title: Electronic test equipment

abstract: Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices under test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced. Use of electronic test equipment is essential to any serious work on electronics systems. Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive to extremely complex and sophisticated such as automatic test equipment (ATE). ATE often includes many of these instruments in real and simulated forms. Generally, more advanced test gear is necessary when developing circuits and systems than is needed when doing production testing or when troubleshooting existing production units in the field.

text:
# Electronic test equipment

**Electronic test equipment** is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices under test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced. Use of electronic test equipment is essential to any serious work on electronics systems.

Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive (such as a test light consisting of just a light bulb and a test lead) to extremely complex and sophisticated such as automatic test equipment (ATE). ATE often includes many of these instruments in real and simulated forms.

Generally, more advanced test gear is necessary when developing circuits and systems than is needed when doing production testing or when troubleshooting existing production units in the field.

## Types of test equipment

### Basic equipment

The following items are used for basic measurement of voltages, currents, and components in the circuit under test.

The following are used for stimulus of the circuit under test:

The following analyze the response of the circuit under test:

And connecting it all together:

### Advanced or less commonly used equipment

**Meters**

#### Probes

#### Analyzers

#### Signal-generating devices

### Miscellaneous devices

## Platforms

Several modular electronic instrumentation platforms are currently in common use for configuring automated electronic test and measurement systems. These systems are widely employed for incoming inspection, quality assurance, and production testing of electronic devices and subassemblies. Industry-standard communication interfaces link signal sources with measurement instruments in “rack-and-stack” or chassis-/mainframe-based systems, often under the control of a custom software application running on an external PC.

### GPIB/IEEE-488

The General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) is an IEEE-488 (a standard created by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standard parallel interface used for attaching sensors and programmable instruments to a computer. GPIB is a digital 8-bit parallel communications interface capable of achieving data transfers of more than 8 Mbytes/s. It allows daisy-chaining up to 14 instruments to a system controller using a 24-pin connector. It is one of the most common I/O interfaces present in instruments and is designed specifically for instrument control applications. The IEEE-488 specifications standardized this bus and defined its electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications, while also defining its basic software communication rules. GPIB works best for applications in industrial settings that require a rugged connection for instrument control.

The original GPIB standard was developed in the late 1960s by Hewlett-Packard to connect and control the programmable instruments the company manufactured. The introduction of digital controllers and programmable test equipment created a need for a standard, high-speed interface for communication between instruments and controllers from various vendors. In 1975, the IEEE published ANSI/IEEE Standard 488–1975, IEEE Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation, which contained the electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications of an interfacing system. This standard was subsequently revised in 1978 (IEEE-488.1) and 1990 (IEEE-488.2). The IEEE 488.2 specification includes the Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation (SCPI), which define specific commands that each instrument class must obey. SCPI ensures compatibility and configurability among these instruments.

The IEEE-488 bus has long been popular because it is simple to use and takes advantage of a large selection of programmable instruments and stimuli. Large systems, however, have the following limitations:

* **Driver fanout** capacity limits the system to 14 devices plus a controller.
* **Cable length** limits the controller-device distance to two meters per device or 20 meters total, whichever is less. This imposes transmission problems on systems spread out in a room or on systems that require remote measurements.
* **Primary addresses** limit the system to 30 devices with primary addresses. Modern instruments rarely use secondary addresses so this puts a 30-device limit on system size.

### LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation

The LXI (LXI) Standard defines the communication protocols for instrumentation and data acquisition systems using Ethernet. These systems are based on small, modular instruments, using low-cost, open-standard LAN (Ethernet). LXI-compliant instruments offer the size and integration advantages of modular instruments without the cost and form factor constraints of card-cage architectures. Through the use of Ethernet communications, the LXI Standard allows for flexible packaging, high-speed I/O, and standardized use of LAN connectivity in a broad range of commercial, industrial, aerospace, and military applications. Every LXI-compliant instrument includes an Interchangeable Virtual Instrument (IVI) driver to simplify communication with non-LXI instruments, so LXI-compliant devices can communicate with devices that are not themselves LXI compliant (i.e., instruments that employ GPIB, VXI, PXI, etc.). This simplifies building and operating hybrid configurations of instruments.

LXI instruments sometimes employ scripting using embedded test script processors for configuring test and measurement applications. Script-based instruments provide architectural flexibility, improved performance, and lower cost for many applications. Scripting enhances the benefits of LXI instruments, and LXI offers features that both enable and enhance scripting. Although the current LXI standards for instrumentation do not require that instruments be programmable or implement scripting, several features in the LXI specification anticipate programmable instruments and provide useful functionality that enhances scripting's capabilities on LXI-compliant instruments.

### VME eXtensions for Instrumentation

VME eXtensions for Instrumentation (VXI) are an electrical and mechanical standard used mainly with automatic test equipment (ATE). VXI allows equipment from different vendors to work together in a common control and packaging environment. VPX (a.k.a. VITA 46) is an ANSI standard based on the VMEbus with support for switched fabric using a high speed connector. VXI combines VMEbus specifications with features from the general-purpose interface bus (GPIB) to meet the needs of instrumentation applications. Other technologies for VME, VPX and VXI controllers and processors may also be available.

Selecting VME, VPX and VXI bus interfaces and adapters requires an analysis of available technologies. The original VME bus (VMEbus) uses Eurocards, rugged circuit boards that provide a 96-pin plug instead of an edge connector for durability. VME64 is an expanded version of the VMEbus that provides 64-bit data transfers and addressing. VME64 features include asynchronous data transfers, an addressing range between 16 and 40 bits, data path widths between 8 and 64 bits, and a bandwidth of 80 Mbit/s. VME64 extended (VME64x) is an improved version of the original VMEbus that features a 160-pin connector family, 3.3 V power supply pins, bandwidths up to 160 Mbit/s, injector/ejector locking handles, and hot swap capability. VME160 transfers data at 160 Mbit/s. VME320 transfers data at a rate of 320 Mbit/s. VXI combines VMEbus specifications with features from the general-purpose interface bus (GPIB) to meet the needs of instrumentation applications. VME, VPX and VXI bus interfaces and adapters for VPX applications are also available.

### PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation

PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation, (PXI), is a peripheral bus specialized for data acquisition and real-time control systems. Introduced in 1997, PXI uses the CompactPCI 3U and 6U form factors and adds trigger lines, a local bus, and other functions suited for measurement applications. PXI hardware and software specifications are developed and maintained by the PXI Systems Alliance. More than 50 manufacturers around the world produce PXI hardware.

### Universal Serial Bus

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) connects peripheral devices, such as keyboards and mice, to PCs. The USB is a Plug and Play bus that can handle up to 127 devices on one port, and has a theoretical maximum throughput of 480 Mbit/s (high-speed USB defined by the USB 2.0 specification). Because USB ports are standard features of PCs, they are a natural evolution of conventional serial port technology. However, it is not widely used in building industrial test and measurement systems for several reasons (e.g., USB cables are rarely industrial grade, are noise sensitive, are not positively attached and so are rather easily detachable, and the maximum distance between the controller and device is limited to a few meters). Like some other connections, USB is primarily used for applications in a laboratory setting that do not require a rugged bus connection.

### RS-232

RS-232 is a specification for serial communication that is popular in analytical and scientific instruments, as well for controlling peripherals such as printers. Unlike GPIB, with the RS-232 interface, it is possible to connect and control only one device at a time. RS-232 is also a relatively slow interface with typical data rates of less than 20 kB/s. RS-232 is best suited for laboratory applications compatible with a slower, less rugged connection.

### Test script processors and a channel expansion bus

One of the most recently developed test system platforms employs instrumentation equipped with onboard test script processors combined with a high-speed bus. In this approach, one “master” instrument runs a test script (a small program) that controls the operation of the various “slave” instruments in the test system, to which it is linked via a high-speed LAN-based trigger synchronization and inter-unit communication bus. Scripting is writing programs in a scripting language to coordinate a sequence of actions.

This approach is optimized for small message transfers that are characteristic of test and measurement applications. With very little network overhead and a 100 Mbit/s data rate, it is significantly faster than GPIB and 100BaseT Ethernet in real applications.

The advantage of this platform is that all connected instruments behave as one tightly integrated multi-channel system, so users can scale their test system to fit their required channel counts cost-effectively. A system configured on this type of platform can stand alone as a complete measurement and automation solution, with the master unit controlling sourcing, measuring, pass/fail decisions, test sequence flow control, binning, and the component handler or prober. Support for dedicated trigger lines means that synchronous operations between multiple instruments equipped with onboard Test Script Processors that are linked by this high-speed bus can be achieved without the need for additional trigger connections.

## Test equipment switching

The addition of a high-speed switching system to a test system's configuration allows for faster, more cost-effective testing of multiple devices, and is designed to reduce both test errors and costs. Designing a test system's switching configuration requires an understanding of the signals to be switched and the tests to be performed, as well as the switching hardware form factors available.


abstract: The Men's madison was held on 19 October 2014. 12 teams participated over a distance of 53.3 km, with sprints every 20 laps awarding 5, 3, 2 or 1 point to the first four; teams are ranked by lap gains on their opponents, then points between teams on the same lap.

text:
# 2014 UEC European Track Championships – Men's madison

The **Men's madison** was held on 19 October 2014. 12 teams participated over a distance of 53.3 km (160 laps), with sprints every 20 laps awarding 5, 3, 2 or 1 point to the first four; teams are ranked by lap gains on their opponents, then points between teams on the same lap.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nation | Finish Order | Points | Lap Difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Andreas Graf
Andreas Müller | Austria | 7 | 6 |  |
|  | Kenny De Ketele
Otto Vergaerde | Belgium | 2 | 21 | -1 |
|  | Vivien Brisse
Morgan Kneisky | France | 3 | 18 | -1 |
| 4 | Theo Reinhardt
Leon Rohde | Germany | 1 | 13 | -1 |
| 5 | David Muntaner
Albert Torres | Spain | 4 | 13 | -1 |
| 6 | Roman Gladysh
Vladyslav Kreminskyi | Ukraine | 5 | 6 | -1 |
| 7 | Mark Christian
Owain Doull | Great Britain | 6 | 3 | -1 |
| 8 | Tristan Marguet
Théry Schir | Switzerland | 9 | 2 | -1 |
| 9 | Theo Bos
Wim Stroetinga | Netherlands | 10 | 0 | -1 |
| 10 | Liam Bertazzo
Alex Buttazzoni | Italy | 11 | 4 | -2 |
| 11 | Mateusz Nowak
Adrian Tekliński | Poland | 8 | 2 | −3 |
|  | Raman Tsishkou
Raman Ramanau | Belarus | DNF | | |

## InfoBox

| Men's madison
at the 2014 UEC European Track Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| UEC European Champion jersey | |
| Venue | Vélodrome Amédée Détraux, Baie-Mahault |
| Date | 19 October |
| Competitors | 24 from 12 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Austria  Belgium  France | |
|


title: Annemarie Tanke

abstract: Anne-Maria Suzanne Tanke is a Dutch former cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm leg break bowler. She appeared in one Test match, 39 One Day Internationals and five Twenty20 Internationals for the Netherlands between 1997 and 2010.

text:
# Annemarie Tanke

**Anne-Maria Suzanne Tanke** (born 27 February 1978) is a Dutch former cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm leg break bowler. She appeared in one Test match, 39 One Day Internationals and five Twenty20 Internationals for the Netherlands between 1997 and 2010.

## InfoBox

Annemarie Tanke
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Anne-Maria Suzanne Tanke |
| Born | (1978-02-27) 27 February 1978<br>Velsen, Netherlands |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm leg break |
| Role | Bowler |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Only Test (cap 10) | 28 July 2007 v South Africa |
| ODI debut (cap 41) | 6 July 1997 v Denmark |
| Last ODI | 12 October 2010 v South Africa |
| T20I debut (cap ) | 1 July 2008 v West Indies |
| Last T20I | 16 October 2010 v West Indies |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WTest WODI WT20I WLA  Matches 1 39 5 55  Runs scored 0 451 29 546  Batting average 0.00 12.52 5.80 12.13  100s/50s 0/0 0/1 0/0 0/1  Top score 0 61 20 61  Balls bowled 60 787 78 1,509  Wickets 1 21 1 52  Bowling average 39.00 34.04 138.00 21.53  5 wickets in innings 0 1 0 1  10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0  Best bowling 1/39 5/40 1/18 5/40  Catches/stumpings 0/– 4/– 2/– 11/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 2 December 2021 | |


abstract: The 1967 Men's European Volleyball Championship, the seventh edition of the event, was organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Adana, Turkey from October 26 to November 8, 1967.

text:
# 1967 Men's European Volleyball Championship

The **1967 Men's European Volleyball Championship**, the seventh edition of the event, was organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Adana, Turkey from October 26 to November 8, 1967.

## Teams

## Final ranking

## InfoBox

1967 Men's European Volleyball Championship
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Host nation | Turkey |
| Dates | October 26–November 8 |
| Teams | 20 |
| Venue(s) | 4 (in 4 host cities) |
| Champions | Soviet Union (3rd title) |
|


title: 2002 GP Ouest-France

abstract: The 2002 GP Ouest-France was the 66th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 25 August 2002. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Jeremy Hunt of the BigMat–Auber 93 team.

text:
# 2002 GP Ouest-France

The **2002 GP Ouest-France** was the 66th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 25 August 2002. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Jeremy Hunt of the BigMat–Auber 93 team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jeremy Hunt (GBR) BigMat–Auber 93 4h 44' 02"  2  Stuart O'Grady (AUS) Crédit Agricole \+ 0"  3  Baden Cooke (AUS) Française des Jeux \+ 0"  4  Martin Elmiger (SUI) Phonak \+ 0"  5  Fred Rodriguez (USA) Domo–Farm Frites \+ 0"  6  Jo Planckaert (BEL) Cofidis \+ 0"  7  Peter Van Petegem (BEL) Lotto–Adecco \+ 0"  8  Serge Baguet (BEL) Lotto–Adecco \+ 0"  9  Laurent Jalabert (FRA) CSC–Tiscali \+ 0"  10  Andrea Tafi (ITA) Mapei–Quick-Step \+ 0" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

2002 GP Ouest-France
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 25 August 2002 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 196 km (121.8 mi) |
| Winning time | 4h 44' 02" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Jeremy Hunt (GBR)  (BigMat–Auber 93)  Second  Stuart O'Grady (AUS)  (Crédit Agricole)  Third  Baden Cooke (AUS)  (Française des Jeux) | |
|


title: Arthur William Way

abstract: Arthur William Way was a California politician. Way was born in Eureka, California. From 1925 to 1929 he served as Mayor of Eureka. A park was named after him. He also served as state assembly member from January 3, 1949, until he resigned on November 18, 1949. Way ran for the 3rd Senate district after Michael J. Burns died in office and won in a special election unopposed. Way died on February 21, 1964, in his hospital bed from a stroke.

text:
# Arthur William Way

**Arthur William Way** (March 5, 1879 – February 21, 1964) was a California politician.

Way was born in Eureka, California. From 1925 to 1929 he served as Mayor of Eureka. A park was named after him. He also served as state assembly member from January 3, 1949, until he resigned on November 18, 1949. Way ran for the 3rd Senate district after Michael J. Burns died in office and won in a special election unopposed.

Way died on February 21, 1964, in his hospital bed from a stroke.

## InfoBox

| Arthur Way | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the California Senate
from the 3rd district | |
| **In office**
January 5, 1953 – January 7, 1957 | |
| Preceded by | Michael J. Burns |
| Succeeded by | Carl L. Christensen Jr. |
| Member of the California State Assembly
from the 1st district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1949 – November 18, 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Michael J. Burns |
| Succeeded by | Frank Belotti |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1879-03-05)March 5, 1879
Eureka, California, US |
| Died | February 21, 1964(1964-02-21) (aged 84)
Eureka, California, US |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Blanche Johnston  (m. 1908; died 1945)
Dorothy Ann Flower (m. 1950) |
| Children | 1 |
|  | |


title: Elmer Smick

abstract: Elmer Bernard Smick was an Old Testament scholar, professor, and former president of the Evangelical Theological Society.

text:
# Elmer Smick

Elmer Bernard Smick (July 10, 1921 - December 7, 1994) was an Old Testament scholar, professor, and former president of the Evangelical Theological Society.

## Background and education

Smick was born in Baltimore, Maryland and married childhood sweetheart Jane Harrison on August 19, 1944. He earned his B.A. (1944) from The Kings College, his Th.B. (1947) and S.T.M (1948) from Faith Theological Seminary, and his Ph.D. (1951) from the Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning. He also completed post-doctoral studies at Brandeis University (1958) New York University (1967).

## Academic career

Smick taught ancient history and Semitic studies at Shelton College while pastoring Bible Presbyterian Church in Trenton, New Jersey. From 1956 to 1971, he was professor of Old Testament language and literature at Covenant Theological Seminary. From 1971 to 1991, he was professor of Old Testament at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. In 1976, the NIV Committee on Bible Translation invited Smick "to assist it in the final editorial review" of the first edition of the Old Testament. Smick served as president of the Evangelical Theological Society in 1988, as well as on the advisory board of the National Association of Professors of Hebrew, and was a fellow of the Institute for Biblical Research.

## Publications

* *A Guide to the Study of Old Testament Poetry*.
* *Archaeology of the Jordan Valley*. 1973. ISBN 0801079519.
* "Job". *Expositor’s Bible Commentary*. 1988. ISBN 0310364604.


title: Electronic trading

abstract: Electronic trading, sometimes called e-trading, is the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, foreign currencies, financial derivatives, cryptocurrencies, and other financial instruments online. This is typically done using electronic trading platforms where traders can place orders and have them executed at a trading venue such as a stock market either directly or via a broker. Electronic trading first started in the 1970s but significant development occurred during the 1990s and again in the 2000s with the spread of the Internet. Electronic trading slowly replaced traditional floor trading and telephone trading over the following 20 years. Electronic trading can include various exchange-based systems that run the matching engine for orders, such as NASDAQ, NYSE Arca and Globex, as well as other types of trading platforms, such as electronic communication networks (ECNs), alternative trading systems, crossing networks and dark pools. Electronic trading has also made it possible to do algorithmic trading where computers are used to place orders into the market often at high speed such as in high-frequency trading

text:
# Electronic trading

**Electronic trading**, sometimes called **e-trading**, is the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, foreign currencies, financial derivatives, cryptocurrencies, and other financial instruments online. This is typically done using electronic trading platforms where traders can place orders and have them executed at a trading venue such as a stock market either directly or via a broker.

Electronic trading first started in the 1970s but significant development occurred during the 1990s and again in the 2000s with the spread of the Internet. Electronic trading slowly replaced traditional floor trading and telephone trading over the following 20 years.

Electronic trading can include various exchange-based systems that run the matching engine for orders, such as NASDAQ, NYSE Arca and Globex, as well as other types of trading platforms, such as electronic communication networks (ECNs), alternative trading systems, crossing networks and dark pools. Electronic trading has also made it possible to do algorithmic trading where computers are used to place orders into the market often at high speed such as in high-frequency trading

## History

### Before electronic trading, 1600–1970s

From the start of modern stock exchanges in the 1600s in Amsterdam and London, there were physical locations where buyers and sellers met and negotiated prices to buy and sell securities. By the 1800s exchange trading would typically happen on dedicated floors of an exchange. Often where traders in brightly colored jackets (to identify which firm they worked for) would shout and gesticulate at one another, a process known as open outcry or pit trading (the exchange floors were often pit-shaped – circular, sloping downwards to the center, so that the traders could see one another).

### Development of electronic communications, 1970s

With the improvement in communications technology in the late 20th century, the need for a physical location became less important and together with the development in computer technology traders started to transact from remote locations in what became known as electronic trading. Electronic trading made transactions easier to complete, monitor, clear, and settle and this helped spur on its development.

Set up in 1971, NASDAQ was the world's first electronic stock market, though it originally operated as an electronic bulletin board, rather than offering straight-through processing (STP).

One of the earliest examples of widespread electronic trading was on Globex, the CME Group’s electronic trading platform conceived in 1987 and launched fully in 1992. This allowed access to a variety of financial markets such as treasuries, foreign exchange and commodities. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) produced a rival system that was based on Oak Trading Systems’ Oak platform branded ‘E Open Outcry,’ an electronic trading platform that allowed for trading to take place alongside that took place in the CBOT pits. In 1994, digiTRADE was the first company to bring securities trading to the internet, with K. Aufhauser & Company, Inc as the first client, going live with "WealthWeb" in September of 1994. By June 11, 1997, digiTRADE launched interest and touch tone telephone workstations for full service brokerage firms. By January 26th, 1998, LPL Financial Services had launched a broker workstation across 2,700 registered representatives. This was a complete front-back office system for stocks, options, mutual funds and annuities, digiTRADE PRO integrates a customized LPL front-end with digiTRADE's trading applications, and will allow LPL's reps to place orders 24 hours a day via the internet. On August 31st, 1998, Thomson Financial Services acquired digiTRADE, the widely recognized leader of automated internet and telephone-based trading and account management services. By 1998, digiTRADE had deployed internet and telephone-based trading systems for 51 financial solutions including Bank of America, Bear Stearns, Chase Manhattan, Chubb, CitiBank, Dreyfus, First Union, LPL Financial, New York Life, T.Rowe Price and Wexford Clearing Services.

### Internet from 2000s

With the spread of the internet in the early 2000s, a number of brokers started building electronic trading platforms to allow individual retail traders access to trade online.

By 2010s investment firms on both the buy side and sell side were increasing their spending on technology for electronic trading. With the result that many floor traders and brokers were removed from the trading process. Traders also increasingly started to rely on algorithms to analyze market conditions and then execute their orders automatically.

The move to electronic trading compared to floor trading continued to increase with many of the major exchanges around the world moving from floor trading to completely electronic trading.

Trading in the financial markets could broadly be split into two groups:

* Business-to-business (B2B) trading, often conducted on exchanges, where large investment banks and brokers trade directly with one another, transacting large amounts of securities, and
* Business-to-consumer (B2C) trading, where retail (e.g. individuals buying and selling relatively small amounts of stocks and shares) and institutional clients (e.g. hedge funds, fund managers or insurance companies, trading far larger amounts of securities) buy and sell from brokers or broker-dealers, who act as middle-men between the clients and the B2B markets.

### Consolidation, 2010s

By 2010 the majority of retail trading in the United States happened over the Internet, retail trading volumes are dwarfed by institutional, inter-dealer and exchange trading. However, in developing economies, especially in Asia, retail trading constitutes a significant portion of overall trading volume. This also had some negative impacts such as the 2010 flash crash where errors in electronic trading caused a significant market crash.

For instruments which are not exchange-traded (e.g. US treasury bonds), the inter-dealer market substitutes for the exchange. This is where dealers trade directly with one another or through inter-dealer brokers. They acted as middle-men between dealers such as investment banks. This type of trading traditionally took place over the phone but brokers moved to offering electronic trading services instead.

Similarly, B2C trading traditionally happened over the phone but brokers moved to allow their clients to place orders using electronic systems. Many retail or discount brokers went online during the late 1990s and most retail stock-broking takes place online.

Larger institutional clients, however, will generally place electronic orders via proprietary electronic trading platforms such as Bloomberg Terminal or Eikon or using their brokers' proprietary software.

## Impact

The increase of electronic trading had some important implications:

* Reduced cost of transactions – By automating as much of the process as possible (often referred to as "straight-through processing" or STP), costs were brought down.
* Greater liquidity – electronic systems make it easier to allow different companies to trade with one another, no matter where they are located. This leads to more buyers and sellers and so greater market liquidity which increases the efficiency of the markets.
* Greater competition – While electronic trading hasn't necessarily lowered the cost of entry to the financial services industry, it has removed barriers within the industry and had a globalisation-style competition effect.
* Increased transparency – Electronic trading has meant that the markets are less opaque.
* Tighter spreads – The Bid–offer spread represents the profit being made by the market makers. The increased liquidity, competition and transparency means that spreads have tightened.
* 'Arms race' in pursuit of 'speed' – Several academics have argued that the continuous nature of electronic markets has incentivized a 'wasteful' technology race leading to high-frequency trading.

For retail investors, financial services on the web offer great benefits. The primary benefit is the reduced cost of transactions as well as the ease and the convenience. Online financial transactions bypass traditional hurdles such as logistics. Conversely there is concern about the impact of speculation through trading, considered negatively and of potential significant damage to the real economy.


title: Ficulea

abstract: Ficulea is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Ficulea blandulella, which is found in Sri Lanka and southern India. Adults are luteous, the forewings with two dark cupreous-brown slightly silvery bordered bands. The first band very much dilated hindward and the second marginal, dentate on its inner side, nearly connected with the second on the interior border.

text:
# Ficulea

***Ficulea*** is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species ***Ficulea blandulella***, which is found in Sri Lanka and southern India.

Adults are luteous, the forewings with two dark cupreous-brown slightly silvery bordered bands. The first band very much dilated hindward and the second marginal, dentate on its inner side, nearly connected with the second on the interior border.

## InfoBox

| *Ficulea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ficulea*
Walker, 1864 |
| Species: | ***F. blandulella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficulea blandulella***
Walker, 1864 | |
|


title: 1677 in China

abstract: Events from the year 1677 in China.

text:
# 1677 in China

Events from the year **1677 in China**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Deaths

* Wang Jian (simplified Chinese: 王鉴; traditional Chinese: 王鑒; pinyin: Wáng Jiàn; Wade–Giles: Wang Jian); ca. 1598-1677 was a Chinese landscape painter during the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty
* Pan Pingge (Chinese: 潘平格; pinyin: Pān Pínggé; 1610–1677), was a notable Chinese philosopher during the late-Ming and early-Qing period who studied Cheng-Zhu, Lu-Wang, and Buddhist philosophy (especially the Zen buddhism)
* Kelden Gyatso (Kalden Gyatso, Kelden Repa, Tibetan: སྐལ་ལྡན་རྒྱ་མཚོ, Wylie: Skal ldan rgya mtsho) (1607-1677) was a 17th-century Tibetan poet, scholar, and siddha

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1677<br>History of China    Timeline    Years |


title: 2003 Ottawa municipal election

abstract: The 2003 Ottawa municipal election was a municipal election that was held in Ottawa to elect the city's mayor, City Council, and school trustees for the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The vote was held on November 10, 2003. The elections were held simultaneously with most other municipalities in Ontario. The mayoral election was won by popular incumbent and former Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament Bob Chiarelli. His main competition was that of right-wing candidate Terry Kilrea.

text:
# 2003 Ottawa municipal election

The **2003 Ottawa municipal election** was a municipal election that was held in Ottawa to elect the city's mayor, City Council, and school trustees for the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The vote was held on November 10, 2003. The elections were held simultaneously with most other municipalities in Ontario.

The mayoral election was won by popular incumbent and former Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament Bob Chiarelli. His main competition was that of right-wing candidate Terry Kilrea.

## Issues

The main issues of the race were a controversial Smoking ban, the expansion of the O-Train (Ottawa's light rail system), official bilingualism and the recent amalgamation. Chiarelli was in favour of the smoking ban, which had been implemented by the last city council. The ban was on smoking in all public places, which angered many bar and restaurant owners. Kilrea was against the smoking ban. He was also against putting money into expanding the O-Train, and official bilingualism in the city.

## Controversy

One of the prominent fringe candidates for mayor was associated with white supremacist support. Donna Upson received contributions from the Ku Klux Klan, and she voiced support for racial segregation. She has also set up a Canadian branch of the National Socialist Movement. She finished in sixth place with 1,312 votes (0.71%).

## Turnout

Turnout for the election was low, at 33%. The highest turnouts were in the rural areas, specifically in Goulbourn, Rideau and the highest West Carleton (45%). The lowest turnout was in Somerset Ward at 25% turnout.

## Results for mayor

| 2003 Ottawa municipal election: Mayor | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
|  | Independent | Bob Chiarelli | 104,595 | 56.53 | +0.21 |
|  | Independent | Terry Kilrea | 66,634 | 36.02 | - |
|  | Independent | Ike Awgu | 5,394 | 2.92 | - |
|  | Independent | Ron Burke | 2,698 | 1.46 | - |
|  | Independent | John A. Bell | 2,027 | 1.10 | - |
|  | Independent | Donna Upson | 1,312 | 0.71 | - |
|  | Independent | Paula Nemchin | 1,191 | 0.64 | +0.36 |
|  | Independent | John Turmel | 1,166 | 0.63 | +0.36 |
| Total valid votes | | | 185,017 |

Chiarelli won all but three wards and had his most strength in the city core region. Kilrea won three wards, all in the rural south and west.

## Council results

No incumbents lost any races, and only two councillors had a decrease in the popular vote percentage from the 2000 election.

**Orléans Ward**

1. Herb Kreling 7,182 (72.89%) (+31.93%)
2. Louise Malloy 2,671 (27.11%)

**Innes Ward**

1. Rainer Bloess 5,925 (59.26%) (+7.25%)
2. J.-F. Claude 4,073 (40.74%)

**Bell-South Nepean Ward**

1. Jan Harder 11,678 (86.75%) (+25.86%)
2. John R. Palmer 1,784 (13.25%)

**Kanata Ward**

1. Peggy Feltmate 12,260 (70.58%)
2. Richard Rutkowski 4,166 (23.98%)
3. Donald Leafloor 561 (3.23%)
4. Grant Johnston 384 (2.21%)

**West Carleton Ward**

1. Eli El-Chantiry 2,738 (44.61%)
2. Adele Muldoon 2,709 (44.14%)
3. Daryl W. Craig 480 (7.82%)
4. Jim Jenkins 210 (3.42%)

**Goulbourn Ward**

1. Janet Stavinga 5,076 (64.15%) (+19.14%)
2. Michael P. O'Rourke 2,837 (35.85%)

**Bay Ward**

1. Alex Cullen 6,713 (56.74%) (+8.72%)
2. John Blatherwick 4,477 (37.84%)
3. Don Rivington 394 (3.33%)
4. Didar Mohamed 248 (2.10%)

**Baseline Ward**

1. Rick Chiarelli (acclaimed)

**Knoxdale-Merivale Ward**

1. Gord Hunter 7,029 (84.79%) (+13.17%)
2. Phillip Unhola 637 (7.68%)
3. Al Speyers 624 (7.53%) (-20.85%)

**Gloucester-Southgate Ward**

1. Diane Deans 6,166 (59.34%) (+10.64%)
2. Harold G. Keenan 3,917 (37.70%)
3. David Lamothe 308 (2.96%)

**Beacon Hill-Cyrville Ward**

1. Michel Bellemare 4,613 (61.04%) (+3.17%)
2. Frank Reid 2,812 (37.21%)
3. Osman Abdi 132 (1.75%)

**Rideau-Vanier Ward**

1. Georges Bédard 3,631 (41.52%)
2. Bruce McConville 2,355 (26.93%)
3. Angela Rickman 1,829 (20.91%)
4. Giacomo Vigna 582 (6.66%)
5. Abdillahi Omar Bouh 211 (2.41%)
6. Natasha Duckworth 137 (1.57%)

**Rideau-Rockcliffe Ward**

1. Jacques Legendre 6,070 (79.17%) (+15.29%)
2. James Parker 934 (12.18%)
3. Michel Binda 663 (8.65%)

**Somerset Ward**

1. Diane Holmes 4,105 (61.62%)
2. Dawn Pickering 1,195 (17.94%)
3. David MacDonald 567 (8.51%)
4. William A. Ostapyk 366 (5.49%)
5. Steve Sweeney 189 (2.84%)
6. Sotos Petrides 132 (1.98%)
7. Bill Driver 55 (0.83%)
8. Mike Jung 53 (0.80%)

**Kitchissippi Ward**

1. Shawn Little 2,907 (27.12%) (-19.92%)
2. Kris Klein 2,330 (21.74%)
3. Gary Ludington 2,217 (20.68%)
4. Linda Davis 1,540 (14.37%) (-26.07%)
5. Daniel Stringer 1,058 (9.87%)
6. David McConnell 625 (5.83%)
7. Les Gangé 42 (0.39%)

**River Ward**

1. Maria McRae 5,600 (63.11%)
2. Todd Mattila-Hartman 1,654 (18.64%)
3. Richard Smith 1,619 (18.25%)

**Capital Ward**

1. Clive Doucet 5,785 (80.06%) (+9.67%)
2. C.R.L. Erickson 1,024 (14.17%)
3. Mike Salmon 417 (5.77%)

**Alta Vista Ward**

1. Peter Hume (acclaimed)

**Cumberland Ward**

1. Rob Jellett 2,957 (54.37%)
2. Garry Lowe 1,871 (34.40%)
3. Pierre E. Doucette 552 (10.15%)
4. David Whissell 59 (1.08%)

**Osgoode Ward**

1. Doug Thompson (acclaimed)

**Rideau Ward**

1. Glenn Brooks 2,765 (62.68%) (-2.42%)
2. Paul Paton 1,646 (37.32%)

## School trustee races

### Ottawa-Carleton District School Board Trustees

| Zone 1 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Lynn Scott (X) | 9,143 | 68.56 |
| Marco D'Angelo | 4,192 | 31.44 |

| Zone 2 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Jim Libbey (X) | 7,524 | 65.44 |
| Mark Williams | 3,974 | 34.56 |

| Zone 3 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Norm MacDonald (X) | 4,549 | 58.16 |
| Sean Casey | 2,634 | 33.67 |
| David Burkitt | 639 | 8.17 |

| Zone 4 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Margaret Lange (X) | 5,324 | 66.17 |
| George Dawson | 2,722 | 33.83 |

| Zone 5 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Alex Getty | 6,009 | 51.90 |
| Myrna Laurenceson (X) | 5,570 | 48.10 |

| Zone 6 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Bronwyn Funiciello | 4,969 | 53.62 |
| Russ Jackson (X) | 4,298 | 46.38 |

| Zone 7 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Greg Laws | 4,146 | 50.80 |
| Tom Connolly | 4,016 | 49.20 |

| Zone 8 (Wards 1, 19) | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Sheryl MacDonald (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 9 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Lynn Graham (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 10 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Joan Spice (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 11 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Riley Brockington | 2,274 | 41.22 |
| Marita Moll | 1,894 | 34.33 |
| Patty Anne Hill | 1,349 | 24.45 |

| Zone 12 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| David Moen (X) | Acclaimed | |

### Ottawa-Carleton Catholic School Board Trustees

| Zone 1 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| John Curry (X) | 2,945 | 66.39 |
| David Burke | 1,491 | 33.61 |

| Zone 2 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Arthur J. M. Lamarche (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 3 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Des Curley (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 4 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| June Flynn-Turner (X) | 2,588 | 67.22 |
| Angelo Filoso | 1,262 | 32.78 |

| Zone 5 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Jacqueline Legendre-McGuinty (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 6 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Gord Butler (X) | 2,309 | 55.68 |
| John Chiarelli | 1,838 | 44.32 |

| Zone 7 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Betty-Ann Kealey (X) | 2,925 | 76.33 |
| Joseph Paul | 907 | 23.67 |

| Zone 8 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Mark Mullan (X) | 2,555 | 59.56 |
| Pat Bowie | 1,735 | 40.44 |

| Zone 9 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Kathy Ablett (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 10 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Thérèse Maloney Cousineau (X) | Acclaimed | |

### Conseil des écoles catholiques de langue française du Centre-Est Trustees

| Zone 4 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Marie Biron (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 5 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Jocelyn Bourdon | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 6 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Diane Doré | 1,862 | 57.77 |
| Diane Lemieux-Trudel (X) | 956 | 29.66 |
| Jean-Jacques Desgranges | 405 | 12.57 |

| Zone 7 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Monique Briand (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 8 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Lise Cloutier (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 9 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Madelaine Chevalier (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 10 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Robert Tremblay | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 11 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Brian Beauchamp | Acclaimed | |

### Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario Trustees

| Zone 6 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Louise Panneton (X) | 694 | 84.63 |
| Jama Y. Khabar | 126 | 15.37 |

| Zone 7 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Jean-Philippe Caron (X) | Acclaimed | |

| Zone 8 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Chantal Lecours | 760 | 57.84 |
| Denis M. Chartrand (X) | 515 | 39.19 |
| Mohamed Meigag | 39 | 2.97 |

| Zone 9 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Marielle Godbout (X) | 669 | 80.41 |
| Said Hussein | 163 | 19.59 |

| Zone 10 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Susan R. Copeland (X) | 743 | 71.65 |
| Abdurahman H. Ali | 294 | 28.35 |

| Zone 11 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Jean-Paul Lafond (X) | 754 | 76.08 |
| Ahmed Muse | 237 | 23.92 |

| Zone 12 (Wards 3-9, 21-23) | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Bernard Bareilhe | 483 | 64.40 |
| Samira Mohamed Dirié | 267 | 35.60 |

## Information on the candidates

## InfoBox

2003 Ottawa mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate **Bob Chiarelli** Terry Kilrea  Popular vote **104,595** 66,634  Percentage **56.53%** 36.02% | |
| ---  Popular vote results by Ward | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Bob Chiarelli
 **Elected mayor**
Bob Chiarelli
 | |


abstract: The Association of the Balkan Athletics Federations, commonly known as Balkan Athletics is the organisation which organises the annual senior Balkan Athletics Championships and Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships, as well as other competitions at junior and youth level on track and field and other surfaces.

text:
# Association of the Balkan Athletics Federations

The **Association of the Balkan Athletics Federations**, commonly known as **Balkan Athletics** is the organisation which organises the annual senior Balkan Athletics Championships and Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships, as well as other competitions at junior and youth level on track and field and other surfaces.

## Membership

Balkan Athletics is made up of 22 member federations.

## Nations

### Former nations

## Competitions

Balkan Athletics runs a number of competitions.

| Competition | Type | First held |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Balkan Athletics Championships | outdoor track and field | 1930 |
| Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships | indoor track and field | 1994 |
| Balkan Cross Country Championships | cross country running | 1940 |
| Balkan Mountain Running Championships | mountain running | 2008 |
| Balkan Half Marathon Championships | half marathon | 2012 |
| Balkan Marathon Championships | marathon | 1930 |
| Balkan Race Walking Championships | racewalking | 2002 |
| Balkan Relay Championships | Relay | 2018 |
| Balkan Athletics U20 Championships | outdoor under-20 athletics | 1970 |
| Balkan U20 Indoor Athletics Championships | indoor under-20 athletics | 2017 |
| Balkan U18 Athletics Championships | outdoor under-18 athletics | 2003 |


title: Ashes Cricket 2013

abstract: Ashes Cricket 2013 was a cricket video game that was developed by Trickstar Games and published by 505 Games. The game was released on 22 November 2013 for Windows, exclusively via Steam, for a short period of time before it was removed from sale. Furthermore, on 28 November 2013 the publisher 505 Games formally announced that the game had been cancelled and that refunds were to be given to anyone who had purchased it on Steam. Ashes 2013 featured the official licensed Australian and English cricket teams, as well as 14 unlicensed national teams. The Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and retail PC releases were all cancelled following the game's troubled development and brief launch on Steam.

text:
# Ashes Cricket 2013

***Ashes Cricket 2013*** was a cricket video game that was developed by Trickstar Games and published by 505 Games. The game was released on 22 November 2013 for Windows, exclusively via Steam, for a short period of time before it was removed from sale. Furthermore, on 28 November 2013 the publisher 505 Games formally announced that the game had been cancelled and that refunds were to be given to anyone who had purchased it on Steam.

Ashes 2013 featured the official licensed Australian and English cricket teams, as well as 14 unlicensed national teams. The Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and retail PC releases were all cancelled following the game's troubled development and brief launch on Steam.

## Features

The game featured the 2013 Ashes cricket event series. It also planned for an improved fielding editor with up to 60 fielding options. There was also a plan for a new-look batting system which allows for a larger variety of shots. Weather and pitch conditions would also affect bowling styles. Match commentary is provided by Mark Nicholas, David Lloyd and Michael Slater.

## Development

Trickstar Games was developing a new gaming system built upon the beta version of Unity Engine to provide better gameplay in batting, bowling, and fielding. The game was originally to be released on June 21, 2013, however the release date was moved back to July 2013. With a release date still not specified, there were concerns that the game would not even make the revised July release. 505 Games then confirmed the game was being further delayed from a November 2013 release due to quality concerns, stating it is "simply not worthy of the Ashes name", despite the fact that the new release date missed the opening of the real-life Ashes series in Australia.

In that time, Mike Fegan of Trickstar Games had promised regular updates. He started a weekly video diary on the official *Ashes Cricket 2013* Facebook page, but the flow of updates dried up over time and information about the game ceased.

The game was eventually released on Steam on 22 November 2013.

## Reception

The game received negative reviews from critics, cricket fans and the media, and there were several videos on YouTube featuring extensive bugs. The *Ashes Cricket 2013* Facebook page has since been deleted, and the Twitter feed has remained inactive since July 2013.

Four days later after its release, it was removed from sale. It was finally announced on 28 November that all production of the game had been cancelled, along with plans to release console versions of the game, and that all people who purchased the game would receive a full refund. The publisher 505 Games apologized to the game's users and turned its attention to "protecting the Ashes name and that of the ECB and Cricket Australia".

It is widely featured as one of the worst games of 2013.

## InfoBox

| Ashes Cricket 2013 | |
| --- | --- |
| Box art | |
| Developer(s) | Trickstar Games |
| Publisher(s) | 505 Games |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * WW: 22 November 2013 |
| Genre(s) | Sports |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, Multi player, Online |


title: Elmer Smith Power Plant

abstract: The Elmer Smith Power Plant was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by the city of Owensboro, Kentucky. Unit 1 opened in 1964 with Unit 2 opening 10 years later in 1974 The power plant was the main source of power for the city of Owensboro during the years it was active.

text:
# Elmer Smith Power Plant

The **Elmer Smith Power Plant** was a coal-fired power plant owned and operated by the city of Owensboro, Kentucky. Unit 1 opened in 1964 with Unit 2 opening 10 years later in 1974

The power plant was the main source of power for the city of Owensboro during the years it was active.

## History

As a result of the Owensboro Municipal Utility Commission approving a contract with Big Rivers Electric to supply electricity for Owensboro, Elmer Smith Power Plant closed on June 1, 2020, and was demolished on December 4, 2022, making it two years, six months and three days later after the power plant's closure.

## Emissions data

* 2006 CO2 Emissions: 2,846,615 tons
* 2006 SO2 Emissions: 2,525 tons
* 2006 NO*x* Emissions: 7,045 tons
* 2005 Mercury Emissions: 59 lb

## Controversy

In 2010, The Clean Air Task Force conducted a study to identify and quantify deaths and other injuries attributed to fine particle pollution from coal-fired power plants and found there to be an estimated 10 deaths annually as a result of fine particle pollution from the Elmer Smith Power Station as well as other negative effects on the health of those affected by the pollutants.

| Type of Impact | Annual Incidence | Valuation |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Deaths | 10 | $75,000 |  |
| Heart attacks | 16 | $1,700,000 |  |
| Asthma attacks | 170 | $9,000 |  |
| Hospital admissions | 7 | $170,000 |  |
| Chronic bronchitis | 6 | $2,800,000 |  |
| Asthma ER visits | 11 | $4,000 |  |

## Closing

In 2019, the city of Owensboro made the landmark decision to close the plant as part of its economic evolution and effort to attract more tourism (5) By closing the plant, the city plans on switching primarily to solar power by 2022 by purchasing energy from the Ashwood Solar Station which is set to open in Lyon County, Kentucky

## InfoBox

| Elmer Smith Power Plant | |
| --- | --- |
| Power station in April 2006 | |
|  | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Owensboro, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 37°47′N 87°04′W / 37.79°N 87.06°W / 37.79; -87.06 |
| Status | Decommissioned |
| Commission date | 1964 |
| Decommission date | June 1st, 2020 |
| Owners | Owensboro Municipal Utilities |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Bituminous coal |
| Cooling source | Ohio River |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 2 |
| Nameplate capacity | 445 MW |
| Capacity factor | 45.7% (2017) |
| Annual net output | 1,780 GWh (2017) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: El Contrato

abstract: El Contrato is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Min Sook Lee and released in 2003. The film portrays the harsh living conditions of exploited migrant workers from Mexico who are working as farm labourers in Leamington, Ontario. The film premiered at the Bloor Cinema on September 24, 2003, but the farmers depicted in the film issued a SLAPP suit which delayed the film's wider release. After the lawsuit was cleared, the film received further film festival screenings in 2004, before being broadcast by TVOntario on January 12, 2005. Lee subsequently returned to the theme of migrant workers in her 2016 film Migrant Dreams, which centred on similar exploitation of Indonesian temporary migrant workers.

text:
# El Contrato

***El Contrato*** (lit. "The Contract") is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Min Sook Lee and released in 2003. The film portrays the harsh living conditions of exploited migrant workers from Mexico who are working as farm labourers in Leamington, Ontario.

The film premiered at the Bloor Cinema on September 24, 2003, but the farmers depicted in the film issued a SLAPP suit which delayed the film's wider release. After the lawsuit was cleared, the film received further film festival screenings in 2004, before being broadcast by TVOntario on January 12, 2005.

Lee subsequently returned to the theme of migrant workers in her 2016 film *Migrant Dreams*, which centred on similar exploitation of Indonesian temporary migrant workers.

## Critical response

Frank Loreto of the *Canadian Review of Materials* wrote that "*El Contrato* is a hard-hitting film. A number of men are given the chance to send messages home, and it is clear that they are not happy being away. They miss their families and would much rather be home. They simply have no choice as there is no work at home and their families need the support that they are able to provide. One worker breaks into tears when he learns that his wife has delivered their baby girl prematurely. He had hoped to be home in time. Workers relate stories of abuses and mistreatment only when they are assured that their faces will not be filmed."

## Awards

The film was shortlisted for the Donald Brittain Award for Best Social or Political Documentary at the 20th Gemini Awards in 2005.

## InfoBox

| El Contrato | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Min Sook Lee |
| Written by | Min Sook Lee |
| Produced by | Karen King-Chigbo |
| Cinematography | David Patrick
John Westheuser |
| Edited by | Katharine Asals |
| Music by | Edgardo Moreno |
| Production
company | National Film Board of Canada |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 52 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Languages | English
Spanish |


title: Finansvalp

abstract: Finansvalp is a price comparison service and information site that writes about and compares banking services. Finansvalp was started by Olle Pettersson in March 2021.

text:
# Finansvalp

**Finansvalp** is a price comparison service and information site that writes about and compares banking services. Finansvalp was started by Olle Pettersson in March 2021.

## Operations

Finansvalp.se was started as a hobby project by Olle Pettersson in March 2021 but has been run and owned by Haveton AB since June 2022, where Olle Pettersson is a partner and CEO.

Finansvalp's editorial team writes about and compares personal loans, mortgage loans, savings accounts, and credit cards. The editorial staff consists of economists and journalists and the presenter and personal finance expert Magdalena Kowalczyk, who fact-checks the content.

Finansvalp collaborates with banks and credit institutions through affiliate networks and receives compensation, when site visitors choose to become customers of one of Finansvalp's partners.

The main purpose of the site is to compare banking services, but the editorial team also conducts various studies, such as price differences on different meal boxes, differences in gender equality at workplaces in the EU and which European capital is the cheapest to live in.

Finansvalp.se is named after the term “finansvalp” which refers to young employees within banks and brokerage firms, who make quick deals with large profits.

## Finansvalp scholarship

Finansvalp offers an annual scholarship of 7,500 SEK for students writing a bachelor's or master's thesis in economics.

## Sources

1. Design, Laila AP (2023-07-05). "De bygger ekonomisiter för att öka transparensen". *Affärsvärlden* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-05-21.
2. Mattias Ahlberg (2024-02-06). "Interview with Olle Pettersson - The Entrepreneur Behind Finansvalp.se". *Finanstid* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-04-26.
3. "Haveton AB - Company Information". *www.allabolag.se*. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
4. Ahlberg, Mattias (2024-02-06). "Intervju med Olle Pettersson - Entreprenören bakom Finansvalp.se". *Finanstid* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-05-21.
5. Tire News (2024-02-02). "The Expert: This is How the Car Industry is Affected by the Raised Loan Rates". *Tire News for the Tire Industry* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-04-26.
6. "Magdalena Kowalczyk - Reviewer at Finansvalp". *Finansvalp* (in Swedish). 2024-03-11. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
7. "Big Difference in Price Tag on Classic New Year's Menu". *www.dagligvarunytt.se* (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-04-26.
8. "Sweden has the Fourth Most Gender-Equitable Workplaces in Europe". *News Powered by Cision* (in Swedish). 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
9. "MSN". *www.msn.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
10. Anete Liepina (2024-02-23). "DEI". *investESG.eu*. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
11. "This European country is the best in terms of gender equality in the workplace". *Cosmopolitan.fr* (in French). 2024-03-05. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
12. Gorazd Čad (2024-04-02). "Study shows Bucharest is the most affordable European capital city to live in". *KONGRES – Europe Events and Meetings Industry Magazine*. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
13. "MSN". *www.msn.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
14. "Finansvalp Scholarship - Career Companies". *karriarforetagen.se*. Retrieved 2024-04-26.

Finansvalp's website


title: 1676 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1676 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

### Great Britain

* Thomas Hobbes, translator, *Homer's Iliads in English: To which may be added Homer's Odysses* (Hobbes's translation of the *Odyssey* was published in 1675)
* Benjamin Tompson, *New Englands Crisis. Or a Brief Narrative, of New-Englands Lamentable Estate at Present \[...\]*, reprinted for the most part in *New-England's Tears for Her Present Miseries*, also published this year; English Colonial America
* John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester:
    + *A New Collection of the Choicest Songs*, including "While on those lovely looks I gaze," by John Wilmot, London
    + year uncertain  *Corydon and Cloris or, The Wanton Sheepherdess*, a broadside, London

### Other

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 |
| *+...* |


title: Atlantic and Pacific Highway

abstract: The Atlantic and Pacific Highway was an auto trail in the United States, essentially eliminated by the U.S. Highway system in the late 1920s. It connected New York City on the Atlantic Ocean with Los Angeles on the Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Atlantic and Pacific Highway

The **Atlantic and Pacific Highway** was an auto trail in the United States, essentially eliminated by the U.S. Highway system in the late 1920s. It connected New York City on the Atlantic Ocean with Los Angeles on the Pacific Ocean.

## Routing

Using the present road names, the highway approximately used the following route:

* Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas, 1926, accessed via the Broer Map Library: shows the route in and west of Kansas, in St. Louis, and in the Mid-Atlantic States
* Charleston Gazette, Charleston to Receive 1925 Tourists, February 1, 1925: lists a number of the cities the highway serves
* Charleston Gazette, Tourists Are Discovering West Virginia's Scenery, June 3, 1927: describes the route in West Virginia


title: Erik R. Møinichen

abstract: Erik Røring Møinichen was a Norwegian politician.

text:
# Erik R. Møinichen

**Erik Røring Møinichen** (15 December 1797  7 February 1875) was a Norwegian politician.

## Personal life

Møinichen was born in Trondhjem as a son of district stipendiary magistrate Thomas Henrich Møinichen (17581845) and Ingeborg Birgitte Røring (senior). He was an older brother of Ingeborg Birgitte Møinichen (younger) who married Michael Strøm Lie, and whose children included Erika Nissen.

Erik R. Møinichen married Laura Emilie Sørensen (1812–1888) from Skien.

## Career

He held the cand.jur. degree and was hired in the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police in 1827. He is known for his work with the prison service, and was a driving force behind the building of Botsfengselet which was completed in 1851. He was a board member of Norsk Hoved-Jernbane until 1854, when the first railway was opened in Norway.

In politics, Møinichen served as mayor of Christania in 1842 and 1843. He was then the County Governor of Akershus from 1843 to 1855. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway in 1851, representing the constituency of *Christiania og Lillehammer*, and served one term. From 1855 to 1870 he was a government minister.

He was the Minister of Auditing from January to May 1855, then a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm. After exactly one year, on 1 June 1856, he became Minister of Finance. On 1 August 1857 he became Minister of Justice and the Police, where he stayed until 31 August 1858 except for a time between September and November 1857. In August 1858 he also became Minister of Finance, which he was until 30 September 1859. He was then a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm for thirteen months. Then, from November 1860 to 30 September 1861 he was the Minister of Postal Affairs. He also became Minister of Justice on 12 December 1861 and remained so until the cabinet change on 17 December. From 1 September 1861 he was the Minister of Finance for twelve months, then a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm for thirteen months, Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs for twelve months, member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm for twelve months, Minister of Finance for twelve months, Minister of Justice for twelve months, and member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm for eight months. Then, on 1 June 1868 he became minister of Auditing again. From 1 October 1869 to 31 January 1870 he was Minister of Finance for the fifth time, concluding his involvement in Norwegian government.


title: Asade

abstract: Asade is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station

text:
# Asade

**Asade** is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station

## InfoBox

| Asade | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Pune |
| Tehsil | Mulshi |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Other spoken | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 02114 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MH |
| Vehicle registration | MH-14 |
| Website | pune.nic.in |


title: FAB 1

abstract: FAB 1 is a pink, six-wheeled car seen in the 1960s British science-fiction television series Thunderbirds, its three film adaptations and its remake, Thunderbirds Are Go.

text:
# FAB 1

**FAB 1** is a pink, six-wheeled car seen in the 1960s British science-fiction television series *Thunderbirds*, its three film adaptations and its remake, *Thunderbirds Are Go*.

## Depiction

### 1960s TV series and films

In the original *Thunderbirds* (1965–66), as well as the feature films *Thunderbirds Are Go* (1966) and *Thunderbird 6* (1968), FAB 1 is depicted as a modified Rolls-Royce. Owned by International Rescue agent Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward, the car is usually driven by her butler, Aloysius Parker. The driver sits in a central position at the front of the passenger compartment, which is covered by a bulletproof bubble canopy.

FAB 1 was modified by Brains, the inventor of the *Thunderbirds* machines, to include weaponry and gadgetry such as front- and rear-mounted machine guns (although grappling hooks are seen to shoot out of the rear in the episode "The Perils of Penelope"). The car is also equipped with a smoke screen canister and oil slick dispenser, extendable tyre studs (for increased traction), and hydrofoils and skis (for travel on water and snow).

#### Background

On the choice of make, series co-creator Gerry Anderson said: "Considering \[Penelope's\] personality, and the role she played in International Rescue, it could only be a Rolls-Royce." AP Films (APF) approached Rolls-Royce Limited, which consented to the use of its brand. In 2004, Rolls-Royce's head of public relations in the 1960s said that the company "couldn't see any harm in \[APF's\] request, and as the series was aimed at children we thought it would be good for the cars – give them a modern image and, you never know, inspire a child to own one, one day." In return for its co-operation, the company asked that all on-screen references to the make of the car use the full brand name "Rolls-Royce", rather than the abbreviation "Rolls".

To distinguish the look from that of real-life cars, designer Derek Meddings gave FAB 1 a six-wheel drive. He said that his decision to place two sets of wheels at the front, instead of at the back, was motivated purely by aesthetics: "My excuse \[...\] was that the engine was so big and powerful it needed them, but it wasn't done for any technical reason." He remembered FAB 1 for its "outrageous styling, which bore no resemblance to any Rolls-Royce ever produced".

Several shooting models were built in various sizes, the smallest being a six-inch-long (15 cm) miniature and the largest a puppet-size version, measuring six or seven feet (1.8 or 2.1 m), to accommodate the 13 human-scale marionette characters. The latter – constructed from plywood, aluminium and chrome-plated brass – cost approximately £2,500 to build in 1966 (£64,000 in 2023). It had fully-functional steering and headlamps with a removable canopy, doors and underside to facilitate puppet filming. The headlamps incorporated parts from bicycles. Rolls-Royce approved the design and supplied one of its own radiator grilles (costing £100), complete with a *Spirit of Ecstasy* figure. This was used for close-ups of the larger model, including shots of the car firing its machine guns and a stock photograph of the bonnet featured in the series' closing titles. As the puppet sized car was the most expensive prop to be built for the series, special security measures were followed whenever it was used on set.

Noting FAB 1's weaponry and gadgets, Robert Sellers and Marcus Hearn liken the car to the modified Aston Martin DB5 driven by James Bond in the films *Goldfinger* (1964) and *Thunderball* (1965).

### 2004 film

| FAB 1 (2004) | |
| --- | --- |
| FAB 1 on display at the Heritage Motor Centre | |
| General characteristics | |
| Armaments | 3 mini-guns
2 heat-seeking missile launchers
2 torpedo tubes |
| Maximum speed | 320 kilometres per hour (200 mph)
**On water:** 180 or 185 km/h (112 or 115 mph; 97 or 100 kn)
**In air:** 9,120 km/h (5,670 mph; 4,920 kn) |
| Propulsion | Gas turbine jet engine
Mini hover engines |
| Power | Miniature nuclear fusion reactor |
| Mass | 3.4 tonnes (3.3 long tons; 3.7 short tons) |
| Length | 7.9 metres (26 ft) |
| Width | 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in)
3.5 metres (11 ft) with hydrofoils deployed
4.7 metres (15 ft) with wings deployed |
| Height | 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) |

In the 2004 live-action film, *Thunderbirds*, FAB 1 is still pink and powered by a six-wheel drive. Its glass canopy is tinted, and it is now capable of flight as well as travel on land and sea. Prior to flight, the car's boot panels open, exposing the gas turbine engine; the wings then extend from the undercarriage. During flight, the rear set of wheels folds into the main vehicle body to prevent unnecessary drag. The passenger compartment doubles as a life raft in the event of an emergency at sea, while buoyancy tanks hidden in the body panelling ensure that the compartment remains afloat after it has broken away from the rest of the vehicle.

#### Background

Rolls-Royce Motor Cars and its owner BMW declined to be involved in FAB 1's re-design. This led production company Working Title to approach Ford, who accepted the commission and adapted the car from its eleventh-generation Thunderbird. According to Working Title's head of marketing, Rolls-Royce had pushed for the vehicle to be "one of their standard cars – and that would have been too sedate. If you're transferring something like this to the big screen, you have to make it bigger and better." He also called FAB 1 a "crazy missed marketing opportunity" for Rolls-Royce given the car's prominence in the film.

Ford's designers said that due to the car's versatility, "there was a level of restriction that we had to encompass \[...\] Then we had to identify the link with the *Thunderbirds* theme and, from our perspective, identify a *T-bird* essence that wasn't a deliberate rip-off." The finished car was fully functional and roadworthy, and appeared in a segment of the motoring TV series *Top Gear*, during which it was road-tested by presenter James May. May noted that it was not the most practical of cars, its excessive length making it difficult to drive through small English villages. Testing the car for *The Daily Telegraph*, Ian Adcock compared the driver's section to a "command module", noting its armrest controls and "fighter aircraft-style joystick" in place of a conventional steering wheel. He also observed that the car "understeers like a yacht, so you constantly have to feed more and more lock on as you power through corners."

*Motor Trend* magazine called the new FAB 1 "one of the stars of the movie" and "exquisitely executed", while *Starburst* described it as a "futuristic sports car which recaptures as much of the original's feel as possible." The car was negatively received by *XPosé* and *SFX* magazines; *XPosé* commented that FAB 1 "still look\[ed\] rubbish" while *SFX* described it as "rather ugly" and suggested that fans of the original *Thunderbirds* would not regard it as canon.

Following its appearance in the film, the car was put on display at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, Warwickshire.

### Remake series

In the remake series *Thunderbirds Are Go*, FAB 1 is given a slightly different design that still retains a Rolls-Royce silhouette and is as close to a Rolls-Royce as possible without actually being one. It has the classic pink color scheme from the original, but the color is no longer solid throughout the body, as the hood and trunk covers are now a grey-silver (resembling the real Rolls-Royce Ghost "FAB-1" charity car). The headlights are more streamlined and the wheels are larger, though the tires are thinner. It still retains the same role it has in the original series with new features compared to its original counterpart, being capable of flying much like its live-action counterpart and can also travel under water. All machine guns have been removed, including the one in the grille, and replaced with explosives such as missiles and torpedoes but still retains the smoke screen and oil slick dispensers.

## Replica cars

In 1968 (not 1966, as many mistakenly believe), a 22-foot-long (6.7 m) replica of FAB 1, based on a "Chinese six" (four front, two back) Bedford VAL coach chassis, was built to transport Gerry and Sylvia Anderson to the premiere of *Thunderbird Six* in London. Costing £10,000 (approximately £235,300 in 2023), it was constructed by the company Toby Baxter Contracts in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire under Sylvia's supervision. The replica had a fibreglass body and a Bedford six-cylinder petrol engine, connected to a two-speed Powerglide gearbox. The axles were widened to fit the width of the body, which was a steel-covered framework "moulded" with filler to simulate the angles of the vehicle as seen in the TV series and films. The wheels were supplied by Land Rover, and the aluminium bumpers by a specialist welding company. The perspex sides lifted up on screws, while the sides of the body folded out and under the vehicle to form a step. The radiator grille, which was not vertical as in standard Rolls-Royce models, was custom-built and inclined forwards at the top, complete with moveable slats and imitation machine gun. As a number plate with the registration "FAB 1" had already been issued, the replica incorporated revolving plates that showed "FAB 1" on one side and the real registration on the other. The car made its first public appearance with model Penny Snow on the 29 May 1968 at Woburn Abbey. The following month it appeared on *Blue Peter* with its many features being demonstrated by the *Blue Peter* team.

On the night of the premiere, the replica broke down after a few hundred yards and the Andersons were forced to complete the journey by taxi. Rolls-Royce were unimpressed by the car and made several attempts to buy it and have it destroyed. For a time, the company were successful in forcing the removal of the genuine Rolls-Royce grille, which was replaced with a facsimile bearing the initials "LP". After a full restoration, the vehicle was installed at the Cars of the Stars Motor Museum in Keswick, Cumbria in 1989. Concerned that the vehicle could distract motorists and even cause traffic accidents, the local police asked the museum's owner, Peter Nelson, not to drive it on public roads. Nelson described the car as "utterly scary \[to drive\] at any sort of speed." The car was subsequently sold to the Miami Auto Museum at the Dezer Collection in Florida (now the Orlando Auto Museum).

Gerry Anderson would later commission a second full-sized FAB 1 replica. This vehicle was a modified Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit, with the bonnet line extended to house the six-wheel drive, complemented by double Ackermann steering. It did not have the bubble canopy or centre-mounted steering of the original, and apart from the pink paint job and re-trim, the passenger compartment was stock Rolls-Royce. This model attended Anderson's funeral on 13 January 2013.

The UK vehicle registration "FAB 1" was first issued in July 1946. It was later assigned to a white Jaguar XJ6 before the number was purchased by broadcaster Chris Evans in 2012 for £75,000. In 2013, the registration was temporarily assigned to a bespoke pink Rolls-Royce Ghost that had been donated for use in raising breast cancer awareness.

## FAB 2 and FAB 3

*FAB 2*, Lady Penelope's private yacht, appears in the *Thunderbirds* episode "The Man from MI.5". At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Parker has lost the ship in a game of poker. FAB 3, Penelope's racehorse, is kept at the Ascot stables and is the winner of many derby races.

### Works cited

* Media related to FAB 1 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| FAB 1 (1960s) | |
| --- | --- |
| Scale model at a Tokyo *Thunderbirds* exhibition | |
| First appearance | "Trapped in the Sky"
(30 September 1965 (1965-09-30)) |
| General characteristics | |
| Armaments | Machine guns and laser guns
Harpoon launchers
Smoke screen canister
Oil slick dispenser
Tyre slashers |
| Defences | Bulletproof construction |
| Maximum speed | Over 200 miles per hour (320 km/h)
**On water:** 50 knots (58 mph; 93 km/h) |
| Propulsion | Rolls-Royce gas turbine
**On water:** Vortex aquajet |
| Power | Conventional fuel sources, boosted by solid oxide fuel cells |
| Mass | 3 tons |
| Length | 21 feet (6.4 m) |
| Width | 8 feet (2.4 m) |


title: Aphanophleps

abstract:
Aphanophleps is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. There are four species in the genus Aphanophleps:
  - Aphanophleps adaucta
  - Aphanophleps rubricolor
  - Aphanophleps vinosaria
  - Aphanophleps vulpina

text:
# Aphanophleps

***Aphanophleps*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

There are four species in the genus *Aphanophleps*:

1. Bisby, F.A.; Roskov, Y.R.; Orrell, T.M.; Nicolson, D.; Paglinawan, L.E.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; et al. (2011). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". *Catalogue of Life*. Species 2000: Reading, UK.

## InfoBox

| *Aphanophleps* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Sterrhinae |
| Genus: | ***Aphanophleps*** |
|


title: 1975–76 Polska Liga Hokejowa season

abstract: The 1975–76 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 41st season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa, the top level of ice hockey in Poland. Four teams participated in the league, and Podhale Nowy Targ won the championship.

text:
# 1975–76 Polska Liga Hokejowa season

The **1975–76 Polska Liga Hokejowa season** was the 41st season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa, the top level of ice hockey in Poland. Four teams participated in the league, and Podhale Nowy Targ won the championship.

## Regular season

|  | Club | GP | Goals | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Podhale Nowy Targ | 18 | 74:59 | **25** |
| 2. | Baildon Katowice | 18 | 78:67 | **19** |
| 3. | Naprzód Janów | 18 | 50:59 | **17** |
| 4. | ŁKS Łódź | 18 | 46:63 | **10** |


abstract: The 2001–02 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team finished 6th in the conference and lost in the first round of the Pac-10 tournament to the California Golden Bears. The Bruins competed in the 2002 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, losing to the Missouri Tigers in the sweet sixteen.

text:
# 2001–02 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team

2001–02 Pacific-10 Conference
men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 6 Oregon | 14 |  | 4 |  | .778 |  |  | 26 |  | 9 |  | .743 |
| California | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 23 |  | 9 |  | .719 |
| No. 10 Arizona | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 24 |  | 10 |  | .706 |
| No. 18 USC | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 22 |  | 10 |  | .688 |
| Stanford | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 20 |  | 10 |  | .667 |
| No. 20 UCLA | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 21 |  | 12 |  | .636 |
| Arizona State | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 12 |  | 15 |  | .444 |
| Washington | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 11 |  | 17 |  | .393 |
| Oregon State | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 11 |  | 17 |  | .393 |
| Washington State | 1 |  | 17 |  | .056 |  |  | 6 |  | 21 |  | .222 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Conference tournament winner
As of July 10, 2011
Rankings from Coaches Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2001–02 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team** represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team finished 6th in the conference and lost in the first round of the Pac-10 tournament to the California Golden Bears. The Bruins competed in the 2002 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, losing to the Missouri Tigers in the sweet sixteen.

## Roster

| 2001–02 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  13 Gene Barnes 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)  Fr   23 Matt Barnes 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 226 lb (103 kg) Sr Santa Clara, California  21 Cedric Bozeman 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Fr Los Angeles, California  43 T. J. Cummings 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 223 lb (101 kg) So Homewood, Illinois  50 Dan Gadzuric 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 240 lb (109 kg) Sr The Hague, Netherlands  55 Quinn Hawking 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)  Fr   22 Rico Hines **(C)** 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)  Sr Greenville, North Carolina  52 John Hoffart 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)  So   54 Josiah Johnson 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)  Fr   24 Jason Kapono 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Jr Long Beach, California  3 Billy Knight 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)  Sr   5 Andre Patterson 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)  Fr Los Angeles, California  2 Janou Rubin 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)  So   1 Dijon Thompson 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 193 lb (88 kg) Fr Los Angeles, California  10 Ryan Walcott 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)  Fr   34 Ray Young 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)  Sr | Head coach Steve Lavin (Chapman)
Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

### Starting lineup

Cedric Bozeman (Fr.), Point Guard

Billy Knight (Sr.), Shooting Guard

Jason Kapono (Jr.), Small Forward

Matt Barnes (Sr.), Power Forward

Dan Gadzuric (Sr.), Center

### Bench

T. J. Cummings (So.)

Rico Hines (Sr.)

John Hoffart (So.)

Josiah Johnson (Fr.)

Andre Patterson (Fr.)

Dijon Thompson (Fr.)

Ryan Walcott (Fr.)

## Awards And Honors

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibition | | | | | | | | |
| November 8, 2001*
7:30 p.m. |  | EA Sports All-Stars | **W** 102–77 |
 | Pauley Pavilion
Los Angeles, CA |
| November 14, 2001*
7:30 p.m. |  | Global Sports | **W** 86–60 |
 | Pauley Pavilion
Los Angeles, CA |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | | |
| November 19, 2001*
6:30 p.m., ESPN2 | No. 3 | vs. Houston
*Maui Invitational* | **W** 71–60 | 1–0
 | Lahaina Civic Center (2,500)
Maui, HI |
| November 20, 2001*
4:30 p.m., ESPN | No. 3 | vs. Ball State
*Maui Invitational* | **L** 73–91 | 1–1
 | Lahaina Civic Center (2,500)
Maui, Hawaii |
| November 21, 2001*
 | No. 3 | vs. South Carolina
*Maui Invitational* | **W** 89–77 | 2–1
 | Lahaina Civic Center (2,500)
Maui, HI |
| November 28, 2001*
7:30 p.m., FSNW | No. 10 | Pepperdine | **L** 78–85 | 2–2
 | Pauley Pavilion (8,376)
Los Angeles, CA |
| December 5, 2001*
7:30 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 20 | UC Riverside | **W** 65–50 | 3–2
 | Pauley Pavilion (6,704)
Los Angeles, CA |
| December 8, 2001*
3:30 p.m., KCAL 9 | No. 20 | vs. No. 16 Alabama
*John R. Wooden Classic* | **W** 79–57 | 4–2
 | Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim (16,221)
Anaheim, CA |
| December 15, 2001*
1:00 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 17 | UC Irvine | **W** 75–74 | 5–2
 | Pauley Pavilion (7,397)
Los Angeles, CA |
| December 20, 2001
7:30 p.m., FSN | No. 19 | at Washington | **W** 85–79 | 6–2
(1–0) | Hec Edmundson Pavilion (7,215)
Seattle, WA |
| December 22, 2001
12:00 p.m., FSN | No. 19 | at Washington State | **W** 79–74 | 7–2
(2–0) | Beasley Coliseum (2,410)
Pullman, WA |
| December 27, 2001*
7:30 p.m. | No. 15 | Columbia | **W** 64–55 | 8–2
 | Pauley Pavilion (8,990)
Los Angeles, CA |
| December 29, 2001*
1:00 p.m., CBS | No. 15 | No. 20 Georgetown | **W** 98–91 | 9–2
 | Pauley Pavilion (10,423)
Los Angeles, CA |
| January 4, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 14 | Washington | **W** 74–62 | 10–2
(3–0) | Pauley Pavilion (7,567)
Los Angeles, CA |
| January 6, 2002
1:00 p.m., FSN | No. 14 | Washington State | **W** 81–69 | 11–2
(4–0) | Pauley Pavilion (8,834)
Los Angeles, CA |
| January 10, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSN | No. 11 | at USC | **L** 77–81 | 11–3
(4–1) | Great Western Forum (15,903)
Los Angeles, CA |
| January 12, 2002*
12:00 p.m., CBS | No. 11 | No. 1 Kansas | **W** 87–77 | 12–3
 | Pauley Pavilion (12,280)
Los Angeles |
| January 17, 2002
6:30 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 9 | at Arizona State | **W** 82–79 | 13–3
(5–1) | Wells Fargo Arena (9,013)
Tempe, AZ |
| January 19, 2002
12:00 p.m., CBS | No. 9 | at No. 15 Arizona | **L** 86–96 | 13–4
(5–2) | McKale Center (14,571)
Tucson, AZ |
| January 24, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSN | No. 13 | No. 17 Stanford | **L** 76–86 | 13–5
(5–3) | Pauley Pavilion (12,243)
Los Angeles, CA |
| January 26, 2002
5:00 p.m., FSN | No. 13 | California | **W** 64–57 | 14–5
(6–3) | Pauley Pavilion (12,275)
Los Angeles, CA |
| January 31, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSN | No. 13 | at Oregon | **L** 62–91 | 14–6
(6–4) | McArthur Court (9,087)
Eugene, OR |
| February 2, 2002
7:05 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 13 | at Oregon State | **W** 70–48 | 15–6
(7–4) | Gill Coliseum (9,039)
Corvallis, OR |
| February 6, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 15 | No. 25 USC | **W** 67–65 | 16–6
(8–4) | Pauley Pavilion (12,810)
Los Angeles, CA |
| February 9, 2002*
1:00 p.m., CBS | No. 15 | at Villanova | **L** 57–58 | 16–7
 | The Pavilion (6,500)
Philadelphia, PA |
| February 14, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSN | No. 20 | No. 9 Arizona | **W** 77–76 | 17–7
(9–4) | Pauley Pavilion (11,960)
Los Angeles, CA |
| February 16, 2002
12:00 p.m., ABC | No. 20 | Arizona State | **L** 68–69 | 17–8
(9–5) | Pauley Pavilion (9,823)
Los Angeles, CA |
| February 21, 2002
7:30 p.m., FSNW2 | No. 25 | at California | **L** 51–69 | 17–9
(9–6) | Haas Pavilion (12,000)
Berkeley, CA |
| February 23, 2002
1:00 p.m., CBS | No. 25 | at No. 10 Stanford | **W** 95–92 | 18–9
(10–6) | Maples Pavilion (7,391)
Stanford, CA |
| February 28, 2002
7:30 p.m. |  | Oregon State | **W** 65–57 | 19–9
(11–6) | Pauley Pavilion (8,959)
Los Angeles, CA |
| March 2, 2002
1:00 p.m., CBS |  | No. 13 Oregon | **L** 62–65 | 19–10
(11–7) | Pauley Pavilion (11,680)
Los Angeles, CA |
| Pacific-10 Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| March 7, 2002
9:00 p.m., FSN | (6) | vs. (3) No. 25 California
*First Round* | **L** 61–67 | 19–11
 | Staples Center (17,839)
Los Angeles, CA |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| March 15, 2002*
7:55 p.m., CBS | (8 W) | vs. (9 W) Mississippi
*First Round* | **W** 80–58 | 20–11
 | Mellon Arena (17,232)
Pittsburgh, PA |
| March 17, 2002*
10:10 a.m., CBS | (8 W) | vs. (1 W) No. 5 Cincinnati
*Second Round* | **W** 105–101 2OT | 21–11
 | Mellon Arena (17,232)
Pittsburgh, PA |
| March 21, 2002*
8:15 p.m., CBS | (8 W) | vs. (12 W) Missouri
*Sweet Sixteen* | **L** 73–82 | 21–12
 | Compaq Center (18,040)
San Jose, CA |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Pacific Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

Source

## InfoBox

| 2001–02 UCLA Bruins men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NCAA tournament, Sweet Sixteen | |
| Conference | Pacific-10 |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 20 |
| Record | 21–12 (11–7 Pac-10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | Pauley Pavilion |
|


title: 1790 in Scotland

abstract: Events from the year 1790 in Scotland.

text:
# 1790 in Scotland

Events from the year **1790 in Scotland**.

## Incumbents

### Law officers

### Judiciary

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## The arts

* Catholic priest Alexander Geddes writes the poem *Linton: a Tweedside Pastoral, Carmen Seculare pro Gallica Gente* in praise of the French Revolution.
* Kirkmichael musician Robert Petrie publishes several Highland music pieces with "Mrs. Small of Dirnanean" in their title. The compositions are published in "Petrie's Collection of Strathspey Reels & County Dances".

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Scotland
Timeline of Scottish history
1790 in: Great Britain  Wales  Elsewhere |


title: Eric Stanton

abstract: Eric Stanton was an American underground cartoonist and fetish art pioneer. While Stanton began his career as a bondage fantasy artist for Irving Klaw, the majority of his later work depicted gender role reversal and proto-feminist female dominance scenarios. Commissioned by Klaw starting in the late 1940s, his bondage fantasy chapter serials earned him underground fame. Stanton also worked with pioneering underground fetish art publishers, Leonard Burtman, the notorious Times Square publisher Edward Mishkin, paperback publisher Stanley Malkin, and later magazine publisher George W. Mavety. For a decade, Stanton also shared a working studio with Marvel Comics legend Steve Ditko. Past the soft-core era of the 1960s, his art became more transgressive. Creating a mail-order business in the 1970s named the "Stanton Archives," Stanton sold his work directly to fans and, starting in 1982, issued offset staple-bound fan-inspired books known as "Stantoons," producing more than a hundred by the time of his death. In his lifetime, Stanton also contributed to countless underground publications and later adult magazines like Leg Show and Leg World. In 1984, Stanton had the only art exhibit in his lifetime at the New York City nightclub Danceteria. Artists Banksy, Allen Jones, and Madonna among others took inspiration from Stanton's work.

text:
# Eric Stanton

**Eric Stanton** (born **Ernest Stanzoni Jr.**; September 30, 1926 – March 17, 1999) was an American underground cartoonist and fetish art pioneer.

While Stanton began his career as a bondage fantasy artist for Irving Klaw, the majority of his later work depicted gender role reversal and proto-feminist female dominance scenarios. Commissioned by Klaw starting in the late 1940s, his bondage fantasy chapter serials earned him underground fame. Stanton also worked with pioneering underground fetish art publishers, Leonard Burtman (publisher of *Exotique* and Selbee magazines), the notorious Times Square publisher Edward Mishkin, paperback publisher Stanley Malkin, and later magazine publisher George W. Mavety. For a decade, Stanton also shared a working studio with Marvel Comics legend Steve Ditko.

Past the soft-core era of the 1960s, his art became more transgressive. Creating a mail-order business in the 1970s named the "Stanton Archives," Stanton sold his work directly to fans and, starting in 1982, issued offset staple-bound fan-inspired books known as "Stantoons," producing more than a hundred by the time of his death. In his lifetime, Stanton also contributed to countless underground publications and later adult magazines like *Leg Show* and *Leg World*. In 1984, Stanton had the only art exhibit in his lifetime at the New York City nightclub Danceteria. Artists Banksy, Allen Jones, and Madonna among others took inspiration from Stanton's work.

## Biography

### Early life and career

Stanton was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, the son of an Italian father and a Russian mother. During World War II, while in the US Navy, a head injury left him partially color blind. Following this, he was an art assistant to Boody Rogers on *Sparky Watts* or *Babe,* supplying background art and plot ideas. Though his personal preference was for drawing lady wrestling and fighting women comics, he was commissioned to create bondage fantasy chapter serials by Irving Klaw, who also sold pin-ups and movie stills from his shop on 212 E. 14th Street. This marked the beginning of his fetish art career. Stanton then attended the Cartoonists and Illustrators School in the early 1950s, studying under comics artist Jerry Robinson and others. One classmate was future Spider-Man and Dr. Strange co-creator Steve Ditko. Another was Gene Bilbrew, whom he introduced to Klaw.

From 1958 to 1968, Stanton shared a Manhattan studio at 43rd Street and Eighth Avenue with Ditko. For many years, the two collaborated on fetish comics. Ditko biographer Blake Bell, without citing sources, said, "At one time in history, Ditko denied ever touching Stanton's work, even though Stanton himself said they would each dabble in each other's art; mainly spot-inking", and the introduction to one book of Stanton's work says, "Eric Stanton drew his pictures in India ink, and they were then hand-coloured by Ditko". In a 1988 interview with Greg Theakston, Stanton recalled that although his contribution to Spider-Man was "almost nil", he and Ditko had "worked on storyboards together and I added a few ideas.... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands". According to the fetish art historian and Stanton biographer Richard Pérez Seves, Stanton may have purposely underplayed his role and contribution to Spider-Man to maintain his friendship with Ditko. Even more startling, evidence exists that Stanton also made uncredited contributions to Dr. Strange.

### Later career

Starting in the late 1960s, Stanton supported himself by self-publishing and distributing his work to a quasi-underground network of subscribers and patrons. His offset printed *Stantoons* comic-book series, which began in 1982, continued to his death in 1999 and featured many of his best-known "transgressive" concepts, including the superheroine Blunder Broad, and the Amazon-like Princkazons.

#### Blunder Broad

Stanton created Blunder Broad in the 1970s with writer Andrew J. Offutt (a.k.a. *Turk Winter*) for use in a great number of BDSM adventures. A parody of Wonder Woman, Blunder Broad is an inept superheroine who continually fails in her missions and is invariably tortured by her enemies, who include a lesbian supervillainess called Leopard Lady, Pussycat Galore, or Cheetah, and her male sidekick Count Dastardly. Blunder Broad can be deprived of her super strength when subjected to cunnilingus.

#### Princkazons

With "Lady Princker", Stanton and Shaltis (as well as Alan Throne and Winter) created the Princkazons storyline in which women around the world grew oversized female penises, or "princks". These women also grew taller and stronger than men and began dominating and humiliating the men in public, including facesitting, urophagia, coprophagia, and anal and oral rape.

## Legacy

Beginning in the mid-1970s, Bélier Press, a New York publisher of vintage fetish art, reprinted many of Stanton's comic serials in its 24-volume *Bizarre Comix* series. Titles, mainly from the 1950s, include *Dianna's Ordeal*, *Perils of Dianna*, *Priscilla: Queen of Escapes*, *Poor Pamela*, *Bound in Leather*, *Duchess of the Bastille*, *Bizarre Museum*, *Pleasure Bound*, *Rita's School of Discipline*, *Mrs. Tyrant's Finishing School*, *Fifi Chastises Her Maids*, *A Hazardous Journey*, *Helga's Search for Slaves*, *Madame Discipline*, and *Girls' Figure Training Academy*.

Book-length collections of Stanton comics have been translated into many foreign languages, including French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Dutch. Additionally, Stanton's art was reprinted in the 1990s in comic books from Fantagraphics Books' imprint Eros Comix: *The Kinky Hook* (1991), *Sweeter Gwen* (1992), *Confidential TV* (1994), and *Tops and Bottoms* #1–4 (1997). Individual issues were subtitled "Bound Beauty" (#1), "Lady in Charge" (#2), "Broken Engagement" (#3), and "Broken Engagement 2" (#4).

## Further reading

* *Eric Stanton & the History of the Bizarre Underground* by Richard Pérez Seves. Atglen, Schiffer Publishing, 2018. ISBN 978-0764355424
* *Charles Guyette: Godfather of American Fetish Art \[\*Expanded Photo Edition\*\]* by Richard Pérez Seves. New York: FetHistory, 2018. ISBN 978-1973773771

## InfoBox

| Eric Stanton | |
| --- | --- |
| Eric Stanton, circa late 1950s, early 1960s | |
| Born | Ernest Stanzoni
(1926-09-30)September 30, 1926
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | March 17, 1999(1999-03-17) (aged 72)
West Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Area(s) | Writer, Penciller, Inker |
| Notable works | Sweeter Gwen, Bound in Leather, Pleasure Bound, Tame-Azons, Stantoons, Blunder Broad, Prinkazons. |


title: Atal Park

abstract: Atal Park is a public urban park located in the Naya Raipur new capital of Chhattisgarh, India. Central Park is located on Central Avenue Road on 35 acres of land. It has a 120-seater restaurant, an amphitheatre with a capacity of 1,500 people, mini markets, a yoga park, and an artificial lake built on the south side of the park. In the north, the park has a jogging track, multiplex theatre, restaurant, and playing area for children with 45 swings and an activity centre. The park represents the rich art and heritage of the state. It was built at a cost of 70 crores by Naya Raipur Development Authority.

text:
# Atal Park

**Atal Park** (Formerly **Central Park**) is a public urban park located in the Naya Raipur new capital of Chhattisgarh, India.

Central Park is located on Central Avenue Road on 35 acres of land. It has a 120-seater restaurant, an amphitheatre with a capacity of 1,500 people, mini markets, a yoga park, and an artificial lake built on the south side of the park. In the north, the park has a jogging track, multiplex theatre, restaurant, and playing area for children with 45 swings and an activity centre.

The park represents the rich art and heritage of the state. It was built at a cost of 70 crores by Naya Raipur Development Authority.

21°09′28″N 81°47′01″E / 21.1579°N 81.7837°E / 21.1579; 81.7837