title: Alexandria Airport (Indiana)

abstract: Alexandria Airport is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southeast of the central business district of Alexandria, a city in Madison County, Indiana, United States.

text:
# Alexandria Airport (Indiana)

**Alexandria Airport** (FAA LID: **I99**) is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southeast of the central business district of Alexandria, a city in Madison County, Indiana, United States.

## History

Alexandria airport was started as a privately owned - public use airport in a field. In 2004, the 40-year-old Central Indiana Soaring Society rebased from Indianapolis Executive Airport. In 2007, the club rezoned the land for an airport, and purchased the airfield for its use.

## Facilities and aircraft

Alexandria Airport covers an area of 22 acres (8.9 ha) at an elevation of 900 feet (274 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 9/27 with an asphalt surface measuring 2,591 by 60 feet (790 x 18 m).

For the 12-month period ending May 2, 2005, the airport had 7,074 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 19 per day. At that time there were 18 aircraft based at this airport: 11% single-engine and 89% glider.

Since 2020, local paramotorists have enjoyed safe flights from Alexandria airfield, sharing the love of aviation on early mornings and late evenings when the thermals cease and the skies are friendly for ultralight operations.

**Unfortunately, the airport is currently restricting operations to only glider activities under threat of trespass to other aviators.**

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for I99 PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective 3 June 2010.
2. Alyssa J. Miller (November 2014). "It's a Good Day". *AOPA Pilot*: 35.

## InfoBox

| Alexandria Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Central Indiana Soaring Society |
| Serves | Alexandria, Indiana |
| Elevation AMSL | 900 ft / 274 m |
| Coordinates | 40°13′57″N 085°38′15″W / 40.23250°N 85.63750°W / 40.23250; -85.63750 |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  9/27 2,591 790 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2005) | |
| Aircraft operations 7,074  Based aircraft 18 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: 1560 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1560 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

### France

### Great Britain

* Anonymous, *Dane Hew*, publication year conjectural (sometime from this year to 1584); comic tale of a lecherous monk murdered by an enraged husband, in which the corpse is moved back and forth between the murder scene and an abbey
* William Baldwin, *The Funeralles of King Edward the Sixt*
* Thomas Churchyard, *The Contention Betwyxte Churchyard and Camell, upon David Dycers Dreame*
* Barnabe Googe, *The Zodiac of Life*, Books 13, translation of Marcello Palingenio Stellato's *Zodiacus vitae* (c. 1528); see also, editions of 1561, 1565
* John Heywood, *A Fourth Hundred of Epygrams* ("Fourth Hundred" actually means "fifth"; see also *An Hundred Epigrammes* 1550, *Works* 1562
* Ann Lok, *Sermons of John Calvin* including (as Part 2), *Meditation of a Penitent Sinner: Written in maner of a paraphrase upon the 51. Psalme of David*  generally regarded as the first sonnet sequence in English
* Edward More, *The Defence of Women*, a reply to *The Schole House of Women*, which was anonymously published in 1541 (other replies Edward Gosynhyll's *The Prayse of all Women* and *A Dyalogue Defensyve for Women against Malycyous Detractours* by Robert Burdet, both 1542); Great Britain

### Other

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 |
| *+...* |


title: Elmira River Sharks

abstract: Playing in the Federal Prospects Hockey League, the Elmira River Sharks were a professional hockey team based in Elmira, New York. First Arena served as the home arena for them.

text:
# Elmira River Sharks

Playing in the Federal Prospects Hockey League, the **Elmira River Sharks** were a professional hockey team based in Elmira, New York. First Arena served as the home arena for them.

## History

The Elmira Mammoth were founded for the 2022–23 season and were operated by Steve Donner. However, following the 2022–23 season, the Chemung County IDA evicted Mammoth Sports and Entertainment after it was found that they had not paid $250,000 in utility bills. A few weeks later, the FPHL announced Elmira would return for the 2023–24 season with the league owning the team and the Mammoth roster retained by the new team. On June 16, 2023, the FPHL's all-time leading goal scorer, Tyler Gjurich was announced as the first head coach for the new franchise.

On July 8, 2023, the team name was announced as the Elmira River Sharks. A week later, the FPHL and the Chemung County IDA finalized a one-year lease with an option to re-sign following the 2023–24 season. The team was put in limbo when the North American Hockey League announced a new team to play at First Arena, named the Elmira Aviators. On May 16, 2024, it was announced that the team was bought and relocated to another city in New York, which was set to be announced four days later after talks with First Arena for a second season had died down. On May 20, 2024, it was announced that the club was sold and relocated to Poughkeepsie, New York and play at the McCann Ice Arena where they would be named as the Hudson Valley Venom.

## InfoBox

| Elmira River Sharks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Elmira, New York |
| League | Federal Prospects Hockey League |
| Division | Empire |
| Founded | 2023 |
| Home arena | First Arena |
| Colors | Red, silver, black, white |
| Owner(s) | Federal Prospects Hockey League |
| CEO | Don Kirnan |
| Head coach | Tyler Gjurich |
| Media | WETM |
| Franchise history | |
| 2023–2024 | Elmira River Sharks |
| 2024–Present | Hudson Valley Venom |


title: 139P/Väisälä–Oterma

abstract: 139P/Väisälä–Oterma is a periodic comet in the Solar System. When it was discovered in 1939 it was not recognized as a comet and designated as asteroid 1939 TN.

text:
# 139P/Väisälä–Oterma

**139P/Väisälä–Oterma** is a periodic comet in the Solar System. When it was discovered in 1939 it was not recognized as a comet and designated as asteroid *1939 TN*.

## InfoBox

139P/Väisälä–Oterma
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Yrjö Väisälä
Liisi Oterma |
| Discovery date | October 7, 1939 |
| Designations | |
| Alternative designations | 1939 TN; 1998 WG22 |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch | March 6, 2006 |
| Aphelion | 5.62 AU |
| Perihelion | 3.402 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 4.511 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.2458 |
| Orbital period | 9.58 |
| Inclination | 2.3296° |
| Last perihelion | December 10, 2017
April 19, 2008 |
| Next perihelion | 2027-Jul-23 |


title: Luigi Mariotti

abstract: Luigi Mariotti was an Italian politician.

text:
# Luigi Mariotti

**Luigi Mariotti** (23 November 1912 in Florence – 27 December 2004 in Florence) was an Italian politician.

## Biography

Mariotti was a member of the Italian Socialist Party, with a reformist socialist tendency. He was Senator from 1953 to 1968 (Legislature II, III and IV), then he sat in the Chamber of Deputies from 1968 to 1979 (Legislature V, VI and VII).

He served as Minister of health four times, clashing with the Italian Liberal Party and part of the Christian Democracy, opposed or doubting about a universalistic approach to welfare, dear to the Socialist Party of those years and to Mariotti himself. He was the forerunner of the establishment of the National Health Service, which then took place in 1978, as a result of the battles that he promoted from the end of the '60s, within the centre-left governments. In 1968 he promoted the so-called *Mariotti law* (law 12 February 1968, no. 132), containing provisions on hospitals and hospital assistance, with which the hospital sector was profoundly reformed through the transformation of hospitals into public bodies distinct from assistance agencies.

He also served as Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation in the first Rumor government.


title: Humphrey Peters

abstract: Humphrey Sarfaraz Peters is a Pakistani Protestant bishop. He has served as Bishop of the Diocese of Peshawar since 2011, and from 2017 to 2021, Moderator and Primate in the Church of Pakistan, a United Protestant Church that holds membership in the Anglican Communion, World Methodist Council and World Communion of Reformed Churches. He was part of the original team responsible for envisioning the Anglican Alliance, and has remained closely involved since, as a member of the steering group, and part of the team responsible for appointing the Asia facilitator. He is the former secretary of the development and relief organisation of the diocese. He attended the Anglican Church in North America meeting of the College of Bishops, in Orlando, Florida, at 6–10 January 2014. Peters was elected Moderator and Primate of the Church of Pakistan on 20 May 2017. He was succeeded by Azad Marshall as moderator and primate in 2021.

text:
# Humphrey Peters

**Humphrey Sarfaraz Peters** is a Pakistani Protestant bishop. He has served as Bishop of the Diocese of Peshawar since 2011, and from 2017 to 2021, Moderator and Primate in the Church of Pakistan, a United Protestant Church that holds membership in the Anglican Communion, World Methodist Council and World Communion of Reformed Churches.

He was part of the original team responsible for envisioning the Anglican Alliance, and has remained closely involved since, as a member of the steering group, and part of the team responsible for appointing the Asia facilitator. He is the former secretary of the development and relief organisation of the diocese.

He attended the Anglican Church in North America meeting of the College of Bishops, in Orlando, Florida, at 6–10 January 2014.

Peters was elected Moderator and Primate of the Church of Pakistan on 20 May 2017. He was succeeded by Azad Marshall as moderator and primate in 2021.

## InfoBox

| The Right Reverend<br>Humphrey Peters | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Peshawar | |
|  | |
| Church | Church of Pakistan |
| Diocese | Peshawar |
| Installed | 2011 |
| Other post(s) | Moderator and Primate of the Church of Pakistan (2017–2021) |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Denomination | Protestant (Anglican in a United Church) |


title: Humphrey Pickard

abstract: Humphrey Pickard was a Canadian Methodist minister, educator, and journalist. He was the first president from 1862 to 1869 of Mount Allison Wesleyan College.

text:
# Humphrey Pickard

**Humphrey Pickard** (10 June 1813  28 February 1890) was a Canadian Methodist minister, educator, and journalist. He was the first president from 1862 to 1869 of Mount Allison Wesleyan College (later known as Mount Allison University).

## Biography

Humphrey Pickard was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick on 10 June 1813. He attended Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy from 1829 to 1831. He attended one year at Wesleyan University in 1831 before returning to Fredericton to become a businessman. In 1835, he became a Methodist minister and returned to Wesleyan University in 1837, graduating in 1839.

From 1869 to 1873, Pickard was editor of the *Wesleyan*, a Methodist newspaper in Halifax. He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Wesleyan University in 1857.

He died in Sackville, New Brunswick on 28 February 1890.

## InfoBox

| Humphrey Pickard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1813-06-10)10 June 1813
Fredericton, New Brunswick |
| Died | 28 February 1890(1890-02-28) (aged 76)
Sackville, New Brunswick |
| Occupation(s) | educator and journalist |


title: Huta Szumy

abstract: Huta Szumy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Susiec, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

text:
# Huta Szumy

**Huta Szumy** \[ˈxuta ˈʂumɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Susiec, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

## InfoBox

| Huta Szumy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Huta Szumy | |
| Coordinates: 50°22′36″N 23°14′31″E / 50.37667°N 23.24194°E / 50.37667; 23.24194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Tomaszów Lubelski |
| Gmina | Susiec |


title: Luise Meyer-Dustmann

abstract: Luise Meyer-Dustmann was a German opera singer (soprano), and singing teacher.

text:
# Luise Meyer-Dustmann

**Luise Meyer-Dustmann** (born **Luise Meyer**: 22 August 1831 – 2 March 1899) was a German opera singer (soprano), and singing teacher.

## Life

Marie Luise Meyer was born in Aachen where her father, Friedrich August Meyer, worked as a theatre inspector. He had recently married her mother, born Anna Maria Absenger, who was a stage singer. Luise had a younger sister, Marie Meyer (1840–1908) who went on to become a stage actress.

She received her first musical education from her mother, who by this time was working as a soubrette in Breslau (now Wrocław). When she was 17 she moved to Vienna to receive further lessons in singing and stagecraft. Here, according to a biographical article in the *Illustrirte Zeitung*, she had to "battle with many difficulties during the \[brief but bloody\] October uprising of 1848". Tantalisingly, the writer does not elaborate.

She made her stage debut in the 1848–49 season at the Theater in der Josefstadt under the direction of the multi-talented Kapellmeister Albert Lortzing. After a time she left Vienna and joined her parents who were still working in Breslau. Here she took work at the Oper Breslau.. She was engaged during 1850 and 1851 as a stage singer at the Court Theatre in Kassel where she enjoyed great success as the company's lead soprano under the musical direction of Louis Spohr. Her reputation established, she was now able to broaden her horizons, touring theatres in various principal north German cities giving a succession of well applauded guest performances, notably in Braunschweig and Hamburg. In 1852 Luise Meyer switched to the Königliches Hoftheater Dresden in Dresden, remaining under contract there till 1854. However, she was not well accepted by the theatre community in Dresden, and was happy to accept an invitation to move to Prague where she quickly became a favourite with audiences.

From Prague she was able to travel and make a number of guest appearances elsewhere, notably in Stuttgart, Strasbourg and back in Vienna itself. During July 1856 she undertook a succession of guest performances at Vienna. She featured there in the first Vienna performances of *Les Huguenots*. Positive press reviews and public reactions adumbrated her future as the leading soprano of the Imperial Court Opera. During this time she came to the notice of the Archduke Franz Karl who instructed that she should be invited to join the Court Opera. She was enrolled into the company on 1 January 1857.

In 1858 she married Adalbert Dustmann, a Vienna book seller. In 1860 she became an imperial Kammersängerin, an important but largely honorific appointment. Her voice had developed into a powerful precise soprano one, with a good range and a particular pleasing euphony in the middle register. Her intonation was accurate and confident. Her natural gifts, backed by diligent and intense study, matched with a deep sensitivity to the true artistic potential of her various stage roles, made her well suited to portray leading characters, including Norma, Jessonda, Amalie in *Un ballo in maschera*, Valentine in *Les Huguenots*, Mathilde in *William Tell*. By 1875 she had been seen and heard by an appreciative Viennese audience in almost all the important lead soprano roles of the time. That year she ended her full-time stage career in the role of Elsa von Brabant in *Lohengrin*. There were, however, further guest appearances as Amalie in *Un ballo in maschera* in Court Opera productions in 1877 and 1881.

Alongside the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Carl Maria von Weber, Meyer-Dustmann returned again and again to the operas of Richard Wagner. She conducted a lengthy correspondence with Wagner who always described her as "*his* soprano". There was evidently great mutual respect. When he was considering her for the Isolde role in the first Karlsruhe production of *Tristan und Isolde*, the composer told his wife, Minna, that Meyer-Dustmann had a "beautiful soulful voice, capable of anything \[as well as\] an excellent dramatic delivery", and a great range of nuance.

By the time she retired from the stage, Meyer-Dustmann had also built up a parallel career as a Lieder singer, with a particular focus on the songs of Felix Mendelssohn and Schubert. On 5 January 1870, together with contralto Rosa Girzick, tenor Gustav Walter and baritone Emil Krauss, she gave the first public performance of the Brahms' Liebeslieder Walzer. The piano duet accompaniment was provided by the composer and Clara Schumann.

After 1875 she took a teaching position with the conservatory at the city's Society of Friends of Music. Notable pupils included Lola Beeth, Hedwig Hübsch, Ida Krzyzanowski-Doxat, and Helene Wiet. She gave up her teaching role in Vienna in 1880 when, with her husband, she relocated to Berlin Charlottenburg. Here she lived out the rest of her life.

## InfoBox

| Luise Meyer-Dustmann | |
| --- | --- |
| **Luise Dustmann** | |
| Born | Marie Luise Meyer
22 August 1831
Aachen, Germany |
| Died | 2 March 1899 (1899-03-03) (aged 67)
Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Opera singer
Lieder singer |
| Spouse | Adalbert Dustmann |
| Parent(s) | Friedrich August Meyer
Anna Maria Absenger |


title: Hunasamaranahalli

abstract: Hunasamaranahalli is a census town in Bangalore District in the Indian state of Karnataka.

text:
# Hunasamaranahalli

**Hunasamaranahalli** is a census town in Bangalore District in the Indian state of Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Hunasamaranahalli had a population of 7,384. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Hunasamaranahalli has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 69%. In Hunasamaranahalli, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Economy

The head office of Star Air is on the property of the Sindhu Logistic Park in Hunasamaranahalli.

## InfoBox

| Hunasamaranahalli | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| HunasamaranahalliLocation in Karnataka, India | |
| Coordinates: 13°08′35″N 77°37′08″E / 13.143°N 77.619°E / 13.143; 77.619 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Bangalore→ District |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 7,384 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


abstract: Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues is Lewis Black's fourth album. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Comedy Album in 2006. It was recorded at the Luther Burbank Center for the Arts in Santa Rosa, California. In 2016, it was renamed back to the Luther Burbank Center for the Arts. A limited vinyl edition of 500 for this release was issued by Stand Up! Records. The cover art was modified to look like a road case which contains a microphone.

text:
# Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues

***Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues*** is Lewis Black's fourth album. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Comedy Album in 2006. It was recorded at the Luther Burbank Center for the Arts in Santa Rosa, California (which has since been renamed the Wells Fargo Center for the Arts). In 2016, it was renamed back to the Luther Burbank Center for the Arts. A limited vinyl edition of 500 for this release was issued by Stand Up! Records. The cover art was modified to look like a road case which contains a microphone.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

## Track listing

1. "Superbowl Redux" – 3:50
2. "MTV" – 3:44
3. "Halftime '04" – 3:04
4. "What Sex...........Are They?" – 2:17
5. "Gay Marriage" – 6:25
6. "Justin and Janet" – 3:59
7. "America Loses Its Mind" – 4:29
8. "Nipple Clamps" – 2:46
9. "One Nation Under God" – 3:52
10. "Michael Jackson, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Ronald Reagan" – 4:05
11. "Voting (a Flashback)" – 3:32
12. "Iraq, an Idiot's Delight" – 16:23

## InfoBox

| Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lewis Black | |
| Released | January 25, 2005 |
| Recorded | June 18, 2004, at Santa Rosa, California |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Length | 58:29 |
| Label | Comedy Central Records |
| Lewis Black chronology | |
| *Rules of Enragement*
(2003) ***Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues***
(2005) *The Carnegie Hall Performance*
(2006) | |


title: Luna E-6 No.5

abstract: Luna E-6 No.5, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1964B, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1964. It was a 1,422-kilogram (3,135 lb) Luna Ye-6 spacecraft, the fifth of twelve to be launched. It was intended to be the first spacecraft to perform a soft landing on the Moon, a goal which would eventually be accomplished by the final Ye-6 spacecraft, Luna 9. Luna E-6 No.5 was launched at 08:08:28 UTC on 20 April 1964, atop a Molniya-M 8K78M carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The power system on the upper stage malfunctioned 340 seconds into the flight, causing the engine to cut off before reaching orbit. The upper stage and spacecraft disintegrated upon reentry into the atmosphere shortly afterwards. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempt to land a spacecraft on the Moon.

text:
# Luna E-6 No.5

**Luna E-6 No.5**, sometimes identified by NASA as **Luna 1964B**, was a Soviet spacecraft which was lost in a launch failure in 1964. It was a 1,422-kilogram (3,135 lb) Luna Ye-6 spacecraft, the fifth of twelve to be launched. It was intended to be the first spacecraft to perform a soft landing on the Moon, a goal which would eventually be accomplished by the final Ye-6 spacecraft, Luna 9.

Luna E-6 No.5 was launched at 08:08:28 UTC on 20 April 1964, atop a Molniya-M 8K78M carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The power system on the upper stage malfunctioned 340 seconds into the flight, causing the engine to cut off before reaching orbit. The upper stage and spacecraft disintegrated upon reentry into the atmosphere shortly afterwards. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempt to land a spacecraft on the Moon.

## InfoBox

Luna E-6 No.5
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Lunar lander |
| Operator | Soviet space program |
| Mission duration | Failed to orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft type | Ye-6 |
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Launch mass | 1,422 kilograms (3,135 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 20 April 1964, 08:08:28 (1964-04-20UTC08:08:28Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Molniya-M 8K78M s/n T15000-21 |
| Launch site | Baikonur 1/5 |
|  | |
| **Luna programme** | |


title: Luna E-1 No.1

abstract: Luna E-1 No.1, sometimes identified by NASA as Luna 1958A, was a Soviet Luna E-1 spacecraft which was intended to impact the Moon. It did not accomplish this objective as it was lost in a launch failure. It was the first of four E-1 missions to be launched. Luna E-1 No.1 was a 361-kilogram (796 lb) spacecraft which marked the first Soviet attempt to send a spacecraft to the Moon. It was also the first mission of the Luna programme. The spacecraft was intended to release 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of sodium, in order to create a "comet" of the metal which could be observed from Earth, allowing the spacecraft to be tracked. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempted lunar impact mission. Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's ambitious space plans were being continually frustrated by design changes to the R-7 missile, launch failures, and the fact that the ICBM program took priority. On 10 July 1958, a partial test version of the Luna 8K72 was launched without the Blok E upper stage but with the core and strap-ons of the 8K72 which had thicker-gauge tank walls and the AVD malfunction detection system. Almost immediately at liftoff, the Blok D strap-on suffered an engine malfunction and broke off the booster, impacting on the pad and exploding. The rest of the vehicle crashed a few hundred feet away. This accident, which caused considerable damage to Site 1/5, was traced to high frequency combustion instability in the strap-on RD-107 engines, something that would become a persistent problem on R-7 launches over the next two years. Since the first Luna probe was scheduled for launch in a month, repairs on the pad were done at breakneck speed. As Korolev knew that the United States was planning to launch a lunar probe on 17 August 1958, he faced considerable pressure getting the Luna and its booster ready for launch. Despite a number of technical issues, the pad crews managed to get the booster ready on the 17 August 1958, but Korolev instead decided to let the US flight go first on the reasoning that the Luna probe had a shorter trajectory to travel and would reach the Moon first. After that launch ended in a booster explosion, he decided to postpone the flight until the glitches with the 8K72 and Luna could be worked out. Luna E-1 No.1 was launched on 23 September 1958 atop a Luna 8K72 carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The booster lifted and flew until T+92 seconds when it suddenly exploded. This failure was traced to the resonant vibration issue that occurred on Sputnik 3 last spring and thought corrected, but the addition of the Blok E stage increased the length of the booster and moved its center of gravity. As the strap-on propellant tanks began emptying near the end of their burn, increased vibration began to shake them until it finally ruptured the propellant feed lines and caused an explosion.

text:
# Luna E-1 No.1

**Luna E-1 No.1**, sometimes identified by NASA as **Luna 1958A**, was a Soviet Luna E-1 spacecraft which was intended to impact the Moon. It did not accomplish this objective as it was lost in a launch failure. It was the first of four E-1 missions to be launched.

Luna E-1 No.1 was a 361-kilogram (796 lb) spacecraft which marked the first Soviet attempt to send a spacecraft to the Moon. It was also the first mission of the Luna programme. The spacecraft was intended to release 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of sodium, in order to create a "comet" of the metal which could be observed from Earth, allowing the spacecraft to be tracked. Prior to the release of information about its mission, NASA correctly identified that it had been an attempted lunar impact mission.

Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's ambitious space plans were being continually frustrated by design changes to the R-7 missile, launch failures, and the fact that the ICBM program took priority. On 10 July 1958, a partial test version of the Luna 8K72 was launched without the Blok E upper stage but with the core and strap-ons of the 8K72 which had thicker-gauge tank walls and the AVD malfunction detection system. Almost immediately at liftoff, the Blok D strap-on suffered an engine malfunction and broke off the booster, impacting on the pad and exploding. The rest of the vehicle crashed a few hundred feet away. This accident, which caused considerable damage to Site 1/5, was traced to high frequency combustion instability in the strap-on RD-107 engines, something that would become a persistent problem on R-7 launches over the next two years. Since the first Luna probe was scheduled for launch in a month, repairs on the pad were done at breakneck speed.

As Korolev knew that the United States was planning to launch a lunar probe on 17 August 1958, he faced considerable pressure getting the Luna and its booster ready for launch. Despite a number of technical issues, the pad crews managed to get the booster ready on the 17 August 1958, but Korolev instead decided to let the US flight go first on the reasoning that the Luna probe had a shorter trajectory to travel and would reach the Moon first. After that launch ended in a booster explosion, he decided to postpone the flight until the glitches with the 8K72 and Luna could be worked out.

Luna E-1 No.1 was launched on 23 September 1958 atop a Luna 8K72 carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The booster lifted and flew until T+92 seconds when it suddenly exploded. This failure was traced to the resonant vibration issue that occurred on Sputnik 3 last spring and thought corrected, but the addition of the Blok E stage increased the length of the booster and moved its center of gravity. As the strap-on propellant tanks began emptying near the end of their burn, increased vibration began to shake them until it finally ruptured the propellant feed lines and caused an explosion.

## InfoBox

E-1 No.1
| A replica of an E-1 spacecraft | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Lunar impactor |
| Operator | Soviet space program |
| Mission duration | Failed to orbit |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Launch mass | 361 kg |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 23 September 1958<br>07:40:23 GMT |
| Rocket | Luna 8K72 s/n B1-3 |
| Launch site | Baikonur, Site 1/5 |
|  | |
| **Luna programme** | |


title: Luvly

abstract: Luvly AB is a Swedish automotive tech supplier and automotive manufacturer based in Stockholm. Founded in 2015, it specializes in tech for efficient design and production of lightweight electric vehicles.

text:
# Luvly

**Luvly AB** is a Swedish automotive tech supplier and automotive manufacturer based in Stockholm. Founded in 2015, it specializes in tech for efficient design and production of lightweight electric vehicles.

## History

In 2015, three Swedish entrepreneurs from Stockholm, Håkan Lutz, Björn Lindblom and David Egertz, founded the Luvly startup focused on the development of electric vehicle technologies targeted at European metropolises.

After 8 years of construction work and tests, at the end of April 2023, the company presented a prototype of a small 2-seater, the Luvly O hatchback. With an unusual concept drawing the attention of global media to a small, previously unreported Swedish company. The 2.7-meter vehicle was developed with lightweight components allowing for a low total weight of 380 kilograms. The 100-kilometer range is to be provided by a 6.4 kWh battery, which can be removed and charged from a 220-230 V home socket. The stiff sandwich composite chassis and safety cell is fitted with auxiliary energy absorbing foam blocks to increase passenger safety.

An unusual concept adopted by manufacturer regarding the planned mass production of the future Luvly O is the desire to send unfinished cars in packaged sets from the main production plant. These are to be assembled later by micro-factories located in strategic locations. The media perceived this idea as an analogy to how furniture sales work in the Swedish Ikea store. This policy, combined with a simple and lightweight design, will allow the sale of serial Luvly for a price of approximately EUR 10,000 if the company manages to implement the project into production. Lightweight prefabricated elements are also supposed to be easy to replace in the event of damage. The company plans to collect orders by the end of 2023.

## Products

## InfoBox

Luvly AB
| Industry | Automotive |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2015 (2015) |
| Founder | Håkan Lutz
Björn Lindblom
David Egertz |
| Headquarters | Stockholm, Sweden |


title: Huron Charter Township, Michigan

abstract: Huron Charter Township is a charter township of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 16,944 at the 2020 census. Huron Charter Township is named after the Huron River, which flows southeast through the township. The township is home to three divisions of the Huron–Clinton Metroparks system: Lower Huron, Oakwoods, and Willow.

text:
# Huron Charter Township, Michigan

**Huron Charter Township** is a charter township of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 16,944 at the 2020 census. Huron Charter Township is named after the Huron River, which flows southeast through the township. The township is home to three divisions of the Huron–Clinton Metroparks system: Lower Huron, Oakwoods, and Willow.

## Communities

## History

Huron Township was organized in 1827 and originally included the land that now contains the cities of Romulus and Belleville as well as the townships of Van Buren and Sumpter. In the 1830s, a settlement was platted on the banks of the Huron River. The first post office opened with the name Huron, but soon closed. In 1860 a new post office was opened with the name Catville but changed its name to New Boston by 1868. Other early settlements included Belden, platted in 1857 by Frances J. Belden and now known as Willow, and Waltz, platted in 1872 by Joseph Waltz.

On March 17, 1835 the northeastern portion of Huron Township was set off and organized as Romulus Township. Within a few weeks, on April 6, 1835, the northwestern portion of the township became Van Buren Township. On April 6, 1840 the western half of the remaining portion of Huron Township organized as the township of Sumpter, creating the current boundaries of township.

The Waltz Road–Huron River Bridge, first constructed in 1924 and later replaced in 2017, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.83 square miles (92.80 km2), of which 35.35 square miles (91.56 km2) is land and 0.48 square miles (1.24 km2) (1.34%) is water.

### Major highways

* I-275 runs south–north through the center of the township. The highway has three access points within the township: exit 8 (Will Carleton Road) at the county line with Monroe County, exit 11 (South Huron Road), and exit 13 (Sibley Road).

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 13,737 people, 4,745 households, and 3,796 families residing in the township. The population density was 386.2 inhabitants per square mile (149.1/km2). There were 4,888 housing units at an average density of 137.4 per square mile (53.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 95.96% White, 1.08% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 2.50% of the population.

There were 4,745 households, out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.3% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the township 28.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 7.7% was from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $59,890, and the median income for a family was $63,003. Males had a median income of $49,356 versus $31,140 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,497. About 3.4% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Huron Township contains its own school district, Huron School District, which serves most of the township and very small portions of Ash Township to the south in Monroe County. The southeastern corner of the township is served by Flat Rock Community Schools, and the northeastern portion of the township is served by Woodhaven-Brownstown School District.

## InfoBox

| Huron Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Charter township | |
| Huron Charter Township | |
| Township Municipal Offices | |
| Location within Wayne County | |
| Huron TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganHuron TownshipLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 42°08′01″N 83°21′43″W / 42.13361°N 83.36194°W / 42.13361; -83.36194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Wayne |
| Established | 1827 |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | David Glaab |
| Clerk | Jeremy Cady |
| Area | |
| Charter township | 35.83 sq mi (92.80 km2) |
| Land | 35.35 sq mi (91.56 km2) |
| Water | 0.48 sq mi (1.24 km2) |
| Elevation | 620 ft (189 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Charter township | 16,944 |
| Density | 470/sq mi (180/km2) |
| Metro | 4,285,832 (Metro Detroit) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48111 (Belleville)
48134 (Flat Rock)
48164 (New Boston)
48174 (Romulus) |
| Area code | 734 |
| FIPS code | 26-40040 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626507 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Lushui, Chaling

abstract: Lushui is a historic town located in the north of Chaling County, Hunan, China. As a historic division of Chaling, Lushui Commune (潞水公社) was created in 1961 from a part of Dongfeng Commune (东风公社). The commune was reorganized as a township in 1984, then the township was reorganized as a town in 1992. Lushui Town was dissolved on November 20, 2015, nine villages of the town were amalgamated to Yaolu Town (腰潞镇), the other 3 villages were merged to Sicong Subdistrict (思聪街道).

text:
# Lushui, Chaling

**Lushui** (Chinese: 潞水镇; pinyin: *Lùshuǐ Zhèn*) is a historic town located in the north of Chaling County, Hunan, China.

As a historic division of Chaling, *Lushui Commune* (潞水公社) was created in 1961 from a part of *Dongfeng Commune* (东风公社). The commune was reorganized as a township in 1984, then the township was reorganized as a town in 1992.

*Lushui Town* was dissolved on November 20, 2015, nine villages of the town were amalgamated to Yaolu Town (腰潞镇), the other 3 villages were merged to Sicong Subdistrict (思聪街道).

## Subdivisions

The town is divided into 12 villages and 1 community, the following areas: Lushui Community, Datai Village, Nongyuan Village, Shoutuan Village, Tiantu Village, Xiafang Village, Yuanwang Village, Dayuan Village, Shuangguan Village, Jieshi Village, Longxi Village, Miaoshi Village, and Miaoping Village.

## InfoBox

| Lushui Town 潞水镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Lushui TownLocation in Hunan | |
| Coordinates: 26°57′39″N 113°33′22″E / 26.96083°N 113.55611°E / 26.96083; 113.55611 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Zhuzhou |
| County | Chaling |
| Area | |
| Total | 127 km2 (49 sq mi) |
| Population | 32,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Area code | 0733 |


title: Luvil

abstract:
Luvil is a clothes detergent manufactured by Unilever. It was sold and advertised in the United Kingdom in the 1960s - but later withdrawn from this market; the product however is still on sale in Continental Europe. The 1960s UK TV adverts were well known for their slogans and now dated style:
  - Luvil gets children's clothes clean - it works like an underwater army
  - Harassed mother by sink: "Oh no ― give me strength" - voiceover: "You've got it with Luvil's underwater army!"
  - This packet of Luvil holds an underwater army of enzymes ― to beat egg, sweat marks, blood spots, cocoa stains

text:
# Luvil

**Luvil** is a clothes detergent manufactured by Unilever. It was sold and advertised in the United Kingdom in the 1960s - but later withdrawn from this market; the product however is still on sale in Continental Europe.

The 1960s UK TV adverts were well known for their slogans and now dated style:

1. Luvil gets children's clothes clean - it works like an underwater army
2. Harassed mother by sink: "Oh no ― give me strength" - voiceover: "You've got it with Luvil's underwater army!"
3. This packet of Luvil holds an underwater army of enzymes ― to beat egg, sweat marks, blood spots, cocoa stains


title: Huron Harbor Light

abstract: The Huron Harbor Light is a lighthouse in Huron, Ohio on Lake Erie, on the west pier of the Huron Harbor.

text:
# Huron Harbor Light

The **Huron Harbor Light** is a lighthouse in Huron, Ohio on Lake Erie, on the west pier of the Huron Harbor.

## InfoBox

Huron Harbor Light
| Huron Harbor Light | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Huron, Ohio, United States |
| Coordinates | 41°24′16.59″N 82°32′37.65″W / 41.4046083°N 82.5437917°W / 41.4046083; -82.5437917 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1939 |
| Foundation | cement |
| Height | 22 m (72 ft) |
| Shape | Square |
| Heritage | National Register of Historic Places listed place |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1936 |
| Focal height | 24 m (79 ft) |
| Range | 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) |
| Characteristic | Iso W 6s |
|  | |


title: Huron County Courthouse and Jail

abstract: The Huron County Courthouse and Jail is located by a busy downtown intersection in Norwalk, Ohio, United States. The ground floor is composed of rusticated blocks and recessed arched windows. The entrance is reached by a flight of stairs and a protruding portico. Two small windows frame either side of the entrance. The county's first courthouse and jail were completed in 1819, occupying the site of the present buildings; two later courthouses and one later jail were constructed on the same site before giving way to its present occupants. Both buildings are masonry, the courthouse being a stone Neo-Renaissance structure, and the sheriff's-residence-and-jail being a brick Queen Anne building. A central tower distinguishes the courthouse from the surrounding commercial district, while smaller architectural features include columns in the form known as distyle in antis. Typical of its style, the jail lacks a uniform shape, its roof reflecting the asymmetrical floor plan. Pilasters divide the facade of the courthouse into five bays, and the side into ten, while a prominent belt course divides the first and second stories. A large clock is set into the tower, with a pillared cupola set above. Behind the courthouse, the jail is distinguished by the steep conical roof covering its two-story tower; while the base of the roof sits at the same level as the middle of the courthouse's second-story windows, the conical roof rises well above the courthouse roof. In 1974, the courthouse and jail were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district, one of six National Register-listed locations in the city of Norwalk and one of seventeen countywide.

text:
# Huron County Courthouse and Jail

The **Huron County Courthouse and Jail** is located by a busy downtown intersection in Norwalk, Ohio, United States. The ground floor is composed of rusticated blocks and recessed arched windows. The entrance is reached by a flight of stairs and a protruding portico. Two small windows frame either side of the entrance.

The county's first courthouse and jail were completed in 1819, occupying the site of the present buildings; two later courthouses and one later jail were constructed on the same site before giving way to its present occupants. Both buildings are masonry, the courthouse being a stone Neo-Renaissance structure, and the sheriff's-residence-and-jail being a brick Queen Anne building. A central tower distinguishes the courthouse from the surrounding commercial district, while smaller architectural features include columns in the form known as distyle in antis. Typical of its style, the jail lacks a uniform shape, its roof reflecting the asymmetrical floor plan. Pilasters divide the facade of the courthouse into five bays, and the side into ten, while a prominent belt course divides the first and second stories. A large clock is set into the tower, with a pillared cupola set above. Behind the courthouse, the jail is distinguished by the steep conical roof covering its two-story tower; while the base of the roof sits at the same level as the middle of the courthouse's second-story windows, the conical roof rises well above the courthouse roof.

In 1974, the courthouse and jail were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district, one of six National Register-listed locations in the city of Norwalk and one of seventeen countywide.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Huron County Courthouse and Jail | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Courthouse in 2007 | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location for Huron County Courthouse and Jail | |
| Location | E. Main St. and Benedict Ave., Norwalk, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 41°14′31″N 82°36′55″W / 41.24194°N 82.61528°W / 41.24194; -82.61528 |
| Built | 1913 |
| Architect | Vernon Redding |
| Architectural style | Renaissance, Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001534 |
| Added to NRHP | July 12, 1974 |


title: Luis Piñerúa Ordaz

abstract: Luis María Piñerúa Ordaz was the Democratic Action presidential candidate in the 1978 Venezuelan general election, losing to COPEI's Luis Herrera Campins. He held the post of Minister of Home Affairs of Venezuela in both the first presidency and second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez.

text:
# Luis Piñerúa Ordaz

**Luis María Piñerúa Ordaz** (20 April 1924 \- 8 February 2001) was the Democratic Action presidential candidate in the 1978 Venezuelan general election, losing to COPEI's Luis Herrera Campins. He held the post of Minister of Home Affairs of Venezuela in both the first presidency and second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez.

## InfoBox

| Luis Piñerúa Ordaz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Home Affairs of Venezuela | |
| **In office**
1992–1992 | |
| President | Carlos Andrés Pérez |
| Preceded by | Carmelo Lauría Lesseur |
| Minister of Home Affairs of Venezuela | |
| **In office**
1974–1975 | |
| President | Carlos Andrés Pérez |
| Succeeded by | Octavio Lepage |
| Governor of Monagas | |
| **In office**
1960–1961 | |
| President | Rómulo Betancourt |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1924-04-20)20 April 1924
Güiria, Venezuela |
| Died | 8 February 2001(2001-02-08) (aged 76)
Caracas, Venezuela |
| Profession | politician |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: André Casas

abstract: André Casas was a French rugby league footballer who played as hooker.

text:
# André Casas

**André Casas** (17 September 1934 – 6 April 2021) was a French rugby league footballer who played as hooker.

## Career

He played for several clubs during his career, starting for Avignon, with which he won the Lord Derby Cup in 1956, later, for XIII Catalan with a Lord Derby Cup in 1959 and finally, for Lézignan, winning a French Championship title in 1963. Thanks to his club performances, he won two caps for France between 1959 and 1960, taking part to the 1960 Rugby League World Cup.

## Personal life

Outside the field, he worked as a municipal employee.

## Honours

## InfoBox

André Casas
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1934-09-17)17 September 1934
Saint-Estève, Pyrénées-Orientales, Occitania, France |
| Died | 6 April 2021(2021-04-06) (aged 86)
Saint-Estève, France |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) |
| Weight | 13 st 1 lb (83 kg) |
| Position | Hooker |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  Avignon       XIII Catalan       Lézignan       Total 0 0 0 0 0  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1959–60 France 8    0 | |


title: Doctor Who Appreciation Society

abstract: The Doctor Who Appreciation Society (DWAS) is a society for fans of the television series Doctor Who. It was founded in May 1976, emerging from the Westfield College Doctor Who Appreciation Society, and the editors and readers of the fanzine Tardis. The society produces a monthly print magazine, Celestial Toyroom, a quarterly digital magazine, Cosmic Masque, hosts conventions, organises a network of local groups, and provides discounts to members for Doctor Who-related merchandise for sale on the society's online shop. Since 2017 it has also published 'The Celestial Toyroom Annual' which is a compendium of items about a specific lead actor's contribution. The annuals are free to download with a limited run print copy produced for charity. The 2020 annual featured the Jon Pertwee era.

text:
# Doctor Who Appreciation Society

The ***Doctor Who* Appreciation Society** (DWAS) is a society for fans of the television series *Doctor Who*. It was founded in May 1976, emerging from the Westfield College *Doctor Who* Appreciation Society, and the editors and readers of the fanzine *Tardis*.

The society produces a monthly print magazine, *Celestial Toyroom* (sent to the society's members), a quarterly digital magazine, *Cosmic Masque* (free to access via the DWAS website), hosts conventions, organises a network of local groups, and provides discounts to members for *Doctor Who*-related merchandise for sale on the society's online shop. Since 2017 it has also published 'The Celestial Toyroom Annual' which is a compendium of items about a specific lead actor's contribution. The annuals are free to download with a limited run print copy produced for charity. The 2020 annual featured the Jon Pertwee era.

## History

### 1970s – origins

The society gained recognition from the *Doctor Who* production office at the BBC in 1976, succeeding the *Doctor Who* Fan Club which had operated since the late 1960s. Whereas the earlier fan clubs had often had only a single organiser, the DWAS was headed by an executive committee.

Early activities included the establishment of a newsletter to promote fan communication through pen-pals and swaps, titled *The Celestial Toyroom* after the first episode of the story *The Celestial Toymaker*, and the establishment of a reference department to collate and circulate accurate information about the production and storyline of each *Doctor Who* episode, headed by Jeremy Bentham. Early recognition came when the second edition of *The Making of Doctor Who* (1976) acknowledged society president Jan Vincent-Rudzki and co-ordinator Stephen Payne "and members of the Doctor Who Appreciation Society" for their help in writing the book. 1977 saw members of the society help with the BBC documentary *Whose Doctor Who?*, and the society stage the first *Doctor Who* convention, held at Broomwood Church Hall, Broomwood Road, Battersea, London on 6 August 1977.

During 1976 and 1977 membership of the society had been free of charge. Membership seems to have been loosely defined, and members and non-members paid to receive *Tardis*, *The Celestial Toyroom* (which was merged with *Tardis* for the duration of 1977) and other items such as the reference department's 'StInfos' without any of these charges being interpreted as society membership fees. However, anxieties expressed by the production office and the BBC's legal department about the reproduction of copyright material contributed towards the introduction of a membership fee with effect from January 1978. Restrictions on the exchange of copyrighted material such as off-air audio recordings through the society's publications were also introduced. A restyled *Celestial Toyroom* would be sent to all society members to carry news about the programme, associated merchandise, and the society, while members would continue to pay for *Tardis*, which moved from monthly to bi-monthly publication, and reference department items.

This set the pattern for the next few years. Late 1977 saw the emergence of the DWAS's fiction magazine, *Cosmic Masque*, edited initially by John Peel and Steven Roy Evans (writer). In 1978 the convention was given the name Panopticon, named after both the ceremonial gathering-place on Gallifrey and the prison building designed by Jeremy Bentham, namesake and ancestor of the head of the society's reference department. The advent of Marvel's *Doctor Who Weekly* in October 1979 led to changes as Bentham became its principal feature writer, and resigned as head of the reference department. He was replaced by David J. Howe.

### 1980s to present

During 1980 the remaining founders of the society resigned from the executive, president Jan Vincent-Rudzki departing in August. Vincent-Rudzki went on to join Stephen Payne in founding the magazine publishing company Visual Imagination.

Challenges faced by the society in the early 1980s included tighter control of news by the production office; Vincent-Rudzki complained in his last president's column that independent fanzines were printing news about the forthcoming season which the production office had asked DWAS not to publicise. This would be an issue throughout the 1980s. Another issue was the growth of the society's local group network, which by October 1980 included seventeen groups, two of which were in North America. The society executive felt that they were unable to effectively supervise overseas groups, for whose actions they had legal responsibility, and withdrew recognition from them as DWAS local groups. The society continued to recognise an allied North American *Doctor Who* Appreciation Society until 1984, but the change encouraged the formation of the *Doctor Who* Information Network as a fully distinct society for *Doctor Who* fans in Canada.

New ideas introduced in the early 1980s included a fanzine poll and regular fanzine reviews in *Celestial Toyroom*. Smaller events such as Interfaces and DWASocials began, complementing Panopticon. The local group network continued to expand. While the executive never became an elected committee, executive members made visits to local groups and the DWASocials included panels where society members could express their views on society governance. Membership fell for a period in the early 1980s – recorded at 1820 in the August 1981 *Celestial Toyroom*, it had fallen to 1000 by November 1982 – but then began an upturn, reaching 1175 by March 1983, and 1550 by December. The rise was probably helped by the DWAS's presence at the BBC-run Doctor Who convention held at Longleat, Wiltshire, in March 1983. Membership peaked at just over 3000 in the mid 1980s.

During the early 1980s *Celestial Toyroom* remained a brief monthly newsletter, with *Tardis* (which moved to quarterly publication in 1983) being the main forum of articles and letters.

Developments in the late 1980s included a decline in membership, perhaps due to the evolution of Marvel's *Doctor Who Magazine* into a more fan-based publication. Rival services also appeared, such as DWB for monthly news, The Whonatics or the MLG for local gatherings, and Phoenix for conventions.

Failure to register for VAT led to a crisis in the Society's finances in the late 1980s, but the DWAS recovered from this to survive as the core grouping of Doctor Who fandom in the UK. A separate company, Space Rocket Ltd, now administers commercial affairs such as conventions and sales, on behalf of the DWAS. This does not extend to running 'Panopticon' which was for some years regarded by many as the premier UK Doctor Who event. The rights rest with a company called 'Dominitemporal Services Ltd' into which many DWAS commercial services were initially hived, following the VAT problems. DWAS holds only a minority stake in the company and has yet to succeed in bringing the 'Panopticon' brand back to the Doctor Who events market – the Society had absolutely no involvement in Panopticon in 2003 – the first totally DWAS-free Panopticon. The subsequent revival of the brand that took place in 2019 was unconnected with the Society who were not even aware of the planned date and venue until it was announced.

Despite this, DWAS remains a presence amongst UK events organisers and has had a long association with Riverside Studios in Hammersmith, presenting many events there since 2004. These have included some organised with the cooperation of BBC Worldwide (and before that 2Entertain), most notably a full advance screening of the *Day of the Daleks* DVD Special Edition in 2011.

The Society has had a number of Honorary Presidents. The first was Jon Pertwee, who held the post until his death in 1996. From 1997 until his death in 2011, the Society's honorary president was Nicholas Courtney, who played the hugely popular recurring character Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart on the series from 1968 to 1989. Upon Courtney's death, Colin Baker, who played the sixth incarnation of the Doctor, was elected as his replacement.

### 40th Anniversary (2016)

In May 2016, the DWAS celebrated its 40th anniversary, having been in existence since 1976. Celebrations included a two-day convention, *The Capitol*, held at the Arora Hotel, Gatwick on Saturday 6th and Sunday 7 May 2016, the digital revival of the fan fiction-based magazine *Cosmic Masque,* and a members' poll on numerous aspects of the show with awards presented at *The Capitol*. The Society also produced a small number of commemorative items such as 40th anniversary badges and mugs.

'The Capitol' has subsequently become the Society's primary convention brand with further events held in 2017 and 2018, and 2019. The event planned for 2020 was delayed by the COVID pandemic and eventually took place in 2022, with another planned for 2023.

## Blue Plaques

In 2014, DWAS raised funds for a blue heritage plaque erected at Riverside Studios in Hammersmith in memory of the show's first producer Verity Lambert. This was unveiled by her friend and well known director Waris Hussein at a special free-to-enter event which included a big screen presentation of the BBC docu-drama *An Adventure in Space and Time*. Following the closure for redevelopment of Riverside later that year, the plaque was placed into storage. It was re-dedicated in 2022, now installed on the exterior of the new building.

Following this, in 2016, the Society raised funds for another plaque in memory of Jon Pertwee at New Wimbledon Theatre in London. This was unveiled at another free-to-enter event on 23 October 2016 by the Society's current president Colin Baker.

In August 2018, the Society announced that agreement had been reached with Ealing Studios for a plaque honouring William Hartnell. The plaque was unveiled on 14 October 2018 by Hartnell's granddaughter, Jessica Carney. Following the decision to renovate Ealing Studios, the plaque was placed into storage in 2023 pending re-installation.

July 2023 saw a plaque honouring Patrick Troughton installed at The Patrick Troughton Theatre at Mill Hill School in London where he studied as a teenager. The plaque was unveiled by two of his children, Jo and Michael in the presence of friends and family.

## Magazines

The Society currently produces a number of regular magazines.

### *Celestial Toyroom*

*Celestial Toyroom* was the monthly print magazine, twelve issues of which were sent to members of the DWAS each year. In September 2023 the Society changed the schedule to make Celestial Toyroom a quarterly magazine. Articles are often contributed by members of the Society as well as by more well-known writers. The magazine contains a mix of critical essays on *Doctor Who*, interviews with cast and crew and other features, including a short comic strip, *Whom?*, and various features that could be said to think outside the box.

### *Cosmic Masque*

Alongside *Celestial Toyroom* is *Cosmic Masque*, a quarterly digital magazine, revived in Christmas 2015 for the 40th anniversary of the Society in 2016. This is free to access by anyone of the DWAS website, and concentrates more on fan fiction, as well as featuring reviews and fans' letters. The magazine can be downloaded from www.dwasonline.co.uk

### *The Celestial Toyroom Annual*

First published in 2016 the CT Annual is released over the Christmas and New year holiday period. It is a free-to-download digital magazine, with a limited run hardback up to the 2023 edition also being made available, raising funds for charity. The 2024 annual did not get a hardback version. Each annual concentrates on a different era for each Doctor and those released so far are:

The 2017 Annual covered the era of the 7th Doctor.

The 2018 Annual covered the era of the 12th Doctor.

The 2019 Annual covered the era of the 1st Doctor.

The 2020 Annual covered the era of the 3rd Doctor.

The 2021 Annual covered the era of the 2nd Doctor.

The 2022 Annual covered the era of the 11th Doctor

The 2023 Annual covered the era of the 6th Doctor.

The 2024 Annual covered the era of the 4th Doctor.

The 2017 edition was edited by John Davies and the 2018 - 2024 editions by Paul Winter.

All of the annuals can be downloaded from www.dwasonline.co.uk are of free of charge

### *TARDIS*

*TARDIS* was the Society's original fan magazine although in fact, it predated the formation of DWAS first being published in early 1976. For many years *TARDIS* was published as an optional addition to the main Society offering until it was merged into *Celestial Toyroom* in 1987. An attempt to revive the title in 1997 met with limited success and only ran for six issues. A special edition was produced in 2003 to celebrate the programme's 40th anniversary. In 2020 the Society relaunched *TARDIS* as a distinct magazine, featuring wholly commissioned content. The editor is Robbie Dunlop.

*TARDIS* can be purchased from the DWAS website and the Society's ebay store. Since the 2020 relaunch, five editions have been released in the current volume (17).

## Events (2015 onwards)

The *Doctor Who Appreciation Society* regularly organises *Doctor Who* events that take place at venues around the UK.

| Title | Date | Location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Back to the Eighties* | 24/10/15 | Pendulum Hotel, Manchester |
| *The Capitol* | 07/05/16-08/05/16 | Arora Hotel Gatwick, Crawley |
| *Polarity Day* | 23/10/16 | New Wimbledon Theatre |
| *The Capitol II* | 06/05/17-07/05/17 | Arora Hotel Gatwick, Crawley |
| *The Capitol III* | 28/04/2018 – 29/04/2018 | Arora Hotel Gatwick, Crawley |
| *Series 11 Launch Party* | 07/10/2018 | Saks Bar, Southend |
| *The Capitol IV* | 27/04/2019 – 28/04/2019 | Arora Hotel Gatwick, Crawley |
| *The Capitol V* | 02/04/22- 03/04/22 | Crowne Plaza Hotel, Gatwick, Crawley |

## Audio productions

In 1995, the *Doctor Who* Appreciation Society produced and sold a collection of *Doctor Who* audio adventures entitled *Cosmic Fugue*, a spin-off from DWAS's fiction magazine, *Cosmic Masque*, edited and produced by Jonathan Way and Steven Wickham. All barring two of the stories were specially written for the collection. The collection was presented by Sophie Aldred and the individual stories were read by former *Doctor Who* stars.

### *Cosmic Fugue*

| Title | Writer | Reader | Doctor | Companion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***All Teeth and Claws*** | Paul Farnsworth | John Leeson |  | K-9 Mark 1B |
| K-9 wonders if robotic dogs can go mad. | | | | |
| ***Cats and Bags*** | Mark Jones | Peter Miles |  | Liz Shaw |
|
| Liz Shaw attends a university lecture about time travel. | | | | |
| ***A Game of Sudden Death*** | Jim Mortimore | Sophie Aldred |  | Ace |
|
| A tale of Ace and the Space Corps. | | | | |
| ***A New Beginning*** | Steven Wickham | John Levene |  | Sgt. Benton |
|
| Cpl. Benton meets Colonel Lethbridge-Stewart while being assigned to the newly-formed UNIT. | | | | |
| ***First Dispatches*** | Mark Jones | Elisabeth Sladen |  | Dodo Chaplet, Sarah Jane Smith |
|
| A young Sarah Jane Smith witnesses Dodo's departure in the TARDIS. Previously published in *Cosmic Masque*, this was one of two previously published stories in the collection, replacing a planned submission by Gary Russell. | | | | |
| ***Undercurrents*** | David Scott | Brian Miller | Unknown Doctor |  |
|
| A series of coincidence bring about the activation of an Auton. | | | | |
| ***Childhood Shows the Man*** | Steven Wickham | Peter Miles |  | Nyder |
|
| The origin of Nyder's cruelty. | | | | |
| ***Graffiti*** | Paul D. Smith | Sophie Aldred |  | Ace |
|
| Ace gets up to a bit of mischief. | | | | |
| ***RSM Benton's Memoirs*** | Stephen Parsons | John Levene |  | Sgt. Benton, Brigadier |
|
| Sgt. Benton remembers an anti-terrorist operation from his post-UNIT days. | | | | |
| ***The Skies of Always*** | Nick Setchfield | Elisabeth Sladen | Fourth Doctor | Sarah Jane Smith |
|
| Sarah Jane Smith and the Fourth Doctor visit the Skies of Always and discuss the lives of humans and Timelords. This was one of two stories in the collection previously published in *Cosmic Masque*. | | | | |

### *Cosmic Fugue 2*

In 1998, the *Doctor Who* Appreciation Society produced and sold a second collection of *Doctor Who* audio adventures entitled *Cosmic Fugue 2* with profits being donated to the charities HOPE for Romanian Orphans and The Meningitis Trust. The collection was presented by Louise Jameson and the individual stories were read by former *Doctor Who* stars with additional voices being provided by Nicola Quinn and Steven Wickham.

| Title | Writer | Reader | Doctor | Companion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***The Lake of Possibilities*** | Nick Walters | Colin Baker | Sixth Doctor |  |
| The Doctor learns the origins of the Valeyard. | | | | |
| ***The Blinovitch Link*** | Barry Letts | Elisabeth Sladen |  | Sarah Jane Smith |
|
| Sarah receives a telephone call from the future. | | | | |
| ***Help At A Stroke*** | Steven Wickham | Colin Baker | Sixth Doctor | Georges-Pierre |
|
| The Doctor drinks wine with Georges-Pierre, a dour French artist, (implied to be Georges-Pierre Seurat), in a café in Paris. | | | | |
| ***The Rain Machine*** | Nick Walters | Caroline John |  | Liz Shaw |
|
| Liz Shaw investigates a scientist's rain machine, aided by the Brigadier. | | | | |
| ***Slings and Arrows*** |  | Colin Baker | Sixth Doctor |  |
|
| *Hamlet*, as written by William Shakespeare with help from the Doctor. | | | | |
| ***Zoe Does It*** | Crispin Brigham | Wendy Padbury |  | Zoe Herriot |
|
| Zoe searches for part of a crashed spaceship after the TARDIS receives a distress call. | | | | |
| ***Tomorrow's Times*** |  | Colin Baker |  |  |
|
| A report on the first Doctor Who Ball, attended by the likes of Meg Loss and Sir Vival. | | | | |
| ***Savage*** | Gary Russell | Louise Jameson |  | Leela |
|
| Leela struggles with life on Gallifrey after having left the Doctor. | | | | |

* *DWAS Online* — Official site for the *Doctor Who* Appreciation Society

## InfoBox

Doctor Who Appreciation Society
| Abbreviation | DWAS |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1976 |
| Region | Worldwide (based in United Kingdom) |
| President | Colin Baker |
| Website | www.dwasonline.co.uk |


title: Luteostriata ernesti

abstract: Luteostriata ernesti is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae.

text:
# Luteostriata ernesti

***Luteostriata ernesti*** is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae.

## Description

*Luteostriata ernesti* is a medium to small land planarian, reaching up to 70 millimetres (2.8 in) in length when crawling. The dorsal color is light-yellow with five dark longitudinal stripes: one median, two paramedian and two lateral. In most specimens the median and paramedian stripes are the thinnest and the lateral the broadest, but in some populations the paramedian ones are the broadest. The anterior end has a slight orange tinge and the ventral side is yellowish white.

## Etymology

The specific epithet *ernesti* honors the zoologist Ernst Marcus, who first described the species, but misidentified it as *Geoplana marginata* Schultze & Müller, 1858.

## Distribution

*Luteostrata ernesti* is found in Brazil, from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, in areas of Araucaria moist forest, Subtropical Atlantic forest and Seasonal forests, as well as in old pine plantations with a well-developed understore understory. It occurs in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest and in the São Paulo Botanical Garden.

## InfoBox

| *Luteostriata ernesti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Luteostriata ernesti* in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Order: | Tricladida |
| Family: | Geoplanidae |
| Genus: | *Luteostriata* |
| Species: | ***L. ernesti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Luteostriata ernesti***<br>(Leal-Zanchet & Froehlich, 2006) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Alfred Ewer

abstract: Alfred Ewer was a British trade unionist. Ewer was born to Frederick Edward and Elizabeth Ewer in Brighton, where he was baptised at St Nicholas Church in October 1867. By 1891, he was working for the National Telephone Company. Conditions at that branch of the company were worse than elsewhere, so Ewer wrote to Arthur Walker of the Electrical Trades Union (ETU) to ask for help. Walker persuaded him to join the union, and Ewer recruited most of his colleagues, heading a branch of around 30 members. Walker attempted to negotiate with the National Telephone Company regarding conditions in Brighton, but could not make any progress, so the ETU called a strike. Initially, it seemed the trade unionists had a strong position, but after five weeks, it fell apart, and Ewer was one of only six members still on strike; they were all dismissed. The ETU helped Ewer find alternative employment, and he remained active in the union. In 1900, Francis Sims, the general secretary of the ETU, resigned after having been caught embezzling funds, and was later sentenced to six months in prison. Ewer stood in the election to replace him and won. Initially, he had little impact, and the union faced a challenge from a breakaway union which Sims attempted to found, but that was dissolved in 1903, and the appointment of Jimmy Rowan as national organiser helped increase membership from 1,000 to 1,500 by 1907. By 1907, Ewer was in conflict with the Manchester branch of the union, which won a vote to relocate the national office to their city. The branch also objected to Ewer being paid a bonus of £1 for editing each issue of the union journal, Eltradion. On 1 May 1907, Ewer disappeared, his wife and friends not knowing where he was. It was later discovered that he had emigrated to Australia, and had stolen £144 of union money, making him the third general secretary in a row to embezzle union funds. He died in 1935 in New South Wales.

text:
# Alfred Ewer

**Alfred Ewer** (1 May 1867 – 1935) was a British trade unionist.

Ewer was born to Frederick Edward and Elizabeth Ewer in Brighton, where he was baptised at St Nicholas Church in October 1867. By 1891, he was working for the National Telephone Company. Conditions at that branch of the company were worse than elsewhere, so Ewer wrote to Arthur Walker of the Electrical Trades Union (ETU) to ask for help. Walker persuaded him to join the union, and Ewer recruited most of his colleagues, heading a branch of around 30 members.

Walker attempted to negotiate with the National Telephone Company regarding conditions in Brighton, but could not make any progress, so the ETU called a strike. Initially, it seemed the trade unionists had a strong position, but after five weeks, it fell apart, and Ewer was one of only six members still on strike; they were all dismissed. The ETU helped Ewer find alternative employment, and he remained active in the union.

In 1900, Francis Sims, the general secretary of the ETU, resigned after having been caught embezzling funds, and was later sentenced to six months in prison. Ewer stood in the election to replace him and won. Initially, he had little impact, and the union faced a challenge from a breakaway union which Sims attempted to found, but that was dissolved in 1903, and the appointment of Jimmy Rowan as national organiser helped increase membership from 1,000 to 1,500 by 1907.

By 1907, Ewer was in conflict with the Manchester branch of the union, which won a vote to relocate the national office to their city. The branch also objected to Ewer being paid a bonus of £1 for editing each issue of the union journal, *Eltradion*.

On 1 May 1907, Ewer disappeared, his wife and friends not knowing where he was. It was later discovered that he had emigrated to Australia, and had stolen £144 of union money, making him the third general secretary in a row to embezzle union funds.

He died in 1935 in New South Wales.


title: Arabis blepharophylla

abstract: Arabis blepharophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, known by the common names coast rock cress and rose rock cress. It is endemic to California, growing mostly in the San Francisco Bay Area and nearby low-elevation California Coast Ranges. This herbaceous perennial that sends up thin, hairy stems from a basal rosette of fuzzy leaves. It bears small flowers with four bright purplish-pink petals. Uncommon in the wild, it is often grown as an attractive, sweet-scented flowering garden plant. There are several cultivars bred for garden use. The cultivar 'Frühlingszauber' has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

text:
# Arabis blepharophylla

***Arabis blepharophylla*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, known by the common names **coast rock cress** and **rose rock cress**. It is endemic to California, growing mostly in the San Francisco Bay Area and nearby low-elevation California Coast Ranges.

This herbaceous perennial that sends up thin, hairy stems from a basal rosette of fuzzy leaves. It bears small flowers with four bright purplish-pink petals.

Uncommon in the wild, it is often grown as an attractive, sweet-scented flowering garden plant. There are several cultivars bred for garden use. The cultivar 'Frühlingszauber' has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## InfoBox

| *Arabis blepharophylla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | *Arabis* |
| Species: | ***A. blepharophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arabis blepharophylla***
Hook. & Arn. | |
|


title: 139 Juewa

abstract: 139 Juewa is a very large and dark main belt asteroid. It is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. It was the first asteroid discovered from China. Juewa was discovered from Beijing by the visiting American astronomer James Craig Watson on 10 October 1874; Watson was in China to observe the transit of Venus. Watson asked Prince Gong to name the asteroid. Gong's choice was 瑞華星. Watson used the first two characters, transliterating them Juewa in Wade convention of the time. Since 1988 there have been 8 reported stellar occultations by Juewa. From the occultation on 31 August 2013 the best fit ellipse measures 148.3±4.3 km × 142.3±15.6 km. 13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 172 km. Based upon radar data, the near surface solid density of the asteroid is 1.5±0.5 g/cm⁳.

text:
# 139 Juewa

| 139 Juewa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Simplified Chinese | 瑞华星 |
| Literal meaning | "Auspicious star of Huaxia" / "Star of China's fortune" |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Ruìhuáxīng  Wade–Giles jui4 hua2 hsing1  IPA \[ɻwêɪxwǎɕíŋ\] | |
|  | |

**139 Juewa** (/uˈwɑː/ *joo-AY-wah*) is a very large and dark main belt asteroid. It is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. It was the first asteroid discovered from China.

Juewa was discovered from Beijing by the visiting American astronomer James Craig Watson on 10 October 1874; Watson was in China to observe the transit of Venus. Watson asked Prince Gong to name the asteroid. Gong's choice was 瑞華星 (roughly, "Star of China's fortune"). Watson used the first two characters ('star' being redundant), transliterating them *Juewa* in Wade convention of the time. (In pinyin, 瑞華 is transliterated *ruìhuá*.)

Since 1988 there have been 8 reported stellar occultations by Juewa. From the occultation on 31 August 2013 the best fit ellipse measures 148.3±4.3 km × 142.3±15.6 km.

13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 172 km. Based upon radar data, the near surface solid density of the asteroid is 1.5±0.5 g/cm3.

## InfoBox

139 Juewa
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | James Craig Watson |
| Discovery date | 10 October 1874 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (139) Juewa |
| Pronunciation | English: /uˈwɑː/ *joo-AY-wah*
Mandarin: \[ɻwêɪxwǎ\] |
| Alternative designations | A874 TA |
| Minor planet category | Main belt |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 121.07 yr (44222 d) |
| Aphelion | 3.26884 AU (489.012 Gm) |
| Perihelion | 2.29261 AU (342.970 Gm) |
| Semi-major axis | 2.78073 AU (415.991 Gm) |
| Eccentricity | 0.17553 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.64 yr (1693.7 ) |
| Mean anomaly | 60.2817 |
| Mean motion | 0° 12m 45.187s / day |
| Inclination | 10.9127° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 1.83417° |
| Argument of perihelion | 165.566° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 148.3±4.3 km × 142.3±15.6 km |
| Mean diameter | 151.116±1.596 km
161.43±7.38 km |
| Mass | (5.54±2.20)×1018 kg
(3.262 ± 0.778/0.933)×1018 kg |
| Mean density | 2.51±1.05 g/cm3
1.805 ± 0.430/0.516 g/cm3 |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 0.0438 m/s² |
| Equatorial escape velocity | 0.0828 km/s |
| Synodic rotation period | 20.991  (0.8746 ) |
| Geometric albedo | 0.052±0.015
0.0444±0.0164 |
| Temperature | ~167 |
| Spectral type | (Tholen) |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 8.06, 7.924 |
|  | |


title: Dzielec, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

abstract: Dzielec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębowiec, within Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Dębowiec, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Jasło, and 61 km (38 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Dzielec, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

**Dzielec** \[ˈd͡ʑɛlɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębowiec, within Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Dębowiec, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Jasło, and 61 km (38 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Dzielec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dzielec | |
| Coordinates: 49°40′30″N 21°22′40″E / 49.67500°N 21.37778°E / 49.67500; 21.37778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Jasło |
| Gmina | Dębowiec |
| Elevation | 222 m (728 ft) |
| Population | 203 |


abstract: The 144th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 55th Division. The regiment participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, fighting in the Pacific during a number of battles including those at Guam, Rabaul, and Salamaua. It also participated in the invasion of Buna-Gona, the Kokoda Track campaign and the battle of Buna–Gona. After being withdrawn to Rabaul, the regiment was transported to Burma to rejoin the 55th Division.

text:
# 144th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)

The **144th Infantry Regiment** was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was attached to the 55th Division. The regiment participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, fighting in the Pacific during a number of battles including those at Guam, Rabaul, and Salamaua. It also participated in the invasion of Buna-Gona, the Kokoda Track campaign and the battle of Buna–Gona.

After being withdrawn to Rabaul, the regiment was transported to Burma to rejoin the 55th Division.

## Organization

* 1st Battalion
* 2nd Battalion
* 3rd Battalion

## Commanders

* Lieutenant Colonel Masao Kusunose (????–1942; suicided in 1946)
* Colonel Yamamoto (1942–1943; killed in action)

## Sources

* Brooks, Brenton (December 2013). "The Carnival of Blood in Australian Mandated Territory". *Sabretache*. **LIV** (4). Military Historical Society of Australia: 20–31. ISSN 0048-8933.
* Rottman, Gordon L. (2004). *Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest*. Osprey Campaign series #139. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-811-1.

## InfoBox

| 144th Infantry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| The main landing by the 144th Infantry Regiment, South Seas Detachment, during the Battle of Guam (1941), painted by Kohei Ezaki | |
| Active | 1937 - 1945 |
| Country | Empire of Japan |
| Branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Engagements | World War II |


title: 100% (Sonic Youth song)

abstract: "100%" is a song by American rock band Sonic Youth from their seventh studio album Dirty (1992). It was released as the lead single from the album in July 1992, by DGC. Written by Sonic Youth, the song discusses the murder of Joe Cole, a friend of the band who was killed in an armed robbery on December 19, 1991.

text:
# 100% (Sonic Youth song)

"**100%**" is a song by American rock band Sonic Youth from their seventh studio album *Dirty* (1992). It was released as the lead single from the album in July 1992, by DGC. Written by Sonic Youth, the song discusses the murder of Joe Cole, a friend of the band who was killed in an armed robbery on December 19, 1991.

## Recording

The song was recorded and produced in early 1992 at Magic Shop in New York City by Butch Vig and Sonic Youth. Vig also engineered the song, with assistance from Edward Douglas.

## Critical reception

Greg Kot of the *Chicago Tribune* praised the song's "garage-rock power chords", in addition to designating it as "a great single". Dele Fadele of *NME* said the song "sets the tone perfectly for *Dirty'*s loving seedy, political and romantic take on classic rock n roll - an *Exile On Main Street* for the '90s". Scott Hreha of *Pitchfork* spoke positively of the confrontational lyrical content of "100%", describing the song, alongside "JC", as "elegiac tributes to murdered friends". *Uncut* praised the radio-friendly nature of the song, referring to it as "contagious grunge-pop".

## Chart performance

In the United States, "100%” debuted at number 22 on the Alternative Airplay chart for the issue dated July 18, 1992. Within five weeks, the song reached its peak position of number four, becoming Sonic Youth's highest charting song on the chart. The song spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart.

## Music video

The music video for "100%" was directed by Tamra Davis and Spike Jonze, and shot in Los Angeles. Much of the video footage was shot by Jonze while riding on a skateboard, following others in the streets (including then-skateboarder, now-actor Jason Lee). The video also alluded to the shooting death of Cole, but is not specifically about him, and more about friendship between two skateboarders. Sonic Youth is shown playing a house party throughout the film. Kim Gordon plays a yellow Fender bass guitar, which she borrowed from actor Keanu Reeves.

### Ban

In the music video, Kim Gordon dons a counterfeit The Rolling Stones T-shirt with the phrase “Eat me” written across the front. This phrase was deemed as too obscene for MTV, resulting in the video being banned from the network. Gordon responded to the banning: “It's a bootleg Rolling Stones shirt — the big mouth — and it said 'Eat me' on it. At the time, I just took it, like, ‘Well, that's confusing’, because they've obviously got, like, mostly naked women in their videos”.

## Live performances

On September 4, 1992, Sonic Youth performed the song on *Late Night with David Letterman*.

## Cover versions

“100%” was covered by Mantar on their fourth studio album, *Grungetown Hooligans II* (2020). Matthis Van Der Meulen directed an accompanying music video, which acts as an homage to the original music video released by Sonic Youth.

## Track listings and formats

1. "100%" (LP version) – 2:28
2. "Crème Brûlée" (LP version) – 2:33
3. "Genetic"  – 3:34
4. "Hendrix Necro"  – 2:49

1. "100%" (LP Version) – 2:28
2. "Crème Brûlée" (LP version) – 2:33

## Charts

Chart performance for "100%"
| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 67 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 30 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 28 |
| US Alternative Airplay (*Billboard*) | 4 |

## InfoBox

| "100%" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Sonic Youth | |
| from the album  *Dirty* | |
| B-side | * "Crème Brûlée" * "Genetic" * "Hendrix Necro" |
| Released | July 1992 (1992-07) |
| Recorded | Early 1992 |
| Studio | Magic Shop, New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:28 |
| Label | DGC |
| Songwriter(s) | Sonic Youth |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Sonic Youth singles chronology | |
| "Dirty Boots"
(1991) "**100%**"
(1992) "Youth Against Fascism"
(1992) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "100%" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Dębszczyzna

abstract: Dębszczyzna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzyżewice, within Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Strzyżewice and 28 km (17 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Dębszczyzna

**Dębszczyzna** \[dɛmpʂˈt͡ʂɨzna\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzyżewice, within Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Strzyżewice and 28 km (17 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Dębszczyzna | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dębszczyzna | |
| Coordinates: 51°1′N 22°27′E / 51.017°N 22.450°E / 51.017; 22.450 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Lublin |
| Gmina | Strzyżewice |


title: Dębsko-Dosinek

abstract: Dębsko-Dosinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźminek, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Dębsko-Dosinek

**Dębsko-Dosinek** \[ˈdɛmpskɔ dɔˈɕinɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźminek, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Dębsko-Dosinek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dębsko-Dosinek | |
| Coordinates: 51°49′34″N 18°21′43″E / 51.82611°N 18.36194°E / 51.82611; 18.36194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kalisz |
| Gmina | Koźminek |