abstract: The 2013 Maryland Terrapins men's soccer team was the college's 68th season of playing organized men's college soccer. The Terrapins played in the Atlantic Coast Conference where they emerged as the regular season and tournament champions. The Terrapins finished the season as the NCAA runner-up, losing the college cup final to Notre Dame.

text:
# 2013 Maryland Terrapins men's soccer team

The **2013 Maryland Terrapins men's soccer team** was the college's 68th season of playing organized men's college soccer. The Terrapins played in the Atlantic Coast Conference where they emerged as the regular season and tournament champions. The Terrapins finished the season as the NCAA runner-up, losing the college cup final to Notre Dame.

## Roster

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  USA Keith Cardona  2 DF  USA Alex Crognale  3 MF  USA Michael Sauers  4 DF  USA Kyle Roach  5 DF  USA Mikey Ambrose  6 MF  NOR Helge Leikvang  7 MF  USA Dan Metzger  8 MF  HAI Widner Saint Cyr  9 MF  USA Alex Shinsky  10 FW  LES Sunny Jane  11 MF  ETH Mikias Eticha  12 MF  USA Jereme Raley  14 FW  USA Jordan Cyrus  15 FW  USA Patrick Mullins | No. Pos. Nation Player  16 MF  HUN David Kabelik  17 FW  HAI Christiano Francois  18 DF  USA Dakota Edwards  19 GK  USA Cody Niedermeier  20 FW  USA Jake Pace  21 GK  USA Jordan Tatum  22 MF  USA Suli Dainkeh  23 FW  ZIM Schillo Tshuma  24 MF  USA Daniel Johnson  25 FW  USA Ryan Reid  26 MF  USA Chris Odoi-Atsem  29 DF  NZL Gordon Murie  31 MF  JPN Tsubasa Endoh  99 GK  USA Zack Steffen |
| --- | --- |

## Competitions

### Preseason

| August 20, 2013 | **#2 Maryland** | **1–1** | **Penn State** | University Park, Pennsylvania |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6:00 pm ET | Mullins  37' (pen.) | Report | Maloney  7' | Stadium: Jeffrey Field
Attendance: 1,031 |
| *Note: Since this was an exhibition, the match stood as a draw at the end of regulation.* | | | | |

| August 24, 2013 | **#21 St. John's** | **2–0** | **#2 Maryland** | College Park, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7:00 pm ET | Bedoya  64'
L'Esperance  86' | Report |  | Stadium: Ludwig Field
Attendance: 1,455 |

### Regular season

#### ACC Standings

#### Results summary

#### Results by round

#### Match results

| August 30, 2013 1 | **#2 Maryland** | **3–3** (a.e.t.) | **Stanford** | Stanford, California |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10:00 pm ET | Shinsky  32'
Crognale  33'
Mullins  41'
Tshuma  55'
Pace  86' | Report | Crognale  8' (o.g.)
Batteer  36', 60'
Kovar  44'
Callinan  68'
Nana-Sinkham  83'  100' | Stadium: Cagan Stadium
Attendance: 1,196
Referee: Ioannis Stavridis |

| September 1, 2013 2 | **#2 Maryland** | **2–3** (a.e.t.) | **California** | Berkeley, California |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5:00 pm ET | Tshuma  47'
Pace  46'  79'
Metzger  96' | Report | Birnbaum  14'  71'
Bonomo  51'  86'
Sundly  97' | Stadium: Edwards Stadium
Attendance: 757
Referee: Ian Anderson |

| September 6, 2013 3 | **Duke** | **1–3** | **#13 Maryland** | College Park, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7:30 pm ET | Davis  25'
Huitema  52'
McDaniel  73' | Report | Endoh  55'
Liekvang  64'  72'
Mullins  66'
Tshuma  80' | Stadium: Ludwig Field
Attendance: 8,397
Referee: Andrew Chapin |

| September 8, 2013 4 | **#24 VCU** | **3–2** | **#13 Maryland** | College Park, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7:00 pm ET | Manel  78' (pen.)
Belmar  79'  80'
Fisher  87' | Report | Pace  33'
Odoi-Atsem  71'
Steffen  78' | Stadium: Ludwig Field
Attendance: 1,611
Referee: Peter Dhima |

### ACC Tournament

| November 12, 2013 Quarterfinals | **(#8) Clemson** | **0–2** | **#4 (#1) Maryland** | College Park, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7:00 pm ET | Frano  89' | Report | Eticha  52'
Endoh  72'
Ambrose  79' | Stadium: Ludwig Field
Attendance: 389
Referee: Mark Kadlecik |

| November 15, 2013 Semifinals | **(#4) Clemson** | **0–1** (a.e.t.) | **#4 (#1) Maryland** | Germantown, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8:00 pm ET | Dia  30'
Fisher  35'
Burnikel  84' | Report | Metzger  69'
Sauers  100' | Stadium: Maryland SoccerPlex
Attendance: 3,352
Referee: John McCloskey |

| November 17, 2013 Final | **#10 (#6) Virginia** | **0–1** | **#4 (#1) Maryland** | Germantown, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2:00 pm ET |  | Report | Zinkhan  88' (o.g.) | Stadium: Maryland SoccerPlex
Attendance: 4,763
Referee: Chico Grajeda |

### NCAA Tournament

| November 24, 2013 Second round | **Providence** | **1–3** | **#4 (#5) Maryland** | College Park, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5:00 pm ET | Alder  47'
Towler  69'
Sailor  70' | Report | Sauers  7'
Mullins  70'
Pace  87' | Stadium: Ludwig Field
Attendance: 1,105
Referee: John McCloskey |

| December 1, 2013 Third round | **#13 (#12) UC Irvine** | **0–1** | **#4 (#5) Maryland** | College Park, Maryland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5:00 pm ET | Bjurman  81'
Cardenas  84' | Report | Mullins  32'
Sauers  63' | Stadium: Ludwig Field
Attendance: 1,337
Referee: Mark Kadleck |

| December 7, 2013 Quarterfinals | **#4 (#5) Maryland** | **2–1** | **#6 (#4) California** | Berkeley, California |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4:30 pm ET | Shinsky  33'
Jane  40'
Sauers  86' | Report | Bonomo  50'  88' | Stadium: PPL Park
Attendance: 2,330
Referee: Ian Anderson |

#### College Cup

| December 13, 2013 Semifinals | **#9 (#8) Virginia** | **1–2** | **#4 (#5) Maryland** | Chester, Pennsylvania |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7:00 pm ET | Thomsen  71'
Wharton  73'  77' (pen.) | Report | Mullins  11', 76' | Stadium: PPL Park
Attendance: 4,172
Referee: Ted Unkel |

| December 15, 2013 Final | **#4 (#5) Maryland** | **1–2** | **#3 (#3) Notre Dame** | Chester, Pennsylvania |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3:30 pm ET | Mullins  35' | Report | Brown  40'
O'Malley  60' | Stadium: PPL Park
Attendance: 5,303
Referee: Chico Grajeda |

## InfoBox

Maryland Terrapins
| 2013 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Sasho Cirovski |
| Stadium | Ludwig Field |
| ACC | 1st |
| ACC Tournament | **Winners** |
| NCAA Tournament | Runners-up |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1978 New York Cosmos season

abstract: The 1978 New York Cosmos season was the eighth season for the Cosmos in the now-defunct North American Soccer League. It was also the second and final year in which "New York" was dropped from their name. The double-winning club set records for most wins and points in an NASL season, thanks to their 24-6 regular-season mark and 212 points, securing their second premiership on the way to their third championship. They beat the Fort Lauderdale Strikers 7–0 on opening day and never looked back, scoring 88 times while losing just three games in regulation. Giorgio Chinaglia scored 34 goals and 79 points, setting league records in the process. In Soccer Bowl '78, the Cosmos defeated the Tampa Bay Rowdies in front of 74,901 fans at Giants Stadium, still to this day a record for attendance at a North American championship soccer game.

text:
# 1978 New York Cosmos season

The **1978 New York Cosmos season** was the eighth season for the Cosmos in the now-defunct North American Soccer League. It was also the second and final year in which "New York" was dropped from their name. The double-winning club set records for most wins and points in an NASL season, thanks to their 24-6 regular-season mark (shared with the Vancouver Whitecaps) and 212 points, securing their second premiership on the way to their third championship. They beat the Fort Lauderdale Strikers 7–0 on opening day and never looked back, scoring 88 times while losing just three games in regulation. Giorgio Chinaglia scored 34 goals and 79 points, setting league records in the process. In Soccer Bowl '78, the Cosmos defeated the Tampa Bay Rowdies in front of 74,901 fans at Giants Stadium, still to this day a record for attendance at a North American championship soccer game.

## Squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  0 GK  CAN Jack Brand  1 GK  TUR Erol Yasin  2 DF  USA Bobby Smith  3 MF  BRA Nelsi Morais  4 DF  USA Werner Roth  5 DF  BRA Carlos Alberto  6 DF  GER Franz Beckenbauer  7 FW  ENG Dennis Tueart  8 MF  YUG Vladislav Bogićević  9 FW  ITA Giorgio Chinaglia  11 FW  ENG Steve Hunt  12 FW  POR Seninho  14 MF  ENG Terry Garbett | No. Pos. Nation Player  15 MF  YUG Vito Dimitrijević  16 FW  USA Tony Donlic  17 MF  USA Rick Davis  18 FW  USA Fred Grgurev  19 DF  CAN Robert Iarusci  20 GK  USA David Brcic  21 FW  USA Gary Etherington  22 MF  USA Jim Millinder  23 DF  ITA Giuseppe Wilson  24 DF  CAN Garry Ayre  25 DF  USA Santiago Formoso  26 FW  USA Ron Atanasio  27 FW  USA Joe Filian |
| --- | --- |

Source:

## Results

Source:

### Preseason

### Regular season

*Pld = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points*
6 points for a win, 1 point for a shootout win, 0 points for a loss, 1 point for each goal scored (up to three per game).

#### National Eastern Division Standings

| Pos | Club | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Cosmos** | 30 | 24 | 6 | 88 | 39 | +49 | **212** |
| 2 | **Washington Diplomats** | 30 | 16 | 14 | 55 | 47 | +8 | **145** |
| 3 | **Toronto Metros-Croatia** | 30 | 16 | 14 | 58 | 47 | +11 | **144** |
| 4 | **Rochester Lancers** | 30 | 14 | 16 | 47 | 52 | -5 | **131** |
|

#### Overall League Placing

| Pos | Club | Pld | W | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Cosmos** | 30 | 24 | 6 | 88 | 39 | +49 | **212** |
| 2 | **Vancouver Whitecaps** | 30 | 24 | 6 | 68 | 29 | +39 | **199** |
| 3 | **Detroit Express** | 30 | 20 | 10 | 68 | 36 | +32 | **176** |
| 4 | **Portland Timbers** | 30 | 20 | 10 | 50 | 36 | +14 | **167** |
| 5 | **New England Tea Men** | 30 | 19 | 11 | 62 | 39 | +23 | **165** |
|

Source:

#### Season matches

### Postseason

#### Overview

|  | Conference Quarterfinals | | |  |  | Conference Semifinals | | |  |  | Conference Championships | | |  |  | Soccer Bowl '78 | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | A1 | Detroit Express | 1 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | || |
|  | A8 | Philadelphia Fury | 0 |  | || |
|  | | | | |  | A1 | Detroit Express | 1 |  | ||
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | ||
|  | |  |  | A7 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 2 |  || |
|  | A2 | | | | | | New England Tea Men | 1 |  | ||
|  | | | | |  | | | | | ||
|  | | A7 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 3 |  || |
|  | | | | |  | A7 | Fort Lauderdale Strikers | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 2 |  ||
|  | A3 | | | | | | San Diego Sockers | 2 |  |  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | ||
|  | | A6 | California Surf | 1 | |  ||
|  | | | | |  | A3 | San Diego Sockers | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 2 |  ||
|  | | | | | | | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 3 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | | | | ||
|  | | A5 | Chicago Sting | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | A4 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | N1 | Cosmos | 3 |  |
|  | N1 | | | | | | Cosmos | 5 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | N8 | Seattle Sounders | 2 | |  ||
|  | | | | |  | N1 | Cosmos | 2 |  | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | N3 | Minnesota Kicks | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | | | | N3 | Minnesota Kicks | 3 | |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | N6 | Tulsa Roughnecks | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | N1 | Cosmos | 2 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | N4 | Portland Timbers | 0 |  |
|  | | | | | | | N2 | Vancouver Whitecaps | 4 |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | N7 | Toronto Metros-Croatia | 0 | |  |
|  | | | | |  | N2 | Vancouver Whitecaps | 0 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | N4 | Portland Timbers | 2 |  |
|  | | | | | | | N4 | Portland Timbers | 2 |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | N5 | Washington Diplomats | 1 |  |

### Friendlies

Cosmos in Argentinavs Argentina U-20: Franz Beckenbauer and Diego Maradonavs Belgrano in Córdobavs Boca Juniors at Mar del Plata

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Att. | Scorers | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Feb 2 | FIU | A | 2–0 | 300 | Chinaglia (2) |  |
| March 5 | Bermuda | A | 4–1 | 7,000 | Grgurev, Chinaglia (2), Tueart |  |
| March 8 | Bermuda U-23 | A | 3–0 | 4,000 | Chinaglia (2), Millinder |  |
| March 11 | Bermuda | A | 4–1 | 5,000 | Tueart (2), Chinaglia, Bogicevic |  |
| March 22 | Adelphi University | H | 11–0 | n/a | Chinaglia (2), Bogicevic (2), n/a |  |
| Apr 4 | Los Angeles Aztecs | A | 0–0 | 15,000 |  |  |
| August 30 | World All-Stars | H | 2–2 | 50,757 | Seninho, Chinaglia |  |
| September 4 | Atlético Madrid | H | 1–3 | 35,140 | Rivellino |  |
| September 9 | Boca Juniors | H | 2–2 | 23,000 | Chinaglia (2) |  |
| September 12 | Bayern Munich | A | 1–7 | 75,000 | Chinaglia |  |
| September 14 | Brescia | A | 2–1 | 30,000 | Tueart, Chinaglia |  |
| September 19 | VfB Stuttgart | A | 1–6 | 55,000 | Chinaglia |  |
| September 21 | Freiburger FC | A | 0–2 | 18,000 |  |  |
| September 26 | Chelsea | A | 1–1 | 39,659 | Tueart |  |
| October 1 | Atlético Madrid | A | 3–2 | 45,000 | Seninho, Chinaglia, Bogicevic |  |
| October 4 | AEK Athens | A | 5–3 | n/a | Chinaglia (3), Tueart, Seninho |  |
| October 9 | Red Star Belgrade | A | 4–6 | 23,500 | Tueart, Chinaglia, Seninho |  |
| November 1 | Barcelona | A | 1–1 | 50,000 | Chinaglia |  |
| November 3 | Argentina U-20 | A | 1–2 | n/a | Chinaglia |  |
| November 7 | Belgrano (C) | A | 1–1 | n/a | Chinaglia |  |
| November 13 | Independiente Rivadavia | A | 2–1 | n/a | Davis, Beckenbauer |  |
| November 16 | Boca Juniors | A | 2–4 | 35,000 | Chinaglia, Seninho |  |
| November 18 | Bolívar/Always Ready | A | 0–2 | n/a |  |  |
| November 22 | Vila Nova | A | 3–2 | 25,000 | Chinaglia (2), Tueart |  |

Notes    1. "From Cape Town to NY, via Charlton: The footballing life of Eddie Firmani". *TheGuardian.com*. May 19, 2010.
2. "North American Soccer League".
3. "The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search".
4. "NASL New York Cosmos Rosters".
5. "All-time American soccer statistics | SoccerStats.us".
6. "The Year in American Soccer - 1978". Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
7. North American Soccer League: Friendlies
8. New York Cosmos 1-3 Atlético de Madrid (1978) on Renaldinhos.com
9. Cómo le fue a Beckenbauer jugando contra Boca, River, Racing y todo el fútbol argentino by Cristian Dellocchio on Página 12, 10 Jan 2024

## InfoBox

Cosmos
| 1978 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Eddie Firmani |
| Stadium | Giants Stadium |
| NASL | **Division:** 1st
**Overall:** *1st*
**Playoffs:** *Champions* |
| National
Challenge Cup | Did not enter |
| CONCACAF
Champions' Cup | Did not enter |
| Top goalscorer | League:  Giorgio Chinaglia (34? goals)
All:  Giorgio Chinaglia (goals) |
| Highest home attendance | 74,901
vs. TB (August 27) |
| Lowest home attendance | 26,325
vs. BJR (September 9) |
| Average home league attendance | 47,856 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fort Delaware

abstract: Fort Delaware is a former harbor defense facility, designed by chief engineer Joseph Gilbert Totten and located on Pea Patch Island in the Delaware River. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the Union / United States Department of War / United States Army used Fort Delaware as a prison for Confederate prisoners of war, political prisoners, miscellaneous civilians, federal convicts, and privateer officers. A three-gun concrete battery of 12-inch guns, later named Battery Torbert, was designed by Maj. Charles W. Raymond and built inside the fort in the 1890s. By 1900, the fort was part of a three fort concept, the first forts of the Coast Defenses of the Delaware, working closely with Fort Mott further upstream on the opposite shore, in Pennsville, New Jersey, and Fort DuPont downstream in Delaware City, Delaware. The fort and the island currently belong to the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) and encompass a living history museum, located in Fort Delaware State Park.

text:
# Fort Delaware

39°35′24″N 75°34′19″W / 39.59000°N 75.57194°W / 39.59000; -75.57194

**Fort Delaware** is a former harbor defense facility, designed by chief engineer Joseph Gilbert Totten and located on Pea Patch Island in the Delaware River. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the Union / United States Department of War / United States Army used Fort Delaware as a prison for Confederate prisoners of war, political prisoners, miscellaneous civilians, federal convicts, and privateer officers.

A three-gun concrete battery of 12-inch guns, later named Battery Torbert, was designed by Maj. Charles W. Raymond and built inside the fort in the 1890s. By 1900, the fort was part of a three fort concept, the first forts of the Coast Defenses of the Delaware, working closely with Fort Mott further upstream on the opposite shore, in Pennsville, New Jersey, and Fort DuPont downstream in Delaware City, Delaware. The fort and the island currently belong to the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) and encompass a living history museum, located in Fort Delaware State Park.

## Background

In 1794, the French military engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant was surveying for defensive sites. He identified an island that he called "Pip Ash" as an ideal site for the defense of the prize of American commerce and culture. The island that L'Enfant called Pip Ash was locally known as Pea Patch Island. This island was mostly unaffected by humanity with one exception. Dr. Henry Gale, a New Jersey resident, used Pea Patch as a private hunting ground. Gale was offered $30,000 for the island by the US Army, but he refused. The military was determined to get the island, so they appealed to the state of Delaware, which claimed ownership of the entire Delaware River and all islands therein within a twelve mile circle around New Castle's Court House. The state legislature passed an act in May 1813 ceding the island to the United States government, which subsequently seized it from Gale. In 1820, seeking to resolve questions surrounding the ownership of the island, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun requested a legal opinion from Attorney General William Wirt. Wirt's conclusion, based on a report by George Read, Jr. and former Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney was that the state of Delaware had the valid claim to the island, and so New Jersey could not have properly deeded it to Gale.

## War of 1812

During the War of 1812, efforts were made to fortify Pea Patch Island. This plan of defense was largely coordinated by Capt. Samuel Babcock, who was working nearby on similar defenses in Philadelphia. During this time a seawall and dykes were built around the island. There is no known evidence that any progress was made on the actual fortification by war's end. The original plan was to build a Martello tower on the island. One source states that an earthwork fort was built on the island during the war and torn down in 1821; also, a wooden fort existed from 1814 to 1824.

## Star fort

The star fort version of Fort Delaware. *Army Corps of Engineers.*Sandstone remnants of star fort recovered by Corps of Engineers during modern seawall repair.Map showing the layout of structures on Pea Patch Island following the fire of 1831. *Army Corps of Engineers.*

Construction of a star fort on Pea Patch island began sometime before December 8, 1817. Chief Engineer Joseph Gardner Swift mentions a fort on the "Pea Patch in Delaware River" among forts that are progressing nicely.

### Fort Mifflin's replacement

The attack on Fort Mifflin during the Revolutionary War proved that a fort was needed further away from Philadelphia in order to delay possible invaders. A fortification further downriver would also provide protection for other vital port cities such as Chester, Marcus Hook, Wilmington, and New Castle. On February 7, 1821, the Board of Engineers reported: "In the Delaware, the fort on the Pea Patch island, and one on the Delaware shore opposite, defend the water passage as far below Philadelphia as localities will permit: They force an enemy to land forty miles below the city to attack it by land, and thus afford time for the arrival of succors \[...\] The two projected forts will also have the advantages of covering the canal destined to connect the Chesapeake with the Delaware\[.\]" The fort on the Delaware shore was not built until the Civil War.

### Construction issues

The star fort was designed by army engineer Joseph G. Totten and construction was supervised by Capt. Samuel Babcock. The five-pointed star design is viewed as "transitional" between the second and third systems of US fortifications. The fort was designed in 1815 and construction began within a few years. Babcock supervised the work from about August 1819 until August 20, 1824. Lt. Henry Brewerton was also on site, serving as an assistant engineer during the construction. Completion of the project was delayed years past the proposed date due to uneven settling, improper pile placement and the island's marshy nature. In one occurrence an entire section of 43,000 bricks had to be taken down, cleaned, and reworked due to massive cracking. In 1822, Colonel Totten and General Simon Bernard were on the island to inspect the faulty works. Captain Babcock was severely criticized for altering Totten's plans without orders. Babcock subsequently appeared before a court-martial for his actions in late 1824. It was determined he was not guilty of neglect but rather error in judgement and he was acquitted. During the trial his counsel was George Read Jr. of New Castle, Del.

### Commanders and garrison

Fort Delaware's first documented commander was Maj. Alexander C.W. Fanning, who took command prior to 1825. That year, a letter documenting a lost mail shipment was written by him as post commander. Army records document that the fort was manned by soldiers of the 2nd U.S. Artillery. Circa 1829, Major Benjamin Kendrick Pierce took command of Fort Delaware. During his tenure, the fort was garrisoned by Companies A and B, 4th U.S. Artillery. Major Pierce was the older brother of the 14th President of the United States, Franklin Pierce.

### 1831 fire

In February 1831, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers sent Lt. Stephen Tuttle to evaluate the foundation issue and offer possible solutions. On February 8, 1831, around 10:30 p.m, a fire originating in Lieutenant Tuttle's quarters destroyed much of the work, burning until the next morning. Maj. Pierce, the post commander, was granted orders to use the federal arsenal in New Castle, Del. as barracks for his two companies until "Fort Delaware can be reoccupied." Captain Richard Delafield, Babcock's replacement, asked for $10,000 to tear down the remaining structure the following year. In 1833, Fort Delaware was torn down to make room for a new fortification. According to official records, the rubble from the star fort served to reinforce the seawall around the island. The sandstone remnants can still be seen today.

## Polygonal Fort

Captain Delafield designed the second version of Fort Delaware "as a huge bastioned polygonal form to be built in masonry." Delafield desired his fort to be "a marvel of military architecture on Pea Patch", and the design was much larger than the star fort. In 1836, excavation work progressed on the north side of the island. Grillage timbers were driven into the island's soft mud to serve as a base for the foundation of Delafield's fort. In 1838, James Humphrey of New Jersey (a descendant of Dr. Henry Gale) sent legal representation to the island, claiming he had legal rights to the island. This began a decade-long legal battle over the island's ownership, which prevented Delafield's fort from being built. After conflicting opinions from two different circuit courts, President James K. Polk suggested an arbitrator resolve the disagreement, and Secretary of War William Marcy and Humphrey agreed. John Sergeant was appointed arbitrator, and in late 1847 heard arguments from the United States (represented by Senators John M. Clayton and James A. Bayard Jr.) and Humphrey (represented by former Secretary of War John Eaton and former Secretary of the Treasury George M. Bibb). On January 15, 1848, he ruled that the island had belonged to the state of Delaware and therefore the title given to the United States government was valid. It appears no further work was done on this fort.

## Pentagonal fort

Fronts I & II of the third version of Fort Delaware.Plan showing position of barbette guns in 1858.

The present Fort Delaware was erected mainly between 1848 and 1860 as one of the larger forts of the third system of U.S. seacoast defense fortifications. Although major construction was wrapped up before the American Civil War (1861-1865), the post engineer did not declare the fort finished until 1868. Construction of the counterscarp wall, slate pavement, and "hanging shutters and doors" was still ongoing. The fort was designed by U.S. Army chief engineer Joseph G. Totten, and construction was supervised by Major John Sanders. Engineers in supporting roles included Captain George B. McClellan, Major John Newton, Lieutenant William Price Craighill, Lieutenant Montgomery C. Meigs and civilian engineer Edwin Muhlenbrach. The fort was about the size and location of the previous star-shaped fort. It was in the shape of an irregular pentagon, with five small bastions at the corners, called "tower bastions" by Totten. Four of the sides were seacoast fronts, with three tiers of cannon on each, two casemated tiers in the fort and one barbette tier on the roof. The irregular shape provided for more cannon on the east-facing fronts, where the deeper channel was. A total of 123 heavy cannon could be mounted on the seacoast fronts, with 15 more in the bastions. The long rear front was called a "gorge wall", with two tiers totaling 68 loopholes for muskets and a tier of 11 cannon on the roof. In the center of this wall was the sally port, the only entrance to or exit from the fort. Twenty short-range flank howitzers could be mounted in the bastions to defeat attacks on the curtain walls. Thus, the fort had positions for 169 cannon. The fort also had a moat, with a tide gate on a canal from the river to control the moat's level.

### Foundation

Construction of a deep foundation was necessary since the island's soils were of "a compressible mud often forty feet deep; the level where sand was finally reached". In 1849, Major Sanders' crews began using steam-powered pile drivers to place long piles (similar to modern telephone poles) in excavated areas to provide adequate support. In 1850 pile driving was complete; crews had driven 4,911 piles, reusing 1,095 piles from the Delafield fort. Because of the star fort's failed foundation, Totten and Sanders decided to evaluate the weight resistance before moving forward with construction. The engineers proposed a singular test consisting of 30 blows from an 8-foot height using an 800 pound weight. A total of 5,754 piles were tested and 2,955 failed more than one fifth of an inch. Roughly 1,700 piles were subsequently spliced and re-driven an additional 10 to 20 feet. The pile driving was finally complete in 1851 and the wooden grillage was the next layer constructed.

### Stonework

The fort is primarily composed of gneiss, granite, brick, and cement. Initially, the stone for the scarp wall was gneiss imported from long prized quarries around Port Deposit, Maryland (on the east bank of the Susquehanna River, north of the Chesapeake Bay) In 1852, Major Sanders reported the gneiss was too hard for his stone masons and cutters to shape, slowing the progress of construction. After that, purchase records show granite was bought from John Leiper's quarry in nearby Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Leiper's granite was also used throughout for various items such as the steps for the circular stairways. Stone from further north in New England of Vinalhaven, Maine was used for the stairways' large platforms. A huge storm damaged the island's dike and seawall in 1854. Due to the threat of high-tide waters, efforts were directed toward repairing the dike and adjacent seawall, slowing progress on the stonework.

### Brickwork

More than two million bricks were purchased from Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for the scarp wall's interior. These bricks were used in construction of underground cisterns, casemates, powder magazines, soldier barracks, officer quarters, bread ovens and the fort's breast high wall. Masonry arches and vaults were used throughout the entire fort to equally distribute weight and to provide stability. Poured concrete was used as a layer above the vaults to offer counter resistance and to "create a strong floor system".

### Major Sanders dies

On July 29, 1858, Major Sanders died on the island due to "complications of carbunculous boils"; Lt. William Craighill replaced him until Maj. John Newton was able to assume the role of supervising engineer.

In 1859, in official correspondence, Major Newton reported that the fort would be ready to arm and garrison by 1860. In 1861, before the Impending Civil War started, Capt. Augustus A. Gibson took command of the fort and a small garrison of only 20 regular army soldiers. Construction languished until the end of the Civil War; the garrison's focus was centered on mounting cannon inside the fort. In 1861, 20 columbiad guns were received and work to mount these guns quickly began. By 1862, another 17 guns were delivered. By 1866, approximately 156 guns were mounted in total, filling the fort's casemates and ramparts to capacity.

## Civil War

Circular stairway near northeast bastion.Soldiers of the Pittsburgh Heavy Artillery by a circular stairway inside the fort in 1864. *Photograph by John L. Gihon.*Restored mess hall that was used by Union soldiers and Confederate POWs inside the fort.

During the Civil War, Fort Delaware went from protector to prison; a prisoner-of-war camp was established to house captured Confederates, convicted federal soldiers, and local political prisoners as well as privateers. The first prisoners were housed inside the fort in sealed off casemates, empty powder magazines, and two small rooms inside the sally port. In those small rooms, names of Confederates can still be seen carved into the brick. According to *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, the island "contained an average population of southern tourists, who came at the urgent invitation of Mr. Lincoln". The first Confederate general to be housed at the fort was Brig. Gen. Johnston Pettigrew. During the war, a total of about a dozen generals were held within the fort as prisoners of war.

### Barracks & hospital

In 1862 and 1863, two separate phases of construction took place, building a "barracks for enlisted prisoners of war" that was known as the "bull pen," said Pvt. Henry Robinson Berkeley a Confederate prisoner. Most of the Confederates captured at Gettysburg were imprisoned here. An L-shaped barracks building, using similar plans, was constructed for Union soldiers assigned as guards. A 600-bed hospital was also built around the same time and was designed by architect John McArthur Jr. of Philadelphia. "These Barracks \[sic\] were common wooden sheds, affording accommodation for about ten thousand persons," wrote Lt. Francis W. Dawson, a Confederate POW captured in August 1862. "The bunks were arranged in tiers of three, and into one of these I crawled. The next morning I was told that these Barracks were the quarters for the privates and non-commissioned officers, and that, by requesting it, I could be removed to the quarters for the officers, which were inside the Fort."

### Mortality rate

The first Confederate prisoner to die at Fort Delaware was Captain L. P. Halloway of the 27th Virginia Infantry. He was captured at Winchester, Va. on March 23, 1862, dying on April 9. Captain Halloway, a Freemason, was given a full Masonic funeral by Jackson Lodge in Delaware City. The funeral procession was led by fort's commander, Captain Augustus A. Gibson, from the town's lock on Clinton Street, and ended in the cemetery on Jefferson Street. According to church records, Halloway's body was reclaimed by his family after the war.

By August 1863, there were more than 11,000 prisoners on the island; by war’s end, it had held almost 33,000 men. The conditions were relatively decent, but about 2,500 prisoners died on Pea Patch Island. Statistically, the overall death rate for prisoners was about 7.6 percent. Half of the total number of deaths occurred during a smallpox epidemic in 1863. Inflammation of the lungs (243 deaths), various forms of diarrhea (315 deaths) and smallpox (272 deaths) were the leading killers amongst the prison population. About 215 prisoners died as a result of typhoid and/or malaria, according to records in the National Archives. Other causes of death include scurvy (70 deaths), pneumonia (61 deaths) and erysipelas (47 deaths). Five prisoners drowned, and seven died from gunshot wounds. During the war, 109 Union soldiers and about 40 civilians died on the island as well.

Many of the Confederate prisoners and Union guards who died at the fort are buried in the nearby Finn's Point National Cemetery in Pennsville, New Jersey.

### Prisoner rations and living conditions (outside the fort)

By 1863, enlisted men and junior officers (mostly lieutenants and captains) of the prison population were living in the wooden barracks on the northwest side of the island. These two classes of prisoners were separated by a tall fence complete with a catwalk for the guards. In 1864, the War Department ordered the rations to be cut in retaliation for the treatment of Northern soldiers in southern POW camps. Although prisoners were only receiving two small meals, they were allowed to purchase extra food from the sutler, and allowed to fish in the waterways on the island and in the Delaware River. Official records also show that prisoners at Fort Delaware received more "care packages" than any other POW camp in the country.

"Things here are not quite as bad as I expected to find them. They are, however, bad, hopeless and gloomy enough without any exaggeration," said Pvt. Henry Berkeley. "We went into dinner about three o'clock, which consisted of three hardtack, a small piece of meat (about three bites) and a pint tin cup of bean soup. We only get two light meals a day."

Reproduction POW barracks built in 2001.Trinity Chapel was built outside of the fort by POWs in 1863. *G.L. Thompson Publisher.*Confederate POW cover from Civil War.

"The mess-room is next to \[Division\] *22* and near *the rear*. It is a long, dark room, having a long pine table, on which the food is placed in separate piles, either on a tin plate or on the uncovered greasy table, at meal hours, twice a day," said Capt. Robert E. Park, 12th Alabama Infantry Regiment. "The fare consists of a slice of baker's bread, very often stale, with weak coffee, for breakfast, and a slice of bread and a piece of salt pork or salt beef, sometimes, alternating with boiled fresh beef and bean soup, for dinner. The beef is often tough and hard to masticate."

"There are several large ditches running across the island which are filled daily by the bay water and which furnish the water for washing," wrote Capt. William H. Burgwyn, 35th North Carolina Infantry. "Our drinking water is brought from Brandywine Creek about ten miles \[away\]."

### Prisoner rations and living conditions (inside the fort)

High-ranking Confederate officers and some political prisoners were housed in former laundress quarters and open-bay barrack rooms inside the fort. These prisoners were often afforded paroles of the island, access to more food, and allowed more freedoms than the outside prison population.

"By the kindness of Gen. Albin Francisco Schoepf (the fort's commandant), Cols. Morgan, Tucker, Coleman and myself were paroled to the Island", said Col. William W. Ward, on March 24, 1864. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson, Gen. Robert B. Vance and the Cols of our command form a mess, and live very well. We give a negro woman $7.00 per week for cooking, $10.00 for washing."

Also living in the former laundress quarters was Reverend Isaac W. K. Handy of Portsmouth, Va., a political prisoner. "Our supplies have, recently, been so abundant, that "Commissary" Tibbetts has appropriated \[Room\] No. 3 as a larder and pantry. We have been living upon hams, turkeys, chickens, tongues, jellies, pickles, butter, cheese, canned fruits, and jellies of various kinds, with all else that could be desired for comfortable and healthy diet," wrote Reverend Handy in 1864. He further notes, "The only article regularly furnished by the Government commissary is bread. Each man gets a well baked loaf, every other day, which is quite sufficient in quantity."

"We were installed in a large barrack-room, which then contained seventy or eighty officers. The highest in rank was a Major Holliday," wrote Lt. Francis W. Dawson. "Our room was dry, warm and well lighted, while the Barracks \[outside of the fort\] were cold, damp and dark. Our room had conveniences for washing \[...\], and there was plenty of water of a poor quality," said Dawson. "We only left the room to march down into the mess-hall."

In late 1862, prisoners inside the fort were fed three meals a day instead of the usual two. "For breakfast we had a cup of poor coffee without milk or sugar, and two small pieces of bad bread. For dinner we had a cup of greasy water misnamed soup, a piece of beef two inches square and a half inch thick, and two slices of bread. At supper the fare was the same as at breakfast. This was exceedingly light diet," wrote Lt. Francis Dawson. "We contrived to make some additions to our diet by purchases at the Sutler's store."

### The "Immortal 600"

On August 20, 1864, six hundred Confederate States Army officers boarded the *Crescent* bound for Morris Island off the coast of South Carolina, "for the purpose I believe of being placed under the fire of the Confederate batteries in retaliation for an equal number of Federal officers who have been placed in the city of Charleston, and are said to be exposed to the shelling of their own guns. I am glad of this move as it will be a diversion to the monotonous life led in prison," said Capt. Leon Jastremski of the 10th Louisiana Infantry. This group of prisoners was later known as the "Immortal Six Hundred".

"Aug. 20 - Am detailed to go to Charleston with the Rebel Officers. Was very busy in the forenoon hunting up shoes and packing up things," said Pvt. Alexander J. Hamilton, Pittsburgh Heavy Artillery. "At 3 p.m. we fell in and marched up to the barracks and by 5 were on board the Crescent and under way. There are 35 of our boys and about 90 of the other two batteries and of Company C, 157th Ohio \[Infantry\]."

"After long delay - all being ready - the guards took their places, and the command was given to march through the sally-port, to the west end of the "bull-pen"," according to Reverend Isaac Handy. "As the noble fellows marched out, I stood at the opening of the sally-port, as near by as the guards would allow, and until the very last man disappeared from the enclosure. 'Good-bye! Good-bye!' was uttered, time and again, as the files moved on; and I could do nothing but return farewells, as some one or more in every rank would wave the parting salutation."

### Garrison units

Starting in 1861, volunteer troops were sent to garrison Fort Delaware that included Collis' Zouaves d' Afrique, the 19th New York Volunteers, Mlotkowski's Independent Battery A, Young's Independent Battery G (Pittsburgh Heavy Artillery), 5th Delaware Infantry, 6th Delaware Infantry, 9th Delaware Infantry, 5th Maryland Infantry, 11th Maryland Infantry, 6th Massachusetts Militia, 157th Pennsylvania Infantry (Battalion), 201st Pennsylvania Infantry, 215th Pennsylvania, 157th Ohio Infantry, 196th Ohio Infantry, and Zouaves of the 165th New York Infantry. The fort was also used to organize and muster troops from Delaware. Ahl's Independent Battery of Heavy Artillery was organized at the fort on July 27, 1863 for garrison duty. Although listed as a Delaware unit, Ahl's Battery was composed of Confederate prisoners that took the oath of allegiance. The fort's artillery soldiers were responsible for manning the guard posts within the fort as well as serving on various duty positions on the island. Infantry troops were mainly responsible for manning guard posts along the seawall, which ran around the island. In August 1864, there were approximately 85 guard posts on the island that required about 255 men on each shift.

## 1870s and 1880s

*Fort Delaware* painted by Seth Eastman, circa 1870-1875.Letter documenting the tornado of 1885.

After the Civil War, the fort was operated by a small garrison of the 4th U.S. Artillery. In the early 1870s, plans were made to modify the five bastions to support 15-inch Rodman guns. During the Civil War a ten-gun battery was built on the river's west bank near the later Fort DuPont; this was rebuilt as a 20-gun battery in the 1870s but not fully armed.

In October 1878, a massive hurricane struck the area causing considerable damage to structures outside the fort. The majority of buildings on the south side of the island were destroyed. The Trinity Chapel, built in 1863 by Confederate POWs, was partially destroyed in the storm. The chapel was subsequently used to store hay until totally demolished sometime after 1901.

On August 3, 1885, a tornado struck the island, destroying the post-war hospital and caused considerable damage to other structures. "A storm took place here. We have had nothing like it since \[October 1878\] and a strong whirlwind with it, sweeping every thing before it, pulling trees out of the ground and carrying parts of the hospital all over the island and out on the river," wrote Ordnance Sergeant James Maxwell.

## Spanish–American War

Location of rapid-fire guns at Fort Delaware circa 1901. The proposed batteries for two 10-inch and three 6-inch guns were not built. *Plan by Lt. Spencer Cosby.*Engineer crew relax outside of fort during rapid-fire battery construction in 1898. *Photo by Frank C. Warner, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.*

Several years before the start of the war, in 1892, a mine control casemate was built on the northern tip of the island. This casemate was built semi-underground and then covered with dirt for concealment. This mining casemate served in conjunction with a one-story torpedo (mine storage) shed and a narrow-gauge railroad, which all supported water-tight mines that could be placed in the Delaware River as a defensive measure against a possible enemy attack. Another casemate at Fort DuPont was built for a mine field controlled by that fort. A similar mine casemate at Fort Delaware had been planned in the 1870s but never materialized due to lack of funding.

### Modernization during the Endicott period

During the late 1890s new gun batteries were constructed at Fort Delaware. These batteries were part of a program initiated by the 1885 Board of Fortifications, a government board headed by Secretary of War William C. Endicott; the resulting system of fortifications is often called the Endicott program. Instead of many guns concentrated in a traditional thick-walled masonry structure, the Endicott batteries are spread out over a wide area, concealed behind concrete parapets flush with the surrounding terrain. As part of this program, Fort Delaware was supplemented by Fort DuPont on the river's west bank and Fort Mott on the east bank; these were the first forts of the Coast Defenses of the Delaware. Both of these were built new for the Endicott program, in both cases replacing earlier batteries. Part of an unfinished battery at Fort Mott from the 1870s was used for new batteries at that fort.

In 1896, half of the soldier barracks and a set of officers' quarters were demolished inside the fort. The parade ground was excavated and thousands of piles were steam driven, to support a foundation for a concrete three-gun battery as a way to modernize the defenses protecting ports along the Delaware River. Construction halted for a brief period before resuming in August 1897. This main battery was designed by Army engineer Lt. Col. Charles W. Raymond, assisted by Lt. Spencer Cosby. The new Endicott structure was a three-story reinforced concrete emplacement, which was built from 1894 to 1900 to support three 12-inch breech-loading rifled guns on disappearing carriages. These guns, mounted in 1900, had a range of approximately 10 miles. The three-gun battery, later named Battery Torbert after Maj. Gen. Alfred Torbert, is one of two three-story Endicott batteries in the United States, the other being Battery Potter, with unique gun-lift carriages, at Fort Hancock, New Jersey. The unusual height of Battery Torbert was due to being initially designed for gun-lift carriages. On top of the fort, flanking the 12-inch battery, were two smaller rapid-fire batteries, which protected the short-range sectors around the island and the mine field. These positions were later named Battery Allen and Battery Alburtis, and were armed with two 3-inch M1898 guns on retractable masking parapet mounts each. They were built in 1899 and accepted for service in 1901. Outside of the fort, engineers built additional rapid-fire batteries, which were later named Battery Dodd and Battery Hentig. Battery Dodd was added as an emergency measure after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898. It had two 4.7-inch 40 caliber guns purchased from the United Kingdom; at that point few of the Endicott batteries were complete and it was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US east coast. The battery was completed in 1899, after the war was over. Battery Hentig had two 3-inch M1903 guns and entered service in 1901.

Battery Allen was named for Robert Allen, Jr., a cavalry officer who died at Gaines Mill in the Civil War. Battery Alburtis was named for William Alburtis, killed in the siege of Veracruz in the Mexican–American War. Battery Dodd was named for Captain Albert Dodd, also killed at Gaines Mill. Battery Hentig was named for Edmund C. Hentig, a cavalry officer killed fighting Native Americans at Cibiou Creek, Arizona in 1881.

### Garrison units

During the Spanish–American War, the fort was garrisoned by artillery soldiers of the 4th U.S. Artillery and volunteers from Company I of the 14th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Names of soldiers from the 14th P.V.I. appear today, carved on the brick walls inside the fort. These soldiers were stationed on the island during the summer of 1898.

## World War I

Following a period of caretaking status, the fort was garrisoned for a brief time during World War I. Nearby Fort DuPont was the main defense site, with Fort Delaware and Fort Mott serving as a sub-posts, according to army records. In March 1919, soldiers began the process of mothballing the old fort, removing everything except items pertaining to the three 12-inch guns of Battery Torbert, according to Pvt. James C. Davis, a Fort DuPont soldier who worked on the detail. In a *Newark Post* article, he recalls his orders were to bury everything with explicit orders not to throw anything in the river or remove articles from the island. According to Davis, soldiers buried three pieces of artillery on the island. Only one gun has since been recovered; a 15-inch Rodman gun exhumed from the northwest bastion was sold for scrap during World War II. The 4.7-inch guns of Battery Dodd were sent to San Francisco for use on Army troop transports; they were returned to Fort Delaware in 1919 but were soon removed from service and used as war memorials. In 1920 the 3-inch guns of Battery Alburtis and Battery Allen were scrapped as part of a general removal of M1898 3-inch guns from service. By the end of the First World War, Fort Saulsbury near Slaughter Beach, Del. was near completion, and with 12-inch guns on long-range carriages reduced the three upriver forts to secondary lines of defense. The Harbor Defenses of the Delaware were one of the most extreme examples of gun batteries being built seaward as gun ranges increased.

## World War II

In 1940 Fort Delaware lost its three 12-inch guns, two of which were used to arm Battery Reed, Fort Amezquita in the Harbor Defenses of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the island was garrisoned by a detachment of soldiers from Battery C, 261st Coast Artillery Battalion, a unit from the Delaware Army National Guard. Battery C manned the two rapid-fire guns of Battery Hentig, located outside of the fort. These guns were removed in 1942 for use at Fort Miles in Lewes, Del., leaving Fort Delaware unarmed. Fort Miles, on the Atlantic Ocean south of Cape May, itself reduced Fort Saulsbury to a secondary line of defense. The fort was eventually stripped of the most of its electrical wiring, which was re-used at Fort Miles. Fort Delaware was declared as a surplus site by the federal government at the end of the war.

## The fort today

Fort Delaware in 2011.

Delaware acquired the fort from the United States government in 1947 after the federal government declared it a surplus site. Today, Fort Delaware State Park encompasses all of Pea Patch Island, including the Fort. As of 2018, transportation to Fort Delaware from Delaware City and Fort Mott is provided by a seasonal passenger ferry, the Forts Ferry Crossing. Once at the island, visitors are brought to the fort on a jitney. Tours and special programs are available to visitors. For example, visitors may see the 8 inch Columbiad gun, which is located on the northwest bastion, fired daily. Park staff and volunteers interpret the roles of people who were at the fort during the Civil War.

Beach erosion affecting Pea Patch Island was recognized as a potential threat to the Fort in 1999. The United States Army Corps of Engineers erected a 3,500-foot-long seawall during the Winter of 2005-2006 which now protects the historical fort site and a migratory bird rookery, considered to be the largest such habitat north of Florida.

Starting in 2009, Fort Delaware has hosted at least one game each summer of the Diamond State Base Ball Club, a vintage base ball team. The Diamond State Base Ball Club also typically plays 4-6 games per year at nearby Fort DuPont. The Diamond State Base Ball Club is a non-profit amateur organization created for the purposes of providing physical fitness to its members, educating the public on the history of baseball and local history, and serving as a point of public pride.

### Television & pop culture

The A&E Network's *Civil War Journal* recorded portions of an episode at the fort entitled "War Crimes: The Death Camps" that originally aired October 9, 1994.

The Sci-Fi Channel investigation series *Ghost Hunters* conducted two cases there including a live televised investigation on Halloween in 2008.

The Sci Fi Channel investigation series *Ghost Hunters Academy* recorded an episode, which aired June 23, 2010.

The British series *Most Haunted* also did an investigation of the fort in their 11th series of the show.

## Galleries

### Buildings and grounds

### Interiors

### Other

### Bibliography

* Laura M. Lee and Brendan Mackie, *Images of America: Fort Delaware*, Arcadia Publishers: 2010.
* Burbey, Louis H. *Our Worthy Commander: The Life and Times of Benjamin K. Pierce, in Whose Honor Fort Pierce Was Named.* Fort Pierce, FL: Indian River Community College Press, 1976.
* Burgwyn, William H.S. *A Captain's War: The Letters and Diaries of William H. S. Burgwyn, 1861-1865.* Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1994.
* Duke, Basil W. *The Civil War Reminiscences of General Basil W. Duke, C.S.A.* Garden City, NY: Doubleday Press, 1976.
* Basil W. Duke, former prisoner, *Morgan's Cavalry,* Neale Publishing Company, New York and Washington: 1906.
* Fletcher, William J., 6th Massachusetts Infantry, *A Soldier for One-Hundred Days,* 1955.
* Harold Bell Hancock, *Delaware During the Civil War: A Political History,* Wilmington, DE: Delaware Historical Society, 1961.
* Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). *Seacoast Fortifications of the United States*. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.
* Bruce Mowday and Dale Fetzer, *Unlikely Allies: Fort Delaware's Prison Community in the Civil War* Stackpole Books, 2000.
* Nugent, Washington G. *My Darling Wife: The Letters of Washington George Nugent, Surgeon, Army of the Potomac.* Maria Randall Allen, ed. Cheshire, CT: Ye Olde Book Bindery, 1994.
* W. Emerson Wilson, ed., *A Fort Delaware Journal: The Diary of a Yankee Private, A.J. Hamilton, 1862–65,* Wilmington, DE: Fort Delaware Society, 1981.

## InfoBox

| Fort Delaware | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of American Civil War prison camps 1861–1865 Harbor Defenses of the Delaware 1898–1945 | |
| Fort Delaware, Pea Patch Island, New Castle County, Delaware, United States | |
| Fort Delaware during the American Civil War | |
| Fort DelawareFort Delaware | |
| Type | Garrison Fort, Training Camp, Union Prison Camp |
| Site information | |
| Owner | U.S. Government |
| Controlled by | Union Army |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
|  | |
| Fort Delaware | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Delaware State Park | |
|  | |
| Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island | |
| Location | Fort Delaware State Park, Pea Patch Island, New Castle County, Delaware, USA |
| Nearest city | Delaware City, Delaware |
| Area | 288 acres |
| Built | 1846-1868 |
| Architect | Joseph G. Totten |
| Architectural style | Third System |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000226 |
| Added to NRHP | December 16, 1971 |
|  | |
| Site history | |
| In use | 1846–1945 |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War<br>World War I<br>World War II |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | U.S. Army soldiers, Confederate prisoners of war |


abstract: Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Freight Depot was a historic freight depot located at Kinston, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It was built in 1900 by the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, and is a two-story Romanesque style building faced in tan brick. It had a standing seam tin gable roof with a monitor roof and 11 freight bays. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 but nevertheless was razed in 2009.

text:
# Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Freight Depot

**Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Freight Depot** was a historic freight depot located at Kinston, Lenoir County, North Carolina. It was built in 1900 by the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, and is a two-story Romanesque style building faced in tan brick. It had a standing seam tin gable roof with a monitor roof and 11 freight bays.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 but nevertheless was razed in 2009.

Category:Railway freight houses on the National Register of Historic Places

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Freight Depot | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | E. Blount St. between N. Queen and N. McLewean Sts., Kinston, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°15′47″N 77°34′49″W / 35.26306°N 77.58028°W / 35.26306; -77.58028 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1900 (1900) |
| Architectural style | Romanesque, Industrial Romanesque |
| MPS | Kinston MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001768 |
| Added to NRHP | November 8, 1989 |


title: Emmett Toppino

abstract: Martin Emmett Toppino was an American athlete, winner of a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1932 Summer Olympics. At the Los Angeles Olympics, Emmett Toppino from New Orleans ran the second leg in the American 4 × 100 m relay team, which won the gold medal with a new world record of 40.0. He was a member of the track and field team for the Loyola Wolf Pack and was a member of the Beggars Fraternity at Loyola University New Orleans. Emmett Toppino died in New Orleans in 1971, aged 62.

text:
# Emmett Toppino

**Martin Emmett Toppino** (July 1, 1909  September 8, 1971) was an American athlete, winner of a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

At the Los Angeles Olympics, Emmett Toppino from New Orleans ran the second leg in the American 4 × 100 m relay team, which won the gold medal with a new world record of 40.0.

He was a member of the track and field team for the Loyola Wolf Pack and was a member of the Beggars Fraternity at Loyola University New Orleans.

Emmett Toppino died in New Orleans in 1971, aged 62.

"Emmett Toppino". Loyola University New Orleans Wolfpack Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013.

"Emmett Toppino". Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 1 April 2013.

## InfoBox

Martin Emmett Toppino
| Martin Emmett Toppino (1909–1971) | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | July 1, 1909
New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Died | September 8, 1971
New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing the  United States  Olympic Games  1932 Los Angeles  4x100 m relay | |


title: 1966 Dominican general election

text:
# 1966 Dominican general election

General elections were held in Dominica on 7 January 1966. The result was a victory for the Dominica Labour Party, which won 10 of the 11 seats. Voter turnout was 80.3%.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Dominica Labour Party | 11,735 | 64.77 | 10 | +3 |
|  | Dominica United People's Party | 5,815 | 32.10 | 1 | –3 |
|  | Independents | 568 | 3.14 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 18,118 | 100.00 | 11 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 18,118 | 93.20 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 1,322 | 6.80 |  | |
| Total votes | | 19,440 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 24,147 | 80.51 |  | |
| Source: Caribbean Elections | | | | | |


title: Euphaedra aureola

abstract: Euphaedra aureola, the long-banded Themis forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of wetter forests. Adults are attracted to fallen fruit. The larvae feed on Octolobus species.

text:
# Euphaedra aureola

***Euphaedra aureola***, the **long-banded Themis forester**, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of wetter forests.

Adults are attracted to fallen fruit.

The larvae feed on *Octolobus* species.

## Subspecies

* *Euphaedra aureola aureola* (Cameroon, Congo)
* *Euphaedra aureola nitens* Hecq, 1997 (southern Nigeria)

## Similar species

Other members of *themis* species group q.v.

## InfoBox

| *Euphaedra aureola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Adalbert Seitz's *Fauna Africana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Euphaedra* |
| Species: | ***E. aureola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euphaedra aureola***<br>Kirby, 1889 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euphaedra* (*Euphaedrana*) *aureola* * *Euphaedra auriger* Staudinger, 1891 * *Euphaedra auriger* ab. *janettoides* Strand, 1914 * *Euphaedra auriger* ab. *griseoviridis* Schultze, 1920 | |


title: Aricco Jumitih

abstract: Aricco Jumitih is a Malaysian weightlifter. He won the gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the Men's 62 kg event. He caused a minor controversy during the 2010 Games when he wore a jersey bearing the flag of his home state Sabah instead of the Malaysian national flag when competing for the event.

text:
# Aricco Jumitih

**Aricco Jumitih** is a Malaysian weightlifter. He won the gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the Men's 62 kg event.

He caused a minor controversy during the 2010 Games when he wore a jersey bearing the flag of his home state Sabah instead of the Malaysian national flag when competing for the event.

## InfoBox

Aricco Jumitih
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's weightlifting | | |
| Representing  Malaysia | | |
| Commonwealth Games | | |
|  | 2010 Delhi | -62 kg |


title: 1925 Pottsville Maroons season

abstract: The 1925 Pottsville Maroons season was their inaugural season in the National Football League. The team finished a 10–2 league record and a 13–2 overall record. The team initially won the 1925 NFL championship, however a controversial suspension cost them the title, forcing the team to finish in second place.

text:
# 1925 Pottsville Maroons season

The **1925 Pottsville Maroons season** was their inaugural season in the National Football League. The team finished a 10–2 league record and a 13–2 overall record. The team initially won the 1925 NFL championship, however a controversial suspension cost them the title, forcing the team to finish in second place.

## Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | September 20 | *Colwyn Darby* | **W** 48–0 |
| 1 | September 27 | Buffalo Bisons | **W** 28–0 |
| 2 | October 4 | Providence Steam Roller | **L** 0–6 |
| 3 | October 11 | Canton Bulldogs | **W** 28–0 |
| 4 | October 18 | at Providence Steam Roller | **W** 34–0 |
| 5 | November 1 | Columbus Tigers | **W** 20–0 |
| 6 | November 8 | Akron Pros | **W** 21–0 |
| 7 | November 14 | at Frankford Yellow Jackets | **L** 0–20 |
| 8 | November 15 | Rochester Jeffersons | **W** 14–6 |
| 9 | November 22 | Cleveland Bulldogs | **W** 24–6 |
| 10 | November 26 | Green Bay Packers | **W** 31–0 |
| 11 | November 29 | Frankford Yellow Jackets | **W** 49–0 |
| 12 | December 6 | at Chicago Cardinals | **W** 21–7 |
|  | December 12 | *Notre Dame All-Stars*
Played at Shibe Park | **W** 9–7 |
|  | December 20 | *at Atlantic City Roses* | **W** 6–0 |

* Games in *italics* are against non-NFL teams.

## Standings

| NFL standings | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | PF | PA | STK |
| Chicago Cardinals * | 11 | 2 | 1 | .846 | 229 | 65 | W2 |
| Pottsville Maroons * | 10 | 2 | 0 | .833 | 270 | 45 | W5 |
| Detroit Panthers | 8 | 2 | 2 | .800 | 129 | 39 | W1 |
| New York Giants | 8 | 4 | 0 | .667 | 122 | 67 | W1 |
| Akron Pros | 4 | 2 | 2 | .667 | 65 | 51 | L2 |
| Frankford Yellow Jackets | 13 | 7 | 0 | .650 | 190 | 169 | W2 |
| Chicago Bears | 9 | 5 | 3 | .643 | 158 | 96 | W3 |
| Rock Island Independents | 5 | 3 | 3 | .625 | 99 | 58 | L1 |
| Green Bay Packers | 8 | 5 | 0 | .615 | 151 | 110 | W1 |
| Providence Steam Roller | 6 | 5 | 1 | .545 | 111 | 101 | L1 |
| Canton Bulldogs | 4 | 4 | 0 | .500 | 50 | 73 | L1 |
| Cleveland Bulldogs | 5 | 8 | 1 | .385 | 75 | 135 | L1 |
| Kansas City Cowboys | 2 | 5 | 1 | .286 | 65 | 97 | W1 |
| Hammond Pros | 1 | 4 | 0 | .200 | 23 | 87 | L3 |
| Buffalo Bisons | 1 | 6 | 2 | .143 | 33 | 113 | L4 |
| Rochester Jeffersons | 0 | 6 | 1 | .000 | 26 | 111 | L5 |
| Dayton Triangles | 0 | 7 | 1 | .000 | 3 | 84 | L7 |
| Duluth Kelleys | 0 | 3 | 0 | .000 | 6 | 25 | L3 |
| Milwaukee Badgers | 0 | 6 | 0 | .000 | 7 | 191 | L6 |
| Columbus Tigers | 0 | 9 | 0 | .000 | 28 | 124 | L9 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.
* The Pottsville Maroons were suspended from the league in December, resulting in the Chicago Cardinals being named the NFL champions.

## InfoBox

| 1925 Pottsville Maroons season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Dick Rauch |
| Home field | Minersville Park |
| Results | |
| Record | 13–2 Overall
10–2 NFL |
| League place | 2nd NFL |
|


title: Bates Turner

abstract: Bates Turner was a Vermont lawyer, judge and politician. In addition to serving as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives, he was a justice of the Vermont Supreme Court for two years.

text:
# Bates Turner

**Bates Turner** (October 30, 1760 – April 30, 1847) was a Vermont lawyer, judge and politician. In addition to serving as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives, he was a justice of the Vermont Supreme Court for two years.

## Biography

Turner was born in October 1760 in what would become Canaan, Connecticut, the son of Samuel Turner and Sarah (Howe) Turner. He served in the Continental Army as a member of Captain Thomas Converse's Company, 7th Connecticut Regiment during the American Revolutionary War. In 1780, he graduated from the Litchfield Law School.

Turner practiced law in Connecticut, and moved to Vermont in 1798; he originally resided in Fairfield, and later in St. Albans. For a time, his law partner in St. Albans was Asa Aldis, who subsequently served as chief justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. Turner subsequently returned to Fairfield; in addition to practicing law, he also trained several prospective attorneys, including William C. Wilson. For brief periods, he lived in Middlebury and Fairfield, before finally returning to St. Albans. Turner's legal instruction was so sought after that he eventually began offering a formal program of study, which was organized along the lines of the Litchfield Law School. During his career, between 175 and 200 attorneys obtained their legal education with Turner.

Turner was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1813. He served on the Supreme Court from 1827 to 1828. In 1829, he was a member of the Council of Censors, which met every seven years to review actions of Vermont's government and ensure their constitutionality.

## Death and burial

Turner died in St. Albans on April 30, 1847. He was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in St. Albans.

## Family

In 1796, Turner married Mrs. Persis Humphrey of Rhode Island. She died in 1814, and in 1815 he married Mrs. Sarah Webb of North Hero.

His nephew, Josiah Turner, who had read law under him, became a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. Another relative, Wolcott Turner Brooks, served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Turner's stepdaughter Abigail Webb was married to Herman R. Beardsley, who also served on the Vermont Supreme Court.

## InfoBox

| Bates Turner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
1827–1828 | |
| Preceded by | Stephen Royce |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Royce |
| Member of the Vermont House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1813–1814 | |
| Preceded by | Elijah Foot |
| Succeeded by | Joab Smith |
| Constituency | St. Albans Town, Vermont |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1760-10-30)October 30, 1760
Canaan, Connecticut, British America |
| Died | April 30, 1847(1847-04-30) (aged 86)
St. Albans, Vermont, U.S. |
| Resting place | Greenwood Cemetery, St. Albans, Vermont, U.S. |
| Spouse(s) | Persis Humphrey (m. 1796)
Sarah Webb (m. 1815) |
| Relatives | Josiah Turner (nephew) |
| Education | Litchfield Law School |
| Profession | Attorney |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service | Continental Army |
| Years of service | 1780 |
| Rank | Private |
| Unit | Converse's Company, 7th Connecticut Regiment |
| Wars | American Revolutionary War |
|  | |


title: 1990–91 Washington Capitals season

abstract: The 1990–91 Washington Capitals season was the Washington Capitals 17th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).

text:
# 1990–91 Washington Capitals season

The **1990–91 Washington Capitals season** was the Washington Capitals 17th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Offseason

The Capitals acquired Peter Zezel from St. Louis for Geoff Courtnall as their main move during the offseason.

## Regular season

The Capitals had the best penalty-killing unit during the regular season, allowing the fewest power-play goals (44) and finishing with the NHL's best penalty-killing percentage (85.99%).

### Final standings

Patrick Division
|  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pittsburgh Penguins** | 80 | 41 | 33 | 6 | 342 | 305 | 88 |
| **New York Rangers** | 80 | 36 | 31 | 13 | 297 | 265 | 85 |
| **Washington Capitals** | 80 | 37 | 36 | 7 | 258 | 258 | 81 |
| **New Jersey Devils** | 80 | 32 | 33 | 15 | 272 | 264 | 79 |
| Philadelphia Flyers | 80 | 33 | 37 | 10 | 252 | 267 | 76 |
| New York Islanders | 80 | 25 | 45 | 10 | 223 | 290 | 60 |

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.

Wales Conference
| R |  | Div | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Boston Bruins | ADM | 80 | 44 | 24 | 12 | 299 | 264 | 100 |
| 2 | Montreal Canadiens | ADM | 80 | 39 | 30 | 11 | 273 | 249 | 89 |
| 3 | Pittsburgh Penguins | PTK | 80 | 41 | 33 | 6 | 342 | 305 | 88 |
| 4 | New York Rangers | PTK | 80 | 36 | 31 | 13 | 297 | 265 | 85 |
| 5 | Washington Capitals | PTK | 80 | 37 | 36 | 7 | 258 | 258 | 81 |
| 6 | Buffalo Sabres | ADM | 80 | 31 | 30 | 19 | 292 | 278 | 81 |
| 7 | New Jersey Devils | PTK | 80 | 32 | 33 | 15 | 272 | 264 | 79 |
| 8 | Philadelphia Flyers | PTK | 80 | 33 | 37 | 10 | 252 | 267 | 76 |
| 9 | Hartford Whalers | ADM | 80 | 31 | 38 | 11 | 238 | 276 | 73 |
| 10 | New York Islanders | PTK | 80 | 25 | 45 | 10 | 223 | 290 | 60 |
| 11 | Quebec Nordiques | ADM | 80 | 16 | 50 | 14 | 236 | 354 | 46 |

**Divisions:** *PTK* – Patrick, *ADM* – Adams

**bold** – Qualified for playoffs

## Schedule and results

| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | L | October 5, 1990 | 4–7 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 0–1–0 |
| 2 | W | October 6, 1990 | 6–4 | Detroit Red Wings (1990–91) | 1–1–0 |
| 3 | L | October 10, 1990 | 2–4 | @ New York Rangers (1990–91) | 1–2–0 |
| 4 | W | October 12, 1990 | 3–1 | Winnipeg Jets (1990–91) | 2–2–0 |
| 5 | L | October 13, 1990 | 2–5 | New York Rangers (1990–91) | 2–3–0 |
| 6 | L | October 15, 1990 | 1–3 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1990–91) | 2–4–0 |
| 7 | L | October 17, 1990 | 2–3 | @ New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 2–5–0 |
| 8 | W | October 19, 1990 | 4–3 | New York Islanders (1990–91) | 3–5–0 |
| 9 | W | October 20, 1990 | 4–0 | New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 4–5–0 |
| 10 | W | October 23, 1990 | 6–2 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 5–5–0 |
| 11 | L | October 25, 1990 | 2–3 OT | @ Chicago Blackhawks (1990–91) | 5–6–0 |
| 12 | L | October 27, 1990 | 4–9 | @ Calgary Flames (1990–91) | 5–7–0 |
| 13 | W | October 28, 1990 | 1–0 | @ Edmonton Oilers (1990–91) | 6–7–0 |
| 14 | W | October 30, 1990 | 2–1 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1990–91) | 7–7–0 |
| 15 | W | November 2, 1990 | 4–3 | Los Angeles Kings (1990–91) | 8–7–0 |
| 16 | W | November 3, 1990 | 5–2 | @ New York Islanders (1990–91) | 9–7–0 |
| 17 | W | November 6, 1990 | 4–1 | @ Quebec Nordiques (1990–91) | 10–7–0 |
| 18 | L | November 10, 1990 | 2–4 | Buffalo Sabres (1990–91) | 10–8–0 |
| 19 | L | November 11, 1990 | 3–5 | Boston Bruins (1990–91) | 10–9–0 |
| 20 | L | November 14, 1990 | 3–5 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1990–91) | 10–10–0 |
| 21 | L | November 16, 1990 | 3–4 | Chicago Blackhawks (1990–91) | 10–11–0 |
| 22 | L | November 17, 1990 | 2–4 | @ Hartford Whalers (1990–91) | 10–12–0 |
| 23 | W | November 19, 1990 | 3–2 OT | @ Detroit Red Wings (1990–91) | 11–12–0 |
| 24 | W | November 21, 1990 | 5–3 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1990–91) | 12–12–0 |
| 25 | W | November 23, 1990 | 7–3 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 13–12–0 |
| 26 | L | November 24, 1990 | 2–3 OT | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 13–13–0 |
| 27 | W | November 28, 1990 | 6–3 | @ New York Rangers (1990–91) | 14–13–0 |
| 28 | L | November 30, 1990 | 3–4 | Montreal Canadiens (1990–91) | 14–14–0 |
| 29 | W | December 1, 1990 | 3–1 | @ New York Islanders (1990–91) | 15–14–0 |
| 30 | W | December 5, 1990 | 3–1 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 16–14–0 |
| 31 | W | December 7, 1990 | 5–2 | New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 17–14–0 |
| 32 | L | December 8, 1990 | 2–4 | @ New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 17–15–0 |
| 33 | W | December 11, 1990 | 4–1 | Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 18–15–0 |
| 34 | L | December 15, 1990 | 2–3 | Hartford Whalers (1990–91) | 18–16–0 |
| 35 | L | December 17, 1990 | 3–5 | @ New York Rangers (1990–91) | 18–17–0 |
| 36 | L | December 19, 1990 | 2–3 | @ Chicago Blackhawks (1990–91) | 18–18–0 |
| 37 | T | December 20, 1990 | 3–3 OT | @ St. Louis Blues (1990–91) | 18–18–1 |
| 38 | L | December 22, 1990 | 2–5 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1990–91) | 18–19–1 |
| 39 | L | December 26, 1990 | 3–7 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 18–20–1 |
| 40 | L | December 28, 1990 | 3–5 | New York Rangers (1990–91) | 18–21–1 |
| 41 | L | December 29, 1990 | 3–4 | @ Quebec Nordiques (1990–91) | 18–22–1 |
| 42 | W | January 1, 1991 | 4–3 | New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 19–22–1 |
| 43 | T | January 4, 1991 | 3–3 OT | Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 19–22–2 |
| 44 | W | January 5, 1991 | 5–3 | @ Boston Bruins (1990–91) | 20–22–2 |
| 45 | W | January 11, 1991 | 4–2 | Calgary Flames (1990–91) | 21–22–2 |
| 46 | L | January 12, 1991 | 1–4 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1990–91) | 21–23–2 |
| 47 | L | January 15, 1991 | 3–7 | @ St. Louis Blues (1990–91) | 21–24–2 |
| 48 | L | January 17, 1991 | 2–5 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1990–91) | 21–25–2 |
| 49 | W | January 22, 1991 | 2–1 OT | @ Detroit Red Wings (1990–91) | 22–25–2 |
| 50 | L | January 24, 1991 | 1–6 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 22–26–2 |
| 51 | T | January 25, 1991 | 2–2 OT | Minnesota North Stars (1990–91) | 22–26–3 |
| 52 | W | January 27, 1991 | 5–4 OT | New York Islanders (1990–91) | 23–26–3 |
| 53 | L | January 29, 1991 | 2–3 OT | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 23–27–3 |
| 54 | W | January 31, 1991 | 4–3 OT | @ New York Islanders (1990–91) | 24–27–3 |
| 55 | L | February 2, 1991 | 2–4 | Winnipeg Jets (1990–91) | 24–28–3 |
| 56 | W | February 5, 1991 | 5–3 | Vancouver Canucks (1990–91) | 25–28–3 |
| 57 | W | February 8, 1991 | 6–3 | Edmonton Oilers (1990–91) | 26–28–3 |
| 58 | W | February 10, 1991 | 5–2 | Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 27–28–3 |
| 59 | L | February 15, 1991 | 2–8 | @ Calgary Flames (1990–91) | 27–29–3 |
| 60 | L | February 16, 1991 | 2–4 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1990–91) | 27–30–3 |
| 61 | L | February 18, 1991 | 2–5 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1990–91) | 27–31–3 |
| 62 | W | February 22, 1991 | 3–2 | New York Rangers (1990–91) | 28–31–3 |
| 63 | T | February 24, 1991 | 5–5 OT | Pittsburgh Penguins (1990–91) | 28–31–4 |
| 64 | L | February 25, 1991 | 1–5 | @ New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 28–32–4 |
| 65 | T | February 27, 1991 | 4–4 OT | @ New York Rangers (1990–91) | 28–32–5 |
| 66 | W | March 2, 1991 | 3–2 | New York Islanders (1990–91) | 29–32–5 |
| 67 | T | March 5, 1991 | 3–3 OT | Los Angeles Kings (1990–91) | 29–32–6 |
| 68 | W | March 8, 1991 | 2–1 | @ Winnipeg Jets (1990–91) | 30–32–6 |
| 69 | W | March 10, 1991 | 5–3 | @ Edmonton Oilers (1990–91) | 31–32–6 |
| 70 | L | March 12, 1991 | 2–3 | Hartford Whalers (1990–91) | 31–33–6 |
| 71 | W | March 14, 1991 | 5–3 | Quebec Nordiques (1990–91) | 32–33–6 |
| 72 | W | March 16, 1991 | 6–0 | Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 33–33–6 |
| 73 | L | March 19, 1991 | 1–2 | St. Louis Blues (1990–91) | 33–34–6 |
| 74 | W | March 21, 1991 | 6–2 | @ New York Islanders (1990–91) | 34–34–6 |
| 75 | W | March 22, 1991 | 3–1 | Minnesota North Stars (1990–91) | 35–34–6 |
| 76 | T | March 24, 1991 | 3–3 OT | Boston Bruins (1990–91) | 35–34–7 |
| 77 | L | March 26, 1991 | 2–4 | Buffalo Sabres (1990–91) | 35–35–7 |
| 78 | W | March 28, 1991 | 3–0 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1990–91) | 36–35–7 |
| 79 | W | March 30, 1991 | 4–0 | New Jersey Devils (1990–91) | 37–35–7 |
| 80 | L | March 31, 1991 | 2–5 | @ Buffalo Sabres (1990–91) | 37–36–7 |

## Playoffs

### Round 1: (P2) New York Rangers vs. (P3) Washington Capitals

| April 3 | Washington Capitals |  | **1–2** |  | **New York Rangers** | Madison Square Garden | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 5 | **Washington Capitals** |  | **3–0** |  | New York Rangers | Madison Square Garden | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 7 | **New York Rangers** |  | **6–0** |  | Washington Capitals | Capital Centre | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 9 | New York Rangers |  | **2–3** |  | **Washington Capitals** | Capital Centre | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 11 | **Washington Capitals** |  | **5–4** | **OT** | New York Rangers | Madison Square Garden | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 13 | New York Rangers |  | **2–4** |  | **Washington Capitals** | Capital Centre | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ***Washington won series 4–2*** |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

### Round 2: (P1) Pittsburgh Penguins vs. (P3) Washington Capitals

| April 17 | **Washington Capitals** |  | **4–2** |  | Pittsburgh Penguins | Civic Arena | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 19 | Washington Capitals |  | **6–7** | **OT** | **Pittsburgh Penguins** | Civic Arena | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 21 | **Pittsburgh Penguins** |  | **3–1** |  | Washington Capitals | Capital Centre | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 23 | **Pittsburgh Penguins** |  | **3–1** |  | Washington Capitals | Capital Centre | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| April 25 | Washington Capitals |  | **1–4** |  | **Pittsburgh Penguins** | Civic Arena | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| ***Pittsburgh won series 4–1*** |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

## Player statistics

### Regular season

Scoring

| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | +/- | PPG | SHG | GWG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kevin Hatcher | D | 79 | 24 | 50 | 74 | 69 | -10 | 9 | 2 | 3 |
| Mike Ridley | C | 79 | 23 | 48 | 71 | 26 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Michal Pivonka | C | 79 | 20 | 50 | 70 | 34 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 4 |
| John Druce | RW | 80 | 22 | 36 | 58 | 46 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 4 |
| Calle Johansson | D | 80 | 11 | 41 | 52 | 23 | -2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Kelly Miller | LW | 80 | 24 | 26 | 50 | 29 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Dale Hunter | C | 76 | 16 | 30 | 46 | 234 | -22 | 9 | 0 | 2 |
| Dino Ciccarelli | RW | 54 | 21 | 18 | 39 | 66 | -17 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Stephen Leach | RW | 68 | 11 | 19 | 30 | 99 | -9 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Peter Bondra | RW | 54 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 47 | -10 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Dmitri Khristich | LW/C | 40 | 13 | 14 | 27 | 21 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mikhail Tatarinov | D | 65 | 8 | 15 | 23 | 82 | -4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Bob Rouse | D | 47 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 65 | -7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Nick Kypreos | LW | 79 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 196 | -4 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Dave Tippett | LW | 61 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 24 | -13 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Al Iafrate | D | 30 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 124 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Tim Bergland | RW | 47 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 21 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Peter Zezel | C | 20 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 10 | -13 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Alan May | RW | 67 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 264 | -10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rod Langway | D | 56 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 24 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bob Joyce | LW | 17 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Mike Lalor | D | 68 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 61 | -23 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ken Sabourin | D | 28 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 81 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chris Felix | D | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rob Murray | C | 17 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jeff Greenlaw | LW | 10 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Alfie Turcotte | C | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| John Purves | RW | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | -3 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Joel Quenneville | D | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | -8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mark Ferner | D | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bobby Babcock | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Don Beaupre | G | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jim Hrivnak | G | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| John Kordic | RW | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mike Liut | G | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ken Lovsin | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Steve Maltais | LW | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kent Paynter | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Reggie Savage | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Steve Seftel | LW | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | -2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

Goaltending

| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | T | GA | GAA | SO | SA | SV | SV% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Don Beaupre | 2572 | 45 | 20 | 18 | 3 | 113 | 2.64 | 5 | 1095 | 982 | .897 |
| Mike Liut | 1834 | 35 | 13 | 16 | 3 | 114 | 3.73 | 0 | 786 | 672 | .855 |
| Jim Hrivnak | 432 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 26 | 3.61 | 0 | 226 | 200 | .885 |
| **Team:** | 4838 | 80 | 37 | 36 | 7 | 253 | 3.14 | 5 | 2107 | 1854 | .880 |

### Playoffs

Scoring

| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | PPG | SHG | GWG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dale Hunter | C | 11 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dino Ciccarelli | RW | 11 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
| Calle Johansson | D | 10 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Mike Ridley | C | 11 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Kelly Miller | LW | 11 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Kevin Hatcher | D | 11 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Michal Pivonka | C | 11 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dave Tippett | LW | 10 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Al Iafrate | D | 10 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dmitri Khristich | LW/C | 11 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mike Lalor | D | 10 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stephen Leach | RW | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tim Bergland | RW | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| John Druce | RW | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Alan May | RW | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Rod Langway | D | 11 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Don Beaupre | G | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Peter Bondra | RW | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nick Kypreos | LW | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jeff Greenlaw | LW | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mike Liut | G | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Kent Paynter | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ken Sabourin | D | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neil Sheehy | D | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

Goaltending

| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | GA | GAA | SO | SA | SV | SV% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Don Beaupre | 624 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 29 | 2.79 | 1 | 294 | 265 | .901 |
| Mike Liut | 48 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5.00 | 0 | 30 | 26 | .867 |
| **Team:** | 672 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 33 | 2.95 | 1 | 324 | 291 | .898 |

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG=Power-play goals; SHG=Short-handed goals; GWG=Game-winning goals
MIN=Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; SO = Shutouts; SA=Shots against; SV=Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;

## Awards and records

## Transactions

## Draft picks

Washington's draft picks at the 1990 NHL Entry Draft held at the BC Place in Vancouver, British Columbia.

| Round | # | Player | Nationality | College/Junior/Club team (League) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 9 | John Slaney | Canada | Cornwall Royals (OHL) |
| 2 | 30 | Rod Pasma | Canada | Cornwall Royals (OHL) |
| 3 | 51 | Chris Long | Canada | Peterborough Petes (OHL) |
| 4 | 72 | Randy Pearce | Canada | Kitchener Rangers (OHL) |
| 5 | 93 | Brian Sakic | Canada | Tri-City Americans (WHL) |
| 5 | 94 | Mark Ouimet | Canada | University of Michigan (CCHA) |
| 6 | 114 | Andrei Kovalev | Soviet Union | Dynamo Moscow (USSR) |
| 7 | 135 | Roman Kontsek | Czechoslovakia | Dukla Trencin (Czechoslovakia) |
| 8 | 156 | Peter Bondra | Soviet Union | VSZ Kosice (Czechoslovakia) |
| 8 | 159 | Steve Martell | Canada | London Knights (OHL) |
| 9 | 177 | Ken Klee | United States | Bowling Green State University (CCHA) |
| 10 | 198 | Mike Boback | United States | Providence College (Hockey East) |
| 11 | 219 | Alan Brown | Canada | Colgate University (ECAC) |
| 12 | 240 | Todd Hlushko | Canada | London Knights (OHL) |
|  | 14 | Martin Jiranek | Canada | Bowling Green State University (CCHA) |

## Farm teams

## InfoBox

| 1990–91 Washington Capitals | |
| --- | --- |
| Division | 3rd Patrick |
| Conference | Wales |
| 1990–91 record | 37–36–7 |
| Goals for | 258 |
| Goals against | 258 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | David Poile |
| Coach | Terry Murray |
| Captain | Rod Langway |
| Alternate captains | Kevin Hatcher<br>Dale Hunter |
|


title: Eulimella toshikazui

abstract: Eulimella toshikazui is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Eulimella toshikazui

***Eulimella toshikazui*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## InfoBox

| *Eulimella toshikazui* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Eulimella* |
| Species: | ***E. toshikazui*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eulimella toshikazui***<br>Hori & Fukuda, 1999 | |
|


title: 2008 Rally Finland

abstract: The 58th Rally Finland, the ninth rally of the 2008 World Rally Championship season took place between July 31 and August 3, 2008. The event was the first rally held after a six-week mid season break. The rally was based in the city of Jyväskylä in the centre of Finland with the special stages held on fast gravel roads in the lake district area of the country. The winner was the reigning world champion Sébastien Loeb, who became only the fourth non Scandinavian driver to win the event in fifty-eight runnings. It was his sixth win of the season and reduced the gap in the championship standings between himself and Finland's Mikko Hirvonen to just one point. Hirvonen finished in second, with Chris Atkinson taking the third podium spot for the Subaru World Rally Team. This would prove to be Subaru’s final podium in the world championship.

text:
# 2008 Rally Finland

The **58th Rally Finland**, the ninth rally of the 2008 World Rally Championship season took place between July 31 and August 3, 2008. The event was the first rally held after a six-week mid season break. The rally was based in the city of Jyväskylä in the centre of Finland with the special stages held on fast gravel roads in the lake district area of the country. The winner was the reigning world champion Sébastien Loeb, who became only the fourth non Scandinavian driver to win the event in fifty-eight runnings. It was his sixth win of the season and reduced the gap in the championship standings between himself and Finland's Mikko Hirvonen to just one point. Hirvonen finished in second, with Chris Atkinson taking the third podium spot for the Subaru World Rally Team. This would prove to be Subaru’s final podium in the world championship.

## Event

### Day one

The event started with a short superspecial stage on Thursday evening - which was won by Sébastien Loeb - before the first full day of action on Friday. The first stage on Friday demonstrated the competitive nature of the rally, with Loeb and Hirvonen setting identical times, and Jari-Matti Latvala only finishing three seconds behind them. However, Latvala was the first big casualty, hitting a rock on SS3 and damaging the suspension - an accident that put him out for the day and angered his Ford team boss Malcolm Wilson (rally). Meanwhile, Loeb was eking out a narrow advantage by winning every special stage until SS8. Hirvonen was also driving flat out and matched Loeb's time on SS6 and took his first outright stage win on the 7.86 mile test at Urria. At the end of day one, Loeb had built up a useful lead of 14.4 seconds, although Hirvonen had not given up hope. Behind the two leaders saw a three way battle between the two Stobart Ford drivers, Henning Solberg and Gigi Galli, and Loeb's teammate Dani Sordo. These three were covered by only twelve seconds. The two Subaru World Rally Team drivers, Petter Solberg and Chris Atkinson were having their own private battle, just over ninety seconds behind the leader. Suzuki's Per-Gunnar Andersson was in the final points paying position despite suffering a huge spin on SS2. Impressive performances were made by privateers Urmo Aava and Andreas Mikkelsen, with both featuring in the points earlier on day one - Aava was third after SS4 with Mikkelsen in fifth. However they both crashed out near the end of day one - Aava in SS9 and Mikkelsen in SS10.

### Day two

The battle between Loeb and Hirvonen continued throughout day two with the pair regularly setting fastest times. They were opening up a big lead to the drivers behind them, with Hirvonen describing the pace as "crazy...how much longer can this go on for, I don't know." By the end of the day Loeb had pulled out another four seconds to take his lead to eighteen seconds. Most of this time was gained when Hirvonen stalled at the start of SS20. Behind the leaders, Gigi Galli had been drawing away in the battle for third before an accident in the Kakaristo stage (which was a truncated and reversed version of Ouninpohja) put him out of the rally. After Galli, PG Andersson also rolled at the same corner. The main mover of the day was Subaru driver Chris Atkinson who leapt from seventh to third on the leaderboard by the end of day two. Dani Sordo was only a second behind in fourth but was having to be cautious in order to score manufacturer points. Henning Solberg was slipping back in fifth place while his brother Petter was one place behind in sixth. Privateer driver Matti Rantanen had moved up to seventh due to the retirements of others and Toni Gardemeister was keeping his Suzuki in the points despite having problems with his gearbox.

### Day three

## Results

| Pos. | Driver | Co-driver | Car | Time | Difference | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WRC | | | | | | |
| 1. | Sébastien Loeb | Daniel Elena | Citroën C4 WRC | 2:54:05.5 | 0.0 | 10 |
| 2. | Mikko Hirvonen | Jarmo Lehtinen | Ford Focus RS WRC 2007 | 2:54:14.5 | +9.0 | 8 |
| 3. | Chris Atkinson | Stéphane Prévot | Subaru Impreza WRC 2008 | 2:57:22.5 | +3:17.0 | 6 |
| 4. | Dani Sordo | Marc Marti | Citroën C4 WRC | 2:57:36.4 | +3:30.9 | 5 |
| 5. | Henning Solberg | Cato Menkerud | Ford Focus RS WRC 2007 | 2:58:03.2 | +3:57.7 | 4 |
| 6. | Petter Solberg | Phill Mills | Subaru Impreza WRC 2008 | 2:58:09.6 | +4:04.1 | 3 |
| 7. | Matti Rantanen | Jan Lönegren | Ford Focus RS WRC 2006 | 3:00:16.6 | +6:11.1 | 2 |
| 8. | Toni Gardemeister | Tomi Tuominen | Suzuki SX4 WRC | 3:02:24.2 | +8:18.7 | 1 |
| JWRC | | | | | | |
| 1. (21.) | Martin Prokop | Jan Tománek | Citroën C2 S1600 | 3:17:52.2 | 0.0 | 10 |
| 2. (22.) | Patrik Sandell | Emil Axelsson | Renault Clio S1600 | 3:18:09.7 | +17.5 | 8 |
| 3. (23.) | Michal Kosciuszko | Maciek Szczepaniak | Suzuki Swift S1600 | 3:19:26.9 | +1:34.7 | 6 |
| 4. (29.) | Aaron Nikolai Burkart | Michael Koelbach | Citroën C2 S1600 | 3:26:24.7 | +8:32.5 | 5 |
| 5. (31.) | Shaun Gallagher | Paul Kiely | Citroën C2 S1600 | 3:29:36.6 | +11:44.4 | 4 |
| 6. (34.) | Kevin Abbring | Erwin Mombaerts | Renault Clio R3 | 3:32:23.9 | +14:31.7 | 3 |
| 7. (35.) | Gilles Schammel | Renaud Jamoul | Renault Clio R3 | 3:35:40.1 | +17:47.9 | 2 |
| 8. (41.) | Hans Weijs Jr. | Hans Van Goor | Citroën C2 R2 | 3:40:30.9 | +22:38.7 | 1 |
| PWRC | | | | | | |
| 1. (13.) | Juho Hänninen | Mikko Markkula | Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX | 3:08:38.1 | 0.0 | 10 |
| 2. (14.) | Patrik Flodin | Göran Bergsten | Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX | 3:11:08.3 | +2:30.2 | 8 |
| 3. (15.) | Jussi Välimäki | Jarkko Kalliolepo | Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX | 3:11:51.7 | +3:13.6 | 6 |
| 4. (17.) | Jari Ketomaa | Miika Teiskonen | Subaru Impreza WRX STI | 3:13:53.6 | +5:15.5 | 5 |
| 5. (18.) | Oscar Svedlund | Björn Nilson | Subaru Impreza WRX STI | 3:14:40.5 | +6:02.4 | 4 |
| 6. (24.) | Fumio Nutahara | Daniel Barritt | Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX | 3:21:41.6 | +13:03.5 | 3 |
| 7. (25.) | Jussi Tiippana | Marko Salminen | Subaru Impreza WRX STI | 3:22:01.1 | +13:23.0 | 2 |
| 8. (28.) | Evgeny Aksakov | Aleksander Kornilov | Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX | 3:26:10.7 | +17:32.6 | 1 |
|

## Special stages

All dates and times are EEST (UTC+3).

| Day | Stage | Time | Name | Length | Winner | Time | Avg. spd. | Rally leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1
(31 JUL/1 AUG) | SS1 | 19:45 | Killeri 1 | 2.06 km | S. Loeb | 1:20.5 | 92.1 km/h | S. Loeb |
| | SS2 | 07:30 | Vellipohja 1 | 17.16 km | | S. Loeb
M. Hirvonen | 8:16.9 | 124.3 km/h |
| | SS3 | 08:26 | Mokkipera 1 | 11.38 km | | S. Loeb | 5:30.5 | 124.0 km/h |
| | SS4 | 09:09 | Palsankyla 1 | 13.90 km | | S. Loeb | 7:12.7 | 115.6 km/h |
| | SS5 | 11:47 | Vellipohja 2 | 17.16 km | | S. Loeb | 8:09.9 | 126.1 km/h |
| | SS6 | 12:43 | Mokkipera 2 | 11.38 km | | S. Loeb
M. Hirvonen | 5:28.8 | 124.6 km/h |
| | SS7 | 13:26 | Palsankyla 2 | 13.90 km | | S. Loeb | 7:07.8 | 117.0 km/h |
| | SS8 | 16:18 | Urria | 12.65 km | | M. Hirvonen | 6:00.5 | 126.3 km/h |
| | SS9 | 16:50 | Lautapera | 7.87 km | | S. Loeb | 3:52.4 | 121.9 km/h |
| | SS10 | 17:29 | Jukojarvi | 22.18 km | | S. Loeb | 10:37.2 | 125.3 km/h |
| | SS11 | 20:00 | Killeri 2 | 2.06 km | | S. Loeb | 1:20.0 | 92.7 km/h |
| 2
(2 AUG) | SS12 | 07:13 | Himos | 15.35 km | | M. Hirvonen | 8:37.3 | 106.8 km/h |
| | SS13 | 08:09 | Hirvimaki | 10.67 km | | S. Loeb | 5:47.7 | 110.5 km/h |
| | SS14 | 08:34 | Surkee 1 | 14.80 km | | S. Loeb | 8:03.4 | 110.2 km/h |
| | SS15 | 10:46 | Leustu | 21.43 km | | M. Hirvonen | 10:12.4 | 126.0 km/h |
| | SS16 | 11:45 | Kakaristo 1 | 20.09 km | | J. Latvala | 10:43.2 | 112.4 km/h |
| | SS17 | 12:26 | Kaipolanvuori | 13.64 km | | J. Latvala | 7:06.6 | 115.1 km/h |
| | SS18 | 13:31 | Surkee 2 | 14.80 km | | S. Loeb | 7:55.9 | 112.0 km/h |
| | SS19 | 16:13 | Kakaristo 2 | 20.09 km | | M. Hirvonen | 10:34.7 | 113.0 km/h |
| | SS20 | 17:03 | Juupajoki | 21.13 km | | J. Latvala | 10:57.4 | 115.7 km/h |
| | SS21 | 17:56 | Väärinmaja | 16.25 km | | S. Loeb | 8:22.5 | 116.4 km/h |
| 3
(3 AUG) | SS22 | 09:38 | Lankamaa | 23.09 km | | M. Hirvonen
S. Loeb | 11:11.0 | 123.9 km/h |
| | SS23 | 10:44 | Hannula | 10.92 km | | J. Latvala | 5:43.8 | 114.3 km/h |
| | SS24 | 12:02 | Ruuhimaki | 6.46 km | | P. Solberg | 3:12.9 | 120.6 km/h |

## Championship standings after the event

### Drivers' championship

| Pos Driver MON
 SWE
 MEX
 ARG
 JOR
 ITA
 GRC
 TUR
 FIN
 GER
 NZL
 ESP
 FRA
 JPN
 GBR
  Pts   1  Mikko Hirvonen 2 2 4 5 1 2 3 1 2       **67**  2  Sébastien Loeb 1 Ret. 1 1 10 1 1 3 1       **66**  3  Chris Atkinson 3 21 2 2 3 6 Ret. 13 3       **37**  4  Dani Sordo 11 6 17 3 2 5 5 4 4       **35**  5  Jari-Matti Latvala 12 1 3 15 7 3 7 2 39       **34**  6  Petter Solberg 5 4 12 Ret. Ret. 10 2 6 6       **23**  7  Henning Solberg 9 13 5 Ret. 4 7 8 5 5       **20**  8  Gigi Galli 6 3 Ret. 7 8 4 Ret. Ret. Ret.       **17**  9  Matthew Wilson 10 Ret. 6 Ret. 5 12 6 7 9       **12**  10  Federico Villagra   7 6 6 14 13 9 Ret.       **8**  11  Conrad Rautenbach Ret. 16 16 4 26 13 10 8 10       **6**  Urmo Aava  18   Ret. 8 4 Ret. 16       **6**  13  François Duval 4               **5**  14  Andreas Mikkelsen  5    Ret.  19 12       **4**  15  Toni Gardemeister Ret. 7 Ret. Ret. Ret. Ret. 9 Ret. 8       **3**  16  Jean-Marie Cuoq 7               **2**  Matti Rantanen         7       **2**  18  Per-Gunnar Andersson 8 Ret. Ret. 24 Ret. 9 11 Ret. Ret.       **1**  Juho Hänninen  8       13       **1**  Sébastien Ogier   8  11 22          **1**  Andreas Aigner  31  8   14 11 Ret.       **1**  Pos Driver MON
 SWE
 MEX
 ARG
 JOR
 ITA
 GRC
 TUR
 FIN
 GER
 NZL
 ESP
 FRA
 JPN
 GBR
 Pts | Key  Colour Result  Gold Winner  Silver 2nd place  Bronze 3rd place  Green Points finish  Blue Non-points finish  Non-classified finish (NC)  Purple Did not finish (Ret)  Black Excluded (EX)  Disqualified (DSQ)  White Did not start (DNS)  Cancelled (C)  Blank Withdrew entry from
the event (WD) |
| --- | --- |

### Manufacturers' championship

| Rank | Team | Event | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total
points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | MON
 | SWE
 | MEX
 | ARG
 | JOR
 | ITA
 | GRC
 | TUR
 | FIN
 | GER
 | NZL
 | ESP
 | FRA
 | JPN
 | GBR
 | |
| 1 | BP Ford World Rally Team | 8 | 18 | 11 | 7 | 13 | 14 | 10 | 18 | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 108 |
| 2 | Citroën Total World Rally Team | 11 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 105 |
| 3 | Subaru World Rally Team | 10 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 62 |
| 4 | Stobart M-Sport Ford | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45 |
| 5 | Munchi's Ford World Rally Team | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 19 |
| 6 | Suzuki World Rally Team | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12 |

## InfoBox

| 2008 Rally Finland
*58th Neste Oil Rally Finland* | |
| --- | --- |
| Round 9 of the 2008 World Rally Championship  Previous event Next event | |
| Sebastien Loeb driving out from service at Jyväskylä. | |
| Host country | Finland |
| Rally base | Jyväskylä, Finland |
| Dates run | July 31  August 3, 2008 |
| Stages | 24 (340.42 km; 211.53 miles) |
| Stage surface | Gravel |
| Overall distance | 1,461.58 km (908.18 miles) |
| Statistics | |
| Crews | 108 at start, 68 at finish |
| Overall results | |
| Overall winner | Sébastien Loeb
Citroën Total World Rally Team |