title: Eidolon (video game)

abstract: Eidolon is a first-person open world adventure video game with narrative and survival elements, developed and published by Ice Water Games. The game was released on August 1, 2014 for Microsoft Windows and macOS. The player character travels through the wilderness and ruined cities of post-apocalyptic Western Washington, which is depicted using stylized, low-polygon graphics. While navigating this vast space, the player collects documents that reveal the stories of its previous inhabitants and the passing away of civilization; a key theme of the game is the potential for nature to outlast human activity. Although the player must obtain food and manage the risks of cold and injuries, these aspects of the gameplay were designed to be less challenging than in most survival games, to support a more relaxed mood and slower pace of exploration. Eidolon obtained a mixed reception. While reviewers mostly appreciated its distinctive graphical style and its narrative, some criticised the gameplay as too slow-paced or repetitive.

text:
# Eidolon (video game)

***Eidolon*** is a first-person open world adventure video game with narrative and survival elements, developed and published by Ice Water Games. The game was released on August 1, 2014 for Microsoft Windows and macOS.

The player character travels through the wilderness and ruined cities of post-apocalyptic Western Washington, which is depicted using stylized, low-polygon graphics. While navigating this vast space, the player collects documents that reveal the stories of its previous inhabitants and the passing away of civilization; a key theme of the game is the potential for nature to outlast human activity. Although the player must obtain food and manage the risks of cold and injuries, these aspects of the gameplay were designed to be less challenging than in most survival games, to support a more relaxed mood and slower pace of exploration.

*Eidolon* obtained a mixed reception. While reviewers mostly appreciated its distinctive graphical style (which drew comparisons with *Proteus*) and its narrative, some criticised the gameplay as too slow-paced or repetitive.

## Gameplay

*Eidolon* simulates the exploration of an open world from a first-person perspective. The extensive world map encompasses multiple biomes including forests, mountains and the remains of ruined cities, and walking across it requires hours of real time. The graphics, which have been described as minimalist, feature stylized, polygonal objects, an absence of textures and a large draw distance. The game world's appearance is affected by varying weather and a day-night cycle. The game features a minimal HUD with small icons to indicate status effects such as hunger and illness, and most interaction is managed as part of the backpack interface.

Navigation is a principal challenge for the player. The game initially provides no information about its geography or objectives, and although maps can be found within the game these do not indicate the protagonist's location. The player must also attend to the protagonist's survival, which involves obtaining food, staying warm and treating injuries. Failure to satisfy material needs can lead to sickness and starvation. However, a protagonist who reaches the point of death will be revived at a safe location with no loss of inventory items or any penalty beyond the time required to return to a previous location.

Several objects may be found to assist navigation and survival: a fishing rod, compass, bow and binoculars. Unlike in many survival games, these tools are simply found and do not need to be crafted. The game can present items in multiple locations depending on how the player chooses to explore. In an article on Kotaku, Luke Plunkett discussed *Eidolon* as a development of the survival genre, noting that it was distinguished from earlier games in the genre by the easy and forgiving nature of the gameplay, as well as its "peaceful" atmosphere.

Non-player characters do not appear directly, but documents and images that they have left behind can be collected. Discovering the characters' personal stories allows the player to piece together the history of the area and the reasons for its present abandonment. Documents are accompanied in the viewing interface by tags identifying associated characters and locations, and clicking a tag reveals the direction of the nearest undiscovered document with the same tag.

## Plot

*Eidolon* takes place in approximately the year 2400, according to the game's website. The setting is a compressed and simplified representation of Western Washington, including the Puget Sound region and the Olympic Peninsula; the Kitsap Peninsula was added by a patch after release. Victoria, British Columbia is also accessible via a road bridge from Port Angeles. The player begins in a forest between Bellevue and Olympia. Gradual exploration reveals that the region is deserted and has largely reverted to wilderness, with its former cities reduced to overgrown ruins. Much of Seattle is underwater, while the other major cities are ringed by massive walls and littered with human skeletons.

The background to this desolation is revealed through documents and images that the player may collect in any order. It becomes clear that events were set in motion by the development of technology that increased human longevity. When an earthquake in 2031 flooded Seattle, it exposed deposits of a new mineral that was used to construct towering "Beacons" in cities around the world. Humans were nearly immortal while within range of a Beacon, but their biological dependence on the technology left them at risk of fatal withdrawal symptoms outside the cities. Responding to the massive movements of population and tension between supporters and opponents of the Beacons, many cities constructed walls, isolating themselves from each other and the rural population that continued to experience natural lifespans. This period also saw the rise to prominence of the Sennin, people with heritable mutations that granted innate immortality and superhuman abilities.

Growing conflicts and social breakdown culminated in "the Fall", a period around 2110 in which the destruction of Beacons by extremists left city-dwellers to die or flee to surviving cities, themselves diminishing in number and hostile towards refugees. Bellevue and Olympia fell at this time, while Victoria survived as a secluded police state for several decades longer. By the period in which the game is set, the rural communities in Western Washington that survived the Fall have disintegrated. In one series of letters, a Sennin named Triya reveals that she came to Washington long after the Fall in search of a cure for Beacon dependence for the world's few remaining cities; she eventually found this in Victoria, but its effectiveness is unknown.

## Development and release

*Eidolon'*s primary creator, Kevin Maxon, began work on the game as a thesis project while studying game design at Western Washington University, and it was then developed over 20 months by Maxon's company Ice Water Games. Thematically, Maxon intended to contrast the transience of human civilization with the permanence of nature. This theme is reflected in the game's use of Walt Whitman's poem "Eidolons", which provided not only the title but quotations that appear when the protagonist sleeps. Maxon describes the game as "post-human" rather than "post-apocalyptic" because of the absence of human NPCs.

The game's design, influenced by academic debate on the relative priority of systems and stories in video games, was intended to separate its rule-based gameplay mechanics from the authored narrative of the backstory. The player character was left unspecified to avoid potential conflict between the character's goals and the player's. To allow the player to develop "mid-sized" goals between their overall exploration of the world and small-scale movement, the developers added the binoculars and the system of direction indicators linked to tags. The survival elements were designed to be minimal in order to allow relaxed exploration.

The graphics were first planned as two-dimensional but changed to three-dimensional to provide the experience of viewing a distant horizon. The lack of polygons and textures for in-game objects was originally intended to allow computers to render the game's expansive landscapes, but Maxon decided that this minimalist style was actually more attractive. Although there is no seasonal cycle in the game, shifts in the color palette over the course of each day were intended to suggest the passage of seasons from spring to winter.

A pre-release trailer in December 2013 drew attention from gaming media including comparisons of the visual style to that of *Proteus*. This early attention encouraged a Steam Greenlight campaign, after which *Eidolon* was released through Steam on August 1, 2014. The game is available for Windows and Mac, but the Ice Water Games website warns of compatibility problems under OS X with some recent video cards.

## Reception

As of December 2016, Metacritic displays an aggregate review score for *Eidolon* of 64, representing "mixed or average reviews".

Video game developer Jack de Quidt wrote a positive review for Rock, Paper, Shotgun, expressing his enjoyment of both the impressionistic graphics and the experience of navigation, "treating an open world as a great spatial puzzle". He especially praised the gradual pace of the game's revelations, concerning both the narrative and the details of the gameplay, and considered that spoilers could "rob this wonderful, strange game of its power".

Writing for Kill Screen, Chris Priestman gave *Eidolon* a score of 62. Priestman praised the appearance of the game's "routinely poetic expanse" and noted his desire to "compulsively snap screenshots", while also noting that he encountered graphical glitches. He viewed the narrative as interesting from a philosophical and science-fictional viewpoint, finding an implied connection between the theme of immortality and the player character's own ability to survive seemingly lethal events. However, the review took a less favorable view of the mechanics of discovering documents, arguing that this was over-repetitive and detracted from the intrinsic pleasure of exploration in an overjustification effect.

Radu Haulica's Softpedia review gave *Eidolon* three stars out of five ("poor"). In contrast to de Quidt, Haulica complained that discovering the narrative required excessive, tedious wandering, and also that the limited survival aspects provided insufficient additional reason for engagement. Haulica considered that although views of distant scenery could be effective, the minimal visual style and the "very limited and drab color palette" were generally unappealing.

## InfoBox

| Eidolon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Ice Water Games |
| Publisher(s) | Ice Water Games |
| Engine | Unreal Engine 3 |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows, macOS (some video cards only) |
| Release | * WW: August 1, 2014 |
| Genre(s) | Adventure, Survival |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: 2003 Chatham Cup

abstract: The 2003 Chatham Cup was the 76th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand. Up to the last 16 of the competition, the cup was run in three regions, with an open draw from the quarter-finals on. In all, 131 teams took part in the competition. The competition consisted of a preliminary round and five rounds proper before quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. Golden goal extra time was played in ties which finished level at full time.

text:
# 2003 Chatham Cup

The **2003 Chatham Cup** was the 76th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.

Up to the last 16 of the competition, the cup was run in three regions (northern, central, and southern), with an open draw from the quarter-finals on. In all, 131 teams took part in the competition. The competition consisted of a preliminary round and five rounds proper before quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. Golden goal extra time was played in ties which finished level at full time.

## The 2003 final

Derek Rugg became the first referee since G. Jackson in the 1920s and 1930s to control three Chatham Cup finals, having previously refereed the 2000 and 2002 finals. In the final University-Mount Wellington subdued Melville United, running out 3-1 winners.

The Jack Batty Memorial Cup is awarded to the player adjudged to have made to most positive impact in the Chatham Cup final. The winner of the 2003 Jack Batty Memorial Cup was Kara Waetford of University-Mount Wellington.

## Results

### Third round

| Auckland Grammar | 1 – 5 | Waitakere City |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Caversham | 4 – 0 | Nomads United (Christchurch) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Central United (Auckland) | 6 – 3 | Te Atatu |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Fencibles United (Auckland) | 1 – 0 | Papakura |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Gisborne Thistle | 0 – 1 | Havelock North Wanderers |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Glenfield Rovers | 5 – 0 | Hamilton Wanderers |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Greerton Rovers | 6 – 1 | Papatoetoe |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Island Bay United | 2 – 0 | Seatoun |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Lower Hutt City | 4 – 0 | Wanganui East Athletic |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Manawatu (Palmerston North) | 5 – 0 | Waterside Karori |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Mangere United | 0 – 0\* | North Shore United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Manurewa | 4 – 0 | Central United (Brown) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Melville United | 2 – 1 | Tauranga City United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Mount Albert Grammar | 4 – 3 | Oratia United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Nelson Suburbs | 1 – 2 | Christchurch Rangers |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| NZ Celtic Supporters (Auckland) | 1 – 0 | Birkenhead United |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Northern (Dunedin) | 0 – 2 | Roslyn-Wakari |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Otahuhu United | 6 – 1 | F.O.S.S. United (Hamilton) |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Palmerston North Marist | 0 – 4 | Napier City Rovers |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Peringa United (New Plymouth) | 5 – 0 | Massey University |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Petone | 1 – 2 | Brooklyn Northern United |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Red Sox (Palmerston North) | 2 – 0 | Gisborne City |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Taupo | 2 – 1 | West Auckland |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| University-Mount Wellington | 3 – 1 | Eastern Suburbs (Auckland) |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Upper Hutt City | 2 – 3 | Wellington United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Wainuiomata | 2 – 2\* | Wellington College |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Wellington Olympic | 6 – 1 | Wellington Marist |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Western (Christchurch) | 0 – 2 | Halswell United |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Western Springs | 2 – 1 | Bay Olympic (Auckland) |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Western Suburbs FC (Porirua) | 3 – 1 | Miramar Rangers |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| West Hamilton United | 2 – 1 | Bohemian Celtic (Auckland) |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Whakatane Town | 3 – 2 | Hamilton Boys HSOB |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

* Won on penalties by North Shore (8-7) and Wellington College (4-3)

### Fourth round

| Brooklyn Northern United | 4 – 0 | Lower Hutt City |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Fencibles United | 9 – 1 | NZ Celtic Supporters |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Halswell United | 1 – 2 | Christchurch Rangers |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Havelock North Rangers | 3 – 1 | Wellington Olympic |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Island Bay United | 1 – 0 | Wellington College |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Manawatu | 8 – 0 | Peringa United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Manurewa | 0 – 2 | Central United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Melville United | 3 – 2 | Waitakere City |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Mount Albert Grammar | 0 – 4 | University-Mount Wellington |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| North Shore United | 1 – 0 | Glenfield Rovers |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Otahuhu United | 1 – 2 | Greerton Rovers |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Red Sox | 1 – 4 | Western Suburbs FC |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Roslyn-Wakari | 3 – 2 | Caversham |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Taupo | 0 – 1 | Western Springs |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| Wellington United | 3 – 2 | Napier City Rovers |
| --- | --- | --- |
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| West Hamilton United | 3 – 2 | Whakatane Town |
| --- | --- | --- |
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### Fifth round

| Central United | 2 – 0 | Fencibles United |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Spirovski, Major |  |  |

| Christchurch Rangers | 2 – 1 (aet) | Roslyn-Wakari |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hughes, Egues |  | Lamont |

| Greerton Rovers | 1 – 5 | University-Mount Wellington |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Anderson (pen.) |  | Thou 2, McCormack, Root, Waetford (pen.) |

| Island Bay United | 3 – 2 (aet) | Western Suburbs FC |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hannah 2, Terry (pen.) |  | Carnahan 2 |

| Lower Hutt City | 4 – 2 | Havelock North Wanderers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Garcias 2, Bartosh, Richmond |  | Mihaljovic, McCourt |

| Melville United | 8 – 0 | Western Springs |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Holloway 3, Watene 2, Cooper, Field, Yugov |  |  |

| Wellington United | 2 – 3 (aet) | Manawatu |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candy, Rowe |  | Old, Ayloff, Halstead |

| West Hamilton United | 1 – 4 | North Shore United |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Michie |  | Stevens 2, Coombes, Webster |

### Quarter-finals

| Christchurch Rangers | 0 – 1 | University-Mount Wellington |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ellensohn |

| Island Bay United | 0 – 3 | Central United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Koprivcic 2, Major (pen.) |

| Lower Hutt City | 1 – 0 | Manawatu |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Malivuk |  |  |

| Melville United | 5 – 0 | North Shore United |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Holloway 2 (1 pen.), Wilkinson, o.g. |  |  |

### Semi-finals

| Central United | 0 – 1 | Melville United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Watene |

| Lower Hutt City | 2 – 3 (aet) | University-Mount Wellington |
| --- | --- | --- |
| o.g., Lockhead (pen.) |  | Waugh 3 |

### Final

| University-Mount Wellington | 3 – 1 | Melville United |
| --- | --- | --- |
| McCormack 2, Waugh |  | Watene |

North Harbour Stadium, North ShoreReferee: D. Rugg

## InfoBox

2003 Chatham Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue(s) | North Harbour Stadium, North Shore |
| Dates | 17 August 2003 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | University-Mount Wellington (7th title) |
| Runner-up | Melville United |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Jack Batty Memorial Cup | Kara Waetford (University-Mount Wellington) |
|  | |


title: Drahoslav Lím

abstract: Drahoslav Lím was a Czech chemist. He invented polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, the synthetic material used for soft contact lenses (hydrogel). Lím worked as a member of the team of Otto Wichterle and in 1955, he came up with poly(hydroethyl-acrylate), the material later used for the lenses. This work was later published in Nature and was the subject of US patents. During 1970 to 1974 he worked in Palo Alto, California, improving contact lenses materials and technology. When he returned to Czechoslovakia he was persecuted for political reasons and was not allowed to work in his specialisation. In 1979, he was allowed to emigrate to the United States. There Lím worked on materials for artificial kidneys and continued with research on polymers. He was both a professor at the University of California, San Diego and the de facto founder of the Revlon Materials Research Center. At the latter he led a team of scientists who researched tinting technologies for hydrogel contact lenses, materials for intraocular lenses, and formulations for nail enamel. He was awarded over 150 patents.

text:
# Drahoslav Lím

**Drahoslav Lím** (September 30, 1925, in Czechoslovakia – August 22, 2003, in San Diego, California) was a Czech chemist. He invented polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, the synthetic material used for soft contact lenses (hydrogel).

Lím worked as a member of the team of Otto Wichterle (the inventor of soft contact lenses) and in 1955, he came up with poly(hydroethyl-acrylate), the material later used for the lenses. This work was later published in Nature and was the subject of US patents. During 1970 to 1974 he worked in Palo Alto, California, improving contact lenses materials and technology.

When he returned to Czechoslovakia he was persecuted for political reasons and was not allowed to work in his specialisation. In 1979, he was allowed to emigrate to the United States. There Lím worked on materials for artificial kidneys and continued with research on polymers. He was both a professor at the University of California, San Diego and the de facto founder of the Revlon Materials Research Center. At the latter he led a team of scientists who researched tinting technologies for hydrogel contact lenses, materials for intraocular lenses, and formulations for nail enamel. He was awarded over 150 patents.

## InfoBox

| Drahoslav Lím | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-09-30)September 30, 1925
Zeměchy, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | August 22, 2003(2003-08-22) (aged 77)
San Diego, California, USA |
| Nationality | Czech |
| Alma mater | University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague |


title: Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School

abstract: Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School is a secondary school located at 1410 County Line Road in Ives Estates, an unincorporated area of north Miami-Dade County, Florida, US. However, it serves the city of Aventura, northern fringes of North Miami Beach, and the unincorporated areas around the school such as Ives Estates/California Club and Ojus. The school is located on the Miami-Dade side of the Miami-Dade-Broward County line, and is the northernmost high school in the district. Lee Krueger currently serves as principal. Krop is considered to be a magnet school because it has a "Students Training in the Arts Repertory (STAR)" program. This magnet program is a visual and performing arts program that is open to students in the greater Miami area. Due to the recession of 2008 and ongoing financial issues, the STAR program has had severe cuts in its funding. The school gained national attention after one of its students, Trayvon Martin, was killed in a controversial shooting.

text:
# Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School

**Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School** is a secondary school located at 1410 County Line Road in Ives Estates, an unincorporated area of north Miami-Dade County (Miami address), Florida, US. However, it serves the city of Aventura, northern fringes of North Miami Beach, and the unincorporated areas around the school such as Ives Estates/California Club and Ojus. The school is located on the Miami-Dade side of the Miami-Dade-Broward County line, and is the northernmost high school in the district. Lee Krueger currently serves as principal.

Krop is considered to be a magnet school because it has a "Students Training in the Arts Repertory (STAR)" program. This magnet program is a visual and performing arts program that is open to students in the greater Miami area. Due to the recession of 2008 and ongoing financial issues, the STAR program has had severe cuts in its funding.

The school gained national attention after one of its students, Trayvon Martin, was killed in a controversial shooting.

## History

Built on a former landfill, construction for Dr. Michael M. Krop High School began in 1996, after the Miami-Dade School Board approved plans to build a new high school in North Miami-Dade County to lessen overcrowding in local secondary schools, including North Miami Beach High School. Various secondary schools in northeast Dade were relieved by Krop. When it first opened it had about 1,500 students. Opening its doors in 1998, Krop began with 9th and 10th grades and eventually added 11th and 12th grades; its first graduating class was the class of 2001. At the time of its opening, Krop had a total enrollment of 1,475 students.

In early 1998, before its opening, the naming of the school some controversy, as letters from members of the community indicated a preference for a more generic name. The school is named after Michael M. Krop (1930-2018), an orthodontist who was first elected to the Miami-Dade School Board in 1980. He retired from the board in 2004, after 24 years of service. Former board members Janet McAliley and Betsy Kaplan stated that they would not support renaming the school after him. On February 17, 1998, the city council of Aventura issued a resolution urging the Miami-Dade County school board to name the new high school in northeast Miami-Dade County "Dr. Michael M. Krop High School." The Aventura Marketing Council, which included Krop as a member, and the city of North Miami Beach, also passed resolutions favoring the name change.

When Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus opened in 2009, it relieved Krop High. Golden Beach, Sunny Isles Beach, and portions of North Miami Beach were rezoned to Mourning from Krop.

In 2012, even though Krop had a strong academic reputation, some parents in the Aventura area promoted the idea of the city starting a public high school. At the time city council refused to go forward with the idea. However, by 2019 Aventura opened a new charter high school, Don Soffer Aventura High School. Colleen Wright of the *Miami Herald* stated that the new school could take students who would otherwise attend Krop.

For a period Krop was overcrowded, but by 2019 the building was at 86% capacity as the school had 2,400 students. In 2019, Wright wrote "Krop’s star power has waned with the opening of other high school options, including Alonzo and Tracy Mourning High School and MAST".

## Campus

The school, in Ives Estates, is in proximity to the Miami-Dade County-Broward County line. Audra D.S. Burch and Carol Isensee of the *Miami Herald* described the campus as "sprawling".

In 1998 the north side of the campus had barbed wire. At the time of opening the area roads were dead-ends.

## STAR Academy

The STAR Academy is a performing and visual arts program that engenders Krop as a magnet school. Students in the "Students Training in the Arts Repertory (STAR)" program are involved in one or more of its six strands - dance, drama, vocal and instrumental music, visual arts, and television production. Students are accepted into the program through an audition process. Two of the six classes out of a student's yearly class schedule are dedicated to the arts each year.

## *The Lightning Strike*

*The Lightning Strike* is Krop's monthly student newspaper.

The newspaper was begun in 1998, when the school opened. It is designed using the page layout software Adobe InDesign and photo editing program Adobe Photoshop.

As of the 2005–2006 school year, the paper was converted to color on the front, middle and back, and is 20 pages each issue.

The newspaper is a member of the High School National Ad Network, Florida Scholastic Press Association, National Scholastic Press Association, Columbia Scholastic Press Association, and Quill and Scroll Honor Society.

## Athletics

Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School has a gymnasium which is used for basketball, volleyball and badminton. The football and baseball fields are located on campus, although the varsity football team plays at FIU Campus. MKHS offers these athletics:

The American football team plays its home games at North Miami Stadium. It was established in 1998 with 65 students in the 9th and 10th grades.

### State championships

* Tennis (girls) - 2007, 2008, 2010
* Tennis (boys) - 2004, 2006, 2007

## Notable alumni

1. "DR. MICHAEL M. KROP SENIOR HIGH". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
2. Garcia, Lisette. "KROP STUDENTS' ENTHUSIASM RUNS HIGH" *Miami Herald*. September 6, 1998. Section Neighbors NE p. 3, 14. Available from NewsBank, Record# 9809110528. Clipping of first and of second page from Newspapers.com.
Also titled "Enthusiasm marks opening days at Krop High", p. 6. Clipping from Newspapers.com.
3. Viera, David. "KROP BECOMES THE NEW SCHOOL ON THE BLOCK." *Miami Herald*. September 3, 1998. Section Neighbors KE p. 28. Available from NewsBank Record # 9809050359. Clipping from Newspapers.com.
4. Kissell, Ted B. "The Name Game." *Miami New Times*. Thursday October 22, 1998. Retrieved on January 11, 2016.
5. "SS\_QQQ1\_1-24-09.pdf Archived 2009-08-15 at the Wayback Machine." Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus. Retrieved on May 6, 2012.
6. Bojnansky, Eric. "Class Conflict" (Archive). *Biscayne Times*. September 2012. Retrieved on January 11, 2016.
7. Wright, Colleen (2019-08-20). "It was a different kind of first day of class at this new high school in Aventura". *Miami Herald*. Retrieved 2020-10-20. \- Alternate link at Yahoo News
8. Home page. Dr. Michael M. Krop High School. Retrieved on October 10, 2015. "1410 NE 215 Street Miami, FL 33179"
9. "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Ives Estates CDP, FL." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on October 10, 2015.
10. Burch, Audra D.S. and Carol Isensee. "Trayvon Martin: a typical teen who loved video games, looked forward to prom." *Miami Herald*. Thursday March 22, 2012. p.  (). Retrieved on April 26, 2013.
11. "The Lightning Strike". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-02-08.
12. "The Lightning Strike". *The Lightning Strike*. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
13. "Krop's athletics website". Archived from the original on 2011-02-08.
14. "Florida High School Athletic Association". *Florida High School Athletic Association*.
15. Burch, Audra D.S. and Carol Isensee. "Trayvon Martin: a typical teen who loved video games, looked forward to prom." *Miami Herald*. Thursday March 22, 2012. p. . Retrieved on April 26, 2013.
* Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School (2010–2011) agenda

## InfoBox

| Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School | |
| --- | --- |
| MKHS' main entrance | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1410 County Line Road
Miami, Florida 33179
United States | |
| Coordinates | 25°58′17″N 80°10′25″W / 25.97150°N 80.17350°W / 25.97150; -80.17350 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public magnet |
| Motto | "If you're not lightning, you're not striking. And when lightning strikes, magic happens." |
| Established | 1998 |
| School district | Miami-Dade County Public Schools |
| Principal | Adam Kosnitzky |
| Faculty | 83.00 (FTE) |
| Grades | -12 |
| Enrollment | 2,235 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 26.93 |
| Campus size | 315,000 square feet (29,300 m2) 39.44 acres (159,600 m2) |
| Campus type | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Black, Silver, Purple, and White |
| Mascot | Lightning |
| Nickname | Krop Lightning |
| Newspaper | *The Lightning Strike* |
| Yearbook | *Renaissance* |
| Website | kropseniorhigh.org |


title: Eidolon bat coronavirus C704

abstract: Eidolon bat coronavirus C704 is a species of coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus.

text:
# Eidolon bat coronavirus C704

***Eidolon bat coronavirus C704*** is a species of coronavirus in the genus *Betacoronavirus*.

## InfoBox

| *Eidolon bat coronavirus C704* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Riboviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Orthornavirae* |
| Phylum: | *Pisuviricota* |
| Class: | *Pisoniviricetes* |
| Order: | *Nidovirales* |
| Family: | *Coronaviridae* |
| Genus: | *Betacoronavirus* |
| Subgenus: | *Nobecovirus* |
| Species: | ***Eidolon bat coronavirus C704*** |
|


title: Angel Amaya

abstract: Angel Amaya is a Venezuelan boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. At the 1952 Summer Olympics, he lost to Raúl Macías of Mexico.

text:
# Angel Amaya

**Angel Amaya** (born 11 February 1934) is a Venezuelan boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. At the 1952 Summer Olympics, he lost to Raúl Macías of Mexico.

## InfoBox

Angel Amaya
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Venezuelan |
| Born | (1934-02-11) 11 February 1934 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |


title: Erlanger Buildings

abstract: Erlanger Buildings is a historic loft building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It consists of a four-structure, turn-of-the-20th-century loft complex. The buildings range in size from two to six stories high and feature iron storefronts and stone detailing. They were built between 1892 and 1910. The buildings served as the home of the Erlanger Manufacturing Company, which produced BVD brand underwear. Charles Erlanger, co-founder of the company, is credited with making major advances in the design of underwear which revolutionized the industry. The Erlanger Buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. They are included in the Baltimore National Heritage Area.

text:
# Erlanger Buildings

**Erlanger Buildings** is a historic loft building located at Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It consists of a four-structure, turn-of-the-20th-century loft complex. The buildings range in size from two to six stories high and feature iron storefronts and stone detailing. They were built between 1892 and 1910. The buildings served as the home of the Erlanger Manufacturing Company, which produced BVD brand underwear. Charles Erlanger, co-founder of the company, is credited with making major advances in the design of underwear which revolutionized the industry.

The Erlanger Buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. They are included in the Baltimore National Heritage Area.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Erlanger Buildings | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Erlanger Buildings, February 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 519-531 W. Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°17′10″N 76°37′22″W / 39.28611°N 76.62278°W / 39.28611; -76.62278 |
| Area | 0.7 acres (0.28 ha) |
| Built | 1892 (1892) |
| Architect | Lafferty, John E.; Et al. |
| Architectural style | Chicago, Late Victorian, The Commercial Style |
| NRHP reference No. | 80001785 |
| Added to NRHP | March 10, 1980 |


title: 1961 Meath Senior Football Championship

abstract:
The 1961 Meath Senior Football Championship is the 69th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 13 teams. The championship employed a straight knock-out format. This season saw Athboy's debut in the top flight after claiming the 1960 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title. Navan O'Mahonys were the defending champions after they defeated Drumbaragh in the previous years final, and they successfully defended their crown to claim their 6th S.F.C. title (5-in-a-row) by defeating Trim in the final at Pairc Tailteann by 1-8 to 0-8 on 17 September 1961.
Jim Fitzsimons raised the Keegan Cup for the Hoops. At the end of the season Kells Harps and St. Mary's Bettystown were regraded to the 1962 I.F.C. after 10 and 3 years respectively as senior clubs.

text:
# 1961 Meath Senior Football Championship

The **1961 Meath Senior Football Championship** is the 69th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 13 teams. The championship employed a straight knock-out format.

This season saw Athboy's debut in the top flight after claiming the 1960 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title.

Navan O'Mahonys were the defending champions after they defeated Drumbaragh in the previous years final, and they successfully defended their crown to claim their 6th S.F.C. title (5-in-a-row) by defeating Trim in the final at Pairc Tailteann by 1-8 to 0-8 on 17 September 1961. Jim Fitzsimons raised the Keegan Cup for the Hoops.

At the end of the season Kells Harps and St. Mary's Bettystown were regraded to the 1962 I.F.C. after 10 and 3 years respectively as senior clubs.

## Team Changes

The following teams have changed division since the 1960 championship season.

## First round

12 teams enter this round selected by random draw. The winner progresses to the quarter-finals.

* Syddan 1-7, 2-4 Kells Harps, Pairc Tailteann, 23/4/1961,
* **St. Vincent's 4-7**, 2-6 Ballinlough, Pairc Tailteann, 23/4/1961,
* **Drumbaragh 2-9**, 0-10 St. Peter's Dunboyne, Pairc Tailteann, 30/4/1961,
* **Navan O'Mahonys 5-13**, 0-1 St. Mary's Bettystown, Skryne, 30/4/1961,
* **Athboy 5-6**, 1-6 Donaghmore, Trim, 30/4/1961,
* **Trim 2-8**, 3-3 Ballivor, Kildalkey, 25/6/1961,
* Skryne - Bye,

## Quarter-finals

The remaining club (Skryne) along with the Round 1 winners enter this round. Athboy received a bye to the semi-finals by random draw.

* **Skryne 2-11**, 2-2 St. Vincent's, Pairc Tailteann, 25/6/1961,
* Navan O'Mahonys 1-6, 2-3 Drumbaragh, Pairc Tailteann, 16/7/1961,
* **Trim 3-9**, 1-5 Syddan, Kells, 23/7/1961,
* Athboy - Bye,

* **Navan O'Mahonys 2-4**, 2-3 Drumbaragh, Trim, 30/7/1961, (**Replay**)

## Semi-finals

## Final

## InfoBox

Meath S.F.C.
| Season | 1961 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Navan O'Mahonys
6th Senior Championship Title |
| Relegated | Kells Harps
St. Mary's Bettystown |
| Winning Captain | Jim Fitzsimons (Navan O'Mahonys) |
| Matches played | 14 |
| 1960 1962 | |


title: 1950 Emperor's Cup

text:
# 1950 Emperor's Cup

Statistics of Emperor's Cup in the 1950 season.

## Overview

It was contested by 16 teams, and All Kwangaku won the championship.

## Results

### 1st Round

### Quarterfinals

### Semifinals

### Final

All Kwangaku won the championship.

* (in Japanese) NHK

## InfoBox

1950 Emperor's Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Japan |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | All Kwangaku |
| Runner-up | Keio University |
| Semifinalists |  |
|  | |


title: Amabilis uchoensis

abstract: Amabilis uchoensis is a species of prehistoric pleurodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous of South America. It is the only species in the genus Amabilis.

text:
# Amabilis uchoensis

***Amabilis uchoensis*** is a species of prehistoric pleurodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous of South America. It is the only species in the genus ***Amabilis***.

## Description

Hermanson et al. (2020) described the Late Cretaceous turtle *Amabilis uchoensis* based on a single partial skull from the São José do Rio Preto Formation, in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The São José do Rio Preto Formation is thought to have been deposited during the Santonian age of the Late Cretaceous, between 86.3 and 83.6 million years ago.

The type-specimen skull, which is 2.25 cm long and 2.06 cm wide, suggests that the animal was smaller than any other fossil turtles found in Brazil's Bauru Group. Modern Brazilian river turtles are also considerably larger, ranging in length from 34 cm (*Podocnemis erythrocephala*) to 90 cm (*Podocnemis expansa*.) This skull is deposited in Uchoa's Museum of Paleontology.

The fossil is in the suborder Pleurodira, also known as "side-necked turtles" because their defensive posture hides the head under the shell by pulling the head to one side, rather than by withdrawing the head directly back under the shell.

The *Amabilis* genus is part of the superfamily or pan-group Podocnemidoidae, which groups the family Podocnemididae together with some related extinct genera, as well as the extinct family Peiropemydidae. Podocnemidoids, first seen in the Late Cretaceous, were once widely distributed across "North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa," according to Gaffney et al. (2011.) No surviving turtle species descend directly from *Amabilis*, which is therefore considered to be a stem group within its family and super-family. Because it is a member of Podocnemidoidae but not a member of the Podocnemididae. Hermanson et al. describe it as "a non-podocnemidid member of Podocnemidoidae."

According to the local newspaper *Diário da Região*, *A. uchoensis* was the first fossil turtle found in the São José do Rio Preto region (near the city of São Paulo). The turtle skull fragment was found by Brazilian paleontologist Fabiano Vidoi Iori, very near to the 2014 discovery site of carnivorous dinosaur *Thanos simonattoi*.

## Name

The name *Amabilis*, according to Hermanson et al., is from the "Latin for 'lovable', for its tiny size."

## InfoBox

| *Amabilis uchoensis*
Temporal range: Santonian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Amabilis uchoensis* skull CT scan in dorsal (top left), ventral (top right), right lateral (centre left), anterior (centre right), left lateral (bottom left) and posterior (bottom right) views | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Testudines |
| Suborder: | Pleurodira |
| Hyperfamily: | Pelomedusoides |
| *Clade*: | Podocnemidoidae |
| Genus: | *Amabilis*
Hermanson *et al.*, 2020 |
| Species: | ***A. uchoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amabilis uchoensis***
Hermanson *et al.*, 2020 | |
|


title: Elijah Martindale

abstract: Elijah Martindale was an American pioneer and a leader of the Restoration Movement in Indiana. He was often called "Elder Elijah Martindale".

text:
# Elijah Martindale

**Elijah Martindale** (November 10, 1793 – July 21, 1874) was an American pioneer and a leader of the Restoration Movement in Indiana. He was often called "Elder Elijah Martindale".

## Biography

Martindale was born in Laurens County, South Carolina. He moved with his family to Warren County, Ohio in 1801 where they established a farm outside Waynesville, Ohio. The family lived there self-sufficiently, making their own clothes and raising their own food. In 1811, Martindale's father was determined to move again, and he resettled the family to Whitewater Valley, Indiana Territory, on a brook now called Martindale Creek. The family constructed a cabin in October and cleared 10 acres (40,000 m2) by the following spring. During the aftermath of the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812, the neighboring settlers decided to erect a small fort around the Martindale cabin. Uncomfortable with the rough lifestyle, Martindale's parents decided to move back to Ohio and to wait out the war there before returning to Indiana.

In October, 1815, Martindale married a Wayne County, Indiana, pioneer named Elizabeth Boyd. In the spring of 1832, Martindale moved with his wife to Flat Rock, Indiana, in Henry County. In 1865, they moved to New Castle, Indiana.

Martindale died in New Castle, Indiana, at the age of 80.

### Ministry

In 1820, Martindale preached his first sermon. From then until his death, he preached throughout Henry County, Wayne County, Fayette County, Indiana; Rush County, Indiana, Delaware County, Indiana, Madison County, Indiana, Hancock County, Indiana, and Ohio. He organized Disciples of Christ churches throughout eastern Indiana and Ohio, including Hillsboro, Henry County, Indiana; New Lisbon, Indiana, Middletown, Indiana, Prairie Township, Indiana, Bentonville, Indiana, Plum Creek, Indiana, and Fairview, Indiana.

He is interred at South Mound Cemetery, New Castle, Indiana.

## Personal life

Elijah Martindale was the father of lawyer and businessman James B. Martindale, a founder of the noted legal reference and catalog of lawyers, the *Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory*.

1. "Martindale Creek (in Wayne County, IN)". *indiana.hometownlocator.com*. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
2. "HCGS - Elder Elijah Martindale 1793 - 1874". *www.hcgs.net*. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
3. "HCGS - Liberty Township". *www.hcgs.net*. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
4. Martindale, Elijah; Stanford, Belle (1892). *Autobiography and Sermons of Elder Elijah Martindale: Also Pioneer History of the Boyd Family*. Carlon & Hollenbeck.
5. "HENRY COUNTY, INDIANA GENEALOGY & HISTORY". *sites.rootsweb.com*. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
6. "RM Graves In Indiana". 2006-11-20. Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
7. Martindale, Elijah; Stanford, Belle (1892). *Autobiography and Sermons of Elder Elijah Martindale: Also Pioneer History of the Boyd Family*. Carlon & Hollenbeck.

## InfoBox

| Elijah Martindale | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | November 10, 1793
Laurens County, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | July 21, 1874 (aged 80)
New Castle, Indiana, U.S. |
| Other names | Elder Elijah Martindale |
| Children | James B. Martindale |


title: 0-8-0

abstract: Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.

text:
# 0-8-0

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, **0-8-0** represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as **eight coupled**.

## Overview

Examples of the 0-8-0 wheel arrangement were constructed both as tender and tank locomotives. The earliest locomotives were built for mainline haulage, particularly for freight, but the configuration was later also often used for large switcher locomotives (shunter locomotives).

The wheel arrangement provided a powerful layout with all engine weight as adhesive weight, which maximised the tractive effort and factor of adhesion. The layout was generally too large for smaller and lighter railways, where the more popular 0-6-0 wheel arrangement would often be found performing similar duties.

## Usage

### Austria

Two 0-8-0 locomotives were delivered from Andre Koechlin & Cie in Mulhouse to the Austrian Southern Railway in 1862. They were later sent to Italy and worked over the Apennines between Bologna and Pistoja.

### China

In 1952, the Chrzanów works in Poland supplied 81 750 mm (2 ft 5+12 in) gauge locomotives, which were later versions of the Russian P24 class. By 1958, China was building their own copies resulting in such classes as the C2, YJ, ZM-4, ZG and ZM16-4.

### Christmas Island

Peckett and Sons of Bristol built a 0-8-0 tender locomotive for the Christmas Island Phosphate Co.'s Railway in 1931.

### France

The "Fortes Rampes" Class of 0-8-0 was designed by Jules Petit for the Chemins de Fer du Nord. built in 1858-1865 a total of 50 were made. They used a very unique steam dryer mounted to the top of the boiler. This was similar to the Franco-Crosti boiler developed later.

### Germany

Freight engines with an 0-8-0 wheel arrangement were once very popular in Germany. The Prussian state railways had several types of 0-8-0s that were all classified as G7, G8 and G9.

The latest of these, the Prussian G 8.1, was the most numerous German state railway locomotive with over five thousand examples being built between 1913 and 1921. They remained in service with the Deutsche Bundesbahn until 1972.

The narrow gauge Heeresfeldbahn class HF 160 D were developed for wartime service during the Second World War. The engines were also classified as *Kriegsdampflokomotive 11* (Military steam locomotive 11 or KDL 11). After the war, the locomotives were put to use for civilian purposes.

### Russia

The first steam locomotives 0-8-0 in Russia — Е class have been produced since 1858. In Russia, the 0-8-0 type locomotives were represented by the various O-class (Osnovnoj-mainline) freight locomotives. They were built from the end of the 19th century until the 1920s. They were commonly called the *Ovechka* (Sheep) and were the most common freight locomotives in Tsarist Russia. Some are still preserved in working order.

One-thousand of the 750 mm (2 ft 5+12 in) gauge standard design, also known as class 159, were built between 1930 and 1941. They were poor performers, so the Kolomna works built an improved version of these locomotives, known as the P24 class. Nine were built before 1941.

### South Africa

On the South African Railways (SAR), shunting was traditionally performed by downgraded mainline locomotives. When purpose-built 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge shunting locomotives were eventually introduced in 1929, the SAR preferred to adhere to the American practice of using tender locomotives for shunting, rather than the European practice of using tank locomotives. Three classes of 0-8-0 shunting steam locomotives were introduced between 1929 and 1952.

In 1929, fourteen Class S locomotives were placed in service. They were built by Henschel & Son in Germany and designed to SAR specifications, with the top sides of the tender's coal bunker being set inwards and the water tank top rounded to improve the crew's rearward vision.

The second type, the Class S1, was designed by MM Loubser, chief mechanical engineer of the SAR from 1939 to 1949. Twelve of these locomotives, a heavier version of the Class S, were built at the Salt River workshops in Cape Town with the first being delivered in October 1947. A further 25 Class S1 locomotives were ordered from the North British Locomotive Company. Glasgow in 1952 and delivered in 1953 and 1954. The Class S1 was noted for its efficiency and economy and could cope with block loads of up to 2,000 long tons (2,032 tonnes).

To meet the need for shunting locomotives with a light axle load for harbour work, these were followed in 1952 and 1953 by 100 Class S2 locomotives, built by Friedrich Krupp in Essen, Germany. To adhere to the specified weight limit, the Class S2 was built with a small boiler, with the result that it had the appearance of a Cape gauge locomotive with a narrow gauge boiler, particularly when viewed from the front. Also to reduce the axle load, it had Type MY1 tenders which rode on Buckeye three-axle bogies.

### Sweden

0-8-0 was wheel arrangement on some Swedish freight locomotives in the early 20th century. The most well known is probably the  class of steam locomotives as many of them survived in the strategic reserve until the 1990s, when all steam engines were removed from the strategic reserve. The E class of locomotives entered production in 1907 and many were modified to a 2-8-0 configuration with a name change to E2. The locomotives were intended as mixed locomotives in northern Sweden with its steeper inclines and for heavy freight in southern Sweden where the landscape is flatter.

Another locomotive was the Prussian G8.1 named the  class in Sweden which was ordered by the national railway company during WWI in 1916, but delivery was delayed until 1918.

### United Kingdom

Two examples of 0-8-0T tank locomotives were built by Archibald Sturrock of the United Kingdom's Great Northern Railway in 1866, but the design was not perpetuated. A tender locomotive version was introduced on the Barry Railway Company in 1889 to haul coal trains.

Francis Webb of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) built 282 examples of a compound 0-8-0 locomotive between 1892 and 1904. A further 290 examples of a simple expansion version were built by his successor between 1910 and 1922.

In 1902, John Robinson of the Great Central Railway introduced his Class 8A tender engines, which were designated the Q4 class under the London and North Eastern Railway. From 1934, the class was replaced by the Robinson 2-8-0's and their withdrawal and scrapping began, but between 1942 and 1945 Edward Thompson converted thirteen into side-tanks, designated LNER Class Q1.

Under the grouping of 1923, the LNWR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). Henry Fowler designed an inside cylinder engine in 1929 to replace the LNWR examples, but they proved to be unsatisfactory and ended up having shorter lives than the LNWR locomotives.

In 1914, Manning Wardle of Leeds built a side-tank engine called *Katharine* for the Bridge Water Collieries system. On the Kent and East Sussex Railway, the *Hecate* was built for Colonel Stephens by Hawthorn and Leslie in 1904, but the branchline for which it was built was never completed and since the engine was too big for his other railways, it was exchanged in 1932 for a smaller engine from the Southern Railway. *Hecate* ended up as a motive power depot shunter at Nine Elms Locomotive Works and was scrapped in 1950.

On the Southern Railway, Richard Maunsell's Z class side-tank engines were first built in 1929 as a heavy shunting engine, 8 were built by 1930.

### United States

The 0-8-0 wheel arrangement appeared early in locomotive development in the United States, during the mid-1840s. The configuration became popular and was more commonly constructed as a tender locomotive. It saw extensive use as a heavy switcher and freight engine.

Beginning in 1844, Ross Winans developed a series of 0-8-0 types for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), starting with a vertical-boiler design where the crankshaft was directly above and geared to the rear driving wheel. With a horizontal boiler, this became the *Mud Digger* class of engines on the B&O, of which twelve were built. In late 1847, the B&O moved to abandon geared drives and, in 1848, Baldwin delivered the first of a series of 0-8-0 freight engines.

The USRA 0-8-0 was a USRA standard class, designed by the United States Railroad Administration during World War I. This was the standard heavy switcher locomotive of the USRA types, of which 175 examples were built by ALCO, Baldwin and Lima for many different railroads in the United States. After the dissolution of the USRA in 1920, an additional 1,200 examples of the USRA 0-8-0 were built.

In the 1920s, the Pennsylvania Railroad wanted the best motive power possible to handle the switching chores at their yards and interchanges. Built in its own Juniata Shops, the Pennsylvania Railroad class C1, at 278,000 lb, was the heaviest two-cylinder 0-8-0 switcher ever produced. The calculated tractive effort was 76,154 lb.

The last steam locomotive to be built in the United States for a Class I railroad was 0-8-0 no. 244, a Class S1 switch engine erected by the Norfolk and Western's Roanoke Shops in December 1953. It was retired in March 1958.

## InfoBox

0-8-0 (Eight-coupled)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| USRA 0-8-0 | |
| Equivalent classifications  UIC class D  French class 040  Turkish class 44  Swiss class 4/4  Russian class 0-4-0 | |
| First known tank engine version  First use 1866  Country United Kingdom  Railway Great Northern Railway  Designer Archibald Sturrock  Builder Great Northern Railway  Benefits Total mass as adhesive weight  Drawbacks Instability at speed | |
| First known tender engine version  First use 1844  Country United States of America  Locomotive *Mud Digger* class  Railway Baltimore and Ohio Railroad  Designer Ross Winans  Builder Ross Winans  Benefits Total engine mass as adhesive weight  Drawbacks Instability at speed | |


title: Angelosaurus

abstract: Angelosaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous caseid synapsids that lived during the late Lower Permian (Kungurian) and early Middle Permian (Roadian) in what is now Texas and Oklahoma. Like other herbivorous caseids, it had a small head, large barrel-shaped body, long tail, and massive limbs. Angelosaurus differs from other caseids by the extreme massiveness of its bones, particularly those of the limbs, which show a strong development of ridges, processes, and rugosities for the attachment of muscles and tendons. Relative to its body size, the limbs of Angelosaurus were shorter and wider than those of other caseids. The ungual phalanges looked more like hooves than claws. The few known cranial elements show that the skull was short and more robust than that of the other representatives of the group. Angelosaurus is also distinguished by its bulbous teeth with shorter and wider crowns than those of other caseids. Their morphology and the high rate of wear they exhibit suggests a diet quite different from that of other large herbivorous caseids, and must have been based on particularly tough plants. A study published in 2022 suggests that the genus may be paraphyletic, with Angelosaurus possibly only represented by its type species A. dolani.

text:
# Angelosaurus

***Angelosaurus*** is an extinct genus of herbivorous caseid synapsids that lived during the late Lower Permian (Kungurian) and early Middle Permian (Roadian) in what is now Texas and Oklahoma. Like other herbivorous caseids, it had a small head, large barrel-shaped body, long tail, and massive limbs. *Angelosaurus* differs from other caseids by the extreme massiveness of its bones, particularly those of the limbs, which show a strong development of ridges, processes, and rugosities for the attachment of muscles and tendons. Relative to its body size, the limbs of *Angelosaurus* were shorter and wider than those of other caseids. The ungual phalanges looked more like hooves than claws. The few known cranial elements show that the skull was short and more robust than that of the other representatives of the group. *Angelosaurus* is also distinguished by its bulbous teeth with shorter and wider crowns than those of other caseids. Their morphology and the high rate of wear they exhibit suggests a diet quite different from that of other large herbivorous caseids, and must have been based on particularly tough plants. A study published in 2022 suggests that the genus may be paraphyletic, with *Angelosaurus* possibly only represented by its type species *A. dolani*.

## Etymology

The name of the genus *Angelosaurus* refers to the San Angelo Formation in Texas, where this animal was first discovered. It is completed by *saurus* meaning lizard.

## Species

*Angelosaurus* is only known from incomplete skeletons and isolated bones. The genus is represented by three species, the largest, *Angelosaurus greeni*, reaching a size comparable to that of *Cotylorhynchus romeri*. *Angelosaurus romeri* was the smallest species and *A. dolani* was of intermediate size. However, the difference in size is not a relevant taxonomic criterion because the number of known specimens is too limited to know the maximum size reached by each species. These three species differ essentially in characteristics of the humerus, femur, and pelvis, which are the only bones allowing comparisons. In the type species *A. dolani*, the humerus is very massive, as long as it is wide with an almost nonexistent shaft. In *A. romeri*, the humerus is less massive with a very short but distinct shaft. In *A. romeri* and *A. dolani*, the internal trochanter is located more or less halfway between the proximal and distal ends of the intertrochanteric fossa, while in *A. greeni* it is located near the distal end of the fossa. *A. romeri* is distinguished by the prominence of the fourth trochanter. In *A. romeri* and *A. greeni*, the external condyle is the larger of the two and is well separated from the internal condyle. In *A. dolani* the internal condyle is the most developed but the separation with the external condyle is less clear, probably due to the presence of an extensive cartilage cover. The pelvis of *A. dolani* is characterized both by the massiveness of the vertebral connections and the strong fusion of the sacral ribs forming a single plate distally, but also by the weak ossification of the dorsal lamina of the ilium and the pubic symphysis. In *A. romeri* there is practically no fusion of the sacral ribs. The sacrum of *A. dolani* has three vertebrae of which only the first two are fused. In *A. romeri*, the pubic symphysis is strongly ossified and the sacrum has four vertebrae. In the holotype, the three preserved vertebrae of the sacrum are fused together. Phylogenetic analysis by Werneburg and colleagues, however, indicates that the species *A. greeni* and *A. romeri* may not belong to the genus *Angelosaurus*, all these taxa requiring a detailed redescription.

### *Angelosaurus dolani*

The type species *Angelosaurus dolani* was erected in 1953 by Everett C. Olson and James R. Beerbower from a partial skeleton (the holotype FMNH UR 149) found in the red mudstones constituting the central part of the San Angelo Formation (Pease River Group), Knox County, Texas. This species was named in honor of Wayne Dolan, whose cooperation made it possible to continue work on the Little Crotton Creek locality, near the town of Benjamin where the holotype came from. The skeleton of *A. dolani* was largely articulated, with the first three presacral vertebrae, the sacrum and 24 caudal vertebrae being anatomically connected, as were the left pelvis, femurs, left tibia and fibula, and most of the left foot. Four other vertebrae, the right humerus, parts of the right manus, ribs fragments, two poorly preserved fragments of dentary and maxilla with broken teeth, were scattered anterior to the pelvis. A few vertebrae of a second specimen were also reported from the same site, less than a hundred meters of the first site.

*A. dolani* is characterized by a heavy and massive skeleton, with shorter and wider limbs than those of other caseids. The humerus is one of the most distinctive elements of the skeleton by its extremely massive proportions. There is virtually no shaft, and the width of the proximal end is almost equal to the total length of the bone. The delto-pectoral crest is highly developed and bears a prominent, knotty and rough process for the insertion of part of the pectoral musculature. Along the anterior margin of the proximal part of the humerus there is a strong ridge for the insertion of the deltoid muscle. The radial condyle of the humerus lies far anteriorly on the ventral and distal surface, and its proportions suggest that the head of the radius was massive. The femur is very massive with a deep and heavy proximal end. The internal trochanter is exceptionally strong and has a rough surface. Characteristically, it extends very close to the proximal end of the intertrochanteric fossa (a large concave surface located on the ventral side of the proximal end of the femur and where the *puboischiofemoralis externus* muscle inserted). The fourth trochanter, on the other hand, is weak. The distal condyles of the femur are large but not strongly differentiated, probably due to the presence of a cartilaginous cap. A strong ridge passes proximally from the intercondylar fossa along the dorsal margin of the femur and continues over the area where the femoro-tibial portion of the *triceps surae* muscle likely originated. Like the femur, the tibia and fibula are characterized by their ends formed of unfinished bone, suggesting the presence of a substantial cartilage cover. This peculiarity, which is usually a sign of skeletal immaturity, is surprising because the holotype of *A. dolani* belongs to an adult animal as indicated by the complete ossification of various other parts of the skeleton. On the left foot, relatively large compared to the size of the body, the tarsal bones were found articulated but the metatarsals and phalanges were somewhat disarticulated. So Olson and Beerbower had some difficulty in determining the phalangeal formula. After re-examining the material discovered, Olson later assessed the phalangeal formula of the foot to be 2-2-2-3-3. The ungual phalanges are distinguished from those of other caseids by being short, broad, and smooth, and resemble hooves rather than claws. Some elements of the right manus show that the phalanges were wide and short. The pelvis is characterized by a pubis and ischium forming a broad flattened plate, with a weak symphysis for most of its length. The ilium, short and broad, shows some indication of the dorsal elevation characteristic of caseids, but the apex appears incomplete, possibly cartilaginous. The acetabulum is proportionately very wide and deep. The sacrum is composed of three vertebrae, the first and the second being fused together. The distal ends of the three sacral ribs are fused to form a broad plate that fits over the ilium. The thoracic vertebrae have relatively long transverse processes and there appears to have been a small ventral facet, indicating that the ribs were double-headed. The neural spines, although poorly preserved, appear to have been rather short. Two fragments of the upper and lower jaws indicate that the skull was rather small in relation to the size of the body, as is the case in other derived caseids. The two fragments of dentary and maxilla bear a few teeth which, although broken, had an ovoid section and were quite spaced, indicating that their total number should be low.

### *Angelosaurus greeni*

*Angelosaurus greeni* was named in 1962 by Everett C. Olson from a very fragmentary skeleton and various isolated elements found in red mudstones at the top of the San Angelo Formation in Knox County, Texas. The specific epithet honors J. Green of the Alexander Ranch, whose cooperation and assistance during many years has made it possible to explore and collect the fossiliferous beds outcropping on the lands of the Alexander Ranch. It is the largest species of the genus with dimensions comparable to that of the caseid *Cotylorhynchus romeri*. It is also the most poorly known species. The remains found were fragmentary, in large part due to an extensive chemical decomposition after burial. In the holotype, this decomposition has altered and destroyed many elements of an originally more complete skeleton, as indicated by the presence of many fragments that are difficult to identify, but also the presence on the ground of the indistinct outline of some fully dissolved bones. The holotype (FMNH UR 257) is composed of a femur, some vertebrae, and fragments of ribs. Paratypes include a distal end fragment of a humerus (FMNH UR 258), pelvic fragments, distal limb elements, and indeterminate fragments (FMNH UR 264), and a flattened humerus with poorly preserved distal end (FMNH UR 259), all coming from the same general horizon and the same locality as the type.

This species is mainly characterized by the morphology of its femur. The location of the internal trochanter is very characteristic in being located near the distal end of the intertrochanteric fossa. While it is located near the middle or proximal part of this fossa in the other two species. This internal trochanter is apparently fused with the fourth trochanter. There is no adductor ridge. The anterior (internal) distal condyle is small and is sharply separated from the posterior by a deep groove. Finally, the shaft of the femur is very short.

### *Angelosaurus romeri*

*Angelosaurus romeri* was named in 1962 by Everett C. Olson and Herbert Barghusen from a partial skeleton and many other isolated elements found in the Omega Quarry in Kingfisher County, Oklahoma. Its remains were originally described as coming from the central part of the Flowerpot Formation. Olson later corrected this attribution by specifying that these remains belong to a tongue of the Chickasha Formation (El Reno Group) whose deposits interfinger in places with those of the Flowerpot, Blaine, and Dog Creek formations. Although Olson and Barghusen give no information on the name of the species, it probably refers to the American paleontologist Alfred Sherwood Romer. Another species of caseid already bore his name, *Cotylorhynchus romeri*. *A. romeri* is the better known species of the genus, and the only one for which various parts of the skull are available. It is the smallest species of the genus and differs from its cousins by a moderate development of the massiveness of the limbs and a weak increase in the robustness of the vertebrae, which can only be distinguished with difficulty from those of *Cotylorhynchus*.

The holotype (FMNH UR 827) is composed of the pelvis, the right femur, 16 presacral vertebrae, five of which have their associated ribs, 3 sacral, and 4 caudals, two of which are associated with chevrons. Also known are two sacral vertebrae and 2 presacral vertebrae forming an articulated series (FMNH UR 828), the right side of a pelvis lacking most of the ischium (FMNH UR 844), a right pubis (FMNH UR 845), an interclavicle (FMNH UR 846), two anterior dorsal ribs (FMNH UR 847 and 850), two median dorsal ribs (FMNH UR 848 and 849), a posterior dorsal rib (FMNH UR 851), a cervical rib (FMNH UR 852), four anterior caudal vertebrae (FMNH UR 853), and a fragment of premaxilla with two teeth (FMNH UR 854).

Subsequent excavations in the Omega quarry have uncovered many additional bones, including several previously unknown skeletal elements. This additional material includes a partial skeleton composed of the sacrum, 4 sacral vertebrae, 3 presacral, 18 caudal, and toe bones (FMNH UR 904), a right scapulocoracoid and a right humerus (FMNH UR 907), 20 presacral vertebrae (FMNH UR 908), a left scapulocoracoid (FMNH UR 909), a poorly preserved tibia (FMNH UR 911, doubtfully attributed to this taxon), 4 bones of the toes (FMNH UR 914), 3 presacral vertebrae with ribs (FMNH UR 916), a large left femur (FMNH UR 917), a fragment of maxilla with 2 teeth (FMNH UR 926), a braincase and part of the palate (FMNH UR 927), a large rib (FMNH UR 928), a pterygoid (FMNH UR 931), an anterior dorsal rib (FMNH UR 932), a clavicle (FMNH UR 933), the third presacral rib (FMNH UR 940), an anterior dorsal rib (FMNH UR 941), an isolated tooth (FMNH UR 942), a pair of articulated lower jaws having retained their tooth rows (FMNH UR 943), 2 median dorsal ribs (FM NH UR 944), several anterior dorsal ribs (FMNH UR 945), 20 caudal vertebrae with ribs on the most anterior (FMNH UR 971), a pubis (FMNH UR 978), ilia and ischia of juvenile individuals (FMNH UR 979), and a left and right pelvis (FMNH UR 980).

No complete skull of *Angelosaurus* has yet been discovered. The species *A. romeri* provides the best picture of the cranial morphology in this genus. The skull is represented by an incomplete premaxilla with two teeth, a fragment of maxilla with two teeth, a braincase, a pterygoid, and a pair of lower jaws bearing an almost complete dentition. All these elements are consistent with each other indicating a fairly short, robust and heavy skull, with strong short teeth. The morphology of the skull in lateral view is not well known, but the premaxilla shows that the external nares were large, and the fragment of maxilla shows the existence of a large orbit. These two fragments suggest that the elements of the skull were quite massive compared to those of *Cotylorhynchus* of comparable size. The skull of *A. romeri* must have looked like a slightly more solid and robust version of the basic pattern of the other derived caseids. The lower jaws show that the dentary is short and heavy with a strong symphysis. There is a moderately strong and wide shelf at the ventral margin of the symphysis.

The teeth of *A. romeri* differs very clearly from that of other caseids by their bulbous morphology with very short and wide crowns. The knowledge of the upper dentition is limited to four teeth, two being carried by an incomplete premaxilla and two others coming from a fragment of maxilla. The first premaxillary tooth is very different from that of other caseids genera, in being thick at the base and tapering to a blunt termination of the crown. The second tooth is similar in shape, but much smaller. Neither have cusps. The two maxillary teeth have a general structure similar to that of other derived caseids by having a base with a circular section, followed at the mid-height of the tooth by an enlargement of the crown, which then ends in a labio-lingual thinning giving to the upper end of the crown a spatulate morphology. However, they differ from those of other caseids in being shorter and blunter, the crown ending in a flattened edge bearing five small longitudinal cusps. The pair of lower jaws retains a much more complete dentition. The three anterior teeth are very distinctive. They are very short and blunt with a very broad middle part, and lack cusps. The more posterior teeth are short and resemble the upper ones quite closely. The five cusps on the flattened dorsal margin of the crowns are very distinct. There are 11 teeth on the right side and 12 on the left, counting as present those which are being replaced. Apparently 12 is the correct number, the lowest number of teeth among the caseids from North America. Only the Russian genus *Ennatosaurus* has less with only 10 teeth per half jaw. The anterior teeth of the mandibles of *A. romeri* are relatively worn. Some of the most posterior teeth are worn and some are not. The cusps disappear quickly with wear and the final stages produce a button-shaped crown whose surface is formed by the bulbous, rounded area of the central part of the tooth. The robustness of these teeth, coupled with the heavy wear they show, indicate that the diet of *A. romeri* must have included plants that are tougher than those on which most other herbivorous caseids fed.

The postcranial skeleton of *A. romeri* differs mainly from that of the other two species of the genus in characteristics of the pelvis, femur, and humerus. The humerus, although large and heavy with strongly developed ridges and processes, differs from that of *A. dolani* by its less massive proportions and the presence of a distinct though relatively short shaft. The pelvis is characterized by a pubis and an ischium forming a large, somewhat saddle-shaped plate with a strongly ossified median symphysis whereas it was cartilaginous in *A. dolani*. In the holotype, the sacrum has only three vertebrae with three associated sacral ribs. However, the paratype FMNH UR 904 has four sacral ribs indicating the presence of four vertebrae in the sacrum of this specimen. It is likely that four is the normal number of sacral vertebrae in this species, as the sacrum of the holotype is in fact incomplete. In the holotype of *A. romeri*, the three sacral vertebrae are fused while in *A. dolani* only the first two are fused. The sacral ribs are blade-shaped and are almost completely separated from each other at the joint with the ilium. At most, a slight fusion is observed between the second and the third sacral rib. The femur is relatively small and strongly ossified. It is characterized by the position of the internal trochanter, which is located approximately halfway between the proximal and distal limits of the intertrochanteric fossa. The fourth trochanter is well developed and rises slightly above the ridge of the adductor. The anterior distal condyle is shallow and flat and is well separated from the posterior condyle. The latter is larger and bears a well-defined surface for articulation with the fibula. The popliteal space is prominent.

## Stratigraphic distribution

The age of the San Angelo Formation has been the subject of many interpretations, these assigning it alternatively a late Cisuralian (Kungurian) and/or basal Guadalupian (Roadian) age. The San Angelo Formation overlies the Clear Fork Group and is overlain by the Blaine Formation. According to Spencer G. Lucas and colleagues, fusulins found in a marine intercalation of the San Angelo Formation, as well as ammonoids present at the base of the overlying Blaine Formation, indicated a Kungurian age. Moreover, according to these authors, the base of the San Andres Formation, located further west and considered a lateral equivalent of the Blaine Formation, is in the *Neostreptognathodus prayi* conodont zone, the second of the three Kungurian conodont biozones. The base of the Blaine Formation would therefore belong to this Kungurian biozone, suggesting that the underlying San Angelo Formation and *Angelosaurus* would be slightly older than the *N. prayi* conodont zone with a lower Kungurian age. However, Michel Laurin and Robert W. Hook argued that the fusuline marine intercalation cited above does not belong to the San Angelo Formation in which it was mistakenly included, and cannot be used to date the latter. The name San Angelo Formation has been incorrectly applied to a wide variety of rocks in various sedimentary basins located in western Texas, whereas the San Angelo Formation is restricted to the eastern shelf and is exclusively continental and devoid of marine fossils. On the other hand, the taxonomic revision of the ammonoids from the base of the Blaine Formation indicates a Roadian age rather than a Kungurian age and the San Angelo formation yielded a fossil flora dominated by voltzian conifers, an assemblage rather characteristic of the Guadalupian and the Lopingian. Thus, according to Laurin and Hook, the San Angelo Formation could date from latest Kungurian or earliest Roadian, or more likely could straddle the Kungurian/Roadian boundary.

With a stratigraphic position equivalent to the central part of the Flowerpot Formation, the Chickasha Formation contains the most recent Permian tetrapod fauna of North America, including *A. romeri*. On the basis of its faunal composition, a Middle Permian (= Guadalupian) age was assigned to it several times. This attribution is based mainly on the presence in the Chickasha fauna of the parareptile *Macroleter* that was previously known only from the Mezen assemblage in European Russia, which contains a clearly Guadalupian non mammalian therapsids fauna, and also the caseid *Ennatosaurus*. Another possible clue of a Guadalupian age is the presence in the Chickasha fauna of the largest known representative of the varanopid, *Watongia*, whose large dimensions would be the sign of a late increase in size in the evolution of this clade, which would have taken the place of top predator in the absence of Sphenacodontidae. However, the presence of the genus *Macroleter* in both Russia and Oklahoma does not guarantee that the Mezen assemblage and the Chickasha formation are (sub) contemporary because various Permian tetrapods genera had a wide temporal distribution, such *Dimetrodon* and *Diplocaulus*. Another example, the varanopid *Mesenosaurus*, originally known from the Guadalupian assemblage of Mezen, is also represented by a distinct species in a locality from Oklahoma radiometrically dated to the mid-Lower Permian (Artinskian), an age difference of at least 20 million years with the Russian species. Thus, the age of the Chickasha Formation can hardly be estimated from its fauna. Other researchers assign it a Kungurian age. However, magnetostratigraphic data suggest that the Chickasha formation probably dates from the lower Roadian. This age is also consistent with the stratigraphic position of the Chickasha Formation which occupies a slightly higher position than that of the San Angelo Formation dated to the Kungurian-Roadian boundary.

## Paleoenvironments

Left: paleogeographic map of Earth at the end of the Paleozoic showing the known distribution of caseid synapsids. Right: close-up of the paleogeographic location of the caseid sites. **1** and **2** *Ennatosaurus tecton*, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, late Roadian – early Wordian ; **3** *Phreatophasma aenigmaticum*, Bashkortostan, Russia, early Roadian ; **4** *Datheosaurus macrourus*, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, Gzhelian ; **5** *Martensius bromackerensis*, Thuringia, Germany, Sakmarian ; **6** *Callibrachion gaudryi*, Saône-et-Loire, France, Asselian ; **7** *Euromycter rutenus* and *Ruthenosaurus russellorum*, Aveyron, France, late Artinskian ; **8** *Lalieudorhynchus gandi*, Hérault, France, Wordian – early Capitanian ; **9** *Alierasaurus ronchii*, Nurra, Sardinia, Italy, Roadian ; **10** *Eocasea martini*, Greenwood County, Kansas, late Pennsylvanian ; **11** ***Angelosaurus romeri*** and *Cotylorhynchus bransoni*, Kingfisher County, Oklahoma, early Roadian ; **12** *Cotylorhynchus bransoni*, Blaine County, Oklahoma, early Roadian ; **13** *Cotylorhynchus romeri*, Logan County, Oklahoma, mid-late Kungurian ; **14** *Cotylorhynchus romeri*, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, mid-late Kungurian ; **15** *Oromycter dolesorum* and *Arisierpeton simplex*, Comanche County, Oklahoma, early Artinskian ; **16** *Cotylorhynchus hancocki*, Hardeman County, Texas, late Kungurian – early Roadian ; **17** *Cotylorhynchus hancocki*, ***Angelosaurus dolani***, ***A. greeni***, *Caseoides sanangeloensis*, and *Caseopsis agilis*, Knox County, Texas, late Kungurian – early Roadian ; **18** *Casea broilii*, Baylor County, Texas, mid-late Kungurian.

In the Permian, most of the landmasses was united in a single supercontinent, Pangea. It was then roughly C-shaped: its northern (Laurasia) and southern (Gondwana) parts were connected to the west but separated to the east by the Tethys Ocean. A long string of microcontinents, grouped under the name of Cimmeria, divided the Tethys in two : the Paleo-Tethys in the north, and the Neo-Tethys in the south. The San Angelo and Chickasha formations correspond mainly to fluvial and aeolian sediments deposited in a vast deltaic plain dotted with lakes and lagoons. This coastal plain was bordered to the west by a sea that occupied what is today the Gulf of Mexico and the southernmost part of North America. The rivers ending in the delta came from modest reliefs located further east and corresponding to the ancestral uplifts of the Ouachita, Arbuckle and Wichita mountains. The climate was subtropical with moderate and seasonal rains. There was a summer monsoon as well as a dry winter season. The monsoon was relatively weak, due to the limited size of the sea and the small differential between summer and winter temperatures. The presence of evaporites indicates significant aridity interrupted by seasonal flooding.

The San Angelo Formation is composed at its base of hard, green, gray and brown sandstones and fine conglomerates, all of them unfossiliferous. The central part of the formation consists mainly of red mudstones corresponding to clayey and silty mud deposited on the coastal plains during periodic flooding episodes. The mode of preservation of the type specimen of *Angelosaurus dolani*, with the posterior part of the skeleton articulated and the anterior part incomplete and dislocated, suggests that the animal was trapped in muddy sediment and then devoured by carnivores who dispersed the exposed parts. The caseid *Caseoides* is also present in this part of the formation. These red mudstones are interspersed with a thin level of green sandstone, sandy mudstones, and evaporites. These correspond to a minor and ephemeral encroachment of estuaries, lagoons, and very shallow seas on the terrestrial part of the delta. The upper part of the San Angelo Formation is characterized by the preponderance of coarse sediments such as sandstones and conglomerates, but also including at its base sandy mudstones and at its top pure red mudstones. According to Olson, these sediments were deposited by wider and more powerful rivers than those in the central part of the formation. However, in Oklahoma, strata equivalent to the San Angelo Formation, which were also considered fluvio-deltaic and coastal deposits, have been reinterpreted as being of aeolian origin. The base of the upper San Angelo Formation is characterized by the absence of the genus *Angelosaurus* and the abundance of *Cotylorhynchus hanckoki*, which is associated, among others, with the caseid *Caseopsis agilis*, the sphenacodontid *Dimetrodon angelensis*, and the captorhinids *Rothianiscus multidonta*, and *Kahneria seltina*. At the top of the San Angelo Formation, red mudstones are again the dominant sedimentary facies. The genus *Angelosaurus* is again present (with the species *A. greeni*), accompanied by *Caseoides* cf. *agilis*, *R. multidonta* and *K. seltina*.

In Oklahoma, the Chickasha Formation corresponds to the central part of the Flowerpot Formation in which it is locally inserted. The sediments that compose it are varied and include red shales, sandstones, mudstones, conglomerates, and evaporites, deposited in floodplains and channels bordering the sea and coastal lagoons. In the Omega quarry, all the fossils come from sandstones, mudstones and hard, siliceous conglomerates, arranged in lenses. They correspond to deposits of an old channel about 1.50 m thick and 4.6 m wide where the skeletons of *Angelosaurus romeri* have accumulated, but also those of a second caseid, *Cotylorhynchus bransoni*, and those of the captorhinid *Rothianiscus robustus*. Elsewhere in this formation are known the Xenacanthiform *Orthacanthus*, the Nectridea *Diplocaulus*, the temnospondyle Dissorophidae *Nooxobeia*, the pareiasauromorpha Nycteroleteridae *Macroleter*, and the Varanopidae *Varanodon* and *Watongia*.

## Phylogeny

All phylogenetics studies of caseids consider *Angelosaurus* to be a taxon close to the genera *Ennatosaurus* and *Cotylorhynchus*. In the first phylogenetic analysis of caseids published in 2008, the species *Angelosaurus dolani* is recovered as the sister group of *Cotylorhynchus romeri*.

Below is the first caseid cladogram published by Maddin et al. in 2008.

Another phylogenetic analysis performed in 2012 by Benson identifies *Angelosaurus romeri* as the sister group of the three species of *Cotylorhynchus*.

Below is the caseasaurs cladogram released by Benson in 2012.

In 2015, Romano and Nicosia published the first cladistic study including almost all caseids, except for very fragmentary taxa such as *Alierasaurus ronchii* and *Angelosaurus greeni*. In this analysis, *Angelosaurus* and *Ennatosaurus* form a clade and this clade is the sister group of a clade containing the genus *Ruthenosaurus* and the three species of *Cotylorhynchus*.

Below is the caseid cladogram published by Romano and Nicosia in 2015.

In 2020, two cladograms published by Berman and colleagues also recover *Angelosaurus* as one of the most derived caseids. In the first cladogram, *Angelosaurus romeri* together with the three species of *Cotylorhynchus* and *Alierasaurus* form an unresolved polytomy. In the second cladogram, *A. romeri* is the sister taxon of a clade containing *Cotylorhynchus* and *Alierasaurus*.

Below are the two caseids cladograms published by Berman and colleagues in 2020.

A phylogenetic analysis published in 2022 by Werneburg and colleagues suggests that the genera *Angelosaurus* and *Cotylorhynchus* may be paraphyletic, the taxa other than their type species possibly belonging to different genera.

Below is the cladogram published by Werneburg and colleagues in 2022.

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## InfoBox

| *Angelosaurus*<br>Temporal range: late Kungurian \- early Roadian, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Synapsida |
| *Clade*: | Caseasauria |
| Family: | Caseidae |
| Genus: | *Angelosaurus*<br>Olson & Berrbower, 1953 |
|
| Species | |
| * *A. dolani* (type)Olson & Berrbower, 1953 * *A. greeni* Olson, 1962 * *A. romeri* Olson and Barghuser, 1962 | |


title: Doug Sosnik

abstract: Douglas Brian Sosnik is an American political strategist. Sosnik is a 1978 graduate of Duke University. Sosnik is affiliated with the Democratic Party, and notably served as the political director for President Bill Clinton during his second term. He also was a campaign strategist for Massachusetts Senator John Kerry during his unsuccessful 2004 presidential bid. Prior to joining the Clinton Administration, Sosnik was the chief of staff for Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd, and later worked with the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. He was also an informal adviser to Mark Warner, the former governor of Virginia during his preparation for a possible 2008 run for president. Sosnik is a co-author of Applebee's America: How successful political, business and religious leaders connect with the New American Community. In 2020, Sosnik joined the strategic advisory firm Brunswick Group. Past Sosnik clients have included the National Basketball Association, the Motion Picture Association of America, CNBC, The Rockefeller Foundation and the University of North Carolina. Per the 2020 announcement press release, he has also advised over 50 U.S. Senators and governors.

text:
# Doug Sosnik

**Douglas Brian Sosnik** (born September 26, 1956) is an American political strategist.

Sosnik is a 1978 graduate of Duke University.

Sosnik is affiliated with the Democratic Party, and notably served as the political director for President Bill Clinton during his second term. He also was a campaign strategist for Massachusetts Senator John Kerry during his unsuccessful 2004 presidential bid. Prior to joining the Clinton Administration, Sosnik was the chief of staff for Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd, and later worked with the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. He was also an informal adviser to Mark Warner, the former governor of Virginia during his preparation for a possible 2008 run for president.

Sosnik is a co-author of *Applebee's America: How successful political, business and religious leaders connect with the New American Community*.

In 2020, Sosnik joined the strategic advisory firm Brunswick Group. Past Sosnik clients have included the National Basketball Association, the Motion Picture Association of America, CNBC, The Rockefeller Foundation and the University of North Carolina. Per the 2020 announcement press release, he has also advised over 50 U.S. Senators and governors.

## InfoBox

| Doug Sosnik | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senior Advisor to the President | |
| **In office**
November 7, 1998  January 20, 2001 | |
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Rahm Emanuel |
| Succeeded by | Karl Rove |
| White House Director of Political Affairs | |
| **In office**
February 16, 1995  February 7, 1997 | |
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Joe Velasquez (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Craig T. Smith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Douglas Brian Sosnik
(1956-09-26) September 26, 1956 |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Duke University (BA) |
|  | |


title: Dr. Miracle's

abstract: Dr. Miracle's is a line of ethnic personal care products.

text:
# Dr. Miracle's

**Dr. Miracle's** is a line of ethnic personal care products.

## History

Founded in 2004 by Brian K Marks also founder of African Pride haircare, the brand focused its early products on ethnic hair care and later extended their production into skincare specific to African Americans. The brand is sold at major retail outlets such as Target, Wal-Mart, Kmart, as well as Sally’s Beauty Supply, CVS, Walgreens, Duane Reade and Rite Aid. In July 2010, the company held a promotional event at a Manhattan hotel for a new line of hair follicle products.

## Skin Care

Four years after the launch, Dr. Miracle’s added a skin care line to their product assortment. *My Goodbye Acne System* was the first in the company's skin care line up, complete with a cleanser, toner and lotion. The skin care line later expanded with *My Miracle* to include a daily mask, toner, cleanser, day moisturizer and anti-aging night moisturizer. The new skin line targeted popular dilemmas of African American women, proposing solutions for dryness, blemishes and aging. Raani Corp., a manufacturer of health-care items, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and household and salon products, employs 150 workers, of which nearly half are temporary day workers. The company was previously inspected by OSHA in 1993, resulting in five serious violations. Raani Corp. has 15 business days from receipt of its current citations and penalties to comply, request an informal conference with OSHA's area director or contest the findings before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.

## Awards

2005 Brooklyn Bureau of Community Service Partner in Industry Award, (“For leadership and commitment in providing employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities.”)

2006 Sally’s Beauty Vendor of the Year Award Hair & Scalp Treatment Conditioner)

## Further reading