abstract: The 1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 99th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board. The championship began on 13 August 1993 and ended on 7 November 1993. Glenmore entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were beaten by Fenians at the quarter-final stage. On 7 November 1993, Dicksboro won the championship after a 2–09 to 1–09 defeat of Fenians in the final at Nowlan Park. It was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1950. Adrian Ronan (5-12) and Billy Purcell (1-24) were the championship's joint-top scorers.

text:
# 1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship

The **1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship** was the 99th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board. The championship began on 13 August 1993 and ended on 7 November 1993.

Glenmore entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were beaten by Fenians at the quarter-final stage.

On 7 November 1993, Dicksboro won the championship after a 2–09 to 1–09 defeat of Fenians in the final at Nowlan Park. It was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1950.

Adrian Ronan (5-12) and Billy Purcell (1-24) were the championship's joint-top scorers.

## Team changes

### To Championship

Promoted from the Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship

### From Championship

Relegated to the Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship

## Results

### First round

| 13 August 1993 First round | **Ballyhale Shamrocks** | **2-17 - 1-10** | **Tullaroan** | John Locke Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | J Shefflin 0-7, T Shefflin 1-1, G Fennelly 1-0, D Fennelly 0-3, L Fennelly 0-2, J Lawlor 0-2, T Phelan 0-1, B Mason 0-1. |  | P Hennessy 0-6, J Walton 1-0, D Walsh 0-3, C Swayne 0-1. |  |

| 14 August 1993 First round | **Mullinavat** | **0-13 - 1-05** | **Clara** | Hugginstown Sportsfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W Carroll 0-3, M Dunphy 0-3, P McEvoy 0-3, P Hoban 0-1, S Walsh 0-1, R Carroll 0-1, J O'Keeffe 0-1. |  | L Byrne 1-1, A Prendergast 0-2, R Shortall 0-2. |  |

| 15 August 1993 First round | **Dicksboro** | **2-11 - 0-14** | **Young Irelands** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | S Morrissey 1-2, T Bawle 0-4, S Prendergast 1-0, D O'Neill 0-3, M Dowling 0-1, J Treacy 0-1. |  | DJ Carey 0-8, P O'Neill 0-2, P Farrell 0-1, T Farrell 0-1, C Carter 0-1, C Fitzgerald 0-1. |  |

| 15 August 1993 First round | **Glenmore** | **3-21 - 3-09** | **Graigue-Ballycallan** | Páirc na Seamróg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | M 'Foxy' Phelan 1-4, C Heffernan 1-3, R Heffernan 0-5, J Murphy 0-4, W O'Connor 1-0, M Phelan 0-3, J Walsh 0-1, P Barron 0-1. |  | A Ronan 3-3, D Byrne 0-2, N Maher 0-1, J Teehan 0-1, G Ronan 0-1, J Maher 0-1. |  |

### Relegation playoffs

| 9 October 1993 Semi-final | **Young Irelands** | **5-07 - 3-08** | **Graigue-Ballycallan** | St. Patrick's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | DJ Carey 3-2, J McDermott 1-1, J Fitzgerald 1-0, C Carter 0-2, C Fitzgerald 0-1, T Farrell 0-1. |  | D Byrne 1-3, A Ronan 1-1, J Teehan 1-0, N Maher 0-2, J Brennan 0-1, G Ronan 0-1. |  |

| 9 October 1993 Semi-final | **Tullaroan** | **1-15 - 2-08** | **Clara** | St. Patrick's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | P Hennessy 1-4, D Gaffney 0-5, J Walton 0-3, S Dunne 0-1, B Hennessy 0-1, S Teehan 0-1. |  | P Barcoe 2-0, R Shortall 0-3, L Ryan 0-2, J Casey 0-1, A Prendergast 0-1, B Barcoe 0-1. |  |

| 17 October 1993 Final | **Graigue-Ballycallan** | **2-13 - 2-08** | **Clara** | St. Patrick's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | A Ronan 1-8, D Cleere 1-3, J Teehan 0-1, M O'Brien 0-1. |  | JJ Ward 2-0, R Shortall 0-3, P Barcoe 0-2, L Ryan 0-1, J Casey 0-1, B Barcoe 0-1. |  |

### Quarter-finals

| 18 September 1993 Quarter-final | **Mullinavat** | **2-07 - 0-12** | **St. Martin's** | John Locke Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | M Dunphy 1-3, W Carroll 0-2, S Walsh 0-1, R Carroll 0-1. |  | D Lawlor 0-7, E Morrissey 0-2, J Dooley 0-2, L Dowling 0-1. |  |

| 19 September 1993 Quarter-final | **Erin's Own** | **2-12 - 1-13** | **Ballyhale Shamrocks** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | J Brennan 0-7, B Young 1-2, D O'Rourke 1-1, F Slevin 0-1, M Owens 0-1. |  | D Fennelly 1-1, J Shefflin 0-4, G Fennelly 0-3, B Aylward 0-2, L Fennelly 0-2, D Mason 0-1. |  |

| 19 September 1994 Quarter-final | **Dicksboro** | **3-10 - 1-12** | **James Stephens** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | T Bawle 1-3, S Morrissey 1-0, J Treacy 1-0, S Prendergast 0-3, L Kerwick 0-2, M Kennedy 0-1, D O'Neill 0-1. |  | J O'Dwyer 1-3, B Leahy 0-3, N Kelly 0-2, R Manogue 0-2, P Barry 0-1, D Cowhig 0-1. |  |

| 19 September 1993 Quarter-final | **Fenians** | **2-15 - 0-16** | **Glenmore** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | B Fitzpatrick 1-2, B Ryan 1-2, B Purcell 0-5, P McCormack 0-2, S Grehan 0-1, J Brennan 0-1, B Ryan 0-1, PJ Delaney 0-1. |  | R Heffernan 0-9, J Murphy 0-2, C Heffernan 0-2, S Dollard 0-1, P Barron 0-1, M 'Foxy' Phelan 0-1. |  |

### Semi-finals

| 10 October 1993 Semi-final | **Dicksboro** | **4-11 - 0-09** | **Mullinavat** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | S Morrissey 2-1, T Bawle 1-3, S Prendergast 1-2, D O'Neill 0-3, J Treacy 0-1, S Kennedy 0-1. |  | P McEvoy 0-6, J Walsh 0-1, S Walsh 0-1, W Carroll 0-1. |  |

| 10 October 1993 Semi-final | **Fenians** | **2-12 - 2-12** | **Erin's Own** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | B Purcell 1-7, B Ryan 1-0, P McCormack 0-3, B Ryan 0-1, M Walsh 0-1. |  | J Brennan 0-7, B Young 1-2, C Brennan 1-0, F Slevin 0-2, E Brennan 0-1. |  |

| 17 October 1993 Semi-final replay | **Fenians** | **1-15 - 1-13** | **Erin's Own** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PJ Delaney 1-3, B Purcell 0-5, B Ryan 0-3, P McCormack 0-1, J Brennan 0-1, P Ryan 0-1, S Grehan 0-1. |  | J Brennan 1-8, J Buggy 0-1, E Holland 0-1, F Slevin 0-1, C Brennan 0-1, B Young 0-1. |  |

### Finals

| 24 October 1993 Final | **Dicksboro** | **0-12 - 0-12** | **Fenians** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | T Bawle 0-6, D O'Neill 0-4, J Treacy 0-1, S Morrissey 0-1. |  | B Purcell 0-5, J Brennan 0-3, G Brennan 0-1, S Grehan 0-1, B Ryan 0-1, P McCormack 0-1. | Referee: D Cody (Graignamanagh) |

| 7 November 1993 Final replay | **Dicksboro** | **2-09 - 1-09** | **Fenians** | Nowlan Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | S Morrissey 1-2, J Treacy 1-0, T Bawle 0-2, L Kerwick 0-2, S Moore 0-1, S Kennedy 0-1, D O'Neill 0-1. |  | B Ryan 1-1, B Purcell 0-2, B Ryan 0-2, P McCormack 0-1, S Grehan 0-1, PJ Delaney 0-1, J Brennan 0-1. | Referee: D Cody (Graignamanagh) |

## Championship statistics

### Top scorers

Overall

| Rank | Player | County | Tally | Total | Matches | Average |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Adrian Ronan | Graigue-Ballycallan | 5-12 | 27 | 3 | 9.00 |
| | Billy Purcell | Fenians | 1-24 | 27 | 5 | 5.20 |
| 2 | Jamesie Brennan | Erin's Own | 1-22 | 25 | 3 | 8.33 |
| 3 | Tommy Bawle | Dicksboro | 2-18 | 24 | 5 | 4.80 |
| 4 | Sam Morrissey | Dicksboro | 5-06 | 21 | 5 | 4.20 |
| 5 | D. J. Carey | Young Irelands | 3-01 | 19 | 2 | 9.50 |

Single game

| Rank | Player | County | Tally | Total | Opposition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Adrian Ronan | Graigue-Ballycallan | 3-03 | 12 | Glenmore |
| 2 | D. J. Carey | Young Irelands | 3-02 | 11 | Graigue-Ballycallan |
| | Adrian Ronan | Graigue-Ballycallan | 1-08 | 11 | Clara |
| | Jamesie Brennan | Erin's Own | 1-08 | 11 | Fenians |
| 3 | Billy Purcell | Fenians | 1-07 | 10 | Erin's Own |
| 4 | Ray Heffernan | Glenmore | 0-09 | 9 | Fenians |
| 5 | D. J. Carey | Young Irelands | 0-08 | 8 | Dicksboro |

## InfoBox

1993 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
| Dates | 13 August 1993 - 7 November 1993 |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 12 |
| Sponsor | St. Canice's Credit Union |
| Champions | Dicksboro (4th title)
John Marnell (captain) |
| Runners-up | Fenians
Jimmy Brennan (captain) |
| Relegated | Clara |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 16 |
| Goals scored | 51 (3.19 per match) |
| Points scored | 370 (23.13 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Adrian Ronan (5-12)
Billy Purcell (1-24) |
| 1992 (Previous) (Next) 1994 | |


title: Alverstone Marshes

abstract:
Alverstone Marshes is an 83.8 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight, notified in 1951. The Alverstone Marshes are the site of a wetland restoration project by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.
It is also noted for water voles.

text:
# Alverstone Marshes

**Alverstone Marshes** (grid reference SZ572859) is an 83.8 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight, notified in 1951.

The Alverstone Marshes are the site of a wetland restoration project by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. It is also noted for water voles.

1. Biodiversity Action Plan for the Isle of Wight January 2003 Isle of Wight Biodiversity Action Plan: Wetlands Habitat Action Plan, Biodiversity Action Plan for the Isle of Wight, January 2003.

## Sources

50°40′12″N 1°11′31″W / 50.66997°N 1.19194°W / 50.66997; -1.19194

## InfoBox

Alverstone Marshes
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Isle of Wight |
| Grid reference | SZ572859 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 83.8 hectare |
| Notification | 1951 |
| Location map | *Natural England* |


title: Alverstraumen

abstract: Alverstraumen is a village in Alver Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located at the southern tip of the island of Radøy. The Alversund Bridge connects Alverstraumen to the village of Alversund across the Alverstraumen strait to the east. The 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) long Alverstraumen strait runs along the eastern side of the village connecting the Radsundet strait to the Radfjorden, and it separates the mainland from the island of Radøy.

text:
# Alverstraumen

**Alverstraumen** is a village in Alver Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located at the southern tip of the island of Radøy. The Alversund Bridge connects Alverstraumen to the village of Alversund across the Alverstraumen strait to the east.

The 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) long Alverstraumen strait runs along the eastern side of the village connecting the Radsundet strait to the Radfjorden, and it separates the mainland from the island of Radøy.

## InfoBox

| Alverstraumen | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the village | |
| AlverstraumenLocation of the villageAlverstraumenAlverstraumen (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 60°34′40″N 05°13′07″E / 60.57778°N 5.21861°E / 60.57778; 5.21861 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Western Norway |
| County | Vestland |
| District | Nordhordland |
| Municipality | Alver |
| Elevation | 24 m (79 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 5911 Alversund |


title: Alverstone railway station

abstract: Alverstone railway station was an intermediate station situated on the edge of Alverstone village on the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England.

text:
# Alverstone railway station

**Alverstone railway station** was an intermediate station situated on the edge of Alverstone village on the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England.

## History

Served by the line from Newport to Sandown, the station was incorporated by the **Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway** in 1868 opened in 1875. Absorbed by the Isle of Wight Central Railway, it became part of the Southern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing on to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, it was then closed 81 years after opening by the British Transport Commission.

During a Second World War blackout a train ran through Alverstone and a railwayman had to escort the passengers back to there from Newchurch.

## The site today

The station house is now a private residence. It is a prominent landmark on the walking route and cycle path that runs through Borthwood Copse and into Alverstone Mead.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sandown |  | British Railways-Southern Region
Isle of Wight Central Railway
Sandown to Newport line |  | Newchurch |

50°40′1.46″N 1°10′57.88″W / 50.6670722°N 1.1827444°W / 50.6670722; -1.1827444

## InfoBox

| Alverstone | |
| --- | --- |
| The old station building, now converted into private residence. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Alverstone, Isle of Wight
England |
| Grid reference | SZ577856 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Pre-grouping | Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway (1868-inc;1875–1887)
Isle of Wight Central Railway (1887 to 1923) |
| Post-grouping | Southern Railway (1923 to 1948)
Southern Region of British Railways (1948 to 1956) |
| Key dates | |
| 1 February 1875 | Opened |
| 6 February 1956 | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Amatsu-Mikaboshi (character)

abstract: Amatsu-Mikaboshi, the Chaos King, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as a supervillain and demonic god of evil who is best known as an enemy of Hercules and Thor, and as the main antagonist of Chaos War. He is based on the Mikaboshi of Japanese mythology.

text:
# Amatsu-Mikaboshi (character)

**Amatsu-Mikaboshi**, the **Chaos King**, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as a supervillain and demonic god of evil who is best known as an enemy of Hercules and Thor, and as the main antagonist of *Chaos War*. He is based on the Mikaboshi of Japanese mythology.

## Publication history

Amatsu-Mikaboshi first appeared in *Thor: Blood Oath* #6 (February 2006), and was adapted from mythology by Michael Oeming and Scott Kolins.

The character subsequently appears in *Ares* #1–5 (March–July 2006), and *The Incredible Hercules* #117–120 (May–August 2008), and as the main antagonist of *Chaos War* (December 2010–March 2011). Marvel Comics announced the storyline in June 2010, with editor Jordan White saying that Amatsu-Mikabosh, the Chaos King, "the living embodiment of the void before time and space began, has decided he liked things better before everything was" and is "on a mission to wipe out all of existence \[by using\] an army of alien space gods....", opposed by the Greek god superhero Hercules and his God Squad, an informal alliance of heroic characters.

## Fictional character biography

### History

According to the *Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'*s profile on Mikaboshi, billions of years ago, after the Demogorge had purged the degenerated Elder Gods, the Shinto gods Izanagi (a seventh-generational deity of the ancient Amatsu-Kami pantheon) and Izanami (an aspect of the Elder Goddess of Earth, Gaea) ventured into a formless world (Earth) that was dominated by a dark, primordial void where the ancient force of nature known as Amatsu-Mikaboshi existed and reigned alone. The divine couple began to populate the world with living creatures as well as lesser Amatsu-Kami who later came to be worshipped as gods by the inhabitants of Japan, which enraged Mikaboshi. His attempts to topple the fledgling Amatsu-Kami pantheon were foiled, and Mikaboshi was forced to descend to Yomi, which Izanagi designated as the netherworld of the Japanese, where he remained for centuries.

### Secret Invasion

Amatsu-Mikaboshi joins Hercules' "God Squad", over Hercules' violent objections. He is the delegate offered by the Gods of the East, led by Izanagi-no-Mikoto, who say it is an opportunity for him to redeem himself (though Hercules later suggests that they probably just wanted him off their hands and when he first sees Mikaboshi he attacks him). Mikaboshi is useful in stealing a map from Nightmare's realm allowing the God Squad to get to the Skrull Dreamtime and the Skrull Gods. He is seemingly killed by the Skrull goddess Sl'gur't in the final battle, but is then revealed to have survived and killed the Skrull goddess when she was in his form, now in command of the dead Skrull gods' army of slave deities. Mikaboshi vows revenge on the Olympians, free of the Kami's seals and unaware he is being observed through an enchanted scrying pool by a smiling Athena, Goddess of Wisdom, who claimed her plans had gone even better than had been expected.

### The Primordial Darkness

Some time later, it is revealed that Athena has been preparing for many years against the great struggle with a "primordial darkness" soon to descend upon the world, that being Mikaboshi, and telling Amadeus Cho that the strength of Hercules would be useless against King Chaos, but Cho's super-genius hypermind may yet bring them triumph. Hera later has a vision of Mikaboshi slaying Sharra and K'ythri, the gods of the Shi'ar race, and identifies Mikaboshi as the personification of the darkness that existed before the creation of the world.

### Chaos War

The gods of Zenn-La, upon detecting Mikaboshi's approach, convene to prepare to combat his spreading darkness. Thrann, Saint of Science, tells them that the First Mover, who gave the Marvel Universe "orbit, organization, and order" from a void of chaos and nothingness, extrapolated the coming of the *Nil Star* as the herald of the End Times eons ago. Mikaboshi, with an army of enslaved alien deities, invades the Cosmic Plane of Zenn-La's gods and easily destroys them despite their united efforts, enslaving them to further bolster his forces. Mikaboshi next begins his assault on Earth, brutally slaying the Impossible Man despite the latter's attempts to humor him and his complex shapeshifting. Mikaboshi next destroys Nightmare and claims the Dream Lord's powers, thus disabling most of Earth's mortal defenders and trapping them in sleep. Hercules attempts to summon Eternity to fight for the remaining protectors of Earth, but Eternity tells them that such would be akin to fighting himself, as Mikaboshi is the void against which he is defined. The rulers of Hell rally against Mikaboshi, joining their strengths to defend Perdition from his clutches, but even they eventually fall to his immense power, with Mikaboshi overpowering and devouring Satan and his power, obliterating the Underworld and causing the cosmic entity Death herself to flee the Marvel Universe. Mikaboshi takes control of an army of dead beings, including Zeus.

After enslaving the fallen gods of Olympus and using them to attack the newly formed God Squad, even managing to down mighty Galactus himself through Zeus, Mikaboshi and his army erupts from the former Olympian Skyfather's chest after tricking Hercules into piercing the shields concealing the hitherto hidden Throne Room of the Council Elite's Celestial Axis, launching a devastating assault on the divine realms of all of Earth's pantheons and destroying most of the gods, even the various Godheads themselves. Though the Amatsu-Kami themselves muster their strength and confront Mikaboshi, with their chief sun goddess Amaterasu vowing to defeat Mikaboshi as they did long ages past, Mikaboshi slays her, defeats the remaining members of her pantheon, and enslaves them all against the God Squad, who initially intend to seal Mikaboshi back into Yomi before the Kami betray and attack them.

Amatsu-Mikaboshi even gained allies in Nekra and a resurrected Grim Reaper. He even recruited Abomination and empowered him to serve him. During Doctor Strange's fight with Abomination, Amatsu-Mikaboshi attacked Doctor Strange from behind and reawakened the Zom part of Doctor Strange to assist Amatsu-Mikaboshi in looking for Marlo Chandler. Amatsu-Mikaboshi even unleashed Carrion Crow: Eater of the Dead to antagonize the revived X-Men members for the fate of one of Destiny's diaries that might hold the key to defeating Amatsu-Mikaboshi.

Amatsu-Mikaboshi relished the slow death of his oldest enemy, the Elder Goddess Gaea, who herself is the fountainhead of creation and the one who birthed the Gods themselves. Amatsu-Mikaboshi sends Athena to attack her brother and the God Squad on an island, who joined him so the Universe could be recreated. Yet Athena ends up defeated by Hercules. Hercules takes his fight to Amatsu-Mikaboshi and the heroes attack him. The Chaos King begins to consume all reality into nothingness, though in reality he has been sealed into the continuity that Cho and Galactus planned to evacuate Earth into.

## Powers and abilities

Mikaboshi possessed the conventional abilities of one of the *Kami*, the order of Japanese deities, such as superhuman strength, speed, durability, agility, endurance and recuperative abilities, as well as high ability to wield some form of potent Japanese dark magic, a brand of sorcery that seems especially effective against the Olympian deities. His physical strength, at least in his main incarnation, is considerably less than that of Zeus or Izanagi, and is roughly equal to that of the average *Kami*, but Mikaboshi can project energy on a scale at least rivaling that of Zeus and Izanagi. Like the Asgardians, the Japanese gods are extremely long-lived but not truly immortal like the Olympians; they tend to age at an extremely slow rate upon reaching adulthood and are three times denser than normal human beings, although Mikaboshi himself is immortal.

Mikaboshi possesses vast supernatural power, which is apparently inherent within him. He can use this mystical energy for a variety of effects, among which are his ability to alter his form and shape; he also often taken on a female form to appear harmless. He is otherwise almost always represented as a being of black, shadowy energy with a mask for a face. He can reshape his limbs into razor-sharp blades, form tentacles and tendrils to attack enemies, and assume the form of a fire-breathing serpent, which Apollo's fire was unable to affect and which was able to retaliate with a blast of fire powerful enough to harm and strike down even the Olympian sun deity. He has employed powers of flight, teleportation, the projection of mystical energy as force blasts, invisibility, matter manipulation, image projection and the creation of inter-dimensional nexus points among other feats, such as creating "shadow copies" capable of avoiding detection by high-level dark magical entities such as Nightmare in the latter's own realm. His power is of such extent that he can control numerous minor demons, as well as animating and manipulating corpses en masse at will; moreover, even the Kami themselves appear wary and fearful of Mikaboshi whom they consider their primal foe, especially as he himself has slaughtered much of their pantheon. Mikaboshi was able to slay even formidable alien deities having destroyed the Demogorge (an entity who devoured the Elder Gods themselves) with relatively little effort, as well as crippling and slaying Skyfathers such as Zeus by tearing out his heart in seconds.

More akin to a force of nature than a physical being, and having existed as a dark, primordial void that once dominated Earth (and before even that, the Marvel Universe, and before even this, the realities predating the Marvel Universe itself) in its earliest days, Mikaboshi's true form is elusive. He apparently exists as a single golden eye characterized by a slit-like iris. The eye is surrounded by an amorphous mass of dark energy, which Mikaboshi can form into tangible objects of virtually any form he can imagine, such as whip-like tentacles or a humanoid body. He can also assume a comet-like appearance (with his eye serving as the comet's nucleus) and propel himself at incredible speeds. He is immune to most diseases and possesses extremely quick reflexes. Mikaboshi possesses an extremely high intellect rivaling that of genius-level, and is an accomplished strategist, though his preferred tactic is simply overwhelming opponents with the sheer number of his demonic foot-soldiers. His army contains many netherworld denizens, mostly shinma and oni.

As a demonic entity, and the conqueror of *Yomi*, Japanese underworld of the Kami, Mikaboshi also has several powers enabling him to capture and detain the astral bodies (sheaths of the soul) of recently deceased human beings; on at least one instance, Mikaboshi has been shown capable of releasing a deceased mortal soul back into the realm of the living.

After seizing control over thousands of alien deities of the Skrulls, and using them to tear through worlds and realities to eliminate the gods of countless other extraterrestrial civilizations, such as the gods of the Shi'ar and the gods of Zenn-La, Mikaboshi was able to gather enough power to shed his "Terran form" and emerge as the *Chaos King*, the primal embodiment of nothingness and primordial chaos that served as a natural opposing power to both Eternity and Death, and a threat to the entire Marvel Multiverse, and all its powered mortals, living or dead, abstract conceptual beings, cosmic entities and lesser divinities.

Oblivion said that Amatsu-Mikaboshi was merely one *aspect* of himself.

## Reception

* In 2020, *CBR.com* ranked Amatsu-Mikaboshi 4th in their "10 Marvel Gods With The Highest Kill Count" list.

## InfoBox

| The Chaos King
Amatsu-Mikaboshi | |
| --- | --- |
| Amatsu-Mikaboshi.
Art by Khoi Pham. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *Thor: Blood Oath* #6 (February 2006) |
| Created by | Michael Oeming
Scott Kolins |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Amatsu-Mikaboshi |
| Place of origin | Primordial void |
| Team affiliations | God Squad |
| Notable aliases | Ama-no-kagaseo
Chaos King |
| Abilities | * Vast superhuman Strength, Speed, and stamina * Invulnerability * Immortality * Demonic Mystical Powers * Shapeshifting * Flight * Creation of "Shadow Copies" * Ability to traverse dimensions instantly * Power to absorb & enslave anything & anyone into void * Telepathy * Teleportation * Matter, energy, size and soul manipulation * Resurrection |


title: 1888–89 Everton F.C. season

text:
# 1888–89 Everton F.C. season

In 1888–89, Everton F.C. was a founding member of the Football League and competed in the first edition of the competition. The team finished eighth, avoiding re-election by a single place.

## Regular First team

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  GK  ENG Robert Smalley, 18 appearances  DF  ENG George Dobson, 18 appearances  DF  SCO Nick Ross, 19 appearances  MF  SCO John Weir, 16 appearances  MF  ENG Johnny Holt, 17 appearances  MF  WAL George Farmer, 21 appearances  FW  WAL Joe Davies, 8 appearances at outside right  FW  ENG Robert Watson, 18 appearances at inside right  FW  ENG Frank Sugg, 9 appearances at centre forward  FW  ENG Edgar Chadwick, inside left  FW  ENG James Costley, 6 appearances at outside left |
| --- |

Teams at the time played a 2–3–5 formation. Thus, Dobson and Ross were "full-backs" while Weir, Holt, and Farmer were "halfbacks". However, Everton fielded by far the most unsettled side of all the twelve original Football League members, using thirty-five players in their twenty-two game campaign. Indeed, the club have never fielded more players in any season since, despite having played as many as twenty league games more in over fifty subsequent seasons. So inconsistent was their team selection that at no time did the above combination actually take the field. Not surprisingly Everton's best result of the season, a 6–2 victory over Derby County on 20 October 1888 was achieved with ten of the above players on the field. Robert Watson missed that game while his deputy, Alex McKinnon scored the only hat-trick obtained by an Everton player all season. This was the only game in which ten of the first eleven featured.

## Other players used

Note that position listed is that filled most commonly by the player during this season and may not always have been the role played.

## League

### Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 | West Bromwich Albion | 22 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 40 | 46 | 0.870 | 22 |  |
| 7 | Accrington | 22 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 48 | 48 | 1.000 | | 20 |
| 8 | Everton | 22 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 35 | 46 | 0.761 | | 20 |
| 9 | Burnley | 22 | 7 | 3 | 12 | 42 | 62 | 0.677 | 17 | Re-elected |
| 10 | Derby County | 22 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 41 | 61 | 0.672 | | 16 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored

### Results

| **Date** | **Opponents** | **Home/
Away** | **Result
F – A** | **Scorers** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 September 1888 | Accrington | H | 2–1 | George Fleming (2) | 12,000 |
| 15 September 1888 | Notts County | H | 2–1 | Edgar Chadwick, Nick Ross | 6,000 |
| 22 September 1888 | Aston Villa | A | 1–2 | Robert Watson | 5,000 |
| 29 September 1888 | Bolton | A | 2–6 | William Lewis, Robert Watson | 5,000 |
| 6 October 1888 | Aston Villa | H | 2–0 | George Farmer, Dave Waugh | 10,000 |
| 13 October 1888 | Notts County | A | 1–3 | Nick Ross | 4,000 |
| 20 October 1888 | Derby | A | 4–2 | James Costley (2), Edgar Chadwick, Alex McKinnon | 3,000 |
| 27 October 1888 | Derby | H | 6–2 | Alex McKinnon (3), Nick Ross (2), Robert Watson | 3,000 |
| 3 November 1888 | Bolton | H | 2–1 | William Brown, Nick Ross | 8,000 |
| 10 November 1888 | Blackburn | A | 0–3 |  | 6,000 |
| 17 November 1888 | Burnley | A | 2–2 | Edgar Chadwick, Robert Watson | 3,000 |
| 24 November 1888 | Burnley | H | 3–2 | Edgar Chadwick, James Costley, Coyne | 6,000 |
| 1 December 1888 | West Brom | A | 1–4 | Edgar Chadwick | 5,700 |
| 15 December 1888 | Stoke | A | 0–0 |  | 1,500 |
| 22 December 1888 | Preston | A | 0–3 |  | 8,000 |
| 29 December 1888 | Accrington | A | 1–3 | William Brown | 2,000 |
| 12 January 1889 | Stoke | H | 2–1 | Joe Davies, Alf Milward | 7,000 |
| 19 January 1889 | Preston | H | 0–2 |  | 15,000 |
| 26 January 1889 | Wolves | A | 0–5 |  | 4,500 |
| 9 February 1889 | Wolves | H | 1–2 | Edgar Chadwick | 6,000 |
| 23 February 1889 | West Brom | H | 0–1 |  | 2,079 |
| 30 March 1889 | Blackburn | H | 3–1 | Joe Davies, Alf Milward, Dave Waugh | 4,000 |

## Sources

## InfoBox

Everton
| 1888–89 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | William Edward Barclay |
| The Football League | **8th** |
| Top goalscorer | **Edgar Chadwick** (6) |
| Highest home attendance | 15,000 vs Preston (19 January 1889) |
| Lowest home attendance | 2,079 vs West Brom (23 February 1889) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Amazon Venture oil spill

abstract: The Amazon Venture oil spill occurred at the port of Savannah on the Savannah River in the U.S. state of Georgia. The spill, which occurred from December 4 to 6, 1986, was caused by three defective valves in the piping system of the oil tanker MV Amazon Venture, which leaked approximately 500,000 US gallons of fuel oil into the river. Authorities at the port were made aware of oil in the river approximately three hours after the ship began offloading its oil, but due to difficulties in locating the source of the spill, the ship was allowed to continue offloading until it completed on December 6. That same day, chemical testing revealed that the ship had been responsible for the spill. While initial estimates categorized the accident as a minor spill involving about 2,000 US gallons (7,600 L) of oil, this value quickly rose over the following days, ultimately becoming classified as a major spill. Officials focused primarily on protecting the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, a protected area upriver from the port that included a large amount of marshland and served as a habitat for several endangered species. However, due to strong tidal currents, containment booms proved ineffective and about a third of the refuge would be contaminated by oil. Cleanup efforts would continue until being declared officially done on March 13, 1987, with roughly 150,000 US gallons (570,000 L) of oil recovered. The spill is considered one of the worst environmental disasters in the region, with particular concern regarding the long-term effects of the contamination on the wildlife refuge. The company that operated the tanker agreed to pay $1.2 million in damages to the U.S. federal government and the states of Georgia and South Carolina, while total damage claims from the spill totaled between $7 million and $8 million.

text:
# Amazon Venture oil spill

The ***Amazon Venture* oil spill** occurred at the port of Savannah on the Savannah River in the U.S. state of Georgia. The spill, which occurred from December 4 to 6, 1986, was caused by three defective valves in the piping system of the oil tanker MV *Amazon Venture*, which leaked approximately 500,000 US gallons (1,900,000 liters; roughly 1,800 metric tons or 2,000 short tons) of fuel oil into the river.

Authorities at the port were made aware of oil in the river approximately three hours after the ship began offloading its oil, but due to difficulties in locating the source of the spill, the ship was allowed to continue offloading until it completed on December 6. That same day, chemical testing revealed that the ship had been responsible for the spill. While initial estimates categorized the accident as a minor spill involving about 2,000 US gallons (7,600 L) of oil, this value quickly rose over the following days, ultimately becoming classified as a major spill. Officials focused primarily on protecting the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, a protected area upriver from the port that included a large amount of marshland and served as a habitat for several endangered species. However, due to strong tidal currents, containment booms proved ineffective and about a third of the refuge would be contaminated by oil. Cleanup efforts would continue until being declared officially done on March 13, 1987, with roughly 150,000 US gallons (570,000 L) of oil recovered.

The spill is considered one of the worst environmental disasters in the region, with particular concern regarding the long-term effects of the contamination on the wildlife refuge. The company that operated the tanker agreed to pay $1.2 million in damages to the U.S. federal government and the states of Georgia and South Carolina, while total damage claims from the spill totaled between $7 million and $8 million.

## Background

The MV *Amazon Venture* was a tanker that was operated by the Greece-based Calluna Maritime Corporation. The ship was registered in Liberia and had a gross tonnage of 31,683 and a length of 700 feet (210 m). On December 4, 1986, the ship docked at the Garden City Terminal of the Port of Savannah in the U.S. state of Georgia. The tanker had departed from Pointe-à-Pierre, Trinidad and Tobago with a bulk cargo of approximately 13,000,000 US gallons (49,000,000 L) of number 6 fuel oil and was scheduled to unload approximately 3,500,000 US gallons (13,000,000 L) of oil at the port. The terminal was located approximately 25 miles (40 km) upriver from the Atlantic Ocean on the bank of the Savannah River near Savannah, Georgia. Approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) upriver from the terminal was the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, a protected area along the river that covered about 26,000 acres (11,000 ha). Five endangered species inhabited the refuge: the bald eagle, the peregrine falcon, the red-cockaded woodpecker, the shortnose sturgeon, and the wood stork. At that time, the ship was the only tanker at the port carrying number 6 fuel oil. While docking on December 4, the vessel ran aground, with the port-side bilge keel scraping the bottom of the riverbed.

Prior to the ship's arrival in Savannah, the *Amazon Venture* had been docked at the Port of New York and New Jersey, where, in mid-November 1986, it was responsible for an oil spill involving approximately 35,000 US gallons (130,000 L) of oil. At the time, the ship was transporting oil to Consolidated Edison, which had had an oil spill about a week prior that was in the process of being cleaned up. As a result, it was not realized at the time that this new spill had occurred, and only later oil sampling confirmed that the *Amazon Venture* had been responsible for a leak in New York.

## Oil spill

### Detection and response

On the night of December 4, 1986, as the *Amazon Venture* began offloading its cargo, oil began spilling from the ship due to three faulty valves. Approximately 3 hours after this began, the U.S. Customs Service became aware of oil in the river and contacted the Marine Safety Office (MSO) of the U.S. Coast Guard based in Savannah. The Coast Guard was notified at 11:30 p.m. and personnel were present at the scene approximately 30 minutes later. They gave an initial estimate of a minor spill involving 2,000 US gallons (7,600 L), a figure still large enough that the spill was of federal concern. With this, several federal and state agencies were brought in to assess the situation and oil samples from ships at the dock were collected to be chemically analyzed to see if they matched the oil found in the river. While oil testing such as this would normally have been conducted at the Coast Guard's Central Oil Identification Laboratory in Groton, Connecticut, arrangements were made to have the tests performed in a more timely manner by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control at their facilities in Columbia, South Carolina. After the discovery of oil in the river, the *Amazon Venture* was ordered to stop offloading, but after an initial inspection found no evidence of leaking, it began offloading again at 12:40 a.m. on December 5. It would continue until its offloading was completed at 3:18 a.m. on December 6.

At daybreak on December 5, the Coast Guard began to perform surveys on the area of the river near the port to determine the size and scope of the spill. These surveys showed oil contamination along an 8 miles (13 km) section of the river, stretching upriver to the Houlihan Bridge and downriver to the port's East Coast Terminal. The same day that the surveys were being conducted, the Coast Guard set up booms around the terminal to prevent the oil from spreading. Over the following several days, booms were placed near the terminal, in the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, and along the Wilmington River, which connected to the Savannah River downstream from the spill. However, due to strong tidal currents, the booms were mostly ineffective and contained only a small amount of the oil. On the evening of December 5, a diver discovered a crack on the hull of the *Amazon Venture*, though further sounding of the oil tanks did not show water had entered them. However, on the morning of December 6, chemical analysis revealed that the oil had come from the *Amazon Venture*, though it was still unknown what had caused the oil spill to occur. Later that day, the Coast Guard updated their estimates from 2,000 US gallons (7,600 L) to 11,000 US gallons (42,000 L), which qualified as a medium spill. Around the same time, aerial surveys conducted on a daily basis by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Coast Guard led them to believe that the spill was much larger than previously estimated. As a result, five members of the Coast Guard's Gulf Strike Team in Mobile, Alabama who were trained in managing oil spills were brought in to help with surveying. As a result of the surveys, on December 7, the estimate was updated from 11,000 US gallons to 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L), which still categorized it as a medium spill. That evening, the cause of the spill was determined: while offloading the oil, the ship was also pumping oil through its ballast piping system, which was then discharged from the ship's sea chest on its port side. This action was the result of three valves that had all malfunctioned at the same time, and later analyses of these valves revealed that the most likely cause for these failures was a section of 0.5-inch (1.3 cm)-diameter rope measuring between 10 and 15 feet (3.0 and 4.6 m) that had become stuck in the valves and prevented them from seating. This inspection also led investigators to believe that the grounding was not the cause of the spill. As a result of the discovery, the Coast Guard ordered that the three valves be removed and steel plates put in their place to physically prevent flow through that piping system. After this discovery was made, Calluna Maritime accepted responsibility for the spill and subsequent cleanup.

### Cleanup efforts

On December 9, in an effort to slow the movement of the oil upriver towards the wildlife refuge, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers temporarily opened tidal gates on the Back River, a channel that was bifurcated from the main channel of the Savannah River. These gates would remain open until December 16 and aided in the cleanup process, which was led by the Coast Guard and involved six private contractors, including two that had been hired directly by Calluna Maritime. Calluna retained the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation of London to oversee its part of the cleanup efforts, and O'Brien's Oil Pollution Service, Inc. of Gretna, Louisiana was designated as the prime cleanup coordinator. Approximately 60 people were involved in the cleanup, which included the use of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) of containment booms, 6,000 feet (1,800 m) of absorbent booms, and nine vacuum trucks. The wildlife refuge was of significant importance to the cleanup efforts, as two contractors focused exclusively on the area, and 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of the total boom length was deployed in the refuge. This emphasis on the refuge was echoed by Savannah Mayor John Rousakis, who stated that the refuge might be the area most affected by the spill. Additional focus was placed on Abercorn Creek, due to its water intake. However, the containment efforts were hindered due to both strong tidal currents and the inability to spread the booms across the width of the river. The presence of oil in areas thought to be protected by the booms was confirmed in part by oil found in the meat of shellfish from these areas.

On December 11, the estimate for how much oil had spilled rose from 50,000 to 500,000 US gallons (1,900,000 L), which categorized the incident as a major spill. This followed gauge measurements taken on December 8 that had shown a discrepancy of 500,000 US gallons between the amount of oil that had left the ship and the amount of oil that had been received at the terminal. With the declaration of a major spill, a Regional Response Team was officially mobilized, although many of the constituent agencies that made up the team were already involved in handling the spill. Also on December 11, the *Amazon Venture* departed from the port after the ship's insurer gave assurances to the Coast Guard that they would pay for the cleanup and posted a $5.2 million bond in a United States district court to cover any civil damage claims. By December 13, approximately 82,280 US gallons (311,500 L) of oil had been removed, though on that same day, a representative for the Coast Guard stated that much of the oil would not be able to be recovered, with the remaining contaminant allowed to dissipate naturally. According to a representative for the Coast Guard, "It's not a situation where the whole river has been covered with oil. It's a situation where you have patches of oil and there'll probably be an oil sheen for a while to come. But with the activity on the river at the port and with dredging, the nature of the river front means you're going to have some oil sheen." In the case of marshlands that had been contaminated with oil, NOAA recommended on allowing the oil to naturally dissipate, as a manual cleanup could have caused additional damage to that environment.

On December 14, United Press International reported that sheen from the oil was present 10 miles (16 km) upriver and 15 miles (24 km) downriver, to the mouth, having been moved that far due to the flow of the river and through the tide. However, at the time there were no reports of fish kills or dead birds, though birds with oil-soaked wings had been spotted in the contaminated area. That same day, cleanup efforts shifted from removing oil from the river to removing contamination that had accumulated on the shoreline. Around this same time, Mayor Rousakis stated that the Georgia Ports Authority had been unprepared to respond to a situation like the spill. By December 17, the Associated Press reported that cleanup efforts had shifted towards the Wassaw Sound near the mouth of the Savannah River at the northern coast of Tybee Island, which was home to large populations of shellfish. Additionally, about 100,000 US gallons (380,000 L) of oil had been recovered by this time, and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources reported that little oil had reached the sound through the three tidal creeks that connected the sound to the river. That same day, it was reported that oil was visible 16 miles (26 km) both up and downriver, but that much of the thick oil globules had been recovered. Cleanup operations continued for the next several weeks, and by December 30, over 200,000 US gallons (760,000 L) of oil-water mixture had been recovered, as well as 160 cubic yards (120 m3) of oil-based debris, such as tarballs. By January 12, 1987, the surface of the Savannah River appeared to be free of any recoverable oil or oil-based debris.

On March 13, the Federal On Scene Coordinator, Coast Guard Captain John E. Shkor (the captain of the port for the United States Coast Guard sector that covered Savannah) officially declared the cleanup complete, finishing approximately two weeks ahead of schedule. The results of the cleanup included the removal of approximately 140,000 US gallons (530,000 L) of oil, 200 cubic yards (150 m3) of oil-based debris, and 200,000 US gallons (760,000 L) of oil-water mixture. Of the oil that had not been collected, it was estimated that 50,000 to 100,000 US gallons (190,000 to 380,000 L) naturally evaporated, 150,000 US gallons (570,000 L) was on vegetation near the shore, and 100,000 to 150,000 US gallons (380,000 to 570,000 L) were unaccounted for. An estimated 50,000 US gallons of oil entered the wildlife refuge, of which approximately 200 US gallons (760 L) were recovered.

## Aftermath

Following the spill, the *Amazon Venture* docked at the Port of Jacksonville, where a further 200 US gallons (760 L) of oil spilled from the ship. This occurred despite the three faulty valves on the ship having been removed and replaced with steel plates due to residual oil that had been left in the piping system. Authorities in Jacksonville had been alerted by authorities in Savannah prior to the ship's arrival and had prepared for the possibility of another oil spill, and as a result, the oil was collected shortly after the spill occurred.

The spill was considered one of the worst environmental disasters in the region's history. United Press International called the oil spill "the Georgia coast's worst environmental disaster", while U.S. Representative Lindsay Thomas (who represented Georgia's 1st congressional district, to which Savannah belonged) called it "the worst spill in our state's history". The uncertain long-term effects on the environment, and in particular the wildlife refuge, were of significant concern to many local leaders. Mayor Rousakis stated, "I don't know what the lasting damages will be but I'm sure there will be some damages in marshes and wildlife areas for a few years to come", a sentiment echoed by Hans Neuhauser, a local director of the environmental group Georgia Conservancy, who said, "There is a great deal of concern because we don't know the lasting effects this could have on the area".

In total, the spill contaminated approximately 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, including 5,500 acres (2,200 ha) of intertidal wetlands and 1,200 acres (490 ha) of surface water. 58 miles (93 km) of shoreline in the refuge was moderately or heavily contaminated, and a total of 650 acres (260 ha) of marsh was heavily oiled, in addition to 690 acres (280 ha) that were lightly oiled. Additionally, almost the entirety of the Savannah River and its tributaries from the Atlantic Ocean to the crossing of Interstate 95 was contaminated, equating to about 25 miles (40 km). Near the river's mouth, most of Wassaw Sound and Tybee Island were affected, with 124 miles (200 km) of shoreline lightly affected and 60 miles (97 km) moderately to heavily affected. Despite the cleanup efforts, approximately 300,000 US gallons (1,100,000 L) of oil was never recovered. Many areas contaminated by the spill bore a noticeable "bathtub ring" for some time after the accident. Air pollution, which is not commonly observed in oil spills, also increased due to the evaporation of the oil.

Economically, the spill directly affected tourism in the area, as tourist attractions such as the Fort Pulaski National Monument and River Street reported fewer visitors following the spill. Additionally, hunting and fishing in the refuge was suspended following the spill, with fishing activities resuming 18 days later and waterfowl hunting resuming 12 days later. Approximately 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) of oyster beds, much of which had been closed to fishing for several decades prior, were again closed only one month after they had been opened.

Following the spill, the states of Georgia and South Carolina, as well as the federal government, filed damage claims against the Calluna Maritime Corporation. Additionally, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the National Park Service, and the natural resources departments of both states prepared for an assessment on the natural damages done by the spill. However, by early 1987, Calluna Maritime agreed to settle out of court, negating the need for an assessment. The corporation agreed to pay out $1.2 million in damages, with $480,000 going to the federal government, $500,000 going to Georgia, $240,000 to South Carolina. The Fish and Wildlife Service received $386,000 from this settlement. Total damage claims, including those made by the federal government, state governments, and 34 private claims, totaled between $7 million and $8 million. Overall cleanup costs for the spill exceeded $5 million, which was more than the corporation's liability limit under the terms of the Clean Water Act.

On April 6, 1987, the United States House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries held a hearing in Savannah pertaining to the spill to gather information on the cause of the spill, how cleanup efforts were handled, and what policy changes could be made to reduce the chances of a similar spill from occurring. The hearing included testimony from several officials who had been involved in both the initial response and cleanup efforts.

1. "Fuel Oil, \[No. 6\]". *National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration*. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
2. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 1.
3. "Most of oilspill in river not recoverable". *United Press International*. December 14, 1986. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
4. *Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation Act: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session on Title III of H.R. 1465*. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1990 \[September 7, 1989\]. p. 28.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
5. Stringfield 1990, p. 51.
6. "Damage Claim Nets $1.2 Million". *Fish and Wildlife News*. United States Fish and Wildlife Service: 15–16. May–July 1988.
7. Stringfield 1990, pp. 51–52.
8. "Oil Spill Imperils Georgia Shellfish". *The New York Times*. Associated Press. December 17, 1986. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
9. Stringfield 1990, p. 52.
10. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 23.
11. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 12.
12. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 16.
13. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 42.
14. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 2.
15. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 17.
16. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, pp. 12–13.
17. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 13.
18. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 28.
19. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 67.
20. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 57.
21. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, pp. 40–41.
22. "Savannah River Oil Spill Threat to Wildlife Area". *Orlando Sentinel*. Tribune Publishing. United Press International. December 14, 1986. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
23. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 56.
24. Stringfield 1990, p. 53.
25. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, pp. 58–59.
26. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 58.
27. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 18.
28. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 50.
29. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 3.
30. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 41.
31. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987, p. 9.
32. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries 1987.

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Amazon Venture* oil spill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Port of Savannah, near Savannah, Georgia, United States |
| Coordinates | 32°7′50″N 81°8′25″W / 32.13056°N 81.14028°W / 32.13056; -81.14028 |
| Date | December 4–6, 1986 |
| Cause | |
| Cause | Faulty valves on the MV *Amazon Venture* oil tanker |
| Casualties | 0 |
| Operator | Calluna Maritime Corporation |
| Spill characteristics | |
| Volume | 500,000 US gallons (1,900,000 L) |


title: Echigawa, Shiga

abstract: Echigawa was a town located in Echi District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It developed as Echigawa-juku in Edo period. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,411 and a density of 881.84 persons per km⁲. The total area was 12.94 km⁲. On February 13, 2006, Echigawa, along with the town of Hatashō, was merged to create the town of Aishō.

text:
# Echigawa, Shiga

**Echigawa** (愛知川町, *Echigawa-chō*) was a town located in Echi District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It developed as Echigawa-juku in Edo period.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,411 and a density of 881.84 persons per km2. The total area was 12.94 km2.

On February 13, 2006, Echigawa, along with the town of Hatashō (also from Echi District), was merged to create the town of Aishō.

## Sister city


title: 1862 in Denmark

abstract: Events from the year 1862 in Denmark.

text:
# 1862 in Denmark

Events from the year **1862 in Denmark**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* 13 June  Rosenborg Castle Garden plays host to a party for Nordic students.
* 19 July  A banquet attended by Frederick VII and Carl XV of Sweden-Norway takes place in the Grand Hall of Børsen in Copenhagen.

* 27 December  The Swedish brig *Daphne* is wrecked off Skagen North Beach. A rescue boat from Skagen with 11 men capsizes and only two of the men survives, leaving eight women in Skagen as widows and 25 children fatherless.

### Undated

## Culture

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1862<br>List of years in Denmark |


title: Antonio Machado

abstract: Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz, known as Antonio Machado, was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98. His work, initially modernist, evolved towards an intimate form of symbolism with romantic traits. He gradually developed a style characterised by both an engagement with humanity on one side and an almost Taoist contemplation of existence on the other, a synthesis that, according to Machado, echoed the most ancient popular wisdom. In Gerardo Diego's words, Machado "spoke in verse and lived in poetry."

text:
# Antonio Machado

**Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz** (26 July 1875  22 February 1939), known as **Antonio Machado**, was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98. His work, initially modernist, evolved towards an intimate form of symbolism with romantic traits. He gradually developed a style characterised by both an engagement with humanity on one side and an almost Taoist contemplation of existence on the other, a synthesis that, according to Machado, echoed the most ancient popular wisdom. In Gerardo Diego's words, Machado "spoke in verse and lived in poetry."

## Biography

Machado was born in Seville, Spain, one year after his brother Manuel. He was a grandson to the noted Spanish folklorist, Cipriana Álvarez Durán. The family moved to Madrid in 1883 and both brothers enrolled in the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. During these years—with the encouragement of his teachers—Antonio discovered his passion for literature. While completing his *Bachillerato* in Madrid, economic difficulties forced him to take several jobs, including working as an actor. In 1899, he and his brother traveled to Paris to work as translators for a French publisher. During these months in Paris, he came into contact with the great French Symbolist poets Jean Moréas, Paul Fort and Paul Verlaine, and also with other contemporary literary figures, including Rubén Darío and Oscar Wilde. These encounters cemented Machado's decision to dedicate himself to poetry.

In 1901, he had his first poems published in the literary journal 'Electra'. His first book of poetry was published in 1903, titled *Soledades*. Over the next few years, he gradually amended the collection, removing some and adding many more. In 1907, the definitive collection was published with the title *Soledades* and *Galerías. Otros Poemas*. In the same year, Machado was offered the job of Professor of French at the school in Soria. Here, he met Leonor Izquierdo, daughter of the owners of the boarding house Machado was staying in. They were married in 1909, he was 34 and Leonor was 15. Early in 1911, the couple went to live in Paris where Machado read more French literature and studied philosophy. In the summer however, Leonor was diagnosed with advanced tuberculosis and they returned to Spain. On 1 August 1912, Leonor died, just a few weeks after the publication of *Campos de Castilla*. Machado was devastated and left Soria, the city that had inspired the poetry of *Campos*, never to return. He went to live in Baeza, Andalusia, where he stayed until 1919. Here, he wrote a series of poems dealing with the death of Leonor which were added to a new (and now definitive) edition of *Campos de Castilla* published in 1916 along with the first edition of *Nuevas canciones*. While his earlier poems are in an ornate, Modernist style, with the publication of "Campos de Castilla" he showed an evolution toward greater simplicity, a characteristic that was to distinguish his poetry from then on.

Between 1919 and 1931, Machado was Professor of French at the Instituto de Segovia, in Segovia. He moved there to be nearer to Madrid, where Manuel lived. The brothers would meet at weekends to work together on a number of plays, the performances of which earned them great popularity. It was here also that Antonio had a secret affair with Pilar de Valderrama, a married woman with three children, to whom he would refer in his work by the name *Guiomar*. In 1932, he was given the post of professor at the "Instituto Calderón de la Barca" in Madrid. He collaborated with Rafael Alberti and published articles in his magazine, *Octubre*, in 1933–1934.

When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, Machado was in Madrid. The war was to separate him forever from his brother Manuel who was trapped in the Nationalist (Francoist) zone, and from Valderrama who was in Portugal. Machado was evacuated with his elderly mother and uncle to Valencia, and then to Barcelona in 1938. Finally, as Franco closed in on the last Republican strongholds, they were obliged to move across the French border to Collioure. It was here, on 22 February 1939, that Antonio Machado died, just three days before his mother. In his pocket was found his last poem, *Estos días azules y este sol de infancia*. Machado is buried in Collioure where he died; Leonor is buried in Soria.

On his way to Collioure in December 1938, he wrote "For the strategists, for the politicians, for the historians, all this will be clear: we lost the war. But at a human level I am not so sure: perhaps we won*."*

He turned away from the hermetic esthetic principles of post-symbolism and cultivated the dynamic openness of social realism. Like such French æsthetes as Verlaine, Machado began with a fin de siècle contemplation of his sensory world, portraying it through memory and the impressions of his private consciousness. And like his socially conscious colleagues of the Generation of 1898, he emerged from his solitude to contemplate Spain's historical landscape with a sympathetic yet unindulgent eye. His poetic work begins with the publication of *Soledades* in 1903. In this short volume, many personal links which will characterize his later work are noticeable. In *Soledades, Galerías. Otros poemas*, published in 1907, his voice becomes his own and influences 20th Century poets Octavio Paz, Derek Walcott, and Giannina Braschi who writes about Machado's impact in her Spanglish classic *Yo-Yo Boing!*. The most typical feature of his personality is the antipathetic, softly sorrowful tone that can be felt even when he describes real things or common themes of the time, for example abandoned gardens, old parks or fountains: places which he approaches via memory or dreams.

After Machado's experience with the introspective poetry of his first period, he withdrew from the spectacle of his conflictive personality and undertook to witness the general battle of the "two Spains", each one struggling to gain the ascendancy. In 1912, he published "Campos de Castilla", a collection of poems lyricising the beauty of the Castilian countryside. Just as the poet's own personality revealed mutually destructive elements in the earlier *Galerías* and *Soledades,* so too did the Cain–Abel Bible story, interpreted in "La Tierra de Alvargonzález", later attest to the factions in Spain that shredded one another and the national fabric in an effort to restore unity. At the same time, other poems projected Castilian archetypes that evoked emotions like pathos ("La mujer manchega", "The Manchegan Woman"), revulsion ("Un criminal"), and stark rapture ("Campos de Soria"). The book also included a series of short reflective poems, often resembling popular songs or sayings, called "Proverbios y Cantares" (Proverbs and Songs).

>

from "Proverbios y cantares" in *Campos de Castilla,* 1917 edition

In 1917, various poems were added to "Campos", including a group of poems written in Baeza about the death of his young wife, new "Proverbios y Cantares", and a series of "Elogios", dedicated to people such as Rubén Darío and Juan Ramón Jiménez who had been influential in his life.

Machado's later poems serve as a virtual anthropology of Spain's common people, depicting their collective psychology, social mores, and historical destiny. He creates this panorama through fundamental myths and recurring, timeless patterns of group behavior. These archetypes are developed in his work "Campos de Castilla" ("Castilian Fields"), particularly in key poems such as "La tierra de Alvargonzález" and "Por tierras de España," which draw on Biblical inheritance stories. The metaphors from this period employ geographical and topographical references to convey strong judgments about the socio-economic and moral conditions on the Peninsula.

His next book, "Nuevas canciones" (*New Songs*), published in 1924, marks the last period of his work. The complete works of his poetry, *Poesías Completas* was published in 1938 and contains *Poesias de Guerra* (*Poems of War*), with *El crimen fue en Granada* (*The crime took place in Granada*), an elegy to Federico García Lorca.

Poet Geoffrey Hill has hailed him as Montale's 'grand equal'. His phrase "the two Spains"—one that dies and one that yawns—referring to the left-right political divisions that led to the Civil War, has passed into Spanish and other languages.

## Major publications

* *Soledades* (1903)
* *Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas* (1907)
* *Campos de Castilla* (1912). See *Campos de Castilla* \[*Fields of Castile*\], translated by Stanley Appelbaum, Dover Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-0486461779.
* *Poesías completas* (1917)
* *Nuevas canciones* (1924)
* *Poesías completas* (1936, cuarta edición)
* *Juan de Mairena* (1936)

## Translations into English (selected poems)

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Antonio Machado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz
(1875-07-26)26 July 1875
Seville, Spain |
| Died | 22 February 1939(1939-02-22) (aged 63)
Collioure, France |
| Occupation | Poet
Professor of French |
| Language | Spanish |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Notable works | Soledades, Campos de Castilla |
| Spouse | Leonor Izquierdo  (m. 1909; died 1912) |


title: Amitabha Buddhist Centre

abstract: Amitabha Buddhist Centre is a Buddhist institution in Geylang, Singapore. It is affiliated with the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT), an international non-profit organisation, founded by Lama Thubten Yeshe.

text:
# Amitabha Buddhist Centre

**Amitabha Buddhist Centre** is a Buddhist institution in Geylang, Singapore. It is affiliated with the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT), an international non-profit organisation, founded by Lama Thubten Yeshe.

## Origins

Amitabha Buddhist Centre was founded by Lama Thubten Yeshe when he first visited Singapore with his disciple Thubten Zopa Rinpoche in 1984. After Lama Yeshe died in 1984, Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche became its Spiritual Director. The Singapore centre was finally realised in 1985, but had no permanent base. Its followers met in various venues such as Dharma Cakra Society and Cheng Beng Buddhist Society.

In 1987, Lama Zopa sent Venerable Thubten Chodron, an American Buddhist nun to Singapore as its Resident Teacher. Before coming to Singapore, she taught Buddhism and meditation in countries like United States, Europe and Hong Kong. She taught in Singapore for over a year, teaching in schools as well as at different Buddhist societies. She also published several books such as *Working with Anger*, *Open Heart, Clear Mind*, *Buddhism for Beginners* et cetera.

In 1988, the group decided to organise as a Buddhist society under the name "Amitabha Buddhist Centre", and leased a small house at Butterfly Avenue for its activities. Amitabha Buddhist Centre was officially registered in January 1989. In 2000, ABC began to raise funds for the purchase a permanent home at Lorong 15 Geylang. In 2004, they began to build a new seven-storey Tibetan-style structure at nearby Lorong 25A. It was completed in mid-2006.

### Visits from Tulkus

On 26 May 1991, Tulku Tenzin Ösel Rinpoche, a 6-year old Spanish boy, visited Singapore to join members of Amitabha Buddhist Centre for Vesak celebrations. When he was seven months old, this boy had appeared in a dream of a close disciple of Lama Yeshe. The disciple sought him out, and the boy was later officially confirmed as the reincarnation of Lama Yeshe by the Dalai Lama. The boy's story is the subject of *Reincarnation: The Boy Lama* by Vicki Mackenzie.

On 16 April 2007, 4-year old Tulku Tenzin Phuntsok Rinpoche, dubbed the "Little Lama" by devotees, visited Singapore and Amitabha Buddhist Centre. More than 10,000 people from all walks of life, including some Christians and Hindus, sought blessings from Phuntsok Rinpoche. He is the reincarnation of Geshe Lama Konchog, confirmed by the Dalai Lama in December 2005.

### Present day

The current resident teacher at Amitabha Buddhist Centre is Khen Rinpoche Geshe Chonyi, and the centre bears an affiliation with the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT).

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Amitabha Buddhist Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| Amitabha Buddhist Centre | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Tibetan Buddhism |
| Deity | Dalai Lama |
| Leadership | Khen Rinpoche Geshe Chonyi |
| Location | |
| Location | Geylang, Singapore |
| Country | Singapore |
| Architecture | |
| Founder | Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa Rinpoche |
| Date established | 1985 |


title: Embassy of Colombia, London

abstract: The Embassy of Colombia in London is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Colombia in the United Kingdom. It is headed by the Ambassador of Colombia to the United Kingdom. It is located in the Knightsbridge district in a building it shares with the Embassy of Ecuador, near Harrods, Hyde Park, and Hans Place, precisely at 3 Hans Crescent at the intersection of Basil Street, and it is serviced by Knightsbridge station.

text:
# Embassy of Colombia, London

The **Embassy of Colombia** in London is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Colombia in the United Kingdom. It is headed by the **Ambassador of Colombia to the United Kingdom**. It is located in the Knightsbridge district in a building it shares with the Embassy of Ecuador, near Harrods, Hyde Park, and Hans Place, precisely at 3 Hans Crescent at the intersection of Basil Street, and it is serviced by Knightsbridge station.

## About

The embassy is charged with representing the interests of the President and Government of Colombia, improving diplomatic relations between Colombia and the accredited countries, promoting and improving the image and standing of Colombia in the accredited nations, promoting the Culture of Colombia, encouraging and facilitating tourism to and from Colombia, and ensuring the safety of Colombians abroad.

The structure that houses the embassy is a white stucco-fronted red-brick building. The embassy is a suite of rooms occupying part of the ground floor of the building, which has been described as an "apartment block".

Colombia also maintains a number of other buildings in the city: a consulate at 35 Portland Place, Marylebone, a Commercial Section at 2 Conduit Street, Mayfair and a Military, Naval & Police Attaché's Office at 83 Victoria Street, Victoria.

51°29′56″N 0°09′41″W / 51.4990°N 0.1614°W / 51.4990; -0.1614

## InfoBox

| Embassy of Colombia, London | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Knightsbridge, London |
| Address | 3 Hans Crescent<br>London SW1X 0LN, UK |
| Coordinates | 51°29′56.81″N 0°9′41.40″W / 51.4991139°N 0.1615000°W / 51.4991139; -0.1615000 (Embassy of the Republic of Colombia) |
| Ambassador | Roy Barreras |


title: Ernest Callenbach

abstract: Ernest William Callenbach was an American author, film critic, editor, and simple living adherent. Having many connections with a group of noted creative individuals in Northern California, Callenbach's influence beyond the region began with the publication of his utopian novel Ecotopia in 1975.

text:
# Ernest Callenbach

**Ernest William Callenbach** (April 3, 1929 – April 16, 2012) was an American author, film critic, editor, and simple living adherent. Having many connections with a group of noted creative individuals in Northern California, Callenbach's influence beyond the region began with the publication of his utopian novel *Ecotopia* in 1975.

## Life and work

Born into a farming family in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, Callenbach attended the University of Chicago, where he was drawn into the then 'new wave' of serious attention to film as an art form. After six months in Paris at the Sorbonne, watching four films a day, he returned to Chicago and earned a master's degree in English and Communications.

Callenbach then moved to California. From 1955 to 1991, he was on the staff of the University of California Press (Berkeley). A general copywriter for a number of years, he edited the Press's *Film Quarterly* from 1958 until 1991. He also occasionally taught film courses at U.C. and at San Francisco State University.

For many years Callenbach edited the Natural History Guides at the U.C. Press. He began to take environmental issues and their connections to human value systems, social patterns, and lifestyles just as seriously as he had taken film. He was heavily influenced by Edward Abbey. Callenbach talked publicly about being influenced, during work on his novel *Ecotopia*, by numerous streams of thought: scientific discoveries in the fields of ecology and conservation biology; the urban-ecology planning movement, concerned with an approach to urban planning; and the soft-energy movement, championed by Amory Lovins and others.

Callenbach is known as an author of green books, namely as author of the ecological "utopias" *Ecotopia* (1975) and *Ecotopia Emerging* (1981), and also *The Ecotopian Encyclopedia* (1981), *Bring Back the Buffalo!* (1995), and *Ecology: A Pocket Guide* (1998). (While his first novel popularized the term "ecotopia," the term was actually coined by the ethnographer E. N. Anderson.)

In terms of concepts of human involvement with the ecology, as well as some of the economic and social concepts, the Ecotopia books are related to what is known as the sustainability movement. Callenbach's Ecotopian concept is not "Luddite" — he does not reject high technology, but rather his fictional society shows a *conscious selectivity* about technology. In Ecotopia ecologically compatible high-technology exists alongside postmaterialistic attitudes and lifestyles. As an example, with its emphasis on personal rather than impersonal interaction, Callenbach's Ecotopian society anticipates the development and liberal usage of videoconferencing.

Indeed, for all his involvement with print publishing, Callenbach remained quite interested in visual media. Aspects of his book *Ecotopia* in some ways anticipated C-SPAN — which came into being a few years later — because in the story the daily life of the legislature and some of that of the judicial courts is televised in this fictional society, and televised debates (including technical debates concerning ecological problems) meet a need and desire among citizens.

Callenbach was a part of the circle of West Coast technologists, architects, social thinkers, and scientists which included Ursula K. Le Guin, Sim Van der Ryn, Peter Calthorpe, Stewart Brand, Kevin Kelly, J. Baldwin, and John Todd. As with some of these others, he was often a speaker, discussion panellist, and essayist.

In 2006 Callenbach introduced the story of a real-world community movement in Japan that is reminiscent, in its aims and practices, of his Ecotopian society. He visited Japan and investigated the Yamagishi movement. He found that it encompassed some three dozen intentional communities founded on the same underlying principles: living an ecologically based integration of people with agriculture (pig, cattle, and chicken livestock raising, and organic-vegetable and fruit farming), and living a social life based on principles of democracy, mutual understanding, support, and health. Each individual settlement is referred to as *jikkenji* ('demonstration community for the world').

In 2009, Callenbach was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Freiburg. Freiburg is noted for its renewable energy industry and has been called a "green utopia". He died of cancer on April 16, 2012, in Berkeley, California.

## Quotes

> ...if you reflect on our change from thoughtless trash-tossing to virtually universal recycling, or from the past in which smokers didn't hesitate to blow smoke in anybody's face to our present restrictions on smoking in public places, it's clear that shared ideas about acceptable or desirable behavior can change markedly. Such changes occurred without anybody getting arrested in the dark of night. Further changes will come...

## Bibliography

* *Living Poor With Style* (New York: Bantam, 1972)
* *Ecotopia* (Banyan Tree Books, 1975)
    + Italian translation: *Ecotopia* (Castelvecchi Editore, 2012)
* *Ecotopia Emerging* (Banyan Tree Books, 1981)
* *The Ecotopian Encyclopaedia for the 80's: A Survival Guide for the Age of Inflation* (Berkeley: And/Or Press, 1981)
* *A Citizen Legislature* (Bookpeople, 1985; rev. ed. Imprint Academic, 2008)
* *Publisher's Lunch* (Ten Speed Press, 1989)
* *Ecology: A Pocket Guide* (U. of California Press, 1998; rev. ed. 2008)
* *Living Cheaply With Style: Live Better and Spend Less* (Berkeley: Ronin, 1993). ISBN 0-914171-61-5
* *Living Cheaply With Style: Live Better and Spend Less,* Second edition (Berkeley: Ronin, 2000). ISBN 1-57951-014-0
* *Bring Back the Buffalo!: A Sustainable Future for America's Great Plains* (U. of California Press, 2000)

## Further reading

* Ernest Callenbach "Ecotopia in Japan?," in: *Communities* 132 (Fall 2006), pp. 42–49.
* R. Frye, "The Economics of Ecotopia," in: *Alternative Futures* 3 (1980), pp. 71–81.
* K.T. Goldbach, "Utopian Music: Music History of the Future in Novels by Bellamy, Callenbach and Huxley," in: *Utopia Matters. Theory, Politics, Literature and the Arts*, ed. F. Viera, M. Freitas, Porto 2005, pp. 237–243.
* R. Meinhold, "Ecotopia", in: Paul B. Thompson and David M. Kaplan (eds.) Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Food Ethics (2013), pp 548–551
* U. Meyer: "Selling an 'ecological religion'. Strategies of Persuasion in Ernest Callenbach's *Ecotopia*". In: M. Lotz, M. van der Minde, D. Weidmann (Hrsg.): *Von Platon bis zur Global Governance. Entwürfe für menschliches Zusammenleben*. Marburg 2010, pp. 253–280.
* H. Tschachler, "Despotic Reason in Arcadia. Ernest Callenbach's Ecological Utopias," *Science Fiction Studies* 11 (1984), pp. 304–317.

## InfoBox

| Ernest Callenbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Ernest Callenbach in 2008 | |
| Born | Ernest William Callenbach
(1929-04-03)April 3, 1929
Williamsport, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | April 16, 2012(2012-04-16) (aged 83)
Berkeley, California, U.S. |
|  | |
| School | Green Philosophy |
| Main interests |  |
|  | |


title: Edmund H. Hinshaw

abstract: Edmund Howard Hinshaw was an American Republican Party politician. Born in Greensboro, Indiana on December 8, 1860, he graduated from Butler College in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1885. He moved to Fairbury, Nebraska in 1887 and was superintendent of the public schools until 1888 while he studied law. He passed the bar and started practicing in Fairbury. He became a city clerk in 1889 and attorney for Fairbury in 1890. He was an attorney for Jefferson County from 1895 to 1899. He ran and lost for a house seat in the 56th congress in 1898 and ran and lost for the United States Senate in 1901. He ran and won a House seat as a Republican to the 58th and the three succeeding Congresses. He did not run for renomination in 1910, instead of resuming law practice in Fairbury. He moved to Los Angeles, California in 1912 continuing to practice law. He also ran a chain of movie theaters. He died there on June 15, 1932, and is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery, Glendale, California. He was the cousin to Illinois representative Edwin B. Brooks.

text:
# Edmund H. Hinshaw

**Edmund Howard Hinshaw** (December 8, 1860 – June 15, 1932) was an American Republican Party politician.

Born in Greensboro, Indiana on December 8, 1860, he graduated from Butler College in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1885. He moved to Fairbury, Nebraska in 1887 and was superintendent of the public schools until 1888 while he studied law. He passed the bar and started practicing in Fairbury.

He became a city clerk in 1889 and attorney for Fairbury in 1890. He was an attorney for Jefferson County from 1895 to 1899. He ran and lost for a house seat in the 56th congress in 1898 and ran and lost for the United States Senate in 1901. He ran and won a House seat as a Republican to the 58th and the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1911).

He did not run for renomination in 1910, instead of resuming law practice in Fairbury. He moved to Los Angeles, California in 1912 continuing to practice law. He also ran a chain of movie theaters. He died there on June 15, 1932, and is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery, Glendale, California. He was the cousin to Illinois representative Edwin B. Brooks.

1. "Hinshaw, Edmund Howard". *The Political Graveyard*. Archived from the original on 2005-12-24. Retrieved January 16, 2006.
2. "Hinshaw, Edmund Howard". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*. Retrieved January 16, 2006.

## InfoBox

| Edmund H. Hinshaw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Nebraska's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1903  March 3, 1911 | |
| Preceded by | William Ledyard Stark |
| Succeeded by | Charles Henry Sloan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1860-12-08)December 8, 1860
Greensboro, Indiana |
| Died | June 15, 1932(1932-06-15) (aged 71)
Los Angeles, California |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Antonio Augusto Eduardo Namburete

abstract: Eduardo Namburete is a Mozambican academic and politician. He represented the country's largest opposition party RENAMO in the Assembly of the Republic. He was involved as a mediator in the process which led to the signing of the Maputo Accord in 2019 and was appointed as Mozambique's Ambassador to Algeria in 2024.

text:
# Antonio Augusto Eduardo Namburete

**Eduardo Namburete** (born 1968) is a Mozambican academic and politician. He represented the country's largest opposition party RENAMO in the Assembly of the Republic. He was involved as a mediator in the process which led to the signing of the Maputo Accord in 2019 and was appointed as Mozambique's Ambassador to Algeria in 2024.

## Life and career

Eduardo Namburete was in born 1969. He served for 15 years as a deputy of the Assembly of the Republic representing the largest opposition party RENAMO for the constituency of Maputo. In the Assembly, he was a member of the Constitutional, Human Rights and Legal Affairs Committee. In July 2022 he was elected vice-president of the Africa Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption, based in Ghana.

He was involved as a mediator in the peace negotiations between the government of Mozambique and RENAMO which resulted in the signing of the Maputo Accord in 2019. He was a RENAMO representative of the Military Affairs Commission and played an active role in the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) of former combatants.

He is also the founding Dean of and a Senior Lecturer at the Eduardo Mondlane University School of Communication and Arts and has a master's degree in communications from Southern University in Louisiana, US.


title: Ariyaatha Veethikal

abstract: Ariyaatha Veethikal is a 1984 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan and written by John Paul. It stars Madhu, Mohanlal, Mammootty, Ramachandran and Rahman. The soundtrack of the film was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.

text:
# Ariyaatha Veethikal

***Ariyaatha Veethikal*** (transl.Unknown lanes) is a 1984 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan and written by John Paul. It stars Madhu, Mohanlal, Mammootty, Ramachandran and Rahman. The soundtrack of the film was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.

## Plot

The film revolves around Judge Jaganathan (Madhu), who stands by his morals, no matter what kind of problems he faces.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan and the lyrics were written by P. Bhaskaran and Poovachal Khader.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Neeyalla Neethipaalan" | K. J. Yesudas | P. Bhaskaran |  |
| 2 | "Sindooramekhangal" | P. Jayachandran | Poovachal Khader |  |

## InfoBox

| Ariyaatha Veethikal | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster designed by P. N. Menon | |
| Directed by | K. S. Sethumadhavan |
| Screenplay by | John Paul |
| Produced by | Raju Mathew |
| Starring | Madhu
Mohanlal
Mammootty
Ramachandran
Rahman |
| Cinematography | Vipin Mohan |
| Edited by | M. S. Mani |
| Music by | M. S. Viswanathan |
| Production
company | Century |
| Distributed by | Century Films |
| Release date | * 23 November 1984 (1984-11-23) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: 1888 in India

abstract: Events in the year 1888 in India.

text:
# 1888 in India

Events in the year **1888 in India**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* National income - 4,773 million
* Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi left to study in London.
* Sree Narayana Guru, consecrated the first temple for the untouchables in Aruvippuram, Kerala, South India.

## Law

* Indian Reserve Forces Act

## Births

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in India<br>Timeline of Indian history |


title: 1888 in Ireland

abstract: Events from the year 1888 in Ireland.

text:
# 1888 in Ireland

Events from the year **1888 in Ireland**.

## Events

## Arts and literature

## Sport

### Cricket

* Several Irish Cricket Teams travel for their second tour of Canada and the United States.

### Football

### Gaelic Games

### Golf

### Horse racing

* The Leopardstown Racecourse is established by Captain George Quin becoming the first modern fully enclosed race track.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | 1888 in the United Kingdom
Other events of 1888
List of years in Ireland |


title: Amanda Oleander

abstract: Amanda Oleander (Rudman) is a professional contemporary artist known for her intimate and relatable depictions of everyday life.

text:
# Amanda Oleander

**Amanda Oleander (Rudman)** (born December 2, 1989) is a professional contemporary artist known for her intimate and relatable depictions of everyday life.

## Early life and education

Oleander was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to a Venezuelan mother and Chilean father. She showed a strong interest in art from an early age and began drawing and painting as a child. Oleander went on to study Fine Arts at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, where she honed her skills in drawing, painting, and sculpture.

## Career

Oleander's career as an artist began to take off in 2014 when she became E! Entertainment’s first in-house artist who illustrated for their articles online. Her work quickly gained a following, and she was soon recognized for her unique style, which blends realism with whimsy and playfulness. In 2015, Oleander's Endangered Species paintings catapulted her career. Oleander was then invited as Vanity Fair’s artist in Residence at Art Basel 2016.

Oleander's artwork has garnered international attention, selling and shipping to over 110 countries. Beyond her acclaimed painting series, Oleander's daily life illustrations gained such prominence that she was invited to give a TEDx talk at San Diego University. Her illustrations capture ordinary moments, such as cuddling in bed or cooking dinner, with an emotional depth and intimacy that resonates with audiences. Along with her impressive career as an artist, Oleander has collaborated with various notable brands and organizations. She has worked with companies such as Volvo, Sundance, and KIND, in addition to partnering with non-profit organizations such as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund, supporting their causes.

## Personal life

Oleander is married to fellow artist Joey Rudman, who often appears in her art. The couple currently resides in Los Angeles, California.

## Legacy

Amanda Oleander's work has been praised for its ability to capture the small, intimate moments of everyday life in a way that is relatable and emotionally resonant. Her illustrations have been featured in numerous publications, including Forbes, Cosmopolitan, and The Huffington Post. She has been profiled by outlets such as CBS News and NBC News. In recent years, Oleander has also become an advocate for mental health and self-care, using her platform to raise awareness and reduce the stigma surrounding mental illness.

## InfoBox

| Amanda Oleander Rudman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Amanda Oleander
(1989-12-02) December 2, 1989
Fort Lauderdale, Florida |
| Occupation | Artist, illustrator |
| Spouse | Joey Rudman |
| Children | 1 |
| Website | |
| www.amandaoleander.com | |


abstract: The 1902 Philadelphia Athletics football season was their first season in existence. The team played in the first National Football League and finished with an overall record of 10–2–2, including a 3–2–1 record in league play. The team claimed to have won the league championship, however the Pittsburgh Stars were given the title for having a better point ratio, scoring 39 points to their NFL opponents' 22.

text:
# 1902 Philadelphia Athletics (NFL) season

The **1902 Philadelphia Athletics football season**  was their first season in existence. The team played in the first National Football League and finished with an overall record of 10–2–2, including a 3–2–1 record in league play. The team claimed to have won the league championship, however the Pittsburgh Stars were given the title for having a better point ratio, scoring 39 points to their NFL opponents' 22.

## Schedule

| Game | Date | Opponent | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | October 11 | at Steelton YMCA | T 0–0 |
| **2** | **October 18** | **Philadelphia Phillies** | **W 6–0** |
| 3 | October 22 | at Watertown Red & Black | W 11–5 |
| **4** | **October 25** | **at Philadelphia Phillies** | **L 17–0** |
| 5 | October 29 | at Phoenix Athletic Association of Phoenixville | W 23–0 |
| 6 | November 1 | Pennsylvania Railroad YMCA | W 45–0 |
| 7 | November 4 | Orange Athletic Club | W 12–5 |
| **8** | **November 8** | **Pittsburgh Stars** | **W 11–10** |
| 9 | November 21 | at Kanaweola Athletic Club | W 39–0 |
| 10 | November 22 | at Athens-Sayer (Pennsylvania) | W 18–0 |
| 11 | November 24 | at Burlingame | W 23–0 |
| **12** | **November 27** | **at Pittsburgh Stars** | **T 0–0** |
| **13** | **November 29** | **at Pittsburgh Stars** | **L 11–0** |
| **14** | **December 6** | **at Philadelphia Phillies** | **W 17–6** |

* Games between NFL teams are represented in **bold**.

## Game notes

* PFRA Research. "Dave Berry and the Philadelphia Story: The Very First N.F.L." (PDF). *Coffin Corner*. Professional Football Researchers Association: 1–6.

## InfoBox

| 1902 Philadelphia Athletics season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Blondy Wallace |
| Home field | Columbia Park |
| Results | |
| Record | 10–2–2 |
| Division place | *No divisions* |
| Playoff finish | *No playoffs* |
|


title: 1894–95 Rugby Union County Championship

abstract: The 1894–95 Rugby Union County Championship was the seventh edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time. Yorkshire won the competition for the sixth time, defeating Cumberland in the decisive tie of the Championship Series.

text:
# 1894–95 Rugby Union County Championship

The **1894–95 Rugby Union County Championship** was the seventh edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.

Yorkshire won the competition for the sixth time, defeating Cumberland in the decisive tie of the Championship Series.

## Group stage

### Group winners

| Division | Winners |
| --- | --- |
| South-western group | Devon |
| South-eastern group | Midland Counties |
| North-western group | Cumberland |
| North-eastern group | Yorkshire |

### South-western group

| South-western group | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Devon** | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 14 | 6 |
| Somerset | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 |  |  | 4 |
| Gloucestershire | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 |  |  | 2 |
| Cornwall | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 47 | 0 |

* Devon beat Gloucestershire 16 – 9 on 17 November 1894.

| Cornwall | 8 – 16
(5 – 3) | Somerset |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Triggs
Paige
**Con:** Viant |  | **Try:** Mermagen
Westcott
Gilmore
Woods
**Drop:** McLier |

* Eight Cornish players made their championship debut. Three Somerset players were England internationals.

| Cornwall | 0 – 23 | Devon |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

| Gloucestershire | 8 – 3
(5 – 3) | Cornwall |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Bowley c
Lockyer
**Con:** Hames |  | **Pen:** Tarbutt |

| Somerset | 5 – 8
(0 – 5) | Devon |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Mermagen
**Con:** Woods |  | **Try:** Stoyle
Sowden
**Con:** Hocken |

## Championship series

| Date | Venue | Team One | Team Two | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 29 Jan | Coventry | Midland Counties | Devon | 5-5 |
| 11 Feb | Leicester | Midland Counties | Yorkshire | 2-2 |
| 6 Mar | Plymouth | Devon | Yorkshire | 3-8 |
| 14 Mar | Workington | Cumberland | Midland Counties | 10-0 |
| 21 Mar | Carlisle | Cumberland | Devon | 7-3 |
| 27 Mar | Manningham | Yorkshire | Cumberland | 5-3 |

### Decisive match

| Yorkshire | 5–3 | Cumberland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Parkin
**Con:** Lorimer |  | **Try:** Moore |

| E. Lorimer Manningham  Osbert Mackie Wakefield Trinity  A. Davey Castleford  J. H. Crompton Bradford  E. Parkin Liversedge  George Mosley Leeds Parish Church  Robert Wood Liversedge  John Toothill (c) Bradford  Tom Broadley West Riding  G. Nowell Leeds  W. Sutcliffe Huddersfield  H. Ward Castleford  William Walton Castleford  Fred Clegg Manningham  Alf Barraclough Manningham | J Moore Millom  T Ritson Cockermouth  W Nelson Millom  T Fletcher Seaton  W Cunningham Millom  W S Graham Carlisle  G Messenger Aspatria  J Davidson Aspatria  G Steel Aspatria  J Beil Carlisle  W Moore Millom  D Elliot Carlisle  J Fawcett Millom  W Falcon Millom & Cambridge University  R Bell Workington |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| 1894–95 County Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Countries | England |
| Date | October 1894 - March 1895 |
| Champions | Yorkshire (6th title) |
|  | |