title: Arlington Stakes

abstract:
The Arlington Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged four years old over a distance of one and one-sixteenth miles on the turf held annually in late May or early June at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The event currently carries a purse of $200,000. It currently offers a purse of $200,000 and served as a final local prep race for the Arlington Million. The race was hosted by the now defunct Washington Park Race Track in 1943, 1944 and 1945, and by the Hawthorne Race Course in 1985. The Arlington Handicap was run on dirt in 1929–1940, 1942–1953, 1963, 1965–1972, and in 1975. There was no race held in 1940, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1988, 1998, or 1999. In 2022, the event was moved to Churchill Downs after the closure of Arlington Park in Arlington Heights, Illinois and run over the shorter distance of 1+1⁄16 miles. Distances:
  - 7⁄8 mile – 1968
  - 1 mile – 1963, 1966–1967
  - 1+1⁄16 miles – 2022
  - 1+1⁄8 miles – 1929, 1952, 1965
  - 1+1⁄4 miles – 1930–1939, 1942–1951, 1984 to 2014
  - 1+3⁄16 miles – 1941, 1953–1962, 1964, 1973–1976, 2015–2021
  - 1+1⁄2 miles – 1972, 1977–1983

text:
# Arlington Stakes

The **Arlington Stakes** is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged four years old over a distance of one and one-sixteenth miles on the turf held annually in late May or early June at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The event currently carries a purse of $200,000.

It currently offers a purse of $200,000 and served as a final local prep race for the Arlington Million.

The race was hosted by the now defunct Washington Park Race Track in 1943, 1944 and 1945, and by the Hawthorne Race Course in 1985.

The Arlington Handicap was run on dirt in 1929–1940, 1942–1953, 1963, 1965–1972, and in 1975. There was no race held in 1940, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1988, 1998, or 1999.

In 2022, the event was moved to Churchill Downs after the closure of Arlington Park in Arlington Heights, Illinois and run over the shorter distance of 1+116 miles.

**Distances:**

* 78 mile – 1968
* 1 mile – 1963, 1966–1967
* 1+116 miles – 2022
* 1+18 miles – 1929, 1952, 1965
* 1+14 miles – 1930–1939, 1942–1951, 1984 to 2014
* 1+316 miles – 1941, 1953–1962, 1964, 1973–1976, 2015–2021
* 1+12 miles – 1972, 1977–1983

## Records

**Speed record:**

1:42.42 - Set Piece (2023) (at 1 1/16 miles on Churchill Downs turf)

* 2:00.62 – Sky Classic (1992) (at 1+14 miles on Arlington Park turf)
* In 1985, Pass the Line ran 1+14 miles on turf in 2:00 2/5 at Hawthorne Race Course.
* 1:53.16- Bandua (2019) (at 1+316 mile distance)

**Most wins:**

**Most wins by an owner:**

**Most wins by a jockey:**

**Most wins by a trainer:**

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Age | Jockey | Trainer | Owner
 | Distance | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Admission Office | 7 | John R. Velazquez | Brian A. Lynch | Amerman Racing LLC | 1+116 Miles | 1:43.52 |
| 2021 | Bizzee Channel | 5 | Jareth Loveberry | Larry Rivelli | Patricia's Hope LLC | 1+316 Miles | 1:55.08 |
| 2020 | *Not run due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | | |
| 2019 | Bandua | 4 | Adam Beschizza | Jack Sisterson | Calumet Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:53.16 |
| 2018 | Divisidero | 6 | Jevian Toledo | Kelly Rubley | Gunpowder Farms, LLC & Brereton C. Jones | 1+316 Miles | 1:54.03 |
| 2017 | Ghost Hunter | 7 | Edwin Gonzalez | Jamie Ness | Triple K Stables | 1+316 Miles | 1:55.86 |
| 2016 | Kasaqui (ARG) | 6 | Robby Albarado | Ignacio Correas IV | Wimborne Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:55.62 |
| 2015 | Quiet Force | 5 | Julien Leparoux | Michael Maker | Charles Kevin Warner | 1+316 Miles | 1:56.50 |
| 2014 | Finnegans Wake | 5 | Victor Espinoza | Dale L. Romans | Donegal Racing | 1 14 Miles | 2:05.42 |
| 2013 | Rahystrada | 9 | Rosie Napravnik | Byron G. Hughes | Robert E. Courtney Jr. | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.66 |
| 2012 | Rahystrada | 8 | Joel Rosario | Byron G. Hughes | Robert E. Courtney Jr. | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.84 |
| 2011 | Tajaaweed | 6 | James Graham | Daniel Peitz | Shadwell Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.83 |
| 2010 | Rahystrada | 6 | Inez Karlsson | Byron Hughes | Robert Courtney | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.26 |
| 2009 | Just As Well | 6 | E. T. Baird | Jonathan E. Sheppard | Jonathan E. Sheppard | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.84 |
| 2008 | Stream Cat | 5 | James Graham | Rusty Arnold | Fab Oak Stable / Hurley / Goldthorpe | 1 14 Miles | 2:04.83 |
| 2007 | Cosmonaut | 5 | Julien Leparoux | Patrick Biancone | Flying Zee Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.32 |
| 2006 | Cosmonaut | 4 | Julien Leparoux | Patrick Biancone | Flying Zee Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.10 |
| 2005 | Cool Conductor | 4 | Cornelio Velásquez | Ralph Nicks | David E. Garner | 1 14 Miles | 2.02.26 |
| 2004 | Senor Swinger | 4 | Brice Blanc | Bob Baffert | Robert & Beverly Lewis | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.38 |
| 2003 | Honor In War | 4 | David Flores | Paul McGee | Turn Stable LLC | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.71 |
| 2002 | Falcon Flight | 6 | René Douglas | Donald Burke Jr. | Gary A. Tanaka | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.13 |
| 2001 | Make No Mistake | 6 | Robby Albarado | Burke Kessinger Jr. | Bruce Barton / Alvin D. Haynes | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.53 |
| 2000 | Northern Quest | 5 | Robby Albarado | Robert J. Frankel | Plus U Stables | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.13 |
|
|  | *No race 1998–1999* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997 | Wild Event | 4 | Mark Guidry | Lou M. Goldfine | Arthur I. Appleton | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.52 |
| 1996 | Torch Rouge | 5 | Mark Guidry | Robert J. Frankel | Edmund A. Gann | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.32 |
| 1995 | Manilaman | 4 | Randy Romero | Wallace Howard | Herb & Precious Luster | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.82 |
| 1994 | Fanmore | 6 | Pat Day | Robert J. Frankel | Juddmonte Farms | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.72 |
| 1993 | Evanescent | 6 | Aaron Gryder | Lou M. Goldfine | Mark Levy | 1 14 Miles | 2:00.93 |
| 1992 | Sky Classic | 5 | Pat Day | James E. Day | Sam-Son Farms | 1 14 Miles | 2:00.62 |
| 1991 | Filago | 4 | Pat Valenzuela | Robert J. Frankel | Edmund A. Gann | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.40 |
| 1990 | Pleasant Variety | 6 | Earlie Fires | Jerry M. Fanning | M. B. & E. Alpert | 1 14 Miles | 2:04.00 |
| 1989 | Unknown Quantity | 4 | Jorge Velásquez | W. Hastings-Bass | Queen Elizabeth II | 1 14 Miles | 2:11.20 |
|
|  | *No race 1988* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1987 | Ifrad | 5 | Gary Baze | Charles Whittingham | Sidney L. Port & C. E. Whittingham | 1 14 Miles | 2:12.20 |
| 1986 | Mourjane | 6 | José A. Santos | Tom Skiffington Jr. | Fernwood Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.40 |
| 1985 | Pass The Line | 4 | Juvenal Diaz | Carl J. Domino | Stanley Ersoff | 1 14 Miles | 2:00.40 |
| 1984 | Who's For Dinner | 5 | Mike Venezia | Jan H. Nerud | Tartan Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:04.00 |
| 1983 | Palikaraki | 5 | Bill Shoemaker | Charles Whittingham | Sidney L. Port | 1 12 Miles | 2:35.40 |
| 1982 | Flying Target | 5 | Roger Cox | Chuck Werstler | Dixiana Stable | 1 12 Miles | 2:32.20 |
| 1981 | Spruce Needles | 4 | Julio Espinoza | Smiley Adams | Golden Chance Farm | 1 12 Miles | 2:35.00 |
| 1980 | Yvonand | 4 | Don Combs | Eric Beitia | Double Eagle Stable | 1 12 Miles | 2:31.40 |
| 1979 | Bowl Game | 5 | Jorge Velásquez | John M. Gaver Jr. | Greentree Stable | 1 12 Miles | 2:32.20 |
| 1978 | Romeo | 5 | Earlie Fires | Joe Bollero | J. E. Johnson | 1 12 Miles | 2:32.00 |
| 1977 | Cunning Trick | 4 | Bryan Fann | John W. Russell | Ogden Phipps | 1+316 Miles | 2:33.80 |
| 1976 | Victorian Prince | 6 | Robin Platts | Michael Whittingham | Grovetree Stable | 1+316 Miles | 1:58.20 |
| 1975 | Royal Glint | 5 | Jorge Tejeira | Gordon R. Potter | Dan Lasater | 1+316 Miles | 1:55.80 |
| 1974 | Buffalo Lark | 4 | Larry Snyder | Joe Bollero | Rogers Red Top Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:54.40 |
| 1973 | Dubassoff | 4 | Jacinto Vásquez | Thomas J. Kelly | John M. Schiff | 1+316 Miles | 1:58.60 |
| 1972 | Cloudy Dawn | 3 | Bill Hartack | Frank Whiteley Jr. | Pen-Y-Bryn Farm | 112 miles | 2:31.00 |
|
|  | *No race 1969–1971* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1968 | Tumiga | 4 | Walter Blum | Roger Laurin | George E. Robb | +78 Miles | 1:20.40 |
| 1967 | Stupendos | 4 | Laffit Pincay Jr. | Edward A. Neloy | Wheatley Stable | 1 Mile | 1:35.00 |
| 1966 | Tronado | 6 | Balsamino Moreira | Arnold N. Winick | Herff-Lacroix | 1 Mile | 1:35.80 |
| 1965 | Chieftain | 4 | Bill Shoemaker | Frank Whiteley Jr. | Powhatan Stable | 1 18 Miles | 1:49.40 |
| 1964 | Master Dennis | 4 | Don Brumfield | Burley Parke | Harbor View Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:55.80 |
| 1963 | Bounding Main | 4 | Jimmy Nichols | Pete Divito | Lindsay C. Howard | 1 Mile | 1:36.40 |
| 1962 | El Bandito | 5 | Ray Broussard | Joseph H. Pierce Jr. | Edward A. Seltzer | 1+316 Miles | 1:58.60 |
| 1961 | Tudorich | 4 | Sandino Hernandez | Paul L. Kelley | Spring Hill Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:57.80 |
| 1960 | One-Eyed King | 6 | Manuel Ycaza | Woody Stephens | Cain Hoy Stable | 1+316 Miles | 1:58.60 |
| 1959 | Round Table | 5 | Bill Shoemaker | William Molter | Kerr Stable | 1+316 Miles | 1:53.40 |
| 1958 | Round Table | 4 | Bill Shoemaker | William Molter | Kerr Stable | 1+316 Miles | 1:54.40 |
| 1957 | Manassas | 4 | Douglas Dodson | John Zitnik | John Zitnik | 1+316 Miles | 1:55.40 |
| 1956 | Mister Gus | 5 | Ismael Valenzuela | Charles Whittingham | Llangollen Farm Stable | 1+316 Miles | 1:54.60 |
| 1955 | Platan | 5 | John H. Adams | Harry Trotsek | Hasty House Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:54.40 |
| 1954 | Stan | 4 | Eldon Nelson | Harry Trotsek | Hasty House Farm | 1+316 Miles | 1:57.00 |
| 1953 | Oil Capitol | 6 | Conn McCreary | Harry Trotsek | Hasty House Farm / Harry Trotsek | 1+316 Miles | 2:03.40 |
| 1952 | To Market | 4 | William Boland | Max Hirsch | King Ranch | 1 18 Miles | 1:52.20 |
| 1951 | Cochise | 5 | Ovie Scurlock | Virgil W. Raines | Brandywine Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.40 |
| 1950 | Ponder | 4 | Steve Brooks | Horace A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.60 |
| 1949 | Coaltown | 4 | Steve Brooks | Horace A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.40 |
| 1948 | Stud Poker | 5 | Robert L. Baird | Paul L. Kelley | Edward E. Voynow | 1 14 Miles | 2:04.40 |
| 1947 | Armed | 6 | Douglas Dodson | Horace A. Jones | Calumet Farm | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.40 |
| 1946 | Historian | 5 | Ovie Scurlock | Edwin Anspach | Woolford Farm | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.00 |
| 1945 | Busher | 3 | Johnny Longden | George M. Odom | Louis B. Mayer | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.80 |
| 1944 | War Knight | 4 | Chaeles Corbett | Hurst Philpot | Miss Ethel Hill | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.00 |
| 1943 | Marriage | 7 | Guy Burns | Rene A. Coward | Rene A. Coward & Carl L. Dupuy | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.60 |
| 1942 | Rounders | 3 | Fred A. Smith | Frank Catrone | Valdina Farm | 1 14 Miles | 2:04.00 |
| 1941 | Equifox | 4 | Arthur Craig | Howard Wells | Howard Wells | 1+316 Miles | 1:58.80 |
|  | *No race 1940* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1939 | Count d'or | 4 | Johnny Longden | Don Cameron | Fannie Hertz | 1 14 Miles | 2:05.00 |
| 1938 | Cardinalis | 4 | J. G. Wilson | Paul L. Kelley | Paul L. Kelley | 1 14 Miles | 2:05.00 |
| 1937 | Dellor | 3 | Sterling Young | John Milton Goode | James W. Parrish | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.20 |
| 1936 | Sun Teddy | 3 | Basil James | Bert B. Williams | Calumet Farm | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.00 |
| 1935 | Discovery | 4 | John Bejshak | Bud Stotler | Alfred G. Vanderbilt II | 1 14 Miles | 2:01.20 |
| 1934 | Riskulus | 3 | Don Meade | Elwood L. Fitzgerald | Norman W. Church | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.40 |
| 1933 | Equipoise | 5 | Raymond Workman | Thomas J. Healey | C. V. Whitney | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.60 |
| 1932 | Plucky Play | 5 | George Woolf | Elwood L. Fitzgerald | Northway Stable | 1 14 Miles | 2:02.20 |
| 1931 | Sun Beau | 6 | Charley Phillips | Jack Whyte | Willis Sharpe Kilmer | 1 14 Miles | 2:03.20 |
| 1930 | Pigeon Hole | 5 | Robert Finnerty | Walter W. Taylor | Hal Price Headley | 1 14 Miles | 2:07.60 |
| 1929 | Misstep | 4 | Clarence McCrossen | Mose Lowenstein | Le Mar Stock Farm | 1 18 Miles | 1:50.40 |

## InfoBox

Arlington Stakes
| Grade III race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Churchill Downs
Louisville, Kentucky, United States |
| Inaugurated | 1929 *(as Arlington Handicap at Arlington Park)* |
| Race type | ThoroughbredFlat racing |
| Website | Arlington Park |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1+116 miles |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Left-handed |
| Qualification | Four-year-olds & older |
| Weight | 123 lbs with allowances |
| Purse | 200,000 |


title: Ephysteris olympica

abstract: Ephysteris olympica is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1968. It is found in southern France and Greece.

text:
# Ephysteris olympica

***Ephysteris olympica*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1968. It is found in southern France (the Pyrenees and western Alps) and Greece.

## InfoBox

| *Ephysteris olympica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ephysteris* |
| Species: | ***E. olympica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ephysteris olympica***<br>Povolný, 1968 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ephysteris (Opacopsis) olympica* Povolný, 1968 * *Ephysteris (Opacopsis) monticola* Povolný, 1981 | |


title: Asclepias variegata

abstract: Asclepias variegata, commonly called the redring milkweed or white milkweed, is a plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to eastern North America, where it is found in Canada and the United States. It is most common in the Southeastern United States, and becomes rare in the northern edge of its range. Its natural habitat is forest openings and savannas, often in sandy soils. It produces small white flowers with purplish centers that area crowded into round, terminal clusters. It flowers in early summer.

text:
# Asclepias variegata

***Asclepias variegata***, commonly called the **redring milkweed** or **white milkweed**, is a plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to eastern North America, where it is found in Canada and the United States. It is most common in the Southeastern United States, and becomes rare in the northern edge of its range.

Its natural habitat is forest openings and savannas, often in sandy soils.

It produces small white flowers with purplish centers that area crowded into round, terminal clusters. It flowers in early summer.

## Conservation status in the United States

It is endangered in the states of New York, and Pennsylvania. It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut.

## InfoBox

| *Asclepias variegata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Asclepias* |
| Species: | ***A. variegata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asclepias variegata***<br>L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Biventraria variegata* (L.) Small | |


title: 1986 Trans-Am Series

abstract: The 1986 Trans-Am Series was the 21st running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. Mercury saw its final Trans Am victories in 1986, not counting the Merkur brand which would continue to dominate the series for a few years thereafter.

text:
# 1986 Trans-Am Series

The **1986 Trans-Am Series** was the 21st running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. Mercury saw its final Trans Am victories in 1986, not counting the Merkur brand which would continue to dominate the series for a few years thereafter.

## Results

| Round | Date | Circuit | Winning driver | Winning vehicle |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 18 May | Riverside | Scott Pruett | Mercury Capri |
| 2 | 1 June | Sears Point | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 3 | 14 June | Portland | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 4 | 21 June | Detroit | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 5 | 13 July | Mid Ohio | Greg Pickett | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 6 | 20 July | Brainerd | Greg Pickett | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 7 | 27 July | Road America | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 8 | 16 August | Lime Rock | Paul Newman | Nissan 300ZX |
| 9 | 14 September | Mosport | Scott Pruett | Mercury Capri |
| NP | 27 September | Sears Point<br>(Non-points special) | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 10 | 28 September | Sears Point | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Chevrolet Camaro |
| 11 | 28 September | Road Atlanta | Chris Kneifel | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 12 | 8 November | Tamiami Park | Klaus Ludwig | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 13 | 15 November | St. Petersburg | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |

## Championship standings (Top 20)

| Pos | Driver | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | 165 |
| 2 | Pete Halsmer | 116 |
| 3 | Chris Kneifel | 112 |
| 4 | Elliott Forbes-Robinson | 109 |
| 5 | Mike Miller | 103 |
| 6 | Greg Pickett | 100 |
| 7 | Les Lindley | 97 |
| 8 | Scott Pruett | 94 |
| 9 | Jim Miller | 92 |
| 10 | Jim Derhaag | 71 |
| 11 | John Schneider | 65 |
| 12 | Eppie Wietzes | 49 |
| 13 | Tommy Riggins | 48 |
| 14 | Klaus Ludwig | 38 |
| 15 | Bill Doyle | 35 |
| 16 | Rick Dittman | 33 |
| 17 | Jerry Miller | 30 |
| 18 | Paul Newman | 28 |
| 19 | Pete Brallier | 26 |
| 20 | Jerry Clinton | 25 |


title: Fast wavelet transform

abstract:
The fast wavelet transform is a mathematical algorithm designed to turn a waveform or signal in the time domain into a sequence of coefficients based on an orthogonal basis of small finite waves, or wavelets. The transform can be easily extended to multidimensional signals, such as images, where the time domain is replaced with the space domain. This algorithm was introduced in 1989 by Stéphane Mallat. It has as theoretical foundation the device of a finitely generated, orthogonal multiresolution analysis (MRA). In the terms given there, one selects a sampling scale J with sampling rate of 2J per unit interval, and projects the given signal f onto the space V J ; in theory by computing the scalar products
  - s n := 2 J ⟨ f, φ ⟩, where φ is the scaling function of the chosen wavelet transform; in practice by any suitable sampling procedure under the condition that the signal is highly oversampled, so
  - P J [ f ] := ∑ n ∈ Z s n φ is the orthogonal projection or at least some good approximation of the original signal in V J. The MRA is characterised by its scaling sequence
  - a = or, as Z-transform, a = ∑ n = − N N a n z − n and its wavelet sequence
  - b = or b = ∑ n = − N N b n z − n (some coefficients might be zero). Those allow to compute the wavelet coefficients d n, at least some range k=M,...,J-1, without having to approximate the integrals in the corresponding scalar products. Instead, one can directly, with the help of convolution and decimation operators, compute those coefficients from the first approximation s.

text:
# Fast wavelet transform

The **fast wavelet transform** is a mathematical algorithm designed to turn a waveform or signal in the time domain into a sequence of coefficients based on an orthogonal basis of small finite waves, or wavelets. The transform can be easily extended to multidimensional signals, such as images, where the time domain is replaced with the space domain. This algorithm was introduced in 1989 by Stéphane Mallat.

It has as theoretical foundation the device of a finitely generated, orthogonal multiresolution analysis (MRA). In the terms given there, one selects a sampling scale *J* with sampling rate of 2*J* per unit interval, and projects the given signal *f* onto the space $V\_{J}$; in theory by computing the scalar products

$$s\_{n}^{(J)}:=2^{J}\langle f(t),\varphi (2^{J}t-n)\rangle ,$$

where $\varphi $ is the scaling function of the chosen wavelet transform; in practice by any suitable sampling procedure under the condition that the signal is highly oversampled, so

$$P\_{J}\[f\](x):=\sum \_{n\in \mathbb {Z} }s\_{n}^{(J)}\\,\varphi (2^{J}x-n)$$

is the orthogonal projection or at least some good approximation of the original signal in $V\_{J}$.

The MRA is characterised by its scaling sequence

$a=(a\_{-N},\dots ,a\_{0},\dots ,a\_{N})$ or, as Z-transform, $a(z)=\sum \_{n=-N}^{N}a\_{n}z^{-n}$

and its wavelet sequence

$b=(b\_{-N},\dots ,b\_{0},\dots ,b\_{N})$ or $b(z)=\sum \_{n=-N}^{N}b\_{n}z^{-n}$

(some coefficients might be zero). Those allow to compute the wavelet coefficients $d\_{n}^{(k)}$, at least some range *k=M,...,J-1*, without having to approximate the integrals in the corresponding scalar products. Instead, one can directly, with the help of convolution and decimation operators, compute those coefficients from the first approximation $s^{(J)}$.

## Forward DWT

For the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), one computes recursively, starting with the coefficient sequence $s^{(J)}$ and counting down from *k = J - 1* to some *M \< J*,

$s\_{n}^{(k)}:={\frac {1}{2}\sum \_{m=-N}^{N}a\_{m}s\_{2n+m}^{(k+1)}}$ or $s^{(k)}(z):=(\downarrow 2)(a^{\*}(z)\cdot s^{(k+1)}(z))$

and

$d\_{n}^{(k)}:={\frac {1}{2}\sum \_{m=-N}^{N}b\_{m}s\_{2n+m}^{(k+1)}}$ or $d^{(k)}(z):=(\downarrow 2)(b^{\*}(z)\cdot s^{(k+1)}(z))$,

for *k=J-1,J-2,...,M* and all $n\in \mathbb {Z} $. In the Z-transform notation:

* The downsampling operator $(\downarrow 2)$ reduces an infinite sequence, given by its Z-transform, which is simply a Laurent series, to the sequence of the coefficients with even indices, $(\downarrow 2)(c(z))=\sum \_{k\in \mathbb {Z} }c\_{2k}z^{-k}$.
* The starred Laurent-polynomial $a^{\*}(z)$ denotes the adjoint filter, it has *time-reversed* adjoint coefficients, $a^{\*}(z)=\sum \_{n=-N}^{N}a\_{-n}^{\*}z^{-n}$. (The adjoint of a real number being the number itself, of a complex number its conjugate, of a real matrix the transposed matrix, of a complex matrix its hermitian adjoint).
* Multiplication is polynomial multiplication, which is equivalent to the convolution of the coefficient sequences.

It follows that

$$P\_{k}\[f\](x):=\sum \_{n\in \mathbb {Z} }s\_{n}^{(k)}\\,\varphi (2^{k}x-n)$$

is the orthogonal projection of the original signal *f* or at least of the first approximation $P\_{J}\[f\](x)$ onto the subspace $V\_{k}$, that is, with sampling rate of 2k per unit interval. The difference to the first approximation is given by

$$P\_{J}\[f\](x)=P\_{k}\[f\](x)+D\_{k}\[f\](x)+\dots +D\_{J-1}\[f\](x),$$

where the difference or detail signals are computed from the detail coefficients as

$$D\_{k}\[f\](x):=\sum \_{n\in \mathbb {Z} }d\_{n}^{(k)}\\,\psi (2^{k}x-n),$$

with $\psi $ denoting the *mother wavelet* of the wavelet transform.

## Inverse DWT

Given the coefficient sequence $s^{(M)}$ for some *M* \< *J* and all the difference sequences $d^{(k)}$, *k* = *M*,...,*J*  1, one computes recursively

$s\_{n}^{(k+1)}:=\sum \_{k=-N}^{N}a\_{k}s\_{2n-k}^{(k)}+\sum \_{k=-N}^{N}b\_{k}d\_{2n-k}^{(k)}$ or $s^{(k+1)}(z)=a(z)\cdot (\uparrow 2)(s^{(k)}(z))+b(z)\cdot (\uparrow 2)(d^{(k)}(z))$

for *k* = *J*  1,*J*  2,...,*M* and all $n\in \mathbb {Z} $. In the Z-transform notation:

* The upsampling operator $(\uparrow 2)$ creates zero-filled holes inside a given sequence. That is, every second element of the resulting sequence is an element of the given sequence, every other second element is zero or $(\uparrow 2)(c(z)):=\sum \_{n\in \mathbb {Z} }c\_{n}z^{-2n}$. This linear operator is, in the Hilbert space $\ell ^{2}(\mathbb {Z} ,\mathbb {R} )$, the adjoint to the downsampling operator $(\downarrow 2)$.
* S.G. Mallat "A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation" IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 2, no. 7. July 1989.
* I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets. SIAM, 1992.
* A.N. Akansu *Multiplierless Suboptimal PR-QMF Design* Proc. SPIE 1818, Visual Communications and Image Processing, p. 723, November, 1992
* A.N. Akansu *Multiplierless 2-band Perfect Reconstruction Quadrature Mirror Filter (PR-QMF) Banks* US Patent 5,420,891, 1995
* A.N. Akansu *Multiplierless PR Quadrature Mirror Filters for Subband Image Coding* IEEE Trans. Image Processing, p. 1359, September 1996
* M.J. Mohlenkamp, M.C. Pereyra *Wavelets, Their Friends, and What They Can Do for You* (2008 EMS) p. 38
* B.B. Hubbard *The World According to Wavelets: The Story of a Mathematical Technique in the Making* (1998 Peters) p. 184
* S.G. Mallat *A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing* (1999 Academic Press) p. 255
* A. Teolis *Computational Signal Processing with Wavelets* (1998 Birkhäuser) p. 116
* Y. Nievergelt *Wavelets Made Easy* (1999 Springer) p. 95

## Further reading

G. Beylkin, R. Coifman, V. Rokhlin, "Fast wavelet transforms and numerical algorithms" *Comm. Pure Appl. Math.*, 44 (1991) pp. 141–183 doi:10.1002/cpa.3160440202 (This article has been cited over 2400 times.)


title: Edwardsina

abstract: Edwardsina is a genus of flies in family Blephariceridae.

text:
# Edwardsina

***Edwardsina*** is a genus of flies in family Blephariceridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Edwardsina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Blephariceridae |
| Genus: | *Edwardsina*
Meigen, 1803 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Edwardsina chilensis*
Alexander, 1920 | |


abstract: The 1959 Little All-America college football team is composed of college football players from small colleges and universities who were selected by the Associated Press (AP) as the best players at each position. For 1959, the AP selected three teams of 11 players each, with no separate defensive platoons. Quarterback Sam McCord from East Texas passed for 559 yards and 13 touchdowns, rushed for 887 yards, handled punting, and was also the team's best defensive back with four interceptions. Walt Beach of Central Michigan had 542 rushing yards, 222 receiving yards, and 522 yards on kick returns, and scored 88 points. Bill Larson led Western Illinois to a perfect 9–0 record, rushing for 890 yards and scoring 76 points. Vince Tesone of Colorado Mines passed for 1,619 yards, rushed for 492 yards and seven touchdowns, and punted for an average of 42.2 yards. Center Roger LeClerc made 50 percent of the tackles for Trinity (Connecticut), intercepted five passes, and also handled punting and place-kicking. He later played eight years in the NFL.

text:
# 1959 Little All-America college football team

The **1959 Little All-America college football team** is composed of college football players from small colleges and universities who were selected by the Associated Press (AP) as the best players at each position. For 1959, the AP selected three teams of 11 players each, with no separate defensive platoons.

Quarterback Sam McCord from East Texas passed for 559 yards and 13 touchdowns, rushed for 887 yards, handled punting, and was also the team's best defensive back with four interceptions.

Walt Beach of Central Michigan had 542 rushing yards, 222 receiving yards, and 522 yards on kick returns, and scored 88 points.

Bill Larson led Western Illinois to a perfect 9–0 record, rushing for 890 yards and scoring 76 points.

Vince Tesone of Colorado Mines passed for 1,619 yards, rushed for 492 yards and seven touchdowns, and punted for an average of 42.2 yards.

Center Roger LeClerc made 50 percent of the tackles for Trinity (Connecticut), intercepted five passes (returning two for touchdowns), and also handled punting and place-kicking. He later played eight years in the NFL.

## First team

| Position | Player | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sam McCord | East Texas |
| | Walt Beach | Central Michigan |
| | Vince Tesone | Colorado Mines |
| | Bill Larson | Western Illinois |
|  | Hugh McInnis | Mississippi Southern |
| | Tom Hackler | Tennessee Tech |
|  | Walt Meineke | Lehigh |
| | Bob Zimpfer | Bowling Green |
|  | Gerald Lambert | Texas A&I |
| | Marvin Cisneros | Willamette |
|  | Roger LeClerc | Trinity (CT) |

## Second team

| Position | Player | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jim Sochor | San Francisco |
| | Henry Hawk | Arkansas State |
| | Bill Berrier | Juniata |
| | Jack Turner | Delaware |
|  | John Simko | Augustana (SD) |
| | Brady Luckett | Middle Tennessee |
|  | Bill Beck | Gustavus Adolphus |
| | Jim Larkin | Hillsdale |
|  | George Dempster | Hofstra |
| | Clarence Cheatham | Western Michigan |
|  | Curtis Miranda | Florida A&M |

## Third team

| Position | Player | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lee Farmer | Lenoir–Rhyne |
| | Bill Shockley | West Chester |
| | Dale Mills | Kirksville State |
| | Brad Hustad | Luther |
| | George Phelps | Cornell (IA) |
|  | Al Badger | Southern Connecticut |
| | Bill Wiljanen | Michigan Tech |
|  | Walt Stockslager | Butler |
| | Jim Pater | Coe |
|  | Garvin Boggs | Chico State |
| | Bill Odden | Presbyterian |
|  | Rich Max | Cal Poly |


title: Euplectromorpha

abstract: Euplectromorpha is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Euplectromorpha

***Euplectromorpha*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Euplectromorpha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Eulophinae |
| Genus: | *Euplectromorpha*
Girault, 1913 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Euplectromorpha unifasciata*
Girault, 1913 | |
| Species | |
| 20 species | |


title: Artigas station

abstract: Artigas is a Caracas Metro station on Line 2. It was opened on 6 November 1988 as part of the extension of the line from La Paz to El Silencio. The station is between Maternidad and La Paz.

text:
# Artigas station

**Artigas** is a Caracas Metro station on Line 2. It was opened on 6 November 1988 as part of the extension of the line from La Paz to El Silencio. The station is between Maternidad and La Paz.

## InfoBox

| Artigas | |
| --- | --- |
| Caracas Metro rapid transit station | |
| Access to the station on Avenida San Martín | |
| General information | |
| Location | San Juan and El Paraíso
parishes, Municipio Libertador,
Capital District
Venezuela |
| Coordinates | 10°29′28.1″N 66°56′26.2″W / 10.491139°N 66.940611°W / 10.491139; -66.940611 |
| Operated by | C.A. Metro de Caracas |
| Line(s) | Line 2 |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 6 November 1988 (1988-11-06) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Caracas Metro Following station  Maternidadtoward El Silencio  Line 2  La Paztoward Las Adjuntas | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Aneurus

abstract: Aneurus is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are at least 60 described species in Aneurus.

text:
# Aneurus

***Aneurus*** is a genus of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There are at least 60 described species in *Aneurus*.

## Species

These 60 species belong to the genus *Aneurus*:

* Media related to Aneurus at Wikimedia Commons
* Data related to Aneurus at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Aneurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Aneurus avenius* or *Aneurus laevis*, Schwetzinger Hardt Forest Reserve, Germany | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Aradidae |
| Subfamily: | Aneurinae |
| Genus: | *Aneurus*<br>Curtis, 1825 |
|


title: Arlington Street Church

abstract: The Arlington Street Church is a Unitarian Universalist church across from the Public Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. Because of its geographic prominence and the notable ministers who have served the congregation, the church is considered to be among the most historically important in American Unitarianism and Unitarian Universalism. Completed in 1861, it was designed by Arthur Gilman and Gridley James Fox Bryant to resemble James Gibbs' St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London. The main sanctuary space has 16 large-scale stained-glass windows installed by Tiffany Studios from 1899 to 1930. On May 17, 2004, the Arlington Street Church was the site of the first state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States.

text:
# Arlington Street Church

The **Arlington Street Church** is a Unitarian Universalist church across from the Public Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. Because of its geographic prominence and the notable ministers who have served the congregation, the church is considered to be among the most historically important in American Unitarianism and Unitarian Universalism. Completed in 1861, it was designed by Arthur Gilman and Gridley James Fox Bryant to resemble James Gibbs' St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London. The main sanctuary space has 16 large-scale stained-glass windows installed by Tiffany Studios from 1899 to 1930.

On May 17, 2004, the Arlington Street Church was the site of the first state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States.

## History of the congregation

The congregation was founded in 1729 as the "Church of the Presbyterian Strangers" and became independent in 1787, incorporating under a congregational model of polity. Until the Back Bay location was completed, the congregation was located in the Federal Street Church in downtown Boston, where William Ellery Channing, the first major American Unitarian minister, preached from 1803 to 1842. Two future presidents of the American Unitarian AssociationSamuel Eliot and Dana Greeley—served the church during its first hundred years in the Arlington Street building. In 1935, the Second Universalist Church of Boston merged its assets with Arlington Street Church. In so doing, Arlington Street Church inherited the thinking of two great liberal theologians: Channing, called "the father of American Unitarianism," and Hosea Ballou, called "the father of American Universalism." In 1942, the Church of the Disciples united with Arlington Street Church.

In the 1960s, the congregation became active in the Civil Rights Movement. James Reeb, a minister active in the congregation, was murdered during a march in Selma, Alabama. Under the ministry of Jack Mendelsohn, the church became a center for protests against the Vietnam War. In the 1980s, the church led AIDS awareness programs and support for the homeless. In 2004, Reverend Kim K. Crawford Harvie officiated the first legal state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States.

## Arlington Street church building

As the population of Boston grew and land became scarce, landfilled areas were created in the North End, South End, and finally the Back Bay during the 1850s. When the area around Federal Street became commercial, the congregation voted to move to newly filled land in the Back Bay neighborhood. Arlington Street Church was the first public building to be constructed there. The building was begun in 1859, and dedicated in 1861 as the American Civil War loomed. Designed by Arthur Gilman and Gridley James Fox Bryant, architects for the Old Boston City Hall, its exterior was inspired by St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London.

The building is supported by 999 wooden pilings driven into the mud of Back Bay, and brownstone ashlar for its exterior was quarried in New Jersey. The bell tower stands 190 feet (58 meters) tall and contains a set of 16 bells, each with a Biblical inscription. It is one of only four sets in the city of Boston still rung by hand. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1978.

Landscaping for the church was designed by Mabel Keyes Babcock.

### Interior

The sanctuary, with its Corinthian columns and graceful rounded arches, was modeled after the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato in Genoa, Italy. The panels on either side of the choir loft, containing the Ten Commandments and the Lord’s Prayer, were brought from the Federal Street Church, as was Dr. William Ellery Channing’s pulpit, which stands in the Hunnewell Chapel. The box pews, made of chestnut with black walnut rails, were at one time deeded to members of the congregation. Enclosing each pew signified that they were privately owned, and also kept cold drafts from blowing in from the aisles during the winter season.

Originally, all of the sanctuary windows were glazed with clear glass. In 1898, the congregation voted to start installation of memorial stained glass windows created by the studios of Louis C. Tiffany, and commissioned a set of designs for all 20 windows. The last of 16 Tiffany windows was installed in 1930, just before the Great Depression dried up available funds. By the time the economic crisis had eased, Tiffany Studios had been liquidated (in 1937), and new Tiffany windows were unobtainable.

The Tiffany windows were designed by Frederick Wilson (1858–1932), Tiffany's chief designer for ecclesiastical windows. He made extensive use of Tiffany's special glassmaking technologies, including confetti glass, iridescent glass, 3D-textured "drapery glass", pastel colors for "painting in glass", and the trademark opalescent “Favrile” glass. There are as many as six or seven layers of glass in a Tiffany window, producing visual textures that would otherwise have to be painted in. Only some fine details impractical to produce in glass were hand-painted, in permanent enamel. The Arlington Street Church holds the complete set of Wilson's original watercolor design drawings for all the windows.

The windows on the lower level feature incidents from the early life of Jesus, while the windows for the galleries on the upper level feature his Beatitudes, or blessings. Each window has a border of decorative acanthus-leaf scrolls, echoing the capitals of the Corinthian columns of the sanctuary. Full-color images of all the Tiffany windows can be seen at the Arlington Street Tiffany Education Center website.

After vandalism destroyed a memorial dedication pane in the 1970s, plexiglas sheets were installed on the exterior side of the Tiffany windows for protection. Over time, the plastic discolored to a bluish tinge and transmitted less light, as an accumulated film of dirt also clouded the stained glass. In the 21st century, the plastic sheets have been replaced, and the glass has been cleaned to restore its original beauty. In 2015, $120,000 in funds was raised to begin restoration of the Tiffany windows. As of 2019, night-time lighting is being installed, so that the Tiffany windows can be viewed from outside the building.

After a 50-year period when the Tiffany windows were only viewed by the congregation, the church is now open to the general public from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily from mid-May through the end of October, except Sunday and when special events are scheduled. Guided tours and self-guided tours (with optional smartphone audio) are available, as well as group tours by prearrangement.

The Aeolian-Skinner organ was installed in 1955–1957. Since the Aeolian-Skinner Company was shut down in the 1970s, the organ is regarded as an irreplaceable historic instrument from the 20th century.

Most of the main floor is wheelchair accessible. The fully accessible Arlington station on the MBTA Green Line is immediately adjacent to the church, at the corner of Boylston Street and Arlington Street.

## Governance and association

Arlington Street Church is a member congregation of the Unitarian Universalist Association, a denomination created in 1961 by the consolidation of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America. The denomination is organized on the basis of congregational church government. Each congregation is self-governing, deciding on its form of worship, professional and lay leadership, programs, and business. Congregations are members of the Unitarian Universalist Association and are united by a statement of Purposes and Principles. Each congregation elects delegates to a yearly General Assembly where the congregational delegates vote on matters of denominational importance and on resolutions of social witness. Congregations are served by programs provided by the Association at the continental and regional levels.

Preservation and restoration of the church building and its Tiffany windows are supported by The Foundation for the Preservation of 20 Arlington Street Inc, a separate, non-sectarian 501(c)(3) charity. In 2017, the Tiffany Windows Education Center at Arlington Street Church opened its doors to the public, offering guided tours of the church and the Tiffany windows.

## InfoBox

| Arlington Street Church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 42°21′7.4″N 71°04′15.9″W / 42.352056°N 71.071083°W / 42.352056; -71.071083 | |
| Location | 351–355 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts |
| Denomination | Unitarian Universalist |
| Website | www.ascboston.org |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Arthur Gilman |
| Architectural type | 18th-century English |
|  | |
|  | |
| Arlington Street Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1861 |
| Part of | Back Bay Historic District (ID73001948) |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000313 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 4, 1973 |
| Designated CP | August 14, 1973 |
|  | |


title: Epichoristodes atricaput

abstract: Epichoristodes atricaput is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

text:
# Epichoristodes atricaput

***Epichoristodes atricaput*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Epichoristodes atricaput* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epichoristodes* |
| Species: | ***E. atricaput*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epichoristodes atricaput***<br>Diakonoff, 1973 | |
|


title: Asclepias subverticillata

abstract: Asclepias subverticillata is a plant found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Common names include horsetail milkweed, poison milkweed and whorled milkweed.

text:
# Asclepias subverticillata

***Asclepias subverticillata*** is a plant found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Common names include **horsetail milkweed**, **poison milkweed** and **whorled milkweed.**

## Description

Growing to 1.2 metres (4 feet) in height, short branches support leaves ranging from 2–12.5 centimeters (1–5 inches) in length. Blooming from May to September, the umbel is 2–3 cm (341+14 in) wide, with individual flowers up to 1.5 cm (12 in) across; each has five petals and five sepals. The fruit pod is smooth and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long; the seeds inside have long hairs.

## Distribution and habitat

It is indigenous to New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Utah and parts of some nearby states, in addition to Mexico.

## Toxicity

The species is unpalatable and very toxic to livestock.

## Uses

Among the Zuni people the buds are eaten by young boys. The pods are also gathered when two-thirds ripe and the fibers are used for weaving clothing. The coma is made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks.

## InfoBox

| *Asclepias subverticillata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Asclepias* |
| Species: | ***A. subverticillata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asclepias subverticillata***
(Gray) Vail | |
|


title: Emília das Neves

abstract: Emília das Neves was a Portuguese actress. She is considered to have been the most notable Portuguese actress of her time and be the first great female star to emerge in Portugal.

text:
# Emília das Neves

**Emília das Neves** (also known as **Linda Emília**) (1820  1883) was a Portuguese actress. She is considered to have been the most notable Portuguese actress of her time and be the first great female star to emerge in Portugal.

## Early life

Emília das Neves de Sousa was born on 5 August 1820. She was the daughter of Manuel de Sousa, who came from Angra do Heroísmo, on Terceira Island in the Portuguese islands of the Azores. Her mother was Benta de Sousa who, like her daughter, was born in the parish of Benfica, now part of Lisbon. Emília had a sister, Marie Clara, who also became an actress. In 1838 she was living in poor circumstance in Lisbon at the home of someone who knew some of the actors at the *Teatro da Rua dos Condes*. One day, an actor offered her and some friends free tickets for the *Condes*. She was so entranced by the performance and the actor, in turn, was so impressed with her ability to reproduce part of the show she had seen, that he introduced her to the theatre where, although lacking any education, she was given lessons by the director, Émile Doux. Doux had arrived in Portugal at the end of the Portuguese Civil War in 1835 with a French theatre company and stayed after it returned to France, taking charge of a new Portuguese theatre company.

## Beginning of acting career

Neves initially played a small role in a comedy at the *Condes*, where she was seen by the writer Almeida Garrett who asked for her to be in the cast of his new play, *Um auto de Gil Vicente*. This was first performed on 15 August 1838, and came to be considered the first example of romanticism on the Portuguese stage. Other actors included Delphina and João Anastácio Rosa. At this debut Neves received considerable applause and very favourable reviews in the newspapers, resulting in the impresario tripling her salary within a fortnight. It is said that Garrett bought all her dresses and taught her to play the parts. In February 1839 she signed a contract with the *Teatro da Rua dos Condes*, in which she undertook to only work for that theatre. Two interesting clauses in the contract specified that (1) she had to provide all of her clothes, and (2) that she was entitled to 15 days of sick leave unless the illnesses were the result of "bad behaviour", i.e. venereal disease, which would lead to suspension of the contract.

In 1840, Émile Doux left the *Teatro da Rua dos Condes* and Neves was persuaded to join the company at the *Teatro Nacional de São Carlos* by the owner, the Count of Farrobo, at a salary five times her starting salary at the *Condes*. She returned to the *Condes* in 1841, which by this time had also been taken over by the Count of Farrobo. In 1842 she performed in *Les Premières Armes de Richelieu* by Eugène Scribe, a play that had been taken to Lisbon by Émile Doux. This was the first play to address the subject of transvestism on the Portuguese stage and it was criticised for being indecent. However, the resounding success of Neves in the play resulted in it proving impossible for the authorities to ban it. After the Count of Farrabo left the *Teatro da Rua dos Condes* in 1843, the new management found it impossible to pay the high salaries he had been paying Neves and other actors and she briefly left Lisbon and went to perform in Porto, returning to the *Condes* in 1844.

## A new theatre

In 1846, she was invited to join the permanent cast of the new D. Maria II National Theatre, where she was classified as “Absolute first lady”. A high salary was agreed and she was also entitled to two benefit performances. After her past experiences she had the contract specify that she would not have to play a transvestite and that she would not have to sing. The theatre also agreed that she should not perform two pieces on one night and that she should perform in no more than 14 different pieces in a year. However, after one year her contract was not renewed as the theatre company claimed it was too expensive. Neves then joined other companies one play at a time, working in the *Teatro Camões* in Porto, and the *Teatro do Salitre* in Lisbon. In 1849 the *Teatro D. Fernando* opened in Lisbon. The director was Emíle Doux, and the cast featured Neves, who had been hired on a long-term contract. However, after seven months the company went bankrupt.

## Touring

Neves then went to Porto, performing at the *São João National Theatre*. She already had a reputation of being a difficult character and was reported to have behaved very badly there, refusing admittance to the theatre for all journalists apart from her two favourites. In June 1851 she returned to Lisbon to play at the *São Carlos* and again attracted considerable controversy. Among her supporters was her lover, the Portuguese soldier and politician Luís da Câmara Leme. Despite having written in an earlier contract that she would not play a transvestite, several of her roles in the early 1850s involved playing transvestites. In 1858 she returned to Porto with her own company, also playing in Braga and Coimbra. Unable to return to Lisbon on terms and conditions that she found acceptable, she again formed her own company in 1862 and toured Portugal and Spain. However, her difficult relations with the other cast members meant that the company was dissolved in 1863, resulting in her return to *Teatro D. Maria II* in Lisbon.

On 29 May 1864 Neves sailed for Brazil to perform, returning on 3 January 1866. On her return she joined the cast of the Francisco Palha Company, at the Teatro D. Maria II. In 1867 she was in Molière's *Le Malade Imaginaire* at the *Teatro do Ginásio* before performing at the new *Teatro da Trindade*. In 1873 she performed with a new company at the *Teatro do Ginásio*, being given 15 curtain calls. She continued to work until her retirement in 1880, primarily with the *Teatro D. Maria II* but also elsewhere in Lisbon and in Porto. After retiring she returned to the stage once, to join a charity performance in Porto.

## Retirement

From the 1860s Neves supported many charities, such as those helping orphans, and also assisted the families of deceased former colleagues. She died of 19 December 1883 in Santa Justa in Lisbon. Her funeral cortege had 70 carriages and many speeches were made at the funeral. In her life it is believed that she performed in a total of 217 different pieces. Five years after her death, a marble bust of Emília das Neves, by António Soares dos Reis, was unveiled in the foyer of the *Teatro D. Maria II*. In 1911 her name was given to a street in Benfica and there are other streets named after her in Caparica and Fernão Ferro, both in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area.

## InfoBox

| Emília das Neves | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Emília das Neves de Sousa
5 August 1820
Benfica, Lisbon, Portugal |
| Died | 19 December 1883 Aged 63
Lisbon |
| Other names | Linda Emília |
| Occupation | actor |
| Years active | 40 |
| Known for | Lisbon theatre |
| Partner | Luís da Câmara Leme |


title: Edwardsina tasmaniensis

abstract: Edwardsina tasmaniensis, the Tasmanian torrent midge, is a species of fly in family Blephariceridae. It is endemic to Australia. As the name suggests, they make their homes in the fastest-flowing parts of rivers and streams of Tasmania.

text:
# Edwardsina tasmaniensis

***Edwardsina tasmaniensis***, the **Tasmanian torrent midge**, is a species of fly in family Blephariceridae. It is endemic to Australia. As the name suggests, they make their homes in the fastest-flowing parts of rivers and streams of Tasmania.

## InfoBox

| *Edwardsina tasmaniensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Blephariceridae |
| Genus: | *Edwardsina* |
| Species: | ***E. tasmaniensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Edwardsina tasmaniensis***
Tonnoir, 1924 | |
|


title: Angel Alvarez (soccer)

abstract: Angel Octavio Alvarez is an American soccer player.

text:
# Angel Alvarez (soccer)

**Angel Octavio Alvarez** (born November 15, 1997) is an American soccer player.

## Career

### College

Alvarez played two years of college soccer, spending one year at Lakeland Community College before transferring to the Laramie County Community College in 2017.

### Professional

In March 2018, Alvarez signed with USL side Las Vegas Lights FC ahead of their inaugural 2018 season.

## InfoBox

Angel Alvarez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Angel Octavio Alvarez | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-11-16) November 16, 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Las Vegas Lights | | |
| Number | 58 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2012–2014 | UNAM | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016 | Lakeland Lakers | 12 | (1) |
| 2017 | Laramie County Golden Eagles | 12 | (0) |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018–2020 | Las Vegas Lights | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of May 6, 2021 | | | |


abstract: The eighteenth federal electoral district of Mexico City is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of the 22 currently operational districts in Mexico City. It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fourth region.

text:
# Eighteenth federal electoral district of Mexico City

The **eighteenth federal electoral district of Mexico City** (*Distrito electoral federal 18 de la Ciudad de México*; prior to 2016, "of the Federal District") is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of the 22 currently operational districts in Mexico City.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fourth region.

## District territory

Under the 2022 districting plan, which will be used for the 2024, 2027 and 2030 federal elections, the eighteenth district covers the central portion of the borough (*alcaldía*) of Iztapalapa.

### Previous districting schemes

Under the 2005 districting scheme, the 18th district covered the northern portion of the borough (*delegación*) of Iztapalapa.

Between 1996 and 2005, the district was located in the same area, and covered practically the same area of Iztapalapa.

## Deputies returned to Congress

Eighteenth federal electoral district of Mexico City
| Election | Deputy | Party | Term | Legislature |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | Rodolfo Echeverría Álvarez |  | 1952–1955 | 42nd Congress |
| 1955 | Julio Ramírez Colozzi |  | 1955–1958 | 43rd Congress |
| 1958 | Antonio Castro Leal |  | 1958–1961 | 44th Congress |
| 1961 | Joaquín Gamboa Pascoe |  | 1961–1964 | 45th Congress |
| 1964 | Enrique Torres Calderón |  | 1964–1967 | 46th Congress |
| 1967 | Joaquín del Olmo Martínez |  | 1967–1970 | 47th Congress |
| 1970 | Rodolfo Martínez Moreno |  | 1970–1973 | 48th Congress |
| 1973 | Joaquín del Olmo Martínez |  | 1973–1976 | 49th Congress |
| 1976 | Hugo Díaz Velázquez |  | 1976–1979 | 50th Congress |
| 1979 | Luz Estela Tirado y Valle<br>Leobardo Salgado Arroyo |  | 1979–1982 | 51st Congress |
| 1982 | Joaquín del Olmo Reyes |  | 1982–1985 | 52nd Congress |
| 1985 | Alfonso Godínez López |  | 1985–1988 | 53rd Congress |
| 1988 | Claudia Esqueda Llanes |  | 1988–1991 | 54th Congress |
| 1991 | Alfonso Godínez y López |  | 1991–1994 | 55th Congress |
| 1994 | Armando Gamboa Enríquez |  | 1994–1997 | 56th Congress |
| 1997 | Ángel de la Rosa Blancas |  | 1997–2000 | 57th Congress |
| 2000 | Raúl García Velázquez |  | 2000–2003 | 58th Congress |
| 2003 | Horacio Martínez Meza |  | 2003–2006 | 59th Congress |
| 2006 | David Mendoza Arellano |  | 2006–2009 | 60th Congress |
| 2009 | Eduardo Mendoza Arellano |  | 2009–2012 | 61st Congress |
| 2012 | Karen Quiroga Anguiano |  | 2012–2015 | 62nd Congress |
| 2015 | Arturo Santana Alfaro |  | 2015–2018 | 63rd Congress |
| 2018 | Ana María Rodríguez Ruiz |  | 2018–2021 | 64th Congress |
| 2021 | Marcelino Castañeda Navarrete |  | 2021–2024 | 65th Congress |
| 2024 | Gabriel García Hernández |  | 2024–2027 | 66th Congress |

1. "Memoria de la Distritación Nacional 2021-2023" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral. p. 220. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
2. "How Mexico Elects Its Leaders — The Rules". *Mexico Solidarity Project*. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
3. "Circunscripciones" (PDF). *ayuda.ine.mx*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
4. De la Rosa, Yared (20 February 2023). "Nueva distritación electoral le quita diputados a la CDMX y le agrega a Nuevo León". *Forbes México*. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
5. "Acuerdo del Consejo General del Instituto Nacional Electoral por el que se aprueba el proyecto de la demarcación territorial de los trescientos distritos electorales federales uninominales". *Diario Oficial de la Federación*. Instituto Nacional Electoral. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
6. "Condensado del Distrito Federal" (PDF). Instituto Federal Electoral. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
7. "Distritación 1996 del Distrito Federal" (PDF). Instituto Federal Electoral. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
8. "Legislatura 42" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
9. "Legislatura 43" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
10. "Legislatura 44" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
11. "Legislatura 45" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
12. "Legislatura 46" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
13. "Legislatura 47" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
14. "Legislatura 48" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
15. "Legislatura 49" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
16. "Legislatura 50" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
17. "Legislatura 51" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
18. "Legislatura 52" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
19. "Legislatura 53" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
20. "Legislatura 54" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
21. "Legislatura 55" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
22. "Legislatura 56" (PDF). Cámara de Diputados. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
23. "Perfil: Dip. Ángel de la Rosa Blancas, LVII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
24. "Perfil: Dip. Raúl García Velázquez, LVIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
25. "Perfil: Dip. Horacio Martínez Meza, LIX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
26. "Perfil: Dip. David Mendoza Arellano, LX Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
27. "Perfil: Dip. Eduardo Mendoza Arellano, LXI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
28. "Perfil: Dip. Karen Quiroga Anguiano, LXII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
29. "Perfil: Dip. Arturo Santana Alfaro, LXIII Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
30. "Perfil: Dip. Ana María Rodríguez Ruiz, LXIV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
31. "Perfil: Dip. Marcelino Castañeda Navarrete, LXV Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
32. "Ciudad de México Distrito 18. Iztapalapa". *Cómputos Distritales 2024*. INE. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
33. "Perfil: Dip. Gabriel García Hernández, LXVI Legislatura". *Sistema de Información Legislativa (SIL)*. SEGOB. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

## InfoBox

| National parties | |
| --- | --- |
| ***Current*** | |
|  | PAN |
|  | PRI |
|  | PT |
|  | PVEM |
|  | MC |
|  | Morena |
| ***Defunct or local only*** | |
|  | PLM |
|  | PNR |
|  | PRM |
|  | PP |
|  | PPS |
|  | PARM |
|  | PFCRN |
|  | Convergencia |
|  | PANAL |
|  | PSD |
|  | PES |
|  | PRD |


title: Eightfold path (policy analysis)

abstract:
The eightfold path is a method of policy analysis assembled by Eugene Bardach, a professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. It is outlined in his book A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving, which is now in its seventh edition. The book is commonly referenced in public policy and public administration scholarship. Bardach's procedure is as follows:
  - Define the problem
  - Assemble the evidence
  - Construct the alternatives
  - Select the criteria
  - Project the outcomes
  - Confront the trade-offs
  - Decide
  - Tell your story A possible ninth step, based on Bardach's own writing, might be "repeat steps 1–8 as necessary." The method is named after the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path, but otherwise has no relation to it.

text:
# Eightfold path (policy analysis)

The **eightfold path** is a method of policy analysis assembled by Eugene Bardach, a professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. It is outlined in his book *A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving*, which is now in its seventh edition. The book is commonly referenced in public policy and public administration scholarship.

Bardach's procedure is as follows:

1. Define the problem
2. Assemble the evidence
3. Construct the alternatives
4. Select the criteria
5. Project the outcomes
6. Confront the trade-offs
7. Decide
8. Tell your story

A possible ninth step, based on Bardach's own writing, might be "repeat steps 1–8 as necessary."

The method is named after the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path, but otherwise has no relation to it.

## New York taxi driver test

The New York taxi driver test is a technique for evaluating the effectiveness of communication between policy makers and analysts. Bardach contends that policy explanations must be clear and down-to-earth enough for a taxi driver to be able to understand the premise during a trip through city streets. The New York taxi driver is presumed to be both a non-specialist and a tough customer.


abstract: The men's marathon at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Belgrade, then Yugoslavia, on 16 September 1962.

text:
# 1962 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon

The **men's marathon** at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Belgrade, then Yugoslavia, on 16 September 1962.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Brian Kilby
*Great Britain* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Aurèle Vandendriessche
*Belgium* |
| **Bronze** | Viktor Baykov
*Soviet Union* |

## Results

### Final

16 September

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Brian Kilby | Great Britain | 2:23:18.8 |  |
|  | Aurèle Vandendriessche | Belgium | 2:24:02.0 |  |
|  | Viktor Baykov | Soviet Union | 2:24:19.8 |  |
| 4 | Alistair Wood | Great Britain | 2:25:57.8 |  |
| 5 | Pavel Kantorek | Czechoslovakia | 2:26:54.4 |  |
| 6 | Sergey Popov | Soviet Union | 2:27:46.8 |  |
| 7 | Thyge Thøgersen | Denmark | 2:30:04.8 |  |
| 8 | Ivan Mustapić | Yugoslavia | 2:30:23.4 |  |
| 9 | Stanisław Ożóg | Poland | 2:30:32.2 |  |
| 10 | Václav Chudomel | Czechoslovakia | 2:30:33.0 |  |
| 11 | Tenho Salakka | Finland | 2:33:00.0 |  |
| 12 | Eino Oksanen | Finland | 2:33:40.8 |  |
| 13 | Albert Messitt | Ireland | 2:34:55.2 |  |
| 14 | Franjo Škrinjar | Yugoslavia | 2:36:14.8 |  |
| 15 | Béla Szalay | Hungary | 2:36:38.0 |  |
| 16 | Bruno Bartholome | East Germany | 2:37:37.6 |  |
| 17 | Gerhard Hönicke | East Germany | 2:43:31.6 |  |
| 18 | Evert Nyberg | Sweden | 2:44:55.8 |  |
| 19 | Paul Genève | France | 2:45:08.0 |  |
| 20 | Werner Zylka | West Germany | 2:47:40.0 |  |
| 21 | Guido Vögele | Switzerland | 2:48:11.6 |  |
| 22 | Niilo Sorrela | Finland | 2:48:43.2 |  |
|  | Nikolay Rumyantsev | Soviet Union | DNF |  |
|  | Ron Hill | Great Britain | DNF |  |
|  | Miguel Navarro | Spain | DNF |  |
|  | Franjo Mihalić | Yugoslavia | DNF |  |
|  | Haydar Erturan | Turkey | DNF |  |
|  | Salvatore Cuccuru | Italy | DNF |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 18 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's marathon
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


title: 10th People's Choice Awards

abstract: The 10th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1983, were held in 1984. They were broadcast on CBS.

text:
# 10th People's Choice Awards

The **10th People's Choice Awards**, honoring the best in popular culture for 1983, were held in 1984. They were broadcast on CBS.

## Winners

Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer: Barbara Mandrell, Barbra Streisand

Favorite Children's TV Program: *Sesame Street*

Favorite Female TV Performer: Linda Evans

Favorite TV Comedy Program: *Three's Company*

Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Program: Mr. T

Favorite TV Dramatic Program: *Hill Street Blues*, *Dynasty*

Favorite TV Mini-Series: *The Thorn Birds*

Favorite Theme/Song from a Motion Picture: "Flashdance... What a Feeling"

Favorite Young Motion Picture Performer: Brooke Shields

Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program: Madeline Kahn

Favorite Motion Picture: *Return of the Jedi*

Favorite Motion Picture Actress: Meryl Streep

Favorite New TV Comedy Program: *Webster*

Favorite Country Music Performer: Kenny Rogers

Favorite Motion Picture Actor: Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds

Favorite New TV Dramatic Program: *Hotel*

Favorite Music Video: "Thriller"

Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer: Michael Jackson

Favorite Male TV Performer: Tom Selleck

Favorite Overall New TV Program: *The A-Team*

Favorite Young TV Performer: Emmanuel Lewis

## InfoBox

| 10th People's Choice Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | March 15, 1984 |
| Hosted by | Andy Williams |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | CBS |
|


title: Elachista hispanica

abstract: Elachista hispanica is a moth of the family Elachistidae that is endemic to Spain.

text:
# Elachista hispanica

***Elachista hispanica*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae that is endemic to Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista hispanica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. hispanica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista hispanica***<br>Traugott-Olsen, 1992 | |
|


title: Angelo Avramakis

abstract: Angelo Avramakis is a Greek musician and bouzouki player. Born in Serres, Greece, he has spent most of his life in Australia. He is considered the leading bouzouki player in Australia and among the top bouzouki players in the world. Avramakis began playing drums at the age of 4. He learned the bouzouki at the age of 8 and began studies in music theory and harmony at Melba Conservatorium of Music. He also plays the guitar, keyboards, bass guitar and Greek baglama. Avramakis has performed and toured with some of Greece's well known artists: Vaso Hatzi, Vasilis Saleas, Tasos Bougas, Lakis Alexandrou, Stamatis Gonidis, Zafeiris Melas, Rita Sakellariou, Doukissa, Tzeni Vanou, Stamatis Kokotas, Antzela Dimitriou, Lefteris Pantazis, Yiannis Katevas, John Tikis, Giannis Vasileiou and Marinella. He has also performed with the very popular and very talented Turkish singer Ibrahim Tatlises when he appeared in Melbourne as a guest at "Nikos Greek Tavern" in the 1990s. Over the last three decades, Avramakis has appeared in Greek newspapers as well as TV shows such as “Tonight Live with Steve Vizard”. Some of Angelo's original music has been played on radio stations 3XY and FOX FM. Thousands of YouTube and Facebook followers regularly share his music videos online. Avramakis has released a number of CDs, the most popular being "Terma Oi Thisies" and "New Wave Passion", which contain some of the most beautiful bouzouki pieces ever written. Angelo's bouzouki playing style is rebetiko, laiko with new ideas. Most noticeably, his playing style is very clean, sweet sounding, pleasant to the ear, accurate and well disciplined. His main influences are Manolis Hiotis and Giorgos Zambetas.

text:
# Angelo Avramakis

**Angelo Avramakis** (Greek: Βαγγέλης Αβραμάκης) is a Greek musician and bouzouki player. Born in Serres, Greece, he has spent most of his life in Australia. He is considered the leading bouzouki player in Australia and among the top bouzouki players in the world.

Avramakis began playing drums at the age of 4. He learned the bouzouki at the age of 8 and began studies in music theory and harmony at Melba Conservatorium of Music. He also plays the guitar, keyboards, bass guitar and Greek baglama.

Avramakis has performed and toured with some of Greece's well known artists: Vaso Hatzi, Vasilis Saleas, Tasos Bougas, Lakis Alexandrou, Stamatis Gonidis, Zafeiris Melas, Rita Sakellariou, Doukissa, Tzeni Vanou, Stamatis Kokotas, Antzela Dimitriou, Lefteris Pantazis, Yiannis Katevas, John Tikis, Giannis Vasileiou and Marinella. He has also performed with the very popular and very talented Turkish singer Ibrahim Tatlises when he appeared in Melbourne as a guest at "Nikos Greek Tavern" in the 1990s.

Over the last three decades, Avramakis has appeared in Greek newspapers as well as TV shows such as “Tonight Live with Steve Vizard”. Some of Angelo's original music has been played on radio stations 3XY and FOX FM. Thousands of YouTube and Facebook followers regularly share his music videos online.

Avramakis has released a number of CDs, the most popular being "Terma Oi Thisies" and "New Wave Passion", which contain some of the most beautiful bouzouki pieces ever written.

Angelo's bouzouki playing style is rebetiko, laiko with new ideas. Most noticeably, his playing style is very clean, sweet sounding, pleasant to the ear, accurate and well disciplined. His main influences are Manolis Hiotis (Greek: Μανώλης Χιώτης) and Giorgos Zambetas (Greek: Γιώργος Ζαμπέτας).

## Songs

Below are some of the songs written, co-written, arranged or produced by Avramakis. In brackets are the year of CD release, the composer and the lyricist:

* *Kokkina na mi foreseis* (2000, Spiros Manissalis, Angelo Avramakis, Anestis Chiaplias)
* *Aisthima krifo* (2000, Angelo Avramakis, Dimitris Kavvadas)
* *Peismatakia* (2000, Anestis Chiaplias)
* *Latin* 2000 - solo (2000, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Terma oi thisies* (2000, Spiros Manissalis, Stavros Kopsaftis)
* *Rock Tsifteteli* \- solo (2000, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Spourgitaki* (2000, Anestis Chiaplias, Angelo Avramakis, Stavros Kopsaftis)
* *Pes mou* (2000, Anestis Chiaplias)
* *Diazigio* (2000, Anestis Chiaplias)
* *Mikra Asia* \- solo (2000, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Ta prota vimata* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis)
* *Agapis paramithia* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Diko mou to parapono* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis)
* *Den apokleiete* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis)
* *Oloi oi filoi* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Den to perimena* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis)
* *Mi me rotiseis* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis)
* *Den se thelo* (2002, Kostas Kartsakis)
* *New Wave Passion* (2007, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Arabim* (2007, traditional)
* *Mystique* (2007, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Fesupanallah* (2007, Erkin Koray)
* *Sunshine Walk* (2007, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Misket* (2007, traditional)
* *Oasis* (2007, Chris Nicolaidis)
* *Latin 2000* \- remix (2007, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Rock Tsifteteli* \- remix (2007, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Konya Dance Mix* (2007, traditional)
* *Mikra Asia* \- remix (2007, Angelo Avramakis)
* *Western Tik* (2007, traditional)
* *Eastern Kotsari* (2007, traditional)
* *Padisah* (2007, Serdar Ortaç)


title: Elaine Ratcliffe

abstract: Elaine Ratcliffe is an English amateur golfer. She won the 1998 English Women's Amateur Championship. She played in the Curtis Cup in 1996 and 1998 and was the non-playing captain in 2021 and 2022.

text:
# Elaine Ratcliffe

**Elaine Ratcliffe** (born November 1972) is an English amateur golfer. She won the 1998 English Women's Amateur Championship. She played in the Curtis Cup in 1996 and 1998 and was the non-playing captain in 2021 and 2022.

## Golf career

In 1990 Ratcliffe represented England in the Girls Home Internationals at Penrith. The following year she had two rounds of 72 in the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship at Long Ashton, to lead after 36 holes, but fell away badly on the final day. From 1991 to 1995 she attended the University of Stirling, having obtained a golf scholarship there. In 1995, having obtained her degree, she won the English Ladies' Golf Association's Silver Tee award for successfully combining golf with education.

Ratcliffe first came to prominence in 1995. She won the Cheshire championship and then reached the final of the English Women's Amateur Championship at Ipswich, losing 2&1 to Julie Hall. She was runner-up to Maria José Pons in the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship at Prince's and was joint third in the European Ladies Amateur Championship in Berlin, five strokes behind Maria Hjorth despite an opening round of 78 which left her nine strokes off the lead. She also made her senior debut for England in the European Ladies' Team Championship in Milan and in the Women's Home Internationals in Wrexham where she won all her five matches.

In April 1996 Ratcliffe was selected for the Curtis Cup match, played in June in Killarney. She was not selected for either foursomes session but she halved her singles match against Marla Jemsek on the opening day and beat Sarah LeBrun Ingram on the final day. In July she reached the semi-finals of the Ladies' British Open Amateur Championship, losing to Becky Morgan. She continued to have good results in stroke-play events, finishing a joint runner-up behind Sarah Gallagher in the English Women's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship and runner-up to Christina Kuld in the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship. She also represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Espirito Santo Trophy in the Philippines.

In 1997 Ratcliffe was runner-up in the Ladies' British Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship for the third successive year, behind Karen Margrethe Juul. She represented England in the European Ladies' Team Championship in Finland and won the Finnish title. She also represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Vagliano Trophy match in Sweden.

Playing with Fiona Brown, Ratcliffe won the 1998 Women's International Four Ball at the Orangebrook Golf and Country Club in Florida. In May she won the English Women's Amateur Championship at Walton Heath beating Liza Walters at the 19th hole in the final. Walters was two holes ahead with three to play but Ratcliffe won the 16th and 18th and then the first extra hole with a par 3. Two weeks later she was selected for the Curtis Cup match in Minneapolis in August. The Americans regained the cup by 10 matches to 8. Ratcliffe was selected for all four sessions, playing with Kim Rostron in the foursomes. She won both her matches on the opening day, beating Carol Semple Thompson in the singles. On the final day she lost in the foursomes and halved her singles match against Virginia Grimes, to remain unbeaten in her four Curtis Cup singles matches.

Ratcliffe turned professional after the 1998 Curtis Cup. She played on the Ladies European Tour in 1999 and was the Rookie of the Year, finishing 66th on the money list with £12,145. Her best finish was in the Ladies Hannover Expo 2000 Open where she finished fifth, winning £4,240. Ratcliffe later had back problems and 1999 was to be her best season. She left the tour after the 2002 season. She was reinstated as an amateur in 2008.

She was the non-playing captain of the Curtis Cup team in 2021 and 2022.

## Team appearances

## InfoBox

| Elaine Ratcliffe | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| **Born** | November 1972 (age 51)<br>Crewe, England |
| **Sporting nationality** | England |
| Career | |
| **Status** | Amateur |