abstract:
The Australasian Language Technology Association (ALTA) promotes language technology research and development in Australia and New Zealand. ALTA organises regular events for the exchange of research results and for academic and industrial training, and co-ordinates activities with other professional societies.
ALTA is a founding regional organization of the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP). Every year early December ALTA organises a research workshop gathering together the growing language technology community in Australia and New Zealand, both from the academic and industrial world. The workshop welcomes original work on any aspect of natural language processing, including both speech and text. Accepted papers are published in the ALTA proceedings, which are also included as part of the ACL Anthology. Since 2008 ALTA has been involved in organising the Australian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad (OzCLO), which is a contest for high school students in the area of linguistics and computational linguistics.

text:
# Australasian Language Technology Association

The **Australasian Language Technology Association** (**ALTA**) promotes language technology research and development in Australia and New Zealand. ALTA organises regular events for the exchange of research results and for academic and industrial training, and co-ordinates activities with other professional societies. ALTA is a founding regional organization of the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing (AFNLP).

Every year early December ALTA organises a research workshop (commonly known as ALTW) gathering together the growing language technology community in Australia and New Zealand, both from the academic and industrial world. The workshop welcomes original work on any aspect of natural language processing, including both speech and text. Accepted papers are published in the ALTA proceedings, which are also included as part of the ACL Anthology.

Since 2008 ALTA has been involved in organising the Australian Computational and Linguistics Olympiad (OzCLO), which is a contest for high school students in the area of linguistics and computational linguistics.

## Conferences

* ALTW2003, 10 December 2003, Melbourne.
* ALTW2004, 8 December 2004, Sydney.
* ALTW2005, 10–11 December 2005, Sydney.
* ALTW2006, 30 November - 1 December 2006, Sydney, as part of the HCSNet SummerFest.
* ALTA2007, 10–11 December 2007, Melbourne, in conjunction with ADCS.
* ALTA2008, 8–10 December 2008, Hobart, in conjunction with ADCS.
* ALTA2009, 3–4 December 2009, Sydney, as part of the HCSNet Summerfest.
* ALTA2010, 9–10 December 2010, Melbourne, in conjunction with ADCS.
* ALTA2011, 1–2 December 2011, Canberra, in conjunction with ADCS and langfest 2011, which includes the 2nd combined conference of the Applied Linguistics Association of Australia (ALAA) and the Applied Linguistics Association of New Zealand (ALANZ), as well as the 42nd Annual Conference of the Australian Linguistics Society (ALS)
* ALTW2012, 6–5 December 2012, Dunedin in conjunction with ADCS.
* ALTW2013, 4–6 December 2013, Brisbane in conjunction with ADCS.
* ALTW2014, 26–28 November 2014, Melbourne, in conjunction with ADCS.

## InfoBox

Australasian Language Technology Association
|
|  |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Type | professional organization |
| Focus | computational linguistics |
| Area served | Australia and New Zealand |
| Method | conferences, publications |
| Website | www.alta.asn.au |


title: Emmonak Airport

abstract: Emmonak Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located in Emmonak, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned ENM by the FAA and EMK by the IATA. The airport's ICAO identifier is PAEM.

text:
# Emmonak Airport

**Emmonak Airport** (IATA: **EMK**, ICAO: **PAEM**, FAA LID: **ENM**) is a state-owned public-use airport located in Emmonak, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **ENM** by the FAA and **EMK** by the IATA. The airport's ICAO identifier is **PAEM**.

## Facilities

Emmonak Airport has one runway designated 16/34 with a gravel surface measuring 4,601 by 100 feet (1,402 x 30 m).

## Airline and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Grant Aviation | Alakanuk, Bethel, Dillingham, Kotlik, Nunam Iqua |

Prior to its bankruptcy and cessation of all operations, Ravn Alaska served the airport from multiple locations.

### Statistics

Carrier shares: January – December 2016
| Carrier | Passengers (arriving and departing) |
| --- | --- |
| Grant | 11,540(78.28%) |
| Hageland | 3,080(20.90%) |
| Era | 120(0.81%) |

Top domestic destinations: January – December 2016
| Rank | City | Airport | Passengers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bethel, AK | Bethel Airport | 3,770 |
| 2 | Saint Marys, AK | St. Marys Airport | 1,090 |
| 3 | Kotlik, AK | Kotlik Airport | 1,040 |
| 4 | Alakanuk, AK | Alakanuk Airport | 720 |
| 5 | Nunam Iqua, AK | Sheldon Point Airport | 480 |
| 6 | Anchorage, AK | Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport | 110 |

## InfoBox

| Emmonak Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | State of Alaska DOT&PF \- Northern Region |
| Serves | Emmonak, Alaska |
| Elevation AMSL | 13 ft / 4 m |
| Coordinates | 62°47′10″N 164°29′27″W / 62.78611°N 164.49083°W / 62.78611; -164.49083 |
| Map | |
| **EMK**Location of airport in Alaska | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  16/34 4,601 1,402 Gravel | |
| Statistics (2016) | |
| Based aircraft (2017) 1  Passengers 14,745  Freight 13,000,000 lbs | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration<br>Source: Bureau of Transportation | |


abstract: The 1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1899 college football season. The Golden Gophers compiled a 6–3–2 record and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 149 to 79. Jack Harrison and William C. Leary and were head coaches for the 1899 season. They coached the team as a part of a new alumni coaching program. Although most around the program considered the experiment a success, the program was discontinued with the hiring of the university's first full-time salaried coach, Henry L. Williams. The 1899 season was the only season under head coaches Leary and Harrison. This season's 0–3 record left Minnesota in a last place tie with Illinois. Northrop Field was first used as the home field of the University of Minnesota this year with most of the credit for securing it going to former coach Frederick S. Jones and former Governor John S. Pillsbury.

text:
# 1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team

1899 Western Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Chicago $ | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 16 |  | 0 |  | 2 |
| Wisconsin | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Northwestern | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Michigan | 1 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Purdue | 1 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Minnesota | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 2 |
| Illinois | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team** represented the University of Minnesota in the 1899 college football season. The Golden Gophers compiled a 6–3–2 record (0–3 against Western Conference opponents) and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 149 to 79.

Jack Harrison and William C. Leary and were head coaches for the 1899 season. They coached the team as a part of a new alumni coaching program. Although most around the program considered the experiment a success, the program was discontinued with the hiring of the university's first full-time salaried coach, Henry L. Williams. The 1899 season was the only season under head coaches Leary and Harrison. This season's 0–3 record left Minnesota in a last place tie with Illinois.

Northrop Field was first used as the home field of the University of Minnesota this year with most of the credit for securing it going to former coach Frederick S. Jones and former Governor John S. Pillsbury.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 26 | Minneapolis Central High* |  | W 20–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | Macalester* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 29–0 |  |  |
| October 7 | Shattuck* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 40–0 |  |  |
| October 14 | Carleton* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 35–5 |  |  |
| October 21 | Iowa State* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 6–0 |  |  |
| October 28 | Grinnell* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | T 5–5 |  |  |
| November 4 | Northwestern | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | L 5–11 | 3,000 |  |
| November 8 | Alumni* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | W 6–5 |  |  |
| November 11 | Beloit* | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN | T 5–5 |  |  |
| November 18 | Wisconsin | * Northrop Field * Minneapolis, MN (rivalry) | L 0–19 |  |  |
| November 25 | at Chicago |  | L 0–29 | 8,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game | | | | | |

## Roster

* *Ends*, Dobie (left end), Henry "Buzz" Scandrett (captain and right end) and Fosseen (right end)
* *Tackles*, Otte, Gray (left tackle), Hoyt, Mueller (right tackle)
* *Guards*, Aune (left guard), Tifft, Flynn (right guard)
* *Center*, Page
* *Quarterback*, Cole, Rogers
* *Halfbacks*, Evans, Bernhagen (left half), Kienholtz, Freeman (right half)
* *Fullback*, Glover.

## InfoBox

| 1899 Minnesota Golden Gophers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Western Conference |
| Record | 6–3–2 (0–3 Western) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Buzz Schandrett |
| Home stadium | Northrop Field |
|


title: 1904 News of the World Match Play

abstract: The 1904 News of the World Match Play was the second News of the World Match Play tournament. It was played from Tuesday 4 to Thursday 6 October at Mid-Surrey Golf Club. 32 players competed in a straight knock-out competition, with each match contested over 18 holes, except for the final which was over 36 holes. The winner received £100 out of a total prize fund of £240. J.H. Taylor defeated Alfred Toogood 5 & 3 in the final to win the tournament.

text:
# 1904 News of the World Match Play

Mid-Surrey Golf Clubclass=notpageimage|Location in England

The **1904 News of the World Match Play** was the second News of the World Match Play tournament. It was played from Tuesday 4 to Thursday 6 October at Mid-Surrey Golf Club. 32 players competed in a straight knock-out competition, with each match contested over 18 holes, except for the final which was over 36 holes. The winner received £100 out of a total prize fund of £240. J.H. Taylor defeated Alfred Toogood 5 & 3 in the final to win the tournament.

## Qualification

Entry was restricted to members of the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA). Qualification was by a series of 36-hole stroke-play competitions; one for each of the five PGA sections. The Southern section had 16 qualifiers, the Northern section had 6, the Midland 5, the Scottish section 3 and the Irish section 2. In the event of a tie for places there was a playoff. Compared to 1903 the Northern section had one additional qualifier and the Scottish section one less.

The qualifiers were:

## Format

The format was unchanged. Matches were over 18 holes except for the final which was over 36 holes. Extra holes were played in the event of a tied match. Two rounds were played on the first day, two more on the second day with the final on the third day.

## Results

Source:

|  | First round
4 October | |  |  | Second round
4 October | |  |  | Third round
5 October | |  |  | Semi-finals
5 October | |  |  | Final
6 October | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Arthur Mitchell** | 1up |  |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |
|  | Wilfrid Reid |  |  |  | Arthur Mitchell |  |  | || |
|  | **James Hepburn** | 5&4 |  |  | **James Hepburn** | 1up |  | || |
|  | Jack Ross |  |  |  |  | |  |  | **James Hepburn** | 3&2 |  | ||
|  | **George Pulford** | 4&2 |  |  | |  |  | George Pulford |  |  || |
|  | Rowland Jones |  |  |  | **George Pulford** | 5&4 |  |  |  | |  | ||
|  | **Ben Sayers** | w/o |  |  | Ben Sayers |  |  | | || | |
|  | Arnaud Massy |  |  |  | | | | | |  | | James Hepburn |  |  ||
|  | **Alfred Toogood** | 4&3 |  |  | | | |  | |  |  | **Alfred Toogood** | 4&2 |  ||
|  | Harry Chestney |  |  |  | **Alfred Toogood** | 2&1 |  | | |  |  | |  ||
|  | **Tom Simpson** | 2&1 |  |  | Tom Simpson |  |  | | || |
|  | Tom Yeoman |  |  |  |  | |  | | |  | | **Alfred Toogood** | 6&4 |  ||
|  | George Coburn |  |  |  | |  |  | | | Ted Ray | |  |  ||
|  | **Ted Ray** | 3&2 |  |  | **Ted Ray** | 5&4 |  | | |  | | | | ||
|  | **Willie Fernie** | 4&3 |  |  | Willie Fernie |  |  | | || |
|  | Robert Thomson |  |  |  | | | | | |  | | Alfred Toogood |  |  |
|  | Albert Tingey, Sr. |  |  |  | | | |  | | | | |  |  |  | **J.H. Taylor** | 5&3 |  |
|  | **George Cawsey** | 3&2 |  |  | **George Cawsey** | 2&1 |  | | |  |  | | | |  |
|  | William Hutchings |  |  |  | Willie Lewis |  |  | | || | |
|  | **Willie Lewis** | 20h |  |  |  | |  | | |  | | | | George Cawsey |  |  |
|  | **J.H. Taylor** | 2up |  |  | |  |  | | | **J.H. Taylor** | | | | 4&3 |  |
|  | Willie Hunter, Sr. |  |  |  | **J.H. Taylor** | 9&8 |  | | |  | | | |  | |  |
|  | **Johnnie McKenna** | 4&3 |  |  | Johnnie McKenna |  |  | | || | |
|  | James Kinnell |  |  |  | | | | | |  | | **J.H. Taylor** | 1up |  |
|  | **Tom Williamson** | 4&3 |  |  | | | | | |  | |  |  | Sandy Herd |  |  |
|  | Jack Rowe |  |  |  | Tom Williamson |  |  | | |  | | | | |
|  | **Harry Vardon** | 7&6 |  |  | **Harry Vardon** | 1up |  | | ||
|  | Ernest Gray |  |  |  |  | |  | | |  | | Harry Vardon |  |  |
|  | **Sandy Herd** | 5&4 |  |  | |  |  | | | **Sandy Herd** | | 19h |  |
|  | Fred Collins |  |  |  | **Sandy Herd** | 1up |  | | |  | | | | |
|  | Phil Gaudin |  |  |  | James Braid |  |  | | ||
|  | **James Braid** | 5&4 |  |  | | | | | ||

w/o = Walkover

## Prize money

Prize money was increased to £240 with the addition of 8 £5 prizes for the losers in the second round. The winner received £100 and a gold medal, the runner-up £30 and a silver medal, the losing semi-finalists £15 and a bronze medal, while the third round losers received £10 and the second round losers received £5.

51°28′8″N 0°18′46″W / 51.46889°N 0.31278°W / 51.46889; -0.31278

## InfoBox

1904 News of the World Match Play
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 4–6 October 1904 |
| Location | Richmond, London, England |
| Course(s) | Mid-Surrey Golf Club |
| Organised by | The PGA |
| Format | Match play – 18 holes
(Final 36 holes) |
| Statistics | |
| Field | 32 players |
| Prize fund | £240 |
| Winner's share | £100 |
| Champion | |
| J.H. Taylor | |
| def. Alfred Toogood 5 & 3 | |
|  | |


title: 1904 Normanton by-election

abstract: The 1904 Normanton by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 1 March 1904. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

text:
# 1904 Normanton by-election

The **1904 Normanton by-election** was a Parliamentary by-election held on 1 March 1904. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

## Vacancy

The death of Benjamin Pickard the sitting Lib-Lab Member of Parliament for Normanton in 1904 meant a vacancy and a by-election in the division. Since 1885 the Yorkshire Miners Association had had an agreement with the Liberals allowing them nominate the candidate for elections to Parliament. Pickard had held the seat at each election under this arrangement since the 1885 general election and generally supported the Liberals in Parliament in return.

## Lib-Lab successor

Miners' officials were expecting a contest between their president John Wadsworth and their treasurer Fred Hall. However, there was a third candidate, William Parrott, another Yorkshire Miners Association official. Although he had been canvassed as a possible candidate he was not expected to put his name forward as he was thought to be committed to a different constituency. However, by the time the miners were asked to vote, the names of all three men were on the ballot paper. Parrott was selected and abandoned his candidature for the Liberals in East Leeds. The Liberals again decided not to oppose the miners' candidate and the Independent Labour party also chose not stand a candidate. Parrott, as a member of the Liberal Party, could anticipate the votes of the general body of Liberals in his seat as well as the support of the miners. In addition he had a strong and close association with the late MP, Benjamin Pickard, through his work as a trade unionist going back nearly 30 years.

## The by-election issues

The election was called for 1 March 1904. The Conservatives selected a London man, Marcus R P Dorman to oppose Parrott.

Parrott's election address emphasised four points. First he wanted an amendment of the law to secure greater freedoms for trade unions. He was particularly arguing for the restoration of the law on trade unions to what it had been before the Taff Vale case. His next policy opposed the Education Act 1902. He regretted the abolition of school boards elected by ratepayers in their district, which had been popular with radicals and their replacement by local education authorities under the control of county or borough councils. Nonconformist electors objected that their local taxes were being used to support the teaching of religious views to which they were opposed, ‘Rome on the Rates' was their rallying cry. Anglican and Roman Catholic church schools, supported by public funds, were not under public control and teachers in these sectarian schools were subject to religious tests. Parrott's third policy priority was fiscal reform, in particular opposing a levy on the export of coal, as coal-owners were cutting wage rates and laying off miners to pay for this tax. Finally he was strongly in favour of the temperance movement.

In addition to these points, Parrott made clear during the campaign that he was strongly opposed to preferential tariffs and in favour of the traditional Liberal policy of Free Trade, which was largely thought to favour working people with cheap food. Also, the constituency had about 800 Irish electors who were expected to vote for Parrott. As a Liberal he was believed to be in favour of Home Rule but the religious aspects of the education issue complicated matters.

Dorman's campaign mostly consisted of his defence of the Conservative government and trying to convince the miners and other workingmen that he had their interests at heart. He was in favour of taxation reform to protect British markets and opposed the immigration into Britain of what he described as destitute aliens.

## The campaign atmosphere

On the whole it was reported as being a quiet campaign compared with some. There was the usual round of public meetings but with the preponderance of outside help and speakers being on the Lib-Lab side and the Conservative candidate suffering more at the expense of hecklers at his events. A later report indicated that Dorman had more or less had to cope single-handedly with very few outside speakers coming in to support his candidature. It was also reported that support for Parrott from Parliamentary speakers had been less than anticipated with many village meetings in the mining areas having been only sparsely attended but this was not helped by the weather which was generally cold and snowy.

One interesting aside, the two candidates took part in a football match on Saturday 27 February between teams from Normanton and Dewsbury, with Dorman kicking off the first half and Parrott kicking off the second. The result is not reported.

On polling day the weather continued cold and there was light snow in the air but the snow was not severe enough to interfere with the election. Parrott toured the constituency in a carriage and pair, Dorman had the use of a motor-car.

## The result

Despite worries that there might be some apathy in the electorate in view of the previous Lib-Lab domination of the seat and a slow turn-out in the early part of the day Parrott polled 6,855 votes to Dorman's 2,909; a majority of 3,946 (from an electorate of 14,898). This was a larger vote than Pickard had received in all the five previous elections since 1885 and a larger majority than Pickard had ever achieved.

Parrott served as MP for Normanton until his death in November 1905. He was succeeded as MP by his former Yorkshire Miners Association colleague Fred Hall.


title: American Atheist Magazine

abstract: American Atheist: A Journal of Atheist News and Thought, commonly known as American Atheist Magazine, is a quarterly magazine currently edited by Alyssa Fuller and Tom Van Denburgh and published by American Atheists. American Atheist is available in print with an annual membership in American Atheists and in PDF form on Scribd.com.

text:
# American Atheist Magazine

***American Atheist: A Journal of Atheist News and Thought***, commonly known as ***American Atheist Magazine***, is a quarterly magazine currently edited by Alyssa Fuller and Tom Van Denburgh and published by American Atheists. *American Atheist* is available in print with an annual membership in American Atheists and in PDF form on Scribd.com.

## History

The magazine was established in Austin, Texas. The name of the magazine has changed several times over the course of its history. An early issue is numbered Volume 1, Number 1 (January 1971) and is titled: *The American Atheist – Poor Richard’s Reports*.

Frank Zindler documented the beginning of the magazine as follows:

> It is impossible to determine exactly when the magazine began. It appears ultimately to have grown out of a mimeographed newsletter that Madalyn Murray O'Hair circulated in Baltimore before her 1963 victory in SCOTUS \[Supreme Court of the United States\]. Certain reconstructions (e.g., the fact that the Sept. 1975 issue is labeled Vol. 17, No. 9) would place this in 1958, but that does not seem likely. In any case, there may have been a publication in the early 1960s styling itself a magazine, but no copies survive at the American Atheist Center in NJ. Over the course of American Atheists history, there have been a number of newsletters, both general and private (i.e., a members’ Insider’s Newsletter). It is possible that the Volume 17 numbering for 1975 represents a continuation of the numbering of a newsletter going back to the late 1950s.

The issue bearing the earliest publication data was printed in \[fax\] in *American Atheist*, Vol. 46, No. 6 (July, 2008). It is numbered Vol. 1, No. 1, and is dated January, 1971. The title includes the definite article —*The American Atheist*—and carries the subtitle *Poor Richard’s Reports*.

The earliest issue of the magazine in the archives of Zindler (still carrying the definite article in the title, but no longer having a subtitle) is numbered Vol. 17, No. 7 and dated July 1975. As Zindler wrote: "Thus, the circumstances surrounding the date at which the publication of the present journal American Atheist began are a complete mystery."

On the other hand, American Atheists, Inc. uploaded three issues from 1964 (starting with vol. 6, no. 3, March 1964) to Scribd.

By late 1991, publication became extremely sporadic, lapsing entirely in early 1992. The magazine eventually resumed publication in late 1996.

### Documentable publication of the magazine

* March 1964 to autumn of 1992
* Winter 1996 to present

### Editors

* Richard F. O'Hair: Editor-in-chief V1N1 January 1971 until V18N1 January 1976.
* Madalyn (Murray) O’Hair: Associate Editor V1N1 January 1971. Contributing Editor V17N8 Aug. 1975. Editor V18N2 Feb 1976). Editor-in-chief V19N2 Feb. 1977. Editor Emeritus V25N7 July 1983. (Murdered Sept/Oct, 1995)
* Robin Eileen Murray-O’Hair: Poetess V23N5 May 81. Poetry V23N7 July 1981 until Editor-in-chief V25N7, July 1983. (Murdered Sept/Oct 1995)
* Edmund Bojarski: General Editor, December 1977 through February 1978
* Frank Duffy: General Editor V20N8 (April 1978) through V21N4 (April 1979) \>\>
* Ellen Johnson: Editor V44N2 (April 2006) through V46N5 (June 2008)
* Frank R. Zindler: Editor & Managing Editor V35N1 (Winter 1996–1997) through V44N2 (JanFebMar 2006). Editor, American Atheist Press V44N2 (April 2006) through V46N5 (June 2008). Editor; Managing Editor, V46N6 (July 2008) through V47N1 (January 2009). Managing Editor, V47N2 (Feb 2009) up to the present. Resumes being Editor, American Atheist, for V49N2 (2Q2011)
* Bill Hampl: General Editor, American Atheist V47N2 (Feb 09) throughV47N7 (Oct 09)
* Pamela Whissel: Editor-in-chief V49N3 (3Q2011) to V58N2 (March/Apr 2020)
* Alyssa Fuller: Managing Editor V59N1 (1Q2021) to current

### George H. W. Bush controversy

Vice President George H. W. Bush was questioned by American Atheist Press news reporter Rob Sherman at Chicago's O'Hare Airport on 27 August 1987, just after announcing his candidacy for president. Sherman asked Bush about separation of church and state and about his opinion of the citizenship and patriotism of Atheists. Sherman quoted him as saying:

> No, I don't know that atheists should be regarded as citizens, nor should they be regarded as patriotic. This is one nation under God...I support the separation of church and state. I'm just not very high on atheists.

An exchange of letters that took place in 1989 between the late Jon Garth Murray, then president of American Atheists, and White House Counsel C. Boyden Gray, prove that the conversation with Vice President Bush took place, exactly as reported. Those two letters are on file at the Bush Presidential Library in Texas. The letter from Mr. Murray to Mr. Gray is expected to be available in late 2013 as a part of a file called Item # CF 01193-002, but a related letter by Mr. Murray to the Members of Congress, which referenced Mr. Murray's letter to Mr. Gray, is available for public view. The reply letter from Mr. Gray to Mr. Murray is also available for public view.

The letter from Mr. Murray to the Members of Congress is from a file identified as White House Office of Records Management, Subject Code RM, Document Number 157715 CU. This document is a letter that Jon Murray sent to every Member of Congress on February 21, 1990. In this letter, Mr. Murray describes the news conference that Zindler attended and quotes exactly the conversation between Mr. Bush and Zindler, and then states:

> ...the President is a religious man who neither supports atheism nor believes that atheism should be unnecessarily encouraged or supported by the government. Needless to say, the President supports the Constitution and laws of the United States, and you may rest assured that this Administration will proceed at all times with due regard for the legal rights of atheists, as will as others with whom the President disagrees.

Mr. Murray's letter to the Members of Congress went on to say that Mr. Bush must issue "an apology and retraction of the remarks or alternately the Congress of the United States must pass a resolution censuring President Bush for the remarks." The letter from Mr. Gray to Mr. Murray is located in a file identified as White House Office of Records Management, Subject Code RM, Document Number 041388 CU.

## InfoBox

*American Atheist Magazine*
| 50th anniversary cover. | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor-in-chief | Alyssa Fuller and Tom Van Denburgh |
| Categories | Secularism, news magazine |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Publisher | American Atheists, Inc |
| Founded | 1971 |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Cranford, New Jersey |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.atheists.org/magazine/ |
| ISSN | 0516-9623 |
| OCLC | 60639278 |


title: Amako language

abstract: Amako, or Korak, is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in Korak, Almami Rural LLG, Madang Province.

text:
# Amako language

**Amako**, or **Korak**, is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in Korak (4°31′22″S 145°28′13″E / 4.522907°S 145.470316°E / -4.522907; 145.470316 (Korak)), Almami Rural LLG, Madang Province.

## InfoBox

| Korak | |
| --- | --- |
| Amako | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Madang Province |
| Native speakers | 510 (2003) |
| Language family | Trans–New Guinea? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `koz` |
| *Glottolog* | `kora1296` |


title: Amakohia Ubi

abstract: Amakọhia-Ubi is an autonomous community in the Owerri West Local Government area of Imo State (1), Nigeria. The community is divided into four villages: Umunjam, Obiọkwu, Umuike, and Umuọka. Each of these villages, which later became towns, has between four and eight kindreds. Amakọhia-Ubi, originally, Amakọhia-Ubi was a village in the Umunwọha Ọfọ Ise community comprising Ohii, Amakohia-Ubi, Ndegwu, Orogwe, and Irete in order of seniority, until each of them was recognized as autonomous by the Peoples Democratic Party-led government. Each of these officially known as an autonomous community was granted the right to choose a traditional ruler according to government procedures establishing the autonomous community status. All of these communities and villages are located within Owerri-West local government area. Politically, Amakọhia-Ubi has 19 Polling units as accounted for by the independent national electoral commission during the 2023 election. These autonomous communities and villages are host to functioning health care facilities

text:
# Amakohia Ubi

**Amakọhia-Ubi** is an autonomous community in the Owerri West Local Government area of Imo State (1), Nigeria. The community is divided into four villages: Umunjam, Obiọkwu, Umuike, and Umuọka. Each of these villages, which later became towns, has between four and eight kindreds. Amakọhia-Ubi, originally, Amakọhia-Ubi was a village in the Umunwọha Ọfọ Ise (Children of Nwọha) community comprising Ohii, Amakohia-Ubi, Ndegwu, Orogwe, and Irete in order of seniority, until each of them was recognized as autonomous by the Peoples Democratic Party-led government. Each of these officially known as an autonomous community was granted the right to choose a traditional ruler according to government procedures establishing the autonomous community status.

All of these communities and villages are located within Owerri-West local government area. Politically, Amakọhia-Ubi has 19 Polling units as accounted for by the independent national electoral commission during the 2023 election.

These autonomous communities and villages are host to functioning health care facilities (NBS, 2007, |url=https://nairametrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/DIRECTORY-OF-HEALTH-ESTABLISHMENT.pdf )

## InfoBox

| Amakohia Ubi | |
| --- | --- |
| Autonomous community | |
| Coordinates: 5°32′34.27″N 6°57′4.9″E / 5.5428528°N 6.951361°E / 5.5428528; 6.951361 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Imo |
| Local government area | Owerri |
| Time zone | WAT |


title: Amakinite

abstract:
Amakinite (IMA symbol: Amk) is a semi transparent yellow-green hydroxide mineral belonging to the brucite group that was discovered in 1962. Its chemical formula is written as (Fe2+,Mg)(OH)2. It usually occurs in the form of splotchy, anhedral crystals forming within a group or structure in other minerals or rocks, such as kimberlite (occurring in diamond-rich eruptive pipe). Its composition is as follows:
  - Magnesium 5.82% Mg 9.66% MgO
  - Manganese 6.58% Mn 8.50% MnO
  - Iron 46.84% Fe 60.26% FeO
  - Hydrogen 2.42% H 21.58% H2O
  - Oxygen 38.34% O Amakinite is slightly magnetic and was named for the Amakin Expedition, which prospected the diamond deposits of Yakutia in the Russian Far East.

text:
# Amakinite

**Amakinite** (IMA symbol: Amk) is a semi transparent yellow-green hydroxide mineral belonging to the brucite group that was discovered in 1962. Its chemical formula is written as (Fe2+,Mg)(OH)2. It usually occurs in the form of splotchy, anhedral crystals forming within a group or structure in other minerals or rocks, such as kimberlite (occurring in diamond-rich eruptive pipe). Its composition is as follows:

* Magnesium 5.82% Mg 9.66% MgO
* Manganese 6.58% Mn 8.50% MnO
* Iron 46.84% Fe 60.26% FeO
* Hydrogen 2.42% H 21.58% H2O
* Oxygen 38.34% O

Amakinite is slightly magnetic and was named for the Amakin Expedition, which prospected the diamond deposits of Yakutia in the Russian Far East.

## InfoBox

| Amakinite | |
| --- | --- |
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| IMA symbol | Amk |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Identification | |
| Color | Pale green to yellow-green; rapidly turns brown when exposed to air, due to formation of Fe(OH)3 |
| Cleavage | Poor/Indistinct |
| Fracture | Irregular/Uneven |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3.5-4 |
| Specific gravity | 2.925 - 2.98 |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial |


title: 1904–05 Football League

abstract: The 1904–05 season was the 17th season of The Football League. Woolwich Arsenal were the first club from southern England to feature in the top flight of English football since its inception in 1888–89.

text:
# 1904–05 Football League

The **1904–05 season** was the 17th season of The Football League. Woolwich Arsenal were the first club from southern England to feature in the top flight of English football since its inception in 1888–89.

## Final league tables

Beginning in the 1894–95 season, clubs finishing level on points were separated according to goal average (goals scored divided by goals conceded). In case one or more teams had the same goal difference, this system favoured those teams who had scored fewer goals. The goal average system was eventually scrapped beginning with the 1976–77 season.

During the first six seasons of the league, (up to the 1893–94 season), re-election process concerned the clubs which finished in the bottom four of the league. From the 1894–95 season and until the 1920–21 season the re-election process was required of the clubs which finished in the bottom three of the league.

## First Division

First Division
| Season | 1904–05 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Newcastle United
1st English title |
| Matches played | 306 |
| Goals scored | 904 (2.95 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Arthur Brown
(22 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Bury 7–1 Sheffield United
(12 November 1904)
Manchester City 6–0 Derby County
(17 December 1904) |
| Biggest away win | Notts County 1–5 Woolwich Arsenal
(17 December 1904)
Notts County 1–5 Sheffield United
(28 January 1905) |
| Highest scoring | The Wednesday 5–5 Everton
(12 November 1904) |
| Longest winning run | 8 matches
Manchester City |
| Longest unbeaten run | 10 matches
Everton |
| Longest losing run | 5 matches
Bury
Derby County
Notts County
Stoke |
| Highest attendance | 50,000
Aston Villa 2–1 Small Heath
(29 October 1904) |
| Lowest attendance | 2,000
The Wednesday 1–1 Derby County
(3 April 1905)
Stoke 1–0 Small Heath
(29 April 1905) |
| Average attendance | 13,404 |
| 1903–04 1905–06 | |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Newcastle United (C) | 34 | 23 | 2 | 9 | 72 | 33 | 2.182 | 48 |  |
| 2 | Everton | 34 | 21 | 5 | 8 | 63 | 36 | 1.750 | 47 |  |
| 3 | Manchester City | 34 | 20 | 6 | 8 | 66 | 37 | 1.784 | | 46 |
| 4 | Aston Villa | 34 | 19 | 4 | 11 | 63 | 43 | 1.465 | | 42 |
| 5 | Sunderland | 34 | 16 | 8 | 10 | 60 | 44 | 1.364 | | 40 |
| 6 | Sheffield United | 34 | 19 | 2 | 13 | 64 | 56 | 1.143 | | 40 |
| 7 | Small Heath | 34 | 17 | 5 | 12 | 54 | 38 | 1.421 | | 39 |
| 8 | Preston North End | 34 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 42 | 37 | 1.135 | | 36 |
| 9 | The Wednesday | 34 | 14 | 5 | 15 | 61 | 57 | 1.070 | | 33 |
| 10 | Woolwich Arsenal | 34 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 36 | 40 | 0.900 | | 33 |
| 11 | Derby County | 34 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 37 | 48 | 0.771 | | 32 |
| 12 | Stoke | 34 | 13 | 4 | 17 | 40 | 58 | 0.690 | | 30 |
| 13 | Blackburn Rovers | 34 | 11 | 5 | 18 | 40 | 51 | 0.784 | | 27 |
| 14 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | 34 | 11 | 4 | 19 | 47 | 73 | 0.644 | | 26 |
| 15 | Middlesbrough | 34 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 36 | 56 | 0.643 | | 26 |
| 16 | Nottingham Forest | 34 | 9 | 7 | 18 | 40 | 61 | 0.656 | | 25 |
| 17 | Bury | 34 | 10 | 4 | 20 | 47 | 67 | 0.701 | 24 | Relegation to the Second Division |
| 18 | Notts County | 34 | 5 | 8 | 21 | 36 | 69 | 0.522 | | 18 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored
(C) Champions

### Results

| Home \ Away | AST | BLB | BRY | DER | EVE | MCI | MID | NEW | NOT | NTC | PNE | SHU | SMH | STK | SUN | WED | WOL | WOO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aston Villa |  | 3–0 | 2–0 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 3–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 4–2 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 3–0 | 3–1 |
| Blackburn Rovers | 4–0 |  | 0–2 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 1–4 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 |
| Bury | 2–3 | 0–2 |  | 2–0 | 1–2 | 2–4 | 1–0 | 2–4 | 5–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 7–1 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 1–4 | 3–1 | 1–1 |
| Derby County | 0–2 | 1–1 | 3–2 |  | 1–2 | 0–1 | 4–2 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 2–3 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 |
| Everton | 3–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 |  | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 5–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 |
| Manchester City | 2–1 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 6–0 | 2–0 |  | 3–2 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 6–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 5–2 | 1–1 | 5–1 | 1–0 |
| Middlesbrough | 3–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |  | 0–3 | 0–0 | 2–5 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 1–0 |
| Newcastle United | 2–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 2–0 | 3–0 |  | 5–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 1–3 | 6–2 | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| Nottingham Forest | 1–1 | 5–2 | 5–1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 |  | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 0–3 |
| Notts County | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–2 |  | 1–3 | 1–5 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 3–4 | 1–5 |
| Preston North End | 2–3 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 |  | 4–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 3–0 |
| Sheffield United | 0–3 | 3–1 | 4–0 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 4–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 |  | 2–1 | 5–2 | 1–0 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 4–0 |
| Small Heath | 0–3 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–0 |  | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 2–1 |
| Stoke | 1–4 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 |  | 1–3 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 |
| Sunderland | 2–3 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 5–0 | 3–2 | 2–1 | 1–4 | 3–1 |  | 3–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 |
| The Wednesday | 3–2 | 1–2 | 4–0 | 1–1 | 5–5 | 2–1 | 5–0 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 |  | 4–0 | 0–3 |
| Wolverhampton Wanderers | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 5–3 | 1–3 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 4–2 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 1–0 |  | 4–1 |
| Woolwich Arsenal | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on unknown. Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

### Maps

Aston VillaBlackburn RoversBuryDerby CountyEvertonManchester CityMiddlesbroughNewcastleNottingham ForestNotts CountySheffield UnitedPreston North EndSmall Heath (Birmingham)StokeSunderlandThe Wednesday (Sheffield)Wolverhampton WanderersWoolwich Arsenalclass=notpageimage|Locations of the **Football League First Division teams**

## Second Division

Football League
Second Division
| Season | 1904–05 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Liverpool (3rd title) |
| Failed re-election | Doncaster Rovers |
| Matches played | 306 |
| Goals scored | 903 (2.95 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Samuel Marsh (Bolton Wanderers), 27 |
| Biggest home win | LiverpoolBurslem Port Vale 8–1 (8 Apr 1905)
BarnsleyBurton United 7–0 (28 Jan 1905)
Manchester UnitedBradford City 7–0 (2 Jan 1905) |
| Biggest away win | Burton UnitedWest Bromwich Albion 0–6 (21 Apr 1905) |
| Highest scoring | LiverpoolBurslem Port Vale 8–1 (8 Apr 1905) |
| Longest winning run | 14 matches
Manchester United (15 Oct 1904 – 3 Jan 1905) |
| Longest unbeaten run | 18 matches
Manchester United (24 Sep 1904 – 21 Jan 1905) |
| Longest losing run | 9 matches
Doncaster Rovers (14 Jan 1905 – 1 Apr 1905) |
| 1903–04 1905–06 | |

| Pos | Team | Pld | HW | HD | HL | HGF | HGA | AW | AD | AL | AGF | AGA | GAv | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Liverpool | 34 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 60 | 12 | 13 | 1 | 3 | 33 | 13 | 3.720 | 58 | Division Champions |
| 2 | Bolton Wanderers | 34 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 53 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 3 | 34 | 16 | 2.719 | 56 | Promoted |
| 3 | Manchester United | 34 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 60 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 21 | 20 | 2.700 | 53 |  |
| 4 | Bristol City | 34 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 40 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 33 | 1.467 | | 42 |
| 5 | Chesterfield Town | 34 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 26 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 18 | 24 | 1.257 | | 39 |
| 6 | Gainsborough Trinity | 34 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 32 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 29 | 43 | 1.052 | | 36 |
| 7 | Barnsley | 34 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 29 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 9 | 43 | 0.679 | | 33 |
| 8 | Bradford City | 34 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 31 | 20 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 14 | 29 | 0.918 | | 32 |
| 9 | Lincoln City | 34 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 31 | 16 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 11 | 24 | 1.050 | | 31 |
| 10 | West Bromwich Albion | 34 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 28 | 20 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 28 | 28 | 1.167 | | 30 |
| 11 | Burnley | 34 | 10 | 1 | 6 | 31 | 21 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 12 | 31 | 0.827 | | 30 |
| 12 | Glossop | 34 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 14 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 32 | 0.804 | | 30 |
| 13 | Grimsby Town | 34 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 22 | 14 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 32 | 0.717 | | 30 |
| 14 | Leicester Fosse | 34 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 30 | 25 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 30 | 0.727 | | 29 |
| 15 | Blackpool | 34 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 26 | 15 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 33 | 0.750 | | 28 |
| 16 | Burslem Port Vale | 34 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 28 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 47 | 0.653 | 27 | Re-elected |
| 17 | Burton United | 34 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 10 | 55 | 0.357 | | 20 |
| 18 | Doncaster Rovers | 34 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 12 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 11 | 49 | 0.284 | 8 | Failed re-election |

Source:
Notes:

### Results

| Home \ Away | BAR | BLP | BOL | BRA | BRI | BRN | BPV | BRT | CHF | DON | GAI | GLP | GRI | LEI | LIN | LIV | MUN | WBA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Barnsley |  | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 7–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| Blackpool | 6–0 |  | 0–2 | 2–0 | 2–4 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 0–0 |
| Bolton Wanderers | 2–1 | 3–0 |  | 2–0 | 3–1 | 4–0 | 3–1 | 7–1 | 4–3 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 4–0 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 2–4 | 2–1 |
| Bradford City | 1–2 | 3–1 | 2–1 |  | 2–3 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 | 3–1 |
| Bristol City | 3–0 | 2–0 | 3–4 | 1–0 |  | 0–0 | 4–2 | 5–0 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 |
| Burnley | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–3 |  | 5–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 4–3 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 1–4 |
| Burslem Port Vale | 0–2 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 3–1 |  | 4–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 3–2 |
| Burton United | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–3 |  | 0–3 | 1–0 | 1–3 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–3 | 0–6 |
| Chesterfield | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 6–0 |  | 4–1 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 |
| Doncaster Rovers | 2–0 | 0–0 | 0–4 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 0–2 |  | 1–5 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 1–4 | 0–1 | 0–1 |
| Gainsborough Trinity | 4–0 | 1–1 | 0–4 | 3–2 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 |  | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 4–2 |
| Glossop | 5–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 |  | 2–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 2–1 |
| Grimsby Town | 0–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 4–0 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 |  | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 1–3 |
| Leicester Fosse | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 5–1 |  | 0–1 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 3–1 |
| Lincoln City | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 3–3 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 5–1 |  | 0–2 | 3–0 | 0–2 |
| Liverpool | 2–1 | 5–0 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 8–1 | 2–0 | 6–1 | 1–0 | 6–1 | 2–2 | 5–0 | 4–0 | 1–1 |  | 4–0 | 3–2 |
| Manchester United | 4–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 7–0 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 6–1 | 5–0 | 3–0 | 6–0 | 3–1 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 |  | 2–0 |
| West Bromwich Albion | 4–1 | 4–2 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 0–2 | 6–1 | 4–3 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 0–2 | 0–2 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on unknown. Source: Ian Laschke: *Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888–89 to 1978–79*. Macdonald and Jane’s, London & Sydney, 1980.
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

### Maps

BarnsleyBlackpoolBoltonBradford CityBristol CityBurnleyBurslem Port ValeBurton UnitedChesterfieldDoncasterGainsborough TrinityGlossopGrimsby TownLeicester FosseLincoln CityLiverpoolManchester UnitedWest Bromwich Albionclass=notpageimage|Locations of the **Football League Second Division teams**    1. "English League Leading Goalscorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
* Ian Laschke: *Rothmans Book of Football League Records 1888–89 to 1978–79*. Macdonald and Jane's, London & Sydney, 1980.

## InfoBox

The Football League
| Season | 1904–05 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Newcastle United |
| Relegated | Doncaster Rovers |
| New Club in League | Doncaster Rovers |
| 1903–04 1905–06 | |


title: Aminata Konaté (basketball)

abstract: Aminata Konate is a French basketball player who plays for club Cavigal Nice of the League feminine de basket the top league of basketball for women in France.

text:
# Aminata Konaté (basketball)

**Aminata Konate** (born 24 October 1990) is a French basketball player who plays for club Cavigal Nice of the League feminine de basket the top league of basketball for women in France.

## InfoBox

| Aminata Konate | |
| --- | --- |
| Aminata Konate playing basketball | |
| Born | (1990-10-24) 24 October 1990<br>Paris |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Basketball player |


title: Aminata Konaté (sprinter)

abstract: Aminata Konaté is a Guinean sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She was the first woman to represent Guinea at the Olympics.

text:
# Aminata Konaté (sprinter)

**Aminata Konaté** (born 29 December 1968) is a Guinean sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics. She was the first woman to represent Guinea at the Olympics.

## InfoBox

Aminata Konaté
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Guinean |
| Born | (1968-12-29) 29 December 1968 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 100 metres |


title: Eastern Range mine

abstract: The Eastern Range mine is an iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 10 kilometres south-east of Paraburdoo. The mine is partly owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces.

text:
# Eastern Range mine

The **Eastern Range mine** is an iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 10 kilometres south-east of Paraburdoo.

The mine is partly owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes.

The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces.

## Overview

Rio Tinto iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 2004. The combined production capacity of the Paraburdoo, Eastern Range and Channar mines is 20 million tonnes of iron ore. The ore is processed both at Eastern Range and at Paraburdoo before being loaded onto rail, being transported from Eastern Range to Paraburdoo by conveyor belt.

Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley & Robe River railway, where it is loaded onto ships. Ore from Eastern Range, like Brockman, Mount Tom Price, Paraburdoo, Channar, Marandoo and Yandicoogina are transported as lump and fines ore product from the mines to Dampier via rail. Before being loaded onto ships for export, the product is blended and rescreened. The maximum size for the lumps is 31.5 mm, while the fines are at a maximum of 6.3 mm.

The mine's workforce lives residential in Paraburdoo. In 2009, the combined operations of Paraburdoo, Channar and Eastern Range employed 1,081 people, a decrease in comparison to 2008, when it employed 1,324.

The mine is jointly owned by Rio Tinto, who holds 54% and Chinese company Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation, who owns the remaining 46%. Shanghai Baosteel acquired its share in the mine in April 2004 in order to secure a long-term, stable supply of resources for the Chinese economy. Rio Tinto's share of the mine is owned through Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd, a fully owned subsidiary, which owns six mines in the Pilbara, and partly owns two more mines in the region, including Eastern Range.

While the Eastern Range deposit was known for two decades, it took China's emergence as a major steel producer and oversees investor to develop the mine.

## InfoBox

Eastern Range mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Eastern Range mineLocation in Western Australia | |
| Location | Shire of Ashburton, Pilbara |
| State | Western Australia |
| Country | Australia |
| Coordinates | 23°18′48″S 117°47′06″E / 23.313320°S 117.785103°E / -23.313320; 117.785103 |
| Production | |
| Products | Iron ore |
| Production | 20 million tonnes/annum |
| History | |
| Opened | 2004 |
| Owner | |
| Company | Rio Tinto Iron Ore (54%)  Shanghai Baosteel (46%) |
| Website | Rio Tinto Iron Ore website |
|  | |


title: Ame-no-Minakanushi

abstract: Taikyo Institute Ame-no-Minakanushi is a deity (kami) in Japanese mythology, portrayed in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki as the first or one of the first deities who manifested when heaven and earth came into existence.

text:
# Ame-no-Minakanushi

**Ame-no-Minakanushi** (天之御中主, lit. "Lord of the August Center of Heaven") is a deity (*kami*) in Japanese mythology, portrayed in the *Kojiki* and the *Nihon Shoki* as the first or one of the first deities who manifested when heaven and earth came into existence.

## Name

The *kami* is given the name 'Ame-no-Minakanushi-no-Kami' (天之御中主神; Old Japanese: *Ame-no2-Mi1nakanusi*) in the *Kojiki* (ca. 712 CE). The same deity is referred to as 'Ame-no-Minakanushi-no-Mikoto' (天御中主尊) in a variant account cited in the *Nihon Shoki* (720 CE).

## Mythology

The *Kojiki* portrays Ame-no-Minakanushi as the first god to appear in the heavenly realm of Takamagahara after the emergence of heaven and earth from the primeval chaos:

> At the time of the beginning of heaven and earth, there came into existence in Takamanohara a deity named Ame-no-Minakanushi-no-Kami; next, Takamimusubi-no-Kami; next, Kamimusubi-no-Kami. These three deities all came into existence as single deities (*hitorigami*), and their forms were not visible (or 'they hid their bodies').

Unlike later generations of *kami*, the first seven gods were "single" or "solitary" in that they came into being one by one, without any counterparts, and are described as hiding their presence upon coming into existence. Ame-no-Minakanushi is reckoned as the first of the "three deities of creation" (造化三神, *zōka sanshin*) and one of the five "distinguished heavenly gods" (別天津神, *kotoamatsukami*).

In the *Nihon Shoki*'s main narrative and many of the variant accounts cited in it, the first *kami* is identified instead as Kuni-no-Tokotachi; Ame-no-Minakanushi only appears in passing in one of these variants:

> In one writing it is said:—"When Heaven and Earth began, there were Deities produced together, whose names were, first, Kuni-no-toko-tachi no Mikoto, and next Kuni no sa-tsuchi no Mikoto." It is further stated:—"The names of the Gods which were produced in the Plain of High Heaven were Ama no mi-naka-nushi no Mikoto, next Taka-mi-musubi no Mikoto, next Kami-mi-musubi no Mikoto."
>
> translation by William George Aston

In the *Sendai Kuji Hongi*, the first deity to appear is named 'Ame-Yuzuruhi-Ame-no-Sagiri-Kuni-Yuzurutsuki-Kuni-no-Sagiri-no-Mikoto' (天譲日天狭霧国禅月国狭霧尊). Here, Ame-no-Minakanushi - given the alias 'Ame-no-Tokotachi-no-Mikoto' (天常立尊; the name of a distinct *kami* in the *Kojiki*) - along with the deity Umashi-Ashikabi-Hikoji (宇摩志阿斯訶備比古遅神) is instead counted as the first generation that emerged after this god.

No further mention is made of Ame-no-Minakanushi in these texts.

### Descendants

An imperially commissioned genealogical record known as the *Shinsen Shōjiroku* (815 CE) identifies two clans as the progeny of deities descended from Ame-no-Minakanushi:

* The Hattori no Muraji (服部連) clan, descended from Ame-no-Mihoko (天御桙命), the 11th generation descendant of Ame-no-Minakanushi
* The Miteshiro no Obito (御手代首) clan, descended from Ame-no-Minakanushi's 10th generation descendant Ame-no-Morokami (天諸神命)

## Analysis

There is no extant undisputed record of Ame-no-Minakanushi being worshiped at any known ancient shrines (the *Engishiki*, compiled in the early 10th century, never mentions any shrines to this deity); this, combined with the lack of information concerning the god outside of documents associated with the imperial court such as *Kojiki* and the *Shoki* (as seen above, even in these texts, barely any mention is made of this god), has led some scholars to consider Ame-no-Minakanushi to be an abstract deity (i.e. a god that only exists on paper, with no actual worshipers or cult dedicated to him) created under the influence of Chinese thought. Other scholars, however, argue that the paucity of evidence for the worship of Ame-no-Minakanushi in antiquity does not necessarily mean that the god is purely a literary invention.

Konishi Jin'ichi (1984) saw the creation narratives of the *Kojiki* and the *Shoki* as a combination of three different traditions: one which traces the origin of the gods to Ame-no-Minakanushi, another that began with Umashi-Ashikabi-Hikoji, and a third one starting with Kuni-no-Tokotachi. He saw similarities between Ame-no-Minakanushi and the sky deities Tangaloa (Polynesian mythology) and Tengri (Turkic and Mongol mythology), suggesting that these myths may ultimately share a common origin.

Kawai Hayao compared Ame-no-Minakanushi with the moon deity Tsukuyomi and Hosuseri (one of Konohanasakuyahime's three children), in that all three are portrayed as belonging to a triad of important deities and yet are not recorded as doing anything of significance. He considered these three 'inactive' deities to serve a mythic function as the 'hollow center' acting as a buffer zone between two opposite or conflicting forces (Kamimusubi and Takamimusubi, Amaterasu and Susanoo, Hoderi and Hoori).

### During the medieval and early modern periods

Until the medieval era, the *Nihon Shoki*, owing to its status as one of the six national histories, was more widely read and commented upon than the *Kojiki*, which was regarded as an ancillary work. In a similar vein, the *Sendai Kuji Hongi*, due to its preface claiming it to be compiled by Prince Shōtoku and Soga no Umako, was seen as being earlier and more reliable. (Modern consensus holds the *Kuji Hongi* to actually have been compiled during the Heian period, although certain portions of it may indeed preserve genuine early traditions.) References to Ame-no-Minakanushi were thus solely in terms of his role as one of the primeval *kami*.

During the Kamakura period, the school of thought developed by the Watarai priestly house of the Outer Shrine of Ise (*Gekū*) known as Ise Shinto (also known as Watarai Shinto), identified the shrine's deity, Toyouke (Toyoukehime), with Ame-no-Minakanushi and Kuni-no-Tokotachi. By doing so, the Outer Shrine asserted superiority over the Inner Shrine (*Naikū*) and its goddess, Amaterasu.

It was upon the flourishing of nativist studies (*kokugaku*) and the rediscovery and reappraisal of the *Kojiki* in the Edo period that Ame-no-Minakanushi's significance was reevaluated, with different authors expressing their own opinions on the god's role and importance.

Motoori Norinaga, in his commentary on the *Kojiki*, criticized the Watarai priesthood for laying emphasis on the importance of Ame-no-Minakanushi, arguing that the deities' order of appearance in time has no bearing on their rank or status. In his view, while Ame-no-Minakanushi is indeed the first among the gods to manifest, he is neither the ruler of heaven nor the "first ancestor" of the imperial line (that being Amaterasu), as some in his time believed. Motoori instead characterized Takamimusubi and Kamimusubi as the "first ancestors of heaven and earth, of the *kami*, and of all existence."

Tsurumine Shigenobu (1788-1859), who attempted to make a rational interpretation of the creation myths of the *Kojiki* and *Shoki* based on a synthesis with his understanding of European science and astronomy, associated Ame-no-Minakanushi with gravity:

> These three *kami* are first, Amanominakanushi, secondly Takamimusubi, and thirdly, Kamimusubi. These three great *kami* are described in the body of the *Kojiki* with the words, "These three *kami* were produced alone, and hid themselves." The meaning of "hid themselves" is that they could not be perceived by human eyes. The fact that there are particles \[*bunshi*\] in all things is probably a result of the action of the \[*kami*\] of productive power (Mimusubi), while the fact there is gravity is a result of the action of \[the *kami*\] Minakanushi. This gravity cannot be seen with eyes or taken up in the hand, and like the attraction between magnets and iron, is something that mutually pulls and attracts things together. It is because of the existence of this gravity that particles coalesce and thus the sun, moon, planets and earth spontaneously take their proper form. As a result, when one speaks of the "land illumined with heavenly crimson shining," it was due to the actions of these three *kami* that \[that land\] came into being. Thus, while these three *kami* are said to have become in the Plain of High Heaven, it does not mean literally there was originally a place called the Plain of High Heaven, and that the *kami* then came into being within that place, but rather that the Plain of High Heaven itself emerged into existence by virtue of the fact that these three *kami* came into being. Now, when one speaks of Amenominakanushi no kami, the *amenominaka* means around the core of the sun, while *nushi* means the lord of that place, with result that the name means the one who makes its domain in heaven and earth.

By linking gravity to Ame-no-Minakanushi, Tsurumine identifies the deity as the "lord" who oversees the process whereby the activity of the two gods of "coalescing" (*musubi*) results in the creation of all things out of the basic elements represented by "particles." Using language apparently borrowed from Christian conceptions of God, Tsurumine then went on to describe the three deities of creation as "the ancient ancestral *kami* of heaven and great *kami* sovereign over first origins ... who have made all things, from sun and moon, the planets, and earth to every other thing."

Motoori's admirer and self-proclaimed disciple Hirata Atsutane, in contrast to Motoori, described Ame-no-Minakanushi as a supreme deity with no beginning and no end who holds sovereignty over all existence, residing in the pole star at the very center of heaven.

> All things in heaven and earth have an original, great ancestral *kami*. Its name is Amenominakanushi no kami. It has no beginning and no end. It abides in the heavens above. It is furnished with the quality of producing all things within heaven and earth, but it acts not and is quiescent (it dwells in the so-called Plain of High Heaven from the original beginning), and it is sovereign over all existence. Next are Takamimusubi no kami and Kamimusubi no kami. They are apportioned with the qualities of Amenominakanushi no kami, producing all things in heaven and earth, and exerting sovereignty over all things in heaven and earth. They are equipped with the immeasurably marvelous quality called the spirit of generation (*musubi*). They are the ultimate natural ancestral kami of human beings. These two ancestral deities then forged heaven and earth, giving birth to Izanagi no mikoto and Izanami no mikoto, and making them firm the land and give birth to the people. These are our great natural parent deities.

A number of Hirata's disciples, meanwhile, came to formulate different understandings of Ame-no-Minakanushi from their mentor. One such disciple, Mutobe Yoshika (1798-1864), for instance argued that all the stars in the sky have their own planetary system similar to the Sun; the *Kojiki*'s description of the generation of heaven and Earth thus does not refer to the entire cosmos as Hirata interpreted it, but the Solar System (which Mutobe equates with the mythical Takamagahara) alone. According to Mutobe, all the stars with their respective planetary system were formed by the three deities of creation, who then came down to dwell in our Solar System. Unlike Hirata, Mutobe relegated Ame-no-Minakanushi and the other two deities of creation to a minor role and instead accorded high status to the earthly deity Ōkuninushi, who he argued was given jurisdiction by the gods Takamimusubi and Amaterasu not only over the lives and fates of human beings but also over grains and other foods. He thus took the evaluation Hirata had given to the three *kami* of creation and reapplied it to Ōkuninushi, essentially elevating him to a kind of supreme deity.

## Worship

The Buddhist deity Myōken, who was worshiped in Japan since at least the 7th century, became conflated with Ame-no-Minakanushi during the early modern period due to Myōken's association with the Big Dipper and the northern pole star. When the Meiji government mandated the separation of Buddhism and Shinto, many shrines dedicated to Myōken became shrines to Ame-no-Minakanushi. Ame-no-Minakanushi was also one of the patron deities of the Taikyo Institute (大教院, *Taikyoin*), a short-lived government organization that promoted a state-sponsored fusion of Buddhism and Shinto after the earlier separation policy was deemed as being too divisive.

**Counterparts of Ame-no-Minakanushi in other cultures**

## Sources

* Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa. *On Understanding Japanese Religion*. Princeton University Press, 1987. ISBN 0691102295

## InfoBox

| Ame-no-Minakanushi-no-Kami | |
| --- | --- |
| *Kotoamatsukami* | |
| Creation of the world according to the *Kojiki*, showing the five primordial gods (*kotoamatsukami*) and the subsequent seven generations of deities (*kamiyonanayo*) | |
| Other names | Ame-no-Minakanushi-no-Mikoto (天御中主尊) |
| Japanese | 天之御中主神, 天御中主神 |
| Major cult center | Chiba Shrine, Kurume Suitengū, and others |
| Texts | *Kojiki*, *Nihon Shoki*, *Kogo Shūi*, *Sendai Kuji Hongi* |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | None; self-generated |
| Siblings | None |
| Consort | None |
| Children | None |


title: 1871 Monmouthshire by-election

abstract: The 1871 Monmouthshire by-election was held on 4 March 1871. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Poulett Somerset. It was won, as expected, by the unopposed Conservative candidate Lord Henry Somerset.

text:
# 1871 Monmouthshire by-election

The **1871 Monmouthshire by-election** was held on 4 March 1871. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Poulett Somerset. It was won, as expected, by the unopposed Conservative candidate Lord Henry Somerset.

## Results

1871 Monmouthshire by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Lord Henry Somerset** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |