abstract: Early Recordings are the early recordings of Uncle Dave Macon, released in 2001 and recorded between 1924-1925.

text:
# Early Recordings (Uncle Dave Macon album)

**Early Recordings** are the early recordings of Uncle Dave Macon, released in 2001 and recorded between 1924-1925.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Eugene Chadbourne of Allmusic called it a "the real deal, a dozen monumental tracks lifted off the original 78 slabs that comprised the early-recording career of this eccentric and almost endlessly amusing old-time country star. Practically every track is some kind of classic."

## Track listing

1. "Old Man's Last Hope" – 2:29
2. "Keep My Skillet Good and Greasy" – 2:28
3. "Hill-Billie Blues" – 2:51
4. "All I've Got's Gone" – 2:36
5. "The Fox Chase" – 2:42
6. "Papa's Billie Goat" – 2:44
7. "The Old Log Cabin In The Lane" – 2:46
8. "She Was Always Chewing Gum" – 2:51
9. "I'm Going To Leave You Love" – 2:53
10. "Jonah And The Whale" – 3:05
11. "Love Somebody (instrumental)" – 2:57
12. "Soldier's Joy (instrumental)" – 2:51
13. "Bile Them Cabbage Down" – 2:59
14. "Down By The River" – 3:03
15. "Run, Nigger, Run" – 2:52
16. "Old Dan Tucker" – 3:02
17. "Station Will Be Changed After A While" – 3:17
18. "Rooster Crow Medley" – 3:00
19. "Just From Tennessee" – 3:00
20. "Watermelon Smilin' On A Vine" – 2:59
21. "All Go Hungry Hash House" – 3:22
22. "Oh, Where Is My Boy Tonight" – 2:44
23. "From Jerusalem To Jericho" – 3:06
24. "I Tickled Nancy" – 2:33

## InfoBox

| Early Recordings 1924–1925 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Uncle Dave Macon | |
| Released | 2001 |
| Recorded | 1924–1925 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Old Homestead Records |


title: Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II

abstract: Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II is the third studio album by Daniel Vahnke, released on August 1, 2018, by Rodentia Productions.

text:
# Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II

***Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II*** is the third studio album by Daniel Vahnke, released on August 1, 2018, by Rodentia Productions.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Daniel Vahnke

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Checkers" | 0:56 |
| 2. | "Amo II" | 1:25 |
| 3. | "TV Theme" | 1:07 |
| 4. | "Down to Business" | 2:01 |
| 5. | "Children's Song" | 0:48 |
| 6. | "Background #6" | 0:33 |
| 7. | "They Go Up" | 2:08 |
| 8. | "South of North" | 1:45 |
| 9. | "Crossfade" | 6:20 |
| 10. | "Calling, Scene 2" | 1:40 |
| 11. | "Calling, Scene 3" | 2:31 |
| 12. | "Pulse #10" | 1:20 |
| 13. | "Pulse #11" | 1:18 |
| 14. | "Pulse #12" | 1:18 |
| 15. | "Piano Sketch #13" | 1:12 |
| 16. | "Piano Room #12" | 1:05 |
| 17. | "Piano Room #11" | 0:48 |
| 18. | "Piano Room #10" | 0:52 |
| 19. | "Landscape #11" | 1:08 |
| 20. | "Landscape #17" | 0:40 |
| 21. | "Landscape #37" | 1:10 |
| 22. | "Scene Improvisation #10" | 1:15 |
| 23. | "Scene Improvisation #9" | 1:10 |
| 24. | "Scene Improvisation #8" | 0:32 |
| 25. | "Scene Improvisation #7" | 1:38 |
| 26. | "Rat Nest I & IV" | 1:16 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II* liner notes.

**Axon Tremolo**

**Production**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 2018 | Rodentia Productions | DL |

## InfoBox

| Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Daniel Vahnke | |
| Released | August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01) |
| Recorded | 1985 (1985) – 1987 (1987) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 37:56 |
| Label | Rodentia Productions |
| Daniel Vahnke chronology | |
| *Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. I*
(2018) ***Early Soundtrack Sketches, Vol. II***
(2018) *Cut to the Chase*
(2019) | |


title: Alon Friedman

abstract: Alon Friedman is a professor of Neuroscience at both Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) in Beersheba, Israel, and in Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He is best known for his discoveries of the link between blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and Epileptogenesis and the mechanisms underlying it, and for the utilization of BBB imaging as a potential Biomarker of epilepsy and other brain diseases.

text:
# Alon Friedman

**Alon Friedman** is a professor of Neuroscience at both Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) in Beersheba, Israel, and in Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He is best known for his discoveries of the link between blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and Epileptogenesis (development of epilepsy) and the mechanisms underlying it, and for the utilization of BBB imaging as a potential Biomarker of epilepsy and other brain diseases.

## Biography

Friedman was born in Jaffa, Israel. Graduated from Handasaim Herzliya High School at his former campus in Tel Aviv. He earned both MD and PhD (Under the supervision of Prof. Michael Gutnick) degrees at BGU (1991), Faculty of health sciences as an Atuda cadet. While serving as an army doctor he began his ongoing collaboration with Prof. Hermona Soreq and Prof. Daniela Kaufer. After this term he joined the residency program at the neurosurgical department in Soroka Medical Center (1997). After a while (2002), he went to Berlin, Germany for a period as a guest scientist at Charité Medical University and established a long-lasting collaboration with Uwe Heinemann. Then he came back to his alma mater at BGU where he became a full professor in 2012, and from 2014 he is an acting principal investigator and a full professor in both Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine and BGU.

## Scientific career

In his early career, while being an army doctor and collaborating with Prof. Soreq and Prof. Kaufer, Friedman made his first discoveries regarding the functioning of the cholinergic system under stress conditions. Later on, based on clinical observations, he began to challenge the hypothesis that BBB disruption, as a common implication of multiple epilepsy inducing conditions such as stroke and traumatic brain injury, serves as a mechanistic factor in epileptogenesis. He went to Berlin to establish a novel model of epilepsy which enabled him to show causality for the first time between BBB disruption and epileptogenesis. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Kaufer he exposed that albumin, the most frequent protein in the serum is the agent that leaks from the blood into the brain parenchyma under BBB disruption conditions and induces epileptogenesis by activation of the transforming growth factor beta receptor on astrocytes. Furthermore, they showed that this process is mediated by a unique inflammatory pattern and the formation of excitatory synapses. In sought of a cure or a preventive means for this devastating process, they found that losartan, a commonly used drug for hypertension treatment may prevent epilepsy and facilitate BBB healing. This line of discoveries was facilitated by the development of a novel method for direct imaging of the BBB in-vivo and promoted the investigation of the mechanism of seizure induced BBB disruption and the impairment of neurovascular coupling during seizure. Nowadays, much of his research group attention is devoted to translation of the animal findings into the clinical practice. The development of a BBB imaging method in human enabled the group's pioneering discovery of BBB disruption among players of American football and raised the hypothesis that BBB disruption is the link between repeated traumatic brain injury and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Understanding that clinical trials in possible antiepileptogenic agents (e.g. losartan) or BBB healing drugs necessitate biomarkers for patients selection and treatment-followup inspired investigations that found BBB disruption as a potential biomarker of stroke or epilepsy and specific EEG patterns as predictors of epilepsy

## Awards

He was awarded the international league against epilepsy Michael Prize for Epilepsy Research in 2007.

## InfoBox

| Alon Friedman | |
| --- | --- |
| Prof. Alon Friedman | |
| Born | (1964-10-09) October 9, 1964<br>Jaffa, Israel |
| Alma mater | Ben-Gurion University of the Negev |
| Known for | The link between Blood–brain barrier disruption and epilepsy |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Translational neuroscience |
| Institutions | Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Dalhousie University |
| Doctoral advisor | Michael Gutnick |
|  | |


title: Alon Gal

abstract: Alon Gal is an Israeli cybersecurity expert and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and chief technology officer of Hudson Rock, a cybercrime intelligence company.

text:
# Alon Gal

**Alon Gal** is an Israeli cybersecurity expert and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and chief technology officer of Hudson Rock, a cybercrime intelligence company.

## Data breaches

One of Gal's contributions to the industry was to uncover a massive data breach that affected over 533 million Facebook users. The breach included users' phone numbers, email addresses, birthdays, and other personal information. Gal was the first to report the breach, which ultimately led to a $276 million fine for Facebook from the Irish Data Protection Commissioner for violating General Data Protection Regulation laws.

In addition to the Facebook breach, Gal also played a role in uncovering a 2023 data breach that affected over 200 million Twitter users. The breach involved user information, including email addresses, usernames, and other personal information.

Gal's work has also led to the uncovering of other significant data breaches, including a T-Mobile breach that exposed the personal information of 40 million customers.

For a period of time between 2019 and 2021, Gal operated a pseudo-anonymous Twitter account and a Medium (website) blog called "Under The Breach", the account gained popularity for the uncovering of several additional data breaches such as the 91 million Indonesian Tokopedia users data leak, the 337,000 Maltese voters database leak which resulted in a 65,000 euro fine, and the 20 million BigBasket users data leak.

## InfoBox

| Alon Gal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1996<br>Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Other names | Under The Breach (Underthebreach) |
| Known for | Online privacy advocate |
| Website | www.hudsonrock.com |


title: Alon Halevy

abstract: Alon Yitzchack Halevy is an Israeli-American computer scientist and a researcher in the area of data integration. He was a research scientist at Google from 2005 to 2015, when he left to become head of Recruit Institute of Technology. He left Recruit in 2018 and joined Facebook AI in 2019. Until 2006, he was a professor of computer science at the University of Washington, where his doctoral students included Xin Luna Dong. He received his PhD from Stanford University in 1993, under the joint supervision of Richard Fikes and Edward Feigenbaum. He is a fellow of the ACM and a winner of the 2006 VLDB 10-year best paper award. He was a Sloan Fellow, and received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) in 2000. He is the founder of two technology companies, Nimble Technology and Transformic Inc. At Google he was involved in Google Fusion Tables.

text:
# Alon Halevy

**Alon Yitzchack Halevy** (until 2000: Levy) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and a researcher in the area of data integration. He was a research scientist at Google from 2005 to 2015, when he left to become head of Recruit Institute of Technology. He left Recruit in 2018 and joined Facebook AI in 2019. Until 2006, he was a professor of computer science at the University of Washington, where his doctoral students included Xin Luna Dong. He received his PhD from Stanford University in 1993, under the joint supervision of Richard Fikes and Edward Feigenbaum.

He is a fellow of the ACM and a winner of the 2006 VLDB 10-year best paper award. He was a Sloan Fellow, and received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) in 2000. He is the founder of two technology companies, Nimble Technology (now Actuate Corporation) and Transformic Inc.

At Google he was involved in Google Fusion Tables.

1. Halevy, A. Y. (2001). "Answering queries using views: A survey". *The VLDB Journal*. **10** (4): 270–294. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.137.1592. doi:10.1007/s007780100054. S2CID 2293639. co-authored with Alberto O. Mendelzon, Yehoshua Sagiv
2. "Alon Halevy". *LinkedIn*.
3. http://sites.google.com/site/alonhalevy/ Alon Halevy Google page
4. "Alon Halevy, Data Management and AI Authority from Google Research, to Head Recruit Institute of Technology (RIT)" (Press release).
5. "Alon Halevy". *LinkedIn*.
6. http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/alon/ Alon Halevy at the University of Washington
7. Alon Halevy at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
8. http://portal.acm.org/author\_page.cfm?id=81100063551 Alon Halevy in the ACM Digital Library
9. Gonzalez, H.; Halevy, A.; Jensen, C. S.; Langen, A.; Madhavan, J.; Shapley, R.; Shen, W. (2010). "Google fusion tables". *Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing - SoCC '10*. p. 175. doi:10.1145/1807128.1807158. ISBN 9781450300360. S2CID 1259439.
10. Gonzalez, H.; Halevy, A. Y.; Jensen, C. S.; Langen, A.; Madhavan, J.; Shapley, R.; Shen, W.; Goldberg-Kidon, J. (2010). "Google fusion tables". *Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Management of data - SIGMOD '10*. p. 1061. doi:10.1145/1807167.1807286. ISBN 9781450300322. S2CID 9133302.

## InfoBox

| Alon Y. Halevy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Alon Yitzchack Levy |
| Alma mater | Stanford University |
| Known for | Data integration |
| Awards | Fellow of the ACM, VLDB 10-year Best Paper Award (2006), Sloan Fellow, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (2000) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer Science |
| Institutions | Google, Recruit Institute of Technology, Facebook AI, University of Washington |
| Doctoral advisor | Richard Fikes, Edward Feigenbaum |
|  | |


title: 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic

abstract: The 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic was one of the last major epidemics of plague in the Ottoman Empire. This particular epidemic would cost the lives of at least 300,000 individuals. Plague epidemics occurred frequently in the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.

text:
# 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic

The **1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic** was one of the last major epidemics of plague in the Ottoman Empire. This particular epidemic would cost the lives of at least 300,000 individuals. Plague epidemics occurred frequently in the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries.

## History

The disease broke out in the capital Constantinople in July 1812. It was initially mild, but by late August the situation had become critical. By September, around 2000 people were dying each day. In December the epidemic subsided, but it later reappeared. By the end of the epidemic, the Ottoman government estimated that there were 320,955 deaths, which included 220,000 Turks, 40,800 Armenians, 32,000 Jews, 28,000 Greeks, 50 Aleppines, 80 islanders and 25 Franks.

The outbreak spread throughout most of the empire's territory, including Alexandria in Egypt. In 1813, the plague reached the Ottoman vassal state of Wallachia where it became known as Caragea's plague after the country's ruler at the time. The epidemic killed about 25,000 to 30,000 people in Bucharest alone. Around the same time, the plague was also present in Bosnia, reaching Dalmatia in 1815. In 1814–15 it reappeared in Egypt, Bosnia and Albania.

The plague also spread beyond the borders of the empire. In May 1812 there was an outbreak in Poti, Georgia; in September the Crimea was hit. It had reached Odessa in August, where churches, the theatre and the exchange were closed. The duke of Richelieu played an important role. On November 22, 1812, all 32,000 residents of Odessa were forcibly imprisoned in their homes. On 7 January 1813 no more cases were reported from Odessa and the town was reopened after 66 days, but no one was allowed to leave the city. The epidemic killed 2656 people in 1812; 24 people died in 1813.

In March 1813, it was introduced to the British-held island of Malta, causing an epidemic which lasted until January 1814 and which killed around 4500 people. The epidemic spread from Malta to the nearby island of Gozo, where the outbreak killed around 100 people between March and September 1814. The epidemic also broke out on the island of Corfu in 1815.

A small plague outbreak which occurred in Noja, Italy in 1815 might have also originated from the epidemic in Dalmatia, but its exact source is not known and it is possible that the outbreak was endemic.

The next major plague epidemic in the Ottoman Empire occurred between 1835 and 1838.

## InfoBox

| 1812–1819 Ottoman plague epidemic | |
| --- | --- |
| Yersinia pestis | |
| Disease | Plague |
| Bacteria strain | *Yersinia pestis* |
| Location | Ottoman Empire |
| First outbreak | Constantinople |
| Index case | July 1812 |
| Deaths | Approx. 320,000 |


title: 1749 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1749 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

### United Kingdom

### Other

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

1. Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). *The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.
2. Burt, Daniel S. (2004). *The Chronology of American Literature: America's literary achievements from the colonial era to modern times*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-16821-7.
3. Gates, Henry Louis Jr (2003). *The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters With the Founding Fathers*. New York: Basic Civitas Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-465-01850-5.
4. Thomas, Calvin (1909). *A History of German Literature*. New York: D. Appleton & Company. Retrieved 2009-12-14. German literature.

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 |
| *+...* |


title: 1756 in Canada

abstract: Events from the year 1756 in Canada.

text:
# 1756 in Canada

Events from the year **1756 in Canada**.

## Incumbents

### Governors

## Events

* France sends two battalions to Canada, with provisions, and 1,300,000 livres, in specie, which has the effect of depreciating the paper currency by 25 per cent.
* March - A Canadien force of 300 captures Fort Bull, between Schenectady and Oswego, and puts the garrison to the sword.
* May - Montcalm reaches Quebec with 1,400 soldiers.
* The Canadiens, suffering from smallpox and famine, are burthened with the support of their Indian allies.
* Saturday August 14 - Though opposed to attacking any British fort, Montcalm, at the head of 3,100 regulars, Canadiens and Indians, captures Fort Oswego, - a success attributable, mainly, to his intercepting a message to General Webb, commanding 2,000 men in the vicinity. Colonel Mercer is killed. The garrison (1,780) and about 100 women and children are taken prisoners.
* The Marquis de Montcalm assumes a troubled command of French troops in North America. (The Seven Years' War between Britain and France begins in Europe).

## Births

## Deaths

## Historical documents

British declaration of war against France mentions encroachment "particularly in our province of Nova Scotia" and French troop buildup

William Johnson delivers some French prisoners to Six Nations to compensate for death of Hendrick and others at Battle of Lake George

Johnson's advice to Six Nations includes gathering nations in and being "unanimous in your councils, and also in the field"

French align with Indigenous interests by localizing trade, alliance and influence, and expanding to forts and "real command over the country"

Rogers' Rangers reconnoitre French-held Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and prisoner discloses Marquis de Montcalm's arrival from France

British sloop and companions chased by four large French schooners on Lake Ontario before escaping into Oswego

Lengthy narration of Montcalm's capture of Oswego forts in August and analysis of British mismanagement leading to it

"Best constructed of any in our possession" - Pallisaded Fort Eagle is built with moat near Oswego, but torn down after Oswego's fall

"The main Point" - Lord Loudoun advises Duke of Cumberland to mount campaign against Quebec City by way of St. Lawrence River

Evangelical society wishes to teach "a few Indian Boys" at its New York school, but difficulties (including war) prevent it

Halifax oppressed by military establishment that makes all laws (including by-laws), takes government jobs and even seizes firewood

Indigenous people in Nova Scotia favour French "caressing and courting them," in contrast to violent British (Note: "savages" used)

Rangers sent to Saint John River find transport taken by Acadians who had overwhelmed its crew, but ship burned before rangers can retake it

Acadians gathered under French command outside peninsular Nova Scotia, along with Mi'kmaq and "St. John Indians," number 1,500 men

Gov. Shirley says Massachusetts will not suffer "unreasonable Burthen" of Acadians sent there, but "enable and induce" their self-support

Notice in Bristol, England newspaper of arrival of hundreds of Acadian deportees sent from Virginia, and of local welfare payments made to them

Board of Trade "extremely anxious" that lands vacated by expelled Acadians be soon settled for "future strength and Prosperity of the Colony"

Secretary of State Henry Fox tells Charles Lawrence to improve Chignecto forts and reinforce garrisons with troops coming from Ireland

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: 1821 in Sweden

abstract: Events from the year 1821 in Sweden.

text:
# 1821 in Sweden

Events from the year **1821 in Sweden**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| **Years in Sweden:** | 1818 1819 1820 **1821** 1822 1823 1824 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1790s 1800s 1810s **1820s** 1830s 1840s 1850s |
| **Years:** | 1818 1819 1820 **1821** 1822 1823 1824 |


title: 1814 in Norway

abstract: Events in the year 1814 in Norway.

text:
# 1814 in Norway

Events in the year **1814 in Norway**.

## Incumbents

## Overview

1814 has historically been considered the most important year in the history of Norway. Sovereignty was transferred from the King of Denmark to the King of Sweden. The Constitution of Norway was signed at Eidsvoll on May 17, later to be designated and celebrated as Norwegian Constitution Day. For a detailed account of the events surrounding the re-formation of the country in modern times, see the article **Kingdom of Norway (1814)**.

## Events

## Arts and literature

## Births

### Full date unknown

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | 1814 in Denmark
1814 in Sweden
List of years in Norway |


title: 1777 Connecticut gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1777 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on 10 April 1777 in order to elect the Governor of Connecticut. Incumbent Nonpartisan Governor Jonathan Trumbull won re-election as he ran unopposed. The exact number of votes cast in this election is unknown.

text:
# 1777 Connecticut gubernatorial election

The **1777 Connecticut gubernatorial election** was held on 10 April 1777 in order to elect the Governor of Connecticut. Incumbent Nonpartisan Governor Jonathan Trumbull won re-election as he ran unopposed. The exact number of votes cast in this election is unknown.

## General election

On election day, 10 April 1777, incumbent Nonpartisan Governor Jonathan Trumbull easily won re-election as he ran unopposed. Trumbull was sworn in for his second term on 10 May 1777.

### Results

Connecticut gubernatorial election, 1777
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan** | **Jonathan Trumbull (incumbent)** | **Unknown** | **100.00** |
| Total votes | | | **Unknown** | **100.00** |
|  | Nonpartisan **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1777 Connecticut gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Jonathan Trumbull**    Party Nonpartisan   Percentage **100.00%** | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
Jonathan Trumbull
Nonpartisan **Elected Governor**
Jonathan Trumbull
Nonpartisan | |


title: Easby Cross

abstract: The Easby Cross is an Anglo-Saxon sandstone standing cross from 800–820, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. It originally came from Easby near Richmond in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, where a plaster replica is kept in the church. Easby was then in the Kingdom of Northumbria. The width of the long faces at the bottom of the lowest fragment is 31 cm (12 in), with a depth of 18 cm (7.1 in), and the whole cross would originally have been up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. Four fragments of the cross survive, which have been fitted into a reconstruction in the museum. Three of these were used, probably in the late 12th century, in the rebuilding of St Agatha's Church, Easby, from where they were recovered in the 20th century. All had one face visible in the wall surface; two were on exterior faces of the church, and one on the interior. The fragment with Christ in Majesty on the main face was recovered from a field wall nearby before 1869, and kept by the landowner until sold to the V&A in 1931. An article about the cross was published by the V&A's Margaret Longhurst the same year in Archaeologia. Both types of reuse are very typical of the fate of broken crosses. Some of the sections show that repairs had already been made with molten lead before the cross was broken up, so it may have been unstable or otherwise damaged. Unusually for Anglo-Saxon crosses, the stone is not local: "the medium-grained deltaic sandstone matches stone traditionally produced in the Aislaby quarries of Eskdale near Whitby", which are nearly 60 miles away. This quarry had been used for the 7th-century Whitby Abbey and other sculptures in Yorkshire; the stone sections could have been transported by pack horse, perhaps most likely after carving, when they would weigh less. The front face is carved with figurative reliefs. Those that survive show Christ in Majesty with two angels, and below that panel the halo of a figure now lost. Below the Christ panel there were three pyramidal groups of haloed head and shoulder reliefs of apostles in arched compartments. There were two groups of three and one of six, but the face of the topmost figure is now missing, and a modern filler section has been inserted. The cross head is missing its arms, which extended to about 90 cm across. The front face shows a bust of Christ blessing and holding a book, and the rear another Christ in Majesty. The style of the figures has been related to contemporary continental Carolingian art, "underlying the apparent naturalism, there is a carefully planned logic to the overlapping elements which is as rigidly defined as an interlace sequence". The layout and appearance of the apostle's heads has also been compared to a Byzantine row of heads around an archivolt from a church in Constantinople of the 6th–7th centuries. The rear face contains a continuous vine scroll "inhabited" with beasts, an early appearance of this motif in Anglo-Saxon art. The scroll is the type known as "medallion scroll". Ernst Kitzinger thought the form of the scroll related to early Carolingian art, though it may have been derived more from Late Antique examples. The two much narrower side faces contain panels of interlace and vine scroll that alternate apparently rather randomly, as the two sides do not match. The corners have rope-work running the whole length of the faces, which the modern filler sections imitate. The cross dates from the period when Alcuin of York and other Anglo-Saxons held important positions in the court of Charlemagne, and remained in contact with the Northumbrian monasteries. It is one of the finest surviving Anglo-Saxon crosses, and the best of a group of Northumbrian crosses including those from Otley, with similar busts of apostles or saints in arched compartments, Rothbury, Ilkley and Lowther. It has similarities to the earlier Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, from western Northumbria, which are larger and have more ambitious decorative programmes, but also mix interlace with inhabited vine-scrolls. With an approximate date of 800–820, the cross was erected just as the golden age of Northumbrian art was coming to an end with the devastating Viking raids which began with the attack on Lindisfarne in 793. The cross is now displayed at the start of the recently re-arranged Medieval galleries.

text:
# Easby Cross

The **Easby Cross**  is an Anglo-Saxon sandstone standing cross from 800–820, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. It originally came from Easby near Richmond 54°23′52″N 1°43′01″W / 54.39778°N 1.71694°W / 54.39778; -1.71694 in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, where a plaster replica is kept in the church. Easby was then in the Kingdom of Northumbria. The width of the long faces at the bottom of the lowest fragment is 31 cm (12 in), with a depth of 18 cm (7.1 in), and the whole cross would originally have been up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) high.

Four fragments of the cross survive, which have been fitted into a reconstruction in the museum. Three of these were used, probably in the late 12th century, in the rebuilding of St Agatha's Church, Easby, from where they were recovered in the 20th century. All had one face visible in the wall surface; two were on exterior faces of the church, and one on the interior. The fragment with *Christ in Majesty* on the main face was recovered from a field wall nearby before 1869, and kept by the landowner until sold to the V&A in 1931. An article about the cross was published by the V&A's Margaret Longhurst the same year in Archaeologia.

Both types of reuse are very typical of the fate of broken crosses. Some of the sections show that repairs had already been made with molten lead before the cross was broken up, so it may have been unstable or otherwise damaged. Unusually for Anglo-Saxon crosses, the stone is not local: "the medium-grained deltaic sandstone matches stone traditionally produced in the Aislaby quarries of Eskdale near Whitby", which are nearly 60 miles away. This quarry had been used for the 7th-century Whitby Abbey and other sculptures in Yorkshire; the stone sections could have been transported by pack horse, perhaps most likely after carving, when they would weigh less.

The front face is carved with figurative reliefs. Those that survive show *Christ in Majesty* with two angels, and below that panel the halo of a figure now lost. Below the Christ panel there were three pyramidal groups of haloed head and shoulder reliefs of apostles in arched compartments. There were two groups of three and one of six, but the face of the topmost figure is now missing, and a modern filler section has been inserted. The cross head is missing its arms, which extended to about 90 cm across. The front face shows a bust of Christ blessing and holding a book, and the rear another *Christ in Majesty*. The style of the figures has been related to contemporary continental Carolingian art, "underlying the apparent naturalism, there is a carefully planned logic to the overlapping elements which is as rigidly defined as an interlace sequence". The layout and appearance of the apostle's heads has also been compared to a Byzantine row of heads around an archivolt from a church in Constantinople of the 6th–7th centuries.

The rear face contains a continuous vine scroll "inhabited" with beasts, an early appearance of this motif in Anglo-Saxon art. The scroll is the type known as "medallion scroll". Ernst Kitzinger thought the form of the scroll related to early Carolingian art, though it may have been derived more from Late Antique examples. The two much narrower side faces contain panels of interlace and vine scroll that alternate apparently rather randomly, as the two sides do not match. The corners have rope-work running the whole length of the faces, which the modern filler sections imitate.

The cross dates from the period when Alcuin of York and other Anglo-Saxons held important positions in the court of Charlemagne, and remained in contact with the Northumbrian monasteries. It is one of the finest surviving Anglo-Saxon crosses, and the best of a group of Northumbrian crosses including those from Otley, with similar busts of apostles or saints in arched compartments (but singly), Rothbury, Ilkley and Lowther. It has similarities to the earlier Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross, from western Northumbria, which are larger and have more ambitious decorative programmes, but also mix interlace with inhabited vine-scrolls. With an approximate date of 800–820, the cross was erected just as the golden age of Northumbrian art was coming to an end with the devastating Viking raids which began with the attack on Lindisfarne in 793.

The cross is now displayed at the start of the recently re-arranged Medieval galleries (in at the front door, right down stairs).

* "Corpus": Lang, James and others, *Corpus of Anglo-Saxon stone sculpture: Northern Yorkshire*, Volume 6 of *Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture in England*, 2002, British Academy/Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-726012-8, ISBN 978-0-19-726012-8, Google books (nb Most of text chapters but not actual catalogue entry seen)
* "Corpus website" Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture, project website, hosted by Durham University
* Casson, Stanley, "Byzantium and Anglo-Saxon Sculpture-I", The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 61, No. 357 (December 1932), pp. 265–269+272-274, JSTOR
* Wilson, David M.; *Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest*, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press), 1984.
* Victoria and Albert Museum; Good web-site pages on the individual fragments, linked to in the notes.


title: Elizabeth Austin (soprano)

abstract: Elizabeth Austin was an English opera singer and actress who achieved particular fame in America, where between 1828 and 1835, she was considered the reigning prima donna of the day. Critics at the time compared her to Maria Malibran and commented on the remarkable purity and sweetness of her voice, which extended to nearly three octaves. Although trained in England, she was considered a supreme representative of the florid Italian singing style. Austin was born in Leicester. Her performances in Dublin in 1821 led to engagements at the English Opera House and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane where she debuted on 23 November 1822. Austin made her American debut on 10 December 1827 as Rosetta in Thomas Arne’s Love in a Village at the Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia. She sang the same role for her New York City debut at the Park Theatre on 2 January 1828. Following her performances there, one New York critic described her voice as "liquid tones coming as softly on the sense of hearing as snow upon the waters, or dew upon the flowers". During the next seven years, guided by her manager, F.H.F. Berkeley, she toured the eastern half of the United States extensively, appearing in both operas and concerts. She starred in several American premieres, including Arne's Artaxerxes and the English versions of Auber's Fra Diavolo and Boieldieu's The White Lady and The Caliph of Baghdad. Following the arrival in America of the Scottish soprano Mary Anne Paton Wood in late 1833, Austin's popularity began to wane. Her last performance was on 8 May 1835 at the Bowery Theater in New York as Diana Vernon in Isaac Pocock's Rob Roy Macgregor. Shortly afterwards, she returned to England and retired from the stage.

text:
# Elizabeth Austin (soprano)

**Elizabeth Austin** (c.1800  after 1835) was an English opera singer and actress who achieved particular fame in America, where between 1828 and 1835, she was considered the reigning prima donna of the day. Critics at the time compared her to Maria Malibran and commented on the remarkable purity and sweetness of her voice, which extended to nearly three octaves. Although trained in England, she was considered a supreme representative of the florid Italian singing style.

Austin was born in Leicester. Her performances in Dublin in 1821 led to engagements at the English Opera House and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane where she debuted on 23 November 1822. Austin made her American debut on 10 December 1827 as Rosetta in Thomas Arne’s *Love in a Village* at the Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia. She sang the same role for her New York City debut at the Park Theatre on 2 January 1828. Following her performances there, one New York critic described her voice as "liquid tones coming as softly on the sense of hearing as snow upon the waters, or dew upon the flowers".

During the next seven years, guided by her manager (and lover), F.H.F. Berkeley, she toured the eastern half of the United States extensively, appearing in both operas and concerts. She starred in several American premieres, including Arne's *Artaxerxes* and the English versions of Auber's *Fra Diavolo* and Boieldieu's *The White Lady* and *The Caliph of Baghdad*.

Following the arrival in America of the Scottish soprano Mary Anne Paton Wood in late 1833, Austin's popularity began to wane. Her last performance was on 8 May 1835 at the Bowery Theater in New York as Diana Vernon in Isaac Pocock's *Rob Roy Macgregor*. Shortly afterwards, she returned to England and retired from the stage.

**Further sources**

* Crawford, Richard (2001). *America's Musical Life: A History*. W. W. Norton & Company, p. 185. ISBN 0-393-04810-1.


title: Emperor Heizei

abstract: Emperor Heizei Emperor Heizei, also known as Heijō-tennō, was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign lasted from 806 to 809.

text:
# Emperor Heizei

**Emperor Heizei** (平城天皇, *Heizei-tennō*, 773 – August 5, 824), also known as *Heijō-tennō*, was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign lasted from 806 to 809.

## Traditional narrative

Heizei was the eldest son of the Emperor Kanmu and empress Fujiwara no Otomuro. Heizei had three empresses and seven sons and daughters.

Heizei is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates *Yamamomo no Misasagi* (楊梅陵, Yamamomo Imperial Mausoleum), in Nara, as the location of Heizei's mausoleum. The site is publicly accessible. Although one of the largest kofun monuments in Japan, archaeological investigations in 1962–1963 indicate that it was constructed in the early 5th century, and that portions of it were destroyed during the construction of Heijō-kyō, calling into question the designation by the Imperial Household Agency.

### Events of Heizei's life

Before he ascended to the throne, his liaison with Fujiwara no Kusuko, the mother of his one consort, caused a scandal. Because of this scandal his father considered depriving him of the rank of crown prince.

* **785**: (*Enryaku 4, 11th month*): Heizei was appointed Crown Prince at the age of 12.
* **April 9, 806** (*Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month*): In the 25th year of Emperor Kanmu's reign, he died; and despite an ensuing dispute over who should follow him as sovereign, contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (*senso*) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Heizei is said to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*).

His title Heizei was derived from the official name of the capital in Nara, Heizei Kyō.

During Heizei's reign, the bodyguards were reorganized; the existing Imperial Bodyguards became the Left Imperial Bodyguards, while the Middle Bodyguards became the Right Imperial Bodyguards. Both sides were given a new Senior Commander; at this time Heizei appointed Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811) as Senior Commander of the Imperial Bodyguards of the Right. Under Emperor Kanmu, Tamuramaro had been appointed as *shōgun* of a military expedition against the Emishi.

* **809** (*Daidō 4, 1st month*): After a reign of four years, Heizei fell ill; and fearing that he would not survive, Heizei abdicated in favor of his younger brother, who would later come to be known as Emperor Saga. After abdicating, Heizei moved to Nara and was henceforth known as *Nara no Mikado*, the "Emperor of Nara".
* **May 18, 809** (*Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month*): Emperor Saga was enthroned at age 24.
* **810** (*Kōnin 1*): In Heizei's name, the former emperor's ambitious third wife, Kusuko (薬子), and her brother Nakanari organized an attempted rebellion, but their forces were defeated. Kusuko died in poison and her brother was executed. Heizei took the tonsure and became a Buddhist monk.
* **August 5, 824** (*Tenchō 1, 7th day of the 7th month*): Heizei died at age 51, 14 years after he had abdicated due to illness.

### Era of Heizei's reign

The years of Heizei's reign are encompassed within one era name (*nengō*).

## Kugyō

*Kugyō* (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Heizei's reign, this apex of the *Daijō-kan* included:

* *Sadaijin* (not appointed)
* *Udaijin*, Miwa-no-Oh or Miwa-no-Ohkimi (神王), 798–806.
* *Udaijin*, Fujiwara no Uchimaro (藤原内麿), 806–812.
* *Naidaijin*
* *Dainagon*, Fujiwara no Otomo (藤原雄友), 806–807

When the daughter of a *chūnagon* became the favored consort of the Crown Prince Ate (later known as Heizei*-tennō*), her father's power and position in court was affected. Kanmu disapproved of Fujiwara no Kusuko (藤原薬子, *d. 810*), former wife of Fujiwara no Tadanushi; and Kanmu had her removed from his son's household. After Kanmu died, Heizei restored this one-time favorite as part of his household; and this distinction had consequences.

## Consorts and children

Empress (posthumously elevated *Kōgō*): Fujiwara no Tarashiko/*Taishi* (藤原帯子; d.794), Fujiwara no Momokawa’s daughter

*Hi*: Imperial Princess Asahara (朝原内親王; 779–817), Emperor Kanmu’s daughter

*Hi*: Imperial Princess Ōyake (大宅内親王; d.849), Emperor Kanmu’s daughter

*Hi*: Imperial Princess Kan'nabi (甘南美内親王; 800–817), Emperor Kanmu’s daughter

*Shōshi* Court lady (*Naishi-no-kami*): Fujiwara no Kusuko (藤原薬子, d. 810), former wife of *Chūnagon* Fujiwara no Tadanushi and Fujiwara no Tanetsugu's daughter

*Hi*: Fujiwara Tadanushi's daughter

Court lady: Ise no Tsuguko (伊勢継子; 772–812), Ise no Ōna's daughter

* Third Prince: Imperial Prince Takaoka (高丘親王; 799–881), the Crown Prince in 809 (deposed in 810)
* Fourth prince: Imperial Prince Kose (巨勢親王; d. 882)
* Imperial Princess Kamitsukeno (上毛野内親王; d. 842)
* Imperial Princess Isonokami (石上内親王; d. 846)
* Third princess: Imperial Princess Ōhara (大原内親王; d. 863), 14th Saiō in Ise Shrine (806–809)

Court lady: Fujii no Fujiko/*Tōshi* (葛井藤子), Fujii no Michiyori's daughter

Court lady: Ki no Iokazu (紀魚員), Ki no Kotsuo's daughter

* Imperial Princess Enu (叡努内親王; d. 835)

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Emperor Heizei
平城天皇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | 806–809 |
| Enthronement | April 9, 806 |
| Predecessor | Kanmu |
| Successor | Saga |
|  | |
| Born | Ate (安殿)
773 |
| Died | August 5, 824(824-08-05) (aged 50–51)
Heijō-kyō (Nara) |
| Burial | *Yamamomo no misasagi* (楊梅陵) (Nara) |
| Spouse | Fujiwara no Tarashiko/Taishi |
| Issue | * Prince Abo * Prince Takaoka * Prince Kose * Princess Kamitsukeno * Princess Isonokami * Princess Ōhara * Princess Enu |
| Posthumous name  *Tsuigō*:
Emperor Heizei (平城天皇)

Japanese-style *shigō*:
Yamato-neko-ameoshikuni-takahiko no Sumeramikoto (日本根子天推国高彦天皇) | |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Kanmu |
| Mother | Fujiwara no Otomuro |


title: 1894 Australian shearers' strike

abstract: After the 1890 Australian maritime dispute and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike both of which were long, drawn out affairs in which trade unions were defeated, running out of funds, actions by increasingly militant and desperate unions led up to perhaps the most violent shearers' strike, in 1894. Particularly due to falling wool prices in London, pastoralists were motivated to cut pay rates and hire non-union labour, which was plentiful due to mass unemployment during the 1890s depression. In May 1894, the Amalgamated Workers Union rose to the defence of the shearers' wages. By October 1894 the Queensland Amalgamated Workers Union conceded defeat and called off the strike in the colony of Queensland. However, the strike continued in New South Wales, where possibly 16,000 workers gathered in strike camps. Police were mobilised against them. The most famous incident during the strike was the burning and sinking of the steamer Rodney, which was transporting non-union labour up the Darling River. When the boat was moored in a swamp 23 miles (37 km) above Pooncarie, a few miles above the Moorara shearing shed, unionists boarded, took control, offloaded all passengers, then soaked the hold in kerosene and set it alight. The burning boat drifted away and sank after several hours. In September 1894, on Dagworth Station, north-west of Winton), striking shearers fired their rifles and pistols in the air, setting fire to the woolshed. The owner of the homestead and three policemen gave chase to a man named Samuel Hoffmeister – also known as "French(y)". Rather than be captured, Hoffmeister shot and killed himself at the Combo Waterhole. It has been widely accepted that the lyrics of Waltzing Matilda are based the incident.

text:
# 1894 Australian shearers' strike

After the 1890 Australian maritime dispute and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike both of which were long, drawn out affairs in which trade unions were defeated, running out of funds, actions by increasingly militant and desperate unions led up to perhaps the most violent shearers' strike, in 1894.

Particularly due to falling wool prices in London, pastoralists were motivated to cut pay rates and hire non-union labour, which was plentiful due to mass unemployment during the 1890s depression. In May 1894, the Amalgamated Workers Union rose to the defence of the shearers' wages .

By October 1894 the Queensland Amalgamated Workers Union conceded defeat and called off the strike in the colony of Queensland. However, the strike continued in New South Wales, where possibly 16,000 workers gathered in strike camps. Police were mobilised against them.

The most famous incident during the strike was the burning and sinking of the steamer *Rodney*, which was transporting non-union labour up the Darling River. When the boat was moored in a swamp 23 miles (37 km) above Pooncarie, a few miles above the Moorara shearing shed, unionists boarded, took control, offloaded all passengers, then soaked the hold in kerosene and set it alight. The burning boat drifted away and sank after several hours.

In September 1894, on Dagworth Station, north-west of Winton), striking shearers fired their rifles and pistols in the air, setting fire to the woolshed. The owner of the homestead and three policemen gave chase to a man named Samuel Hoffmeister – also known as "French(y)". Rather than be captured, Hoffmeister shot and killed himself at the Combo Waterhole. It has been widely accepted that the lyrics of Waltzing Matilda are based the incident.


title: Ellington-Ellis Farm

abstract: Ellington-Ellis Farm is a historic home and farm complex located near Clayton, Johnston County, North Carolina. The house was built around 1835, and is a two-story, "T"-plan Greek Revival style heavy timber frame dwelling. It is sheathed in weatherboard, is flanked by exterior stone end chimneys, and has a low hip roof. It was remodeled in the 1850s that added a two-room kitchen/dining ell. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse with a bell tower (1830s), a four-seat ladies' privy (1830s), and a playhouse (1850s). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# Ellington-Ellis Farm

**Ellington-Ellis Farm** is a historic home and farm complex located near Clayton, Johnston County, North Carolina. The house was built around 1835, and is a two-story, "T"-plan Greek Revival style heavy timber frame dwelling. It is sheathed in weatherboard, is flanked by exterior stone end chimneys, and has a low hip roof. It was remodeled in the 1850s that added a two-room kitchen/dining ell. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse with a bell tower (1830s), a four-seat ladies' privy (1830s), and a playhouse (1850s).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ellington-Ellis Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | SR 1004, near Clayton, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°40′18″N 78°28′46″W / 35.67167°N 78.47944°W / 35.67167; -78.47944 |
| Area | 57.8 acres (23.4 ha) |
| Built | c. 1835 (1835), 1850s |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001892 |
| Added to NRHP | July 21, 1983 |


title: Equations defining abelian varieties

abstract: In mathematics, the concept of abelian variety is the higher-dimensional generalization of the elliptic curve. The equations defining abelian varieties are a topic of study because every abelian variety is a projective variety. In dimension d ≥ 2, however, it is no longer as straightforward to discuss such equations. There is a large classical literature on this question, which in a reformulation is, for complex algebraic geometry, a question of describing relations between theta functions. The modern geometric treatment now refers to some basic papers of David Mumford, from 1966 to 1967, which reformulated that theory in terms from abstract algebraic geometry valid over general fields.

text:
# Equations defining abelian varieties

In mathematics, the concept of abelian variety is the higher-dimensional generalization of the elliptic curve. The **equations defining abelian varieties** are a topic of study because every abelian variety is a projective variety. In dimension *d* ≥ 2, however, it is no longer as straightforward to discuss such equations.

There is a large classical literature on this question, which in a reformulation is, for complex algebraic geometry, a question of describing relations between theta functions. The modern geometric treatment now refers to some basic papers of David Mumford, from 1966 to 1967, which reformulated that theory in terms from abstract algebraic geometry valid over general fields.

## Complete intersections

The only 'easy' cases are those for *d* = 1, for an elliptic curve with linear span the projective plane or projective 3-space. In the plane, every elliptic curve is given by a cubic curve. In *P*3, an elliptic curve can be obtained as the intersection of two quadrics.

In general abelian varieties are not complete intersections. Computer algebra techniques are now able to have some impact on the direct handling of equations for small values of *d* \> 1.

## Kummer surfaces

The interest in nineteenth century geometry in the Kummer surface came in part from the way a quartic surface represented a quotient of an abelian variety with *d* = 2, by the group of order 2 of automorphisms generated by *x**x* on the abelian variety.

## General case

Mumford defined a theta group associated to an invertible sheaf *L* on an abelian variety *A*. This is a group of self-automorphisms of *L*, and is a finite analogue of the Heisenberg group. The primary results are on the action of the theta group on the global sections of *L*. When *L* is very ample, the linear representation can be described, by means of the structure of the theta group. In fact the theta group is abstractly a simple type of nilpotent group, a central extension of a group of torsion points on *A*, and the extension is known (it is in effect given by the Weil pairing). There is a uniqueness result for irreducible linear representations of the theta group with given central character, or in other words an analogue of the Stone–von Neumann theorem. (It is assumed for this that the characteristic of the field of coefficients doesn't divide the order of the theta group.)

Mumford showed how this abstract algebraic formulation could account for the classical theory of theta functions with theta characteristics, as being the case where the theta group was an extension of the two-torsion of *A*.

An innovation in this area is to use the Mukai–Fourier transform.

## The coordinate ring

The goal of the theory is to prove results on the homogeneous coordinate ring of the embedded abelian variety *A*, that is, set in a projective space according to a very ample *L* and its global sections. The graded commutative ring that is formed by the direct sum of the global sections of the

$$L^{n},\ $$

meaning the *n*-fold tensor product of itself, is represented as the quotient ring of a polynomial algebra by a homogeneous ideal *I*. The graded parts of *I* have been the subject of intense study.

Quadratic relations were provided by Bernhard Riemann. **Koizumi's theorem** states the third power of an ample line bundle is normally generated. The **Mumford–Kempf theorem** states that the fourth power of an ample line bundle is quadratically presented. For a base field of characteristic zero, Giuseppe Pareschi proved a result including these (as the cases *p* = 0, 1) which had been conjectured by Lazarsfeld: let *L* be an ample line bundle on an abelian variety *A*. If *n*  *p* \+ 3, then the *n*-th tensor power of *L* satisfies condition *N*p. Further results have been proved by Pareschi and Popa, including previous work in the field.

* David Mumford, *On the equations defining abelian varieties I* Invent. Math., 1 (1966) pp. 287–354
* \____, *On the equations defining abelian varieties II–III* Invent. Math., 3 (1967) pp. 71–135; 215–244
* \____, *Abelian varieties* (1974)
* Jun-ichi Igusa, *Theta functions* (1972)

## Further reading

* David Mumford, *Selected papers on the classification of varieties and moduli spaces*, editorial comment by G. Kempf and H. Lange, pp. 293–5


title: Aristotelia baltica

abstract: Aristotelia baltica is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Baltic region and Russia. The range extends to the Russian Far East.

text:
# Aristotelia baltica

***Aristotelia baltica*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Baltic region and Russia. The range extends to the Russian Far East.

## InfoBox

| *Aristotelia baltica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aristotelia* |
| Species: | ***A. baltica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aristotelia baltica***<br>A. Sulcs & I. Sulcs, 1983 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aristotelia coeruleopictella baltica* | |


title: Elegy (film)

abstract: Elegy is a 2008 American romantic drama film directed by Isabel Coixet from a screenplay by Nicholas Meyer, based on the 2001 novel The Dying Animal by Philip Roth. The film stars Penélope Cruz and Ben Kingsley, with Peter Sarsgaard, Patricia Clarkson, and Dennis Hopper in supporting roles. The film was set in New York City but was shot in Vancouver.

text:
# Elegy (film)

***Elegy*** is a 2008 American romantic drama film directed by Isabel Coixet from a screenplay by Nicholas Meyer, based on the 2001 novel *The Dying Animal* by Philip Roth. The film stars Penélope Cruz and Ben Kingsley, with Peter Sarsgaard, Patricia Clarkson, and Dennis Hopper in supporting roles. The film was set in New York City but was shot in Vancouver.

## Plot

David Kepesh is a cultural critic and professor, in a state of "emancipated manhood": His relationships with women are usually casual, brief and sexual in nature. Previously married, he has a son who has never forgiven him for leaving his mother. His friend, Pulitzer Prize-winning poet George O'Hearn, suggests that he "bifurcate" his life: have conversations and enjoy art with a wife, and "keep the sex just for sex". David is also in a casual 20-year relationship with Caroline, another former student.

He encounters Consuela Castillo, a beautiful and confident student who attends one of his lectures. She captures his attention like no other woman, and they begin a serious relationship. George advises him to leave her before she leaves him, but David cannot bring himself to give her up. They are a couple for a year and a half, during which he continues to sleep with Caroline; neither woman knows of the other's existence.

Over dinner, Consuela invites David to her graduation party. After some hesitation, he agrees to attend. On the day of the event, David phones Consuela and claims he is stuck in traffic and will be unavoidably delayed. In reality, he is sitting in his car, anxious about meeting Consuela's family. Heartbroken, Consuela hangs up, and they end their relationship. Shortly afterward, George suffers a stroke during a poetry conference after David introduces him, and later dies. David realizes too late that he genuinely loved Consuela, and ends his relationship with Caroline. He somewhat mends his relationship with his son, Kenny, who reveals that he is having an affair and indirectly asks David for advice.

Two years pass before Consuela and David come into contact again. On New Year's Eve, David arrives home to find a message from Consuela. She mentions that she needs to tell him something before he finds out from someone else. At his apartment, Consuela announces that she has found a lump in her breast and will need surgery. Grief-stricken, David cries and asks her why she didn't tell him sooner. Consuela then asks David to take photos of her breasts, before the doctors "ruin" them. David agrees.

In the final scene, David visits Consuela at the hospital where she is recovering from a mastectomy. Consuela says, "I will miss you". David responds, "I am here" as he climbs into the hospital bed and gently kisses her face. In a fantasy scene, the film flashes back to David and Consuela on the beach where Consuela told David she loves him.

## Cast

## Critical reception

*Elegy* received generally favorable reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 123 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "An intelligent, adult, and provocative Philip Roth adaptation that features classy performances, *Elegy* is never quite the sum of its parts." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 66 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

**Top ten lists**
The film appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.

## InfoBox

| Elegy | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Isabel Coixet |
| Screenplay by | Nicholas Meyer |
| Based on | *The Dying Animal*
by Philip Roth |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jean-Claude Larrieu |
| Edited by | Amy Duddleston |
| Production
company | Lakeshore Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Samuel Goldwyn Films |
| Release dates | * February 10, 2008 (2008-02-10) (Berlin) * August 8, 2008 (2008-08-08) (United States) |
| Running time | 112 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | * English * Spanish |
| Budget | $13 million |
| Box office | $14.9 million |


title: 1907–08 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season

text:
# 1907–08 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season

The 1907–08 season saw Oldham Athletic compete in the Football League Second Division after winning the Lancashire Combination in the previous season.

In 1907–08 Leicester Fosse finished as Second Division runners-up, gaining promotion to the First Division, the highest level of English football. Oldham finished just below them. Oldham were Lancashire Cup Winners in 1907-08.

## Statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Division 2 | | F.A. Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | MF | ENG | Bill Bottomley | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Matt Brunton | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Billy Cook | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Billy Dodds | 13 | 3 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Jimmy Fay | 42 | 2 | 38 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | James Hamilton | 41 | 1 | 37 | 1 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Harry Hancock | 31 | 10 | 27 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
|  | MF | ENG | Frank Hesham | 29 | 9 | 25 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
|  | GK | ENG | Bob Hewitson | 31 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Jimmy Hodson | 40 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Frank Newton | 39 | 30 | 36 | 28 | 3 | 2 |
|  | GK | ENG | Elijah Round | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Joe Shadbolt | 27 | 11 | 23 | 9 | 4 | 2 |
|  | DF | ENG | Jack Shufflebotham | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | Joe Stafford | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Jimmy Swarbrick | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | David Walders | 28 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Wilkie Ward | 15 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Harry Watts | 9 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Alex Whaites | 39 | 10 | 35 | 8 | 4 | 2 |
|  | MF | SCO | David Wilson | 42 | 4 | 38 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
|  | FW | ENG | Arthur Wolstenholme | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | GK | ENG | Bill Wright | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## Final league table

| Pos | Team | Pld | HW | HD | HL | HGF | HGA | AW | AD | AL | AGF | AGA | GAv | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bradford City | 38 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 58 | 16 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 32 | 26 | 2.143 | 54 | Division champions |
| 2 | Leicester Fosse | 38 | 14 | 2 | 3 | 41 | 20 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 31 | 27 | 1.532 | 52 | Promoted |
| 3 | Oldham Athletic | 38 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 53 | 14 | 7 | 2 | 10 | 23 | 28 | 1.810 | 50 |  |
| 4 | Fulham | 38 | 12 | 2 | 5 | 50 | 14 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 32 | 35 | 1.673 | | 49 |
| 5 | West Bromwich Albion | 38 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 38 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 23 | 26 | 1.564 | 47 |  |

Source:
Notes:

## Competitions

### Second Division

| 7 September  1907 (1907 -09-07) 1 | **Stoke City** | **1–3** | **Oldham Athletic** | Stoke-on-Trent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Watkins | Report | Swarbrick
Newton
Dodds | Stadium: Victoria Ground
Attendance: 10,000 |

| 14 September  1907 (1907 -09-14) 2 | **Oldham Athletic** | **2–1** | **West Bromwich Albion** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hancock
Swarbrick | Report | Garratt | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 14,397 |

| 21 September  1907 (1907 -09-21) 3 | **Bradford City** | **1–0** | **Oldham Athletic** | Bradford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McDonald | Report |  | Stadium: Valley Parade
Attendance: 17,000 |

| 28 September  1907 (1907 -09-28) 4 | **Oldham Athletic** | **3–0** | **Hull City** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Dodds
Fay
Newton | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 12,041 |

| 5 October  1907 (1907 -10-05) 5 | **Derby County** | **1–0** | **Oldham Athletic** | Derby |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Warren | Report |  | Stadium: Baseball Ground
Attendance: 10,000 |

| 12 October  1907 (1907 -10-12) 6 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–0** | **Lincoln City** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton
Hesham
Whaites | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 5,116
Referee: F Heath |

| 19 October  1907 (1907 -10-19) 7 | **Fulham** | **1–2** | **Oldham Athletic** | London |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Fraser | Report | Newton
Dodds | Stadium: Craven Cottage
Attendance: 25,000 |

| 26 October  1907 (1907 -10-26) 8 | **Oldham Athletic** | **1–0** | **Barnsley** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 6,582 |

| 2 November  1907 (1907 -11-02) 9 | **Chesterfield** | **1–2** | **Oldham Athletic** | Chesterfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Marples  (pen.) | Report | Newton
Wilson | Stadium: Saltergate
Attendance: 7,500 |

| 4 November  1907 (1907 -11-04) 10 | **West Bromwich Albion** | **1–2** | **Oldham Athletic** | West Bromwich |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Walker | Report | Whaites
Newton | Stadium: The Hawthorns
Attendance: 12,000 |

| 9 November  1907 (1907 -11-09) 11 | **Oldham Athletic** | **1–1** | **Burnley** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whaites | Report | Beddow  44' | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 9,185 |

| 16 November  1907 (1907 -11-16) 12 | **Oldham Athletic** | **2–0** | **Grimsby Town** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton  (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 8,097 |

| 23 November  1907 (1907 -11-23) 13 | **Clapton Orient** | **2–0** | **Oldham Athletic** | London |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Parker
Leigh | Report |  | Stadium: Clapton Stadium
Attendance: 7,000 |

| 30 November  1907 (1907 -11-30) 14 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–2** | **Leeds City** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton  15'
Fay  75'
Hesham  80'
Whaites  80' | Report | McLeod  43'
Gemmell  47' | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 9,165
Referee: A Hargreaves |

| 14 December  1907 (1907 -12-14) 15 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–1** | **Gainsborough Trinity** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Shadbolt
Newton | Report | Tellum
Davidson | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 4,884 |

| 21 December  1907 (1907 -12-21) 16 | **Stockport County** | **2–3** | **Oldham Athletic** | Stockport |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Crump
Carter | Report | Hesham
Wilson
Newton | Stadium: Edgeley Park
Attendance: 10,000 |

| 25 December  1907 (1907 -12-25) 17 | **Leicester Fosse** | **4–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Leicester |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Humphreys
Hubbard
Shinton | Report | Shadbolt | Stadium: Filbert Street
Attendance: 20,000 |

| 26 December  1907 (1907 -12-26) 18 | **Oldham Athletic** | **3–2** | **Blackpool** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hancock
Newton | Report | Gow
Grundy | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 3,665 |

| 28 December  1907 (1907 -12-28) 19 | **Oldham Athletic** | **0–0** | **Glossop** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 6,279 |

| 1 January  1908 (1908 -01-01) 20 | **Blackpool** | **1–0** | **Oldham Athletic** | Blackpool |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Grundy | Report |  | Stadium: Bloomfield Road
Attendance: 4,000 |

| 4 January  1908 (1908 -01-04) 21 | **Oldham Athletic** | **3–1** | **Stoke City** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hesham
Hancock | Report | Brown | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 6,300 |

| 18 January  1908 (1908 -01-18) 22 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–0** | **Bradford City** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hesham
Newton
Whaites | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 14,603 |

| 25 January  1908 (1908 -01-25) 23 | **Hull City** | **3–2** | **Oldham Athletic** | Hull |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Smith
Robinson | Report | Hesham
Newton | Stadium: Anlaby Road
Attendance: 10,000 |

| 8 February  1908 (1908 -02-08) 24 | **Lincoln City** | **0–2** | **Oldham Athletic** | Lincoln |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Shadbolt  29'
Whaites  71' | Stadium: Sincil Bank
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: F Heath |

| 15 February  1908 (1908 -02-15) 25 | **Oldham Athletic** | **3–3** | **Fulham** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton
Watts
Shadbolt | Report | Harrison
Dalrymple | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 8,004 |

| 29 February  1908 (1908 -02-29) 26 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–0** | **Chesterfield** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton
Hamilton  (pen.)
Hesham | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 4,128 |

| 7 March  1908 (1908 -03-07) 27 | **Burnley** | **2–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Burnley |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whittaker
Mayson | Report | Newton | Stadium: Turf Moor
Attendance: 16,000 |

| 14 March  1908 (1908 -03-14) 28 | **Grimsby Town** | **2–0** | **Oldham Athletic** | Cleethorpes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hakin
Stokes | Report |  | Stadium: Blundell Park
Attendance: 4,000 |

| 19 March  1908 (1908 -03-19) 29 | **Barnsley** | **2–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Barnsley |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McShea
Surtees | Report | Wilson | Stadium: Oakwell
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 21 March  1908 (1908 -03-21) 30 | **Oldham Athletic** | **4–1** | **Clapton Orient** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Shadbolt
Watts
Newton | Report | Greechan | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 6,569 |

| 28 March  1908 (1908 -03-28) 31 | **Leeds City** | **1–2** | **Oldham Athletic** | Leeds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Parnell | Report | Shadbolt
Newton | Stadium: Elland Road
Attendance: 15,000
Referee: A Hargreaves |

| 30 March  1908 (1908 -03-30) 32 | **Oldham Athletic** | **3–1** | **Derby County** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Watts
Newton
Waites | Report | Bentley | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 10,753 |

| 4 April  1908 (1908 -04-04) 33 | **Oldham Athletic** | **2–0** | **Wolverhampton Wanderers** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton
Waites | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 9,008 |

| 11 April  1908 (1908 -04-11) 34 | **Gainsborough Trinity** | **1–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Gainsborough |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wood | Report | Watts | Stadium: The Northolme
Attendance: 5,000 |

| 18 April  1908 (1908 -04-18) 35 | **Oldham Athletic** | **5–0** | **Stockport County** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Newton
Ward
Hancock
Shadbolt | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 9,845 |

| 20 April  1908 (1908 -04-20) 36 | **Wolverhampton Wanderers** | **2–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Wolverhampton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Radford
Shelton | Report | Shadbolt | Stadium: Molineux Stadium
Attendance: 17,000 |

| 21 April  1908 (1908 -04-21) 37 | **Oldham Athletic** | **1–1** | **Leicester Fosse** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hancock | Report | Shanks | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 23,110 |

| 25 April  1908 (1908 -04-25) 38 | **Glossop** | **0–0** | **Oldham Athletic** | Glossop |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: North Road
Attendance: 6,000 |

### F.A. Cup

| 7 December  1907 (1907 -12-07) Q5 | **Oldham Athletic** | **8–1** | **Darwen** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hancock
Wilson
Shadbolt
Newton
Hesham |  | Crook | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 4,000 |

| 11 January  1908 (1908 -01-11) 1 | **Oldham Athletic** | **2–1** | **Leeds City** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whaites  13'
Newton  44' | Report | Parnell  57' | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 14,000 |

| 1 February  1908 (1908 -02-01) 2 | **Oldham Athletic** | **0–0** | **Everton** | Oldham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Boundary Park
Attendance: 25,690 |

| 5 February  1908 (1908 -02-05) 2 | **Everton** | **6–1** | **Oldham Athletic** | Liverpool |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Young
Bolton
Abbott | Report | Whaites | Stadium: Goodison Park
Attendance: 26,849 |

1. "The History of Leicester City Football Club". Leicester City F.C. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
2. "Final 1908/1909 English Division 1 (old) Table". Football DataCo Limited. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
3. https://www.oldhamathletic.co.uk/club/honours/
4. "Home". *English National Football Archive*.
5. "Latest Oldham Results, Fixtures & Betting Odds | Soccer Base".
6. "Oldham Athletic match record: 1908".

## InfoBox

Oldham Athletic
| 1907–08 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | David Ashworth |
| Stadium | Boundary Park |
| Football League Second Division | 3rd |
| FA Cup | 2nd Round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Frank Newton
All: Frank Newton |
|  | |


title: 1970 Ottawa Rough Riders season

abstract: The 1970 Ottawa Rough Riders finished the season in fourth place in the Eastern Conference with a 4–10 record in their first season without Frank Clair as head coach after he served 14 seasons in that capacity. Jack Gotta, who was an assistant with Ottawa from 1967 to 1969 became head coach. The Rough Riders finished the season out of the playoffs and failed to defend their back-to-back Grey Cup titles.

text:
# 1970 Ottawa Rough Riders season

The **1970 Ottawa Rough Riders** finished the season in fourth place in the Eastern Conference with a 4–10 record in their first season without Frank Clair as head coach after he served 14 seasons in that capacity. Jack Gotta, who was an assistant with Ottawa from 1967 to 1969 became head coach. The Rough Riders finished the season out of the playoffs and failed to defend their back-to-back Grey Cup titles.

## Preseason

| **Week** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Score** | **Result** | **Record** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | July 8 | at Toronto Argonauts | 28–9 | Loss | 0–1 |
| A | July 13 | vs. Calgary Stampeders | 26–17 | Loss | 0–2 |
| B | July 20 | vs. Montreal Alouettes | 15–8 | Loss | 0–2 |
| C | July 23 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | 27–20 | Win | 1–3 |

## Regular season

### Standings

**Eastern Football Conference**
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hamilton Tiger-Cats** | 14 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 292 | 279 | 17 |
| **Toronto Argonauts** | 14 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 329 | 290 | 16 |
| **Montreal Alouettes** | 14 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 246 | 279 | 15 |
| Ottawa Rough Riders | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 255 | 279 | 8 |

### Schedule

| **Week** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Score** | **Result** | **Record** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | July 29 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | 17–15 | Loss | 0–1 |
| 2 | *Bye* | | | | |
| 3 | Aug 11 | vs. Saskatchewan Roughriders | 24–1 | Loss | 0–2 |
| 4 | *Bye* | | | | |
| 5 | Aug 25 | at Edmonton Eskimos | 31–23 | Win | 1–2 |
| 5 | Aug 27 | at BC Lions | 32–30 | Loss | 1–3 |
| 6 | Sept 2 | vs. Montreal Alouettes | 31–7 | Win | 2–3 |
| 6 | Sept 7 | vs. Toronto Argonauts | 37–21 | Loss | 2–4 |
| 7 | Sept 13 | at Toronto Argonauts | 30–25 | Loss | 2–5 |
| 8 | Sept 19 | vs. Calgary Stampeders | 9–1 | Win | 3–5 |
| 9 | Sept 27 | at Montreal Alouettes | 16–15 | Loss | 3–6 |
| 10 | Oct 3 | vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers | 15–0 | Loss | 3–7 |
| 11 | Oct 12 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | 24–17 | Loss | 3–8 |
| 12 | Oct 17 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | 22–15 | Loss | 3–9 |
| 13 | Oct 24 | at Montreal Alouettes | 28–12 | Win | 4–9 |
| 14 | Oct 31 | at Toronto Argonauts | 19–17 | Loss | 4–10 |

### Player stats

#### Defence

| **Player** | **Games Played** | **Interceptions** | **Yards** | **Average** | **Touchdowns** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irby Augustine | 10 | 2 | 47 | 23.5 | 0 |

### Awards and honours

## InfoBox

| 1970 Ottawa Rough Riders season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Jack Gotta |
| Home field | Lansdowne Park |
| Results | |
| Record | **4–10** |
| Division place | **4th, East** |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: Avensan

abstract: Avensan is a commune in the Gironde department in southwestern France.

text:
# Avensan

**Avensan** (French pronunciation: \[avɑ̃sɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Gironde department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 962 |  |
| 1975 | 1,062 | +1.42% |
| 1982 | 1,592 | +5.95% |
| 1990 | 1,620 | +0.22% |
| 1999 | 1,753 | +0.88% |
| 2007 | 2,095 | +2.25% |
| 2012 | 2,501 | +3.61% |
| 2017 | 2,953 | +3.38% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Avensan | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Avensan | |
| AvensanAvensan | |
| Coordinates: 45°02′08″N 0°45′24″W / 45.0356°N 0.7567°W / 45.0356; -0.7567 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Gironde |
| Arrondissement | Lesparre-Médoc |
| Canton | Le Sud-Médoc |
| Intercommunality | CC Médullienne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20232026) | Laurent Pascual |
| Area**1** | 52.24 km2 (20.17 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 3,076 |
| Density | 59/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 33022 /33480 |
| Elevation | 4–51 m (13–167 ft)
(avg. 14 m or 46 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |