title: 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade

abstract: The 173rd Brigade was a formation of the British Army's Territorial Force that was raised in 1915. It was assigned to the 58th Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. Its number was used for a deception formation during the Second World War.

text:
# 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade

The **173rd (3/1st London) Brigade** was a formation of the British Army's Territorial Force that was raised in 1915. It was assigned to the 58th (2/1st London) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War. Its number was used for a deception formation during the Second World War.

## Origin

When the Territorial Force (TF) was created in 1908, the 1st London Brigade in 1st London Division comprised the first four battalions of the new London Regiment, each of which had previously been a Volunteer battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (the City of London Regiment). After the First World War broke out in 1914, the 1st London Brigade was the first complete TF formation to go overseas on service, relieving the Regular Army garrison of Malta. Each battalion left behind a cadre of officers and men (mainly those who were unfit or who had not volunteered for overseas service) to begin the task of raising a 2nd Line battalion from the mass of volunteers who were coming forward. These units were distinguished from the 1st line by a '2/' prefix, so that the 2/1st London Brigade was created in the 2/1st London Division, consisting of the 2/1st, 2/2nd *etc* battalions of the London Regiment. Initially, the 2nd Line was regarded as a reserve for the TF overseas, but its units were soon being prepared for overseas service themselves, and a 3rd Line was organised to train drafts for the first two. As early as December 1914, the 2/1st London Brigade sailed to relieve the 1/1st Brigade in Malta, and was replaced in the 2/1st London Division by the **3/1st London Brigade**. Unusually, therefore, the eventual reserve units of the first four battalions of the London Regiment were numbered as the 4th Line.

### Initial Order of Battle

The 3/1st London Brigade came into existence at Tadworth in Surrey in April 1915 and its first commander, Colonel H. Cholmondeley, CB, (London Rifle Brigade) was appointed on 10 May. Cholmondeley had commanded the Mounted Infantry of the City Imperial Volunteers during the Second Boer War, had commanded a Prisoner of war camp at Lancaster, Lancashire after the outbreak of war in 1914, and had just raised the 3/5th Bn London Regiment (London Rifle Brigade). The 3/1st London Bde's component battalions had already been raised:

Within the division, the brigade was informally known as the 'Fusilier Brigade'.

### 29th Battalion, London Regiment

In June 1915, a reorganisation saw the men of the 3/1st London Brigade who were unfit for overseas service separated out into a composite battalion, the 100th Provisional Battalion. This was stationed at Aldeburgh, guarding the East Coast as part of 6th Provisional Brigade. In August, all the men of the Provisional Battalion were returned to their units except those who had not volunteered for overseas service. These Home Service men continued serving in home defence until 1916, when the Military Service Act swept away the Home/Overseas service distinction and the provisional battalions took on the dual role of home defence and physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas. The 100th Provisional Battalion officially became the **29th (City of London) Bn, London Regiment** (TF) on 1 January 1917. The battalion never served overseas, and was demobilised early in 1919. After the conflict it was mentioned on both the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial and London Troops Memorial, whilst its World War One casualties are listed by name in the roll of honour at the Royal Fusiliers Chapel in St Sepulchre-without-Newgate.

## Training

The 3/1st London Brigade moved to Bury St Edmunds at the end of May, and was soon recruited back to full strength after the departure of the Provisional Battalion. The camp at Tattenham Corner, where 3/2nd Bn had been raised, became the Brigade School of Instruction for training officers of these new units. At the end of June, the brigade moved into billets in Ipswich, where the 2/1st London Division was being concentrated. In August 1915 the division was redesignated the 58th (2/1st London) Division, and the 3/1st London Brigade became the **173rd (3/1st London) Brigade** alongside the 174th (2/2nd London) and 175th (2/3rd London) Brigades.

Although the role of draft-finding for the battalions overseas was now taken over by the brigade's 4th Line battalions, training was disrupted by these frequent moves and by the men being in billets until June 1916 when they moved into Blackrock Camp outside Ipswich. The only weapons available for training were .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles. The battalions absorbed large drafts of recruits under the Derby scheme in February 1916.

In June 1916, the 2/1st Brigade, having seen active service at Gallipoli and against the Senussi rebels, was sent to France where it was broken up and the men drafted to the 1st Line battalions serving on the Western Front with the 56th (1/1st London) Division. As a result, the 3rd Line battalions of the 173rd Bde were renumbered as 2nd Line units.

At the time of the renumbering, the 58th Division was carrying out coast defence duties in East Anglia, but on 10 July 1916 it concentrated at Sutton Veny for battle training on Salisbury Plain. The men finally received Lee Enfield service rifles in place of the Japanese weapons. On 20 January 1917, embarkation of 58th Division for France began at Southampton.

## Western Front

### Order of Battle

During its service on the Western Front, the brigade had the following composition:

### Trench warfare

After concentrating around Lucheux, the brigade went into the line for the first time, at Ransart, south of Arras. This was considered a quiet sector, and the brigade was attached to 146th (1st West Riding) Brigade of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division for an introduction to trench warfare. From February to April, the 58th Division followed up the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line and was then put to work to repair the roads and railways destroyed by the retreating enemy.

### Bullecourt

Under heavy shellfire during the night of 13/14 May, 173rd Bde relieved the 15th Australian Brigade, which had been attacking at the Second Battle of Bullecourt. 2/3rd and 2/4th Battalions formed the front line, with two companies of 2/2nd Bn in support. A serious counter-attack against the brigade's position on 15 May was broken up by shell and small arms fire; a lodgement in 2/3rd Bn's line was driven out with the help of A Company of the 2/2nd. After two days in the line, suffering heavy casualties under bombardment, 2/3rd and 2/4th Bns had to be withdrawn and replaced by the rest of the brigade. 173rd Brigade was relieved by 175th Bde on 21 May. On 15 June the brigade carried out a carefully rehearsed attack to take the last portion of the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt. The attackers were disposed as:

* Right: 1 company 2/3rd Londons
* Right Centre: 1 1(12) companies 2/1st Londons
* Left centre: 1 1(12) companies 2/2nd Londons
* Left: 1 company 2/4th Londons

The attack went in with an extraordinary weight of artillery support: the divisional artilleries of 58th and two other divisions, the corps artillery, and the three brigade machine-gun companies of 58th Division. Zero hour was at 02.50, and tapes and duckboard trench bridges were laid after dark on 14 June to help the troops maintain direction in the maze of trenches. When the barrage opened at 02.50 the troops followed it closely and reached their first objective with little loss but the German pillboxes (*Mannschafts-Eisenbeton-Unterstände* *Mebus*) caused difficulties, while on the left the attackers had overrun their objective and pushed too far forwards into their standing barrage. The brigade attacked again the following night to complete the work, using more companies but the preparations were disrupted by four German counter-attacks starting at 22.30. Eventually the attack began at 03.10 on 16 June, with 2/1st on the right, 2/2nd in the centre and 2/4th on the left. The attack succeeded in establishing itself in the Hindenburg Support Line. Here they were again counter-attacked and messages sent back for artillery support failed to get through; by the end of the day the brigade was back at the Hindenburg Front Line, where it held on until relieved by 174th Bde at 02.30 on 17 June. Casualties for the two days amounted to 49 officers and 955 other ranks.

### Ypres

After a period of further training, labouring and trench holding near Arras and then at Havrincourt the 58th Division moved to the Ypres Salient in late August 1917. 173rd Brigade took over the division's frontage on 11/12 September. In preparation for the attack of 20 September (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge), a series of trench raids was undertaken. On 14 September, A Company of 2/1st Bn raided the strongly fortified area round 'Winnipeg Crossroads': the raid was a failure, with over three quarters of the attackers posted missing, and drew a quick counter-attack from the enemy, which was also repulsed. During the exchange of shellfire on 19 September, 173rd Bde's commander, Brig-Gen Bernard Freyberg, was wounded on his way up to his battle HQ, though he continued to command the brigade from a stretcher until evacuated after the following morning's attack, when he was temporarily replaced by Lt-Col Dann of the 2/4th Bn.

173rd Brigade's attack was carried out by 2/4th Bn, advancing in four company columns, each 100 strong, against Winnipeg Crossroads. The rest of the brigade was not involved in the attack, except for C Company of 2/3rd Bn making a mock attack as a diversion. Assembling the attackers in the thick mud and darkness caused problems, but the assault went in at 05.40 behind an intense creeping barrage. Only at Schuler Farm, where the supporting tanks were bogged down and the attacking platoon was almost wiped out, did the attack fail. The battalion was on its other objectives within half an hour, but casualties from shellfire had been severe, and a company of 2/3rd Bn was sent to thicken up the line. Similarly, British shellfire broke up a German counter-attack, and Schuler Farm was evacuated, so that the planned follow-up attack by 2/3rd Bn became unnecessary. 2/2nd Battalion took over the line, consolidated, and brought in wounded until the brigade was relieved during the night of 20/21 September. Although 58th Division participated in the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), 173rd Bde was not engaged (though 2/2nd Bn helped 175th Bde with a mock attack as a diversion), and afterwards the 58th went into reserve.

The division returned to the line for the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October). As it arrived, the weather broke, the brigade came under heavy shellfire as it assembled in the Poelcapelle area, and was forced to jump off from a line of flooded craters and struggle forward behind an inadequate barrage that advanced too quickly. The attack was led by 2/2nd and 2/3rd Bns of 173rd Bde with 2/1st Bn in support. 2/2nd Battalion took some pillboxes at Cameron House but was partially forced back by a counter-attack; 2/3rd Bn became mired in mud attempting to take Spider crossroads and were driven back to their start line, losing their CO. 2/4th Battalion was detailed to leap-frog through and take 173rd Bde's second objective, but the exhausted men, with hardly a rifle able to fire because of the mud, only took one post, at Tracas Farm, before being pushed back to their start line. The battalion suffered so many casualties that it had to be reorganised as a single company. 173rd Brigade was relieved by 174th Bde, which continued attacking on 30 October. After the failure of the battle, 58th Division continued to hold the line at Polecapelle through the winter months.

### Reorganisation

58th Division was transferred to the south in January 1918. Here it spent time digging defences, converting former French positions into the newly devised defences in depth. The BEF was suffering a manpower shortage, and its brigades were reduced from a four-battalion to a three-battalion establishment. In 173rd Bde this resulted in 2/1st Bn being broken up on 31 January and its men drafted to the other battalions of the brigade and to 1/4th Bn in 56th Division. At the same time 1/3rd Bn was transferred in from 56th Division to be amalgamated with 2/3rd Bn, and thereafter became simply 3rd Bn.

### Spring Offensive

When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 58th Division was positioned astride the River Oise with 173rd Bde north of the river at La Fère. It was covering a wide frontage of about 5000 yards with 2/2nd Londons in the Forward Zone in a series of four company outposts on the line of the St. Quentin Canal, and 2/4th Londons behind them in the Battle Zone, where each company was in a 'defended locality' with a central keep and outlying redoubts. The wide spaces between outposts and defended localities were covered by the brigade machine gun company. General Oskar von Hutier directed four German divisions under Von Gayl against this front. 173rd Brigade's Signal HQ was knocked out early in the bombardment and no orders went out, but 2/4th Bn deployed to their positions on their own initiative. The whole position was shrouded in mist, aiding the German infiltration tactics. They crossed the canal by plank bridges and cleared the Forward Zone by midday, virtually wiping out 2/2nd Bn except A Company at Travercy, then 2/4th Bn in the Battle Zone were engaged as the mist lifted. This battalion held on until nightfall, supported by detachments of 3rd Bn from reserve and the divisional pioneers of 1/4th Bn Suffolk Regiment. Most of C Company 2/4th Bn at the Triangle locality, supported by a single 18-pounder field gun, were eventually captured, but by midnight the rest of the battalion had withdrawn in good order across the Crozat Canal. Only the cut-off A Company 2/2nd Bn held out, until forced to surrender at 01.00 on 23 March.

While the 8th Londons of 174th Bde held the canal, the three companies of 2/4th Bn dug in on the Vouel Line behind them. The German attack was renewed in the afternoon of 22 March, but the canal was held until nightfall, the only attacks on the Vouel Line coming from German artillery ranged in by spotter aircraft. The following day, the Vouel Line (now the British front line) became crowded with French troops from a failed counter-attack on the canal, while the left flank was 'in the air' after the retreat of 18th (Eastern) Division. The position became untenable at mid-day, and 2/4th Bn and the French troops had to make a fighting withdrawal to the partly dug Green Line about 1500 yards back. With continued pressure on the open left flank, 173rd Bde was forced to withdraw again, beyond Viry-Noureuil. By now the fighting strength of 2/4th Londons was about 120 men, who came under the command of 8th Londons. However, the battalion's second-in-command, Major Grover, led up a scratch force of 280 clerks, cooks and drivers from the brigade's rear areas. By nightfall, 'Grover's Force' blocked the way to Chauny on the St Quentin Canal, with the combined 2/4th and 8th Londons to his left and the 18th Entrenching Battalion (formed from disbanded battalions of 18th Division) to his right astride the canal.

The mixed force under 173rd Bde held out on the fourth day of the battle until the afternoon, when they made a planned withdrawal, and by 16.30 had retired across the Oise to join the rest of 58th Division. Here a composite 'Fusilier Battalion' was formed under Lt-Col Dann of the 2/4th, with a company drawn from each of the 2/2nd, 3rd, 2/4th and 8th Londons, which held the river crossings until relieved on the night of 25/26 March. Out of the line, Grover's Force and the Fusilier Battalion were reorganised, so that the Fusilier Battalion now represented the whole of 173rd Bde, to which the 12th Londons (175th Bde) and the 18th Entrenching Bn were attached.

### Villers Bretonneux

58th Division was relieved by the French on 2/3 April and was moved by rail to cover Villers-Bretonneux against the continuing German advance. The battalions were replenished with drafts, 2/2nd Bn receiving three companies of the disbanded 12th Bn Middlesex Regiment from 18th Entrenching Bn, and 2/4th Bn two companies from 16th Entrenching Bn (mostly from the disbanded 6th King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry from the 14th (Light) Division), Many of these drafts were very young recruits sent out from England. After a period working on defences, sometimes under fire, the brigade went back into the front line on 17–18 April.

The battered 173rd Bde was not involved with the rest of the division in the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, but was holding the division's front line (3rd Bn right, 2/2nd Bn centre and 2/4th Bn left) when the German Second Army launched the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux on 24 April. The German barrage fell at 04.00, including a high proportion of gas shells, and caused serious casualties to the defending companies. The attack came at different times. At Hangard Wood in the centre, 2/2nd Bn was attacked at about 06.00, and the SOS rockets calling for artillery support could not be seen due to the mist. When a message got through to the British guns their fire fell short, on the defenders. Nevertheless, the three front line companies held their position. 2/4th Battalion on the left was attacked out of the mist by six German A7V tanks and fell back, uncovering the flank of 2/2nd Bn. C Company of 2/2nd was sent up as reinforcements, carrying extra ammunition, but the infiltrating German infantry had almost cut off D Company and were working round behind 2/2nd Bn's HQ. However, the 2/4th quickly realised that the tanks were manoeuvring ineffectually, so they rallied at the company HQ line and then fell back slowly. They inflicted heavy casualties on the three following waves of German infantry, finally halting them at the Cachy Switch trench. 2/4th Bn's support company was almost cut off but also fought its way back to the Switch. An 18-pounder gun was manhandled to 2/4th Bn's HQ, where it drove back the remaining German tanks. 3rd Bn continued to hold its position. Once the mist cleared a second German attack was broken up by artillery fire. Further to the left, Villers-Bretonneux had been captured but a counter-attack the same night regained the ruins and most of the lost ground.

The brigade spent the summer of 1918 working on the defences in front of Amiens. Although its battalions received some drafts of recruits from home they were never made up to full strength. During spells in the line the battalions carried out a number of patrols into No man's land to train the young soldiers. At this period the 1918 flu pandemic caused more casualties than the Germans.

### Chipilly

For the opening attack of the Hundred Days Offensive (the Battle of Amiens) on 8 August 1918, 174th Bde was given the initial objective of capturing Malard Wood, after which 173rd Bde would pass through to take the vital Chipilly Ridge overlooking a bend in the River Somme and flanking the battlefield. 173rd Brigade moved off in 'artillery formation' through the German barrage that fell behind 174th Bde, with 3rd Bn on the right, 2/4th Bn on the left, and 2/2nd Bn in reserve. During this advance the battalion HQ staff of 2/4th Bn were wounded by shellfire. In the morning mist this battalion drifted to the left of its intended line of advance, followed by 2/2nd Bn. They also had to deal with isolated pockets of resistance, and their supporting tanks got lost in the mist. At 08.30, as the leading companies reached the far edge of Malard Wood, the mist began to clear and they were brought to a halt by machine gun fire across the gully in front of the wood. The CO of 2/2nd Bn, Lt-Col Miller, began to reorganise the mixed-up battalions and completed the clearance of Malard Wood. Aircraft erroneously reported British troops on Chipilly Ridge, so when 2/2nd began the second phase of the attack at 15.00 no artillery fire was brought onto the ridge. Without artillery support the attackers could only reach the lower slopes of Chipilly Ridge. 2/2nd Londons were forced back to Malard Wood, where the brigade dug in. Casualties in this debacle had been very heavy.

The failure to take Chipilly Ridge resulted in heavy casualties to the troops to the left of 58th Division who were overlooked by this feature. The division therefore made a second attack on 9 August. Orders arrived late and 173rd Bde attacked from an assembly trench that turned out to be no more than a string of shell-holes, and behind a misdirected barrage. The attacking troops were controlled by Lt-Col Miller of 2/3nd Bn, who disposed them with 3nd Bn on the right, 2/4th in the centre and 2/2nd on the left, with 2/10th Londons (from 175th Bde) in reserve. Supporting troops of the 131st US Infantry were rushed up on the left but were not yet in line when the creeping barrage began, so 173rd Bde was enfiladed from Chipilly village. Under heavy fire and taking serious casualties, the 2/4th dug in under the shelter of the Chipilly gully. Before nightfall, the 2/10th Londons and 131st US Infantry managed to clear Chipilly village and 173rd Bde finally dislodged the defenders from the ridge.

The battalions had lost heavily over the two-day battle, and at one point 2/4th Bn had five acting COs in 12 hours. Between 10 and 22 August they were brought up to strength with large drafts from various London battalions and some seasoned soldiers from 14th (Light) Division.

### Bapaume

The Second Battle of Bapaume opened on 22 August and was continued with a night attack on 23/24 August, in which 173rd Bde supported 175th Bde and 47th Division. A dawn attack on 25 August found the German positions empty, and 2/4th Londons was sent forward with a Troop of the Northumberland Hussars and sections of the Royal Field Artillery and Machine Gun Corps as an advanced guard to re-establish contact with the enemy. In these unusual conditions of open warfare, the battalion marched in column up a road until the cavalry contacted the enemy at Billon Wood, when the companies deployed and attacked, supported by 2/2nd and 3rd Bns. Despite intense shelling, the brigade was established on the far side of the wood by the end of the day.

The Brigade entered Maricourt the following day, but with its flanks 'in the air' it fell back to a line just short of the village. The attack was renewed on 27 August, with 2/4th Bn in support of 3rd Londons. The defence was sporadic, and the two battalions passed through the village, which 2/2nd Bn mopped up in the afternoon. The following day 2.2nd Bn led the attack with 3rd Bn in support, taking Clapham Farm by afternoon. The brigade was then rested until 1 September, when at short notice a dawn attack was made towards Bouchavesnes. 3rd Londons on the left and 2/4th on the right followed the creeping barrage, overcame some resistance at the edge of the village, and was on its final objective by 10.45. 58th Division was then relieved in the line.

### Épehy

After a period in reserve, the 58th Division returned to the offensive, and on 7 September 173rd Bde was brought up by buses into divisional reserve. After an unsuccessful attack by 174th Bde the very weak 173rd Bde took over the attack on 10 September, towards the villages round Épehy on the last ridge before the Canal du Nord, forming the Hindenburg outpost positions. 2/2nd Bn led with the 2/4th in close support towards Pézières while 3rd Bn went for Épehy. 2/4th Londons were then to turn south and pop up between the two leading battalions. The brigade went forward behind creeping barrage at 05.15, in bad weather. The two villages were taken, but considerable opposition was met from the German Alpine Corps, and the attack lost cohesion in the ruined streets. The barrage had not dealt with machine gun nests and the brigade (now only about 900 strong) was too weak to mop them up unaided. 2/2nd Londons found themselves surrounded and had to fight their way back. A second attempt was made at 13.00 to establish a line between the two villages, using infiltration tactics and the brigade's light Stokes mortars, but with no better success.

### Reorganisation

Despite the successes of the Hundred Days Offensive, the BEF's manpower crisis was now severe, and on 12 September 1918 the remnant of the 2/4th Bn was amalgamated into 2/2nd Bn and its place in the brigade filled by 2/24th Bn (Queen's), which had been brought back to the Western Front from the 60th (2/2nd London) Division in Palestine and had been attached to 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division since July.

The Épehy position was now to be taken by deliberate assault (the Battle of Épehy). 173rd Brigade renewed the division's attack on Pézières, A, B, and D Companies of 2/2nd Bn and two tanks being detailed to take the first two objectives, with 2/24th Bn in close support for mopping up and 3rd Bn to take a small area on the right. The attack was scheduled for 16 September but postponed until the 18th. There was no preliminary bombardment, but the creeping barrage began with three minutes on the start line and then lifted 100 yards every four minutes. The pre-dawn attack in drizzle went well, despite the Alpine troops' resistance, and within an hour 2/2nd Bn had reached the railway embankment beyond Pézières (the first objective). At 07.00 the whole battalion moved on towards is second objective, which it took by 09.10, but 2/24th was held up by a number of strongpoints. These were cleared up by 2/2nd and 3rd Bns at 21.00, but the Germans in Poplar Trench held out until mid-morning the following day. 173rd Brigade was relieved on 20 September.

### Pursuit to the Scheldt

58th Division returned to the line north of the Scarpe between Lens and Loos on 30 September. On 2 October it was found that the Germans had withdrawn on this front during the night and 173rd Bde was pushed forward through the day. After midnight it pushed on again until its patrols found the new German defences at the Oppy–Mericourt–Pont á Vendin Line.

The Germans withdrew further to the Drocourt–Queant Switch Line on 9 October, but the village of Noyelles still held out, until 173rd Bde helped 37th Bde to capture it. On 11 October, the brigade received its orders late, but advanced about a mile with the support of the divisional artillery to take Harnes Fosses (coal-mines) without opposition. The following day 173rd and 175th Bdes took Harnes and the Annay Switch line, and on 13 October pushed on through Annay and advanced to within a thousand yards of the Haute Deûle canal. Patrols that night found the canal strongly held.

The German withdrawal continued on 15 October and 2/2nd Londons established footbridges over the canal. 173rd Brigade was then in divisional reserve while the pursuit continued. By 20 October, German resistance was slight; the brigade's advance was only held up by fire from a small village to its flank. The following day it pushed on to the Scheldt and established posts in the villages overlooking the river. During the night the 504th Field Company, Royal Engineers, built a footbridge over a destroyed road bridge, but patrols were unable to cross until the morning, when a few of 2/24th Londons got across supported by a field battery and machine guns. They were driven back. Next, 504th Fd Co made a raft of barrels and floorboards taken from the local brewery and two companies of 2/2nd Londons tried and failed to get across. Shelling drove the brigade's support battalion back out of its position. However, Brig-Gen Corkran had gathered valuable information about the terrain.

58th Division then thinned out its outposts along the river, leaving 174th Bde, plus one battalion from 173rd, in position. On 8 November, the enemy began to pull back from the Scheldt and 2/2nd Londons crossed with 174th Bde. The advance then continued until 11 November, when the Armistice with Germany came into force.

## Disbandment

After the Armistice, 58th Division remained in the Péruwelz area of Belgium. Education and training courses were carried out for men preparing for demobilisation, and skilled tradesmen and miners were the first to be sent home. 2/2nd Londons were disbanded on 26 February. At the beginning of March 1919 the dwindling division concentrated round Leuze, and on 12 March the three brigade HQs were disbanded and amalgamated into a single 58th Division Group HQ.

## Second World War

Second Line TF units and formations were not reformed after the war. However, the 58th Division and the 173rd Brigade were used during the Second World War for 'phantom formations' as part of Operation Fortitude. They were chosen on the basis of Ultra reports that showed the Germans believed a 58th Infantry Division existed in the vicinity of Windsor. This misidentification was then supported by simulated radio traffic and by fictitious reports from double agents working for the British Security Service, MI5.

As part of Fourth Army's II Corps, the 'division' took the role of a mountain trained assault formation in 'Fortitude North' (HQ: Aberlour) and the role of follow up unit in 'Fortitude South' (HQ: Gravesend). It was disposed of by announcing that the division had moved to Hertfordshire and been disbanded in April 1945.

The formation's insignia, a stag's face full on a black square was chosen to support the division's fictional back-story, that it had been formed in the Scottish Highlands around cadres from combat experienced Highland regiments.

## Memorial

The 58th Divisional Memorial, depicting a wounded horse sculpted by Henri Gauquie, is at Chipilly. It was paid for from the profits of the divisional entertainment canteen and barber shop, the remainder funding a Territorial charity that still exists today.

## Commanders

The following officers commanded the 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade during its existence:

* Col H. Cholmondeley, CB, appointed 10 May 1915
* Brig-Gen G.P.S. Hunt, from 9 January 1916
* Lt-Col P.W. Beresford (2/3rd Londons), acting on 20 April 1917
* Brig-Gen Bernard Freyberg, VC, from 21 April 1916; wounded 19 September 1917
* Lt-Col W.R.H Dann (2/4th Londons), acting from 19 September 1917
* Brig-Gen R.B. Worgan, from 3 October 1917
* Brig-Gen C.E. Corkran, from 22 July 1918

## Footnotes

1. Becke, p. 6.
2. Becke, pp. 9–15.
3. Grey, pp. 2–3, 7–8, 14–6, 86–7.
4. Grimwade, pp. 6, 14–7, 115–8.
5. Louis Creswicke, *South Africa and the Transvaal War*, Vol 3.
6. Lonsdale District Scouts: Prisoners of War at Lancaster 1914.
7. Anon, *Short History of the London Rifle Brigade*, Aldershot, 1916.
8. Grey, p. 87.
9. Grimwade, p. 116.
10. London Rgt at Long, Long Trail.
11. London Rgt at Regimental Warpath.
12. 58th Div at Long, Long Trail.
13. 58th Div at Regimental Warpath.
14. Grey, p. 86.
15. Grimwade, p. 115.
16. Grimwade, *passim*.
17. Grimwade, p. 117.
18. Army Council Instruction 221 of January 1916 (Appendix 18).
19. Army Council Instruction 2364 of December 1916 (Appendix 204).
20. Grey, pp. 87–8.
21. Martin, p. 17.
22. 6th Provisional Brigade War Diary, The National Archives, Kew file WO 95/5458.
23. "Porter". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
24. Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 75–82; 101–5
25. Grimwade, pp. 118–9.
26. Grey, pp. 88–9.
27. Grimwade, pp. 112–4, 148–9.
28. Grimwade, p. 236.
29. Grey, pp. 159–60.
30. Martin, pp. 33–5.
31. Martin, Appendix I.
32. Grimwade, p. 239.
33. Grey, pp. 161–9.
34. Grimwade, pp. 241–50.
35. Martin, pp. 36–7.
36. Grey, pp. 200–4.
37. Grimwade, pp. 275–9.
38. Martin, p. 37.
39. Grey, pp. 206–7.
40. Grey, pp. 207–218.
41. Grimwade, pp. 282–288.
42. Grey, pp. 219–21, 235–8.
43. Grimwade, pp. 289–93.
44. Martin, pp. 39–41.
45. Martin, p. 50.
46. Grey, p. 238.
47. Martin, pp. 55–6.
48. Grimwade, pp. 314–5.
49. Grey, p. 239.
50. Grimwade, pp. 310–4.
51. Martin, pp. 60–2.
52. Grey, p. 240.
53. Grimwade, pp. 315–6.
54. Martin, pp. 63–6.
55. Grey, pp. 241–54.
56. Grimwade, pp. 317–20.
57. Martin, pp. 87–94.
58. Grimwade, pp. 321–3, 359–60, 364–7.
59. Martin,pp. 96–100.
60. Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 141–7.
61. Grey, p. 285.
62. Grimwade, pp. 359–60.
63. Martin, p. 107.
64. Blaxland, p. 40.
65. Grey, pp. 286–300.
66. Grimwade, pp. 367–75.
67. Martin, pp. 112–5.
68. Blaxland, pp. 60–1.
69. Grey, pp. 301–4.
70. Grimwade, pp. 375–9.
71. Martin, pp. 115–8.
72. Grey, pp. 304–5.
73. Grimwade, pp. 380–2.
74. Martin, p. 118
75. Grey, pp. 308–9.
76. Grimwade, pp. 383–7.
77. Martin, pp. 123–4, 130–1
78. Grey, pp. 309–15.
79. Grimwade, pp. 388–91.
80. Blaxland, pp. 126–31.
81. Martin, p. 135–43.
82. Grey, pp. 332–7.
83. Grimwade, pp. 418–25.
84. Grey, pp. 344–9.
85. Grimwade, pp. 429–37.
86. Blaxland, pp. 173–5.
87. Martin, pp. 155–8.
88. Grey, pp. 349–51.
89. Grimwade, pp. 437–9.
90. Blaxland, pp. 191–2.
91. Martine, pp. 159–60.
92. Grey, pp. 452–3.
93. Grimwade, pp. 438, 443.
94. Grey, pp. 355–7.
95. Grimwade, pp. 444–8.
96. Martin, pp. 165–6.
97. Grey, pp. 357–9.
98. Grimwade, pp. 449–55.
99. Martin, pp. 165–7.
100. Grey, pp. 372–4.
101. Grimwade, pp. 457–59.
102. Blaxland, p. 225.
103. Martin, p. 171.
104. Grey, p. 374.
105. Grimwade, pp. 459.
106. Grey, pp. 376–8.
107. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, p. 129.
108. Grey, pp. 410–1.
109. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, p. 227.
110. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, pp. 257, 261–3.
111. grey, p. 412.
112. Grey, p. 413–4.
113. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, p. 416–23.
114. Grey, p. 415.
115. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, p. 539.
116. Grey, pp. 416–7.
117. Gey, p. 418.
118. Hesketh.
119. Martin, pp. 185-8.
120. Levine.
121. Holt.
122. Levine, pp. 217, 223.
123. D. Martin, pp. 189–90, Appendix 8 and Epilogue.
* Anon, *Short History of the London Rifle Brigade*, Aldershot, 1916.
* *Army Council Instructions Issued During January 1916*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
* *Army Council Instructions Issued During December 1916*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
* A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
* A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,* London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
* Gregory Blaxland, *Amiens: 1918*, London: Frederick Muller, 1968/Star, 1981, ISBN 0-352-30833-8.
* James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol V, *26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 1-870423-06-2.
* W.E. Grey, *2nd City of London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) in the Great War 1914–19*, Westminster: Regimental Headquarters, 1929/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-843423-69-0
* F. Clive Grimwade, *The War History of the 4th Battalion The London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) 1914–1919*, London: Regimental Headquarters, 1922/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-843423-63-8.
* Roger Hesketh, *Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign*, St Ermine, 1999, ISBN 0316851728.
* Thaddeus Holt, *The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War*, Phoenix, 2005, ISBN 0753819171.
* Joshua Levine, *Operation Fortitude: The Greatest Hoax of the Second World War*, London: Collins, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-739587-3.
* David Martin, *Londoners on the Western Front: The 58th (2/1st London) Division in the Great War*, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78159-180-2.

## InfoBox

| 173rd (3/1st London) Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1915–19<br>1943–45 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Territorial Force |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Brigade |
| Part of | 58th (2/1st London) Division |
| Engagements | First World War:<br>Arras<br>Passchendaele<br>German spring offensive<br>Amiens<br>Hundred Days Offensive<br>Second World War:<br>Operation Fortitude |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Brig-Gen Bernard Freyberg, VC |


title: Allocnemis superba

abstract: Allocnemis superba is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae. The IUCN conservation status of Allocnemis superba is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2016.

text:
# Allocnemis superba

***Allocnemis superba*** is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae.

The IUCN conservation status of *Allocnemis superba* is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2016.

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.

## InfoBox

| *Allocnemis superba* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Platycnemididae |
| Genus: | *Allocnemis* |
| Species: | ***A. superba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allocnemis superba***
(Schmidt, 1951) | |
|


title: Alstonville FC

abstract: Alstonville Football Club are an Australian soccer club from Alstonville, New South Wales, Australia. The club was founded in 1972 as Alstonville Junior Soccer Club. The club plays at Crawford Park in Alstonville and wear Red and Black Striped Shirts and are nicknamed 'Villa.' The club competes in the Football Far North Coast Premier League.

text:
# Alstonville FC

**Alstonville Football Club** are an Australian soccer club from Alstonville, New South Wales, Australia. The club was founded in 1972 as Alstonville Junior Soccer Club.

The club plays at Crawford Park in Alstonville and wear Red and Black Striped Shirts and are nicknamed 'Villa.' The club competes in the Football Far North Coast Premier League.

## FFNC Premier League

Alstonville FC have been playing in the Football Far North Coast Premier League since 1972. However, have only made the end of year finals series once in the 2014 season where they finished fifth. The club were knocked out in the first week of the finals where they lost to fourth-placed Lismore Thistles 1–0. In 2015, the club finished in a secure seventh place. In the 2016 FFNC Premier League season, Alstonville finished in eighth place.

In the COVID-19 shortened 2020 FFNC Premier League season, Alstonville, under the coaching of Dave Gambley came 3rd, their highest ever finish in the FFNC Premier League.

## FFA Cup

The club has entered into the FFA Cup on two occasions.

The club's first attempt in 2015 was their most successful advancing to the Fifth Round of the Northern New South Wales Qualifying after wins against fellow FFNC member clubs Lennox Head (3–1) and Goonellabah (5–0). The club was knocked out in the fifth round after a heavy 8–4 loss against North Coast Football giants Coffs City United Lions.

The club entered the Cup again in 2017 where they picked up a first round win against First Division side Ballina 4–1. They were then knocked out by Bangalow in the next round 2–1.

## InfoBox

Alstonville FC
| Nickname(s) | Villa |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Ground | Crawford Park and Geoff Watt Oval |
| League | FFNC Premier League |
| 2023 | 5th |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: ESCO Group

abstract: ESCO Group LLC is a manufacturer of engineered metal wear parts and components for industrial applications—including mining and construction. Since 1913, the company, which is a division of Weir Group PLC, has been headquartered in Portland, Oregon, USA.

text:
# ESCO Group

**ESCO Group LLC** is a manufacturer of engineered metal wear parts and components for industrial applications—including mining and construction. Since 1913, the company, which is a division of Weir Group PLC, has been headquartered in Portland, Oregon, USA.

## History

ESCO was founded in 1913 by Oregon businessman Charles (C.F.) Swigert as a local source of steel castings. The Electric Steel Foundry Company was founded on property once occupied by the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition.

During its first 30 years, ESCO was mainly a regional supplier of cast steel alloy products for the logging, construction, and pulp and paper industry throughout the Pacific Northwest. In the 1920s, the company expanded production to include cast steel alloy products. The ESCO trademark was first used in 1926 and eventually became the company’s new name.

ESCO survived the Great Depression primarily as a jobbing foundry, making castings for sawmills, pulp and paper mills. In 1932, ESCO opened its first stainless steel industrial service center. During the 1940s, ESCO added new products to meet demand for supply valves, pump bodies, anchor chains and other components for warships and tanks. Postwar productions saw reforms to the company structure.

In 1983, ESCO bought Hyster Company, and then sold it in 1989 to NACCO Industries.

During the 1990s, ESCO expanded operations in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada and entered a joint venture to manufacture products in China. The company also acquired Heflin Steel, producing wear liners and armor plate.

The company announced plans for an initial public offering in May 2011 that could raise as much as $175 million. The company canceled plans for an IPO in May 2013.

On December 28, 2012, Esco Corporation sold Turbine Technologies Group (Esco-TTG) to Consolidated Precision Products (CPP).

ESCO announced the acquisition of Texas-based Ulterra Drilling Technologies L.P. in August 2012 in a deal estimated at $325 million. In 2014, ESCO acquired another Texas-based company, Stabiltec Downhole Tools, LLC., further adding to the company's oil and gas portfolio.

On April 19, 2018, ESCO entered into an agreement to be acquired by The Weir Group PLC, one of the world’s leading engineering businesses, for an enterprise value of $1.285 billion. The acquisition was completed on July 12, 2018.

## Plant closures and violation of U.S. trade sanction with Cuba

Commencing in 2013, ESCO has closed multiple manufacturing and service facilities in recent years, citing a protracted downturn and declining customer demand for their products. In January 2013, ESCO closed the Northgate, Australia foundry they purchased in 2010. In September, 2014 ESCO closed another foundry located in Guisborough, England. In February 2015, ESCO announced the closure of a large foundry in Nisku, Canada. ESCO laid off an estimated 25% of their manufacturing work force at their Port Hope, Canada facility in 2014 and made further cuts in 2015. ESCO announced the closure of another foundry in Dunedin, New Zealand in September, 2015. In November 2015, ESCO announced that they would be eliminating 247 employees when closing the main production plant that adjoins the North American headquarters.

In 2014, the Wall Street Journal reported that ESCO Corporation agreed to pay a $2.1 Million fine for violating U.S. sanctions imposed on Cuba. In the official penalty notice, the U.S. Treasury Department concluded that ESCO acted with "reckless disregard" and "caused significant harm" to the U.S. sanctions program on Cuba by conducting large-volume and high-value transactions in products made from Cuban-origin nickel, "which were ultimately sourced" from people on the U.S. blacklist.

## Pollution

In November 2011 ESCO and Portland neighborhood representatives signed a Good Neighbor Agreement, which includes an implementation schedule for 17 emission reduction projects over five years. As of April 2014, 12 of 16 projects are completed, and one ongoing project with no completion date. Several of the projects are related to improving or adding control devices to capture particulate matter and metal emissions. It also includes projects related to chemical substitution to reduce organic compound emissions, and projects requiring additional or modified procedures or operations to improve emission capture.

## InfoBox

ESCO Group LLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Division |
| Industry | Mining and minerals |
| Founded | 1913 (1913) |
| Headquarters | Portland, Oregon |
| Key people | Sean Fitzgerald, Division President |
| Products | Wear parts for industrial applications |
| Parent | Weir Group |
| Website | http://www.escocorp.com |


title: ESC C16

abstract: Extra Statutory Concession C16 was an extra statutory concession which was available in the United Kingdom until 1 March 2012. Its main purpose was to allow shareholders of solvent companies which were surplus to requirements, to get funds out via the cheap and simple striking off method, whilst still obtaining the tax benefits which legally were only available under a members voluntary liquidation. Upon striking a company off, by default, and distributed funds paid out prior to the process being completed would be taxed on the shareholder as dividends. Under a members voluntary liquidation, the same funds paid out would be taxed on the shareholder as a capital gain. Especially where entrepreneurs relief was available, capital gains tax typically lead to much lower personal tax bills than dividends would. To avoid companies having to spend several thousand pounds on a formal liquidation, by concession, HMRC would allow you to have capital gains tax treatment even under a striking off, providing advance clearance was obtained and you met certain criteria. From 1 March 2012 this is no longer the case. If the company funds are below £25,000, upon strike off they will automatically be taxed on the shareholder as a capital gain. However, if the funds are above £25,000, the whole amount will be taxed as dividends. This means if you wish to get rid of a solvent company with more than £25,000 in the bank, it is often worthwhile to have it formally liquidated. Only a firm of licensed insolvency practitioner can perform liquidations, but there are now several firms offering cheap members voluntary liquidations to cater to this market.

text:
# ESC C16

**Extra Statutory Concession C16** (**ESC C16**) was an extra statutory concession which was available in the United Kingdom until 1 March 2012. Its main purpose was to allow shareholders of solvent companies which were surplus to requirements, to get funds out via the cheap and simple striking off method, whilst still obtaining the tax benefits which legally were only available under a members voluntary liquidation (sometimes abbreviated to MVL).

Upon striking a company off, by default, and distributed funds paid out prior to the process being completed would be taxed on the shareholder as dividends. Under a members voluntary liquidation, the same funds paid out would be taxed on the shareholder as a capital gain. Especially where entrepreneurs relief was available, capital gains tax typically lead to much lower personal tax bills than dividends would.

To avoid companies having to spend several thousand pounds on a formal liquidation, by concession, HMRC would allow you to have capital gains tax treatment even under a striking off, providing advance clearance was obtained and you met certain criteria.

From 1 March 2012 this is no longer the case. If the company funds are below £25,000, upon strike off they will automatically be taxed on the shareholder as a capital gain (no application required). However, if the funds are above £25,000, the whole amount will be taxed as dividends.

This means if you wish to get rid of a solvent company with more than £25,000 in the bank, it is often worthwhile to have it formally liquidated. Only a firm of licensed insolvency practitioner can perform liquidations, but there are now several firms offering cheap members voluntary liquidations to cater to this market.


title: 15 Penn Plaza

abstract: 15 Penn Plaza, also known as PENN15 and Vornado Tower, is a planned supertall office tower to be constructed by Vornado Realty Trust on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building, designed by Foster and Partners, will contain 430 units on 61 floors and 2,050,000 square feet (190,000 m⁲) of floor space as well as passageways to the adjacent Pennsylvania Station, 34th Street–Herald Square station, and the 33rd Street terminal of the PATH. Despite only having 61 floors, it is planned to be 1,270 feet (390 m) tall, 20 feet (6.1 m) taller than the mooring mast or spire of the Empire State Building two blocks east. The timing of construction will be dependent on market conditions. Vornado is currently exploring using the site for "fashion shows or other temporary uses" until market conditions warrant construction of the building.

text:
# 15 Penn Plaza

**15 Penn Plaza**, also known as **PENN15** and **Vornado Tower**, is a planned supertall office tower to be constructed by Vornado Realty Trust on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building, designed by Foster and Partners, will contain 430 units on 61 floors and 2,050,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of floor space as well as passageways to the adjacent Pennsylvania Station, 34th Street–Herald Square station, and the 33rd Street terminal of the PATH. Despite only having 61 floors, it is planned to be 1,270 feet (390 m) tall, 20 feet (6.1 m) taller than the mooring mast or spire of the Empire State Building two blocks east. The timing of construction will be dependent on market conditions. Vornado is currently exploring using the site for "fashion shows or other temporary uses" until market conditions warrant construction of the building.

## History

### Zoning approval and controversy

Anthony and Peter L. Malkin, owners of the Empire State Building, had requested the creation of a 17-block exclusion zone that would prohibit large buildings from being built that would obstruct views of their historic structure and suggested that the proposed skyscraper be limited to 825 feet (251 m) in height. They embarked on what *The New York Times* described as "a fierce public relations, advertising and lobbying campaign" to derail the project.

In August 2010, the Malkins asked the New York City Council to deny permission for the construction of the tower because it would alter the skyline and obscure the view of the western side of the Empire State Building. The approvals were also contested by historic preservationists worried about the demolition of the Hotel Pennsylvania, which was on the site of the proposed building.

On August 25, 2010, in a 47–1 vote, the City Council voted to approve construction of the building. The council's zoning and land use committees approved the project and the full council overwhelmingly voted to approve the plan, with the only dissenter, Brooklyn Councilmember Charles Barron, voting in the negative as a protest against the absence of a guarantee by Vornado to hire minority and female construction workers. In December 2011, the building project was postponed due to low office market rents.

On March 4, 2013, Vornado announced that it was abandoning plans to build the tower; instead it will "invest aggressively" into the Hotel Pennsylvania to make it into "a really profitable, really good hotel for our purposes."

In August 2014, citing increased interest from tenants, the project was unshelved and the proposed renovation of Hotel Penn was put on hold indefinitely.

Still, as of February 2015, Vornado Chairman & CEO Steven Roth was non-committal to the project: "The Hotel Penn is important, but not the main event. The main event is to get the office buildings so that they command higher market ranch than they do currently. And by the way, they are rising with the marketplace, quite smartly, currently. So we're not prepared to commit to what our plan for the Hotel Pennsylvania is."

Manhattan Community Board 5 voted against the proposed project in December 2017, citing a request for higher energy efficiency and more public and transit improvemenets. The New York City Department of City Planning approved the plan, which would allow the building to be 56% larger than standard zoning rules provide under special regulations that encourage the development of high-density office space near transit hubs.

Henry Stern, former Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation said the proposed building "could do irreparable harm" to the city. However, Daniel Biederman, president of the 34th Street Partnership joined union and construction officials in saying that "If there's anywhere a building of this size and bulk should be built, it's at Penn Station."

As part of the approval process, Vornado agreed to undertake $100 million in transit-related improvements that would reopen the "Gimbels passageway", which was blocked off in 1986 and would reconnect Penn Station to Herald Square at Sixth Avenue and the 34th Street–Herald Square station (, , , \<F\>, , , , , and  trains) and the 33rd Street terminal of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) train, which provides access to Hoboken–33rd Street, Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) and Journal Square–33rd Street trains. An updated passageway would be built to the standards of "the elegant and efficient passageways at Grand Central and Rockefeller Center" and would also have integrated access to the proposed New Jersey Transit terminal that would be constructed as part of the Access to the Region's Core tunnel that was to be constructed under the Hudson River.

### Site clearing

In April 2021, Vornado again announced plans to demolish the hotel to make way for the new skyscraper, known as Penn15. Demolition of the hotel was underway by January 2022 and was completed by July 2023. After the Hotel Pennsylvania was demolished, Vornado explored using the site for "fashion shows or other temporary uses" until market conditions warrant construction of the building. Vornado briefly considered obtaining a gambling license for a building on the site in 2023, but the plan was dropped amid competition from other developers. In February 2024, Vornado considered a temporary event venue for the site, which might include a 10-story billboard and tennis courts.

## InfoBox

| PENN 15 | |
| --- | --- |
| A rendering of the planned tower | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Proposed |
| Type | Mixed |
| Location | 15 Penn Plaza
(401 7th Avenue) |
| Coordinates | 40°44′59″N 73°59′26″W / 40.74972°N 73.99056°W / 40.74972; -73.99056 |
| Construction started | TBD |
| Estimated completion | TBD |
| Opening | TBD |
| Height | |
| Roof | 1,270 ft (390 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 61 |
| Floor area | 2,050,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Pelli Clarke Pelli |
| Developer | Vornado Realty Trust |
| Structural engineer | Severud Associates |


title: Almighty Jay

abstract: Jay Gerard Bradley, known professionally as Almighty Jay or jay!, is an American rapper. He was part of the YBN collective before their disbandment in August 2020. He is best known for singles such as "Chopsticks", "Bread Winners", and "No Hook".

text:
# Almighty Jay

**Jay Gerard Bradley** (born August 6, 1998), known professionally as **Almighty Jay** or **jay!** (formerly **YBN Almighty Jay**), is an American rapper. He was part of the YBN collective before their disbandment in August 2020. He is best known for singles such as "Chopsticks", "Bread Winners", and "No Hook".

## Career

Bradley started gaining traction after he released the singles "Chopsticks" and "No Hook", the latter of which featured fellow rapper and friend YBN Nahmir. Both tracks earned millions of views on YouTube.

In February 2018, Rich the Kid signed Bradley to his label, Rich Forever Music. In March 2018, he and Rich the Kid had a fall out when Rich the Kid released a song called *Back Quick* without Bradley's permission. In April 2018, he did an interview with DJ Akademiks saying he was never signed with the label.

## Personal life

Bradley started dating model Blac Chyna in February 2018, but they split in June.

Bradley dated rapper DreamDoll from March to August 2019.

In March 2019, Bradley was attacked in New York City, where his money and chains were taken. He was also stomped on and stabbed several times. He reportedly received over 300 stitches after the incident, and addressed the attack on his track "Let Me Breathe".

## Discography

### Mixtapes

| Title | Mixtape details | Peak chart positions | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US | US
R&B/HH | CAN | |
| *YBN: The Mixtape*
(with YBN Nahmir and Cordae) | * Released: September 7, 2018 * Label: Atlantic, Art@War * Format: Digital download, streaming | 21 | 13 | 19 |  |
| *Battling My Spirit* | * Released: March 5, 2021 * Label: Atlantic * Format: Digital download, streaming |  |  |  |  |

### EPs

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Almighty: The EP* | * Released: August 6, 2021 * Label: N2L Records * Format: Digital download, streaming |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "No Hook"
(with YBN Nahmir) | 2017 | Non-album single |
| "Bread Winners"
(with YBN and YBN Nahmir) | 2018 | *YBN: The Mixtape* |
| | | "Chopsticks"
(solo or remix featuring Rich the Kid) |
| | | "2 Tone Drip" |
| "Let Me Breathe" | 2019 | Non-album singles |
| | | "God Save Me" |
| | | "Spaceship" |
| "Red Light"
(with DC the Don and DDG) | 2020 | *Come As You Are* |
| | "Ooouuu"
(featuring Blac Youngsta) | Non-album single |
| | "Come Home"
(with 24hrs and Futuristic) | *Featuristic* |
| | "Shoutout to My Dentist" | *Battling My Spirit* |
| | "Bring Out the Hoochies" |
| | "Battling My Spirit" | 2021 |

## InfoBox

| Almighty Jay | |
| --- | --- |
| Almighty Jay in 2021 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jay Gerard Bradley |
| Born | (1998-08-06) August 6, 1998
Galveston, Texas, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Rapper * actor * singer * songwriter * YouTuber |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| Labels |  |
| Formerly of | YBN |


title: E Boyd

abstract: E Boyd was a painter, museum employee and scholar on the Spanish colonial art of New Mexico.

text:
# E Boyd

**E Boyd** (September 23, 1903—September 30, 1974) was a painter, museum employee and scholar on the Spanish colonial art of New Mexico.

## Biography

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as Elizabeth Boyd White, she preferred to be called by the gender-neutral "E Boyd". Boyd studied embroidery, interior design and painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts before attending the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere in Paris. She moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the fall of 1929 and began exhibiting her paintings locally soon after. In 1933 she co-founded and began exhibiting with the Rio Grande Painters, a group that included Charles Barrows, Eleanor Cowles, Anne Stockton, James Stovall Morris, Gina Schnaufer, Paul Lantz, and Cady Wells. As secretary of the group she was responsible for organizing exhibitions.

After the Rio Grande Painters disbanded in 1936, Boyd received funding from the Fine Arts Program of the U.S. General Services Administration to complete watercolors and conduct research documenting designs from 18th and 19th century artifacts in New Mexico. These watercolors were used by Manville Chapman to create woodblocks that were then hand-colored by numerous individuals and reproduced in 1938 in the *Portfolio of Spanish Colonial Design in New Mexico*. The *Portfolio* was a forerunner of and contributor to the national *Index of American Design*.

Boyd's first book, *Saint and Saint Makers*, was published in 1946. It was considered the first truly scholarly and well-researched book on the subject of santos. From 1945 to 1951 Boyd primarily lived in Los Angeles. She worked at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art from 1949 to 1951 first as a Librarian and then as Registrar. When her friend, Cady Wells, donated his collection of santos to the Museum of New Mexico in 1951, he recommended her as the collection's curator. Boyd and the collection were initially housed in the New Mexico Museum of Art before they were moved to the Museum of International Folk Art. The culmination of her life's research on the subject was the publication in 1968 of the book *Popular Arts of Colonial New Mexico*. In honor of her work for the state, Boyd was awarded the New Mexico's Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts in 1974.

## InfoBox

| E Boyd | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Elizabeth Boyd White
(1903-09-23)September 23, 1903
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | September 30, 1974(1974-09-30) (aged 71)
Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Pennsylvania Academy for Fine Art
Academie de la Grande Chaumiere |
| Known for | Painting, writing |
| Movement | Rio Grande Painters |


title: Earl E. Stone

abstract: Earl Everett Stone was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. He is most noted for being the first director of the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor to the National Security Agency.

text:
# Earl E. Stone

**Earl Everett Stone** (December 2, 1895 – September 24, 1989) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. He is most noted for being the first director of the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor to the National Security Agency.

## Early career

Earl Everett Stone was born on December 2, 1895, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Thomas Hector and Catherine Agnes Stone. He graduated from high school and received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in July 1914. While at the Academy, Stone was nicknamed "Stoney" and was active in the crew. As midshipman, he also participated in the voyage aboard the battleship USS *Ohio* through the recently opened Panama Canal in July 1915.

Among his classmates were future World War II admirals: John J. Ballentine, Joseph J. Clark, Andrew E. Creesy, Donald Curtis, James Fife Jr., Leland P. Lovette, Forrest Sherman, Clifton Sprague, Thomas L. Sprague and Jerauld Wright.

His course was shortened due to the course of World War I and he graduated on June 29, 1917, with a Bachelor of Science degree. He was subsequently commissioned ensign and following the basic training, he was attached to the protected cruiser USS *Cleveland*. Stone participated in the convoy escort duty in the Atlantic Ocean and was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant (junior grade) on October 15, 1917, and to the temporary rank of lieutenant on February 1, 1918.

Following the War, Stone was ordered back to the United States and transferred to the Pacific Fleet headquarters in March 1919 as aide and radio officer to Commander Base Force, Pacific Fleet, Rear Admiral Spencer S. Wood. While in this capacity, he was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant on July 1, 1920. His sea duty ended in June 1923, when he was ordered for instruction at the Naval Postgraduate School, then part of the Naval Academy at Annapolis.

Stone completed the course in Communication Engineering in August 1924 and entered Harvard University the following month. He graduated with a master's degree in October 1925 and was attached to the battleship USS *California*. After a few months aboard that vessel, serving with the Battle Fleet in the Pacific Ocean, he joined the Staff, Battle Division 4, Battle Fleet under Rear Admiral Jehu V. Chase and remained in that assignment until August 1928.

He was subsequently ordered to Washington, D.C., where he joined the Office of the Naval Communications in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations under Rear Admiral Thomas T. Craven. While in this capacity, he was promoted to lieutenant commander on June 5, 1930, and joined the staff of Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet under his old superior Admiral Jehu V. Chase three months later.

Stone later served for a brief period aboard the light cruiser USS *Cincinnati* and returned to the Office of the Naval Communications within the Office of Chief of Naval Operations in June 1933. He later commanded the destroyer USS *Long* from June 1935 and the destroyer USS *Aylwin* several months later.

Upon promotion to commander on September 1, 1937, Stone returned again to the Office of the Naval Communications. He was transferred to the Navy Department in June 1938 and served as Communications War Plans Officer until February 1941, when he was appointed executive officer aboard the battleship USS *California* under Captain Joel W. Bunkley.

## World War II

During the time of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Stone was aboard the *California* during the attack, when the ship was severely damaged and sank in the shallow water. He then served for a brief period as executive officer of the cruiser USS *Salt Lake City* under Captain Ellis M. Zacharias, before he was ordered to New York Navy Yard for duty as Communications Officer on the staff of the Eastern Sea Frontier under Vice Admiral Adolphus Andrews.

In October 1942, Stone was transferred to Washington, D.C., and attached to the Office of the Naval Communications under Captain Carl F. Holden for duty as Assistant Director of Naval Communications for Communication Intelligence and Head, Communication Intelligence Organization – the forerunner organization of the Naval Security Group. During Stone's tenure, the OP-20-G was moved from the old Navy building on the Mall to its new home at 3801 Nebraska Avenue. For his service in Washington, D.C., Stone was decorated with the Legion of Merit.

Stone was ordered back to sea duty in mid-March 1944, when he was appointed commanding officer of the newly commissioned battleship USS *Wisconsin* at Norfolk Navy Yard. He commanded the initial training at Chesapeake Bay and then led *Wisconsin* during her shakedown cruise to Trinidad in July that year. After a period of alterations and repairs at the builder's yard, *Wisconsin* sailed for Hawaii in October 1944.

He successfully commanded the ship during Typhoon Cobra in December 1944 and participated in the naval operations during the Philippines Campaign in early 1945. Stone then commanded *Wisconsin* during the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945, when his ship covered the Allied landing. He was succeeded by John W. Roper at the beginning of March and assumed duty as Assistant Chief of Staff for Communications on the staff of Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz.

While in this capacity, he was promoted to the temporary rank of commodore on April 3, 1945, and took part in the Battle of Okinawa. Stone remained in that assignment until the beginning of September 1945 and received his second Legion of Merit for his service with Pacific Fleet.

## Postwar service

### Armed Forces Defense Agency

Following his return to the United States, Stone was appointed Director of Naval Communications and promoted to rear admiral on January 8, 1946. While in this capacity, he was appointed the chairman of a Department of Defense committee known as "Stone Board", which was appointed to make recommendations for reforming and reorganizing cryptological activities. The Army supported consolidation, but the Navy and Air Force opposed unification. In December 1948, the Stone Board issued a report that recommended maintaining the status quo. A few months later, with the advent of a new Secretary of Defense, Louis A. Johnson, and a change of position by the Air Force, the Navy grudgingly went along with the unification concept.

In May 1949, all cryptological activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) and Stone was appointed its first director. This organization was originally established within the U.S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, except those of U.S. military intelligence units.

### Later service

Stone remained in that office until July 1951, when he was ordered to the Far East for duty as Commander Cruiser Division ONE and as Commander Task Group 77.1. He led his command during the naval operations off the coast of Korea until June 1952 and received a Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service.

He was then ordered to Paris, France, for duty as director of communications at the U.S. European Command Headquarters under General Matthew Ridgway. While in this capacity, Stone assisted in the training of the French Navy and was made Officer of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France.

In 1953, Stone returned to the United States and was appointed commander, Training Command, U.S. Pacific Fleet. He spent two years in this assignment and assumed his final duty as superintendent of the Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, California, in 1955. He participated in the official visit to Peru and received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Peruvian Cross of Naval Merit.

## Retirement

Stone retired from the Navy on January 1, 1958, after forty years of active service and settled in Monterey, California. He eventually became the director of the Allen Knight Maritime Museum, which is dedicated to preserving the old fishing and whaling days in Monterey.

Rear Admiral Earl E. Stone died on September 24, 1989, aged 93 at his home in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, and was buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C. His wife Eleanor Newton Pritchard is buried beside him. They had one daughter, Dr. Ellen Newton Stone Haring.

## Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Rear Admiral Earl E. Stone:

| 1st Row | Legion of Merit with two Gold Stars and "V" Device | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2nd Row | Navy Unit Commendation | | | World War I Victory Medal with Escort clasp | | | American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp | | |
| 3rd Row | American Campaign Medal | | | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with silver service star | | | World War II Victory Medal | | |
| 4th Row | National Defense Service Medal | | | Korean Service Medal with two Service stars | | | United Nations Korea Medal | | |
| 5th Row | Philippine Liberation Medal with two bronze stars | | | Legion of Honour, rank Officer (France) | | | Grand Cross of the Order of the Peruvian Cross of Naval Merit | | |

## InfoBox

| Earl Everett Stone | |
| --- | --- |
| RAdm Stone during the Cold War Era. | |
| Nickname(s) | "Stoney" |
| Born | (1895-12-02)December 2, 1895
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | September 24, 1989(1989-09-24) (aged 93)
Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, U.S. |
| Buried | Rock Creek Cemetery
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1917–1958 |
| Rank | Rear admiral |
| Commands | Armed Forces Security Agency
Naval Postgraduate School
USS *Wisconsin* |
| Battles/wars | **World War I**
**World War II** **Korean War** |
| Awards | Legion of Merit (3) |


title: Alonso González de Nájera

abstract: Alonso González de Nájera was a Spanish soldier and an advocate of reforms in the conduct of the War of Arauco. He served in the war following the Disaster of Curalaba and the great Mapuche uprising that followed in Chile that resulted in the loss of all the Spanish settlements south of the Bio Bio River. He was sent back to the royal court in Spain to argue for a reform to the way the war against the Mapuche was fought. Nájera's arguments for his reforms were incorporated in his book of Desengaño y reparo de la Guerra del Reino de Chile.

text:
# Alonso González de Nájera

**Alonso González de Nájera** (died 1614) was a Spanish soldier and an advocate of reforms in the conduct of the War of Arauco. He served in the war following the Disaster of Curalaba and the great Mapuche uprising that followed in Chile that resulted in the loss of all the Spanish settlements south of the Bio Bio River. He was sent back to the royal court in Spain to argue for a reform to the way the war against the Mapuche was fought. Nájera's arguments for his reforms were incorporated in his book of *Desengaño y reparo de la Guerra del Reino de Chile* (Disappointment and Reparation of the War of the Kingdom of Chile).

## Biography

There is no information on his life before 1600. It is only known that he served in the Spanish army in Flanders and then in France. On November 13, 1600, he left Lisbon for Chile with the rank of captain under the command of Francisco Martinez de Leiva. He arrived in Mendoza in May 1601, afterward moving to the south of Chile, where he remained until 1607.

Alonso de Ribera, Governor of the Captaincy General of Chile, founded the fort Nacimiento on the banks of the Bio Bio near the confluence with the river Vergara, December 24, 1603. Gonzalez, Najera was responsible for building it and was its first garrison commander. After four years of military service in the war zone, he was appointed sargento mayor by the newly appointed Governor Alonso García Ramón in 1605. He later returned to Santiago sick and wounded in his leg, as a result of his participation in the war.

Because of the critical military situation in Chile, Governor Ramon Garcia decided to send González de Nájera to Spain to report to King Philip III on the true state of the territory. The choice of González was based on his long years of experience and skilled, zealous service to the king in many prominent posts and positions in the army. In May 1607, he departed for Spain, where he arrived at the end of the next year. To record the critical situation that lived in Chile, and to convince the Council of the Indias and the King to send relief to Chile, he drafted and presented some considerations which were later transformed into the fifth and sixth points of his book *Desengaño y reparo de la Guerra del Reino de Chile*.

In the Court, Gonzalez de Najera made a series of recommendations on how to continue the war. He pointed out the weaknesses that the current methods used in the war suffered, especially the system of "campeadas" or incursions that the Hispanic army made in Mapuche territory to burn their fields and to hunt them for slaves. He not only set out his criticism, but proposed to establish a new system to complete the conquest of the Mapuche territory and to finish with the war. This consisted of the creation of a line of forts that separated both territories, a professional army that operated from them towards the interior of Mapuche territory, the extermination of the natives who were to be hunted as slaves and their replacement by black slaves from Africa, apparently considered less rebellious than the Mauche. However, he was not heard and the Governors request for relief did not succeed. The actual decision was to impose Luis de Valdivia's system of defensive war, contrary to what was suggested by Gonzalez de Najera. However his merits were recognized and he was appointed Governor of Puerto Hércules in Tuscany, where he finished his life sometime in 1614 although the date is uncertain.

Gonzalez de Najera did not succeed in getting his book *Desengaño y reparo de la Guerra del Reino de Chile*, published. Although he finished writing it in 1614, it never was published while he was still alive, being printed more than two centuries later in Madrid, in 1866, containing his arguments and proposals and in 1889 in Chile, with a biographical introduction by Jose Toribio Medina.

## Sources


title: Alonso Gutiérrez

abstract: Alonso Gutiérrez, also known as Alonso de la Vera Cruz (c.1507–1584) was a Spanish philosopher and Augustinian, who took the religious name da Vera Cruz. He became a major intellectual figure in New Spain, where he worked from 1535 to 1562, and from 1573 to his death, and in the history of Mexico. Gutiérrez was born in Caspueñas, Guadalajara. He studied under Francisco de Vitoria, at Salamanca University. He wrote in favour of the human rights of the conquered peoples. In 1553 he became the first professor of the University of Mexico. He died in Mexico City.

text:
# Alonso Gutiérrez

**Alonso Gutiérrez**, also known as **Alonso de la Vera Cruz** (c.15071584) was a Spanish philosopher and Augustinian, who took the religious name *da Vera Cruz*. He became a major intellectual figure in New Spain, where he worked from 1535 to 1562, and from 1573 to his death, and in the history of Mexico.

Gutiérrez was born in Caspueñas, Guadalajara. He studied under Francisco de Vitoria, at Salamanca University.

He wrote in favour of the human rights of the conquered peoples. In 1553 he became the first professor of the University of Mexico. He died in Mexico City.

* John F. Blethen, *The Educational Activities of Fray Alonso de La Vera Cruz in Sixteenth Century Mexico*, The Americas, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jul., 1948), pp. 31–47
* Arthur Ennis (1957), *Fray Alonso de la Vera Cruz, O.S.A. (1507-1584). A Study of His Life and His Contribution to the Religious and Intellectual Affairs of Early Mexico*
* Ernest J. Burrus, *Writings of Alonso de la Vera Cruz* (five volumes)

1. , in Spanish.
2. David Andrew Lupher, *Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America* (2006), p. 160.
3. Archived 2007-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, in Spanish.


title: Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973

abstract: Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973 is a collection of recordings made by the second edition of Kansas (Proto-Kaw) released in 2002 on Cuneiform Records. The songs contain numerous nods to the then-burgeoning scene of experimental progressive rock, often echoing the early work of luminaries King Crimson. The tracks "Belexes" and "Incomudro" were later recorded for the Kansas albums Kansas and Song for America, respectively.

text:
# Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973*** is a collection of recordings made by the second edition of Kansas (Proto-Kaw) released in 2002 on Cuneiform Records. The songs contain numerous nods to the then-burgeoning scene of experimental progressive rock, often echoing the early work of luminaries King Crimson. The tracks "Belexes" and "Incomudro" were later recorded for the Kansas albums *Kansas* and *Song for America*, respectively.

## Track listing

All tracks by Kerry Livgren

1. "Hegemonium" – 7:49
2. "Reunion in the Mountains of Sarne" – 7:47
3. "Nactolos 21" – 11:38
4. "Belexes" – 5:11
5. "Totus Nemesis" – 13:54
6. "Greek Structure Sunbeam" – 5:42
7. "Incomudro" – 11:28
8. "Cyclopy" (live) – 5:46
9. "Skont" (live) – 9:39

## Musicians

## Release details

* 2002, USA, Cuneiform Records Rune 171, Release date 21 October 2002, CD

1. Eder, Bruce. Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973 at AllMusic

## InfoBox

| Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Proto-Kaw | |
| Released | 21 October 2002 |
| Recorded | 1971–1974 |
| Genre | Progressive rock |
| Length | 78:54 |
| Label | Cuneiform |
| Proto-Kaw chronology | |
| ***Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973***
(2002) *Before Became After*
(2005) | |


title: 1222 Tina

abstract: 1222 Tina, provisional designation 1932 LA, is a metallic asteroid and parent body of the Tina family located in the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 June 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It was named after a friend of the discoverer.

text:
# 1222 Tina

**1222 Tina**, provisional designation 1932 LA, is a metallic asteroid and parent body of the Tina family located in the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 June 1932, by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It was named after a friend of the discoverer.

## Classification and orbit

*Tina* is the namesake of the Tina family a group of 17–89 asteroids that form a small, well-defined asteroid family, which share similar spectral properties and orbital elements; hence they may have arisen from the same collisional event of two larger parent bodies. All members have a relatively high orbital inclination. The Tina family is unique because of its resonant nature: all its members are in anti-aligned librating states of the ν6 secular resonance, i.e., the longitudes of pericenter of the asteroids follow the longitudes of pericenter of Saturn by 180 degrees. This orbital configuration protects the asteroids from achieving high eccentricities and experiencing close encounters with terrestrial planets, forming a stable in a region strongly perturbed by the ν6 secular resonance. The family is estimated to be relatively young, about 170+20
−30 million years old, and will most likely disperse to unstable regions in timescales of 200 million years.

It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 20 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.

## Physical characteristics

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Tina* measures between 20.84 and 26.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.199 and 0.308 (without preliminary results). The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* derives an albedo of 0.1445 and a diameter of 20.12 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.2.

### Spectral type

In the SMASS taxonomy, *Tina* is an X-type asteroid, while it is classified as a metal-rich M-type asteroid by the WISE-survey.

### Rotation period

*Tina* has a well-defined rotation period of 13.395 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3), derived from photometric observations taken by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, in September 2007 *(also see § External links)*. Other lightcurves were obtained by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Jean-Gabriel Bosch, which gave a period of 17.164 hours and an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=2/2).

## Naming

This minor planet was named after "Tina", an amateur astronomer and friend of the discoverer. In 1955, naming citation was published by Paul Herget in *The Names of the Minor Planets* (H 114).

## InfoBox

1222 Tina
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | E. Delporte |
| Discovery site | Uccle Obs. |
| Discovery date | 11 June 1932 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1222) Tina |
| Named after | Tina (friend of the discoverer) |
| Alternative designations | 1932 LA **·** 1955 HP |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (middle)
Tina |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 16 February 2017 (JD 2457800.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 84.40 yr (30,827 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.4912 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.0983 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.7947 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.2492 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.67 yr (1,707 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 31.083 |
| Mean motion | 0° 12m 39.6s / day |
| Inclination | 19.587° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 245.80° |
| Argument of perihelion | 59.912° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 20.12 km (derived)
20.84±1.8 km
25.781±0.138 km
26.28±0.33 km
28.667±0.122 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 12 h (dated)
13.395±0.003 h
17.164±0.003 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.1445 (derived)
0.1645±0.0191
0.199±0.006
0.202±0.045
0.3086±0.059 |
| Spectral type | SMASS =  **·**  **·** |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 10.3 **·** 11.2 |
|  | |


title: 1222 28th Street NW

abstract: 1222 28th Street NW is a building in the historic Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It is believed to be one of the oldest homes in Georgetown, dating to the 18th century, although a Historic American Buildings Survey, published in the 1960s, claimed the cottage dates to the mid-19th century. A third source, published in 1970, says the property dates to the late 18th century. It has one bedroom in its floor area of 1,015 square feet.

text:
# 1222 28th Street NW

**1222 28th Street NW** is a building in the historic Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It is believed to be one of the oldest homes in Georgetown, dating to the 18th century, although a Historic American Buildings Survey, published in the 1960s, claimed the cottage dates to the mid-19th century. A third source, published in 1970, says the property dates to the late 18th century. It has one bedroom in its floor area of 1,015 square feet.

## History

The house is believed to have been built in the 1700s by a British sea captain, with its hand-hewn ceiling beams possibly being from a ship that had run aground. The year 1721 is carved into one of the interior beams.

As of 2016, several of the building's original features were still intact, including the Belgian tiles in front of the hearth, wood paneling and flooring, and handmade glass in its windows.

The cottage was the home of Ann Caracristi, former deputy director of the National Security Agency, for 65 years, until her death in January 2016. Caracristi had built a kitchen at the rear of the house in 1985, at the same time turning the original kitchen into a laundry and powder room.

The relatives of Caracristi put the property (including many of its furnishings) on the market after her death. Its listing price was $865,000. It sold on March 25, 2016, for $825,000.

*The Washington Post* featured the property as its "House of the Week" on February 26, 2016.

## InfoBox

| 1222 28th Street NW | |
| --- | --- |
| The cottage in 2022 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Georgetown, Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Address | 1222 28th Street NW |
| Coordinates | 38°54′21″N 77°03′26″W / 38.9059°N 77.0571°W / 38.9059; -77.0571 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 2 |
| Floor area | 1,015 sq ft |


title: Alonzo Russell (American football)

abstract: Alonzo Jermey Russell is an American football wide receiver for the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at the University of Toledo and signed with the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2016. He has been a member of the Cincinnati Bengals, Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL), and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
# Alonzo Russell (American football)

**Alonzo Jermey Russell** (born September 29, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at the University of Toledo and signed with the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2016. He has been a member of the Cincinnati Bengals, Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL), and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

## College career

After redshirting the 2011 season, Russell's collegiate debut came against the Arizona Wildcats where he hauled in three receptions for 71 yards and one touchdown. In week 3, Russell caught six passes for a career high 152 yards and one touchdown in a 27-15 victory against the Bowling Green Falcons. He ranked second on the team with 56 catches, 960 yards and five touchdowns, earning him third-team All-MAC. In 2013, Russell earned third team All-MAC for the second straight season. Russell caught a game winning touchdown pass from 11 yards out against Bowling Green in the final two minutes of play. In 2014, Russell caught a career best eight touchdowns and also had at least two receptions in all 13 games played. He earned third team All-MAC for the third straight season. In 2015, Russell would have 36 receptions for 618 yards and five touchdowns, earning him second team All-MAC. Russell ranks fifth in Rocket's history with 202 catches, fourth in receiving yards with 3,076 and tied for forth with 24 touchdown receptions. Russell holds Toledo's record with 50 straight games with a reception.

College statistics
| Toledo Rockets | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | GP | Receiving | | | | |
| | | Rec | Yds | Avg | TD |
| 2011 | *Redshirt* | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | **13** | 56 | **960** | 17.1 | 5 |
| 2013 | 12 | **59** | 728 | 12.3 | 6 |
| 2014 | **13** | 51 | 770 | 15.1 | **8** |
| 2015 | 12 | 36 | 618 | **17.2** | 5 |
| Career | 50 | 202 | 3,076 | 15.2 | 24 |

## Professional career

### Cincinnati Bengals

Russell signed with the Cincinnati Bengals after going undrafted in the 2016 NFL draft. On September 3, 2016, he was waived by the Bengals and was signed to the practice squad the next day. After spending the entire season on the practice squad, Russell signed a futures contract with the Bengals on January 2, 2017.

On September 2, 2017, Russell was waived by the Bengals.

### Arizona Cardinals

On November 22, 2017, Russell was signed to the Arizona Cardinals' practice squad.

### New York Giants

On May 14, 2018, Russell signed with the New York Giants. He was waived on September 1, 2018, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 29, 2018. The following day, Russell would appear in his first NFL game against the Dallas Cowboys where he would appear in eight offensive snaps and seven on special teams.

On September 1, 2019, Russell was waived by the Giants.

### St. Louis BattleHawks

Russell was selected in the 9th round (70th overall) of the first phase by the St. Louis BattleHawks in the 2020 XFL Draft. He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.

### Winnipeg Blue Bombers

Russell signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the CFL on July 3, 2020. He was released on July 19, 2021.

## Professional statistics

Regular Season statistics
| Year | Team | League | Games | | Receiving | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | GP | GS | Rec | Yds | Avg | TD |
| 2020 | STL | XFL | 5 | 5 | 15 | 161 | 10.7 | 1 |

## InfoBox

Alonzo Russell
| Ottawa Redblacks | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1992-09-29) September 29, 1992
Washington, D.C. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 218 lb (99 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | H.D. Woodson
(Washington, D.C.) |
| College: | Toledo |
| Undrafted: | 2016 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Roster status: | Suspended |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Second-team All-MAC (2015) * 3x Third-team All-MAC (2012-14) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1755 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1755 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 |
| *+...* |


title: 1814 in Canada

abstract: Events from the year 1814 in Canada.

text:
# 1814 in Canada

Events from the year **1814 in Canada**.

## Incumbents

### Federal government

### Governors

## Events

* March 3 – The Governor refuses to suspend Chief Justices Sewell and Monk, on suggestion of one branch of the Legislature. James Stuart moves, affirming the Assembly's right to inform the Governor of irregularities, without concurrence of the council; and that the Governor has violated the Constitution.
* March 7 – The Assembly votes confidence in the Governor, apart from his advisors.
* March 8 – The council sustain their Clerk's refusal to show their minutes to a Committee of the Assembly.
* March 9 – The Assembly vote 2,000 pounds, for impeachment of Chief Justices Sewell and Monk. The council will not pass the item.
* March 17 – The Assembly resolve that the council's disallowance of a money bill is contrary to English and Canadian usage.
* May 6 – The British, under Henry Drummond, burn Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario.
* May 25 – Louis-Joseph Papineau is unanimously elected speaker.
* July 5 – Battle of Chippewa.
* July 25 – The United States lose about 1,000 of 3,000 at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.
* August – 4,000 of Wellington's veterans have reached Canada.
* August 1 to November 5 – The Siege of Fort Erie.
* August 11 – Battle of Lake Champlain.
* August 14 – At Fort Erie, the British lose many lives, by the explosion of a magazine.
* August – General Ross takes Washington, D.C.
* August 25 – The seaboard of the United States is blockaded by ships released from European service.
* August – Envoys consider terms of peace, at Ghent.
* September 12 – An expedition of 11,000 under Governor George Prevost, supplied to winter at Plattsburg, N.Y., seeing its fleet dispersed and the enemy gathering, retreats, abandoning stores. In 1813, Wellington desired that Prevost should not abandon his policy of defence for petty advantages, to be gained by invasion, which he could not possibly maintain.
* October – Martin Chittenden, Governor of Vermont, regards the war "as unnecessary, unwise and hopeless, in all its offensive operations."
* December 22 – Treaty of Commerce, between the U.S. and Great Britain, signed at Ghent.
* December 24 – Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812.
* December 27 – Then prince regent George IV ratifies both treaties. One relates to boundaries and the slave trade.
* David Thompson delivers his map of western North America to partners of North West Company.
* Canadian Army bills, 1,500,000 pounds.
* Chief Justice Sewell, while in England, to defend himself, advises uniting the Canadas with one Parliament.
* The Assembly re-proposes representation in London. The Council objects. The Home Government declares that the Governor is the constitutional medium of communication between the Colony and the Imperial Government.

## Births

### Full date unknown

## Deaths

* September 4 – Joseph Willcocks, diarist, office holder, printer, publisher, journalist, politician, and army officer (b.1773)

## InfoBox

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