title: 2016–17 Swiss Challenge League

abstract: The 2016–17 Swiss Challenge League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Brack.ch Challenge League, was the 14th season of the Swiss Challenge League, the second tier in the Swiss football pyramid. It began on 23 July 2016 and ended on 3 June 2017. On 1 May 2017 FC Le Mont decided to voluntarily relegate three steps down in the league system after being denied a licence to play in the Swiss Challenge League. On 18 May 2017, Zürich became champions of the 2016–17 Challenge League following their 1–1 draw against Servette and Neuchâtel Xamax's 2–1 defeat at Schaffhausen. They are thus promoted back to the top flight immediately following their relegation the previous season.

text:
# 2016–17 Swiss Challenge League

The **2016–17 Swiss Challenge League**, known for sponsorship reasons as the **Brack.ch Challenge League**, was the 14th season of the Swiss Challenge League, the second tier in the Swiss football pyramid. It began on 23 July 2016 and ended on 3 June 2017.

On 1 May 2017 FC Le Mont decided to voluntarily relegate three steps down in the league system after being denied a licence to play in the Swiss Challenge League.

On 18 May 2017, Zürich became champions of the 2016–17 Challenge League following their 1–1 draw against Servette and Neuchâtel Xamax's 2–1 defeat at Schaffhausen. They are thus promoted back to the top flight immediately following their relegation the previous season.

## Participating teams

2015–16 Swiss Challenge League champions FC Lausanne-Sport were promoted to the 2016–17 Swiss Super League. They were replaced by FC Zürich, who got relegated after last place finish in the 2015–16 Swiss Super League. FC Biel-Bienne got relegated from the Challenge League as the Swiss Football League stripped Biel-Bienne of their league licence. Servette FC won promotion from the 2015–16 1. Liga Promotion.

### Stadia and locations

AarauChiassoLe MontNeuchâtel XamaxSchaffhausenServetteWilWinterthurWohlenZürichclass=notpageimage|Locations of clubs in the 2016–17 Challenge League

| Team | Venue | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- |
| FC Aarau | Stadion Brügglifeld | 8,000 |
| FC Chiasso | Stadio Comunale Riva IV | 5,000 |
| FC Le Mont | Stade Sous-Ville | 4,000 |
| Neuchâtel Xamax | Stade de la Maladière | 12,000 |
| Servette FC | Stade de Genève | 30,084 |
| FC Schaffhausen | Stadion Breite
LIPO Park Schaffhausen | 4,200
8,200 |
| FC Wil | IGP Arena | 6,958 |
| FC Winterthur | Schützenwiese | 8,550 |
| FC Wohlen | Stadion Niedermatten | 3,624 |
| FC Zürich | Letzigrund | 23,605 |

### Personnel and kits

| Team | Manager | Kit manufacturer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| FC Aarau | Marco Schällibaum | Nike |
| FC Chiasso | Baldo Raineri | Primato |
| FC Le Mont | John Dragani | Karhu |
| Neuchâtel Xamax | Michel Decastel | Erima |
| FC Schaffhausen | Murat Yakin | gpard |
| Servette FC | Meho Kodro | 14fourteen |
| FC Wil | Maurizio Jacobacci | Nike |
| FC Winterthur | Umberto Romano (interim) | gpard |
| FC Wohlen | Francesco Gabriele | Adidas |
| FC Zürich | Uli Forte | Nike |

### Managerial changes

| Club | Name | Date of departure | Position in table | Replacement | Date of appointment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wil | Ugur Tütüneker | 24 August 2016 | 7th | Martin Rueda | 3 September 2016 |
| Wohlen | Martin Rueda | 2 September 2016 | 9th | Francesco Gabriele | 7 September 2016 |
| Schaffhausen | Axel Thoma | 7 December 2016 | 10th | Nedjad Kuruzovic | *Interim* |
| Wil | Martin Rueda | 12 December 2016 | 3rd | Ronny Teuber | 12 December 2016 |
| Schaffhausen | Nedjad Kuruzovic | *Interim* | 10th | Murat Yakin | 21 December 2016 |
| Servette | Anthony Braizat | 30 December 2016 | 5th | Meho Kodro | 30 December 2016 |
| Winterthur | Sven Christ | 14 February 2017 | 9th | Umberto Romano | *Interim* |
| Wil | Ronny Teuber | 27 March 2017 | 6th | Maurizio Jacobacci | 27 March 2017 |
| Chiasso | Giuseppe Scienza | 18 April 2017 | 10th | Baldo Raineri | 18 April 2017 |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Zürich (C, P) | 36 | 26 | 7 | 3 | 91 | 30 | +61 | 85 | Promotion to 2017–18 Swiss Super League |
| 2 | Neuchâtel Xamax | 36 | 22 | 7 | 7 | 66 | 36 | +30 | 73 |  |
| 3 | Servette | 36 | 18 | 8 | 10 | 55 | 43 | +12 | | 62 |
| 4 | Schaffhausen | 36 | 16 | 3 | 17 | 64 | 59 | +5 | | 51 |
| 5 | Aarau | 36 | 13 | 6 | 17 | 57 | 64 | 7 | | 45 |
| 6 | Winterthur | 36 | 11 | 8 | 17 | 45 | 62 | 17 | | 41 |
| 7 | Wohlen | 36 | 12 | 3 | 21 | 42 | 60 | 18 | | 39 |
| 8 | Chiasso | 36 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 43 | 63 | 20 | | 37 |
| 9 | Le Mont (R) | 36 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 31 | 54 | 23 | 35 | Relegation to 2017–18 2. Liga Interregional |
| 10 | Wil | 36 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 35 | 58 | 23 | 34 |  |

Source: Swiss Challenge League
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored; 4) head-to-head points; 5) draw
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

1. "Infographie". Swiss Challenge League. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
2. "Spectateurs". Swiss Challenge League. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
3. "Le Mont plant Neuanfang in der 2. Liga" (in German). Der Landbote. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
4. "Le Mont plant Neuanfang in der 2. Liga" (in German). Züriost. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
5. "Le FC Sion arrache un point – Le FC Zurich promu" (in French). Swiss Super League. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
6. "FC Wil entlässt Trainer Ugur Tütüneker" (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
7. "FC Wohlen: Trainer Martin Rueda wechselt zum FC Wil" (in German). Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 3 September 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
8. "Italiener Gabriele neuer Trainer von Wohlen" (in German). Bluewin.ch. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
9. Dubach, Matthias (7 December 2016). "Schaffhausen stellt Trainer Axel Thoma frei" (in German). Blick. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
10. "FC Wil: Ronny Teuber folgt auf Martin Rueda" (in German). sfl.ch. 12 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
11. "Murat Yakin erhört den Hilferuf" (in German). Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
12. "Changement d'entraîneur à Servette" (in French). sfl.ch. 30 December 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
13. Kuhn, Ruedi (14 February 2017). "Schlechte Ergebnisse: Ex-Aarau-Trainer Sven Christ beim FC Winterthur entlassen" (in German). Aargauer Zeitung. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
14. Schifferli, Hansjörg (15 February 2017). "Romano und Zuffi sollen es wieder richten" (in German). Der Landbote. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
15. "Jacobacci übernimmt beim FC Wil" (in German). Der Landbote. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
16. Botta, Christian (18 April 2017). "Niente da fare per Scienza: esonerato!". *tio.ch* (in Italian). Retrieved 25 April 2017.
17. "Baldo Raineri nuovo allenatore del Chiasso". *fcchiasso.ch* (in Italian). 18 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
18. "Le Mont steigt aus der Challenge League ab" (in German). Schaffhauser Nachrichten. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
19. "Erneuter Punktabzug gegen FC Wil" (in German). Züriost.ch. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.

## InfoBox

Swiss Challenge League
| Season | 2016–17 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Zürich |
| Promoted | Zürich |
| Relegated | Le Mont |
| Matches played | 180 |
| Goals scored | 529 (2.94 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Jean-Pierre Nsamé
(23 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Servette 6–1 Wohlen
(11 September 2016)
Schaffhausen 5–0 Chiasso
(8 April 2017) |
| Biggest away win | Chiasso 0–6 Schaffhausen
(15 May 2017) |
| Highest scoring | Zürich 6–3 Aarau
(6 November 2016) |
| Longest winning run | Schaffhausen (8 games) |
| Longest unbeaten run | Zürich (18 games) |
| Longest winless run | Wil (17 games) |
| Longest losing run | Aarau
Schaffhausen (7 games) |
| Highest attendance | 14,455
Zürich 3–0 Wohlen
(3 June 2017) |
| Total attendance | 505,117 |
| Average attendance | 2,806 |
| 2015–16 2017–18 | |


abstract: The 1991–92 WFA National League Premier Division was the inaugural season of nationalised women's league football in England. The Women's Football Association (WFA) obtained a grant from the Sports Council in order to launch the league, described by Jean Williams as "a crucial step in adopting the structures of the male game." Manager Brian Broadhurst guided Doncaster Belles to the Women's National League championship with a 100% record. The Belles also avenged their defeat in the previous year's Women's FA Cup final to win a League and Cup double. Red Star Southampton finished in second place, with player-manager Pat Chapman amongst many players who boasted England caps and FA Cup winners' medals from their days with the defunct Southampton WFC. Veteran 47-year-old goalkeeper Sue Buckett had a record eight winners' medals from her 10 Cup final appearances, as well as 30 outings for England. Friends of Fulham, Women's FA Cup winners in 1985 and runners-up in 1989 and 1990, came under the auspices of Wimbledon F.C. and played their Premier Division home fixtures at Plough Lane, recently vacated by the male team. The squad included England internationals Theresa Wiseman, Marieanne Spacey, Brenda Sempare, Terri Springett and Debbie Bampton. Newton Ladies, a Merseyside club formed by former England midfielder Liz Deighan in May 1989, linked up with Knowsley United F.C. to join the league as Knowsley United WFC. Deighan, also the WFA's England Under-21 team boss, led Knowsley to a fourth-place finish. Millwall Lionesses had beaten Doncaster Belles in the previous season's FA Cup final but suffered a subsequent exodus of players. Lou Waller remained and Pauline Cope rejoined from Arsenal, to buttress a youthful squad.

text:
# 1991–92 WFA National League Premier Division

The **199192 WFA National League Premier Division** was the inaugural season of nationalised women's league football in England. The Women's Football Association (WFA) obtained a grant from the Sports Council in order to launch the league, described by Jean Williams as "a crucial step in adopting the structures of the male game."

Manager Brian Broadhurst guided Doncaster Belles to the Women's National League championship with a 100% record. The Belles also avenged their defeat in the previous year's Women's FA Cup final to win a League and Cup double.

Red Star Southampton finished in second place, with player-manager Pat Chapman amongst many players who boasted England caps and FA Cup winners' medals from their days with the defunct Southampton WFC. Veteran 47-year-old goalkeeper Sue Buckett had a record eight winners' medals from her 10 Cup final appearances, as well as 30 outings for England (197281, 1984).

Friends of Fulham, Women's FA Cup winners in 1985 and runners-up in 1989 and 1990, came under the auspices of Wimbledon F.C. and played their Premier Division home fixtures at Plough Lane, recently vacated by the male team. The squad included England internationals Theresa Wiseman, Marieanne Spacey, Brenda Sempare, Terri Springett (daughter of Ron) and Debbie Bampton.

Newton Ladies, a Merseyside club formed by former England midfielder Liz Deighan in May 1989, linked up with Knowsley United F.C. to join the league as Knowsley United WFC. Deighan, also the WFA's England Under-21 team boss, led Knowsley to a fourth-place finish.

Millwall Lionesses had beaten Doncaster Belles in the previous season's FA Cup final but suffered a subsequent exodus of players. Lou Waller remained and Pauline Cope rejoined from Arsenal, to buttress a youthful squad.

## National Division

Final table:

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Doncaster Belles | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 4 | +85 | 28 | Champions |
| 2 | Red Star Southampton | 14 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 32 | 18 | +14 | 21 |  |
| 3 | Wimbledon | 14 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 34 | 27 | +7 | | 18 |
| 4 | Knowsley United | 14 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 31 | 30 | +1 | | 17 |
| 5 | Maidstone Tigresses | 14 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 35 | 22 | | 10 |
| 6 | Ipswich Town | 14 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 42 | 27 | | 8 |
| 7 | Millwall Lionesses | 14 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 11 | 30 | 19 | | 6 |
| 8 | Notts Rangers | 14 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 17 | 56 | 39 | | 4 |

Source:

*No relegation as league expanded to 10 teams for 1992–93.*

## Northern/Southern Divisions

The Northern Division champions were Bronte L.F.C. and the Southern champions were Arsenal L.F.C. Both joined the expanded Premier Division for the 1992–93 season.

## InfoBox

Women's National League Premier Division
| Doncaster Belles were the League's first champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 1991–92 |
| Champions | Doncaster Belles<br>1st title |
| Matches played | 56 |
| Goals scored | 242 (4.32 per match) |
| Average goals/game | 4.32 |
| Top goalscorer | Karen Walker (36) |
| Longest winning run | Doncaster Belles (14) |
| Longest unbeaten run | Doncaster Belles (14) |
| 1992–93 | |


title: Gail Buckner

abstract: Gail Buckner was a Democratic member of the Georgia State Senate, representing its 44th District from 2009 to 2011. She was formerly a Georgia State Assembly representative of district 76, encompassing parts of Clayton County from 1990 to 2006. Buckner represented district 76. Buckner was a candidate for Secretary of State of Georgia in 2006, but lost to Republican Karen Handel.

text:
# Gail Buckner

**Gail Buckner** was a Democratic member of the Georgia State Senate, representing its 44th District from 2009 to 2011. She was formerly a Georgia State Assembly representative of district 76, encompassing parts of Clayton County  from 1990 to 2006. Buckner represented district 76. Buckner was a candidate for Secretary of State of Georgia  in 2006, but lost to Republican Karen Handel.

## Education

Buckner received her Bachelor of Science Degree from Clayton State University in Education and later attended Georgia State University for her Communications major.

## Organizations

## Family

Gail is married to her husband Charles Buckner and they have been married for 41 years. Together they have three children who were educated in the public schools of the Clayton County School System. They are now successful adults with children of their own.


title: 1956–57 Liga Alef

abstract: The 1956–57 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Kfar Saba win the title. originally, the top two clubs were due to gain promotion to Liga Leumit. However, due to irregularities during the season, an IFA committee decided to hold a promotion play-off between the top five clubs at the end of the season.

text:
# 1956–57 Liga Alef

The **1956–57 Liga Alef season** saw Hapoel Kfar Saba win the title. originally, the top two clubs were due to gain promotion to Liga Leumit. However, due to irregularities during the season, an IFA committee decided to hold a promotion play-off between the top five clubs at the end of the season.

## Final table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hapoel Kfar Saba | 22 | 16 | 0 | 6 | 62 | 26 | 2.385 | 32 | Promotion play-offs |
| 2 | Maccabi Rehovot | 22 | 13 | 4 | 5 | 56 | 19 | 2.947 | | 30 |
| 3 | Hapoel Jerusalem | 22 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 47 | 26 | 1.808 | | 30 |
| 4 | Hapoel Hadera | 22 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 42 | 23 | 1.826 | | 29 |
| 5 | Hakoah Tel Aviv | 22 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 41 | 39 | 1.051 | | 23 |
| 6 | Beitar Jerusalem | 22 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 46 | 36 | 1.278 | 22 |  |
| 7 | Hapoel Mahane Yehuda | 22 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 35 | 30 | 1.167 | | 22 |
| 8 | Hapoel Kiryat Haim | 22 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 27 | 40 | 0.675 | | 20 |
| 9 | Hapoel Rehovot | 22 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 29 | 39 | 0.744 | | 19 |
| 10 | Maccabi Sha'arayim | 22 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 24 | 54 | 0.444 | | 18 |
| 11 | Hapoel Nahariya | 22 | 5 | 1 | 16 | 30 | 71 | 0.423 | 11 | Relegated to Liga Bet |
| 12 | Maccabi Ramat Gan | 22 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 18 | 54 | 0.333 | | 8 |

Updated to match(es) played on 18 May 1957. Source: HadShot HaSport, 22 May 1957

## Promotion play-offs

Each team played the other four once at a neutral venue. The top two clubs were to be promoted and the third would play a promotion/relegation play-off against the bottom club at Liga Leumit, which was Maccabi Jaffa.

Matches were played initially during September, but Maccabi Rehovot, who had finished the season in the second place and had expected to be promoted, declined to participate and appealed the committee's decision. The results of Rehovot's matches were initially recorded as 0-3 technical losses. However, after their appeal was rejected, the club were allowed to replay their matches.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hapoel Kfar Saba | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 3.333 | 7 | Promoted to Liga Leumit |
| 2 | Hapoel Jerusalem | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1.333 | | 4 |
| 3 | Hapoel Hadera | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1.000 | 4 | Deciding Match |
| 4 | Hakoah Tel Aviv | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1.000 | | 4 |
| 5 | Maccabi Rehovot | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 0.000 | 1 | Remained in Liga Alef |

Source:

Hapoel Kfar Saba and Hapoel Jerusalem were promoted to Liga Leumit. Hapoel Hadera and Hakoah Tel Aviv were due to play a deciding match to set who will play against Maccabi Jaffa, but Hapoel Hadera declined to participate in protest at the IFA's decision to allow Maccabi Rehovot to replay their games.

### Promotion and relegation play-offs

| Hakoah Tel Aviv | 0–2 | Maccabi Jaffa |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Arroyo  6'
Ghouhasian  64' |

Hapoel Petah TikvaAttendance: 4,000Referee: Moshe Cohen

| Maccabi Jaffa | 5–0 | Hakoah Tel Aviv |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arroyo  29'
Arye  49'
Ghouhasian 64', 73', 89' |  |  |

Maccabi JaffaAttendance: 4,000

## InfoBox

Liga Alef
| Season | 1956-57 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Hapoel Kfar Saba |
| Matches played | 132 |
| Goals scored | 457 (3.46 per match) |
| 1955-56 1957-58 | |


title: Eromanga, Queensland

abstract: Eromanga is an outback town and locality in the Shire of Quilpie, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Eromanga had a population of 98 people.

text:
# Eromanga, Queensland

**Eromanga** is an outback town and locality in the Shire of Quilpie, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Eromanga had a population of 98 people.

## Geography

The town lies on the edge of what is called the Eromanga Inland Sea, which existed in the Early Cretaceous. The Eromanga region has abundant oil wells and opal mines. Dinosaur fossils, including Australia's largest dinosaur a titanosaur species of sauropod, have also been found here making it an area of interest for palaeontologists. It is located on Ngandangara territory.

Eromanga has been touted as the town in Australia located the farthest from any ocean. However, this claim does not stand up to scrutiny. See Pole of inaccessibility for approximations of other locations in Australia that could also make such claims.

## History

The name of the town Eromanga goes back as far as about 1860. The name is thought to have come from an Aboriginal word that means "hot gale plain" or "windy plain", though the language and dialect is unknown.

Eromanga Post Office opened by October 1902 (a receiving office had been open from 1892).

Eromanga Provisional School opened on 5 July 1897 but closed in 1908. In 1910 it reopened as Eromanga State School but closed again on 28 February 1911. The school reopened on 23 October 1917 but closed again. It reopened in 1919 until it closed on 22 March 1936. It reopened on 28 May 1956 and closed again on 11 December 1981. It reopened 29 January 1990.

One property which is located in Eromanga which was first written up in 1928 by Keith Pegler, Monler Station, is now in its third generation of farmers. The property, located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of the town centre, was originally run as a sheep and cattle farm by Keith and has since been passed to Ross Pegler before the current Scott Pegler who runs the station with his family. The property has struggled over the years with natural disasters ranging from drought to flooding. In 2019 a period of over 200 days "without a decent downpour" was reported.

As at 2012, the town of Eromanga had a population averaging from 30 to 40.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, the locality of Eromanga had a population of 119 people.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Eromanga had a population of 98 people.

## Economy

The Eromanga Refinery is an oil microrefinery which is specialized in producing mining equipment fuel.

There are also agricultural industries such as cattle and sheep as many pioneering property owners came and took up land in the 1860s.

## Education

Eromanga State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls in Donald Street (26°40′09″S 143°16′07″E / 26.6692°S 143.2686°E / -26.6692; 143.2686 (Eromanga State School)). Between 2010 and 2013, the school had 5 or 6 students enrolled with all students on an individual learning plan with one permanent teacher, a teacher aide (partly funded by the community) plus visiting teachers from other schools. In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 6 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 3 non-teaching staff (1 full-time equivalent).

There are no secondary schools in Eromanga or nearby. The options are distance education and boarding school.

## Amenities

The Eromanga branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association has its rooms on the corner of Deacon and Donald Streets.

Due to its name, the town was referenced in the first episode of Volume 2 in the anime *Ninja Nonsense*, in episode 18 of *Samurai Flamenco*, and again in the light novel/anime *Eromanga Sensei* for its similarity to the term ero manga (literally meaning *erotic manga*).

## InfoBox

| Eromanga
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Oil pumpjack near Eromanga | |
| Eromanga | |
| Coordinates | 26°40′05″S 143°16′07″E / 26.6680°S 143.2686°E / -26.6680; 143.2686 (Eromanga (town centre)) |
| Population | 98 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 0.003469/km2 (0.00898/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4480 |
| Area | 28,252.0 km2 (10,908.2 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Shire of Quilpie |
| County | Gordon |
| State electorate(s) | Warrego |
| Federal division(s) | Maranoa |
| **Localities around Eromanga:**  Windorah Jundah Adavale  Tanbar Eromanga Quilpie  Durham Noccundra Thargomindah | |


title: Epistemological Letters

abstract: Epistemological Letters was a hand-typed, mimeographed "underground" newsletter about quantum physics that was distributed to a private mailing list, described by the physicist and Nobel laureate John Clauser as a "quantum subculture", between 1973 and 1984. Distributed by a Swiss foundation, the newsletter was created because mainstream academic journals were reluctant to publish articles about the philosophy of quantum mechanics, especially anything that implied support for ideas such as action at a distance. Thirty-six or thirty-seven issues of Epistemological Letters appeared, each between four and eighty-nine pages long. Several well-known scientists published their work there, including the physicist John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem. According to John Clauser, much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in Epistemological Letters.

text:
# Epistemological Letters

***Epistemological Letters*** (French: ***Lettres Épistémologiques***) was a hand-typed, mimeographed "underground" newsletter about quantum physics that was distributed to a private mailing list, described by the physicist and Nobel laureate John Clauser as a "quantum subculture", between 1973 and 1984.

Distributed by a Swiss foundation, the newsletter was created because mainstream academic journals were reluctant to publish articles about the philosophy of quantum mechanics, especially anything that implied support for ideas such as action at a distance. Thirty-six or thirty-seven issues of *Epistemological Letters* appeared, each between four and eighty-nine pages long. Several well-known scientists published their work there, including the physicist John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem. According to John Clauser, much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in *Epistemological Letters*.

## Interpretations of quantum physics

According to the Irish physicist Andrew Whitaker, a powerful group of physicists centred on Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg made clear that "there was no place in physics – no jobs in physics! – for anybody who dared to question the Copenhagen interpretation" (Bohr's interpretation) of quantum theory. John Clauser writes that any inquiry into the "wonders and peculiarities" of quantum mechanics and quantum entanglement that went outside the "party line" was prohibited, in what he argues amounted to an "evangelical crusade". Samuel Goudsmit, editor of the prestigious *Physical Review* and *Physical Review Letters* until he retired in 1974, imposed a formal ban on the philosophical debate, issuing instructions to referees that they should feel free to reject material that even hinted at it.

## Alternative publications

Articles questioning the mainstream position were therefore distributed in alternative publications, and *Epistemological Letters* became one of the main conduits. The newsletter was sent out by the L'Institut de la Méthode of the Association Ferdinand Gonseth, which had been established in honour of the philosopher Ferdinand Gonseth. The newsletter described itself as "an open and informal journal allowing confrontation and ripening of ideas before publishing in some adequate journal." According to Clauser, it announced that the usual stigma against discussing certain ideas, such as hidden-variable theories, was to be absent. The newsletter's editors included Abner Shimony.

Several eminent physicists published their material in *Epistemological Letters*, including John Bell, the originator of Bell's theorem. Clauser writes that much of the early work on Bell's theorem was published only in *Epistemological Letters*. Bell's paper, "The Theory of Local Beables" (*beable*, as opposed to *observable*, referring to something that exists independently of any observer), appeared there in March 1976. Abner Shimony, John Clauser and Michael Horne published responses to it, also in the *Letters*. Henry Stapp was another prominent physicist who wrote for the *Letters*. H. Dieter Zeh published a paper in the *Letters* on the many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics in 1981.

## Digitization of the *Epistemological Letters*

Don Howard, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, was a Ph.D. student of Abner Shimony, one of the editors of the newsletter; as such, he had an almost complete set. In collaboration with Sebastian Murgueitio Ramirez (then his graduate student, now assistant professor of philosophy at Purdue University), the set was completed and digitized in 2018–2019, in order to make this very rare document available to the community of historians and philosophers of physics. The entire set is available to the public at the *Epistemological Letters* digital archive, and the original newsletter is in Special Collections at the University Library.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

*Epistemological Letters*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Quantum physics |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Abner Shimony and others |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1973–1984 |
| Publisher | L'Institut de la Méthode of the Association Ferdinand Gonseth (Switzerland) |
| Frequency | Irregular |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Epistemol. Lett.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| OCLC no. | 52305299 |


title: Baralipton dohrni

abstract: Baralipton dohrni is a species of longhorn beetle endemic to Sri Lanka. Maximum size recorded is 24 mm.

text:
# Baralipton dohrni

***Baralipton dohrni*** is a species of longhorn beetle endemic to Sri Lanka.

Maximum size recorded is 24 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Baralipton dohrni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Prioninae |
| Tribe: | Aegosomatini |
| Genus: | *Baralipton* |
| Species: | ***B. dohrni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Baralipton dohrni***<br>(Lameere, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Megopis dohrni* Lameere, 1909 | |


title: Badampudi railway station

abstract: Badampudi railway station, is an Indian Railways station in Badampudi village of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Pulla village. It lies on the Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line of Howrah–Chennai main line and is administered under Vijayawada railway division of South Coast Railway zone. It halts for 10 trains every day.

text:
# Badampudi railway station

**Badampudi railway station** (station code:BPY), is an Indian Railways station in Badampudi village of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Pulla village. It lies on the Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line of Howrah–Chennai main line and is administered under Vijayawada railway division of South Coast Railway zone. It halts for 10 trains every day.

## History

Between 1893 and 1896, 1,288 km (800 mi) of the East Coast State Railway, between Vijayawada and Cuttack, was opened for traffic. The southern part of the East Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by Madras Railway in 1901.

## Classification

In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Badampudi is categorized as a *Non-Suburban Grade-6 (NSG-6)* railway station. Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–6 category station earns nearly ₹1 crore and handles close to 1 million passengers.

*

## InfoBox

| Badampudi | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Badampudi, Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh<br>India |
| Coordinates | 16°49′41″N 81°28′26″E / 16.828125°N 81.473823°E / 16.828125; 81.473823 |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | South Coast Railway zone |
| Line(s) | Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section of Howrah–Chennai main line |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms are gravel |
| Tracks | 2 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on-ground station) |
| Parking | Not available |
| Other information | |
| Status | Active |
| Station code | BPY |
| Division(s) | Vijayawada |
| History | |
| Opened | 1893–96 |
| Electrified | 1995–96 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Indian Railways Following station  Tadepalligudemtowards ?   South Coast Railway zoneVisakhapatnam–Vijayawada section of Howrah–Chennai main line  Unguturutowards ? | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  BadampudiLocation in Andhra PradeshBadampudiLocation in India   Interactive map | |


title: Everton (Bassetlaw electoral ward)

abstract: Everton is an electoral ward in the district of Bassetlaw. The ward elects one councillor to Bassetlaw District Council using the first past the post electoral system for a four-year term in office. The number of registered voters in the ward is 1,997 as of 2019. It consists of the villages of Everton, Gringley on the Hill, Misson and Scaftworth. The ward was created in 1979 following a review of ward boundaries in Bassetlaw by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England.

text:
# Everton (Bassetlaw electoral ward)

**Everton** is an electoral ward in the district of Bassetlaw. The ward elects one councillor to Bassetlaw District Council using the first past the post electoral system for a four-year term in office. The number of registered voters in the ward is 1,997 as of 2019.

It consists of the villages of Everton, Gringley on the Hill, Misson and Scaftworth.

The ward was created in 1979 following a review of ward boundaries in Bassetlaw by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England.

## Councillors

Interactive map of ward boundaries.

The ward elects one councillor every four years. Prior to 2015, Bassetlaw District Council was elected by thirds with elections taking place every year except the year in which elections to Nottinghamshire County Council took place.

| Election | Councillor | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1979 |  | P. Wilde (Conservative) |
| 1982 | | |
| 1986 | | |
| 1990 |  | G. Troop (Conservative) |
| 1994 |  | Francis Martin (Conservative) |
| 1998 | | |
| 2002 | | |
| 2006 |  | Annette Simpson (Conservative) |
| 2010 | | |
| 2014 | | |
| 2015 | | |
| 2019 |  | Mark Watson (Independent) |
| 2023 |  | Steve Pashley (Conservative) |

## Elections

### 2023

Everton (1)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Steve Pashley** | **386** | **50.9%** | **7.7%** |
|  | Independent | Mark Watson (inc) | 372 | 49.1% | 7.7% |
| Turnout | | | 765 | 38.1% |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Independent | | Swing |  |  |

### 2019

Everton (1)
2 May 2019
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent | **Mark Watson** | **405** | **56.8%** | **N/A** |
|  | Conservative | Annette Simpson\* | 308 | 43.2% | 11.7 |
| Turnout | | | 718 | 36% |  |
|  | Independent **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### 2015

Everton (1)
7 May 2015
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Annette Simpson** | **780** | **54.9%** |  |
|  | Labour | Peter Abell | 337 | 23.7% |  |
|  | UKIP | Dave Taylor | 220 | 15.5% |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Matan Duveen | 85 | 6.0% |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 74.9% |  |

### 2014

Everton (1)
22 May 2014
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Anette Simpson** | **360** | **50.7%** |  |
|  | UKIP | Diana Capp | 166 | 23.4% |  |
|  | Labour | Sarah Farncombe | 145 | 20.4% |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Darren Burr | 39 | 5.5% |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |

### 2010

Everton (1)
6 May 2010
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Annette Simpson** | **732** | **56.4%** |  |
|  | Independent | Chris Stringer | 566 | 43.6% |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,298 | 72.9% |  |

### 2006

Everton (1)
4 May 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Annette Simpson** | **484** | **59.4%** |  |
|  | BNP | David Otter | 177 | 21.7% |  |
|  | Labour | Philip Goodliffe | 154 | 18.9% |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 46.7% |  |

### 2002

## InfoBox

| Everton | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral ward | |
|  | |
| Electorate | 1,997 (2019) |
| District |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Postcode district | DN10 |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Councillors | 1 |
|


title: 2009 Chennai Open

abstract: The 2009 Chennai Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 14th edition of the Chennai Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It took place at the SDAT Tennis Stadium in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from 5 through 10 January 2009. The singles line up was led by Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) No. 5, Tennis Masters Cup runner-up, Miami Masters, Pörtschach and Warsaw champion Nikolay Davydenko, Rome Masters finalist and Beijing Olympics doubles gold medalist Stanislas Wawrinka, and Costa do Sauípe and Bucharest runner-up, 2004 and 2005 Chennai champion Carlos Moyá.

text:
# 2009 Chennai Open

The **2009 Chennai Open** was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 14th edition of the Chennai Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It took place at the SDAT Tennis Stadium in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from 5 through 10 January 2009.

The singles line up was led by Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) No. 5, Tennis Masters Cup runner-up, Miami Masters, Pörtschach and Warsaw champion Nikolay Davydenko, Rome Masters finalist and Beijing Olympics doubles gold medalist Stanislas Wawrinka, and Costa do Sauípe and Bucharest runner-up, 2004 and 2005 Chennai champion Carlos Moyá.

## Finals

### Singles

Marin Čilić defeated  Somdev Devvarman, 6–4, 7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup>

* It was Čilić's first singles title of the year and 2nd of his career.

### Doubles

Eric Butorac /  Rajeev Ram defeated  Jean-Claude Scherrer /  Stanislas Wawrinka, 6–3, 6–4

## Review

### Day one

Marin Čilić, Simon Greul and Björn Phau were the early winners in the singles event. The no. 3 seed Čilić overcame Alberto Martín from Spain 6–4, 6–4. The German player Greul had a comfortable 6–3, 6–4 victory over Daniel Gimeno Traver while compatriot Phau beat Santiago Ventura 6–2, 7–5. Greul will now play another German, the no. 5 seed Rainer Schüttler, who took three sets to emerge victorious against home-favourite Prakash Amritraj 6–2, 4–6, 6–1. In the other completed matches, seeded player Marcel Granollers (8) reached the second round without too much difficulty, beating Hyung Taik-Lee of South Korea 6–4, 7–5. The only non-Indian wildcard Lukáš Dlouhý recorded a 3–6, 6–2, 6–4 win against Go Soeda from Japan and Israel's top player Dudi Sela overcame Spaniard Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo 4–6, 7–6(3), 6–1.

The men's doubles also started on the first day. The only seeds in action, American Scott Lipsky and David Martin of Sweden progressed to the second round with a 7–6(9), 6–3 victory over home player Rohan Bopanna and Italian Flavio Cipolla. American duo Eric Butorac and Rajeev Ram advanced 6–1, 6–2 against home wildcards Yuki Bhambri and Harsh Mankad. Oliver Marach of Austria and Serbian Janko Tipsarević beat Spaniards Carlos Moyá and Pablo Andújar 3–6, 6–3, \[10-4\] (champions tiebreak) to set up a match with Lipsky and Martin in round two.

* Seeded players out (singles): None
* Seeded players out (doubles): None

### Day two

In the remaining first round matches, world #5 and top seed, Russian Nikolay Davydenko, eased to a 6–2, 6–3 victory over Austrian Daniel Köllerer in his first match. He was joined by #4 seed Ivo Karlović of Croatia (defeated American Rajeev Ram 6–0, 6–3), #6 Carlos Moyá of Spain (triumphed against Danai Udomchoke 6–3, 7–6(4)), and #7 Janko Tipsarević of Serbia, comfortably advancing with a 6–2, 6–3 victory over Spaniard Pablo Andújar.#2 seed Stanislas Wawrinka of Switzerland wasn't as fortunate, falling to Italian qualifier Flavio Cipolla 6–4, 6–1. The winners were also joined by Uzbek Denis Istomin who will play Čilić following a 6–4, 7–6 triumph against home player Rohan Bopanna; German Andreas Beck who will play Marcel Granollers after thrashing Roko Karanušić 6–0, 6–1 and Czech Ivo Minář, who beat Wayne Odesnik of America 6–0, 6–3 and proceeded to face Karlović in round two.

On the doubles side, #3 seeds Rogier Wassen & Lovro Zovko won their first match, beating Alberto Martín & Dudi Sela 6–3, 6–1. They will next face Eric Butorac and Rajeev Ram in the quarter-finals. In an all-Spanish match between Daniel Gimeno Traver / Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo and Marcel Granollers / Santiago Ventura, the latter pair comfortably won 6–4, 6–2.

* Seeded players out (singles): \[2\] Stanislas Wawrinka
* Seeded players out (doubles): None

### Day three

Because of rain, no matches were played. However, Lukáš Dlouhý advanced when top seed Nikolay Davydenko was forced to withdraw because of a heel inflammation, which will also keep him out of the Australian Open.

* Seeded players out (singles): \[1\] Nikolay Davydenko (withdrew)
* Seeded players out (doubles): None

### Day four

* Seeded players out (singles): \[6\] Carlos Moyá
* Seeded players out (doubles): \[3\] Rogier Wassen /Lovro Zovko

### Day five

* Seeded players out (singles): \[4\] Ivo Karlović, \[7\] Janko Tipsarević
* Seeded players out (doubles): \[1\] Mahesh Bhupathi /Mark Knowles

### Day six

* Seeded players out (singles): \[8\] Marcel Granollers, \[5\] Rainer Schüttler (withdrew)
* Seeded players out (doubles): \[4\] Scott Lipsky /David Martin

### Day seven

Marin Čilić won his 2nd career title by defeating Devvarman in straight sets.

## InfoBox

| 2009 Chennai Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 5–10 January |
| Edition | 14th |
| Category | 250 series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | 398,250 |
| Surface | Hard / outdoors |
| Location | Chennai, India |
| Venue | SDAT Tennis Stadium |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Marin Čilić | |
| Doubles | |
| Eric Butorac /  Rajeev Ram | |
|  | |


title: 2012–13 1. FC Heidenheim season

abstract: During the 2012–13 1. FC Heidenheim season the club played in the 3. Liga, the third tier of German football. It was the club's fourth season in this league, having been promoted from the Regionalliga in 2009. The club also took part in the 2012–13 edition of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, but was knocked out in the first round by 2. Bundesliga side VfL Bochum. 1. FC Heidenheim also took part in the 2012–13 edition of the Württemberg Cup, having reached the quarter-finals after a 7–0 win over VfL Mühlheim.

text:
# 2012–13 1. FC Heidenheim season

During the **2012–13 1. FC Heidenheim season** the club played in the 3. Liga, the third tier of German football. It was the club's fourth season in this league, having been promoted from the Regionalliga in 2009.

The club also took part in the 2012–13 edition of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, but was knocked out in the first round by 2. Bundesliga side VfL Bochum.

1. FC Heidenheim also took part in the 2012–13 edition of the Württemberg Cup, having reached the quarter-finals after a 7–0 win over VfL Mühlheim.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 | VfL Osnabrück | 38 | 22 | 7 | 9 | 64 | 35 | +29 | 73 | Qualification to promotion play-offs and DFB-Pokal |
| 4 | Preußen Münster | 38 | 20 | 12 | 6 | 63 | 33 | +30 | 72 | Qualification for DFB-Pokal |
| 5 | 1. FC Heidenheim | 38 | 21 | 9 | 8 | 69 | 47 | +22 | 72 |  |
| 6 | Chemnitzer FC | 38 | 15 | 10 | 13 | 56 | 47 | +9 | | 55 |
| 7 | SV Wehen Wiesbaden | 38 | 11 | 18 | 9 | 51 | 51 | 0 | | 51 |

Source: kicker
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## Matches

### Legend

| Win | Draw | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Friendly matches

| 30 June 2012 (2012-06-30) | **Heidenheim** | **2–1** | **Augsburg** | Heidenheim |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 | Sandro Sirigu
Michael Thurk |  | Tobias Werner | Stadium: Voith-Arena |

| 11 July 2012 (2012-07-11) | **Heidenheim** | **1–2** | **VfB Stuttgart** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 | Patrick Mayer |  | Shinji Okazaki
Vedad Ibišević |  |

### 3. Liga

3. Liga match details
| Match | Date | Time | Opponent | Venue | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance | Referee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 21 July 2012 | 16:00 | Karlsruher SC | Home | 2–2 | Schnatterer 81', Malura 90+3' | 9,200 | Stieler |  |
| 2 | 28 July 2012 | 14:00 | Rot-Weiß Erfurt | Away | 4–0 | Schnatterer 6', Titsch-Rivero 21', Thurk 35', 75' (pen.) | 3,994 | Cortus |  |
| 3 | 4 August 2012 | 14:00 | Stuttgarter Kickers | Home | 2–1 | Frommer 11', Göhlert 68' | 9,000 | Winkmann |  |
| 4 | 7 August 2012 | 19:00 | SpVgg Unterhaching | Away | 1–4 | Groß 82' | 3,100 | Alt |  |
| 5 | 11 August 2012 | 14:00 | SV Babelsberg 03 | Home | 2–1 | Schnatterer 20', Mayer 26' | 7,200 | Gerach |  |
| 6 | 25 August 2012 | 14:00 | Preußen Münster | Away | 1–1 | Sailor 10' | 6,282 | Stein |  |
| 7 | 28 August 2012 | 19:00 | Chemnitzer FC | Home | 3–2 | Schnatterer 19', 24', Wittek 43' | 8,000 | Schmickartz |  |
| 8 | 2 September 2012 | 14:00 | SV Darmstadt 98 | Away | 2–0 | Schnatterer 53', Heidenfelder 63' | 4,800 | Dittrich |  |
| 9 | 16 September 2012 | 14:00 | Hansa Rostock | Home | 1–2 | Thurk 50' | 9,000 | Steinhaus |  |
| 10 | 21 September 2012 | 19:00 | SV Wehen Wiesbaden | Away | 1–1 | Schnatterer 56' (pen.) | 3,956 | Siewer |  |
| 11 | 26 September 2012 | 19:00 | Wacker Burghausen | Away | 1–4 | Thurk 76' | 2,300 | Bandurski |  |
| 12 | 29 September 2012 | 14:00 | Hallescher FC | Home | 3–1 | Heidenfelder 76', Göhlert 77', Thurk 87' | 6,100 | Dietz |  |
| 13 | 6 October 2012 | 14:00 | VfB Stuttgart II | Away | 2–0 | Sauter 30', Göhlert 57' | 1,150 | Schmickartz |  |
| 14 | 20 October 2012 | 14:00 | VfL Osnabrück | Home | 1–3 | Malura 79' | 8,500 | Dankert |  |
| 15 | 27 October 2012 | 14:00 | Arminia Bielefeld | Away | 0–1 |  | 6,828 | Aytekin |  |
| 16 | 2 November 2012 | 19:00 | Alemannia Aachen | Home | 1–1 | Göhlert 70' | 8,200 | Willenborg |  |
| 17 | 10 November 2012 | 14:00 | Borussia Dortmund II | Away | 1–2 | Sirigu 33' | 403 | Heft |  |
| 18 | 16 November 2012 | 19:00 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | Home | 3–0 | Thurk 5', Endres 19', Schnatterer 75' | 7,500 | Storks |  |
| 19 | 24 November 2012 | 14:00 | Kickers Offenbach | Away | 1–0 | Weil 6' | 5,737 | Göpferich |  |
| 20 | 1 December 2012 | 14:00 | Karlsruher SC | Away | 2–5 | Titsch-Rivero 9', Schnatterer 56' | 11,082 | Rohde |  |
| 22 | 15 December 2012 | 14:00 | Stuttgarter Kickers | Away | 2–0 | Thurk 11', Mayer 86' | 3,250 | Siebert |  |
| 23 | 26 January 2013 | 14:00 | SpVgg Unterhaching | Home | 2–1 | Göhlert 18', Schnatterer 31' | 7,500 | Bandurski |  |
| 21 | 30 January 2013 | 18:30 | Rot-Weiß Erfurt | Home | 2–1 | Schnatterer 39' (pen.), Thurk 76' | 7,700 | Beitinger |  |
| 24 | 2 February 2013 | 14:00 | SV Babelsberg 03 | Away | 4–2 | Malura 14', Strauß 36', Bagceci 89', Schnatterer 90+2 | 1,775 | Sönder |  |
| 25 | 9 February 2013 | 14:00 | Preußen Münster | Home | 3–1 | Niederlechner 11', Strauß 29', Bagceci 90' | 8,000 | Brych |  |
| 26 | 16 February 2013 | 14:00 | Chemnitzer FC | Away | 1–2 | Schnatterer 86' | 4,250 | Aarnink |  |
| 27 | 23 February 2013 | 14:00 | SV Darmstadt 98 | Home | 3–0 | Kraus 6', Titsch-Rivero 72', Krebs 85' | 6,000 | Cortus |  |
| 28 | 2 March 2013 | 14:00 | Hansa Rostock | Away | 2–0 | Haas 38' (o.g.), Thurk 80' | 7,700 | Dittrich |  |
| 29 | 9 March 2013 | 14:00 | SV Wehen Wiesbaden | Home | 2–2 | Göhlert 82', Schnatterer 90' | 6,800 | Gerach |  |
| 30 | 16 March 2013 | 14:00 | Wacker Burghausen | Home | 2–1 | Malura 22', Kraus 55' | 7,300 | Siewer |  |
| 32 | 6 April 2013 | 14:00 | VfB Stuttgart II | Home | 1–0 | Wittek 87' | 8,000 | Stein |  |
| 33 | 13 April 2013 | 14:00 | VfL Osnabrück | Away | 2–2 | Schnatterer 44', Kraus 90+1' | 9,600 | Sippel |  |
| 31 | 16 April 2013 | 19:00 | Hallescher FC | Away | 0–0 |  | 6,100 | Christ |  |
| 34 | 20 April 2013 | 14:00 | Arminia Bielefeld | Home | 3–0 | Niederlechner 35', 48', Krebs 63' (pen.) | 9,100 | Brand |  |
| 35 | 27 April 2013 | 14:00 | Alemannia Aachen | Away | 2–1 | Bagceci 50', Schnatterer 73' (pen.) | 7,326 | Göpferich |  |
| 36 | 4 May 2013 | 14:00 | Borussia Dortmund II | Home | 2–2 | Kraus 45', 86' | 8,600 | Sönder |  |
| 37 | 11 May 2013 | 13:30 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | Away | 2–1 | Niederlechner 28', 38' | 4,010 | Thomsen |  |
| 38 | 18 May 2013 | 13:30 | Kickers Offenbach | Home | 0–0 |  | 10,000 | Dingert |  |

### DFB-Pokal

DFB-Pokal match details
| Round | Date | Time | Opponent | Venue | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| First round | 18 August 2012 | 18:00 | VfL Bochum | Home | 0–2 |  | 7,500 |  |

## Sources

## InfoBox

1. FC Heidenheim
| 2012–13 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Klaus Mayer |
| Manager | Frank Schmidt |
| Stadium | Voith-Arena |
| 3. Liga | 5th |
| DFB-Pokal | First round |
|  | |


title: Gail Burwen

abstract: Gail Burwen was an American illustrator best known for her work in underground comix and the science fiction genre of the 1970s. She illustrated the original cover of the controversial plant perception book The Secret Life of Plants published in 1973.

text:
# Gail Burwen

**Gail Burwen** (December 14, 1945–June 17, 2017) was an American illustrator best known for her work in underground comix and the science fiction genre of the 1970s. She illustrated the original cover of the controversial plant perception book *The Secret Life of Plants* published in 1973.

## Biography

Gail Burwen was born on December 14, 1945, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She was the oldest of five children, the only daughter born to Robert and June Burwen. As a teenager she was a member of the National Honor Society and was credited with writing the school song. She graduated from Danvers High School in 1963, enrolling in the Massachusetts College of Art and Design shortly after. While studying at MCAD in 1966 Gail became the editor of the student newspaper.

On June 17, 2017, Gail Burwen's died at the age of 71 in a fatal hit-and-run accident as she walked outside of her home in Somersworth, New Hampshire. The driver hid out for 4 days before being caught and arrested, served 6 months without remorse.

## Career

Gail Burwen served as an early art director for *National Lampoon* magazine in addition to providing them with numerous comics and illustrations. Her illustrations are mentioned in the 2010 book *Drunk Stoned Brilliant Dead: The Writers and Artists Who Made the National Lampoon Insanely Great* written by Rick Meyerowitz. In 1969, Burwen illustrated two record album covers: *The Astral Projection* by The Astral Scene and *Classical Smoke* by The Kasenetz-Katz Orchestral Cirkus.

### Underground comix

In 1967, Gail co-founded Cloud Studios in New York City with Peter Bramley and Bill Skurski. The studio offered underground printing and design services for a variety of clients including those involved in theater in addition to creating comix of their own like *Drool Magazine* and *Cloud Comix*. The studio was well known for its surrealist, satirical art, montage novellas, and photographic comic strips known as fumettis. For several years until 1972, Gail provided scripts, sketches, lettering, and inking for many of their comics. She is credited as one of the artists of the cover of the first issue of *Cloud Comix* published by Kitchen Sink Press. A collection of the "best and worst underground comix" written by Bill Sherman was published in the 44th issue of *The Comics Journal* in 1979. The following was said in regards to *Cloud Comix #2*:

> "Cloud Studios (Bramley, Bill Skurski, Ned Sonntag, and others) did several comix in addition to working for several humor mags, but they never matched this issue for tightness. Jay Kinney's sorority satire seems even funnier after *Animal House*. Best Piece: Gail Burwen's (what ever happened to Gail Burwen?) City Slicker Bob teaming with Fred Astaire to produce a musical salute to the 70s Depression. ("So even if they/Stop welfare/Cut food stamps/Repeal abortion/Close the ibraries/You gotta dance!")"
>
> Bill Sherman, "Only Lines on Paper...", *The Comics Journal #44*

Burwen's "Manhattan Madness: City Slicker Bob" sequence was given a five-page special feature in *Apple Pie #1,* published by Lopez in March 1975.

A selection of Gail Burwen's work in underground comix includes the following:

### Book covers

Burwen illustrated dozens of book covers in the 1970s, primarily in the science fiction genre. In addition to design, Gail also handled the typography for most of her covers, utilizing classic science fiction typefaces like Mierop Ginger Snap, Airport Black, and Davison Arabesque. One of her more notable covers was for *The Secret Life of Plants* by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird published in 1973. The book caused immediate controversy amidst scientists for claiming, among other things, that the authors had discovered proof of plant sentience. *The Secret Life of Plants* became a documentary film that was eventually released as *Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"* with an accompanying soundtrack by Stevie Wonder in 1978.

A selection of Gail Burwen's dust jacket and book cover illustration credits:

## InfoBox

| Gail Burwen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-12-14)December 14, 1945
Cambridge, Massachusetts, US |
| Died | June 17, 2017(2017-06-17) (aged 71)
Somersworth, New Hampshire, US |
| Education | Danvers High School Class of 1963
Massachusetts College of Art and Design |
| Known for | Illustration |
| Movement | Underground comix |


title: Eric Wisely

abstract: Eric Wisely is an American professional mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the Lightweight division of the UFC. A professional competitor since 2006, Wisely has also fought for the Bellator and Strikeforce.

text:
# Eric Wisely

**Eric Wisely** (born July 25, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist who formerly competed in the Lightweight division of the UFC. A professional competitor since 2006, Wisely has also fought for the Bellator and Strikeforce.

## Mixed martial arts career

### Early career

Wisely compiled an amateur record of 6-1 before making his professional mixed martial arts debut on December 21, 2006, against Chriss Woodruff at Midwest King of the Cage 40. Wisely won his debut in the first round. Following this win, Wisely compiled a record of 18–5 before signing with Strikeforce in mid-2011.

### Strikeforce

In mid-2011, Wisely signed with now-defunct promotion Strikeforce. He made his debut against Pat Healy at Strikeforce Challengers: Gurgel vs. Duarte on August 12, 2011. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

### Ultimate Fighting Championship

Wisely made his UFC debut against Charles Oliveira in a Featherweight bout on January 28, 2012, at UFC on Fox: Evans vs. Davis. He lost the bout via submission in the first round.

Wisely replacing an injured Akira Corassani and faced Jason Young on April 14, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV 2. He lost the fight via unanimous decision and was subsequently released from the promotion.

### Bellator MMA

Wisely faced John Alessio on the Bellator 119 card on May 9, 2014, in Ontario, Canada. Wisely lost the fight via unanimous decision.

### Return to UFC

Wisely was expected to face Gilbert Burns on April 27, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 3. However, it was reported on April 18, 2019 that Wisely pulled out of the bout due to a failed physical caused by heart problems. He was replaced by newcomer Mike Davis.

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **43 matches** | **34 wins** | **9 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 14 | 0 |
| **By submission** | 5 | 1 |
| **By decision** | 10 | 8 |
| **Unknown** | 5 | 0 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 34–9–1 | Frank Schuman | TKO | Caged Aggression 27: Return of the Champions Day 1 | September 11, 2020 | 2 | 1:19 | Davenport, Iowa, United States | Return to Welterweight. |
| Win | 33–9–1 | Will Shutt | TKO (punches) | Caged Aggression 24: Champions Night 2 | March 23, 2019 | 2 | 4:12 | Davenport, Iowa, United States | Defended Caged Aggression Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 32–9–1 | Joe Richardson | TKO (leg kicks) | Pinnacle Combat 29 | October 13, 2018 | 3 | 3:23 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States | Won the Pinnacle Combat Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 31–9–1 | Carl Wittstock | TKO (punches) | Caged Aggression: Catfish Bend Casino Day 1 | August 24, 2018 | 3 | 1:24 | Burlington, Iowa, United States | Defended the Caged Aggression Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 30–9–1 | Morgan Sickinger | Submission (armbar) | Bellator 198 | April 28, 2018 | 1 | 1:12 | Rosemont, Illinois, United States | Catchweight (150 lbs) bout. |
| Win | 29–9–1 | Eric Thomas | TKO (punches) | Caged Aggression 21: Thai Champions Day 2 | March 10, 2018 | 3 | 4:40 | Davenport, Iowa, United States | Defended Caged Aggression Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 28–9–1 | Austin Hubbard | Decision (unanimous) | Caged Aggression 20: The Evolution | October 7, 2017 | 3 | 5:00 | Davenport, Iowa, United States | Won Caged Aggression Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 27–9–1 | John Ramirez | Submission (reverse triangle choke) | PC MMA: Pinnacle Combat 25 | April 28, 2017 | 5 | 3:29 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States | Return to Lightweight; defended Pinnacle Combat Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 26–9–1 | Sean Huffman | Decision (unanimous) | Battle at the Ball Park | August 13, 2016 | 3 | 5:00 | Clinton, Iowa, United States | Welterweight debut. |
| Win | 25–9–1 | Demian Papagni | TKO (punches) | Extreme Challenge 233 | May 7, 2016 | 1 | 2:10 | Clinton, Iowa, United States | Catchweight (160 lbs) bout. |
| Draw | 24–9–1 | Dustin Parrish | Draw (split) | PC MMA: Pinnacle Combat 22 | January 23, 2016 | 3 | 5:00 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 24–9 | Cliff Wright | Decision (unanimous) | PC MMA: Pinnacle Combat 21 | August 21, 2015 | 5 | 5:00 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States | Defended Pinnacle Combat Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 23–9 | Jared Downing | Decision (split) | PC MMA: Pinnacle Combat 19 | March 13, 2015 | 3 | 5:00 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 22–9 | John Alessio | Decision (unanimous) | Bellator CXIX | May 9, 2014 | 3 | 5:00 | Rama, Ontario, Canada | Catchweight (160 lbs) bout. |
| Win | 22–8 | Donnie Bell | Decision (split) | Bellator CXIII | March 21, 2014 | 3 | 5:00 | Mulvane, Kansas, United States |  |
| Win | 21–8 | Jeremy Castro | KO (punch) | Pinnacle Combat MMA 13 | May 3, 2013 | 1 | 0:29 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States | Defended Pinnacle Combat Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 20–8 | Brian Geraghty | Decision (unanimous) | Pinnacle Combat MMA 11 | November 30, 2012 | 5 | 5:00 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States | Won Pinnacle Combat Lightweight Championship. |
| Loss | 19–8 | Jason Young | Decision (unanimous) | UFC on Fuel TV: Gustafsson vs. Silva | April 14, 2012 | 3 | 5:00 | Stockholm, Sweden |  |
| Loss | 19–7 | Charles Oliveira | Submission (reverse calf slicer) | UFC on Fox: Evans vs. Davis | January 28, 2012 | 1 | 1:43 | Chicago, Illinois, United States | Featherweight debut. |
| Win | 19–6 | Brandon Girtz | TKO (arm injury) | Driller Promotions / SEG: Downtown Showdown 1 | November 26, 2011 | 2 | 4:26 | Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States |  |
| Loss | 18–6 | Pat Healy | Decision (unanimous) | Strikeforce Challengers: Gurgel vs. Duarte | August 12, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Win | 18–5 | Lance Wipf | Decision (split) | Superior Cage Combat 1 | May 21, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Win | 17–5 | Matt Veach | Submission (armbar) | Gladiator Cage Fights: Knockout Night 1 | April 23, 2011 | 2 | 2:49 | Marion, Illinois, United States |  |
| Win | 16–5 | Hermes França | Decision (unanimous) | Scorpius Fighting Championships 1 | September 24, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 | Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States |  |
| Win | 15–5 | Lonnie Scriven | Decision (unanimous) | Glory Fighting Championships: Maximum Glory | July 9, 2010 | 5 | 5:00 | Des Moines, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 14–5 | Ramiro Hernandez | Decision (split) | Blueblood MMA: Trials of a Gladiator 6 | April 30, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 | Davenport, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 14–4 | Hermes França | TKO (punches) | Max Fights DM: Ballroom Brawl 4 | January 8, 2010 | 1 | 2:03 | West Des Moines, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 13–4 | Scott McAfee | Decision (split) | Pinnacle Combat MMA 3 | November 14, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 12–4 | Jeremy Ashley | Decision (unanimous) | Legends of Fighting 32: Strictly Business | June 6, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 | Indianapolis, Indiana, United States |  |
| Win | 12–3 | Cole Williams | Submission (armbar) | Pinnacle Combat MMA 2 | April 25, 2009 | 2 | 2:34 | Dubuque, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 11–3 | Ramiro Hernandez | Decision (unanimous) | WhiteApe MMA: Gorilla Warfare | October 25, 2008 | 3 | 5:00 | Davenport, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 11–2 | Tristian Hansburger | TKO (punches) | Extreme Cage Challenge | August 21, 2008 | 1 | 3:30 | Clinton, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 10–2 | Danny Rodriguez | Submission | Spring Breakage | April 28, 2008 | 1 | N/A | Moline, Illinois, United States |  |
| Win | 9–2 | Lucas Gwaltney | TKO (doctor stoppage) | Mainstream MMA 9: New Era | April 5, 2008 | 3 | N/A | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 8–2 | Micah Washington | TKO (punches) | Mainstream MMA 8: Cold War | January 26, 2008 | 2 | N/A | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 7–2 | Erik Koch | Decision (unanimous) | Mainstream MMA 7: Vengeance | October 20, 2007 | 3 | 5:00 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 7–1 | Jason Medina | TKO (punches) | Iron Horse: Bike and Music Festival 2007 | July 1, 2007 | 2 | N/A | Sabula, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 6–1 | Jeremy Castro | Decision (majority) | Iron Horse: Bike and Music Festival 2007 | May 27, 2007 | 3 | 5:00 | Sabula, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 6–0 | Willie Dale | KO (punches) | Ring Style: Bad Blood 2 | February 17, 2007 | 2 | N/A | Moline, Illinois United States |  |
| Win | 5–0 | Brady Wakeland | N/A | Midwest King of the Ring 44 | January 13, 2007 | 2 | 1:23 |  |  |
| Win | 4–0 | Alex Wakeland | N/A | Midwest King of the Ring 42 | January 4, 2007 | 3 | 2:21 |  |  |
| Win | 3–0 | Cody Clayes | N/A | Midwest King of the Ring 41 | December 27, 2006 | 1 | 1:16 |  |  |
| Win | 2–0 | Nathan Aber | N/A | Midwest King of the Ring 40 | December 21, 2006 | 1 | 2:23 |  |  |
| Win | 1–0 | Chriss Woodruff | N/A | Midwest King of the Ring 40 | December 21, 2006 | 1 | 0:41 |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Eric Wisely | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-07-25) July 25, 1984
East Moline, Illinois, United States |
| Other names | Little Lee |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) |
| Weight | 155 lb (70 kg; 11.1 st) |
| Division | Featherweight
Lightweight
Welterweight |
| Reach | 71.0 in (180 cm) |
| Fighting out of | Clinton, Iowa, United States |
| Team | Team Conquest |
| Rank | *Black belt in Tae Kwon Do*
*Black belt in Kickboxing* |
| Years active | 2006–*present* |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record | |
| **Total** | 44 |
| **Wins** | 34 |
| By knockout | 14 |
| By submission | 5 |
| By decision | 10 |
| Unknown | 5 |
| **Losses** | 9 |
| By submission | 1 |
| By decision | 8 |
| **Draws** | 1 |
|  | |
| Other information | |
| Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog | |


title: Attack on Izeh market

abstract: The attack on Izeh market was an armed attack at a public market on November 16, 2022 during the Mahsa Amini protests in the city of Izeh, Khuzestan province, Iran. Seven people died during this incident, including a child, Kian Pirfalak; and two teenagers, Artin Rahmani, and Sepehr Maghsoodi. Many of the people killed were of the Bakhtiari tribe, and were not known to be attached to a political position. The Iranian government declared this incident a terrorist act and claimed that it was carried out by ISIS, a militant Islamist group, but it was later denied.

text:
# Attack on Izeh market

The **attack on Izeh market** was an armed attack at a public market on November 16, 2022 during the Mahsa Amini protests in the city of Izeh, Khuzestan province, Iran. Seven people died during this incident, including a child, Kian Pirfalak; and two teenagers, Artin Rahmani, and Sepehr Maghsoodi (the latter was killed by a bullet in his head). Many of the people killed were of the Bakhtiari tribe, and were not known to be attached to a political position.

The Iranian government declared this incident a terrorist act and claimed that it was carried out by ISIS, a militant Islamist group, but it was later denied.

## InfoBox

| Attack on Izeh market | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Mahsa Amini protests | |
| Date 16 November 2022  Location Izeh, Khuzestan province, Iran  Result  Violent crackdown on locals and protesters, 7 killed and many injured <br>Suspension of schools | |
| Belligerents | |
| Iranian security forces | Protestors of the Death of Mahsa Amini |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 7 killed, 15+ injured | |


title: Erastus Uutoni

abstract: Erastus Amutenya Uutoni is a Namibian SWAPO politician who has served in the cabinet of Namibia since March 2010. Uutoni was born on 29 January 1961 in Omatando, near Ongwediva in Ovamboland of South West Africa. After graduating from secondary school he went into exile in Angola in 1979 and received military training at Lubango. In SWAPO's military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), re rose to Commander of the First Mechanized Infantry Brigade. In 1982 Uutoni received training in photojournalism in Lusaka, Zambia, and thereafter worked as a photographer for Namibia Today until 1991. After the Independence of Namibia Uutoni furthered his education abroad. He completed a certificate in political science from the Institute of Political Science in Moscow in 1991 and a diploma in office Management from the College of Professional Management in the United Kingdom in 1995. In 1996 Uutoni gained university admission and completed undergraduate degrees in police science and marketing from the Polytechnic of Namibia in Windhoek. Uutoni was elected mayor of Ongwediva in May 1998. In 2009, Uutoni was selected for the SWAPO list for the National Assembly of Namibia for the 2009 general election. He subsequently entered parliament in 2010 and immediately was appointed deputy Minister of Safety and Security in Hifikepunye Pohamba's second cabinet. In 2015 he was moved to deputise the Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration. In a cabinet reshuffle in 2018, Uutoni was promoted to minister and given the Sport, Youth, and National Service portfolio. Uutoni served in other ministerial portfolios before that. He was appointed Minister of Urban and Rural Development in March 2020 in President Hage Geingob's second-term cabinet.

text:
# Erastus Uutoni

**Erastus Amutenya Uutoni** (born 29 January 1961) is a Namibian SWAPO politician who has served in the cabinet of Namibia since March 2010.

Uutoni was born on 29 January 1961 in Omatando, near Ongwediva in Ovamboland of South West Africa (today the Oshana Region of northern Namibia). After graduating from secondary school he went into exile in Angola in 1979 and received military training at Lubango. In SWAPO's military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), re rose to Commander of the First Mechanized Infantry Brigade. In 1982 Uutoni received training in photojournalism in Lusaka, Zambia, and thereafter worked as a photographer for *Namibia Today* until 1991.

After the Independence of Namibia Uutoni furthered his education abroad. He completed a certificate in political science from the Institute of Political Science in Moscow in 1991 and a diploma in office Management from the College of Professional Management in the United Kingdom in 1995. In 1996 Uutoni gained university admission and completed undergraduate degrees in police science and marketing from the Polytechnic of Namibia (today the Namibia University of Science and Technology) in Windhoek.

Uutoni was elected mayor of Ongwediva in May 1998. In 2009, Uutoni was selected for the SWAPO list for the National Assembly of Namibia for the 2009 general election. He subsequently entered parliament in 2010 and immediately was appointed deputy Minister of Safety and Security in Hifikepunye Pohamba's second cabinet. In 2015 he was moved to deputise the Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration. In a cabinet reshuffle in 2018, Uutoni was promoted to minister and given the Sport, Youth, and National Service portfolio. Uutoni served in other ministerial portfolios before that. He was appointed Minister of Urban and Rural Development in March 2020 in President Hage Geingob's second-term cabinet.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableErastus A. UutoniMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Urban and Rural Development | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
21 March 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Peya Mushelenga |
| Minister of Sport, Youth and National Service | |
| **In office**
8 February 2018  21 March 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Jerry Ekandjo |
| Succeeded by | Agnes Tjongarero |
| Deputy Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration | |
| **In office**
21 March 2015  8 February 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Elia Kaiyamo |
| Deputy Minister of Safety and Security | |
| **In office**
21 March 2010  20 March 2015 | |
| Prime Minister | Nahas Angula
Hage Geingob |
| Succeeded by | Daniel Kashikola |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-01-29) 29 January 1961
Omatando near Ongwediva |
| Nationality | Namibian |
| Political party | SWAPO |
| Alma mater | Polytechnic of Namibia |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Baralia River

abstract: The Baralia River is a sub-tributary of the Brahmaputra River in the Indian state of Assam. The Baralia River originates in the Nagrijuli Tea Estate and flows through Rangia City, Nalbari district and Tamulpur district before its confluence with the Puthimari River and the Brahmaputra River. The Nona River is a tributary of the Baralia river.

text:
# Baralia River

The **Baralia River** is a sub-tributary of the Brahmaputra River in the Indian state of Assam. The Baralia River originates in the Nagrijuli Tea Estate and flows through Rangia City, Nalbari district and Tamulpur district before its confluence with the Puthimari River and the Brahmaputra River. The Nona River is a tributary of the Baralia river.

## InfoBox

| Baralia River | |
| --- | --- |
| Durga for immersion in the Baralia River at Baharghat, Nalbari | |
|  | |
| Native name | বৰলীয়া নদী (Assamese) |
| Location | |
| State | Assam |
| District | Tamulpur Kamrup<br>Nalbari |
| Sub-district | Rangia |
| Cities | Rangia |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Lokhaitora River |
| location | Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary |
| coordinates | 26°43′26.9″N 91°41′08.4″E / 26.724139°N 91.685667°E / 26.724139; 91.685667 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Puthimari River |
| coordinates | 26°15′29.6″N 91°27′57″E / 26.258222°N 91.46583°E / 26.258222; 91.46583 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Lokhaitora River \- Baralia River - Puthimari River \- Brahmaputra River |


abstract: The 1991 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team represented Prairie View A&M University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by first-year head coach Ronald Beard, the Panthers compiled an overall record of 0–11, with a mark of 0–7 in conference play, and finished eighth in the SWAC. Due to several handicaps, including not having any scholarships, Beard later referred to the team as a "intramural or club football" team.

text:
# 1991 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team

1991 Southwestern Athletic Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 5 Alabama State $ | 6 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 1 |
| Alcorn State | 4 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Southern | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Texas Southern | 3 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Mississippi Valley State | 3 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Jackson State | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Grambling State | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Prairie View A&M | 0 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from NCAA Division I-AA Football Committee poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1991 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team** represented Prairie View A&M University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by first-year head coach Ronald Beard, the Panthers compiled an overall record of 0–11, with a mark of 0–7 in conference play, and finished eighth in the SWAC.

Due to several handicaps, including not having any scholarships, Beard later referred to the team as a "intramural or club football" team.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 7 | 7:30 p.m. | at Texas Southern |  | L 6–23 |  |  |
| September 14 | 7:30 p.m. | at Angelo State* |  | L 0–55 |  |  |
| September 21 | 7:00 p.m. | at Southwest Missouri State* |  | L 0–61 | 11,835 |  |
| September 28 | 7:30 p.m. | at Texas A&I* |  | L 3–41 |  |  |
| October 5 | 7:00 p.m. | at Grambling State |  | L 7–77 | 10,350 |  |
| October 12 | 1:30 p.m. | Cameron* |  | L 6–51 |  |  |
| October 19 | 1:30 p.m. | at Alcorn State |  | L 0–61 |  |  |
| October 26 | 1:30 p.m. | vs. No. 7 Alabama State |  | L 0–92 |  |  |
| November 2 | 1:30 p.m. | Mississippi Valley State | * Edward L. Blackshear Field * Prairie View, TX | L 0–41 |  |  |
| November 9 | 2:00 p.m. | at Southwest Texas State* |  | L 6–59 |  |  |
| November 23 | 7:00 p.m. | at Southern |  | L 20–56 |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |

## Personnel

| 1991 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  WR `2` Tony Johnson Sr  WR `4` Tracy Crawford Sr  WR `7` Bo Gillard So  WR `8` Jamal Myers Fr  QB `10` Kevin Phillips Sr  QB `11` Andre Riser Fr  QB `12` Dwayne Joubert Fr  QB `14` Errick Wilson Fr  WR `16` Henry Lott Fr  WR `17` James Washington Fr  QB `18` Danny Hull Jr  RB `23` Eric Washington So  WR `24` Dometrius Hill So  RB `26` Paul Releford So  RB `32` Donald Brown So  RB `33` Earl Smith Sr  RB `34` Jacques Denkins Sr | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DB `3` Michael Newton Fr  DB `5` Adrian Mosley So  DL `9` Duane Sims So  LB `20` Travis Simpson Fr  DB `21` Courtney Parkham So  DB `22` Gene Coleman Fr  DB `25` Anthony Campbell So  DB `27` Eugene Blackwell Fr  DB `28` Martin Davis Sr  DB `29` Dominique Artis Jr  DB `36` Joseph Davis Fr  DB `37` Jerald Crowder Fr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  `1` Samuel Bonner So | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches* Darwin Valentine
Offensive coordinator/Offensive line * Douglas Fowlkes
Defensive coordinator/Defensive line * Bob Atkins
Secondary * John Scott
Linebackers * William Wooley
Receivers * Clifton Gilliard
Running backs * John Mayes
Athletic trainer  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster
Last update: October 12, 1991 |

## InfoBox

| 1991 Prairie View A&M Panthers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Southwestern Athletic Conference |
| Record | 0–11 (0–7 SWAC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Darwin Valentine (1st season) |
| Defensive coordinator | Douglas Fowlkes (1st season) |
| Home stadium | Edward L. Blackshear Field |
|


title: 1983 Welsh Professional Championship

abstract: The 1983 Woodpecker Welsh Professional Championship was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament, which took place between 16 and 20 February 1983 at the Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre in Ebbw Vale, Wales. Ray Reardon won the tournament defeating Doug Mountjoy 9–1 in the final.

text:
# 1983 Welsh Professional Championship

The **1983 Woodpecker Welsh Professional Championship** was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament, which took place between 16 and 20 February 1983 at the Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre in Ebbw Vale, Wales.

Ray Reardon won the tournament defeating Doug Mountjoy 9–1 in the final.

## Main draw

|  | Quarter-finals
Best of 11 frames | | |  |  | Semi-finals
Best of 17 frames | | |  |  | Final
Best of 17 frames | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Ray Reardon** | | **6** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | Roy Andrewartha | | 2 |  |  | **Ray Reardon** | | **9** |  | |
|  | **Terry Griffiths** | | **6** |  |  | Terry Griffiths | | 4 |  | |
|  | Clive Everton | | 1 |  |  |  | | |  |  | **Ray Reardon** | | **9** |  |
|  | **Doug Mountjoy** | | **6** |  |  | |  |  | Doug Mountjoy | | 1 |  |
|  | Marcus Owen | | 0 |  |  | **Doug Mountjoy** | | **9** |  |  |  | | |  |
|  | **Cliff Wilson** | | **6** |  |  | Cliff Wilson | | 3 |  | | ||
|  | Colin Roscoe | | 4 |  |  | | | | | | ||

## InfoBox

Welsh Professional Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 16–20 February 1983 (1983-02-16 1983-02-20) |
| Venue | Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre |
| City | Ebbw Vale |
| Country | Wales |
| Organisation | WPBSA |
| Format | Non-ranking event |
| Total prize fund | £13,500 |
| Winner's share | £6,000 |
| Highest break | Cliff Wilson (WAL) (93) |
| Final | |
| Champion | Ray Reardon |
| Runner-up | Doug Mountjoy |
| Score | 9–1 |
| 1982 1984 | |


title: 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup

abstract: The 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup was the ten-race playoff that determined the champion of the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, contested among the top twelve drivers following the Chevy Rock and Roll 400 on September 12 at Richmond International Raceway. The entire chase was broadcast on ABC in the USA and TSN 2 in Canada.

text:
# 2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup

The **2009 Chase for the Sprint Cup** was the ten-race playoff that determined the champion of the 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, contested among the top twelve drivers following the Chevy Rock and Roll 400 on September 12 at Richmond International Raceway. The entire chase was broadcast on ABC in the USA and TSN 2 in Canada.

## Format

For the second year, the twelve drivers who qualified for the Chase had their point totals reset to 5,000 points, with a ten-point bonus for each race they won prior to the Chase. The driver who earns the most points at the end of the Chase will be declared the 2009 series champion.

## Changes

This year's changes were where the ten races will be. Atlanta Motor Speedway's fall date, the Pep Boys Auto 500, was switched to the Labor Day weekend, and Auto Club Speedway, which hosts the Pepsi 500, took the space in the race schedule. Talladega Superspeedway's date, the AMP Energy 500 was in return, moved to Atlanta's date with Auto Club moving into Talladega's original position.

## Races

| Date | Race | Site | Time
(US ET) | 2008 Winner | 2009 Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9/20 | 2009 Sylvania 300 | New Hampshire Motor Speedway | 1 PM | Greg Biffle | Mark Martin |
| 9/27 | 2009 AAA 400 | Dover International Speedway | 1 PM | Greg Biffle | Jimmie Johnson |
| 10/4 | 2009 Price Chopper 400 | Kansas Speedway | 1 PM | Jimmie Johnson | Tony Stewart |
| 10/11 | 2009 Pepsi 500 | Auto Club Speedway | 2:30 PM | Jimmie Johnson **§** | Jimmie Johnson |
| 10/17 | 2009 NASCAR Banking 500 only from Bank of America | Lowe's Motor Speedway | 7 PM | Jeff Burton | Jimmie Johnson |
| 10/25 | 2009 TUMS Fast Relief 500 | Martinsville Speedway | 1 PM | Jimmie Johnson | Denny Hamlin |
| 11/1 | 2009 AMP Energy 500 | Talladega Superspeedway | 1 PM | Tony Stewart | Jamie McMurray |
| 11/8 | 2009 Dickies 500 | Texas Motor Speedway | 2:30 PM | Carl Edwards | Kurt Busch |
| 11/15 | 2009 Checker O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 | Phoenix International Raceway | 2:30 PM | Jimmie Johnson | Jimmie Johnson |
| 11/22 | 2009 Ford 400 | Homestead Miami Speedway | 2:30 PM | Carl Edwards | Denny Hamlin |

– Ineligible for the Chase as he did not finish in Top 12.

## Qualified Drivers

The 12 drivers who have qualified for the chase after the Chevy Rock and Roll 400

## Standings

| Rank
Current/Pre-Chase | | Driver | Points/(Behind) | | Poles | Wins
Pre-Chase/Overall | | Top 5 | Top 10 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Mark Martin | 5040 | ***Leader*** | 6 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 14 |
| 2 | 2 | Tony Stewart | 5030 | (−10) | 0 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 18 |
| 3 | 3 | Jimmie Johnson | 5030 | (−10) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 15 |
| 4 | 4 | Denny Hamlin | 5020 | (−20) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 14 |
| 5 | 5 | Kasey Kahne | 5020 | (−20) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 10 |
| 6 | 6 | Jeff Gordon | 5010 | (−30) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 18 |
| 7 | 7 | Kurt Busch | 5010 | (−30) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 14 |
| 8 | 8 | Brian Vickers | 5010 | (−30) | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 13 |
| 9 | 9 | Carl Edwards | 5000 | (−40) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 11 |
| 10 | 10 | Ryan Newman | 5000 | (−40) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 12 |
| 11 | 11 | Juan Pablo Montoya | 5000 | (−40) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 |
| 12 | 12 | Greg Biffle | 5000 | (−40) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 12 |

## Results

***NOTE:** Standings in Cup points before the race in parentheses.*

### Race One: 2009 Sylvania 300

### Race Two: 2009 AAA 400

### Race Three: 2009 Price Chopper 400

### Race Four: 2009 Pepsi 500

### Race Five: 2009 NASCAR Banking 500 Only from Bank of America

### Race Six: 2009 TUMS Fast Relief 500

### Race Seven: 2009 AMP Energy 500


title: Bale revolt

abstract: The Bale revolt, also known as the Bale Peasant Movement, was an insurgency that took place in the 1960s in the southeastern Ethiopian province of Bale among the local Oromo and Somali populations. The revolt targeted the feudalist system in place during the Ethiopian Empire and was rooted in ethnic and religious grievances. Initially acts of resistance began in 1962 and 1963 as a defensive reaction by peasants to land expropriation, bureaucratic corruption, and exorbitant taxation imposed by the government. However, further clashes and consequent government reprisals eventually transformed the peasants into a decentralized insurgency that would go on to wage a six-year long guerrilla war, ending in 1970. Support from the Somali government that had begun in 1963 was integral to the insurgencies ability to sustain combat operations.

text:
# Bale revolt

The **Bale revolt,** also known as the **Bale Peasant Movement,** was an insurgency that took place in the 1960s in the southeastern Ethiopian province of Bale among the local Oromo and Somali populations. The revolt targeted the feudalist system in place during the Ethiopian Empire and was rooted in ethnic and religious grievances.

Initially acts of resistance began in 1962 and 1963 as a defensive reaction by peasants to land expropriation, bureaucratic corruption, and exorbitant taxation imposed by the government. However, further clashes and consequent government reprisals eventually transformed the peasants into a decentralized insurgency that would go on to wage a six-year long guerrilla war, ending in 1970.

Support from the Somali government that had begun in 1963 was integral to the insurgencies ability to sustain combat operations.

## Background

### Bale Province

Bale province is a large administrative region in southeastern Ethiopia, possessing a highly varied topography ranging from forests to large mountain ranges. The province is primarily composed of the Oromo and Somali peoples who overwhelmingly adhere to Islam. Common faith provided a basis for cooperation when the insurgency would break out in 1963.

## Origins

### Amhara Resettlement and Taxation

Serious discontent initially began in response to what the Somali and Oromo populations perceived as exploitation by the Ethiopian government. The government had begun a process of resettlement in Bale province using Amhara settlers from Shewa, who were overwhelmingly Christian. The use of northern settlers to secure southern regions of the empire was a tactic that was used extensively in the 10th to 16th centuries of the Abyssinian Empire and during the reign of Menelik. This resettlement policy consequently resulted in a shortage of arable land in Bale due to land expropriation. The best land in the region eventually became owned by Amharas and higher officials in the province were disproportionately Christian, greatly incensing the Muslim Oromo/Somali population. The rebels aimed to wipe out the domination of the Amhara settlers known as the *Neftenya*.

Taxation by the imperial government was also widely viewed as exorbitant and unjust by the population of Bale further inflaming rebellious sentiments in the province. A significant increase in land taxes being considered the most aggravating. Professor of African Studies, John Markakis would write of the conditions preceding the revolt:

> The legal exactions of the state and the landlords were compounded by a host of illegal impositions levied by the ruling class on the peasantry, usually associated with matters related to land. Land measurement, classification, registration, inheritance, litigation and so on were matters that could be concluded only through the payment of enforced bribes to a series of officials, and were subject to the risk of fraud in the process. Tax payment itself required the running of a gauntlet manned by officials who had to be bribed to conclude the transaction properly. Venality, the hallmark of Ethiopian officialdom throughout the empire, reached its apogee in the conquered areas of the south, where the hapless peasantry had no recourse against it. Northern officials serving in the south hoped to amass a small fortune during their tour of duty, and to acquire land through grant, purchase or other means. The scale of their exploits in Bale affronted even some of their colleagues...There was precious little return for such impositions.

A combination of these government policies are widely considered to be the primary the catalyst of the revolt, as many of the Oromo and Somali peasants would jointly refuse to pay taxes or allow land access to the Ethiopian government.

### Somali Independence

In 1960, the colonial territory of British Somaliland and the Italian ruled UN Trusteeship of Somalia merged to form the Somali Republic. Following the union a desire to merge with Somalia developed among the Somali populations of Ethiopia, many of whom resided in Bale province These sentiments were further inflamed by radio broadcasts and arms supplies from Somalia.

## Revolt

### Outbreak (1962 - 1963)

Incidents of violence had first begun in 1962, but the trigger for the Bale insurgency was a new head tax introduced in early 1963, leading to the first shots fired in March of that year in the El Kere Awrajja (sub-province). The local population refused to pay both the newly introduced taxes and unpaid taxes from previous years. Kahin Abdi, a key figure leading the resistance led attacks on local towns with the help of other resistance leaders. The Ethiopian government attempted to suppress the growing insurgency movement by sending in military forces, but were ineffective. The revolt was led by Oromo leader and rebel figure General Waqo Gutu. Its primary goals were the retention or repossession of land lost to expropriation or resettlement.

Because the insurgency consisted mostly of inexperienced farmers and peasants, it possessed no real centralized politico-military command structure even though General Gutu was widely viewed as the leader. Numerous clusters of rebels around Bale fought under other insurgent leaders such as Adam Jillo, Ali Butta and Haji Kilta. Several of the revolts leaders were women such as Halima Hassan, Haala Korme and Halimo Waqo. Pastoralists from the Ogaden, effected by government restrictions on free movement would also join the insurgency.

Waqo Gutu is believed to have started the rebellion when he received no government aid after a conflict over grazing rights. He then turned to Somalia to supply himself and other rebels with weapons. Due to the significant Somali element of the revolt, the Bale rebels would enjoy the support of the Somali government. In a bid to reduce any potential conflict between Somalis and Oromos in Bale, the government of Somalia would characterize incidents of resistance in Bale as a defensive Jihad against Christian Amhara expansion.

In 1963 a delegation of eight men from the rebels was sent across the Ogaden to Somalia in search of arms. Well received, they obtained eight Carcano M19 (called the Dhombir) rifles and one Thompson submachine gun. Later that year another rebel trip to Somalia brought back additional arms, ammunition, and grenades. Soon additional groups of insurgents began to embark on the long march to Somalia, and the insurgency would gradually gain begin to strengthen. The first shipment from Somalia to the rebels would come in the form of 40 guns.

That same year the Mecha-Tuulama Self-help Association, a movement that would form that core of the future Oromo Liberation Front, would be founded.

#### Battle of Dhombir

In one of the landmark battles at Malka Anna near Ganale River in 1963, Oromo insurgents claimed to have brought down two military helicopters using a non-automatic rifle called Dhombir. Hence, the period from 1963 to 1970 is locally known as the Dhombir war after the gun used by the Oromo fighters. The Battle of Dhombir at Malka Anna was critical in that the rebels were able to capture a significant amount of arms, thereby boosting their defensive capabilities.

### Spread of revolt (1963 - 1965)

Serious revolt broke out during a fairly minor incident in the Wabe district of Bale in 1964, after the governor of the region had unsuccessfully attempted to collect taxes with a large police force. This act of defiance to the central government inspired rebellions to pop up elsewhere in the district culminating in the seizure of the town of Belitu by rebel Oromo/Somali forces. Resistance then spread over to neighboring Delo district and by the end of 1965 central Bale was in total revolt and under rebel control.

During the upheaval, the Christian Amhara settlers would utilize paramilitary units whose conduct would be described as "particularly brutal"*.*

### Martial Law and Military Intervention (1966 - 1968)

Fighting gradually increased in intensity until 1966, at which point the Ethiopian government declared a state of emergency and deployed the army. That same year, the Bale rebels began coordinating with the Western Somali Liberation Front.

Fierce ground assaults and airstrikes by government forces in high and lowland Bale during the opening months of 1967 resulted in significant casualties amongst the civilian population. Many of the peasants and pastoralists who had homes and crops devastated in the air attacks were terror stricken as they had never seen bombs before. Thousands of Oromos fled to Somalia in the face of intensive aerial bombardments, where they remained for decades.

The town of Negele Borana served as the main base for the Ethiopian army during the revolt.

## Collapse and Suppression

Between 1968 and 1969 the fortunes of the rebels began to decline.

### Foreign Support to Ethiopian Government

The involvement of foreign military experts aided the government in crushing the insurgency, most notably from the United States and the United Kingdom. In 1968, the British government began aiding the Ethiopian government by facilitating the construction of a bridge across the strategic Ganale River, enabling Ethiopian forces to assail vital insurgent bases in the region. British military engineers further aided the creation of roads into rebel territory. The US government also began to assist Ethiopian forces by providing technical assistance and by training the Ethiopian Air Force in aerial based counter insurgent tactics.

### 1969 Somali coup d'état

In 1969, after a military coup d'état in Somalia, support for the rebellion was withdrawn. Following the demise of the Somali Republic, the rebels found it virtually impossible to sustain their combat operations in Bale as the Somali arms shipments had been essential.

### Negotiated Settlement (1970)

Soon after, an agreement was reached with the Ethiopian government, and many predominant Oromo leaders were pardoned, marking a formal end to the conflict in 1970.

## Consequences and legacy

The Bale Revolt to this day remains as symbol of Oromo Nationalism and self-determination. While the exact origins of the Oromo Liberation Front are disputed, many point to the 1960s insurgency as its embryonic phase.

According to Dr. Yonatan Tesfaye Fessha, the Bale Revolt was a testimony to the disgruntlement that was prevalent among the southern local population. This was due to the policies of Haile Selassie's government. Ethiopian historian Gebru Tareke claimed that the revolt was, "...the longest peasant struggle in contemporary Ethiopian history, and its longevity was as much due to the resolve and competence of the insurgents \[as to Islam\] that served as the ideological matrix of organization and mobilization.”

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Bale revolt | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Ethiopian–Somali conflict, Opposition to Haile Selassie and Conflicts in the Horn of Africa | |
|
Location of Bale within the Ethiopian Empire | |
| Date 1963–1970  Location Bale Province, Ethiopia  Result  Ethiopian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Ethiopian Empire
**Supported by (since 1968):**
United States
United Kingdom | Oromo and Somali rebels
**Supported by (1963–1969):**
Somali Republic |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Haile Selassie I
Jagama Kello | Waqo Gutu
Halimo Waqo
Adam Jillo
Halima Hassan
Haala Korme
 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Approx. 700,000 casualties including both insurgents and civilians (Per Asafa Jalata) |