title: Elisabeth Samsonov

abstract: Elisabeth von Samsonow is an Austrian artist and philosopher. She is the Professor for Philosophical and Historical Anthropology at the Kunst an der Akademie der bildenden Künste, Vienna. She is also a member of GEDOK Munich. After she studied Philosophy and Theology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München she worked there from 1987 as a Professor for Renaissance-Philosophy, until 1991 where she was a professor at the University Vienna. Since 1996 she is a professor at the Akademie der bildenden Künste, Wien berufen.

text:
# Elisabeth Samsonov

**Elisabeth von Samsonow** is an Austrian artist and philosopher. She is the Professor for Philosophical and Historical Anthropology at the Kunst an der Akademie der bildenden Künste, Vienna. She is also a member of GEDOK Munich.

After she studied Philosophy and Theology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München she worked there from 1987 as a Professor for Renaissance-Philosophy, until 1991 where she was a professor at the University Vienna. Since 1996 she is a professor at the Akademie der bildenden Künste, Wien berufen.

## Publications

* *Egon Schiele - Sanctus Franciscus Hystericus*, Wien: Passagen Verlag 2012
* *Egon Schiele - Ich bin die Vielen.* Mit einem Nachwort von Peter Sloterdijk, Wien: Passagen Verlag 2010
* *Anti-Elektra. Totemismus und Schizogamie*, Zürich/Berlin: diaphanes, 2007, ISBN 3-935300-85-9
* *Flusser Lectures. Was ist anorganischer Sex wirklich? Theorie und kurze Geschichte der hypnogenen Subjekte und Objekte*, Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König, 2005
* *Biographien des organlosen Körpers* (Hg. mit Éric Alliez), Wien: Turia und Kant, 2003
* *Sex-Politik* (Hg. mit Doris Guth), Wien: Turia und Kant, 2001
* *Chroma Drama. Widerstand der Farbe* (Hg. mit Éric Alliez), Wien: Turia und Kant, 2001
* *Fenster im Papier: Die imaginäre Kollision der Architektur mit der Schrift oder die Gedächtnisrevolution der Renaissance*, München: Fink, 2001
* *Telenoia. Kritik der virtuellen Bilder* (Hg. mit Éric Alliez), Wien: Turia und Kant, 1999
* *Hyperplastik. Kunst und Konzepte der Wahrnehmung in Zeiten der mental imagery* (Hg. mit Éric Alliez), Wien: Turia und Kant, 1998
* *Die Erzeugung des Sichtbaren. Die philosophische Begründung naturwissenschaftlicher Wahrheit bei Johannes Kepler*, München: Fink, 1987


title: 1869 in Sweden

abstract: Events from the year 1869 in Sweden

text:
# 1869 in Sweden

Events from the year **1869** in **Sweden**

## Incumbents

## Events

* 10 July  Gävle is largely destroyed in a fire; 80% of its 10,000 residents are left homeless.
* Malmö SS is founded.
* Women are allowed to work in the railway office.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Antonio Correia (Cape Verde footballer)

abstract: Antonio Emildinov Fonseca Correia is a Cape Verdean footballer who plays as a forward.

text:
# Antonio Correia (Cape Verde footballer)

**Antonio Emildinov Fonseca Correia** (born November 1, 1993) is a Cape Verdean footballer who plays as a forward.

## Career

Correia signed with United Soccer League club Rochester Rhinos from Sporting Praia on February 9, 2017. He played in 5 regular season matches and 2 US Open Cup matches, scoring one goal.

## InfoBox

Antonio Correia
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Antonio Emildinov Fonseca Correia | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-11-01) November 1, 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Santiago, Cape Verde | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Sporting Praia |  |  |
| 2017 | Rochester Rhinos | 7 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 8:474, 23 October 2022 (UTC) | | | |


title: Elizabeth Austin (Australian pioneer)

abstract: Elizabeth Phillips Austin,, was an Australian pioneer and philanthropist, who endowed hospitals in the state of Victoria.

text:
# Elizabeth Austin (Australian pioneer)

**Elizabeth Phillips Austin,** (née Harding; 14 August 1821 — 2 September 1910), was an Australian pioneer and philanthropist, who endowed hospitals in the state of Victoria.

## Life

Austin was born at Middle Chinnock, Somerset, England to parents, Robert Harding, yeoman farmer, and his wife Mary, née Phillips. Alongside her brother, William, they took passage to Port Phillip District, Australia in 1841 and squatted land near Winchelsea.

On 14 August 1845 she married Thomas Austin who had also migrated from Somerset. They had eleven children with three dying in infancy. They were successful in sheep farming and owned several 'runs' becoming a notable family of the district. They received a visit from the Duke of Edinburgh to their homestead in 1867. Reportedly the Austins had felt embarrassed by this visit and felt they needed a grander home for hosting guests. In 1869-71 they built a mansion at Barwon Park, designed by Davidson & Henderson. Only months later, Thomas died and Austin continued to reside at the mansion until her death.

## Philanthropist

After witnessing the death of a servant from an incurable disease, Austin offered £6,000 from her inheritance towards the setting up of a hospital for "incurables" in Melbourne. The Austin Hospital for Incurables was opened on 21 January 1882 and, in 1892, with her continued financial support, a children's ward was established. She supported this institution for the rest of her life and created similar hospitals in other parts of Victoria.

In celebration of the Queen Victoria's jubilee in 1887, Austin founded the Elizabeth Austin Cottages for "the female aged poor" at South Geelong. Along with many local charities she gave funds to the Servants' Training Institute, St Thomas's Church, Winchelsea, and the Ladies' Benevolent Society. Shortly before her death, she gave a cheque of 100 guineas for the Geelong King Edward Memorial Clock fund.

## Death and legacy

Austin died on 2 September 1910 at Winchelsea. She had a civic funeral and was buried in Geelong cemetery in a French Gothic designed vault.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Austin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Elizabeth Phillips Harding
(1821-08-14)August 14, 1821
The Chinnocks |
| Died | September 2, 1910(1910-09-02) (aged 89)
Winchelsea |
| Known for | benefactor |
| Children | 11 |


title: Elizabeth Augusta Russell

abstract: Elizabeth Augusta Russell was an American philanthropist, reformer, and restaurateur. She served as National Superintendent of coffee house work for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and was the founder of the Russell Coffee House in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which, in its day, was the largest coffeehouse in the city.

text:
# Elizabeth Augusta Russell

**Elizabeth Augusta Russell** (née, **Sawtell**; known in the press as **Mrs. E. A. Russell**; 1832–1911) was an American philanthropist, reformer, and restaurateur. She served as National Superintendent of coffee house work for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and was the founder of the Russell Coffee House in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which, in its day, was the largest coffeehouse in the city.

## Early life and education

Elizabeth Augusta Sawtell was born in Mason, New Hampshire, on October 3, 1832. Her father and mother were Yankees, the father from Rindge, New Hampshire, and the mother from Ashburnham, Massachusetts. Her father was a farmer and she was one of a family of ten.

She was educated in the common schools of her town and later, paid her own way through school at the New Ipswich Academy in New Ipswich, New Hampshire. She was trained in habits of industry, morals and the severe theologies of the day, after the belief of the Congregationalists.

## Career

She taught in New Hampshire schools for four or five years and in the fall of 1860, went to Florence, Alabama to teach in the Florence Synodical Female College, a large Presbyterian school with a boarding house annex for the resident pupils.

### American Civil War

During the Battle of Big Bethel, she returned to her home in the North. After a short stay at home, she went to New York City with the intention of fitting herself by further study for a higher position as a teacher. This did not occur as soldiers wounded in the First Battle of Bull Run were being brought in and needed care. At first, her family took in two soldiers in its home. Then Russell, her mother and her sister began providing care ti the sick and wounded at 194 Broadway, known as the New England Soldiers' Relief Association. On retirement of the matron, sent by Governor Andrews from Massachusetts, Russell was appointed to succeed her. She was 26 years old at the time and remained as matron of the Association until the close of the war. the matron's salary was small and Russell was often at a loss for means to relieve the many cases which appealed to her and for which the government at that time had made no provision. The Association was the first provision made for the wounded soldiers, David's Island and Bedloe's Island being opened later. the wounded came by rail and by boat, from a dozen to 200 or more at a time. Russell wsa resident matron of this place for nearly five years. She was not mustered out until the close of the war, During those years in the hospital, she did not content herself with a superficial knowledge. She visited Washington, D.C. to study hospital methods. After the close of the war, her services were recognized by a pension grant.

### Post-war

At the close of the war, she was employed as a teacher in New Orleans by the Freedmen's Bureau. She had entire charge of the Colored Orphan Asylum in New Orleans.

Her next position was that of matron of a soldiers' home at Togus Springs, near Augusta, Maine. Here she remained four years. The building burned during her term of service but there was no loss of life. Russell accompanied 30 of the more helpless of the inmates to Augusta where they found shelter in the town hall until another building could be obtained.

After a brief service in the post office in Boston, she became matron of the Continental Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a position she held eight years, including the year of the nation's centennial anniversary. Here she had her first experience in managing a large force of domestic help, making a success of it from the first.

In 1879, she left Philadelphia for a year of recreation in Europe. In company with a woman who was an old friend, she visited Naples, Florence, Rome, and London, but before the year was up, she was summoned to take charge of the Grand Union Hotel at Saratoga Springs, New York, and later, had a similar position in A. T. Stewart's Hotel in Park Avenue, New York. She remained here two years, and spent the two following summers as matron of the Oriental Hotel in Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York. She next went to the Neil House in Columbus, Ohio, which later she left for the West Hotel in Minneapolis, Minnesota, remaining at the West four years.

It was about the year 1888 when, being called to open and manage a coffee house in Minneapolis in the interest of the WCTU, she felt that the opportunity of her life to do good had come. The enterprise was in many ways a success. The place was attractive, the table appointments were dainty, the food was the best obtianable. The attendants were young people, students at high school or college; these, in return for their hours of service, learned the civilities of life and received substantial help in paying their school expenses. On Sundays, the place was closed to the public. Russell made restaurant living not only respectable but popular. Her place had a national reputation. There was nothing really like it in the U.S. Minneapolis was at that time a city of only about 15,000, and the coffee house guests averaged 2,500 a day. For five years, she conducted this establishment, when she reluctantly left it.

At the National WCTU's convention in 1891, she was made National Superintendent of coffeehouse work. In this role, she collected statistics for her report on the coffee houses of the U.S. During the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, she was in charge of the management of the World's Fair Temperance Hotel, located in Harvey, Illinois.

On March 7, 1894, in Minneapolis, at 23 Fourth Street South, she opened the Russell Coffee House, which was conducted along the same lines as the WCTU's Central Coffee House.

## Personal life

In Worcester, Massachusetts, on November 24, 1854, she married Dexter Russell (1826–1861). All her married life was spent in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. Her husband and many of her family are buried there.

In 1902, Russell was noted to be a proponent of absolute fasting, doing so for three weeks and three days at a time. She fasted for the sole purpose of reducing weight, noting that she found fasting very beneficial in numerous ways.

From 1905, she made her winter residence in Miami, Florida where she sustained a severe fall in the spring of 1910 from which she never recovered. Elizabeth Augusta Russell died January 7, 1911 in Minneapolis.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Augusta Russell | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait photo from *A Woman of the Century* | |
| Born | Elizabeth Augusta Sawtell
October 3, 1832
Mason, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | January 7, 1911
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Occupations | * philanthropist * social reformer * restaurateurs |
| Spouse | Dexter Russell  (m. 1854; died 1861) |


title: Elizabeth Ativie

abstract: Elizabeth Ativie is a Nigerian politician who served as Deputy Speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly 25 July 2016. She served as the Speaker of the house of Assembly from 9 May 2016 till 24 July 2016.

text:
# Elizabeth Ativie

**Elizabeth Ativie** is a Nigerian politician who served as Deputy Speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly 25 July 2016. She served as the Speaker of the house of Assembly from 9 May 2016 till 24 July 2016.

## Early life and education

Elizabeth Ativie is a native of Edo State but she grew up in several parts of Nigeria due to the nature of her father's job who was a policeman. She holds a B.Sc certificate in Health Education and a M.Sc certificate in Sociology and Anthropology.

## Career

Elizabeth once worked as a professional nurse in the Edo State Civil Service until 2006 when she retired as a Director. Her political career began in 1999. In 1999 and 2003, she contested for a seat in the Edo State House of Assembly but had to step down on both occasions for one of her party's candidates.

Elizabeth contested and won a seat in the State House in the 2007 general elections. The election was later nullified by a tribunal. Her determination however paid off in 2011, when she won a seat to represent Uhunmwode Constituency in the State House.

Upon the impeachment of Victor Edoror on 3 May 2016, Elizabeth became the first woman to become Speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly following her swearing into the position on May 9, 2016. On 25 July, she stepped down to Deputy Speaker after a motion was moved by the Majority Leader, Folly Ogedengbe, who cited "matters of urgent public importance, for a change in the leadership of the House". She was replaced by Justin Okonoboh.


title: 1981 Soviet nuclear tests

abstract: The Soviet Union's 1981 nuclear test series was a group of 21 nuclear tests conducted in 1981. These tests followed the 1980 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1982 Soviet nuclear tests series.

text:
# 1981 Soviet nuclear tests

The **Soviet Union's 1981 nuclear test series** was a group of 21 nuclear tests conducted in 1981. These tests followed the *1980 Soviet nuclear tests* series and preceded the *1982 Soviet nuclear tests* series.

Soviet Union's 1981 series tests and detonations
| Name | Date time (UT) | Local time zone | Location | Elevation \+ height | Delivery,
Purpose | Device | Yield | Fallout | References | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *567* | 25 March 1981 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 603-pp 49°49′05″N 78°02′26″E / 49.81806°N 78.04053°E / 49.81806; 78.04053 (567) | 677 m (2,221 ft) \+ | tunnel,
safety experiment |  | 1000 kg |  |  |  |
| *568* \- 1 | 29 March 1981 04:03:52.58 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1234 50°01′23″N 78°58′43″E / 50.02305°N 78.97872°E / 50.02305; 78.97872 (568 - 1) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 30 kt |  |  |  |
| *568* \- 2 | 29 March 1981 04:03:52.6 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1234 50°01′23″N 78°58′43″E / 50.02305°N 78.97872°E / 50.02305; 78.97872 (568 - 2) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
fundamental science |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *568* \- 3 | 29 March 1981 04:03:52.6 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1234 50°01′23″N 78°58′43″E / 50.02305°N 78.97872°E / 50.02305; 78.97872 (568 - 3) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
fundamental science |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *569* \- 1 | 22 April 1981 01:17:13.91 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1232 49°53′59″N 78°48′22″E / 49.89986°N 78.80613°E / 49.89986; 78.80613 (569 - 1) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 92 kt |  |  |  |
| *569* \- 2 | 22 April 1981 01:17:13.9 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1232 49°53′59″N 78°48′22″E / 49.89986°N 78.80613°E / 49.89986; 78.80613 (569 - 2) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *569* \- 3 | 22 April 1981 01:17:13.9 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1232 49°53′59″N 78°48′22″E / 49.89986°N 78.80613°E / 49.89986; 78.80613 (569 - 3) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *570 Pirit (Pyrite)* | 25 May 1981 05:00:00.3 | KRAT (7 hrs)
 | Nenetsky, Russia 67°57′10″N 53°58′03″E / 67.95265°N 53.96737°E / 67.95265; 53.96737 (570 Pirit (Pyrite)) | 1,511 m (4,957 ft) | underground shaft,
extinguishing oil/gas fires |  | 37.6 kt |  |  | Gas fire shaft closure. |
| *571* | 27 May 1981 03:58:14.88 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1203 49°59′19″N 78°58′09″E / 49.9887°N 78.96913°E / 49.9887; 78.96913 (571) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 20 kt |  |  |  |
| *572* | 4 June 1981 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 603-pp 49°49′08″N 78°02′27″E / 49.81902°N 78.04075°E / 49.81902; 78.04075 (572) | 677 m (2,221 ft) \+ | tunnel,
safety experiment |  | 1000 kg |  |  |  |
| *573* \- 1 | 30 June 1981 01:57:15.34 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 187 49°46′01″N 78°04′28″E / 49.7669°N 78.0744°E / 49.7669; 78.0744 (573 - 1) | 633 m (2,077 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | 12 kt |  |  |  |
| *573* \- 2 | 30 June 1981 01:57:15.3 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 187 49°46′01″N 78°04′28″E / 49.7669°N 78.0744°E / 49.7669; 78.0744 (573 - 2) | 633 m (2,077 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *574* | 17 July 1981 02:37:18.12 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 106 49°48′23″N 78°08′07″E / 49.8064°N 78.1352°E / 49.8064; 78.1352 (574) | 802 m (2,631 ft)146 m (479 ft) | tunnel,
weapons development |  | 9.3 kt |  |  |  |
| *575* \- 1 | 14 August 1981 02:27:15.24 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 184 49°45′31″N 78°03′23″E / 49.7587°N 78.0565°E / 49.7587; 78.0565 (575 - 1) | 717 m (2,352 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | 5.6 kt |  |  |  |
| *575* \- 2 | 14 August 1981 02:27:15.2 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 184 49°45′31″N 78°03′23″E / 49.7587°N 78.0565°E / 49.7587; 78.0565 (575 - 2) | 717 m (2,352 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *575* \- 3 | 14 August 1981 02:27:15.2 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 184 49°45′31″N 78°03′23″E / 49.7587°N 78.0565°E / 49.7587; 78.0565 (575 - 3) | 717 m (2,352 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *576 Geliy 1 (Helium)* | 2 September 1981 04:00:00.0 | SVET (5 hrs)
 | Perm, Russia: 401 60°36′N 55°42′E / 60.6°N 55.7°E / 60.6; 55.7 (576 Geliy 1 (Helium)) | 2,090 m (6,860 ft) | underground shaft,
oil stimulation |  | 3.2 kt |  |  | Oil recovery intensification.170 km NE Bereznyaki. |
| *577* | 13 September 1981 02:17:20.84 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1233 49°54′53″N 78°53′39″E / 49.91478°N 78.89416°E / 49.91478; 78.89416 (577) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 150 kt |  |  |  |
| *578 Vega 4T* | 26 September 1981 05:00:00.3 | VOLT (4 hrs)
 | Astrakhan, Russia: 4T/2 46°47′37″N 48°18′31″E / 46.79357°N 48.30856°E / 46.79357; 48.30856 (578 Vega 4T) | 10 m (33 ft)1,050 m (3,440 ft) | underground shaft,
cavity excavation |  | 8.5 kt |  |  | Create reservoirs for gas storage. 35 km N Astrakhan. |
| *579 Vega 2T* | 26 September 1981 05:03:59.9 | VOLT (4 hrs)
 | Astrakhan, Russia: 2T/2 46°46′33″N 48°18′04″E / 46.77591°N 48.30111°E / 46.77591; 48.30111 (579 Vega 2T) | 10 m (33 ft)1,050 m (3,440 ft) | underground shaft,
cavity excavation |  | 8.5 kt |  |  | Create reservoirs for gas storage. 35 km N Astrakhan. |
| *580* \- 1 | 1 October 1981 12:14:57.23 | MSK (3 hrs)
 | NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-23 73°18′14″N 54°49′05″E / 73.304°N 54.818°E / 73.304; 54.818 (580 - 1) | 100 m (330 ft)600 m (2,000 ft) | tunnel,
weapons development |  | 140 kt |  |  |  |
| *580* \- 2 | 1 October 1981 12:14:57.2 | MSK (3 hrs)
 | NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-23 73°18′14″N 54°49′05″E / 73.304°N 54.818°E / 73.304; 54.818 (580 - 2) | 100 m (330 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *580* \- 3 | 1 October 1981 12:14:57.2 | MSK (3 hrs)
 | NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-23 73°18′14″N 54°49′05″E / 73.304°N 54.818°E / 73.304; 54.818 (580 - 3) | 100 m (330 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *580* \- 4 | 1 October 1981 12:14:57.2 | MSK (3 hrs)
 | NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia: A-23 73°18′14″N 54°49′05″E / 73.304°N 54.818°E / 73.304; 54.818 (580 - 4) | 100 m (330 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *581* | 16 October 1981 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 136-pp 49°49′47″N 78°04′50″E / 49.82982°N 78.08045°E / 49.82982; 78.08045 (581) | 638 m (2,093 ft) \+ | tunnel,
safety experiment |  | 1000 kg |  |  |  |
| *582* \- 1 | 18 October 1981 03:57:05.22 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1236 49°55′44″N 78°50′37″E / 49.92896°N 78.84349°E / 49.92896; 78.84349 (582 - 1) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 107 kt |  |  |  |
| *582* \- 2 | 18 October 1981 03:57:05.2 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1236 49°55′44″N 78°50′37″E / 49.92896°N 78.84349°E / 49.92896; 78.84349 (582 - 2) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *583 Shpat 2 (Spar)* | 22 October 1981 14:00:00.4 | KRAT (7 hrs)
 | Krasnoyarsk, Russia: ShP-2 63°48′12″N 97°31′54″E / 63.80332°N 97.53177°E / 63.80332; 97.53177 (583 Shpat 2 (Spar)) | 580 m (1,900 ft) | underground shaft,
seismic sounding |  | 8.5 kt |  |  | Gas extraction intensification. 140 km W Tura, Krasnoyarsk. |
| *584* \- 1 | 20 November 1981 04:57:05.07 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 103 49°44′24″N 78°05′47″E / 49.7401°N 78.0965°E / 49.7401; 78.0965 (584 - 1) | 620 m (2,030 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | 8 kt |  |  |  |
| *584* \- 2 | 20 November 1981 04:57:05.1 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 103 49°44′24″N 78°05′47″E / 49.7401°N 78.0965°E / 49.7401; 78.0965 (584 - 2) | 620 m (2,030 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *585* \- 1 | 29 November 1981 03:35:11.2 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1237 49°54′10″N 78°50′51″E / 49.90269°N 78.84754°E / 49.90269; 78.84754 (585 - 1) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 31 kt |  |  |  |
| *585* \- 2 | 29 November 1981 03:35:11.2 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1237 49°54′10″N 78°50′51″E / 49.90269°N 78.84754°E / 49.90269; 78.84754 (585 - 2) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *585* \- 3 | 29 November 1981 03:35:11.2 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1237 49°54′10″N 78°50′51″E / 49.90269°N 78.84754°E / 49.90269; 78.84754 (585 - 3) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *586* \- 1 | 22 December 1981 04:31:05.27 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 135 49°49′36″N 78°04′33″E / 49.8267°N 78.0757°E / 49.8267; 78.0757 (586 - 1) | 638 m (2,093 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | 7 kt |  |  |  |
| *586* \- 2 | 22 December 1981 04:31:05.3 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 135 49°49′36″N 78°04′33″E / 49.8267°N 78.0757°E / 49.8267; 78.0757 (586 - 2) | 638 m (2,093 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *586* \- 3 | 22 December 1981 04:31:05.3 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 135 49°49′36″N 78°04′33″E / 49.8267°N 78.0757°E / 49.8267; 78.0757 (586 - 3) | 638 m (2,093 ft) \+ | tunnel,
weapons development |  | unknown yield |  |  |  |
| *587* | 27 December 1981 03:43:16.72 | ALMT (6 hrs)
 | Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: 1312 49°55′53″N 78°47′10″E / 49.93144°N 78.7862°E / 49.93144; 78.7862 (587) | 330 m (1,080 ft) \+ | underground shaft,
weapons development |  | 150 kt |  |  |  |

1. Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). *CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)* (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.
2. "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
3. *Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4* (PDF) (Technical report). IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security. December 1, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
4. Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G. (2000). "Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan" (PDF). *Pure and Applied Geophysics*. **158**: 143–171. doi:10.1007/pl00001153. S2CID 128953780. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
5. Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001). *Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262661812. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
6. *USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990*. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996. The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
7. Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M.; Norris, Robert S.; Sands, Jeffrey I. *Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons*. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
8. Thurber, Clifford; Trabant, Chad; Haslinger, Florian; Hartog, Renate (2001). *Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure*. *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* (Technical report). Vol. 123. pp. 283–301. doi:10.1016/s0031-9201(00)00215-6. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
9. Kim, Won-Young; Richards, Paul G.; Andrushkin, Vitaly; Ovtchinnikov, Vladimir (April 1, 2001). *Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996* (PDF) (Technical report). LDEO. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
10. Andrushkin, Vitaly V.; Leith, William (September 1, 2001). *The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions* (PDF) (Open File Report 01-312). USGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.

## InfoBox

| 1981 | |
| --- | --- |
| Information | |
| Country | Soviet Union |
| Test site | Astrakhan, Russia; Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Nenetsky, Russia; NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; Perm, Russia |
| Period | 1981 |
| Number of tests | 21 |
| Test type | underground shaft, tunnel |
| Max. yield | 150 kilotonnes of TNT (630 TJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
|  | |


title: Antonio Maria da Carpi

abstract: Antonio Maria da Carpi was an Italian Renaissance painter.

text:
# Antonio Maria da Carpi

**Antonio Maria da Carpi** (active 1495 – c.1504) was an Italian Renaissance painter.

## Life

Born in Carpi, Emilia-Romagna, little is known of his life. He was most probably a pupil of Cima da Conegliano, the only two surviving works definitively attributed to him are *Madonna and Child* (35.8 × 28.4 cm; Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest) and *Madonna and Child* (89 x 65 cm; private collection), both oil on panel and both dated to 1497.

## Previous attributions

Though previously attributed to him, most of these works are now assigned to Cima de Conegliano or his workshop.


title: Antonio Marinetti

abstract: Antonio Marinetti, also called il Chiozzotro was an Italian painter, active in a late-Baroque style.

text:
# Antonio Marinetti

**Antonio Marinetti**, also called *il Chiozzotro* (Chioggia, born circa 1700) was an Italian painter, active in a late-Baroque style.

## Biography

He was a pupil of Giovanni Battista Piazzetta. He painted the main altarpiece for the Church of Sant'Agostino in Treviso, depicting a *Virgin and Child with St Augustine and the Blessed Girolamo Miani*. Miani was one of the founders of the Order of Somaschi priests. He also painted for the same church, a *Guardian Angel* and *Glory of St Joseph with Saint Anne and the Holy Family*. For the church of San Lorenzo in Treviso, he painted a St Anthony Abbot.


title: Antonie Brentano

abstract: Antonie Brentano, born Johanna Antonie Josefa Edle von Birkenstock and known as Toni, was an Austrian philanthropist, art collector, arts patron, and a close friend of famous German composer Ludwig Van Beethoven, being the dedicatee of his "Diabelli" variations.

text:
# Antonie Brentano

**Antonie Brentano** (28 May 1780 – 12 May 1869 in Frankfurt), born **Johanna Antonie Josefa Edle von Birkenstock** and known as **Toni**, was an Austrian philanthropist, art collector, arts patron, and a close friend of famous German composer Ludwig Van Beethoven, being the dedicatee of his "Diabelli" variations.

## Early life

Antonie was born 28 May 1780 in Vienna. She was the daughter of Austrian diplomat, educational reformer, and art collector Johann Melchior Edler von Birkenstock (1738–1809) and his wife Carolina Josefa von Hay (born 1755 in Fulnek/Böhmen; died 18 May 1788 in Vienna). She had three siblings, two of whom died in infancy:

* **Hugo Konrad Gottfried** von Birkenstock (15 December 1778 in Vienna – 10 April 1825 in Ybbs an der Donau). Lieutenant in the k.u.k. Weydenfeld-Infantry
* **Konstantin Viktor** von Birkenstock (born and died 1782 in Frankfurt)
* **Johann Eduard Valentin** von Birkenstock (born and died 1784 in Frankfurt)

Her father was an Imperial advisor to Empress Maria Theresa and the reformist Emperor Joseph II. Through his wife, he was the brother-in-law of Joseph von Sonnenfels, the dedicatee of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 15 in D major, Op. 28 (1801). Antonie von Birkenstock Brentano's mother was the sister of the *Reformbischofs* of Königgrätz Jan Leopold Ritter von Hay (1735–1794).

From 1782 until approximately 1784, the Birkenstock family lived in Frankfurt-am-Main, where Antonie's brothers Konstantin Viktor and Johann Eduard von Birkenstock were born and died in infancy. It is possible that Johann Melchior von Birkenstock became acquainted with the Brentano family at this time. In Vienna, the family lived in a forty-room mansion in the city's central Landstraße district, located at Erdberggasse Nr. 98 (today, Erdbergstraße 19), which housed a large library and Birkenstock's sizable art collection.

Ten days before her eighth birthday, Antonie lost her mother to an epidemic and was sent to school at the Ursuline convent in Pressburg.

## Marriage and children

In September 1797, prosperous Frankfurt merchant **Franz Brentano** (1765–1844), the half-brother of authors Clemens Brentano (1778–1842) and Bettina von Arnim (1785–1859), sent his half-sister, Sophie Brentano (1776–1800), and his stepmother Friederike Brentano née von Rottenhof (1771–1817) to Vienna to meet Antonie. Franz had met Antonie briefly at the end of 1796 or beginning of 1797. After a long negotiation with Antonie's father, Franz and Antonie were wed on 23 July 1798 at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. Eight days after the wedding, the pair departed Vienna for Frankfurt-am-Main. Antonie and Franz had six children:

* **Mathilde** (3 July 1799 in Frankfurt am Main – 5 April 1800).
* **Georg** Franz Melchior (13 January 1801 in Frankfurt am Main – 1 March 1853), married on 5 January 1835 to Lilla Pfeifer (1813–1868).
* **Maximiliane** Euphrosine Kunigunde (8 November 1802 in Frankfurt am Main – 1 September 1861, Brunnen, Switzerland), on 30 December 1825 married Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf (1792–1861). Beethoven composed a piano, violin and cello trio for her. "Beethoven never submitted Allegretto for Piano Trio for publication, perhaps because it was too casual in nature. He wrote it for his 10-year-old piano student, Maxe Brentano, and affixed a note, “for my little friend to encourage her in piano playing. LvB.”".
* **Josefa** Ludovica (29 June 1804 in Frankfurt am Main – 2 February 1875), on 28 May 1832 married Anton Theodor Brentano-Tozza (1809–1895).
* **Franziska** Elisabeth, known as Fanny (26 June 1806 in Frankfurt am Main – 16 October 1837), in 1836 married Johann Baptist Josef Reuss.
* **Karl** Josef (8 March 1813 in Frankfurt am Main – 18 May 1850).

## Vienna years

In August 1809, Antonie returned to Vienna to care for her ailing father, who died on October 30, 1809. After his death, Antonie remained in Vienna for three years to sort out her father's art collection and supervise its sale. Franz Brentano established a branch of his business in Vienna and joined his wife there. Bettina von Arnim, in her epistolary novel *Goethe's Correspondence with a Child*, describes Birkenstock's collection as follows:

> I am much pleased with the old tower, from whence I overlook the whole Prater: trees on trees of majestic appearance, delightful green lawns. Here I live in the house of the deceased Birkenstock, in the midst of two thousand engravings, as many drawings, as many hundred antique urns, and Etrurian lamps, marble vases, antique remains of hands and feet, pictures, Chinese dresses, coins, collections of minerals, sea-insects, telescopes, countless maps, plans of ancient buried kingdoms and cities, skilfully carved sticks, valuable documents, and lastly the sword of the Emperor Carolus. All these surround us in gay confusion, and are just about being brought into order, so there is nothing to be touched or understood, and with the chesnut-alley in full blossom, and the rushing Danube, which bears us over on his back, there is no enduring the Gallery of Art.

The Brentano family made the acquaintance of Beethoven and Goethe at this time, in 1810 and 1812 respectively, Beethoven subsequently becoming a close family friend and a regular visitor to the Brentano home while the family was still in Vienna. He later dedicated one of his most accomplished works, the Diabelli Variations, to Antonie and two more, including his antepenultimate piano sonata, to her daughter Maximiliane.

## Immortal Beloved candidacy

American musicologist Maynard Solomon, in his 1977 biography of Beethoven, set forth numerous arguments favouring Antonie Brentano as the intended recipient of Beethoven's "Immortal Beloved" letter, listing the known facts supporting his belief that Brentano and Beethoven had become intimately involved by the summer of 1812. Despite success in leading many Beethoven scholars to accept his hypothesis as fact, Solomon wrote, "clearly, there is no possibility of absolute certainty here, and the researcher should not exclude even the most remote possibilities". Leaving open the possibility that contradictory evidence may surface in the future, Solomon, refuted by some scholars and still supported by others, maintains that after 42 years of intervening research the most likely candidate for Beethoven's Immortal Beloved remains Antonie Brentano. His detractors are content to note that Antonie was not only married but most likely pregnant at the time of the alleged 1812 Karlsbad assignation, and Beethoven, by his own admission, faithful friend of herself, her children and her husband, was an entirely honourable man.

## Charitable work

After the Brentanos returned from Vienna, Franz was elected a senator of Frankfurt (1816). Antonie was known as "the mother of the poor" for her work in raising funds for the poor and disenfranchised citizens of Frankfurt. She founded and ran several charities. Antonie was also one of the foremost cultural figures in Frankfurt and helped to establish a salon society there. The Brentanos entertained notables such as Goethe and the brothers Grimm both at their house in Frankfurt and at their summer home, Winkel near Rheingau.

## Further reading

* Andreas Niedermayer, *Frau Schöff Johanna Antonia Brentano. Ein Lebensbild*, Frankfurt 1869
* *Goethes Briefwechsel mit Antonie Brentano 1814–1821*, ed. Rudolf Jung, Weimar 1896
* Gail S. Altman, *Beethoven: A Man of His Word - Undisclosed Evidence for his Immortal Beloved* (Anubian Press, 1998)
* Max Unger, *Auf Spuren von Beethovens „Unsterblicher Geliebten“*, Langensalza 1911
* Hermine Cloeter, *Das Brentano-Haus in Wien*, in: dies., *Zwischen Gestern und Heute. Wanderungen durch Wien und den Wienerwald*, Wien 1918, pp. 148–162
* Peter Anton von Brentano di Tremezzo, *Stammreihen der Brentano mit Abriß der Familiengeschichte*, Bad Reichenhall 1933
* Maria Andrea Goldmann, *Antonia Brentano, die Frau Schöff*, in: Goldmann, *Im Schatten des Kaiserdomes. Frauenbilder*, Limburg 1938, pp. 69–163
* Jean and Brigitte Massin: *Ludwig van Beethoven*, Paris 1955
* Maynard Solomon, *New light on Beethoven's letter to an unknown woman*, in: *The Musical Quarterly*, Vol. 58 (1972), pp. 572–587
* Maynard Solomon, *"Antonie Brentano and Beethoven"*, in: *"Music and Letters"*, Vol. 58, no 2 (1977): pp. 153–169.
* Maynard Solomon, "Beethoven", second revised edition, chapter 15 entitled "The Immortal Beloved", published 2001 by Schirmer Trade Books.
* Harry Goldschmidt, *Um die Unsterbliche Geliebte*, Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag für Musik 1977
* Virginia Oakley Beahrs, *"The Immortal Beloved Riddle Reconsidered."* in: *Musical Times*, Vol. 129, No. 1740 (Feb. 1988), pp. 6470.
* Marie-Elisabeth Tellenbach, *Psychoanalysis and the Historiocritical Method: On Maynard Solomon‘s Image of Beethoven*, in: *The Beethoven Newsletter 8/3* (1993/1994), pp. 8492; 9/3, pp. 119127
* Klaus Martin Kopitz, *Antonie Brentano in Wien (1809–1812). Neue Quellen zur Problematik „Unsterbliche Geliebte“*, in: *Bonner Beethoven-Studien*, Band 2 (2001), pp. 115146, ISBN 3-88188-063-1, pp. 115146, klaus-martin-kopitz.de (PDF)
* Klaus Martin Kopitz, *Antonie Brentano*, in: *Das Beethoven-Lexikon*, edit. by Heinz von Loesch and Claus Raab, Laaber 2008, p. 144 f.


title: Eliora Zholkovsky

abstract: Eliora Zholkovsky is an Israeli group rhythmic gymnast. She represents her nation at international competitions. She participated at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2010 and 2011 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

text:
# Eliora Zholkovsky

**Eliora Zholkovsky** (born 5 March 1993) is an Israeli group rhythmic gymnast. She represents her nation at international competitions.

She participated at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2010 and 2011 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

1. "2011 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships athletes - Eliora Zholkovsky". Longinestiming.com. Retrieved 27 January 2016.

## InfoBox

| Eliora Zholkovsky | |
| --- | --- |
| Country represented | Israel |
| Born | (1993-03-05) 5 March 1993<br>Holon, Israel |
| Discipline | Rhythmic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2010-2012 (?) |
| Medal record      Representing  Israel  Group Rhythmic Gymnastics  World Championships  2011 Montpellier Hoop & Ribbon | |


title: 1981 Transamerica Open

abstract: The 1981 Transamerica Open, also known as the Pacific Coast Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the 93rd edition of the tournament and was held from September 21 through September 27, 1981. Fifth-seeded Eliot Teltscher won the singles title and earned $32,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1981 Transamerica Open

The **1981 Transamerica Open**, also known as the **Pacific Coast Championships**, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the 93rd edition of the tournament and was held from September 21 through September 27, 1981. Fifth-seeded Eliot Teltscher won the singles title and earned $32,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Eliot Teltscher defeated  Brian Teacher 6–3, 7–6

* It was Teltscher's 2nd singles title of the year and the 6th of his career.

### Doubles

John McEnroe /  Peter Fleming defeated  Mark Edmondson /  Sherwood Stewart 7–6, 6–4

## InfoBox

| 1981 Transamerica Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | September 21–27 |
| Edition | 93rd |
| Category | Grand Prix (Super Series) |
| Draw | 48S / 24D |
| Prize money | $175,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | San Francisco, U.S. |
| Venue | Cow Palace |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Eliot Teltscher | |
| Doubles | |
| John McEnroe /  Peter Fleming | |
|  | |


title: Elizabeth Muyovwe

abstract: Elizabeth Nkombo Chona Muyovwe, commonly known as Elizabeth Muyovwe, was a Zambian Supreme Court Justice.

text:
# Elizabeth Muyovwe

**Elizabeth Nkombo Chona Muyovwe** (21 November 1956 – 31 January 2021), commonly known as **Elizabeth Muyovwe**, was a Zambian Supreme Court Justice.

## Background and education

She was born in 1956. Her father is the late Mainza Chona (1930 to 2001), one-time Vice President of Zambia (1970 to 1973) and Zambia's ambassador to China (1984 to 1989). In 1979, she graduated from the University of Zambia, School of Law, with a Bachelor of Laws. She was admitted to Zambia Bar in 1981.

## Work history in Zambia

For a period of six years, from 1981 until 1987, she worked for the Zambian Ministry of Legal Affairs, as a State Attorney and as an Assistant Senior Legal Aid Counsel. She then was hired by Lima Bank Limited, as a Senior Legal Officer, serving there from 1988 until 1991. She concurrently served as a part-time research associate for "Women and Law in Southern Africa", between 1989 and 1993. She was the Vice Chairperson of the Lands Tribunal from 1996 until 1998, and established and served as the first Director of the LAZ National Legal Aid Clinic for Women between 1991 and 1998.

She lectured, on a part-time basis at the Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education (ZIALE), from 1999 until 2003, lecturing in the area of domestic relations. In 1998, she was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Zambia, responsible for the High Court in Livingstone, Zambia. In 2010, president Rupiah Banda appointed her to the Supreme Court and her appointment was ratified by parliament on 30 October 2010.

## Work history at the United Nations

In 2002, Justice Elizabeth Muyovwe was appointed as an Alternate Judge of the United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone.

## Death

Justice Elizabeth Muyovwe died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia on 31 January 2021.

## InfoBox

| Her ExcellencyElizabeth Muyovwe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the Supreme Court of Zambia | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-11-21)21 November 1956
London |
| Died | 31 January 2021(2021-01-31) (aged 64)
**Maina Soko Military Hospital**, Lusaka, Zambia |
| Nationality | Zambian |
| Alma mater | **University of Zambia**
(Bachelor of Laws) |
|  | |


title: Elizabeth Müller

abstract: Elizabeth Clara Müller was a Brazilian high jumper, sprinter and shot putter. At the 1948 Summer Olympics, she placed 17th in the high jump. In the 100 metres and the shot put she was eliminated in the first round. At the 1951 Pan American Games she won a bronze medal in the high jump. She was highly successful at the South American Championships in Athletics, winning one 200 metres title, two high jump titles and two shot put titles. In total she won 10 medals over her career at the championship, including a long jump silver medal in 1945. She died in Abelardo Luz.

text:
# Elizabeth Müller

**Elizabeth Clara Müller** (married name *Gonçalves*; 6 March 1926 – 12 July 2010) was a Brazilian high jumper, sprinter and shot putter.

At the 1948 Summer Olympics, she placed 17th in the high jump. In the 100 metres and the shot put she was eliminated in the first round. At the 1951 Pan American Games she won a bronze medal in the high jump.

She was highly successful at the South American Championships in Athletics, winning one 200 metres title, two high jump titles and two shot put titles. In total she won 10 medals over her career at the championship, including a long jump silver medal in 1945.

She died in Abelardo Luz.


title: Ambulyx tobii

abstract: Ambulyx tobii is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1976. It is found from Japan and South Korea down through eastern China to Bhutan, Tibet, Yunnan, Vietnam and Taiwan. The wingspan is 105–117 mm.

text:
# Ambulyx tobii

***Ambulyx tobii*** is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Hiroshi Inoue in 1976. It is found from Japan and South Korea down through eastern China to Bhutan, Tibet, Yunnan, Vietnam and Taiwan.

The wingspan is 105–117 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Ambulyx tobii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Ambulyx* |
| Species: | ***A. tobii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ambulyx tobii***<br>(Inoue, 1976) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oxyambulyx sericeipennis tobii* Inoue, 1976 | |


title: Arachnoidea raylankesteri

abstract: Arachnoidea is a monotypic genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Arachnidiidae. The only species is Arachnoidea raylankesteri. The species is found in Australia.

text:
# Arachnoidea raylankesteri

***Arachnoidea*** is a monotypic genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Arachnidiidae. The only species is ***Arachnoidea raylankesteri***.

The species is found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Arachnoidea raylankesteri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Ctenostomatida |
| Family: | Arachnidiidae |
| Genus: | *Arachnoidea*
Moore, 1903 |
| Species: | ***A. raylankesteri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arachnoidea raylankesteri***
Moore, 1903 | |
|


title: 2008 Danmark Rundt

abstract: The 2008 Danmark Rundt was a men's road bicycle race held from 30 July to 3 August 2008. It was the 18th edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985. The race was won by Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang of Team Saxo Bank. Steve Cummings of Barloworld finished second by nine seconds with Tom Stamsnijder of Team Gerolsteiner third.

text:
# 2008 Danmark Rundt

The **2008 Danmark Rundt** was a men's road bicycle race held from 30 July to 3 August 2008. It was the 18th edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985. The race was won by Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang of Team Saxo Bank. Steve Cummings of Barloworld finished second by nine seconds with Tom Stamsnijder of Team Gerolsteiner third.

## Schedule

| Stage | Route | Distance | Date | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Holstebro \> Holstebro | 170 km | 30 July | Guillermo Bongiorno |
| 2 | Skjern \> Sønderborg | 220 km | 31 July | Matti Breschel |
| 3 | Padborg \> Vejle | 200 km | 1 August | Matti Breschel |
| 4 | Ringe \> Odense | 115 km | 2 August | Guillermo Bongiorno |
| 5 (ITT) | Kerteminde \> Kerterminde | 14.5 km | 2 August | Gustav Larsson |
| 6 | Slagelse \> Frederiksberg | 165 km | 3 August | Juan José Haedo |

## Teams

Fifteen teams took part in the 2008 race.

## Final classifications

Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang won the race by nine seconds from Steve Cummings. Tom Stamsnijder was placed third.

The points winner was Matti Breschel with Kristoffer Gudmund Nielsen the winner of the mountains classification for best climber. Fuglsang also won the white jersey for the best young rider award and Martin Mortensen was awarded the fighters award for the race. Team CSC Saxo Bank won the overall team competition from Team Columbia with Team Gerolsteiner in third place.

## InfoBox

2008 Danmark Rundt
| 2007–2008 UCI Europe Tour | |
| --- | --- |
| Race details | |
| Dates | 30 July - 3 August 2008 |
| Stages | 6 |
| Distance | 889.5 km (552.7 mi) |
| Winning time | 20h 42' 40" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Jakob Fuglsang (Denmark)  Second  Steve Cummings (Great Britain)  Third  Tom Stamsnijder (Netherlands)   ---  Points  Matti Breschel (Denmark)  Mountains  Kristoffer Nielsen (Denmark)  Youth  Jakob Fuglsang (Denmark)  Team  CSC | |
|


title: American Society of Pharmacognosy

abstract: The American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP) is a scientific society that promotes the growth and development of pharmacognosy through presentation of research achievements and publication of meritorious research. ASP was founded in 1959 as an outgrowth of the Plant Science Seminar established in 1923. ASP has over 1,100 active and associate members. Approximately 40 percent of the active members reside outside the U.S. and Canada in more than 60 countries. Pharmacognosy includes the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. Research problems in pharmacognosy include studies in the areas of phytochemistry, microbial chemistry, biosynthesis, biotransformation, chemotaxonomy and other biological and chemical sciences. ASP publishes the quarterly ASP Newsletter and co-publishes the Journal of Natural Products with the American Chemical Society. An ASP Fellow, Satoshi Ōmura, was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with two other researchers for their work in researching therapies for roundworm parasite and malaria infections. Ōmura is also a past recipient of the ASP Norman R. Farnsworth Research Achievement Award (2013) for his work on novel bacterial strains, such as Streptomyces avermitilis, and their bioactive constituents.

text:
# American Society of Pharmacognosy

The **American Society of Pharmacognosy** (**ASP**) is a scientific society that promotes the growth and development of pharmacognosy through presentation of research achievements and publication of meritorious research.

ASP was founded in 1959 as an outgrowth of the Plant Science Seminar established in 1923. ASP has over 1,100 active and associate members. Approximately 40 percent of the active members reside outside the U.S. and Canada in more than 60 countries.

Pharmacognosy includes the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. Research problems in pharmacognosy include studies in the areas of phytochemistry, microbial chemistry, biosynthesis, biotransformation, chemotaxonomy and other biological and chemical sciences.

ASP publishes the quarterly *ASP Newsletter* and co-publishes the *Journal of Natural Products* with the American Chemical Society.

An ASP Fellow, Satoshi Ōmura, was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with two other researchers for their work in researching therapies for roundworm parasite and malaria infections. Ōmura is also a past recipient of the ASP Norman R. Farnsworth Research Achievement Award (2013) for his work on novel bacterial strains, such as *Streptomyces avermitilis*, and their bioactive constituents.

## InfoBox

American Society of Pharmacognosy
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | ASP |
| Predecessor | Plant Science Seminar |
| Formation | 1959 (1959) |
| Founded at | Chicago, IL, US |
| Type | Professional organization |
| Purpose | Encouraging research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences |
| Location | * Northbrook, IL, US |
| Region served | Multinational |
| Fields | Pharmacognosy |
| Membership (2016) | 1,100 |
| Official language | English |
| President | Kerry McPhail |
| Vice president | Tawnya McKee |
| Main organ | Journal of Natural Products |
| Budget (2022) | $788,916 |
| Staff (2022) | 1 |
| Award(s) | ASP General Student Travel Grants, ASP Research Starter Grant, Matt Suffness (Young Investigators Symposium) Award, Norman R. Farnsworth Research Achievement Award |
| Website | www.pharmacognosy.us |
|  | |


title: 1995 Ipswich Borough Council election

abstract: The 1995 Ipswich Borough Council election was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time. It took place as part of the 1995 United Kingdom local elections. There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus one bye-election for Sprites Wards. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

text:
# 1995 Ipswich Borough Council election

The **1995 Ipswich Borough Council election** was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time.

It took place as part of the 1995 United Kingdom local elections.

There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus one bye-election for Sprites Wards. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

## InfoBox

1995 Ipswich Borough Council election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  16 seats
25 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party   Party Labour Conservative | |
| ---  **Council control before election**
Labour
 **Council control after election**
Labour
 | |


title: Allan Skehan

abstract: William Allan Skehan was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Allan Skehan

**William Allan Skehan** (1 January 1906 – 20 April 2004) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Allan Skehan | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | William Allan Skehan | | |
| Date of birth | (1906-01-01)1 January 1906 | | |
| Place of birth | Moyhu, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 20 April 2004(2004-04-20) (aged 98) | | |
| Place of death | Wangaratta, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Wangaratta | | |
| Height | 187 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 79 kg (174 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1927–1929 | Carlton | 13 (6) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1929. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Elena Rivera Mirano

abstract: Elena Rivera Mirano is a Filipino academic in art studies, a music scholar, choir conductor and singer in the Philippines. Rivera Mirano grew up on the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman, Quezon City. She obtained her Bachelor of Arts in English, cum laude. Subsequently, she obtained her first Master of Arts in Comparative Literature, and then her Ph.D. in Philippine Studies, all three at the University of the Philippines. She obtained a second Master's degree at Stanford University in the field of Humanities. She is professor emeritus in Art Studies at the College of Arts and Letters at the University of the Philippines. Here she did an extensive research on the traditional culture of southern Tagalog and the musical heritage of the Philippines. In 1986 she mounted a one-woman show of her music album Kumintang: Awitin ng mga Tagalog na taga Batangas, which she had recorded through a U.P. Centennial Grant. This was toured by the Cultural Center of the Philippines. She is the choir director of Cherubim and Seraphim, the official children's choir of the University. With the choir she has produced the theater piece Awit ni Pulau. In 1998, she served as the Research Director for the Philippine Program at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. She also served as Research Consultant for the Museo ng Batangas. Rivera's book Subli: One Dance in Four Voices was awarded a National Book Award in 1989 under the category art book. In 1998 her book Ang Mga Tradisyonal na Musikang Pantinig sa Lumang Bauan, Batangas was proclaimed best book at the U.P. Diliman Gawad Chancellor Awards. She was principal author and editor-in-chief of “The Life and Works of Marcelo Adonay,” vol 1, which won the National Book Award, art book category, in 2009. In 2001 Rivera was honored with a Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. The jury described her as a contemporary renaissance musician. In 2007 she received the Achievement Award in Humanities of the National Research Council of the Philippines. She served as Dean of the College of Arts and Letters of the University of the Philippines, Diliman, from 2009-2015.

text:
# Elena Rivera Mirano

**Elena Rivera Mirano** (born 1951) is a Filipino academic in art studies, a music scholar, choir conductor and singer in the Philippines.

Rivera Mirano grew up on the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman, Quezon City. She obtained her Bachelor of Arts in English, cum laude. Subsequently, she obtained her first Master of Arts in Comparative Literature, and then her Ph.D. in Philippine Studies, all three at the University of the Philippines. She obtained a second Master's degree at Stanford University in the field of Humanities.

She is professor emeritus in Art Studies at the College of Arts and Letters at the University of the Philippines. Here she did an extensive research on the traditional culture of southern Tagalog and the musical heritage of the Philippines.

In 1986 she mounted a one-woman show of her music album *Kumintang: Awitin ng mga Tagalog na taga Batangas*, which she had recorded through a U.P. Centennial Grant. This was toured by the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

She is the choir director of *Cherubim and Seraphim*, the official children's choir of the University. With the choir she has produced the theater piece *Awit ni Pulau*.

In 1998, she served as the Research Director for the Philippine Program at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. She also served as Research Consultant for the Museo ng Batangas.

Rivera's book *Subli: One Dance in Four Voices* was awarded a National Book Award in 1989 under the category *art book*. In 1998 her book *Ang Mga Tradisyonal na Musikang Pantinig sa Lumang Bauan, Batangas* was proclaimed best book at the U.P. Diliman Gawad Chancellor Awards. She was principal author and editor-in-chief of “The Life and Works of Marcelo Adonay,” vol 1, which won the National Book Award, art book category, in 2009.

In 2001 Rivera was honored with a Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. The jury described her as a *contemporary renaissance musician*. In 2007 she received the Achievement Award in Humanities of the National Research Council of the Philippines.

She served as Dean of the College of Arts and Letters of the University of the Philippines, Diliman, from 2009-2015.

## Bibliography

* 1989: *Subli. One Dance in Four Voices* (*Subli: Isang Sayaw sa Apat na Tinig*), with Neal M. Oshima, Basilio Esteban Villaruz, Marian Pastor-Roces & Glenna Aquino, Museo ng Kalinangang Pilipino, Cultural Resources and Communication Services, Cultural Center of the Philippines: National Coordinating Center for the Arts, ISBN 978-9718546031
* 1992: *Musika: An Essay on Spanish influence on Philippine music*, Tuklas Sining, Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas (Cultural Center of the Philippines)
* 1997: *Ang mga tradisyonal na musikang pantinig sa lumang Bauan, Batangas*(Traditional Song in Old Bauan Batangas) National Commission on Culture and the Arts, ISBN 978-9719150039
* 2010: *The Life and Works of Marcelo Adonay, Volume I*, with Corazon Canave Dioquino, Melissa Corazon Velez Mantaring, Patricia Brillantes-Silvestre & Inigo Galing Vito, University of The Philippines Press, ISBN 978-9715425728
* 2011: *Philippine Humanities Review: Special Issue on CAL Research Agenda*, with Jovy M. Peregrino, Wystan de la Pena, Patricia May B. Jurilla, Patricia Marion Lopez, Antoinette Bass-Hernandez, Felipe M. de Leon Jr. and Gonzalo Campoamor II (ed.), Amazon Digital Services, ASIN B0060XK1PU

1. Cadiz, Gibbs (12 November 2008) *UP centennial musical journeys through 100 years of music* Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Scratching on glass
2. University of the Philippines, "UP Cherubim and Seraphim". Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-24.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
3. Prince Claus Fund, profile
4. Leslie Center for the Humanities, *Encuentro Filipino*


abstract: The 1904–05 Northern Rugby Football Union season was the tenth season of rugby league football.

text:
# 1904–05 Northern Rugby Football Union season

The **1904–05 Northern Rugby Football Union season** was the tenth season of rugby league football.

## Season summary

Oldham won their first Division One Championship whilst Warrington won the Challenge Cup.

Holbeck and South Shields dropped out, reducing the competition to 15 teams.

Birkenhead resigned after 4 games, the results of which were struck out of the table. They lost all four games, conceding 93 points and scoring none.

On 4 March 1905, a record 11 tries were scored by George West (Hull Kingston Rovers) v Brookland Rovers in the Northern Union Challenge Cup. In this same match the record for most points in a match, 53 (11t, 10g) by George West (Hull Kingston Rovers) was recorded.

There was no county league competition this season.

At the end of the season, all division one and division two clubs. except Lancaster, were elected to the new single top division, the NRFU Championship.

## Notable events

* At the start of this season, the Northern Union changed its rules to allow clubs to have full-time players paid by the clubs, thus making it fully professional.

## Division One

|  | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Oldham** | 34 | 25 | 1 | 8 | 291 | 158 | 51 |
| 2 | Bradford | 34 | 23 | 2 | 9 | 294 | 156 | 48 |
| 3 | Broughton Rangers | 34 | 22 | 2 | 10 | 295 | 175 | 46 |
| 4 | Leeds | 34 | 20 | 4 | 10 | 232 | 150 | 44 |
| 5 | Warrington | 34 | 20 | 2 | 12 | 220 | 150 | 42 |
| 6 | Salford | 34 | 19 | 2 | 13 | 276 | 204 | 40 |
| 7 | Wigan | 34 | 18 | 1 | 15 | 230 | 195 | 37 |
| 8 | Hull | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 224 | 214 | 34 |
| 9 | Hunslet | 34 | 16 | 1 | 17 | 240 | 216 | 33 |
| 10 | Halifax | 34 | 15 | 2 | 17 | 204 | 155 | 32 |
| 11 | Leigh | 34 | 14 | 3 | 17 | 165 | 209 | 31 |
| 12 | Hull Kingston Rovers | 34 | 15 | 0 | 19 | 200 | 220 | 30 |
| 13 | Swinton | 34 | 13 | 2 | 19 | 155 | 196 | 28 |
| 14 | Wakefield Trinity | 34 | 13 | 2 | 19 | 154 | 211 | 28 |
| 15 | Batley | 34 | 12 | 3 | 19 | 160 | 228 | 27 |
| 16 | Widnes | 34 | 13 | 1 | 20 | 128 | 280 | 27 |
| 17 | St. Helens | 34 | 9 | 1 | 24 | 168 | 351 | 19 |
| 18 | Runcorn | 34 | 7 | 1 | 26 | 133 | 301 | 15 |

## Division two

|  | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dewsbury | 26 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 247 | 48 | 46 |
| 2 | Barrow | 26 | 22 | 0 | 4 | 286 | 68 | 44 |
| 3 | York | 26 | 18 | 3 | 5 | 205 | 76 | 39 |
| 4 | Keighley | 26 | 15 | 2 | 9 | 259 | 94 | 32 |
| 5 | Huddersfield | 26 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 231 | 143 | 30 |
| 6 | Rochdale Hornets | 26 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 154 | 145 | 26 |
| 7 | Millom | 26 | 12 | 0 | 14 | 139 | 173 | 24 |
| 8 | Pontefract | 26 | 10 | 1 | 15 | 156 | 175 | 21 |
| 9 | Castleford | 26 | 9 | 3 | 14 | 104 | 199 | 21 |
| 10 | Normanton | 26 | 9 | 1 | 16 | 105 | 228 | 19 |
| 11 | Brighouse Rangers | 26 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 111 | 169 | 17 |
| 12 | Lancaster | 26 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 106 | 257 | 17 |
| 13 | Morecambe | 26 | 7 | 2 | 17 | 88 | 272 | 16 |
| 14 | Bramley | 26 | 5 | 2 | 19 | 95 | 239 | 12 |

## Challenge Cup

Warrington beat Hull Kingston Rovers 6–0 in the final at Leeds before a crowd of 19,638 to win the Cup at their third attempt in a final.

## InfoBox

| 1904–05 Northern Rugby Football Union season | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Championship |
| Teams | **First Division**: 18
**Second Division**: 14 |
| First Division | |
| Champions | Oldham (1st title) |
| Runners-up | Bradford F.C. |
| Top point-scorer(s) | James Lomas  Salford) (146) |
| Top try-scorer(s) | James Dechan ( Bradford F.C.) (31) |
| Second Division | |
| Champions | Dewsbury |
| Resigned from the League | Birkenhead
Holbeck
South Shields
Lancaster |
|


title: 1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

abstract: The 1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, also known by its sponsored name Union Warren Bank U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 58th edition of the tournament and was held from July 8 through July 15, 1985. First-seeded Mats Wilander won the singles title and earned $35,700 first-prize money.

text:
# 1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships

The **1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships**, also known by its sponsored name **Union Warren Bank U.S. Pro Tennis Championships**, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 58th edition of the tournament and was held from July 8 through July 15, 1985. First-seeded Mats Wilander won the singles title and earned $35,700 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Mats Wilander defeated  Martín Jaite 6–2, 6–4

* It was Wilander's second singles title of the year and the 18th of his career.

### Doubles

Libor Pimek /  Slobodan Živojinović defeated  Peter McNamara /  Paul McNamee 2–6, 6–4, 7–6<sup>(8–6)</sup>

## InfoBox

| 1985 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | July 8–15 |
| Edition | 58th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 56S / 28D |
| Prize money | $210,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts |
| Venue | Longwood Cricket Club |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Mats Wilander | |
| Doubles | |
| Libor Pimek /  Slobodan Živojinović | |
|  | |


title: Elissa Lansdell

abstract: Elissa Lansdell is a Canadian television personality currently based in Toronto, Ontario. She was a correspondent for CMT Canada and hosted My Rona Home on City. Lansdell began her television career as an associate producer for The Camilla Scott Show on the CTV television network. She then began working in front of the camera, reporting on weather at The Weather Network in Toronto and The New RO in Ottawa. In 2002, she moved to CMT Canada to co-host CMT Central alongside Stu Jeffries. While working as a correspondent at the 2003 Country Music Association Awards, she met Lonestar drummer Keech Rainwater and the two were married in September 2004. They had one child, Amélie, in 2006, and divorced in 2010.

text:
# Elissa Lansdell

**Elissa Lansdell** is a Canadian television personality currently based in Toronto, Ontario. She was a correspondent for CMT Canada and hosted *My Rona Home* on City.

Lansdell began her television career as an associate producer for *The Camilla Scott Show* on the CTV television network. She then began working in front of the camera, reporting on weather at The Weather Network in Toronto and The New RO in Ottawa.

In 2002, she moved to CMT Canada to co-host *CMT Central* alongside Stu Jeffries. While working as a correspondent at the 2003 Country Music Association Awards, she met Lonestar drummer Keech Rainwater and the two were married in September 2004. They had one child, Amélie, in 2006, and divorced in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Elissa Lansdell | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation | Television personality |


title: Elissa S. Epel

abstract: Elissa Sarah Epel is an American health psychologist. She is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), director of UCSF’s Aging, Metabolism, and Emotion Center, and associate director of the Center for Health and Community.

text:
# Elissa S. Epel

**Elissa Sarah Epel** is an American health psychologist. She is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), director of UCSF’s Aging, Metabolism, and Emotion Center, and associate director of the Center for Health and Community.

## Early life and education

Epel was born in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California to biologist David Epel and psychologist Lois Epel. Growing up, she would follow her father to Woods Hole, Massachusetts during the summer and study in marine laboratories. Upon graduating from Carmel High School in 1986, she attended Pitzer College and worked as a resident assistant. She spent two years there before transferring to Stanford University for her Bachelor of Arts degree in Zoology. Following Stanford, Epel intended on becoming a doctor and worked as a research assistant at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). While there, she realized she wished to pursue a career in health psychology and enrolling in graduate school.

Epel completed her PhD in clinical and health psychology at Yale University and her clinical internship at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. She wrote her dissertation under the guidance of Peter Salovey, Jeannette Ickovics, and Kelly Brownell. Epel then returned to UCSF for her postdoctoral fellowship in psychology and medicine under the advisory of Nancy Adler.

## Career

Upon completing her formal education, Epel was appointed an assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UCSF in 2002. In this role, she led a research team in studying 39 women between the ages of 20 to 50 who experienced stress as caregivers of chronically ill children. They examined the telomeres and telomerase in women. Their results indicated that doctors could monitor telomere length and telomerase levels for signs of adverse effects. In 2007, Epel led another study showing a correlation between weight gain and stress.

During her tenure, Epel founded the UCSF Center for Obesity Assessment, Study, and Treatment and directed the Aging, Metabolism, and Emotions Lab. She was also the Associate Director of the UCSF Center for Health and Community and UCSF Nutrition Obesity Research Center. As a result of her research on stress pathways, Epel was elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine in 2016. The following year, she was recognized as an "Influencer in Aging" by the Alliance for Aging Research for her "for her groundbreaking work on the psychological, social, and behavioral processes related to chronic psychological stress which accelerate biological aging."

Epel co-published her first book with Elizabeth Blackburn in 2017, titled ''*The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer.* While studying telomeres and the replenishing enzyme, telomerase, they discovered a vital role played by these protective caps that revolved around one central idea: aging of cells. Since telomeres shorten with every division of a cell, replenishing these caps is essential to long-term cell growth. Through research and data, they explained that people that lead stressful lives exhibit less telomerase functioning in the body, which leads to a decrease in the dividing capabilities of the cell. Once telomeres shorten drastically, the cells can no longer divide, meaning the tissues they replenish with every division would therefore die out, highlighting the aging mechanism in humans. To increase telomerase activity in people with stress-filled lives, they suggested moderate exercise, even 15 minutes a day, which has been proven to stimulate telomerase activity and replenish the telomere.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Epel created a free webinar series focused on facilitating reentry to ease people's anxieties about the New normal. She also published *The geroscience agenda: Toxic stress, hormetic stress, and the rate of aging* through the Ageing Research Reviews. Her research team was also named the winner of the inaugural round of Healthy Longevity Catalyst Awards, a multiyear, multimillion-dollar international competition seeking breakthrough innovations to extend human health and function later in life. Their project was focused on testing the potency of hormetic stress to reduce depression and slow biological aging. In 2021, Epel was recognized by Clarivate as being among as one of the top 1% of researchers globally. Epel also released her second book, *"The Stress Prescription: 7 days to more joy and ease,"* which was named a 2023 Independent Book Store bestseller in health and fitness.

## Selected publications

* *The Telomere Effect: the New Science of Living Younger* (2017)
* *The Stress Prescription: Seven Days to More Joy and Ease (The Seven Days Series)* (2022)

## InfoBox

| Elissa S. Epel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, US |
| Parent(s) | David Epel
Lois Epel |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Pitzer College
BA, psychology and psychobiology, Stanford University
PhD, Psychology, 1999, Yale University |
| Thesis | *Can stress shape your body?: stress and cortisol reactivity among women with central body fat distribution* (1999) |
| Academic advisors | Peter Salovey, Jeannette Ickovics, Kelly D. Brownell |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of California, San Francisco |
|  | |


title: 1904 Memphis Egyptians season

abstract: The 1904 Memphis Egyptians season represented the Memphis Egyptians baseball team in the Southern Association and won their second consecutive league pennant. The team played its games at Russwood Park. The team's manager was Lew Whistler. The team used a bear, Natch, as a mascot, chained to a tree in Overton Park, which led to the founding of the Memphis Zoo.

text:
# 1904 Memphis Egyptians season

The **1904 Memphis Egyptians season** represented the Memphis Egyptians baseball team in the Southern Association and won their second consecutive league pennant. The team played its games at Russwood Park. The team's manager was Lew Whistler. The team used a bear, Natch, as a mascot, chained to a tree in Overton Park, which led to the founding of the Memphis Zoo.

## InfoBox

| 1904 Memphis Egyptians | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Southern Association |
| Ballpark | Russwood Park |
| City | Memphis, Tennessee |
| Record | 8154 |
| League place | 1st |
| Managers | Lew Whistler |
|  | |


title: 1904 Metropolitan Rugby Union season

abstract: The 1904 Metropolitan Rugby Union season was the 31st season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. It was the fifth season run for clubs that represented a district. Eight clubs competed from May till September 1904. The season culminated in the fourth district premiership, which was won by Sydney University. Sydney University were crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the table.

text:
# 1904 Metropolitan Rugby Union season

The **1904 Metropolitan Rugby Union season** was the 31st season of the Sydney Rugby Premiership. It was the fifth season run for clubs that represented a district. Eight clubs (seven representing a district, the remaining club representing Sydney University) competed from May till September 1904. The season culminated in the fourth district premiership, which was won by Sydney University. Sydney University were crowned premiers by virtue of finishing the season on top of the table.

## Teams

Eight clubs contested the season; seven clubs representing a district and one club representing Sydney University.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Balmain**
Formed on 26 March 1900**
** Ground: Birchgrove Oval**
** Captain: C Light | **Eastern Suburbs**
Formed on 22 March 1900**
** Ground: Hampden Park**
** Captain: Patrick Carew | **Glebe**
Formed on 15 March 1900**
** Ground: Wentworth Park**
** Captain: Victor Harris |
| **Newtown**
Formed on 22 March 1900**
** Ground: Erskineville Oval**
** Captain: Ross Brown | **North Sydney**
Formed on 23 March 1900**
** Ground: North Sydney Oval**
** Captain: Charlie White | **South Sydney**
Formed on 26 March 1900**
** Ground: Sydney Sports Ground**
** Captain: J Bourke |
| **Sydney University**
Formed on 19 August 1865**
** Ground: University Oval**
** Captain: John Manning | **Western Suburbs**
Formed on 22 March 1900**
** Ground: St Luke's Park**
** Captain: Stanley Wickham |  |

## Season Summary

The 1904 Sydney Rugby Premiership was the most successful on record. The attendance of the public at the various matches was, on the average, the greatest yet known in Sydney football. In nearly every district there were young players coming into First Grade, developing play through lessons learnt from the games against the visiting British team.

For the first time in thirteen years, Sydney University carried off the premiership without any question of legitimacy. The team were one of the best during the first round of games, but their performance slipped during the second round. However, the team were worthy premiership winners despite their drop in form. It was a popular victory for the old club.

North Sydney finished the season in the runners-up position and could have won the premiership if they had not lost key players to the NSW tour of Queensland. Astonishingly, the team were only able to score 14 tries throughout the regular games compared to over twice that amount for the Varsity. In the end, they lost the premiership by one competition point.

South Sydney were considered the most dangerous of all of the teams. They were some of the most cleverest players in the competition displaying control, excellent tackling and smart tactics. Their weak point was their three-quarter line who, if they had performed better, may have given the team the premiership. South Sydney lost the premiership by the slim margin of two points.

## Ladder

|  | Team | Pld | W | D | L | B | PF | PA | PD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sydney University | 14 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 138 | 64 | +74 | **22** |
| 2 | North Sydney | 14 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 92 | 64 | +28 | **21** |
| 3 | South Sydney | 14 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 143 | 71 | +72 | **20** |
| 4 | Newtown | 14 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 126 | 59 | +67 | **18** |
| 5 | Eastern Suburbs | 14 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 160 | 92 | +68 | **14** |
| 6 | Glebe | 14 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 57 | 133 | -76 | **9** |
| 7 | Western Suburbs | 14 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 57 | 170 | -113 | **6** |
| 8 | Balmain | 14 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 22 | 142 | -120 | **2** |

### Ladder Progression

* Numbers highlighted in blue indicates the team finished first on the ladder in that round.
* Numbers highlighted in red indicates the team finished in last place on the ladder in that round

|  | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sydney University | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 22 |
| 2 | North Sydney | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 21 |
| 3 | South Sydney | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 20 |
| 4 | Newtown | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 18 |
| 5 | Eastern Suburbs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 |
| 6 | Glebe | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| 7 | Western Suburbs | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 8 | Balmain | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |

## Statistics

### Points

|  | Player | Pl | T | G | FG | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | HE Glanville | 12 | 1 | 13 | 4 | 52 |
| 2 | Joseph McMahon | 13 | 3 | 11 | 1 | 37 |
| 3 | William Burleigh | 13 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 32 |
| 4 | Jack Verge | 13 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 24 |
| 5 | Charles Russell | 7 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 21 |
| 6 | Arthur Fisher | 11 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
| 7 | Victor Futter | 14 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
| 8 | Stanley Wickham | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 19 |
| 9 | L Seaborn | 12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
| 10 | Walter Ogaard | 10 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 18 |

### Tries

|  | Player | Pl | T |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | William Burleigh | 13 | 8 |
| 2 | Arthur Fisher | 11 | 7 |
| 3 | Victor Futter | 14 | 7 |
| 4 | L Seaborn | 12 | 6 |
| 5 | Walter Ogaard | 10 | 6 |
| 6 | Edward Mandible | 11 | 5 |
| 7 | Charles Russell | 7 | 5 |
| 8 | H Barry | 8 | 5 |
| 9 | Reg Baker | 8 | 4 |
| 10 | EG Hooper | 11 | 4 |

## Lower Grades

The MRFU also conducted Second Grade and Boroughs competitions this season.

### Second Grade

Ten teams participated in the Second Grade competition: the eight First Grade clubs entered a team each, in addition two Boroughs clubs, Gipps and Manly, were permitted to each enter a team. At the end of the regular games, North Sydney finished at the top of the ladder. The season concluded with a final between Sydney University and Glebe. The game resulted in a scoreless draw, with both teams declared joint premiers.

### Boroughs Competition

Eighteen teams participated in the Boroughs Competition. The teams were split into two divisions of nine teams. In Division A was North Sydney, Willoughby, Mosman, Manly, East Sydney, Surry Hills, Redfern, Balmain and Gipps. In Division B was Marrickville, University, Waterloo, Rockdale, Glebe, Annandale, Leichhardt, Rozelle and Ashfield. At the end of the regular games, North Sydney finished at the top of Division A and Marrickville finished at the top of Division B. The final saw East Sydney beat Marrickville 6 points to 5 to take the premiership.

## Participating Clubs

| Club | Grade | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1st | 2nd | B. |
| Annandale Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Ashfield Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Balmain District Football Club | Y | Y | Y |
| East Sydney Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Eastern Suburbs District Rugby Football Club | Y | Y |  |
| Gipps Football Club |  | Y | Y |
| Glebe District Football Club | Y | Y | Y |
| Leichhardt Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Manly Football Club |  | Y | Y |
| Marrickville Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Mosman Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Newtown District Football Club | Y | Y |  |
| North Sydney District Rugby Football Club | Y | Y | Y |
| Redfern Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Rockdale Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Rozelle Football Club |  |  | Y |
| South Sydney District Football Club | Y | Y |  |
| Surry Hills Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Sydney University Football Club | Y | Y | Y |
| Waterloo Football Club |  |  | Y |
| Western Suburbs District Rugby Football Club | Y | Y |  |
| Willoughby Football Club |  |  | Y |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| 1904 Sydney Rugby Premiership | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | 7 May to 10 September |
| Teams | 8 |
| Premiers | Sydney University (11th title) |
| Minor Premiers | Sydney University (8th title) |
| Runners-up | North Sydney |
| Wooden spoon | Balmain (4th spoon) |
| Top point-scorer(s) | HE Glanville (52) |
| Top try-scorer(s) | William Burleigh (8) |
| Second Grade | |
| Number of teams | 10 |
| Premiers | Sydney University  Glebe |
| Boroughs Competition | |
| Number of teams | 18 |
| Premiers | East Sydney |
| Runners-up | Marrickville |
|


title: 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles

abstract: The 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1922, after the Indian government decided to reform the army, moving away from single-battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. They were the only Indian Infantry regiment to remain intact without being amalgamated. They were renumbered 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles with three active battalions and the 4th battalion becoming the 10th training battalion. After the partition of India in 1947, it was allocated to the new Indian Army and renamed The Garhwal Rifles.

text:
# 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles

The **18th Royal Garhwal Rifles** was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was formed in 1922, after the Indian government decided to reform the army, moving away from single-battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. They were the only Indian Infantry regiment to remain intact without being amalgamated. They were renumbered 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles with three active battalions and the 4th battalion becoming the 10th training battalion. After the partition of India in 1947, it was allocated to the new Indian Army and renamed The Garhwal Rifles.

## World War II (1939–45)

During World War II, five more battalions of the Garhwal Rifles were raised. These were: the 4th (re-raised having been converted into a training battalion and designated 10th Battalion earlier), the 5th, 6th, 7th and 25th (Garrison) battalion. The Regiment saw active service in almost all of the theatres of the war, including: Burma, Malaya, Egypt, Iraq, Eritrea, Abyssinia. Many soldiers of 5/18 Garhwal Rifles deployed in Malaya, left and joined Indian National Army and fought in Burma against the British from 1942 to 1945.

The 2nd and 5th Battalions were captured in the fall of Singapore and remained in captivity until the end of the war.

The Regiment's casualties during the war were high, with some 350 killed and approximately 1,400 wounded.

Following the war the 1st and 3rd Battalions served briefly in a garrison role in Sumatra and Italy before returning to India. The 4th Battalion was used to reconstitute the 2nd Battalion in May 1946. The 5th Battalion was not raised again and the 6th Battalion was disbanded at war's end.

## Formation

* 1st battalion ex 1/39th Garhwal Rifles
* 2nd battalion ex 2/39th Gahwal Rifles
* 3rd battalion ex 3/39th Gahwal Rifles
* 10th (Training) battalion ex 4/39th Gahwal Rifles

## Sources

* "Punjab Regiment". Bharat-Rakshak.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009.
* "The Punjab Regiment \[Pakistan\]". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
* Sharma, Gautam. 1990. *Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army*. Allied Publishers. ISBN 81-7023-140-X.

## InfoBox

| 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1922–1947 |
| Country | British India |
| Branch | British Indian Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Engagements | World War II |


title: Apatopygus occidentalis

abstract: Apatopygus occidentalis is a species of sea urchin of the family Apatopygidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Apatopygus and lives in the sea. Apatopygus occidentalis was first scientifically described in 1928 by Hubert Lyman Clark, American zoologist.

text:
# Apatopygus occidentalis

***Apatopygus occidentalis*** is a species of sea urchin of the family Apatopygidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus *Apatopygus* and lives in the sea. *Apatopygus occidentalis* was first scientifically described in 1928 by Hubert Lyman Clark, American zoologist.

## InfoBox

| *Apatopygus occidentalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Cassiduloida |
| Family: | Apatopygidae |
| Genus: | *Apatopygus* |
| Species: | ***A. occidentalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apatopygus occidentalis***<br>(Clark, 1928) | |
|


title: 1876 Spanish general election

abstract: The 1876 Spanish general election was held from Thursday, 20 January to Sunday, 23 January 1876 and from Tuesday, 1 February to Friday, 4 February 1876, to elect the Constituent Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 406 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as all 196 seats in the Senate. In the Canary Islands the election was held from 28 to 31 January, and in Puerto Rico it was held from 15 to 18 February. On 5 April 1877, another election to the Senate was held. This was the first election to be held after the end of the First Spanish Republic in 1874. The Third Carlist War and the Ten Years' War were still unraveling at the time, meaning that elections were not held in some districts. The newly-founded Liberal Conservative Party of incumbent prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo won an overall majority of seats, paving the way for the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1876, which would mark the starting point of the Bourbon Restoration that would last until 1931.

text:
# 1876 Spanish general election

The **1876 Spanish general election** was held from Thursday, 20 January to Sunday, 23 January 1876 (for the Congress of Deputies) and from Tuesday, 1 February to Friday, 4 February 1876 (for the Senate), to elect the Constituent Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 406 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as all 196 seats in the Senate. In the Canary Islands the election was held from 28 to 31 January, and in Puerto Rico it was held from 15 to 18 February. On 5 April 1877, another election to the Senate was held.

This was the first election to be held after the end of the First Spanish Republic in 1874. The Third Carlist War and the Ten Years' War were still unraveling at the time, meaning that elections were not held in some districts (namely, those in the Captaincy General of Cuba). The newly-founded Liberal Conservative Party of incumbent prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo won an overall majority of seats, paving the way for the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1876, which would mark the starting point of the Bourbon Restoration that would last until 1931.

## Overview

### Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over 21 years of age and in full enjoyment of their civil rights.

For the 1876 election, the laws of the First Spanish Republic remained in force, including the provisions for both the Congress and Senate within the Spanish Constitution of 1869. As a result, the original electoral law of 1870 was applied, without including the changes introduced by the 1873 amendments. The electorate consisted of 3,989,612 electors, about a 24.0% of the country population.

For the Congress of Deputies, 391 seats were elected using the first-past-the-post method under a one-round system. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. The provinces of Spain were divided into single-member districts, with each province entitled to one district per each 40,000 inhabitants or fraction greater than 20,000. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.

For the Senate, 196 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system, with each province being allocated four seats.

### Election date

The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-quarter of the Senate—expired three years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.

## Background

The *pronunciamiento*—a military coup—of Arsenio Martínez Campos on 29 December 1874 put an end to the First Spanish Republic and hastened the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in the figure of Alfonso XII, son of former Queen Isabel II. An interim government led by Cánovas del Castillo was confirmed by King Alfonso XII upon disembarking in Barcelona on 9 January 1875.

## Results

### Congress of Deputies

Summary of the 20–23 January 1876 Congress of Deputies election results
|  | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | Seats |
| | Votes | % ||
|  | Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) |  |  | **343** |
| | Liberal Conservative Party (PLC) | | | 328 |
| | Unconditional Spanish Party (PIE) | | | 15 |
|  | Constitutional Party (Constitucionales) |  |  | **37** |
|  | Moderate Party (Moderados) |  |  | **11** |
|  | Radical Democratic Party (Radicales) |  |  | **5** |
|  | Parliamentary Centre (Centro) |  |  | **4** |
|  | Federal Democratic Republican Party (Federales) |  |  | **1** |
|  | Independents (Independientes) |  |  | **5** |
|  | | | | |
| Total | |  |  | 406 |
|  | | | | |
| Votes cast / turnout | |  |  |  |
| Abstentions | |  |  | |
| Registered voters | |  |  | |
|  | | | | |
| Sources | | | | |

| Seats   Conservative  84.48%  Constitutional  9.11%  Moderate  2.71%  Radical  1.23%  Centre  0.99%  Fed. Republican  0.25%  Independent  1.23% |
| --- |

1. "Historia política del siglo XIX. Elecciones y legislaturas. 34. Constituyentes de 1876". *Spanish National Research Council* (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 December 2020.
2. "Real decreto disponiendo que las Cortes de la Monarquía española se reúnan el 15 de Febrero, y señalando los días en que han de comenzar las elecciones de Senadores y de Diputados" (PDF). *Gaceta de Madrid* (in Spanish) (1). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 1–2. 1 January 1876.
3. "Real decreto disolviendo el actual Senado, y señalando el día 5 de Abril próximo para la elección de los Senadores que deben nombrar las Corporaciones del Estado y los mayores contribuyentes" (PDF). *Gaceta de Madrid* (in Spanish) (41). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 375. 10 February 1877.
4. Constitución Española de 1869 (PDF). *Gaceta de Madrid* (in Spanish). 6 June 1869. Retrieved 27 December 2016. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". *Senate of Spain* (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
6. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, pp. 1077.
7. Caballero Domínguez, Margarita (1999). "El derecho de representación: sufragio y leyes electorales" (PDF). *Ayer*. **34**: 56.
8. Ley electoral de 1870 (PDF). *Gaceta de Madrid* (Electoral Law) (in Spanish). 20 August 1870. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
9. "Elecciones a Cortes. 20 de enero de 1876". *Historia Electoral.com* (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 April 2022.
10. "Elecciones generales de 1876". *National Library of Spain* (in Spanish). El Globo. 7 February 1876. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
11. "Elecciones Generales de 1876.- Relación de los Diputados proclamados en los distritos, y número de votos que han obtenido" (PDF). *Gaceta de Madrid* (in Spanish) (36). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 293–294. 5 February 1876.
12. For Congress election results:
13. For Congress election results in the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico:
    * "Elección de diputados en Canarias". *National Library of Spain* (in Spanish). La Correspondencia de España. 7 February 1876. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
    * "Puerto-Rico". *National Library of Spain* (in Spanish). La Época. 27 February 1876. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
    * "Diputados Año 1876" (in Spanish). Diputados Provincia de Puerto Rico, España: 1809-1898. Retrieved 1 August 2022.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

1876 Spanish general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 391 seats in the Congress of Deputies and all 196 seats in the Senate
196 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies | |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Alejandro Pidal y Mon  Party Conservative Constitutional Moderate  Leader since 1874 1872 1876  Leader's seat Madrid Zamora Villaviciosa  Last election 3 seats 7 seats 0 seats  Seats won 317 48 12  Seat change 314 41 12   ---  Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Cristino Martos Emilio Castelar  Party Radical PRDF  Leader since 1871 1876  Leader's seat  Barcelona  Last election 20 seats 347 seats  Seats won 6 1  Seat change 14 346 | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
Conservative **Prime Minister after election**
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
Conservative | |