title: 1936 Republican National Convention

abstract: The 1936 Republican National Convention was held June 9–12 at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio. It nominated Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas for president and Frank Knox of Illinois for vice president. The convention supported many New Deal programs, including Social Security. The keynote address was given on June 9 by Frederick Steiwer, U.S. Senator from Oregon.

text:
# 1936 Republican National Convention

The **1936 Republican National Convention** was held June 9–12 at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio. It nominated Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas for president and Frank Knox of Illinois for vice president.

The convention supported many New Deal programs, including Social Security. The keynote address was given on June 9 by Frederick Steiwer, U.S. Senator from Oregon.

## Background

Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah of Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. Although favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren of California, Governor Warren E. Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day of Ohio won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," carried the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. However, the party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.

Other potential candidates included Robert A. Taft, New York Representative James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Iowa Senator Lester Dickinson, New York Representative Hamilton Fish III, New Jersey Governor Harold Hoffman, Delaware Governor C. Douglass Buck, Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, Michigan auto magnate Henry Ford, aviator Charles Lindbergh, former President Herbert Hoover, Oregon Senator Frederick Steiwer, Senate Minority Leader Charles McNary, former Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., cousin of Democratic incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt.

## Presidential nomination

### Presidential candidates

At the start of the convention, Landon looked like the likely nominee, but faced opposition from a coalition led by Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Idaho Senator William E. Borah, and newspaper publisher Frank Knox. However, the stop-Landon movement failed.

| **Presidential ballot** | |
| --- | --- |
| Candidate | 1st |
| Landon | 984 |
| Borah | 19 |

**Presidential balloting / 3rd day of convention (June 11, 1936)**

## Vice-presidential nomination

### Vice-presidential candidates

The selection of a vice presidential candidate at the closing session presented some difficulties. The Landon people wanted Vandenberg but the Michigan senator refused repeatedly and firmly.

Colonel Knox, former Ambassador Edge, Colonel Little, and Governor Nice were placed in nomination. It soon became evident the choice of the convention would be Knox as state after state seconded his nomination. Edge, Little, and Nice withdrew their names and the Chicago publisher became the unanimous choice for second place on the ticket.

| **Vice-presidential ballot** | |
| --- | --- |
| Candidate | 1st |
| Knox | 1,003 |

**Vice-presidential balloting / 4th day of convention (June 12, 1936)**

| Preceded by
**1932
Chicago** | **Republican National Conventions** | Succeeded by
**1940
Philadelphia** |
| --- | --- | --- |

41°30′14″N 81°41′35″W / 41.504°N 81.693°W / 41.504; -81.693

## InfoBox

1936 Republican National Convention
| 1936 presidential election
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominees
Landon and Knox | |
| Convention | |
| Date(s) | June 9–12, 1936 |
| City | Cleveland, Ohio |
| Venue | Public Auditorium |
| Keynote speaker | Frederick Steiwer
U.S. Senator, Oregon |
| Candidates | |
| Presidential nominee | Alf Landon of Kansas |
| Vice-presidential nominee | Frank Knox of Illinois |
| Other candidates | William Borah of Idaho |
| Results (president) | Landon 984, Borah 19 |
|


title: 1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship

abstract: The 1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 10th staging of the Railway Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1927. The cup began on 16 February 1936 and ended on 17 March 1936. Munster were the defending champions. On 17 March 1936, Leinster won the cup following a 2-08 to 3-04 defeat of Munster in the final at Croke Park. This was their fifth Railway Cup title overall and their first title since 1933.

text:
# 1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship

The **1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship** was the 10th staging of the Railway Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1927. The cup began on 16 February 1936 and ended on 17 March 1936.

Munster were the defending champions.

On 17 March 1936, Leinster won the cup following a 2-08 to 3-04 defeat of Munster in the final at Croke Park. This was their fifth Railway Cup title overall and their first title since 1933.

## Teams

| **Province** | **Captain** |
| --- | --- |
| Connacht | Mick Gill |
| Leinster | Paddy Larkin |
| Munster | Mick Mackey |

## Results

### Semi-final

| 16 February 1936 Semi-final | **Leinster** | **2-07 - 2-04** | **Connacht** | St. Cronan's Park, Roscrea |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | N Wade 1-1, J Dunne 1-0, E Byrne 0-3, M Daniels 0-2, J Walsh 0-1. |  | G O'Reilly 1-0, J Greene 1-0, I Harney 0-2, P Iclan 0-1, M Gill 0-1. | Referee: P Purcell (Tipperary) |

### Final

| 17 March 1936 Final | **Leinster** | **2-08 - 3-04** | **Munster** | Croke Park, Dublin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | J Dunne 1-2, M Power 1-0, J Walsh 0-2, E Byrne 0-2, P Whelan 0-1, T Leahy 0-1, |  | P McMahon 1-0, M Hennessy 1-0, M Brennan 1-0, M Mackey 0-2, T Ryan 0-2. | Attendance: 20,000
Referee: S McKeown (Antrim) |

## Sources

* Donegan, Des, *The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games* (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

## InfoBox

1936 Railway Cup
| Dates | 16 February 1936 – 17 March 1936 |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 3 |
| Champions | Leinster (4th title)
Paddy Larkin (captain) |
| Runners-up | Munster
Mick Mackey (captain) |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 2 |
| Goals scored | 9 (4.5 per match) |
| Points scored | 23 (11.5 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Johnny Dunne (2-02) |
| 1935 (Previous) (Next) 1937 | |


abstract: The 1946 California lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1946. Republican Superior Court Judge Goodwin Knight safely defeated Democratic State Senator John F. Shelley with 56.39% of the vote.

text:
# 1946 California lieutenant gubernatorial election

The **1946 California lieutenant gubernatorial election** was held on November 5, 1946. Republican Superior Court Judge Goodwin Knight safely defeated Democratic State Senator John F. Shelley with 56.39% of the vote.

## General election

### Candidates

* Goodwin Knight, Republican
* John F. Shelley, Democratic

### Results

1946 California lieutenant gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Goodwin Knight** | **1,470,496** | **56.38%** |  |
|  | Democratic | John F. Shelley | 1,137,232 | 43.60% |  |
|  | Scattering |  | 323 | 0.02% |
| Majority | | | 2,608,051 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1946 California lieutenant gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Goodwin Knight** John F. Shelley   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **1,470,496** 1,137,232  Percentage **56.38%** 43.60% | |
| ---  **Lieutenant Governor before election**
Frederick F. Houser
Republican **Elected Lieutenant Governor**
Goodwin Knight
Republican | |


title: Edward Elwall

abstract: Edward Elwall, born 9 November 1676, died 29 November 1744, was a mercer and grocer, born at Sedgley near Wolverhampton. He was a Unitarian and a Sabbatarian Baptist; that is, his day of rest and worship was the seventh day, the biblical Sabbath, rather than the first day of the week, the “papal pagan Sunday,” as he called it, which is kept by orthodox Christians. The people of Wolverhampton referred to him as ‘Jew Elwall,’ because of his Sabbath-keeping. He is said to have occasionally attended the Mill Yard Seventh Day Baptist Church in London. In 1727 Elwall published his Unitarian beliefs in A true testimony for God and his sacred Law; being a plain, honest defence of the First Commandment of God, against all the Trinitarians under Heaven: ‘Thou shalt have no other gods but me.’

text:
# Edward Elwall

**Edward Elwall**, born 9 November 1676, died 29 November 1744, was a mercer and grocer, born at Sedgley near Wolverhampton. He was a Unitarian and a Sabbatarian Baptist; that is, his day of rest and worship was the seventh day, the biblical Sabbath, rather than the first day of the week, the “papal pagan Sunday,” as he called it, which is kept by orthodox Christians. The people of Wolverhampton referred to him as ‘Jew Elwall,’ because of his Sabbath-keeping. He is said to have occasionally attended the Mill Yard Seventh Day Baptist Church in London.

In 1727 Elwall published his Unitarian beliefs in *A true testimony for God and his sacred Law; being a plain, honest defence of the First Commandment of God, against all the Trinitarians under Heaven: ‘Thou shalt have no other gods but me.’*

## Trial

The Anglican clergy charged him with blasphemy and heresy, for which he was brought to trial at the Stafford Summer Assizes 1726. The judge appears to have sought a means to acquit Elwall, because, at the start of the trial the judge, unusually, raised the legal technicality of whether or not Elwall had been provided with a copy of the indictment; he hadn’t. The judge asked Elwall if he wanted the case postponed until the next Assizes, but Elwall took the hint and declined. He was allowed to plead his case, after which the case was dismissed on the aforementioned technicality, without being referred to the jury.

Elwall’s trial and acquittal were frequently referred to by Unitarians throughout the eighteenth century, as an intimated legal precedent that might ward off their own arrest. Joseph Priestley, for example, published several editions of Elwall’s account of the trial, and added it as a supplement to his much published *Appeal to the serious and candid professors of Christianity.* Denying the Trinity was illegal. Priestley, along with anyone who avowed Unitarian beliefs remained liable to arrest and confiscation of property until the Toleration Act was extended to Unitarians by the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813.

## Views

Like many Dissenters, Elwall objected to the Tithe system that maintained the Church of England. In the seventeenth century, some Dissenters had advocated their Comprehension into the Church of England, and by implication their inclusion in the Tithe system. Others, like the Quakers simply refused to pay tithes, and went to prison for it. Elwall was one of the first to go as far as advocating Disestablishment. In 1738 he published a tract: *The True and Sure Way to Remove Hirelings out of the Church*. In this he wrote: “As Christ has declared that his kingdom is not of this world, so there never ought to be any worldly force to bring men into it, nor any forced maintenance to support it. All must be free and not forced. We read of Christ's whipping the buyers and sellers out but never in. All Christ's followers must be volunteers. He calls and they follow.”


title: 1949–50 Welsh Cup

abstract: The 1949–50 FAW Welsh Cup is the 63rd season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales.

text:
# 1949–50 Welsh Cup

The **1949–50 FAW Welsh Cup** is the 63rd season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales.

## Key

League name pointed after clubs name.

* CCL \- Cheshire County League
* FL D3N \- Football League Third Division North
* FL D3S \- Football League Third Division South
* SFL \- Southern Football League

## Fifth round

Seven winners from the Fourth round and eleven new clubs. Caernarvon Town get a bye to the Sixth round.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | South Liverpool (CCL) | 0–0 | Chester (FL D3N) |
| *replay* | *Chester (FL D3N)* | *2–2* | *South Liverpool (CCL)* |
| *replay* | *South Liverpool (CCL)* | *0–2* | ***Chester** (FL D3N)* |

## Sixth round

One winner from the Fifth round and Caernarvon Town. Seven other clubs get a bye to the Seventh round.

## Seventh round

One winner from the Sixth round plus seven clubs who get a bye in the previous round.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Chester** (FL D3N) | 3–2 | Barry Town (SFL) |

| Tie no | Winning Team | Score | Losing Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Swansea Town | 3–0 | Cardiff City |
|  | Wrexham | 3–0 | Flint Town United |
|  | Merthyr Tydfil | 2–0 | Bangor City |

## Semifinal

Swansea Town and Mertyr Tydfil played at Cardiff.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Swansea Town** (FL D3S) | 5–1 | Merthyr Tydfil (SFL) |
| 2 | Wrexham (FL D3N) | 0–0 | Chester (FL D3N) |
| *replay* | *Chester (FL D3N)* | *1–5* | ***Wrexham** (FL D3N)* |

## Final

Final were held at Cardiff.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Swansea Town** (FL D2) | 4–1 | Wrexham (FL D3N) |

## InfoBox

1949–50 Welsh Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Wales |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Swansea Town |
| Runner-up | Wrexham |
|  | |


title: 1949–50 Western Football League

abstract: The 1949–50 season was the 48th in the history of the Western Football League. This was the first and only season in the history of the Western League in which it consisted of three divisions. Division Three was created largely from reserve sides of existing members, but was abandoned at the end of the season. The champions for the first time in their history were Wells City, and the winners of Division Two were new club Barnstaple Town. Bideford Town won Division Three, only dropping one point.

text:
# 1949–50 Western Football League

The **1949–50** season was the 48th in the history of the Western Football League.

This was the first and only season in the history of the Western League in which it consisted of three divisions. Division Three was created largely from reserve sides of existing members, but was abandoned at the end of the season.

The champions for the first time in their history were Wells City, and the winners of Division Two were new club Barnstaple Town. Bideford Town won Division Three, only dropping one point.

## Division One

Division One remained at eighteen members with two clubs promoted to replace Clevedon and Bristol City Colts, who were relegated to Division Two. Weymouth had moved up to the Southern League and were replaced in Division One by their Reserves.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wells City | 34 | 22 | 7 | 5 | 87 | 43 | 2.023 | 51 |  |
| 2 | Poole Town | 34 | 22 | 7 | 5 | 88 | 45 | 1.956 | | 51 |
| 3 | Glastonbury | 34 | 23 | 4 | 7 | 78 | 38 | 2.053 | | 50 |
| 4 | Trowbridge Town | 34 | 22 | 5 | 7 | 104 | 40 | 2.600 | | 49 |
| 5 | Cheltenham Town Reserves | 34 | 21 | 4 | 9 | 91 | 58 | 1.569 | | 46 |
| 6 | Chippenham United | 34 | 16 | 8 | 10 | 57 | 49 | 1.163 | | 40 |
| 7 | Bristol Rovers Colts | 34 | 15 | 7 | 12 | 54 | 50 | 1.080 | | 37 |
| 8 | Chippenham Town | 34 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 77 | 70 | 1.100 | | 33 |
| 9 | Street | 34 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 71 | 75 | 0.947 | | 33 |
| 10 | Weymouth Reserves | 34 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 67 | 49 | 1.367 | | 31 |
| 11 | Salisbury | 34 | 14 | 3 | 17 | 64 | 66 | 0.970 | | 31 |
| 12 | Yeovil Town Reserves | 34 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 55 | 102 | 0.539 | | 31 |
| 13 | Paulton Rovers | 34 | 12 | 3 | 19 | 60 | 76 | 0.789 | | 27 |
| 14 | Peasedown Miners Welfare | 34 | 8 | 9 | 17 | 65 | 82 | 0.793 | | 25 |
| 15 | Portland United | 34 | 8 | 6 | 20 | 44 | 74 | 0.595 | | 22 |
| 16 | Clandown | 34 | 8 | 5 | 21 | 48 | 80 | 0.600 | | 21 |
| 17 | Soundwell (R) | 34 | 6 | 6 | 22 | 61 | 116 | 0.526 | 18 | Relegated to Division Two |
| 18 | Bath City Reserves (R) | 34 | 5 | 6 | 23 | 45 | 103 | 0.437 | | 16 |

Source:
(R) Relegated

## Division Two

Division Two remained at eighteen clubs, after Cheltenham Town Reserves and Chippenham United were promoted to Division One, and RAF Melksham left the league. Three new clubs joined:

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barnstaple Town (P) | 34 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 102 | 41 | 2.488 | 53 | Promoted to Division One |
| 2 | Dorchester Town (P) | 34 | 21 | 8 | 5 | 96 | 51 | 1.882 | | 50 |
| 3 | Welton Rovers | 34 | 20 | 7 | 7 | 81 | 63 | 1.286 | 47 |  |
| 4 | Stonehouse | 34 | 19 | 6 | 9 | 83 | 63 | 1.317 | | 44 |
| 5 | Bridgwater Town | 34 | 17 | 8 | 9 | 86 | 49 | 1.755 | | 42 |
| 6 | Trowbridge Town Reserves | 34 | 17 | 8 | 9 | 81 | 53 | 1.528 | | 42 |
| 7 | Clevedon | 34 | 18 | 6 | 10 | 92 | 61 | 1.508 | | 42 |
| 8 | Weston-super-Mare | 34 | 16 | 9 | 9 | 86 | 73 | 1.178 | | 41 |
| 9 | Bristol City Colts | 34 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 89 | 60 | 1.483 | | 36 |
| 10 | Cinderford Town | 34 | 13 | 9 | 12 | 82 | 80 | 1.025 | | 35 |
| 11 | Chippenham Town Reserves | 34 | 14 | 4 | 16 | 74 | 73 | 1.014 | | 32 |
| 12 | Frome Town | 34 | 12 | 7 | 15 | 72 | 74 | 0.973 | | 31 |
| 13 | Radstock Town | 34 | 10 | 7 | 17 | 72 | 98 | 0.735 | | 27 |
| 14 | National Smelting Company | 34 | 8 | 9 | 17 | 69 | 99 | 0.697 | | 25 |
| 15 | Swindon Town Colts | 34 | 9 | 3 | 22 | 58 | 89 | 0.652 | | 21 |
| 16 | Hoffman Athletic | 34 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 33 | 69 | 0.478 | | 21 |
| 17 | Bristol Aeroplane Company | 34 | 3 | 6 | 25 | 43 | 138 | 0.312 | 12 | Left at the end of the season |
| 18 | Douglas | 34 | 3 | 5 | 26 | 49 | 114 | 0.430 | | 11 |

Source:
(P) Promoted

## Division Three

Division Three consisted of eleven clubs, all of which were new to the Western League except Bristol Rovers "A", this side rejoining the league having left in 1939. Seven of the other ten clubs were reserve sides of clubs in Divisions One and Two.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bideford Town (P) | 20 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 103 | 20 | 5.150 | 39 | Promoted to Division Two |
| 2 | Ilfracombe Town (P) | 20 | 16 | 0 | 4 | 74 | 37 | 2.000 | | 32 |
| 3 | Minehead (P) | 20 | 11 | 5 | 4 | 49 | 30 | 1.633 | | 27 |
| 4 | Clevedon Reserves | 20 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 50 | 41 | 1.220 | 25 | Left at the end of the season |
| 5 | Chippenham United Reserves | 20 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 45 | 48 | 0.938 | | 18 |
| 6 | Weston-super-Mare Reserves | 20 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 44 | 64 | 0.688 | | 17 |
| 7 | Bristol Rovers "A" | 20 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 36 | 43 | 0.837 | | 16 |
| 8 | Barnstaple Town Reserves | 20 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 31 | 45 | 0.689 | | 15 |
| 9 | Welton Rovers Reserves | 20 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 36 | 64 | 0.563 | | 12 |
| 10 | Bridgwater Town Reserves | 20 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 38 | 62 | 0.613 | | 11 |
| 11 | Stonehouse Reserves | 20 | 2 | 4 | 14 | 19 | 69 | 0.275 | | 8 |

Source:
Rules for classification: The system of using goal average to separate two teams tied on points was used up to and including the 1976–77 season. The points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for losing.
(P) Promoted
Notes:   1. Robinson, Michael (ed.), Non-League Football Tables 1889–2006, Soccer Books, 2006

## InfoBox

Western Football League
| Season | 1949–50 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Wells City (Division One)
Barnstaple Town (Division Two)
Bideford Town (Division Three) |
| 1948–49 1950–51 | |


title: Edmund Stonor

abstract: Most Rev. Edmund Stonor was a prominent British Roman Catholic archbishop. Born into the recusancy on 2 April 1831 at Stonor, England, the ancestral home of the Stonor family, he was the son of Thomas Stonor, 3rd Lord Camoys and Frances. Rev. Edmund Stonor held the office of Canon of St John Lateran, and later, as Archbishop of Trapezus.

text:
# Edmund Stonor

**Most Rev. Edmund Stonor** (13 April 1831 – 28 February 1912) was a prominent British Roman Catholic archbishop.

Born into the recusancy on 2 April 1831 at Stonor, England, the ancestral home of the Stonor family, he was the son of Thomas Stonor, 3rd Lord Camoys and Frances (née Towneley). Rev. Edmund Stonor held the office of Canon of St John Lateran, and later, as Archbishop of Trapezus.

## Career

On 13 April 1856, aged 25, he was ordained a priest. On 11 February 1889, aged 57, he was appointed as Titular Archbishop of Trapezus and ordained later that month. His consecration was attended by Lord William Beauchamp Nevill and his new wife Mabel Murietta, along with "most of the English visitors and residents in Rome". He was one of the episcopal consecrators of William Henry O'Connell, the future Cardinal Archbishop of Boston.

He was the "energetic, devoted chief chaplain" of the English-speaking Papal Zouaves (see dedication in *Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves* by Joseph Powell, London: R. Washbourne, 1871).

## Death

Archbishop Stonor died on 28 February 1912, aged 80.

## Sources

* Charles Mosley, editor, *Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage*, 107th edition, volume 1, page 660.


title: Andreas Paulus

abstract: Andreas L. Paulus is a German jurist who has been serving as a Judge on the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany since 2010. He held the chair of general international law at the University of Göttingen. His research interests include international law, humanitarian law, and constitutional law.

text:
# Andreas Paulus

**Andreas L. Paulus** (born 30 August 1968) is a German jurist who has been serving as a Judge on the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany since 2010. He held the chair of general international law at the University of Göttingen. His research interests include international law, humanitarian law, and constitutional law.

## Career

Paulus attended the University of Göttingen, University of Geneva's Graduate Institute of International Studies, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and Harvard University. He received his first Staatsexamen in 1994, his second in 1996. In 2000, Paulus completed his doctoral thesis on "*Die internationale Gemeinschaft im Völkerrecht*" (The International Community in Public International Law) under the supervision of Bruno Simma at the University of Munich. After spending the 2003/04 academic year as Visiting Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School, Paulus finished his Habilitation in Munich, and since 2006 holds a chair at the University of Göttingen.

On February 25, 2010, Paulus was nominated to succeed Hans-Jürgen Papier on the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. Since March 2010 he is the successor of Papier.

Paulus was an assistant to Bruno Simma in the LaGrand case.

## Notable decisions

When the Federal Constitutional Court ruled on the institutional set-up of Germany’s public broadcasting corporations in March 2014, Paulus issued a dissenting opinion arguing that it is “necessary that the supervisory bodies are generally free of representatives of the executive in order to emancipate them from state influence.”

## Other activities

## Selected publications

* ; Simma, Bruno (1998), "The 'International Community': Facing the Challenge of Globalization", *European Journal of International Law*, **9** (2): 266–277, doi:10.1093/ejil/9.2.266, archived from the original on 2006-10-03.
* ; Simma, Bruno (1999), "The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View", *American Journal of International Law*, **93** (2): 302–316, doi:10.2307/2997991, JSTOR 2997991, S2CID 143168066.
* (2003), "The War against Iraq and the Future of International Law: Hegemony or Pluralism", *Michigan Journal of International Law*, **25**: 691–733.
* (2004), "From Neglect to Defiance? The United States and International Adjudication", *European Journal of International Law*, **15** (4): 783–812, doi:10.1093/ejil/15.4.783.
* ; Nolte, Georg; Marauhn, Thilo (2007), "Possible Future Trends in International Humanitarian Law", *Human Rights Law Journal*, **28**: 65–75.

## InfoBox

| Andreas Paulus | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1968 (age 5556) |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Alma mater | Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | International law, constitutional law |
| Institutions | University of Göttingen<br>Michigan Law School |
| Doctoral advisor | Bruno Simma |
| Other academic advisors | Georg Nolte |
|  | |


title: Edward J. Bermingham

abstract: Edward J. Bermingham (1887–1958) was a prominent investment banker and correspondent of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Bermingham worked for Lehman Brothers and Dillon, Read and Company, and was a trustee of Columbia University. Bermingham was a member of Columbia University's graduating class of 1909. He first met Eisenhower when Eisenhower became President of Columbia. During his tenure at Columbia, and later as Commander in Chief of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Eisenhower exchanged long letters with Bermingham, outlining in detail his views of world affairs. When Mr. Eisenhower became President of the United States the correspondence continued and the two men met at least twice at the White House. Bermingham was a member of the financial committee of the Republican National Committee and instrumental in Eisenhower's nomination. In retirement he raised cattle on his Wyoming ranch. At the time of Bermingham's death he was a trustee of the Eisenhower Foundation in Abilene, Kansas.

text:
# Edward J. Bermingham

**Edward J. Bermingham** (18871958) was a prominent investment banker and correspondent of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Bermingham worked for Lehman Brothers and Dillon, Read and Company, and was a trustee of Columbia University.

Bermingham was a member of Columbia University's graduating class of 1909. He first met Eisenhower when Eisenhower became President of Columbia. During his tenure at Columbia, and later as Commander in Chief of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Eisenhower exchanged long letters with Bermingham, outlining in detail his views of world affairs. When Mr. Eisenhower became President of the United States the correspondence continued and the two men met at least twice at the White House.

Bermingham was a member of the financial committee of the Republican National Committee and instrumental in Eisenhower's nomination. In retirement he raised cattle on his Wyoming ranch. At the time of Bermingham's death he was a trustee of the Eisenhower Foundation in Abilene, Kansas.


title: Edward J. Ballard

abstract: Edward J. Ballard was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812. Ballard was appointed a midshipman on 24 February 1809. He was killed during the engagement between USS Chesapeake and HMS Shannon on 1 June 1813. His commission as a lieutenant was issued before news of the battle reached the Navy Department.

text:
# Edward J. Ballard

**Edward J. Ballard** (about 1790  1 June 1813) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

Ballard was appointed a midshipman on 24 February 1809. He was killed during the engagement between USS *Chesapeake* and HMS *Shannon* on 1 June 1813. His commission as a lieutenant was issued before news of the battle reached the Navy Department.

## Namesake

Two ships have been named USS *Ballard* for him.


title: Edward Kitsis

abstract: Edward Lawrence Kitsis is an American screenwriter and television producer, best known for his work with his writing partner Adam Horowitz on the popular ABC drama series Lost and Once Upon a Time.

text:
# Edward Kitsis

**Edward Lawrence Kitsis** (born February 4, 1971) is an American screenwriter and television producer, best known for his work with his writing partner Adam Horowitz on the popular ABC drama series *Lost* and *Once Upon a Time*.

## Early life and education

Kitsis was born to a Jewish American family, the son of Arlene and Tybe Kitsis of Minneapolis. In 1993, he graduated with a B.A. in radio, television, and film from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he met Adam Horowitz in his "Introduction to Film" class.

## Career

After school, Kitsis travelled with Horowitz to Los Angeles. They initially started working as assistants and messengers until landing a job writing scripts for the remake of *Fantasy Island*. It was cancelled after 13 episodes, but they went on to write for both *Felicity* and *Popular*, before joining *Lost*.

Kitsis and Horowitz joined the crew of *Lost* midway through the first season as a writer and producer team in 2005. They were promoted to supervising producers for the second season in fall 2005. Kitsis, Horowitz and the writing staff won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the first and second seasons. They were promoted to co-executive producers for the third season in the 2006-2007 television season. They returned as a co-executive producers and writers for the fourth season in 2008. Kitsis and Horowitz were nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2009 ceremony for their work on the fourth season of *Lost*. They were promoted to executive producers for the fifth season in 2009. The writing staff was nominated for the WGA award for Best Dramatic Series again at the February 2010 ceremony for their work on the fifth season. Kitsis and Horowitz remained as executive producers and regular writers for the sixth and final season in 2010. During Lost's run, both Kitsis and Horowitz signed an overall deal with ABC Studios in 2007.

Kitsis also wrote *Tron: Legacy*, the sequel to the film *Tron*, with his partner Horowitz and wrote with the same co-writer the book for Universal Pictures future project "Ouija Board".

Kitsis and Horowitz are the creators of the fantasy drama series *Once Upon a Time*, which began airing on ABC on October 23, 2011. The show focuses on a town which is actually a parallel world populated by fairytale characters who are unaware of their true identity. The two came up with concept seven years prior joining the staff of *Lost*, but wanted to wait until it ended before they focused on this project. He also co-created the *Once Upon a Time* spin-off,  *Once Upon a Time in Wonderland*, along with partner Adam Horowitz, Zack Estrin and "Once" writer and Consulting Producer, Jane Espenson. The series, which began airing on ABC October 10, 2013, focuses on Alice searching for her true love, a genie named Cyrus, who is being kept from her by the Red Queen and Aladdin villain, Jafar, in a post-cursed Wonderland. Kitsis and Horowitz will also co-create and co-write a *Beauty and the Beast* miniseries for Disney+, alongside Josh Gad. The series, a prequel to Disney's 2017 remake of the 1991 film of the same name, was conceived after a discussion between Kitsis, Horowitz, and Gad following the cancellation of their planned Disney+ series, *Muppets Live Another Day*. In December 2019, it was announced that Kitsis and Horowitz began work on a new TV show focusing on characters from fairy tales and Disney titled *Epic*. The pilot was picked up by ABC in January 2021, however it was dropped in August of the same year.

He frequently collaborates with a tightly knit group of film professionals which include J. J. Abrams, Damon Lindelof, Adam Horowitz, Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Andre Nemec, Josh Appelbaum, Jeff Pinkner, and Bryan Burk.

## Personal life

In May 2002, it was announced that he was engaged to Jennifer Susman, a 1999 TV and film graduate of the University of Texas. They married on March 29, 2003, in Scottsdale, Arizona.

## Filmography

### Film and television

| Year | Title | Contribution | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Creator | Writer | Producer | |
| 1995 | *Clueless* | No | No | No | assistant to Adam Schroeder |
| 1998 | *Fantasy Island* | No | Yes | No | Episode: "Superfriends" |
| 1999–2001 | *Popular* | No | Yes | No | Writer of 8 episodes |
| 2001–2002 | *Felicity* | No | Yes | Yes | Writer of 2 episodes/Producer of 14 episodes |
| 2002–2003 | *Birds of Prey* | No | Yes | Yes | Writer of 5 episodes/Producer of 9 episodes |
| 2003 | *Black Sash* | No | Yes | Yes | Writer of 1 episode/Consulting Producer of 3 episodes |
| 2004 | *One Tree Hill* | No | Yes | No | Episode: "What Is and What Should Never Be" |
| 2004–2005 | *Life as We Know It* | No | Yes | Yes | Writer of 1 episode/Producer of 4 episodes |
| 2005–2010 | *Lost* | No | Yes | Yes | Writer of 21 episodes (2005-2010)
Producer of 8 episodes (2005)
Supervising Producer of 23 episodes (2005-2006)
Co-Executive Producer of 35 episodes (2006-2008)
Executive Producer of 32 episodes (2009-2010)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series (2008-2010)
Nominated – Producers Guild Awards for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama (2007-2011)
Nominated – Writers Guild Awards for Dramatic Series (2006, 2007, 2009, 2010) |
| 2005 | *Confessions of an American Bride* | No | Yes | No | Television Movie |
| 2007–2008 | *Lost: Missing Pieces* | No | Yes | Yes | Miniseries
Writer of 1 episode/Co-Executive Producer of 13 episodes |
| 2010 | *TRON: Legacy* | No | Yes | No | Screenplay / Story |
| 2011–2018 | *Once Upon a Time* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Creator of 156 episodes
Writer of 41 episodes
Executive Producer of 143 episodes
Nominated – TV Quick Award for Best New Drama (with Adam Horowitz) (2012) |
| 2012 | *TRON: Uprising* | No | Yes | Yes | Writer of 2 episodes/Consulting Producer of 1 episode |
| 2012 | *Once Upon a Time: Magic is Coming* | Yes | No | Yes | Television Special; Executive Producer |
| 2013–2014 | *Once Upon a Time in Wonderland* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Creator of 13 episodes
Writer of 3 episodes
Producer of 7 episodes |
| 2013 | *Once Upon a Time: The Price of Magic* | Yes | No | Yes | Television Special; Executive Producer |
| 2013 | *Once Upon a Time: Journey to Neverland* | Yes | No | Yes | Television Special; Executive Producer |
| 2014 | *Once Upon a Time: Wicked Is Coming* | Yes | No | Yes | Television Special; Executive Producer |
| 2016 | *Dead of Summer* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Creator of 10 episodes
Writer of 4 episodes
Executive Producer of 4 episodes |
| 2020 | *Amazing Stories* | No | No | Yes | Executive Producer of 1 episode |
| TBA | Untitled *Beauty and the Beast* series | Yes | Yes | Yes | Executive Producer |

## InfoBox

| Edward Kitsis | |
| --- | --- |
| Kitsis in March 2012. | |
| Born | Edward Lawrence Kitsis
(1971-02-04) February 4, 1971
Minnesota, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Wisconsin–Madison (B.A., 1993) |
| Notable work | *Lost*
*Once Upon a Time* |
| Spouse | Jennifer Susman (m. 2003) |
| Parent(s) | Arlene and Tybe Kitsis |


title: Edward Kleban

abstract: Edward "Ed" Kleban was an American musical theatre composer and lyricist. Kleban was born in the Bronx, New York City, in 1939 and graduated from New York's High School of Music & Art and Columbia University, where he attended with future playwright Terrence McNally. Kleban is best known as lyricist of the Broadway hit A Chorus Line. He and composer Marvin Hamlisch won the 1976 Tony Award for Best Original Score, and he shared the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1976 with Hamlisch and three other contributors to the musical. The one-woman Phyllis Newman show, The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979), featured a few tunes with his lyrics. For several years, he worked at Columbia Records, where he produced albums by performers as diverse as Igor Stravinsky and Percy Faith, and the albums for the Off-Broadway musicals Now Is The Time For All Good Men and Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris. He was a teacher for many years at the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Workshop.

text:
# Edward Kleban

**Edward "Ed" Kleban** (April 30, 1939  December 28, 1987) was an American musical theatre composer and lyricist. Kleban was born in the Bronx, New York City, in 1939 and graduated from New York's High School of Music & Art and Columbia University, where he attended with future playwright Terrence McNally.

Kleban is best known as lyricist of the Broadway hit *A Chorus Line*. He and composer Marvin Hamlisch won the 1976 Tony Award for Best Original Score, and he shared the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1976 with Hamlisch and three other contributors to the musical. The one-woman Phyllis Newman show, *The Madwoman of Central Park West* (1979), featured a few tunes with his lyrics.

For several years, he worked at Columbia Records, where he produced albums by performers as diverse as Igor Stravinsky and Percy Faith, and the albums for the Off-Broadway musicals *Now Is The Time For All Good Men* and *Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris*.

He was a teacher for many years at the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Workshop.

## Death

Kleban died of complications from throat cancer, aged 48, on December 28, 1987 at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York.

## Kleban Foundation

In his will, Kleban established the Kleban Foundation, which grants the annual Kleban Prize in Musical Theatre. The prize is given in the amount of $100,000, paid over two years, to the most promising librettist and lyricist in American musical theatre. The awards are administered by BMI in association with New Dramatists and ASCAP.

The prize has been given to 63 musical theatre artists over the past 27 years, awarding a total of around $5,000,000. Notable Kleban Prize winners include Jason Robert Brown, Steven Lutvak, John Bucchino, Robert Lopez, Adam Gwon, John Weidman, and Robert L. Friedman.

**Kleban Prize Winners:**

| Year | Lyricist | Librettist | Judges |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2022** | César Alvarez | Isabella Dawis |  |
| **2021** | Benjamin Scheuer | Melissa Li & Kit Yan |  |
| **2020** | Daniel Messé | Rehana Lew Mirza & Mike Lew |  |
| **2019** | Sarah Hammond / Shaina Taub (TIE) | Charlie Sohne | Alison Fraser, Amanda Green, Eric Schaeffer |
| **2018** | Alan Schmuckler / Amanda Yesnowitz (TIE) | Christian Duhamel | Marin Mazzie, Dave Malloy, Laurence Maslon |
| **2017** | Daniel Zaitchik | Lisa Kron | Kristen Anderson-Lopez, Robert Lopez, Mary Testa, Ira Weitzman |
| **2016** | Stacey Luftig | Daniel Goldstein | Judith Ivey, Michael Price, Andrew Zerman |
| **2015** | Sam Willmott | Sam Carner | Kerry Butler, Wiley Hausam, David Shire |
| **2014** | Nathan Tysen | Arthur Perlman | Jason Danieley, Colleen Jennings-Roggensack, Bill Rosenfield |
| **2013** | Daniel Maté | Alan Gordon | Sean Hartley, Henry Krieger, Michele Pawk |
| **2012** | Marcy Heisler | Andrew Gerle / Matt Schatz (TIE) | Marshall Brickman, Ted Chapin, Debra Monk |
| **2011** | Adam Gwon | Michelle Elliott | Stephen Flaherty, Michael Korie, David Zippel |
| **2010** | Peter Mills | Barry Wyner | Craig Carnelia, Susan Drury, Jeffrey Sweet |
| **2009** | Beth Falcone | Kait Kerrigan | Sheldon Harnick, Thomas Z. Shepard, Sherman Yellen |
| **2008** | David Lindsay-Abaire | Laura Harrington / Bill Solly and Donald Ward (TIE) | Beth Blickers, Linda Kline, Gilbert Parker |
| **2007** | Joe Iconis | Jeremy Desmon | Rick Elice, Carol Hall, Charles Koppelman |
| **2006** | Alison Louise Hubbard / Robert L. Freedman and Steven Lutvak (TIE) | Laurence Holzman and Felicia Needleman | Cheryl L. Davis, Susan Drury, Ken Stone |
| **2005** | David Javerbaum | Cheryl L. Davis and Ken Stone (TIE) | Julia Jordan, Michael John LaChiusa, Jeffrey Sweet |
| **2004** | Laurence O'Keefe | Julia Jordan | Susan DiLallo, Bill Goldstein, Lonny Price |
| **2003** | Nell Benjamin | Susan DiLallo | Arthur Kopit, Charles Leipart, Frank Wildhorn |
| **2002** | Jason Robert Brown | Lori McKelvey | Jerome Coopersmith, Marvin Hamlisch, Marsha Norman |
| **2001** | John Bucchino and Patrick Cook | Charles Leipart | Nan Knighton, Michael John LaChiusa, Glenn Slater |
| **2000** | Marion Adler, Chad Beguelin, Robert Lopez / Jeff Marx and David Spencer (TIE) | Stephen Cole | Fred Ebb, Henry Krieger, William Russell |
| **1999** | Kirsten Childs | Michael John LaChiusa | Lynn Ahrens, John Jiler, John Kander |
| **1998** | Sarah Schlesinger | Lissa Levin / Luis Santiero (TIE) | Ellen Fitzhugh, John Morris, John Weidman |
| **1997** | Michael Korie | Brian Crawley | Martin Charnin, James Freydberg, David Shire |
| **1996** | Glenn Slater | John Weidman | Carol Hall, William Finn, Jonathan Tunick |
| **1995** | Mark Waldrop | John Jiler | Sheldon Harnick, Charles Strouse, Wendy Wasserstein |
| **1994** | Joe Keenan / Jim Morgan (TIE) | William Strzempek | Susan Birkenhead, Craig Carnelia, Jack Viertel |
| **1993** | Barry Kleinbort | Lanie Robertson | Jerry Bock, Betty Comden, Gretchen Cryer |
| **1992** | Craig Carnelia |  | Lee Adams, Mary Rodgers, Stephen Schwartz |
| **1991** | Mark Campbell | Gretchen Cryer | Jerry Herman, Stephen Sondheim, Joseph Stein |

## *A Class Act*

His will also granted rights to his collection of unpublished songs to friends Avery Corman and Wendy Wasserstein with the request that they incorporate them into a new musical. Their attempts failed and the rights reverted to Kleban's longtime companion, librettist Linda Kline. Kline sought someone who did not know or work with Kleban, but who would learn about him through the material. She admired previous work of Lonny Price and sought him as a collaborator.

After six years of work, with Price and Kline as co-authors, Price directed and played the role of Ed in *A Class Act*, a musical biography of Kleban with a score consisting of songs he wrote for numerous unproduced musicals. After a two-month run at the Manhattan Theatre Club, it transferred to the Ambassador Theatre on March 10, 2001 and ran for three additional months. Almost 14 years after his death, Kleban earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Original Score and Drama Desk nominations for Outstanding Music and Outstanding Lyrics.

1. David Kaufman (March 11, 2001). "His Lyrics Made It to Broadway, Now His Songs". *New York Times*. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
2. "Looking at Ed Kleban, Broadway songwriter, and *A Class Act*, the musical about his life". *Weekend Edition Saturday*. 10 March 2001. NPR. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
3. "Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris". *Masterworks Broadway*. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
4. "Edward Kleban, 48, 'Chorus Line' Lyricist". *New York Times*. December 30, 1987. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
5. "Kleban Awards". bmi.com. 6 June 2001. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
6. Andrew Gans (1 May 2008). "Lindsay-Abaire Snags Kleban Award for Lyrics; Harrington, Solly and Ward Also Honored". *Playbill*. playbill.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
7. "Awards & Fellowships". *New Dramatists*. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
8. BWW News Desk. "2017 Kleban Prize Winners Announced". *BroadwayWorld.com*. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
9. McGibbon, Andrew C. "21st Annual Kleban Prize for Musical Theatre Winners Announced - The AndyGram". Retrieved 2017-11-17.
10. "The Kleban Prize in Musical Theatre | New Dramatists". *newdramatists.org*. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
11. Gans, Andrew (9 January 2019). "Shaina Taub, Sarah Hammond, Charlie Sohne Named Winners of 29th Annual Kleban Prize for Musical Theatre". *Playbill*.
12. Clement, Olivia (2018-01-09). "3 Musical Theatre Writers Awarded $100,000 Kleban Prize". *Playbill*.
13. Robbins, Caryn (2016-01-14). "BREAKING: 2016 Kleban Prize Recipients Announced!". *BroadwayWorld.com*. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
14. Gans, Andrew (2015-04-14). "Winners of 2015 Ed Kleban Prizes Named". *Playbill*. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
15. Rosky, Nicole (2014-05-02). "Nathan Tysen and Arthur Perlman Win 2014 Kleban Prizes for Musical Theatre". *BroadwayWorld.com*. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
16. Denette, Kelsey (2013-04-25). "23rd Annual Kleban Prize Winners Announced". *BroadwayWorld.com*. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
17. McGibbon, Andrew C. "2012 Kleban Prize Winners Announced - The AndyGram". Retrieved 2017-11-17.
18. Bruce Weber (12 March 2001). "What a Songwriter Couldn't Do in Life, Friends Have Done". *New York Times*.
19. "A Class Act". ibdb.com. Retrieved 2011-03-11.


title: Edward Kleinschmidt

abstract: Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt was a German-American engineer. He was one of the inventors of the teleprinter, and obtained 118 patents over the course of his lifetime.

text:
# Edward Kleinschmidt

**Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt** (September 9, 1876 – August 22, 1977) was a German-American engineer. He was one of the inventors of the teleprinter, and obtained 118 patents over the course of his lifetime.

## Career

Born in Bremen, Germany, in 1876, Kleinschmidt immigrated to the United States at the age of 8.

Kleinschmidt began working with nascent communications technology in 1893 while still in his teens. He first patented a Morse keyboard transmitter, in 1895 (Patent No. 964,372; filed February 7, 1895; issued January 11, 1910) and later a Morse keyboard perforator. Keyboard perforators were a development from Charles Wheatstone's perforator of 1858, a hand-operated device which produced a punched paper tape for use in automatic telegraph transmitters.

Soon after, he set up the Kleinschmidt Electric Company. With George Seely, he developed signaling equipment for railways. The pair began their work in 1906, and by 1910, they were able to demonstrate a completed device. The signaling technology is still used by railways throughout North America.

In 1916 he filed a patent application for a typebar page printer. In 1919, shortly after the Morkrum company obtained their patent for a start-stop synchronizing method for code telegraph systems, which made possible the practical teleprinter, Kleinschmidt filed an application titled "Method of and Apparatus for Operating Printing Telegraphs" which included an improved start-stop method.

Instead of wasting time and money in patent disputes on the start-stop method, Kleinschmidt and the Morkrum Company decided to merge and form the Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company in 1924. The new company combined the best features of both their machines into a new typewheel printer for which Kleinschmidt, Howard Krum, and Sterling Morton jointly obtained a patent.

In December 1928, the company name was changed to Teletype Corporation, and in 1930 Teletype Corporation was sold to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company for $30 million. In 1931, Kleinschmidt set up Kleinschmidt Laboratories, presently known as Kleinschmidt Inc, to further refine the teletypewriter and do research and development for the Teletype Corporation.

He was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1940.

During World War II, Kleinschmidt's son Bernard learned that the U.S. Army Signal Corps needed a lightweight, transportable teleprinter and in February 1944, Kleinschmidt demonstrated a working model of his lightweight teleprinter at the office of the Chief Signal Officer. The Kleinschmidt 100-words-per-minute typebar page printer became the standard for US forces in 1949.

The success of its printer, and an order for 2,000 examples caused Kleinschmidt Laboratories to purchase a 13-acre (53,000 m2) parcel of land in Deerfield, Illinois, to house the manufacturing operations. This location and the original buildings are the current home of Kleinschmidt Inc.

## Other inventions

Although best known for the teleprinter, Kleinschmidt also invented many other devices, including an automatic fishing reel and a vaccination shield, and is credited with making major improvements to the Wheatstone (stock market ticker tape) perforator. He also invented a macaroni-twisting machine. His inventions made him a multi-millionaire.

Kleinschmidt died in Canaan, Connecticut, of heart disease in 1977 at the age of 100.

## InfoBox

| Edward Ernst Kleinschmidt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 9, 1876
Bremen, Germany |
| Died | August 22, 1977 (1977-08-23) (aged 100)
Canaan, Connecticut, United States |
| Nationality | German-American |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Significant advance | Telecommunications |
|  | |


abstract: The United States Senate election of 1946 in New Jersey was held on November 5, 1946. Incumbent Republican Senator H. Alexander Smith, who had been elected in a 1944 special election following the death of William Warren Barbour, was re-elected over Democrat George Brunner, the Mayor of Camden.

text:
# 1946 United States Senate election in New Jersey

The **United States Senate election of 1946 in New Jersey** was held on November 5, 1946.

Incumbent Republican Senator H. Alexander Smith, who had been elected in a 1944 special election following the death of William Warren Barbour, was re-elected over Democrat George Brunner, the Mayor of Camden.

## Republican primary

### Candidates

### Results

Senator Smith was unopposed for re-nomination.

1946 Republican Senate primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **H. Alexander Smith (incumbent)** | **369,157** | **100.0%** |
| Total votes | | | **369,157** | **100.0%** |

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

1946 Democratic U.S. Senate primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **George E. Brunner** | **161,214** | **100.0%** |
| Total votes | | | **161,214** | **100.0%** |

## General election

### Candidates

* George Breitman (Socialist Workers), activist and editor of *The Militant*
* George E. Brunner (Democrat), Mayor of Camden
* John C. Butterworth (Socialist Labor)
* Frederick W. Collins (Anti Medical Trust Federation)
* Mark M. Jones (Independent American)
* George W. Ridout (Prohibition)
* Arthur Riley (Socialist)
* H. Alexander Smith (Republican), incumbent Senator since 1944

### Results

1946 United States Senate election in New Jersey
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **H. Alexander Smith (incumbent)** | **799,808** | **58.50%** |
|  | Democratic | George E. Brunner | 548,458 | 40.12% |
|  | Socialist Labor | John C. Butterworth | 7,675 | 0.56% |
|  | Socialist Workers | George Breitman | 4,976 | 0.36% |
|  | Socialist | Arthur Riley | 2,226 | 0.16% |
|  | Prohibition | George W. Ridout | 1,711 | 0.13% |
|  | Anti-Medical Trust Federation | Frederick W. Collins | 1,676 | 0.12% |
|  | Independent American | Mark M. Jones | 625 | 0.05% |
| Majority | | | 251,350 | 18.38% |
| Turnout | | | 1,367,155 |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1946 United States Senate election in New Jersey
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **H. Alexander Smith** George E. Brunner   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **799,808** 548,458  Percentage **58.50%** 40.12% | |
| ---  County Results
**Smith**:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80–90%
**Brunner**:      50–60%      60–70% | |
| ---  **Senator before election**
H. Alexander Smith
Republican **Elected Senator**
H. Alexander Smith
Republican | |


abstract: The 1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska took place on November 5, 1946. The incumbent Senator, Hugh A. Butler, was re-elected to a second term in a landslide, defeating John E. Mekota.

text:
# 1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska

The **1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska** took place on November 5, 1946. The incumbent Senator, Hugh A. Butler, was re-elected to a second term in a landslide, defeating John E. Mekota.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

Democratic primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **John E. Mekota** | **35,447** | **69.57** |
|  | Democratic | George W. Olsen | 15,505 | 30.43 |
| Total votes | | | **50,952** | **100** |

## Republican primary

### Candidates

### Results

Republican primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Hugh A. Butler (Incumbent)** | **87,589** | **63.78** |
|  | Republican | Dwight Griswold | 48,208 | 35.11 |
|  | Republican | Robert W. Ardts | 1,526 | 1.11 |
| Total votes | | | **137,323** | **100** |

## Results

1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Hugh A. Butler (Incumbent)** | **271,208** | **70.82** | **+13.82** |
|  | Democratic | John E. Mekota | 111,751 | 29.18 | −12.31 |
| Majority | | | 159,457 | 41.64 | +26.13 |
| Turnout | | | 382,958 |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

## InfoBox

1946 United States Senate election in Nebraska
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Hugh A. Butler** John E. Mekota   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **271,208** 111,751  Percentage **70.82%** 29.18% | |
| ---  County results
**Butler**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
**Mekota**:      60–70% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Hugh A. Butler
Republican **Elected U.S. Senator**
Hugh A. Butler
Republican | |


abstract: The United States Senate election of 1940 in New Jersey was held on November 5, 1940. Incumbent Republican Senator William Warren Barbour was re-elected over Democrat James H. R. Cromwell, who had recently been appointed United States Ambassador to Canada.

text:
# 1940 United States Senate election in New Jersey

The **United States Senate election of 1940 in New Jersey** was held on November 5, 1940.

Incumbent Republican Senator William Warren Barbour was re-elected over Democrat James H. R. Cromwell, who had recently been appointed United States Ambassador to Canada.

## Republican primary

### Candidates

### Results

1940 Republican Senate special primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **William Warren Barbour (incumbent)** | **390,155** | **86.17%** |
|  | Republican | George O. Pullen | 32,633 | 7.21% |
|  | Republican | C. Dan Coskey | 29,991 | 6.62% |
| Total votes | | | **452,779** | **100.00%** |

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

1940 Democratic U.S. Senate special primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **James H. R. Cromwell** | **243,608** | **100.0%** |
| Total votes | | | **243,608** | **100.0%** |

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

1940 United States Senate election in New Jersey
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **W. Warren Barbour (incumbent)** | **1,029,331** | **55.11%** |
|  | Democratic | James H. R. Cromwell | 823,893 | 44.11% |
|  | Socialist | McAlister Coleman | 8,836 | 0.47% |
|  | Independent | James A. Tumulty Jr. | 2,784 | 0.15% |
|  | Communist | Mary Ellen Dooner | 1,519 | 0.08% |
|  | Prohibition | Edson R. Leach | 645 | 0.03% |
|  | Socialist Labor | Harry Santhouse | 464 | 0.02% |
|  | Socialist Workers | George Breitman | 303 | 0.02% |
| Majority | | | 225,438 | 11.00% |
| Turnout | | | 1,867,775 |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

1. Secretary of the State of New Jersey. "Results of the Primary Election Held May 21st, 1940" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
2. "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 3, 1940" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
3. "Our Campaigns - NJ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1940". *www.ourcampaigns.com*. Archived from the original on August 31, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2020.

## InfoBox

1940 United States Senate election in New Jersey
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **William Warren Barbour** James H. R. Cromwell   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **1,029,331** 823,893  Percentage **55.11%** 44.11% | |
| ---  County results
**Barbour**:      50–60%      60–70%
**Cromwell**:      50–60% | |
| ---  **Senator before election**
W. Warren Barbour
Republican **Elected Senator**
W. Warren Barbour
Republican | |


title: Arachnoides

abstract: Arachnoides is a genus of sea urchin within the family Clypeasteridae, found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. The base is flat and the upper surface is convex.

text:
# Arachnoides

***Arachnoides*** is a genus of sea urchin within the family Clypeasteridae, found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. The base is flat and the upper surface is convex.

## Species

The World Register of Marine Species list the following species as being in this genus:-

*Arachnoides zelandiae* Gray, 1855 New Zealand: Synonym of *Fellaster zelandiae* (Gray, 1855)

## InfoBox

| *Arachnoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Arachnoides tenuis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Clypeasteroida |
| Family: | Clypeasteridae |
| Genus: | *Arachnoides*
Leske, 1778 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Echinus placenta*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: 1989 Malagasy presidential election

text:
# 1989 Malagasy presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Madagascar on 12 March 1989. Incumbent President Didier Ratsiraka of AREMA won with over 60% of the vote. Voter turnout was 81.04%.

## Results

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Didier Ratsiraka | AREMA | 2,891,333 | 62.71 |
|  | Manandafy Rakotonirina | Movement for Proletarian Power | 891,161 | 19.33 |
|  | Jérôme Marojama Razanabahiny | Popular Movement for National Unity | 688,345 | 14.93 |
|  | Monja Jaona | Madagascar for the Malagasy | 139,735 | 3.03 |
| Total | | | 4,610,574 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 4,610,574 | 97.69 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 108,994 | 2.31 |
| Total votes | | | 4,719,568 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 5,823,778 | 81.04 |
| Source: EISA | | | | |

## InfoBox

1989 Malagasy presidential election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 81.04% |
| Nominee Didier Ratsiraka Manandafy Rakotonirina Jérôme Marojama Razanabahiny  Party AREMA Proletarians PMNU  Popular vote **2,891,333** 891,161 688,345  Percentage **62.71%** 19.33% 14.93% | |
| ---  **President before election**
Didier Ratsiraka
AREMA **Elected President**
Didier Ratsiraka
AREMA | |


title: And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little

abstract: And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little is an American play written by Paul Zindel. The story involves three sisters: Catherine, an alcoholic; Anna, a hypochondriac; and Ceil, an attention-starved socialite.

text:
# And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little

***And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little*** is an American play written by Paul Zindel. The story involves three sisters: Catherine, an alcoholic; Anna, a hypochondriac; and Ceil, an attention-starved socialite.

## Productions

Paul Zindel wrote this play in the late 1960s. The show was first produced in 1967 in Los Angeles, but was not published until 1971 when the Dramatists Play Service in New York published it. It was also published in hardcover by Random House the same year.

*And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little* premiered on Broadway at the Morosco Theatre on February 22, 1971 (previews) and closed on May 29, 1971, after 108 performances and three previews. Directed by Melvin Bernhardt, the cast included Julie Harris as Anna Reardon, Estelle Parsons as Catherine Reardon, Rae Allen as Fleur Stein, Bill Macy as Bob Stein, Nancy Marchand as Ceil Adams, Paul Lieber (in his Broadway debut) as Delivery Boy, and Virginia Payne as Mrs. Pentrano.

Estelle Parsons was nominated for a 1971 Tony Award, Actress in a Play, and Rae Allen won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play.

After the play closed on Broadway, it toured from June to August 1971. Julie Harris continued in her role of Anna through Boston, when Sandy Dennis took the role. The tour continued to the Westport Playhouse (Connecticut), the Cape Playhouse (Boston), the Lakewood Theatre (Maine), and the Ivoryton Playhouse (Connecticut). Julie Harris and Kim Stanley starred in a run at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto in late December 1971. The play resumed at the Chicago Civic Theatre in January and February 1972, in Detroit at the Fisher Theatre, the Parker Playhouse (Fort Lauderdale), and the Hyde Park Playhouse (New York) in July 1972. Betty Garrett had joined the tour in Chicago as Catherine.

*And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little* was Steppenwolf Theatre Company's first production, presented in January to February 1, 1974, directed by Rick Argosh.

According to *Backstage*, the play "is rarely done, despite four juicy female roles, some genuinely funny dialogue, and dramatic pyrotechnics such as a gunshot and a food fight. Unfortunately, these fireworks feel forced, and Zindel telegraphs them long before they explode, so their impact is minimal."

It was seen in South Boston, Massachusetts, performed by the Actor's Playhouse with Heidi Rhodes as Anna Reardon, Hillary MacArthur as Catherine Reardon, Katie Graycar as Ceil Adams, and Courtney Corbett as Fleur Stein. In November 2007, it was staged in St. Louis by Stray Dog Theatre and Ridgewater College in Willmar, Minnesota. In May 2010, it was performed in Philadelphia by Ocelot on a Leash Theater Company.

## Plot

Paul Zindel's dark comedy explores the relationship among three very different sisters after the death of their mother in the early 1960s. Having been abandoned by their father in early childhood, Catherine, Ceil, and Anna Reardon were raised in a small apartment by their mother. The three ladies are educated and become members of their local school community. Anna Reardon becomes a chemistry teacher, Catherine Reardon the assistant principal, and Ceil (Reardon) Adams is the superintendent of schools.

The scene of the play is in the Reardon family apartment sisters Catherine and Anna are living following the death of their mother. Several months of caring for her sick mother only to see her pass has left Anna suffering a severe nervous breakdown. She has become a complete hypochondriac, obsessed with animals and rabies. She is also on an extended break from school for allegedly molesting a male student. Catherine's reaction to both her mother's death and her sister's ailment has been to drink "a little". She is consistently drunk throughout the show. Ceil did not have any sort of contact with the family while her mother was suffering, but rather ran off to marry her sister Catherine's boyfriend, Edward Adams (who never appears on stage).

Ceil has come to the Reardon home to coax Catherine into having Anna committed. Neither Anna nor Catherine is interested in anything their sister has to say. Halfway through dinner, which consists of zucchini and kiwi, Fleur Stein invades the family conversation. Fleur works in guidance at Anna and Catherine's school, and wishes to butter up Mrs. Adams in attempt to gain a better salary. She is very colorful and somewhat obnoxious, which her husband, Bob, makes perfectly clear once he arrives.

After a humorous, but often bitter evening, Ceil demands that Anna be locked up. Catherine refuses this demand, and Ceil essentially abandons the two women to take care of each other.


title: Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Ottawa

abstract: Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa is Saudi Arabia's diplomatic mission to Canada. The building is located at 201 Sussex Drive in Ottawa, overlooking the Ottawa River. Prior to 2005, it was located in an office in the Clarica Centre on Bank Street.

text:
# Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Ottawa

**Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa** (Arabic: سفارة المملكة العربية السعودية الملكية في أتاوا **Sifāra al-Mamlaka al-\`Arabīya as-Su\`ūdīya al-Malikīya fī Uttāwā**) is Saudi Arabia's diplomatic mission to Canada. The building is located at 201 Sussex Drive in Ottawa, overlooking the Ottawa River. Prior to 2005, it was located in an office in the Clarica Centre on Bank Street.

## Planning and construction

The Saudis bought the prime land in 1978 for $900 000 and top Canadian architect Arthur Erickson was hired to do the design. It was many years before construction began; however, as Saudi cut backs in the 1980s halted the lavish scheme. Plans to build a somewhat smaller structure were announced in 1989. In the meantime, the National Capital Commission had striven to turn Sussex Drive into a ceremonial boulevard and it balked at the Saudi design, threatening to take back the land. The project again came to a halt.

In 1997, a new design was developed, but neighbours complained vigorously about the number of armed guards that would surround it and the loss of green space. The plan was approved by Ottawa City Council, except for the guard houses and access road. The Saudis stated that without them the embassy could not function and shelved the $25 million project. The city and embassy negotiated and the Saudis made compromises on the size of the guardhouses and in other areas and city council, to the displeasure of local residents, approved the plan in May 1998.

The exterior of the building was completed in 2001; however it remained empty for some time, reportedly due to the strained Canadian-Saudi relations over the case of William Sampson. The Saudi embassy reported that its staff were too busy with diplomatic matters in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks to take time off to move to new quarters. Work on the interior resumed in March 2004 and was opened in August 2005.

## InfoBox

| Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Ottawa |
| Address | 201 Sussex Drive |
| Coordinates | 45°26′04″N 75°41′54″W / 45.434434°N 75.698408°W / 45.434434; -75.698408 |
| *Chargé d'affaires* | Abdulaziz bin Mohammed Al-Badi |


title: Bahía Kino

abstract: Bahía Kino is a town part of the Hermosillo Municipality in Sonora, Mexico on the Gulf of California; it was named after Eusebio Kino. It has a population of approximately 7,000 people. The name also applies to the adjacent bay between Tiburón Island and Punta San Nicolás, Sonora. The names Bahía de Kino, Bahía Kino and Kino Bay are used interchangeably.

text:
# Bahía Kino

**Bahía Kino** is a town part of the Hermosillo Municipality in Sonora, Mexico on the Gulf of California; it was named after Eusebio Kino. It has a population of approximately 7,000 people. The name also applies to the adjacent bay between Tiburón Island and Punta San Nicolás, Sonora. The names *Bahía de Kino*, *Bahía Kino* and *Kino Bay* are used interchangeably.

## History

The historic residents of the Bahía de Kino region were probably first documented in notes taken by Padre Eusebio Kino during his travels to the region in 1685 when he believed he visited the bay and named it *Bahía San Juan Bautista* (Doode, 1999). The local indigenous population was widely dispersed in small hunter-gatherer groups ranging from the Guaymas area as far north as present day Puerto Libertad. They called themselves Comcaac (Seri). The harsh environment of the coastal region dictated that the Comcaac live with a high degree of flexibility and resourcefulness, a characteristic that allowed them to remain free of contact with, and exploitation by, the Spaniards.

Although later Spanish expeditions to the region undertook to develop contacts with the various Comcaac groups, it is apparent from the record that the Comcaac remained autonomous and were never formally conquered (Griffen, 1959). It was not until they formed economic bonds out of necessity – probably the need to purchase gasoline for outboard motors used on their small wooden boats during the late 1950s – that they started down the path of social and economic integration into wider Mexican culture (Felger & Moser 1991, Weaver *et al.* 2003). Wandering groups of Comcaac routinely passed through the Kino area, using cave shelters in the vicinity though there is scant evidence of any permanent presence in the immediate area.

The first mestizo settlers in the Bahía de Kino area arrived in the early 1920s to establish a small fishing camp near the site of the present day town. Fishing activity centered on the Totoaba (Totoaba *macdonaldi*) a species much sought after and reported as abundant around nearby Isla Alcatraz (Chute, 1928, Bahre 2000, Doode 1999).

In 1922, Yates Holmes, an American, secured a federal concession for almost 6,000 acres (24 km2) of land in Bahía de Kino and developed a hunting and fishing camp that became known as the Kino Bay Club. It operated through 1931(Bowen 2000). The Kino Bay Club marked the beginning of a long history of association between the Mexican residents of Bahía de Kino and visitors from the United States.

In 1935 the first fisher cooperative – La Sociedad Cooperativa de Produccíon Pesquera Lázaro Cárdenas – was formed with 25 members (probably comprising most of the adult male population on Bahía de Kino at the time).

The late 1930s saw the rapid development of the shark fishery that supplied shark liver oil to the U.S. for use in the production of vitamin A supplements (Doode 1999, Bahre & Bourillon 2002). By 1945 the population had grown considerably to about 500 inhabitants all of whom were involved primarily with fisheries (Weaver et al. 2003). The region in general was growing as well. The establishment of the local Distrito de Colonización Presidente Miguel Alemán between Hermosillo and Bahía de Kino coupled with the recent availability of subterranean water pumping technology allowed for large scale, regional agrarian development.

The mid-1940s marked the beginning the industrial shrimp fishery in the Gulf of California. Shrimp boats, usually displacing less than 100 tons, and operating primarily out of Guaymas, began trawling for shrimp in the waters of Bahía de Kino. These boats were generally crewed by fishers from Guaymas and, initially at least, had little interaction with fishers from the Kino area (Weaver et al. 2003).

Felger and Moser report that by 1952 Kino Bay "...was a fishing village with less than a hundred inhabitants, several bars, no school and no electricity." (1985, p. 17).

In 1953, the road to Hermosillo was paved (Bowen 2000) allowing for increased sales of fisheries products and easier access to lucrative state and national markets. 245 hectares of federal land were set aside that year for the growth of the village while an additional 868 hectares was designated to be developed into lots for tourist infrastructure. It was hoped that this would generate employment opportunities outside the fishery for Kino residents in the construction and service sectors of the local economy (Wong 1999).

The 1960s witnessed the early development of the scallop (callo) fishery in the bay. The sand banks in the south of the bay were a primary source of callo with fishers free diving from their boats to harvest the abundant callo beds in the immediate area. Around 1974, the first air compressor diving rigs were developed (Cudney-Bueno 2000). The use of air compressors allowed fishers to operate at greater depths and for longer periods of time, increasing productivity per outing (Doode 1999).

The 1970s saw a dramatic increase in the population of Bahía de Kino during which the town grew from just a few hundred residents to several thousand. Most of the new residents were immigrants to the region, some from as far south as Michoacán, other from the deserts of Chihuahua and Coahuila. Most had little fishing or boating experience, the developing fishery offered steady employment at a time when many of Mexico's rural ejidos or cooperative farming and ranching communities were suffering economic setbacks and low productivity (Simon 1997). In 1975, the Mexican government placed a ban on totoaba fishing – the fishery had been decimated, primarily due to over-fishing at spawning grounds at the mouth of the Colorado River (Bahre & Bourillon 2002).

In the late 1970s a plan was proposed to build a marina and marine service center in the nearby Laguna Santa Cruz. A dock and ramp were constructed, a trailerpark developed and a channel dredged through the barrier bars across the mouth of the laguna. The project is said to have bankrupted itself. Remains of the dredge are still visible in the laguna. The dredged channel is still usable by vessels drawing less than 1.5 meters but local knowledge is essential for entry as there are no aids to navigation associated with the canal.

From the early 1980s through until the late 1990s the Bahía de Kino fishery increased both in intensity and extent. More fishers in more boats operating over an ever-increasing area kept regional production levels in positive growth. The national economic crisis during this period resulted in a new influx of immigrants to the area (Doode 1999).

Trapping for crab (*Callinectes bellicosus*) became an important addition to Kino fishing effort starting about 1990 (Weaver et al. 2003). It is unclear if Kineño fishers had utilized benthic trapping technology prior to the development of the crab fishery .

Several shrimp mariculture operations began operations around the Bahía de Kino area in the late 1990s and into the present. The local socioeconomic impact of these operations has not been studied. It is unknown if local fishers have interacted with these operations in any economically meaningful way.

In 2006, a plan for development of a marina in Kino Bay was approved by the state governor's office. The location was centered on the existing ramp facilities north of Kino Nuevo. Little development of this plan has occurred however. The ramps have been rebuilt several times after sustaining damage from hurricanes over the years.

## Climate

Bahía de Kino has a desert climate (Köppen climate classification *BWh*).

| Climate data for Bahía de Kino, Sonora (1981–2010, extremes (1974-present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0
(84.2) | 30.0
(86.0) | 33.0
(91.4) | 38.0
(100.4) | 40.0
(104.0) | 47.0
(116.6) | 42.0
(107.6) | 41.5
(106.7) | 42.0
(107.6) | 38.0
(100.4) | 35.0
(95.0) | 29.0
(84.2) | 47.0
(116.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.5
(67.1) | 21.3
(70.3) | 22.7
(72.9) | 25.2
(77.4) | 27.3
(81.1) | 30.9
(87.6) | 32.6
(90.7) | 33.5
(92.3) | 33.0
(91.4) | 28.8
(83.8) | 23.7
(74.7) | 20.3
(68.5) | 26.6
(79.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.2
(55.8) | 14.4
(57.9) | 15.7
(60.3) | 18.2
(64.8) | 20.5
(68.9) | 24.7
(76.5) | 28.1
(82.6) | 28.7
(83.7) | 27.5
(81.5) | 22.2
(72.0) | 17.0
(62.6) | 13.8
(56.8) | 20.3
(68.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.9
(44.4) | 7.5
(45.5) | 8.7
(47.7) | 11.2
(52.2) | 13.6
(56.5) | 18.5
(65.3) | 23.6
(74.5) | 23.9
(75.0) | 22.1
(71.8) | 15.7
(60.3) | 10.2
(50.4) | 7.2
(45.0) | 14.1
(57.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0
(30.2) | −4.0
(24.8) | 2.0
(35.6) | 3.0
(37.4) | 5.5
(41.9) | 9.0
(48.2) | 17.0
(62.6) | 16.0
(60.8) | 12.0
(53.6) | 7.0
(44.6) | 2.0
(35.6) | 0.0
(32.0) | −4.0
(24.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12.5
(0.49) | 7.0
(0.28) | 3.1
(0.12) | 1.2
(0.05) | 0.4
(0.02) | 2.2
(0.09) | 15.3
(0.60) | 50.9
(2.00) | 23.0
(0.91) | 12.5
(0.49) | 5.5
(0.22) | 27.7
(1.09) | 161.3
(6.35) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 17.6 |
| Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Present

Bahía de Kino is home to between 6,000 and 8,000 permanent residents. The area is visited by both local and international tourists. There is a small, but active population of foreign residents, many of whom have built homes in town.

The town is administered as part of the municipality of Hermosillo. It is located on land that was part of the traditional territory of the Comcaac (Seri) people who now live to the north on their communal property.

Despite the town's location and economic importance, there are no harbor or port facilities (other than the Port Captain's office). All fishing activities are based at the beach to the southwest of town. Two public boat ramps are available; one South-east of town at Laguna La Cruz and a second 6 miles (9.7 km) north-west of town, called 'Playa Estela'. The historic ramp at the Islandia Marina camp in Kino Viejo has fallen into disrepair and is non-functional. There is open anchorage located to the south of Isla Alcatraz. The large Laguna La Cruz to the south east of town offers excellent anchoring and protection with access to town via a well maintained dirt road. An unmarked channel allows vessels drawing less than 2 meters easy access to this anchorage from the bay.

Local people differentiate between Kino Viejo ('Old Kino', the site of the original village and main commercial center today) and Kino Nuevo ('New Kino'). The latter refers to the homes, motels, RV parks, and restaurants that line the coast for several miles north-west of Kino Viejo.

Bahre, Conrad J. and Luis Bourillón. 2002. Human Impact in the Midriff Islands. In: A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés. Case, Ted J., Martin L. Cody & Exequiel Ezcurra (eds.). 2002. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bourillón, Luis. 1996. Actividad Humana en la region de las grandes Islas del Golfo de California, Mexico. Tesis de Maestría. Centro de Conservación a Aprovechamiento de los Recursos Naturales. ITESM – Campus Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.

Bowen, Thomas. 2000. Unknown Island: Seri Indians, Europeans, and San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press

Case, Ted J., Martin L. Cody & Exequiel Ezcurra (eds.). 2002. *A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés.* New York: Oxford University Press.

Chute, G.R. 1928. The Totoava fishery in the Gulf of California. California Fish and Game Bulletin 14:275-281

COBI (Cominidad y Biodiversidad, A. C.) 2004. *Memoria de la Reunión De Pescador a Pescador: Buscando mejorar la pesca a través de las reserves marinas*. Bahía de Kino, Sonora 21-24 de Marzo de 2003. Guaymas, Son.: Comunidad y Biodiversidad, A.C.

Doode, M.S. 1999. *La Pesca de Pequena Escala: Principales obstáculos para su regulación. El case de Bahía de Kino, Sonora.* Programa Golfo de California. Presentado a Conservación International A. C. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C. Mexico

Felger, R. S. and M. B. Moser. 1991. People of the desert and sea. Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona. 2nd edition.

Griffen, William. B. 1959. Notes on Seri Indian Culture, Sonora, Mexico. Latin American Monographs 10. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

McGee, W. J. Trails to Tiburón: The 1894 and 1895 Field Diaries of W J McGee, transcribed by Hazel McFeely Fontana, annotated and with an introduction by Bernard L. Fontana. 2000

Moreno Rivera, César & Amy Hudson Weaver, Luis Bourillón Moreno, Jorge Torre, Cosío, Janitzio Égido Villareal, Mario Rojo Amaya. 2005. *Diagnóstico Ambiental y Socioeconómico de la Región Marina Costera de Bahía de Kino, Isla Tiburón, Sonora México: Documento de trabajo y discusión para promover un desarrollo sustentable*. Guaymas, Sonora: Comunidad y Biodiversidad

Simon, Joel. 1997. Endangered Mexico. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Weaver, Amy H., Janitzio Égido, Luis Bourillón Moreno, César Moreno Rivera and Jorge Torre Cosio. 2003. Estudio Previo Justicativo para Proponer Establecimiento de un Área Natural Protegida en Bahía de Kino, Sonora (Primera Edición). Guaymas, Sonora: Comunidad y Biodiversidad.

Wong, P. 1999. H. Propuesta Téchnica del Programa de Desarrollo Sustenable de Kino-Isla Tiburón. Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C.

Ziebell, Martin. 2007. *Ninety Years of Fishing: The Small-scale Fishing Fleet of Bahia de Kino, Sonora, Mexico.* Prescott, Arizona: Prescott College Masters Thesis.

Notes 1. "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
2. "Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Bahía de Kino 1951-2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
* es:Bahía de Kino Spanish version - more information and history
* Prescott College Center for Cultural and Ecological Studies, Bahía de Kino, Prescott College A.C.
* Weather and climate data for Bahia de Kino

28°59′N 111°56′W / 28.983°N 111.933°W / 28.983; -111.933

## InfoBox

Bahía de Kino
| Native name: Spanish: Bahía de Kino, Bahía Kino | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Bahía de Kino Punta San Nicolás | |
| Bahía de KinoLocation in Mexico | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Gulf of California |
| Coordinates | 28°49′00″N 111°56′00″W / 28.81667°N 111.93333°W / 28.81667; -111.93333 |
| Administration | |
| **Mexico** | |
| State | Sonora |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 7,000 (2008) |


title: Arnold Mortier

abstract:
Arnold Mortier was a 19th-century French journalist, playwright, and librettist. Arnold Mortier was responsible for the drama column at Le Figaro, gathered in a collection entitled Les soirées parisiennes de 18NN par un Monsieur de l'orchestre. Mortier cosigned the libretto of the opéra-bouffe Le Docteur Ox by Jacques Offenbach, created in 1877. He also participated to the writing of the following:
  - Le voyage dans la lune, opéra-féerie in four acts and 23 scenes by Jacques Offenbach (1875)
  - L'arbre de Noël (1880)

text:
# Arnold Mortier

**Arnold Mortier** (1843 – 2 January 1885) was a 19th-century French journalist, playwright, and librettist.

Arnold Mortier was responsible for the drama column at *Le Figaro*, gathered in a collection entitled *Les soirées parisiennes de 18NN par un Monsieur de l'orchestre*.

Mortier cosigned the libretto of the opéra-bouffe *Le Docteur Ox* by Jacques Offenbach, created in 1877.

He also participated to the writing of the following:

## Works

* Arnold Mortier, *Les Soirées parisiennes de 18NN : par un Monsieur de l'orchestre*, Paris, E. Dentu, 1875-1885 Read online, on Gallica.


title: 1947 NCAA cross country championships

abstract: The 1947 NCAA Cross Country Championships were the ninth annual cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate cross country running in the United States. Since the current multi-division format for NCAA championship did not begin until 1973, all NCAA members were eligible. In total, 19 teams and 151 individual runners contested this championship. The meet was hosted by Michigan State College at the Forest Akers East Golf Course in East Lansing, Michigan for the ninth consecutive time. Additionally, the distance for the race was 4 miles. The team national championship was won by the Penn State Nittany Lions, their first overall. The individual championship was won by Jack Milne, from North Carolina, with a time of 20:41.1.

text:
# 1947 NCAA cross country championships

The **1947 NCAA Cross Country Championships** were the ninth annual cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate cross country running in the United States.

Since the current multi-division format for NCAA championship did not begin until 1973, all NCAA members were eligible. In total, 19 teams and 151 individual runners contested this championship.

The meet was hosted by Michigan State College at the Forest Akers East Golf Course in East Lansing, Michigan for the ninth consecutive time. Additionally, the distance for the race was 4 miles (6.4 kilometers).

The team national championship was won by the Penn State Nittany Lions, their first overall. The individual championship was won by Jack Milne, from North Carolina, with a time of 20:41.1.

## Men's title

* **Distance:** 4 miles (6.4 kilometers)

### Team Result (Top 10)

| Rank | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Penn State** | **60** |
|  | Syracuse | 72 |
|  | Drake | 133 |
| 4 | Purdue | 144 |
| 5 | Indiana | 147 |
| 6 | Michigan State College | 152 |
| 7 | Miami (OH) | 172 |
| 8 | Wisconsin | 197 |
| 9 | Notre Dame | 216 |
| 10 | Ohio Wesleyan | 272 |

## InfoBox

| 1947 NCAA Cross Country Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Organisers | NCAA |
| Edition | 9th |
| Date | November 24, 1947 |
| Host city | East Lansing, MI<br>Michigan State College |
| Venue | Forest Akers East Golf Course |
| Distances | 4 miles (6.4 km) |
| Participation | 151 athletes |
| 1946 1948 | |


title: Essaim (satellite)

abstract: Essaim was a French military reconnaissance microsatellite constellation. Its main purpose was to collect and map signals intelligence around the world. The Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) described it as a "vacuum cleaner for [radio] waves".

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# Essaim (satellite)

**Essaim** (*swarm*, in French) was a French military reconnaissance microsatellite constellation. Its main purpose was to collect and map signals intelligence around the world. The Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) described it as a "vacuum cleaner for \[radio\] waves".

## Description

Essaim was a constellation of four 120 kg microsatellites (one of which was a spare) in low Earth orbit (LEO). They were demonstration models which were supposed to last three years. They flew separated by a few hundreds of kilometers. Missions were designed by the *Celar* (Centre d'électronique de l'armement) in Bruz, near Rennes and were uploaded from CNES in Toulouse to the constellation. Collected data followed the same path in reverse order.

## Launch

The constellation was launched from Kourou, in French Guiana, by an Ariane 5 G+ launch vehicle on 18 December 2004. The flight was shared with Helios 2A and two other auxiliary payloads: Parasol and Nanosat 01.

Individual members of the constellation were **Essaim 1** (COSPAR ID: 2004-049C), **Essaim 2** (COSPAR ID: 2004-049D), **Essaim 3** (COSPAR ID: 2004-049E) and **Essaim 4** (COSPAR ID: 2004-049F).

## Decommissioning

ESSAIM disposal and passivation operations took place in October 2010. The satellites are expected to reenter within 15 to 19 years (2025-2029).


title: Eromanga Basin

abstract: The Eromanga Basin is a large Mesozoic sedimentary basin in central and northern Australia. It covers parts of Queensland, the Northern Territory, South Australia, and New South Wales, and is a major component of the Great Artesian Basin. The Eromanga Basin covers 1,000,000 km⁲ and overlaps part of the Cooper Basin. The basin is made of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, coal, shale, and red beds. Two impact structures have been identified in the basin, Mount Toondina crater and Tookoonooka crater. In Queensland and South Australia the Eromanga Basin has been explored and developed for petroleum production. Commercial quantities of gas were first discovered in 1976 and oil in 1978. The basin contains Australia's largest onshore oilfield, the Jackson oil field. Moomba is the centre of South Australia's oil production in the basin. The geology of the portion of the Eromanga Basin in New South Wales remains under-explored. During the middle of the Cretaceous period much of inland Australia was flooded by the Eromanga Sea, which shares its name with the contemporary Basin. Various fossil sites spanning the region record a diversity of marine life, including Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs, that were abundant in the Eromanga Sea during the Aptian and Albian ages.

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# Eromanga Basin

class=notpageimage|Location of Eromanga Basin in Australia

The **Eromanga Basin** is a large Mesozoic sedimentary basin in central and northern Australia. It covers parts of Queensland, the Northern Territory, South Australia, and New South Wales, and is a major component of the Great Artesian Basin. The Eromanga Basin covers 1,000,000 km2 and overlaps part of the Cooper Basin.

The basin is made of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, coal, shale, and red beds. Two impact structures have been identified in the basin, Mount Toondina crater and Tookoonooka crater.

In Queensland and South Australia the Eromanga Basin has been explored and developed for petroleum production. Commercial quantities of gas were first discovered in 1976 and oil in 1978. The basin contains Australia's largest onshore oilfield, the Jackson oil field. Moomba is the centre of South Australia's oil production in the basin.

The geology of the portion of the Eromanga Basin in New South Wales remains under-explored.

During the middle of the Cretaceous period much of inland Australia was flooded by the Eromanga Sea, which shares its name with the contemporary Basin. Various fossil sites spanning the region record a diversity of marine life, including Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs, that were abundant in the Eromanga Sea during the Aptian and Albian ages.

26°S 140°E / 26°S 140°E / -26; 140


title: Eromanga Sea

abstract: The Eromanga Sea was an inland sea across the Australian continent that formed in the Early Cretaceous. The sea extended from the Eromanga Basin northward to the Carpentarian Basin. Its southern extents comprised lagoons and rivers, and to the east it reached Surat Basin, a bay. The sea covered large parts of what is now Queensland and Central Australia at least four times during the early Cretaceous. The present-day Winton Formation represents remnants of the river plains that filled the basin left by the Eromanga Sea. The formation is a major source of dinosaur fossils.

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# Eromanga Sea

The **Eromanga Sea** was an inland sea across the Australian continent that formed in the Early Cretaceous. The sea extended from the Eromanga Basin northward to the Carpentarian Basin. Its southern extents comprised lagoons and rivers, and to the east it reached Surat Basin, a bay.

The sea covered large parts of what is now Queensland and Central Australia at least four times during the early Cretaceous. The present-day Winton Formation represents remnants of the river plains that filled the basin left by the Eromanga Sea. The formation is a major source of dinosaur fossils.

## Opals

The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) was flooded by the Eromanga Sea and filled with volcaniclastic sediments eroded from the Cordillera's volcanic arc. A theory was proposed explaining the abundance of opals in GAB. It was suggested that the Eromanga Sea was shallow, cold, muddy, and stagnant, which have led to little amount of carbonates in sediments in the Eromanga Basin. However the abundance of iron-rich and organic sediments have led to an anoxic sub-seafloor well-suited for anaerobic, pyrite-producing bacteria. It was suggested that during the periods of uplift, erosion, and denudation opals were formed due to acidic oxidative weathering during 97 to 60 Ma.

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title: Esther G. Frame

abstract: Esther Ellen Frame was an American minister and evangelist. She was a minister of the Society of Friends church for over 40 years, often working closely with ministers of other denominations. The Reminiscences of Nathan T. Frame and Esther G. Frame, served as an outline of their work covering the period of 1868 through 1906.

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# Esther G. Frame

**Esther Ellen Frame** (née **Gordon**; July 10, 1840 – June 11, 1920) was an American minister and evangelist. She was a minister of the Society of Friends church for over 40 years, often working closely with ministers of other denominations. *The Reminiscences of Nathan T. Frame and Esther G. Frame* (Cleveland, Ohio, The Britton Printing Co., 1907), served as an outline of their work covering the period of 1868 through 1906.

## Early life and education

Esther Ellen Gordon was born in Washington, Indiana on July 10, 1840. Her father was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, and his ancestors came from the Scottish Highlands about the year 1720, and were Scotch-Irish. They were descendants of the Clan Gordon, who, for many years, intermarried only with the Clan Douglas. Grandfather Gordon was educated for a Scotch Presbyterian minister, but left that denomination and joined the Baptists, because there were no Scotch Presbyterians where he was teaching school, for he was one of the first educators, and taught a number of years in Warren County, Ohio and Montgomery County, Ohio, and also in the State of Indiana. Grandmother Gordon was a McGary and came from the Northern part of Ireland, and General Grant was a descendant of Grandmother Gordon's sister. Grandfather McGary preached until he was ninety years old. In early life, her father resided in Centerville, Indiana, and there studied law. From Centerville he removed to Thorntown, Indiana, and in 1854, represented Boone County in the Indiana Legislature. In 1856, he went to Salem, Iowa, and was there admitted to the bar as a lawyer.

Deborah Mendenhall, Esther Frame's mother, was born in New Garden, Guilford County, North Carolina. Her people were inclined to the learned professions. They were English and in England, their name was Milden; after the name of their estate, or manor “Milden-Hall.” But after coming to the U.S., the name became corrupted into Mendenhall, by which they continued to be known. Her mother's people came from Guilford County, near Greensboro, North Carolina, to Wayne County, Indiana. They were members of the Society of Friends. Grandmother Mendenhall was an elder in the Friends Church.

When Esther was four years old, the family went from Wayne County, Indiana, to Salem, Iowa. While there, she attended her first school-a private school for young children. Later, she attended a Seminary where Reuben Dorland, a Friend, was principal. From Salem, Iowa, the family removed to Boone County, Indiana. There she attended for a time a private school taught by a Presbyterian minister's wife. Then, from choice, she attended Friends school, 1 mile (1.6 km) from Thorntown. When the Methodists built their Academy in Thorntown, Esther's parents thought best that she should go there. She also joined the Methodist Episcopal Church. She attended Blue River Seminary in the southern part of Indiana, her brother, Luther Gordon, being the principal of this school. Esther's father was then a member of the Indiana State Legislature.

Some years after this, they removed to Salem, Iowa, where Esther first met Nathan T. Frame.

## Career

Nathan T. Frame.Itasca Frame Wooton.Corrinne Frame McCarthy.

In March 1857, she and Nathan Frame married. Esther farmed during the spring and summer, or until the crop season was over, and taught school in the winter -- three or four months usually. They soon earned and saved enough money to purchase a home in the town of Salem, Iowa, and continued to attend the Methodist meetings. They had three children, one of whom, a boy, Hiram, died in infancy, and two daughters, Itasca M., and Esther Corinne.

She frequently went to Quaker meetings, especially when some "traveling friend" came along and had an "appointed meeting". About this time, Esther's health became poor and she went to Indiana, taking Corrinne, the baby with her, and leaving Itasca with Nathan at Salem. Esther had already made known to her mother that she felt called to preach, and it had become known among some of the prominent members of the church. Some sympathized with her and encouraged her, while others did not think it was a woman's place to preach, yet all encouraged her in gospel work.

As soon as she was well enough, Esther came home. Her health at this time was very delicate and she was often prostrated from nervous headache. Feeling that she was called to preach and that the Methodists would not ordain her, she joined the Society of Friends and was ordained a minister by them. She began her ministry in New Garden Friends Meeting, in Richmond, Indiana, 1869.

Her ministry was not confined to her own denomination. For more than twenty years, with her husband, who was a minister, she preached as an evangelist among all the principal churches of the U.S. In 1901, she held a series of meetings in Whittier, California.

## Personal life

Beginning in 1880, she made her home in Jamestown, Ohio. Frame also lived in El Paso, Texas for a number of years, during the latter years of her husband's life time and the residence in El Paso of her daughter, whose husband was head of the department of biology and geology at State College (now University of Texas at El Paso) for nearly 20 years. She returned to El Paso with her daughter in September 1919. Esther Gordon Frame died in El Paso, Texas, June 11, 1920.

## Selected works

* *The Reminiscences of Nathan T. Frame and Esther G. Frame* (1907) (Text)

## InfoBox

| Esther G. Frame | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Esther Ellen Gordon
July 10, 1840
Washington, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 11, 1920
El Paso, Texas, U.S. |
| Occupations | * minister * evangelist |
| Years active | 40 |
| Spouse | Nathan T. Frame  (m. 1857; died 1914) |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |
| Religion | Society of Friends |
| Ordained | 1869 |
| Writings | *The Reminiscences of Nathan T. Frame and Esther G. Frame* |
|  | |