title: 1956 1000 km of Nürburgring

abstract: The 2. Internationales ADAC 1000 Kilometer Rennen auf dem Nürburgring took place on 27 May, on the Nürburgring Nordschleife,. It was also the fourth round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. This was the first time the event had taken place, since it was dropped from the championship following its inaugural event in 1953. It was also round two of the German Sportscar Championship.

text:
# 1956 1000 km of Nürburgring

The **2. Internationales ADAC 1000 Kilometer Rennen auf dem Nürburgring**  took place on 27 May, on the Nürburgring Nordschleife, (West Germany). It was also the fourth round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. This was the first time the event had taken place, since it was dropped from the championship following its inaugural event in 1953. It was also round two of the German Sportscar Championship.

## Report

### Entry

A grand total 71 racing cars were registered for this event, of which 61 arrived for practice and qualifying. Fresh from their domination on the Mille Miglia, came two work teams of Scuderia Ferrari, and Officine Alfieri Maserati. The team from Maranello arrived with four cars, two 860 Monzas and two 290 MMs. The pairing to beat was that of Juan Manuel Fangio and Eugenio Castellotti driving the more powerful 860 Monza. This car was powered by a 3.4 litre 4-cylinder engine, producing 280 bhp. Their Modenese rivals, who were 12 points going into the meeting need a victory to reopened the Constructors’ Championship. Do to this, their arrived with four cars, two 300Ss, plus a 350s and a 150S. Their stars drivers, headed by the young Englishman, Stirling Moss, were in the 300Ss with a smaller 3.0 litre 6-cylinder engine, but it still produced 245 bhp.

### Qualifying

Qualifying was held over three sessions for a total of 1,590 minutes over the three prior to the race. The Ferrari 860 Monza of Fangio took pole position, averaging a speed of 84.534 mph around the 14.173 mile circuit. This was an incredible lap time, especially when compared to the time set by team-mate Luigi Musso, into the slower 290 MM – which was a full three seconds slower. The ’53 pole winner was on pole yet again, having given everyone a lesson on how to drive the 174 corner of the ‘Ring. When the finish session had finished, Ferrari had secured the first three places, the 300S driver by Moss and Jean Behra was fourth. The first non-Italian car was fifth, the Jaguar D-Type of Mike Hawthorn and Desmond Titterington.

### Race

The day of the race would be warm and dry, with a crowd of approximately 70,000 in attendance to witness for is regarded one of Maserati’s finest ever race victory.

The start of the 1,000 kilometer race did not bode well for the Modenese marque, despite Moss taking the lead. On lap 11, after Behra had replaced Moss after the first pit stop, the rear transverse leaf spring of their 300S broke, forcing the Frenchman to the wheel of the second 300S. This was being driven by Harry Schell and Piero Taruffi, which was laying in third place at the time. Behra immediately embarked on charge back through the field to catch the leading Ferrari of Fangio and Castellotti. It was then decided by the team to put Moss into the car. At this point of the race, Moss was lying 66 seconds behind Fangio.

As soon as Moss got into the car, he began to lap the 22km circuit at a pace that no-one would match. He was lapping 4/5 seconds faster than the ‘*Maestro*’ Fangio. At this pace, the seemingly safe win in the hands of the Ferrari duo, suddenly was in doubt. On lap 26 of the 44 scheduled, Fangio was unhappy with his car’s handling, so he got his mechanics to check its suspension while refueling, losing about a minute in the process. Sensing the threat to his victory, Fangio delayed handed the car over to Castellotti, as long as possible, in an attempt to stave off Moss’s assault. However, the fate of the race was sealed, when the lap 40, the “Maestro” re-entered to pits for fuel, the 300S of Moss charged on towards an astounding victory.

The winning partnership of Moss/Behra/Taruffi/Schell, won in a time of 7hr 43:54.5mins., averaging a speed of 80.658 mph. The margin of triumph over the Ferrari of Fangio/Castelloti was 26 seconds, and led another Ferrari driven by Hill/De Portago/Gendebien by 10 min 01.4s. Porsche snatched fourth place with Wolfgang von Trips/Umberto Maglioli, but their 550 RS finished almost 20 minutes adrift of the Maserati. Moss’s pace was so quick that he lapped event he fifth placed Aston Martin DB3S of Peter Collins and Tony Brooks. Race did not end when Moss cross the finishing line, but continued for another hour to allow the other classes/division to try and complete the full 1000 km.

To add to Fangio’s woes, Ferrari mechanics checked his after the race and found his 860 Monza did not actually problem with its suspension, as the quirky handling had simply been caused by the wrong tyre pressures.

## Official Classification

*Class Winners are in **Bold** text.*

| Pos | No | Class | Driver | | Entrant | Chassis | Laps | Reason Out |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1st** | **6** | **S+2.0** | **Piero Taruffi**
**Jean Behra** | **Harry Schell**
**Stirling Moss** | **Officine Alfieri Maserati** | **Maserati 300S** | **7hr 43:54.5, 44** |  |
| 2nd | 1 | S+2.0 | Juan Manuel Fangio | Eugenio Castellotti | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 860 Monza | 7hr 44:20.7, 44 |  |
| 3rd | 4 | S+2.0 | Phil Hill
Olivier Gendebien | Alfonso de Portago | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 290 MM | 7hr 53:55.9, 44 |  |
| **4th** | **21** | **S1.5** | **Wolfgang von Trips** | **Umberto Maglioli** | **Porsche** | **Porsche 550 RS** | **8hr 01:45.9, 44** |  |
| 5th | 9 | S+2.0 | Peter Collins | Tony Brooks | David Brown | Aston Martin DB3S | 43 |  |
| 6th | 20 | S1.5 | Richard von Frankenberg | Hans Herrmann | Porsche | Porsche 550 RS | 44 |  |
| 7th | 26 | S1.5 | Edgar Barth | Arthur Rosenhammer | VEB | AWE R3/55 | 43 |  |
| DNF | 31 | S+2.0 | Mike Hawthorn | Desmond Titterington | Jaguar Cars Ltd. | Jaguar D-Type | 43 | Driveshaft |
| DNF | 10 | S+2.0 | Peter Walker | Roy Salvadori | David Brown | Aston Martin DB3S | 41 | De Dion tube |
| **8th** | **56** | **GT/T+2.0** | **Bengit Martenson** | **Wittigo von Einsedel** | **Bengit O. Martenson** | **Mercedes-Benz 300 SL** | **44** |  |
| **9th** | **61** | **GT/T2.0** | **Max Nathan** | **Gert Kaiser** | **Max Nathan** | **Porsche 356 Carrera** | **44** |  |
| 10th | 65 | GT/T2.0 | Helmut Schülze | Joaquim Felipe Nogueira | Helmut Schülze | Porsche 356 Carrera | 44 |  |
| **11th** | **81** | **GT/T1.3** | **Jo Bonnier** | **Herbert MacKay-Fraser** | **Jo Bonnier** | **Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce** | **43** |  |
| 12th | 83 | GT/T1.3 | Walter Ringgenberg | Heini Walter | Walter Ringgenberg | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce | 43 |  |
| **13th** | **43** | **ser.S1.5** | **Friedrich Kretschmann** | **Sepp Liebl** | **Friedrich Kretschmann** | **Porsche 550** | **43** |  |
| 14th | 87 | GT/T2.0 | Piero Carini | Franco Bordoni | Piero Carini | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce | 42 |  |
| 15th | 63 | GT/T2.0 | Helmut Zick | Hans-Gerog Plaut | Hans Gerog Plaut | Porsche 356 Carrera | 42 |  |
| 16th | 88 | GT/T1.3 | Gilberte Thirion | Ada Pace | Gilberte Thirion | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce | 42 |  |
| 17th | 53 | GT/T+2.0 | Rainer Günzler | Helmut Retter | Rainer Günzler | Mercedes Bens 220S | 42 |  |
| 18th | 86 | GT/T1.3 | Adolf-Werner Lang | Kurt Kuhnke | Adolf-Werner Lang | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce | 41 |  |
| 19th | 64 | GT/T1.3 | Kurt Zeller | Wolfgang Bieling | Kurt Zeller | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce | 40 |  |
| 20th | 64 | GT/T2.0 | W. H. Wittmann | Walter Hampel | W. H. Wittmann | Porsche 356 Super 1600 | 40 |  |
| 21st | 76 | GT/T1.3 | Helmut Busch | Horst Bös | Helmut Busch | Porsche 356 Super 1300 | 40 |  |
| 22nd | 77 | GT/T1.3 | Sepp Greger | Harald von Saucken | Sepp Greger | Porsche 356A Super 1300 | 40 |  |
| 23rd | 78 | GT/T1.3 | Hartmuth Oesterle | Siegfried Günther | Hartmuth Oesterle | Porsche 356 Super 1300 | 40 |  |
| 24th | 45 | ser.S1.5 | Mathieu Hezemans | Carel Godin de Beaufort | Gotfrid Köchert | Porsche 550 | 38 |  |
| 25th | 72 | GT/T1.3 | Helmut Deutenberg | Heinz-Gerd Jäger | Helmut Deutenberg | Porsche 356 Super 1300 | 39 |  |
| 26th | 74 | GT/T1.3 | Karl Falk | Albert Joch | Karl Falk | Porsche 356 Super 1300 | 39 |  |
| DNF | 27 | S1.5 | Paul Thiel | Egon Binner | VEB | AWE R3/55 | 29 | Engine |
| DNF | 31 | S1.5 | Louis Chiron | Luigi Villoresi | Monte Carlo Sport | Osca MT4 1500 | 26 | Engine |
| DNF | 38 | S1.5 | Carlo Tomasi | Alejandro de Tomaso | Isabel Haskell | Maserati 150S | 25 | Engine |
| DISQ | 33 | S1.5 | Hans Tak | Henk van Zalinge | Beels Racing | Maserati 150S | 22 | Assistance |
| DNF | 5 | S+2.0 | Stirling Moss | Jean Behra | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 300S | 19 | Suspension |
| DNF | 12 | S+2.0 | Casare Perdisa | Robert Manzon | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 350S | 12 | Axle |
| DISQ | 2 | S+2.0 | Alfonso de Portago | Olivier Gendebien | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 860 Monza | 9 | Assistance |
| DNF | 8T | S+2.0 | Paul Frère | Duncan Hamilton | Jaguar Cars Ltd. | Jaguar D-Type | 7 | Gearbox |
| DNF | 29 | S1.5 | Francesco Giardini | André Pilette | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 150S | 7 | Fuel system |
| DNF | 3 | S+2.0 | Luigi Musso | Maurice Trintignant | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 290 MM | 4 | Accident |
| DNF | 34 | S1.5 | Michael May | Pierre May | Michael May | Porsche 550 |  | DNF |
| DNF | 36 | S1.5 | Karl Busch | Karl Schwaneberg | Karl Busch | Porsche 550 |  | Accident |
| DNF | 40 | ser.S1.5 | Theo Helfrich | Peter Nöcker | Theo Helfrich | Porsche 550 |  | DNF |
| DNF | 41 | ser.S1.5 | Wolfgang Seidel | Helm Glöcker | Wolfgang Seidel | Porsche 550 |  | Wheel |
| DISQ | 46 | ser.S1.5 | Dick Fitzwilliam | Robin Carnegie | Richard W. Fitzwilliam | MG A |  | Assistance |
| DNF | 47 | ser.S1.5 | William Buff | Gotfrid Köchert | William C. Buff | Porsche 550 |  | DNF |
| DNF | 50 | GT/T+2.0 | Fritz Riess | Friedrich-Victor Rolff | Fritz Riess | Mercedes-Benz 300 SL |  | Gearbox |
| DNF | 52 | GT/T+2.0 | Erwin Bauer | Willi Heeks | Erwin Bauer | Mercedes Bens 220S |  | Split fuel tank |
| DNF | 57 | GT/T+2.0 | Günther Isenbügel | Helmut Rathjen | Günther Isenbügel | Ford Thunderbird |  | Engine |
| DNF | 62 | GT/T2.0 | Ludwig Blendl | Dieter Lissmann | Ludwig Blendl | Porsche 356 Carrera |  | Wheel |
| DNF | 67 | GT/T2.0 | Heini Buess | Franz Hammernick | Meute | Porsche 356 Super 1500 |  | Gearbox |
| DNF | 70 | GT/T1.3 | Richard Trenkel | Helmut Niedermayr | Richard Trenkel | Porsche 356 |  | DNF |
| DNF | 71 | GT/T1.3 | Paul Ernst Strähle | Paul Denk | Erich Hofmann | Porsche 356 |  | DNF |
| DNF | 73 | GT/T1.3 | Josef Jeser | Manfred Elmenhorst | Josef Jeser | Porsche 356 1300 |  | DNF |
| DNF | 75 | GT/T1.3 | Alfred Kling | Edmund Graf | Alfred Kling | Porsche 356 |  | Engine |
| DNF | 80 | GT/T1.3 | Helmut Felder | Heinz Endermann | Helmut Felder | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce |  | DNF |
| DNF | 82 | GT/T1.3 | Marcel Stern | Louis Noverraz | Meute | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce |  | Engine |
| DNF | 84 | GT/T1.3 | Alfranco Pagani | Pietro Cagnana | Mediolanum | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce |  | Windscreen broken |
| DNF | 37 | S1.5 | Giuseppe Musso | Walter Monaco | Isabel Haskell | Maserati 150S |  | Withdrawn |
| DNS | 44 | ser.S1.5 | Christian Goethals | Freddy Rouselle | Ecurie Francorchamps | Porsche 550 |  |  |
| DNS | 8 | S+2.0 | Paul Frère | Duncan Hamilton | Jaguar Cars Ltd. | Jaguar D-Type |  | Accident in practice |
|

### Class Winners

| Class | Winners |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sports +2000 | 6 | Maserati 300S | Taruffi / Schell / Behra / Moss |
| Sports 1500 | 21 | Porsche 550 RS | von Trips / Maglioli |
| Series Sports 1500 | 43 | Porsche 550 Sypder | Kretschmann / Liebl |
| Grand Touring & Special Touring +2000 | 56 | Mercedes-Benz 300 SL | Martenson / Einsiedel |
| Grand Touring & Special Touring 2000 | 61 | Porsche 356 Carrera | Nathan / Kaiser |
| Grand Touring & Special Touring 1300 | 81 | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Veloce | Bonnier / MacKay-Fraser |
|


title: Appeal as from an abuse

abstract: "Appeal as from an abuse" is a legal term applied in the canon law of the Catholic Church, meaning originally a legal appeal as recourse to the civil forum (court) against the usurpation by the ecclesiastical forum of the rights of civil jurisdiction. It could also mean a recourse to the ecclesiastical forum against the usurpation by the civil forum of the rights of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Thus defined, the "appeal as from an abuse" had as its object to safeguard equally the rights both of the State and of the Catholic Church. An abuse would be an act on either hand, without due authority, beyond the limits of their respective ordinary and natural jurisdictions. In practice the use of such appeals was important, historically, as a way to undermine the power of church courts.

text:
# Appeal as from an abuse

"**Appeal as from an abuse**" (French: *appel comme d'abus*) is a legal term applied in the canon law of the Catholic Church, meaning originally a legal appeal as recourse to the civil forum (court) against the usurpation by the ecclesiastical forum of the rights of civil jurisdiction. It could also mean (*vice versa*) a recourse to the ecclesiastical forum against the usurpation by the civil forum of the rights of ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

Thus defined, the "appeal as from an abuse" had as its object to safeguard equally the rights both of the State and of the Catholic Church. An abuse would be an act on either hand, without due authority, beyond the limits of their respective ordinary and natural jurisdictions. In practice the use of such appeals was important, historically, as a way to undermine the power of church courts.

## Canon law

The canons did not exclude a recourse to the civil authority when the acts of an ecclesiastical judge invaded the domain of the civil authority, especially as reciprocity gave the ecclesiastical authority the right to repel with the same weapons any usurpation by the lay judge to the damage of the rights of the Church. Thus also a recourse to the supreme civil ruler was not deemed amiss when an ecclesiastical court undertook a cause belonging to the competency of a higher ecclesiastical court, and the ruler was asked merely to forward it to the proper tribunal without, however, claiming to delegate to it any jurisdiction. Perhaps the first formal manifestation of this appeal in the legitimate sense occurred in the fourteenth century.

## History

Ecclesiastical judges acquired a reputation for learning and equity, and by the good will of the State, not merely ecclesiastical, but many civil cases of the laity were adjudicated by them. in 1329 complaint was brought to King Philip de Valois by the advocate general, Peter de Cugnières, that the civil tribunals were fast lapsing into contempt, and were being abandoned. The purport of the complaint was to restrict the competency of the ecclesiastical tribunals to their own legitimate fields. Bickerings between the two forums were henceforth frequent. Even the Catholic states, after the beginning of the sixteenth century, advanced far in the way of frequent ruptures with the Church.

When the Protestant states had acquired control and supervision over the newly reformed bodies even in their spiritual relations, the Catholic states, particularly France, strove to limit the jurisdiction of the Catholiv Church as far as they could without casting aside the profession of the Catholic Faith. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges was a serious aggression by France upon the acknowledged rights of the Church and of the Holy See. It is in France that we find the most flagrant series of encroachments upon Church jurisdiction, through pretence of appeals as from an abuse, gradually tending to the elimination of the ecclesiastical forum.

During the seventeenth century the French Catholic clergy presented frequent memorials against the encroachments made by their kings and parliaments through constant recourse to these "appeals as from an abuse", which resulted in submitting to civil tribunals questions of definitions of faith, the proper administration of the sacraments, and the like. This brought confusion into the regulation of spiritual matters by encouraging ecclesiastics to rebel against their lawful ecclesiastical superiors. The lay tribunals undertook to adjudicate whether the ministers of the sacraments had a right to refuse them to those deemed unworthy, or the right to Christian burial of Catholics dying impenitent or under Church censures; whether interdicts or suspensions were valid; whether monastic professions should be annulled; whether the bishop's permission was necessary for preaching; whether a specified marriage was contrary or not to the Gospel; and also to decide the justice of canonical privations of benefices. Many other subjects intimately connected with the teaching of the Church were brought before lay tribunals, and unappealable decisions rendered in open contradiction to the canons, as can easily be surmised both from the absence of theological knowledge, and from the visible animus shown in decisions that undertook to subject the spiritual power of the Church to the dictates of transient politics.

Interference was mostly owing to courtier-canonists who flattered the secular rulers by dwelling upon the right of protection over the Church conceded in early days to the Christian Roman Emperors. The Church was recognized as autonomous in all things of the divine law and in matters of ecclesiastical discipline. When rulers like Charlemagne seemed to take upon themselves undue authority, insisting upon certain canons, the bishops claimed their sole right to govern the Church. Even in mixed assemblies of bishops and nobles and princes, the bishops insisted that the civil power should not encroach upon the rights of the Church, e. g. in the Council of Narbonne (788).

Zaccaria recognized, however, that in his day (the eighteenth century), as well as in former ages, the Catholic rulers of Catholic States, in their quality of protectors of the Church, might receive a recourse from ecclesiastics in ecclesiastical matters, in order that justice might be done them by their ordinary ecclesiastical judges, not as deputies of the civil rulers, but as ordinary judges in their own forum. In her concordats with Catholic states the Catholic Church granted to several that the civil cases of clerics, and such as concern the property and temporal rights of churches, as well as benefices and other ecclesiastical foundations, may be brought before the civil courts.

## Modern relationship

All ecclesiastical causes, and those that concern the Faith, sacraments, morals, sacred functions, and rights connected with the sacred ministry, belong to the ecclesiastical forum, both in regard of persons and of matter (*cf*. Concordat with Ecuador in 1881). In the United States, as decreed by the Third Provincial Council of Baltimore (1837), the church law is that if any ecclesiastical person or member of a religious body, male or female, should cite an ecclesiastic or a religious before a civil court on a question of a purely ecclesiastical nature, he should know that he falls under the censures decreed by canon law.

The Congregation of Propaganda in its comment explained that, in mixed cases, where the persons may be ecclesiastical, but the things about which there is question may be temporal or of one's household, this rule cannot be enforced, especially in countries in which the civil government is not in the hands of Catholics, and where, unless recourse is had to the civil courts, there is not the means or the power of enforcing an ecclesiastical decision for the protection or recovery of one's own. A special *proviso* was made by Propaganda for the United States (17 August 1886), that if a priest should bring a cleric before a civil tribunal on an ecclesiastical or other question without permission from the bishop he could be forced to withdraw the case by the infliction of penalties and censures, yet the bishop must not refuse the permission if the parties have ineffectually attempted a settlement before him. If the bishop is to be cited, the permission of the Holy See is required.

By a special declaration of Propaganda (6 September 1886), a cleric's transfer of a claim to a layman for the purpose of evading the censures is checked by the requirement of the consent of the bishop to such transfer, if made for the purpose of the suit. Justice Redfield says in reference to the United States generally: "The decision of ecclesiastical courts or officers having, by the rules or laws of the bodies to which they belong, jurisdiction of such questions, or the right to decide them, will be held conclusive in all courts of the civil administration, and no question involved in such decisions will be revised or reviewed in the civil courts, except those pertaining to the jurisdiction of such courts or officers to determine such questions according to the laws or the usage of the bodies they represent." Justice Strong, of the Supreme Court of the United States, speaks of the Church as "an interior organization within a religious society", and adds: "I think it may be safely asserted as a general principle that whenever questions of discipline, of faith, of Church rule, of membership, or of office, have been decided by the Church, in its own modes of decision, civil law tribunals accept these decisions as final and apply them as made."

1. Burtsell, Richard Lalor (1907). "Appeal as from an abuse". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 1.


title: Atlantes (sorcerer)

abstract: Atlantes was a powerful sorcerer featured in chansons de geste. In Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato (1482), where he is known as Atalante, the magician fears that Rugiero will convert to Christianity and aid Charlemagne against the Saracens. To prevent this and forestall Rugiero's death, he constructs a magic garden ringed by glass on Mt. Carena in the Atlas Mountains, after which he is named. In Orlando Furioso, Atlantes' magical castle is filled with illusions, in order to divert Ruggiero from what he has foretold as certain doom. Ruggiero is later set free by Bradamante and after numerous trials and quests sires a great line of heroes. He later dies betrayed fulfilling the destiny foretold by Atlantes.

text:
# Atlantes (sorcerer)

**Atlantes** was a powerful sorcerer featured in *chansons de geste*. In Boiardo's *Orlando Innamorato* (1482), where he is known as Atalante, the magician fears that Rugiero (Boiardo's spelling) will convert to Christianity and aid Charlemagne against the Saracens. To prevent this and forestall Rugiero's death, he constructs a magic garden ringed by glass on Mt. Carena in the Atlas Mountains, after which he is named. In *Orlando Furioso*, Atlantes' magical castle is filled with illusions, in order to divert Ruggiero (Ariosto's spelling) from what he has foretold as certain doom. Ruggiero is later set free by Bradamante and after numerous trials and quests sires a great line of heroes. He later dies betrayed fulfilling the destiny foretold by Atlantes.

## Sources

* Boiardo: *Orlando innamorato* ed. Giuseppe Anceschi (Garzanti,1978)
* Boiardo: *Orlando innamorato* translated by Charles Stanley Ross, (Parlor Press, 2004).
* Ariosto:*Orlando Furioso*, verse translation by Barbara Reynolds in two volumes (Penguin Classics, 1975). Part one (cantos 1–23) ISBN 0-14-044311-8; part two (cantos 24–46) ISBN 0-14-044310-X
* Ariosto: *Orlando Furioso* ed. Marcello Turchi (Garzanti, 1974)
* Ariosto: *Orlando Furioso: A Selection* ed. Pamela Waley (Manchester University Press, 1975)


title: Auguste-Célestin Gongarad Nkoua

abstract: Auguste-Célestin Gongarad Nkoua is a Congolese politician and the President of the Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress (UPDP), a political party. He served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry from 1991 to 1992, as Minister of Water and Forests from 1992 to 1993, and again as Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry from 1997 to 2002. Subsequently, he was President of the Economic and Social Council, a state institution, from 2003 to 2009. In 2009, he was appointed as President Denis Sassou Nguesso's Personal Representative for Political Affairs.

text:
# Auguste-Célestin Gongarad Nkoua

**Auguste-Célestin Gongarad Nkoua** is a Congolese politician and the President of the Patriotic Union for Democracy and Progress (UPDP), a political party. He served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry from 1991 to 1992, as Minister of Water and Forests from 1992 to 1993, and again as Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry from 1997 to 2002. Subsequently, he was President of the Economic and Social Council, a state institution, from 2003 to 2009. In 2009, he was appointed as President Denis Sassou Nguesso's Personal Representative for Political Affairs.

## Background and 1990s political career

An ethnic Téké, Gongarad Nkoua was a journalist and a printer by profession. Along with 300 others, he signed the petition of 7 July 1990, calling on President Denis Sassou Nguesso to convene a national conference for political reform. In the week that followed, the discovery of a plotwhich was dubbed the "Téké plot" due to the ethnicity of the alleged conspiratorsto oust Sassou Nguesso was announced, and Gongarad Nkoua was arrested, along with Clement Miérassa, who had also signed the petition.

The arrests followed a police search of Gongarad Nkoua's home, in which the police were said to have found "seditious documents" indicating that Gongarad Nkoua had been preparing a coup plot since November 1987. The government insisted that the arrests were based on involvement in a coup plot and were unrelated to the petition. However, Gongarad Nkoua spent only a few weeks in jail. In a gesture of clemency marking the 27th anniversary of the 1963 revolution, President Sassou Nguesso granted an amnesty to Gongarad Nkoua and other political prisoners on 14 August 1990.

Gongarad Nkoua was a delegate to the FebruaryJune 1991 National Conference, which established transitional institutions in preparation for multiparty elections in 1992. At the National Conference, he was one of four candidates for the post of First Vice-president of the Higher Council of the Republic (CSR), which was being set up as the legislature for the 19911992 transitional period. After two of the other candidates withdrew, Gongarad Nkoua faced Jean-Michel Bokamba-Yangouma in a third round of voting; he received 331 votes against 491 for Bokamba-Yangouma. Although the necessary quorum of delegates was not reached, Gongarad Nkoua chose to withdraw at that point in favor of Bokamba-Yangouma. He was instead given the post of Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in the transitional government of Prime Minister André Milongo, holding that post until 1992.

Leading his own political party, the UPDP, Gongarad Nkoua stood as a candidate in the August 1992 presidential election. He attracted little support, placing ninth with 0.69% of the vote. He received 6.3% of the vote in Plateaux Region, but in every other region his score was negligible. Subsequently, he and the UPDP supported Bernard Kolélas, the candidate of the Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development (MCDDI), in the second round of the election, but Kolélas was defeated by Pascal Lissouba, the candidate of the Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS). The MCDDI, the UPDP, and five other parties then formed the Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) opposition coalition on 27 August 1992.

After Lissouba took office as president, the Congolese Labour Party (PCT), which had briefly supported him, defected to the opposition. Together with other URD leaders, Gongarad Nkoua signed an alliance between the URD and the PCT in September 1992. That alliance gave the URD and PCT a parliamentary majority, and consequently President Lissouba dissolved the National Assembly in November 1992. His decision provoked a political crisis that was resolved through the formation of an opposition-dominated power-sharing government, led by Prime Minister Claude Antoine Dacosta. In that government, which was appointed on 25 December 1992, Gongarad Nkoua was included as Minister of Water and Forests. The Dacosta government remained in office for six months; it was replaced by Lissouba following the early parliamentary election that was held in MayJune 1993.

Lissouba was later ousted by rebel forces loyal to Sassou Nguesso at the end of the JuneOctober 1997 civil war. As President, Sassou Nguesso appointed Gongarad Nkoua to the government as Minister of State for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on 2 November 1997. After a little more than a year, Gongarad Nkoua was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (without the rank of Minister of State) on 12 January 1999.

## Political career since 2000

At the time of the January 2002 constitutional referendum, Gongarad Nkoua, who was still serving as Minister of Agriculture, headed the National Electoral Commission's operations for Ouenzé, the fifth *arrondissement* of Brazzaville. At a meeting in Ouenzé on 6 January 2002, he said that the new constitution was written with "past mistakes that led the country into a vicious cycle of tribal violence" in mind, and he urged the people to vote for it, saying that it would be conducive to good governance. He also stressed the importance of maintaining a peaceful atmosphere for the referendum.

Gongarad Nkoua supported Sassou Nguesso's candidacy in the March 2002 presidential election. Along with other important allies of Sassou Nguesso, he was included on the support committee for Sassou Nguesso's candidacy when it was publicly launched on 6 February 2002.

In the May 2002 parliamentary election, Gongarad Nkoua was elected to the National Assembly as the UPDP candidate in the Ngo constituency of Plateaux Region; he won the seat in the first round with 63.27% of the vote. After nearly five years in the government, he was dismissed from the government on 18 August 2002 and consequently sat as a Deputy in the National Assembly.

A year after Gongarad Nkoua's dismissal from the government, President Sassou Nguesso appointed him as President of the Economic and Social Council on 13 August 2003. The council, a constitutional state institution, is intended to provide advice to the government and the two houses of Parliament on economic, social, and cultural policy. Speaking at the council's inaugural session on 18 February 2004, Gongarad Nkoua told the other members of the Council that they "must participate effectively in the development of the nation's economic and social policy, advising the government in its decision-making to enable it to provide the people with better living conditions and the conditions of social peace." He also emphasized the importance of investment, saying that domestic economic activity should be encouraged and that Western countries should work with the council to facilitate development.

In the June 2007 parliamentary election, Gongarad Nkoua ran again as the UPDP candidate in Ngo constituency. Rally of Democratic Forces (RFD) candidate Joseph Miokono Hondjuila, who had won the seat in the 1992 parliamentary election, was considered Gongarad Nkoua's main competitor. Nevertheless, Gongarad Nkoua won an easy victory in the first round, receiving 86.16% of the vote. He remained allied to Sassou Nguesso and was one of many party leaders participating in the creation of the Rally for the Presidential Majority (RMP), a coalition of pro-Sassou Nguesso parties, on 20 December 2007.

On 18 September 2009, President Sassou Nguesso appointed Jean-Marie Tassoua, another long-time ally, to replace Gongarad Nkoua as President of the Economic and Social Council. He instead appointed Gongarad Nkoua as Personal Representative of the President for Political Affairs on the same day.

In the JulyAugust 2012 parliamentary election, Gongarad Nkoua was re-elected to the National Assembly as the UPDP candidate in Ngo constituency. He won the seat in the second round of voting, receiving 56.46% of the vote against an independent candidate, Jean-Félix Nkoué. As the oldest deputy elected in the 2012 election, Gongarad Nkoua had the traditional honor of presiding over the National Assembly when it met on 5 September 2012 to elect its bureau for the new parliamentary term. Speaking on the occasion, he reflected on the role and the responsibilities of deputies: "As parliamentarians, you are the link between the local and the national level, between the national and the global level. ... When I look at this chamber, I always realize that behind every elected deputy there are thousands of Congolese. It is our honor to represent and respect everyone regardless of their vote and their political beliefs. Our mandate requires us to never lose touch with our fellow citizens."

Standing as a UPDP candidate, Gongarad Nkoua was elected as a local councillor in Ngo in the September 2014 local elections. He was defeated when standing for re-election in Ngo in the July 2017 parliamentary election; Elvis Digne Tsalissan Okombi won the seat in the first round with 60% of the vote.


title: 1996–97 Derby County F.C. season

abstract: The 1996–97 season was Derby County's first in the Premier League, following their promotion from the First Division the previous season.

text:
# 1996–97 Derby County F.C. season

The **1996–97 season** was Derby County's first in the Premier League, following their promotion from the First Division the previous season.

## Season summary

Back in the top flight after a five-year exile, Jim Smith's Derby County side never looked in any real danger of an immediate return to Division One, and their 12th-place finish in the final table was their highest final position in eight years. Young striker Dean Sturridge received many plaudits for his goalscoring exploits, which sparked talk of a £7 million transfer to Arsenal, but the move never happened.

The highlight of the season was a 3–2 win against champions Manchester United at Old Trafford, with Paulo Wanchope scoring a "wonder goal" on his English league debut.

## Final league table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 | Tottenham Hotspur | 38 | 13 | 7 | 18 | 44 | 51 | 7 | 46 |
| 11 | Leeds United | 38 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 28 | 38 | 10 | 46 |
| 12 | Derby County | 38 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 45 | 58 | 13 | 46 |
| 13 | Blackburn Rovers | 38 | 9 | 15 | 14 | 42 | 43 | 1 | 42 |
| 14 | West Ham United | 38 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 39 | 48 | 9 | 42 |

Source: Premier League
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored. Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 38 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 45 | 58 | −13 | 46 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 25 | 22 | +3 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 20 | 36 | −16 |

Source: Statto

Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | A | A | H | H | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | A | H |
| Result | D | D | L | D | W | W | D | L | L | D | L | W | W | D | W | D | L | L | L | D | D | L | D | L | W | D | L | W | L | L | W | W | D | W | L | D | W | L |
| Position | 7 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 |

Source: Statto.com
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

## Results

*Derby County's score comes first*

### Legend

| Win | Draw | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |

### FA Premier League

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 August 1996 | Leeds United | H | 3–3 | 17,925 | Sturridge (2), Paul Simpson |
| 21 August 1996 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 1–1 | 28,219 | Dailly |
| 24 August 1996 | Aston Villa | A | 0–2 | 34,646 |  |
| 4 September 1996 | Manchester United | H | 1–1 | 18,025 | Laursen |
| 9 September 1996 | Blackburn Rovers | A | 2–1 | 19,214 | Willems, Flynn |
| 14 September 1996 | Sunderland | H | 1–0 | 17,692 | Asanović (pen) |
| 21 September 1996 | Sheffield Wednesday | A | 0–0 | 23,487 |  |
| 28 September 1996 | Wimbledon | H | 0–2 | 17,022 |  |
| 12 October 1996 | Newcastle United | H | 0–1 | 18,092 |  |
| 19 October 1996 | Nottingham Forest | A | 1–1 | 27,771 | Dailly |
| 27 October 1996 | Liverpool | A | 1–2 | 39,515 | Ward |
| 2 November 1996 | Leicester City | H | 2–0 | 18,010 | Ward, Whitlow (own goal) |
| 17 November 1996 | Middlesbrough | H | 2–1 | 17,350 | Asanović, Vickers (own goal) |
| 23 November 1996 | West Ham United | A | 1–1 | 24,576 | Sturridge |
| 30 November 1996 | Coventry City | H | 2–1 | 18,042 | Asanović (pen), Ward |
| 7 December 1996 | Arsenal | A | 2–2 | 38,018 | Sturridge, Powell |
| 16 December 1996 | Everton | H | 0–1 | 17,252 |  |
| 21 December 1996 | Southampton | A | 1–3 | 14,901 | Dailly |
| 26 December 1996 | Sunderland | A | 0–2 | 22,512 |  |
| 28 December 1996 | Blackburn Rovers | H | 0–0 | 17,847 |  |
| 11 January 1997 | Wimbledon | A | 1–1 | 11,467 | Willems |
| 18 January 1997 | Chelsea | A | 1–3 | 27,639 | Asanović |
| 29 January 1997 | Leeds United | A | 0–0 | 27,523 |  |
| 1 February 1997 | Liverpool | H | 0–1 | 18,102 |  |
| 15 February 1997 | West Ham United | H | 1–0 | 18,057 | Asanović (pen) |
| 19 February 1997 | Sheffield Wednesday | H | 2–2 | 18,060 | Sturridge, Štimac |
| 22 February 1997 | Leicester City | A | 2–4 | 20,323 | Sturridge (2) |
| 1 March 1997 | Chelsea | H | 3–2 | 18,039 | Minto (own goal), Asanović, Ward |
| 5 March 1997 | Middlesbrough | A | 1–6 | 29,739 | Simpson |
| 15 March 1997 | Everton | A | 0–1 | 32,140 |  |
| 22 March 1997 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 4–2 | 18,083 | van der Laan, Trollope, Sturridge, Ward |
| 5 April 1997 | Manchester United | A | 3–2 | 55,243 | Ward, Wanchope, Sturridge |
| 9 April 1997 | Southampton | H | 1–1 | 17,839 | Ward |
| 12 April 1997 | Aston Villa | H | 2–1 | 18,071 | Rowett, van der Laan |
| 19 April 1997 | Newcastle United | A | 1–3 | 36,550 | Sturridge |
| 23 April 1997 | Nottingham Forest | H | 0–0 | 18,087 |  |
| 3 May 1997 | Coventry City | A | 2–1 | 22,854 | Burrows (own goal), Sturridge |
| 11 May 1997 | Arsenal | H | 1–3 | 18,287 | Ward |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| R3 | 21 January 1997 | Gillingham | A | 2–0 | 9,508 | Willems, van der Laan |
| R4 | 25 January 1997 | Aston Villa | H | 3–1 | 17,977 | van der Laan, Sturridge, Willems |
| R5 | 26 February 1997 | Coventry City | H | 3–2 | 18,003 | Ward, van der Laan, Sturridge |
| QF | 8 March 1997 | Middlesbrough | H | 0–2 | 17,567 |  |

### League Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| R2 1st Leg | 17 September 1996 | Luton Town | A | 0–1 | 4,459 |  |
| R2 2nd Leg | 25 September 1996 | Luton Town | H | 2–2 (lost 2–3 on agg) | 13,569 | Sturridge, Simpson |

## Players

### First-team squad

*Squad at end of season*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  ENG Russell Hoult  2 DF  ENG Gary Rowett  3 DF  ENG Chris Powell  4 MF  ENG Darryl Powell  5 DF  ENG Dean Yates  6 MF  CRO Igor Štimac *(captain)*  7 MF  NED Robin van der Laan  8 FW  ENG Dean Sturridge  9 FW  ENG Marco Gabbiadini  10 MF  CRO Aljoša Asanović  11 FW  NED Ron Willems  12 FW  ENG Ashley Ward  13 GK  ENG Martin Taylor  14 MF  ENG Paul Simpson  15 MF  ENG Paul Trollope | No. Pos. Nation Player  16 DF  DEN Jacob Laursen  17 DF  ENG Matt Carbon  18 MF  IRL Lee Carsley  19 MF  ENG Sean Flynn  20 DF  ENG Darren Wassall  21 GK  EST Mart Poom  22 DF  SCO Christian Dailly  23 DF  CRC Mauricio Solís  24 MF  ENG Kevin Cooper  25 DF  ENG Rob Kozluk  26 FW  CRC Paulo Wanchope  27 DF  IRL Paul McGrath  28 DF  ENG Wayne Sutton  29 MF  ENG Nick Wright  30 GK  ENG Andy Quy |
| --- | --- |

### Left club during season

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  21 DF  ENG Jason Kavanagh *(to Wycombe Wanderers)*  21 FW  SWE Marino Rahmberg *(on loan from Degerfors IF)* | No. Pos. Nation Player  23 DF  ENG Paul Parker *(to Sheffield United)* |
| --- | --- |

### Reserve squad

*The following players did not appear for the first team this season.*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  DF  ENG Steve Elliott | No. Pos. Nation Player  DF  ENG Andrew Tretton |
| --- | --- |

## Statistics

### Starting 11

1. Harris, Nick (6 December 1997). "Football: Wanchope's weird route to renaissance man". *The Independent*. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
2. "Wanchope put on transfer list". *Evening Standard*. 29 January 2001. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
3. "Derby County results for the 1996-1997 season - Statto.com". Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
4. "FootballSquads - Derby County - 1996/97".

## InfoBox

Derby County
| 1996–97 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Lionel Pickering |
| Manager | Jim Smith |
| Stadium | Baseball Ground |
| Premiership | 12th |
| FA Cup | Quarter finals |
| League Cup | Second round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Dean Sturridge (11)<br>All: Dean Sturridge (14) |
| Highest home attendance | 18,287 vs. Arsenal (11 May 1997) |
| Lowest home attendance | 17,022 vs. Wimbledon (28 September 1996) |
| Average home league attendance | 17,889 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Automobili Turismo e Sport

abstract: ATS is an Italian automotive constructor. It once had a racing team that operated between 1963 and 1965, formed after the famous "Palace Revolution" at Ferrari.

text:
# Automobili Turismo e Sport

ATS *as a Formula One engine manufacturer*
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| --- | --- |
| First entry | 1963 Belgian Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1967 British Grand Prix |
| Races entered | 7 |
| Chassis | ATS, Derrington-Francis, Cooper |
| Constructors' Championships | 0 |
| Drivers'
Championships | 0 |
| Race victories | 0 |
| Pole positions | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |

**ATS** (**Automobili Turismo e Sport**) is an Italian automotive constructor. It once had a racing team that operated between 1963 and 1965, formed after the famous "Palace Revolution" at Ferrari.

## Production history

The company was formed by Carlo Chiti and Giotto Bizzarrini, among others – intending for it to be a direct competitor to Ferrari both on the race track and on the street. Chiti and Bizzarrini built, with sponsorship from the Scuderia Serenissima's Count Giovanni Volpi, a road-going sports car and a Formula One racing car. It was presented in April 1963 at the Geneva Motor Show.

The sports car was the ATS 2500 GT, a small coupé developed by Chiti and Bizzarrini with a Franco Scaglione-designed bodywork built by Allemano. The engine was a mid-mounted 2.5 L V8 engineered by Chiti, capable of achieving 245 hp (180 kW) and accelerating to 257 km/h (160 mph). Only 12 cars were reportedly built, and few exist today. Apart from being the second mid-engine sports cars (the René-Bonnet / Matra Djet was presented five months earlier at the Salon de l'Autombile in Paris, France), the 2500 GT never gained fame or popularity, but its 90 degree DOHC V8 with a flatplane crankshaft was later developed into Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 engine in 2 L, 2.5 L and 3 L formats by Carlo Chiti at Autodelta.

## Racing history

Construction of a Formula One car, the Tipo 100, began in mid-1962 on a farm near Bologna, with the car being unveiled in that city in December 1962. The Tipo 100 had a pencil thin body, and was powered by a V8 1,494cc engine, which featured fuel injection and double-overhead camshafts. The transmission was a 6-speed Colotti gearbox. Suspension consisted of rocker arms with inboard coils for the front, and double wishbones with coils for the rear, while disc brakes were mounted inboard. Total weight was just over 1,000 pounds. The cars were to be driven by Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti, who had both left Ferrari after a disappointing 1962 season. Motorcycle racer Mike Hailwood test-drove in February 1963.

Testing took place at Monza, but this was slow and tedious, as when something broke, the car had to be taken back to Bologna for repairs, and then taken back to Monza for further testing. One of the major problems was chassis flexing, which was fixed by the unusual method of reinforcing tubes being welded over the top of the engine. The car was entered for several non-Championship races early in the season, but was withdrawn, due to not being ready. A similar situation occurred for the Monaco Grand Prix, before the cars made their first appearance, at the Belgian Grand Prix.

Spectators, officials and fellow competitors were shocked by the Tipo 100's appearance. After looking so fantastic at the public unveiling back in Bologna, they now had rumpled body panels, pock marks and were poorly painted. The cars were oily and greasy, the body panels were ill-fitting. Due to the reinforcing tubes being over the top of the engine, they had to be sawed apart for an engine change, and then welded back into place. A new higher engine cover had been hurriedly fabricated to hide the tubes.

Both cars retired, as was the case with in the Dutch Grand Prix. The team did not attend the French, British and German races. The Tipo 100 returned for the Italian Grand Prix, and both cars started and finished, although a long way down the field – Hill 11th and Baghetti 15th. That was the only race where an ATS was classified as a finisher, with both cars retiring in the United States Grand Prix and Mexican Grand Prix, which marked the end of A.T.S as a Formula 1 team.

The ATS would later be used in the Derrington-Francis project spearheaded by the Rob Walker Racing Team's former chief mechanic, Alf Francis. The car made one appearance at a Formula 1 race, the 1964 Italian Grand Prix, driven Mário de Araújo Cabral, where it retired after 25 laps. This car was subsequently restored in the late 1990s, and has appeared in historic racing meetings since then.

Count Volpi subsequently backed the Serenissima marque which used much technology similar to ATS. Bruce McLaren used a Serenissima engine for a few Grands Prix in 1966.

## Post-bankruptcy revival

After the demise of ATS, Bizzarrini moved to Lamborghini before building his own cars as Bizzarrini, while Chiti founded Autodelta together with fellow ex-Ferrari engineer Lodovico Chizzola, which would work closely with Alfa Romeo for the following decades.

In 2017, ATS introduced the GT, which uses McLaren's 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine, as seen on McLaren's new models. ATS has planned production of 12 cars.

ATS revealed their sister brand, ATS Corsa, but not much is known. Their only produced car is the Corsa RRTurbo. The car is in 1 game: *Asphalt 9: Legends*, as a C-class car.

## Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)

| Year | Chassis | Engine | Tyres | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Points | WCC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1963 | ATS 100 | ATS V8 |  |  | MON | BEL | NED | FRA | GBR | GER | ITA | USA | MEX | RSA | 0 | 18th |
| | | | Phil Hill |  | Ret | Ret |  |  |  | 11 | Ret | Ret |  |
| | | | Giancarlo Baghetti |  | Ret | Ret |  |  |  | 15 | Ret | Ret |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Sources

## InfoBox

ATS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Automobili Turismo e Sport S.p.A. |
| Base | Italy |
| Founder(s) | Carlo Chiti
Giotto Bizzarrini |
| Noted drivers | Phil Hill
Giancarlo Baghetti |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| First entry | 1963 Belgian Grand Prix |
| Races entered | 5 |
| Constructors'
Championships | 0 |
| Drivers'
Championships | 0 |
| Race victories | 0 |
| Pole positions | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |
| Final entry | 1963 Italian Grand Prix |


title: Argument map

abstract: An argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components of the argument, traditionally called the conclusion and the premises, also called contention and reasons. Argument maps can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally equivalent and represent an argument's individual claims and the relationships between them. Argument maps are commonly used in the context of teaching and applying critical thinking. The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments, identify unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion, and aid understanding of debates. Argument maps are often designed to support deliberation of issues, ideas and arguments in wicked problems. An argument map is not to be confused with a concept map or a mind map, two other kinds of node–link diagram which have different constraints on nodes and links.

text:
# Argument map

An **argument map** or **argument diagram** is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components of the argument, traditionally called the *conclusion* and the *premises*, also called *contention* and *reasons*. Argument maps can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally equivalent and represent an argument's individual claims and the relationships between them.

Argument maps are commonly used in the context of teaching and applying critical thinking. The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments, identify unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion, and aid understanding of debates. Argument maps are often designed to support deliberation of issues, ideas and arguments in wicked problems.

An argument map is not to be confused with a concept map or a mind map, two other kinds of node–link diagram which have different constraints on nodes and links.

## Key features

A number of different kinds of argument maps have been proposed but the most common, which Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe called the *standard diagram*, consists of a tree structure with each of the reasons leading to the conclusion. There is no consensus as to whether the conclusion should be at the top of the tree with the reasons leading up to it or whether it should be at the bottom with the reasons leading down to it. Another variation diagrams an argument from left to right.

According to Douglas N. Walton and colleagues, an argument map has two basic components: "One component is a set of circled numbers arrayed as points. Each number represents a proposition (premise or conclusion) in the argument being diagrammed. The other component is a set of lines or arrows joining the points. Each line (arrow) represents an inference. The whole network of points and lines represents a kind of overview of the reasoning in the given argument..." With the introduction of software for producing argument maps, it has become common for argument maps to consist of boxes containing the actual propositions rather than numbers referencing those propositions.

There is disagreement on the terminology to be used when describing argument maps, but the *standard diagram* contains the following structures:

**Dependent premises** or **co-premises**, where at least one of the joined premises requires another premise before it can give support to the conclusion: An argument with this structure has been called a *linked* argument.

**Independent premises**, where the premise can support the conclusion on its own: Although independent premises may jointly make the conclusion more convincing, this is to be distinguished from situations where a premise gives no support unless it is joined to another premise. Where several premises or groups of premises lead to a final conclusion the argument might be described as *convergent*. This is distinguished from a *divergent* argument where a single premise might be used to support two separate conclusions.

**Intermediate conclusions** or **sub-conclusions**, where a claim is supported by another claim that is used in turn to support some further claim, i.e. the final conclusion or another intermediate conclusion: In the following diagram, statement **4** is an intermediate conclusion in that it is a conclusion in relation to statement **5** but is a premise in relation to the final conclusion, i.e. statement **1**. An argument with this structure is sometimes called a *complex* argument. If there is a single chain of claims containing at least one intermediate conclusion, the argument is sometimes described as a *serial* argument or a *chain* argument.

Each of these structures can be represented by the equivalent "box and line" approach to argument maps. In the following diagram, the *contention* is shown at the top, and the boxes linked to it represent supporting *reasons*, which comprise one or more *premises*. The green arrow indicates that the two *reasons* support the *contention*:

Argument maps can also represent counterarguments. In the following diagram, the two *objections* weaken the *contention*, while the *reasons* support the *premise* of the objection:

## Representing an argument as an argument map

### Diagramming written text

A written text can be transformed into an argument map by following a sequence of steps. Monroe Beardsley's 1950 book *Practical Logic* recommended the following procedure:

1. Separate statements by brackets and number them.
2. Put circles around the logical indicators.
3. Supply, in parentheses, any logical indicators that are left out.
4. Set out the statements in a diagram in which arrows show the relationships between statements.

Beardsley gave the first example of a text being analysed in this way:

Though ① \[people who talk about the "social significance" of the arts don’t like to admit it\], ② \[music and painting are bound to suffer when they are turned into mere vehicles for propaganda\]. For ③ \[propaganda appeals to the crudest and most vulgar feelings\]: (for) ④ \[look at the academic monstrosities produced by the official Nazi painters\]. What is more important, ⑤ \[art must be an end in itself for the artist\], because ⑥ \[the artist can do the best work only in an atmosphere of complete freedom\].

Beardsley said that the conclusion in this example is statement ②. Statement ④ needs to be rewritten as a declarative sentence, e.g. "Academic monstrosities \[were\] produced by the official Nazi painters." Statement ① points out that the conclusion isn't accepted by everyone, but statement ① is omitted from the diagram because it doesn't support the conclusion. Beardsley said that the logical relation between statement ③ and statement ④ is unclear, but he proposed to diagram statement ④ as supporting statement ③.

More recently, philosophy professor Maralee Harrell recommended the following procedure:

1. Identify all the claims being made by the author.
2. Rewrite them as independent statements, eliminating non-essential words.
3. Identify which statements are premises, sub-conclusions, and the main conclusion.
4. Provide missing, implied conclusions and implied premises. (This is optional depending on the purpose of the argument map.)
5. Put the statements into boxes and draw a line between any boxes that are linked.
6. Indicate support from premise(s) to (sub)conclusion with arrows.

### Diagramming as thinking

Argument maps are useful not only for representing and analyzing existing writings, but also for thinking through issues as part of a problem-structuring process or writing process. The use of such argument analysis for thinking through issues has been called "reflective argumentation".

An argument map, unlike a decision tree, does not tell how to make a decision, but the process of choosing a coherent position (or reflective equilibrium) based on the structure of an argument map can be represented as a decision tree.

## History

### The philosophical origins and tradition of argument mapping

In the *Elements of Logic*, published in 1826 and issued in many subsequent editions, Archbishop Richard Whately gave probably the first form of an argument map, introducing it with the suggestion that "many students probably will find it a very clear and convenient mode of exhibiting the logical analysis of the course of argument, to draw it out in the form of a Tree, or Logical Division".

However, the technique did not become widely used, possibly because for complex arguments, it involved much writing and rewriting of the premises.

Legal philosopher and theorist John Henry Wigmore produced maps of legal arguments using numbered premises in the early 20th century, based in part on the ideas of 19th century philosopher Henry Sidgwick who used lines to indicate relations between terms.

### Anglophone argument diagramming in the 20th century

Dealing with the failure of formal reduction of informal argumentation, English speaking argumentation theory developed diagrammatic approaches to informal reasoning over a period of fifty years.

Monroe Beardsley proposed a form of argument diagram in 1950. His method of marking up an argument and representing its components with linked numbers became a standard and is still widely used. He also introduced terminology that is still current describing *convergent*, *divergent* and *serial* arguments.

Stephen Toulmin, in his groundbreaking and influential 1958 book *The Uses of Argument*, identified several elements to an argument which have been generalized. The Toulmin diagram is widely used in educational critical teaching. Whilst Toulmin eventually had a significant impact on the development of informal logic he had little initial impact and the Beardsley approach to diagramming arguments along with its later developments became the standard approach in this field. Toulmin introduced something that was missing from Beardsley's approach. In Beardsley, "arrows link reasons and conclusions (but) no support is given to the implication itself between them. There is no theory, in other words, of inference distinguished from logical deduction, the passage is always deemed not controversial and not subject to support and evaluation". Toulmin introduced the concept of *warrant* which "can be considered as representing the reasons behind the inference, the backing that authorizes the link".

Beardsley's approach was refined by Stephen N. Thomas, whose 1973 book *Practical Reasoning In Natural Language* introduced the term *linked* to describe arguments where the premises necessarily worked together to support the conclusion. However, the actual distinction between dependent and independent premises had been made prior to this. The introduction of the linked structure made it possible for argument maps to represent missing or "hidden" premises. In addition, Thomas suggested showing reasons both *for* and *against* a conclusion with the reasons *against* being represented by dotted arrows. Thomas introduced the term *argument diagram* and defined *basic reasons* as those that were not supported by any others in the argument and the *final conclusion* as that which was not used to support any further conclusion.

Michael Scriven further developed the Beardsley-Thomas approach in his 1976 book *Reasoning*. Whereas Beardsley had said "At first, write out the statements...after a little practice, refer to the statements by number alone" Scriven advocated clarifying the meaning of the statements, listing them and then using a tree diagram with numbers to display the structure. Missing premises (unstated assumptions) were to be included and indicated with an alphabetical letter instead of a number to mark them off from the explicit statements. Scriven introduced counterarguments in his diagrams, which Toulmin had defined as rebuttal. This also enabled the diagramming of "balance of consideration" arguments.

In 1998 a series of large-scale argument maps released by Robert E. Horn stimulated widespread interest in argument mapping.

### Development of computer-supported argument visualization

Human–computer interaction pioneer Douglas Engelbart, in a famous 1962 technical report on intelligence augmentation, envisioned in detail something like argument-mapping software as an integral part of future intelligence-augmenting computer interfaces:

> You usually think of an argument as a serial sequence of steps of reason, beginning with known facts, assumptions, etc., and progressing toward a conclusion. Well, we do have to think through these steps serially, and we usually do list the steps serially when we write them out because that is pretty much the way our papers and books have to present them—they are pretty limiting in the symbol structuring they enable us to use. ... To help us get better comprehension of the structure of an argument, we can also call forth a schematic or graphical display. Once the antecedent-consequent links have been established, the computer can automatically construct such a display for us.
>
> Douglas Engelbart, "Augmenting human intellect: a conceptual framework" (1962)

In the middle to late 1980s, hypertext software applications that supported argument visualization were developed, including NoteCards and gIBIS; the latter generated an on-screen graphical hypertextual map of an issue-based information system, a model of argumentation developed by Werner Kunz and Horst Rittel in the 1970s. In the 1990s, Tim van Gelder and colleagues developed a series of software applications that permitted an argument map's premises to be fully stated and edited in the diagram, rather than in a legend. Van Gelder's first program, Reason!Able, was superseded by two subsequent programs, bCisive and Rationale.

Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, many other software applications were developed for argument visualization. By 2013, more than 60 such software systems existed. In a 2010 survey of computer-supported argumentation, Oliver Scheuer and colleagues noted that one of the differences between these software systems is whether collaboration is supported. In their survey, single-user argumentation systems included Convince Me, iLogos, LARGO, Athena, Araucaria, and Carneades; small group argumentation systems included Digalo, QuestMap, Compendium, Belvedere, and AcademicTalk; community argumentation systems included Debategraph and Collaboratorium. Free and open source structured argumentation systems include Argdown and Argüman.

As of 2020, the commercial website Kialo is the most widely adopted argumentation-based deliberation system with an argument-map interface. On Kialo, users can usually vote on the debate question to express their overall conclusion about the subject, with the average and a bar chart of these votes being included at the top of every debate. Moreover, users can rate the impact individual arguments at the top level had on their conclusion. In branches beneath the top level, users can likewise rank the impact any individual argument has on the claim above it. The rationale (i.e. the main causal arguments) for their vote on a thesis or an argument is not recorded if these reasons are missing in the claims beneath it or if these have not been rated by the same users. This system of transparent voting represents Kialo's algorithm of collective determination of argument weights and theses' veracities, which has a plurality component in that users of the site can also switch between the perspectives of specific users and several groups of users (e.g. supporters and opponents of a thesis) which for example enables identifying which arguments were considered as most impactful for these particular users. In the context of historical-political education, researcher Oliver Held identified at least five key components of historical judgment that can be implemented easily in Kialo: perspectivity, levels of relevance, interdependence, multi-causality and assessments.

## Applications

Argument maps have been applied in many areas, but foremost in educational, academic and business settings, including design rationale. Argument maps are also used in forensic science, law, and artificial intelligence. It has also been proposed that argument mapping has a great potential to improve how we understand and execute democracy, in reference to the ongoing evolution of e-democracy.

### Difficulties with the philosophical tradition

It has traditionally been hard to separate teaching critical thinking from the philosophical tradition of teaching logic and method, and most critical thinking textbooks have been written by philosophers. Informal logic textbooks are replete with philosophical examples, but it is unclear whether the approach in such textbooks transfers to non-philosophy students. There appears to be little statistical effect after such classes. Argument mapping, however, has a measurable effect according to many studies. For example, instruction in argument mapping has been shown to improve the critical thinking skills of business students.

### Evidence that argument mapping improves critical thinking ability

There is empirical evidence that the skills developed in argument-mapping-based critical thinking courses substantially transfer to critical thinking done without argument maps. Alvarez's meta-analysis found that such critical thinking courses produced gains of around 0.70 SD, about twice as much as standard critical-thinking courses. The tests used in the reviewed studies were standard critical-thinking tests.

## Limitations

When used with students in school, argument maps have limitations. They can "end up looking overly complex" and can increase cognitive load beyond what is optimal for learning the course content. Creating maps requires extensive coaching and feedback from an experienced argument mapper. Depending on the learning objectives, the time spent coaching students to create good maps may be better spent learning the course content instead of learning to diagram. When the goal is to prompt students to consider other perspectives and counterarguments, the goal may be more easily accomplished with other methods such as discussion, rubrics, and a simple argument framework or simple graphic organizer such as a vee diagram. To maximize the strengths of argument mapping and minimize its limitations in the classroom requires considering at what point in a learning progression the potential benefits of argument mapping would outweigh its potential disadvantages.

A 2022 security studies blog post said that "Kialo's simplicity does pose some weaknesses and limitations, and in general current \[computer-supported argument visualization\] systems cannot reliably automate *analysis* or *synthesis* of arguments in the same way that statistical packages can automate analysis of data".

## Standards

### Argument Interchange Format

The Argument Interchange Format, AIF, is an international effort to develop a representational mechanism for exchanging argument resources between research groups, tools, and domains using a semantically rich language. AIF-RDF is the extended ontology represented in the Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS) semantic language. Though AIF is still something of a moving target, it is settling down.

The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) was developed in the European ESTRELLA project and designed with the goal of becoming a standard for representing and interchanging policy, legislation and cases, including their justificatory arguments, in the legal domain. LKIF builds on and uses the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for representing concepts and includes a reusable basic ontology of legal concepts.

### Argdown

Argdown is a Markdown-inspired lightweight markup language for complex argumentation. It is intended for exchanging arguments and argument reconstructions in a universally accessible and highly human-readable way. The Argdown syntax is accompanied by tools that facilitate coding and transform Argdown documents into argument maps.

## Further reading


abstract: The Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department (ETLLD) was a former Scottish Executive department responsible for economic and industrial development, further and higher education, skills, lifelong learning, energy, transport and digital connectivity until 2007. Philip Rycroft was appointed head of the department in May 2006 following the retirement of Eddie Frizzell. Rycroft was previously Head of Schools Group within the Scottish Executive Education Department. It was the only Scottish Executive department based in Glasgow. The Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth, assisted by the Minister for Transport and Infrastructure and the Minister for Enterprise, Energy and Tourism has responsibility for the Enterprise and Transport elements of the current Directorates. The Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning has responsibility for the Lifelong Learning portfolio. ETLLD was formerly the Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department but was extended in May 2003 to include responsibility for Transport, in recognition of transport's crucial importance to economic growth. After the SNP won office in 2007, the Department was scrapped and replaced by the Education and Lifelong Learning Directorates.

text:
# Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department

The **Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department** (ETLLD) was a former Scottish Executive department responsible for economic and industrial development, further and higher education, skills, lifelong learning, energy, transport and digital connectivity until 2007.

Philip Rycroft was appointed head of the department in May 2006 following the retirement of Eddie Frizzell. Rycroft was previously Head of Schools Group within the Scottish Executive Education Department.

It was the only Scottish Executive department based in Glasgow.

The Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth (currently John Swinney MSP), assisted by the Minister for Transport and Infrastructure (currently Keith Brown MSP) and the Minister for Enterprise, Energy and Tourism (Jim Mather MSP) has responsibility for the Enterprise and Transport elements of the current Directorates. The Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning (currently Mike Russell MSP) has responsibility for the Lifelong Learning portfolio.

ETLLD was formerly the **Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department** but was extended in May 2003 to include responsibility for Transport, in recognition of transport's crucial importance to economic growth.

After the SNP won office in 2007, the Department was scrapped and replaced by the Education and Lifelong Learning Directorates.


title: 2008 Tour of Qatar

abstract: The 2008 Tour of Qatar was held from 27 January to 1 February 2008 in Qatar. It is a multiple stage road cycling race that took part over six stages with a total of 712.5 kilometres and is part of the 2007–08 UCI Asia Tour.

text:
# 2008 Tour of Qatar

The **2008 Tour of Qatar** was held from 27 January to 1 February 2008 in Qatar. It is a multiple stage road cycling race that took part over six stages with a total of 712.5 kilometres and is part of the 2007–08 UCI Asia Tour.

## Stage summary

| **Stage** | **Date** | **Start** | **Finish** | **Distance** | **Stage Top 3** | **Leading Top 3** | **Time** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 27 January | Doha Corniche | Doha Corniche | 6 km | Quick-Step
Team Slipstream
Skil–Shimano | Matteo Tosatto
Wilfried Cretskens
Steven de Jongh | 6:35
\+ 0:00
\+ 0:00 |
| 2 | 28 January | Zubarah | Doha Golf Club | 137.5 km | Tom Boonen
Greg Van Avermaet
Danilo Napolitano | Tom Boonen
Steven de Jongh
Greg Van Avermaet | 2:34:59
\+ 0:09
\+ 0:14 |
| 3 | 29 January | Camel Race Track | Qatar Foundation | 147.5 km | Tom Boonen
Danilo Napolitano
Steven de Jongh | Tom Boonen
Steven de Jongh
Greg Van Avermaet | 6:04:30
\+ 0:13
\+ 0:24 |
| 4 | 30 January | Khalifa International Stadium | Al Khor Corniche | 131.5 km | Alberto Loddo
Tom Boonen
Sebastian Siedler | Tom Boonen
Steven de Jongh
Greg Van Avermaet | 8:48:57
\+ 0:16
\+ 0:28 |
| 5 | 31 January | Al Khor Academy | Al Khor Corniche | 170 km | Danilo Napolitano
Alberto Loddo
Tom Boonen | Tom Boonen
Steven de Jongh
Greg Van Avermaet | 12:38:07
\+ 0:17
\+ 0:30 |
| 6 | 1 February | Al Wakrah | Doha Corniche | 120 km | Tom Boonen
Alberto Loddo
Luciano Pagliarini | Tom Boonen
Steven de Jongh
Greg Van Avermaet | 15:27:44
\+ 0:27
\+ 0:40 |

## Other leading top threes

| **Stage** | **Sprints** | **Pts** | **Under 23** | **Time** | **Teams** | **Time** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | no sprints | none | Christopher Sutton
Martijn Maaskant
Huub Duyn | 6:37
\+ 0:00
\+ 0:00 | Quick-Step
Team Slipstream
Skil–Shimano | 6:35
\+ 0:02
\+ 0:05 |
| 2 | Tom Boonen
Greg Van Avermaet
Danilo Napolitano | 33
27
25 | Greg Van Avermaet
Christopher Sutton
Jürgen Roelandts | 2:35:13
\+ 0:01
\+ 0:06 | Quick-Step
Silence–Lotto
Skil–Shimano | 7:32:33
\+ 0:07
\+ 2:08 |
| 3 | Tom Boonen
Danilo Napolitano
Greg Van Avermaet | 63
52
51 | Greg Van Avermaet
Christopher Sutton
Jürgen Roelandts | 6:04:53
\+ 0:03
\+ 0:09 | Quick-Step
Silence–Lotto
Skil–Shimano | 18:01:41
\+ 0:09
\+ 2:47 |
| 4 | Tom Boonen
Greg Van Avermaet
Christopher Sutton | 90
69
64 | Greg Van Avermaet
Christopher Sutton
Jürgen Roelandts | 8:49:23
\+ 0:06
\+ 0:10 | Quick-Step
Silence–Lotto
Skil–Shimano | 26:15:20
\+ 0:09
\+ 2:47 |
| 5 | Tom Boonen
Danilo Napolitano
Greg Van Avermaet | 115
92
79 | Greg Van Avermaet
Christopher Sutton
Jürgen Roelandts | 12:38:37
\+ 0:06
\+ 0:10 | Quick-Step
Silence–Lotto
Skil–Shimano | 37:43:02
\+ 0:09
\+ 2:47 |
| 6 | Tom Boonen
Danilo Napolitano
Alberto Loddo | 145
105
97 | Greg Van Avermaet
Christopher Sutton
Jürgen Roelandts | 15:28:24
\+ 0:06
\+ 0:10 | Quick-Step
Silence–Lotto
Skil–Shimano | 46:12:23
\+ 0:09
\+ 2:47 |

## Men's top 10 overall

| **Pos** | **Rider** | **Time** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Tom Boonen | 15:27:44 |
| 2 | Steven de Jongh | \+ 0:27 |
| 3 | Greg Van Avermaet | \+ 0:40 |
| 4 | Christopher Sutton | \+ 0:46 |
| 5 | Jürgen Roelandts | \+ 0:50 |
| 6 | Alexandre Pichot | \+ 1:10 |
| 7 | Maarten Tjallingii | \+ 1:12 |
| 8 | Alberto Loddo | \+ 1:22 |
| 9 | Wilfried Cretskens | \+ 1:31 |
| 10 | Sebastian Siedler | \+ 1:41 |


title: Fools of Fortune (1922 film)

abstract: Fools of Fortune is a 1922 American silent comedy Western film directed by Louis Chaudet and starring Russell Simpson, Marguerite De La Motte and Tully Marshall.

text:
# Fools of Fortune (1922 film)

***Fools of Fortune*** is a 1922 American silent comedy Western film directed by Louis Chaudet and starring Russell Simpson, Marguerite De La Motte and Tully Marshall.

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Connelly, Robert B. *The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2*. December Press, 1998.
* Munden, Kenneth White. *The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| Fools of Fortune | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Louis Chaudet |
| Written by | W.C. Tuttle |
| Produced by | A. Byron Davis |
| Starring | Russell Simpson
Marguerite De La Motte
Tully Marshall |
| Cinematography | King D. Gray |
| Production
company | Golden State Films |
| Distributed by | American Releasing Corporation |
| Release date | * September 24, 1922 (1922-09-24) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: 2001 World Aquatics Championships

abstract:
The 2001 World Aquatics Championships or the 9th FINA World Swimming Championships were held in Fukuoka, Japan between 16 July and 29 July 2001. The opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the swimming and synchronised swimming events, were held at Marine Messe, an indoor multi-purpose facility. The temporary 50-m pool with 10,000 seats on three sides
cost US$4 million for the two-week period. The Fukuoka Prefectural Pool hosted the diving events, with open water swimming taking place at Momochi Beach. Water polo was held at two locations: the men's competition took place at Hakata-no-Mori Center Court and the women's event at the Nishi Civic Pool.

text:
# 2001 World Aquatics Championships

The **2001 World Aquatics Championships** or the **9th FINA World Swimming Championships** were held in Fukuoka, Japan between 16 July and 29 July 2001.

The opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the swimming and synchronised swimming events, were held at Marine Messe, an indoor multi-purpose facility. The temporary 50-m pool with 10,000 seats on three sides cost US$4 million for the two-week period. The Fukuoka Prefectural Pool hosted the diving events, with open water swimming taking place at Momochi Beach. Water polo was held at two locations: the men's competition took place at Hakata-no-Mori Center Court and the women's event at the Nishi Civic Pool.

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Japan)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Australia (AUS) | 13 | 4 | 6 | 23 |
| 2 | China (CHN) | 10 | 6 | 4 | 20 |
| 3 | United States (USA) | 9 | 9 | 8 | 26 |
| 4 | Russia (RUS) | 6 | 8 | 7 | 21 |
| 5 | Italy (ITA) | 6 | 2 | 4 | 12 |
| 6 | Germany (GER) | 4 | 7 | 8 | 19 |
| 7 | Netherlands (NED) | 3 | 5 | 1 | 9 |
| 8 | Ukraine (UKR) | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 9 | Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 10 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 11 | Japan (JPN)* | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 |
| 12 | Canada (CAN) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 13 | Romania (ROU) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 14 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 15 | Spain (ESP) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 16 | France (FRA) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 17 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| | Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 19 | Iceland (ISL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 20 | Costa Rica (CRC) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Poland (POL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Yugoslavia (FR Yugoslavia) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 24 | South Africa (RSA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (24 entries) | | 61 | 62 | 61 | 184 |

## Results

### Diving

Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 m springboard | Wang Feng (CHN) | Wang Tianling (CHN) | Alexander Dobroskok (RUS) |
| 3 m springboard | Dmitri Sautin (RUS) | Wang Tianling (CHN) | Ken Terauchi (JPN) |
| 10 m platform | Tian Liang (CHN) | Alexandre Despatie (CAN) | Mathew Helm (AUS) |
| 3 m springboard synchro | Peng Bo (CHN)
Wang Kenan (CHN) | Joel Rodriguez (MEX)
Fernando Platas (MEX) | Alexander Dobroskok (RUS)
Dmitri Sautin (RUS) |
| 10 m platform synchro | Tian Liang (CHN)
Hu Jia (CHN) | Eduardo Rueda (MEX)
Fernando Platas (MEX) | Roman Volodkov (UKR)
Anton Zakharov (UKR) |

Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 m springboard | Blythe Hartley (CAN) | Wu Minxia (CHN) | Zhang Jing (CHN) |
| 3 m springboard | Guo Jingjing (CHN) | Irina Lashko (AUS) | Yuliya Pakhalina (RUS) |
| 10 m platform | Xu Mian (CHN) | Duan Qing (CHN) | Loudy Tourky (AUS) |
| 3 m springboard synchro | Wu Minxia (CHN)
Guo Jingjing (CHN) | Youlia Pakhalina (RUS)
Vera Ilynia (RUS) | Ditte Kotzian (GER)
Conny Schmalfuss (GER) |
| 10 m platform synchro | Duan Qing (CHN)
Sang Xue (CHN) | Evgeniya Olshevskaya (RUS)
Svetlana Timoshinina (RUS) | Takiri Miyazaki (JPN)
Emi Otsuki (JPN) |

### Open water swimming

Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km | Luca Baldini (ITA) | Yevgeny Bezruchenko (RUS) | Marco Formentini (ITA) |
| 10 km | Yevgeny Bezruchenko (RUS) | Vladimir Dyatchin (RUS) | Fabio Venturini (ITA) |
| 25 km | Yuri Kudinov (RUS) | Stéphane Gomez (FRA) | Stéphane Lecat (FRA) |

Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 km | Viola Valli (ITA) | Peggy Büchse (GER) | Hayley Lewis (AUS) |
| 10 km | Peggy Büchse (GER) | Irina Abysova (RUS) | Edith van Dijk (NED) |
| 25 km | Viola Valli (ITA) | Edith van Dijk (NED) | Angela Maurer (GER) |

### Swimming

Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | Anthony Ervin (USA) | Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) | Roland Schoeman (RSA) |
| | | | Tomohiro Yamanoi (JPN) |
| 100 m freestyle | Anthony Ervin (USA) | Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) | Lars Frölander (SWE) |
| 200 m freestyle | Ian Thorpe (AUS) | Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) | Klete Keller (USA) |
| 400 m freestyle | Ian Thorpe (AUS) | Grant Hackett (AUS) | Emiliano Brembilla (ITA) |
| 800 m freestyle | Ian Thorpe (AUS) | Grant Hackett (AUS) | Graeme Smith (GBR) |
| 1500 m freestyle | Grant Hackett (AUS) | Graeme Smith (GBR) | Alexei Filipets (RUS) |
| 50 m backstroke | Randall Bal (USA) | Thomas Rupprath (GER) | Matt Welsh (AUS) |
| 100 m backstroke | Matt Welsh (AUS) | Örn Arnarson (ISL) | Steffen Driesen (GER) |
| 200 m backstroke | Aaron Peirsol (USA) | Markus Rogan (AUT) | Örn Arnarson (ISL) |
| 50 m breaststroke | Oleg Lisogor (UKR) | Roman Sludnov (RUS) | Domenico Fioravanti (ITA) |
| 100 m breaststroke | Roman Sludnov (RUS) | Domenico Fioravanti (ITA) | Ed Moses (USA) |
| 200 m breaststroke | Brendan Hansen (USA) | Maxim Podoprigora (AUT) | Kosuke Kitajima (JPN) |
| 50 m butterfly | Geoff Huegill (AUS) | Lars Frölander (SWE) | Mark Foster (GBR) |
| 100 m butterfly | Lars Frölander (SWE) | Ian Crocker (USA) | Geoff Huegill (AUS) |
| 200 m butterfly | Michael Phelps (USA) | Tom Malchow (USA) | Anatoly Polyakov (RUS) |
| 200 m individual medley | Massimiliano Rosolino (ITA) | Tom Wilkens (USA) | Justin Norris (AUS) |
| 400 m individual medley | Alessio Boggiatto (ITA) | Erik Vendt (USA) | Tom Wilkens (USA) |
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay | Australia (AUS)
Michael Klim
Ashley Callus
Todd Pearson
Ian Thorpe | Netherlands (NED)
Mark Veens
Johan Kenkhuis
Klaas-Erik Zwering
Pieter van den Hoogenband | Germany (GER)
Stefan Herbst
Torsten Spanneberg
Lars Conrad
Sven Lodziewski |
| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay | Australia (AUS)
Grant Hackett
Michael Klim
Bill Kirby
Ian Thorpe | Italy (ITA)
Emiliano Brembilla
Matteo Pelliciari
Andrea Beccari
Massimiliano Rosolino | United States (USA)
Scott Goldblatt
Nate Dusing
Chad Carvin
Klete Keller |
| 4 × 100 m medley relay | Australia (AUS)
Matt Welsh
Regan Harrison
Geoff Huegill
Ian Thorpe | Germany (GER)
Steffen Driesen
Jens Kruppa
Thomas Rupprath
Torsten Spanneberg | Russia (RUS)
Vladislav Aminov
Dmitry Komornikov
Vladislav Kulikov
Dmitri Tchernychev |

Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | Inge de Bruijn (NED) | Therese Alshammar (SWE) | Sandra Völker (GER) |
| 100 m freestyle | Inge de Bruijn (NED) | Katrin Meissner (GER) | Sandra Völker (GER) |
| 200 m freestyle | Giaan Rooney (AUS) | Yang Yu (CHN) | Camelia Potec (ROM) |
| 400 m freestyle | Yana Klochkova (UKR) | Claudia Poll (CRC) | Hannah Stockbauer (GER) |
| 800 m freestyle | Hannah Stockbauer (GER) | Diana Munz (USA) | Kaitlin Sandeno (USA) |
| 1500 m freestyle | Hannah Stockbauer (GER) | Flavia Rigamonti (SUI) | Diana Munz (USA) |
| 50 m backstroke | Haley Cope (USA) | Antje Buschschulte (GER) | Natalie Coughlin (USA) |
| 100 m backstroke | Natalie Coughlin (USA) | Diana Mocanu (ROM) | Antje Buschschulte (GER) |
| 200 m backstroke | Diana Mocanu (ROM) | Stanislava Komarova (RUS) | Joanna Fargus (GBR) |
| 50 m breaststroke | Luo Xuejuan (CHN) | Kristy Kowal (USA) | Zoë Baker (GBR) |
| 100 m breaststroke | Luo Xuejuan (CHN) | Leisel Jones (AUS) | Ágnes Kovács (HUN) |
| 200 m breaststroke | Ágnes Kovács (HUN) | Qi Hui (CHN) | Luo Xuejuan (CHN) |
| 50 m butterfly | Inge de Bruijn (NED) | Therese Alshammar (SWE) | Anna-Karin Kammerling (SWE) |
| 100 m butterfly | Petria Thomas (AUS) | Otylia Jędrzejczak (POL) | Junko Onishi (JPN) |
| 200 m butterfly | Petria Thomas (AUS) | Annika Mehlhorn (GER) | Kaitlin Sandeno (USA) |
| 200 m individual medley | Martha Bowen (USA) | Yana Klochkova (UKR) | Qi Hui (CHN) |
| 400 m individual medley | Yana Klochkova (UKR) | Martha Bowen (USA) | Beatrice Câșlaru (ROM) |
| 4 × 100 m freestyle relay | Germany (GER)
Petra Dallmann
Antje Buschschulte
Katrin Meissner
Sandra Völker | United States (USA)
Colleen Lanne
Erin Phenix
Maritza Correia
Courtney Shealy |  |
| | | Great Britain (GBR)
Alison Sheppard
Melanie Marshall
Rosalind Brett
Karen Pickering | |
| 4 × 200 m freestyle relay1 | Great Britain (GBR)
Nicola Jackson
Janine Belton
Karen Legg
Karen Pickering | Germany (GER)
Silvia Szalai
Sarah Harstick
Hannah Stockbauer
Meike Freitag | Japan (JPN)
Maki Mita
Tomoko Hagiwara
Tomoko Nagai
Eri Yamanoi |
| 4 × 100 m medley relay | Australia (AUS)
Dyana Calub
Leisel Jones
Petria Thomas
Sarah Ryan | United States (USA)
Natalie Coughlin
Megan Quann
Mary Descenza
Erin Phenix | China (CHN)
Zhan Shu
Luo Xuejuan
Ruan Yi
Xu Yanwei |

1In accordance with the decision of the FINA Bureau (2001, Bangkok): “To avoid any reasonable doubt regarding the result of the Women’s relay 4x200m Freestyle Final of the 9th FINA World Championships in Fukuoka but without unfairly changing the official results of the race, the Bureau decided to grant a second set of gold medals to the USA team." The members of the USA team were: Natalie Coughlin, Diana Munz, Cristina Teuscher, Julie Hardt (7:58.13).

### Synchronised swimming

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Solo routine | Olga Brusnikina (RUS) | Virginie Dedieu (FRA) | Miya Tachibana (JPN) |
| Duet routine | Miya Tachibana (JPN)
Miho Takeda (JPN) | Anastasia Davydova (RUS)
Anastassia Ermakova (RUS) | Claire Carver-Dias (CAN)
Fanny Létourneau (CAN) |
| Team routine | Russia (RUS)
Anastasia Davydova
Anastassia Ermakova
Irina Tolkatcheva
Elena Ovtchinnikova
Anna Shorina
Elvira Khasyanova
Svetlana Petratchina
Joulia Chestakovitch
Maria Gromova | Japan (JPN)
Yoko Yoneda
Juri Tatsumi
Michiyo Fujimaru
Satoe Hokoda
Chiaki Watanabe
Naoko Kawashima
Emiko Suzuki
Saho Harada
Miho Takeda | Canada (CAN)
Claire Carver-Dias
Fanny Létourneau
Catherine Garceau
Erin Chan
Jessica Chase
Lynn Johnson
Amy Caskey
Sara Petrov
Shayna Nackoney
Sarah L. Alexander |

### Water polo

Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's tournament | Spain | Yugoslavia | Russia |

Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Women's tournament | Italy | Hungary | Canada |

## InfoBox

| 9th FINA World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Host city | Fukuoka, Japan |
| Date(s) | July 16–29, 2001 |
| Officially opened by | Akihito |
| 1998 Perth 2003 Barcelona | |


title: Apsethus the Libyan

abstract:
Apsethus the Libyan was an occultist. Multiple accounts mentioned his mystic and occult skills. Apsethus attempted to prove that he was divine, leading to claims that he desired to become God. He was compared with Simon Magus. Apsethus asserted himself to be God. He trained parrots that flew around Northern Africa, uttering the phrase "Apsethus is God". The Libyans sacrificed to Apsethus, as they started believing him to be a voice from Heaven.
Later a Greek caught one of these parrots. He trained the parrot to say, "Apsethus having caged us, compelled us to say Apsethus is a god". Eventually, the Libyans burned Apsethus.

text:
# Apsethus the Libyan

**Apsethus the Libyan** (Greek: Ἄψεθος, 2nd century AD) was an occultist. Multiple accounts mentioned his mystic and occult skills. Apsethus attempted to prove that he was divine, leading to claims that he desired to become God. He was compared with Simon Magus.

Apsethus asserted himself to be God. He trained parrots that flew around Northern Africa, uttering the phrase "Apsethus is God". The Libyans sacrificed to Apsethus, as they started believing him to be a voice from Heaven. Later a Greek caught one of these parrots. He trained the parrot to say, "Apsethus having caged us, compelled us to say Apsethus is a god". Eventually, the Libyans burned Apsethus.


# 2005 Burundian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Burundi on 28 February 2005. The new constitution was approved by 92% of voters.

## Proposed constitution

The proposed new constitution guaranteed representation for both Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups by setting out ethnic quotas for parliament, government and the army, which had been dominated by Tutsis since independence;

* The ethnic composition of the National Assembly would be set at 60% Hutu and 40% Tutsi, with three additional seats reserved for Twas.
* In the Senate, seats would be split 50-50 between Hutus and Tutsis, with three seats reserved for Twas.
* Military posts would be shared equally between the two groups.
* The President of the Republic is elected by universal direct suffrage for a mandate of five years renewable one time.

## Campaign

Most political parties urged a "Yes" vote in the poll, but some Tutsi parties urged a "No" vote, stating that the new constitution doesn't give Tutsis enough guarantees.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 2,607,852 | 92.02 |
| Against | 226,235 | 7.98 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 60,285 |  |
| **Total** | **2,894,372** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 3,132,494 | 92.40 |
| Source: African Election Archive | | |

## InfoBox

2005 Burundian constitutional referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **2,577,883** **92.27%**  **No** 216,060 7.73%  Valid votes 2,793,943 97.98%  Invalid or blank votes 57,676 2.02%  **Total votes** **2,851,619** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 3,413,624 83.54% | |


title: Espionage!

abstract: Espionage!, subtitled "The Secret Agent Role Playing Game", is a spy role-playing game published by Hero Games in 1983.

text:
# Espionage!

***Espionage!***, subtitled "The Secret Agent Role Playing Game", is a spy role-playing game published by Hero Games in 1983.

## Description

*Espionage!* is a role-playing game set in the present day where players take on the roles of modern secret agents using the Hero System of rules first developed by Hero Games for their superhero role-playing game *Champions*.

The game uses the CIA as the sample espionage organization. In order to generate a character, the player must first decide on a general specialty such as covert action or technical services. The player then purchases skills from a list of several dozen, using a pool of skill points.

The boxed set includes a 64-page rule book, a 16-page sample adventure, and dice.

The rulebook covers character creation, skills, combat (melee and firearms), vehicles and car chases, and the CIA.

The tone of the game is very serious, and the rules, especially for combat, are somewhat complex.

The introductory scenario included with the game, "Merchants of Terror", is an adventure in which the heroes must track down a stolen atom bomb.

## Publication history

After Hero Games published their superhero role-playing game *Champions* in 1981, the same rules system was used to develop a second role-playing game, *Espionage!*, which was designed by George MacDonald and Steve Peterson, and was published in 1983 with artwork by Michael Gray, Mark Williams, and Stan Zarubin.

Two years later, wanting to give *Espionage!* a lighter "movie spy" tone and less complex rules, Hero Games revised it and released the new game as *Danger International*.

## Reception

In Issue 31 of *Different Worlds*, Russell Grant Collins liked the rules taken from *Champions*, noting that this would make it easier for players to switch games without having to learn a new rules system, and noted "Since the systems are basically the same, *Espionage!* can be used as a supplement to *Champions*." But Collins questioned the use of the CIA, noting, "The main problem with this is that, being an actual group, some players might be more knowledgeable about them than the gamemaster. I would have preferred the creation of a fictional counterpart." Collins liked the sample adventure included in the game, calling it "very well done." He concluded with a strong recommendation, saying, "I recommend this game to anyone interested in a spy role-playing game. It is complete and great fun."

W.G. Armintrout compared *Top Secret*, *Espionage!*, and *Mercenaries, Spies and Private Eyes* in *Space Gamer* No. 67. Armintrout commented that "*Espionage!* is the most complicated of the games, but once you master the rules I think it's the most satisfying of the three. It seems realistic. The parts that bog the game down are the turn phase rules (where all characters try to move at the same time) and the body/stun damage points rules (which work nicely but take time to allocate). The game also suffers from shoddy editing, with some rules left unclear and a lack of necessary examples. Nevertheless, I managed to figure it out and I'm going to keep playing it, if for no other reason than to try out the excellent CIA adventures I hope Hero Games will continue to produce."

Nick Davison reviewed *Espionage* for *Imagine* magazine, and stated that "This is a very good games system which is not as expensive as it seems given the full module included."

Marcus L. Rowland reviewed *Espionage!* for *White Dwarf* #54, giving it an overall rating of 8 out of 10, and stated that "I liked *Espionage* \- it's easy to learn, fast, sensible, and has no obvious errors."

In his 1990 book *The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games*, game critic Rick Swan found the rules poorly organized, making the task of generating a character more difficult than it should be. Swan also found the game mechanics difficult "though they produce realistic and exciting results for those willing to unravel them ... The complicated mechanics are likely to discourage casual players, and even veterans will be scratching their heads over some of the more ambiguous rules." Swan thought the tone of the game was "a little too serious for its own good. There are no tricky gadgets, fantastic weapons, colorful villains, or any of the other exotic elements that make James Bond so appealing." Swan concluded by giving the game a below-average rating of 2 out of 4, and recommended *Espionage!*'s descendant, *Danger International*, as a better game.


title: Baraleti church

abstract: The Baraleti church of the Theotokos is a medieval Christian church in the village of Baraleti, Akhalkalaki Municipality, in Georgia's region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. The church is located in the heart of the ethnically mixed Armeno-Georgian village, in the historical province of Javakheti. It is a two-nave basilica, with the extant 13th-century inscription in Georgian. It is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.

text:
# Baraleti church

The **Baraleti church of the Theotokos** (Georgian: ბარალეთის ღვთისმშობლის სახელობის ეკლესია, romanized: baraletis ghvtismshoblis sakhelobis ek'lesia) is a medieval Christian church in the village of Baraleti, Akhalkalaki Municipality, in Georgia's region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. The church is located in the heart of the ethnically mixed Armeno-Georgian village, in the historical province of Javakheti. It is a two-nave basilica, with the extant 13th-century inscription in Georgian. It is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.

## Architecture

The Baraleti church was built c.1213 as suggested by a stone inscription on the eastern façade—executed in the medieval Georgian *asomtavruli* script—which dates the construction to "the time when Lasha sat \[on the throne\] as king", referring to George IV Lasha, king of Georgia. However, the text may actually refer to reconstruction as a plan of the church is representative of an earlier period, particularly, the 11th century.

The church is a two-nave basilica built of hewn stone blocks. The roof is covered with stone tiles. The entrance is from the south. Each façade is pierced by a single window. The walls contain shelf-like eaves. The central, northern nave terminates in a semi-circular apse, surrounded with pilasters and arches. The southern nave is lower and narrower, with a smaller semi-circular apse. An arboured belfry was superimposed on the western edge of the church in the 19th century. The exterior is decoration-poor, with only a now-damaged relief immured in the southern wall of the central nave, depicting Daniel in the lions' den, and the 13th-century text inscribed in the eastern façade.

## Churchyard

There are several tombstones scattered around the church. An epitaph on one of these honors the local Georgian priest Petre Khmaladze (1775–1856) and mentions his contribution to the defense of Christianity in the area, which had been under the Ottoman rule before passing into the control of the Russian Empire in 1829. Khmaladze was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church in 2015.

## InfoBox

Baraleti church
| ბარალეთის ეკლესია | |
| --- | --- |
| Baraleti church | |
|  | |
| 41°32′38″N 43°30′32″E / 41.543993°N 43.508989°E / 41.543993; 43.508989 (Baraleti) | |
| Location | Baraleti, Akhalkalaki Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia |
| Type | Two-nave basilica church |