title: 1657 Concepción earthquake

abstract: The 1657 Concepción earthquake occurred on March 15 at 20:00 local time off the coast of Concepción, Biobío Region in the Spanish Empire. The earthquake caused severe damage along the coast, and generated a large tsunami in the Bay of Concepción. At least 40 people were killed, the majority due to drowning from the tsunami. The town of Concepción was the hardest hit, with the earthquake and tsunami totally destroying it.

text:
# 1657 Concepción earthquake

The **1657 Concepción earthquake** occurred on March 15 at 20:00 local time off the coast of Concepción, Biobío Region in the Spanish Empire (present-day central Chile). The earthquake caused severe damage along the coast, and generated a large tsunami in the Bay of Concepción. At least 40 people were killed, the majority due to drowning from the tsunami. The town of Concepción was the hardest hit, with the earthquake and tsunami totally destroying it.

## Tectonic setting

Earthquakes are frequent in Chile; lying in the so-called Ring of Fire, where many of the world's active volcanoes and seismic activities are concentrated at. Off the coast of Chile, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South American Plate along the Peru–Chile Megathrust; a convergent plate boundary. Active subduction produces large earthquakes including the 1960 Valdivia earthquake which had a magnitude of 9.5–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale. These earthquakes are associated with thrust faulting on the interface of the plate boundary megathrust. Thrusting during large earthquakes causes significant uplift of the seafloor, causing tsunamis. On some occasions, earthquakes occur within the downgoing tectonic plate instead.

## Impact

In Concepción, a loud rumbling sound was heard by its inhabitants. The intense ground motions made it difficult for many people to stand on their feet. The shaking continued for as long as four minutes. Although strong, the shaking was described as weaker compared to previous earthquakes in the region. Nevertheless, most structures in the city were obliterated. Most of the city was destroyed in the first moments of the earthquake. Churches, military facilities, and homes crumbled. The only intact structures were a cathedral and several homes near a hill. Residents reported a fireball in the sky during the earthquake. Diego de Rosales, a Spanish author, said the Penco river began to flood its banks.

The earthquake resulted in severe damage extending all the way to Chillán, located further inland to the east. There, the earthquake destroyed a church. Some damage was also reported in Santiago, Quillota and Arauco. A cathedral in Santiago which was rebuilt hastily after the 1647 earthquake collapsed. It was rebuilt a second time but was destroyed in 1730 during another earthquake.

### Tsunami

At the time of the earthquake, the coast experienced a high tide which may have worsened the effects of the tsunami. The first of three large tsunami waves struck approximately one hour after the quake. Two additional waves struck later, causing further damage and destroying the remaining intact buildings in Concepción. The largest wave had a maximum run-up of 8 meters. The first wave carried a merchant ship inland and beached it onto the roof of a convent. A second wave, described as the largest, swept the ship and dumped it into a lagoon. The tsunami flooded the city at a minimum height of 4 meters and higher. A recent defense installation was inundated. In the city plaza, the waves did not cause severe damage but managed to flood a chapel and several stores at its northern edge.

## Earthquake characteristics

The earthquake occurred as a result of shallow thrust faulting on the subduction zone megathrust along the west coast of Chile. Excitation of a tsunami suggests an epicenter located offshore. Documentation of serious destruction in Concepción also suggest the earthquake rupture occurred near the town. The extensive area of damage and felt reports were similar to that of the 1835 Concepción earthquake. The rupture area was similar in size and location as the Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake in 2010, but located south of the 1647 Santiago earthquake. A surface-wave magnitude of 8.0 or less was estimated.

Citations  1. A. Udias; Raúl Madariaga; Elisa Buforn; Daniela Melissa Muñoz (2012). "The Large Chilean Historical Earthquakes of 1647, 1657, 1730, and 1751 from Contemporary Documents". *Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America*. **102** (4): 1639–1653. Bibcode:2012BuSSA.102.1639U. doi:10.1785/0120110289.
2. Felipe Leyton; Gonzalo Montalva; Paola Ramírez (2012). "Estudio preliminar de microzonificación sísmica de Concepción basado en microvibraciones, geología y patrones de daño" \[A preliminary study of seismic microzonation of Concepción based on microtremors, geology and damages patterns\]. *Obras y Proyectos*. **11** (11). SciELO: 40–46. doi:10.4067/S0718-28132012000100004. ISSN 0718-2813.
3. "Significant Earthquake Information". *ngdc.noaa.gov*. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
4. Ruiz, Sergio; Madariaga, Raül I. (February 2018). "Historical and Recent Large Megathrust Earthquakes in Chile". *Tectonophysics*. **733**: 37–56. Bibcode:2018Tectp.733...37R. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.015.
5. Daniel M. Stewart (2019). "Historical tsunamis in the Concepcion bay, as seen in the reconstructed flood levels from the colonial city of Concepcion (Penco), Chile (1570-1835)" (PDF). *Revista de historia (Concepción)*. **26** (2). SciELO: 97–127. doi:10.4067/S0717-88322019000200097. ISSN 0717-8832. S2CID 241342410.
6. "Tsunami Event Information". *ngdc.noaa.gov*. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
7. Cinna Lomnitz (2004). "Major Earthquakes of Chile: A Historical Survey, 1535-1960". *Seismological Research Letters*. **75** (3): 368–378. Bibcode:2004SeiRL..75..368L. doi:10.1785/gssrl.75.3.368.

## InfoBox

1657 Concepción earthquake
| Concepción | |
| --- | --- |
| Local date | 15 March 1657 (1657-03-15) |
| Local time | 20:00 |
| Magnitude | ≤8.0 Ms
8.3 Mw |
| Epicenter | 36°50′S 73°02′W / 36.83°S 73.03°W / -36.83; -73.03 |
| Areas affected | Chile |
| Max. intensity | MMI XI (*Extreme*) |
| Tsunami | yes |
| Casualties | 40 dead |


title: Amanda Fritz

abstract: Amanda Fritz is a British-American politician and retired psychiatric nurse from the U.S. state of Oregon. Before being elected to Portland's City Council in 2008, Fritz was a neighborhood activist and seven-year member of the Portland Planning Commission. She was also the first candidate to win public financing under Portland's Clean Elections system in 2006, though she lost to incumbent Dan Saltzman in the first round of that year's election. She was elected to City Council in the November 2008 election. She succeeded Commissioner Sam Adams, who vacated the seat to run for mayor.

text:
# Amanda Fritz

**Amanda Fritz** (born April 1958) is a British-American politician and retired psychiatric nurse from the U.S. state of Oregon. Before being elected to Portland's City Council in 2008, Fritz was a neighborhood activist and seven-year member of the Portland Planning Commission. She was also the first candidate to win public financing under Portland's Clean Elections system in 2006, though she lost to incumbent Dan Saltzman in the first round of that year's election.

She was elected to City Council in the November 2008 election. She succeeded Commissioner Sam Adams, who vacated the seat to run for mayor.

## Early life and education

Fritz was born in England and grew up in Leeds, West Yorkshire. After graduating from the University of Cambridge, where she earned a bachelor's and a master's degree in Biological Sciences. She moved to the United States in 1979, where she attended nursing school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and then moved to Rochester, New York. She relocated to Portland in 1986.

## Career

Upon moving to Portland from New York, Fritz began working at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) as an inpatient nurse in the hospital's psychiatry department.

In 1996, she was appointed to the city's Planning Commission, and served on the Commission until 2003. In 1999, Fritz was noted as a Planning Commission member who valued an emerging online list for contributing to the discourse on planning in the city.

### City council

In 2008, Fritz became the first non-incumbent to successfully run under Portland's public financing system. She took the most votes in the May primary election (43%) in a field of six candidates, and faced second-place finisher Charles Lewis (13%) in a November runoff election. Fritz and Lewis were among the candidates who each qualified for $150,000 in public financing by collecting over 1,000 five-dollar contributions, and pledging to accept no other campaign contributions. Each received an additional $200,000 for the runoff election. Fritz defeated Lewis with 70% of the vote in the runoff. Fritz was also the first candidate to qualify for public funds under the program, in her first race, when she challenged incumbent Dan Saltzman in the 2006 election. In the 2008 race, her decisive victory in the primary enabled her to reach out to new classes of constituents; she was noted for expanding her appeal from neighborhood activists to the business community, and placing a strong emphasis on fiscal responsibility.

She has been an advocate of the public financing system since that first race, and wrote in support of it after winning the 2008 election. Voters overturned it via referendum in 2010. Fritz credits the Public Campaign Finance system for allowing her the independence that led to saving Portland ratepayers $500 million by changing policy choices in the Portland Water Bureau in 2009.

In June 2013, a shuffling of bureaus among the commissioners by new Mayor Charlie Hales saw Fritz assigned the Parks Bureau and the Bureau of Development Services, in place of her previous assignments.

Fritz won re-election in 2016. During the city's fiscal year of 2017-2018, she cast the deciding vote on the Council to adopt the campaign financing reform program "Open and Accountable Elections", which would award public matching funds to candidates who agreed to not take large contributions, or any contributions from corporations and PACs. The system was launched in the 2020 election cycle.

On April 5, 2019, Fritz announced that she would not seek re-election to Portland City Council, saying that she hoped a larger field of candidates would run for her seat using the Open and Accountable Elections system. She retired in January 2021.

## Personal life

Fritz's husband, Steve, whom she married in 1982, died in a car crash in September 2014. Steve Fritz had worked for 27 years as a psychiatrist at Oregon State Hospital in Salem. The couple had three children.

## InfoBox

| Amanda Fritz | |
| --- | --- |
| Fritz in 2008 | |
|  | |
| Portland City Commissioner | |
| **In office**
January 1, 2009  December 31, 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Sam Adams |
| Succeeded by | Carmen Rubio |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 1958 (age 66)
England, United Kingdom |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Steve Fritz (1982–2014; his death) |
| Alma mater | University of Cambridge (BS, MS) |
| Occupation | Politician, nurse |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Amanda Furrer

abstract: Amanda Furrer is an American rifle shooter who competes in the 50 metre rifle three positions event. She won a bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she placed 15th in the 50 m rifle three positions event. Furrer was also an alternate at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Amanda Furrer

**Amanda Furrer** (born January 17, 1991) is an American rifle shooter who competes in the 50 metre rifle three positions event. She won a bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where she placed 15th in the 50 m rifle three positions event.

Furrer was also an alternate at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Amanda Furrer
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Born | (1991-01-17) January 17, 1991<br>Spokane, Washington |
| Height | 5 ft 6 in (168 cm) |
| Weight | 123 lb (56 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Country | United States |
| Sport | Sports shooting |
| Event | STR3X20 |
| College team | Ohio State Buckeyes |
| Medal record      Women's shooting  Representing  United States  Pan American Games  2007 Rio de Janeiro  STR3X20  ISSF World Shooting Championships  201 Munich  STR3X20 Team | |


title: Amanda Garner

abstract: Amanda Garner is a professional ballroom dancer from Australia. She is best known for her appearances on two seasons of the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars, partnering Grant Denyer to victory in the fourth season (2006).

text:
# Amanda Garner

**Amanda Garner** (born 1985) is a professional ballroom dancer from Australia. She is best known for her appearances on two seasons of the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars, partnering Grant Denyer to victory in the fourth season (2006).

## Early life

Garner was born in the rural town of Shepparton, Victoria where she still resides and trains. Amanda spent her childhood in the country town of Shepparton with her 5 other siblings and parents Peter and Barbara. As a child Amanda Garner started Hip Hop dancing but then progressed to ballroom and Latin.

## Career

Garner was the 3rd ranked latin dancer in Australia, having won various national championships. In 2006, Garner partnered Grant Denyer on Australia's Dancing with the Stars. Denyer and Garner won the season. Garner also partnered Jamie Durie in the sixth season (2007), finishing fourth.

Garner also works as a hair and beauty therapist.


title: Amanda Butler

abstract: Amanda Kay Butler is an American college basketball coach and former player. In 2018, Butler was hired as the head coach of the Clemson Tigers women's basketball team. Prior to that, she was the head coach for the Florida Gators women's basketball team and the Charlotte 49ers women's basketball team.

text:
# Amanda Butler

**Amanda Kay Butler** (born March 6, 1972) is an American college basketball coach and former player. In 2018, Butler was hired as the head coach of the Clemson Tigers women's basketball team. Prior to that, she was the head coach for the Florida Gators women's basketball team and the Charlotte 49ers women's basketball team.

## Career

Amanda Butler was born in Mt. Juliet, Tennessee, in 1972. She attended Mt. Juliet High School, graduating in 1990. She was recruited to play for the University of Florida by the Gators' head coach, Carol Ross, and started at guard for four years. After finishing her playing career in 1994, she transitioned into coaching. Her first coaching job was as an assistant coach at Florida, where she continued her education with a Master of Science degree in Exercise and Sport Science, in 1997. After leaving her job with Florida in 1997, she coached at Austin Peay from 1997 to 2001, and served as the associate head coach for former Charlotte head coach Katie Meier from 2001 to 2005.

Butler became the sixth head coach of the Charlotte 49ers women's basketball program on April 19, 2005. She was named Atlantic 10 Conference Coach of the Year after twenty wins and a share of the regular season championship in her first year as coach.

After Carolyn Peck was released as the Gators head coach following the 2006–07 season, Butler returned to her alma mater as the new head coach of the Gators women's basketball program on April 13, 2007. She was fired on March 6, 2017, her 45th birthday.

Butler then was hired on as head coach at Clemson. Butler led an incredible turnaround in her first year at Clemson. In their previous season, the Tigers finished 11–19 and 1–15 in ACC play. Butler led the team to a 9–7 ACC record and was voted the ACC Coach of the Year in 2018. The Tigers turnaround during Butler's first season marked the largest turnaround under a first-year head coach in ACC history. The turn around did not extend into the 2019–20 season as Clemson finished 8–23 overall and 3–15 in conference play. In the following years, Butler was unable to replicate her success from the first season as the Tigers never finished higher than tenth in the conference. Her second best season came in 2022–23 as the Tigers finished 19–16 overall, 7–11 in ACC play, and made it to the Super 16 of the WNIT. After the 2023–24 season, where the Tigers finished 12–19 overall and 5–13 in the ACC, Butler was fired as head coach.

On June 25, 2024, Butler was hired as an assistant coach to join Jeff Walz's staff at Louisville.

## USA Basketball

In 2009, Butler served as an assistant coach to the U19 team, and competed in the FIBA Women's U19 World Championship. The USA lost the opening round game against Spain 90–86, but then went on to win their next eight games. In the quarterfinals, the USA team faced France, which held an eight-point lead late in the second half, but the USA team took back the lead and won by eleven to advance to the semifinals. After beating Canada in the semifinals, they had a rematch against Spain, for the championship. This time the USA jumped out to an early lead, with a score of 33–16 at the end of the first quarter. The USA went on to win 87–71 to win the gold medal.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Charlotte 49ers**  *(Atlantic 10 Conference)* (2005–2007) | | | | | | | | |
| 2005–06 | Charlotte | 21–9 | 13–3 | T–1st | WNIT Second round |
| 2006–07 | Charlotte | 19–13 | 9–5 | T–4th | WNIT Second round |
| **Charlotte:** | | 40–22 (.645) | 22–8 (.733) |  | | | | |
| **Florida Gators**  *(Southeastern Conference)* (2007–2017) | | | | | | | | |
| 2007–08 | Florida | 19–14 | 6–8 | T–7th | WNIT Third round |
| 2008–09 | Florida | 24–8 | 9–5 | T–4th | NCAA second round |
| 2009–10 | Florida | 15–17 | 7–9 | T–7th | WNIT Second round |
| 2010–11 | Florida | 20–15 | 7–9 | 8th | WNIT Third round |
| 2011–12 | Florida | 20–13 | 8–8 | 8th | NCAA second round |
| 2012–13 | Florida | 22–15 | 6–10 | T–8th | WNIT Semifinals |
| 2013–14 | Florida | 20–13 | 8–8 | 5th | NCAA second round |
| 2014–15 | Florida | 13–17 | 5–11 | T–11th |  |
| 2015–16 | Florida | 22–9 | 10–6 | T–4th | NCAA first round |
| 2016–17 | Florida | 15–16 | 5–11 | T–11th |  |
| **Florida:** | | 190–136 (.581) | 71–85 (.455) |  | | | | |
| **Clemson Tigers**  *(Atlantic Coast Conference)* (2018–2024) | | | | | | | | |
| 2018–19 | Clemson | 20–13 | 9–7 | 7th | NCAA second round |
| 2019–20 | Clemson | 8–23 | 3–15 | 14th |  |
| 2020–21 | Clemson | 12–14 | 5–12 | 11th | WNIT Second round |
| 2021–22 | Clemson | 10–21 | 3–15 | 13th |  |
| 2022–23 | Clemson | 19–16 | 7–11 | 10th | WNIT Super 16 |
| 2023–24 | Clemson | 12–19 | 5–13 | T–12th |  |
| **Clemson:** | | 81–106 (.433) | 32–73 (.305) |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 311–264 (.541) |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## Career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game | RPG | Rebounds per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game | BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game |
| TO | Turnovers per game | FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| **Bold** | Career best | ° | League leader |

### College

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | TO | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990–91 | Florida | 28 | - | - | **41.2** | **31.8** | 56.4 | 1.8 | **5.5** | **1.4** | 0.0 | - | 3.5 |
| 1991–92 | Florida | 28 | - | - | 30.4 | 25.6 | 64.3 | **2.6** | 3.7 | 1.0 | **0.1** | - | 4.3 |
| 1992–93 | Florida | **29** | - | - | 31.0 | 25.0 | 64.7 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 0.9 | **0.1** | - | 5.0 |
| 1993–94 | Florida | **29** | - | - | 33.7 | 28.9 | **67.4** | **2.6** | 2.8 | 1.2 | **0.1** | - | **9.5** |
| **Career** | | 114 | - | - | 33.3 | 27.7 | 64.3 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 0.1 | - | 5.6 |
| Statistics retrieved from Sports-Reference. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Amanda Butler
| Butler in 2018 | |
| --- | --- |
| Current position | |
| Title | Assistant Coach |
| Team | Louisville |
| Conference | ACC |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1972-03-06) March 6, 1972
Mt. Juliet, Tennessee |
| Playing career | |
| 1990–1994 | Florida |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Guard |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1994–1997 | Florida (Asst.) |
| 1997–2001 | Austin Peay (Asst.) |
| 2001–2003 | Charlotte (Asst.) |
| 2003–2005 | Charlotte (Assoc. HC) |
| 2005–2007 | Charlotte |
| 2007–2017 | Florida |
| 2018–2024 | Clemson |
| 2024–present | Louisville (Asst.) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 311–264 (.541) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| Atlantic 10 regular season (2006) | |
| Awards | |
| Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year (2006)
ACC Coach of the Year (2019) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Medal record      Women's basketball  Assistant Coach for  United States  FIBA Under-19 World Championship  2009 Bangkok  Team Competition | |


title: Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union

abstract: The Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union (AMWU) was a trade union of sailors, firemen and ship-board service personnel which existed in the United Kingdom between 1922 and 1927. It was a merger of the British Seafarers' Union and the National Union of Ship's Stewards, both of which were opposed to the principal trade union in the shipping industry, the National Sailors' and Firemen's Union. At the outset, the AMWU expressed an ambition to replace the NSFU and ultimately to become part of the recently established Transport and General Workers Union. But a number of factors limited the union's effectiveness. It faced resistance from both the NSFU and the Shipping Federation, which collaborated through the National Maritime Board to control access to employment in the shipping industry. The AMWU also suffered from severe internal divisions. In 1923 and 1925, the AMWU once again found itself unsuccessfully resisting wage reductions. In the latter instance, its effectiveness was limited by the refusal of its general secretary to sign cheques, and the consequent impossibility of accessing union funds. The union also lost ground at this time to the Seamen's Section of the National Minority Movement, which attracted many of those seafarers who were most determined to resist the reductions. The Minority Movement, which was sponsored by the Communist Party and included black activist seafarers in this xenophobic period, was suspicious of the AMWU. Such activists regarded the AMWU as a sectional organisation. In 1926, a former member of the National Union of Ship's Stewards launched a legal challenge to the union's status, alleging that the ballot which brought about the merger of the two organisations had not been properly conducted. The AMWU lost this challenge and, as a result, was unable to access its funds. Despite the efforts of its National Organiser, Manny Shinwell, the AMWU was wound up in early 1927.

text:
# Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union

The **Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union** (AMWU) was a trade union of sailors, firemen and ship-board service personnel which existed in the United Kingdom between 1922 and 1927.

It was a merger of the British Seafarers' Union and the National Union of Ship's Stewards, both of which were opposed to the principal trade union in the shipping industry, the National Sailors' and Firemen's Union.

At the outset, the AMWU expressed an ambition to replace the NSFU and ultimately to become part of the recently established Transport and General Workers Union. But a number of factors limited the union's effectiveness. It faced resistance from both the NSFU and the Shipping Federation, which collaborated through the National Maritime Board to control access to employment in the shipping industry. The AMWU also suffered from severe internal divisions.

In 1923 and 1925, the AMWU once again found itself unsuccessfully resisting wage reductions. In the latter instance, its effectiveness was limited by the refusal of its general secretary (Joe Cotter) to sign cheques, and the consequent impossibility of accessing union funds. The union also lost ground at this time to the Seamen's Section of the National Minority Movement (formed 1924), which attracted many of those seafarers who were most determined to resist the reductions. The Minority Movement, which was sponsored by the Communist Party and included black activist seafarers in this xenophobic period, was suspicious of the AMWU. Such activists regarded the AMWU as a sectional organisation.

In 1926, a former member of the National Union of Ship's Stewards launched a legal challenge to the union's status, alleging that the ballot which brought about the merger of the two organisations had not been properly conducted. The AMWU lost this challenge and, as a result, was unable to access its funds. Despite the efforts of its National Organiser, Manny Shinwell, the AMWU was wound up in early 1927.

* Arthur Marsh & Victoria Ryan, *The Seamen — a history of the National Union of Seamen*, (Oxford, 1989).
* Arthur Marsh & Victoria Ryan, *Historical Directory of Trade Unions:Vol 3*, (Aldershot, 1987).
* Ken Coates & Tony Topham, *The Making of the Labour Movement*, (Nottingham, 1994) ISBN 0-85124-565-X
* Basil Modridge, *Militancy and Inter-Union Rivalries in British Shipping* (1911–1929)

## InfoBox

Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union
| Amalgamated Marine Workers' Union | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1922 |
| Dissolved | 1927 |
| Headquarters | 41 Gower Street, London |
| Location |  |
| Members | 12,000 (1922) |
| Key people | Joe Cotter (General Secretary)<br>Manny Shinwell (National Organiser). |
| Affiliations | TUC |


title: Eau (trigraph)

abstract: Eau is a trigraph which occurs in some languages that use the Latin script, such as French and English.

text:
# Eau (trigraph)

**Eau** is a trigraph which occurs in some languages that use the Latin script, such as French and English.

## French

In Modern French, eau is pronounced /o/ and often appears at the end of a word. Generally, eau alternates with e in another form of a word, for example, the feminine of *chameau* (camel) is *chamelle*. There are three main ways of spelling /o/: o, au, and eau, out of which eau is by far the rarest.

In Old French, eau represented a triphthong, probably pronounced \[e̯aɯ̯\] (or \[ə̯aɯ̯\]). This triphthong originated from the Proto-French diphthong \[ɛɯ̯\], which had formed from the sequence of e and l, where L had vocalized. In the 12th and 13th centuries, both iau and eau were used (\[i̯aɯ̯\] was probably a variant pronunciation), but eau soon became the standard spelling.

## English

In English, eau only exists in words borrowed from French, and so is pronounced similarly in almost all cases (like in *plateau*, *bureau*). Exceptions include *beauty* and words derived from it, where it is pronounced /juː/, *bureaucrat* where it is pronounced /ə/, *bureaucracy* where it is pronounced /ɒ/, and (in some contexts) the proper names Beaulieu and Beauchamp (as /juː/ and /iː/, respectively).


title: Amarachi Okoronkwo

abstract: Amarachi Grace Okoronkwo is a Nigerian footballer who currently plays for Nasarawa Amazons in the Nigerian Women Premier League and the Nigeria women's national football team. She previously played for Kokkola F10 in Finland's Naisten Liiga.

text:
# Amarachi Okoronkwo

**Amarachi Grace Okoronkwo** //  (born 12 December 1992) is a Nigerian footballer who currently plays for Nasarawa Amazons in the Nigerian Women Premier League and the Nigeria women's national football team. She previously played for Kokkola F10 in Finland's Naisten Liiga.

## Career

### Club career

For her role in leading Nasarawa Amazons to win the 2017 Nigeria Women Premier League, Okoronkwo was among the four players nominated as the best NWPL player of the year, but lost the award to Rasheedat Ajibade. In May 2018, she was nominated as the best player in the 2017 Nigeria Women Premier League at Nigeria Pitch Awards, but also lost to Ajibade.

### International

Okoronkwo represented Nigeria at 2010 African Women's Championship. She was called up for a friendly game against Germany as preparation for Nigeria's participation in the FIFA Women's World Cup.

In 2018, Okoronkwo featured for Nigeria at 2018 WAFU Women's Cup, winning the bronze medal for the team. She also featured for the Nigeria women's national football team at the 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations and won the tournament with the team.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Amarachi Okoronkwo
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Amarachi Grace Okoronkwo | | |
| Date of birth | (1992-12-12) 12 December 1992 | | |
| Height | 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Nasarawa Amazons | | |
| Number | 33 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2012–2014 | Kokkola F10 | 46 | (7) |
| 2014- | Nasarawa Amazons |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2010- | Nigeria |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Amarygmini

abstract: Amarygmini is a tribe of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. There are more than 80 genera in Amarygmini.

text:
# Amarygmini

**Amarygmini** is a tribe of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae. There are more than 80 genera in Amarygmini.

## Description

Adult Amarygmini are active long-legged beetles that fly readily. They have an unhidden membrane between the front margin of the clypeus and the labrum. In males, the base of the aedeagus is asymmetric, more or less acutely drawn out, directed towards the right and fused with the parameres. The dorsal side of the aedeagus is directed towards the dorsum of the body.

Most larvae of Amarygmini have a regular, oval excavation on the ninth abdominal tergite. The Australian *Chalcopteroides* is an exception, instead having short urogomphi borne on an oblique projection.

## Life cycle

Like other beetles, Amarygmini go through complete metamorphosis with the life stages of egg, larva, pupa and adult. Amarygmini are one of several tenebrionid groups to have long-lived larvae and comparatively short-lived adults.

## Ecology

Most Amarygmini adults are associated with tree bark or dead wood, especially that which is covered/mixed with fungi or lichen. They occur in both natural (e.g. primary and secondary forests) and artificial (e.g. street trees, parks, gardens) habitats. They are nocturnal. A few species are attracted to artificial light. Larvae are believed to feed on wood (xylophagous) or fungi (mycophagous).

At least some larvae of *Chalcopteroides* live in soil. Some species of this genus are believed to be scavengers or predators, based on the presence of arthropod fragments in their guts.

## Genera

These genera belong to the tribe Amarygmini:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Amarygmini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Amarygmus watti*, New Zealand | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Tenebrionidae |
| Subfamily: | Tenebrioninae |
| Tribe: | Amarygmini<br>Gistel, 1848 |
|


abstract: A special election was held in Kentucky's 2nd congressional district on August 4, 1828 to fill a vacancy in Kentucky's representation.

text:
# 1828 Kentucky's 2nd congressional district special election

A **special election** was held in **Kentucky's 2nd congressional district** on August 4, **1828** to fill a vacancy in Kentucky's representation.

## Background

In the 1827 elections, Thomas Metcalfe (A) was re-elected to a 5th term and served until June 1, 1828 when he resigned to run for governor.

## Election results

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Percent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Chambers | Anti-Jacksonian | 3,133 | 52.7% |
| Nicholas D. Coleman | Jacksonian | 2,815 | 47.3% |

Chambers took his seat on December 1, 1828


title: 1828 Kentucky gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1828 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on August 4, 1828. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Joseph Desha was term-limited, and could not seek a second consecutive term. National Republican nominee Thomas Metcalfe defeated Democratic nominee William T. Barry with 50.45% of the vote.

text:
# 1828 Kentucky gubernatorial election

The **1828 Kentucky gubernatorial election** was held on August 4, 1828.

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor Joseph Desha was term-limited, and could not seek a second consecutive term.

National Republican nominee Thomas Metcalfe defeated Democratic nominee William T. Barry with 50.45% of the vote.

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

1828 Kentucky gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National Republican** | **Thomas Metcalfe** | **38,930** | **50.45%** |  |
|  | Democratic | William T. Barry | 38,231 | 49.55% |  |
| Majority | | | 699 | 0.90% |  |
| Turnout | | | 77,161 |  |  |
|  | National Republican **gain** from Democratic-Republican | | Swing |  |  |

Old Court – New Court controversy

## InfoBox

1828 Kentucky gubernatorial election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee **Thomas Metcalfe** William T. Barry   Party National Republican Democratic  Popular vote **38,930** 38,231  Percentage **50.45%** 49.55% | |
| ---  County results
**Metcalfe**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
**Barry**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
Joseph Desha
Democratic-Republican **Elected Governor**
Thomas Metcalfe
National Republican | |


title: East Mitchell Street Historic District

abstract: The East Mitchell Street Historic District is a residential historic district located in Petoskey, Michigan. It is roughly bounded by Rose, Kalamazoo, State, Howard, Michigan, and Division streets. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# East Mitchell Street Historic District

The **East Mitchell Street Historic District** is a residential historic district located in Petoskey, Michigan. It is roughly bounded by Rose, Kalamazoo, State, Howard, Michigan, and Division streets. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## Description

The East Mitchell Street Historic District occupies 31 blocks, and contains 294 residential properties, of which 278 are historically contributing to the district. The houses are predominantly frame structures, 1+12 to 2+12 stories high. Architectural styles include Victorian, Queen Anne, Shingle style, Colonial Revival, Radford-type, Bungalow, and other period designs, dating from the late 1800s through the 1930s. The district also contains four churches, a parochial school, and a public school.

The central portion of the neighborhood runs along East Mitchell Street, where the residences tend to be larger and more elaborately detailed. East Mitchell runs westward and downhill into the central downtown area of Petoskey, and the East Mitchell Street Historic District lies on parallel streets both north and south of East Mitchell. Landscaping in the district includes a profusion of shade trees and shallow front lawns, sometimes banked behind low retaining walls. Despite physical alterations of many houses (in particular enclosing porches), the overall historic appearance of the district remains intact due to retention of important design elements, and collections of structures with high historic integrity.

The institutional structures in the neighborhood include:

* Emmanuel Episcopal Church (1020 Mitchell) - The church was constructed in 1958, and exhibits a post-World War II version of Gothic Revival architecture. The nearby parish house and parsonage was constructed in 1938.
* First Presbyterian Church (461 Mitchell) - This church was constructed in 1899 as a Gothic Revival/Queen Anne structure, and was remodeled in 1952 in a Colonial Revival design.
* Temple B'nai Israel (501 Michigan) - Originally constructed by the Parr Baptist congregation in 1881 and moved to this site in 1910, the Temple B'nai Israel is a Victorian Gothic Revival structure.
* Parr Memorial Baptist Church (502 Michigan) - This church was constructed in 1910, and exhibits an early 20th century version of Gothic Revival architecture.
* St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church and School (500 block of Howard) - The St. Francis Xavier parish first occupied the site of the current complex in 1879. The church complex contains four buildings: a large brick Gothic Revival church erected in 1903-08, a two-story Gothic Revival monastery erected in 1903, a two-story Spanish Mission Style school from 1927 (with a modern rear addition), and a two-story brick rectory.
* Old Petoskey Senior High and Central Elementary School (600 block of Howard) - The old high school building is a two-story brick structure of Classical Revival design, erected in 1913. The Central School addition to the school is an Art Deco building constructed in 1929.

## History

The East Mitchell Street Historic District grew as Petoskey grew, and has served as a neighborhood where a cross section of Petoskey citizens lived, ranging from prominent businessmen to laborers. Many of the houses appear to be constructed from ready-to-use architectural designs. What is likely the oldest structure in the neighborhood, at 519 Kalamazoo Street, dates from 1877. Earlier structures were predominantly Victorian and Queen Anne designs, but at the turn of the century more Colonial Revival houses were constructed. Bungalow houses were also popular in the neighborhood, and a few Prairie and International designs were also executed further into the 20th century.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| East Mitchell Street Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Rose, Kalamazoo, State, Howard, Michigan, and Division, Petoskey, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 45°22′24″N 84°56′59″W / 45.37333°N 84.94972°W / 45.37333; -84.94972 |
| Area | 86.5 acres (35.0 ha) |
| Built | 1877 (1877) |
| Architectural style | Victorian, Queen Anne, Shingle style, Colonial Revival, Radford-type, Bungalown |
| MPS | Petoskey MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 86001983 |
| Added to NRHP | November 12, 1986 |


title: Amandine Petit

abstract: Amandine Petit is a French model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss France 2021. She had previously been crowned Miss Normandy 2020, and is the seventh woman from Normandy to win Miss France. She represented France at Miss Universe 2020, where she placed in the Top 21.

text:
# Amandine Petit

**Amandine Petit** (French pronunciation: \[amɑ̃din pəti\]; born 30 September 1997) is a French model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss France 2021. She had previously been crowned Miss Normandy 2020, and is the seventh woman from Normandy to win Miss France. She represented France at Miss Universe 2020, where she placed in the Top 21.

## Early life and education

Petit was born in Caen and raised in nearby Bourguébus, a small town in the Calvados department in Normandy. Her parents are Jean-Luc Petit, who works as a civil servant in the prison system, and Nathalie Petit, who works at the tourism office of Caen. Petit also has an older sister named Pauline. Her grandmother and great-grandmother on her maternal side had both formerly been beauty pageant titleholders in the town of Creully. Petit attended school in the Caen area, attending primary school in Bourguébus, *collège* in Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay, and *lycée* at Lycée Augustin-Fresnel in Caen.

Petit received a *brevet de technicien supérieur* (BTS) degree in negotiation and customer service, and later took exams to become a nurse before receiving a *Licence 3* degree. Prior to becoming Miss France, Petit was a student at the Institut d'Administration des Entreprises campus in Caen within the University of Caen Normandy, where she was studying for a master's degree in the management of gerontological establishments and structures. Her career goal was to become the director of an *établissement d'hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes* (EHPAD) or retirement home.

## Pageantry

### Miss Normandy

Petit was inspired to pursue pageantry at age 17, after meeting Malika Ménard, also from Normandy, whom had been crowned Miss France 2010. Ménard encouraged Petit to pursue pageantry and compete in Miss Normandy. She later was the first runner-up of Miss Lower Normandy 2015, which qualified her to compete in Miss Normandy 2015, where she placed as the second runner-up.

Petit returned to pageantry five years later, after she was selected as a candidate for Miss Normandy 2020. She went on to win the title, earning the right to represent Normandy at Miss France 2021. On 23 October 2021, Petit crowned Youssra Askry as her successor at Miss Normandy 2021.

### Miss France

Miss France was held on 19 December 2020 at Puy du Fou, after being postponed one week from its original date due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Petit competed in the finals, where she advanced to the top fifteen and later the top five. After reaching the top five, Petit was declared the winner, being crowned by outgoing titleholder Clémence Botino of Guadeloupe, becoming the seventh woman from Normandy to win the title. During the competition, Petit placed fourth in the general knowledge exam, scoring 14.5 points out of a maximum of 20. The general knowledge exam is a test on topics such as history, politics, current events, and pop culture, which is given to contestants each year. As Miss France, Petit was awarded a number of prizes and rewards, including more than 57,000 in gifts from sponsors, a year-long residence in a luxury Paris apartment, and an undisclosed monthly salary the equivalent of a senior executive in France.

After winning the title, Petit was given the opportunity to appear at numerous events in France and internationally. Among these events included being a contestant in *Fort Boyard*, a guest at the 2021 French Open and 2021 Cannes Film Festival, and working as a promotional and runway model in cities such as Barcelona and Casablanca. Petit also became a weekly cohost on Virgin Radio, presenting a show intending to entertain the French youth amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, Petit was selected as one of 109 women chosen to portray Marianne in an exhibit unveiled by Marlène Schiappa at the Panthéon.

As Miss France, Petit represented France at Miss Universe 2020, where she placed in the Top 21. She was originally set to represent France at either Miss Universe 2021 or Miss World 2021, but due to potential date conflicts between those pageants and Miss France 2022, she was instead switched to Miss Universe 2020. Petit completed her reign as Miss France on 11 December 2021 at Miss France 2022, where she crowned Diane Leyre of Île-de-France as her successor.

## Post-pageantry

In August 2022, Petit was announced as a celebrity contestant in season 12 of *Danse avec les stars*, the French version of *Dancing with the Stars*. She was partnered with professional dancer Anthony Colette throughout the competition; the duo were eliminated in the episode aired on 7 October 2022, placing eighth in the competition.

In May 2023, Petit published her first book *J'ai décidé d'oser*. The book recounts events in Petit's life and her journey to becoming Miss France.

## InfoBox

| Amandine Petit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1997-09-30) 30 September 1997
Caen, France |
| Education | University of Caen Normandy |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss Normandy 2020
Miss France 2021 |
| Hair color | Blonde |
| Eye color | Blue |
| Major
competition(s) | Miss France 2021
(Winner)
Miss Universe 2020
(Top 21) |
|  | |


title: Amandine Homo

abstract: Amandine Homo is a former French athlete who specialized in the pole vault. She is the older sister of Sébastien Homo, who is also a pole vaulter. Since her retirement from active competition, Amandine Homo has coached children at her club, the Dynamic Aulnay Club.

text:
# Amandine Homo

**Amandine Homo** (born 24 December 1980) is a former French athlete who specialized in the pole vault. She is the older sister of Sébastien Homo, who is also a pole vaulter. Since her retirement from active competition, Amandine Homo has coached children at her club, the Dynamic Aulnay Club.

## Career

## Prize list

| Date | Competition | Location | Result | Performance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | France Championships | Bondoufle | 1st | 4.00 m |
| 1997 | Indoor World Championships | Paris-Bercy | 10th | 3.90 m |
| 1998 | France Championships | Dijon | 1st | 4.15 m |
| 1999 | France Championships | Niort | 1st | 4.20 m |

## Records

| Event | | Performance | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pole vault | Indoors | 4.31 m | Poissy | 21 January 2000 |
| | Outdoors | 4.31 m | Saint-Denis | 3 August 1999 |

## Notes and references

* Fédération Française d'Athlétisme (2003), *Docathlé 2003*, pp. 42, 176, 195, 215, 409, ISBN 2-9512343-3-3

## InfoBox

Amandine Homo
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | France |
| Born | 24 December 1980 (1980-12-24) (age 43) |
| Years active | 1997–2006 |
| Sport | |
| Event | Pole vault |
| Club | Dynamic Aulnay Club |


title: Amauropsis

abstract: Amauropsis is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

text:
# Amauropsis

***Amauropsis*** is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

## Species

Species within the genus *Amauropsis* include:

Species brought into synonymy Uncertain species  * Torigoe K. & Inaba A. (2011). Revision on the classification of Recent Naticidae. Bulletin of the Nishinomiya Shell Museum. 7: 133 + 15 pp., 4 pls.
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213

## InfoBox

| *Amauropsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Amauropsis islandica* shell | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Naticoidea |
| Family: | Naticidae |
| Genus: | *Amauropsis*
Mörch, 1857 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Nerita islandica*
Gmelin, 1791 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Choristes* Carpenter 1872 * *Mamma* (*Amauropsis*) Mörch, 1857 (original rank) | |


title: I (Xerath album)

abstract: I is the debut studio album by English metal band Xerath. It was released on 25 May 2009 through Candlelight Records. It was mixed and mastered by Brett-Caldas Lima at Tower Studios. The iconic artwork was by Colin Marks of Rainsong Design. The video for "False History" received heavy rotation in the UK on rock music channel Scuzz.

text:
# I (Xerath album)

***I*** is the debut studio album by English metal band Xerath. It was released on 25 May 2009 through Candlelight Records. It was mixed and mastered by Brett-Caldas Lima at Tower Studios. The iconic artwork was by Colin Marks of Rainsong Design.

The video for "False History" received heavy rotation in the UK on rock music channel Scuzz.

## Critical response

* *Kerrang!* \- "Sure to blow all the competition out of the water"
* *Terrorizer* \- "Possibly one of the most exciting things to come out of the British metal scene for some time"
* Powerplay - "Head nodding grooves and filmic drama"
* Metal Hammer UK "Xerath sound like the result of a chaotic experiment to produce the ultimate please-them-all 21st century metal band.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Kerrang!* | KKKK |
| *Terrorizer* | (8/10 ) |
| Powerplay | (8/10) |
| Metal Hammer UK | (8/10) |

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intrenity" | 3:32 |
| 2. | "Alterra" | 2:49 |
| 3. | "Nocturnum" | 3:47 |
| 4. | "Consequences" | 4:28 |
| 5. | "Interlude" | 1:41 |
| 6. | "False History" | 3:48 |
| 7. | "Abiogenesis" | 5:54 |
| 8. | "Reform" * I. "Part I" (3:22) * II. "Part II" (4:35)" | 7:57 |
| 9. | "Right to Exist" | 5:41 |

## InfoBox

| I | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Xerath | |
| Released | 25 May 2009 (2009-05-25) |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Studio | Tower Studios, England, United Kingdom |
| Genre | Progressive metal, symphonic metal, groove metal |
| Length | 39:30 |
| Label | Candlelight Records |
| Xerath chronology | |
| ***I***
(2009) *II*
(2011) | |


title: Akanmu Adebayo

abstract: Akanmu Gafari Adebayo is a Nigerian professor of history at Kennesaw State University. He specializes in African economic history with emphasis on production and distribution of wealth. Adebayo has published widely on various topics on African economy.

text:
# Akanmu Adebayo

**Akanmu Gafari Adebayo** (born 5 January 1956) is a Nigerian professor of history at Kennesaw State University. He specializes in African economic history with emphasis on production and distribution of wealth. Adebayo has published widely on various topics on African economy.

## Education

Adebayo earned his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees all in History at the Obafemi Awolowo University in 1979, 1982, and 1986 respectively. His Ph.D. thesis on the history of revenue allocation in Nigeria was revised into a monograph, *Embattled Federalism: A History of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria, 1946-1990,* released in 1993.

## Career

Adebayo's research and publications explore topics in African Economic History, Chinese and Asian economic relations with African countries, braindrain, leadership and governance in Africa.

As full-time, part-time, or visiting professor, Adebayo has taught in Nigeria, Canada, Germany, and the U.S. He lectured at Obafemi Awolowo University for 11 years, before moving to York University, Toronto for a stint as a Visiting Associate Professor (1991-1992). In 1994, he was a Research Fellow at the Center for Modern Oriental Studies, Berlin. As a faculty member at Kennesaw State University since 1995, Adebayo has held various positions including Director of the Center for Conflict Management (2011-2016); executive director of the Institute for Global Initiatives (2003-2009).

Adebayo served as founding Editor-in-Chief of the *Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, and Perspective*. He is the Series Editor for the Lexington Books' "Conflict and Security in the Developing World" book series.

Adebayo received Kennesaw State’s Tommy Holder Award in 2009, and the Madhuri and Jagdish N. Sheth Faculty Award for Distinguished International Achievement in 2019. In August 2016, Adebayo was inducted as an Overseas Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Letters.

## Selected publications

"The new African diaspora: engaging the question of brain drain-brain Gain." *Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective* 6, no. 1 (2011): 61–89.

"Currency devaluation and rank: The Yoruba and Akan experiences." *African Studies Review* 50, no. 2 (2007): 87–109.

*Culture, politics and money among the Yoruba*. Transaction Publishers, 2000 (with Toyin Falola).

"Jangali: Fulani pastoralists and colonial taxation in Northern Nigeria." *The International Journal of African Historical Studies* 28, no. 1 (1995): 113–150.

"Money, credit, and banking in precolonial Africa. The Yoruba experience." *Anthropos* (1994): 379–400.

"The production and export of hides and skins in colonial Northern Nigeria, 1900–1945." *The Journal of African History* 33, no. 2 (1992): 273–300.

"Of man and cattle: A reconsideration of the traditions of origin of pastoral Fulani of Nigeria." *History in Africa* 18 (1991): 1-21.

"Taming the Nomads: The Colonial State, the Fulani Pastoralists and the Production of Clarified Butter Fat (CBF) in Nigeria, 1930–1952." *Transafrican Journal of History* (1991): 190–212.

## InfoBox

| Akanmu G. Adebayo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-01-05) 5 January 1956 |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Occupation | Professor of History |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Bachelors (1979), Masters (1982), and Ph.D. (1986) in History |
| Alma mater | Obafemi Awolowo University |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | History |
| Sub-discipline | Economic History |
| Institutions | Kennesaw State University, Georgia, U.S. |
| Main interests | Pastoral economy, economic history of Nigeria, African economic history |
|  | |


title: Lung biopsy

abstract: A lung biopsy is an interventional procedure performed to diagnose lung pathology by obtaining a small piece of lung which is examined under a microscope. Beyond microscopic examination for cellular morphology and architecture, special stains and cultures can be performed on the tissue obtained.

text:
# Lung biopsy

A **lung biopsy** is an interventional procedure performed to diagnose lung pathology by obtaining a small piece of lung which is examined under a microscope. Beyond microscopic examination for cellular morphology and architecture, special stains and cultures can be performed on the tissue obtained.

## Types

A lung biopsy can be performed percutaneously (through the skin, typically guided by a CT Scan), via bronchoscopy with ultrasound guidance, or by surgery, either open or by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).

## Reasons to perform

A lung biopsy is performed when a lung lesion is suspicious for lung cancer, or when cancer cannot be distinguished from another disease, such as aspergillosis.

Lung biopsy also plays a role in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease.

## Risks

Any approach to lung biopsy risks causing a pneumothorax. Careful technique can limit this risk, which ranges from less than 1% to about 10%. The precise risk of pneumothorax depends on technique and on underlying lung disease, as certain lung diseases such as COPD can increase the risk of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax sometimes requires treatment with a chest tube.

Bleeding can be life-threatening and can occur in 1 to 4%. Rarely, intercostal artery can be injured when biopsy needle is punctured through the back, due to variations in the course of the artery during its first 6 cm from the spine when emerged from the midline vessels such as costocervical trunk of subclavian artery and descending thoracic aorta. There is a higher chance of the artery deviated from its usual course of groove below the ribs (subcostal groove), for the ribs that are nearer to the head. Therefore, target lesions near the back of the lungs are usually avoided if possible, and the puncture should be as near to the superior margin of the ribs as possible during biopsy.

## InfoBox

| Lung biopsy | |
| --- | --- |
| Percutaneous lung biopsy in a case of suspected lung cancer under control of computed tomography. | |
| Purpose | diagnose lung pathology |


title: 1893 Swiss animal protection referendum

text:
# 1893 Swiss animal protection referendum

A referendum on animal protection was held in Switzerland on 20 August 1893. Voters were asked whether they approved of prohibiting butchering without the animals being anaesthetised. The proposal was approved by 60.1% of voters and a narrow majority of cantons.

## Background

The referendum was a popular initiative, forced by the collection of 100,000 signatures. As it involved changing the constitution, a double majority of both votes and cantons was required for the proposal to pass.

## Results

| Choice | Popular vote | | Cantons | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | Full | Half | Total |
| For | 191,527 | 60.1 | 10 | 3 | 11.5 |
| Against | 127,101 | 39.9 | 9 | 3 | 10.5 |
| Blank votes | 8,600 |  |  |  |  |
| Invalid votes | 1,755 |  |  |  |  |
| **Total** | **328,983** | **100** | **19** | **6** | **22** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 668,913 | 49.2 |  |  |  |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1893 Swiss animal protection referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Federal popular initiative 'for a ban on slaughter without prior stunning' | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **191,527** **60.11%**  **No** 127,101 39.89%  Valid votes 318,628 96.85%  Invalid or blank votes 10,355 3.15%  **Total votes** **328,983** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 668,913 49.18% | |


title: 1901 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship

abstract: The 1901 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship was the inaugural edition of the annual Ulster Senior Hurling Championship held under the auspices of the Ulster GAA. The Championship consisted of a single match between Antrim and Derry, the only entrants. Antrim had competed in the previous year's All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship having emerged from Ulster unchallenged. As a consequence, Antrim were treated as defending Ulster Champions despite no matches taking place. Antrim emerged victorious by 41 points to 12. The exact breakdown of the final score has been lost to history. Antrim advanced to the semifinal of the 1901 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship where they were defeated by Wexford.

text:
# 1901 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship

1901 Ulster Senior Hurling Final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 1 April 1901 |
| Venue | Casement Park, Belfast |
|

The **1901 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship** was the inaugural edition of the annual Ulster Senior Hurling Championship held under the auspices of the Ulster GAA. The Championship consisted of a single match between Antrim and Derry, the only entrants.

Antrim had competed in the previous year's All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship having emerged from Ulster unchallenged. As a consequence, Antrim were treated as defending Ulster Champions despite no matches taking place.

Antrim emerged victorious by 41 points to 12. The exact breakdown of the final score has been lost to history. Antrim advanced to the semifinal of the 1901 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship where they were defeated by Wexford.

## Teams

## Bracket

|  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Antrim** | | **41** |  |
|  | || |
|  | Derry | | 12 |  |

## Final

Final

| Antrim | 41-12 | Derry |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

## InfoBox

1901 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship
| Date | 1 April 1901 (1901-04-01) |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 2 |
| Champions | Antrim (2nd title) |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 1 |
| (Next) 1902 | |


title: Allan Sirois

abstract: Allan Sirois is a former ice hockey player. A career minor leaguer, he is the ECHL's ninth all-time career scorer with 594 points.

text:
# Allan Sirois

**Allan Sirois** (born February 19, 1975) is a former ice hockey player. A career minor leaguer, he is the ECHL's ninth all-time career scorer with 594 points.

## Playing career

Sirois started his hockey career with stints with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens and the Rimouski Océanic, both teams of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, or QMJHL. In his one season with the Oceanic, he tallied a points total of 127. He then graduated to the Worcester IceCats of the American Hockey League (AHL). Sirois had only one point in two and a half seasons of work for the IceCats and moved to the ECHL with teams such as the Baton Rouge Kingfish and the Jacksonville Lizard Kings. He then moved to a more permanent job in the league with the Pee Dee Pride of Florence, South Carolina (his one-year stint with the Florence Pride is not a change of teams, but a name change by the franchise). He produced fifty points in all but one season, and surpassed the 500 point mark for his career before the Pride ceased operations in April 2005. He remained in South Carolina the following season to play for the Greenville Grrrowl. He produced 48 points for the Grrrowl in 2006. He later spent time with the Pee Dee Cyclones, Texas Wildcatters and Twin City Cyclones, last playing in 2008–09.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1992–93 | Chicoutimi Sagueneens | QMJHL | | 68 | 6 | 16 | 22 | 62 | | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1993–94 | Chicoutimi Sagueneens | QMJHL | | 70 | 32 | 37 | 69 | 145 | | 27 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 29 |
| 1994–95 | Chicoutimi Sagueneens | QMJHL | | 68 | 23 | 41 | 64 | 184 | | 13 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 10 |
| 1995–96 | Rimouski Oceanic | QMJHL | | 69 | 59 | 68 | 127 | 169 | | 10 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 15 |
| 1995–96 | Worcester IceCats | AHL | | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Baton Rouge Kingfish | ECHL | | 62 | 29 | 29 | 58 | 64 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Worcester IceCats | AHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Worcester IceCats | AHL | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Baton Rouge Kingfish | ECHL | | 37 | 7 | 17 | 24 | 80 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Jacksonville Lizard Kings | ECHL | | 28 | 16 | 13 | 29 | 40 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | Pee Dee Pride | ECHL | | 70 | 35 | 49 | 84 | 105 | | 13 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 14 |
| 1999–00 | Pee Dee Pride | ECHL | | 69 | 20 | 38 | 58 | 108 | | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 2000–01 | Pee Dee Pride | ECHL | | 71 | 26 | 37 | 63 | 118 | | 10 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 2001–02 | Pee Dee Pride | ECHL | | 72 | 37 | 32 | 69 | 145 | | 9 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 8 |
| 2002–03 | Pee Dee Pride | ECHL | | 71 | 20 | 29 | 49 | 127 | | 7 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 12 |
| 2003–04 | Florence Pride | ECHL | | 61 | 16 | 38 | 54 | 63 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Pee Dee Pride | ECHL | | 72 | 22 | 33 | 55 | 94 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005–06 | Greenville Grrrowl | ECHL | | 65 | 20 | 28 | 48 | 63 | | 6 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 12 |
| 2006–07 | Pee Dee Cyclones | SPHL | | 53 | 30 | 48 | 78 | 161 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | Texas Wildcatters | ECHL | | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 2007–08 | Twin City Cyclones | SPHL | | 38 | 24 | 23 | 47 | 49 | | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| 2008–09 | Twin City Cyclones | SPHL | | 33 | 14 | 12 | 26 | 35 | |  |  |  |  |  |
|| |
| ECHL totals | | | | 687 | 249 | 345 | 594 | 1011 | | 60 | 16 | 27 | 43 | 66 |

## InfoBox

| Allan Sirois | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1975-02-19) February 19, 1975
Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 220 lb (100 kg; 15 st 10 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | ***AHL***
Worcester IceCats
***ECHL***
Baton Rouge Kingfish
Jacksonville Lizard Kings
Pee Dee Pride
Florence Pride
Greenville Grrrowl
Texas Wildcatters
***SPHL***
Pee Dee Cyclones
Twin Cities Cyclones | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 19962009 | | |


title: Aneurinae

abstract: Aneurinae is a subfamily of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There is at least 1 genus, Aneurus, in Aneurinae.

text:
# Aneurinae

**Aneurinae** is a subfamily of flat bugs in the family Aradidae. There is at least 1 genus, *Aneurus*, in Aneurinae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Aneurinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Aneurus avenius* or *Aneurus laevis*, Schwetzinger Hardt Forest Reserve, Germany | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Aradidae |
| Subfamily: | Aneurinae<br>Douglas & Scott, 1865 |
|


title: 17th Marine Regiment (United States)

abstract: The 17th Marine Regiment was a composite engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps subordinate to the 1st Marine Division. It was formed primarily from units of the Division, and was inactivated during war with the 1st and 2nd battalions remaining in the Division.

text:
# 17th Marine Regiment (United States)

The **17th Marine Regiment** was a composite engineer regiment of the United States Marine Corps subordinate to the 1st Marine Division. It was formed primarily from units of the Division, and was inactivated during war with the 1st and 2nd battalions remaining in the Division.

## Subordinate units

The regiment a composite of three different types of battalions and a headquarters and service company:

## History

### World War II

The 17th Marine Regiment participated in the Battle of Cape Gloucester. The subordinate battalions, as independent battalions in 1st Marine Division, participated in all of the Division's major operations during the war. According to the 19th CB's log it was assigned to the 1st Marine 11/05/42 prior to leaving the States. On 04/03/43 "By Division General Order No. 74 of 3 Apr'43 - First Marine Division: the 19th CBs designation will be as follow's in the future, when attached to First Marine Div., Fleet Marine Force ----3rd Battalion, 17th Marines (Engineers) c/o FPO San Francisco. Calif." The 19th was "at Cape Gloucester from 27 Dec 43 until 4 May 44" and remained with the 1st Division until "1 Jul'44 when The 19th CB was detached from the operational control of the 1st MarDiv, re-designated the 19th NCB and transferred to the 3rd Marine Amphibious Corps.

The 19th had a MM1 Chester J. Perkins who was flight qualified. The Seabees got ahold of a light observation aircraft that MM1 Perkins logged 218 hrs in, of which 105 were combat. He flew spotter for the 11th Marine Regiment as well as dropped urgent medical supplies and rations to forward troops. In recognition of his contributions to the assault he was awarded the Navy Air Medal.

note: when the 19th CB was assigned to the Marine Corps 11/05/42 it lost one company and 1/4 of Hq Co. Those men were assigned to the Fleet Marine Force replacement group (as the 19th replacement group). That group would form the core of the 121st CB which would become the 3rd Battalion, 20th Marines (Engineers).

## Unit awards

* Headquarters Company PUC 7Aug-9Dec42 SU 1st MarDiv
* Company D PUC 7Aug-9Dec42 SU 1st MarDiv
* Company E PUC 7Aug-9Dec42 SU 1st MarDiv
* Company F PUC 7Aug-9Dec42 SU 1st MarDiv

External links

## InfoBox

| 17th Marine Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 12 January 1943 – 30 June 1944 |
| Country | United States of America |
| Branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Type | Engineer Regiment |
| Part of | 1st Marine Division |
| Engagements | **World War II** |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Colonel Harold E. Rosecrans
Colonel Francis I. Fenton |


title: 1711 in France

abstract: Events from the year 1711 in France

text:
# 1711 in France

Events from the year **1711 in France**

## Incumbents

## Events

* 3 April  Clipperton Island in the Pacific is rediscovered by Martin de Chassiron and Michel Du Bocage, who claim it for France and map it.
* 9 August12 September  Siege of Bouchain (War of the Spanish Succession): the Duke of Marlborough breaks through the French lines.
* 11 October  245 people are killed in a crush on the Pont de la Guillotière in Lyon, caused when a large crowd returning from a festival on the other side of the Rhône becomes trapped against an obstruction in the middle of the bridge caused by a collision between a carriage and a cart.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1711<br>History of France    Timeline    Years |


title: 1992 New York City Marathon

abstract: The 1992 New York City Marathon was the 23rd running of the annual marathon race in New York City, United States, which took place on Sunday, November 1. The men's elite race was won by South Africa's Willie Mtolo in a time of 2:09:29 hours while the women's race was won by Australia's Lisa Ondieki in 2:24:40. A total of 27,797 runners finished the race, 22,536 men and 5441 women.

text:
# 1992 New York City Marathon

The **1992 New York City Marathon** was the 23rd running of the annual marathon race in New York City, United States, which took place on Sunday, November 1. The men's elite race was won by South Africa's Willie Mtolo in a time of 2:09:29 hours while the women's race was won by Australia's Lisa Ondieki in 2:24:40.

A total of 27,797 runners finished the race, 22,536 men and 5441 women.

## Results

### Men

| Position | Athlete | Nationality | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Willie Mtolo | South Africa | 2:09:29 |
|  | Andrés Espinosa | Mexico | 2:10:53 |
|  | Kim Wan-gi | South Korea | 2:10:54 |
| 4 | Osmiro Silva | Brazil | 2:12:50 |
| 5 | Antoni Niemczak | Poland | 2:13:00 |
| 6 | Walter Durbano | Italy | 2:13:24 |
| 7 | Luca Barzaghi | Italy | 2:13:24 |
| 8 | Driss Dacha | Morocco | 2:13:35 |
| 9 | David Lewis | United Kingdom | 2:13:49 |
| 10 | Steve Brace | United Kingdom | 2:14:10 |
| 11 | Ed Eyestone | United States | 2:14:19 |
| 12 | Risto Ulmala | Finland | 2:14:32 |
| 13 | Faustino Reynoso | Mexico | 2:14:45 |
| 14 | Severino Bernardini | Italy | 2:14:46 |
| 15 | Jesús Herrera | Mexico | 2:16:07 |
| 16 | Dominique Chauvelier | France | 2:16:33 |
| 17 | Sammy Lelei | Kenya | 2:18:16 |
| 18 | Dick Tesselaar | Netherlands | 2:18:31 |
| 19 | Regis Ancel | France | 2:18:34 |
| 20 | Marcos Luis Barreto | Mexico | 2:19:13 |

### Women

| Position | Athlete | Nationality | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lisa Ondieki | Australia | 2:24:40 |
|  | Olga Markova | Russia | 2:26:38 |
|  | Yoshiko Yamamoto | Japan | 2:29:58 |
| 4 | Kamila Gradus | Poland | 2:30:09 |
| 5 | Bettina Sabatini | Italy | 2:31:30 |
| 6 | Suzana Ćirić | Yugoslavia | 2:33:58 |
| 7 | Sally Eastall | United Kingdom | 2:34:05 |
| 8 | Irina Bogacheva | Kyrgyzstan | 2:34:31 |
| 9 | Kerstin Preßler | Germany | 2:34:52 |
| 10 | Maria Rebelo | France | 2:36:40 |
| 11 | Alevtina Naumova | Russia | 2:37:19 |
| 12 | Franca Fiacconi | Italy | 2:39:26 |
| 13 | Sissel Grottenberg | Norway | 2:40:34 |
| 14 | Jane Welzel | United States | 2:41:22 |
| 15 | Gillian Horovitz | United Kingdom | 2:42:23 |
| 16 | Jean Chodnicki | United States | 2:45:53 |
| 17 | Odile Leveque | France | 2:46:58 |
| 18 | Petra Maak | Germany | 2:47:28 |
| 19 | Radka Pátková | Czechoslovakia | 2:48:25 |
| 20 | Anita Andersson | Sweden | 2:48:52 |
|  | Gordon Bakoulis | United States | DQ\[nb\] |
|  | Kim Jones | United States | DNF |

* **nb**  Gordon Bakoulis originally finished in sixth place with a time of 2:33:26, but was subsequently disqualified after failing a drug test for Probenecid, a substance banned as a masking agent. Bakoulis successfully appealed a four-year doping ban on the grounds she had taken the substance to treat Lyme disease, but the result remained annulled.

Results

## InfoBox

| 23rd New York City Marathon | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | New York City, United States |
| Date | November 1 |
| Champions | |
| Men | Willie Mtolo (2:09:29) |
| Women | Lisa Ondieki (2:24:40) |
|


title: Endochytriaceae

abstract: The Endochytriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cladochytriales. The family contains 10 genera and 56 species according to a 2008 estimate. It was circumscribed by mycologist Donald J.S. Barr in 1980.

text:
# Endochytriaceae

The ***Endochytriaceae*** are a family of fungi in the order Cladochytriales. The family contains 10 genera and 56 species according to a 2008 estimate. It was circumscribed by mycologist Donald J.S. Barr in 1980.

## InfoBox

| Endochytriaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Chytridiomycota |
| Class: | Cladochytriomycetes |
| Order: | Cladochytriales |
| Family: | Endochytriaceae
Sparrow ex D.J.S.Barr (1980) |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Endochytrium*
Sparrow (1933) | |
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Arnold Homestead

abstract: The Arnold Homestead is a historic homestead in the city of Huber Heights, a suburb of Dayton, Ohio, United States. Formed at the turn of the nineteenth century, it centers on an 1830s farmhouse that was built for an immigrant family from Virginia. A native of present-day West Virginia, Daniel Arnold sold his farm and brought his wife Catherine and five children to settle in present-day Huber Heights in the early nineteenth century. Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church, they typified the German immigrant church's gradual movement westward as it gradually integrated with American society. After renting land over their first winter, Arnold bought the present farmstead from Henry Harshberger and occupied it for the remnant of his life. The family used a log cabin during their first years at the site before significantly improving their lives by constructing the present house in 1835. Built of brick, the farmhouse rests on a stone foundation, is topped by an asphalt roof, and features additional elements of wood and asphalt. The basic plan is a simple two-story rectangle, wider than its length, with windowless ends that rise to chimney-topped gables. An extension, most of the width of the house, is attached to the rear, while a porch occupies the ell. Three windows pierce the second story on the facade, while the main entrance sits at the center of the first story between one window on either side. A small porch with a shed roof shelters the entrance. Besides the farmhouse, the complex includes a cemetery and six outbuildings, including the original log cabin and a bank barn. Today, the Arnold farmstead is the core of Carriage Hill MetroPark. The farmhouse is operated as a historic house museum, staffed by individuals costumed as nineteenth-century farmers, while other parts of the farmstead are operated for ancillary purposes. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of Daniel Arnold's significance in the area's settlement. It is one of four Huber Heights locations on the Register, along with the Ausenbaugh-McElhenny House, the Taylorsville Canal Inn (demolished), and Lock Seventy on the Miami and Erie Canal.

text:
# Arnold Homestead

The **Arnold Homestead** is a historic homestead in the city of Huber Heights, a suburb of Dayton, Ohio, United States. Formed at the turn of the nineteenth century, it centers on an 1830s farmhouse that was built for an immigrant family from Virginia.

A native of present-day West Virginia, Daniel Arnold sold his farm and brought his wife Catherine and five children to settle in present-day Huber Heights in the early nineteenth century. Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church, they typified the German immigrant church's gradual movement westward as it gradually integrated with American society. After renting land over their first winter, Arnold bought the present farmstead from Henry Harshberger and occupied it for the remnant of his life. The family used a log cabin during their first years at the site before significantly improving their lives by constructing the present house in 1835.

Built of brick, the farmhouse rests on a stone foundation, is topped by an asphalt roof, and features additional elements of wood and asphalt. The basic plan is a simple two-story rectangle, wider than its length, with windowless ends that rise to chimney-topped gables. An extension, most of the width of the house, is attached to the rear, while a porch occupies the ell. Three windows pierce the second story on the facade, while the main entrance sits at the center of the first story between one window on either side. A small porch with a shed roof shelters the entrance. Besides the farmhouse, the complex includes a cemetery and six outbuildings, including the original log cabin and a bank barn.

Today, the Arnold farmstead is the core of Carriage Hill MetroPark. The farmhouse is operated as a historic house museum, staffed by individuals costumed as nineteenth-century farmers, while other parts of the farmstead are operated for ancillary purposes. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of Daniel Arnold's significance in the area's settlement. It is one of four Huber Heights locations on the Register, along with the Ausenbaugh-McElhenny House, the Taylorsville Canal Inn (demolished), and Lock Seventy on the Miami and Erie Canal.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Arnold Homestead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front of the farmhouse | |
|  | |
| Location | State Route 201 in Huber Heights, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°52′25″N 84°5′30.5″W / 39.87361°N 84.091806°W / 39.87361; -84.091806 |
| Area | 125 acres (51 ha) |
| Built | 1800 (1800) |
| Architect | Daniel and Joseph Arnold |
| Architectural style | Vernacular form of Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 77001077 |
| Added to NRHP | November 7, 1977 |


abstract: The 1993–94 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University in the 1993–94 NCAA Division I college basketball season. John Thompson, coached them in his 22nd season as head coach. They played their home games at USAir Arena in Landover, Maryland. They were members of the Big East Conference and finished the season with a record of 19-12, 10-8 in Big East play. Their record earned them a bye in the first round of the 1994 Big East men's basketball tournament, and they advanced to the tournament final before losing to Providence. They were awarded a No. 9 seed in the Midwest Region of the 1994 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament – Georgetown's 15th NCAA Tournament appearance in 16 years – and advanced to the second round before losing to the region's No. 1 seed, Arkansas.

text:
# 1993–94 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

1993–94 Big East men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 4 Connecticut | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 29 |  | 5 |  | .853 |
| No. 15 Syracuse | 13 |  | 5 |  | .722 |  |  | 23 |  | 7 |  | .767 |
| Boston College | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 23 |  | 11 |  | .676 |
| Providence | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 20 |  | 10 |  | .667 |
| Villanova | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 20 |  | 12 |  | .625 |
| Georgetown | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 19 |  | 12 |  | .613 |
| Seton Hall | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |  |  | 17 |  | 13 |  | .567 |
| Pittsburgh | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 13 |  | 14 |  | .481 |
| St. John's | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 12 |  | 17 |  | .414 |
| Miami | 0 |  | 18 |  | .000 |  |  | 7 |  | 20 |  | .259 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1994 Big East tournament winner
As of April 4, 1994
Rankings from AP poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1993–94 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team** represented Georgetown University in the 1993–94 NCAA Division I college basketball season. John Thompson, coached them in his 22nd season as head coach. They played their home games at USAir Arena in Landover, Maryland. They were members of the Big East Conference and finished the season with a record of 19-12, 10-8 in Big East play. Their record earned them a bye in the first round of the 1994 Big East men's basketball tournament, and they advanced to the tournament final before losing to Providence. They were awarded a No. 9 seed in the Midwest Region of the 1994 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament  Georgetown's 15th NCAA Tournament appearance in 16 years  and advanced to the second round before losing to the region's No. 1 seed, Arkansas.

## Season recap

Four different underclassmen had started at shooting guard for the Hoyas during the previous season, and the lack of a reliable guard had hurt the Hoyas badly  so badly that their 14-year string of consecutive NCAA tournament appearances had finally come to an end, although they had made a run all the way to the final game of the 1993 National Invitation Tournament. To address the shooting guard issue, Thompson signed George Butler, who transferred from Tyler Junior College in Tyler, Texas, to play his junior year at Georgetown. With Butler on the team, Thompson changed Georgetown's offensive strategy from one of feeding the ball to a "big man" at center to an uptempo game by the team's guards, deemphasizing the role of sophomore centers Duane Spencer and Othella Harrington. In the season opener against Maryland, Butler scored 21 points and Harrington had 16 points and 15 rebounds, although Maryland won the game as freshman Terrapins forward Joe Smith debuted with a 26-point game.

Butler played in all 31 games and started 25 of them. He led the team in scoring in three of the first five games and in six games by mid-January 1994, and he scored in double figures 21 times, including a 26-point game against Boston College. For the season, he led the team in three-pointers and free throws and was second in scoring. Harrington, meanwhile, saw his performance decline under the new offensive scheme. Thompson started junior Don Reid at center during the first half of the season, relegating Spencer to the bench and moving Harrington to power forward. Harrington's reflexes tended to be too slow for the new uptempo offense, and his tendency to put the ball on the floor after receiving an inside pass instead of taking the ball straight to the basket also hindered him. By mid-January 1994, Harrington had led the team in scoring in only one game, and his scoring had dropped by 25 percent from the previous season, despite averaging over 30 minutes per game. However, Thompson then moved Harrington back to center, and his play improved. He scored in double figures in 14 of the last 15 games of the season, including a 27-point game against Syracuse, had 17-rebound efforts in two consecutive games, and scored a career-high 31 points at Madison Square Garden against St. John's in an important win in Georgetown's push to return to the NCAA Tournament. He finished as the team leader in scoring and rebounds.

Reid's first two seasons at Georgetown had been unimpressive; he had averaged 1.6 points per game in each of them with limited playing time. Starting at center during the first half of this season while Harrington played power forward, he finally began to excel. He had 11 points and 10 rebounds against Memphis State and a season-high 15 points and 11 rebounds in a game with Villanova. He rebounded in double digits five times, and he averaged 7.7 points and 5.9 rebounds per game for the year.

Senior point guard and second-year team captain Joey Brown played in 30 games and started 29 of them, scoring in double figures 17 times. He had four double-doubles (double figures in scoring and assists), giving him a career total of six, and in the win over Nevada-Las Vegas he became the first Georgetown player to have 1,000 points, 400 rebounds, and 500 assists in his career. He led the team in assists in all but four games and averaged 10.0 points per game.

Senior forward Robert Churchwell scored in double figures 15 times. His best performances were a 24-point game against Nevada-Las Vegas and 19 against Boston College, and he averaged 9.7 points per game.

The Hoyas received a bye in the first round of the 1994 Big East tournament, and defeated Boston College handily in the quarterfinals. Butler scored 24 points in an overtime win over Seton Hall in the semifinals and 18 points against Providence in the final before fouling out with 11:09 left in the game. With him out, the Hoyas had to rely on inexperienced guards for the rest of the game, and Providence took advantage of that to beat Georgetown for the tournament championship.

Georgetown returned to the NCAA tournament, its 15th appearance in the last 16 seasons, seeded ninth in the Midwest Region. The Hoyas upset No. 8 seed Illinois in the first round, with Butler scoring nine points in the first half and 18 in the second half for a career-high 27 points and Reid putting in a 15-point, seven-rebound effort. Two days later, the Hoyas lost to the region's No. 1 seed, Arkansas, the fourth straight time that Georgetown had exited the NCAA Tournament in the second round.

Georgetown's season opener against Maryland was the first meeting of the teams outside of a tournament since a December 5, 1979, game in which John Thompson and Maryland head coach Lefty Driesell had gotten into a shouting match at midcourt. The incident apparently had soured relations between the schools, which had a lengthy history of regular-season meetings before the 1979 game. The 1993 meeting raised hopes that the teams would resume regular meetings, but they did not schedule one another for a non-tournament regular-season game again until 2015.

DePaul's January 22, 1994, victory over Georgetown was the last time the Blue Demons defeated the Hoyas for 20 years. The following season, Georgetown would begin a 14-game winning streak against DePaul which the Blue Demons would not finally break until they upset the Hoyas in the first round of the 2014 Big East tournament in March 2014.

## Roster

Source

| # | Name | Height | Weight (lbs.) | Position | Class | Hometown | Previous Team(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 | Dan Kelly | 6'1" | 180 |  | Fr. | Cincinnati, OH, U.S. | Purcell Marian HS |
| 4 | John Jacques | 6'3" | 175 |  | Jr. | Delco, NC, U.S. | Acme-Delco HS |
| 10 | Joey Brown | 5'10" | 185 |  | Sr. | Morgan City, LA, U.S. | Morgan City HS |
| 11 | Irvin Church | 6'1" | 185 |  | Jr. | Riverdale, MD, U.S. | Parkdale HS |
| 12 | Éric Micoud | 6'1" | 185 |  | So. | Lyon, France | St. John's HS (D.C.) |
| 21 | Arnette Jordan | 6'1" | 190 |  | So. | Detroit, MI, U.S. | Cass Technical HS |
| 22 | Robert Churchwell | 6'6" | 210 |  | Sr. | South Bend, IN, U.S. | Gonzaga College HS (D.C.) |
| 30 | George Butler | 6'2" | 225 |  | Jr. | Gary, IN, U.S. | Tyler Junior College (Texas)
Lamar University |
| 32 | Kevin Millen | 6'6" | 185 |  | Jr. | Memphis, TN, U.S. | Raleigh-Egypt HS |
| 34 | Lamont Morgan | 6'2" | 185 |  | Sr. | Washington, DC, U.S. | Gonzaga College HS |
| 40 | Duane Spencer | 6'10" | 205 | / | So. | New Orleans, LA, U.S. | Walter L. Cohen HS |
| 44 | Cheikh Ya-Ya Dia | 6'9" | 210 | / | Fr. | Dakar, Senegal | St. John's Prep-Prospect Hall (Maryland) |
| 50 | Othella Harrington | 6'9" | 240 |  | So. | Jackson, MS, U.S. | Murrah HS |
| 52 | Don Reid | 6'8" | 270 |  | Jr. | Largo, MD, U.S. | Largo HS |

## Rankings

Source

Ranking Movement
**Legend:** ██ Improvement in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking. ██ Not ranked the previous week. RV=Others receiving votes.
| Poll | Pre | Wk 1 | Wk 2 | Wk 3 | Wk 4 | Wk 5 | Wk 6 | Wk 7 | Wk 8 | Wk 9 | Wk 10 | Wk 11 | Wk 12 | Wk 13 | Wk 14 | Wk 15 | Wk 16 | Wk 17 | Wk 18 | Final | Post |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AP | 15 | 15 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Coaches | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |  |  |

## 1993–94 Schedule and results

Sources

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | | |
| Fri., Nov. 26, 1993*
 | No. 15 | Maryland | **L** 83-84 OT | 0–1
 | USAir Arena (13,761)
Landover, MD |
| Sat., Nov. 27, 1993*
 | No. 15 | Virginia State | **W** 84-64 | 1–1
 | USAir Arena (7,180)
Landover, MD |
| Wed., Dec. 1, 1993*
 | No. 25 | Southern-New Orleans | **W** 108-55 | 2–1
 | USAir Arena (5,078)
Landover, MD |
| Sat., Dec. 4, 1993
 | No. 25 | Villanova | **L** 75-76 OT | 2–2 (0–1)
 | USAir Arena (10,308)
Landover, MD |
| Tue., Dec. 7, 1993
 |  | at Miami | **W** 61-47 | 3–2 (1–1)
 | Miami Arena (5,591)
Miami, FL |
| Fri., Dec. 10, 1993*
 |  | Morgan State | **W** 81-39 | 4–2
 | USAir Arena (7,451)
Landover, MD |
| Sat., Dec. 18, 1993*
 |  | California-Irvine | **W** 93–64 | 5–2
 | USArena (6,483)
Landover, MD |
| Thu., Dec. 30, 1993*
 |  | at Memphis State | **W** 94–78 | 6–2
 | Pyramid Arena (17,497)
Memphis, TN |
| Tue., Jan. 4, 1994
 |  | at No. 16 Connecticut
*Rivalry* | **L** 65-77 | 6–3 (1–2)
 | Hartford Civic Center (10,296)
Hartford, CT |
| Sat., Jan. 8, 1994*
 |  | Nevada-Las Vegas | **W** 78–67 | 7–3
 | USAir Arena (N/A)
Landover, MD |
| Sun., Jan. 12, 1994
 |  | St. John's | **W** 60-49 | 8–3 (2–2)
 | USAir Arena (7,823)
Landover, MD |
| Sat., Jan. 15, 1994
 |  | Providence | **W** 77-70 | 9–3 (3–2)
 | USAir Arena (7,593)
Landover, MD |
| Mon., Jan. 17, 1994
 |  | at Seton Hall | **W** 57–53 | 10–3 (4–2)
 | Brendan Byrne Arena (13,151)
East Rutherford, NJ |
| Sat., Jan. 22, 1994*
 |  | at DePaul | **L** 51–78 | 10–4
 | Rosemont Horizon (N/A)
Rosemont, IL |
| Mon., Jan. 24, 1994
 |  | at Pittsburgh | **L** 60–68 | 10–5 (4–3)
 | Civic Arena (17,332)
Pittsburgh, PA |
| Sat., Jan. 29, 1994
 |  | Miami | **W** 77–40 | 11–5 (5–3)
 | USAir Arena (8,777)
Landover, MD |
| Wed., Jan. 31, 1994
 |  | at Boston College | **L** 64–71 | 11–6 (5–4)
 | Silvio O. Conte Forum (8,606)
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Sat., Feb. 5, 1994
 |  | Seton Hall | **W** 71–51 | 12–6 (6–4)
 | USAir Arena (10,121)
Landover, MD |
| Mon., Feb. 7, 1994
7:30 p.m. |  | No. 14 Syracuse | **W** 60–56 | 13-6 (7–4)
 | USAir Arena (11,629)
Landover, MD |
| Wed., Feb. 16, 1994
 |  | Pittsburgh | **W** 67–65 | 14-6 (8–4)
 | USAir Arena (8,242)
Landover, MD |
| Sat., Feb. 19, 1994
 |  | at St. John's | **W** 74–61 | 15–6 (9–4)
 | Madison Square Garden (13,378)
New York, NY |
| Tue., Feb. 22, 1994
 |  | at Villanova | **L** 64–70 | 15–7 (9–5)
 | Spectrum (10,043)
Philadelphia, PA |
| Sat., Feb. 26, 1994
 |  | Boston College | **W** 78–68 | 16–7 (10–5)
 | USAir Arena (11,170)
Landover, MD |
| Mon., Feb. 28, 1994
 |  | No. 4 Connecticut
*Rivalry* | **L** 62–66 | 16–8 (10–6)
 | USAir Arena (12,013)
Landover, MD |
| Sun., Mar. 6, 1994
2:08 p.m. |  | at No. 14 Syracuse | **L** 75–81 | 16–9 (10–7)
 | Carrier Dome (30,205)
Syracuse, NY |
| Mon., Mar. 7, 1994
 |  | at Providence | **L** 67–73 OT | 16–10 (10–8)
 | Providence Civic Center (13,106)
Providence, RI |
| Big East tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Fri., Mar. 11, 1994
 |  | vs. Boston College
*Quarterfinal* | **W** 81–58 | 17–10
 | Madison Square Garden (19,544)
New York, NY |
| Sat., Mar. 12, 1994
 |  | vs. Seton Hall
*Semifinal* | **W** 76–71 OT | 18–10
 | Madison Square Garden (19,544)
New York, NY |
| Sun., Mar. 13, 1994
 |  | vs. Providence
*Final* | **L** 64–74 | 18–11
 | Madison Square Garden (19,544)
New York, NY |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Fri., Mar. 18, 1994
 |  | vs. Illinois
*Midwest Regional First Round* | **W** 84–77 | 19–11
 | The Myriad (13,334)
Oklahoma City, OK |
| Sun., Mar. 20, 1994
 |  | vs. No. 2 Arkansas
*Midwest Regional Second Round* | **L** 76–85 | 19–12
 | The Myriad (13,376)
Oklahoma City, OK |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. sports-reference.com 1993-94 Big East Conference Season Summary
2. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Top 100: 13. Othella Harrington". Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
3. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Top 100: 80. George Butler". Archived from the original on March 24, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
4. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Top 100: 77. Don Reid". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
5. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Top 100: 44. Joey Brown". Archived from the original on March 18, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
6. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Top 100: 40. Robert Churchwell". Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
7. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Records vs. All Opponents". Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
8. Feinstein, John, "Maryland, Georgetown basketball should follow example of Philadelphia’s Big Five," washingtonpost.com, December 4, 2014.
9. Wang, Gene, "Georgetown ousted from Big East in first round by DePaul, 60-56," washingtonpost.com, March 13, 2014.
10. "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Rosters 1990-91 to 1999-2000". Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
11. The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Player Directory: Jersey Numbers
12. 1993-94 Big East Conference Season Summary
13. sports-reference.com 1993-94 Polls
14. The Georgetown Basketball History Project: 1990s Seasons
15. 2012-2013 Georgetown Men's Basketball Media Guide, p. 65.
16. Official Basketball Box Score Syracuse vs Georgetown 2/7/94 7:30 p.m. at USAir Arena, Washington, D.C.
17. Official Basketball Box Score Georgetown vs Syracuse 3/6/94 2:08 p.m. at Carrier Dome, Syracuse, NY

## InfoBox

| 1993–94 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NCAA tournament, second round | |
| Conference | Big East Conference |
| Record | 19-12 (10-8 Big East) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches | * Craig Esherick (12th season) * Mike Riley (12th season) * Mel Reid (4th season) |
| Captain | Joey Brown (2nd year) |
| Home arena | USAir Arena |
|


title: Arnold Kohlschütter

abstract: Ernst Arnold Kohlschütter was a German astronomer and astrophysicist from Halle. In 1908 he was awarded his Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen under Karl Schwarzschild. In 1911 he began working at the Mount Wilson observatory, studying the spectra of the Sun and stars in collaboration with Walter Sidney Adams. In 1914 they discovered that the absolute luminosity of a star is proportional to the relative intensity of the lines in the spectrum. This allowed astronomers to determine the distance of stars, including main sequence and giants, using the spectroscope. He became the director of the Bonn observatory in 1925. Therein he was dedicated to astrometric studies, such as the Bonn portion of AGK2. The crater Kohlschütter on the Moon is named after him.

text:
# Arnold Kohlschütter

**Ernst Arnold Kohlschütter** (6 July 1883  28 May 1969) was a German astronomer and astrophysicist from Halle.

In 1908 he was awarded his Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen under Karl Schwarzschild.

In 1911 he began working at the Mount Wilson observatory, studying the spectra of the Sun and stars in collaboration with Walter Sidney Adams. In 1914 they discovered that the absolute luminosity of a star is proportional to the relative intensity of the lines in the spectrum. This allowed astronomers to determine the distance of stars, including main sequence and giants, using the spectroscope.

He became the director of the Bonn observatory in 1925. Therein he was dedicated to astrometric studies, such as the Bonn portion of AGK2.

The crater Kohlschütter on the Moon is named after him.


title: Arnold Kohn

abstract: Arnold Kohn was a Croatian Zionist, longtime president of the Jewish community Osijek and Holocaust survivor.

text:
# Arnold Kohn

**Arnold Kohn** (21 May 1905 – 16 November 1984) was a Croatian Zionist, longtime president of the Jewish community Osijek and Holocaust survivor.

## Biography

Kohn was born in Dobrovac, near Lipik, to a Jewish Orthodox Zionist family on 21 May 1905. His family was engaged in grocery store trade. In 1905 Kohn moved to Osijek with his family. During World War II, in 1942, Kohn and his family were deported to Auschwitz from their home in Tenja, near Osijek. While at Auschwitz, inmate number "62178" was tattooed onto his arm. Kohn survived the Holocaust while all members of his immediate family (mother, brothers and sisters) perished in the Nazi concentration camps. After his return from Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in 1945 Kohn was physically and mentally exhausted, on the verge of death. After his recovery, he participated in the restoration of the Jewish community of Osijek.

He was a longtime president of the union of trade and craft workers in Osijek. In 1962 he was awarded with the "Medal of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia". Within the Jewish community of Osijek he was a longtime member of the board, and from 1965 to 1975 he was the president of the community. Kohn's special merit is in setting the Oscar Nemon monument "Mother and Child" dedicated to Jews who perished during the Holocaust and the victims of fascism. Kohn was also a member of the Union of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia executive committee. He died in Osijek on 16 November 1984.

## Bibliography

* Živaković-Kerže, Zlata (2005). *Židovi u Osijeku (1918.-1941.)*. Osijek: Židovska općina Osijek – Tiskara Pauk d.o.o., Cerna. ISBN 953-6659-22-0.

## InfoBox

| Arnold Kohn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1905-05-21)21 May 1905
Dobrovac, near Lipik, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (now Croatia) |
| Died | 16 November 1984(1984-11-16) (aged 79)
Osijek, SFR Yugoslavia (now Croatia) |
| Nationality | Croat |
| Relatives | Samuel and Roza Kohn
(parents)
Benko Kohn
(brother)
Ilona Kohn
(sister)
Leo Kohn
(brother)
Ljubica Kohn
(sister)
Mira Kohn
(sister)
Olga Kohn
(sister)
Hinko Kohn
(brother)
Cilika Kohn
(sister)
Irma Kohn
(sister)
Zlatko Kohn
(brother)
Berta Kohn
(sister)
Robert Kohn
(brother) |