively long double-action trigger pull compared to other pistols capable of single-action fire, the double-action-only Mk I\* revolvers were not popular with troops, many of whom took the first available opportunity to exchange them in favour of Smith & Wesson, Colt, or Webley revolvers.

## Ammunition

The Enfield No.2 Mk I was designed for use with the Cartridge S.A. Ball Revolver .380 inch Mk. I and Mk. Iz, a deviation of the .38 Smith & Wesson cartridge, also known as the .38/200. It had a 200 gr (13 g). unjacketed round-nose, lead bullet of .359 inch diameter that developed a muzzle velocity of 620–650 ft/s (190–200 m/s).

Just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, British authorities became concerned that the soft unjacketed lead bullet used in the 380/200 might be considered as violating the Hague Convention of 1899 governing deforming or 'explosive bullets'. A new .38 loading was introduced for use in combat utilizing a 178-grain (11.5 g), gilding-metal-jacketed lead bullet; new foresights were issued to compensate for the new cartridge's ballistics and change to the point of aim. The new cartridge was accepted into Commonwealth Service as "Cartridge, Pistol, .380 Mk IIz", firing a 178 - 180 grain (11.7 g) full metal jacket round-nose bullet. The 380/200 Mk I lead bullet cartridge was continued in service, originally restricted to training and marksmanship practice. However, after the outbreak of war, supply exigencies forced British authorities to use both the 380/200 Mk I and the .380 Mk IIz loadings interchangeably in combat. U.S. ammunition manufacturers such as Winchester-Western supplied 380/200 Mk I cartridges to British forces throughout the war.

## Other manufacturers

The vast majority of Enfield No 2 revolvers were made by RSAF (Royal Small Arms Factory) Enfield, but wartime necessities meant that numbers were produced elsewhere. Albion Motors in Scotland made the Enfield No 2 Mk I\* from 1941 to 1943, whereupon the contract for production was passed onto Coventry Gauge & Tool Co. By 1945, 24,000 Enfield No 2 Mk I\* and Mk I\** revolvers had been produced by Albion/CG&T. The Singer Sewing Machine Company of Clydebank made components but they were assembled at Enfield under their proofmarks; Singer-made parts are marked "SSM".

The Howard Auto Cultivator Company (HAC) in New South Wales, Australia tooled up and began manufacturing the Enfield No 2 Mk I\* and I\** revolvers in 1941, but the production run was very limited (estimated at around 350 or so revolvers in total), and the revolvers produced were criticised for being non-interchangeable, even with other HAC-produced revolvers. Very few HAC revolvers are known to exist, and it is thought by many collectors that most of the HAC revolvers may have been destroyed in the various Australian Gun Amnesties and "Buy-Backs".

## Users

* Smith, W.H.B. *1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms* (facsimile). Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1979. ISBN 0-8117-1699-6.
* Stamps, Mark, and Ian Skennerton. *.380 Enfield Revolver No 2*. London: Greenhill Books, 1993. ISBN 1-85367-139-8.
* Gerard, Henrotin. "Enfield no 2 revolver explained". HLebooks.com, November 2018.

## InfoBox

| Enfield No.2 Mk I\* Revolver | |
| --- | --- |
| An Enfield No.2 Mk I\* manufactured in 1940 | |
| Type | Service revolver |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1932–1963 |
| Used by | United Kingdom & Colonies
British Commonwealth
other countries |
| Wars | World War II
Indonesian National Revolution
Malayan Emergency
Korean War
British colonial conflicts
Northern Campaign
Border Campaign
The Troubles |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Royal Small Arms Factory, Webley & Scott |
| Designed | 1928 |
| Manufacturer | RSAF Enfield |
| Produced | 1932–1957 |
| No. built | approx 55,000 Mk I & approx 270,000 Mk I\* & Mk I\** |
| Variants | Enfield No 2 Mk I, Enfield No 2 Mk I\*, Enfield No 2 Mk I\** |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 1.7 lb (765 g), unloaded |
| Length | 10.25 in (260 mm) |
| Barrel length | 5.03 in (127 mm) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | .380" Revolver Mk I or Mk IIz |
| Calibre | 0.38 inch (9.65 mm) |
| Action | Double-action revolver (Mk I single/double action, Mk I\* and Mk I\** double action only) |
| Rate of fire | 20–30 rounds/minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 620 ft/s (189 m/s) |
| Effective firing range | 15 yards (13.7 m) |
| Maximum firing range | 200 yd (182.8 m) |
| Feed system | 6-round cylinder |
| Sights | fixed front post and rear notch |


title: Enrique Alessio

abstract: Enrique Carmelo Alessio was an Argentine musician. He is famed for his bandoneón accordion skills. Alessio was also a composer and orchestra leader best remembered for his compositions "Amar Para Qué," "Bien Porteña," "Cantemos Corazón," "Te Odio y te Quiero," and "Un Tango para mi Vieja".

text:
# Enrique Alessio

**Enrique Carmelo Alessio** (January 8, 1918 – September 8, 2000) was an Argentine musician. He is famed for his bandoneón accordion skills. Alessio was also a composer and orchestra leader best remembered for his compositions "Amar Para Qué," "Bien Porteña," "Cantemos Corazón," "Te Odio y te Quiero," and "Un Tango para mi Vieja".

## InfoBox

| Enrique Carmelo Alessio | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 8, 1918
Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Died | September 8, 2000(2000-09-08) (aged 82)
Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina |
|  | |


abstract: The men's 5000 metres event at the 1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at Estádio Universitário de Lisboa on 22 and 24 July.

text:
# 1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres

The **men's 5000 metres** event at the **1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics** was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at Estádio Universitário de Lisboa on 22 and 24 July.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Daniel Komen
*Kenya* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Habte Jifar
*Ethiopia* |
| **Bronze** | Giuliano Battocletti
*Italy* |

## Results

### Final

24 July

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Daniel Komen | Kenya | **13:45.37** |  |
|  | Habte Jifar | Ethiopia | **13:49.70** |  |
|  | Giuliano Battocletti | Italy | **13:51.16** |  |
| 4 | Pablo Olmedo | Mexico | **13:55.19** |  |
| 5 | Kenji Takao | Japan | **14:02.55** |  |
| 6 | Samir Moussaoui | Algeria | **14:03.75** |  |
| 7 | Benoît Zwierzchiewski | France | **14:04.34** |  |
| 8 | Valeriy Kuzman | Russia | **14:04.50** |  |
| 9 | Angelo Pacheco | Portugal | **14:06.17** |  |
| 10 | Tekalegne Shewaye | Ethiopia | **14:10.07** |  |
| 11 | Ko Jung-Won | South Korea | **14:15.33** |  |
| 12 | David Galindo | Mexico | **14:17.44** |  |
| 13 | Darrius Burrows | United Kingdom | **14:35.10** |  |
| 14 | Wataru Okutani | Japan | **14:45.74** |  |
|  | Simone Zanon | Italy | **DNS** |  |

### Heats

22 July

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Habte Jifar | Ethiopia | **14:27.48** | **Q** |
| 2 | Kenji Takao | Japan | **14:27.92** | **Q** |
| 3 | Simone Zanon | Italy | **14:28.02** | **Q** |
| 4 | Angelo Pacheco | Portugal | **14:28.17** | **Q** |
| 5 | Benoît Zwierzchiewski | France | **14:28.44** | **Q** |
| 6 | Darrius Burrows | United Kingdom | **14:29.12** | **q** |
| 7 | Samir Moussaoui | Algeria | **14:34.88** | **q** |
| 8 | David Galindo | Mexico | **14:36.38** | **q** |
| 9 | David Chelule | Kenya | **15:23.38** |  |
| 10 | Assounane Dan Kassoua | Niger | **15:45.77** |  |
| 11 | Tsiliso Raletsatsi | Lesotho | **15:46.78** |  |
|  | Ahmed Safed | Palestine | **DNF** |  |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Daniel Komen | Kenya | **13:52.42** | **Q** |
| 2 | Pablo Olmedo | Mexico | **14:04.73** | **Q** |
| 3 | Valeriy Kuzman | Russia | **14:04.78** | **Q** |
| 4 | Wataru Okutani | Japan | **14:05.90** | **Q** |
| 5 | Ko Jung-Won | South Korea | **14:06.89** | **Q** |
| 6 | Tekalegne Shewaye | Ethiopia | **14:09.72** | **q** |
| 7 | Giuliano Battocletti | Italy | **14:13.76** | **q** |
| 8 | Awad Saleh Nasser | Yemen | **14:40.19** |  |
| 9 | Moussa Mahamoud | Djibouti | **15:09.67** |  |
| 10 | Kyaw Aye Lwin | Myanmar | **15:23.35** |  |
|  | Manuel Magalhães | Portugal | **DNF** |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 17 countries participated in the event.


abstract: The men's high jump event at the 1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Lisbon, United States, at Estádio Universitário de Lisboa on 22 and 24 July.

text:
# 1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's high jump

The **men's high jump** event at the **1994 World Junior Championships in Athletics** was held in Lisbon, United States, at Estádio Universitário de Lisboa on 22 and 24 July.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Jagan Hames
*Australia* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Antoine Burke
*Ireland* |
| **Bronze** | Mika Polku
*Finland* |

## Results

### Final

24 July

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jagan Hames | Australia | **2.23** |  |
|  | Antoine Burke | Ireland | **2.20** |  |
|  | Mika Polku | Finland | **2.20** |  |
| 4 | Attila Zsivoczky | Hungary | **2.20** |  |
| 5 | Roland Stark | Germany | **2.15** |  |
| 6 | Oskari Frösén | Finland | **2.15** |  |
| 7 | Shunichi Kobayashi | Japan | **2.10** |  |
| 7 | Stefan Holm | Sweden | **2.10** |  |
| 9 | Tomohiro Nomura | Japan | **2.10** |  |
| 10 | Henry Patterson | United States | **2.10** |  |
| 11 | Bjørn Olsson | Norway | **2.10** |  |
| 12 | Stuart Ohrland | United Kingdom | **2.05** |  |

### Qualifications

22 Jul

#### Group A

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Antoine Burke | Ireland | **2.15** | **q** |
| 2 | Oskari Frösén | Finland | **2.15** | **q** |
| 3 | Stuart Ohrland | United Kingdom | **2.15** | **q** |
| 4 | Shunichi Kobayashi | Japan | **2.15** | **q** |
| 5 | Marcel Marie-Anne | France | **2.10** |  |
| 5 | Yoval Bukchin | Israel | **2.10** |  |
| 7 | Jordi Rofes | Spain | **2.10** |  |
| 8 | Michal Majchrowicz | Poland | **2.10** |  |
| 9 | Ola Carlsson | Sweden | **2.10** |  |
| 10 | Jarrad Pozzi | Australia | **2.05** |  |
| 11 | Oleg Sklyar | Azerbaijan | **2.00** |  |
| 12 | Jeremy Fischer | United States | **2.00** |  |
| 13 | Kang Myung-Soo | South Korea | **2.00** |  |
| 14 | Esteve Martin | Andorra | **1.90** |  |
|  | Stephen Woodley | Bermuda | **NH** |  |

#### Group B

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jagan Hames | Australia | **2.15** | **q** |
| 1 | Mika Polku | Finland | **2.15** | **q** |
| 1 | Roland Stark | Germany | **2.15** | **q** |
| 1 | Attila Zsivoczky | Hungary | **2.15** | **q** |
| 5 | Tomohiro Nomura | Japan | **2.15** | **q** |
| 6 | Bjørn Olsson | Norway | **2.15** | **q** |
| 6 | Stefan Holm | Sweden | **2.15** | **q** |
| 6 | Henry Patterson | United States | **2.15** | **q** |
| 9 | Yevgeniy Stekolshchikov | Russia | **2.10** |  |
| 10 | Moise Siba | France | **2.05** |  |
| 11 | James Brierley | United Kingdom | **2.05** |  |
| 11 | Glenn Howard | New Zealand | **2.05** |  |
| 13 | Daniel Talam | Kenya | **2.00** |  |
| 14 | Younès Moudrik | Morocco | **2.00** |  |
| 15 | Rodolfo Moog | Bolivia | **1.95** |  |
| 16 | Olubunmi Robin-Coker | Sierra Leone | **1.95** |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 31 athletes from 23 countries participated in the event.


title: 1906 Michigan Wolverines football team

abstract: The 1906 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1906 college football season. The team's head coach was Fielding H. Yost in his sixth year at Michigan. The team compiled a record of 4–1 and outscored opponents, 72 to 30. The 1906 season was played under two sets of new rules. First, the rules governing intercollegiate football were changed to promote a more "open" and less dangerous style of play. The changes included the legalization of the forward pass and allowing the punting team to recover an "on-side" kick as a live ball. Second, the Big Nine Conference enacted new rules, including a rule limiting teams to five games and prohibitions on the "training table" and pre-season training before the start of the academic year. Also before the season began, university officials ruled that two of the stars from the 1905 team, Germany Schulz and Walter Rheinschild, were academically ineligible to compete in football. Despite the setbacks, Michigan won its first four games by a combined score of 72 to 13. The season opener against Case Scientific School was the first game played on the new Ferry Field. During the bye week before the final game of the season, Michigan's captain Joe Curtis sustained a severely broken leg in a practice game against the "scrub" team. The Wolverines lost their final game to the Penn Quakers, 17–0, at Philadelphia's Franklin Field. Two Michigan players, Joe Curtis and fullback John Garrels, were selected as first-team All-Western players. Garrels, who had broken world records in the discus throw and the high hurdles, was also selected as a second-team All-American by Walter Camp.

text:
# 1906 Michigan Wolverines football team

1906 Western Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Wisconsin \+ | 3 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Minnesota \+ | 2 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Michigan \+ | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Chicago | 3 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Illinois | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Iowa | 0 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Indiana | 0 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Purdue | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * \+  Conference co-champions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1906 Michigan Wolverines football team** represented the University of Michigan in the 1906 college football season. The team's head coach was Fielding H. Yost in his sixth year at Michigan. The team compiled a record of 4–1 and outscored opponents, 72 to 30.

The 1906 season was played under two sets of new rules. First, the rules governing intercollegiate football were changed to promote a more "open" and less dangerous style of play. The changes included the legalization of the forward pass and allowing the punting team to recover an "on-side" kick as a live ball. Second, the Big Nine Conference enacted new rules, including a rule limiting teams to five games (a drastic reduction from the 13 games played by Michigan in 1905) and prohibitions on the "training table" and pre-season training before the start of the academic year.

Also before the season began, university officials ruled that two of the stars from the 1905 team, Germany Schulz and Walter Rheinschild, were academically ineligible to compete in football. Despite the setbacks, Michigan won its first four games by a combined score of 72 to 13. The season opener against Case Scientific School was the first game played on the new Ferry Field. During the bye week before the final game of the season, Michigan's captain Joe Curtis sustained a severely broken leg in a practice game against the "scrub" team. The Wolverines lost their final game to the Penn Quakers, 17–0, at Philadelphia's Franklin Field.

Two Michigan players, Joe Curtis and fullback John Garrels, were selected as first-team All-Western players. Garrels, who had broken world records in the discus throw and the high hurdles, was also selected as a second-team All-American by Walter Camp.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 6 |  | Case* |  | W 28–0 | 2,000 |
| October 20 | 2:40 p.m. | at Ohio State* |  | W 6–0 | 6,000 |
| October 27 | 2:37 p.m. | Illinois | * Ferry Field * Ann Arbor, MI (series) | W 28–9 | 5,000 |
| November 3 |  | Vanderbilt* | * Ferry Field * Ann Arbor, MI | W 10–4 | 10,000 |
| November 17 |  | at Penn* |  | L 0–17 | 26,000 |
|  | | | | | |

## Season summary

### Case

**Case at Michigan**
| 1 2 Total  Case 0 0 0  **Michigan** 5 23 **28** |
| --- |

On October 6, 1906, Michigan opened its season with a 28–0 victory over the team from Cleveland's Case Scientific School. The game was the first played at the newly completed Ferry Field and attracted a crowd estimated at 2,000 persons. The *Detroit Free Press* called the field "a beauty." The game was the 10th meeting between the two programs. Michigan had won all nine of the prior games by a combined score of 298 to 31.

Fullback John Garrels scored the first touchdown on the new Ferry Field. The score was set up when Case's fullback, Wagar, attempted a punt from deep in Case's territory. After a bad snap, Jack Loell broke through the line and tackled Wagar at Case's five-yard line. Garrels then scored on "two straight line bucks." Joe Curtis missed the extra point kick, and Michigan was unable to score again in the first half. Case threatened once in the first half, when Case's quarterback, Reimenschneider, returned an on-side kick to Michigan's 20-yard line. Wagar's attempt at a field goal for Case was unsuccessful, and Michigan led, 5–0, at halftime. In addition to scoring the first touchdown, Garrels handled punting responsibilities; one of his punts carried 60 yards. He also kicked an extra point and had the longest end run of the game for a 28-yard gain.

Michigan scored four additional touchdowns in the second half. Reimenschneider fumbled the opening kickoff to start the second half, and Michigan recovered the ball at Case's 20-yard line. After the turnover, Michigan quarterback Harry Workman ran for a touchdown. Michigan's third touchdown was set up by a poor punt by Case from behind its own goal line. A penalty was tacked on, and Michigan got the ball at the Case 10-yard line. Workman again ran for the touchdown. Clarence Schenk scored Michigan's fourth touchdown on a "cross buck" from the five-yard line. The final touchdown was scored by Arthur "Waukegan" Wright, a substitute right tackle who was described as "the 'pompadour' haired medic from Illinois," on a 35-yard run following an on-side kick. A rule change enacted in 1906 allowed the punting team to recover a punt as a live ball. The *Detroit Free Press* described Wright's touchdown as follows:

> "Garrels made an on-side punt to the Case thirty-five yard line. Wright brought the ball to his breast after the bound as if it was his long-lost child, and was saving it from the kidnappers. Three Case men tried to stop him as he was making the run for his fireside home, but he seemed to have a through ticket without a punch, and scored the first touchdown of the year on the new rules."

Joe Curtis kicked two extra points, and Garrels kicked one. On defense, Michigan did not allow a first down on the ground, Case's only first downs coming on an on-side kick and off-side penalties against Michigan. Michigan did not attempt a single forward pass against Case, leading the *Detroit Free Press* to write, "Michigan did not uncan it because it is not fermented enough in this climate to make it look good."

After the game, Case's coach, Wentworth, opined that Michigan's 1906 team was "30 per cent weaker than any other team that Yost has coached here." Yost said, "I am satisfied. My men did as well as I expected. The only star in the game for Michigan was Johnnie Garrels. . . . Not once during the game did Case make its distance on regular football. They tried the forward pass twice, but both times were thrown back for big losses."

Michigan's lineup against Case was Davis (left end), Curtis (left tackle), Patrick (left guard), Loell, (center), Graham (right guard), Ruby and Wright (right tackle), Embs and Newton (right end), Bishop and Lewis (quarterback), Workman (left halfback), Schenk (right halfback), and Garrels (fullback). Chase of Michigan served as referee. Raymond Starbuck of Cornell was the umpire. The game was played in 20-minute halves.

### At Ohio State

**Michigan at Ohio State**
| 1 2 Total  **Michigan** 0 6 6  Ohio State 0 0 **0** |
| --- |

For its second game, Michigan defeated Ohio State, 6–0, before a crowd of 6,000 spectators at University Park in Columbus. A special train carried eleven coaches full of Michigan fans to Columbus, arriving one hour before the game started. The game was the eighth meeting in the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry, with Michigan having won six of the prior meetings and tied once.

The game began shortly after 2:40 p.m., on a cool, but not uncomfortable Saturday afternoon. The game was scoreless for the first 56 minutes of play, as Michigan's offense struggled. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* attributed the sluggish offensive performance to the fact that Michigan's halfbacks, Ivan Steckle and Paul Magoffin, "were not in the best of shape," having arrived in Columbus on an excursion train a few minutes before the game began. They were rushed to the football field in an automobile and arrived in poor condition. Neither Magoffin nor Steckle had played in the season opener against Case.

With four minutes remaining in the game, John Garrels kicked a field goal from a difficult angle at the Ohio State 25-yard line to give Michigan a 4-0 lead. Garrels had attempted four earlier field goals in the game, all unsuccessful. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* noted, "Evidently the Wolverines placed all their reliance on Garrels, for the big fellow was constantly trying goal shots." With two minutes remaining, Ohio State's fullback, Gibson, attempted a punt from behind his goal line. Gibson dropped the ball on a poor snap from the sub center, Claggett, and fell on it, resulting in a safety that accounted for Michigan's final two points. On defense, Michigan held Ohio State to four first downs in the game. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* praised Jack Loell as "a whirlwind at center" who "sustained the heaviest attack of the Ohio backs and drove two of his opponents to the side lines and a third to making the poor pass which gave Michigan the last two points."

Michigan's lineup against Ohio State was Newton (left end), Curtis (left tackle), Eyke (left guard), Loell, (center), Graham (right guard), Patrick (right tackle), Embs (right end), Bishop (quarterback), Magoffin (left halfback), Steckle and Kanaga (right halfback), and Garrels (fullback). Wrenn of Harvard served as referee, and Hoagland of Princeton was the umpire. The game was played in 30-minute halves.

### Illinois

**Illinois at Michigan**
| 1 2 Total  Illinois 5 4 9  **Michigan** 11 17 **28** |
| --- |

On October 27, 1906, Michigan defeated Illinois, 28–9, before a crowd estimated at close to 5,000 persons at Ferry Field. The game was the fifth between the two schools. Michigan had won all four of the prior games by a combined score of 62 to 5. The game was also Michigan's only contest in 1906 with a member of the Big Nine Conference.

The game began at 2:37 p.m., and was played on a soggy field resulting from "a constant rain of fourteen hours." The rain continued throughout the game, resulting in a slippery ball and numerous fumbles. Illinois turned the ball over four times on fumbles, and Michigan did so three times. In the *Detroit Free Press*, Joe S. Jackson wrote: "All during the game there was a heavy rainfall. . . . With a strong west wind driving this on a slant into the faces of one set of players, and down the necks of all the spectators the joy of the day was not extreme." On the first play of the game, John Garrels ran 90 yards for a touchdown. Joe S. Jackson wrote:

> "Seldom does one see a run of ninety yards to a touchdown. . . . On the first kick-off, . . . Garrels got the ball on his own twenty-yard line. For twenty yards he went through the weaving mass of players, practically alone. Then interference began to form. Once or twice he was grabbed at, but shook off the tackler. How he got through is a marvel, unless the rain, beating directly into the faces of the Illini, partially blinded them. . . . He had gone by twenty-one men, friends and foes, when he touched the ball down behind the Illinois goal posts."

Joe Curtis kicked the extra point, and Michigan led, 6–0. Illinois scored a touchdown after a poor punt from deep in Michigan territory gave Illinois the ball at Michigan's 20-yard line. The umpire, Wren of Harvard, then called a 15-yard penalty against Michigan for "sideline coaching," moving the ball within two or three yards of the goal line. From there, Pinckney ran for the touchdown, but Green missed the extra point, and Michigan led, 6-5. The touchdown was the first allowed by Michigan since 1904. Before the half had ended, Joe Curtis scored a second touchdown for Michigan. The extra point failed, and Michigan led, 11–5, at halftime.

In the second half, Moynihan kicked a field goal for Illinois from the 40-yard line, narrowing Michigan's lead to 11–9. Michigan responded with three additional touchdowns. Curtis scored on a 20-yard run and then kicked the extra point to give Michigan a 17-9 lead. A short time later, Brooks of Illinois fumbled an on-side kick by Garrels, and Fred Newton fell on the loose ball behind Illinois' goal line. Michigan's final touchdown was set up by a 60-yard punt by Garrels that rolled almost to the goal line. Brooks was tackled at the five-yard line, and Illinois immediately sought to punt the ball out of danger. Joe Curtis leaped into the air at the 10-yard line, blocked the kick, and recovered the ball for Michigan's final touchdown. The extra point failed, and Michigan led, 28–9. According to Joe Jackson's account, the final ten minutes "was all punting, and enthusiasm began to ooze out as the rain oozed in."

Joe Curtis was Michigan's scoring leader with 18 points on three touchdowns and three extra points. The *1907 Michiganensian* opined that the team was "at its best" against Illinois, with "eleven men in every play." Seward Cramer in the *Detroit Free Press* wrote that Yost had "three truly great players" in Garrels, Curtis and Loell. He noted the Curtis "played like a fiend" and called Loell "the find of the year." Cramer also expressed surprise at the improvement over the prior week: "Never has any such improvement been seen in a team in seven days time. Last Saturday, at Columbus, Michigan played a loafing, listless game. The backs did not get into their plays with any quickness. Something was wrong with the machinery, and during the past week Yost has taken apart the old machine, rearranged the gearing and put in a new driving wheel that makes the whole thing run so much more smoothly that the team that played Ohio State would look like a traction engine beside an easy running tourist auto." Michigan's trainer, Keene Fitzpatrick opined that the team was 50 to 75 percent better against Illinois than it was the prior week.

Michigan did not attempt any forward passes, but Illinois completed two passes "in beautiful style," demonstrating "how good the pass may be if it is gotten away with."

Michigan's lineup against Illinois was Curtis (left end), Loell (left tackle), Eyke (left guard), Clement (center), Graham (right guard), Patrick (right tackle), Newton (right end), Workman and Bishop (quarterback), Magoffin (left halfback), Rumney (right halfback), and Garrels (fullback). McCornack of Dartmouth served as referee with Wrenn of Harvard as umpire and Starbuck of Cornell as linesman. The game was played in 30-minute halves.

### Vanderbilt

**Vanderbilt at Michigan**
| 1 2 Total  Vanderbilt 0 4 4  **Michigan** 4 6 **10** |
| --- |

On November 3, 1906, Michigan defeated Vanderbilt, 10–4, in front of a crowd of 10,000 at Ferry Field. The game matched Michigan head coach Fielding H. Yost against his former player and brother-in-law, Dan McGugin. McGugin's 1906 team was the dominant team in Southern football, defeating Alabama (78–0), Texas (45–0), Mississippi (29–0), Georgia Tech (37–6), and the Carlisle Indian School (4–0). Between 1905 and 1907, Vanderbilt lost only three games – all three of them to Michigan. On the night before the game, 4,200 students attended a mass meeting at University Hall. McGugin and Yost both spoke to the crowd and agreed that the game would be one of the closest played in Ann Arbor in many years. D. G. Fite, father-in-law of both McGugin and Yost, traveled from his home in Tennessee to watch the game.

John Garrels put Michigan ahead with a field goal from the 25-yard line. On the preceding drive, Garrels had completed a 15-yard forward pass to Bishop, the first legal forward pass completed by Michigan under the new rules. Michigan led, 4–0, at halftime. Early in the second half, Vanderbilt tied the score with a field goal by Dan Blake from the 30-yard line. The game remained tied at 4–4 until the closing minutes. With two minutes left in the game, Garrels ran 68 yards for a touchdown. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* wrote: "Garrels, on a fake kick, with splendid interference by Hammond, Curtis, and Workman, ran Vanderbilt's left end at lightning speed for sixty-eight yards and a touchdown." Curtis kicked the extra point, and Michigan led, 10–4.

Garrels, who scored nine of Michigan's ten points against Vanderbilt, was an outstanding athlete. He broke world records in the discus throw and high hurdles and won two medals in the 1908 Summer Olympics – a silver medal in the 110 meter hurdles and a bronze medal in the shot put. Following the Vanderbilt game, *The Pittsburg Press* wrote:

> "Garrels is the best fullback in the West, and probably has no equal in the country. Weighing 200 pounds, he is a wonderfully speedy runner, capable of covering the 100 yards in 10 seconds. He is a fine punter, place and drop kicker, tackles well, and is a great line plunger."

Michigan's lineup against Vanderbilt was Curtis (left end), Loell (left tackle), Eyke (left guard), Clement (center), Graham (right guard), Patrick and Newton (right tackle), H. Hammond (right end), Workman (quarterback), Magoffin (left halfback), Bishop (right halfback), and Garrels (fullback). Elder of Penn State served as referee with Neil Snow of Michigan was the umpire and Eldridge of Michigan as the head linesman. The game was played in 30-minute halves.

### Injury to Joe Curtis

In the first four games of the 1906 football season, Joe Curtis started two games at left end and two games at left tackle. Michigan won those games by a combined score of 72 to 13. Curtis had been one of the leading scorers on Michigan's "Point-a-Minute" teams of 1904 (86 points on 11 touchdowns and 31 extra points) and 1905 (105 points on 15 touchdowns and 30 extra points).

Curtis's final game for Michigan was to have been the season finale against Penn. On November 10, 1906, one week before the Penn game, Curtis suffered a severely broken leg during a practice game. Curtis had not planned to play in the game, but the varsity was playing "listlessly" and had been held to a 0–0 score by the scrubs. Accordingly, Curtis put himself in the lineup at left end for the final three minutes in hopes of inspiring the team. The injury occurred as Curtis carried the ball. An end on the scrub team, Langley, fell trying to keep from being "boxed out." Curtis tripped on Langley and fell into a half somersault. In an attempt to protect his ankle, Curtis gathered his leg under him while in the air. The mass of players "fell in a heap on poor Curtis. 'Snap' went his left leg at a point between the knee and ankle. The noise of the breaking of the bones could be heard distinctly in the bleachers."

Trainer Keene Fitzpatrick walked onto the field to examine Curtis and quickly saw that the leg was broken. In what the *Detroit Free Press* described as "one of the most touching scenes ever witnessed on a football field," the crowd of 1,000 sitting in the bleachers fell silent and Michigan's quarterback, Harry Workman, "was seen to come out of the bunch of standing players, put his hands to his face, and break down and weep like a child." A surgeon who was in the stands came onto the field, examined Curtis, and called for an ambulance. The crowd sat silently as Curtis was "carefully placed on a stretcher" and into the hospital wagon. As the crowd finally walked slowly up State Street, the "gloom was awful." The *Detroit Free Press* wrote:

> "Big Joe Curtis – one of the best fellows who ever went to college – who was acknowledged to be the best tackle in the west, and who was preparing himself to play the game of his life against Pennsylvania, the last college game in which he could ever participate, and who was practically certain of recognition for the All-American team, is down and out on the eve of what was to be the great climax of his spectacular football career. . . . 'G-L-O-O-M' spells Ann Arbor tonight."

Due to the seriousness of the injury, Curtis was hospitalized for several weeks and did not play in the Penn game.

### At Penn

**Michigan at Penn**
| 1 2 Total  **Michigan** 0 0 0  Penn 6 11 **17** |
| --- |

Michigan concluded its season on November 17, 1906, with a 17–0 loss to Penn in front of a crowd of nearly 26,000 spectators at Franklin Field in Philadelphia. The game was the second between Michigan and Penn. Penn won the first game in 1899, 11–10.

The start of the game was delayed by half an hour after Michigan head coach Fielding H. Yost sought a ruling that Penn's “tackle back” play (in which the tackle dropped back into the backfield as a ball carrier) was illegal under the new rules. The referee, Kelly, agreed with Yost and informed the Pennsylvania team. The Quakers refused to take the field in light of the ruling, and twenty minutes of wrangling followed. Yost reported after the game that the umpire Langford finally approached Yost and said, "Now, Mr. Yost, you act the gentleman and go on the field." According to the *Detroit Free Press*, the officials ruled that the play was legal if the a guard or tackle had both feet or both hands up to the line of scrimmage and waited until the snap to receive the ball.

With many of its best players either injured or academically disqualified, Michigan played an inexperienced group against Penn. Left guard Sam Davison was playing his first game for the Wolverines. Jack Loell replaced Curtis at left end and played his first game as an end. Walter Eyke and Fred Newton played only their second games at tackle, and Carl Clement played his third game at center.

With Curtis out of action, the Penn team focused on John Garrels. Early in the game, Michigan kept the ball in Penn territory, and Garrels narrowly missed a field goal from the 45-yard line. Also early in the first half, Penn's right tackle Gaston shoved Garrels to the ground after he had punted. The blow nearly knocked Garrels out of the game, and the head linesman called a penalty of 30 yards and ejected Gaston from the game. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* wrote that "Gaston slugged Garrels, knocking the big acting captain 'silly' for a few minutes and dazing him for the entire half." After the game, Michigan's trainer, Keene Fitzpatrick noted that "Garrels' face is badly disfigured for the time being." The *Tribune* also reported that Penn's fullback Hollenbach had kneed Michigan halfback Paul Magoffin in the face.

In the *Detroit Free Press*, Seward Cramer wrote: "The Pennsylvania men watched \[Garrels\] above all others, and he could not make a move that was not followed. . . . Eleven times did Johnny Garrels try the famous fake play that has worked against every other team this season. He would form for a punt and then try a dash for the harbor. But Scarlett and Levine, the scout boats, would intercept him, and in ten plays of this character he was thrown for a total loss of sixty-five yards, and in only one did he get away with the goods for any substantial gain. That was a run of twenty yards around Pennsylvania's left end." Cramer blamed the "almost total lack of interference" for Garrels' inability to gain through Penn's line. A soggy field was also blamed for slowing Garrels.

Penn's first touchdown was set up by a forward pass that took the ball to Michigan's 25-yard line. Penn then faked a field goal, and Hollenbach ran the ball to the two-yard line. Folwell then scored, and Penn led, 6–0, at halftime. At the start of the second half, Yost again protested the Penn's "tackle back" play in which the tackle was deployed in the backfield. The Penn team refused to accept Yost's interpretation and told him, "Take your team and go home." Rather than risk a disruption in the relations between the schools, Yost opted to lead his team back onto the field for the second half. Penn's captain and right halfback Green scored two touchdowns in the second half.

In a post-game interview, Coach Yost said: "Pennsylvania outplayed us. There are all sorts of 'buts' and 'ifs' that might be put in, but even if they were the Quakers would have a good margin over us. Our line could not hold them, therefore our back field could not do anything on the offense."

In the *Detroit Free Press*, Joe S. Jackson wrote that Michigan fans considered the game the first real loss ever suffered by a Yost-coached team, the 2–0 loss to Chicago in 1905 having been dismissed as a fluke. Jackson noted, "However, Ann Arbor may now cut out the proud boast referred to. For a Yost-coached team was beaten today, and it was beaten good." The *Chicago Daily Tribune* wrote: "The Quakers simply trapped the Wolverine, slaughtered him, ripped off his hide, scraped it, and pegged it up to dry in the sun."

Michigan's lineup against Penn was Loell (left end), Eyke (left tackle), Davison (left guard), Clement (center), Graham (right guard), Newton (right tackle), Hammond (right end), Workman (quarterback), Magoffin (left halfback), Bishop and Rumney (right halfback), and Garrels (fullback). Kelly of Princeton served as referee with Langford of Trinity as the umpire and Foltz of Brown as the linesman. The game was played in 30-minute halves.

### Post-season

Two Michigan players, Joe Curtis and John Garrels, were selected as first-team players on the All Western team of the *Chicago Daily Tribune*. The *Tribune* chose Curtis as a tackle even though he had been moved to end so he could be drawn back to run with the ball, in light of a rule change the prohibited a tackle from being drawn back behind the line unless he was five yards back of the line of scrimmage. Garrels was chosen at fullback because of his "ability to kick and catch punts, to buck the line, or run the ends and dodge in the open." The *Tribune* opined that "Garrels is almost as valuable to a team as Eckersall, and if the eastern critics are nonpartisan they will place upon the All-American team Garrels at full back and Eckersall at quarter back."

No Michigan players received first-team All-American honors from Walter Camp or Caspar Whitney. However, Garrels was selected as a second-team player by Camp.

## Players

### Varsity letter winners

The following 14 players received varsity "M" letters for their participation on the 1906 football team:

* Harry S. Bishop, Chicago, Illinois – 2 games (Case and Ohio State) at quarterback, 2 games (Vanderbilt and Penn) at right halfback; also appeared against Illinois as a substitute at quarterback
* Carl H. Clement, Brooklyn, New York – started 3 games (Illinois, Vanderbilt, and Penn) at center
* Joe Curtis, Brooklyn, New York – started 2 games (Case and Ohio State) at left tackle, 2 games at left end (Illinois and Vanderbilt)
* Samuel J. Davison, Alpena, Michigan – started 1 game (Penn) at left guard
* Walter L. Eyke, Muskegon, Michigan – started 3 games (Ohio State, Illinois, and Vanderbilt) at left guard, 1 game (Penn) at left tackle
* John Garrels, Detroit, Michigan – started all 5 games at fullback
* Walter D. Graham, Chicago, Illinois – started all 5 games at right guard
* Harry S. Hammond, Chicago, Illinois – started 2 games (Vanderbilt and Penn) at right end
* John L. "Jack" Loell, Escanaba, Michigan – started 2 games (Case and Ohio State) at center, 2 games at left tackle (Illinois and Vanderbilt), 1 game at left end (Penn)
* Paul Magoffin, Washington, D.C. – started the last 4 games at left halfback
* Fred B. Newton, Portland, Oregon – started 1 game at left end (Ohio State), 1 game at right end (Illinois), 1 game at right tackle (Penn); also appeared as a substitute at right end against Case and at right tackle against Vanderbilt
* Harry E. Patrick, Detroit, Michigan – started 1 game at left guard (Case), 3 games at right tackle (Ohio State, Illinois, and Vanderbilt)
* Mason P. Rumney, Detroit, Michigan – 1 game at right halfback (Illinois); also appeared as a substitute at right halfback against Penn
* Harry A. Workman, Chicago, Illinois – started 3 games at quarterback (Vanderbilt, Illinois, and Penn), 1 game at left halfback (Case)

### Reserves

The following 23 players received "R" letters for their participation on the 1906 football team:

* Thomas V. Bird, Mt. Valley, Illinois
* William M. Casey, Cedar Falls, Iowa
* Albert R. Chandler, Salem, Massachusetts
* Robert G. Chapman, San Antonio, Texas
* J. Blaine Coleman, Middleport, New York
* Maurice E. Crumpacker, Valparaiso, Indiana
* Frank Patrick Davey, Detroit, Michigan
* Harold P. Eastman, Battle Creek, Michigan
* William J. Embs, Escanaba, Michigan – started 2 games (Case and Ohio State) at right end
* Albert de Valois Evans, Cheboygan, Michigan
* Fred N. Featherstone, Conneaut, Ohio
* Allen C. Fullenwider, South Haven, Michigan
* John H. Guenther, Jamestown, New York
* George Guckenberger, Cincinnati, Ohio
* Ben Harris, Salt Lake City, Utah
* Howard K. Holland, Cassopolis, Michigan
* Eber D. Kanaga, Charlevoix, Michigan - appeared as a substitute at right halfback against Ohio State
* Joseph E. Kelly, Lowell, Michigan
* Jesse R. Langley, Alva, Oklahoma
* Ray Earl Ortner, Pueblo, Colorado
* Clayton J. Schenk, Chelsea, Michigan – started 1 game (Case) at right halfback
* Keith S. Simpson, Carrollton, Illinois
* Carl H. Spaanum, Nor Springs, Iowa
* Ivan X. Steckle, Freeport, Michigan - appeared 1 game (Ohio State) at right halfback
* Horace A. Treat, Adrian, Michigan
* William Wasmund, Detroit, Michigan
* James K. Watkins, Ann Arbor, Michigan
* George B. Wheeler, Cortland, New York
* Frederick T. Witmire, Ypsilanti, Michigan
* Arthur F. Wright, Waukegan, Illinois – appeared as a substitute at right tackle against Case

### Others

* Charles Ruby – started 1 game (Case) at right tackle
* Davis - started 1 game (Case) at left end
* Lewis - appeared as a substitute at quarterback against Case

### Scoring leaders

| Player | Touchdowns | Extra points | Field goals | Safeties | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Garrels | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 24 |
| Joe Curtis | 3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
| Harry Workman | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| Fred Newton | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Clayton Schenk | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Arthur Wright | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| n/a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Totals | 11 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 72 |
|

## Awards and honors

## Coaching staff

## InfoBox

| 1906 Michigan Wolverines football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Western Conference co-champion | |
| Conference | Western Conference |
| Record | 4–1 (1–0 Western) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive scheme | Short punt |
| Captain | Joe Curtis |
| Home stadium | Ferry Field |
|


title: 1906 Minnesota Senate election

abstract: The 1906 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 6, 1906, to elect members to the Senate of the 35th and 36th Minnesota Legislatures. The Minnesota Republican Party won a large majority of seats, followed by the Minnesota Democratic Party and the People's Party. The new Legislature convened on January 8, 1907. 31 Republicans and 4 Democrats were uncontested.

text:
# 1906 Minnesota Senate election

The **1906 Minnesota Senate election** was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 6, 1906, to elect members to the Senate of the 35th and 36th Minnesota Legislatures.

The Minnesota Republican Party won a large majority of seats, followed by the Minnesota Democratic Party and the People's Party. The new Legislature convened on January 8, 1907.

31 Republicans and 4 Democrats were uncontested.

## Results

Summary of the November 6, 1906 Minnesota Senate election results
| Party | | Candidates | Votes | Seats | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | No. | | | % |
|  | Republican Party | 58 | 164,351 | 43 | 69.50 |
|  | Democratic Party | 30 | 61,484 | 19 | 26.00 |
|  | People's Party | 1 | 3,454 | 1 | 1.46 |
|  | Prohibition Party | 2 | 2,072 | 0 | 0.88 |
|  | Public Ownership Party | 3 | 1,925 | 0 | 0.81 |
|  | Independent | 2 | 3,187 | 0 | 1.35 |
| **Total** | | | **236,473** | **63** | **100.00** |
| Source: Minnesota Secretary of State | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1906 Minnesota Senate election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 63 seats in the Minnesota Senate<br>32 seats needed for a majority | |
| Majority party Minority party Third party  **GOP**   **DEM**   **PEO**   Party Republican Democratic Populist  Seats won **43** 19 1  Seat change 1 2 1  Popular vote **164,351** 61,484 3,454  Percentage **69.5%** 26.0% 1.5% | |
| --- | |


abstract: The 1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1921 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 22nd and final year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 3–4 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 141 to 60.

text:
# 1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team

1921 Big Ten Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Iowa $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Chicago | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Ohio State | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Wisconsin | 3 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Michigan | 2 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Indiana | 1 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Minnesota | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Illinois | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Purdue | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Northwestern | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team** represented the University of Minnesota in the 1921 Big Ten Conference football season. In their 22nd and final year under head coach Henry L. Williams, the Golden Gophers compiled a 3–4 record (2–4 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 141 to 60.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 1 |  | North Dakota* |  | W 19–0 | 8,000 |  |
| October 8 |  | Northwestern | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 28–0 | 15,000 |  |
| October 15 |  | at Ohio State |  | L 0–27 | 22,000 |  |
| October 22 |  | Indiana | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 6–0 | 20,000 |  |
| October 29 |  | at Wisconsin |  | L 0–35 | 24,000 |  |
| November 5 |  | Iowa | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN (rivalry) | L 7–41 | 23,000 |  |
| November 19 | 1:00 p.m. | at Michigan |  | L 0–38 | 30,000–33,000 |  |
|  | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### Michigan

**Week 7: Minnesota at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Minnesota 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 10 7 7 14 **38**   * **Date:** November 19, 1921 * **Location:** Ferry Field<br>Ann Arbor, MI * **Game start:** 2:00 p.m. * **Game attendance:** 30,000 * **Referee:** Hackett (West Point) |
| --- |

In the final game of the 1921 season, Minnesota lost to Michigan by a 38–0 score. The game was played at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan, before a crowd estimated at 33,000 spectators, first in drizzling rain and then in cold weather. Prior to the start of the game, a ceremony was held dedicating a bronze memorial tablet honoring four Michigan athletes who died in World War I.

Michigan's quarterback Irwin Uteritz scored two touchdowns, including a 65-yard interception return that the *Detroit Free Press* called "the most thrilling achievement of the afternoon." Michigan end Clark Dean added a field goal from the 50-yard line that the *Free Press* called "the longest of the season, and, in most respects, the greatest any Michigan man ever exhibited to the gaze of paid spectators." Franklin Cappon scored on a 60-yard touchdown run, and Paul G. Goebel kicked all five extra points and, unguarded late in the game, scored a touchdown on a 30-yard pass from Doug Roby that the *Free Press* called Michigan's "most spectacular pass" since 1907. Frank Steketee also scored a touchdown when he jumped on a Cappon fumble in the end zone. The game marked the worst defeat that a Minnesota football team had suffered to that point in the program's history, exceeding a 41–7 loss to Iowa earlier in the 1921 season.

## InfoBox

| 1921 Minnesota Golden Gophers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 3–4 (2–4 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Larry Teberg |
| Home stadium | Northrop Field |
|


title: 1993 European Community Championships

abstract: The 1993 European Community Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Sportpaleis Antwerp in Antwerp in Belgium and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from 4 November through 14 November 1993. First-seeded Pete Sampras won the singles title.

text:
# 1993 European Community Championships

The **1993 European Community Championships** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Sportpaleis Antwerp in Antwerp in Belgium and was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from 4 November through 14 November 1993. First-seeded Pete Sampras won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Pete Sampras defeated  Magnus Gustafsson 6–1, 6–4

* It was Sampras' 8th singles title of the year and the 21st of his career.

### Doubles

Grant Connell /  Patrick Galbraith defeated  Wayne Ferreira /  Javier Sánchez 6–3, 7–6

* It was Connell's 3rd doubles title of the year and the 7th of his career. It was Galbraith's 3rd doubles title of the year and the 15th of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1993 European Community Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 8–14 November |
| Edition | 12th |
| Category | World Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $1,085,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Antwerp, Belgium |
| Venue | Sportpaleis Antwerp |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Pete Sampras | |
| Doubles | |
| Grant Connell /  Patrick Galbraith | |
|  | |


title: 1993 European Aquatics Championships

abstract: The 1993 European Aquatics Championships were held in Sheffield, United Kingdom from Tuesday 3 August to Sunday 8 August, in the 50 m pool of the Ponds Forge International Sports Centre. The 21st edition of the event was organised by the LEN. Besides swimming there were titles contested in open water swimming, diving, synchronised swimming (women) and water polo. The open water competition though was held in Slapy, Czech Republic from 28 to 29 August, while the women's water polo tournament was played in Leeds. The swimming championships resulted in one world and one European record: Károly Güttler improved the world's best time in the qualifying heats of the men's 100 m breaststroke, while Franziska van Almsick bettered the continental's best time in the women's 100 m freestyle. Star swimmer at this meet was Krisztina Egerszegi, winning four gold medals for Hungary.

text:
# 1993 European Aquatics Championships

The **1993 European Aquatics Championships** were held in Sheffield, United Kingdom from Tuesday 3 August to Sunday 8 August, in the 50 m pool of the Ponds Forge International Sports Centre. The 21st edition of the event was organised by the LEN.

Besides swimming there were titles contested in open water swimming, diving, synchronised swimming (women) and water polo. The open water competition though was held in Slapy, Czech Republic from 28 to 29 August, while the women's water polo tournament was played in Leeds.

The swimming championships resulted in one world and one European record: Károly Güttler improved the world's best time in the qualifying heats of the men's 100 m breaststroke, while Franziska van Almsick bettered the continental's best time in the women's 100 m freestyle. Star swimmer at this meet was Krisztina Egerszegi, winning four gold medals for Hungary.

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Great Britain)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germany | 15 | 6 | 8 | 29 |
| 2 | Russia | 12 | 12 | 5 | 29 |
| 3 | Hungary | 6 | 4 | 2 | 12 |
| 4 | Italy | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 5 | Finland | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | France | 2 | 5 | 2 | 9 |
| 7 | Great Britain* | 1 | 3 | 8 | 12 |
| 8 | Netherlands | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 |
| 9 | Spain | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 10 | Czech Republic | 1 | 0 | 4 | 5 |
| 11 | Belgium | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Poland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | Sweden | 0 | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 14 | Ukraine | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 15 | Norway | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 16 | Romania | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Slovakia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 18 | Belarus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Croatia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Lithuania | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Slovenia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (21 entries) | | 47 | 47 | 47 | 141 |

## Swimming

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | Alexander Popov
Russia | Christophe Kalfayan
France | Raimundas Mažuolis
Lithuania |
| 100 m freestyle | Alexander Popov
Russia | Tommy Werner
Sweden | Pavel Khnykin
Ukraine |
| 200 m freestyle | Antti Kasvio
Finland | Yevgeny Sadovyi
Russia | Anders Holmertz
Sweden |
| 400 m freestyle | Antti Kasvio
Finland | Paul Palmer
Great Britain | Anders Holmertz
Sweden |
| 1500 m freestyle | Jörg Hoffmann
Germany | Sebastian Wiese
Germany | Igor Majcen
Slovenia |
| 100 m backstroke | Martin López-Zubero
Spain | Vladimir Selkov
Russia | Martin Harris
Great Britain |
| 200 m backstroke | Vladimir Selkov
Russia | Martin López-Zubero
Spain | Emanuele Merisi
Italy |
| 100 m breaststroke | Károly Güttler
Hungary | Nick Gillingham
Great Britain | Vitaly Kirinchuk
Russia |
| 200 m breaststroke | Nick Gillingham
Great Britain | Károly Güttler
Hungary | Andrey Korneyev
Russia |
| 100 m butterfly | Rafał Szukała
Poland | Denis Pankratov
Russia | Miloš Milošević
Croatia |
| 200 m butterfly | Denis Pankratov
Russia | Franck Esposito
France | Chris-Carol Bremer
Germany |
| 200 m individual medley | Jani Sievinen
Finland | Attila Czene
Hungary | Christian Keller
Germany |
| 400 m individual medley | Tamás Darnyi
Hungary | Jani Sievinen
Finland | Marcel Wouda
Netherlands |
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay | Russia
Vladimir Predkin
Vladimir Pyshnenko
Yevgeny Sadovyi
Alexander Popov | Sweden
Fredrik Letzler
Tommy Werner
Lars Frölander
Anders Holmertz | Germany
Christian Tröger
Jochen Bludau
Steffen Zesner
Bengt Zikarsky |
| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay | Russia
Sergey Lepikov
Vladimir Pyshnenko
Yuri Mukin
Yevgeny Sadovyi | Germany
Jörg Hoffmann
Christian Tröger
Christian Keller
Steffen Zesner | France
Christophe Marchand
Yann DeFabrique
Lionel Poirot
Christophe Bordeau |
| 4 × 100 m medley relay | Russia
Vladimir Selkov
Vitaly Kirinchuk
Denis Pankratov
Alexander Popov | Hungary
Tamás Deutsch
Károly Güttler
Péter Horváth
Béla Szabados | Great Britain
Martin Harris
Nick Gillingham
Mike Fibbens
Mark Foster |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | Franziska van Almsick
Germany | Linda Olofsson
Sweden | Inge de Bruijn
Netherlands |
| 100 m freestyle | Franziska van Almsick
Germany | Martina Moravcová
Slovakia | Catherine Plewinski
France |
| 200 m freestyle | Franziska van Almsick
Germany | Liliana Dobrescu
Romania | Karen Pickering
Great Britain |
| 400 m freestyle | Dagmar Hase
Germany | Kerstin Kielgass
Germany | Irene Dalby
Norway |
| 800 m freestyle | Jana Henke
Germany | Irene Dalby
Norway | Olga Šplíchalová
Czech Republic |
| 100 m backstroke | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | Nina Zhivanevskaya
Russia | Sandra Völker
Germany |
| 200 m backstroke | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | Lorenza Vigarani
Italy | Nina Zhivanevskaya
Russia |
| 100 m breaststroke | Sylvia Gerasch
Germany | Svitlana Bondarenko
Ukraine | Yelena Rudkovskaya
Belarus |
| 200 m breaststroke | Brigitte Becue
Belgium | Anna Nikitina
Russia | Marie Hardiman
Great Britain |
| 100 m butterfly | Catherine Plewinski
France | Franziska van Almsick
Germany | Bettina Ustrowski
Germany |
| 200 m butterfly | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | Katrin Jaeke
Germany | Bárbara Franco
Spain |
| 200 m individual medley | Daniela Hunger
Germany | Darya Shmeleva
Russia | Silvia Parera
Spain |
| 400 m individual medley | Krisztina Egerszegi
Hungary | Darya Shmeleva
Russia | Hana Černá
Czech Republic |
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay | Germany
Franziska van Almsick
Kerstin Kielgass
Manuela Stellmach
Daniela Hunger | Sweden
Ellen Svensson
Linda Olofsson
Louise Jöhncke
Malin Nilsson | Russia
Svetlana Leshukova
Natalya Meshcheryakova
Olga Kirichenko
Nina Zhivanevskaya |
| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay | Germany
Kerstin Kielgass
Simone Osygus
Franziska van Almsick
Dagmar Hase | Sweden
Louise Jöhncke
Magdalena Schultz
Therèse Lundin
Malin Nilsson | Great Britain
Sarah Hardcastle
Debbie Armitage
Claire Huddart
Karen Pickering |
| 4 × 100 m medley relay | Germany
Sandra Völker
Sylvia Gerasch
Bettina Ustrowski
Franziska van Almsick | Russia
Nina Zhivanevskaya
Anna Nikitina
Olga Kirichenko
Natalya Meshcheryakova | Great Britain
Kathy Osher
Jaime King
Nicola Kennedy
Karen Pickering |

## Open water swimming

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km open water | Marco Formentini (ITA) | Claudio Cargaro (ITA) | Alex Havranek (CZE) |
| 25 km open water | Dario Taraboi (ITA) | Hans van Goor (NED) | Attila Molnar (HUN) |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km open water | Olga Šplíchalová (CZE) | Carla Geurts (NED) | Eva Novaková (CZE) |
| 25 km open water | Anne Chagnaud (FRA) | Gea Veldhuizen (NED) | Wandy Kater (NED) |

## Diving

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 m springboard | Peter Böhler
Germany | Joakim Andersson
Sweden | Boris Lietzow
Germany |
| 3 m springboard | Jan Hempel
Germany | Dmitri Sautin
Russia | Joakim Andersson
Sweden |
| 10 m platform | Dmitri Sautin
Russia | Bobby Morgan
Great Britain | Jan Hempel
Germany |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 m springboard | Simona Koch
Germany | Irina Lashko
Russia | Vera Ilyina
Russia |
| 3 m springboard | Brita Baldus
Germany | Vera Ilyina
Russia | Simona Koch
Germany |
| 10 m platform | Svetlana Khokhlova
Russia | Ute Wetzig
Germany | Olena Zhupina
Ukraine |

## Synchronized swimming

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Solo | Olga Sedakova
Russia | Marianne Aeschbacher
France | Kerry Shacklock
Great Britain |
| Duet | Olga Sedakova
Anna Kozlova
Russia | Marianne Aeschbacher
Céline Leveque
France | Kerry Shacklock
Laila Vakil
Great Britain |
| Team | Russia
Elena Azarova
Olga Brusnikina
Natalia Gruzdeva
Anna Kozlova
Gana Maximova
Elena Nikashina
Olga Novokshchenova
Olga Sedakova | France
Marianne Aeschbacher
Celine Leveque
Myriam Lignot
Isabelle Manable
Delphine Marechal
Charlotte Massardier
Magali Rathier
Eva Riffet | Italy
Giada Ballan
Giovanna Burlando
Giorgia Canale
Manuela Carnini
Maurizia Cecconi
Paola Celli
Roberta Farinelli
Simona Ricotta |

## Water polo

### Men's team event

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team competition | Italy | Hungary | Spain |

### Women's team event

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team competition | Netherlands | Russia | Hungary |

* Results
* "LEN European Championships Aquatic finalists" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2020.
* Results at TheSports.org (Men)
* Results at TheSports.org (Women)

## InfoBox

| 21st European Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Sheffield, United Kingdom |
| Date(s) | 3–8 August 1993 |
| Venue(s) | Ponds Forge International Sports Centre |
| Events | 47 |
| 1991 Athens 1995 Vienna | |


title: Armed Forces Museum (Ghana)

abstract: The Armed Forces Museum, also known as the Kumasi Fort, is a military history museum located in Kumasi, Ghana. It was established in 1953.

text:
# Armed Forces Museum (Ghana)

The **Armed Forces Museum**, also known as the **Kumasi Fort**, is a military history museum located in Kumasi, Ghana. It was established in 1953.

## History

During the Third Anglo-Ashanti War, the Aban Palace was destroyed and the rubble remains were utilized by the British to construct a fort at Kumasi in 1896. The fort was destroyed in armed rebellion against the British that year, but a replacement was erected in 1897. This survived as the Kumasi Fort or Armed Forces Museum.

In March 1900, Yaa Asantewaa (along with other rebels) held 29 Britons captive in the fort for several weeks. They would eventually release the detained women and children, who would go ahead and alert colonial forces from what is now present-day Nigeria who would rescue the remaining captives. 50 years later, from 1952 to 1953, the fort was taken over by Armed Forces and converted into a museum.

## Exhibitions

The museum mainly focused on showcasing military equipment, artefacts and objects used in the later half of the Anglo-Ashanti Wars. Its collection contains military medals, armoured cars, anti-aircraft guns, and photographs and portraits.

The first hall, located close to the entrance of the museum, showcases weapons used by the Gold Coast army during World War II, including medals awarded by the 4th (Gold Coast) Infantry Brigade. Other showcases included captured weapons, photographs and maps from conflicts in the Congo, Myanmar, and Lebanon. Objects related to the Anglo-Ashanti Wars are also included at the display.

In the second hall, situated in the rear guard tower, displayed human bones and rifle stocks collected during the construction of a lorry park in Kumasi. In the third hall, next to the previous hall, showcases a collection of portraits of the Royal West African Frontier Force and the Gold Coast force. The second-to-final hall also showcases portraits of Prempeh I, Prempeh II and Yaa Asantewaa while the final hall displayed military company flags, the flag of the Gold Coast and the Ghanaian flag.

### Citations

### Sources

#### Web articles

* "Armed Forces Museum". ICOM Ghana. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
* "Ghanamuseums". Ghana Museums and Monuments Board. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

#### Journal articles

6°41′29″N 1°37′30″W / 6.6913673°N 1.6248718°W / 6.6913673; -1.6248718

## InfoBox

The **Armed Forces Museum**
| An Aermacchi MB-326 jet and Mil Mi-2 helicopter at the Armed Forces Museum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1953 (1953) |
| Location | Kumasi, Ghana |
| Coordinates | 6°41′29″N 1°37′30″W / 6.6913673°N 1.6248718°W / 6.6913673; -1.6248718 |
| Type | Military history museum |
| Collections | military equipment, artefacts and objects used in the Anglo-Ashanti Wars |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence, Ghana |


title: Enterprise, Oklahoma

abstract: Enterprise is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Haskell County, Oklahoma, United States. It was first listed as a CDP following the 2010 census. The CDP is in western Haskell County. State highways 9 and 71 intersect in the northern part of the community. Highway 9 leads east 8 miles (13 km) to Whitefield and west 14 miles (23 km) to Eufaula, while Highway 71 leads northeast across Eufaula Dam 14 miles (23 km) to Porum and south 8 miles (13 km) to Quinton. Enterprise is in the valley of Brooken Creek, which flows north to the Canadian River just upstream of Eufaula Dam.

text:
# Enterprise, Oklahoma

**Enterprise** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Haskell County, Oklahoma, United States. It was first listed as a CDP following the 2010 census.

The CDP is in western Haskell County. State highways  and 71 intersect in the northern part of the community. Highway 9 leads east 8 miles (13 km) to Whitefield and west 14 miles (23 km) to Eufaula, while Highway 71 leads northeast across Eufaula Dam 14 miles (23 km) to Porum and south 8 miles (13 km) to Quinton.

Enterprise is in the valley of Brooken Creek, which flows north to the Canadian River just upstream of Eufaula Dam.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 170 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Notable person

* Footsie Blair, (1900-1982) - was a Major League Baseball second baseman for the Chicago Cubs.

## InfoBox

| Enterprise, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| EnterpriseEnterprise | |
| Coordinates: 35°13′32″N 95°22′15″W / 35.22556°N 95.37083°W / 35.22556; -95.37083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Haskell |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.26 sq mi (3.27 km2) |
| Land | 1.26 sq mi (3.27 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 732 ft (223 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 170 |
| Density | 134.60/sq mi (51.96/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 74561 (Quinton) |
| Area code(s) | 918/539 |
| FIPS code | 40-24050 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2629917 |


abstract: Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths is a 2007 book about energy security and climate change, edited by Benjamin K. Sovacool and Marilyn A. Brown. The book is suitable for both technical and non-technical audiences since it is written in plain English and is "easily digested by anyone with a rudimentary background or interest in energy economics".

text:
# Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths

***Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths*** is a 2007 book about energy security and climate change, edited by Benjamin K. Sovacool and Marilyn A. Brown. The book is suitable for both technical and non-technical audiences since it is written in plain English and is "easily digested by anyone with a rudimentary background or interest in energy economics".

## Thirteen myths

The book discusses and presents counter-arguments to thirteen propositions concerning American culture, energy, the environment, and society:

* Myth One – Today's Energy Crisis is "Hype"
* Myth Two – The Public is Well Informed About Energy
* Myth Three – High Land Requirements and an Unfavorable Energy Balance Preclude Biomass Ethanol from Playing a Large Role in Providing Energy Services
* Myth Four – The Hydrogen Economy is a Panacea to the Nation's Energy Problems
* Myth Five – Price Signals are Insufficient to Induce Efficient Energy Investments
* Myth Six – The Barriers to New and Innovative Energy Technologies are Primarily Technical: The Case of Distributed Generation
* Myth Seven – Renewable Energy Systems Could Never Meet Growing Electricity Demand in America
* Myth Eight – Worldwide Power Systems are Economically and Environmentally Optimal
* Myth Nine – Energy Efficiency Improvements have Already Reached their Potential
* Myth Ten – Energy Efficiency Measures are Unreliable, Unpredictable, and Unenforceable
* Myth Eleven – Energy R&D Investment Takes Decades to Reach the Market
* Myth Twelve – Climate Policy will Bankrupt the U.S. Economy
* Myth Thirteen – Developing Countries are not Doing their Part in Responding to Concerns about Climate Change

## Contributors

The book was produced with support from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and involved 24 contributing authors with a diverse range of backgrounds. Notable contributors include Amory Lovins and Joseph Romm.

Benjamin K. Sovacool is a visiting associate professor at Vermont Law School and founding director of the Energy Justice Program at their Institute for Energy and Environment. He was formerly an assistant professor and research fellow at the National University of Singapore.

Marilyn A. Brown is an American geographer on the faculty of the Georgia Institute of Technology. She is a member of the National Commission on Energy Policy and the Tennessee Valley Authority board. She previously worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where she held several leadership positions.

## Reviews

*Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths* has been reviewed in *Energy Policy* and the *Annals of the Association of American Geographers*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Benjamin K. Sovacool<br>Marilyn A. Brown |
| Language | English |
| Publication date | 2007 |


title: Aroga unifasciella

abstract: Aroga unifasciella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Montana south to western New Mexico, west through Arizona to eastern and southern California. The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are deep bronzy black, with the dorsal edge below the fold, from the base to cilia white, and with a white narrow inwardly curved fascia at the apical fourth. The black part of the wing is slightly sprinkled with minute bluish white atoms. The hindwings are shining light fuscous. Adults are on wing from July to September.

text:
# Aroga unifasciella

***Aroga unifasciella*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Montana south to western New Mexico, west through Arizona to eastern and southern California.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are deep bronzy black, with the dorsal edge below the fold, from the base to cilia white, and with a white narrow inwardly curved fascia at the apical fourth. The black part of the wing is slightly sprinkled with minute bluish white atoms. The hindwings are shining light fuscous. Adults are on wing from July to September.

## InfoBox

| *Aroga unifasciella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aroga* |
| Species: | ***A. unifasciella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aroga unifasciella***<br>(Busck, 1903) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gelechia unifasciella* Busck, 1903 | |


title: Aroga xyloglypta

abstract: Aroga xyloglypta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California. The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are brown, with some scattered gray and black scales. The costa is irregularly suffused with blackish gray from the base to two-thirds, as well as some grayish suffusion in the disc from the base to the end of the cell, and an oblique fasciate blotch of dark gray suffusion from the costa at one-fourth running into this. The discal stigmata are blackish, the plical obsolete. There is a transverse shade of brown ground color at three-fourths undefined anteriorly but with the posterior edge angularly projecting in the middle, and the apical area beyond it suffused with gray. The hindwings are gray.

text:
# Aroga xyloglypta

***Aroga xyloglypta*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California.

The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are brown, with some scattered gray and black scales. The costa is irregularly suffused with blackish gray from the base to two-thirds, as well as some grayish suffusion in the disc from the base to the end of the cell, and an oblique fasciate blotch of dark gray suffusion from the costa at one-fourth running into this. The discal stigmata are blackish, the plical obsolete. There is a transverse shade of brown ground color at three-fourths undefined anteriorly but with the posterior edge angularly projecting in the middle, and the apical area beyond it suffused with gray. The hindwings are gray.

## InfoBox

| *Aroga xyloglypta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aroga* |
| Species: | ***A. xyloglypta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aroga xyloglypta***<br>(Meyrick, 1923) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gelechia xyloglypta* Meyrick, 1923 | |