title: Alex Josey

abstract: Alexander Arthur Josey was a British-Singaporean journalist, political writer and commentator, biographer, and during WWII and the Malayan Emergency, a propagandist. He is best known for his biographies on the former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, as well as: Democracy in Singapore: The 1970 By-Elections, Singapore: Its Past, Present and Future, Socialism in Asia, and Trade Unionism in Malaya. Born in Poole, UK, Josey was an avid writer from an early age. He was also an avid cyclist, and was a founding member of the Pedal Club and resurrected the Poole Wheelers Cycling Club. He became assistant editor of Cycling under H. H. England and wrote the 12th edition of the Cycling Manual and Year Book. During WWII Josey was in charge of psychological warfare in Cairo and Palestine. After the war, he was in charge of psychological warfare against the terrorists during the Malayan Emergency. He was employed by Radio Malaya and later Radio Singapore as a political commentator and Controller of News. He wrote over twenty political novels and wrote many political articles on Singapore and Malaysia for various Singapore and international newspapers and journals. He became a good friend of Lee Kuan Yew who later became the Prime Minister of Singapore. He was the first foreign correspondent to be kicked out of Singapore by the Malaysian government. He returned to Singapore after its independence from Malaysia and became Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew's Press Secretary for 10 years, and biographer and public relations officer. He later became the Publications Manager of the Singapore International Chamber of Commerce before being crippled by Parkinson's disease. Although planning to return to England due to the high cost of his medicine, he died aged 76 on 15 October 1986 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. His ashes are kept at the Singapore Casket, 131 Lavender Street, Singapore.

text:
# Alex Josey

**Alexander Arthur Josey** (3 April 1910 – 15 October 1986) was a British-Singaporean journalist, political writer and commentator, biographer, and during WWII and the Malayan Emergency, a propagandist. He is best known for his biographies on the former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, as well as: *Democracy in Singapore: The 1970 By-Elections*, *Singapore: Its Past, Present and Future*, *Socialism in Asia*, and *Trade Unionism in Malaya*.

Born in Poole, UK, Josey was an avid writer from an early age. He was also an avid cyclist, and was a founding member of the Pedal Club and resurrected the Poole Wheelers Cycling Club. He became assistant editor of *Cycling* under H. H. England and wrote the 12th edition of the *Cycling Manual and Year Book*.

During WWII Josey was in charge of psychological warfare in Cairo and Palestine. After the war, he was in charge of psychological warfare against the terrorists during the Malayan Emergency. He was employed by Radio Malaya and later Radio Singapore as a political commentator and Controller of News. He wrote over twenty political novels and wrote many political articles on Singapore and Malaysia for various Singapore and international newspapers and journals. He became a good friend of Lee Kuan Yew who later became the Prime Minister of Singapore. He was the first foreign correspondent to be kicked out of Singapore (then part of Malaysia) by the Malaysian government. He returned to Singapore after its independence from Malaysia and became Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew's Press Secretary for 10 years, and biographer and public relations officer. He later became the Publications Manager of the Singapore International Chamber of Commerce before being crippled by Parkinson's disease. Although planning to return to England due to the high cost of his medicine, he died aged 76 on 15 October 1986 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. His ashes are kept at the Singapore Casket, 131 Lavender Street, Singapore.

## Early life

In 1915–1923, Josey attended South Road Elementary School, until aged 14. He initially gained work in a factory, but in 1926, the factory joined the (National Strike), and so he decided to instead go in pursuit of his real objective which was writing and joined the local newspaper as a reporter working as a journalist on the *Poole Herald* and the *Bournemouth Times*. In 1926, he left for London and about the same time became a member of the Labour Party although he described himself as a very early socialist.

The same year he resurrected the Poole Wheelers Club along with his brother Cyril and became its Vice-President. He was still involved with them as late as 1940.

He was a member of the Road Racing Council 1926–1937 and the Road Time Trials Council 1937–43 of which he was National Secretary.

He was a founding member of the Pedal Club in 1941 and the next year became assistant editor of *Cycling* magazine under H. H. England, where he is credited as having written the 12th edition of the *Cycling Manual and Year Book*.

He was a keen collector of books and papers of historical interest on cycling, his collection archived at the University of Warwick library.

## Journalism

In 1941, he left London, joined the Air Force and was promoted to officer. Because of his journalism skills, he was recruited for duties in psychological warfare and transferred to Cairo. After Cairo, he was moved to Palestine circa 1946 as there was 'trouble brewing' and worked in Palestine Broadcasting Service as Controller of Programmes in charge of psychological warfare until the end of mandate in 1947/48. While in Palestine he helped the local cabaret girls form their own union. He was briefly lent by the Air Force to the Palestine Government to look after their public relations, but when the work ended he returned to England.

While in England he was married and lived for a short while in Wimbledon. His wife went out to Malaysia with him but didn't like it there so she went back to the UK and they were eventually divorced.

He briefly worked in Paris for Jackie Lane, the Secretary of the United Nations.

## Singapore

In 1949, Josey was encouraged by Sir Henry Gurney, the High Commissioner in Malaya to come over to Singapore and 'do psychological warfare against the Malayan Communist Party"

In early 1950, he became Staff Officer (Emergency Information), for the Emergency Information Service in Malaya (Controller of Emergency Broadcasting). His job was to intensify propaganda against the terrorists and to the public, through his position as Chief News Editor of Radio Malaya. After Gurney, his main support, was assassinated in an ambush on 6 October 1951, his services were 'no longer required' and his contract was not renewed.

Turning to freelancing for the *Singapore Standard*, he gained the permanent position of News Controller for Radio Singapore in 1951. It was while in this position he became friends with Lee Kuan Yew. According to Josey, it was because he put on the radio the strikers' arguments (strike in 1951) for the first time which infuriated the British colonial people, and amused Lee, which sparked their friendship.

In July 1952, Josey along with Dr Goh Keng Swee and Kenny Byrne formed the short-lived Council of Join Action.

By 1954, he had become a full-time Journalist for the *Singapore Standard*.

Singapore became part of Malaysia in 1963, and in 1965, Josey was served with a banishment order by the Malaysian Government for "interfering with the internal politics of Malaysia" and was told to leave Singapore by 19 July 1965. It was widely believed that the banishment was served because of his association with then Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew and his articles critical of the Malays and the Federal Government. He left Singapore on 20 July 'without undue fuss' and was credited as the first foreign correspondent to be expelled from either colonial Malaya or an independent democratic Malaysia. The expulsion was considered to be an attempt by extremists in the Alliance to slow down the Malaysian Malaysia movement, and an attack on the People's Action Party leaders.

Shortly after Singapore became independent from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, he returned to Singapore and gained employment as a ghostwriter and public relations officer to Lee Kwan Yew. At this time, Lee Kwan Yew became the Prime Minister of Republic of Singapore. He also kept up his journalism, writing extensively for *The Bulletin*, *Sunday Citizen*, *New Statesman*, *Economist* and *Time* magazines.

It was during this time he wrote what has been called the most comprehensive biography of Lee Kuan Yew (1968 and 1980) in two volumes which cover the 1959–1978 period.

In 1970, he became an office bearer of the Singapore Squash Rackets Association in its early years. In 1971 he is labelled as being the editor of the *Asia Pacific Record*.

By 1983, he had become the publication manager of the Singapore International Chamber of Commerce.

He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1976. By 1985, crippled by the disease, he planned to leave Singapore for England to live with his sister as his royalties barely covered his medical costs. He had to cancel his plans though as his brother had fallen ill and his sister "could not take on the additional burden."

Josey died on 15 October 1986, age 75 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital and his ashes are at Singapore Casket, 131 Lavender Street, Singapore.

## Other notables

Did radio-based psychological warfare for Yugoslavs, against Turkey, and against Greece.

Founder President, Singapore Union of Journalists.

It was considered by some of the Ministers of the PAP that his objectivity as a journalist helped to combat the anti-Malaysian propaganda abroad.

Along with Anthony Schooling helped to inaugurate the first Johore to Singapore walk (25 km racewalk)

Lived with S. Rajaratnam, Singapore Minister for Culture for 9 years.

## Awards

Order of Freedom (Cambodia); Order of Merit

## Resources

### A Catalogue of the papers of Alexander Arthur Josey

The papers include his correspondence, scripts and broadcasts, research papers, his publications and articles, his personal papers about cycling, also advertisements and technical reports about cycling. Included too are the constitution, rules, agenda and reports of the Road Time Trials Council and its affiliated clubs, 1937–1943, papers of the British League of Racing Cyclists, 1943–1945; Road Racing Council, 1926–1937, and the Road Records Association, 1938–1942; the Women's Road Records Association, 1940, and the Bicycle Polo Association of Great Britain, 1933–1940. The archive contains records about racing events and cyclists, 1895–1942, and papers and publications of many cycling clubs, 1880–1947; catalogues of bicycles and of parts for them, 1897–1938, cycling articles, 1877–1940; press cuttings, scrapbooks, photographs, tours and guides, books and ephemera, 1880–1974. The Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick Library, UK

### The Alex Josey Private Papers

The Alex Josey Private Papers consist of documents on Malaysian political parties, correspondences of the politicians, the Hock Lee Riots as well as papers on communist insurgency in Malaysia. The papers also include Josey's articles on Lee Kuan Yew, Malays, Lim Chin Siong and other political detainees. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Library, Singapore

### Archives Online Singapore

Access to Archives Online Singapore (a2O)

## Books published

* 1941: *Accident* (psychological thriller)
* 1954: *Trade unionism in Malaya* \[7 editions published between 1954 and 1958 in English and Undetermined\]
* 1957: *Socialism in Asia* \[6 editions published in 1957 in English\]
* 1968: *Labour laws in a changing Singapore*
* 1968: *Lee Kuan Yew in London* \[2 editions published in 1968 in English\]
* 1968: *The crucial years ahead : Republic of Singapore general election 1968* \[1 edition published in 1968 in English\]
* 1969: *Golf in Singapore*
* 1969: *Lee Kuan Yew and the Commonwealth* \[3 editions published in 1969 in English and Undetermined\]
* 1970: *Democracy in Singapore: The 1970 by elections* \[4 editions published in 1970 in English\]
* 1970: *Singapore panorama; 150 years in pictures.* (Text by Alex Josey and Eric Jennings. Edited by Eric Jennings) \[1 edition published in 1970 in English\]
* 1971: *Lee Kuan Yew* \[25 editions published between 1968 and 1984 in 4 languages\]
* 1972: *The Singapore general elections, 1972* \[3 editions published in 1972 in English\]
* 1973: *Asia Pacific socialism* \[2 editions published in 1973 in English\]
* 1973: *The trial of Sunny Ang* \[4 editions published between 1973 and 1984 in English\]
* 1974: *Lee Kuan Yew: Struggle for Singapore* \[10 editions published between 1974 and 1981 in 3 languages\]
* 1976: *Industrial relations: Labour laws in a developing Singapore* \[1 edition published in 1976 in English\]
* 1978: *Personal opinion* \[3 editions published in 1978 in English and Undetermined\]
* 1980: *Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years* \[4 editions published between 1980 and 1994 in English\]
* 1980: *Pulau Senang: The experiment that failed* \[3 editions published in 1980 in English\]
* 1980: *Singapore: Its Past, Present and Future* \[11 editions published between 1979 and 1980 in English and Undetermined\]
* 1981: *More personal opinions*
* 1981: *The David Marshall trials* \[12 editions published between 1981 and 2008 in English and Undetermined\]
* 1981: *The tenth man: Gold bar murders* \[3 editions published in 1981 in English\]
* 1982: *David Marshalls Political Interlude* \[1 edition published in 1982 in English\]
* 2009: *Bloodlust* (reprint of *The tenth man-gold bar murders* first published in 1973; *The murder of a beauty queen* first published in 1984)
* 2009: *Cold-blooded murders* (reprint of *The trial of Sunny Ang*, and *Pulau Senang-the experiment that failed*.)
* 2009: *True Singapore Crimes* (book 1 and 2 – reprints of *Pulau Senang: The experiment that failed* and *The Tenth Man Gold Bar Trials*

## Books about Alex Josey

Safian, Mohd. (1965) *Alex Josey: Wartawan.* Singapura: Penerbitan Riwayah (Malay)

## InfoBox

| Alexander Arthur Josey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1910-04-03)3 April 1910
Dorset, UK |
| Died | 15 October 1986(1986-10-15) (aged 76)
Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Political journalist |
| Known for | biographies on former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and other political works |
| Notable work | Lee Kuan Yew (1968 and 1980) |
| Awards | Order of Freedom (Cambodia); Order of Merit (Egypt) |


title: Dosan Seowon

abstract: Dosan Seowon was established in 1574 in what is present day Andong, South Korea, in memory of and four years after the death of Korean Confucian scholar Yi Hwang by some of his disciples and other Korean Confucian authorities. Yi Hwang had retired to the location in 1549 and begun construction on the facility, a private Korean Confucian academy offering instruction in the classics and honouring the sages with regular memorial rites. Like other Korean Confucian academies, Dosan Seowon serves two purposes: education and commemoration. The site was well known in Korea as one of the leading academies and was home to the Toegye School of Thought for over 400 years. Although the educational function of the facility has long since ceased, the commemorative ceremonies have been and are still held twice a year. The ancient academy received a royal charter in 1575 by King Seonjo and was featured on the reverse of the South Korean 1,000 won bill from 1975 to 2007.

text:
# Dosan Seowon

**Dosan Seowon** (Korean: 도산서원; alternatively, ***Tosansowon***) was established in 1574 in what is present day Andong, South Korea, in memory of and four years after the death of Korean Confucian scholar Yi Hwang by some of his disciples and other Korean Confucian authorities. Yi Hwang had retired to the location in 1549 and begun construction on the facility, a private Korean Confucian academy offering instruction in the classics and honouring the sages with regular memorial rites.

Like other Korean Confucian academies, Dosan Seowon serves two purposes: education and commemoration. The site was well known in Korea as one of the leading academies and was home to the Toegye School of Thought for over 400 years. Although the educational function of the facility has long since ceased, the commemorative ceremonies have been and are still held twice a year.

The ancient academy received a royal charter in 1575 by King Seonjo and was featured on the reverse of the South Korean 1,000 won bill from 1975 to 2007 (BOK Series Designation Series II (나) 1983–2002).

## Construction

The Dosan Seowon complex consists of "Dosan Seodang" (lecture hall), which Toegye built and where he taught his students and where a tablet reading "Dosan Seowon", that was a gift from King Seonjo, still hangs, "Nongun Jeongsa," (dormitory for the students), and "Jeongyodang," (square lotus pond).

Dosan Seodang is composed of three parts; an exposed floor, a large room, and a kitchen. As Toegye was not wealthy, it took him four years to complete the construction of this building. A small signboard reading "Dosan Seowon", whose calligraphy Toegye he himself wrote, still hangings on one of the pillars at the end of Dosan Seodang.

Looking carefully at the Dosan Seodang floor, you will see an extension made of wooden planks. One of Toegye’s students, Jeonggu, recommended that Toegye extend the building's floor to accommodate more students. But although Toegye turned down Jeonggu's recommendation, Jeonggu and his fellow students hastily attached wooden planks to the floor while Toegye was out. Consequently, this part of the floor is not very elegant in construction and appearance (see Gallery photo below).

The garden is small but Toegye dug a small square pond called "Jeongudang" in the eastern part of the compound where he raised lotus flowers, and planted apricot trees in the western part. Toegye used to call apricots, bamboos, chrysanthemums, and pine trees his "friends", but he loved apricot trees most.

* *Tosansowon*, South Korean Historic Site No. 170 Plaque, on site at Dosan Seowon, October 1, 2000.

## InfoBox

Dosan-seowon
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | South Korea |
| Part of | Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies |
| Criteria | Cultural: (iii) |
| Reference | 1498-004 |
| Inscription | 2019 (43rd Session) |
| Area | 36.73 ha (90.8 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 166.84 ha (412.3 acres) |
| Coordinates | 36°43′38″N 128°50′36″E / 36.72722°N 128.84333°E / 36.72722; 128.84333 |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 도산서원 |
| Hanja | 陶山書院 |
| Revised Romanization | *Dosan seowon* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Tosan sŏwŏn* |
|  | |
| Location of Dosan Seowon in South Korea | |


title: Dorothy Richardson Buell

abstract: Dorothy Richardson Buell (1886–1976) was an American educator and nature preservationist who became the founder and first president of the Save the Dunes Council, a nonprofit group dedicated to preserving the Indiana dunelands along Lake Michigan. Buell led a grassroots effort to save the remaining unspoiled dunes in northwestern Indiana from industrial development. Buell's sixteen-year leadership of the Save the Dunes Council, from 1952 to 1968, preserved thousands of acres of dunelands at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, which she helped to establish in 1966 as an urban park as part of the National Park Service.

text:
# Dorothy Richardson Buell

**Dorothy Richardson Buell** (1886–1976) was an American educator and nature preservationist who became the founder and first president of the Save the Dunes Council, a nonprofit group dedicated to preserving the Indiana dunelands along Lake Michigan. Buell led a grassroots effort to save the remaining unspoiled dunes in northwestern Indiana from industrial development. Buell's sixteen-year leadership of the Save the Dunes Council, from 1952 to 1968, preserved thousands of acres of dunelands at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, which she helped to establish in 1966 as an urban park as part of the National Park Service.

## Early life and education

Dorothy Richardson was born in 1886 and grew up in Neenha-Menasha, Wisconsin, in a large family that included seven children. Although the family's financial resources for a college education were limited, she attended Milwaukee-Downer College for two years before transferring to Lawrence College, graduating with a bachelor of oratory degree in 1911.

## Marriage and family

Dorothy Richardson married James "Hal" Buell in 1919. They had one son, named Robert. Hal Buell's work brought the family to the communities of Gary, Indiana; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Flossmoor, Illinois; and Ogden Dunes, Indiana. Dorothy and Hal Buell lived in Ogden Dunes until 1970, then retired to California.

## Educator and clubwoman

Little in her early career indicated that Dorothy Buell would become a leading activist in the Indiana Dunes preservation movement. During her earlier years in Indiana, Buell taught in the Gary public school system and was involved with the settlement house movement at the Gary Neighborhood House. Buell was also active in local women's clubs. As a Republican clubwoman she became known for her wit and theatrical flair.

## Dunes preservationist

Buell's interest in preserving the Indiana Dunes stems from a 1949 trip with her husband to White Sands National Monument in New Mexico. When Buell compared the New Mexico’s dunes to the sand dunes near her Indiana home, she thought the Indiana dunes were more beautiful. After stopping for dinner at the Gary Hotel on the way home from the trip, the Buells saw a poster in the lobby that promoted a meeting that evening of the Indiana Dunes Preservation Council. In a spur-of-the-moment decision, the Buells decided to attend the group's meeting. The gathering inspired Buell to do what she could to help preserve the local dunes. When the preservation council had difficulty getting established, Buell decided to try an organize a new group that was initially included only women.

Earlier preservationists had succeeded in preserving a portion of the local dunes through the establishment of Indiana Dunes State Park in the 1920s, but the dunes preservation movement had been quiet for more than twenty years. By 1949 the two remaining unspoiled sections that comprised about 5 acres (2.0 hectares) of dunes were under heavy scrutiny for further development. Indiana's government and business leaders wanted to develop the dunes area for industrial purposes that included construction of a deep-water port that became known as the Burns Waterway Harbor (Port of Indiana) and opposed the addition of additional lakeshore land to the state park.

## President, Save the Dunes Council

Buell reestablished the movement to preserve the natural beauty of the dunes by founding the Save the Dunes Council on June 20, 1952, with a group of twenty to twenty-five women who met at the Buell home. Buell, who served as the first president of the Council, succeeded Bess Sheehan as the leader of a revived dunes preservation movement.

An early victory for Buell and the Council in its first year was the purchase of Cowles Tamarack Bog, a 56-acre (23-hectare) wetlands in Porter County, Indiana, that was sold due to delinquent taxes. Another early development in the revived dunes preservation movement occurred on June 3, 1953, when Howard W. Baker, Region II Director of the National Park Service, attended "A Day in the Dunes." At the Council-sponsored event, Baker spoke publicly in favor of an expanded state park or a potential new national park to preserve the Indiana Dunes.

In Buell's view, the Council's primary goal was to preserve five miles of remaining unspoiled lakeshore by adding it to the Indiana Dunes State Park to protect it from development. She did not want to jeopardize the Council's nonexempt status by getting involved in politics and provoking a confrontation with federal and state government. Instead, Buell preferred to keep the Council's effort focused on educating the public to the need to preserve the dunes. Business and industry leaders, as well as state government officials preferred to seek federal funding to acquire dunelands and develop the area for industrial use. As a result, Indiana's congressional delegation failed to introduce legislation to preserve the lakeshore and have the Indiana Dunes become part of the National Park System.

### Collaboration with Senator Paul Douglas

By 1954 Buell was persuaded that the Council needed to broaden its base of support and become more politically active in order to achieve its goals. She led the Council through its change in strategy, became politically active herself, and headed the Council's national campaign to raise funds and attract new members. For the first time the Council allowed men to become members. By 1956 the Council had grown to include more than a thousand men and women across the United States.

When efforts to gain support from Indiana's congressional delegation proved unsuccessful, Buell turned to other congressional leaders for help. Buell persuaded U.S. Senator Paul Douglas, a Democrat from Illinois, to become involved in the cause to preserve the Indiana Dunes. Buell and Douglas worked together to establish grassroots and political support for the Indiana Dunes National Park, an effort that took nearly a decade amid numerous and significant obstacles. Senator Douglas introduced initial legislation (S. 3898) in the U.S Senate to establish the Indiana Dunes National Monument on May 26, 1958; U.S. Representative John P. Saylor of Pennsylvania introduced a similar bill (H.R. 12689) in the U.S. House of Representatives on the same day.

Buell lead the Council in a nationwide effort to gain citizen support for the proposed legislation that included a nationwide petition drive that had secured 500,000 signatures by 1958; production of a documentary film in support of their cause; and obtaining the support of the national press, conservation groups such as the Izaak Walton League, and federal government officials in the U.S. Department of the Interior's National Park Service. Buell, a skilled orator due to her academic training and involvement in community theater, also testified before the U.S. Senate’s Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs on May 13, 1959. She called for a stop to industrial development on lake and seashores. Industrial development and construction of the Burns Waterway Harbor continued while Congress considered the bill and subsequent legislation to establish the national lakeshore.

Senator Douglas, Buell, the Save the Dunes Council, and other dunes supporters eventually succeeded in passage of federal legislation to establish the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. By 1966 much of the dunes outside the boundaries of the Indiana Dunes State Park was already under development when a compromise bill passed both houses of Congress in October to appropriate funds to establish a 6,539-acre (2,646-hectare) Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. (Federal authorization for the construction of the Burns Harbor/Port of Indiana had been secured the previous year.) President Lyndon Johnson signed the bill authorizing the national lakeshore (PL 89-761) in November 1966. The acquisition costs to establish the new national lakeshore park was about $28 million.

## Later years

Buell served as its president of Save the Dunes Council for sixteen years; however, by the mid-1960s she had delegated much of the work to others. Buell stepped down as president in 1968. Sylvia Troy succeeded Buell as president.

The Burns Waterway Harbor (Port of Indiana) opened in 1970, the same year that Buell and her husband retired to California. The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, which Buell spent two decades trying to establish, was formally dedicated on September 8, 1972. Buell returned to Indiana to deliver one of the speeches at the lakeshore's dedication ceremony. Although reduced in size and a patchwork of noncontiguous property surrounded by heavy industrial and commercial development at Lake Michigan, the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore became the National Park System's first urban park.

## Death and legacy

Buell died in 1976 at the age of eighty-nine. She is remembered as a tenacious, dignified, and reserved activist whose tireless efforts overcame significant challenges in achieving the goal of preserving the Indiana Dunes. Buell was also known for her passion, enthusiasm, wit, and tireless energy. Although she lacked organization skills, Buell inspired others to join her cause.

Buell's most significant contribution to preserving northwest Indiana's sand dunes was her efforts to establish of the Indiana Dunes National Park in 1966. As the founder and sixteen-year president of the Save the Dunes Council, Buell was the local leader of the movement to save the remaining unspoiled areas of the Indiana Dunes from industrial development. Buell's and the Council's efforts helped to preserve thousands of acres of northern Indiana dunelands as part of the National Park Service.

## Honors and tributes

* The Indiana Dunes National Park's visitor center was named in her honor in 1992.
* The Save the Dune Council's Presidents Fund, established in honor of Buell and Troy, its first and second presidents, uses donations to purchase land for the Indiana Dunes National Park.

## InfoBox

| Dorothy Richardson Buell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1886 (1886) |
| Died | 1976(1976-00-00) (aged 89–90) |
| Alma mater | Lawrence College |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, nature preservationist |
| Known for | Founded Save the Dunes Council |
| Spouse | Hal Buell (m. 1919) |


title: Dorothy Riggs Pitelka

abstract: Dorothy Riggs Pitelka was an American zoologist, protistologist, cancer researcher, and pioneer in applications of electron microscopy to zoology and protistology, known for her 1963 book Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa.

text:
# Dorothy Riggs Pitelka

**Dorothy Riggs Pitelka** (born **Dorothy Getchell Riggs**, 13 September 1920 – 6 February 1994) was an American zoologist, protistologist, cancer researcher, and pioneer in applications of electron microscopy to zoology and protistology, known for her 1963 book *Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa*.

## Biography

She was born in Merzifon, Turkey, where her father was the business manager of a missionary school. (Her father was a great-great-great-grandson (3x-grandson) of Zebulon Riggs (1719–1780), who was one of the first inhabitants of Mendham Township, New Jersey.) When she was three years old, the family returned from Turkey to the United States. They eventually settled in Denver, Colorado. She received in 1941 her bachelor's degree in zoology from the University of Colorado Boulder. With the aid of a teaching assistantship and a research fellowship, she became a graduate student in zoology at UC Berkeley and in February 1943 married a fellow graduate student Frank Pitelka. The birth of their first child delayed Dorothy Patella's progress toward a Ph.D., which she received in 1948 under the supervision of Harold Kirby. Her research for the dissertation involved the study of protozoan flagella by means of an electron microscope. She was one of the first electron microscopists at Berkeley.

> Most of Pitelka's scientific career was devoted to research on mammary-gland cells as a member of UC Berkeley's Cancer Research Laboratory. She investigated the fine structure of normal, precancerous breast cells under various physiological conditions. She was the first person to discover a low-virulent form of the mouse mammary tumor virus and to demonstrate that the virus can be transmitted congenitally. Together with her student Joanne Emmerman, Pitelka developed a procedure for growing fully active breast cells in culture.

In 1967–1968 Dorothy Pitelka was the president of the International Society of Protozoologists (later renamed the International Society of Protistologists). From 1971 to 1984 she was an adjunct professor of biology at UC Berkeley.

She died in the Sutter Oaks Alzheimer's Center in Sacramento, California. She was survived by her husband, two sons, Louis Pitelka and Wenzel (aka "Vince") Pitelka, one daughter, Kazi Pitelka, five grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren. Louis is retired after a career as a professor of botany, a plant ecologist, and climate scientist. Wenzel is retired after a career as a professor of art and a ceramic artist. Kazi is retired after a career as a concert violinist and principal violist for the Los Angeles Opera.


title: Alex Givvons

abstract: Alexander Givvons was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Cross Keys RFC, as a scrum-half, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Oldham and Huddersfield, as a scrum-half or loose forward.

text:
# Alex Givvons

**Alexander Givvons** (2 November 1913 – 14 June 2002) was a Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Cross Keys RFC, as a scrum-half, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Oldham (two spells) and Huddersfield, as a scrum-half or loose forward.

## Background

Alex Givvons was born in Pillgwenlly, Newport, Wales, he died aged 88 in Oldham, Greater Manchester, England.

## Playing career

### International honours

Alex Givvons won caps for Wales (RL) while at Oldham 1936–1939 6-caps.

### Challenge Cup Final appearances

Alex Givvons played in Huddersfield's 7–4 victory over Bradford Northern in the first-leg of the 1944–45 Challenge Cup Final during the 1944–45 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield, and in the 6–5-second-leg victory at Odsal Stadium, Bradford.

### County Cup Final appearances

During Alex Givvons' time at Oldham, they had a 12–0 victory over St Helens Recs in the 1933–34 Lancashire Cup Final during the 1933–34 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 18 November 1933.

## Honoured at Oldham RLFC

Alex Givvons is an Oldham Hall of Fame Inductee.

## Honoured in Oldham

Givvons Fold in Oldham is named after Alex Givvons.

## Genealogical information

Alex Givvons was the son of Alexander Givvons (Snr), and Johannah Dunn (birth registered second ¼ 1896) their marriage was registered during fourth ¼ 1915 in Newport district. Alex Givvons was the eldest brother of; Frank W. Givvons (birth registered fourth ¼ 1916 in Newport district), Mary M. Givvons (birth registered third ¼ 1918 in Newport district), Margaret F. Givvons (birth registered second ¼ 1920 in Newport district), and Trevor P. W. Givvons (birth registered third ¼ 1925 in Newport district). Alex Givvons' marriage to Eunice (née Clayton) (birth registered second ¼ 1914 in Oldham district) was registered during fourth ¼ 1934 in Oldham district. They had children; future rugby union, and rugby league wing/centre 1950s and 1960s, for Oldham RUFC, St Patrick's ARLFC, Saddleworth Rangers ARLFC, Oldham St Anne's ARLFC, Halifax, Swinton, and Blackpool Borough, and referee of the 1970s and 1980s; Alexander Givvons, Jr. (birth registered first ¼ 1935 – April 2017 (aged 82)) (Alex Givvons Jr. was the referee for Hull Kingston Rovers' 11–7 victory over Castleford in the 1971 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1971–72 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 21 August 1971), and Trevor A. Givvons (birth registered first ¼ 1946 (age 7778)).

## InfoBox

Alex Givvons
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Alexander Givvons |
| Born | fourth ¼ 1913
Pillgwenlly, Newport, Wales |
| Died | June 2002 (aged 88)
Oldham, England |
| Playing information | |
| Rugby union | |
| Position | Scrum-half |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  ≤1932–32 Cross Keys RFC | |
| Rugby league | |
| Position | Scrum-half, Loose forward |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1932–≥42 Oldham 241 54 0 0 162  ≥1942–≤48 Huddersfield       1948–49 Oldham       Total 241 54 0 0 162  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1936–39 Wales 6 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: | |


title: Alex Hutchison

abstract: Alexander Hutchison was a Scottish trade union leader who served as chair of the General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU). Born in Falkirk, Hutchison began working at the age of eight, later becoming an iron moulder. An early member of the National Union of Stove Grate and General Metal Workers, he became secretary of his local branch in 1893. He also joined the Independent Labour Party, and became a vocal advocate of women's suffrage. In 1908, Hutchison became a full-time organiser for the Stove Grate Workers, and then in 1909 was elected as the union's general secretary. Relocated to Rotherham, he became active in the local Labour Party, being elected to the town council in 1916, and chairing the local Labour Party from 1918. Also in 1918, he was elected as chair of the National Federation of Foundry Unions, and in 1921 he was elected to the Management Committee of the GFTU. Hutchison served as chair of the GFTU from 1926 to 1928, when he died suddenly.

text:
# Alex Hutchison

**Alexander Hutchison** (1864  1928) was a Scottish trade union leader who served as chair of the General Federation of Trade Unions (GFTU).

Born in Falkirk, Hutchison began working at the age of eight, later becoming an iron moulder. An early member of the National Union of Stove Grate and General Metal Workers, he became secretary of his local branch in 1893. He also joined the Independent Labour Party, and became a vocal advocate of women's suffrage.

In 1908, Hutchison became a full-time organiser for the Stove Grate Workers, and then in 1909 was elected as the union's general secretary. Relocated to Rotherham, he became active in the local Labour Party, being elected to the town council in 1916, and chairing the local Labour Party from 1918. Also in 1918, he was elected as chair of the National Federation of Foundry Unions, and in 1921 he was elected to the Management Committee of the GFTU.

Hutchison served as chair of the GFTU from 1926 to 1928, when he died suddenly.

1. *The Labour Who's Who*. London: Labour Publishing Company. 1924. p. 89.
2. "Annual General Council Meetings". *Annual Report of the General Federation of Trade Unions*: 34. 1935.
3. "Obituary". *Report of the Labour Party Annual Conference*: 55. 1928.


title: Alex Huynh

abstract: Alex Huynh is a Vietnamese American martial artist and stunt man. He specializes in wushu, training at the United States Wushu Academy, and lives in Southern California, after growing up in Roanoke, Virginia and attending Northside High School. As a stunt man, he appears in the 2004 short movie The Young Master, the 2006 movie Safe, and most notably Pirates of the Caribbean. He also appears in martial demonstrations, most notably demonstrating Zui Quan in Fight Science. As a martial artist, he has made his mark as a three-time gold medalist in the Pan American Wushu Games.

text:
# Alex Huynh

**Alex Huynh** (born September 7) is a Vietnamese American martial artist and stunt man. He specializes in wushu, training at the United States Wushu Academy, and lives in Southern California, after growing up in Roanoke, Virginia and attending Northside High School.

As a stunt man, he appears in the 2004 short movie *The Young Master*, the 2006 movie *Safe*, and most notably *Pirates of the Caribbean*. He also appears in martial demonstrations, most notably demonstrating Zui Quan in *Fight Science*.

As a martial artist, he has made his mark as a three-time gold medalist in the Pan American Wushu Games.

1. "Martial Artists' Moves Revealed in "Fight Science" Lab". *National Geographic*. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
2. "Martial Arts vs. Crash Test Dummies: National Geographic's FIGHT SCIENCE". *Kung Fu Magazine*. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2010-02-01.

## InfoBox

Alex Huynh
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 7 |
| Occupation(s) | Martial artist, stunt man |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Wushu |
| Event(s) | Changquan, Daoshu, Gunshu |
| Team | US Wushu Team (2003-) |
| Medal record      Representing  United States  Men's Wushu Taolu  Pan American Championships  2004 Baltimore  Gunshu  2004 Baltimore  Changquan | |


title: Down the Shore (film)

abstract: Down the Shore is a 2011 American independent thriller film directed by Harold Guskin and starring James Gandolfini and Famke Janssen.

text:
# Down the Shore (film)

***Down the Shore*** is a 2011 American independent thriller film directed by Harold Guskin and starring James Gandolfini and Famke Janssen.

## Plot

The owner of a Jersey shore amusement park is forced to confront his dark past when an enigmatic Frenchman shows up on his doorstep claiming to be his late sister's widowed husband.

## Cast

## Filming

*Down the Shore* was shot in Keansburg, New Jersey and Jersey Shore.

## Reception and release

*Down the Shore* has a 45% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews as well as 58% approval, based on 7 reviews on Metacritic. Gabe Toro of IndieWire said that "*Down the Shore* at least deserves credit for its strong performances (though the less said about too-old John Magaro’s turn as Mary’s autistic son, the better)". The film also received a 1.5 out of 5 from Chuck Bowen of *Slant Magazine* who said that "the film suggests what might happen if TBS and Bruce Springsteen were to collaborate on a sitcom set in hell".

*Variety* was quoted saying that "The virtue of this standard family tale is James Gandolfini's most substantial feature role to date", while Michael Rechstshaffen of *The Hollywood Reporter* said that "a rock solid James Gandolfini performance keeps this slice-of-Jersey-life drama grounded".

The film came out on Blu-ray Disc on April 9, 2013. Besides the film itself, the disc featured Sharon Stone's flick *Border Run*.

## InfoBox

| Down the Shore | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Harold Guskin |
| Written by | Sandra Jennings |
| Starring | Famke Janssen
James Gandolfini |
| Cinematography | Richard Rutkowski |
| Edited by | Andrew Ford |
| Music by | Andrea Morricone |
| Production
companies | Jersey Shore Films
Lost Weekend Productions
Pipeline Entertainment |
| Distributed by | Anchor Bay Entertainment |
| Release date | * January 7, 2011 (2011-01-07) (Palm Springs International Film Festival) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Down the Road Again

abstract: Down the Road Again is a 2011 Canadian drama film written and directed by Donald Shebib. The film is the sequel to Shebib's 1970 film Goin' Down the Road.

text:
# Down the Road Again

***Down the Road Again*** is a 2011 Canadian drama film written and directed by Donald Shebib. The film is the sequel to Shebib's 1970 film *Goin' Down the Road*.

## Plot

Forty years after the events of *Goin' Down the Road*, Joey has died in Vancouver and Pete—who left Toronto with Joey after a violent incident—must return to the city to honour Joey's request that his ashes be taken back to Cape Breton Island. Betty-Jo, Joey and Betty's daughter, joins him in the journey, driving cross-Canada in the same 1960 Chevy Impala convertible that Joey and Pete used when they left home in 1970. Adding to the emotion of the trip, the Cape Breton homecoming turns out to be a surprising final gift to Pete from Joey. Pete reconnects with Betty, Selina, a special woman named Annie, and learns about Annie's son, Matt.

## Cast

## Production

According to Donald Shebib, until 2007, he had been reluctant to do a sequel to *Goin' Down the Road*, despite people asking him about it for years. "Finally a producer, a different producer than I actually ended up with, offered to try and help put it together. So I thought that if somebody professional was going to try and do it, then let me sit down and try and find a story that makes some sense. And it came together surprisingly easily."

According to Jayne Eastwood, Cayle Chernin was a strong advocate convincing director Shebib to make this sequel to his 1970 film. When Chernin was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in June 2010, she chose to forgo standard cancer treatments to stay active enough to reprise her Selina character. Chernin did not tell anyone among the cast or crew that she knew she had terminal cancer when they were filming, though McGrath had his suspicions: "She was so thin. There was a frailty I hadn't seen before." Chernin died on 18 February 2011, three months after the project wrapped up in October 2010.

### Writing

Shebib considered the script better than the original's. Doug McGrath said that when he first read Shebib's script, "it was like reading my own history. I figured Pete had gone through a lot."

### Filming

*Down the Road Again* was shot with a "thirty or forty man crew". The film was shot in 18 days for "just $2 million", largely in Toronto, with Cherry Beach serving as the Atlantic Ocean as Joey's ashes are scattered. It was shot in 35mm (unlike the 16mm of the original) with a full crew and a more composed style than the original, which is seen in flashbacks. It was completed in October 2010.

## Critical response

Greg Klymkiw called *Down the Road Again* "a deeply moving and funny sequel that works as a continuation to a movie beloved by so many Canadians, but also works if one has never seen the original." Writing for the *National Post*, Chris Knight gave the film 3 stars: "*Down the Road Again* isn't all *that* good, but it is a charming little story provided you don't hold it up against its predecessor," and, as a point of comparison, it "isn't on the same level as such where-are-they-nows as *Before Sunrise/Before Sunset*, but it is an effective story about loves lost, possibilities squandered, and the ability to look the past square in the face and live with it." Stephen Cole gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4: "If Shebib's original seemed a draining neighbourhood experience, the 2011 follow-up comes off as canny entertainment. ... Robertson and McGrath enjoy a feisty comic rapport. And the film showcases Shebib's greatest storytelling talent – a tender honesty that brings characters alive." He finds some scenes not convincing, "including the feel-good ending." Brian Johnson said that the "sequel does not recapture the magic" of the original, adding "How could it?", but, speaking of lead McGrath, admired how "the wry, wistful resignation of his performance—intercut with glimpses of the young Pete, dumb and wild with the wind in his hair—speaks volumes." Norman Wilner, giving the film the equivalent of 1 star out of 5, branded the film "a wheezy, flat and unnecessary follow-up that tries in the clumsiest way imaginable to slap a happy ending on the first film's downbeat story." He thought Kathleen Robertson brought "some energy", but that "Shebib's script is only interested in her symbolic function", concluding: "it's all such a waste."

In a 2018 review, Shaun Lang disagrees that the sequel does not do justice to the original film: "Don Shebib and company are more than up to the task," and the film "superbly meshes an older generation with a new one." Assigning the film a 7.5/10, he says McGrath is in fine form, and "Kathleen Robertson commands her screen time well as McGrath's new onscreen partner", conceding "it may veer dangerously close to cookie cutter TV-movie territory at times".

## InfoBox

| Down the Road Again | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Donald Shebib |
| Written by | Donald Shebib |
| Produced by | Robin Cass |
| Starring | Doug McGrath
Kathleen Robertson
Anthony Lemke
Cayle Chernin |
| Cinematography | François Dagenais |
| Edited by | Susan Maggi |
| Production
companies | Triptych Media
Union Pictures |
| Release date | * 21 October 2011 (2011-10-21) |
| Running time | 84 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |
| Budget | C$2,000,000 |


title: Alexander Khimushin

abstract: Alexander Khimushin is a Russian ethnographic photographer. He was born and raised in Yakutia, Siberia. He currently lives in North Queensland, Australia. Khimushin has traveled to more than 90 countries where he has photographed indigenous people for his World in Faces project and other projects on vanishing cultures. His work has been compared to Steve McCurry and Jimmy Nelson. He was invited by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to exhibit his work in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Khimushin's visual anthropology investigates disappearing languages and cultures.

text:
# Alexander Khimushin

**Alexander Khimushin** is a Russian ethnographic photographer. He was born and raised in Yakutia, Siberia. He currently lives in North Queensland, Australia.

Khimushin has traveled to more than 90 countries where he has photographed indigenous people for his *World in Faces* project and other projects on vanishing cultures. His work has been compared to Steve McCurry and Jimmy Nelson. He was invited by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to exhibit his work in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Khimushin's visual anthropology investigates disappearing languages and cultures.


title: Alex Martínez (footballer, born 1959)

abstract: Alejandro Patricio "Alex" Martínez Tapia is a Chilean former footballer.

text:
# Alex Martínez (footballer, born 1959)

**Alejandro Patricio** "**Alex**" **Martínez Tapia**  (born 26 October 1959) is a Chilean former footballer.

## InfoBox

Alex Martínez
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Alejandro Patricio Martínez Tapia | | |
| Date of birth | (1959-10-26) 26 October 1959 | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1981-1985 | San Luis de Quillota |  |  |
| 1986-1989 | Universidad Católica |  |  |
| 1990 | Lozapenco |  |  |
| 1990-1991 | Universidad de Chile |  |  |
| 1992 | San Luis de Quillota |  |  |
| 1993 | Everton |  |  |
| 1994-1996 | San Luis de Quillota |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1986-1987 | Chile | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Alex Xydias

abstract: Alex Xydias was an American hot rodder, racing driver and land speed racer, active in the early days of auto racing.

text:
# Alex Xydias

**Alex Xydias** (March 22, 1922 – August 24, 2024) was an American hot rodder, racing driver and land speed racer, active in the early days of auto racing.

## Biography

Xydias was born in Los Angeles. He served in World War II as radio operator and engineer on a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.

In 1946, immediately after Xydias was discharged from the United States Army Air Corps, he opened the So-Cal Speed Shop in Burbank, one of the first hot rod speed shops in Southern California. In 1950, he drove the first streamliner (made, with help from Dean Batchelor, from a drop tank) powered by a Flathead Ford V-8 60. The Xydias-Batchlor tank, named the *So-Cal Streamliner* (wearing #5), would earn them SCTA's first Hot Rod Trophy (for top speed of the meet) at the 1949 Bonneville Nationals, with a speed of 193.54 mph (311.47 km/h), and put them on the cover of *Hot Rod* in October that year. It would be the first flatty-powered tank to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), thanks in part to running 40 percent nitro.

Xydias was the founder of the Alex Xydias & Pete Chapouris Center for the Automotive Arts at the Pomona Fairplex which offers a two-year program in the automotive arts. He was also a member of the board of directors of the Wally Parks NHRA Motorsports Museum.

Xydias turned 100 in March 2022, and died in Southern California on August 24, 2024, at the age of 102.


title: Dorothy Stroud

abstract: Dorothy Nancy Stroud MBE was an English museum curator and biographer. After Stroud died in 1997 her ashes went to Croome Park. A plaque by the statue of Capability Brown records her role in renewing interest in his life and works.

text:
# Dorothy Stroud

**Dorothy Nancy Stroud** MBE (11 January 1910 – 27 December 1997) was an English museum curator and biographer.

After Stroud died in 1997 her ashes went to Croome Park. A plaque by the statue of Capability Brown records her role in renewing interest in his life and works.

## Selected publications

* *Capability Brown*. Country Life, 1950. (2nd, Country Life, 1957) (3rd, Faber & Faber, London, 1975)
* *The architecture of Sir John Soane*. Studio Books, 1961.
* *Humphry Repton*. Country Life, 1962.
* *Henry Holland, his life and architecture*. Country Life, 1966. ISBN 9781199539489
* *George Dance, architect, 1741–1825*. Faber & Faber, London, 1971.

## InfoBox

| Dorothy Nancy Stroud
MBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1910-01-11)11 January 1910
London, United Kingdom |
| Died | 27 December 1997(1997-12-27) (aged 87)
London, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Art History, Arts administration |


title: Dorothy Stratton King

abstract: Dorothy Stratton King was an American painter and printmaker. She was a founding member of the Washington Printmakers Gallery in Washington, DC. Her work is held by several public collections in the USA.

text:
# Dorothy Stratton King

**Dorothy Stratton King** (1909 in Worcester, Massachusetts\- June 14, 2007, Arlington Virginia) was an American painter and printmaker. She was a founding member of the Washington Printmakers Gallery in Washington, DC. Her work is held by several public collections in the USA.

## Early life

Dorothy Stratton was born in Worcester and grew up in Sharon, Massachusetts. She began painting when very young.

She moved to Brooklyn, New York and studied figure drawing and painting at the Pratt Institute and took classes at the Brooklyn Museum School.

Dorothy Stratton married twice, first in 1928 to Michael Hicks-Beach and, after a divorce, William Asbury King in 1948.

In 1942 she had moved to Connecticut to live with her parents, where she helped her father deliver telegrams to families of soldiers killed in World War II.

## Later career

After her divorce in 1944 she moved to Los Angeles, California. She painted "Tom and Jerry" cartoon cells at Warner Brothers, then worked in Hollywood, designing costumes and film sets. It was here she met her second husband, who was the director of animation.

Dorothy King then moved to Paris where she studied painting at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.

After returning to Los Angeles, her abstract expressionist paintings had success. She studied with artist Rico Lebrun at the University of California, Los Angeles, and then had her first major one-woman show at the Pasadena Museum of Art in 1959. She subsequently took classes in printmaking at the University of California at San Diego. In the 1970s, she worked as a conservator for the printmaker Beatrice Levy.

In the early 1980s Dorothy King moved to McLean, Virginia, where she helped found the Washington Printmakers Gallery in 1985. She became a founding member of the Columbia Pike Artist Studios in Arlington and a member of the Washington Print Club and the Artists Equity Association.

King's prints and paintings have been hung by the World Bank, at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Russia, Long Beach Museum of Art and several U.S. Embassies. Her work is held in the public collections of the Georgetown University Fine Print Collection, Corcoran Gallery of Art and the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington as well as many private collections.

King died on June 14, 2007, in Arlington, Virginia.

## InfoBox

| Dorothy Stratton King | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dorothy Stratton King
1909 (1909)
Worcester, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died | June 14, 2007(2007-06-14) (aged 97–98)
Arlington Virginia, United States |
| Known for | Intaglio (printmaking), painting |
| Website | dorothystrattonking.com |


title: Dragon Force (film)

abstract: Dragon Force, also known as Powerforce, is a 1982 martial arts film that was directed by Michael Mak. It starred Bruce Baron, Frances Fong, Chi-Hung Chan, Sam Sorono, Yun Ho, Jackson Ng and Bruce Li.

text:
# Dragon Force (film)

***Dragon Force***, also known as ***Powerforce***, is a 1982 martial arts film that was directed by Michael Mak. It starred Bruce Baron, Frances Fong, Chi-Hung Chan, Sam Sorono, Yun Ho, Jackson Ng and Bruce Li.

## Story

A princess is kidnapped by a general. An agent teams up with an international crime fighting organization called Dragon Force to rescue her.

## Background

Mak's efforts paid off. They used script-writers with Western names as well as some cast members. The film was shown in 52 countries and made a good profit in the millions. The film was also shot originally in English. It is also called *Power Force* and *Shen Tan Guang Tou Mei*.

The story was written by Terry Chalmers, Dennis Thompsett and John Au Wa Hon.

### Reviews

## InfoBox

| Dragon Force | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Michael Mak |
| Written by | Terry Chalmers
Dennis Thompsett |
| Produced by | Jai-Wen Ma |
| Starring | Bruce Baron
Mandy Moore
James Barnett
Frances Fong
Olivia Jeng
Randy Channell
Richard Lau
Hal Archer
Sam Sorono
Bruce Li |
| Cinematography | Robert Huke |
| Edited by | Yiu Chung Yeung |
| Music by | Chris Babida |
| Distributed by | **Theatrical**
Bedford Entertainment USA (1983)
Golden Harvest Cinema Canada (1983)
Apollo-Film GmbH West Germany (1984)
Avis-Filmverleih West Germany (1984) |
| Release date | * 16 December 1982 (1982-12-16) |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | English |


title: Alexander Sergeyevich Makarov

abstract: Aleksandr Sergeyevich Makarov was the mayor of Tomsk from 1996 to 2011. He was born in Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar Krai, before moving to Tomsk with his family. After graduating from the Tomsk Medical Institute, he worked as a surgeon in Krasnoyarsk Krai before returning to Tomsk to work in the local psychiatric hospital. He later entered the Tomsk State Pedagogical University and earned his teaching certification. After two years of teaching, Makarov entered public service: first as the chairman of the presidium of the council of people's deputies of Sovietskii Rayon (1990–1992) and later as the head of the Sovietskii raion administration (1992–1996). In 1994, he won a seat in the Tomsk Oblast duma. His seat in the duma became a springboard for his run for the mayorship of the city in 1996. Makarov defeated Gennadiy Konovalov that year and was re-elected in 2001 and 2006. From 1996–2001 he served simultaneously as mayor and as a oblast duma deputy.

text:
# Alexander Sergeyevich Makarov

**Aleksandr Sergeyevich Makarov** (born in 1946) was the mayor of Tomsk from 1996 to 2011. He was born in Slavyansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar Krai, before moving to Tomsk with his family. After graduating from the Tomsk Medical Institute, he worked as a surgeon in Krasnoyarsk Krai before returning to Tomsk to work in the local psychiatric hospital. He later entered the Tomsk State Pedagogical University and earned his teaching certification.

After two years of teaching, Makarov entered public service: first as the chairman of the presidium of the council of people's deputies of Sovietskii Rayon (1990–1992) and later as the head of the Sovietskii raion administration (1992–1996). In 1994, he won a seat in the Tomsk Oblast duma. His seat in the duma became a springboard for his run for the mayorship of the city in 1996. Makarov defeated Gennadiy Konovalov that year and was re-elected in 2001 and 2006. From 1996–2001 he served simultaneously as mayor and as a oblast duma deputy.

## Arrest

On 6 December 2006, Makarov was taken into custody on charges of abusing his office. He was initially accused of extorting over three million rubles ($114,000) from residents by threatening to destroy their real estate and preventing them from rebuilding. After further investigations, the police reported that they discovered Makarov held over $1.5 million worth of cash in his apartments. A search of his home uncovered one million rubles ($38,000) with another 300,000 rubles ($11,400) on the mayor himself. 8 December the court of the Soviet region of Tomsk has concluded of the mayor under the sentinel, a 11 December temporarily has discharged of the position down to adjudging court.

During the search of his home, Makarov suffered a heart attack and was admitted to the hospital. Legal proceedings were suspended while he is being treated. However, the prosecutor, Sergei Panov, is considered further charges and alleged that Makarov made threats against investigators. The press service of the regional prosecutor's office argued that the condition of the ousted mayor is good enough for the trial to continue.

On 12 December the official charges against Makarov were announced.

Makarov's attorney, Natalia Azurova, protested to the court that the prosecutor's actions were illegal. Specifically, she claimed that searches were conducted at the homes of his children, sums of money found were not in the "eight figures" claimed by prosecutors. She also alleged that the arrest and charge of the mayor of Tomsk should be considered a political action. as the customers of the arrest considers (counts) the speaker of a regional duma Bоris Maltsev and former deputy Duma of Russia Vladimir Jidkih.

Makarov became the informal leader of cities known for reducing their authority for the benefit of the governors. He was perturbed by the legislative leadership cancelling elections for mayor, of which a number of deputies from United Russia have put forward for discussion of the Russian parliament and have said was dangerous and even criminal. Advice of Europe had acted against the given bill. Makarov's daughter declared that the governor of the Tomsk region, Viktor Kress, was also involved in the arrest of her father apart from Maltsev and Jidkih.

On 26 December 2006, further charges were brought against him by the prosecutor's office after it was claimed that the police found large amounts of opium in his apartment. On 26 January 2007 Makarov was charged with abusing official authorities for personal gain. In April 2007, the European Court considered the Makarov's arrest as an issue of human rights. On 27 April 2007 the mayor was accused of bribery and wrongful participation in enterprise activities.

On 12 March 2009 Alexander Makarov has scored in European court on human rights business against Russia. As noted in the communiqué of the Strasbourg court, from February 5, 2007 to November 20, 2008, the court extended his term of imprisonment six times in order to prevent Makarova's possible influence on the trial. However, in the Court's opinion, the Russian courts did not sufficiently substantiate why Makarov's ransom could pose a danger to legal proceedings. On 9 April, the Supreme Court of Russia released him on bail for 4 million rubles.

On 1 October 2010 Tomsk Regional Court re-arrested Makarov. On 3 November, the jury found him guilty on 7 out of 9 charges. On 15 November, The Tomsk Regional Court found the temporarily suspended mayor guilty. He is sentenced to 12 years in prison.

On 18 October 2011 the Criminal Division of the Russian Supreme Court dismissed the complaint of lawyers regarding Makarov. In connection with the entry into force of the verdict, Makarov's powers as mayor of Tomsk were terminated in accordance with Article 36 of the Charter of the city. Makarov was transferred from prison to correctional colony No.4 in Tomsk before being moved to penal colony number 3 in Irkutsk in March 2012.

On 3 September 2015 the Kuibyshev district court granted parole for Makarov. On 11 September the prosecutor's office appealed the court's decision before the Irkutsk Regional Court dismissed their appeal on 8 June 2016: The action the Kuibyshev District Court of Irkutsk took on the parole Alexander Makarov was declared lawful; he was released the following day.

Sentence Tomsk Mayor Alexander Makarov 12 years in prison for abuse of office, blackmail and bribe-taking - this is a harsh sentence passed to the head of the Russian city at that time. In August 2016 the mayor of Yaroslavl Yevgeny Urlashov on charges of extorting bribes to learn more than Makarov: 12+12 colony.


title: Dresden Codak

abstract: Dresden Codak is a webcomic written and illustrated by A. Senna Diaz. Described by Diaz as a "celebration of science, death and human folly", the comic presents stories that deal with elements of philosophy, science and technology, and/or psychology. The comic was recognized in 2008 at the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards for Outstanding Use of Color and Outstanding Use of The Medium. On October 22, 2008, Dresden Codak concluded a long-running sequence called "Hob", which focused on the character Kimiko's discovery of a post-Singularity robot and its attempted recovery by people from a future in which Earth was destroyed in a war with the artificial intelligence that once tended the planet. On February 25, 2013, Senna Diaz launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for a hard cover book edition of the webcomic. Dubbed The Tomorrow Girl: Dresden Codak Volume 1, it collected the first 5 years of the webcomic plus additional art and reformatted everything to fit printed media. The campaign reached its original goal of $30,000 in less than 24 hours and ended with a total of $534,994.

text:
# Dresden Codak

***Dresden Codak*** is a webcomic written and illustrated by A. Senna Diaz. Described by Diaz as a "celebration of science, death and human folly", the comic presents stories that deal with elements of philosophy, science and technology, and/or psychology. The comic was recognized in 2008 at the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards for Outstanding Use of Color and Outstanding Use of The Medium.

On October 22, 2008, *Dresden Codak* concluded a long-running sequence called "Hob", which focused on the character Kimiko's discovery of a post-Singularity robot and its attempted recovery by people from a future in which Earth was destroyed in a war with the artificial intelligence that once tended the planet.

On February 25, 2013, Senna Diaz launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for a hard cover book edition of the webcomic. Dubbed *The Tomorrow Girl: Dresden Codak Volume 1*, it collected the first 5 years of the webcomic plus additional art and reformatted everything to fit printed media. The campaign reached its original goal of $30,000 in less than 24 hours and ended with a total of $534,994.

## Subject matter

*Dresden Codak'*s second longest-running story arc, HOB, focused primarily on the results of a technological singularity and the consequences of time travel. Accordingly, much of *Dresden Codak* falls into the cyberpunk and science fiction genres.

The current and longest-running major story arc is Dark Science. The arc centers on Kimiko Ross, while introducing a few new characters. The arc also utilises to great effect the artistic style of decopunk, which, though notably present in the HOB arc, defines the city of Nephilopolis.

## Major characters

### Dark Science arc

* Kimiko Ross (given name Kimiko Sarai Kusanagi, middle name later given as Serena) is *Dresden Codak'*s main character. Her uncompromising devotion to science leads her into social and militaristic conflicts throughout the comic, but also provides much of the genesis for each plot arc. The comic "Mother" alludes to Kimiko's mother's death as the reason for her resistance towards anything that would impede the progress of science or technology. At the end of the "Hob" storyline Kim was badly wounded, losing both legs, her left arm and her left eye. Following these events she uses cybernetic replacements of her own design, which she frequently adjusts and upgrades.
* Melchior – a rogue agent of Department of Opposition.
* Lilith – a twin of Asmodea.
* Xiaoling Chavez – a cyborg woman, a warrior, a former leader of a gang of cyborgs.
* Yvonne “Vonnie” Awning – a former lead of a fashionable magazine, now Leviathan and a head of dept. of Inquisition. Kimiko's best friend.

### HOB arc

* Kimiko Ross
* Dimitri and Alina Tokamak are two of Kimiko's close Russian friends. They are shown to have impressive superpowers and Diaz describes the two of them as "probably Nuclear-Powered", a reference to the Tokamak nuclear fusion reactor that is their namesake.
* Tiny Carl Jung is a tiny version of Carl Jung, "one of the fathers of modern tiny psychology". He seems to live with Kimiko, or at least to associate with Kimiko and the Tokamak siblings closely.
* Rupert and Hubert are a pair of Victorian intellectuals who have moved to a magical palace on the moon to escape the insincerity of the world's leaders. They are less frequently recurring than the staple characters of the comic, and spend their time discussing scientific issues in the surreal manner typical of the comic. They do not interact with the other characters.

## Reception

*The Perry Bible Fellowship* creator Nicholas Gurewitch wrote that he enjoyed reading *Dresden Codak*. The comic's highbrow patter is distinctive yet not based in realistic physical medium: internet pundit Lore Sjöberg described it as "Little Nemo in Higher Education Land", while the pseudo-Victorian pseudoscience of "Traversing the Luminiferous Aether with Rupert and Hubert" was featured in the "Daily Zeitgeist" section of science magazine *Seed*.

### Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards

* 2008 Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards Winner for multiple awards:
    + Outstanding Use of Color
    + Outstanding in a field
* 2008 Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards Nominee for multiple awards:
    + Outstanding Artist
    + Outstanding Layout
    + Outstanding Environment Design
* 2007 Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards Nominee for Outstanding Layout.

## InfoBox

| Dresden Codak | |
| --- | --- |
| Blank cover of the complementary 2010 sketchbook, by Senna Diaz | |
| Author(s) | A. Senna Diaz |
| Website | http://dresdencodak.com/ |
| Current status/schedule | Every 2–4 weeks (as of late 2022) |
| Launch date | June 8th, 2005 |
| Genre(s) | Science fiction, philosophy, humour, Decopunk |


title: Alex Pontons

abstract: Alex Pontons Paz is a Bolivian footballer who plays for Oriente Petrolero in the Liga de Futbol Profesional Boliviano out loan from Sampdoria.

text:
# Alex Pontons

**Alex Pontons Paz** (born 26 November 1994) is a Bolivian footballer who plays for Oriente Petrolero in the Liga de Futbol Profesional Boliviano out loan from Sampdoria.

## Club career

A product of the Milan youth academy, Paz joined Nocerina on a season long loan on 25 July 2013 along with fellow Edmund Hottor. He made his debut for the club in a Coppa Italia match against Pordenone, where he started the match.

## InfoBox

Alex Pontons
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Alex Pontons Paz | | |
| Date of birth | (1994-11-26) 26 November 1994 | | |
| Place of birth | Santa Cruz, Bolivia | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Oriente Petrolero | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2014 | Milan | 0 | (0) |
| 2013 | Nocerina (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 2014 | Teramo (loan) |  |  |
| 2014– | Sampdoria | 0 | (0) |
| 2014 | Petrolero (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Universitario |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:45, 11 March 2014 (UTC) | | | |


title: Double bridle

abstract: A double bridle, also called a full bridle or Weymouth bridle, is a bridle that has two bits and four reins. One bit is the bradoon, is a modified snaffle bit that is smaller in diameter and has smaller bit rings than a traditional snaffle, and it is adjusted so that it sits above and in front of the other bit, a curb bit. Another term for this combination of curb and snaffle bit is a "bit and bradoon", where the word "bit" in this particular context refers to the curb.

text:
# Double bridle

A **double bridle**, also called a **full bridle** or **Weymouth bridle**, is a bridle that has two bits and four reins (sometimes called "double reins"). One bit is the *bradoon* (or *bridoon*), is a modified snaffle bit that is smaller in diameter and has smaller bit rings than a traditional snaffle, and it is adjusted so that it sits above and in front of the other bit, a curb bit. Another term for this combination of curb and snaffle bit is a "bit and bradoon", where the word "bit" in this particular context refers to the curb.

## Uses

Double bridles are most commonly associated with dressage and certain horse show classes where formal tack, attire and turnout are standard. They are required for upper level FEI dressage tests (Prix St. Georges (PSG), Intermediaries, and Grand Prix), and are optional at the USDF third and fourth levels. They are also permitted in the dressage phase of eventing at the Intermediate or Advanced levels, although not required. (In eventing, even at the advanced level, snaffle bridles are still the norm.)

Double bridles are fairly common for horse show purposes in Australia, and in the United Kingdom for show hunters and show hacks, but are less common at shows in the United States, except for Saddle seat, show hack and upper-level Dressage competition. Additionally, ladies riding side saddle traditionally use a double bridle. Double bridles used to be seen on show hunters in the United States, but have been replaced by the snaffle.

Double bridles are rarely used by show jumping riders and eventers in the stadium and cross-country phases. The double bridle is still sometimes used by cavalry and police horses.

While the snaffle bridle is more common, the double bridle, in the hands of an experienced rider, is able to transmit more nuanced commands and obtain more sophisticated responses from the horse. Thus, for advanced forms of riding, it is preferred.

## History

Double bridles, originally called "full bridles", were much more common several hundred years ago. They were considered the "proper" equipment for a trained rider and horse, while a simple snaffle bridle was only for green horses and riders, young children, grooms, and poor riders. The double bridle is commonly seen in old paintings of hunt scenes, used by the well-trained gentry as they rode cross-country.

Although the modern ideal is for balance between the snaffle and the curb, and most riders today tend to employ the bradoon for the majority of commands, historically, the accomplished rider would "ride on the curb." Riding on the curb indicated lightness in the mouth, was a demonstration that both horse and rider had been highly trained, and that the rider had very good control of his or her hands, and was able to ride the horse mainly from the seat. The rider would keep a modest contact with the curb bit to regulate collection and only engage the bradoon bit to raise the head or reinforce leg and seat aids for impulsion and direction if those aids failed to achieve their effect. With a supremely trained horse and rider, not only would the horse be ridden on the curb only, but with placing both sets reins in one hand and carrying the whip upright in the other. Today, the tradition of riding only on the curb is preserved by classical and advanced military riders, and it is possible to see such performances at the Spanish Riding School. It is also used on finished horses in western riding. The tradition of riding with double reins in one hand is preserved by polo players, where double reins remain the norm but the double bridle has been largely replaced by the pelham bit or the gag bit.

The double bridle was once used frequently by fox hunters, as they could employ the bradoon at the beginning of the hunt, and then use the curb if the horse became excessively excited and forward as the hunt continued. Additionally, it allowed women, confined to riding sidesaddle at the time, to ride hotter horses, with the option of using the curb rein if the horse began to pull too much.

Many eventers also used to ride with the double bridle when going cross-country on exceptionally high-strung horses. However, this practice has fallen out of favor, with most riders preferring the pelham instead, which is less harsh should the rider accidentally make a mistake. Additionally, the pelham could be used with bit converters, which allowed for one rein and made the bit much easier to handle.

## Adjustment and parts

The double bridle differs from the usual snaffle bridle in that it consists of four reins attached to two separate bits: the bradoon-style snaffle and a curb. The curb bit hangs down from the main headstall, and the bradoon has a separate, simpler headstall made from a narrow piece of leather known as a "bradoon hanger" or a "slip head." The bradoon headstall lies under the curb headstall, with the browband of the bridle holding both pieces, as well as the cavesson all together as a single unit.

A bradoon is a snaffle bit designed specifically for use in the double bridle. The bit mouthpiece is usually single-jointed, and the bit ring is usually a loose-ring, less often an eggbutt, or baucher. The rings are smaller in diameter (maximum 8 centimeters) than a regular snaffle bit, and for USDF competition, the mouthpiece must be at least 38 inch (9.5 mm) in diameter when used on a horse, with smaller diameters allowed for ponies. It is especially important to choose a bradoon that is the correct width. A bradoon that is too wide may get caught on top of the port of the curb bit and push the bridoon's joint upward into the upper palate, while one that is too narrow will pinch the horse's skin against his molars. Both cases are painful and should be avoided. In general, the bradoon should be about 12 inch (13 mm) wider than the Weymouth.

The curb bit, or Weymouth, consists of a mouthpiece with shanks and a curb chain. In USDF competition, the lower shank may be no longer than 10 cm (about 4 in) in length. With a sliding mouthpiece, this measurement is taken when the mouthpiece is at its highest point. The width of the curb bit is also important: a curb that is too narrow will cause the shanks to pinch the lips, one that is too wide will cause the lips to be pinched between the curb and the curb chain and may also cause it to lie unevenly in the mouth. The upper shank should bend slightly outward, to prevent it from pinching when the reins are pulled. The severity of the curb is determined by several factors: longer shanks are considered more severe, as are tighter or thinner curb chains and higher ports.

The bradoon always lies higher in the horse's mouth than the curb bit, and is placed above the curb chain. It is common to place the bradoon a bit higher in the mouth than a snaffle used alone, because it is less likely to get caught on the curb. However, it is important that the bits do not lie too far apart from each other within the mouth, as the tongue may be caught between the two. In general, both bits are chosen to be slightly thinner. Although this increases their severity, most horses prefer thinner bits because it allows for more room for the tongue, which can be uncomfortably cramped with two thick bits sharing the space.

The bradoon rein should be wider than the rein used on the curb bit and in sport horse disciplines is often a bit more grippy (laced or, less often, rubber reins are popular), while the curb rein is thinner and smooth. This makes it easy for the rider to distinguish the two by feel. The extra grip provided by the snaffle rein also helps prevent the horse from pulling it through the rider's hands, which would make the curb rein shorter in comparison and encourage the rider to over-use the curb rein.

When using a double bridle, a cavesson is always used. It should not be adjusted too low, as it may cause the skin and lip to pinch between it and the bradoon. Some riders use a padded crownpiece because the curb places pressure on the poll.

## Use

### Action

The bradoon bit works like any other snaffle, placing pressure on the lips, tongue, and to some extent the bars of the mouth. In the classical dressage tradition, the bradoon is used to regulate horizontal flexion (bending the horse left and right) and impulsion (faster and slower). Any action that is meant to place pressure on one side of the mouth must be performed with the bradoon, because the curb is designed in such a way that a pull on one rein will produce equal pressure across the tongue and bars, unless it is extremely harsh. Additionally, use of only one rein of the curb causes the bit to twist in the mouth and the chain to pinch.

The curb bit places pressure on the bars, the palate (especially if the port of the curb bit is fairly large), and via the curb chain, the poll and chin groove. It is used to regulate vertical flexion (cresting the neck and collecting the body through an arched spine), and the poll pressure asks the horse to lower the poll and telescope the neck to raise the base of the neck. If the horse tries to push his nose outward without permission from the rider, the curb reins will automatically come into play and tighten, asking the horse to flex. If the horse stiffens, adding slight poll and tongue pressure with the curb can ask him to relax at the poll.

A rider may increase pressure on the *curb alone* by lifting their hands forward and upward. The hands remain the same distance from the bradoon because they move around a circle that is a radius equal to that of the bradoon rein. Therefore, the action of the bradoon does not come into play. However, because the curb rein is several inches below the bradoon, raising the hands pull upward on the bit and engages the shank.

When used in Saddle seat tradition, particularly in the United States, the bradoon is used both to raise the head and turn, while the curb is used to lower the head, soften the jaw, and to slow the horse. In saddle seat riding, contact is to be maintained equally on all four reins.

In modern dressage, most riders employing the double bridle "ride on the bradoon." In other words, they keep a steady contact with the bradoon bit and only engage the curb bit to when necessary to encourage the horse to collect. As a result, the bradoon rein keeps slightly more pressure, and the curb rein, although in contact, is much softer. In competition, total loss of rein contact of the curb (which will result in the rein being bowed) will cause a severe deduction from the rider's score. To ride mainly from the bradoon while still keeping a soft contact on the curb, the rider must have steady, soft hands and a correct hand position. To activate the bradoon separately from the curb, if the rider is using the most common rein holds (described below), the rider simply rotates the lower fingers into the hand and slightly upward, which will tighten pressure on the bradoon. The upper part of the hand, where the curb is held, remains in the same point in space and acts as a pivot, so that the pressure on the curb does not change.

### Dangers of misuse

Riders must be skilled before attempting to use the double bridle, and the horse should be far enough along in his training that the double bridle would be accepted and understood. It is a refined piece of equipment that can greatly enhance the riding in good hands, or destroy the animal's training and mouth. Because it uses two bits, it has a much greater chance of damaging the horse's mouth if used incorrectly.

The rider must have an independent seat and soft hands. Additionally, they should be able to keep their horse moving uphill with elevated shoulders, or else activating the curb will cause him to hollow, fall onto the forehand, and flex incorrectly at the 3rd vertebra rather than the poll. The rider must also take care to determine if a double bridle is proper for the individual horse's training and temperament. Certain sensitive horses will do better if kept in a snaffle for a longer period of time. Horses that tend to be lazy or behind their rider's leg will also become more so if ridden in double bridle before they are consistently forward.

Overuse of the curb will cause the horse to go behind the bit, open his mouth, draw his tongue back in his mouth to escape the pressure, or damage the tongue. Additionally, it can cause unpure gaits, including a "pacey" walk, a stiff trot, and a 4-beat canter. Overuse of the somewhat thin bradoon can lead to a hard mouth, and in severe cases, cause sores or bleeding at the corners of the mouth.

### Martingales

If a running martingale is used with a double bridle, only the snaffle reins should run through the rings. Running curb reins through the martingale creates excessive amounts of leverage and can cause pain to the horse if misused. While fox hunters once were known to ride with a running martingale attached to the curb rein, today this practice is relatively non-existent, partly because the double bridle is only common in equestrian disciplines that usually do not use a running martingale. However, if a running martingale is used on the curb, however ill-advised, it is extremely important to use rein stops, as the martingale ring is sometimes larger than the ring on the curb bit shank, and can get caught on the bit with potentially disastrous consequences.

## Holding the reins

When first learning to use the double bridle, it can be helpful to gain experience holding and manipulating two reins without actually using the more severe curb. To do so, the rider may place two reins on the snaffle. A rider may also ride on contact with the snaffle rein, keeping the curb rein loose until the hold becomes comfortable and familiar.

There are several types of rein holds which offer various degrees of action between both bits.

### Military rein hold (4 reins in one hand)

The traditional cavalry hold has the rider place all four reins in the left hand; in this way, the right hand is left free to hold a sword, lance, or other weapon. The precise order of reins has varied from era to era, from country to country, and to suit specific circumstances of battle or pageantry. In every case, a great deal of precise control is needed to selectively engage the bradoon or curb independently. Less schooled troopers may ride while engaging only a single pair of reins for one bit, and allowing the reins for the second bit to bow and thereby apply only the passive effect of gravity on that bit.

This rein hold is also seen in competitive dressage, during FEI freestyle tests. It demonstrates the horse's throughness, self-carriage, and obedience due to the fact that the rider has little control with the reins except to create flexion. When used, it can increase the difficulty of the movement, thereby helping the rider attain a higher score if executed well.

### "2 to 2" rein holds, with more pressure on the bradoon

"2 to 2 holds" involve the rider holding two reins in each hand. The two most commonly used in the United States allow for softer use of the curb rein. In one such hold, the rider holds the bradoon rein under the fourth finger (pinkie or little finger), and the curb between the third and fourth fingers. In the second method, the bradoon is held between the third (ring) and fourth finger, and the curb between the second and third fingers. The latter is in some ways preferable, because the rider continues to hold the snaffle rein between the ring finger and pinkie, in the same manner as when riding with a snaffle alone, and so will already have the feel developed for that use. Additionally, pressure from the bradoon rein pushing on the underside of the little finger can encourage riders to raise their hands, because it will feel as if there is not longer a perfectly straight line from elbow to bit. In either case, the reins cross one another, the rider should be sure that the curb rein crosses *under* the bradoon when the horse is viewed from the side, so that it is closer to the neck. Both these holds allow for the rider to flex his or her hand and apply slightly more contact to the bradoon than to the curb, allowing it to be softer.

In both cases, the ends of the reins usually leave the fist between the thumb and index finger, as seen when riding with just a snaffle rein. However, another variation allows the end of the snaffle rein to leave between the first and second fingers, and the end of the curb to leave between the thumb and first finger. This allows the rider to easily identify each rein and adjust the tension on each. It also helps to avoid too much tension on the curb rein.

### "2 to 2" rein holds, with more pressure on the curb

There are several rein holds which increase the ratio of curb to bradoon pressure. In all these cases, the curb rein is held lower down in the hand than the bradoon, so that the two reins do not cross when the horse is viewed from the side. As the distance increases between where the two reins insert into the hand, the curb reins becomes more and more prominent when rein pressure is applied. This is because the curb has greater action when the lower part of the hand is flexed back. This hold is usually used if the horse is especially hard-mouthed, easily distractible, or needs a bit more curb action because he tries to raise his head. It should only be applied by riders with exceptionally soft hands who have a good foundation in using the double bridle.

Two of the mild forms of this type of hold involve the curb rein either under the fourth finger, or between the fourth and third finger, while holding the bradoon between the second and third fingers.

The most extreme form of this is called the "Fillis Hold", named after James Fillis. It involves the curb rein being held under the pinkie, and the bradoon rein held like a driving rein, between the thumb and first finger. The two reins therefore insert into the hand as far away as they possibly could and allow each set to be used with considerable leverage. Therefore, either rein can be used without the influence of the other, simply by rotating the lower or upper part of the hand back. This hold is commonly seen used (correctly) by the dressage rider Philipe Karl. However, when used incorrectly, which can be extremely easy to do even by excellent riders, it causes the horse to flex at the third vertebra instead of the poll, a major fault.

### "3 to 1" rein hold

In the 3 to 1 rein hold, one hand (historically, the left hand) holds three reins and the other only one rein. The three-rein hand controls both curb reins and the bradoon rein which belongs to that side, and the other hand simply holds the other bradoon rein and the whip. It is a hold that was common to the classical dressage tradition. Today the 3 to 1 rein hold is used while training, rather than competition, although it is still seen used by the Spanish Riding School.

The left hand holds the left bradoon rein below the fourth finger (pinkie), the left hand curb rein between the third and fourth fingers, and the right hand curb between the second and third fingers. It is held right over the pommel of the saddle. The right hand holds the bradoon as it would normally hold a snaffle (between the third and fourth fingers), and the hand is held very close to the left hand. This hold has several important consequences: it decreases the action of the curb, it prevents the rider from riding with their hands too wide or performing an overzealous opening rein with their left hand, and it shows when the horse is not properly straight, because the rider can no longer make the rein pressure on one side of the mouth any stronger than the other, since reins from both sides are held in the left hand. The rider must ride off the seat and legs to bend the horse, and the horse must therefore be properly "through".

### Riding on the curb only (*auf blanker Kandare reiten*)

The bridoon reins are dropped on the neck near the withers, and contact is kept only with the curb, both reins being held in the left hand. This means that the rider must have good hands, a well-developed seat, and the horse must accept the bit, or else the horse will end up overbent. The rider can only create bend in the horse with the seat and legs, not the hands.

The whip is held upright in the right hand, going back to the tradition where the sword would be held in such a way as a salute. This method is rarely practiced today, although still seen used by the Spanish Riding School, the Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre, and the mounted troops of the household cavalry in London, England.

The method is also mandatory at the higher levels of the equestrian discipline of Working Equitation.

## Western riding

A distantly related variation on the English double bridle is the "two rein" setup used in the western riding classic vaquero tradition (also known as the "buckaroo" or "California" tradition) of developing a "spade bit" horse. Rather than use of a bit and bradoon, the trainer uses a thin bosal style hackamore over a complex type of curb bit known as a spade. This tradition originated with the same haute ecole and military uses of horses in the Middle Ages, but developed differently from classical dressage since approximately the 16th century, when Spanish horse trainers arrived in the Americas. In this tradition, the ultimate goal is use of one hand on the spade alone. A young horse is started in a bosal, then is transitioned into the spade by wearing both the spade bit with progressively smaller diameter bosals, with the rider usually carrying the reins in the 3 in 1 hold. The reins of the spade bit are romal style, with light chains or small lead weights added between the bit and the rein so that it balances perfectly in the mouth of the horse. Over time the trainer uses the bosal less and less until the horse travels with lightness and collection on the spade alone. The process of moving from a bosal alone to a "straight up" spade bit horse using the spade alone can take many years, as long as it takes to bring a Dressage horse to Grand Prix level. For practical working purposes, the modern cowboy of the vaquero or "buckaroo" tradition usually keeps a light bosal on the finished horse as a type of noseband.