abstract: The 1985–86 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball team represented Saint Joseph's University as a member of the Atlantic-10 Conference during the 1985–86 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by 2nd year head coach Jim Boyle, the Hawks finished with an overall record of 26–6. Saint Joseph's won both regular season and A-10 Tournament titles, and received an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 6 seed in the East Regional. The team defeated Richmond before losing to No. 14 seed Cleveland State in the second round.

text:
# 1985–86 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball team

1985–86 Atlantic 10 Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Saint Joseph's | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 26 |  | 6 |  | .813 |
| West Virginia | 15 |  | 3 |  | .833 |  |  | 22 |  | 11 |  | .667 |
| Temple | 15 |  | 3 |  | .833 |  |  | 25 |  | 6 |  | .806 |
| St. Bonaventure | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 15 |  | 13 |  | .536 |
| Duquesne | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |  |  | 15 |  | 14 |  | .517 |
| George Washington | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 12 |  | 16 |  | .429 |
| UMass | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |
| Rhode Island | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 9 |  | 19 |  | .321 |
| Penn State | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 12 |  | 17 |  | .414 |
| Rutgers | 2 |  | 16 |  | .111 |  |  | 8 |  | 21 |  | .276 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1986 Atlantic 10 Tournament winner
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1985–86 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball team** represented Saint Joseph's University as a member of the Atlantic-10 Conference during the 1985–86 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by 2nd year head coach Jim Boyle, the Hawks finished with an overall record of 26–6 (16–2 in A-10 play). Saint Joseph's won both regular season and A-10 Tournament titles, and received an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 6 seed in the East Regional. The team defeated Richmond before losing to No. 14 seed Cleveland State in the second round.

## Roster

| 1985–86 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  G/F 11 Maurice Martin 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Sr Liberty HS Liberty, New York  14 Bruiser Flint   Jr   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Head coach Assistant coach(es)  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Dec 5, 1985*
 |  | at Siena | **L** 53–69 | 0–1
 | Alumni Recreation Center
Loudonville, New York |
| Dec 7, 1985*
 |  | at Fairfield | **W** 72–59 | 1–1
 | Alumni Hall
Fairfield, Connecticut |
| Dec 21, 1985*
 |  | vs. Villanova | **W** 63–61 | 2–2
 | Palestra
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 27, 1985*
 |  | vs. Kansas State
*Far West Classic* | **W** 65–63 | 3–2
 | Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon |
| Dec 28, 1985*
 |  | vs. Oregon State
*Far West Classic* | **W** 64–46 | 4–2
 | Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon |
| Dec 29, 1985*
 |  | vs. Iowa
*Far West Classic* | **W** 60–56 | 5–2
 | Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon |
| Jan 13, 1986*
 |  | No. 3 Duke | **L** 66–87 | 9–3
 | Palestra
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| A-10 Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Feb 27, 1986*
 |  | Penn State | **W** 59–51 | 23–5
 | Hagan Arena
 |
| Mar 1, 1986*
 |  | vs. Duquesne | **W** 60–59 | 24–5
 | Brendan Byrne Arena
 |
| Mar 3, 1986*
 |  | vs. West Virginia | **W** 72–64 | 25–5
 | Brendan Byrne Arena
 |
| NCAA Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 14, 1986*
 | (6 E) | vs. (11 E) Richmond
*First Round* | **W** 60–59 | 26–5
 | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, New York |
| Mar 16, 1986*
 | (6 E) | vs. (14 E) Cleveland State
*Second Round* | **L** 69–75 | 26–6
 | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, New York |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
SE=Southeast. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Rankings

## InfoBox

| 1985–86 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Atlantic 10 Regular Season co-champions
Atlantic 10 tournament champions
Far West Classic Champions | |
| NCAA tournament, second round | |
| Conference | Atlantic 10 |
| Record | 26–6 (16–2 Atlantic 10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Alumni Memorial Fieldhouse |
|


title: 1985–86 SS Lazio season

abstract: S.S. Lazio finished 12th in its first Serie B season, staying in the league for another season.

text:
# 1985–86 SS Lazio season

**S.S. Lazio** finished 12th in its first Serie B season, staying in the league for another season.

## Squad

### Goalkeepers

### Defenders

### Midfielders

### Attackers

## Competitions

### Serie B

#### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | Campobasso | 38 | 9 | 19 | 10 | 30 | 36 | 6 | 37 |
| 11 | Arezzo | 38 | 9 | 18 | 11 | 37 | 40 | 3 | 36 |
| 11 | Lazio | 38 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 38 | 42 | 4 | 36 |
| 11 | Catania | 38 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 30 | 37 | 7 | 36 |
| 14 | Sambenedettese | 38 | 10 | 15 | 13 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 35 |

Source: Panini

## InfoBox

Lazio
| 1985–86 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Luigi Simoni |
| Serie B | 12th |
| Coppa Italia | Group Phase |
| Top goalscorer | Oliviero Garlini (18) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Arambai

abstract:
Arambai, also known as Alapai tenton, is a dart weapon used by the Meitei cavalry soldiers of Kangleipak while mounted on Manipur Ponies. The cavalry armies use arambai as attacking or retreating weapon, and it is usually poisoned. Prior to the beginning of modern warfare, medieval and ancient warriors determined the outcome of battles and war with their innovative weapons and indigenous tactics. From the mighty Mongol cavalries from the steppes of Asia, the Samurais from Japan and marauding horse cavalries of the incredibly ferocious Huns, horse cavalries have proved decisive in wars, helping great military leaders carve huge empire that mankind will forever reckon. However, in an obscure region far from the attention of global socio-political and economic scenario, that shaped destinies of nations, existed a tiny sovereign nation later came to be known to be as Manipur in the present Indo-Myanmar border. This very state, with her 2000 years old unique history, had produced a breed of horses referred to as Manipuri ponies and men that would catapult the tiny nation into a force that the mighty Burmese empire in her eastern frontier would find not just hard to contain, but also acknowledge the superiority of her warriors especially her Cavalry armed with regular weapons such as swords, spears and particularly Arambais. Interestingly, the cavalries are assumed to have not used bows and arrows during any form of conflict. Though, like any other men of war, Meiteis more popularly known as Manipuris, used regular spears, and swords in battles with her neighbours and other wild tribes, they employed an indigenous weapon that would later came to be dreaded by the Burmese who themselves had a reputation of being successful in wars against the Mongols, and the Siamese people. Arambai, literally meaning darts, is a simple weapon at first sight. The weapon has an iron arrow head, which is attached to feathers of peacocks though kites' feathers were also used in the past. Users of these weapons, who are horse riders, swirl the deadly poisoned darts and throw it to the enemy with an unparalleled accuracy and speed which is gathered through fast galloping of the Manipuri ponies. Arambai trainees getting ready for demonstration at Imphal pologround during Sangai festival; the deadly poisoned Arambai dart
Modern day Manipuri horsemen dressed in traditional warrior costumes before showing their skills at the 2014 Sangai Festival, Imphal. According to Secretary of All Manipur Arambai Association Maisnam Khelen, who himself has involved himself in horse-related activities for more than twenty years; "Arambais" can be used both for attacking and during retreating in battlefields. Curiously, and quite interestingly, a tactic used by the Arambai throwers of Manipuri cavalries surprisingly resembles a tactic employed by the mighty Mongol themselves. In the past, Manipuri cavalries would presume they were retreating from battlefield with the enemies pursuing behind them, but all of a sudden the Manipuri cavalries would turn back instantly and charged towards the enemies and throw the arambais with deadly effect. Horsemen would equip themselves with almost hundreds of such dart-weapons on either side of their ponies to be used in the battle, mostly against the Burmese. Legend has it that Burmese soldiers in their battles with the Meiteis, would often look up in the air in apprehension, to see if Arambais are being thrown against them or not. Even British writers of the late 19th century who were stationed in the frontier Indian region of that time acknowledged the terror created by Manipur cavalry and their Arambais in Upper Burma, though it had gradually fallen out of use after the devastating seven years occupation of Manipur by Burma from 1819 to 1824. Cassay Horse and Burmese emperor Alaungpaya The supremacy of Manipuri cavalry also lies in the breed of Manipuri ponies itself, which is extremely adaptable to any environment, sure-footed, and had far more enduring power than their counterparts of the region. Khelen, a resident of Khurai Thongam Leikai, also claims that Manipuri ponies can just adapt itself in a muddy ground as well. However, what is to be of pride for every Manipuris today, is that these horsemen from the tiny state comprised the Burmese cavalry in the wars of Burmese Emperor Alaungpaya against their Siamese enemies in the 18th century. Reportedly, of the 3000 cavalry of Ava, 2000 consisted of Manipuris. The services of these Manipuri horsemen with their "Arambais" were honoured with the term Cassay Horse. Cassay is the name given to Manipuris by the Burmese (Avas) back in the medieval period. Resurging interest in Arambais Unfortunately, these great heritage which had once protected the former sovereign nation of Manipur from repeated assaults by the Burmese, Tripuris, and the Cacharis from the West has fallen out of the imagination and the knowledge of today's generation. Nevertheless, resurgence in this ancient art form has been developing ever since tourism festival started to take more serious foot in this state. In this regard, the All Manipur Arambai Association which had organised the Arambai demonstration show on November 29 2014 following the finals of the 8th Manipur Polo International at the historic Imphal Pologround, as part of the just concluded tourism event Sangai festival, had been taking pains to see that the art form becomes more prevalent and knowledgeable to all. Khelen, says the Association which was established in 2005 and has its office at Dewlahland, had been training young students in throwing the dart weapons. He says, at present 20 students are being taught several skills to learn the art form for which horse riding, accuracy of throwing Arambais, gaining of speed, and different swirling is necessary. As of the feathers used in the weapons, Khelen who was the team captain at the International Polo held in 1991 at Imphal, opines it is to spearhead the dart and to make it more accurate. As to the objectives for the establishment of the Association, the deeply passionate horsemen, remarked the necessity to preserve and maintain heritage and promote it as part of tourism festival were two major reasons behind the effort. On the other hand, to ensure that the art of throwing Arambais remains for all eternity, Khelen says his Association has been trying to convert it into a sports discipline.

text:
# Arambai

**Arambai**, also known as **Alapai tenton** (meaning *arrowhead flew in distance*), is a dart weapon used by the Meitei cavalry soldiers of Kangleipak while mounted on Manipur Ponies. The cavalry armies use arambai as attacking or retreating weapon, and it is usually poisoned.

Prior to the beginning of modern warfare, medieval and ancient warriors determined the outcome of battles and war with their innovative weapons and indigenous tactics. From the mighty Mongol cavalries from the steppes of Asia, the Samurais from Japan and marauding horse cavalries of the incredibly ferocious Huns, horse cavalries have proved decisive in wars, helping great military leaders carve huge empire that mankind will forever reckon.

However, in an obscure region far from the attention of global socio-political and economic scenario, that shaped destinies of nations, existed a tiny sovereign nation later came to be known to be as Manipur in the present Indo-Myanmar border.

This very state, with her 2000 years old unique history, had produced a breed of horses referred to as Manipuri ponies and men that would catapult the tiny nation into a force that the mighty Burmese empire in her eastern frontier would find not just hard to contain, but also acknowledge the superiority of her warriors especially her Cavalry armed with regular weapons such as swords, spears and particularly Arambais. Interestingly, the cavalries are assumed to have not used bows and arrows during any form of conflict.

Though, like any other men of war, Meiteis more popularly known as Manipuris, used regular spears, and swords in battles with her neighbours and other wild tribes, they employed an indigenous weapon that would later came to be dreaded by the Burmese who themselves had a reputation of being successful in wars against the Mongols, and the Siamese people.

Arambai, literally meaning darts, is a simple weapon at first sight. The weapon has an iron arrow head, which is attached to feathers of peacocks though kites' feathers were also used in the past. Users of these weapons, who are horse riders, swirl the deadly poisoned darts and throw it to the enemy with an unparalleled accuracy and speed which is gathered through fast galloping of the Manipuri ponies.

Arambai trainees getting ready for demonstration at Imphal pologround during Sangai festival (Above right); the deadly poisoned Arambai dart Modern day Manipuri horsemen dressed in traditional warrior costumes before showing their skills at the 2014 Sangai Festival, Imphal.

According to Secretary of All Manipur Arambai Association Maisnam Khelen, who himself has involved himself in horse-related activities for more than twenty years; "Arambais" can be used both for attacking and during retreating in battlefields. Curiously, and quite interestingly, a tactic used by the Arambai throwers of Manipuri cavalries surprisingly resembles a tactic employed by the mighty Mongol themselves.

In the past, Manipuri cavalries would presume they were retreating from battlefield with the enemies pursuing behind them, but all of a sudden the Manipuri cavalries would turn back instantly and charged towards the enemies and throw the arambais with deadly effect. Horsemen would equip themselves with almost hundreds of such dart-weapons on either side of their ponies to be used in the battle, mostly against the Burmese.

Legend has it that Burmese soldiers in their battles with the Meiteis, would often look up in the air in apprehension, to see if Arambais are being thrown against them or not. Even British writers of the late 19th century who were stationed in the frontier Indian region of that time acknowledged the terror created by Manipur cavalry and their Arambais in Upper Burma, though it had gradually fallen out of use after the devastating seven years occupation of Manipur by Burma from 1819 to 1824.

Cassay Horse and Burmese emperor Alaungpaya

The supremacy of Manipuri cavalry also lies in the breed of Manipuri ponies itself, which is extremely adaptable to any environment, sure-footed, and had far more enduring power than their counterparts of the region. Khelen, a resident of Khurai Thongam Leikai, also claims that Manipuri ponies can just adapt itself in a muddy ground as well.

However, what is to be of pride for every Manipuris today, is that these horsemen from the tiny state comprised the Burmese cavalry in the wars of Burmese Emperor Alaungpaya against their Siamese enemies in the 18th century. Reportedly, of the 3000 cavalry of Ava, 2000 consisted of Manipuris. The services of these Manipuri horsemen with their "Arambais" were honoured with the term Cassay Horse. Cassay is the name given to Manipuris by the Burmese (Avas) back in the medieval period.

Resurging interest in Arambais

Unfortunately, these great heritage which had once protected the former sovereign nation of Manipur from repeated assaults by the Burmese, Tripuris, and the Cacharis from the West has fallen out of the imagination and the knowledge of today's generation.

Nevertheless, resurgence in this ancient art form has been developing ever since tourism festival started to take more serious foot in this state. In this regard, the All Manipur Arambai Association which had organised the Arambai demonstration show on November 29 2014 following the finals of the 8th Manipur Polo International at the historic Imphal Pologround, as part of the just concluded tourism event Sangai festival, had been taking pains to see that the art form becomes more prevalent and knowledgeable to all.

Khelen, says the Association which was established in 2005 and has its office at Dewlahland, had been training young students in throwing the dart weapons. He says, at present 20 students are being taught several skills to learn the art form for which horse riding, accuracy of throwing Arambais, gaining of speed, and different swirling is necessary.

As of the feathers used in the weapons, Khelen who was the team captain at the International Polo held in 1991 at Imphal, opines it is to spearhead the dart and to make it more accurate. As to the objectives for the establishment of the Association, the deeply passionate horsemen, remarked the necessity to preserve and maintain heritage and promote it as part of tourism festival were two major reasons behind the effort.

On the other hand, to ensure that the art of throwing Arambais remains for all eternity, Khelen says his Association has been trying to convert it into a sports discipline.


title: Aqqusinersuaq

abstract: Aqqusinersuaq is a major street in Nuuk, Greenland. The 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) street runs through the City Centre with one lane in either direction. It begins at the Nuuk Port and Harbour heading south and turns north at Sipisaq Kujalleq and then northwest at 400-talik roundabout and ends when it meets HJ Rinksvej Aqqutaa. The road runs through Nuuk's business centre, and many of the city's major landmarks are located along or nearby the street such as Hotel Hans Egede, Nuuk's City Hall, and the Bank of Greenland. Aqqusinersuaq also housed Blok P, a notorious apartment building that was demolished in 2012.

text:
# Aqqusinersuaq

**Aqqusinersuaq** is a major street in Nuuk, Greenland. The 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) street runs through the City Centre with one lane in either direction. It begins at the Nuuk Port and Harbour heading south and turns north at Sipisaq Kujalleq and then northwest at 400-talik roundabout (where it meets Eqalugalinnguit) and ends when it meets HJ Rinksvej Aqqutaa.

The road runs through Nuuk's business centre, and many of the city's major landmarks are located along or nearby the street such as Hotel Hans Egede, Nuuk's City Hall (Nuuk Rådhus), and the Bank of Greenland. Aqqusinersuaq also housed Blok P, a notorious apartment building that was demolished in 2012.


title: Aqqaluk Lynge

abstract: Aqqaluk Lynge was the president of the Inuit Circumpolar Council from 1995 to 2002. He is a former member of the Inatsisartut and one of the founders of the Greenlandic political party Inuit Ataqatigiit. An indigenous Kalaallit, in 2004 Lynge became a member of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which is an advisory body to the U.N.'s Economic and Social Council. He was a visiting fellow at the Dartmouth College Institute of Arctic Studies in 2008 and received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the college in 2012. Lynge has also become known as an author of poetry and essays, published in Greenlandic, Danish, English and French.

text:
# Aqqaluk Lynge

**Aqqaluk Lynge** (born in 1947 in Aasiaat, Greenland) was the president of the Inuit Circumpolar Council (formerly the Inuit Circumpolar Conference) from 1995 to 2002. He is a former member of the Inatsisartut and one of the founders of the Greenlandic political party *Inuit Ataqatigiit*. An indigenous Kalaallit, in 2004 Lynge became a member of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which is an advisory body to the U.N.'s Economic and Social Council. He was a visiting fellow at the Dartmouth College Institute of Arctic Studies in 2008 and received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the college in 2012. Lynge has also become known as an author of poetry and essays, published in Greenlandic, Danish, English and French.


title: Apios priceana

abstract: Apios priceana is a rare species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names Price's potato-bean, Price's groundnut, and traveler's delight. It is a climbing yellow-green vine in the growing from a stout, potato-like tuber. The plant is native to the Southeastern United States.

text:
# Apios priceana

***Apios priceana*** is a rare species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names **Price's potato-bean**, **Price's groundnut**, and **traveler's delight**. It is a climbing yellow-green vine in the growing from a stout, potato-like tuber. The plant is native to the Southeastern United States.

## Description

The vines may be up to 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16+12 feet) long. It has a large underground tuber, distinguishing it from other *Apios* species. The leaves are alternately arranged on the stem, about 20–30 centimetres (8–12 inches) long, and comprising seven leaflets. The fragrant pale pink or greenish-yellow pea-like flowers bloom in the summer. The fruit is a long slender pod about 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

The plant is native to the U.S. states of Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It occurred in Illinois in the past but its population there was destroyed. It is usually associated with openings in the forest canopy in mixed hardwood stands where ravine slopes grade into creek or stream bottoms.

## Ecology

The flowers are pollinated by bees and the long-tailed skipper (*Urbanus proteus*).

The threatened status of the species is primarily due to habitat destruction, but other impacts such as disease, predation, and historical tuber collection have also contributed.

## Conservation

With about 50 to 100 known occurrences, the plant is federally listed as a threatened species.

## Uses

The plant was probably used as a food source by Indigenous peoples of the Americas and early white settlers.

## InfoBox

| *Apios priceana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) | |
|
Threatened (ESA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Apios* |
| Species: | ***A. priceana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apios priceana***
B.L.Rob. | |
|


title: Emergent virus

abstract: An emergent virus is a virus that is either newly appeared, notably increasing in incidence/geographic range or has the potential to increase in the near future. Emergent viruses are a leading cause of emerging infectious diseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead to epidemics and pandemics. As well as causing disease, emergent viruses can also have severe economic implications. Recent examples include the SARS-related coronaviruses, which have caused the 2002–2004 outbreak of SARS (SARS-CoV-1) and the 2019–2023 pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Other examples include the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes HIV/AIDS; the viruses responsible for Ebola; the H5N1 influenza virus responsible for avian influenza; and H1N1/09, which caused the 2009 swine flu pandemic. Viral emergence in humans is often a consequence of zoonosis, which involves a cross-species jump of a viral disease into humans from other animals. As zoonotic viruses exist in animal reservoirs, they are much more difficult to eradicate and can therefore establish persistent infections in human populations. Emergent viruses should not be confused with re-emerging viruses or newly detected viruses. A re-emerging virus is generally considered to be a previously appeared virus that is experiencing a resurgence, for example measles. A newly detected virus is a previously unrecognized virus that had been circulating in the species as endemic or epidemic infections. Newly detected viruses may have escaped classification because they left no distinctive clues and/or could not be isolated or propagated in cell culture. Examples include human rhinovirus, hepatitis C, and human metapneumovirus. As the detection of such viruses is technology driven, the number reported is likely to expand.

text:
# Emergent virus

An **emergent virus** (or **emerging virus**) is a virus that is either newly appeared, notably increasing in incidence/geographic range or has the potential to increase in the near future. Emergent viruses are a leading cause of emerging infectious diseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead to epidemics and pandemics. As well as causing disease, emergent viruses can also have severe economic implications. Recent examples include the SARS-related coronaviruses, which have caused the 2002–2004 outbreak of SARS (SARS-CoV-1) and the 2019–2023 pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Other examples include the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes HIV/AIDS; the viruses responsible for Ebola; the H5N1 influenza virus responsible for avian influenza; and H1N1/09, which caused the 2009 swine flu pandemic (an earlier emergent strain of H1N1 caused the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic). Viral emergence in humans is often a consequence of zoonosis, which involves a cross-species jump of a viral disease into humans from other animals. As zoonotic viruses exist in animal reservoirs, they are much more difficult to eradicate and can therefore establish persistent infections in human populations.

Emergent viruses should not be confused with re-emerging viruses or newly detected viruses. A re-emerging virus is generally considered to be a previously appeared virus that is experiencing a resurgence, for example measles. A newly detected virus is a previously unrecognized virus that had been circulating in the species as endemic or epidemic infections. Newly detected viruses may have escaped classification because they left no distinctive clues and/or could not be isolated or propagated in cell culture. Examples include human rhinovirus (a leading cause of common colds which was first identified in 1956), hepatitis C (eventually identified in 1989), and human metapneumovirus (first described in 2001, but thought to have been circulating since the 19th century). As the detection of such viruses is technology driven, the number reported is likely to expand.

## Zoonosis

Given the rarity of spontaneous development of new virus species, the most frequent cause of emergent viruses in humans is zoonosis. This phenomenon is estimated to account for 73% of all emerging or re-emerging pathogens, with viruses playing a disproportionately large role. RNA viruses are particularly frequent, accounting for 37% of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. A broad range of animals  including wild birds, rodents, and bats  are associated with zoonotic viruses. It is not possible to predict specific zoonotic events that may be associated with a particular animal reservoir at any given time.

Zoonotic spillover can either result in self-limited 'dead-end' infections, in which no further human-to-human transmission occurs (as with the rabies virus), or in infectious cases, in which the zoonotic pathogen is able to sustain human-to-human transmission (as with the Ebola virus). If the zoonotic virus is able to maintain successful human-to-human transmission, an outbreak may occur. Some spillover events can also result in the virus adapting exclusively for human infection (as occurred with the HIV virus), in which case humans become a new reservoir for the pathogen.

A successful zoonotic 'jump' depends on human contact with an animal harboring a virus variant that is able to infect humans. In order to overcome host-range restrictions and sustain efficient human-to-human transmission, viruses originating from an animal reservoir will normally undergo mutation, genetic recombination, and reassortment. Due to their rapid replication and high mutation rates, RNA viruses are more likely to successfully adapt for invasion of a new host population.

### Examples of animal sources

#### Bats

While bats are essential members of many ecosystems, they are also frequently implicated as frequent sources of emerging virus infections. Their immune systems have evolved in such a way as to suppress any inflammatory response to viral infections, thereby allowing them to become tolerant hosts for evolving viruses, and consequently provide major reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. They are associated with more zoonotic viruses per host species than any other mammal, and molecular studies have demonstrated that they are the natural hosts for several high-profile zoonotic viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronaviruses and Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever filoviruses. In terms of their potential for spillover events, bats have taken over the leading role previously assigned to rodents. Viruses can be transmitted from bats via several mechanisms, including bites, aerosolization of saliva (e.g., during echolocation), and feces/urine.

Due to their distinct ecology/behavior, bats are naturally more susceptible to viral infection and transmission. Several bat species (e.g., brown bats) aggregate in crowded roosts, which promotes intra- and interspecies viral transmission. Moreover, as bats are widespread in urban areas, humans occasionally encroach on their habitats which are contaminated with guano and urine. Their ability to fly and migration patterns also means that bats are able to spread disease over a large geographic area, while also acquiring new viruses. Additionally, bats experience persistent viral infections which, together with their extreme longevity (some bat species have lifespans of 35 years), helps to maintain viruses and transmit them to other species. Other bat characteristics which contribute to their potency as viral hosts include: their food choices, torpor/hibernation habits, and susceptibility to reinfection.

## Drivers of viral emergence

Viral emergence is often a consequence of both nature and human activity. In particular, ecological changes can greatly facilitate the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic viruses. Factors such as deforestation, reforestation, habitat fragmentation, and irrigation can all impact the ways in which humans come into contact with wild animal species and consequently promote virus emergence. In particular, habitat loss of reservoir host species plays a significant role in emerging zoonoses. Additionally, climate change can affect ecosystems and vector distribution, which in turn can affect the emergence of vector-borne viruses. Other ecological changes  for example, species introduction and predator loss  can also affect virus emergence and prevalence. Some agricultural practices  for example, livestock intensification and inappropriate management/disposal of farm animal feces  are also associated with an increased risk of zoonosis.

Viruses may also emerge due to the establishment of human populations that are vulnerable to infection. For example, a virus may emerge following loss of cross-protective immunity, which may occur due to loss of a wild virus or termination of vaccination program. Well-developed countries also have higher proportions of aging citizens and obesity-related disease, thus meaning that their populations may be more immunosuppressed and therefore at risk of infection. Contrastingly, poorer nations may have immunocompromised populations due to malnutrition or chronic infection; these countries are also unlikely to have stable vaccination program. Additionally, changes in human demographics  for example, the birth and/or migration of immunologically naïve individuals  can lead to the development of a susceptible population that enables large-scale virus infection.

Other factors which can promote viral emergence include globalization; in particular, international trade and human travel/migration can result in the introduction of viruses into new areas. Moreover, as densely populated cities promote rapid pathogen transmission, uncontrolled urbanization (i.e., the increased movement and settling of individuals in urban areas) can promote viral emergence. Animal migration can also lead to the emergence of viruses, as was the case for the West Nile virus which was spread by migrating bird populations. Additionally, human practices regarding food production and consumption can also contribute to the risk of viral emergence. In particular, wet markets (i.e., live animal markets) are an ideal environment for virus transfer, due to the high density of people and wild/farmed animals present. Consumption of bushmeat is also associated with pathogen emergence.

## Prevention

Control and prevention of zoonotic diseases depends on appropriate global surveillance at various levels, including identification of novel pathogens, public health surveillance (including serological surveys), and analysis of the risks of transmission. The complexity of zoonotic events around the world predicates a multidisciplinary approach to prevention. The One Health Model has been proposed as a global strategy to help prevent the emergence of zoonotic diseases in humans, including novel viral diseases. The One Health concept aims to promote the health of animals, humans, and the environment, both locally and globally, by fostering understanding and collaboration between practitioners of different interrelated disciplines, including wildlife biology, veterinary science, medicine, agriculture, ecology, microbiology, epidemiology, and biomedical engineering.

## Virulence of emergent viruses

As hosts are immunologically naïve to pathogens they have not encountered before, emergent viruses are often extremely virulent in terms of their capacity to cause disease. Their high virulence is also due to a lack of adaptation to the new host; viruses normally exert strong selection pressure on the immune systems of their natural hosts, which in turn exerts a strong selection pressure on viruses. This coevolution means that the natural host is able to manage infection. However, when the virus jumps to a new host (e.g., humans), the new host is unable to deal with infection due to a lack of coevolution, which results in mismatch between host immunoeffectors and virus immunomodulators.

Additionally, in order to maximize transmission, viruses often naturally undergo attenuation (i.e., virulence is reduced) so that infected animals can survive long enough to infect other animals more efficiently. However, as attenuation takes time to achieve, new host populations will not initially benefit from this phenomenon. Moreover, as zoonotic viruses also naturally exist in animal reservoirs, their survival is not dependent on transmission between new hosts; this means that emergent viruses are even more unlikely to attenuate for the purpose of maximal transmission, and they remain virulent.

Although emergent viruses are frequently highly virulent, they are limited by several host factors including: innate immunity, natural antibodies, and receptor specificity. If the host has previously been infected by a pathogen that is similar to the emergent virus, the host may also benefit from cross-protective immunity.

## Examples of emergent viruses

### Influenza A

Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection, which affects approximately 9% of the global population and causes 300,000 to 500,000 deaths annually. Based on their core proteins, influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, C, and D. While both influenza A and B can cause epidemics in humans, influenza A also has pandemic potential and a higher mutation rate and is therefore most significant to public health.

Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes, based on the combinations of the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The primary natural reservoir for most influenza A subtypes are wild aquatic birds; however, through a series of mutations, a small subset of these viruses have adapted for infection of humans (and other animals). A key determinant of whether a particular influenza A subtype can infect humans is its binding specificity. Avian influenza A preferentially binds to cell surface receptors with a terminal α2,3‐linked sialic acid, while human influenza A preferentially binds to cell surface receptors with a terminal α2,6‐linked sialic acid. Via mutation, some avian influenza A viruses have successfully altered their binding specificity from α2,3‐ to α2,6‐linked sialic acid. However, in order to emerge in humans, avian influenza A viruses must also adapt their RNA polymerases for function in mammalian cells, as well as mutating for stability in the acidic respiratory tract of humans.

Following adaptation and host switch, influenza A viruses have the potential to cause epidemics and pandemics in humans. Minor changes in HA and NA structure (antigenic drift) occur frequently, which enables the virus to cause repetitive outbreaks (i.e., seasonal influenza) by evading immune recognition. Major changes in HA and NA structure (antigenic shift), which are caused by genetic reassortment between different influenza A subtypes (e.g., between human and animal subtypes), can instead cause large regional/global pandemics. Due to the emergence of antigenically different influenza A strains in humans, four influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century alone.

Additionally, although animal influenza A viruses (e.g., swine influenza) are distinct from human influenza viruses, they can still cause zoonotic infection in humans. These infections are largely acquired following direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, but do not result in efficient human-to-human transmission; examples of this include H5N1 influenza and H7N9 influenza.

### SARS-CoV-1

In 2002, a highly pathogenic SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) strain emerged from a zoonotic reservoir; approximately 8,000 people were infected worldwide, and mortality rates approached 50% or more in the elderly. As SARS-CoV-1 is most contagious post-symptoms, the introduction of strict public health measures effectively halted the epidemic. The natural reservoir host for SARS-CoV-1 is thought to be horseshoe bats, although the virus has also been identified in several small carnivores (e.g., palm civets and racoon dogs). The emergence of SARS-CoV-1 is believed to have been facilitated by Chinese wet markets, in which civets positive for the virus acted as intermediate hosts and passed SARS-CoV-1 onto humans (and other species). However, more recent analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-1 may have directly jumped from bats to humans, with subsequent cross-transmission between humans and civets.

In order to infect cells, SARS-CoV-1 uses the spike surface glycoprotein to recognize and bind to host ACE-2, which it uses as a cellular entry receptor; the development of this characteristic was crucial in enabling SARS-CoV-1 to 'jump' from bats to other species.

### MERS-CoV

First reported in 2012, MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) marks the second known introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus from a zoonotic reservoir into humans. The case mortality rate of this emergent virus is approximately 35%, with 80% of all cases reported by Saudi Arabia. Although MERS-CoV is likely to have originated in bats, dromedary camels have been implicated as probable intermediate hosts. MERS-CoV is believed to have been circulating in these mammals for over 20 years, and it is thought that novel camel farming practices drove the spillover of MERS-CoV into humans. Studies have shown that humans can be infected with MERS-CoV via direct or indirect contact within infected dromedary camels, while human-to-human transmission is limited.

MERS-CoV gains cellular entry by using a spike surface protein to bind to the host DPP4 surface receptor; the core subdomain of this spike surface protein shares similarities with that of SARS-CoV, but its receptor binding subdomain (RBSD) significantly differs.

### Bluetongue disease

Bluetongue disease is a non-contagious vector-borne disease caused by bluetongue virus, which affects species of ruminants (particularly sheep). Climate change has been implicated in the emergence and global spread of this disease, due to its impact on vector distribution. The natural vector of the bluetongue virus is the African midge *C. imicola*, which is normally limited to Africa and subtropical Asia. However, global warming has extended the geographic range of *C. imicola*, so that it now overlaps with a different vector (*C. pulcaris* or *C. obsoletus*) with a much more northward geographic range. This change enabled the bluetongue virus to jump vector, thus causing the northward spread of bluetongue disease into Europe.

## Further reading


title: Arabia Mountain

abstract: Arabia Mountain, a part of Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area, is the northern of two peaks in the Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve, in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. A low saddle separates it from Bradley Mountain, several hundred feet to its south. The two form a monadnock. The peak is 955 feet (290 m) above sea level, rising 172 feet (52 m) above Arabia Lake reservoir. Bradley Mountain is closer to the visitor trails than Arabia Mountain and is often misidentified by visitors as Arabia Mountain. The mountain is also in a namesake National Heritage Area in the U.S. state of Georgia that encompasses natural, cultural, and historical elements to form a cohesive, nationally significant landscape. The area is due east of Atlanta and spans 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) reaching from the historic commercial center of Lithonia to the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Conyers, including a number of sites in between, including Panola Mountain State Park, Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve, the historic Flat Rock Community with the Flat Rock Archives, and more. The National Heritage Area was established in 2006 and is coordinated by the Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area Alliance, which includes board members, representatives from the community and local organizations, and staff. Additionally, Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve includes 2,550 acres in DeKalb County, Georgia with a multi-use bike path, hiking trails, and lakes for fishing. The park features large exposed granite formations, wetlands, pine forest, oak forest, streams habitat and two lakes. Plant species include the rare red diamorpha in the winter and yellow daises in the fall. The area included rock quarries and abandoned structures from the mining operations.

text:
# Arabia Mountain

**Arabia Mountain**, a part of **Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area**, is the northern of two peaks in the **Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve**, in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. A low saddle separates it from Bradley Mountain, several hundred feet to its south. The two form a monadnock. The peak is 955 feet (290 m) above sea level, rising 172 feet (52 m) above Arabia Lake reservoir. Bradley Mountain is closer to the visitor trails than Arabia Mountain and is often misidentified by visitors as Arabia Mountain.

The mountain is also in a namesake National Heritage Area in the U.S. state of Georgia that encompasses natural, cultural, and historical elements to form a cohesive, nationally significant landscape. The area is due east of Atlanta and spans 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) reaching from the historic commercial center of Lithonia to the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Conyers, including a number of sites in between, including Panola Mountain State Park, Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve, the historic Flat Rock Community with the Flat Rock Archives, and more. The National Heritage Area was established in 2006 and is coordinated by the Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area Alliance, which includes board members, representatives from the community and local organizations, and staff.

Additionally, Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve includes 2,550 acres in DeKalb County, Georgia with a multi-use bike path, hiking trails, and lakes for fishing. The park features large exposed granite formations, wetlands, pine forest, oak forest, streams habitat and two lakes. Plant species include the rare red diamorpha in the winter and yellow daises in the fall. The area included rock quarries and abandoned structures from the mining operations.

## History

Although there is little historical evidence about what existed in the lands that currently make up the National Heritage Area, by the time of Anglo-American settlement in the early 19th century, the area was sparsely populated by Muscogee (Creek) and Cherokee Tribes. It is believed that the area was a buffer between the two nations, used as a trade and transportation corridor. The land was ceded to the State of Georgia by the Muscogee in 1821. The land was then distributed to settlers via the Georgia Land Lotteries. Throughout the rest of the 19th and most of the 20th centuries, the area remained very sparsely populated, with many of the roads remaining unpaved until the mid-1900s. The railroad connecting Atlanta and Augusta runs through the area. This railroad helped historically supported Lithonia's quarry industry, which was fed by the granite gneiss of numerous area quarries, including Arabia Mountain. Otherwise, much of the surrounding land was used for small-scale farming. The remains of the agricultural landscape are still visible in the National Heritage Area, including at the Lyon Farm, Vaughters Farm, and Parker House. Small settlements developed along crossroads, the South River (Upper Ocmulgee River), and the railroad, such as the Klondike National Historic District, Flat Rock Community, and downtown Lithonia, Georgia.

The existence of the Atlanta Augusta Railroad allowed the granite quarrying industry in the area to flourish in the late 1800s. Remnants of this industry can be seen throughout the Heritage Area in the form of quarry office ruins, rock ledges, and drill holes on the rock. Unlike Arabia, Panola Mountain was never quarried because of its geologic qualities such as softer texture and veining.

Like Stone Mountain, Arabia Mountain was quarried for decades before the property was turned over to the DeKalb park system. Structures and excavations from the quarry operations can be seen throughout the park. The stone quarried from Arabia Mountain, officially called "Tidal Grey", was prized for its high structural density and compressive strength as well as its "swirl" pattern. Tidal Grey Arabia Mountain can be seen in the construction of buildings for the U.S. Naval Academy, the Brooklyn Bridge, and street curbing in Atlanta as well as many other Georgia cities. Prior to 1880, the stone was hand quarried but starting in 1879, workers used drills, dynamite and air compressors to "raise a ledge" or sever a large block of stone from the mass. That allowed more control over the size of the stone and large stones could be used for dimensional or building construction. The proximity to the railroad meant that the Tidal Grey could be easily transported across the country.

Another advancement to the quarrying industry at Arabia Mountain was the discovery that adding granite grit to chicken feed helped with the birds' digestion. The Davidson family, which owned several quarries in the area, became the largest supplier of poultry grit in the world. They claimed that the sparkling particles of mica in the Stonemo grit attracted the eye and helped the chicken's gizzard break down food. The company was so successful in distributing their feed additive, a *Time* magazine article from 1941 reported the U.S. government allowed them to continue to operate during WWII in the name of national defense. In 1949, the Lithonia district produced nearly 1.5 million tons of granite valued at the time at $3 million.

The proximity of the Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area to Atlanta, the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in the country during the 2000s leaves it vulnerable to overdevelopment. This threat of encroaching sprawl was recognized after nearly a decade, as the area was determined to be a significant part of national history and earned congressional designation as a National Heritage Area in 2006.

## Geology

The defining feature that gives the Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area its significance at the national level is its granite outcroppings, called monadnocks. These monadnocks are composed of a granitoid rock and are interspersed with islands of plant life. The Metro-Atlanta area has multiple monadnocks, including Stone Mountain, Arabia Mountain and Panola Mountain. Arabia and Panola Mountains are located within the Heritage Area.

The monadnocks were formed when erosion resistant rock is exposed after softer rock is eroded over time. The individual characteristics of the monadnock are determined by the individual processes that formed the granite. For example, Arabia Mountain features a unique "swirl" pattern due to the heat and pressure that caused Arabia Mountain to have a taffy-like consistency when it was cooling over 400 million years ago. Bands of different minerals folded and twisted, creating the "tidal swirl" pattern seen today . By contrast, Panola Mountain has a flakier rock with less compressive strength due to differences in cooling rates. Panola Mountain also has a darker colored rock and different mineral grains. Differences in mineral composition between Panola and Stone Mountains indicated different magma sources at the time of formation.

Arabia Mountain appears to be composed of granite. Although made of metamorphic rock, the mountain is actually composed of migmatite, metamorphosed at higher temperatures than gneiss but not sufficiently melted to become granite. The resulting *swirl pattern* made the rock a popular building stone and many buildings in the region were constructed with stone quarried from the Lithonia district quarries.

## Botany and endangered plants

The seemingly barren landscape of Arabia Mountain is teeming with plant life specially adapted to live in the mountain's harsh environment. Arabia Mountain is one of five locations in the US where black-spored quillwort (*Isoetes melanospora*) is found. It is one of 44 locations in the US where little amphianthus (*Amphianthus pusillus*) is found. These are endangered species protected by Georgia and federal law. The largest and most important population of black-spored quillwort and one of the largest *Amphianthus* populations occur here. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's five-year review of these species, completed in 2008, states that "enforcement to protect sensitive areas needs improvement" in the Arabia Mountain area."

Arabia Mountain is one of a small number of locations in the southeastern United States where Small's stonecrop (*Sedum smallii*, syn. *Diamorpha smallii*) thrives (this plant is not listed as an endangered species in Georgia or the US, but is in Tennessee). When granite and similar stone outcrops are exposed to erosion, over time, small depressions, called solution pools, form where weaker rock wears away faster than surrounding rock (often assisted by lichen). Over time, these depressions fill with sand washed down from higher locations, which accumulates a small amount of organic content from decaying dead leaves and other detritus, as well as rain water. Small's stonecrop then takes hold in these sandy hollows.

**Primary Succession**:

It took thousands of years for plants and trees to grow in the granite outcroppings. The first plants on the mountains were lichens, which draw nutrients from dust and rainwater. Acids from these lichens and mosses gradually formed pits in the rock, called chemical erosion. This allowed shallow amounts of soil to accumulate, providing a place for more plant life to take root. This process is called Primary Succession as a succession of plants colonize the rock from lichen, to mosses, to diamorpha and larger plants, then gradually accumulating enough soil to support shrubs and trees.

**Physical Weathering**:

Not only does plant matter such as moss erode the rock and help to build soil levels in the pits, but the stone is also weathered by non-chemical factors. Wind, freeze-thaw cycles, and even lightning strikes cause the rock to fragment and breakdown. Cracks can form, giving another foothold to plant life, and the rock is broken into particles that add to the shallow soil.

**The Edge Effect**:

Due to the variety of eco-systems within the Heritage Area, the "edge effect" allows for greater biodiversity where two or more ecosystems intersect. For example, where the rock outcroppings border forests, the shallow soil retains more moisture due to runoff and can support the species of both the rock outcropping and the forest.

## Preservation

In the 1970s, the Davidson family donated over 500 acres including Arabia Mountain and surrounding lands to DeKalb County as a nature preserve for local residents to enjoy. Since then, the Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve has been expanded several times and now includes 2,550 acres, several granite outcrops and two lakes.

On October 12, 2006, the mountain and Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve were designated as nationally significant as a part of the Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area in recognition of its cultural, historical and natural features.

## Bicycle trail

The PATH Foundation has completed more than 30 miles of a 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) concrete road for pedestrian and bicycle use running from downtown Lithonia to Stonecrest Mall and thence through the Davidson-Arabia Mountain Nature Preserve to Panola Mountain State Park, ending at the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Conyers. This includes a spur to a parking area on Klondike Road and a spur to the DeKalb County School System's Murphey Candler Elementary School and Arabia Mountain High School.

## InfoBox

| Arabia Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the summit of Arabia Mountain | |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 955 ft (291 m) |
| Prominence | 172 ft (52 m) |
| Coordinates | 33°39′54″N 84°7′6″W / 33.66500°N 84.11833°W / 33.66500; -84.11833 |
| Geography | |
| Location | DeKalb County, Georgia |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | unknown |
| Easiest route | Hike |
| Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area  IUCN category III (natural monument or feature)   Location Southeast of Atlanta, Georgia  Nearest city Lithonia, Georgia  Coordinates 33°39′54″N 84°7′6″W / 33.66500°N 84.11833°W / 33.66500; -84.11833  Established 2006  Governing body Arabia Mountain Heritage Area Alliance | |


title: Araeomolis irregularis

abstract: Araeomolis irregularis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909, originally under the genus Idalus. It is found in French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amazonas.

text:
# Araeomolis irregularis

***Araeomolis irregularis*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1909, originally under the genus *Idalus*. It is found in French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amazonas.

## InfoBox

| *Araeomolis irregularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Araeomolis* |
| Species: | ***A. irregularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Araeomolis irregularis***<br>(Rothschild, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Idalus irregularis* Rothschild, 1909 | |


title: Apollo in Real Time

abstract: Apollo in Real Time is an interactive, multimedia website that presents the Apollo 11, Apollo 13, and Apollo 17 missions as they happened at the time by compiling and synchronizing thousands of hours of audio and video recordings, transcripts, and photographs. Apollo historian Ben Feist created the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 real-time sites, and was a NASA contractor by the time he created the Apollo 13 real-time site. Air & Space magazine describes the Apollo 13 site as "one of the most ambitious multimedia history sites ever created". Each of the real-time sites is fronted by a dashboard that provides options for different audio and video channels. Viewers can explore the multimedia properties, search the transcript, or experience the in-progress feed. Each media element is synchronized precisely to the actual mission time's master clock, Ground Elapsed Time.

text:
# Apollo in Real Time

**Apollo in Real Time** is an interactive, multimedia website that presents the Apollo 11, Apollo 13, and Apollo 17 missions as they happened at the time by compiling and synchronizing thousands of hours of audio and video recordings, transcripts, and photographs. Apollo historian Ben Feist created the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 real-time sites, and was a NASA contractor by the time he created the Apollo 13 real-time site. *Air & Space* magazine describes the Apollo 13 site as "one of the most ambitious multimedia history sites ever created".

Each of the real-time sites is fronted by a dashboard that provides options for different audio and video channels. Viewers can explore the multimedia properties, search the transcript, or experience the in-progress feed. Each media element is synchronized precisely (or as close as possible) to the actual mission time's master clock, Ground Elapsed Time.

## Apollo 17

The Apollo 17 project, which Feist began in 2009 as a part-time hobby and launched six years later was the first real-time site published. It includes raw audio from the onboard voice and air-to-ground communication channels in Mission Control that had been released by NASA, and film that had been collected by archivist Stephen Slater in the UK. Apollo 17 in real-time contains 300 hours of audio, 22 hours of video, and 4200 photographs. The alpha version of the Apollo 17 site was released in March, 2015, and a reworked final version was released for the 43rd anniversary of Apollo 17 in December, 2015. For the 44th anniversary, additional content was added, including 3D renderings of Lunar Roving Vehicle traverses using data from the Goddard Space Flight Center.

## Apollo 11

The Apollo 11 real-time site covers the period from 20 hours prior to launch until just after recovery, and includes 11,000 hours of Mission Control audio, 2,000 photographs, mission control and in flight film, and 240 hours of space to ground audio, as well as information on each of the lunar surface samples collected by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. For the Apollo 11 project, about 50 audio channel recordings were included, enabling viewers to select among every control position in Mission Control and other communication loops, such as the Guidance officer, the capsule communicator, and the flight dynamics officer.

On the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, Space.com simulcast the live feed from the Apollo 11 in real-time site.

## Apollo 13

Gathering historical materials for the real-time site for Apollo 13 took a team of researchers eight months. Footage sourced includes all the mute 16mm film from Mission Control, supplied by Slater and synchronised to the audio wherever possible, and all the photos, film and television footage shot by the astronauts. The video and audio for the project were digitized and restored by a team of historians, researchers, and audio, film and visual experts. The Apollo 13 real-time site includes over 7,300 hours of audio and video. Apollo 13 in real-time includes four audio tapes from the time of the explosion that had been missing and were only recovered from the National Archives in the fall of 2019. It is the first time this audio has been heard since the 1970 accident investigation.

The Apollo 13 site launched on March 13, 2020, in time for the 50th anniversary of the launch in April 2020.

## InfoBox

Apollo in Real Time
| Type of site | Interactive, multimedia |
| --- | --- |
| Available in | English |
| Created by | Ben Feist |
| URL | apolloinrealtime.org |
| Launched | 2015 (2015) |
| Current status | Active |


title: 1986–87 Cypriot First Division

abstract: The 1986–87 Cypriot First Division was the 48th season of the Cypriot top-level football league. Omonia won their 15th title.

text:
# 1986–87 Cypriot First Division

The **1986–87 Cypriot First Division** was the 48th season of the Cypriot top-level football league. Omonia won their 15th title.

## Format

Sixteen teams participated in the 1986–87 Cypriot First Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The last two teams were relegated to the 1987–88 Cypriot Second Division.

The champions ensured their participation in the 1987–88 European Cup and the runners-up in the 1987–88 UEFA Cup.

## Changes from previous season

No team was relegated from the previous season. The first two teams of the 1985–86 Cypriot Second Division, Ethnikos Achna and Omonia Aradippou were promoted and added to the First Division.

## Stadia and locations

ENPAnorthosisAPOPOlympiakosEthnikos Achnaclass=notpageimage|1986–87 Cypriot First Division

| Club | Venue |
| --- | --- |
| AEL | Tsirion Stadium |
| Alki | GSZ Stadium |
| Anorthosis | Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium |
| APOEL | Makario Stadium |
| Apollon | Tsirion Stadium |
| APOP | Pafiako Stadium |
| Aris | Tsirion Stadium |
| Ethnikos | Dasaki Stadium |
| Enosis | Paralimni Municipal Stadium |
| EPA | GSZ Stadium |
| Ermis | Aradippou Municipal Stadium |
| Nea Salamis | GSZ Stadium |
| Olympiakos | GSP Stadium |
| Omonia Ar. | Aradippou Municipal Stadium |
| Omonia | Makario Stadium |
| Pezoporikos | GSZ Stadium |
|

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Omonia (C) | 30 | 26 | 0 | 4 | 86 | 28 | +58 | 52 | Qualification for European Cup first round |
| 2 | APOEL | 30 | 19 | 9 | 2 | 58 | 11 | +47 | 47 |  |
| 3 | EPA | 30 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 45 | 20 | +25 | 43 | Qualification for UEFA Cup first round |
| 4 | AEL | 30 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 62 | 34 | +28 | 36 | Qualification for Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 5 | Aris | 30 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 53 | 35 | +18 | 35 |  |
| 6 | Apollon | 30 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 52 | 34 | +18 | | 34 |
| 7 | Olympiakos | 30 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 47 | 46 | +1 | | 34 |
| 8 | Anorthosis | 30 | 9 | 15 | 6 | 35 | 30 | +5 | | 33 |
| 9 | APOP | 30 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 39 | 44 | 5 | | 27 |
| 10 | Enosis Neon Paralimni | 30 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 34 | 53 | 19 | | 26 |
| 11 | Pezoporikos | 30 | 4 | 16 | 10 | 25 | 28 | 3 | | 24 |
| 12 | Alki | 30 | 5 | 14 | 11 | 30 | 39 | 9 | | 24 |
| 13 | Nea Salamis | 30 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 45 | 54 | 9 | | 24 |
| 14 | Ethnikos | 30 | 5 | 12 | 13 | 27 | 50 | 23 | | 22 |
| 15 | Omonia Aradippou (R) | 30 | 2 | 9 | 19 | 21 | 64 | 43 | 13 | Relegation to Cypriot Second Division |
| 16 | Ermis (R) | 30 | 1 | 4 | 25 | 19 | 108 | 89 | | 6 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Goal differences, 3) Goal for. Points system: Won=2 points, Drawn=1 point, Lost=0 points.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

| Home \ Away | AEL | ALK | ANR | APN | APL | APP | ARS | ETH | ENP | EPA | ERM | NSL | OLY | OMA | OMN | POL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AEL |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–0 | 7–0 | 4–2 | 5–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 |
| Alki | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 0–4 | 0–2 |
| Anorthosis | 3–1 | 0–0 |  | 0–3 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 |
| APOEL | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 |  | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 4–0 | 0–0 | 6–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 |
| Apollon | 2–2 | 0–1 | 5–0 | 0–2 |  | 1–0 | 3–4 | 5–1 | 5–2 | 1–4 | 6–0 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 1–1 |
| APOP | 3–2 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 |  | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 0–3 | 4–0 | 1–4 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 1–1 |
| Aris | 0–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |  | 1–1 | 4–0 | 0–1 | 5–1 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–5 | 2–0 |
| Ethnikos | 0–3 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–4 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 2–2 |  | 1–0 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 0–0 |
| ENP | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 2–1 |  | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 0–2 |
| EPA | 3–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 3–0 |  | 2–0 | 4–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 |
| Ermis | 0–7 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–4 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–4 | 1–6 | 2–5 | 0–1 |  | 0–3 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–6 | 1–1 |
| Nea Salamis | 1–4 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 4–4 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 5–0 |  | 2–3 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 3–1 |
| Olympiakos | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 5–3 | 1–1 |  | 3–2 | 0–5 | 1–0 |
| Omonia Ar. | 2–5 | 2–5 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 0–6 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 1–2 | 1–6 |  | 1–4 | 0–0 |
| Omonia N. | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 4–0 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 4–3 | 6–4 | 2–0 |  | 1–0 |
| Pezoporikos | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 6–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.    1. "Cyprus - List of Topscorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 2015-06-25. Archived from the original on 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2015-08-05.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Cypriot First Division
| Season | 1986–87 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Omonia
(15th title) |
| Relegated |  |
| European Cup | Omonia (1st round) |
| UEFA Cup | EPA (1st round) |
| Cup Winners' Cup | AEL (1st round; via Cypriot Cup) |
| Matches played | 240 |
| Goals scored | 677 (2.82 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Spas Dzhevizov
(32 goals) |
| 1985–86 1987–88 | |


title: Emine Demir

abstract: Emine Demir is a Turkish women's football defender, who plays in the Women's Super League for Fatih Vatan Spor with jersey number 24. She was a member of the Turkey girls' U-17, Turkey women's U-19, women's U-21 and Turkey women's teams.

text:
# Emine Demir

**Emine Demir** (born November 11, 1993) is a Turkish women's football defender, who plays in the Women's Super League for Fatih Vatan Spor with jersey number 24. She was a member of the Turkey girls' U-17, Turkey women's U-19, women's U-21 and Turkey women's teams.

## Early years

She was born in Taşbaşı village of Hakkari in southeastern Turkey on November 11, 1993. She began football playing in the regional primary boarding school of the Association for the Support of Contemporary Living. Her first club Malatya Gençlik ve Spor provided her scholarship for education in the Sports High School in Malatya. She supports her family financially.

## Club career

Emine Demir of Hakkarigücü Spor in the 2018–19 Turkish Women's First.

She received her license for Malatya Gençlik ve Spor on November 16, 2007, and played the 2008–09 season in the Turkish Women's Second League. The next season, she moved to Mersin Camspor to play in the Women's First League. In the 2010–11 season, she was transferred by Adana İdmanyurduspor, which was promoted to the Women's First League one season later. Dmir has been part of Trabzon İdmanocağı since 2012. After three full and a half seasons, she moved to Hakkarigücü Spor in her hometown to play in the Women's Second League. She earned her team's promotion to the Women's First league in the 2018–19 season. In October 2019, she transferred to the Istanbul-based club Ataşehir Belediyespor.

### Galatasaray

On 22 August 2022, the Turkish Women's Football Super League team was transferred to the Galatasaray club.

### Fatih Vatan Spor

In the second half of the 2022–23 season, she returned to her former club Fatih Vatan Spor.

## International career

Emine Demir was admitted to the Turkey girls' U-17 team to play at the 2009 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship – Group 5 matches. She debuted in the game against Faroe Islands on October 23, 2008.

She Became a member of the Turkey women's U-19 team playing for the first time in the 2011 Kuban Spring Tournament against Ukraine on March 6, 2011. She played at the 2011 UEFA Women's U-19 Championship Second qualifying round – Group 3 and 2012 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship – Group A matches. She capped in total 19 times for the Turkey women's U-19 team.

On November 26, 2014, she appeared for Turkey women's U-21 team in a friendly match against Belgium.

In February 2015, Emine Demir was called up to the Turkey women's. She was a substitute at the friendly matches against the Georgian women. On August 19, 2015, she debuted in the Turkey women's team appearing in the friendly match against Albania.

## Career statistics

*As of 5 February 2023*.

| Club | Season | League | | | Continental | | National | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Malatya Gençlik ve Spor | 2008–09 | Second League | 8 | 0 |  |  | 1 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| | Total | | 8 | 0 |  |  | 1 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Mersin Camspor | 2009–10 | First League | 14 | 3 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 14 | 3 |
| | Total | | 14 | 3 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 14 | 3 |
| Adana İdmanyurduspor | 2010–11 | Second League | 23 | 7 |  |  | 7 | 0 | 30 | 7 |
| | 2011–12 | First League | 19 | 7 |  |  | 9 | 0 | 28 | 7 |
| | Total | | 42 | 14 |  |  | 16 | 0 | 58 | 14 |
| Trabzon İdmanocağı | 2012–13 | First League | 18 | 1 |  |  | 3 | 0 | 21 | 1 |
| | 2013–14 | First League | 12 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| | 2014–15 | First League | 16 | 1 |  |  | 1 | 0 | 17 | 1 |
| | 2015–16 | First League | 17 | 4 |  |  | 4 | 0 | 21 | 4 |
| | 2016–17 | First League | 8 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| | Total | | 71 | 6 |  |  | 8 | 0 | 79 | 6 |
| Hakkarigücü Spor | 2016–17 | Second League | 7 | 6 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 7 | 6 |
| | 2017–18 | Second League | 18 | 14 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 18 | 14 |
| | 2018–19 | First League | 15 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |
| | Total | | 40 | 21 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 40 | 21 |
| Ataşehir Belediyespor | 2019–20 | First League | 15 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |
| | 2020–21 | First League | 4 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | Total | | 19 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1 |
| Fatih Vatan Spor | 2021–22 | Super League | 22 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 22 | 1 |
| | Total | | 22 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 22 | 1 |
| Galatasaray S.K. | 2022–23 | Super League | 7 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
| | Total | | 7 | 1 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 |
| Fatih Vatan Spor | 2022–23 | Super League | 5 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| | Total | | 5 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 228 | 47 |  |  | 25 | 0 | 253 | 47 |

## Honours

Turkish Women's First League Adana İdmanyurduspor *Third place* (1): 2010–11 Trabzon İdmanocağı *Third places* (2): 2014–15, 2015–16 Turkish Women's Second League Hakkarigücü Spor *Second places* (1): 2017–18

## InfoBox

Emine Demir
| Emine Demir for Trabzon İdmanocağı (December 2014) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-11-11) November 11, 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Taşbaşı, Hakkari, Turkey | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Fatih Vatan Spor | | |
| Number | 24 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007–2009 | Malatya Gençlik ve Spor | 8 | (0) |
| 2009–2011 | Mersin Camspor | 14 | (3) |
| 2011–2012 | Adana İdmanyurduspor | 42 | (14) |
| 2012–2016 | Trabzon İdmanocağı | 71 | (6) |
| 2017–2019 | Hakkarigücü Spor | 40 | (21) |
| 2019–2021 | Ataşehir Belediyespor | 19 | (1) |
| 2021–2022 | Fatih Vatan Spor | 22 | (1) |
| 2022 | Galatasaray | 7 | (1) |
| 2022– | Fatih Vatan Spor | 5 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008 | Turkey U-17 | 1 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Turkey U-19 | 19 | (0) |
| 2014 | Turkey U-21 | 1 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Turkey | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 January 2023<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 8 April 2016 | | | |


title: Elyse Allan

abstract: Mary Elyse Allan CM is a Canadian businesswoman, and a former president and CEO of GE Canada. She was awarded the Order of Canada as a champion of scientific literacy, particularly among girls.

text:
# Elyse Allan

**Mary Elyse Allan** CM (born 1956/1957) is a Canadian businesswoman, and a former president and CEO of GE Canada. She was awarded the Order of Canada as a champion of scientific literacy, particularly among girls.

## Early life and education

Allan is originally from suburban New York.

In 1979, Allan received a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in biology and environmental studies, and an MBA in 1984 from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, where she also serves on the board of overseers. Allan received honorary doctorates from Ryerson University, Saint Mary's University and Royal Roads University.

## Business career

Allan's career at General Electric began in 1984 and she has worked in the US and Canada in several industrial and consumer GE businesses including aviation, energy, and lighting. She retired from GE Canada at the end of June 2018, ending a 14-year career as the head of its Canadian division.

Allan serves as a director on boards including the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, the Royal Ontario Museum, the C. D. Howe Institute, and the Conference Board of Canada. Allan has completed her board terms at the Business Council of Canada and the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, where she also served as chair. She joined GE in 1984 and transferred to the Canadian operation in 1988. She left General Electric to work as a marketing executive with Ontario Hydro. She then spent a decade as president and CEO of the Toronto Board of Trade, returning to GE Canada as CEO in 2004. Allan retired as CEO of GE Canada in 2018. She served as an economic advisor to the Canadian Government under Stephen Harper and Justin Trudeau.

## Personal life

Allan is married to Don, they have one son, and live in Toronto. In 2014, she was awarded the Order of Canada for "her achievements as an innovative business leader and for her community involvement."

1. "Executive Profile: M. Elyse Allan". *Bloomberg LP*. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
2. Parkinson, David (June 26, 2018). "GE Canada head retires amid major revamp at parent company". *The Globe and Mail*. Toronto. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
3. "Alumni Stories - Elyse Allan". Tuck School of Business. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
4. Pachner, Joanna (7 February 2013). "CEO Elyse Allan's six tips for career success". *Chatelaine*. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
5. "GE Names Elyse Allan President and CEO, GE Canada". *businesswire.com* (Press release). Retrieved 27 October 2018.
6. General, Office of the Secretary to the Governor. "Mrs. Mary Elyse Allan". *The Governor General of Canada*. Retrieved 2021-03-26.

## InfoBox

| Elyse Allan CM | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mary Elyse Allan
1956 or 1957 (age 66–67) |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Education | Dartmouth College |
| Occupation(s) | President and CEO of GE Canada
Vice President of General Electric |
| Board member of | Tuck School of Business
Royal Ontario Museum
C. D. Howe Institute
Conference Board of Canada
Brookfield Corporation
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Business Council of Canada |
| Spouse | Don |
| Children | 1 son |


title: Ards Lower

abstract: Ards Lower, alternatively known as North Ards, is a barony in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the northern half of the Ards Peninsula in the north-east of the county, with the Irish Sea to its east and Strangford Lough to its south-west. It is bordered by two other baronies: Ards Upper to the south; and Castlereagh Lower to the west. The barony of Ards Lower was created in 1851 when the barony of Ards was split into two, the other part being Ards Upper.

text:
# Ards Lower

**Ards Lower** (named after the former barony of Ards), alternatively known as North Ards, is a barony in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on the northern half of the Ards Peninsula in the north-east of the county, with the Irish Sea to its east and Strangford Lough to its south-west. It is bordered by two other baronies: Ards Upper to the south; and Castlereagh Lower to the west.

The barony of Ards Lower was created in 1851 when the barony of Ards was split into two, the other part being Ards Upper.

## List of settlements

Below is a list of settlements in Ards Lower:

### Towns

### Villages

### Population centres

* Clandeboye (split with the barony of Castlereagh Lower)
* Kilcooley

## List of civil parishes

Below is a list of civil parishes in Ards Lower:

## InfoBox

| Ards Lower *An Aird Íochtarach* (Irish) | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Ards Lower, County Down, Northern Ireland. | |
| Coordinates: 54°35′54.89″N 5°36′17.10″W / 54.5985806°N 5.6047500°W / 54.5985806; -5.6047500 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| County | Down |


title: 1987 Benson & Hedges Championships

abstract: The 1987 Benson & Hedges Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London in England that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from 10 November until 15 November 1987. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title, his third at the event after 1984 and 1985.

text:
# 1987 Benson & Hedges Championships

The **1987 Benson & Hedges Championships** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London in England that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from 10 November until 15 November 1987. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title, his third at the event after 1984 and 1985.

## Finals

### Singles

Ivan Lendl defeated  Anders Järryd 6–3, 6–2, 7–5

* It was Lendl's 7th singles title of the year and the 69th of his career.

### Doubles

Miloslav Mečíř /  Tomáš Šmíd defeated  Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso 7–5, 6–4

## InfoBox

| 1987 Benson & Hedges Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 10–15 November |
| Edition | 12th |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $375,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | London, England |
| Venue | Wembley Arena |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Ivan Lendl | |
| Doubles | |
| Miloslav Mečíř /  Tomáš Šmíd | |
|  | |


title: Apostolic Nunciature to Florence

abstract: The Apostolic Nunciature to Florence was an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church to the Republic of Florence, Italy and later the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It was a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. In 1533, the Republic of Florence was replaced by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The office ceased to exist in 1860 after the United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, annexed Tuscany in 1859 and then Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved.

text:
# Apostolic Nunciature to Florence

The **Apostolic Nunciature to Florence** was an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church to the Republic of Florence, Italy and later the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It was a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. In 1533, the Republic of Florence was replaced by the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The office ceased to exist in 1860 after the United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, annexed Tuscany in 1859 and then Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved.


title: Apostolic Nunciature to El Salvador

abstract: The Apostolic Nunciature to El Salvador is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The nuncio resides in San Salvador.

text:
# Apostolic Nunciature to El Salvador

The **Apostolic Nunciature to El Salvador** is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The nuncio resides in San Salvador.

## List of papal representatives to El Salvador

Apostolic Delegates and Internuncios Apostolic Nuncios    1. De Marchi, Giuseppe (1957). *Le nunziature apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956* (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. p. 104. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
2. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XIII. 1921. p. 520. Retrieved 5 June 2020. Internunzio Apostolico per Costa Rica, Nicaragua e Honduras
3. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XIV. 1922. pp. 551, 563. Retrieved 14 July 2020. Internunzio Apostolico nell'America Centrale
4. De Marchi, Giuseppe (1957). *Le Nunziature Apostoliche dal 1800 al 1956* (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 104. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
5. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXVI. 1934. pp. 10, 203. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
6. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXI. 1939. p. 721. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
7. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXII. 1940. pp. 74, 106, 134. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
8. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXVIII. 1946. p. 163. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
9. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXVIII. 1946. p. 163. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
10. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXXIII. 1951. p. 688. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
11. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXXIX. 1957. p. 176. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
12. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XXXXIX. 1957. p. 432. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
13. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LI. 1959. p. 490. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
14. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LI. 1959. p. 541. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
15. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LVI. 1964. pp. 863, 955. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
16. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LX. 1968. p. 544. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
17. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXV. 1973. p. 621. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
18. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXII. 1980. p. 1069. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
19. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXVI. 1984. p. 508. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
20. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXVII. 1985. p. 181. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
21. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXXII. 1990. p. 846. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
22. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. LXXXII. 1990. p. 1021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
23. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XC. 1998. p. 245. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
24. *Acta Apostolicae Sedis* (PDF). Vol. XC. 1998. p. 455. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
25. "Rinunce e nomine, 24.02.2005" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 24 February 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
26. "Rinunce e nomine, 02.04.2005" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 2 April 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
27. "Rinunce e nomine, 17.11.2012" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
28. "Rinunce e Nomine, 22.02.2013" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
29. "Rinunce e Nomine, 17.03.2018" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 17 March 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
30. "Rinunce e nomine, 25.05.2018" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
31. "Rinunce e nomine, 12.09.2022". Retrieved September 12, 2022.
32. "Resignations and Appointments, 26.10.2022". Retrieved October 26, 2022.


title: 1987 Virginia ballot measures

abstract: The 1987 Virginia State Elections took place on Election Day, November 3, 1987, the same day as the elections to the Virginia House of Delegates and the Virginia Senate, which are always held in off-years. The only statewide election on the ballot was one referendum, which was referred to the voters by the Virginia General Assembly.

text:
# 1987 Virginia ballot measures

The **1987 Virginia State Elections** took place on Election Day, November 3, 1987, the same day as the elections to the Virginia House of Delegates and the Virginia Senate, which are always held in off-years. The only statewide election on the ballot was one referendum, which was referred to the voters by the Virginia General Assembly.

## Question 1

This referendum asked voters to approve the creation of a state-sponsored lottery. The revenue generated would be controlled by the Virginia General Assembly.

Question 1
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yes** | **791,518** | **56.56** |
| No | 607,884 | 43.44 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **1,399,402** | **100.00** |
|
|
| Source: \- Official Results | | |


title: Archaeological Museum of Mykonos

abstract: The Archaeological Museum of Mykonos is a museum in Mykonos, Greece. It was built in 1902 to house the findings from the Putrefaction Pit of 425/426 BC, which was discovered in 1898 on the islet of Rheneia by D. Stavropoulos. It is one of the oldest museums in Greece and was designed by Alexandros Lykakis and funded by the Ministry of Education and the Archaeological Society of Athens. The land as donated by the Municipality of Mykonos. Its collections include exhibits dating from the Prehistoric to the Hellenistic period. The original Neoclassical building underwent refurbishments and expansions in the 1930s and 1960s and the large eastern room was added in 1972. The museum contains artefacts from the neighbouring island Rhenia, including 9th- to 8th-century BC ceramic pottery from the Cyclades and 7th- to 6th-century BC works from other areas in the Aegean. Its most famous item is the large vase produced in Tinos, showing scenes from the fall of Troy.

text:
# Archaeological Museum of Mykonos

The **Archaeological Museum of Mykonos** is a museum in Mykonos, Greece. It was built in 1902 to house the findings from the Putrefaction Pit of 425/426 BC, which was discovered in 1898 on the islet of Rheneia by D. Stavropoulos. It is one of the oldest museums in Greece and was designed by Alexandros Lykakis and funded by the Ministry of Education and the Archaeological Society of Athens. The land as donated by the Municipality of Mykonos. Its collections include exhibits dating from the Prehistoric to the Hellenistic period.

The original Neoclassical building underwent refurbishments and expansions in the 1930s and 1960s and the large eastern room was added in 1972. The museum contains artefacts from the neighbouring island Rhenia, including 9th- to 8th-century BC ceramic pottery from the Cyclades and 7th- to 6th-century BC works from other areas in the Aegean. Its most famous item is the large vase produced in Tinos, showing scenes from the fall of Troy.

37°27′00″N 25°19′47″E / 37.4500°N 25.3297°E / 37.4500; 25.3297

## InfoBox

Archaeological Museum of Mykonos
| Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Μυκόνου | |
| --- | --- |
| Museum building | |
| Location within Greece South Aegean | |
| Location | Mykonos, Greece |
| Type | Archaeological museum |


title: Emin (Ottoman official)

abstract: An emin was an officer in the Ottoman empire; a "steward", the holder of an eminet, and often responsible for customs duties. Unlike a timar holder, an emin was a salaried official. Emins could operate outside the normal Ottoman bureaucracy; they were not necessarily Muslim.

text:
# Emin (Ottoman official)

An **emin** was an officer in the Ottoman empire; a "steward", the holder of an ***eminet***, and often responsible for customs duties. Unlike a timar holder, an emin was a salaried official. Emins could operate outside the normal Ottoman bureaucracy; they were not necessarily Muslim.

## Emins as customs officers

The emin was usually a customs officer - that is to say, a *gümrük* *emini* ; they were responsible for managing revenue from certain taxes, and collected duties on goods exported by foreigners. Although formally a tax official, the role of the emin (as with the role of other officials, such as the Kadi) could vary in practice; they might also be involved in consular, mediation, or even notarial work; and as a representative of the Ottoman state, could be authorised to apprehend Ottoman subjects who had committed crimes on foreign territory. As such, an emin resident in a foreign port that traded with the Ottoman empire could be valuable to both parties. An emin serving in a port could even act as a harbour-master or could prevent the export of restricted goods; in at least one case, Istanbul had to specifically instruct an emin to *permit* the export of a 27000 kg shipment of lead to be used by allies, which the emin had stopped in the port.

## Emins as government agents

An emin could also exercise government control over guilds - although if a guild's own rules were recognised by the sultan, then the rules could be enforced as law by a kadi.

The emin could also take the place of a tax-farmer, collecting a defined package of taxes, and might report back to central authority identifying new ways to increase tax take. The sultan might grant extensive powers to the emin to ensure that taxes were collected. The emin might also be appointed to project-manage major construction work, and would submit a full report on each project - with financial details.

Emins also supervised coin minting, to prevent the theft of silver, or other fraud by mint employees.

Emins might even be appointed as auditors, to investigate irregularities in tax collection performed by other officials; the emins could make recommendations on how to remedy the problem.


title: 1989 Swedish Golf Tour

abstract: The 1989 Swedish Golf Tour was the sixth season of the Swedish Golf Tour, the main professional golf tour in Sweden since it was formed in 1984, with most tournaments being incorporated into the Challenge Tour between 1989 and 1998.

text:
# 1989 Swedish Golf Tour

The **1989 Swedish Golf Tour** was the sixth season of the Swedish Golf Tour, the main professional golf tour in Sweden since it was formed in 1984, with most tournaments being incorporated into the Challenge Tour between 1989 and 1998.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 1989 season.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse
(SKr) | Winner | Main
tour |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 May | Naturgas Open | Skåne | 250,000 | Jeff Hall | CHA |
| 28 May | Ramlösa Open | Västergötland | 300,000 | Heinz-Peter Thül | CHA |
| 4 Jun | Nescafé Cup | Skåne | 300,000 | Thomas Nilsson | CHA |
| 11 Jun | Teleannons Grand Prix | Skåne | 500,000 | Mats Lanner | CHA |
| 18 Jun | Stiga Open | Småland | 250,000 | Thomas Nilsson | CHA |
| 2 Jul | Volvo Albatross | Småland | 400,000 | Magnus Sunesson | CHA |
| 9 Jul | Wermland Open | Värmland | 400,000 | Anders Gillner | CHA |
| 16 Jul | Scandinavian Tipo Trophy | Finland | 250,000 | René Michelsen | CHA |
| 30 Jul | SM Match Play | Uppland | 325,000 | Magnus Grankvist | CHA |
| 13 Aug | Gevalia Open | Gästrikland | 400,000 | Mats Lanner | CHA |
| 27 Aug | Esab Open | Halland | 250,000 | Carl-Magnus Strömberg | CHA |
| 10 Sep | Västerås Kentab Open | Västmanland | 325,000 | Clas Hultman | CHA |
| 17 Sep | SI Aragon Open | Närke | 400,000 | Anders Gillner | CHA |
| 24 Sep | Länsförsäkringar Open | Halland | 600,000 | Leif Hederström | CHA |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was titled as the **Diners Club Order of Merit** and was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Swedish krona.

| Position | Player | Prize money (SKr) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Magnus Sunesson | 245,250 |
| 2 | Anders Gillner | 203,550 |
| 3 | Mats Lanner | 163,300 |
| 4 | Magnus Grankvist | 160,100 |
| 5 | Thomas Nilsson | 157,750 |

1. "Årets program" \[This year's program\]. *Svensk Golf* (in Swedish). No. 3. March 1989. p. 121. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
2. Jansson, Anders (2004). "Swedish Golf Tour/Telia Tour". *Golf - Den Stora Sporten* (in Swedish). Swedish Golf Federation. pp. 277–279. ISBN 91-86818007. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
3. "Swedish Golf Tour 1989". *Svensk Golf*. No. 12. December 1989. pp. 68–69. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
4. "Diners Club Order of Merit, Sverige" \[Diners Club Order of Merit, Sweden\]. *Svensk Golf* (in Swedish). No. 10. October 1989. p. 79. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

## InfoBox

1989 Swedish Golf Tour season
| Duration | 19 May 1989 (1989-05-19) – 24 September 1989 (1989-09-24) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 14 |
| Order of Merit | Magnus Sunesson |
| 1988 1990 | |


abstract: The 1987 Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships is the 1st edition of the  Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships, which took place from 7 May 1987 to 10 May 1987 in Athens, Greece.

text:
# 1987 Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships

The **1987 Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships** is the 1st edition of the Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships, which took place from 7 May 1987 to 10 May 1987 in Athens, Greece.

## Medal winners

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Individual** | | | |
| All-Around | **Elizabeth Koleva**
Bulgaria | **Albene Dimitrova**
Bulgaria | **Mariela Pachalieva**
Bulgaria |
| Rope | **Elizabeth Koleva**
Bulgaria
**Albene Dimitrova**
Bulgaria
**Alexandra Timochenko**
Soviet Union | **none awarded** | **none awarded** |
| Hoop | **Elizabeth Koleva**
Bulgaria | **Natalia Liutova**
Soviet Union
**Alexandra Timochenko**
Soviet Union | **none awarded** |
| Ball | **Elizabeth Koleva**
Bulgaria
**Mariela Pachalieva**
Bulgaria
**Larissa Medvedeva**
Soviet Union | **none awarded** | **none awarded** |
| Ribbon | **Albene Dimitrova**
Bulgaria
**Elizabeth Koleva**
Bulgaria | **Larissa Medvedeva**
Soviet Union
**Alexandra Timochenko**
Soviet Union | **none awarded** |
| **Groups** | | | |
| All-Around | **Bulgaria** | **Spain**
Alejandra Bolaños
Eva Martín
Arancha Marty
Carmen Martínez
Mari Carmen Moreno
Raquel Prat
Nuria Rico
Carmen Sánchez | **Poland** |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 9 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| 2 | Soviet Union (URS) | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
| 3 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Poland (POL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (4 entries) | | 11 | 6 | 2 | 19 |

## InfoBox

| 1987 Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Athens, Greece |
| Start date | 7 May 1987 |
| End date | 10 May 1987 |
|