title: Emperor Go-Momozono

abstract: Hidehito, posthumously honored as Emperor Go-Momozono, was the 118th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He was named after his father Emperor Momozono. The wording of go- (後) in the name translates as "later", so he has also been referred to as "Later Emperor Momozono", "Momozono, the second", or "Momozono II". Go-Momozono became Emperor in 1771, during the Edo period, and died eight years into his reign in 1779. Events during his reign were confined to a series of natural calamities that occurred in 1772, aside from that the political situation with the Shōgun was quiet. Things came to a head towards the end of Go-Momozono's life in the form of a succession issue as the Emperor had no eligible successor. As a result, he hastily adopted a son on his deathbed who later became the next Emperor.

text:
# Emperor Go-Momozono

**Hidehito** (Japanese: 英仁, 5 August 1758  16 December 1779), posthumously honored as **Emperor Go-Momozono** (後桃園天皇, *Go-Momozono-tennō*), was the 118th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He was named after his father Emperor Momozono. The wording of *go-* () in the name translates as "later", so he has also been referred to as "Later Emperor Momozono", "Momozono, the second", or "Momozono II".

Go-Momozono became Emperor in 1771, during the Edo period, and died eight years into his reign in 1779. Events during his reign were confined to a series of natural calamities that occurred in 1772, aside from that the political situation with the Shōgun was quiet. Things came to a head towards the end of Go-Momozono's life in the form of a succession issue as the Emperor had no eligible successor. As a result, he hastily adopted a son on his deathbed who later became the next Emperor.

## Genealogy

He was the son of Emperor Momozono with a lady-in-waiting. Before becoming emperor, he was known as Imperial Prince Hidehito (英仁親王).

Consort and issue(s):

* Empress (*Nyogo*): Konoe Koreko (近衛 維子, 26 January 1760 – 6 November 1783), later Seikamō-in (盛化門院), daughter of Konoe Uchisaki (近衛内前)
* Adopted children:
    + Adopted Son: Imperial Prince Kanehito(兼仁親王, 23 September 1771 – 11 December 1840), later Emperor Kōkaku

## Events of Go-Momozono's life

### Early life

Before Go-Momozono's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (*imina*) was Hidehito (英仁) or Hanahito. Prince Hidehito was born on August 5, 1758, and was the firstborn son of Emperor Momozono. After his father died in 1762, the title of Emperor went to his aunt who became known as Empress Go-Sakuramachi. Hidehito was deemed too young to become Emperor at the time but was named Crown Prince and heir 5 years later. Empress Go-Sakuramachi abdicated in favor of her nephew on January 9, 1771, and Prince Hidehito became Emperor immediately.

### As Emperor

Little more than a year had passed into Go-Momozono's reign before Japan was hit with "The Great *Meiwa* Fire". On February 29, 1772, unofficial reports described a swath of ashes and cinders nearly five miles wide and 15 miles (24 km) long—destroying 178 temples and shrines, 127 daimyō residences, 878 non-official residences, 8705 houses of hatamoto, and 628 blocks of merchant dwellings, with estimates of over 6,000 casualties. All this devastation subsequently engendered the costs of reconstruction. The year 1772 as a whole was later called "year of trouble" because it was marked by an extraordinary succession of natural calamities. A contemporary pun was made linking the words *"Meiwa"* \+ *"ku"* (meaning "*Meiwa* 9", that is, the year 1772 according to the era calendar) and the sound-alike word *"meiwaku"* (meaning "misfortune" or "annoyance"). In addition to the fire, a tempest struck the Kantō region, causing floods and ruining crops. Another storm brought flooding and high winds to the Kantō region, destroying an estimated 4000 houses in Edo alone. The era name (*nengō*) was changed at the end of the year to *Anei* (meaning "eternal tranquillity"); but this symbolic act proved to be futile. Epidemic diseases spread across the country in 1775 which resulted in 190,000 estimated deaths in Edo.

### Succession issue and death

Go-Momozono's Imperial Family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace, he never officially married and only had children with a court lady named Konoe Koreko (近衛維子). This family included at least 2 sons who died in infancy, and one 10-month-old daughter at the time of the Emperor's early death. Emperor Go-Momozono became ill in 1779, but his daughter was not eligible to become empress due to her age. When it became clear that the Emperor would not survive, his aunt former Empress Go-Sakuramachi had him adopt a son on his deathbed. The adopted son was from the Kan'in branch of the Imperial family, and would become the next Emperor. Go-Momozono died on December 16, 1779, at the age of 21 and his adopted son *Prince Morohito* became Emperor Kōkaku in the following year. Go-Momozono's only daughter Princess Yoshiko would later become Kōkaku's chief wife (*chūgū*).

Go-Momozono's *kami* is enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, *Tsuki no wa no misasagi,* at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-MizunooMeishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono and Go-Sakuramachi. The shrine complex also encompasses the misasagi of three of Go-Momozono's immediate successors – Kōkaku, Ninkō, and Kōmei.

## Eras and Kugyō

The years of Go-Momozono's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or *nengō*: While *Kugyō* (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Momozono's reign, this apex of the *Daijō-kan* included: *Sadaijin*, *Udaijin*, *Naidaijin*, and *Dainagon*.

The following eras occurred during Go-Momozono's reign:

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Emperor Go-Momozono
後桃園天皇 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | 9 January 1771 – 16 December 1779 |
| Predecessor | Go-Sakuramachi |
| Successor | Kōkaku |
| *Shōgun* | Tokugawa Ieharu
(1771-1779) |
|  | |
| Born | Hidehito (英仁)
(1758-08-05)5 August 1758
Heian-Kyo, Kyoto, Tokugawa shogunate |
| Died | 16 December 1779(1779-12-16) (aged 21)
Kyoto, Tokugawa shogunate |
| Burial | *Tsuki no wa no misasagi*, Kyoto |
| Spouse | Konoe Koreko |
| Issue | Princess Yoshiko |
| Posthumous name  *Tsuigō*:
Emperor Go-Momozono (後桃園院 or 後桃園天皇) | |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Momozono |
| Mother | Ichijō Tomiko |
| Signature |  |


abstract: The Men's 10,000 metres event featured at the 2001 World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. There were a total number of 36 participating athletes, with the final being held on 8 August 2001.

text:
# 2001 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres

The **Men's 10,000 metres** event featured at the **2001 World Championships** in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. There were a total number of 36 participating athletes, with the final being held on 8 August 2001.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Charles Kamathi
*Kenya (KEN)* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Assefa Mezgebu
*Ethiopia (ETH)* |
| **Bronze** | Haile Gebrselassie
*Ethiopia (ETH)* |

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 2001 World Athletics Championships | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| World Record | Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) | **26:22.75** | June 1, 1998 | Hengelo, Netherlands |
| Event Record | Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) | **27:12.95** | August 8, 1995 | Gothenburg, Sweden |
| Season Best | Abraham Chebii (KEN) | **27:04.20** | May 4, 2001 | Palo Alto, United States |

## Final

| Rank | Name | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Charles Kamathi (KEN) | **27:53.25** |
|  | Assefa Mezgebu (ETH) | **27:53.97** |
|  | Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) | **27:54.41** |
| 4. | Yibeltal Admassu (ETH) | **27:55.24** |
| 5. | Fabián Roncero (ESP) | **27:56.07** |
| 6. | José Rios (ESP) | **27:56.58** |
| 7. | Paul Malakwen Kosgei (KEN) | **27:57.56** |
| 8. | John Cheruiyot Korir (KEN) | **27:58.06** |
| 9. | Habte Jifar (ETH) | **28:02.71** |
| 10. | Kamiel Maase (NED) | **28:05.41** |
| 11. | Jaouad Gharib (MAR) | **28:05.45** |
| 12. | José Manuel Martínez (ESP) | **28:06.33** |
| 13. | Jeff Schiebler (CAN) | **28:07.06** |
| 14. | Marco Mazza (ITA) | **28:08.00** |
| 15. | Toshinari Takaoka (JPN) | **28:13.99** |
| 16. | Abderrahim Goumri (MAR) | **28:14.06** |
| 17. | Teodoro Vega (MEX) | **28:14.77** |
| 18. | Alan Culpepper (USA) | **28:18.44** |
| 19. | Abdihakem Abdirahman (USA) | **28:34.38** |
| 20. | João N'Tyamba (ANG) | **28:38.31** |
| 21. | Said Berioui (MAR) | **28:38.80** |
| 22. | Naoki Mishiro (JPN) | **28:42.68** |
| 23. | Mebrahtom Keflezighi (USA) | **28:44.48** |
| 24. | Kamal Kohil (ALG) | **28:52.47** |
| 25. | John Henwood (NZL) | **29:01.62** |
|  | Mohammed Mourhit (BEL) | **DNF** |
|  | Aloys Nizigama (BDI) | **DNF** |
|  | José Ramos (POR) | **DNF** |


title: Eucithara abbreviata

abstract: Eucithara abbreviata is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

text:
# Eucithara abbreviata

***Eucithara abbreviata*** is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm.

(Original description) The shell of this very rare species is small, abbreviate, sub-rhomboidal, solid and, white. The spire is short, pyramidal, the outline flattened, the apex subacute. It contains 7 flat whorls, the body whorl very large, ventricose, depressed beneath the suture, subangulated on the shoulder and rapidly tapering to the base. The surface is cancellated by small close longitudinal ribs and five transverse raised lines. The aperture is narrow and sub-elliptical, a little more than half the length of the shell. The sinus is semicircular. The peristome is trenchant, stoutly ribbed externally, and the inner margin callous. The columella is slightly concave, smooth, thinly callous.

Its most obvious character is its short subrhomboid contour, short body, and its cancellated surface.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Paumotus, Polynesia, and off the Philippines

* Tucker, J.K. 2004 *Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)*. Zootaxa 682:1-1295.
* "*Eucithara abbreviata*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Eucithara abbreviata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Eucithara abbreviata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Eucithara* |
| Species: | ***E. abbreviata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucithara abbreviata***<br>(Garrett, 1873) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cithara abbreviata* Garrett, 1873 (original combination) | |


title: Epigomphus corniculatus

abstract: Epigomphus corniculatus is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Epigomphus corniculatus

***Epigomphus corniculatus*** is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Epigomphus corniculatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Gomphidae |
| Genus: | *Epigomphus* |
| Species: | ***E. corniculatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epigomphus corniculatus***
Belle, 1989 | |
|


title: Essakane

abstract: Essakane is a rural commune and village of the Cercle of Goundam in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The commune includes around 16 small settlements. The small village of Essakane is around 70 kilometers west of the town of Timbuktu. The commune includes Lake Faguibine and two depressions, Lake Kamango and Lake Gouber, which fill with water in years when the annual flood of the Niger River is particularly extensive. Between 2001 and 2009 Essakane was the site of an annual music festival held in January called the Festival au Désert. Because of the difficulty of guaranteeing the security of foreign tourists, in 2010 and 2011 the Malian Government moved the festival to the outskirts of Timbuktu. The festival showcases the music of the local Tuareg people, as well as musicians from other nearby nations such as Mauritania and Niger.

text:
# Essakane

**Essakane** is a rural commune and village of the Cercle of Goundam in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The commune includes around 16 small settlements. The small village of Essakane is around 70 kilometers west of the town of Timbuktu. The commune includes Lake Faguibine and two depressions, Lake Kamango and Lake Gouber, which fill with water in years when the annual flood of the Niger River is particularly extensive.

Between 2001 and 2009 Essakane was the site of an annual music festival held in January called the Festival au Désert (Festival in the Desert). Because of the difficulty of guaranteeing the security of foreign tourists, in 2010 and 2011 the Malian Government moved the festival to the outskirts of Timbuktu. The festival showcases the music of the local Tuareg people, as well as musicians from other nearby nations such as Mauritania and Niger.

## InfoBox

| Essakane | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| Essakane | |
| Coordinates: 16°46′57″N 3°37′58″W / 16.78250°N 3.63278°W / 16.78250; -3.63278 | |
| Country | Mali |
| Region | Tombouctou Region |
| Cercle | Goundam Cercle |
| Commune | Essakane |
| Area | |
| Total | 7,927 km2 (3,061 sq mi) |
| Population (2009 Census) | |
| Total | 11,238 |
| Density | 1.4/km2 (3.7/sq mi) |


title: Erik van den Doel

abstract: Erik van den Doel, is a Dutch chess Grandmaster (GM) (1998), two-times European Team Chess Championship winner.

text:
# Erik van den Doel

**Erik van den Doel** (born 15 May 1979), is a Dutch chess Grandmaster (GM) (1998), two-times European Team Chess Championship winner (2001, 2005).

## Biography

In the 1990s and 2000s Erik van den Doel was one of the leading Dutch chess players. In 2001, in Leeuwarden he shared first place with Loek van Wely in Dutch Chess Championship but lost additional match for the title of national champion. Erik van den Doel is winner of many international chess tournaments, including Alphen aan den Rijn (1995), London (1998), Haarlem (1998), Dieren (1998, 2007), *Neckar Open* in Deizisau (1999), Lisbon (2000), Bussum (2005), Bad Zwesten (2006), Leiden (2007, 2008).

Erik van den Doel played for Netherlands in the Chess Olympiads:

Erik van den Doel played for Netherlands in the European Team Chess Championships:

* In 2001, at fourth board in the 13th European Team Chess Championship in León (+3, =1, -1) and won team gold and individual bronze medal,
* In 2003, at third board in the 14th European Team Chess Championship in Plovdiv (+1, =3, -2),
* In 2005, at reserve board in the 15th European Team Chess Championship in Gothenburg (+1, =4, -0) and won team gold medal,
* In 2007, at fourth board in the 16th European Team Chess Championship in Heraklion (+1, =4, -1).

In 1998, he was awarded the FIDE Grandmaster (GM) title.

## InfoBox

| Erik van den Doel | |
| --- | --- |
| Erik van den Doel in 2007 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Born | (1979-05-15) 15 May 1979<br>Leiden, Netherlands |
| Title | Grandmaster (1998) |
| FIDE rating | 2557 (October 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2616 (December 2018) |
| Peak ranking | No. 81 (July 2001) |


title: 2012 California Proposition 29

abstract: Proposition 29, the California Cancer Research Act, is a California ballot measure that was defeated by California voters at the statewide election on June 5, 2012. The measure would have placed a $1 excise on tobacco products into a protected fund to finance medical research on smoking-related illnesses, strengthen California’s smoking prevention and cessation programs, and enforce the state’s existing tobacco laws. The independent California Legislative Analyst's Office projected that the measure would have generated approximately $855 million in first year, declining slightly but predictably every year thereafter. The measure would have created a nine-member committee charged with administering direct revenues. This oversight committee was to be composed of cancer-research medical professionals, University of California Chancellors, and representatives of national disease advocacy groups. The measure restricted administration costs to no more than 2% of its direct tax revenues. The California Cancer Research Act was widely supported by cancer advocates, including cancer survivor Lance Armstrong and the American Cancer Society. The measure failed by a small margin of.4 percentage points. Later, in 2016, the cigarette tax was increased by the successful passage of California Proposition 56.

text:
# 2012 California Proposition 29

**Proposition 29**, the California Cancer Research Act, is a California ballot measure that was defeated by California voters at the statewide election on June 5, 2012.

The measure would have placed a $1 excise on tobacco products into a protected fund to finance medical research on smoking-related illnesses, strengthen California’s smoking prevention and cessation programs, and enforce the state’s existing tobacco laws.

The independent California Legislative Analyst's Office projected that the measure would have generated approximately $855 million in first year, declining slightly but predictably (about 3% annually due to decrease in the number of smokers) every year thereafter.

The measure would have created a nine-member committee charged with administering direct revenues. This oversight committee was to be composed of cancer-research medical professionals, University of California Chancellors, and representatives of national disease advocacy groups. The measure restricted administration costs to no more than 2% of its direct tax revenues.

The California Cancer Research Act was widely supported by cancer advocates, including cancer survivor Lance Armstrong and the American Cancer Society.

The measure failed by a small margin of .4 percentage points. Later, in 2016, the cigarette tax was increased by the successful passage of California Proposition 56.

## Detail

### How CCRA revenue would have been spent

According to the independent California Legislative Analyst's Office, revenue raised by the measure would have been spent as follows:

* Approximately $75 million annually: Maintaining existing tobacco tax revenue streams to ensure that the California Proposition 99 (1988), California Proposition 10 (1998), General Fund and Breast Cancer programs funded by existing tobacco taxes are not negatively impacted by the excise tax increase;
* 60% (approximately $468 million annually): Research of cancer and tobacco-related disease "for the purpose of grants and loans to support research into the prevention, early detection, treatments, complementary treatments and potential cures of lung cancer and other types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, emphysema and other tobacco related diseases, including but not limited to coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive lung disease";
* 15% (approximately $117 million annually): Facilities and capital equipment for research "for the purposes of grants and loans to provide facilities, including but not limited to those building, building leases and capital equipment as may be found necessary and appropriate by the Committee, to further biomedical, epidemiological, behavioral, health services, and other research whose primary focus is to identify and refine promising prevention, early detection, treatments, complementary treatments, rehabilitation and potential cures of lung cancer and other types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, emphysema and other tobacco related diseases";
* 20% (approximately $156 million annually): Tobacco prevention and cessation to the state’s existing tobacco control program. These funds would be divided between the California Department of Public Health (80%) and the California Department of Education (20%) for their existing programs to prevent and reduce the use of tobacco.
* 3% (approximately $23 million annually): Tobacco law enforcement "to support law enforcement efforts to reduce cigarette smuggling, tobacco tax evasion, and counterfeit tobacco products, to reduce illegal sales of tobacco products to minors, and to enforce legal settlement provisions and conduct law enforcement training and technical assistance activities for tobacco related statues".
* No more than 2% (approximately $16 million annually): Administration.

### Oversight

The measure would have created a 9-member governing committee charged with administering the fund. The California Cancer Research Act Oversight Committee was to be composed of:

## Ballot qualification

The California Secretary of State confirmed that The California Cancer Research Act had qualified for California’s next statewide ballot on August 24, 2010, after its supporting coalition submitted 633,453 voter signatures for verification in June 2010. To qualify, the measure required 433,971 signatures, or more.

## Election results

Tax on Cigarettes for Cancer Research
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **No** | **2,592,791** | **50.23** |
| Yes | 2,568,715 | 49.77 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **5,161,506** | **100.00** |
|
| Registered voters/turnout | 23,713,027 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| U.S. President | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Anything But You

abstract: "Anything But You" is a song written by Aleena Gibson and Stefan Andersson, and performed by Aleena Gibson and Stefan Andersson at Melodifestivalen 2007. Participating in the semifinal in Jönköping on 3 February 2007, it ended up 5th, which meant the song was knocked out of contest. Released as a single on 7 February 2007, it peaked at 40th position at the Swedish singles chart. The song was also tested at Svensktoppen, entering the chart on 4 March 2007 placing on 10th position. The upcoming week, the song had been knocked out of chart.

text:
# Anything But You

"**Anything But You**" is a song written by Aleena Gibson and Stefan Andersson, and performed by Aleena Gibson and Stefan Andersson at Melodifestivalen 2007. Participating in the semifinal in Jönköping on 3 February 2007, it ended up 5th, which meant the song was knocked out of contest.

Released as a single on 7 February 2007, it peaked at 40th position at the Swedish singles chart. The song was also tested at Svensktoppen, entering the chart on 4 March 2007 placing on 10th position. The upcoming week, the song had been knocked out of chart.

## Single track listing

1. Anything But You
2. Sailorman

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 40 |

## InfoBox

| "Anything But You" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Stefan Andersson & Aleena Gibson | |
| A-side | "Anything But You" |
| B-side | "Sailorman" |
| Released | 7 February 2007 |
| Genre | folk |
| Label | EMI Music Sweden |
| Songwriter(s) | Stefan Andersson, Aleena Gibson |


title: Fleming Williams

abstract: Fleming Williams was an American singer known as a member of the group The Hues Corporation and as the lead singer on their hit "Rock the Boat".

text:
# Fleming Williams

**Fleming Williams** (December 26, 1943 – 1992 or February 15, 1998) was an American singer known as a member of the group The Hues Corporation and as the lead singer on their hit "Rock the Boat".

## Background

Williams was a tenor from Flint, Michigan. An early group he was a member of was called the 21st Generation, a group that also featured James Cobbin and Ron Murray. The group recorded a single, "I Need Love" / "Hey James" that was released in 1970 on the Tri-City label. It was arranged by alto saxophonist and arranger Willie "Face" Smith and produced by Choker Smith. In the same year, he had his own composition "Poverty Child" released as the A side of a single released on the Better World record label. It was also arranged by Smith and produced by Campbell.

Williams wasn't the original lead singer of the Hues Corporation. For the first years of existence the group had Karl Russell but after their participation in the *Blacula*-film project he was replaced by Williams. Williams was actually discovered by Hues Corp member H. Ann Kelley. The group had a no 1 hit with "Rock The Boat" which was the first disco hit to have that distinction.

According to fellow Hues Corp bandmate St. Clair Lee, Williams initially left the group after they recorded the first album, *Freedom for the Stallion*, which featured "Rock the Boat," and was replaced by Tommy Brown. However, after things did not work out with Tommy, Williams was brought back on board. But around 1975, Karl Russell rejoined the band taking over the role of lead singer after Fleming Williams had left for good.

## Session work

In 1972, along with former 21st Century bandmate James Cobbin, he provided background vocals for David Axelrod's *The Auction* album. He had also recorded with Cannonball Adderley and George Duke on Adderley's *Soul of the Bible* album. He provided background vocals for Lee Garrett's *Heat For The Feets* album. Along with Jim Gilstrap he provided background vocals for Candi Staton's *Young Hearts Run Free* album.

## Death

Williams died at some point in the 1990s. While several early Internet sources listed September 1992 as a possible date of death, none of them have remained definitive in this assertion (in addition to inaccurately listing his year of birth as *1953*), and most other sources, including the Social Security Death Index, list his death as February 15, 1998. Anecdotal comments and speculation on the web have attributed his death to causes ranging from a "long illness" to "suicide." In the context of a musical on Williams' life (see next section) The New McCree Theatre stated that Fleming Williams actually committed suicide in 1998. Regardless of the actual cause of death, most sources agree that a major contributing factor was a lengthy battle with drug abuse.

## Musical

A musical based on his life called *Rock the Boat: The Fleming Williams Story* and co-written by Williams' mother ran at The New McCree Theatre in Williams' home town Flint. There was a message about the dangers of drugs in the musical production. Williams as a young man was played by a local actor Marquawan Burnett and Carl Williams played him as an older man.

## Compositions

* "Poverty Child", Appears on the Fleming Williams solo single of the same name
* "This Love", Appears on the Barry White & Glodean White – *Barry & Glodean* album
* "Oooo....Ahhh....", (Co-written with Barry White & Jakki Milligan), Appears on the Barry White – *Beware!* album
* "A Special Love Song", Appears on the Positive Express – *Changin' Times* album

## Discography

### Solo

* Fleming Williams - Poverty Child / Shades Of Time - Can You Dig It - Better World – 4357 (1970)

### Lead vocal

#### Guest

* David Axelrod \- "The Auction" and "Freedom", appears on album: David Axelrod – *The Auction* Decca – DL 75355 (1972)
* Cannonball Adderley - "Fun In The Church", Appears on album: Cannonball Adderley Presents Nat Adderley Sextet, The\* Plus Rick Holmes – *Soul Of The Bible* \- Capitol Records – SABB-11120 (1972)

#### Lead singer

### Backing vocals

* Nat Adderley Sextet– *Soul of The Bible -* Capitol – (1972)
* Cannonball Adderley – *Big Man: The Legend Of John Henry* \- Fantasy – F-79006 (1975)
* David Axelrod – *The Auction* \- Decca – DL 75355 (1972)
* Candi Staton \- *Young Hearts Run Free* \- Warner Bros. Records – BS 2948 (1976)
* Lee Garrett - *Heat For The Feets* \- Chrysalis – CHR 1109 (1976)
* Millington - *Ladies On The Stage* \- United Artists Records – UA-LA821-G (1977)
* Ned Doheny \- *Prone* \- CBS/Sony – 25AP 1359 (1979)
* Jeff Porcaro*Session Works II* \- Sony Music Japan International Inc. – SICP-20388 (2012) (CD Compilation

## InfoBox

| Fleming Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 26, 1943<br>Flint, Michigan, US |
| Died | 1992/February 15, 1998 (disputed) |
| Genres | R&B, Soul, Pop, Jazz, Disco |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, song writer, session musician |
| Years active | 1970s |
| Labels | RCA Records, Better World |


title: Estadio César Flores Marigorda

abstract: Estadio Municipal César Flores Marigorda, locally known as Estadio César Flores Marigorda or Estadio de Lambayeque, is a multi-purpose stadium in Lambayeque, Peru. It is the home ground for FC Carlos Stein and has a capacity of 7,000 spectators. The stadium was opened in 1946. Juan Aurich currently uses the stadium, as their original home ground Estadio Elías Aguirre is currently being renovated.

text:
# Estadio César Flores Marigorda

**Estadio Municipal César Flores Marigorda**, locally known as Estadio César Flores Marigorda or Estadio de Lambayeque, is a multi-purpose stadium in Lambayeque, Peru. It is the home ground for FC Carlos Stein and has a capacity of 7,000 spectators. The stadium was opened in 1946. Juan Aurich currently uses the stadium, as their original home ground Estadio Elías Aguirre is currently being renovated.

1. "Estadio César Flores Marigorda - Soccerway". *el.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 2024-03-20.

6°41′51″S 79°54′16″W / 6.697376510453822°S 79.90452204687574°W / -6.697376510453822; -79.90452204687574

## InfoBox

Estadio César Flores Marigorda
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Estadio Municipal César Flores Marigorda |
| Location | Lambayeque, Peru |
| Capacity | 7,000 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Opened | 1946 |
| Tenants | |
| FC Carlos Stein & Juan Aurich | |


title: 2012 Calgary Roughnecks season

text:
# 2012 Calgary Roughnecks season

The Calgary Roughnecks are a lacrosse team based in Calgary playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2012 season was the 11th in franchise history.

## Regular season

### Conference standings

Reference:

East Division
| P | Team | GP | W | L | PCT | GB | Home | Road | GF | GA | Diff | GF/GP | GA/GP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1 | Toronto Rock  **xy** | 16 | 9 | 7 | .562 | 0.0 | 35 | 62 | 198 | 196 | +2 | 12.38 | 12.25 |
| 2 | Rochester Knighthawks  **x** | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 2.0 | 53 | 26 | 191 | 197 | −6 | 11.94 | 12.31 |
| 3 | Philadelphia Wings  **x** | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 2.0 | 35 | 44 | 176 | 207 | −31 | 11.00 | 12.94 |
| 4 | Buffalo Bandits  **x** | 16 | 7 | 9 | .438 | 2.0 | 44 | 35 | 198 | 204 | −6 | 12.38 | 12.75 |

West Division
| P | Team | GP | W | L | PCT | GB | Home | Road | GF | GA | Diff | GF/GP | GA/GP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1 | Calgary Roughnecks  **xyz** | 16 | 12 | 4 | .750 | 0.0 | 53 | 71 | 216 | 170 | +46 | 13.50 | 10.62 |
| 2 | Colorado Mammoth  **x** | 16 | 11 | 5 | .688 | 1.0 | 53 | 62 | 217 | 201 | +16 | 13.56 | 12.56 |
| 3 | Minnesota Swarm  **x** | 16 | 9 | 7 | .562 | 3.0 | 62 | 35 | 202 | 190 | +12 | 12.62 | 11.88 |
| 4 | Edmonton Rush  **x** | 16 | 6 | 10 | .375 | 6.0 | 44 | 26 | 167 | 175 | −8 | 10.44 | 10.94 |
| 5 | Washington Stealth | 16 | 4 | 12 | .250 | 8.0 | 26 | 26 | 179 | 204 | −25 | 11.19 | 12.75 |

**x**: Clinched playoff berth; **c**: Clinched playoff berth by crossing over to another division; **y**: Clinched division; **z**: Clinched best regular season record; **GP**: Games Played
**W**: Wins; **L**: Losses; **GB**: Games back; **PCT**: Win percentage; **Home**: Record at Home; **Road**: Record on the Road; **GF**: Goals scored; **GA**: Goals allowed
**Differential**: Difference between goals scored and allowed; **GF/GP**: Average number of goals scored per game; **GA/GP**: Average number of goals allowed per game

### Game log

Reference:

| Game | Date | Opponent | Location | Score | OT | Attendance | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | January 8, 2012 | @ Toronto Rock | Air Canada Centre | W 129 |  | 10,341 | 10 |
| 2 | January 14, 2012 | @ Washington Stealth | Comcast Arena at Everett | W 1310 |  | 4,687 | 20 |
| 3 | January 21, 2012 | Colorado Mammoth | Scotiabank Saddledome | L 1213 | OT | 9,341 | 21 |
| 4 | January 28, 2012 | Toronto Rock | Scotiabank Saddledome | L 1314 | OT | 7,460 | 22 |
| 5 | February 10, 2012 | @ Washington Stealth | Comcast Arena at Everett | W 1211 |  | 3,509 | 32 |
| 6 | February 18, 2012 | Edmonton Rush | Scotiabank Saddledome | W 128 |  | 8,049 | 42 |
| 7 | February 24, 2012 | @ Colorado Mammoth | Pepsi Center | W 2110 |  | 15,134 | 52 |
| 8 | March 3, 2012 | Minnesota Swarm | Scotiabank Saddledome | L 1115 |  | 7,638 | 53 |
| 9 | March 9, 2012 | @ Edmonton Rush | Rexall Place | W 1310 |  | 7,438 | 63 |
| 10 | March 10, 2012 | Edmonton Rush | Scotiabank Saddledome | W 169 |  | 8,316 | 73 |
| 11 | March 24, 2012 | Buffalo Bandits | Scotiabank Saddledome | W 176 |  | 7,687 | 83 |
| 12 | March 30, 2012 | @ Minnesota Swarm | Xcel Energy Center | W 1510 |  | 8,510 | 93 |
| 13 | March 31, 2012 | Washington Stealth | Scotiabank Saddledome | W 1311 |  | 8,203 | 103 |
| 14 | April 6, 2012 | Rochester Knighthawks | Scotiabank Saddledome | W 1514 |  | 9,806 | 113 |
| 15 | April 14, 2012 | @ Rochester Knighthawks | Blue Cross Arena | L 1214 |  | 5,964 | 114 |
| 16 | April 21, 2012 | @ Edmonton Rush | Rexall Place | W 96 |  | 7,737 | 124 |

## Playoffs

### Game logs

Reference:

| Game | Date | Opponent | Location | Score | OT | Attendance | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Division Semifinal | May 5, 2012 | Edmonton Rush | Scotiabank Saddledome | L 1119 |  | 11,161 | 01 |

## Transactions

### Trades

### Dispersal Draft

The Roughnecks chose the following players in the Boston Blazers dispersal draft:

| Round | Overall | Player |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 | Nick Rose |
| 2 | 16 | Geoff McNulty |
| 3 | 25 | Brock Armour |
| 4 | 32 | Kevin Leveille |

### Entry draft

The 2011 NLL Entry Draft took place on September 21, 2011. The Roughnecks selected the following players:

| Round | Overall | Player | College/Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 | Travis Cornwall | Coquitlam, BC |
| 2 | 11 | Greg Harnett | Orangeville, ON |
| 2 | 18 | Frankie Scigliano | New Westminster, BC |
| 5 | 42 | Barclay Hickey | Okotoks, AB |
| 6 | 46 | Darren Kinnear | Edmonton, AB |

## Roster

| 2012 Calgary Roughnecks roster | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Active (21-man) roster | | | | Inactive roster | | Coaches |
| Goaltenders Defensemen |  | Forwards Transition |  | Practice Squad* --    Matt Leveque * 17    Geoff McNulty  Injured Reserve* 61    Dayne Michaud |  | Head Coach {{{Head Coach}}}
---  Legend * ***** Suspended list * **(C)** Captain * **(A)** Alternate captain  ---  Roster updated 2012-01-09
NLL Transactions |

## InfoBox

| 2012 Calgary Roughnecks | |
| --- | --- |
| League | NLL |
| Division | 1st West |
| 2012 record | 12-4 |
| Home record | 5-3 |
| Road record | 7-1 |
| Goals for | 216 |
| Goals against | 170 |
| General Manager | Mike Board |
| Coach | Dave Pym |
| Captain | Andrew McBride |
| Arena | Scotiabank Saddledome |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Shawn Evans (32) |
| Assists | Shawn Evans (47) |
| Points | Shawn Evans (79) |
| Penalties in minutes | Shawn Evans (65) |
| Loose Balls | Geoff Snider (232) |
| Wins | Mike Poulin (10) |
| Goals against average | Mike Poulin (10.27) |
| 2011 season2013 season | |


title: Apache Pass

abstract: Apache Pass, also known by its earlier Spanish name Puerto del Dado, is a historic mountain pass in the U.S. state of Arizona between the Dos Cabezas Mountains and Chiricahua Mountains at an elevation of 5,110 feet (1,560 m). It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) east-southeast of Willcox, Arizona, in Cochise County.

text:
# Apache Pass

**Apache Pass**, also known by its earlier Spanish name **Puerto del Dado** ("Pass of the Die"), is a historic mountain pass in the U.S. state of Arizona between the Dos Cabezas Mountains and Chiricahua Mountains at an elevation of 5,110 feet (1,560 m). It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) east-southeast of Willcox, Arizona, in Cochise County.

## Apache Spring

A natural freshwater spring, Apache Spring, emerges from a geological fault line running through the pass. The history of Apache Pass begins with this spring – as the only reliable water source for many miles, the spring served as a critical resupply point for early travelers through the area. Indigenous peoples and westward migrants alike depended on the spring. For the local Apache people, the spring at Apache Pass became a sort of crossroads, with many trails from different directions converging on the site. The great Chiricahua Apache leader Cochise, along with many of his followers, favored the area as a camping spot in winter and spring. There were often hundreds of Chiricahuas living nearby. A little higher than the surrounding desert terrain, the pass was cooler on hot days, and the area around the spring provided abundant game and firewood.

## Puerto del Dado

After Spanish and Mexican settlers began visiting the area, the spring at Apache Pass quickly became a flash point for conflict with the resident Apache tribes, leading to its original Spanish name *Puerto del Dado*, the "Door (or Pass) of the Die", meaning "pass of chance", which compared the risky nature of crossing the pass to a game of chance, like one played by soldiers with dice.

In the 1830s, some American fur trappers are believed to have traveled through Apache Pass. In 1846, Philip St. George Cooke, leading the Mormon Battalion that was surveying and constructing what became Cooke's Wagon Road, bypassed the area, despite Cooke's awareness of its existence from his guides, because details of the route through the pass, including its extent and the availability of other nearby water sources, were unknown, in contrast to the longer route to the south that was eventually chosen. It subsequently fell to a party of Forty-Niners led by John Coffee Hays to pioneer a shorter route between Mesilla and Tucson, called the Tucson Cutoff, that took advantage of the pass. Hays followed the guidance of Mexican soldiers he encountered at Ojo Ynez on the Burro Cienega in New Mexico. The cutoff emerged as part of the Southern Emigrant Trail, which became the major southern route of east-west travel for wagons and stagecoaches until the coming of the railroads.

## Apache Pass Station

In 1858, the Butterfield Overland Mail Company began stagecoach service between Saint Louis, Missouri and San Francisco, California using a bow-shaped route down through Texas and the New Mexico Territory and on into southern California. They built a way station out of stone on the eastern side of Apache Pass, where they could rest their horses and utilize the water from the spring. It and the station at Dragoon Springs, Arizona were made from such durable material, an acknowledgement of the danger they felt from the local Apaches.

Apache Pass Station (32°8′56″N 109°26′58″W / 32.14889°N 109.44944°W / 32.14889; -109.44944) was originally 35 miles west of Stein's Peak Station in Doubtful Canyon and 49 miles east of Dragoon Springs Station, with no water along the route except at these three stations. Later in 1858, two new stations were built between these older stations, so that Apache Pass Station was located 19 miles west of San Simon Station on the San Simon River and 15 miles from Ewell Station, which shortened the route between Apache Pass and Dragoon Springs, and provided water on both sections. It is likely that Cochise's band provided the stage travelers with firewood when he was in the area.

## Bascom Affair

The construction of the stage station and the increasing use of the pass by white settlers set the stage for an incident often considered the starting point of Cochise's eleven-year war against the United States, and which was a formative element in the much longer struggle between Apache peoples and American settlers even after Cochise made his own peace. In February 1861, a detachment of federal troops under Lt. George N. Bascom made camp in Apache Pass, near the spring and the stage station, hoping to negotiate with Cochise and his Chiricahua Apaches for the return of a kidnapped child. When Cochise agreed to meet near the camp, Bascom attempted to arrest him and several other Apaches; the resulting stand-off, lasting several days, ended with the deaths of hostages on both sides. The affront sparked a war between Cochise and the Americans that included the Battle of Apache Pass in 1862, and which only ended eleven years later with a treaty facilitated by General Oliver O. Howard and a white teamster and friend of Cochise's named Tom Jeffords. Still, the residual anger of other Apache tribes continued for many years in the Apache Wars, a direct result of Bascom's rash actions.

## Fort Bowie

After the Battle of Apache Pass in July 1862, a United States military post, Fort Bowie, was built to protect the pass and the spring. First, a rudimentary post was constructed near the spring, then later, a more permanent post was constructed a little higher on nearby table-land. Ultimately, Fort Bowie became the headquarters for the fight against the Chiricahua Apaches. When Cochise and General Howard finally made peace, the resulting treaty provided for a large reservation to be set aside encompassing most of what is now Cochise County, Arizona, and centered around Apache Pass, with the Indian agency adjacent to Fort Bowie. The Chiricahua reservation lasted about 4 years; with Cochise's death in 1874 and the dearth of leadership that followed, tensions (and possibly depredations) increased and the Chiricahuas were moved north to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and consolidated there under Agent John Clum so that they could be better managed.

Apache Pass continued to play a major role in frontier history until after the final surrender of Geronimo and his band of renegades in September 1886. In the early 1890s, with the close of the Apache Wars, Fort Bowie was decommissioned and abandoned. Travelers now bypassed the area on the railroad, built a few miles to the north. The only thing left behind at Apache Pass after the local ranchers scavenged the ruins for building materials were a few adobe walls, bleaching white in the sun and slowly washing away in the infrequent rains, and the memories of those who had lived through their experiences there.

## Apache Pass today

Apache Pass is now located within Fort Bowie National Historic Site, managed and interpreted by the National Park Service, and, along with the surrounding peaks, stands like a mute guard over its unique history. The few remaining building walls in the area have been "stabilized" for preservation purposes, but will not be restored. Visitors who hike along the trails and drive along Apache Pass Road can see the remains of the Butterfield stage station (consisting of the stone foundation), the ruins of the Chiricahua Reservation's agency building, a cemetery, and the remnants of the two forts that were constructed there. The route of the stage trail can still be seen, as well as the sites near the top of the pass where Lt. Bascom executed his Apache hostages and Cochise's followers burned his. Apache Spring still flows, although it has become a mere trickle relative to its former volume. Today's calm and quiet there belies the bustle and excitement that was characteristic of the spot from the 1860s to the 1890s.

32°09′06″N 109°28′54″W / 32.15167°N 109.48167°W / 32.15167; -109.48167

## InfoBox

| Apache Pass | |
| --- | --- |
| Apache Pass viewed from Fort Bowie, facing north. | |
| Elevation | 5,110 ft (1,558 m) |
| Traversed by | Apache Pass Road |
| Location | Cochise County, Arizona, United States |
| Coordinates | 32°09′06″N 109°28′54″W / 32.15167°N 109.48167°W / 32.15167; -109.48167 |


title: 2016 Peruvian Segunda División

abstract: The 2016 Segunda División season, also known as Copa Best Cable Perú 2016 for sponsorship reasons, was the 71st edition of the second tier of Federación Peruana de Futbol. The tournament was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The season started on 23 April 2016. The fixtures were announced on 12 April 2016.

text:
# 2016 Peruvian Segunda División

The **2016 Segunda División** season, also known as **Copa Best Cable Perú 2016** for sponsorship reasons, was the 71st edition of the second tier of Federación Peruana de Futbol. The tournament was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The season started on 23 April 2016. The fixtures were announced on 12 April 2016.

## Teams

A total of 16 teams in the league, 4 more than the previous season, including 9 sides from the 2015 season, two relegated from the 2015 Torneo Descentralizado and five promoted from the 2015 Copa Perú.

The 2016 season was the first one were former Copa Sudamericana winners Cienciano were competing outside of the top tier since 1974. Sport Loreto was relegated to the Segunda Division after one year in the top tier. León de Huánuco refused to play in the 2016 Segunda Division and was relegated to the 2016 Copa Perú.

The teams which had been relegated from the Segunda División the previous season were Atlético Minero, and San Simón. San Simón was disabled mid-season and relegated to the Copa Perú for outstanding debts with the SAFAP.

Five Copa Perú teams were promoted: Academia Cantolao, Alfredo Salinas, Unión Tarapoto, Sport Áncash and Cultural Santa Rosa. Cantolao was promoted as 2015 Copa Perú runner-up. Alfredo Salinas, Unión Tarapoto, Sport Áncash and Cultural Santa Rosa were invited to fill in the vacated spots after a strict financial analysis.

### Team changes

| Promoted from
2015 Copa Perú | Relegated from
2015 Primera División | Promoted to
2016 Primera División | Relegated to
2016 Copa Perú |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Academia Cantolao (2nd)
Alfredo Salinas (3rd)
Unión Tarapoto (7th)
Sport Áncash (8th)
Cultural Santa Rosa (10th) | Cienciano (15th)
Sport Loreto (16th)
León de Huánuco (17th) | Comerciantes Unidos (1st) | Atlético Minero (11th)
San Simón (12th) |

### Stadia and locations

Torino Cienciano
Alfredo Salinas Sport VictoriaSport ÁncashUnión TarapotoSanta RosaSport LoretoAlianza UniversidadCoopsol
Unión Huaral MannucciLos Caimanes
Willy SerratoCantolao
Sport Boysclass=notpageimage|Locations of the 2016 Segunda División teams

| Team | City | Stadium | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Academia Cantolao | Callao | Miguel Grau | 15,000 |
| Alfredo Salinas | Espinar | Municipal de Espinar | 12,000 |
| Alianza Universidad | Huánuco | Heraclio Tapia | 15,000 |
| Atlético Torino | Talara | Campeonísimo | 8,000 |
| Carlos A. Mannucci | Trujillo | Mansiche | 25,000 |
| Cienciano | Cusco | Garcilaso | 40,000 |
| Cultural Santa Rosa | Andahuaylas | Los Chankas | 10,000 |
| Deportivo Coopsol | Chancay | Rómulo Shaw Cisneros | 13,000 |
| Los Caimanes | Puerto Etén | Elias Aguirre | 24,500 |
| Sport Áncash | Huaraz | Rosas Pampa | 18,000 |
| Sport Boys | Callao | Miguel Grau | 15,000 |
| Sport Loreto | Pucallpa | Aliardo Soria | 25,000 |
| Sport Victoria | Ica | José Picasso Peratta | 8,000 |
| Unión Huaral | Huaral | Julio Lores Colan | 10,000 |
| Unión Tarapoto | Tarapoto | Carlos Vidaurre García | 7,000 |
| Willy Serrato | Pimentel | Elías Aguirre | 24,500 |
|

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Academia Cantolao | 30 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 45 | 31 | +14 | 53 | Title play-off |
| 2 | Sport Ancash | 30 | 16 | 5 | 9 | 53 | 44 | +9 | | 53 |
| 3 | Cienciano | 30 | 15 | 7 | 8 | 48 | 26 | +22 | 52 |  |
| 4 | Carlos A. Mannucci | 30 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 47 | 31 | +16 | | 50 |
| 5 | Deportivo Coopsol | 30 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 39 | 26 | +13 | | 50 |
| 6 | Cultural Santa Rosa | 30 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 42 | 40 | +2 | | 46 |
| 7 | Alianza Universidad | 30 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 35 | 24 | +11 | | 45 |
| 8 | Alfredo Salinas | 30 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 57 | 36 | +21 | | 43 |
| 9 | Los Caimanes | 30 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 39 | 37 | +2 | | 42 |
| 10 | Sport Loreto | 30 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 39 | 41 | 2 | | 36 |
| 11 | Sport Victoria | 30 | 10 | 6 | 14 | 39 | 53 | 14 | | 36 |
| 12 | Unión Huaral | 30 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 38 | 50 | 12 | | 33 |
| 13 | Willy Serrato | 30 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 36 | 53 | 17 | | 32 |
| 14 | Sport Boys | 30 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 41 | 32 | +9 | | 31 |
| 15 | Atlético Torino | 30 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 31 | 41 | 10 | 28 | 2017 Copa Perú |
| 16 | Unión Tarapoto | 30 | 3 | 1 | 26 | 8 | 72 | 64 | | 10 |

Updated to match(es) played on November 17, 2016. Source: ADFP-SD - official site
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored; 4) head-to-head record; 5) drawing of lots
Notes:

### Results

| Home \ Away | ASA | AUN | CAN | CAM | CIE | COO | CST | CAI | ANC | SBA | LOR | VIC | TOR | HUA | TAR | WSP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alfredo Salinas |  | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 5–0 | 2–4 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 7–1 | 5–0 | 8–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 |
| Alianza Universidad | 0–2 |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| Academia Cantolao | 4–1 | 0–0 |  | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 |
| Carlos A. Mannucci | 2–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 |  | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 6–0 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 3–1 |
| Cienciano | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 |  | 0–3 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 4–0 |
| Deportivo Coopsol | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 |  | 1–0 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 0–1 | 3–2 |
| Cultural Santa Rosa | 0–0 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 3–4 | 1–0 |  | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 4–4 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 |
| Los Caimanes | 3–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 |  | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| Sport Ancash | 2–0 | 2–3 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 |  | 3–3 | 1–0 | 6–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 4–0 |
| Sport Boys | 3–0 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 6–0 |
| Sport Loreto | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 2–3 | 2–1 |  | 2–2 | 2–1 | 3–3 | 3–0 | 2–0 |
| Sport Victoria | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–1 |  | 3–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 |
| Atlético Torino | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 |  | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 |
| Unión Huaral | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 |  | 3–0 | 0–0 |
| Unión Tarapoto | 0–3 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 0–3 | 1–3 | 0–3 | 1–0 | 0–3 |  | 0–3 |
| Willy Serrato | 2–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 0–3 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on November 2, 2016. Source: ADFP-SD - official fixture
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

### Title play-off

Because Academia Cantolao and Sport Ancash finished the regular season with the same number of points, a title play-off match will be played on neutral ground to decide the champion and owner of the 2017 Torneo Descentralizado berth.

| Academia Cantolao | 2–0 | Sport Ancash |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jeferson Collazos  4'
José Manzaneda  32' |  |  |

Alejandro Villanueva, LimaAttendance: 9,902Referee: Joel Alarcón    1. Adrianzén, Gustavo. "Man-haikijpa puriy sapa". *dechalaca.com*. DeChalaca.
2. "Segunda División: Best Cable adquirió lo derechos de la Segunda". *serperuano.com* (in Spanish). Ser Peruano. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
3. Córdoba, Giancarlo. "Hoy se sortea el fixture de la Segunda 2016". *segundaperu.com* (in Spanish). Segundaperu.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
4. Most stadiums are owned by the Instituto Peruano del Deporte (IPD).
5. "Peru". *fussballtempel.net*. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-02.

## InfoBox

Peruvian Segunda División
| Season | 2016 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 23 April – 11 December 2016 |
| Champions | Academia Cantolao |
| Relegated | Atlético Torino
Unión Tarapoto |
| Matches played | 205 |
| Goals scored | 639 (3.12 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Ramón Rodríguez (Cienciano) |
| Biggest home win | Alfredo Salinas 8–1 Unión Huaral
(27 Nov. 2016) |
| Biggest away win | Alianza Universidad 0–2 Alfredo Salinas
(22 May 2016)
Alfredo Salinas 2–4 Sport Ancash
(30 Oct. 2016) |
| Highest scoring | Alfredo Salinas 8–1 Unión Huaral
(27 Nov. 2016) |
| Highest attendance | 30,230
Cienciano 2–1 Mannucci
(27 Nov. 2016) |
| Total attendance | 571,480 |
| Average attendance | 2,788 |
| 2015 2017 | |


# 1942 Uruguayan constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Uruguay on 29 November 1942, alongside general elections. The new constitution was approved by 77% of voters.

## Background

On 18 June 1941 a group of General Assembly members had put forward constitutional amendments. However, it was clear that the proposals would not be approved by a majority of voters, and President Alfredo Baldomir subsequently dissolved the General Assembly on 21 February 1942.

A commission, composed of the largest party, put forward a draft constitution on 28 May, with some small changes to the previous amendments. Baldomir then issued a decree stating that the new constitution would be approved if a majority of those voting were in favour, rather than the previous requirement, established in the 1934 constitution, of a majority of registered voters voting in favour.

## New constitution

The new constitution would limit the President and Vice President to a single term in office. It provided for a bicameral General Assembly, with a Senate elected by proportional representation. The lema system would be abolished.

Constitutional initiatives would be possible if supported by 10% of registered voters (reduced from 20%), with the General Assembly allowed to put forward a counter-proposal. Amendments would require a majority vote in both houses of the General Assembly, approval by a Constitutional Council, and then a referendum, in which at least 35% of registered voters must vote in favour.

## Results

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 443,414 | 77.17 |
| Against | | 131,163 | 22.83 |
| Total | | 574,577 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 858,713 |  |
| Source: Direct Democracy | | | |


title: Esquivel

abstract: Esquivel is a surname of Basque origin as well as a place name.

text:
# Esquivel

**Esquivel** is a surname of Basque origin as well as a place name.

## Origin

The last name **Esquivel** (or Esquibel) has its origins in the village of Esquivel, located in the ayuntamiento of Mendoza, Álava, in Euskadi.

### Meaning

Usually surnames were originated in the Basque Country as name of houses, being families known by the name of the house they inhabited once. Esquivel was originally spelled *Ezkibel* and evolved from the Basque words *Ezki*, which means lime tree, and *Gibel*, which means behind. Therefore, Esquivel means *the house behind the lime trees*.

## People

### Argentina

### Costa Rica

### Mexico

### Perú

### Spain

### Other

## InfoBox

Esquivel
| Origin | |
| --- | --- |
| Word/name | Spanish |
| Meaning | *Behind the lime trees* |
| Region of origin | Basque Country, Spain |
| Other names | |
| Variant form(s) | Esquibel, Ezkibel, Ezquivelle, Ezquibel, Escivel, Escibel, Esquivelle, Esquível |


title: 2004 Clásico RCN

abstract: The 44th edition of the annual Clásico RCN was held from October 17 to October 24, 2004 in Colombia. The stage race started in Bucaramanga and finished with an individual time trial at the Alto del Escobero.

text:
# 2004 Clásico RCN

The 44th edition of the annual **Clásico RCN** was held from October 17 to October 24, 2004 in Colombia. The stage race started in Bucaramanga and finished with an individual time trial at the Alto del Escobero.

## Stages

### 2004-10-17: BucaramangaBucaramanga (6.8 km)

| Place | Prologue | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 00:09.20 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 00:09.20 |
| 2. | José Castelblanco (COL) | +0.08 | José Castelblanco (COL) | +0.08 |
| 3. | Urbelino Mesa (COL) | +0.09 | Urbelino Mesa (COL) | +0.09 |

### 2004-10-18: SocorroDuitama (213 km)

| Place | Stage 1 | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Fredy González (COL) | 06:19.04 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 06:28.24 |
| 2. | Elder Herrera (COL) |  | José Castelblanco (COL) | +0.08 |
| 3. | Jhon García (COL) |  | Urbelino Mesa (COL) | +0.09 |

### 2004-10-19: DuitamaZipaquirá (173.6 km)

| Place | Stage 2 | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Libardo Niño (COL) | 04:22.53 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 10:51.17 |
| 2. | Fredy González (COL) |  | Libardo Niño (COL) | +0.02 |
| 3. | Jesús Sánchez (COL) |  | José Castelblanco (COL) | +0.08 |

### 2004-10-20: SoachaIbagué (191.8 km)

| Place | Stage 3 | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Álvaro Lozano (COL) | 04:40.33 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 15:38.45 |
| 2. | Jorge Acosta (COL) | +5.15 | Libardo Niño (COL) | +0.02 |
| 3. | Fernando Camargo (COL) | +5.57 | José Castelblanco (COL) | +0.08 |

### 2004-10-21: IbaguéBuga (200 km)

| Place | Stage 4 | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | 05:16.55 | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | 20:55.43 |
| 2. | Jairo Hernández (COL) | +0.59 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | +0.56 |
| 3. | Walter Pedraza (COL) |  | Libardo Niño (COL) | +0.58 |

### 2004-10-22: BugaPereira (135.4 km)

| Place | Stage 5 | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Javier Zapata (COL) | 03:08.05 | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | 24:03.44 |
| 2. | Fredy González (COL) |  | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | +1.00 |
| 3. | Félix Cárdenas (COL) |  | Libardo Niño (COL) | +1.02 |

### 2004-10-23: DosquebradasSabaneta (191.6 km)

| Place | Stage 6 | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Urbelino Mesa (COL) | 05:16.36 | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | 29:11.42 |
| 2. | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | +1.26 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | +0.58 |
| 3. | Félix Cárdenas (COL) |  | Libardo Niño (COL) | +2.02 |

### 2004-10-24: EnvigadoAlto del Escobero (10.4 km)

| Place | Stage 7 (Individual Time Trial) | | General Classification | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Name | Time | Name | Time |
| 1. | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 00:33.56 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | 29:56.36 |
| 2. | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | +1.07 | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | +0.09 |
| 3. | Israel Ochoa (COL) | +1.54 | Libardo Niño (COL) | +3.01 |

## Final classification

| RANK | NAME | TEAM | TIME |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | Cafés Baqué-Orbitel | **29:56:36** |
| 2. | Félix Cárdenas (COL) | Cafés Baqué-Orbitel | **\+ 0.09** |
| 3. | Libardo Niño (COL) | EPM−Orbitel | **\+ 3.01** |
| 4. | José Castelblanco (COL) | EPM−Orbitel | **\+ 3.26** |
| 5. | Álvaro Sierra (COL) | EPM−Orbitel | **\+ 3.41** |
| 6. | Argiro Zapata (COL) | Aguardiente Antioqueño | **\+ 4.24** |
| 7. | Mauricio Soler (COL) | Chocolate Sol | **\+ 5.14** |
| 8. | Walter Pedraza (COL) | EPM−Orbitel | **\+ 5.25** |
| 9. | Alejandro Ramírez (COL) | Aguardiente Antioqueño | **\+ 5.42** |
| 10. | Javier Zapata (COL) | EPM−Orbitel | **\+ 8.10** |

## Teams

## InfoBox

2004 Clásico RCN
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | October 17 – October 24 |
| Stages | 7 |
| Distance | 1,119 km (695.3 mi) |
| Winning time | 29h 56' 36" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Hernán Buenahora (COL)  (Cafés Baqué-Orbitel)  Second  Félix Cárdenas (COL)  (Cafés Baqué-Orbitel)  Third  Libardo Niño (COL)  (Lotería de Boyacá)   ---  Points  Deivi IBañez (COL)  (Alcaldía Fusagasugá Ciudad)  Mountains  Israel Ochoa (COL)  (Lotería de Boyacá)  Youth  Mauricio Soler (COL)  (Chocolate Sol)  Combination  Fredy González (COL)  (Selle Italia)  Team  Cafés Baqué-Orbitel | |
|


title: 2012 California Proposition 28

abstract: Proposition 28 is a California ballot measure that was approved by California voters at the statewide election on June 5, 2012. It was an initiative constitutional amendment to change California state legislature term limits from a limit of 8 years for the Senate and 6 years for the Assembly, to a limit of 12 years on combined service. It affects only legislators first elected to the Assembly or Senate after the proposition passed.

text:
# 2012 California Proposition 28

**Proposition 28** is a California ballot measure that was approved by California voters at the statewide election on June 5, 2012. It was an initiative constitutional amendment to change California state legislature term limits from a limit of 8 years for the Senate and 6 years for the Assembly, to a limit of 12 years on combined service. It affects only legislators first elected to the Assembly or Senate after the proposition passed.

## Election results

Limits on Legislators' Terms in Office
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yes** | **3,081,174** | **61.0** |
| No | 1,967,888 | 39.0 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **5,049,062** | **100.00** |
|
| Registered voters/turnout | 23,713,027 | 21.3 |
|

## InfoBox

| U.S. President | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: 1979–80 Irish Cup

abstract: The 1979–80 Irish Cup was the 100th edition of the Irish Cup, Northern Ireland's premier football knock-out cup competition. It began on 2 February 1980, and concluded on 26 April 1980 with the final. The defending champions were Cliftonville, after they had won the cup for the 8th time the previous season, defeating Portadown 3–2 in the 1978–79 final. However, Portadown gained revenge by knocking the holders out in the first round with a 2–1 win. Linfield won the cup for the 32nd time, defeating Crusaders 2–0 in the final.

text:
# 1979–80 Irish Cup

The **1979–80 Irish Cup** was the 100th edition of the Irish Cup, Northern Ireland's premier football knock-out cup competition. It began on 2 February 1980, and concluded on 26 April 1980 with the final.

The defending champions were Cliftonville, after they had won the cup for the 8th time the previous season, defeating Portadown 3–2 in the 1978–79 final. However, Portadown gained revenge by knocking the holders out in the first round with a 2–1 win. Linfield won the cup for the 32nd time, defeating Crusaders 2–0 in the final.

## Results

### First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Bangor** | 2–01 | Ballymena United |
| Cliftonville | 1–2 | **Portadown** |
| **Coleraine** | 8–1 | Ballyclare Comrades |
| **Crusaders** | 1–0 | Stranmillis College |
| Larne | 0–22 | **Glentoran** |
| **Linfield** | 3–1 | Distillery |
| Queen's University | 0–4 | **Glenavon** |
| **RUC** | 4–0 | Ards |

1This tie required a replay, after the first game ended as a 1–1 draw.
2This tie required two replays, after the first games ended as 1–1 and 0–0 draws.

### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ballymena United** | 3–2 | Portadown |
| Crusaders | 3-03 | **Glenavon** |
| **Linfield** | 4–0 | Glentoran |
| **RUC** | 1–04 | Coleraine |

3This tie required a replay, after the first game ended as a 0–0 draw at Glenavon.
4This tie required two replays, after the first games ended as 1–1 and 0–0 draws.

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Crusaders** | 2–15 | RUC |
| **Linfield** | 1–0 | Ballymena United |

5This tie required a replay, after the first game ended as a 1–1 draw.

### Final

| Linfield | 2 – 0 | Crusaders |
| --- | --- | --- |
| McCurdy  12'
McKeown  68' (pen.) | Report |  |

The Oval, Belfast

## InfoBox

1979–80 Irish Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Teams | 16 |
| Defending champions | Cliftonville |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Linfield (32nd win) |
| Runner-up | Crusaders |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 22 |
| Goals scored | 56 (2.55 per match) |
|  | |


title: 14 Shots to the Dome

abstract: 14 Shots to the Dome is the fifth studio album by American hip hop recording artist LL Cool J. It was released on March 30, 1993, via Def Jam Recordings. The recording sessions took place at Marley's House of Hits, at Cove City Sound Studios, and at Unique Recording Studios, in New York, and at QDIII Soundlab in Los Angeles, at Bobcat's House in Palmdale, and at Encore Studio, in Burbank. The album was produced by Marley Marl, DJ Bobcat, Quincy Jones III, Andrew Zenable, and Chris Forte. It features guest appearances from Lords of the Underground and Lieutenant Stitchie. The album peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On June 2, 1993, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. It spawned three charted singles: "How I'm Comin'", "Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed by Buildings" b/w "Back Seat" and "Stand By Your Man". It is his first album following his hugely successful previous album 1990's Mama Said Knock You Out. Unlike that release, which saw him have success on his own terms, 14 Shots sees LL adopting the sound of his West Coast gangsta rap contemporaries, especially that of Ice Cube and Cypress Hill. Many fans saw this as a jarring departure, and the album met mixed critical and commercial response. The album's second single "Back Seat" would later be sampled by R&B artist Monica for her debut single "Don't Take It Personal" which became a major hit two years later.

text:
# 14 Shots to the Dome

***14 Shots to the Dome*** is the fifth studio album by American hip hop recording artist LL Cool J. It was released on March 30, 1993, via Def Jam Recordings. The recording sessions took place at Marley's House of Hits, at Cove City Sound Studios, and at Unique Recording Studios, in New York, and at QDIII Soundlab in Los Angeles, at Bobcat's House in Palmdale, and at Encore Studio, in Burbank. The album was produced by Marley Marl, DJ Bobcat, Quincy Jones III, Andrew Zenable, and Chris Forte. It features guest appearances from Lords of the Underground and Lieutenant Stitchie.

The album peaked at number five on the *Billboard* 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On June 2, 1993, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

It spawned three charted singles: "How I'm Comin'", "Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed by Buildings" b/w "Back Seat (of My Jeep)" and "Stand By Your Man".

It is his first album following his hugely successful previous album 1990's *Mama Said Knock You Out*. Unlike that release, which saw him have success on his own terms, *14 Shots* sees LL adopting the sound of his West Coast gangsta rap contemporaries, especially that of Ice Cube and Cypress Hill. Many fans saw this as a jarring departure, and the album met mixed critical and commercial response. The album's second single "Back Seat" would later be sampled by R&B artist Monica for her debut single "Don't Take It Personal" which became a major hit two years later.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Calgary Herald* | C+ |
| Robert Christgau | B |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | A |
| *RapReviews* | 5.5/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *The Source* |  |

Robert Christgau stated: "Proof we didn't need that his talent is as phat as an elefant's phart and his brain is the size of a pea. Only it isn't his brain--it's his ability to comprehend contradiction. Like Michael Ivey, of all people, he flunked his follow-up because he can't figure out how to put success and rap together. Where Ivey (or the Basehead 'character,' ha ha) takes his dorky confusion out on women, L.L.'s sexism is love-man suave--his 'It's so relaxin' after a piece of pussy gets off in the back of his Jeep is a rare moment of grace. Instead he slings the gangsta metaphors and handgun memories in the vain hope that the guys hanging out by the check-cashing place will think he's hard. But from the look of the crotch he's grabbing in several photos, as of now he just ain't."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "How I'm Comin'" |  | Marley Marl | 5:05 |
| 2. | "Buckin' Em Down'" |  | QD3 | 4:02 |
| 3. | "Stand by Your Man" |  | Marley Marl | 4:50 |
| 4. | "A Little Somethin'" |  | Marley Marl | 4:26 |
| 5. | "Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed by Buildings" | * J.T. Smith * Williams * David Porter | Marley Marl | 4:17 |
| 6. | "Straight from Queens" (featuring Lt. Stitchie) |  | Marley Marl | 4:54 |
| 7. | "Funkadelic Relic" |  | Marley Marl | 3:55 |
| 8. | "All We Got Left Is the Beat" |  | DJ Bobcat | 4:37 |
| 9. | "(NFA) No Frontin' Allowed" (featuring Lords of the Underground) | * J.T. Smith * AlTerick Wardrick * Dupré Kelly * Williams * Ray Smith * Tyrone Armstrong | Marley Marl | 4:19 |
| 10. | "Back Seat (of My Jeep)" | * J.T. Smith * Jones III | QD3 | 4:31 |
| 11. | "Soul Survivor" |  | * Andrew Zenable * Chris Forte * QD3 | 4:38 |
| 12. | "Ain't No Stoppin' This" | * J.T. Smith * Ervin * Tony Hester | DJ Bobcat | 4:43 |
| 13. | "Diggy Down" | * J.T. Smith * Ervin * M. Smith | DJ Bobcat | 4:58 |
| 14. | "Crossroads" | * J.T. Smith * Ervin | DJ Bobcat | 5:29 |
| Total length: | | | | 1:04:44 |

Sample credits

## Personnel

* James Todd Smith – main artist
* Dawn Green – backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3)
* Cindy Mizelle – backing vocals (track 14)
* Marsha McClurkin – backing vocals (track 14)
* Mary Brown – backing vocals (track 14)
* Nicki Richards – backing vocals (track 14)
* Paulette McWilliams – backing vocals (track 14)
* Stan "The Guitar Man" Jones – bass & guitar (tracks: 8, 12, 13)
* Marlon "Marley Marl" Williams – producer (tracks: 1, 3-7, 9)
* Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin – producer (tracks: 8, 12-14), arranger (tracks: 8, 13), mixing (track 8)
* Quincy Delight Jones III – producer (tracks: 2, 10, 11), recording (tracks: 2, 10)
* Andrew Zenable – producer (track 11)
* Christopher Joseph Forte – producer (track 11)
* George Karras – engineering (tracks: 1-7, 9-11), mixing (tracks: 8, 12, 13), arranger (track 14)
* Frank Heller – engineering (tracks: 1, 3-7, 9)
* Dan Hetzel – recording (tracks: 8, 14)
* Steve Fredrickson – recording (tracks: 12, 13)
* Howie Weinberg – mastering
* Jeff Trotter – A&R executive
* Glen E. Friedman – photography
* Albert Watson – photography

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 74 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 36 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 74 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 5 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 1 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| 14 Shots to the Dome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by LL Cool J | |
| Released | March 30, 1993 (1993-03-30) |
| Recorded | 19921993 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 64:46 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| LL Cool J chronology | |
| *Mama Said Knock You Out*
(1990) ***14 Shots to the Dome***
(1993) *Mr. Smith*
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *14 Shots to the Dome* | |
| 1. "How I'm Comin'"
Released: February 15, 1993 2. "Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed by Buildings/Back Seat (of My Jeep)"
Released: June 1, 1993 3. "Stand By Your Man"
Released: October 4, 1993 | |
|  | |


title: Emmett Tompkins

abstract: Emmett Tompkins was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1901 to 1903. He was the son of Congressman Cydnor Bailey Tompkins.

text:
# Emmett Tompkins

**Emmett Tompkins** (September 1, 1853 – December 18, 1917) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1901 to 1903. He was the son of Congressman Cydnor Bailey Tompkins.

## Early life and education

Born in McConnelsville, Morgan County, Ohio, Tompkins moved to Athens County, Ohio, in 1865. He attended the public schools and Ohio University at Athens. He studied law.

## Career

He was admitted to the bar in 1875 and commenced practice in Athens, Ohio. City solicitor in 1876 and 1877. He served as mayor of Athens from 1877 to 1879, and as prosecuting attorney of Athens County in 1879.

He served as delegate to the Republican State conventions in 1879, 1881, and 1883. He served as member of the Ohio House of Representatives 1886-1890. He moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1889. He served as member of the board of trustees of Ohio University.

He lost election for Mayor of Columbus, Ohio the spring of 1897 to Democrat Samuel Luccock Black.

## Congress

Tompkins was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903).

## Later career and death

He resumed the practice of law in Columbus, Ohio. He was appointed trustee of Ohio University in 1908. He died in Columbus, Ohio, December 18, 1917. He remains were cremated in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the ashes returned to his home in Columbus, Ohio.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Emmett Tompkins | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio's 12th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1901  March 3, 1903 | |
| Preceded by | John J. Lentz |
| Succeeded by | De Witt C. Badger |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives
from the Athens County district | |
| **In office**
January 4, 1886  January 5, 1890 | |
| Preceded by | Isaac P. Primrose |
| Succeeded by | William L. Keissinger |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1853-09-01)September 1, 1853
McConnelsville, Ohio |
| Died | December 18, 1917(1917-12-18) (aged 64)
Columbus, Ohio |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | Ohio University |
|  | |


title: 2003 Sahara hostage crisis

abstract: The 2003 Sahara hostage crisis concerns the events surrounding the abduction of 32 European tourists in seven separate groups in the Algerian Desert in 2003. They were released in two groups: one in Algeria and the other from neighbouring Mali, several months later.

text:
# 2003 Sahara hostage crisis

The **2003 Sahara hostage** crisis concerns the events surrounding the abduction of 32 European tourists in seven separate groups in the Algerian Desert in 2003. They were released in two groups: one in Algeria and the other from neighbouring Mali, several months later.

## Kidnappings

Between February 19 and early April 2003, seven independently mobile parties of European tourists in 4WDs and on motorcycles, including 16 Germans, 10 Austrians, 4 Swiss, a Dutchman and a Swede, went missing in the UNESCO-listed Tassili N'Ajjer region of southeast Algeria, most while travelling along the popular 470-km 'Graveyard Piste' between Bordj Omar Driss and Illizi. On 13 April, Algerian military sources announced that the tourists had been kidnapped but were still alive, but the identity of kidnappers and their demands were not known. The 32 tourists had been divided into two groups.

A 1,200-strong force of Algerian army and police continued to comb the area using camels, road blocks and helicopters, assisted by a team of specialist officers from anti-terrorist Special Intervention Group. One of the Swiss tourists had called relatives on their satellite phone just after his disappearance, but was cut off in mid-sentence. Many commentators remained perplexed as to how preparations for such a large scale abduction could pass unnoticed in an area where mobility is limited to one highway and a few pistes and valleys frequented by nomads and other locals.

## Ransom demands

There had been no official word of any ransom demand from their kidnappers, believed to be members of the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (known by the French acronym GSPC - *Groupe Salafiste pour la Predication et le Combat*), a militant Islamic group with links to Al-Qaeda. On 4 May the Algerian government admitted that it had been in talks for some weeks. Although the statement by tourism minister Lakhdar Dorbani did not say to whom officials were talking, it indirectly confirmed for the first time that the tourists had been kidnapped, rather than reiterating the government’s former line that they may have been lost. The German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer is reported to have held talks with the Algerian president on efforts to find the tourists.

## Release of the first group

A group of 17 hostages was freed in a raid on 17 May. The Algerian Army claimed its men freed the group after a ‘brief gunfight’, but the Algerian newspaper *al-Watan* reported that they had been freed after a battle that left nine of the captors dead in a clash that lasted several hours. The Army were said to have found the captives in two groups in canyons west of Illizi and in the Gharis region, southwest of Amguid army base and 300 km southeast of the town of In Salah. The Algerian Army said that the terrorists killed in the raid were members of the GSPC. They went on to acknowledge the second group of 15 hostages held in the Tamelrik plateau (Oued Samene), 60 km southwest of Ilizzi in southeastern Algeria, were now at much greater risk. The German and Swiss governments expressed dismay at the use of force.

## Release of the second group

The remaining 15 hostages left the Tamelrik plateau were on the move from mid-May, soon after the first group had been freed. They first headed north into the Erg Issassouane, then west to a plateau northwest of Amguid, spending a few weeks at each site. Algeria made contact with the kidnappers after using helicopters to drop leaflets over the area stating, ‘The authorities are ready to allow all the kidnappers to leave freely on the condition that the 15 hostages are liberated safe and well as soon as possible.’ A few days later the security forces were surprised to receive a reply saying that they were ‘ready to negotiate’ as long as their safety was guaranteed. In fact the GSPC were given safe passage *with their captives* by the Algerians leaving the south of the country, crossing into Mali near Timiaouine in late June or early July. In Mali it was thought negotiations for the hostages' release would be expedited. It was during this series of transits while at one of the hideouts southeast of In Salah that German hostage Michaela Spitzer suddenly died from heatstroke. The year 2003 was an exceptionally hot summer, both in Europe and the Sahara, and the low lying In Salah region is the hottest in Algeria.

After being moved between the Ifoghas region of northeast Mali and Taoudenni far to the northwest, with the help of go-betweens or negotiators from the Ifoghas Tuareg led by former rebel leader, Iyad Ag Ghali, after five months in captivity the remaining group were released on 17 August.

## Ransom Payment

The German government refused to be drawn on allegations of a ransom payment but press reports stated that a ransom of around €5 million had been paid to the kidnappers by the Malian government on Germany’s behalf, to be repaid in the form of future development aid. It is now known that GSPC was in fact responsible for the kidnapping. After a few months in northern Mali, the leader of the kidnappers, former soldier Amari Saifi ('El Para') fled east across Niger but fought and was captured by MDJT rebels in the Tibesti of northern Chad. He was eventually handed over to the Algerians but to date has not been tried, raising accusations of at least partial complicity of the Algerian state or DRS secret service in the abductions. The GSPC is one of two Islamic terrorist groups that have been fighting to topple Algeria's military-backed government in a brutal insurgency over many years that has cost 100,000 lives. In 2007 the GSPC subsequently rebranded themselves as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and were responsible for the two car bombs in Algiers on 12 December 2007 aimed at the Supreme Court and the offices of the UN High Commission for Refugees.

This was the first such kidnapping of foreigners for ransom in the Sahara, but over the next decade scores more tourists, as well as others travelling or working in the Sahara have been abducted and held in northern Mali by AQIM and other jihadist groups. Most are released following ransom payments or prisoner exchanges.

## InfoBox

| 2003 Sahara hostage crisis | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) | |
| Date 19 February – 17 August 2003  Location Algerian Desert  Result Algerian government victory<br>* Raid on 17 May freed 17 hostages * The rest were freed on 18 August | |
| Belligerents | |
| Algeria | Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat |
| Strength | |
| 1,200 troops | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| None | 9 killed |
| 1 hostage died from heatstroke | |


title: At Last!

abstract: At Last! is the debut studio album by American blues and soul artist Etta James. Released on Argo Records in November 1960, the album was produced by Phil and Leonard Chess. At Last! rose to no. 12 on the Billboard Top Catalog Albums chart. At Last! was ranked at #191 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It was ranked the 62nd best album of the 1960s by Pitchfork.

text:
# At Last!

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Pitchfork* | (9.0/10) |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

***At Last!*** is the debut studio album by American blues and soul artist Etta James. Released on Argo Records in November 1960, the album was produced by Phil and Leonard Chess. *At Last!* rose to no. 12 on the *Billboard* Top Catalog Albums chart.

*At Last!* was ranked at #191 on *Rolling Stone*'s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It was ranked the 62nd best album of the 1960s by *Pitchfork*.

## History

*At Last!* was originally issued as a 12-inch LP consisting of ten tracks, five songs on each side of the LP. Phil and Leonard Chess believed that James's voice had crossover pop potential, so with this debut album, they backed her with orchestral arrangements on many of the tracks. *At Last!* eventually spawned four singles: "All I Could Do Was Cry", "Trust in Me", "At Last", and "My Dearest Darling". The album also included covers of pop and jazz standards, such as "Stormy Weather", "A Sunday Kind of Love", and "I Just Want to Make Love to You". In 1987, the album was released for the first time by MCA/Chess, and then digitally remastered and reissued on compact disc in 1999 with four bonus duet tracks performed with Harvey Fuqua: "My Heart Cries," "Spoonful," "It's a Crying Shame," and "If I Can't Have You."

## Covers

The album's title track has been covered by artists such as Stevie Wonder, Beyoncé, Joni Mitchell, Leela James, Cyndi Lauper, Randy Crawford, Celine Dion, Connie Wilson and Christina Aguilera. "All I Could Do Was Cry" was covered by both Beyoncé and Gladys Knight & the Pips.

A Simlish version of the title track was made for the reveal trailer of *The Sims 4*'s eleventh game pack, "My Wedding Stories".

## Critical reception

*At Last!* has been praised by many music critics. Stephen Cook of AllMusic gave the album five out of five stars, and, about James, wrote, "one hears the singer at her peak in a swinging and varied program of blues, R&B, and jazz standards." Cook also praised the material that was recorded for the album, saying that *At Last!* had "strong material throughout." He went on to say that James's voice, "expertly handles jazz standards like 'Stormy Weather' and 'A Sunday Kind of Love,' as well as Willie Dixon's blues classic 'I Just Want to Make Love to You.' James demonstrates her keen facility on the title track in particular, as she easily moves from powerful blues shouting to more subtle, airy phrasing; her Ruth Brown-inspired, bad-girl growl only adds to the intensity."

The writer for *Rolling Stone* stated, "James bloomed into a fiery interpreter on this spellbinding LP."

## Commercial response

*At Last!* rose to no. 12 on the *Billboard* Top Catalog Albums chart. Of the album's singles, "At Last," "All I Could Do Was Cry," "Trust in Me," and "My Dearest Darling" rose to nos. 2, 2, 4 and 5 on the *Billboard* Hot R&B Songs chart respectively. As a single, "At Last" was certified gold by the RIAA.

## Track listing

**Side one**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Anything to Say You're Mine" | Sonny Thompson | 2:37 |
| 2. | "My Dearest Darling" |  | 3:05 |
| 3. | "Trust in Me" |  | 3:01 |
| 4. | "A Sunday Kind of Love" |  | 3:18 |
| 5. | "Tough Mary" |  | 2:27 |

**Side two**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "I Just Want to Make Love to You" | Willie Dixon | 3:08 |
| 7. | "At Last" |  | 3:02 |
| 8. | "All I Could Do Was Cry" |  | 2:58 |
| 9. | "Stormy Weather" |  | 3:10 |
| 10. | "Girl of My Dreams" | Charles "Sunny" Clapp | 2:25 |
| Total length: | | | 29:11 |

**Bonus tracks on 1999 CD reissue**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "My Heart Cries" (with Harvey Fuqua) |  | 2:36 |
| 12. | "Spoonful" (with Harvey Fuqua) | Dixon | 2:50 |
| 13. | "It's a Crying Shame" (with Harvey Fuqua) | * Fuqua * James | 2:54 |
| 14. | "If I Can't Have You" (with Harvey Fuqua) | * Fuqua * James | 2:50 |
| Total length: | | | 40:21 |

## Personnel

## Charts

* Larkin, Colin, ed. (2006). *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* (4. ed.). Oxford \[u.a.\]: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.

## InfoBox

| At Last! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Etta James | |
| Released | November 15, 1960 |
| Recorded | January – October 1960 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 29:11 |
| Label | Argo (original)
MCA/Chess (re-release) |
| Producer | Phil Chess
Leonard Chess |
| Etta James chronology | |
| ***At Last!***
(1960) *The Second Time Around*
(1961) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *At Last!* | |
| 1. "All I Could Do Was Cry"
Released: 1960 2. "My Dearest Darling"
Released: 1960 3. "At Last"
Released: 1960 4. "Trust in Me"
Released: 1961 | |
|  | |