abstract: Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10 is a judicial decision of the Privy Council in relation to contract law, company law and constitutional law. It concerns the correct method for interpretation and implication of terms into a company's articles of association. It was approved by the UK Supreme Court in Société Générale, London Branch v Geys and Marks and Spencer plc v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Company (Jersey) Ltd.

text:
# Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd

***Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd*** \[2009\] UKPC 10 is a judicial decision of the Privy Council in relation to contract law, company law and constitutional law. It concerns the correct method for interpretation and implication of terms into a company's articles of association.

It was approved by the UK Supreme Court in *Société Générale, London Branch v Geys* and *Marks and Spencer plc v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Company (Jersey) Ltd*.

## Facts

In 1989 Belize privatised its telecommunications network. Established the year after independence in 1974, the Belize Telecommunications Authority's business and assets were transferred to a corporation called Belize Telecommunications Ltd (renamed Belize Telemedia in 2007). The government was to gradually sell off its shares, but in the process retain a "special share" (often called a golden share). According to the company's constitution, among various rights over important transactions, the special shareholder could appoint two of the eight directors. Class "B" shareholders (which were all private investors, such as British Telecom) could appoint two directors and class "C" shareholders could together appoint four directors. The government owned class "C" shares, and there was a further provision that if the special shareholder still had over 37.5% of the total share capital, it would be entitled to appoint two of those four "C" directors.

In 2003 the government decided to complete the privatisation process. Legislation was passed to try to let competition into the telecoms market. In 2004 Belize Telecom bought the special share from the government. It also bought the "C" shares the government still owned. But to finance this, it took out a loan from the government. In other words, the government converted its shares in Belize Telecommunications Ltd to debt. For security until the debt was repaid, the government obtained a pledge on the shares it had just sold (but not the special share). Immediately Belize Telecom appointed new directors, replacing the government appointees. But unfortunately on 9 February 2005, Belize Telecom defaulted on its loan repayments. The government enforced its pledge, and now once again had over 37.5% of the "C" shares, but without the special share. The question was whether the two directors that were subject to appointment by the person who held the special share and over 37.5% of the "C" shares could be removed. As it stood, nobody held both the special share and 37.5% of the "C" shares. The company's constitution did not have any provisions about this situation.

In 2008, after the United Democratic Party was elected on a platform of anti-corruption and honesty, this action was brought to change the board. Belize Telecom argued that those two directors were not removable. The Attorney General, for the government, argued this would be absurd and the articles should be construed as providing that a director should leave office if the specified shareholding which brought him there ceased to exist. Conteh CJ in the Belize Supreme Court agreed with the government and said that a term allowing the government with its 37.5% stake should be allowed to remove those two directors and appoint new ones. But Carey JA in the Court of Appeal held that there was no "necessity" in reading in such words. Morrison JA emphasised that art 90(D)(ii) provided for appointment and removal of directors, but nothing for tenure of office, and that therefore Conteh CJ's interpretation could not be "derived from the language of the articles". The Attorney General appealed.

## Advice

Giving the advice of the Privy Council, Lord Hoffmann set out the principles for interpretation of a company's articles such as this. He stated that the same principles of interpretation apply whether it is a company's constitution, a contract or an Act of Parliament. A court should search for the meaning of any such document with all relevant contextual facts in mind, and consider the meaning it would convey to a reasonable person. He emphasised it was not relevant, in cases where a gap was left, what the parties hypothetically "would have" concluded, a hypothetical inquiry which he referred to as "barren". The important point was to ask what interpretation, and implication would be consistent with the scheme of the company constitution (or contract or Act of Parliament). For this reason, Lord Hoffmann agreed with Conteh CJ that the directors could be removed. The scheme of the privatisation programme was to balance the interests of the government and private investors according to their economic interest. As such, it would have been absurd that just because the special share and the possession of 37.5% of ordinary shares had become disjointed that the incumbent directors would be irremovable. So given the gap in the articles, it was consistent with the scheme of the company's articles that the two directors in question would be appointable by the government. Lord Hoffmann's advice on the law read as follows.

> 16. Before discussing in greater detail the reasoning of the Court of Appeal, the Board will make some general observations about the process of implication. The court has no power to improve upon the instrument which it is called upon to construe, whether it be a contract, a statute or articles of association. It cannot introduce terms to make it fairer or more reasonable. It is concerned only to discover what the instrument means. However, that meaning is not necessarily or always what the authors or parties to the document would have intended. It is the meaning which the instrument would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably be available to the audience to whom the instrument is addressed: see *Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society* \[1998\] 1 WLR 896, 912-913. It is this objective meaning which is conventionally called the intention of the parties, or the intention of Parliament, or the intention of whatever person or body was or is deemed to have been the author of the instrument.
>
> 17. The question of implication arises when the instrument does not expressly provide for what is to happen when some event occurs. The most usual inference in such a case is that nothing is to happen. If the parties had intended something to happen, the instrument would have said so. Otherwise, the express provisions of the instrument are to continue to operate undisturbed. If the event has caused loss to one or other of the parties, the loss lies where it falls.
>
> 18. In some cases, however, the reasonable addressee would understand the instrument to mean something else. He would consider that the only meaning consistent with the other provisions of the instrument, read against the relevant background, is that something is to happen. The event in question is to affect the rights of the parties. The instrument may not have expressly said so, but this is what it must mean. In such a case, it is said that the court implies a term as to what will happen if the event in question occurs. But the implication of the term is not an addition to the instrument. It only spells out what the instrument means.
>
> 19. The proposition that the implication of a term is an exercise in the construction of the instrument as a whole is not only a matter of logic (since a court has no power to alter what the instrument means) but also well supported by authority. In *Trollope & Colls Ltd v North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board* \[1973\] 1 WLR 601, 609 Lord Pearson, with whom Lord Guest and Lord Diplock agreed, said:
>
> > "\[T\]he court does not make a contract for the parties. The court will not even improve the contract which the parties have made for themselves, however desirable the improvement might be. The court's function is to interpret and apply the contract which the parties have made for themselves. If the express terms are perfectly clear and free from ambiguity, there is no choice to be made between different possible meanings: the clear terms must be applied even if the court thinks some other terms would have been more suitable. An unexpressed term can be implied if and only if the court finds that the parties must have intended that term to form part of their contract: it is not enough for the court to find that such a term would have been adopted by the parties as reasonable men if it had been suggested to them: it must have been a term that went without saying, a term necessary to give business efficacy to the contract, a term which, though tacit, formed part of the contract which the parties made for themselves."
>
> 20. More recently, in *Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman* \[2002\] 1 AC 408, 459, Lord Steyn said:
>
> > "If a term is to be implied, it could only be a term implied from the language of \[the instrument\] read in its commercial setting."
>
> 21. It follows that in every case in which it is said that some provision ought to be implied in an instrument, the question for the court is whether such a provision would spell out in express words what the instrument, read against the relevant background, would reasonably be understood to mean. It will be noticed from Lord Pearson's speech that this question can be reformulated in various ways which a court may find helpful in providing an answer – the implied term must "go without saying", it must be "necessary to give business efficacy to the contract" and so on – but these are not in the Board's opinion to be treated as different or additional tests. There is only one question: is that what the instrument, read as a whole against the relevant background, would reasonably be understood to mean?
>
> 22. There are dangers in treating these alternative formulations of the question as if they had a life of their own. Take, for example, the question of whether the implied term is "necessary to give business efficacy" to the contract. That formulation serves to underline two important points. The first, conveyed by the use of the word "business", is that in considering what the instrument would have meant to a reasonable person who had knowledge of the relevant background, one assumes the notional reader will take into account the practical consequences of deciding that it means one thing or the other. In the case of an instrument such as a commercial contract, he will consider whether a different construction would frustrate the apparent business purpose of the parties. That was the basis upon which *Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman* \[2002\] 1 AC 408 was decided. The second, conveyed by the use of the word "necessary", is that it is not enough for a court to consider that the implied term expresses what it would have been reasonable for the parties to agree to. It must be satisfied that it is what the contract actually means.
>
> 23. The danger lies, however, in detaching the phrase "necessary to give business efficacy" from the basic process of construction of the instrument. It is frequently the case that a contract may work perfectly well in the sense that both parties can perform their express obligations, but the consequences would contradict what a reasonable person would understand the contract to mean. Lord Steyn made this point in the *Equitable Life case* (at p 459) when he said that in that case an implication was necessary "to give effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties."
>
> 24. The same point had been made many years earlier by Bowen LJ in his well known formulation in *The Moorcock* (1889) 14 PD 64, 68:
>
> > "In business transactions such as this, what the law desires to effect by the implication is to give such business efficacy to the transaction as must have been intended at all events by both parties who are business men"
>
> 25. Likewise, the requirement that the implied term must "go without saying" is no more than another way of saying that, although the instrument does not expressly say so, that is what a reasonable person would understand it to mean. Any attempt to make more of this requirement runs the risk of diverting attention from the objectivity which informs the whole process of construction into speculation about what the actual parties to the contract or authors (or supposed authors) of the instrument would have thought about the proposed implication. The imaginary conversation with an officious bystander in *Shirlaw v Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd* \[1939\] 2 KB 206, 227 is celebrated throughout the common law world. Like the phrase "necessary to give business efficacy", it vividly emphasises the need for the court to be satisfied that the proposed implication spells out what the contact would reasonably be understood to mean. But it carries the danger of barren argument over how the actual parties would have reacted to the proposed amendment. That, in the Board's opinion, is irrelevant. Likewise, it is not necessary that the need for the implied term should be obvious in the sense of being immediately apparent, even upon a superficial consideration of the terms of the contract and the relevant background. The need for an implied term not infrequently arises when the draftsman of a complicated instrument has omitted to make express provision for some event because he has not fully thought through the contingencies which might arise, even though it is obvious after a careful consideration of the express terms and the background that only one answer would be consistent with the rest of the instrument. In such circumstances, the fact that the actual parties might have said to the officious bystander "Could you please explain that again?" does not matter.
>
> 26. In *BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings* (1977) 180 CLR 266, 282-283 Lord Simon of Glaisdale, giving the advice of the majority of the Board, said that it was "not... necessary to review exhaustively the authorities on the implication of a term in a contract" but that the following conditions ("which may overlap") must be satisfied:
>
> > "(1) it must be reasonable and equitable; (2) it must be necessary to give business efficacy to the contract, so that no term will be implied if the contract is effective without it; (3) it must be so obvious that 'it goes without saying' (4) it must be capable of clear expression; (5) it must not contradict any express term of the contract".
>
> 27. The Board considers that this list is best regarded, not as series of independent tests which must each be surmounted, but rather as a collection of different ways in which judges have tried to express the central idea that the proposed implied term must spell out what the contract actually means, or in which they have explained why they did not think that it did so. The Board has already discussed the significance of "necessary to give business efficacy" and "goes without saying". As for the other formulations, the fact that the proposed implied term would be inequitable or unreasonable, or contradict what the parties have expressly said, or is incapable of clear expression, are all good reasons for saying that a reasonable man would not have understood that to be what the instrument meant.
>
> 28. The Board therefore turns to consider the question raised by the articles of association. Two things are immediately apparent. The first is that the board has been constructed so that its membership will reflect the interests of the various participants in the company: the political interest of the Government, represented through its special share; the economic interest (if any) of the Government, represented by its holding of C shares; the economic interests of the ordinary B and C shareholders. The second is that the powers which the articles confer upon the Government (or its successor as special shareholder acting upon its written instructions: see article 11(A)) are carefully graduated according to its economic interest in the company at the relevant time. Thus, the power to block certain board resolutions in article 113 is exercisable "at any time at which the holder of the special share is the holder of C Ordinary shares amounting to 25% or more of the issued ordinary share capital". The power to block certain shareholder resolutions in article 8 is likewise exercisable "at any time" when the special shareholder has a 25% or more holding. And the power to appoint and remove special C directors is exercisable "at any time" when the special shareholder has a 37.5% or more holding.
>
> 29. In the case of board and shareholder resolutions, the relevant time for determining whether a blocking power exists is of course the time at which the resolution is proposed. In the case of appointments to the board, the draftsman appears to have assumed that it would be the time at which the appointment was made or the director was to be removed. In some cases, that would be sufficient to ensure that the board at any given time reflected the appropriate shareholder interests. For example, articles 90(B) and (C) give a majority of B shareholders the right to appoint and remove two directors. This is enough to ensure that the B directors will at any given time represent the interests of a majority of the B shareholders. If the majority lose confidence in their directors, or if there is a transfer of B shares which results in a different majority, it will always be open to the majority to remove the directors in office and appoint others. The same is true of the ordinary C directors appointed and removable by a majority of C shareholders under articles 90(D)(i) and 90(E).
>
> 30. The situation with which the articles do not expressly deal is where a change in shareholding results in the board no longer reflecting the appropriate shareholder interests, but without enabling this to be corrected by exercise of the power to remove directors. Assume, for example, that the special shareholder exercises its power under article 11(E) to require redemption of the special share. What then happens to the Government Appointed Directors appointed under article 88(A)? They cannot be removed from office because there is no longer a special shareholder who has power to do so. Does that mean that they remain in office indefinitely? The Board considers that, if one considers the role of the Government Appointed Directors and the policy of giving the Government the power to require redemption of the special share, namely, to enable it to relinquish its influence over the conduct of the company's business, the articles cannot reasonably mean that the Government Appointed Directors should remain in office after the special share has ceased to exist. They must be read as providing by implication that when the special share goes, the Government Appointed Directors go with it. In the opinion of the Board it is no answer to say that the special shareholder could have thought of the problem in advance and removed the Government Appointed Directors before redemption. No doubt he could, but the question is what the articles mean in the situation in which he has not done so. Nor is it relevant that the articles could be amended. They must be construed as they stand.
>
> 31. If, as the Board thinks, it would plainly be necessary to imply such a term in relation to the Government Appointed Directors, it must follow that upon the redemption of the special share, the special C directors will also cease to hold office. They are also there by virtue of the special share and when there is no longer a special share, there will again be no one who has power under the articles to remove them. That means that the whole basis upon which they are distinguished from ordinary C directors appointed by the majority of the C shareholders under article 90(D)(i) has ceased to exist. It is true that article 90(E) says that C directors shall hold office "subject only to article 112", but that cannot in the Board's opinion be construed as contradicting the proposed implied term, to which the draftsman plainly did not address his mind. In any case, the words "subject only" cannot be read literally because, for example, the provisions for retirement by rotation in article 94 are expressly applied to C directors (other than special C directors.)
>
> 32. If implication is necessary to prevent what would otherwise be absurd consequences following from redemption of the special share, the Board considers that there is no difficulty about applying the same principle to the case in which the special shareholder continues to exist but no longer has the 37.5% holding which would entitle him to appoint and remove special C directors. In such a case too, the implication is required to avoid defeating what appears to have been the overriding purpose of the machinery of appointment and removal of directors, namely to ensure that the board reflects the appropriate shareholder interests in accordance with the scheme laid out in the articles.
>
> 33. The Court of Appeal felt unable on the authorities to read the articles as having such a meaning. Morrison JA referred to *Holmes v Keys* \[1959\] Ch 199, 215, where Jenkins LJ said:
>
> > "I think that the articles of association of the company should be regarded as a business document and should be construed so as to give them reasonable business efficacy, where a construction tending to that result is admissible on the language of the articles, in preference to a result which would or might prove unworkable."
>
> 34. Both Carey JA and Morrison JA thought that the meaning which the Chief Justice had adopted was not "admissible on the language of the articles" ("requires remarkable mental gymnastics", said Carey JA). It should be noted, however, that *Holmes v Keys* was not a case about an implied term. It was a dispute over the meaning of a particular phrase in the articles, namely, whether, in an article which required a director to acquire qualifying shares "within two months after election", the date of "election" meant the date of the general meeting or the date on which the result of the election was declared. In a case such as that, in which it is argued that language should be given a certain meaning, it is usually essential (unless there has been an obvious mistake) that the language should, according to ordinary conventional usage, be capable of bearing that meaning. In the case of an implied term, however, the question is not what any particular language in the instrument means but whether, without it having been expressly stated, that is the meaning of the instrument.
>
> 35. The other case to which Morrison JA referred was *Bratton Seymour Service Co Ltd v Oxborough* \[1992\] BCLC 693. This was a case about the extent of the background which is admissible in construing articles of association. The company was set up to acquire and manage a property divided into flats which also included "amenity areas" (tennis courts, swimming pool, gardens). It was argued that there should be implied into the articles of association an obligation on the part of each flat owner/member to contribute to the expenses of maintaining the amenity areas. The implication was said to be derived from the circumstances in which the property was acquired and the terms of the conveyance to the company.
>
> 36. The decision of the Court of Appeal was that these background facts were not admissible to construe the meaning of the articles. Without them, there was not the slightest basis for implying such an obligation. Because the articles are required to be registered, addressed to anyone who wishes to inspect them, the admissible background for the purposes of construction must be limited to what any reader would reasonably be supposed to know. It cannot include extrinsic facts which were known only to some of the people involved in the formation of the company.
>
> 37. The Board does not consider that this principle has any application in the present case. The implication as to the composition of the board is not based upon extrinsic evidence of which only a limited number of people would have known but upon the scheme of the articles themselves and, to a very limited extent, such background as was apparent from the memorandum of association and everyone in Belize would have known, namely that telecommunications had been a state monopoly and that the company was part of a scheme of privatisation.
>
> 38. For these reasons the Board will humbly advise Her Majesty that the appeal should be allowed with costs before the Board and in the Court of Appeal and the declarations made by the Chief Justice restored.

## Significance

The case of *AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd* has been widely cited as the new and all encompassing statement on implied terms. In *Mediterranean Salvage & Towage Ltd v Seamar Trading & Commerce Inc*, Lord Clarke MR said the following:

> 8 The correct approach to the question when to imply a term into a contract or other instrument, including therefore a charterparty, has recently been considered by Lord Hoffmann, giving the judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which also comprised Lord Rodger, Baroness Hale, Lord Carswell and Lord Brown, in *Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd* \[2009\] UKPC 10. I predict that his analysis will soon be as much referred to as his approach to the construction of contracts in *Investors Compensation Scheme v West Bromwich Building Society* \[1997\] CLC 1243 at 1257–8; \[1998\] 1 WLR 896 at 912–3. His analysis in the *Belize* case is extensive: see \[16\] to \[27\]. 9 It repays detailed study but for present purposes it is I think sufficient to say that the implication of a term is an exercise in the construction of the contract as a whole: see *Trollope & Colls Ltd v North West Metropolitan Hospital Board* \[1973\] 1 WLR 601, 609 per Lord Pearson, with whom Lord Guest and Lord Diplock agreed and *Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman* \[2002\] 1 AC 408 , 459, where Lord Steyn said: ‘If a term is to be implied, it could only be a term implied from the language of \[the instrument\] read in its commercial setting.’ See *Belize* at \[19\] and \[20\].

United States   * HLA Hart, 'Positivism and The Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593
* L Fuller, 'Positivism and Fidelity to Law - A Reply to Professor Hart' (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 630, arguing that a purposive interpretation to legislation was consistent with Hart's positivist thesis.
* *Holmes v Lord Keyes* \[1959\] Ch 199

## InfoBox

| AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Privy Council |
| Full case name | *Attorney General of Belize, ECOM Limited and Belize Telecommunications Limited v Belize Telecom Ltd and Innovative Communication Company LLC* |
| Decided | 18 March 2009 |
| Citation | \[2009\] UKPC 10 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Lord Hoffmann, Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, Baroness Hale of Richmond, Lord Carswell, Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood |
| Keywords | |
| Implied terms, construction, interpretation, company, articles of association | |


title: Attention Span (album)

abstract: Attention Span is a collaborative album by Bob Ostertag, Fred Frith and John Zorn, released in 1990 by RecRec Music.

text:
# Attention Span (album)

***Attention Span*** is a collaborative album by Bob Ostertag, Fred Frith and John Zorn, released in 1990 by RecRec Music.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Ted Mills of AllMusic said of *Attention Span* that it is "not as cohesive as some of his other, more conceptual works (sometimes you wonder if the whole thing is a favor to his fellow artists), but certainly not without worth."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Power" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:07 |
| 2. | "Paper Jam" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:16 |
| 3. | "Warning" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:25 |
| 4. | "And Gate" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:10 |
| 5. | "Necker Cube" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:56 |
| 6. | "Fold" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:06 |
| 7. | "Ebb Tide" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:51 |
| 8. | "Marketing Research" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:21 |
| 9. | "Fixed Resistor" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:17 |
| 10. | "Radiant Power" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:14 |
| 11. | "Depth Reversal" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:21 |
| 12. | "Dangerous Zone" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:37 |
| 13. | "Hit the Road" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:21 |
| 14. | "Smoking" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:55 |
| 15. | "Waiting" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:31 |
| 16. | "Electric Flux" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:36 |
| 17. | "Cocktail Lounge" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:35 |
| 18. | "Coat Check" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:05 |
| 19. | "Detour" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:24 |
| 20. | "Meter" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:59 |
| 21. | "Circuit Breaker" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:11 |
| 22. | "Surge Impendence" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:40 |
| 23. | "Vision" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:57 |
| 24. | "Black, To a Chimp" | Ostertag, Zorn | 0:20 |
| 25. | "Neon" | Ostertag, Zorn | 1:00 |
| 26. | "Emergency Shop" | Ostertag, Zorn | 3:14 |
| 27. | "Flame" | Frith, Ostertag | 1:54 |
| 28. | "Bone" | Frith, Ostertag | 5:39 |
| 29. | "Jolt" | Frith, Ostertag | 6:03 |
| 30. | "Bolt" | Frith, Ostertag | 4:37 |
| 31. | "Loops" | Frith, Ostertag | 0:56 |
| 32. | "Drowning Offshore" | Frith, Ostertag | 2:43 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Attention Span* liner notes.

**Musicians**

**Production and design**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Switzerland | 1990 | RecRec | CD | ReCDec 33 |

## InfoBox

| Attention Span | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ostertag with Zorn with Frith | |
| Released | 1990 (1990) |
| Recorded | September – December 1989 (1989-12) |
| Studio | Various |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 45:21 |
| Label | RecRec |
| Bob Ostertag chronology | |
| *Voice of America*
(1982) ***Attention Span***
(1990) *Sooner or Later*
(1991) | |
|  | |
| Fred Frith chronology | |
| *Step Across the Border*
(1990) ***Attention Span***
(1990) *Dropera*
(1991) | |
| John Zorn chronology | |
| *Naked City*
(1990) ***Attention Span***
(1990) *Torture Garden*
(1991) | |
|  | |


title: Augochloropsis sumptuosa

abstract: Augochloropsis sumptuosa is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae.

text:
# Augochloropsis sumptuosa

***Augochloropsis sumptuosa*** is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Augochloropsis sumptuosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Halictidae |
| Tribe: | Augochlorini |
| Genus: | *Augochloropsis* |
| Species: | ***A. sumptuosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Augochloropsis sumptuosa***<br>(Smith, 1853) | |
|


title: Ebenezer Learned

abstract: Ebenezer Learned was a brigadier general in the American Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

text:
# Ebenezer Learned

**Ebenezer Learned** (April 18, 1728  April 1, 1801) was a brigadier general in the American Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

## Early life and career

He was the son of Ebenezer and Deborah Haynes Learned, and was born at Oxford, Massachusetts, and lived his entire life in the area. On October 5, 1749, he married Jerusha Baker (1732–1799) and they had nine children. When his grandfather died in 1750, he inherited 200 acres (0.8 km2) known as *Prospect Hill*, and built his home there.

Learned was an active member of the local militia, and raised and drilled a company at Oxford during the French and Indian War. In the summer of 1756 he led his company to Fort Edward at Lake George. There is little record of his service, except that he served sporadically from then until 1763. He fell ill with smallpox in 1757 and was hospitalized for a month.

After that war, he remained at home for several years, farming and operating a tavern at Oxford. He was prominent in both church and community, and served as a town selectman for 25 of the years between 1758 and 1794.

## American Revolution

He remained active in the militia, and led his own and a neighboring company of minutemen to Boston, where he received the news of the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775. On April 24, the Massachusetts committee of safety named him a colonel and authorized him to organize a regiment that was known as Learned's Regiment. His regiment was adopted into the Continental Army in June. In 1776 those who re-enlisted were augmented by men from Danielson's Regiment to form the 3rd Continental Regiment.

By the end of the Siege of Boston, General Washington had given Learned command of the important Dorchester Heights position. When the British evacuated Boston on March 17, 1776, Colonel Learned was the first to enter the city. He led a battalion of 500 specially selected men, to clean out the traps, abatis, caltrops, and garbage left by the British. He and the men were selected because they had all had survived smallpox or had been inoculated.

Learned resigned in May 1776 due to ill health, but returned to duty on April 2, 1777. He was named a brigadier general and assigned to the Northern Department. In the first phase of the Battle of Saratoga, the Battle of Freeman's Farm, his brigade was not very effective. Working forward in the center of the line, they mainly got lost in the woods, and exchanged light fire near the end of the battle.

At the Battle of Bemis Heights his brigade was in the center of the left division, fighting alongside Daniel Morgan and Enoch Poor. They were commanded by General Benjamin Lincoln. Learned's own brigade (the 2nd, 8th, and 9th Massachusetts line), was expanded by James Livingston's 1st Canadian Regiment and 2 regiments of New Hampshire Militia the 2nd and 4th. The attack on the American far left was turned by Daniel Morgan's men, but the enemy's center was held by Hessian troops. Benedict Arnold came onto the field and encouraged the men. Arnold and Learned led a joint charge on the Hessian positions, and, even though Arnold fell wounded, Learned and his men carried through and broke the enemy lines. Burgoyne's forces had to retreat to their starting fortifications around Freeman's Farm. When their charge carried the first bunker, Burgoyne's forces withdrew to the positions they had held before the Freeman's Farm battle.

After Saratoga, his was the first unit to guard and escort the surrendered Convention Army on its trek to the south. In 177778, he commanded a brigade of Massachusetts troops in Major General deKalb's division at Valley Forge. On March 24, 1778, his continuing health problems led to his final resignation.

## Later life and activities

Ebenezer returned home to Oxford. He served as the Chairman of the Massachusetts Convention of 1779 that adopted a new constitution for the state. He served as a Judge of Common Pleas for Worcester County, Massachusetts. In 1783 he was elected to the Massachusetts General Court (the state's House of Representatives).

He died at home in Oxford in 1801.


title: Anne Murray (cricketer)

abstract: Anne Murray is an Irish former cricketer. She played twenty-one Women's One Day International matches for Ireland women's cricket team. She was part of Ireland's squad for the 1988 Women's Cricket World Cup.

text:
# Anne Murray (cricketer)

**Anne Murray** (born 4 May 1961) is an Irish former cricketer. She played twenty-one Women's One Day International matches for Ireland women's cricket team. She was part of Ireland's squad for the 1988 Women's Cricket World Cup.

## InfoBox

Anne Murray
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Anne Bernadette Murray |
| Born | (1961-05-04) 4 May 1961<br>Dublin, Ireland |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut (cap ) | 28 June 1987 v Australia |
| Last ODI | 17 August 1990 v England |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 26 October 2016 | |


title: Alishan Museum

abstract: The Alishan Museum is a museum in Alishan National Scenic Area, Alishan Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.

text:
# Alishan Museum

The **Alishan Museum** (traditional Chinese: 阿里山博物館; simplified Chinese: 阿里山博物馆; pinyin: *Ālǐshān Bówùguǎn*) is a museum in Alishan National Scenic Area, Alishan Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.

## History

The museum was established in 1935 and renovated in 2007.

## Architecture

The museum was built using cypress woods originating from the area around the museum.

## Exhibitions

The museum exhibits the history of logging in Alishan, original culture in the region, preservation efforts of the roads around the forest and the development of Alishan Forest Railway.

## Transportation

The museum is accessible within walking distance northwest Zhaoping Station of Alishan Forest Railway.

## InfoBox

Alishan Museum
| 阿里山博物館 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Established | 1935 |
| Location | Alishan, Chiayi County, Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 23°31′00.6″N 120°48′30″E / 23.516833°N 120.80833°E / 23.516833; 120.80833 |
| Type | museum |
| Public transit access | Zhaoping Station |


title: Electricity Museum

abstract:
Tejo Power Station is a cultural centre that presents the evolution of energy with a Museum of Science and Industrial Archaeology concept, where themed and experimental exhibits live side by side with a great variety of cultural events.
Located in the Belém area on terrain Lisbon usurped from the Tagus river at the end of the 19th century, in one of the city's areas with the greatest concentration of historical monuments where one can find, among others, the Jerónimos Monastery, the Belém Cultural Centre, the Tower of Belém, the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, the Portuguese Presidential Palace and Museum, the Coach Museum or the Cordoaria Nacional.
A building classified as a Public Interest Project, the Electricity Museum unfolds along the perimeter of the old thermoelectric plant – the Tejo Power Station, which illuminated the city of Lisbon for more than four decades. It opened as a museum in 1990. Ten years later, the Electricity Museum's buildings and equipment underwent a period of rehabilitation, to reopen in 2006 fully renovated and with a new discourse and museum proposals. Tejo Power Station is a part of the heritage and structure of the EDP Foundation, which belongs to the EDP Group – Energias de Portugal, SA. In 2015 EDP announced that from 2016 the museum will form part of Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology.

text:
# Electricity Museum

**Tejo Power Station** (the old **Electricity Museum**, in Portuguese **Museu da Electricidade**) is a cultural centre that presents the evolution of energy with a Museum of Science and Industrial Archaeology concept, where themed and experimental exhibits live side by side with a great variety of cultural events. Located in the Belém area on terrain Lisbon usurped from the Tagus river (*Tejo* in Portuguese) at the end of the 19th century, in one of the city's areas with the greatest concentration of historical monuments where one can find, among others, the Jerónimos Monastery, the Belém Cultural Centre, the Tower of Belém, the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, the Portuguese Presidential Palace and Museum, the Coach Museum or the Cordoaria Nacional (national rope factory). A building classified as a **Public Interest Project**, the Electricity Museum unfolds along the perimeter of the old thermoelectric plant – the Tejo Power Station, which illuminated the city of Lisbon for more than four decades.

It opened as a museum in 1990. Ten years later, the Electricity Museum's buildings and equipment underwent a period of rehabilitation, to reopen in 2006 fully renovated and with a new discourse and museum proposals.

Tejo Power Station (The old Electricity Museum) is a part of the heritage and structure of the **EDP Foundation**, which belongs to the EDP Group – Energias de Portugal, SA. In 2015 EDP announced that from 2016 the museum will form part of Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology.

## Architecture

The entire complex that makes up the Tejo Power Station constitutes an old thermoelectric plant that supplied power to Lisbon and its surrounding area. The building is unique amidst Lisbon's architectural setting, and is one of the most beautiful examples of Portuguese industrial architecture from the first half of the 20th century.

Tejo Power Station was built between 1908 and 1951, thereby undergoing several stages of expansion throughout this period. Its structure follows the western type of architecture of iron covered with brick, which shapes and decorates the facades in artistic styles that range from arte-nouveau, in its older sections (low-pressure building), to classicism in the more contemporary parts (high-pressure building). With the station's expansion, additional adjoining terrain and buildings were acquired over the years, becoming the great industrial complex it is today, with various cultural functions, always with the Tagus River, its namesake, in the backdrop.

Due to its state of conservation, the Museum underwent restoration work between 2001 and 2005 to consolidate its structure, renew its facades and interior machinery and, with a new museum project, transform it into what it is today.

In October 2015 EDP announced that London-based architectural practice AL A formed by Amanda Levete is designing a Kunsthalle sitting alongside the existing museum, to host a wide-ranging programme of exhibitions under the leadership of Pedro Gadahno. The new building was set to open in 2016 as MAAT – Museu de Arte, Arquitetura e Tecnologia.

## Virtual Visit

It all begins at the *Praça do Carvão* (**Coal Square**), the reception space, also a venue for exhibits and events; it was here in this location that, arriving from the Tagus River, tons of coal was unloaded to supply the boilers. In this same square, visitors can observe the sieve, the silos and the bucket elevators that mixed and carried the coal to the building's upper section and the High-Pressure boilers.

Entry into the industrial complex is made through the *Sala de Exposições* (**Exhibition Room**), the building that used to house the Low-Pressure boilers; currently, it is a free space where temporary exhibits take place and where one can still see the steam expansion ducts and coal silos from the long gone boilers.

From here one accesses the *Sala das Caldeiras* (**Boiler Room**), the building containing the old High-Pressure boilers; the large and impressive four boilers jump into view, each 30-metres high and with its respective control panels, air and fuel circuits, ventilators etc. Having been musealised, boiler number 15 stands out, thereby enabling visitors to enter it and discover its structure and internal components (conveyor belt, Bailey walls, naphtha burners, water heating tubes, etc.). Aside from the boilers, this large space also tells the story of the construction of the Tejo Power Station and gives a first approach to the difficult working conditions endured by its workers.

The *Sala dos Cinzeiros* (**Ash Room**) is located on the bottom floor, the area where ash from the burned and raw coal was collected. Particular emphasis is given to the hard working conditions in this space, due to the intense heat and breathing in of ash from the coal burning. But the museum content does not end here, and examples of forging, carpentry and transport, as well as the origins and types of coal, are also presented.

Continuing on the visit, one reaches the *Sala do Experimentar* (**Experimentation Room**), which is divided into three sections: one dedicated to energy sources (both renewable and fossils), another to the scientists who over history contributed to breakthroughs in electric power production, and a third "learning by playing" area where there are several types of educational modules and games dealing with power. This is a space for fun and learning, showed at the end of a guided tour so that all may use their energy and acquired knowledge.

After experimentation, the *Sala da Água* (**Water Room**) is next. In this and the following space, the *Sala das Máquinas* (Machinery Room), the museum's discourse is once again the same as in the boiler room, with multicoloured tubes running between the machines and along the walls and ceiling. Each colour corresponds to a type of fluid that circulated in the tube: dry steam, wet steam, water etc. Back to the Water Room, visitors can observe the water treatment process that enables the water to later be used in the boilers. The machines that are seen here are electropumps, blowers, filters or distillers from the 1940s.

Immediately following this room lies the *Sala dos Condensadores* (**Condenser Room**), the space that displays the condensers for steam refrigeration, as well as the pumps that drained water from the Tagus River, the cold source essential to the Thermoelectric Plant's operation. In the room's upper section where the circuit breakers from the station's generator groups are displayed, there is a permanent exhibit called **Faces of the Tejo Power Station**, an homage to the Power Station's workers through photographs and audiovisuals that show their activity and working conditions.

On the floor above the condensers, the *Sala dos Geradores* (**Generator Room**) is found, where two of the Station's five sets of turbo alternators are exhibited. One of them was musealised, opening its structure to show the internal components and allow visitors a better perception of how electric power was generated.

Finally, on an upper level, there is the *Sala de Comando* (**Control Room**); the place where the generators were controlled from, as was the substation and the respective power distribution through the electric network powered by the station. Today, this space is converted into yet another experimentation area where the museum guides explain the history of electric power production through practical, everyday examples, such as battery lemons, or how renewable energy works, or by simplifying the production process of the station itself with a gas tank and a pressure cooker, all of this from an educational perspective adjusted to the audience in question.

## Collection

Tejo Power Station (Electricity Museum's) wealth is not limited only to the museum's visible aspects, but also includes its collection. The priority has been to recover elements that are worth exhibiting, through their restoration and conservation, as well as the acquisition, preservation and inventory of new pieces from other facilities from all over the country, or from private donors.

At the moment, the Museum houses a large quantity of movable effects on exhibit, such as boilers, turbo alternators and condensers from the 1930s-1950s, as well as collector's items, such as pieces and equipment dating from the end of the 19th century until modern times. To highlight, the collection of household appliances, electric machines, pieces and molds of public and private lighting in wood and iron, laboratory equipment, valves, models etc.

## Documentation Centre

The purpose of Tejo Power Station Documentation Centre is to establish itself in a centre that specialises in the study and knowledge of energy, electricity in particular. It contains approximately 60 000 volumes of documentation in several formats (documents, blueprints, books, videos, etc.) which cover the period dating from 1848 to the present day. More than 90 000 photographs and approximately 15 000 books, most of them specialising in electricity (in all its aspects: technical, constructive, economic, historic or social), as well as monographs on industrial heritage and archaeology, museology, themes surrounding general culture, encyclopedias and periodic publications.

The centre also has a policy regarding the identification and incorporation of documentation, which can be consulted on the internet or at the centre itself, as well as the publication of monographs on the history of electricity in Portugal.

## Activities

Throughout the year, many activities are carried out at the Electricity Museum, both inside and outside, such as temporary exhibits, concerts, conferences, etc. Thus, the Coal Square serves not only to welcome visitors to the Museum, but sometimes transforms into an open-sky venue where a variety of captivating events are held.

* Barbosa, Pires; Cruz, Luís; Faria, Fernando, *A Central Tejo: A fábrica que electrificou Lisboa*, Museu da Electricidade and ed. Bizânzio, Lisboa, 2007
* Santos, António, *A "Arquitectura da Electricidade" em Portugal (1906–1911)*, in Revista Arqueologia & Indústria, (2–3), pp. 123–148, Associação Portuguesa de Arqueologia Industrial (APAI), 1999/2000

38°41′45″N 9°11′43″W / 38.69583°N 9.19528°W / 38.69583; -9.19528

## InfoBox

Electricity Museum
| Museu da Electricidade (Central Tejo) | |
| --- | --- |
| Coal Square to Electricity Museum. | |
|  | |
| Established | 1990 |
| Location | Av. de Brasília, Central Tejo. 1300-598 Lisboa |
| Type | Science and Industrial Archaeology |
| Website | EDP: Museu da Electricidade |


title: 1360s

abstract: The 1360s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1360, and ended on December 31, 1369.

text:
# 1360s

The **1360s** was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1360, and ended on December 31, 1369.

## Events

### 1360

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1361

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

* In the Marinid Empire in modern-day Morocco, Abu Salim Ibrahim is overthrown by Abu Umar, who is in turn overthrown by Abu Zayyan.
* Great Troubles: the Blue Horde descends into anarchy. Between 1361 and 1378, over 20 khans succeed each other in different parts of the Blue Horde's territory.
* Chinese rebels capture the Goryeo capital.
* The earliest known musical keyboard instrument is built, with the layout of black and white keys that becomes standard.

### 1362

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1363

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1364

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1365

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1366

#### Date unknown

### 1367

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1368

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Date unknown

### 1369

#### JanuaryDecember

#### Dates unknown

## Significant people

## Births

**1360**

**1361**

**1362**

**1363**

**1364**

**1365**

**1366**

**1367**

**1368**

**1369**

## Deaths

**1360**

**1361**

**1362**

**1363**

**1364**

**1365**

**1366**

**1367**

**1368**

**1369**


title: Arizona Department

abstract: The Arizona Department (1865—1867) was a department of the Second Mexican Empire, located in the present-day state of Sonora in Northwestern Mexico. It was established by an imperial decree on March 3, 1865, which specified: Department of Arizona. Confined on the north with the United States. To the east and the south by the Department of Sonora. To the west by the Sea of Cortez and with the Department of California from which it is divided by the Colorado River. Its capital shall be Altar. It was directly south of the U.S. Arizona Territory, the present-day U.S. state of Arizona. It was one among the 50 departments of the Second Mexican Empire and was administered by the prefect José Moreno Bustamante. The population of the department in the year 1865 was 25,603.

text:
# Arizona Department

The **Arizona Department** (18651867) was a department of the Second Mexican Empire, located in the present-day state of Sonora in Northwestern Mexico.

It was established by an imperial decree on March 3, 1865, which specified:

> *Department of Arizona*. Confined on the north with the United States. To the east and the south by the Department of Sonora. To the west by the Sea of Cortez and with the Department of California from which it is divided by the Colorado River. Its capital shall be Altar.

It was directly south of the U.S. Arizona Territory, the present-day U.S. state of Arizona. It was one among the 50 departments of the Second Mexican Empire and was administered by the prefect José Moreno Bustamante. The population of the department in the year 1865 was 25,603.

30°37′44″N 110°51′18″W / 30.629°N 110.855°W / 30.629; -110.855

## InfoBox

| Departamento de Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Department of the Second Mexican Empire | |
| 1865—1867 | |
| <br>Location of the Arizona Department (*red*) in the Second Mexican Empire. | |
| Capital | Altar |
| Population |  |
|  | |
|  | 25,603 (1,865) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Empire |
|  | |
| Historical era | Second French intervention in Mexico |
|  | |
| Established | 1865 |
| Disestablished | 1867 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | Mexico |


title: 1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

abstract: The 1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.

text:
# 1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The **1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season** had no bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.

## Season Summary

## Systems

### Deep Depression One

| Deep depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | January 3 – January 5 |
| Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min);
 |

This tropical depression stalled for three days.

### Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Two

| Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | May 18 – May 29 |
| Peak intensity | 195 km/h (120 mph) (3-min);
947 hPa (mbar) |

On May 19, a tropical disturbance formed over the Laccadive Islands, before tracking northwest towards the Arabian peninsula. The system achieved cyclone intensity on May 22. On May 24, a United States Weather Bureau reconnaissance aircraft flew into the 19 km (12 mi) eye of the storm, encountering winds of 193 km/h (120 mph). A ship 111 kilometres (69 mi) west of the system reported winds of 68 knots (126 km/h). At Salalah, a strong northerly wind set in during the morning of May 25. Later in the day, winds increased to gale force and a sandstorm reduced visibility to 400 metres (1,300 ft). Later in the day of May 26 winds again increased to gale force and another sandstorm reduced visibility to 500 metres (1,600 ft). As winds increased to 60 knots (110 km/h) the sandstorm became more severe, with visibility restricted to 50 metres (160 ft). Late on the night of the 26th, winds shifted to northeast and heavy rains fell across the region through the morning hours. Skies remained cloudy with periods of rain into May 28. A total of 230 millimetres (9.1 in) was recorded at Salalah.

An estimated 22,000 people were reported to have died, while a further 500,000 were left homeless.

### Super Cyclonic Storm Three

| Super cyclonic storm (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | May 25 – May 29 |
| Peak intensity | 240 km/h (150 mph) (3-min);
920 hPa (mbar) |

One of the strongest cyclones ever recorded in the Northern Indian Ocean. Had the lowest known pressure in the basin until it was surpassed by the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone. Killed 11,520 people in Bangladesh.

### Deep Depression Four

| Deep depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | June 6 – June 8 |
| Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min);
991 hPa (mbar) |

Produced torrential rains over parts of eastern India, peaking at 910 mm (36 in) in Cherrapunji.

### Depression Five

| Depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | June 24 – June 26 |
| Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min);
999 hPa (mbar) |

This tropical depression moved from east to west.

### Depression Six

| Depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | July 4 – July 6 |
| Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (1-min);
 |

This tropical depression moved from east to west.

### Depression Seven

| Depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | August 9 – August 14 |
| Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min);
991 hPa (mbar) |

This tropical depression moved from east to west.

### Deep Depression Eight

| Deep depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | September 7 – September 16 |
| Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min);
990 hPa (mbar) |

Heavy rains from the storm triggered severe flooding that killed at least 200 people. The storm moved from east to west.

### Deep Depression Nine

| Deep depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | September 25 – September 28 |
| Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min);
996 hPa (mbar) |

At least 15 people were killed by flooding triggered by the depression in Orissa. The storm was formerly in the Western Pacific as an unnamed CMA tropical depression.

### Depression Ten

| Depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | October 5 – October 7 |
| Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min);
995 hPa (mbar) |

Some loss of life was reported in East Pakistan.

### Cyclonic Storm Eleven

| Cyclonic storm (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | October 13 – October 17 |
| Peak intensity | 75 km/h (45 mph) (3-min);
999 hPa (mbar) |

### Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Twelve-Fourteen

| Very severe cyclonic storm (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | October 19 – October 28 |
| Peak intensity | 150 km/h (90 mph) (3-min);
984 hPa (mbar) |

Significant damage and flooding took place in India, with some loss of life reported. The storm was classified under two different designations, but was reanalyzed to be one system.

### Depression Thirteen

| Depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | October 24 – October 26 |
| Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min);
 |

The storm moved from south to north.

### Depression Fifteen

| Depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | November 24 – November 25 |
| Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (3-min);
 |

This tropical depression moved from south to north.

### Cyclonic Storm Sixteen

| Cyclonic storm (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | November 29 – December 7 |
| Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (3-min);
1002 hPa (mbar) |

This cyclonic storm moved from east to west.

### Deep Depression Seventeen

| Deep depression (IMD) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | November 30 – December 6 |
| Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (3-min);
1004 hPa (mbar) |

This storm moved from east to west.

## InfoBox

| 1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | January 3, 1963
(record earliest) |
| Last system dissipated | December 7, 1963 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Three |
| Maximum winds | 240 km/h (150 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 920 hPa (mbar) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Depressions | 17 |
| Deep depressions | 11 |
| Cyclonic storms | 6 |
| Very severe cyclonic storms | 4 |
| Total fatalities | At least 11,735 |
| Total damage | Unknown |
| Related articles | |
|  | |
|


title: Effect of Sun angle on climate

abstract: The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor.

text:
# Effect of Sun angle on climate

The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct **effect of Sun angle on climate**, as the angle at which sunlight strikes Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter. Change in day length is another factor (albeit lesser).

## Geometry of Sun angle

**Figure 1** presents a case when sunlight shines on Earth at a lower angle (Sun closer to the horizon), the energy of the sunlight is spread over a larger area, and is therefore weaker than if the Sun is higher overhead and the energy is concentrated on a smaller area.

**Figure 2** depicts a sunbeam one mile (1.6 km) wide falling on the ground from directly overhead, and another hitting the ground at a 30° angle. Trigonometry tells us that the sine of a 30° angle is 1/2, whereas the sine of a 90° angle is 1. Therefore, the sunbeam hitting the ground at a 30° angle spreads the same amount of light over twice as much area (if we imagine the Sun shining from the south at noon, the north–south width doubles; the east–west width does not). Consequently, the amount of light falling on each square mile is only half as much.

**Figure 3** shows the angle of sunlight striking Earth in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres when Earth's northern axis is tilted away from the Sun, when it is winter in the north and summer in the south.

## Obliquity, seasonality, and climate

Differing sun angle results in differing temperatures between lower and higher latitudes, and between winter and summer at the same latitude (although "winter" and "summer" are more complicated in the tropics.

At fixed latitude, the size of the seasonal difference in sun angle (and thus the seasonal temperature variation) is equal to double the Earth's axial tilt. For example, with an axial tilt is 23°, and at a latitude of 45°, then the summer's peak sun angle is 68° (giving sin(68°) = 93% insolation at the surface), while winter's least sun angle is 22° (giving sin(22°) = 37% insolation at the surface). Thus, the greater the axial tilt, the stronger the seasons' variations at a given latitude.

In addition to seasonal variation at fixed latitude, the total annual surface) insolation as a *function* of latitude also depends on the axial tilt. At the equator (0° latitude), on the equinoxes, the sun angle is always 90° no matter the axial tilt, while on the solstices the minimum sun angle is equal to 90° minus the tilt. Therefore, greater tilt means a lower minimum for the same maximum: less total annual surface insolation at the equator. At the poles (90° latitude), on the equinoxes and during polar night, the sun angle is always 0° or less no matter the axial tilt, while on the summer solstice, the maximum angle is equal to the tilt. Therefore, greater tilt means a higher maximum for the same minimum: more total annual surface insolation at the poles. Therefore, lesser tilt means a wider annual temperature gap between equator and poles, while greater tilt means a smaller annual temperature gap between equator and poles. (At an extreme tilt, such as that of Uranus, the poles can receive similar annual surface insolation to the equator.) In particular, at Earth temperatures, and all else being equal, greater tilt warms the poles and thus reduces polar ice coverage, while lesser tilt cools the poles and thus increases polar ice coverage.

One of the first to publish on these effects was Milutin Milanković; the cyclic effects of axial tilt, eccentricity, and other orbital parameters upon global climate were named Milanković cycles. Although individual mechanisms (such as axial tilt and sun angle) are thought to be understood, the overall impact of orbital forcing on global climate remains poorly constrained.

1. Windows to the Universe. Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons! Archived 2007-08-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-06-28.
2. Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". *Physics Education*. **45** (6): 641. Bibcode:2010PhyEd..45..641K. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. S2CID 120966256. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
3. Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2012). "Geometry and the physics of seasons". *Physics Education*. **47** (6): 680. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680. S2CID 121230141.
4. Buis, Alan; Jet Propulsion Laboratory (27 February 2020). "Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate". *climate.nasa.gov*. NASA. Retrieved 10 May 2021. Over the last million years, it has varied between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. ... The greater Earth's axial tilt angle, the more extreme our seasons are .... Larger tilt angles favor periods of deglaciation (the melting and retreat of glaciers and ice sheets). These effects aren't uniform globally – higher latitudes receive a larger change in total solar radiation than areas closer to the equator. ... Earth's axis is currently tilted 23.4 degrees, ... As ice cover increases, it reflects more of the Sun's energy back into space, promoting even further cooling. Note: See Axial tilt. Zero obliquity results in minimum (zero) continuous insolation at the poles and maximum continuous insolation at the equator. Any increase of obliquity (to 90 degrees) causes seasonal increase of insolation at the poles and causes decrease of insolation at the equator on any day of the year except an equinox.


title: Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld

abstract: "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" is a Lutheran Passion hymn in German by Paul Gerhardt. The hymn text was first published in Johann Crüger's Praxis Pietatis Melica, starting from the lost 1647 edition. Wolfgang Dachstein's 16th-century "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" melody is commonly indicated as its hymn tune, although other settings exist. From the late 17th century Gerhardt's hymn text is used in larger vocal works such as Passion settings. With Dachstein's hymn tune it is included in the Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch.

text:
# Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld

"**Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld**" (A Lambkin goes and bears the guilt) is a Lutheran Passion hymn in German by Paul Gerhardt. The hymn text was first published in Johann Crüger's *Praxis Pietatis Melica*, starting from the lost 1647 edition. Wolfgang Dachstein's 16th-century "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" melody is commonly indicated as its hymn tune, although other settings exist.

From the late 17th century Gerhardt's hymn text is used in larger vocal works such as Passion settings. With Dachstein's hymn tune it is included in the Protestant hymnal *Evangelisches Gesangbuch*.

## History

Paul Gerhardt's "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" was first published in 1647, in a lost edition of Johann Crüger's *Praxis Pietatis Melica*. The earliest extant print of the hymn, in the *Praxis Pietatis Melica* of 1648, indicates Wolfgang Dachstein's 16th-century "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" melody as its singing tune:

The hymn was originally used as a communion song. Later it was described as "the masterpiece of all Passion hymns".

## Words

"Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" has been characterised as a paraphrase of the Agnus Dei. The hymn text is based on Isaiah 53:4–7 and John 1:29. The hymn is in 10 stanzas of ten lines. The first four stanzas reflect on the Passion of Christ and the last four stanzas reflect on the believer's participation by receiving the sacrifice in form of the Eucharist. The two middle stanzas are a transition in which the singer turns in devotion to remembering the sacrifice.

English translations of the hymn include "A Lamb goes uncomplaining forth".

## Music

After the mid-17th century Dachstein's "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" hymn tune, Zahn No. 7663, was commonly named "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld". With this tune, the hymn has been included in several hymnals, such as Christian Friedrich Witt's *Neues Cantional* and the *Evangelisches Gesangbuch*, where it is numbered EG 83. Gerhardt's hymn was however also sung to the tune of "Herr Gott, erhöre die Gerechtigkeit", Zahn No. 7669, and several other melodies were composed for the text: Johannes Zahn lists three 17th-century melodies composed for "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" (Nos. 7681–7683), three from the 18th century (Nos. 7684–7686, the first of which was composed for a reworked version of the text), and two from the 19th century (Nos. 7687–7688).

The third part of a Passion setting presented in Rudolstadt in 1688 opens with Gerhardt's "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" in the format of an aria, using the "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" melody. Reinhard Keiser was the first composer who used Gerhardt's hymn in a Passion oratorio in Hamburg: his 1711 setting of Johann Ulrich König's *Thränen unter dem Creutze Jesus* libretto opens with it. The second part of Johann Friedrich Fasch's setting of the *Brockes Passion* libretto, composed around 1717–1719, opens with a chorale adaptation of "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld". A Passion oratorio performed in Gotha in 1719 contained an aria based on an excerpt of Gerhardt's hymn.

In 1720, Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel composed a meditation of the stations of the Cross as a Passion oratorio which he titled *Die leidende und am Creutz sterbende Liebe Jesu* (The love of Jesus which suffered and died on the Cross), which is also known by its incipit, *Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld*. Composed for Gotha, this oratorio knew many repeat performances, some of these in slightly modified versions: the oratorio was for instance performed in Leipzig in 1734, entitled *Der Gläubigen Seele Geistliche Betrachtungen Ihres leidenden Jesu*, directed by J. S. Bach, and, in 1736, in Rudolstadt and in Nürnberg.

Three Passions by Georg Philipp Telemann are also known by their incipit *Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld*: a St Mark Passion of 1723, TWV 5:8, a St John Passion of 1745, TWV 5:30, and a St Matthew Passion of 1766, TWV 5:51. *Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld*, GWV 1119/24, is a church cantata for the last Sunday before Lent (Estomihi) composed by Christoph Graupner in 1724. Johann Gottfried Walther set "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" for organ. BWV 267 is Johann Sebastian Bach's chorale harmonisation of Dachstein's hymn tune. Carl Heinrich Graun composed a Passion named after the hymn, *Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld*, GraunWV B:VII:4, for soloists, choir and orchestra, which has been called *Kleine Passion* (Little Passion), in comparison to his better-known *Der Tod Jesu*.

Gottfried August Homilius, a *Kreuzkantor* in Dresden, composed a Passion cantata for soloists, choir and orchestra, HoWV I.2, printed by Breitkopf in 1775. Like his St Matthew Passion, HoWV 1.3, it starts with the words "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld". Chorale preludes on "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" were composed by Johann Christian Kittel, Gustav Flügel, Carl Steinhäuser and Philipp Wolfrum. Hugo Distler's *Der Jahrkreis*, Op. 5, contains an SSA setting of "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld".

## Sources

## Further reading

* Axmacher, Elke (2001). "'Lamm' und 'Blut' im Gedächtnis der Liebe: Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld". *Johann Arndt und Paul Gerhardt: Studien zur Theologie, Frömmigkeit und geistlichen Dichtung des 17. Jahrhunderts*. Mainzer Hymnologische Studien (in German). Vol. 3. Francke. pp. 209–232. ISBN 3772029132.

## InfoBox

| "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" | |
| --- | --- |
| Lutheran Passion hymn | |
| 1667 edition of 120 hymns by Paul Gerhardt, which contains "Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld" as its first item. | |
| English | A Lambkin goes and bears the guilt |
| Occasion | Passiontide |
| Text | by Paul Gerhardt |
| Language | German |
| Melody | "An Wasserflüssen Babylon" |
| Published | 1647 (1647) |


title: 1953 Emperor's Cup

text:
# 1953 Emperor's Cup

Statistics of Emperor's Cup in the 1953 season.

## Overview

It was contested by 16 teams. All Kwangaku won the final and the championship.

## Results

### 1st Round

### Quarterfinals

### Semifinals

### Final

All Kwangaku won the championship.

* (in Japanese) NHK

## InfoBox

1953 Emperor's Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Japan |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | All Kwangaku |
| Runner-up | Osaka Club |
| Semifinalists |  |
|  | |


title: Egira dolosa

abstract: Egira dolosa is a moth in the family Noctuidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1880. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Egira dolosa is 10513.

text:
# Egira dolosa

***Egira dolosa*** is a moth in the family Noctuidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1880. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Egira dolosa* is 10513.

## Further reading

* Ross H. Arnett (30 July 2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0212-1.
* Lafontaine, J. Donald & Schmidt, B. Christian (2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". *ZooKeys*. vol. 40, 1-239.

## InfoBox

| *Egira dolosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Egira* |
| Species: | ***E. dolosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Egira dolosa***<br>(Grote, 1880) | |
|


title: Edward Meldrum

abstract: Edward Meldrum FRSE DL (1821–1875) was a Scottish chemist who was partner to James Young in his oil and paraffin ventures creating the company Young & Meldrum and the independent company of Meldrum & Co in Glasgow.

text:
# Edward Meldrum

**Edward Meldrum**  FRSE DL (1821–1875) was a Scottish chemist who was partner to James Young in his oil and paraffin ventures creating the company **Young & Meldrum** and the independent company of **Meldrum & Co** in Glasgow.

## Life

He was born in 1821 in Kirkcaldy in Fife. He was educated at Kirkcaldy and then St Andrews.

He gained early experience at Muspratt's Chemical Works in Liverpool. Here in 1842 he encountered and befriended the company's manager, James Young. In 1848 he went into partnership with Young in the petrol works at Alfreton discovered by Lyon Playfair. When Young made his famous paraffin discoveries near Bathgate it was Meldrum with whom he formed a business partnership to extract the paraffin.

In 1855 he was running the oil firm of Meldrum & Co from 33, 35 Great Dovehill in Glasgow.

In 1863 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers was Lyon Playfair.

In 1866 he formed with P McLagan MP to create the Uphall Mineral Company. At this time he acquired and rebuilt Dechmont House nearby, renaming it Dechmont Castle.

He was Deputy Lieutenant of Linlithgowshire.

He died at home in Dechmont on 13 June 1875.

## Family

He was married with four children.

## Artistic Recognition

His marble bust sculpted by William Brodie was presented to Bathgate Town Hall in 1876 by James Young.


title: Andrew Raspin

abstract: Andrew Raspin is a British slalom canoeist who competed in the 1990s. He won a bronze medal in the K-1 team event at the 1995 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Nottingham. He also won a bronze medal in the K1 event at the 1998 European Championships in Roudnice nad Labem. His older brother Ian Raspin is also a slalom canoeist.

text:
# Andrew Raspin

**Andrew Raspin** (born 1969) is a British slalom canoeist who competed in the 1990s.

He won a bronze medal in the K-1 team event at the 1995 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Nottingham. He also won a bronze medal in the K1 event at the 1998 European Championships in Roudnice nad Labem.

His older brother Ian Raspin is also a slalom canoeist.

## InfoBox

Andrew Raspin
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe slalom | | |
| Representing  Great Britain | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1995 Nottingham | K1 team |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 1998 Roudnice nad Labem | K1 |


title: Aneta Siemiginowska

abstract: Aneta Siemiginowska is a Polish-American astrophysicist whose research involves high-energy cosmic objects including supermassive black hole, quasars, blazars, active galaxies, and astrophysical jets. She works at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian as a senior astrophysicist in the Chandra X-ray Center.

text:
# Aneta Siemiginowska

**Aneta Siemiginowska** is a Polish-American astrophysicist whose research involves high-energy cosmic objects including supermassive black hole, quasars, blazars, active galaxies, and astrophysical jets. She works at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian as a senior astrophysicist in the Chandra X-ray Center.

## Education and career

Siemiginowska wanted to be an astronomer from a very young age. She has a master's degree from the University of Warsaw, and a Ph.D. from the Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences. She came to the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics as a postdoctoral researcher, before obtaining a staff astrophysicist position there.

## Recognition

Siemiginowska was named a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020.


title: Eight Skilled Gentlemen

abstract:
Eight Skilled Gentlemen is a novel by Barry Hughart, first published in 1990.
It is the third, and final, part of a series set in a version of ancient China that began with Bridge of Birds and The Story of the Stone.

text:
# Eight Skilled Gentlemen

***Eight Skilled Gentlemen*** is a novel by Barry Hughart, first published in 1990. It is the third, and final, part of a series set in a version of ancient China that began with *Bridge of Birds* and *The Story of the Stone*.

## Plot summary

In this novel, Li Kao and Number Ten Ox are attending the execution of a notorious criminal (about whose capture the less said the better, according to the chronicler) when into the public square bounds a "vampire ghoul" who soon meets a fiery demise. Master Li is given the case by the "Celestial Master" who soon becomes a main suspect. The plot involves everything from a conspiracy involving fake tea to dog-brides, puppeteers to magic birdcages, assorted pre-Chinese demons and gods, and the hooded and ancient Eight Skilled Gentlemen.

The plot also involves a subject rarely mentioned in fiction, the pre-Chinese aborigines and their gods.

## Reviews

*The Washington Post* called this book "a refreshing change from the dull and endless parade of Celtic myth that dominates the fantasy marketplace." They compare his writing to Ernest Bramah's Kai Lung novels and Robert van Gulik's Judge Dee mysteries.

*School Library Journal* states "This is a mystery story for those who don't read mysteries, a fantasy novel for people who don't read fantasy, and a good time for anyone."

*Publishers Weekly* described the book as "Superbly written and narrated in the humorously observant voice of Number Ten Ox, this is a book not to be missed."

## InfoBox

Eight Skilled Gentlemen
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Barry Hughart |
| Language | English |
| Series | Chronicles of Master Li and Number Ten Ox |
| Subject | China -- Fiction |
| Genre | Historical Fiction, Fantastic Fiction |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | 1991 |
| Publication place | USA |
| Media type | Book |
| Pages | 255 |
| ISBN | 0-385-41709-8 |
| OCLC | 22509949 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 20 |
| LC Class | PS3558.U347 E37 1991 |
| Preceded by | *The Story of the Stone;<br>Also published in omnibus edition:* The Chronicles of Master Li and Number Ten Ox*.* |


title: Eight Skull

abstract: Eight Skull was one of two known rulers of Ixkun, Mayan city. His successor was Rabbit God K. Stela 2 records two battles, one against Sacul on 21 December 779 and the other against Ucanal on 10 May 780. It is said on the stela that Eight Skull was a predecessor of Rabbit God K. The text is incomplete. Stela 12 is believed to have been dedicated by Eight Skull.

text:
# Eight Skull

**Eight Skull** (ruled ? - c. 790) was one of two known rulers of Ixkun, Mayan city. His successor was Rabbit God K.

Stela 2 records two battles, one against Sacul on 21 December 779 and the other against Ucanal on 10 May 780. It is said on the stela that Eight Skull was a predecessor of Rabbit God K. The text is incomplete.

Stela 12 is believed to have been dedicated by Eight Skull.

* Laporte, Juan Pedro (2005). "Terminal Classic Settlement and Polity in the Mopan Valley, Petén, Guatemala". In Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S. (eds.). *The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation*. Boulder, colorado: University Press of Colorado. pp. 195–230. ISBN 0-87081-822-8.
* Laporte, Juan Pedro; Mejía, Héctor E. (2005). Laporte, J.P.; Mejía, H. (eds.). "Los monumentos esculpidos de Ixkun y algunos aspectos históricos del sitio" (PDF). *Ixkun, Petén, Guatemala: Exploraciones en una ciudad del alto Mopan, 1985-2005* (in Spanish). with collaboration of Héctor L. Escobedo and Phil Wanyerka. Guatemala: Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala, Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. pp. 156–217.

## InfoBox

| Eight Skull | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ajaw* | |
| Stela 12 was possibly dedicated by Eight Skull. | |
| King of Ixkun | |
| Reign | c.779-790 |
| Successor | Rabbit God K |
|  | |
| Born | Ixkun |
| Died | c.790<br>Ixkun |
| Spouse | Lady Ik (possibly) |
| Issue | Rabbit God K (possibly) |
| Religion | Maya religion |


title: 1954 Ecuadorian parliamentary election

text:
# 1954 Ecuadorian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Ecuador on 6 June 1954.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Concentration of People's Forces | 113,947 | 26.06 |
|  | Conservative Party | 101,537 | 23.22 |
|  | Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party | 64,601 | 14.77 |
|  | Democratic People's Front | 51,541 | 11.79 |
|  | Socialist Party | 29,829 | 6.82 |
|  | People's Union | 5,149 | 1.18 |
|  | Others | 70,675 | 16.16 |
| Total | | 437,279 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Valid votes | | 437,279 | 94.00 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 27,908 | 6.00 |
| Total votes | | 465,187 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 569,959 | 81.62 |
| Source: Nohlen | | | |


title: Andrew Warde

abstract: Andrew Warde (1597–1659) was a colonist, judge, farmer, and a founding father of the Connecticut towns of Wethersfield, Stamford, and Fairfield.

text:
# Andrew Warde

**Andrew Warde** (15971659) was a colonist, judge, farmer, and a founding father of the Connecticut towns of Wethersfield, Stamford, and Fairfield.

## Life

Andrew Warde was born in Sheffield, England, in 1597. He emigrated to New England with the Winthrop Fleet, arriving at Watertown, Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1633. In Watertown, Warde assumed early prominence as a man of affairs; he was made a freeman of the town on May 14, 1634. His name is recorded in the second book of inventory, as having "an homestall of 10 acres, by estimation". He held this estate until 1642, some seven or more years after he had left Watertown. By 1640, Warde also owned over 350 acres of land in Weathersfield, Connecticut Colony.

A historical marker in Wethersfield credit Warde with the other nine adventurers who founded arguably the oldest English town in Connecticut. "In 1634, at a deep bend in the Connecticut River, John Oldham and nine other adventurers from Watertown were welcomed by the Wongunk Indians, anxious to trade beaver pelts. Marsh hay in the low meadows and the rich alluvial soil soon attracted settlers who planted their farms on the broad terrace above the River. The surrounding forest gave up timber for houses, and the town was laid out with a Common alongside the present Cove. The settlers named the town Wethersfield. At that time it included the parishes of Rocky Hill to the south, Newington to the west, and Glastonbury to the east, across the river, where they pastured their livestock."

In 1635/36, he was one of several (eight) persons granted to govern the people at Connecticut by the general court of Massachusetts Bay colony under Gov. Winthrop. Along with other founders of Connecticut, he likely attended the meeting that resulted in the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

In 1640, Warde, Robert Coe, and eighteen others founded and settled the plantation of Toquams (later called Stamford) that had recently been purchased from the Natives. There he was the Constable (1642) and then Magistrate (1647). His final settlement was in Fairfield.

## Legacy

On June 13, 1907, a monument to Andrew Ward was unveiled in Fairfield cemetery, and a speech was made in celebration of his life by Henry C. Sturges, Esq.

## Sources


title: Andrew Wardrop

abstract: Andrew Wardrop FRCSEd (c.1740–1789) was an 18th-century Scottish surgeon who served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh for the period 1788 to 1789.

text:
# Andrew Wardrop

**Andrew Wardrop** FRCSEd (c.17401789) was an 18th-century Scottish surgeon who served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh for the period 1788 to 1789.

## Life

In 1783 he was living at 2 Princes Street then a newly built house in Edinburgh's New Town.

He worked alongside Benjamin Bell and James Russell in Edinburgh and taught anatomy and surgery at the University of Edinburgh.

In 1788 he succeeded Dr Forrest Dewar as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1790 he was succeeded by William Inglis.

He last appears in Edinburgh Street Directories in 1789 living at 2 South Hanover Street in Edinburgh's New Town. He is presumed to have died during his presidency, causing the college to call on the services of William Inglis (who already had experience as President).

## Family

He was great uncle to the eminent surgeon James Wardrop.

He was father to his namesake Dr Andrew Wardrop FRSE (1755-1823) a founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783.


title: Andrew Wareham

abstract: Andrew Wareham is a British historian who has written numerous books and articles on Anglo-Saxon history, Anglo-Norman history and the hearth tax. He is employed as a reader in the department of humanities at Roehampton University, London.

text:
# Andrew Wareham

**Andrew Wareham** (born 1965) is a British historian who has written numerous books and articles on Anglo-Saxon history, Anglo-Norman history and the hearth tax. He is employed as a reader in the department of humanities at Roehampton University, London.

## Education and career

He was educated at Birmingham University (BA, PhD, PGCE) and King's College London (MA). His doctoral dissertation, supervised by Nicholas Brooks and completed in 1992, investigated the late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman aristocracy in East Anglia. After working as a temporary lecturer in medieval history at the Universities of Manchester and Oxford (1992–4), he was employed by the Institute of Historical Research (1995–2002). His connections through family and friends with South/East Asia led to his work on the comparative history of Europe and South/East Asia in the early middle ages, partly completed while an academic visitor at the Department of Economic History, LSE and the Department of Economics, Lingnan University (2003–4).

He was a research associate in the Department of Digital Humanities at King’s College London (2003–6) working on the AHRC Durham Liber Vitae project, and in 2006 he was appointed as director of the British Academy Hearth Tax Project (Centre for Hearth Tax Research) in the Department of Humanities at Roehampton University. In 2007 he was promoted to reader in medieval & early modern history. In 2010 John Price, Ruth Selman and Wareham established the first digital portal for the publication of hearth tax records (Hearth Tax Online, 2010). In 2019 this was replaced by Hearth Tax Digital, which was designed by Georg Vogeler and Wareham, and arises from a partnership between the British Academy Hearth Tax Project and Centre for Information Modeling, and provides a new approach to researching the Restoration hearth tax. Users can read and search the returns with all their contextual information and in the original order in which the documents were written and search all the data across counties and returns in the advanced search function, with the enquiries providing the other names which were listed with the name being searched for. This transforms the nature of family history searches for genealogists and through the advanced search and database function provides a powerful research tool for historians.

## Bibliography

### Books

* (*ed.* with H. B. Teunis & A. J. Bijsterveld) *Negotiating Secular and Ecclesiastical Power: Western Europe in the Central Middle Ages* (Brepols, 1999)
* *A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: X. Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds* (2002)
* *Lords and Communities in Early Medieval East Anglia* (Boydell & Brewer, 2005)
* (*ed.* with Julia Barrow) *Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks* (2008)
* (with Colin Phillips, Catherine Ferguson) *Westmorland Hearth Tax, Michaelmas 1670 and Surveys 1674-5* (2009)
* (with David Hey, Colum Giles & Margaret Spufford) *Yorkshire West Riding Hearth Tax Assessment, Lady Day 1672* (2007)
* (with Catherine Ferguson and Chris Thornton) *Essex hearth tax return Michaelmas 1670* (London) (2012)
* (with Matthew Davies, Catherine Ferguson, Vanessa Harding and Elizabeth Parkinson) *London and Middlesex 1666 hearth tax* (London), 2 vols (2014)

### Articles

* ‘The motives and politics of the Bigod family c.1066-1177’, *Anglo-Norman Studies*, 17 (1994)
* 'St Oswald’s family and kin', in *St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence*, eds. N.P. Brooks and C.R.E. Cubitt (Leicester University Press, 1996)
* 'The Feudal Revolution in Eleventh-Century East Anglia', *Anglo-Norman Studies* 22 (1999), pp. 293–322
* with Arnoud-Jan Bijsterveld and Henk Teunis), eds., *Negotiating secular and ecclesiastical power: Western Europe in the central middle ages* (Turnhout) (1999)
* ‘Two models of marriage: kinship and the social order in England and Normandy’ in Bijstervled et al., eds, Negotiating secular and ecclesiastical power (1999)
* 'The Transformation of Kinship and the Family in late Anglo-Saxon England', *Early Medieval Europe* 10 (2001), pp. 375–99
* 'Water management and the economic environment in Eastern England, China and the Low Countries c.960-1660: comparisons and consequences', *Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis* (2005/6)
* ‘Kinship’ in M. Schaus, ed, Women and gender in medieval Europe (London) (2006)
* ‘The ordines of the original core’ & ‘Alliance and unification strategies in libri vitae’ in D. and L. Rollason, eds, Durham Liber Vitae, III (London) (2007)
* (with John Moore and Lynda Rollason) ‘Laity: kings, queens and princesses’, ‘Laity: aristocracy, gentry and their entourages’, ‘Laity: other’ in D. and L. Rollason, eds, Durham Liber Vitae, III (London) (2007)
* (with Elizabeth Briggs and David Rollason), ‘Original core’ in D. and L. Rollason, eds, Durham Liber Vitae, III (London) (2007)
* (with Xiaagdong Wei) 'Taxation and the Economy in Late Eleventh-Century England: reviving the Domesday regression debate', *Anglo-Norman Studies* 29 (2007), pp. 214–27
* (with Alex Burghart) ‘Was there an agricultural revolution in Anglo-Saxon England?’ in Barrow and Wareham, *Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters* (2008)
* ‘The hearth tax and empty properties in London on the eve of the Great Fire’ *The Local Historian*, 41 (2011)
* ‘Fiscal policies and the institution of a tax state in Anglo-Saxon England within a comparative context’ *Economic History Review*, 65 (2012)
* ‘The redaction of cartularies and economic upheaval in Western England c. 996-1096’ *Anglo-Norman Studies*, 36 (2013)
* (with Dominic Goodall) ‘The political significance of gifts of power in the Khmer and Mercian kingdoms, 793-926’, *Medieval Worlds*, 6 (2017)
* ‘The unpopularity of the hearth tax and the social geography of London in 1666’ *Economic History Review*, 70 (2017)

### Online

* (with Ruth Selman and John Price) Hearth Tax Online: householders in late 17th century England (Roehampton) (2010)
* (with Georg Vogeler, Theresa Dellinger. Jakob Sonnberger and Aaron Columbus) Hearth Tax Digital (Graz & Roehampton) (2019)


title: Eknaiya River

abstract: Eknaiya is a small river or a natural tributary of Karmanasah River. Eknaiya is located in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India. It plays its role in connecting Ganga River to Karmanasa River. It starts from Zamania and ends at Dewaitha village. Before it was a Large river consisting many tributries but as the time passed the River started drying. Know it is often refferned as a Natural canal.

text:
# Eknaiya River

**Eknaiya** is a small river or a natural tributary of Karmanasah River. Eknaiya is located in Ghazipur District of Uttar Pradesh, India. It plays its role in connecting Ganga River to Karmanasa River. It starts from Zamania and ends at Dewaitha village. Before it was a Large river consisting many tributries but as the time passed the River started drying. Know it is often refferned as a Natural canal.

## InfoBox

| Eknaiya | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Ghazipur |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Karmanasa River |
| Length | 19.5 Km |
| Width |  |
| average | 106ft |


title: 1960 in Spanish television

text:
# 1960 in Spanish television

This is a list of Spanish television related events from 1960.

## Events

## Debuts

* *Acuda al doctor*.
* *Álvaro y su mundo*.
* *Así terminó*.
* *El detective Martínez*
* *Gran teatro*
* *Holmes and Company*
* *Mientras ellos trabajan*
* *Mujeres solas*.
* *La otra vida de López*
* *Tercero derecha*
* *Una pareja cualquiera*
* *Adivine su vida*
* *Artes plásticas*
* *Aula 1*
* *Cada miércoles un problema*
* *Cada semana*
* *Campeones*
* *Carrusel*
* *Cinco duros por segundo*
* *Cine-Fórum*
* *Club del martes*
* *Con el código en la mano*
* *La copa*
* *Cuando ellas veranean*
* *Cuarta dimensión*
* *Cuestiones Bíblicas*
* *Diario de a bordo*
* *La España contemporánea*
* *El cine en casa*
* *El cine y su mundo*
* *El mundo de los animales*
* *El peligro es mi ofiicio*
* *España en verano*
* *Estadio*
* *Estudio galerías*
* *Estilo*
* *Estudio fotográfico*
* *Festival*
* *Fantasía*
* *Foro 7*
* *Gane con Omo*
* *Hazañas del espacio*
* *Hoy dirige...*
* *Intermedio musical*
* *Interpol*
* *Kermesse TVE*
* *La aventura de la música*
* *La familia por dentro*
* *La hora del café*
* *Las letras pagan*
* *La montaña de luz*
* *Lanceros de Bengala*
* *La soltera y su oficio*
* *La subasta*
* *Legión extranjera*
* *Llegó el domingo*
* *Los cipreses creen en Dios*
* *Matrícula de Honor*
* *Mientras ellos trabajan*
* *Miscelánea*
* *Música para el hogar*
* *Pánico*
* *Panorama*
* *Primera División*
* *Primer éxito*
* *Quermese*
* *¿Quién dijo la verdad?*
* *Recreo*
* *Reportajes*
* *Ritmos en cadena*
* *Salón del Prado*
* *Siete días*
* *Teatro Real*
* *Tercera página*
* *Tele-Revista*
* *Tercero derecha*
* *Tiovivo*
* *Una pareja cualquiera*
* *Universidad TV*
* *Vidas con pentagrama*

## Television shows

* *Telediario* (1957- )
* *Fila cero* (1958-1962)
* *Pantalla deportiva* (1959-1963)
* *Fiesta brava* (1959-1964)
* *Gran parada* (1959-1964)
* *Teatro de familia* (1959-1965)
* *Primer aplauso* (1959-1966)
* *Tengo un libro en las manos* (1959-1966)

## Ending this year

* *Teatro Apolo* (158-1960)
* *Club Miramar* (1959-1960)
* *Galería de esposas* (1959-1960)
* *Galería de maridos* (1959-1960)
* *Hogar, dulce hogar* (1959-1960)
* *Palma y Don Jaime* (1959-1960)

## Foreign series debuts in Spain

## Births

## InfoBox

| List of years in Spanish television |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |