title: MIDnet

abstract: Grants were submitted to the National Science Foundation in the Spring of 1986, and in the Summer of 1986 NSF approved funding. In September 1987, MIDnet was the first NSFNET regional backbone network to become fully operational. The NSFNET regional backbone networks were the precursors to the Internet. MIDnet initially connected Iowa State University, Kansas State University, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, the University of Kansas, the University of Missouri, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the University of Oklahoma, and Washington University in St. Louis with 56 kbit/s DDS leased telephone lines in a ring topology. The MIDnet ring was originally connected via a 56 kbit/s DDS leased telephone line from the Nebraska node to the NSFNET backbone. It was the first of the NSF-funded regional networks to become fully operational. MIDnet transitioned from a university-based organization to non-profit status in 1992. Two years later, Global Internet, a Palo Alto, California start-up, acquired MIDnet and its name was changed to Global Internet Network Services. The original board of directors of MIDnet were reorganized as the MIDnet Research and Higher Education Advisory Council. Global Internet sold the Network Services division to Verio, Inc. in 1997 and later sold the consulting and implementation division to Exodus Communications. MIDnet, Inc. is now a private foundation with a focus on data research and development of information for the research and education networking community.

text:
# MIDnet

Grants were submitted to the National Science Foundation in the Spring of 1986, and in the Summer of 1986 NSF approved funding. In September 1987, **MIDnet** was the first NSFNET regional backbone network to become fully operational. The NSFNET regional backbone networks were the precursors to the Internet. MIDnet initially connected Iowa State University, Kansas State University, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater, the University of Kansas, the University of Missouri, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the University of Oklahoma, and Washington University in St. Louis with 56 kbit/s DDS leased telephone lines in a ring topology. The MIDnet ring was originally connected via a 56 kbit/s DDS leased telephone line from the Nebraska node to the NSFNET backbone. It was the first of the NSF-funded regional networks to become fully operational.

MIDnet transitioned from a university-based organization to non-profit status in 1992. Two years later, Global Internet, a Palo Alto, California start-up, acquired MIDnet and its name was changed to Global Internet Network Services. The original board of directors of MIDnet were reorganized as the MIDnet Research and Higher Education Advisory Council. Global Internet sold the Network Services division to Verio, Inc. in 1997 and later sold the consulting and implementation division to Exodus Communications.

MIDnet, Inc. is now a private foundation with a focus on data research and development of information for the research and education networking community.


title: MIEA v Guo

abstract: MIEA v Guo, also known as 'Guo' is a decision of the High Court of Australia. The case is an important decision in Australian refugee law. The case has been described as setting out 'what is required for a decision-maker to have a "rational basis" for determining whether an applicant for refugee status has a well founded fear of persecution'. According to LawCite, Guo has been cited the eighth most times of any High Court decision.

text:
# MIEA v Guo

***MIEA v Guo***, also known as '**Guo**' is a decision of the High Court of Australia. The case is an important decision in Australian refugee law. The case has been described as setting out 'what is required for a decision-maker to have a "rational basis" for determining whether an applicant for refugee status has a well founded fear of persecution'.

According to LawCite, Guo has been cited the eighth most times of any High Court decision.

## Facts

Mr Guo and his wife, Ms Pan, the appeal respondents; were citizens of China. In May 1992 they arrived by boat in Australia, after having left China without permission from the authorities. Officials from the Department of Immigration & Ethnic Affairs detained the respondents alongside other passengers on the boat in a detention center. Sometime that month an application was made by Guo for a refugee visa. A delegate refused the application on 28 May 1992. The respondents then applied for review of the delegate's decision at committee. The committee affirmed the delegate's decision, and their findings were affirmed by another delegate.

Prior to deportation Mr Guo and his brother participated in a public protest at Port Hedland. He and other protestors wore headbands marked with Chinese characters for 'hunger strike', and bore placards protesting against their treatment by the department. Three members jumped off a rooftop during the protest, including Mr Guo. Guo was identified as the protest leader in the publicity that subsequently arose.

Subsequently, Guo others were deported to the PRC. Upon their re-entry they were detained for five days. The two brothers were then detained a further 23 days and fined 3,000 RMB. Guo claimed to have been rearrested and detained for four months from 5 June 1993, however the Tribunal rejected this claim in a later application. (made seven months later, and the subject of this appeal)

On 5 December 1993 Guo and a group of relatives arrived in Broome. On 14 December the department received applications for refugee status; on the ground they had a well-founded fear of persecution of reason of political opinion. They claimed that, because they had illegally departed the PRC in 1992, and in 1993 had breached the one child policy; they would be persecuted for their political opinion. They also claimed to belong to a social group of Chinese citizens opposed to the one child policy. A delegate refused this application on 31 January 1994, and this was affirmed by Tribunal.

The Tribunal found that nothing that occurred to Guo after he was deported to the PRC in 1992, was politically motivated. It found that his detention in China had merely been a consequence of penalties for illegal departure, and not because of his political activities. Charges for illegal departure were found to be unrelated to convention grounds; as they were applied to the Chinese population in general.

Guo then sought judicial review. The Full Federal Court upheld his appeal, unanimously. Beaumont J upheld Guo's appeal, finding that the Tribunal had not considered whether political reasons could be inferred as informing the PRC authority's actions. Marcus Einfeld held that the Tribunal had erred in making findings on the balance of probabilities, undermining the real chance test established in *Chan*.

The Minister appealed to the High Court, in doing so making an undertaking as to costs.

## Judgement

The High Court unanimously held that the Tribunal had not effectively applied a balance of probabilities test. The majority discussed the four elements for a 'refugee' finding, under the convention. They found that Guo did not satisfy one of the elements; that the person must be persecuted for a 'convention reason'. Membership of a social group consisting of 'parents of one child in China' did not constitute, the court held, a 'particular social group' under the convention.

Turning to the 'well-founded fear' element of the test, the High Court criticized the Federal Court's direct application of *Chan**'*s real chance test. The court stressed that the test was a clarification of the convention's term 'well-founded', and shouldn't be used in substitution for the convention's words. They accused Einfeld J of having substituted and used the 'real chance' test exclusively; when he found the Tribunal had erred for having 'shunned speculation'

The court then turned to the FFCA's finding that the Tribunal had applied the balance of probabilities test, instead of the 'real chance' test. The High Court quoted a previous statement in *Wu Shan Liang*, which had said:

> "When conflicting information available to the Minister's delegate relates to some past event ... the attribution of greater weight to one piece of information as against another or an opinion that one version of the facts is more probable than another is not necessarily inconsistent with the correct application of the *Chan* test."

Despite this, they found that courts must consider both possible outcomes within any balance of probabilities finding; to ensure that the well-founded test is what applies. I.e. 'If, for example, a Tribunal finds that it is only slightly more probable than not that an applicant has not been punished for a Convention reason, it must take into account the chance that the applicant was so punished when determining whether there is a well-founded fear of future persecution'. They found that in the case before it, the Tribunal had 'no real doubt that its findings both as to the past and future were correct'.

The Court therefore found for the Minister.

## Significance

*Guo* is a significant judgement for the legal tests that apply for refugee determinations. Its development of that jurisprudence shortly followed the High Court's previous rulings in *Chan* and *Wu Shan Liang*. *Guo* is frequently cited alongside those cases in judgements and Tribunal decisions which discuss the convention's determination requirements. For example, in *MIMA v Rajalingam* Sackville J wrote:

> "... the requirement in *Wu Shan Liang* and *Guo* (is) simply an aspect of the obligation to apply correctly the principles for determining whether an applicant has a “well-founded fear of being persecuted” for a Convention reason. The reasonable speculation in which the decision-maker must engage may require him or her to take account of the chance that past events might have occurred, even though the decision-maker thinks that they probably did not."

The case has also been regarded as an authority for the proposition that 'past harm may be relevant to, but not determinative of, future persecution'.

## InfoBox

| MIEA v Guo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court of Australia |
| Full case name | *MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC AFFAIRS v GUO & ANOR (Matter No S151 of 1996); MINISTER FOR IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC AFFAIRS v PAN & ANOR (Matter No S152 of 1996)* |
| Decided | 1997 |
| Citation | 191 CLR 559 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Brennan C.J., Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow, and Kirby JJ |
| Case opinions | |
| **Appeal allowed**
Brennan CJ, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh, & Gummow JJ
Kirby J
 | |


title: I and Me

abstract: I and Me is a puzzle-platform game developed by Chinese studio Wish Fang and published by Ratalaika Games. It was released on the Nintendo Switch in the Japan and PAL regions on July 6, 2017 and in the North American region on July 13, 2017. The game has received mixed reviews.

text:
# I and Me

***I and Me*** is a puzzle-platform game developed by Chinese studio Wish Fang and published by Ratalaika Games. It was released on the Nintendo Switch in the Japan and PAL regions on July 6, 2017 and in the North American region on July 13, 2017. The game has received mixed reviews.

## Reception

Review aggregator Metacritic assigned a score of 60/100 to I and Me, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". In his review for Nintendo Life, Morgan Sleeper called the level design "clever" and mentioning that each level feels like "one big puzzle" rather than a "series of tricky sequences" which made for a "nice snappy pace". Positive remarks were also given to the game's art style with Sleeper remarking that the game was "beautiful" and positively compared it to a film by Studio Ghibli. He ultimately gave the game 8/10 stars.

Reviewing the game for Pocket Gamer, Emily Sowden gave the game a 6/10 saying that she found the short length of the levels "wonderful" and mentioned that the soundtrack, while relaxing, didn't distract too much from the game which she found to be "ideal" for a platformer. Negative comments were directed towards the "sheer repetition" of the game, which Sowden lamented made for a game that provided "little challenge".

## InfoBox

| I and Me | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Wish Fang |
| Publisher(s) | Ratalaika Games |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * WW: July 6, 2017 * NA: July 13, 2017 |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle-platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: MGM-British Studios

abstract: MGM-British was a subsidiary of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer initially established at Denham Film Studios in 1936. It was in limbo during the Second World War; however, following the end of hostilities, a facility was acquired in Borehamwood, which remained in use until it was closed in 1970.

text:
# MGM-British Studios

**MGM-British** was a subsidiary of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer initially established (as **MGM London Films Denham**) at Denham Film Studios in 1936. It was in limbo during the Second World War; however, following the end of hostilities, a facility was acquired in Borehamwood (one of several known as Elstree Studios), which remained in use until it was closed in 1970.

## Pre-war

MGM London Films Denham Ltd was formed in 1936. The films produced during the initial period at Denham Film Studios were *A Yank at Oxford* (1938), *The Citadel* (1938), *Goodbye, Mr. Chips* (1939) and *Busman's Honeymoon* (US: *Haunted Honeymoon*, 1940). The first production head was Michael Balcon. However, he left after a single film and was replaced by Victor Saville. The subsidiary was in abeyance during the war.

Meanwhile, Amalgamated Studios Ltd constructed a large studio on the north side of Elstree Way, Borehamwood, between 1935 and 1937. A January 1937 deal for eight films to be made for the American studio Columbia Pictures soon collapsed. The company was unable to meet the cost of building work, and in February 1939 sold the facility to the Rank Organisation, which was not interested in using the studios itself, but wanted to stop John Maxwell's rival British International Pictures (BIP) from being able to compete more effectively with Rank's recently opened Pinewood Studios. During the war, the studios were leased from Rank by the Ministry of Works which used them for storage purposes.

## Post-war

MGM-London purchased the former Amalgamated Studios, Borehamwood, in April 1944, and changed its name to **MGM British Studios Ltd** in 1946. After improvements, the studio contained seven stages with over 70,000 square feet (7,000 m2) of floor space. MGM's *Edward, My Son* (1949), with Spencer Tracy and Deborah Kerr, was the first film to be produced at the studio.

Films made at the MGM-British Studios for the parent company included *Ivanhoe* (1952) and *The Dirty Dozen* (1967). Production designer Alfred Junge's castle setting for the former was to dominate the Borehamwood skyline for some years afterwards. The facilities were hired by other companies; 20th Century Fox shot the films *Anastasia* (1956) and *The Inn of the Sixth Happiness* (1958), for which a large set of a Chinese town, complete with artificial lakes, covering some 500,000 square feet, was constructed. When Ealing Studios sold its own studios in 1956, the company moved production of their last few films to MGM-British (with their logo now reading Ealing Films rather than Ealing Studios). Lew Grade's ITC used it for filmed television series, including *The Prisoner* (1967–68). One of the last films shot there, MGM's *2001: A Space Odyssey* (1968), has been cited as one of the primary causes behind the closure of the studio, owing to Stanley Kubrick's production occupying more and more of the available studio space—eventually using all of it—for almost two years.

The studio facility was in operation until 1970, one of the last productions being ITC's *UFO* television series. At that time, MGM made a production and distribution deal with EMI, and began to use its facility (EMI-Elstree Studios, formerly Associated British Elstree Studios) becoming MGM-EMI, an arrangement which only lasted until 1973, with MGM having a financial interest in only a few films. MGM's own Borehamwood site was cleared and redeveloped for industrial use and housing.

## Selected productions

## InfoBox

| MGM-British Studios | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Amalgamated Studios |
| General information | |
| Type | Film studios |
| Address | Elstree Way, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°39′39″N 0°15′33″W / 51.6608°N 0.2592°W / 51.6608; -0.2592 |
| Construction started | 1935 (1935) |
| Completed | 1937 |
| Demolished | 1970 (1970) |
| Owner |  |
| Technical details | |
| Floor area | Over 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) on 7 stages |


title: Idiosoma rhaphiduca

abstract: Idiosoma rhaphiduca is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Idiopidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1918 by Australian arachnologists William Joseph Rainbow and Robert Henry Pulleine.

text:
# Idiosoma rhaphiduca

***Idiosoma rhaphiduca*** is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Idiopidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1918 by Australian arachnologists William Joseph Rainbow and Robert Henry Pulleine.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in south-west Western Australia in open forest habitats, from the valleys of the Darling Scarp southwards to Bunbury and south-eastwards to Albany. The type locality is Kings Park in Perth.

## Behaviour

The spiders are fossorial, terrestrial predators. They construct burrows with trapdoors in wet creek banks, the flood flats of watercourses and on patches of open ground in clay soils.

## InfoBox

| *Idiosoma rhaphiduca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Idiopidae |
| Genus: | *Idiosoma* |
| Species: | ***I. rhaphiduca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Idiosoma rhaphiduca***<br>(Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aganippe rhaphiduca* Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 | |


title: Idiospermum

abstract: Idiospermum is a monotypic genus in the family Calycanthaceae. The sole included species is Idiospermum australiense − commonly known as idiotfruit, ribbonwood, or dinosaur tree − which is found only in two small areas of the tropical rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia. It is a relic of the ancient forests of Gondwana, surviving in very localised refugia for 120 million years, and displaying features that are almost identical to fossil records from that time. As such it provides an important insight into the very early evolution of flowering plants.

text:
# Idiospermum

***Idiospermum*** is a monotypic genus (that is, a genus that contains only one species) in the family Calycanthaceae. The sole included species is ***Idiospermum australiense*** − commonly known as **idiotfruit**, **ribbonwood**, or **dinosaur tree** − which is found only in two small areas of the tropical rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia. It is a relic of the ancient forests of Gondwana, surviving in very localised refugia for 120 million years, and displaying features (of the flowers in particular) that are almost identical to fossil records from that time. As such it provides an important insight into the very early evolution of flowering plants.

## Description

*Idiospermum australiense* has, in contrast to its weighty evolutionary significance and its extraordinarily unique fruit, a rather nondescript overall appearance. It is a broadleaf evergreen tree growing to around 25 m (82 ft) tall, with a maximum trunk diameter at breast height (DBH) of around 60 cm (24 in). The leaves are simple (without lobes or divisions), opposite and glabrous (without hairs). They measure up to 24 cm (9.4 in) long by 10 cm (3.9 in) wide, with 7−10 pairs of lateral veins. They are held on petioles measuring 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1.0 in) long, and the leaf blades exhibit numerous 'oil dots' or pellucid glands (tiny, translucent spots) when held up against a strong light source.

### Flowers

The flowers may be solitary or in a panicle, produced either terminally or in the leaf axils. They are sessile (without a stem) and measure about 2 cm (0.79 in) wide when fully open. All floral organs − bracts, tepals, stamens, staminodes and carpels − are spirally arranged and there is no clear distinction between sepals and petals. The tepals are numerous with up to 52 per flower. The stamens number 13 to 15, and arch forward over the opening of the floral cup; the stigma lies well below the stamens and staminodes. The morphology of the gynoecium (the female parts of the flower that receive pollen and produce fruit) seen in the populations north of the Daintree River differ from that seen in populations south of Cairns (see Distribution and habitat). More than half of those in the north have been found to lack carpels (the structure that contains the ovary), and the remainder have one or (very rarely) two carpels. On the other hand, all those from the south have at least one carpel, most have two, and some have up to five.

### Fruit

The fruit is, in botanical terms, a berry (a fruit derived from a single ovary of a single flower), but in which all the layers surrounding the embryo − including the layers that, in other species, would form the fleshy outer layers and even the hard exterior coating of the seed − decay while still on the parent tree. What then falls from the tree is just the extremely large naked plant embryo, measuring roughly 5 cm (2.0 in) high and 6 cm (2.4 in) diameter). This is the largest embryo of any flowering plant.

Another unique feature of the ribbonwood is the fact that the fruit contain multiple cotyledons (embryonic leaves within the seed). All other flowering plants have either one or two cotyledons.

### Phenology

Flowering of the ribbonwood occurs from early May through to mid June in the southern populations, and from June to mid September in the northern populations. The species is dichogamous, that is the flowers are initially functionally female and then become functionally male. The flowers have a lifespan of between 10 and 16 days. Initially, the stamens and staminodes (sterile appendages between the stamens and the carpel) which surround the stigma are held back, allowing access to the stigma and potential pollination. After 2−3 days the stamens start to close in, blocking access to the stigma. At the same time the anthers open, at which point the flower becomes functionally male. The tepals change colour during this process, being a creamy white when the flower first opens and darkening to red by the end of the process. At any point in time during the flowering period, a tree may have flowers in a various stages of development.

## Taxonomy

This species was originally described in 1912 as *Calycanthus australiensis* by the German botanist Ludwig Diels, based on material he collected himself in 1902. He arrived in the area in June, a month that is now known as the peak of the flowering season for this species, but he was apparently ill-prepared and was only able to collect flowers that had already fallen to the ground as well as a leafy branch. His paper, titled *Über primitive Ranales der australischen Flora*, was published in the journal *Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie*, some ten years after he collected the specimens. In the prologue to his description he lamented that it was incomplete, as he had not found a specimen of the fruit, nor flowers from the canopy. He also commented that the lack of a complete set of specimens is why he waited ten years before writing the description.

It was not until 1972 that a complete description was published by the Australian botanist Stanley Thatcher Blake in the journal Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium. At the time Blake erected a new family − Idiospermaceae − for this taxon, but it is now widely accepted as belonging to the family Calycanthaceae

The original holotype (i.e. the specimen of plant material collected and used to create the description) for this species was collected by Diels and taken to Berlin. In 1943 it was destroyed in a bombing raid, and a replacement (neotype) had to be chosen. This did not come about until the species was rediscovered, and the sample chosen was collected by the Australian botanist Stuart Worboys in 1998, from the same locality as the original.

### Etymology

The name *Idiospermum* derives from the Ancient Greek words *idios* meaning "individuality" or "peculiarity", and *spérma* meaning "seed", and is a reference to the unique characteristics of the fruits. The common name "idiot fruit" is a mistranslation of this.

## Distribution and habitat

The area occupied by the populations of *Idiospermum australiense* is a total of just 22.5 km2 (8.7 sq mi) There are two main populations, the first (where Diels collected his samples), is approximately 50 km (31 mi) south of Cairns, in the vicinity of the Russell River and its tributaries. The other is approximately 120 km (75 mi) north of Cairns and around 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Cape Tribulation, in the areas of Cooper and Noah Creeks. Both areas are rainforested lowlands at the foot of high, rain-attracting mountains, with annual rainfalls of more than 3,000 mm (120 in), and alluvial soils. As the seeds of ribbonwood are only dispersed by gravity, the distribution of the species can only expand seawards.

## Ecology

Due to the enormous size of the seeds there are no animals that eat them and subsequently disperse them. Even the cassowary, well-known for its ability to swallow large fruit, does not eat these. They are also known to be extremely toxic to cattle (see Discovery, loss and re-discovery) and probably to other animals as well.

A large variety of insects, mostly beetles and thrips, are attracted by the scent and colour of the flower, and they in turn attract predators such as spiders and ants. Only the beetles and thrips appear to take a role in pollination, which is completed only when an insect first visits a flower in the male phase and then carries pollen to a flower in the female phase.

## Discovery, loss and re-discovery

The first European-Australians to encounter this tree were timber cutters working the lowland forests between Innisfail and Cairns in the late 1800s. Word of their discovery caught the attention of the German botanist Ludwig Diels, who ventured to the area in 1902 to collect specimens. He found one tree in flower but was unable to collect fresh flowers as they are produced high in the canopy. Instead he collected fallen flowers, a leafy twig, but crucially no fruit. He took the samples back to Berlin with him, and in his disappointment about the incomplete collection, forgot about the material for years. By the time Diels published his paper (in which he noted that the species was rare and that he had the only known collections) the lowland forests where he found it were being cleared for sugar cane farming, and were gone by the 1920s. For the next 60 years the species was thought to have been lost.

In 1971 a grazier by the name of John Nicholas, who had a property in farmland in the Cow Bay area north of the Daintree River, discovered some of his cattle had died unexpectedly after suffering spasms. Believing someone had poisoned them he called in the police. A government veterinarian, Doug Clague, examined the beasts and found large, unknown seeds in their stomachs, which appeared to have fallen from a particular tree on the property. He sent the "seeds" and some flowers from the tree to the Queensland Herbarium for identification. There, the botanist Stanley Thatcher Blake, on seeing the flowers, suspected that they were from the long lost *Calycanthus australiensis* (as it was still known at the time).

Blake was eager to undertake a detailed study of the plant and visited the property himself a short time after, where he collected material from both the farm and from remnant forest along a nearby creek. More specimens were collected by others, including Len Webb and Geoff Tracey of the CSIRO Rainforest Ecology Research Unit, and also Bernard Hyland from the Commonwealth Forestry and Timber Bureau in Atherton, who all collected material in the area of Noah Creek, the only other watershed between Cow Bay and Cape Tribulation. Upon closer inspection of the fruit and the flower specimens together, along with details of the size of the tree, it soon became apparent to Blake that this was not a species of *Calycanthus*, and he raised a new genus, *Idiospermum*, to accommodate it.

## Conservation

Although this species has a very restricted range and has lost much of its former habitat, the remaining areas in which it occurs are now protected. Accordingly it is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as least concern. As of 9 April 2023, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## InfoBox

| *Idiospermum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Habit in cultivation | |
| Conservation status | |
| Least Concern (NCA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Calycanthaceae |
| Genus: | *Idiospermum*
S.T.Blake |
| Species: | ***I. australiense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Idiospermum australiense***
(Diels) S.T.Blake | |
|


title: Idrettsgallaen

abstract: Idrettsgallaen is a show to honor the past year's Norwegian sports and athletes' achievements. It is hosted annually at Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre in Hamar in early January. The event started in 2001. Hamar was selected because it is the location of the head office of Norsk Tipping, the main sponsor, and organizer of the event together with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and the Norwegian Confederation of Sports. The 2010 edition was, however, hosted at Håkons Hall in Lillehammer. The 2024 edition took place at Trondheim Spektrum in Trondheim.

text:
# Idrettsgallaen

**Idrettsgallaen** ("the Sports Gala") is a show to honor the past year's Norwegian sports and athletes' achievements. It is hosted annually at Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre in Hamar in early January. The event started in 2001. Hamar was selected because it is the location of the head office of Norsk Tipping, the main sponsor, and organizer of the event together with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and the Norwegian Confederation of Sports. The 2010 edition was, however, hosted at Håkons Hall in Lillehammer. The 2024 edition took place at Trondheim Spektrum in Trondheim.


title: MV Logos II

abstract: The MV Logos II was a ship built in Spain, 1968, which was purchased in 1989 by Educational Book Exhibits Ltd., a private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in the UK. Logos II was operated on behalf of EBE by GBA Ships, a second private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in Germany. She entered service in 1990 and was active until October 2008 when she was sold. The work of Logos II is now being carried on by a replacement vessel Logos Hope.

text:
# MV Logos II

The ***MV Logos II*** was a ship built in Spain, 1968, which was purchased in 1989 by Educational Book Exhibits Ltd., a private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in the UK. *Logos II* was operated on behalf of EBE by GBA Ships, a second private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in Germany. She entered service in 1990 and was active until October 2008 when she was sold. The work of *Logos II* is now being carried on by a replacement vessel *Logos Hope*.

## History

*Logos II*’s original name was *Antonio Lazaro*. She was built by Union Naval Levante SA of Valencia, Spain in 1968, and owned by Compañía Trasmediterránea. The ship was designed to operate a ferry service to Morocco, carrying 400 berthed and 200 deck class passengers. She also had a cargo hold forward and side doors for the loading of vehicles. She later sailed between Spain and Spanish territories in North Africa.

Educational Book Exhibits Ltd. purchased the ship on 21 October 1988, and renamed her *Logos II*. Extensive renovations and upgrades were carried out to prepare the ship for future service. *Logos II* welcomed more than 10 million visitors on board with stops in 350 ports of call in 81 countries. The ship was sold in October 2008, and the work is carried on by her replacement since February 19, 2009, *MV Logos Hope*. The last port of call for Logos II was Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * 1968-1988: *Antonio Lazaro* * 1988-1988: *Argo* * 1988-2008: *Logos II* |
| Operator |  |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Union Naval Levante |
| Launched | 13 January 1968 |
| Identification | IMO number: 6806834 |
| Fate | Scrapped 2008 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 4,804 Gross tons |
| Length | 109.55 m (359 ft 5 in) |
| Beam | 16.30 m (53 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 5.12 m (16 ft 10 in) |
| Installed power | 2 x B&W 1035 VBF 62 diesel engines |
| Propulsion | 2 x Controllable pitch propellers |


title: Idaea dimidiata

abstract: Idaea dimidiata, the single-dotted wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a Holarctic species.

text:
# Idaea dimidiata

***Idaea dimidiata***, the **single-dotted wave**, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a Holarctic species.

## Description

The species has a wingspan of 13–18 mm. The ground colour of the wings is brownish yellow, brownish white to slightly reddish white. The pattern elements are dark grey to dark brown. The median band and the two crosslines can be incomplete or interrupted. They are marked by so-called costal stains on the front wing at the costa. There is a light wavy line, which is limited mainly to the inside edge and marked on both sides by dark stains in the marginal field. The fore and hindwings have black discal flecks, which are occasionally significantly weaker on the forewings. Marginal stains are connected by a thin line.The larva is long and thin, grey-brown, with a V-shaped dark spot on each body segment.

## Distribution

The species occurs in the Western Palearctic and in the Nearctic. The species is widespread in West, South and Central Europe. In the North the range extends to South Scandinavia, and East to the Urals. Idaea dimidiata is found on almost all islands of the Mediterranean.

Outside Europe it is found in Morocco and Northwestern Turkey, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, from North Iran it extends to Afghanistan and Central Asia. In Cyprus, Turkey and the Levant in the South dimidiata antitaurica replaces dimidiata dimidiata, which also occurs in Canada and the most northern regions of the United States of America.

## Biology

The adults fly at night from June to August, occasionally later, and are attracted to light.

The species prefers damp locations such as marshy woodland, fens and river banks.

1. *The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.*

## InfoBox

| Single-dotted wave | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Idaea* |
| Species: | ***I. dimidiata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Idaea dimidiata***<br>(Hufnagel, 1767) | |
|


title: Idaea egenaria

abstract: Idaea egenaria is a species of geometrid moth. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1861 as Acidalia egenaria. It is native to Southeast Asia.

text:
# Idaea egenaria

***Idaea egenaria*** is a species of geometrid moth. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1861 as *Acidalia egenaria*. It is native to Southeast Asia.

## InfoBox

| *Idaea egenaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Idaea* |
| Species: | ***I. egenaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Idaea egenaria***<br>(Walker, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acidalia egenaria* Walker, 1861 | |


title: MIX (email)

abstract: MIX is a high-performance, indexed, on-disk email storage system that is designed for use with the IMAP protocol. MIX was designed by Mark Crispin, the author of the IMAP protocol. Server support for it has been included in releases of UW IMAP since 2006, Panda IMAP, and Messaging Architects Netmail. MIX is also supported directly by the Alpine e-mail client.

text:
# MIX (email)

**MIX** is a high-performance, indexed, on-disk email storage system that is designed for use with the IMAP protocol. MIX was designed by Mark Crispin, the author of the IMAP protocol. Server support for it has been included in releases of UW IMAP since 2006, Panda IMAP, and Messaging Architects Netmail. MIX is also supported directly by the Alpine e-mail client.

## Design

MIX mailboxes are directories containing several types of files, including a metadata file, an index file, a dynamic status data file, a threading/sorting cache file, and a collection of files containing message content. MIX mailboxes can also contain subordinate mailboxes, which are implemented as sub directories within the MIX directory.

The MIX format was designed with an emphasis on very high scalability, reliability, and performance, while efficiently supporting modern features of the IMAP protocol. MIX has been used successfully with mailboxes of 750,000 messages.

The base level MIX format has four files: a metadata file, an index file, a status file, and some set of message data files. The metadata file contains base-level data applicable to the entire mailbox; i.e., the UID validity, last assigned UID, and list of keywords. The index file contains pointers to each unexpunged message in the message data files, along with flags, size, and IMAP internaldate data. The status file contains per-message flags and keywords.

All these files may be hidden files in a directory (with the directory name being the name of the mailbox). Thus a directory with gigabytes of mail in it may appear to be empty if examined with tools that don't show hidden files. This is a common source of confusion for system administrators encountering MIX for the first time.

By design, it is possible to recover the mailbox into a usable state if any of these files is lost or corrupted. For example, it is possible to rebuild the index file by reading each of the data files, with no consequence other than the possible "unexpunging" of an expunged message that had not yet had its space recovered.

Another important part of the MIX design is that no file is modified unless the data specific to that file is altered; thus a flag change alters the status file but not the metadata or index files. This reduces the impact of any system event that corrupts a file write in progress.

Each file also has a "modification sequence" which is incremented each time the file is changed. When a MIX implementation updates from a file, if the modification sequence is unchanged, it closes the file at once without reading it further. In addition, each status file entry also has a modification sequence, which permits lossless synchronization of multiple consumer message flag/keyword updates/

## Extensions

MIX allows for implementation-specific extensions. All MIX implementations must be interchangeable at the base level, but are not required to implement extensions and must tolerate the absence of extensions.

The UW IMAP and Panda IMAP implementations of MIX have a sort cache file that contains data used by the IMAP SORT and THREAD operators. This permits these operators to load most (if not all) of the data they need without having to parse it from message data.

The Messaging Architects implementation of MIX has extended mailbox metadata (currently used to hold the mailbox's display name), message metadata (used for multiple purposes including a JSON representation of the message structure), and a global modification sequence (thus permitting a fast check for mailbox update without having to check the modification sequence in multiple files). Messaging Architects' implementation also has a "virtual mailbox" or stubbing capability, in which a message in a mailbox is actually a pointer to a message in another mailbox.

## Comparisons with other mail storage formats

MIX can be considered a hybrid between the maildir (single message per file) and mbox (single file per mailbox) types of email storage formats.

### Versus maildir

MIX has a similarity to maildir, in that MIX mailboxes are directories rather than single files.

Unlike maildir, however, MIX supports an index file for fast opens and mailbox scanning. Where maildir stores each message in its own file on disk, MIX can aggregate messages into message files, according to the configured size limit for a message file. Messages larger than the size limit are not aggregated. A MIX directory will tend to have a smaller number of files than a corresponding maildir mailbox as a result, which can be advantageous on certain operating systems. MIX has support for efficient retrieval and modification of metadata and status information.

MIX also aggregates multiple smaller messages into single data files of up to 1MB in size (larger messages get a data file to themselves). This reduces the number of nodes required in the directory, which is important for performance and scalability. The MIX mailbox format requires more rigorous locking support from the operating system than maildir, and was explicitly not designed to support being written to over NFS.

Maildir, on the other hand, was designed to work in an NFS environment. Maildir enjoys wider client, server, and tool support than MIX.

### Versus mbox

MIX enjoys considerable optimization versus the common mbox mail format. MIX has a binary index to accelerate scanning and retrieval of messages, whereas mbox requires full linear scans to extract messages. Like maildir, and unlike mbox, MIX supports mail boxes that contain both messages and subordinate mailboxes. MIX supports multiple clients concurrently reading and writing to individual mailboxes, which can not be achieved with mbox.

On the other hand, the mbox format is far more widely supported than MIX. mbox is a ubiquitous mailbox file format, and is often used as a greatest common factor exchange format.

* University of Washington MIX format definition
* "UW IMAP, Courier, Cyrus and Dovecot in direct comparison" (in German). Linux Magazin. Retrieved 2009-04-04.


title: Idagunji

abstract: Idagunji is a small village in Honnavar Taluk, in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state, India. It is a famous place of Hindu pilgrimage and worship.

text:
# Idagunji

**Idagunji** is a small village in Honnavar Taluk, in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state, India.

It is a famous place of Hindu pilgrimage and worship.

## Geography

Idugunji is close to Manki and about 14 km from Honnavar, in Honnavar Taluk; and 28 km from Navilgona.

## Ganesha Temple

The Shree Vinayaka Devaru (Kannada:ಗಣಪತಿ ಇಡಗುಂಜಿ) is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Ganesha (Vinayaka), located on the West Coast of India in the Idagunji town in Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka state, India. The temple's popularity as a religious place is recorded by about 1 million devotees visiting it annually.

It is one of the six famous Ganesha temples on the west Coast of India, which is also popularly called the "Ganesha Coast".

## InfoBox

| Idagunji | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| IdagunjiLocation in Karnataka, India | |
| Coordinates: 14°21′N 74°42′E / 14.35°N 74.7°E / 14.35; 74.7 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| Region | Kanara |
| District | Uttara Kannada |
| Taluk | Honnavar |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Idagawa Station

abstract: Idagawa Station is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Kameyama, Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Idagawa Station

**Idagawa Station** (井田川駅, *Idagawa-eki*) is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Kameyama, Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

## Lines

Idagawa Station is served by the Kansai Main Line, and is 55.3 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Nagoya Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge.

### Platforms

| **1** | Kansai Main Line | For Yokkaichi, Kuwana, Nagoya |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Kansai Main Line | For Kameyama |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) | | | | |
| Kansai Main Line | | | | |
| Kasado |  | Local |  | Kameyama |
| Kasado |  | Semi Rapid |  | Kameyama |
| Kasado |  | Rapid |  | Kameyama |

## Station history

Idagawa Station was opened on May 20, 1929 on the Japanese Government Railways, when the section of the Kansai Main Line connecting Suzuka with Kamayama was completed. The JGR became the Japan National Railways (JNR) after World War II. The station has been unattended since July 11, 1974. The station was absorbed into the JR Central network upon the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987. A new station building was completed in 2012.

Station numbering was introduced to the section of the Kansai Main Line operated JR Central in March 2018; Idagawa Station was assigned station number CI16.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 688 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

Kameyama City Idagawa Elementary School

Media related to Idagawa Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| CJ16
Idagawa Station
井田川駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| JR Idagawa Station in 2012 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Idagawa-chō 364, Kameyama-shi, Mie-ken 519-0101
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°52′6.6″N 136°29′33.42″E / 34.868500°N 136.4926167°E / 34.868500; 136.4926167 |
| Operated by | JR Tōkai |
| Line(s) | Kansai Main Line |
| Distance | 55.3 km from Nagoya |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Connections | * Bus terminal |
| History | |
| Opened | May 20, 1929 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 688 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Idagawa StationLocation within Mie PrefectureIdagawa StationIdagawa Station (Japan) | |


title: MSN Video Player

abstract: MSN Video Player was an online video on demand player, launched in the United Kingdom by Microsoft on 11 March 2010. The service was made available in beta form on 3 August 2009 with 300 hours of shows from BBC Worldwide and All3Media. A spokeswoman for BBC Worldwide confirmed that all BBC programmes on MSN Video Player will be at least 180 days old. Programmes were made available in both Windows Media Video and Flash formats, streamed without digital rights management copy protection but only be available to people with a UK web address. During the opening 11 days of the beta, MSN Video Player pulled in a total of 167,487 video views by 154,841 users, with users staying for an average of 25 minutes. The platform was optimised for Microsoft Silverlight - support that was notably missing from the beta - although it also works with Flash, and some of the content is available in HD streaming at 720p on connections of 2 Mbit/s and upwards. All content on the service will be available for free, with half-hour programmes preceded by short commercials, while programmes of one hour or longer are interrupted by a commercial break. Ashley Highfield, Microsoft's UK consumer and online managing director, suggested that in the future the service will offer users who have a Windows Live ID and are signed in, programme recommendations – based on their previous viewing habits and that a tie-up with Microsoft's gaming console, the Xbox 360, would be on the cards. MSN's UK head of video, Rob Crossen, added "An obvious place to tale MSN Video Player – given the quality of content that you are seeing on the platform – is the TV, and there are a number of ways, widgets on internet connected TVs, we have our own products within the Microsoft network, Xbox and Windows Media Center for instance." When asked if a mobile MSN Video Player was likely for the forthcoming Windows Phone "We have a fantastic product coming later in the year, but no fixed plans that we are announcing today." On 10 May 2010, a Microsoft spokeswoman said there are currently no plans to roll out the service in other regions. On 19 May 2010, MSN Video Player was added to Windows Media Center in the TV Strip in the UK.

text:
# MSN Video Player

**MSN Video Player** was an online video on demand player, launched in the United Kingdom by Microsoft on 11 March 2010.

The service was made available in beta form on 3 August 2009 with 300 hours of shows from BBC Worldwide and All3Media. A spokeswoman for BBC Worldwide confirmed that all BBC programmes on MSN Video Player will be at least 180 days old. Programmes were made available in both Windows Media Video and Flash formats, streamed without digital rights management copy protection but only be available to people with a UK web address. During the opening 11 days of the beta, MSN Video Player pulled in a total of 167,487 video views by 154,841 users, with users staying for an average of 25 minutes.

The platform was optimised for Microsoft Silverlight \- support that was notably missing from the beta - although it also works with Flash, and some of the content is available in HD streaming at 720p on connections of 2 Mbit/s and upwards. All content on the service will be available for free, with half-hour programmes preceded by short commercials, while programmes of one hour or longer are interrupted by a commercial break.

Ashley Highfield, Microsoft's UK consumer and online managing director, suggested that in the future the service will offer users who have a Windows Live ID and are signed in, programme recommendations – based on their previous viewing habits and that a tie-up with Microsoft's gaming console, the Xbox 360, would be on the cards. MSN's UK head of video, Rob Crossen, added "An obvious place to tale MSN Video Player – given the quality of content that you are seeing on the platform – is the TV, and there are a number of ways, widgets on internet connected TVs, we have our own products within the Microsoft network, Xbox and Windows Media Center for instance." When asked if a mobile MSN Video Player was likely for the forthcoming Windows Phone "We have a fantastic product coming later in the year, but no fixed plans that we are announcing today." On 10 May 2010, a Microsoft spokeswoman said there are currently no plans to roll out the service in other regions. On 19 May 2010, MSN Video Player was added to Windows Media Center in the TV Strip in the UK.


title: Amara torrida

abstract: Amara torrida is a species of seed-eating ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, temperate Asia, and Europe.

text:
# Amara torrida

***Amara torrida*** is a species of seed-eating ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, temperate Asia, and Europe.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Amara torrida* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Amara* |
| Species: | ***A. torrida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amara torrida***<br>(Panzer, 1796) | |
|


title: Edcon

abstract: Edcon Limited was a retail company based in Johannesburg, South Africa. Its subsidiaries included Edgars, a department store with 203 branches. In 2020, the Competition Tribunal approved the sale of the Edgars division to Retailability (pty) Ltd, and Jet to The Foschini Group.

text:
# Edcon

Edgars is the primary and original brand of Edcon.A Jet clothing store in Cape Town.A CNA book and stationery store.A Boardmans storefront in Canal Walk mall in 2016, two years before the brand was discontinued.

**Edcon Limited** was a retail company based in Johannesburg, South Africa. Its subsidiaries included Edgars, a department store with 203 branches. In 2020, the Competition Tribunal approved the sale of the Edgars division to Retailability (pty) Ltd, and Jet to The Foschini Group.

## History

Edcon Ltd was the leading clothing, footwear and textiles (CFT) retailing group in South Africa trading through a range of retail formats. The first Edgars store was opened on 6 September 1929 in Joubert Street, Johannesburg by Sydney Press. It was listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 1949 and opened its first stores outside of South Africa in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (now Eswatini) in 1966-69. Since then, the Company had grown to ten retail brands trading in (as of 2014) over 1400 stores in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Eswatini, Lesotho, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Zambia.

In 1982 the company, still known as Edgars, was acquired by South African Breweries. It launched its Red Square retail chain in 1996 and acquired the struggling stationery retailer CNA in 2002 for R130 million. The company acquired the houseware retailer Boardmans in 2004 for R94 million.

Edcon Financial Services provided credit facilities and financial services products to the Group's over 4 million cardholders. In November 2015, according to reports, Edcon Limited referred to the National Consumer Tribunal. In October 2017, it was reported that Edcon rewarded its customers with a revitalised ''thank U'' customer reward programme.

Bain Capital concluded a private equity deal that delisted the group from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in 2007. Following the delisting the company experienced numerous challenges.

In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the company ceased to pay rents for its retail locations while the resultant lockdowns in South Africa prevented businesses from operating. The group has subsequently gone into Business Rescue with a number of their subsidiaries being sold off to other Fashion Retail Holding Companies.

## Financial trouble

Following the private equity takeover by Bain Capital, Edcon had a succession of CEOs, lost significant market share, and struggled with an oversupply of leased floorspace. This was partly due to an increase in cheaper imported clothing and the increasing move to online shopping by customers.

In 2016 the company recorded a net debt of R24.7 billion and was temporarily taken over by debtors to avoid financial collapse. This resulted in the closure of 253 stores by 2018 as part of a recovery plan and by 2017 the company had reduced its level of net debt to R4.2 billion. In July 2018 Edcon announced that it was closing its Boardmans homeware and La Senza stores.

In January 2018, Grant Pattison became CEO.

In December 2018 it was reported in the Sunday Times that Edcon and its subsidiaries were on the brink of financial collapse and was seeking a deal with mall owners to reduce rental payments. Edcon disputed the reports but did state that it was working towards eliminating company debt and a deal to prevent the closure of its stores. The possible 44,000 direct and additional 100,000 indirect job losses should the company stop trading was used by trade union SAFTU to criticise President Ramaphosa's economic policies.

Following the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa in 2020, Edcon announced that they had filed for business rescue and that approximately 5000 jobs were on the line. On the 8th of September 2020, The Competition Tribunal approved the sale of Edgars to Durban Based, private fashion company Retailability, who owns three other brands, Legit, Style and Beaver Canoe. The Competition Tribunal also approved the sale of JET to The Foschini Group saving an additional undisclosed number of jobs in the process. The CNA Group was sold to a Mauritian Holding Company.

## Divisions

| Brand | Market | Revenue (2015)
in millions of Rands | Operating Profit (2018)
in millions of Rands |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Edgars | fashion | 13 929 | 1 305 |
| Edgars Zimbabwe | fashion | 799 | 101 |
| CNA | stationery | 2 011 | 35 |
| Discount/Jet | fashion | 10 771 | 1 220 |
| Red Square | fashion | - | - |
| Prato | fashion | CLOSED | CLOSED |
| Boardmans | homeware | CLOSED | CLOSED |

Defined by the target markets served, all retail business is structured under two divisions:

* Department Stores Division (serving middle and upper income markets):
    + Edgars (operates in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Zambia)
    + CNA (operates in South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana and Namibia)
    + Boardmans (operated in Botswana, South Africa, Namibia) (CLOSED in 2018)
    + Prato (operated in South Africa) (CLOSED)
    + Red Square
    + Temptations (CLOSED)
* Discount Division including (serving middle to lower income markets):
    + Jet (operates in Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia).
        - Jet Mart
        - Jet Shoes
    + Blacksnow (CLOSED)

The stock of the company is listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange and Zimbabwe Stock Exchange, and is part of the Zimbabwe Industrial Index.

## InfoBox

Edcon Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | ZSE: EDGR |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 6 September 1929 (6 September 1929) |
| Founder | Sydney Press |
| Headquarters | Johannesburg, CBD Bree street, Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Products | Clothing, footwear, accessories, sporting goods |
| Services | clothing retail, homeware retail, stationery retail |
| Revenue | R28.7 billion |
| Number of employees | 44,000 |
| Parent | Bain Capital |
| Subsidiaries | Edgars Consolidated Department Stores |
| Website | edcon.co.za |


title: Mac A. Fleming

abstract: Mac A. Fleming is a former American labor union leader. Born in Walnut Grove, Missouri, Fleming began working for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) in 1968, and joined the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees. He was soon elected as chair of his local union, and then became a system federation officer, serving for six years as general chair of the AT&SF system federation. He was elected as secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1986, and then as president of the union in 1990. As leader of the union, Fleming campaigned for improved safety and security, protection of workers' rights, and better funding of Amtrak. He undertook the largest example of negotiated rulemaking at the time, producing a proposal to improve safety for rail maintenance workers. In 1995, he was additionally elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. In 2004, he retired, due to poor health.

text:
# Mac A. Fleming

**Mac A. Fleming** (born September 22, 1945) is a former American labor union leader.

Born in Walnut Grove, Missouri, Fleming began working for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF) in 1968, and joined the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees. He was soon elected as chair of his local union, and then became a system federation officer, serving for six years as general chair of the AT&SF system federation. He was elected as secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1986, and then as president of the union in 1990.

As leader of the union, Fleming campaigned for improved safety and security, protection of workers' rights, and better funding of Amtrak. He undertook the largest example of negotiated rulemaking at the time, producing a proposal to improve safety for rail maintenance workers. In 1995, he was additionally elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. In 2004, he retired, due to poor health.

1. "BMWE's Fleming retires, ending 14-year presidential reign". *Progressive Railroading*. April 21, 2004. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
2. "Vice President Mac A. Fleming". *AFL-CIO*. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
3. Skrzycki, Cindy (February 23, 1996). "Finding Common Ground in the Middle of the Table: The Rise of 'Reg-Neg'". *Washington Post*.


title: England–Ireland Professional Match

abstract: The England–Ireland Professional Match was an annual men's professional golf competition between teams representing England and Ireland. It was played in 1932 and 1933 before the Irish Open. The matches followed the same form as the England–Scotland Professional Match that had been played just before the Open Championship. The match was played on a single day with 12 players in each team who played 6 foursomes and 12 singles matches. England won the first match 16–2 and the second match 13–3 after which the match was discontinued. The teams met again in 1938 as part of the Llandudno International Golf Trophy.

text:
# England–Ireland Professional Match

The **England–Ireland Professional Match** was an annual men's professional golf competition between teams representing England and Ireland. It was played in 1932 and 1933 before the Irish Open. The matches followed the same form as the England–Scotland Professional Match that had been played just before the Open Championship. The match was played on a single day with 12 players in each team who played 6 foursomes and 12 singles matches. England won the first match 16–2 and the second match 13–3 after which the match was discontinued. The teams met again in 1938 as part of the Llandudno International Golf Trophy.

## Results

| Year | Date | Venue | Winners | Score | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1932 | 22 August | Cork Golf Club, Irish Free State | England | 16–2 |  |
| 1933 | 25 July | Malone Golf Club, Northern Ireland | England | 13–3 |  |

## Appearances

The following are those who played in at least one of the two matches. Bert Hodson played for Wales in the 1937 Triangular Professional Tournament and the 1938 Llandudno International Golf Trophy. Sydney Fairweather played for Scotland in the England–Scotland Professional Match in 1933, 1935, 1936 and in the Llandudno International Golf Trophy in 1938.

### England

### Ireland

## InfoBox

England–Ireland Professional Match
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1932 |
| Format | Team match play |
| Month played | July/August |
| Final year | 1933 |
| Final champion | |
| England | |


title: Albert Leman

abstract: Albert Semionovich Leman was a Soviet composer of classical music. Albert Leman received his music education in the Leningrad Conservatory under Mikhail Gnessin and Vladimir Vladimirovich Nil'sen. In 1941-42 he was the chief of musical department at the Leningrad Regiment for Art of Leningrad Executive Committee. From 1942 he was living in Kazan, where he became in 1945 a professor at the Kazan Conservatory (1945—1970). From 1964 he was a member of the Communist Party of the UdSSR. He also worked in the Petrozavodsk Conservatory (1969—1971), and in Moscow (1971-1998) where he performed until 1997 the duties of the Head of the Department for Composition at the Moscow Conservatory. Among his students were the composers Sofia Gubaidulina, Mikhail Kollontay and Olesya Rostovskaya. Leman's music shows influence of Tatar folk music. Among his later works there is a Symphony, two Oratorios, piano music, cello concerto, music for theatre and chamber music. The violin concerto was recorded by Julian Sitkovetsky.

text:
# Albert Leman

**Albert Semionovich Leman** (surname sometimes spelt **Lehman** in English) (7 July \[O.S. 25 June\] 1915, Volsk, – 3 December 1998, Moscow) was a Soviet composer of classical music.

Albert Leman received his music education in the Leningrad Conservatory under Mikhail Gnessin and Vladimir Vladimirovich Nil'sen. In 1941-42 he was the chief of musical department at the Leningrad Regiment for Art of Leningrad Executive Committee. From 1942 he was living in Kazan, where he became in 1945 a professor at the Kazan Conservatory (1945—1970). From 1964 he was a member of the Communist Party of the UdSSR.

He also worked in the Petrozavodsk Conservatory (1969—1971), and in Moscow (1971-1998) where he performed until 1997 the duties of the Head of the Department for Composition at the Moscow Conservatory. Among his students were the composers Sofia Gubaidulina, Mikhail Kollontay and Olesya Rostovskaya.

Leman's music shows influence of Tatar folk music (e.g. in his "Violin concerto" and his "Suite on Tatar themes for orchestra"). Among his later works there is a Symphony, two Oratorios, piano music, cello concerto, music for theatre and chamber music. The violin concerto was recorded by Julian Sitkovetsky.

## Further reading

* "Leman, Al'bert Semyonovich", in: G. Bernandt, A. Dolzhansky. *Sovetskie kompozitori. Kratky biografichesky spravochnik*. Moscow, 1957, p. 332-333
* "Leman, Al'bert Semyonovich", in: *Muzikal'naya entsiklopediya*, ed. by Yu. V. Keldish, Vol. 3, p. 223-224


title: 1960 in Somalia

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1960 in Somalia.

text:
# 1960 in Somalia

The following lists events that happened during **1960 in Somalia**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### June

### July

* July 1 - Italian Somaliland gained its independence from Italy, five days after British Somaliland, and merged into the Somali Republic. Aden Abdullah Othman, leader of the Italian Somaliland legislature, was elected president, and Abdirashid Ali Shermake became prime minister.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Allainville, Eure-et-Loir

abstract: Allainville is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

text:
# Allainville, Eure-et-Loir

**Allainville** (French pronunciation: \[alɛ̃vil\]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 42 |  |
| 1975 | 35 | −2.57% |
| 1982 | 82 | +12.93% |
| 1990 | 124 | +5.31% |
| 1999 | 120 | −0.36% |
| 2007 | 154 | +3.17% |
| 2012 | 140 | −1.89% |
| 2017 | 136 | −0.58% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Allainville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Allainville | |
| Location of Allainville | |
| AllainvilleAllainville | |
| Coordinates: 48°43′25″N 1°18′06″E / 48.7236°N 1.3017°E / 48.7236; 1.3017 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Dreux |
| Canton | Dreux-1 |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Dreux |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Alain Caperan |
| Area**1** | 5.28 km2 (2.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 144 |
| Density | 27/km2 (71/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 28003 /28500 |
| Elevation | 118–147 m (387–482 ft)
(avg. 136 m or 446 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Dynamic Duo (South Korean duo)

abstract: Dynamic Duo is a South Korean hip hop duo that consists of rappers Choiza and Gaeko. They rose to fame with their 2004 debut album, Taxi Driver, which became the best-selling Korean hip hop album ever. They are signed to Amoeba Culture, a hip hop record label that they founded in 2006.

text:
# Dynamic Duo (South Korean duo)

**Dynamic Duo** (Korean: 다이나믹듀오; RR: *Dainamikdyuo*; often stylized as **Dynamicduo**) is a South Korean hip hop duo that consists of rappers Choiza and Gaeko. They rose to fame with their 2004 debut album, *Taxi Driver*, which became the best-selling Korean hip hop album ever. They are signed to Amoeba Culture, a hip hop record label that they founded in 2006.

## History

Choiza and Gaeko were friends since childhood and debuted in 1999 with the hip hop trio CB Mass. The group released three albums before breaking up in 2003 after it was discovered that CB Mass' third member was stealing money from the trio group.

Dynamic Duo debuted the following year with the album, *Taxi Driver*. It became the best-selling hip hop album in South Korea, with sales of 50,000 copies in the first month after its release. Their second album, 2005's *Double Dynamite,* won Best Hip Hop Album at the 2006 Korean Music Awards.

After establishing hip hop record label Amoeba Culture in 2006, Dynamic Duo released their third album, *Enlightened*, in 2007. That year, they also won Best Music Video at the Mnet Asian Music Awards for their song, "Attendance Check." They released two more albums, 2008's *Last Days* and 2009's *Band of Dynamic Brothers*, before both Choiza and Gaeko began their mandatory military service on October 12, 2009. Before being dispatched, both received basic military training at the same camp in Uijeongbu in Gyeonggi Province.

Choiza and Gaeko have also individually produced and recorded their own singles through the 'NOWorkend' project- a series of singles that has come out of their label Amoeba Culture representing songs from the label's artists that shows a completely different side of themselves to their fans.

In 2013, their 7th full-length album titled "Lucky Numbers" was scheduled for release in July. The album featured artists such as Hyolyn of Sistar, Primary, Zion.T, and Supreme Team.

Their 8th album, "Grand Carnival" was released in November 2015.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | KOR
MIAK
 | KOR
Circle
 | |
| *Taxi Driver* | * Released: May 17, 2004 * Label: Gap Entertainment * Formats: CD, cassette | 7 |  |  |
| *Double Dynamite* | * Released: October 26, 2005 * Label: Gap Entertainment * Formats: CD, cassette  Track listing 1. "Intro" 2. "Go Back" (featuring Choi Jung-in) 3. "Stop" 4. "Retire" (featuring Massive tone, DJ Friz) 5. "What's Going On" 6. "Let's Go" (featuring Sixpoint) 7. "It's Alright" (featuring Brown Eyed Soul, Gary, Jeon Je-deok) 8. "Funk the World" (featuring Lee Juck, Microdot) 9. "F\*** You" (featuring Tiger JK, Juvie Train) 10. "Skit" 11. "서커스" (featuring Dok2, Ro Hong-chul) 12. "Love Is" (featuring Yoon Mi-rae, Kwon Ki-bum) 13. "I Know" (featuring Paloalto) 14. "그림자" 15. "Bad News Is Coming" (featuring BMK) 16. "덩덕쿵 – Remix" (featuring P-Type, The Quiett) 17. "Sad Cafe" (Fractal Robotic Duo Remix) |  |  |  |
| *Enlightened* |  | 2 |  |  |
| *Last Days* | * Released: August 21, 2008 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, cassette  Track listing 1. "Intro 'Last Dayz'" 2. "Gilmak" 3. "Solo" (featuring Alex) 4. "Mother's Soulfood" (featuring Ra.D) 5. "Trust Me" (featuring Supreme Team) 6. "On the Beach" (featuring Park Jin-young) 7. "Make Up Sex" 8. "Want You Back" (featuring 0CD) 9. "Good Love" (featuring Kim Bum-soo) 10. "Don't Say Goodbye" (featuring ) 11. "Give Me the Light" 12. "Lemmings" 13. "Father" (featuring Ra.D) 14. "Breath" (featuring Sean2slow) | 5 |  |  |
| *Band of Dynamic Brothers* | * Released: October 7, 2009 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, digital download  Track listing 1. "Dynamic Sinsa Rangers" 2. "Get Money" (featuring Kang San-eh) 3. "One More Drink" (featuring 0CD) 4. "Keep the Change" (featuring Gary, Bumkey) 5. "Guilty" 6. "Be My Brownie" (featuring Bumkey) 7. "Biggestmagicalvision" 8. "FIreworks" 9. "Sauna" (featuring E-Sens) 10. "Moonstruck" (featuring Simon Dominic) 11. "The Toong Bros" (featuring Topbob) 12. "Ugly" 13. "Apoptosis" 14. "Spring Time" (featuring Kim C) |  | 46 |  |
| *Dynamic Duo 6th Digilog 1/2* | | * Released: November 25, 2011 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, digital download  Track listing 1. "Digilog Intro" 2. "Forever Young" (featuring Beenzino) 3. "Girl" 4. "In the Line of Fire" (featuring Mad Soul Child) 5. "Lost One" 6. "Sleep Disorder" 7. "Friday Night" 8. "Precious Love" (featuring Jinbo) 9. "Great Expectation" | 6 |  |
| *Dynamic Duo 6th Digilog 2/2* | | * Released: January 4, 2012 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, digital download  Track listing 1. "Go Hard!!" 2. "Check This Out!!!" (featuring Yankie, Yabul) 3. "Without You" 4. "Innocent Prisoner" 5. "Misunderstood" (featuring Simon Dominic, Hangzoo) 6. "Namsan Woman" (featuring UV) 7. "Be..." 8. "Art of Love" 9. "Outro" 10. "Art of Love – Primary Remix" | 1 |  |
| *Lucky Numbers* | | * Released: July 1, 2013 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, digital download  Track listing 1. "Return of the Kings" 2. "Three Dopeboyz" (featuring Zion.T) 3. "Skit #1" 4. "Life Is Good" (featuring Crush, DJ Friz) 5. "Baaam" (featuring Muzie) 6. "Airplane Mode" (featuring Winterplay, Simo) 7. "Lee Dae Ho" (featuring Supreme Team, DJ Friz) 8. "Shoot – Goal In" 9. "Hot Wings" (featuring Hyolyn) 10. "Good Morning Love" 11. "Tragedy Part 2" 12. "Crime Scene" (featuring Jung Jae-il) 13. "Shin Dong Yeop" | 2 |  |
| *Grand Carnival* | | * Released: November 17, 2015 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, digital download  Track listing 1. "Oksang" 2. "How You Doin'?" (featuring Dean) 3. "J.O.T.S" (featuring Nafla) 4. "Title Song" (featuring Verbal Jint) 5. "Jam" 6. "Yayouhwe!" (featuring Zico) 7. "Baby Don't Go" (featuring Lydia Park) 8. "Dodoripyo" 9. "Juminsingo" (featuring Sway D) 10. "Eat Pray Love" 11. "Waiting for Exhale" | 12 |  |
| *Off Duty* | | * Released: November 26, 2019 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, digital download  Track listing 1. "2040" (featuring myunDo) 2. "Desperado" 3. "Career High" (featuring Paloalto, Nafla, Chancellor) 4. "Blue" (featuring Crush, Sole) 5. "Return" (featuring Thama) 6. "Massacre" (featuring Beelzebub the Killer) 7. "Livin' the Life" (featuring Verbal Jint) 8. "Please Baby Don't" 9. "MSG" (featuring Penomeco) 10. "GoodFellas" (featuring Swings) 11. "Hemi's Room" (featuring Oh Hyuk) 12. "Flash" | 33 |  |
| *2 Kids on the Block* | | *2 Kids on the Block – Part.1*
* Released: June 23, 2023 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, streaming, digital download  Track listing 1. "Intro" (narrated by Lee Byung-hun) 2. "19" 3. "All Day" 4. "Pied Pipers" (featuring DJ Friz) | 98 |  |
| | | | *2 Kids on the Block – Part.2*
* Released: August 28, 2023 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, streaming, digital download  Track listing 1. "Hunt" (featuring Psick University) 2. "Tear Drops" |
| | | | *2 Kids on the Block – Part.3*
* Released: March 28, 2024 * Label: Amoeba Culture * Formats: CD, streaming, digital download  Track listing 1. "911" (featuring Tabber) 2. "Dramatic" (featuring Huh) 3. "Fly or Die" (featuring Crush) 4. "Love Myself" (featuring Bewhy) 5. "Pitapa" (featuring pH-1, Junny) |
| "—" denotes album did not chart. | | | | |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | Sales (DL) | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | KOR
 | WW
 | | |
| "Resume" (이력서)
feat. Lisa | 2004 |  |  |  | *Taxi Driver* |
| | "Thinner" (신나? (우리가 누구?) |  | | |  |
| | "Insomnia" (불면증)
feat. Bobby Kim |  | | |  |
| | "Ring My Bell"
feat. Naul |  | | |  |
| "Go Back" (고백)
feat. Jungin | 2005 |  | |  | *Double Dynamite* |
| "Fugitive" (도망자) | 2006 |  | |  | Non-album single |
| "Attendance Check" (출첵)
feat. Naul | 2007 |  | |  | *Enlightened* |
| | "Heartbreaker"
feat. Kim Jong-wan |  | |  | Non-album single |
| "Solo"
feat. Alex Chu | 2008 |  | |  | *Last Days* |
| | "Gone"
feat. Joohee |  | |  | Non-album singles |
| "Beyond the Wall"
feat. Supreme Team | 2009 | | |  |  |
| | "Sorry" (미안해) | | |  |  |
| | "Guilty" (죽일 놈) | 63 | |  | *Band of Dynamic Brothers* |
| "Girl" (해뜰때까지만) | 2011 | 4 |  |  | *Dynamic Duo 6th Digilog 1/2* |
| | "Friday Night" (불타는 금요일) | 15 |  | |  |
| "Without You" (거기서거기) | 2012 | 2 |  |  | *Dynamic Duo 6th Digilog 2/2* |
| "Baaam"
feat. Muzie | 2013 | 1 |  |  | *Lucky Numbers* |
| "Summer Time" (자리비움) | 2014 | 6 |  |  | Non-album singles |
| | "AEAO"
with DJ Premier | 11 |  | |  |
| | "SsSs" (싱숭생숭)
feat. Lena Park | 6 |  | |  |
| "Only for You" (너 하나만을 위해) | 2015 | 87 |  |  | *Two Yoo Project Sugar Man* OST |
| | "Jam" (꿀잼) | 3 |  |  | *Grand Carnival* |
| "Highfive"
with Primary | 2016 | 23 |  |  | Non-album single |
| | "Lucky" (좋겠다) | 90 |  |  | *The Sound of Your Heart OST* |
| "Nosedive" (기다렸다 가)
feat. Chen | 2017 | 2 |  |  | Non-album singles |
| "Bongjeseon" (봉제선)
feat. Suran | 2018 | 38 |  | |  |
| | "Hemi's Room" (북향)
feat. Oh Hyuk | 18 | |  | *Off Duty* |
| "MSG" (맵고짜고단거)
feat. Penomeco | 2019 | | | 80 |  |
| | "Flash" (그걸로 됐어) | | | 140 |  |
| "You" (혼자)
with Chen | 2020 | 105 | |  | Non-album singles |
| "She Gonna Stop" (시간아 멈춰)
featuring Leellamarz | 2022 | 180 | |  |
| "AEAO"
with DJ Premier | 2023 | 96 | |  |
| | "Smoke"
with Lee Young-ji | 2 | | 198 | *Street Woman Fighter2 (SWF2) Class Mission* |
| "Pitapa" (피타파)
featuring pH-1 and Junny | 2024 |  | |  | *2 Kids on the Block* |
|

### Other charted songs

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Sales (DL) | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | KOR
 | | |
| "Lost One" (막잔하고 나갈게) | 2011 | 34 |  | *Dynamic Duo 6th Digilog 1/2* |
| | "In the Line of Fire" (사선에서)
feat. Mad Soul Child | 45 | |  |
| | "Forever Young" (살발해)
feat. Beenzino | 52 | |  |
| | "Sleep Disorder" (수면장애) | 54 | |  |
| | "Precious Love"
feat. Jinbo | 58 | |  |
| | "Great Expectation" (남자로서) | 68 | |  |
| | "Digilog Intro" |  | |  |
| "Be..." (참고 살아) | 2012 | 20 |  | *Dynamic Duo 6th Digilog 2/2* |
| | "Misunderstood" (오해)
feat. Simon Dominic, Hangzoo | 36 | |  |
| | "Namsan Woman" (남산워먼)
feat. UV | 39 | |  |
| | "Art of Love" (사랑의 미학) | 46 | |  |
| | "Check This Out!!!" (제끼자)
feat. Yankie, Yabul | 51 | |  |
| | "Innocent Prisoner" (혹으로 알아) | 53 | |  |
| | "Go Hard!!" (확가게) | 56 | |  |
| | "Art of Love" (사랑의 미학)
Primary remix | 89 | |  |
| | "Outro" |  | |  |
| "Three Dopeboyz" (쌔끈해)
feat. Zion.T | 2013 | 5 |  | *Lucky Numbers* |
| | "Hot Wings" (날개뼈)
feat. Hyolyn | 11 | |  |
| | "Life Is Good" (거품 안 넘치게 따라줘)
feat. Crush, DJ Friz | 12 | |  |
| | "Return of the Kings" (진격의 거인 둘) | 13 | |  |
| | "Lee Dae-ho" (만루홈런)
feat. Supreme Team, DJ Friz | 18 | |  |
| | "Airplane Mode"
feat. Lee Joo-han, Hyewon, Simo | 27 | |  |
| | "Shoot - Goal In" (슛 골인) | 30 | |  |
| | "Shin Dong-yeop" (가끔씩 오래 보자) | 32 | |  |
| | "Good Morning Love" (아침사랑) | 33 | |  |
| | "Tragedy Part 2" (비극 Part 2) | 39 | |  |
| | "Crime Scene" (범죄야 범죄)
feat. Jung Jae-il | 40 | |  |
| | "Skit #1" | 50 | |  |
| "Animal"
with DJ Premier | 2014 | 84 |  | Non-album single |
| "Picnic" (야유회)
feat. Zico | 2015 | 23 |  | *Grand Carnival* |
| | "Give It" (있어줘)
feat. Lydia Park | 30 | |  |
| | "Eat and Sleep" (먹고하고자고) | 33 | |  |
| | "If Winter Comes" (겨울이오면) | 36 | |  |
| | "How You Doing?" (요즘어때?)
feat. Dean | 38 | |  |
| | "Title Track" (타이틀곡)
feat. Verbal Jint | 41 | |  |
| | "On The Roof" (옥상에서) | 55 | |  |
| | "J.O.T.S."
feat. Nafla | 63 | |  |
| | "Dodolipyo" (도돌이표) | 80 | |  |
| | "Residents Reported" (주민신고)
feat. Sway D |  | |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | | |

## Awards and nominations

Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee(s) of the award, and the result of the nomination
| Award ceremony | Year | Category | Nominee / work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Asia Artist Awards | 2016 | Best Choice Award | Dynamic Duo | Won |  |
| KBS Entertainment Awards | 2022 | Rookie Award in Show and Variety Category | *Listen-Up* | Nominated |  |
| Gaon Chart Music Awards | 2018 | Song of the Year – January | "Nosedive" (with Chen) | Nominated |  |
| Golden Disk Awards | 2007 | Hip Hop Award | "Attendance Check" (출첵) | Won |  |
| Melon Music Awards | 2012 | Top Ten Artists | Dynamic Duo | Nominated |  |
| | Best Rap/Hip Hop | "Without You" | Won | |
| | 2013 | Artist of the Year | Dynamic Duo | Nominated |  |
| | Top Ten Artists | Dynamic Duo | Won | |
| | Album of the Year | *Lucky Numbers* | Nominated | |
| | 2017 | Best Rap/Hip Hop | "Nosedive" (with Chen) | Won |  |
| Mnet Asian Music Awards | 2004 | Best Hip Hop Video | "Ring My Bell" | Nominated |  |
| | | 2006 | "Go Back" | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Music Video | | Nominated |
| | 2007 | Best Music Video | "Attendance Check" (출첵) | Won |  |
| | | "Complex" | Nominated |  |
| | Best Hip Hop Performance | | "Attendance Check" (출첵) | Nominated |
| | 2008 | Best Music Video | "Solo" | Nominated |  |
| | Best Hip Hop Performance | | Nominated | |
| | 2009 | "Guilty" | Nominated |  |
| | 2013 | Best Rap Performance | "BAAAM" | Won |  |
| | 2017 | Best Collaboration | "Nosedive"(with Chen) | Won |  |

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## InfoBox

| Dynamic Duo | |
| --- | --- |
| Dynamic Duo in 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Seoul, South Korea |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Labels | Amoeba Culture |
|  | |
| Members | Choiza
Gaeko |
|  | |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Dyshypostena tarsalis

abstract: Dyshypostena tarsalis is a species of tachinid flies in the genus Dyshypostena of the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Dyshypostena tarsalis

***Dyshypostena tarsalis*** is a species of tachinid flies in the genus *Dyshypostena* of the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Congo, Ghana, Tanzania, Zimbabwe

## InfoBox

| *Dyshypostena tarsalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Tachininae |
| Tribe: | Minthoini |
| Genus: | *Dyshypostena* |
| Species: | ***D. tarsalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dyshypostena tarsalis***<br>Villeneuve, 1939 | |
|