abstract: The 1872–73 Home Nations rugby union matches was a single international friendly held between the England and Scotland national rugby union teams. With no other recognised rugby union teams in Britain or the rest of the World, the encounter between Scotland and England represented the only possible match that could be arranged, and would continue as such until 1875, when Ireland formed a national team.

text:
# 1872–73 Home Nations rugby union matches

The **1872–73 Home Nations rugby union matches** was a single international friendly held between the England and Scotland national rugby union teams. With no other recognised rugby union teams in Britain or the rest of the World, the encounter between Scotland and England represented the only possible match that could be arranged, and would continue as such until 1875, when Ireland formed a national team.

## Results

| Scotland | 0 – 0 | England |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

### Scoring system

The matches for this season were decided on goals scored. A goal was awarded for a successful conversion after a try, for a dropped goal or for a goal from mark. If a game was drawn, any unconverted tries were tallied to give a winner. If there was still no clear winner, the match was declared a draw.

## The matches

### England vs. Scotland

| Scotland | nil – nil | England |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

**Scotland:** WD Brown (Glasgow Academicals), T Chalmers (Glasgow Academicals), James Sanderson (Edinburgh Academicals), GB McClure (West of Scotland), JLH McFarlane (Edinburgh Academicals), W St Clair Grant (Craigmount School), TR Marshall (Edinburgh Academicals), Henry William Allan (Glasgow Academicals), P Anton (St. Andrew's University), EM Bannerman (Edinburgh Academicals), CC Bryce (Glasgow Academicals), CW Cathcart (Edinburgh University), John Davidson (RIE College), RW Irvine (Edinburgh Academicals), JAW Mein (Edinburgh Academicals), AG Petrie (Royal HSFP), FJ Moncreiff (Edinburgh Academicals) **capt.**, TP Whittington (Merchistonians), RW Wilson (West of Scotland), A Wood (Royal HSFP)

**England:** Charles Vanderspar (Richmond), Frederick Mills (Marlborough Nomads), Sydney Morse (Law Club), Harold Freeman (Marlborough Nomads), Cecil Boyle (Oxford University), Stephen Finney (I.C.E. College), James Body (Gipsies), James Bush (Clifton), Ernest Cheston (Law Club), William Fletcher (Marlborough Nomads), Alfred St. George Hamersley (Marlborough Nomads), Henry Lawrence (Richmond), Francis Luscombe (Gipsies), James Mackinlay (St George's Hospital), Henry Marsh (I.C.E. College), Murray Marshall (Blackheath), Cyril Rickards (Gipsies), Ernest Still (Ravenscourt Park), Frederick Stokes (Blackheath) **capt.**, Dawson Turner (Richmond)

## Bibliography

* Griffiths, John (1982). *The Book of English International Rugby 1872-1982*. London: Willow Books. ISBN 978-0-00-218006-1.
* Griffiths, John (1987). *The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records*. London: Phoenix House. ISBN 0-460-07003-7.


title: 1872–73 Queen's Park F.C. season

text:
# 1872–73 Queen's Park F.C. season

The 1872–73 season was the second season of competitive football by Queen's Park.

## Overview

Queen's Park again entered the FA Cup in 1872–73. This was the only season the FA Cup was a true "challenge" cup. The defending champions were given a bye to the final with the remaining teams facing off against one another to determine who should challenge them for the trophy.

In order to reduce travel, Queen's Park were given byes through to the semi-finals where they were due to face Oxford University for the right to face defending champions Wanderers in the final. However, they withdrew before the match and Oxford University were given a walkover.

During the club's early years, the team would play in dark blue shirts and grey shorts. The now traditional black and white hoops weren't introduced until October 1873.

## Results

### FA Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 1872 | First round | *Bye* | | | | |
| November 1872 | Second round | *Bye* | | | | |
| December 1872 | Third round | *Bye* | | | | |
| February 1873 | Quarter-final | *Bye* | | | | |
| March 1873 | Semi-final | Oxford University | N | Walkover | | |

Notes 1. **A**-Queen's Park withdrew from the competition ahead of their semi-final with Oxford University.

### Friendlies

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 28 August 1872 | Airdrie | H | 6–0 | Thomson, Ker (2), Weir, W. MacKinnon (2) |  |
| 19 October 1872 | Granville | H | 4–0 | Leckie, Wotherspoon, Rhind (2) |  |
| 1 March 1873 | Vale of Leven | A | 1–0 |  | 1,500 |
| 5 April 1873 | Glasgow Wanderers | H | 1–0 | Gardner | 1,000 |

## InfoBox

Queen's Park
| 1872–73 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadium | South Side Park |
| FA Cup | Semi-finals |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: El Adjiba

abstract: El Adjiba is a town and commune in Bouïra Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 11,572.

text:
# El Adjiba

**El Adjiba** is a town and commune in Bouïra Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 11,572.

## InfoBox

| El Adjiba | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| El Adjiba | |
| Coordinates: 36°20′N 4°09′E / 36.333°N 4.150°E / 36.333; 4.150 | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Bouïra Province |
| Population (1998) | |
| Total | 11,572 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Aspergillus ardalensis

abstract: Aspergillus ardalensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Flavipedes section. The species was first described in 2015.

text:
# Aspergillus ardalensis

***Aspergillus ardalensis*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Aspergillus*. It is from the *Flavipedes* section. The species was first described in 2015.

## Growth and morphology

*A. ardalensis* has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.

1. Hubka, Vit; Nováková, Alena; Kolarik, Miroslav; Jurjevic, Zeljko; Peterson, Stephen W. (2015). "Revision of Aspergillus section Flavipedes: seven new species and proposal of section Jani sect. nov". *Mycologia*. **107** (1): 169–208. doi:10.3852/14-059. PMID 25344259. S2CID 207648599.

## InfoBox

| *Aspergillus ardalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | *Aspergillus* |
| Species: | ***A. ardalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspergillus ardalensis***<br>A. Nováková, Hubka, M. Kolařík, S.W. Peterson (2015) | |
|


abstract: These are the results of the Men's 100 metres event at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, Greece.

text:
# 1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 100 metres

These are the results of the **Men's 100 metres event** at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, Greece.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Maurice Greene
*United States (USA)* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Donovan Bailey
*Canada (CAN)* |
| **Bronze** | Tim Montgomery
*United States (USA)* |

## Results

### Heats

First 3 of each Heat (Q) and the next 9 fastest (q) qualified for the quarterfinals.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 | Angelos Pavlakakis | Greece | 10.11 | Q, **NR** |
| 1 | 6 | Ato Boldon | Trinidad and Tobago | 10.11 | Q |
| 3 | 7 | Tim Montgomery | United States | 10.12 | Q |
| 4 | 5 | Michael Marsh | United States | 10.16 | Q |
| 4 | 10 | Eric Nkansah | Ghana | 10.16 | Q |
| 6 | 4 | Donovan Bailey | Canada | 10.17 | Q |
| 7 | 10 | Percival Spencer | Jamaica | 10.18 | Q |
| 8 | 9 | Frankie Fredericks | Namibia | 10.21 | Q |
| 9 | 10 | Darren Campbell | Great Britain | 10.21 | Q, SB |
| 11 | 7 | Francis Obikwelu | Nigeria | 10.22 | Q |
| 11 | 11 | Nobuharu Asahara | Japan | 10.22 | Q |
| 11 | 12 | Robert Esmie | Canada | 10.22 | Q |
| 14 | 12 | Davidson Ezinwa | Nigeria | 10.23 | Q |
| 15 | 8 | Seun Ogunkoya | Nigeria | 10.24 | Q |
| 15 | 12 | Emmanuel Tuffour | Ghana | 10.24 | Q, SB |
| 17 | 4 | Stefano Tilli | Italy | 10.25 | Q, SB |
| 17 | 9 | Aleksandr Porkhomovskiy | Russia | 10.25 | Q, SB |
| 19 | 4 | Marlon Devonish | Great Britain | 10.26 | q |
| 19 | 7 | Aziz Zakari | Ghana | 10.26 | Q, PB |
| 19 | 9 | Carlos Calado | Portugal | 10.26 | Q |
| 19 | 11 | Obadele Thompson | Barbados | 10.26 | Q |
| 23 | 1 | André da Silva | Brazil | 10.28 | Q |
| 23 | 9 | Sergejs Inšakovs | Latvia | 10.28 | q, **NR** |
| 25 | 5 | Patrick Stevens | Belgium | 10.30 | Q |
| 25 | 10 | Yiannis Zisimides | Cyprus | 10.30 | q, SB |
| 27 | 1 | Jean-Olivier Zirignon | Ivory Coast | 10.31 | Q |
| 28 | 3 | Maurice Greene | United States | 10.32 | Q |
| 28 | 3 | Peter Karlsson | Sweden | 10.32 | Q, SB |
| 28 | 8 | Charalambos Papadias | Greece | 10.32 | Q |
| 28 | 11 | Jone Delai | Fiji | 10.32 | Q |
| 28 | 13 | Bruny Surin | Canada | 10.32 | Q |
| 33 | 6 | Luis Alberto Perez-Rionda | Cuba | 10.33 | Q |
| 34 | 4 | Renward Wells | Bahamas | 10.34 | q |
| 34 | 4 | Martin Lachkovics | Austria | 10.34 | q, PB |
| 34 | 11 | Donovan Powell | Jamaica | 10.34 | q |
| 37 | 5 | Anninos Marcoullides | Cyprus | 10.35 | Q |
| 37 | 7 | Sayon Cooper | Liberia | 10.35 | q |
| 39 | 12 | Prodromos Katsantonis | Cyprus | 10.36 | q |
| 40 | 2 | Marcin Krzywański | Poland | 10.37 | Q |
| 41 | 2 | Andrey Fedoriv | Russia | 10.38 | Q |
| 41 | 8 | Ryszard Pilarczyk | Poland | 10.38 | Q |
| 42 | 2 | Stephane Cali | France | 10.39 | Q |
| 44 | 10 | Hiroyasu Tsuchie | Japan | 10.40 | q |
| 45 | 3 | Piotr Balcerzak | Poland | 10.41 | Q |
| 45 | 12 | Augustine Nketia | New Zealand | 10.41 |  |
| 47 | 3 | Per Ivar Sivle | Norway | 10.42 |  |
| 47 | 6 | Ian Mackie | Great Britain | 10.42 | Q |
| 47 | 7 | Ousmane Diarra | Mali | 10.42 |  |
| 50 | 1 | Chris Donaldson | New Zealand | 10.43 | Q |
| 50 | 6 | Carlos Gats | Argentina | 10.43 | SB |
| 50 | 11 | Chintake De Zoysa | Sri Lanka | 10.43 |  |
| 50 | 13 | Erik Wijmeersch | Belgium | 10.43 | Q |
| 54 | 2 | Torbjörn Mårtensson | Sweden | 10.46 |  |
| 54 | 5 | Koji Ito | Japan | 10.46 |  |
| 56 | 6 | Miguel Janssen | Aruba | 10.47 |  |
| 57 | 13 | Saad Al-Kuwari | Qatar | 10.48 | Q |
| 58 | 1 | Carlton Chambers | Canada | 10.49 |  |
| 58 | 11 | Anvar Kuchmuradov | Uzbekistan | 10.49 |  |
| 60 | 6 | Ibrahim Meité | Ivory Coast | 10.50 |  |
| 60 | 8 | Issa-Aime Nthepe | Cameroon | 10.50 |  |
| 60 | 9 | Carlos Villaseñor | Mexico | 10.50 |  |
| 63 | 1 | Paulo Neves | Portugal | 10.51 |  |
| 64 | 3 | Dennis Mowatt | Jamaica | 10.52 |  |
| 64 | 5 | Joseph Styles | Bahamas | 10.52 |  |
| 66 | 6 | Carlos Moreno | Chile | 10.53 |  |
| 67 | 7 | Frutos Feo | Spain | 10.54 |  |
| 68 | 12 | Ivan Šlehobr | Czech Republic | 10.55 |  |
| 69 | 13 | Juan Pedro Toledo | Mexico | 10.56 |  |
| 70 | 2 | Neil Ryan | Ireland | 10.57 |  |
| 71 | 5 | Alexandros Genovelis | Greece | 10.58 |  |
| 72 | 13 | Jose Illan | Spain | 10.60 |  |
| 73 | 2 | Tommy Kafri | Israel | 10.64 |  |
| 73 | 8 | Tomaž Božič | Slovenia | 10.64 |  |
| 75 | 8 | Horace Dove-Edwin | Sierra Leone | 10.65 |  |
| 76 | 4 | Ruslan Rusidze | Georgia | 10.67 |  |
| 76 | 5 | Wai Lok To | Hong Kong | 10.67 |  |
| 78 | 3 | Nigel Jones | Grenada | 10.68 |  |
| 79 | 2 | Patrick Mocci Raoumbe | Gabon | 10.69 |  |
| 80 | 7 | Lee Heyeong-Gum | South Korea | 10.73 |  |
| 81 | 3 | Antonio Serpas | El Salvador | 10.77 |  |
| 81 | 12 | Peter Pulu | Papua New Guinea | 10.77 |  |
| 83 | 1 | Pascal Dangbo | Benin | 10.78 |  |
| 83 | 3 | De-Von Bean | Bermuda | 10.78 |  |
| 85 | 9 | Gabriel Simon | Argentina | 10.79 |  |
| 86 | 7 | Mohd Mahbub Alam | Bangladesh | 10.83 |  |
| 87 | 1 | Toluta'u Koula | Tonga | 10.85 |  |
| 88 | 9 | Maocha Mpho | Botswana | 10.86 |  |
| 89 | 8 | Mario Bonello | Malta | 10.92 |  |
| 89 | 13 | Amarildo Almeida | Guinea-Bissau | 10.92 |  |
| 91 | 10 | Laurence Jack | Vanuatu | 10.97 |  |
| 92 | 12 | Trevor Davis | Angola | 11.07 |  |
| 93 | 13 | Huang Hsin-Ping | Chinese Taipei | 11.09 |  |
| 94 | 4 | Albert Shaw Elston | Belize | 11.13 |  |
| 95 | 8 | Mohamed Amir | Maldives | 11.18 | **NR** |
| 96 | 10 | Detrickson Anson | Federated States of Micronesia | 11.47 |  |
| 97 | 1 | Watson Nyambek | Malaysia | 11.60 |  |
| 98 | 2 | Nelson Kabitana | Solomon Islands | 11.61 |  |
| 99 | 11 | Norberto Nsue Ondo | Equatorial Guinea | 11.65 |  |
| 100 | 11 | Daniel Adachi | Palau | 11.90 |  |
| 101 | 5 | Kim Collins | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 21.73 |  |
|  | 9 | Venancio José | Spain | DQ |  |
|  | 10 | Igor Strakh | Ukraine | DNF |  |

### Quarterfinals

First 2 of each Heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Ato Boldon | Trinidad and Tobago | 9.87 | Q, **WL** |
| 2 | 1 | Maurice Greene | United States | 9.90 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Tim Montgomery | United States | 9.99 | Q |
| 3 | 6 | Frankie Fredericks | Namibia | 9.99 | Q |
| 5 | 4 | Michael Marsh | United States | 10.05 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Bruny Surin | Canada | 10.06 | Q, SB |
| 7 | 3 | Donovan Bailey | Canada | 10.10 | Q |
| 8 | 6 | Davidson Ezinwa | Nigeria | 10.11 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | Darren Campbell | Great Britain | 10.13 | q, PB |
| 10 | 5 | Eric Nkansah | Ghana | 10.15 | Q |
| 11 | 5 | Francis Obikwelu | Nigeria | 10.17 | Q |
| 11 | 6 | Nobuharu Asahara | Japan | 10.17 | q |
| 13 | 3 | Sayon Cooper | Liberia | 10.21 | q |
| 13 | 6 | Obadele Thompson | Barbados | 10.21 | q |
| 15 | 1 | Andrey Fedoriv | Russia | 10.22 |  |
| 15 | 2 | Angelos Pavlakakis | Greece | 10.22 | Q |
| 17 | 1 | Charalambos Papadias | Greece | 10.23 | PB |
| 17 | 4 | Emmanuel Tuffour | Ghana | 10.23 | Q, SB |
| 19 | 1 | Ian Mackie | Great Britain | 10.24 |  |
| 20 | 2 | Luis Alberto Perez-Rionda | Cuba | 10.25 |  |
| 20 | 4 | Jean-Olivier Zirignon | Ivory Coast | 10.25 |  |
| 20 | 5 | Robert Esmie | Canada | 10.25 |  |
| 23 | 3 | Ryszard Pilarczyk | Poland | 10.26 | PB |
| 24 | 4 | Aleksandr Porkhomovskiy | Russia | 10.27 |  |
| 25 | 6 | Aziz Zakari | Ghana | 10.29 |  |
| 26 | 5 | Patrick Stevens | Belgium | 10.31 |  |
| 27 | 2 | Piotr Balcerzak | Poland | 10.32 |  |
| 28 | 1 | Marcin Krzywański | Poland | 10.33 |  |
| 28 | 2 | Prodromos Katsantonis | Cyprus | 10.33 |  |
| 28 | 4 | Seun Ogunkoya | Nigeria | 10.33 |  |
| 31 | 2 | Erik Wijmeersch | Belgium | 10.34 |  |
| 31 | 5 | Sergejs Inšakovs | Latvia | 10.34 |  |
| 33 | 4 | Donovan Powell | Jamaica | 10.35 |  |
| 34 | 5 | Stefano Tilli | Italy | 10.36 |  |
| 35 | 4 | Marlon Devonish | Great Britain | 10.37 |  |
| 35 | 6 | Yiannis Zisimides | Cyprus | 10.37 |  |
| 37 | 1 | Hiroyasu Tsuchie | Japan | 10.38 |  |
| 38 | 4 | Anninos Marcoullides | Cyprus | 10.39 |  |
| 38 | 6 | Martin Lachkovics | Austria | 10.39 |  |
| 40 | 1 | Chris Donaldson | New Zealand | 10.40 |  |
| 40 | 3 | Saad Al-Kuwari | Qatar | 10.40 | PB |
| 40 | 3 | Peter Karlsson | Sweden | 10.40 |  |
| 43 | 6 | Carlos Calado | Portugal | 10.41 |  |
| 44 | 2 | Stephane Cali | France | 10.47 |  |
| 44 | 5 | Jone Delai | Fiji | 10.47 |  |
| 46 | 5 | Renward Wells | Bahamas | 10.57 |  |
| 47 | 3 | André da Silva | Brazil | 12.56 |  |
|  | 2 | Percival Spencer | Jamaica | DNS |  |

### Semifinals

First 4 of each Semifinal qualified directly (Q) for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Maurice Greene | United States | 9.90 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Donovan Bailey | Canada | 9.91 | Q, SB |
| 3 | 2 | Frankie Fredericks | Namibia | 9.93 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Ato Boldon | Trinidad and Tobago | 10.00 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Tim Montgomery | United States | 10.08 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Davidson Ezinwa | Nigeria | 10.15 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Eric Nkansah | Ghana | 10.18 |  |
| 8 | 2 | Francis Obikwelu | Nigeria | 10.20 |  |
| 9 | 1 | Michael Marsh | United States | 10.21 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | Bruny Surin | Canada | 10.22 | Q |
| 11 | 1 | Angelos Pavlakakis | Greece | 10.29 |  |
| 12 | 1 | Obadele Thompson | Barbados | 10.30 |  |
| 12 | 2 | Sayon Cooper | Liberia | 10.30 |  |
| 14 | 1 | Emmanuel Tuffour | Ghana | 10.33 |  |
| 14 | 2 | Nobuharu Asahara | Japan | 10.33 |  |
| 16 | 1 | Darren Campbell | Great Britain | 10.37 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 3 | Maurice Greene | United States | 9.86 | **=CR** |
|  | 4 | Donovan Bailey | Canada | 9.91 |  |
|  | 7 | Tim Montgomery | United States | 9.94 |  |
| 4 | 2 | Frankie Fredericks | Namibia | 9.95 |  |
| 5 | 6 | Ato Boldon | Trinidad and Tobago | 10.02 |  |
| 6 | 5 | Davidson Ezinwa | Nigeria | 10.10 |  |
| 7 | 1 | Bruny Surin | Canada | 10.12 |  |
| 8 | 8 | Michael Marsh | United States | 10.29 |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 100 metres
at the 1997 World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Olympic Stadium |
| Dates | 2 August (heats and quarter-finals)
3 August (semi-finals and final) |
| Competitors | 101 |
| Winning time | 9.86 CR |
| Medalists | |
| United States  Canada  United States | |
|


title: Ankothrips

abstract: Ankothrips is a genus of thrip in the family Melanthripidae.

text:
# Ankothrips

***Ankothrips*** is a genus of thrip in the family Melanthripidae.

## Species

*Catalogue of Life* shows the following species as accepted within *Ankothrips*:

## InfoBox

| *Ankothrips* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Thysanoptera |
| Family: | Melanthripidae |
| Genus: | *Ankothrips*<br>Crawford, 1909 |
|


abstract: These are the official results of the Men's 400 metres Hurdles event at the 1997 IAAF World Championships in Athens, Greece. There were a total number of 51 participating athletes, with seven qualifying heats, three semi-finals and the final held on Monday 4 August 1997.

text:
# 1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 400 metres hurdles

These are the official results of the **Men's 400 metres Hurdles** event at the **1997 IAAF World Championships** in Athens, Greece. There were a total number of 51 participating athletes, with seven qualifying heats, three semi-finals and the final held on Monday 4 August 1997.

## Final

| RANK | FINAL | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Stéphane Diagana (FRA) | **47.70** |
|  | Llewellyn Herbert (RSA) | **47.86** |
|  | Bryan Bronson (USA) | **47.88** |
| 4. | Fabrizio Mori (ITA) | **48.05** |
| 5. | Samuel Matete (ZAM) | **48.11** |
| 6. | Ruslan Mashchenko (RUS) | **48.62** |
| 7. | Dinsdale Morgan (JAM) | **49.06** |
| 8. | Jiří Mužík (CZE) | **49.51** |

## Semi-finals

* Held on Sunday 1997-08-03

| RANK | HEAT 1 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Stéphane Diagana (FRA) | **48.14** |
| 2. | Llewellyn Herbert (RSA) | **48.31** |
| 3. | Samuel Matete (ZAM) | **48.44** |
| 4. | Mubarak Faraj Al-Nubi (QAT) | **48.84** |
| 5. | Joey Woody (USA) | **49.14** |
| 6. | Ian Weakley (JAM) | **49.98** |
| 7. | Mustapha Sdad (MAR) | **50.78** |
|  | Kazuhiko Yamazaki (JPN) | **DNF** |

| RANK | HEAT 2 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Ruslan Mashchenko (RUS) | **48.54** |
| 2. | Dinsdale Morgan (JAM) | **48.56** |
| 3. | Shunji Karube (JPN) | **48.81** |
| 4. | Paweł Januszewski (POL) | **48.94** |
| 5. | Derrick Adkins (USA) | **48.95** |
| 6. | Lukáš Souček (CZE) | **49.09** |
| 7. | Hamed Ziad Abou (AUS) | **49.12** |
| 8. | Ashraf Saber (ITA) | **49.36** |

| RANK | HEAT 3 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Bryan Bronson (USA) | **47.83** |
| 2. | Fabrizio Mori (ITA) | **48.17** |
| 3. | Jiří Mužík (CZE) | **48.27** |
| 4. | Dusán Kovács (HUN) | **48.45** (NR) |
| 5. | Ken Harnden (ZIM) | **48.82** |
| 6. | Yoshihiko Saito (JPN) | **49.60** |
| 7. | Vadim Zadoynov (MDA) | **50.07** |
| 8. | Kareem Archer (JAM) | **50.76** |

## Qualifying heats

* Held on Saturday 1997-08-02

| RANK | HEAT 1 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Llewellyn Herbert (RSA) | **49.23** |
| 2. | Mubarak Faraj Al-Nubi (QAT) | **49.39** |
| 3. | Ian Weakley (JAM) | **49.52** |
| 4. | Marc Dollendorf (BEL) | **49.66** |
| 5. | Tom McGuirk (IRL) | **49.93** |
| 6. | Niklas Eriksson (SWE) | **50.25** |
| 7. | Sinisa Pesa (YUG) | **50.65** |

| RANK | HEAT 2 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Fabrizio Mori (ITA) | **48.93** |
| 2. | Lukas Soucek (CZE) | **49.08** |
| 3. | Yoshihiko Saito (JPN) | **49.52** |
| 4. | Jean-Paul Bruwier (BEL) | **49.56** |
| 5. | Gary Jennings (GBR) | **49.84** |
| 6. | Vladislav Shiryayev (RUS) | **49.95** |
| 7. | Hubert Rakotombelontsoa (MAD) | **52.29** |

| RANK | HEAT 3 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Samuel Matete (ZAM) | **48.43** |
| 2. | Jiri Muzik (CZE) | **48.56** |
| 3. | Dinsdale Morgan (JAM) | **49.34** |
| 4. | Mustapha Sdad (MAR) | **49.50** |
| 5. | Chris Rawlinson (GBR) | **49.72** |
| 6. | Nabil Selmi (ALG) | **50.45** |
| 7. | Abdullah Ghulum (UAE) | **51.51** |
|  | Ibou Faye (SEN) | **DNF** |

| RANK | HEAT 4 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Shunji Karube (JPN) | **48.63** |
| 2. | Joey Woody (USA) | **48.89** |
| 3. | Kareem Archer (JAM) | **49.11** |
| 4. | Ziad Abou Ahmed (AUS) | **49.21** |
| 5. | Paweł Januszewski (POL) | **49.29** |
| 6. | Willie Smith (NAM) | **51.12** |
| 7. | Domingo Cordero (PUR) | **52.26** |

| RANK | HEAT 5 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Ruslan Mashchenko (RUS) | **48.93** |
| 2. | Derrick Adkins (USA) | **49.23** |
| 3. | Vadim Zadoynov (MDA) | **49.49** |
| 4. | Laurent Ottoz (ITA) | **49.69** |
| 5. | Egils Tebelis (LAT) | **50.42** |
|  | Miro Kocuvan (SLO) | **DNF** |
|  | Pascal Maran (FRA) | **DQ** |

| RANK | HEAT 6 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Stephane Diagana (FRA) | **49.34** |
| 2. | Ken Harnden (ZIM) | **49.42** |
| 3. | Kazuhiko Yamazaki (JPN) | **49.47** |
| 4. | Octavius Terry (USA) | **49.84** |
| 5. | Kenneth Enyeazu (NGR) | **50.12** |
| 6. | Cleverson da Silva (BRA) | **50.63** |
| 7. | Ibrahim El Hefeny (EGY) | **50.70** |
|  | Ilir Xhanari (ALB) | **DNF** |

| RANK | HEAT 7 | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Bryan Bronson (USA) | **48.84** |
| 2. | Dusan Kovacs (HUN) | **48.99** |
| 3. | Ashraf Saber (ITA) | **49.11** |
| 4. | Jimmy Coco (FRA) | **49.64** |
| 5. | Carlos Zbinden (CHI) | **50.42** |
| 6. | Rohan Robinson (AUS) | **51.67** |
| 7. | Lambros Zervakos (GRE) | **52.94** |


title: Eric Winston

abstract: Eric Joseph Winston is an American former professional football offensive tackle. He played in college at the University of Miami and was selected by the Houston Texans in the third round of the 2006 NFL draft. Winston also played for the Kansas City Chiefs, Arizona Cardinals, and Cincinnati Bengals. He was the president of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) from 2014 to 2020.

text:
# Eric Winston

**Eric Joseph Winston** (born November 17, 1983) is an American former professional football offensive tackle. He played in college at the University of Miami and was selected by the Houston Texans in the third round of the 2006 NFL draft. Winston also played for the Kansas City Chiefs, Arizona Cardinals, and Cincinnati Bengals. He was the president of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) from 2014 to 2020.

## Early life

Winston played high school football at Robert E. Lee High School in Midland, Texas, where he was ranked amongst the most talented high school tight ends in the country. He played alongside fellow NFL running back Cedric Benson, and the two helped the Rebels win three straight Texas 5A state championships.

## College career

Winston chose to attend college at the University of Miami after being heavily recruited by several other schools. At Miami, Winston majored in International Finance and Marketing and played offensive tackle. He initially was set to play tight end for the Hurricanes, but made the switch before his sophomore year. Winston was widely considered one of the best offensive tackles to enter the 2006 NFL draft. However, an anterior cruciate ligament injury during his junior year made his draft stock drop, and several draft scouting organizations expressed slight worry over the possible implications of the injury and subsequent surgery on his play.

Winston was also a standout student, graduating in three years with a GPA above 3.5, and he was a 2005 All-America selection. He was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 6+58 in
(2.00 m) | 310 lb
(141 kg) | 32+14 in
(0.82 m) | 9+14 in
(0.23 m) | 4.96 s | 1.67 s | 2.82 s | 4.44 s | 7.47 s | 29.0 in
(0.74 m) | 9 ft 0 in
(2.74 m) | 22 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine, except bench from Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Houston Texans

Winston was selected in the third round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He started the final seven games as a rookie at right tackle in 2006 and proceeded to start 87 games for them until 2011. He signed a contract extension prior to the 2008 season. The Texans released him on March 12, 2012.

### Kansas City Chiefs

Winston signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on March 17, 2012. On October 7, 2012, Winston spoke out about Kansas City Chiefs fans, who he thought were cheering an injury to quarterback Matt Cassel. No video evidence has ever been produced to support Winston's claim. In a post game interview, he claimed "this isn't the Roman Colosseum" and "it is hard economic times". He mentioned that he came to the understanding he probably won't live as long because he plays this game, but cheering over a player getting knocked out is "100% sickening". He was released by the Chiefs on March 7, 2013.

### Arizona Cardinals

Winston signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Cardinals on July 25, 2013.

### Seattle Seahawks

Winston signed a one-year contract with the Seattle Seahawks on July 29, 2014. Winston failed to make the final 53-man roster, and was released on August 30, 2014.

### Cincinnati Bengals

Winston signed a one-year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals on December 2, 2014.

On March 9, 2016, the Bengals re-signed Winston to a one-year, $1.09 million contract.

On March 10, 2017, the Bengals re-signed Winston to his third consecutive one-year contract. He was released on September 2, 2017. He was re-signed by the Bengals on November 8, 2017.

### NFL Players Association

In March 2014, Winston was elected president of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), succeeding Domonique Foxworth. Prior to being elected president, Winston had been involved with the NFLPA in other capacities, including being elected as a co-alternate NFLPA representative for the Houston Texans in 2010 and serving on committees for agent discipline and finance. He was also vocal during the 2011 NFL lockout. Winston has stated that his first priorities for his presidency will be player health and safety, financial literacy, and workplace conditions, especially in the locker room. He was succeeded by J. C. Tretter in March 2020.

## Personal life

Winston is married, and has three daughters and one son. He also does volunteer work for the Shriners Hospitals for Children.

## InfoBox

Eric Winston
| Winston with the Cincinnati Bengals in 2017 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 73, 74 | |
| Position: | Offensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1983-11-17) November 17, 1983
Midland, Texas, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) |
| Weight: | 310 lb (141 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Lee (Midland, Texas) |
| College: | Miami (FL) |
| NFL draft: | 2006 / round: 3 / pick: 66 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 165  Games started: 127 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois.

text:
# 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team

1941–42 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Illinois | 13 |  | 2 |  | .867 |  |  | 18 |  | 5 |  | .783 |
| Indiana | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |  |  | 15 |  | 6 |  | .714 |
| Wisconsin | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |  |  | 14 |  | 7 |  | .667 |
| Iowa | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |  |  | 12 |  | 8 |  | .600 |
| Minnesota | 9 |  | 6 |  | .600 |  |  | 15 |  | 6 |  | .714 |
| Purdue | 9 |  | 6 |  | .600 |  |  | 14 |  | 7 |  | .667 |
| Northwestern | 5 |  | 10 |  | .333 |  |  | 8 |  | 13 |  | .381 |
| Michigan | 5 |  | 10 |  | .333 |  |  | 6 |  | 14 |  | .300 |
| Ohio State | 4 |  | 11 |  | .267 |  |  | 6 |  | 14 |  | .300 |
| Chicago | 0 |  | 15 |  | .000 |  |  | 1 |  | 20 |  | .048 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team** represented the University of Illinois.

## Regular season

The Illinois Fighting Illini finished the season with a record of 18 wins and 5 losses. Under the direction of head coach and athletic director Douglas Mills, the Illini grouped a team of players, all around 6' 3", into a nearly undefeatable lineup later to be known as "The Whiz Kids". This group captured the attention of the entire nation while winning back-to-back conference titles and combining for a 35-6 record, 25-2 in the Big Ten over those two seasons. They dazzled crowds everywhere averaging 58 points per game, while most teams were averaging in the low 40s. Primarily made up of sophomores, they dominated the 1941-42 conference basketball season by posting a 13 – 2 record. A starting lineup consisting of Arthur "Jack" Smiley, Ken Menke, Andy Phillip, Ellis "Gene" Vance, Victor Wukovits and Art Mathisen, developed a winning attitude that would maintain for the next 15 years, a time period where the Illini would finish no less than third in the conference for 13 of them. The 1942 NCAA tournament was only in its fourth year of existence and was staged around the collegiate basketball coaches convention being held at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. The warm weather and unsufferable humidity caused the young Illini to lose two games in a period of two days.

The final living Whiz Kid, Gene Vance, died in 2012.

### Roster

| 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  4 Henry Sachs 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)  Sr Chicago, Illinois  5 Raymond Bergeson 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)  So Bridgeton, New Jersey  6 Clifton Fulton 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)  Fr Pittsburg, Kansas  7 Raymond Grierson 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Fr Champaign, Illinois  8 Edwin Parker 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Jr Taft, California  9 Kenneth Parker 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  Jr Granite City, Illinois  10 Bishop Barrick 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)  So Stillman Valley, Illinois  11 Kenneth Brown 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  So Catlin, Illinois  12 David Dillon 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Sr Sturgis, Michigan  13 Victor Wukovits 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)  Sr Mishawaka, Indiana  14 Johnson Johnson 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)  So -  15 Arthur Smiley 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  So Waterman, Illinois  16 William Hocking **(C)** 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  Sr Evanston, Illinois  17 Herbert Matter 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  So Naperville, Illinois  18 Robert Shapland 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)  So Champaign, Illinois  19 Arthur Mathisen 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)  Jr Dwight, Illinois  20 Daryl Shapiro 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)  So Toledo, Ohio  25 Ellis Vance 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Jr Clinton, Illinois  33 Charles Fowler 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)  Fr Watseka, Illinois  38 Ken Menke 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  So Dundee, Illinois  47 Andrew Phillip 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  So Granite City, Illinois | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster |

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-Conference regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 12/9/1941*
no, no | Marquette | **W** 45–43 | 1–0
 | Huff Hall (3,990)
Champaign, IL |
|
| 12/13/1941*
no, no | Chanute Field | **L** 38–40 | 1–1
 | Huff Hall (4,068)
Champaign, IL |
| 12/17/1941*
no, no | Butler | **W** 52–50 | 2–1
 | Huff Hall (3,903)
Champaign, IL |
| 12/20/1941*
no, no | at Detroit | **W** 49–34 | 3–1
 | Titans Gymnasium (-)
Detroit, MI |
| 12/23/1941*
no, no | Notre Dame | **W** 48–29 | 4–1
 | Huff Hall (3,405)
Champaign, IL |
| 12/30/1941*
no, no | Harvard | **W** 39–30 | 5–1
 | Huff Hall (3,116)
Champaign, IL |
| Big Ten regular season | | | | | | | | |
| 1/3/1942
no, no | at Wisconsin | **W** 55–40 | 6–1
(1–0) | Wisconsin Field House (7,000)
Madison, WI |
| 1/10/1942
no, no | at Michigan | **W** 44–40 | 7–1
(2–0) | Yost Fieldhouse (3,500)
Ann Arbor, MI |
| 1/12/1942
no, no | at Ohio State | **W** 58–49 | 8–1
(3–0) | Ohio Expo Center Coliseum (2,658)
Columbus, OH |
| 1/17/1942
no, no | University of Chicago | **W** 54–26 | 9–1
(4–0) | Huff Hall (4,349)
Champaign, IL |
| 1/19/1942
no, no | Iowa
*Rivalry* | **W** 42–35 | 10–1
(5–0) | Huff Hall (5,195)
Champaign, IL |
| 1/24/1942
no, no | Minnesota | **W** 49–36 | 11-1
(6–0) | Huff Hall (7,051)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/7/1942
no, no | Northwestern
*Rivalry* | **W** 41–33 | 12–1
(7–0) | Huff Hall (6,915)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/9/1942
no, no | at Indiana
*Rivalry* | **L** 36–41 | 12–2
(7–1) | The Fieldhouse (6,200)
Bloomington, IN |
| 2/14/1942
no, no | Michigan | **W** 55–29 | 13–2
(8–1) | Huff Hall (3,500)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/16/1942
no, no | at Minnesota | **W** 41–37 | 14–2
(9–1) | Williams Arena (13,013)
Minneapolis, MN |
| 2/21/1942
no, no | Ohio State | **W** 48–31 | 15–2
(10–1) | Huff Hall (5,195)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/23/1942
no, no | Wisconsin | **W** 45–43 | 16–2
(11–1) | Huff Hall (6,105)
Champaign, IL |
| 2/28/1942
no, no | at Northwestern
*Rivalry* | **W** 63–49 | 17–2
(12–1) | Chicago Stadium (18,000)
Chicago, IL |
| 3/2/1942
no, no | at Iowa
*Rivalry* | **L** 32–46 | 17–3
(12–2) | Iowa Field House (13,500)
Iowa City, IA |
| 3/7/1942
no, no | Purdue | **W** 34–32 | 18–3
(13–2) | Huff Hall (7,035)
Champaign, IL |
| NCAA Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| 3/20/1942*
no, no | vs. Kentucky
*First Round* | **L** 44–46 | 18–4
 | Tulane Gym (3,500)
New Orleans, LA |
| 3/21/1942*
no, no | vs. Penn State
*East Regional Third Place* | **L** 34–41 | 18–5
 | Tulane Gym (3,500)
New Orleans, LA |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Central Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

Source

## Player stats

| Player | Games Played | Field Goals | Free Throws | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Andy Phillip | 23 | 87 | 58 | 232 |
| Ken Menke | 23 | 93 | 38 | 224 |
| Victor Wukovits | 23 | 51 | 35 | 137 |
| Arthur Mathisen | 22 | 41 | 48 | 130 |
| Jack Smiley | 23 | 43 | 20 | 106 |
| Gene Vance | 23 | 44 | 10 | 98 |
| Charles Fowler | 14 | 14 | 4 | 32 |
| William Hocking | 15 | 10 | 4 | 24 |
| Henry Sachs | 10 | 11 | 1 | 23 |
| Edwin Parker | 15 | 9 | 4 | 22 |
| Raymond Grierson | 4 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| Herbert Matter | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| David Dillon | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Cliff Fulton | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Raymond Bergeson | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bishop Barrick | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Big Ten champions | |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 18–5 (13–2 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| MVP | Andy Phillip |
| Captain | William Hocking |
| Home arena | Huff Hall |
|


title: 1908 Cincinnati Reds season

abstract: The 1908 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fifth in the National League with a record of 73–81, 26 games behind the Chicago Cubs.

text:
# 1908 Cincinnati Reds season

The **1908 Cincinnati Reds season** was a season in American baseball. The team finished fifth in the National League with a record of 73–81, 26 games behind the Chicago Cubs.

## Offseason

After two straight seasons in which the Reds lost 87 games, the team replaced manager Ned Hanlon with player-manager John Ganzel. This was the first managerial job of Ganzel's career at the major league level.

## Regular season

Cincinnati had a new starting shortstop, as Rudy Hulswitt took over the position. Hulswitt had spent the 1907 season with the Columbus Senators of the American Association, where he hit .296 with two home runs, 35 doubles and fourteen triples. He had last played in the major leagues with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1904, where he hit .244 with a homer and 36 RBI.

The Reds' 1906 shortstop, Hans Lobert, moved to third base, while Mike Mowrey came off the bench. Outfielders Dode Paskert and John Kane became starting outfielders as Art Kruger and Fred Odwell joined the Columbus Senators in the American Association. Bob Spade, who was acquired by the Reds late in the 1907 season from the Atlanta Crackers of the Southern Association, was given a regular spot in the starting rotation. Spade was 18–12 with the Crackers in 1907 before going 1–2 with a 1.00 ERA in three starts with Cincinnati in September.

Lobert led the way offensively, hitting a team high .293 with four home runs, 63 RBI, 71 runs scored and 167 hits. Ganzel hit .250 with a homer and 53 RBI, while Miller Huggins hit .239 with no homers and 23 RBI.

Bob Ewing anchored the pitching staff once again, as he was 17–15 with a 2.21 ERA in 37 games. Spade had a solid season, going 17–12 with a 2.74 ERA, while Andy Coakley only had a record of 8–18, however, he led the team with a 1.86 ERA before being traded to the Chicago Cubs late in the season.

### Season summary

The Reds got off to a better start in 1908, and saw themselves in second place with an 18–14 record after thirty-two games, two games behind the Chicago Cubs. A run of 8–3 in their next eleven games saw Cincinnati close the gap to one game, however, the Reds then lost their next five games to fall into third place, five games behind the Cubs. As the season progressed, the Reds continued to drop in the standings, and eventually fall under the .500 mark. At the end of the season, the Reds had a 73–81 record, 26 games behind the first place Cubs. The 73 wins was the highest total by the Reds since winning 79 games in 1905.

### Season standings

National League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicago Cubs | 99 | 55 | .643 |  | 4730 | 5225 |
| New York Giants | 98 | 56 | .636 | 1 | 5225 | 4631 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 98 | 56 | .636 | 1 | 4235 | 5621 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 83 | 71 | .539 | 16 | 4334 | 4037 |
| Cincinnati Reds | 73 | 81 | .474 | 26 | 4037 | 3344 |
| Boston Doves | 63 | 91 | .409 | 36 | 3542 | 2849 |
| Brooklyn Superbas | 53 | 101 | .344 | 46 | 2750 | 2651 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 49 | 105 | .318 | 50 | 2849 | 2156 |

### Record vs. opponents

| <br>Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | BKN | CHC | CIN | NYG | PHI | PIT | SLC |
| Boston |  | 12–10 | 6–16–2 | 8–14 | 6–16 | 10–12 | 7–15 | 14–8 |
| Brooklyn | 10–12 |  | 4–18 | 6–16 | 6–16 | 5–17 | 9–13 | 13–9 |
| Chicago | 16–6–2 | 18–4 |  | 16–6 | 11–11–1 | 9–13–1 | 10–12 | 19–3 |
| Cincinnati | 14–8 | 16–6 | 6–16 |  | 8–14–1 | 10–12 | 8–14 | 11–11 |
| New York | 16–6 | 16–6 | 11–11–1 | 14–8–1 |  | 16–6 | 11–11–1 | 14–8 |
| Philadelphia | 12–10 | 17–5 | 13–9–1 | 12–10 | 6–16 |  | 9–13 | 14–8 |
| Pittsburgh | 15–7 | 13–9 | 12–10 | 14–8 | 11–11–1 | 13–9 |  | 20–2 |
| St. Louis | 8–14 | 9–13 | 3–19 | 11–11 | 8–14 | 8–14 | 2–20 |  |

### Notable transactions

### Roster

| 1908 Cincinnati Reds | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other positions** |  | **Manager** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Admiral Schlei | 92 | 300 | 66 | .220 | 1 | 22 |
| 1B | John Ganzel | 112 | 388 | 97 | .250 | 1 | 53 |
| 2B | Miller Huggins | 135 | 498 | 119 | .239 | 0 | 23 |
| SS | Rudy Hulswitt | 119 | 386 | 88 | .228 | 1 | 28 |
| 3B | Hans Lobert | 155 | 570 | 167 | .293 | 4 | 63 |
| OF | John Kane | 130 | 455 | 97 | .213 | 3 | 23 |
| OF | Dode Paskert | 118 | 395 | 96 | .243 | 1 | 36 |
| OF | Mike Mitchell | 119 | 406 | 90 | .222 | 1 | 37 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Larry McLean | 99 | 309 | 67 | .217 | 1 | 28 |
| Mike Mowrey | 77 | 227 | 50 | .220 | 0 | 23 |
| Bob Bescher | 32 | 114 | 31 | .272 | 0 | 17 |
| Dick Hoblitzell | 32 | 114 | 29 | .254 | 0 | 8 |
| Dick Bayless | 19 | 71 | 16 | .225 | 1 | 3 |
| Dick Egan | 18 | 68 | 14 | .206 | 0 | 5 |
| Dave Brain | 16 | 55 | 6 | .109 | 0 | 1 |
| Tom Daley | 14 | 46 | 5 | .109 | 0 | 1 |
| Bob Coulson | 8 | 18 | 6 | .333 | 0 | 1 |
| Bunny Pearce | 2 | 2 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |
| Bill McGilvray | 2 | 2 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bob Ewing | 37 | 293.2 | 17 | 15 | 2.21 | 95 |
| Bob Spade | 35 | 249.1 | 17 | 12 | 2.74 | 74 |
| Andy Coakley | 32 | 242.1 | 8 | 18 | 1.86 | 61 |
| Billy Campbell | 35 | 221.1 | 12 | 13 | 2.60 | 73 |
| Jake Weimer | 15 | 116.2 | 8 | 7 | 2.39 | 36 |
| Jack Rowan | 8 | 49.1 | 3 | 3 | 1.82 | 24 |
| Tom McCarthy | 1 | 3.2 | 0 | 1 | 9.82 | 3 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jean Dubuc | 15 | 85.1 | 5 | 6 | 2.74 | 32 |
| Jack Doscher | 7 | 44.1 | 1 | 3 | 1.83 | 7 |
| Jake Volz | 7 | 22.2 | 1 | 2 | 3.57 | 6 |
| Ralph Savidge | 4 | 21.0 | 0 | 1 | 2.57 | 7 |
| Marty O'Toole | 3 | 15.0 | 1 | 0 | 2.40 | 5 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bill Tozer | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.69 | 5 |
| Bert Sincock | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.86 | 1 |
| Charlie Rhodes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 |

## Cuban-American Major League Clubs Series

The Reds competed in the inaugural Cuban-American Major League Clubs Series, playing against three teams from the Cuban League. The Almendares club finished with the best record in the series.

## InfoBox

| 1908 Cincinnati Reds | |
| --- | --- |
| League | National League |
| Ballpark | Palace of the Fans |
| City | Cincinnati |
| Owners | Garry Herrmann |
| Managers | John Ganzel |
|  | |


title: Evelyn 25

abstract: The Evelyn 25 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Bob Evelyn as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1984.

text:
# Evelyn 25

The **Evelyn 25** is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Bob Evelyn as a racer-cruiser and first built in 1984.

## Production

The design was built by Formula Yachts in Groton, Connecticut United States from 1984 to 1985, with six boats completed, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Evelyn 25 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass with a Divinycell core and with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces 2,600 lb (1,179 kg) and carries 1,100 lb (499 kg) of lead ballast.

The boat has a draft of 4.40 ft (1.34 m) with the standard keel.

The boat is normally fitted with a small 3 to 6 hp (2 to 4 kW) outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin and two straight settee berths in the main cabin. A fold-down navigation station is provided. The head is fully enclosed. Cabin headroom is 54 in (140 cm).

The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 147 and a hull speed of 6.2 kn (11.5 km/h).

## Operational history

In a 2010 review Steve Henkel wrote, "this boat, built at designer-builder Bob Evelyn’s high-tech facility in Groton, CT, was meant to be light ... Her hull, laid up by hand, uses a Divinycell core, unidirectional fiberglass, and carbon-fiber stiffening ... Best features: Hardware is top quality, including a keel-stepped mast from Hall Spars, Harken ball-bearing traveler, and dual-speed winches. Worst features: In 1985 the management at Formula Yachts predicted that the boat's PHRF rating would turn out to be in 'the low 170s'. Even after more than a decade of race course performance, the boat's performance has been in the range of 147—perhaps testifying to the owners' passion for racing."

## InfoBox

Evelyn 25
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | Bob Evelyn |
| Location | United States |
| Year | 1984 |
| No. built | 6 |
| Builder(s) | Formula Yachts |
| Role | Racer-Cruiser |
| Name | Evelyn 25 |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 2,600 lb (1,179 kg) |
| Draft | 4.40 ft (1.34 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | monohull |
| Construction | fiberglass |
| LOA | 24.75 ft (7.54 m) |
| LWL | 21.50 ft (6.55 m) |
| Beam | 8.67 ft (2.64 m) |
| Engine type | outboard motor |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | fin keel |
| Ballast | 1,100 lb (499 kg) |
| Rudder(s) | internally-mounted spade-type rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| foretriangle height | 31.50 ft (9.60 m) |
| foretriangle base | 10.60 ft (3.23 m) |
| mainsail luff | 27.00 ft (8.23 m) |
| mainsail foot | 9.50 ft (2.90 m) |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | masthead sloop |
| Mainsail area | 128.25 sq ft (11.915 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 166.95 sq ft (15.510 m2) |
| Total sail area | 295.20 sq ft (27.425 m2) |
| Racing | |
| PHRF | 147 |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Anti-Establishment (band)

abstract: Anti-Establishment was an English punk band, formed in 1978. They went through a number of line ups before settling on one that would record the majority of their material: Gavin Gritton on vocals, Nick Freeston on drums, Haggis on lead guitar, and Kevin Read on bass. The first gig was in 1979. The band initially only went on to play around 25 shows but, as it says in the liner notes to the compilation of all of their work compiled by Captain Oi! Records in 1997, 'the name Anti-Establishment is still held in high esteem amongst the Oi!/Punk Fraternity'. The first single was "1980's" / "Mechanical Man", produced by The Damned drummer Rat Scabies and released in March 1980 under the Charnel House label. The second single was "Future Girl" / "No Trust" produced by Rat Scabies, released on Glass Records. It was promoted with a tour supporting The Exploited. The third and final single was a double A side "Anti-men" and "Misunderstood", again produced by Rat Scabies. A line up change saw Gary Dawson on Guitar after Haggis left to spend time building up his own garage business. The band reformed in 2013 and played the Rebellion Punk Festival.

text:
# Anti-Establishment (band)

**Anti-Establishment** was an English punk band, formed in 1978. They went through a number of line ups before settling on one that would record the majority of their material: Gavin Gritton on vocals, Nick Freeston on drums, Haggis on lead guitar, and Kevin Read on bass. The first gig was in 1979. The band initially only went on to play around 25 shows but, as it says in the liner notes to the compilation of all of their work compiled by Captain Oi! Records in 1997, 'the name Anti-Establishment is still held in high esteem amongst the Oi!/Punk Fraternity'.

The first single was "1980's" / "Mechanical Man", produced by The Damned drummer Rat Scabies and released in March 1980 under the Charnel House label.

The second single was "Future Girl" / "No Trust" produced by Rat Scabies, released on Glass Records. It was promoted with a tour supporting The Exploited.

The third and final single was a double A side "Anti-men" and "Misunderstood", again produced by Rat Scabies. A line up change saw Gary Dawson on Guitar after Haggis left to spend time building up his own garage business.

The band reformed in 2013 and played the Rebellion Punk Festival.

## InfoBox

| Anti-Establishment | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | UK |
| Genres | Punk rock, hardcore punk, Oi! |
| Years active | 1978-1983, 2013 |
| Labels | Captain Oi! Records |
|  | |
| Members | Gavin Gritton
Nick Freeston
Kevin 'Gluey' Read |
|  | |
| Past members | Haggis
Matt Johnson
Colin Little
Gary Dawson |


title: Angela Maria

abstract: Angela Maria, the stage name of Abelim Maria da Cunha, was a Brazilian singer and actress. She was elected "Queen of the Radio" in 1954 and was considered the most popular singer of that decade in Brazil.

text:
# Angela Maria

**Angela Maria** (13 May 1929 – 29 September 2018), the stage name of **Abelim Maria da Cunha**, was a Brazilian singer and actress. She was elected "Queen of the Radio" in 1954 and was considered the most popular singer of that decade in Brazil.

## Discography

* 1955 – *A Rainha Canta*
* 1956 – *Sucessos de Ontem na Voz de Hoje*
* 1956 – *Angela Maria Apresenta*
* 1957 – *Quando Os Maestros Se Encontram Com Angela Maria*
* 1958 – *Para Você Ouvir e Dançar*
* 1962 – *Incomparável*
* 1962 – *Canta Para o Mundo*
* 1965 – *Boneca*
* 1969 – *Quando a Noite Vem*
* 1969 – *Angela em Tempo Jovem*
* 1970 – *Angela de Todos os Temas*
* 1975 – *Angela*
* 1980 – *Apenas Mulher*
* 1982 – *Estrelas da Canção*
* 1984 – *Sempre Angela*
* 1985 – *Angela Maria*
* 1987 – *Angela Maria*
* 1996 – *Amigos*
* 1997 – *Pela Saudade Que Me Invade: Tributo A Dalva de Oliveira*
* 2006 – *Não Tenho Você*

## Filmography

* 1954 – *Rua Sem Sol* .... guest actress
* 1955 – *O Rei do Movimento*
* 1956 – *Fuzileiro do Amor*
* 1956 – *Com Água na Boca*
* 1956 – *Fugitivos da Vida*
* 1956 – *O Feijão é Nosso*
* 1956 – *Tira a mão daí!*
* 1957 – *Rio, Zona Norte*
* 1957 – *Feitiço do Amazonas*
* 1957 – *Metido a Bacana*
* 1957 – *O Negócio Foi Assim*
* 1957 – *O Samba na Vila*
* 1957 – *Rio Fantasia*
* 1959 – *Quem Roubou Meu Samba?*
* 1959 – *Dorinha no Society*
* 1961 – *América de Noite*
* 1961 – *Caminho da Esperança*
* 1966 – *007 1/2 no Carnaval*
* 1967 – *Carnaval Barra Limpa*
* 1973 – *Portugal...Minha Saudade*
* 1975 – *A Extorsão*

## InfoBox

| Angela Maria | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Abelim Maria da Cunha |
| Born | (1929-05-13)13 May 1929
Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Died | 29 September 2018(2018-09-29) (aged 89)
São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Genres | Samba, MPB |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actress |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1949–2018 |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | angelamaria.com.br |


title: Astel (film)

abstract: Astel is a Senegalese-French short drama film, directed by Ramata-Toulaye Sy and released in 2021. The film stars Hawa Mamadou Dia as Astel, a young girl in Senegal who loves to accompany her father when he herds cows, but is forced to conform to more traditional "women's work" with her mother after a shepherd's leering looks at her lead her father to realize she is no longer safe. The film premiered at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was the winner of the Share Her Journey award. It was subsequently screened at the 2022 Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival, where it won the SACD Award and a Special Jury Prize.

text:
# Astel (film)

***Astel*** is a Senegalese-French short drama film, directed by Ramata-Toulaye Sy and released in 2021. The film stars Hawa Mamadou Dia as Astel, a young girl in Senegal who loves to accompany her father (Cherif Amadou Diallo) when he herds cows, but is forced to conform to more traditional "women's work" with her mother (Khady Diallo) after a shepherd's leering looks at her lead her father to realize she is no longer safe.

The film premiered at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was the winner of the Share Her Journey award. It was subsequently screened at the 2022 Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival, where it won the SACD Award and a Special Jury Prize.

## InfoBox

| Astel | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Ramata-Toulaye Sy |
| Written by | Ramata-Toulaye Sy |
| Produced by | Margaux Juvénal
Maud Leclair
Souleymane Kébé |
| Starring | Hawa Mamadou Dia
Cherif Amadou Diallo
Khady Diallo |
| Cinematography | Amine Berrada |
| Edited by | Nathan Jacquard |
| Music by | Amin Bouhafa |
| Production
companies | La Chauve Souris
Kazak Productions
Astou Productions |
| Distributed by | Sudu connexion |
| Release date | * September 12, 2021 (2021-09-12) (TIFF) |
| Running time | 24 minutes |
| Countries | France
Senegal |
| Language | Peul |


title: 11th British Academy Film Awards

abstract: The 11th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, were held on 6 March 1958, to honor the best national and foreign films of 1957.

text:
# 11th British Academy Film Awards

The **11th British Academy Film Awards**, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, were held on 6 March 1958, to honor the best national and foreign films of 1957.

## Winners and nominees

### Best Film

***The Bridge on the River Kwai***

### Best British Film

***The Bridge on the River Kwai***

### Best Foreign Actor

**Henry Fonda in *12 Angry Men***

### Best British Actor

**Alec Guinness in *The Bridge on the River Kwai***

### Best British Actress

**Heather Sears in *The Story of Esther Costello***

### Best Foreign Actress

**Simone Signoret in *Les Sorcieres de Salem***

### Best British Screenplay

***The Bridge on the River Kwai* \- Pierre Boulle**

## InfoBox

| 11th British Academy Film Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 6 March 1958 |
| Highlights | |
| Best Film | ***The Bridge on the River Kwai*** |
| Best British Film | ***The Bridge on the River Kwai*** |
| Most awards | ***The Bridge on the River Kwai*** (4) |
| Most nominations | ***The Prince and the Showgirl*** (5) |
|


title: Equative

abstract: The term equative is used in linguistics to refer to constructions where two entities are equated with each other. For example, the sentence Susan is our president, equates two entities "Susan" and "our president". In English, equatives are typically expressed using a copular verb such as "be", although this is not the only use of this verb. Equatives can be contrasted with predicative constructions where one entity is identified as a member of a set, such as Susan is a president. This view has been contrasted by Otto Jespersen in the first part of the XX century and by Giuseppe Longobardi and Andrea Moro in the second. In particular, Andrea Moro in 1988 proved that either demonstrative phrases (DP) must be non referential in the sense of Geach (1962) by exploiting arguments based on binding theory. The idea is that when a DP plays the role of predicate it enlarges its binding domain: for example, in John met his cook the pronoun can refer to the subject John but in John is his cook it cannot. The key-step was to admit that the DP following the copula can be referential whereas the one preceding must not, in other words the key-step was to admit that there can be inverse copular sentences, namely those where the subject, which is referential, follows the predicate. For a discussion starting from Moro's data see Heycock (2012). For a historical view of the development of the analysis of the copula see Moro Different world languages approach equatives in different ways. The major difference between languages is whether or not they use a copular verb or a non-verbal element to equate the two expressions. The term equative is also sometimes applied to comparative-like constructions in which the degrees compared are identical rather than distinct: e.g., John is as stupid as he is blonde; some languages have a separate equative case.

text:
# Equative

The term **equative** (or **equational**) is used in linguistics to refer to constructions where two entities are equated with each other. For example, the sentence *Susan is our president*, equates two entities "Susan" and "our president". In English, equatives are typically expressed using a copular verb such as "be", although this is not the only use of this verb. Equatives can be contrasted with predicative constructions where one entity is identified as a member of a set, such as *Susan is a president.* This view has been contrasted by Otto Jespersen in the first part of the XX century and by Giuseppe Longobardi and Andrea Moro in the second. In particular, Andrea Moro in 1988 proved that either demonstrative phrases (DP) must be non referential in the sense of Geach (1962) by exploiting arguments based on binding theory. The idea is that when a DP plays the role of predicate it enlarges its binding domain: for example, in *John met his cook* the pronoun can refer to the subject *John* but in *John is his cook* it cannot. The key-step was to admit that the DP following the copula can be referential whereas the one preceding must not, in other words the key-step was to admit that there can be inverse copular sentences, namely those where the subject, which is referential, follows the predicate. For a discussion starting from Moro's data see Heycock (2012). For a historical view of the development of the analysis of the copula see Moro

Different world languages approach equatives in different ways. The major difference between languages is whether or not they use a copular verb or a non-verbal element (e.g. demonstrative pronoun) to equate the two expressions.

The term *equative* is also sometimes applied to comparative-like constructions in which the degrees compared are identical rather than distinct: e.g., *John is as stupid as he is blonde*; some languages have a separate equative case.

## History

## Theories and debate

### Debate on taxonomy

The taxonomy or classification of copular clauses proposed by Higgins is the starting point of much work on syntax and semantics of copular clauses. Higgins' taxonomy distinguishes between four types of copular clauses:

* Predicational

```
a. The hat is big.
b. The hat/present/thing I bought for Harvey is big.
c. What I bought for Harvey is big.
```
* Specificational

```
a. The director of *Anatomy of Murder* is Otto Preminger.
b. The only director/person/one I met was Otto Preminger.
c. Who I met was Otto Preminger.
```
* Identificational

```
a. That (woman) is Sylvia.
b. That (stuff) is DDT.
```
* Equative

```
a. Sylvia Obernauer is HER.
b. Cicero is Tully.
```

This taxonomy is based primarily on native speaker intuition, as well as on detailed observations of English copular sentences. The intuition about predicational clauses is that they predicate a property of the subject referent. The other three types of copular clauses do not involve predication. Equatives equate the referents of the two expressions on either side of the copular verb. Neither is a predicate of the other. Specificational clauses involve assigning a value to a variable: the subject expression sets up a variable and the post-copular expression provides the value for that variable. Identificational clauses typically involve a demonstrative subject and are used for teaching the names of people or of things. Many linguists are currently in disagreement regarding the taxonomy and status of equative clauses.

### Reduction of taxonomy

Caroline Heycock contributes to the discussion about whether specificational sentences are a special type of equatives or if they can be reduced to 'inverted predications': she argues that these sentences are a type of equative in which only one of the two noun phrases is a simple individual. Heycock claims that specificational sentences are an 'asymmetric' equation because the noun phrase that occurs in clause-initial position is interpreted as a more intentional subject than is the post-copular noun phrase.
Den Dikken states that the category of specificational sentences is more real and that it includes both categories (specificational and equative clauses).
Mikkelsen, on the other hand, maintains the distinction between specificational and equative clauses, but suggests that the identificational class be eliminated.
Moro It proposes a unified theory of copular sentences reducing the types to two different arrangements of the same basic structure, including existential sentences; it also contains a historical appendix. Many theories stem from this work including, among others, Heycock's proposal.
Heller goes further and gives a reduced taxonomy of two classes of clauses: predicational, which includes both identificational and predicational clauses, and equative, which involve equative and specificational clauses.

### Debate on equatives

Linguists have also been arguing about the very existence of equative clauses as a separate class. There are languages that are claimed to lack equative constructions, e.g. Adger & Ramchand analyze Scottish Gaelic as a language without equatives. Some languages use more elaborate locutions, e.g. *be the same person as* in English to express the meaning of the sentence like *Cicero is Tully.* Geist claims that there are no monoclausal equatives in Russian. According to Geist, equation is mediated, syntactically and semantically, by a demonstrative pronoun. Mikkelsen argues that within English, outside special cases like Muhammad Ali is Cassius Clay, Mark Twain is Samuel CLemens, and Cicero is Tully, main clause equatives which involve two names are difficult to contextualize. However, equatives such as *Sylvia Obernauer is HER*, where one NP is a pronoun and the other is a name, are easier to contextualize: they are natural answers to *Who is who?* in a situation where individuals can be identified both by name or by sight, e.g. at the conference.

### Halliday's semantic analysis of equatives

Halliday divides clauses into two categories: 'intensive', where the process is ascription (the assigning of an attribute) and the equative, which is treated as a type of effective clause with the process being syntactically one of action rather than ascription. The intensive clause, like Mary is/seems happy, Mary was/became a teacher, is a non-reversible, one-participant type with the verb being of the copulative class ('class o': be, becomes, seem, look, sound, get, turn, etc.); the equative, like 'John is the leader', is a reversible, two-participant type with the verb being of the equative sub-class (of 'class 2': be, equal, resemble, realize, represent, etc.).
The equative relates an 'identifier' with a 'thing to be identified', as in ('who is John?') // John is **the leader** //. This relates to the underlying WH-question, and either the identified or the identifier may come first in sequence. The equative has two interpretations, as decoding or as encoding: // John is the leader // as a decoding equative has the interpretation 'John realizes, has the function of the leader', with John as the variable and the leader as a value, and as an encoding equative has the interpretation' John is realized by, has the form of the leader', with John as value and the leader as variable. According to Halliday, all equative clauses are therefore ambiguous, for example:

```
The noisiest ones are **the freshmen**.
*Decoding: 'you notice those noisiest ones there? well they're freshmen'
*Encoding: 'you want to know who makes the most noise? the freshmen do'

What they're selling might be **sports clothes**.
*Decoding: 'what are those things they're selling? they might be **sports clothes'**
*Encoding: 'what do they sell? they might sell sports clothes'
```

## Copular equative constructions

### Chinese

Mandarin Chinese exhibits both DP-DP and DP-CP structures, and it is classified as having copular equative construction because there is overt copula. The copular verb 是 *shì* can be used in both of these structures.

#### DP = DP

There is only one copular verb in Chinese, 是 *shì*, which is used as an equative verb. This verb is necessary when the complement of the sentence is a noun phrase.

(1)

I-NOM

shì

COP

中国

Zhōnggúo

Chinese

人。

rén.

(person).

我 是 中国 人。

wǒ shì Zhōnggúo rén.

I-NOM COP Chinese (person).

'I am Chinese.'

In classical Chinese before the Han dynasty, the verb 是 served as a demonstrative pronoun meaning "this". In modern Chinese, the complementizer*de* is needed at the end of a noun phrase that changes the category to an adjectival phrase. Consider the following two sentences:

(2) a.

\*我的

wǒde

I-POSS

靴子

xuēzi

GEN

shì

COP

hóng

red

色。

sè.

(color).

\*我的 靴子 是 红 色。

wǒde xuēzi shì hóng sè.

I-POSS GEN COP red (color).

\*'My boot(s) is(are) red.'

(2) b.

我的

wǒde

I-POSS

靴子

xuēzi

GEN

shì

COP

hóng

red

(color)

的。

de.

COMPL.

我的 靴子 是 红 色 的。

wǒde xuēzi shì hóng sè de.

I-POSS GEN COP red (color) COMPL.

'My boot(s) is(are) red.'

Whilst the two sentences aim to express the same meaning, only the second one is grammatical. The first cannot equate ’red' and 'boot(s)' without using the modifier 的 *de*.

#### DP = CP

The example below illustrates how a DP can be equated with a CP clause by employing the copular verb 是 *shì*.

(3)

事实

shìshí

Truth

shì

COP

he-NOM

NEG

好看。

hǎokàn.

good-looking.

事实 是 他 不 好看。

shìshí shì tā bū hǎokàn.

Truth COP he-NOM NEG good-looking.

'The truth is that he is not good-looking.'

### English

#### DP = DP

Equative sentences resemble predicative sentences in that they have two noun phrases and the copular verb ‘to be’. However, the similarity is superficial. Compare the following two sentences:

```
(4) *Cicero is Tully.*
(5) *Cicero is an orator and philosopher.*
```

Analysis of these sentences will show that there is a radical difference between the equative sentence and the predicational sentence in English. The predicational sentence in (5) ascribes the property to the referent noun phrase whereas the equative sentence basically says that the first and second noun phrase share the same referent. It is difficult to distinguish between a predicative and equative sentence in English as both use a similar construction and both require the copular verb ‘to be’. Unlike specificational sentences, truly equative sentences cannot be analyzed as syntactically inverted predications, because neither expression is functioning as a predicate. Note that even English examples like (4) have predicational interpretations, as in a context where Tully is a character in a play, or where Tully refers to the property of being named Tully, rather than referring to the actual referent.

### Haitian Creole

#### DP = DP

In Haitian Creole the equative clause pattern involves the equative copula  which joins a subject noun phrase with a complement noun phrase that refers back to the subject.

(6)

Misyé

Mr.

Pól

Paul

COP

vwézinaj

neighbour

mwen.

my

Misyé Pól sé vwézinaj mwen.

Mr. Paul COP neighbour my

'Mr. Paul is my neighbour'

A simple copula predicate consists of  'am/is/are' only. The negative marker *pa* and the TMA (tense-mood-aspect) markers can co-occur with the copula-type predicate, subject to certain rules (TMA markers:  'past' or 'anterior', *kay* 'prospective' or 'irrealis', *ka* 'nonpunctual', *sa* 'abilitative'). One such rule is that té + sé → sété (or just té without sé). The combinations permitted in an equative clause are limited in natural speech: a maximum number of two tense, mood, aspect and copula morphemes can co-occur in a given clause. Here are some examples of the equative clause type in Haitian Creole (predicates are in bold):

```
(7) *Ou  jan mwen.*        'You **are** my friend.'
    *Ou  jan mwen.*        'You **were** my friend.'
    *Ou **kay** jan mwen.*       'You **will be** my friend.'
    *Ou **pa té kay** jan mwen.* 'You **wouldn't be** my friend.'
    *Ou **sa** jan mwen.*        'You **can be** my friend.'
    *Ou **pa sa** jan mwen.*     'You **cannot be** my friend.'
    *Non mwen  Tjals.*     'My name **is** Charles.'
    *Tjals **sété** an Endyen.*  'Charles **was** an Indian.'
```

Escure & Schwegler claim that  is a copula verb. DeGraff argues that  in Haitian Creole is a resumptive pronominal that spells out the trace produced by subject-raising to Spec (CP) from within a small clause headed by the nominal predicate. The subject is first merged within the (extended) projection of the nominal predicate – i.e., in the subject position of the small clause – but it must move to Spec (CP) in order to check its Case and satisfy the Extended Projection Principle.

### Korean

#### DP = DP

The copula -i- in Korean is ubiquitously found in presumed ‘Sluicing’ and ‘Fragment’ constructions. The copula denotes the equative relation between the subject and the complement of the copula. In (8), through the assumed equative relation, the complement of the copula describes the ‘categorial membership’ of the subject.

(8) a.

Chelswu-nun

Chelswu-TOP

chakhan

kind-hearted

haksayng-i-ta.

student-COP-DECL

Chelswu-nun chakhan haksayng-i-ta.

Chelswu-TOP kind-hearted student-COP-DECL

‘Chelswu is a kind-hearted student’

(8) b.

hak-un

crane-TOP

twulwumi-i-ta.

crane-COP-DECL

hak-un twulwumi-i-ta.

crane-TOP crane-COP-DECL

‘A crane is a crane.’

On top of it, again through the equative relation, in (9) the complement of the copula describes the ‘characteristic property’ of the subject.

(9) a.

pangan-i

room-NOM

engmang-i-ta.

mess-COP-DECL

pangan-i engmang-i-ta.

room-NOM mess-COP-DECL

‘A room is a mess.’

(9) b.

toli-nun

Toli-TOP

cengkwusomssi-ka

tennis skill-NOM

seykyeycek4-i-ta.

world-class-COP-DECL

toli-nun cengkwusomssi-ka seykyeycek4-i-ta.

Toli-TOP {tennis skill}-NOM world-class-COP-DECL

‘Toli is world class in tennis skill.’

#### DP = CP

When the copula is not present, no equative relation holds, prohibiting the pronominal subject of the small clause. In the former case, the indefinite expression as a correlate expression is equative with the surviving expression. In the latter case, the usual referring expression as a correlate expression cannot be equative with the surviving expression that it is in contrast with. Equative (Identificational) Copular Construction as shown in (10), both nominal expressions in the Equative Copular Construction are referential expressions and hence denote individual entities denoted by the two nominal expressions. The construction expresses the identity relation between the entities denoted by the two nominal expressions.

(10)

Chelswu-ka

C-NOM

\[ne-ka

you-NOM

ecey

yesterday

ttayli-n

hit-ADN

salam\]-i-ta.

person-COP-DECL

Chelswu-ka \[ne-ka ecey ttayli-n salam\]-i-ta.

C-NOM you-NOM yesterday hit-ADN person-COP-DECL

‘Chelswu is the one that you hit yesterday.’ Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

Since the Equative Copular Construction is involved with the two referential nouns, no word order restriction is expected with regard to the focus information.

## Non-copular equative constructions

### Russian

#### DP = DP

Russian equative sentences have a distinct syntactical structure which distinguishes them from predicational sentences. They require a constant form of the demonstrative pronoun *eto* 'this' (Sg. Neutral) to indicate that the two XPs have the same referent.

(11)

Mark

Mark

Twain

Twain.NOM

\- \*(éto)

this

Samuel

Samuel

Clemens.

Clemens.NOM

Mark Twain {- \*(éto)} Samuel Clemens.

Mark Twain.NOM this Samuel Clemens.NOM

Mark Twain is Samuel Clemens

This is because Russian has a zero present form copula (the present tense form of *byt’*, *est’*, is never used in this context). The demonstrative pronoun, however, is excluded from predicational sentences. In addition, although Russian has case endings on the ends of nouns, both XPs occur in the Nominative case in an equative sentence but not in a predicational one. The demonstrative pronoun likewise never gets inflected in equative sentences. In order to warrant that XP2 in the Instrumental is excluded from éto-sentence (and not because of lacking an overt copula), we have an overt form of the *byt'* copula.

(12)

Ciceron

Cicero.NOM

\- éto

this

byl

was.MASC

Tullij.

Tully.NOM

Ciceron {- éto} byl Tullij.

Cicero.NOM this was.MASC Tully.NOM

'Cicero was Tully'

(13)

\*Ciceron

Cicero.NOM

\- éto

this.NEUT

byl

was.MASC

Tulliem.

Tully.INS

\*Ciceron {- éto} byl Tulliem.

Cicero.NOM this.NEUT was.MASC Tully.INS

'Cicero was Tully'

There is strong evidence that in (12), XP2 is the underlying subject: the copula agrees with XP2 and not with *ėto*, which remains Singular Neuter. Nominative. Whereas XP1 functions as an external topic, the demonstrative pronoun éto is a base-generated internal topic.

### Polish

#### DP = DP

Polish equatives differ in syntactic structure considerably from predicational and specificational copula classes, with respect to agreement pattern. Polish true equatives contain two nominative DPs (proper names or pronouns), which surround the copula. There are two types of copula: the pronominal copula *to*, and the verbal copula *być* 'to be'. Unlike Polish to-predicational clauses in which they are restricted to 3rd person pronouns only, the equatives with pronominal copula *to* allows the pre-copular element to be in 1st or 2nd person perspective.

(14)

Ja

I.NOM

to

COP

ty.

you.NOM.

Ja to ty.

I.NOM COP you.NOM.

‘I am you.’

(15)

Wy

You.PL.NOM

to

COP

my.

we.NOM.

Wy to my.

You.PL.NOM COP we.NOM.

'You are we.'

Moreover, in Polish equative sentences, the verb always agrees with the pre-copular element. The two copulas can also co-occur with each other. If it is in the present tense, it can always be omitted. If it is omitted in the past or future tense, the time interpretation will be misunderstood as referring to the present only.

(16) a.

Ja

I.NOM

to

COP

(jestem)

am

ty,

you.NOM

a

and

ty

you.NOM

to

COP

(jesteś)

are

ja.

I.NOM

Ja to (jestem) ty, a ty to (jesteś) ja.

I.NOM COP am you.NOM and you.NOM COP are I.NOM

‘I am you and you are me’

b.

Ja

I.NOM

to

COP

\*(byłem)

be.PAST.1SG

ty

you.NOM

Ja to \*(byłem) ty

I.NOM COP be.PAST.1SG you.NOM

'I was you'

Polish equatives sometimes involve both the operation of wh-movement and deletion. All instances of unbounded deletion obeying island constraints are instances of wh-movement and deletion. The deletion might apply in conjunction with wh-movement or it might apply alone. When it applies alone, it is both unbounded and subject to island constraints. For instance, in (17), *Jak* appears in wh-questions, which suggests that the equative shown in (18) involves wh-movement. In (19), deletion applies in conjunction with wh-movement.

(17) a.

Jak

How

wysoki

tall

jest

is

Jan?

John?

Jak wysoki jest Jan?

How tall is John?

(18) a.

Jan

John

jest

is

tak

so

wysoki,

tall

jak

how

był

was

Jerzy.

George

Jan jest tak wysoki, jak był Jerzy.

John is so tall how was George

'John is as tall as George was'

(19) a.

Maria

Mary

jest

is

tak

so

piękna,

beautiful

jak

how

(I)

mówiłem,

said

że

that

(she)

jest.

is

Maria jest tak piękna, jak {} mówiłem, że {} jest.

Mary is so beautiful how (I) said that (she) is

'Mary is as beautiful as I said she was.'

### Arabic

This description concerns Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Like Russian and Polish, MSA uses no copular verb in present tense equative sentences but requires one in the past and future. The subject and predicate in MSA equative sentences must agree in case (nominative), number, and gender The subject must always be definite for a sentential reading, while the predicate is definite or indefinite depending on whether an article is also used in the sentence.

The following equation does not involve an article, so the predicate 'the student' is in indefinite form.

(20)

samir-un

samir-NOM

taalib-un

student-NOM

samir-un taalib-un

samir-NOM student-NOM

"Samir (is) a student"

In the following construction, an article interferes between the subject and predicate, so the predicate is in definite form. 3MS means 3rd person masculine singular.

(21)

samir-un

samir-NOM

huwa

3MS

t-taalib-u

the student-NOM

samir-un huwa t-taalib-u

samir-NOM 3MS {the student}-NOM

"Samir (is) the student"

### Okanagan Salish

This description concerns the Interior Salish language of the Colville-Okanagan region, named Nsyilxcən. Its classification here as non-copular is due to its lack of an overt copula. Rather, Nsyilxcən equatives are said to be projections of a null head. Nsyilxcən DP-DP structures involve a null, equative copula. The interpretation of DP-DP structures in Nsyilxcən overlaps with that of both predicational and equative clauses in English. The semantics of the equative head fit with intensionality-based accounts of English equatives. The distinction between predicational and equative sentences is motivated by a word order restriction that is for DP-DP structures in answer to WH-questions, which is not apparent for a corresponding direct predication. As well, Nsyilxcən does not have specificational sentences in the classic sense, but it does have DP-DP equatives with a fixed information structure resembling inverse specificational copular clauses in English.

#### DP = DP

In Nsyilxcən, equatives exhibit a DP=DP structure. As in English, two adjacent DPs standing in an equivalence relationship are interpreted as semantically equative, given that neither DP can be a predicate. This equative has an encoded word order restriction which is absent from predications involving other syntactic categories, such that in answer to a WH-question, a directly referential demonstrative or proper name must precede a DP headed by the determiner "iʔ" (an “iʔ DP”). The implication is that specificational sentences are not possible in Nsyilxcən.

##### DP = DP Clefts

Nsyilxcən clefts are structurally equivalent to DP=DP structures, implying that clefts are also equatives in this language.

(22)

ixíʔ

DEM

DET

səxw-m’aʔ-m’áyaʔ-m

OCC-RED-teach-MID

DET

kwu

1SG.ABS

qwəl-qwíl-st-s.

RED-speak-(CAUS)-3SG.ERG

ixíʔ iʔ səxw-m’aʔ-m’áyaʔ-m iʔ kwu qwəl-qwíl-st-s.

DEM DET OCC-RED-teach-MID DET 1SG.ABS RED-speak-(CAUS)-3SG.ERG

a. That’s the teacher that talked to me.
b. That teacher is the one that talked to me.
c. It’s the teacher who talked to me. Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);

The null equative head in Nsyilxcən lexically assigns the syntactic feature ‘F’ to its second (leftmost) argument, which is interpretable as ‘focus’ at the interfaces

(23)

\[ixíʔ

DEM

DP\]F

=

=

\[iʔ

DET

pəptwínaxw

old.lady

DP\].

\[ixíʔ DP\]F = \[iʔ pəptwínaxw DP\].

DEM {} = DET old.lady {}

SHE is the old lady.

(24)

\*\[iʔ

DET

pəptwínaxw

old.lady

DP\]

=

=

\[ixíʔDP\]F.

DEM

\*\[iʔ pəptwínaxw DP\] = \[ixíʔDP\]F.

DET old.lady {} = DEM

The old lady is HER.

#### DP(DP(CP))

Nsyilxcən equatives can also involve relative clause modification. The bracketed, relative clause "iʔ wíkən" ‘that I saw’ restricts the bird under discussion in (36a), and the nominalized relative clause "\[iʔ\] isck’ʷúl" ‘the (one) that I made’ restricts the type of shirt under discussion in (36b).

For Nsyilxcən, a relative clause is not identifiable by special inflectional morphology on the clausal modifier, but instead by an "iʔ" determiner and/or "t" marker which precede the modifying head. Relative clause modification can be either head final or head initial. Salish relative clauses can be analyzed based not only on relative head-modifier ordering, but also on whether or not a particle introduces both the head and modifier.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

### Chinese

#### DP = DP

Although Chinese was discussed earlier as having copular equative constructions, it also holds non-copular equative constructions.

(24) a.

He-NOM

NEG

好看。

hǎokàn.

good-looking.

他 不 好看。

tā bù hǎokàn.

He-NOM NEG good-looking.

'He is not good-looking.'

The copular verb 是 *shì* is often interpreted as having been left out optionally, but this is actually no the case, as the following sentence is ungrammatical:

(25) b.

\*他

He-NOM

shì

COP

NEG

好看。

hǎokàn.

good-looking.

\*他 是 不 好看。

tā shì bù hǎokàn.

He-NOM COP NEG good-looking.

\*'He is not good-looking.'

For (25b) to be grammatical, the complementizer 的 *de* is necessary at the end of the adjectival phrase \[*bù hǎokàn*\].

## Morpheme gloss key

| Abbreviation | Interpretation |
| --- | --- |
| ABS | Absolutive |
| ACC | Accusative |
| AUX | Auxiliary |
| CAUS | Causative transitivizer |
| COMP | Complementizer |
| CONJ | Conjunction |
| COP | Copula |
| DEM | Demonstrative |
| DET | Determiner |
| NEG | Negation |
| NOM | Nominal |
| OBJ | Object marker |
| OBL | Oblique marker |
| PAST | Past tense |
| PL | Plural |
| POSS | Possessive |
| RED | Reduplicative |

## Further reading

* Benveniste, Emile (1966a) "The Linguistic functions of 'to be' and 'to have' Problems in General linguistics English edition (1970) Miami Linguistics Series 8. University of Miami Press. 163-180.
* Benveniste, Emile (1966b) "The nominal sentence" Problems in General linguistics English edition (1970) Miami Linguistics Series 8. University of Miami Press. 131–144.
* Berman, Ruth and Alexander Grosu (1976) "Aspects of the Copula in Modern Hebrew" in Peter Cole (ed.) Studies in Modern Hebrew Syntax and Semantics The transformational-generative approach. North Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam. 265–285.
* Carnie, Andrew (1996) Head-Movement and Non-Verbal Predication. Ph.D. Dissertation MIT.
* DeGraff, Michel (1992) "The Syntax of Predication in Haitian" in Proceedings of NELS 22, 103–117. (Distributed by GLSA)
* Doron, Edit (1986) "The Pronominal 'copula' as agreement clitic" The Syntax of Pronominal Clitics, Syntax and Semantics 19 .Academic Press. New York. 313–332.
* Heggie, Lorie (1988) The Syntax of Copular Structures Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California.
* Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1995). Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0541-2.
* Rapoport, Tova (1987) Copular Nominal and Small Clauses Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT
* Rothstein, Susan (1987) "Three forms of English be" MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 9, 225–236.
* Zaring, Laurie (1994) “Two “be” or not two “be” Identity, Predication and the Welsh Copula” Ms. Carlton College.


title: Federica Scolari

abstract: Federica Scolari is an Italian dressage rider. Representing Italy, she competed at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and at two European Dressage Championships. Her current best championship result is 12th place in team dressage at the 2013 Europeans held Herning while her current best individual result is 57th place from the same championships.

text:
# Federica Scolari

**Federica Scolari** (born 1 April 1988 in Brescia, Italy) is an Italian dressage rider. Representing Italy, she competed at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and at two European Dressage Championships (in 2013 and 2015).

Her current best championship result is 12th place in team dressage at the 2013 Europeans held Herning while her current best individual result is 57th place from the same championships.

## InfoBox

Federica Scolari
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1988-04-01) April 1, 1988<br>Brescia, Italy |


title: (And The) Pictures in the Sky

abstract: "(And The) Pictures in the Sky" is a song by the British band, Medicine Head. It was written by band member, John Fiddler. The first hit single for Medicine Head, it was released in 1971 and entered the UK Singles Chart in June, reaching number 22 in July.

text:
# (And The) Pictures in the Sky

"**(And The) Pictures in the Sky**" is a song by the British band, Medicine Head. It was written by band member, John Fiddler.

The first hit single for Medicine Head, it was released in 1971 and entered the UK Singles Chart in June, reaching number 22 in July.

## InfoBox

| "(And The) Pictures in the Sky" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Medicine Head | |
| B-side | "Natural Sight" |
| Released | 1971 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Dandelion |
| Songwriter(s) | John Fiddler |
| Producer(s) | Keith Relf |
| Medicine Head singles chronology | |
| "Coast to Coast (And Shore to Shore)"
(1970) "**(And The) Pictures in the Sky**"
(1971) "How Does It Feel"
(1971) | |


# Equatorial Guinea at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Equatorial Guinea competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the Games have been postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the nation's tenth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1984.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Swimming | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 2 | 1 | 3 |

## Athletics

Equatorial Guinea received universality slots from IAAF to send two athletes (one per gender).

Key * **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Quarterfinal | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Benjamín Enzema | Men's 1500 m | 3:48.17 | 14 |  | | Did not advance | | | |
| Alba Mbo Nchama | Women's 100 m | 13.36 | 8 | Did not advance | | | | | |

## Swimming

Equatorial Guinea received one universality invitation from FINA to send one male swimmer based on the FINA Points System of 28 June 2021.

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Diosdado Miko Eyanga | Men's 50 m freestyle | 31.03 | 73 | Did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Equatorial Guinea at the
2020 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | GEQ |
| NOC | Olympic Committee of Equatorial Guinea |
| in Tokyo
July 23, 2021 (2021-07-23) – August 8, 2021 (2021-08-08) | |
| Competitors | 3 in 2 sports |
| Flag bearers (opening) | Alba Mbo Nchama
Benjamín Enzema |
| Flag bearer (closing) | N/A |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: 1995 Warsaw Cup by Heros

abstract: The 1995 Warsaw Cup by Heros was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Warszawianka Tennis Centre in Warsaw, Poland that was part of Tier III of the 1995 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 11 September until 17 September 1995. Fifth-seeded Barbara Paulus won the singles title and earned $25,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1995 Warsaw Cup by Heros

The **1995 Warsaw Cup by Heros** was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Warszawianka Tennis Centre in Warsaw, Poland that was part of Tier III of the 1995 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 11 September until 17 September 1995. Fifth-seeded Barbara Paulus won the singles title and earned $25,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Barbara Paulus defeated  Alexandra Fusai 7–6, 4–6, 6–1

* It was Paulus' 1st title of the year and the 4th of her career.

### Doubles

Sandra Cecchini /  Laura Garrone defeated  Henrieta Nagyová /  Denisa Szabova 5–7, 6–2, 6–3

* It was Cecchini's only title of the year and the 22nd of her career. It was Garrone's only title of the year and the 5th of her career.

## InfoBox

| 1995 Warsaw Cup by Heros | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 11–17 September |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | Tier III |
| Draw | 32S /16D |
| Prize money | $161,250 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Warsaw, Poland |
| Venue | Warszawianka Tennis Centre |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Barbara Paulus | |
| Doubles | |
| Sandra Cecchini /  Laura Garrone | |
|  | |


# 1951 French legislative election in Chad–Ubangi-Shari

Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Chad and Ubangi-Shari on 17 June 1951. The territories elected four seats to the Assembly via two electoral colleges; the first college spanned both territories and elected one seat, whilst Chad elected two seats via the second college and Ubangi-Shari one. René Malbrant was re-elected from the first college, and Barthélémy Boganda from the second in Ubangi-Shari, In the second college in Chad, both seats were won by the Chadian Democratic Union. which were taken by Mohamed Bechir-Sow and Quatre Sou Quatre.

## Results

### First college

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | René Malbrant | Rally of the French People | 2,730 | 100.00 |
| Total | | | 2,730 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 2,730 | 92.35 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 226 | 7.65 |
| Total votes | | | 2,956 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 4,490 | 65.84 |
| Source: Sternberger *et al.* | | | | |

### Second college

#### Chad

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Chadian Democratic UnionRPF | 123,456 | 75.14 | 2 | New |
|  | Chadian Progressive PartyRDA | 14,497 | 8.82 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Independent Socialist Party of Chad | 13,467 | 8.20 | 0 | New |
|  | Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance | 6,522 | 3.97 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Independent List | 6,369 | 3.88 | 0 | New |
| Total | | 164,311 | 100.00 | 2 | +1 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 164,311 | 99.03 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 1,614 | 0.97 |  | |
| Total votes | | 165,925 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 250,341 | 66.28 |  | |
| Source: Sternberger *et al.* | | | | | |

#### Ubangi-Shari

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Barthélemy Boganda | Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa | 31,631 | 48.19 |
|  | Marcel Bella | Rally of the French People | 21,637 | 32.96 |
|  | Georges Darlan | Ubangian Union | 8,288 | 12.63 |
|  | Eugène Freidrich |  | 2,877 | 4.38 |
|  | Michel Gallin-Douathe | French Section of the Workers' International | 1,208 | 1.84 |
| Total | | | 65,641 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 65,641 | 96.89 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 2,105 | 3.11 |
| Total votes | | | 67,746 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 111,201 | 60.92 |
| Source: Sternberger *et al.* | | | | |


title: Ann's Grove FC

abstract: Ann's Grove FC is a Guyanese football club in Georgetown. The club competes in the GFF Elite League, the top league of football in Guyana.

text:
# Ann's Grove FC

**Ann's Grove FC** is a Guyanese football club in Georgetown. The club competes in the GFF Elite League, the top league of football in Guyana.

## InfoBox

Ann's Grove FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ann's Grove Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Grove* |
| League | GFF Elite League |
| 2019 | GFF Elite League, 10th of 10 |


title: Equative case

abstract: Equative is a case prototypically expressing the standard of comparison of equal values. The equative case has been used in very few languages in history. It was used in the Sumerian language, where it also took on the semantic functions of the essive case and similative case. For Sumerian, the equative was formed by adding the suffix -gin7 to the end of a noun phrase. In its similative function: For Ossetic it is formed by the ending -ау [aw]: It is found subdialectally in some speakers of the Khalkha dialect of Mongolian, where it is formed by the endings -цаа [tsaa], -цоо [tsoo], -цээ [tsee] or -цөө [tsöö], depending on the vowel harmony of the noun. It is quite rare and very specific, referring to the height or level of an object: It is also found in the Turkic Khalaj language and in languages from South America like Quechua, Aymara, Uro and Cholón. Welsh, though it has no equative case of nouns, has an equative degree of adjectives, shown normally by the suffix -ed: for example, "hyned", meaning "as old". Sireniki Eskimo had an equative case for describing similarities between nouns.

text:
# Equative case

**Equative** is a case prototypically expressing the standard of comparison of equal values ("as… as a …"). The equative case has been used in very few languages in history. It was used in the Sumerian language, where it also took on the semantic functions of the essive case ("in the capacity of…") and similative case ("like a…").

For Sumerian, the equative was formed by adding the suffix -gin7 to the end of a noun phrase. In its similative function:

lugal

"king"

lugal-**gin7**

"kinglike", "like a king"

lugal → lugal-**gin7**

"king" {} {"kinglike", "like a king"}

nitah-kalaga

"mighty man"

nitah-kalaga-**gin7**

"like a mighty man"

nitah-kalaga → nitah-kalaga-**gin7**

{"mighty man"} {} {"like a mighty man"}

For Ossetic it is formed by the ending -ау \[aw\]:

фӕт

"arrow"

фӕт**ау**

"arrowlike"

фӕт → фӕт**ау**

"arrow" {} "arrowlike"

Ницы

фенӕг**ау**

йӕхи

акодта

Ницы фенӕг**ау** йӕхи акодта

lit. "nothingseer-like himself made" ("\[he or she\] pretended to see nothing").

It is found subdialectally in some speakers of the Khalkha dialect of Mongolian, where it is formed by the endings -цаа \[tsaa\], -цоо \[tsoo\], -цээ \[tsee\] or -цөө \[tsöö\], depending on the vowel harmony of the noun. It is quite rare and very specific, referring to the height or level of an object:

эрэг

"\[river\]bank"

эрэг**цээ**

"as high as the bank"

эрэг → эрэг**цээ**

"\[river\]bank" {} {"as high as the bank"}

өвдөг

"knee(s)"

өвдөг**цөө**

"up to the height of the knee(s)"

өвдөг → өвдөг**цөө**

"knee(s)" {} {"up to the height of the knee(s)"}

It is also found in the Turkic Khalaj language and in languages from South America like Quechua, Aymara, Uro and Cholón.

Welsh, though it has no equative case of nouns, has an equative degree of adjectives, shown normally by the suffix *-ed*: for example, "*hyned*" (*â* ...), meaning "as old" (as ...).

Sireniki Eskimo had an equative (or comparative) case for describing similarities between nouns.

1. Sövegjártó, Szilvia. *The Sumerian equative case*, 2010.
2. Belyaev, Oleg (2010). "Evolution of Case in Ossetic" (PDF). *Iran and the Caucasus*. **14** (2): 301. doi:10.1163/157338410X12743419190269. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
3. Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). *Mongolian*. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 9789027238207.
4. Morgan, Gareth (1996). "Reading Middle Welsh". Retrieved 2022-08-11. Welsh has an *equative* degree of the adjective, meaning 'as big', 'as new', and so on. It often has an air of exclamation about it: 'how big!', 'how new!' The equative suffix is **-ed**.


title: Enrique Lamas

abstract: Enrique Lamas was a Chilean football manager and former player who played as a forward. He is known as the first manager of the Ecuador national team.

text:
# Enrique Lamas

**Enrique Lamas** was a Chilean football manager and former player who played as a forward. He is known as the first manager of the Ecuador national team.

## Career

In his homeland, Lamas played for Magallanes in the first season of the Primera División (1933) and Santiago Wanderers in both the Asociación Valparaíso and the 1937 Primera División.

Abroad, he had two stints with the Ecuadorian club Panamá SC in 1934–35 and 1937.

Following his career as a player, he assumed as coach of the Ecuador national team at the 1938 Bolivarian Games, becoming the first manager in its history. He led the team in the five matches getting two wins, a draw and two losses, with 10 goals for to 15 against.

## Personal life

He was nicknamed *Turco* (Turkish).

## Honours

### Manager

## InfoBox

Enrique Lamas
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Enrique Lamas | | |
| Place of birth | Chile | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1933 | Magallanes |  |  |
| 1934–1935 | Panamá SC |  |  |
| 1935–1937 | Santiago Wanderers |  |  |
| 1937 | Panamá SC |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1938 | Ecuador | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |