title: Armadillidium phalacronum

abstract: Armadillidium phalacronum is a European species of woodlouse endemic to Greece. It is a relatively small-sized species that probably belongs to the so-called "Armadillidium insulanum complex".

text:
# Armadillidium phalacronum

***Armadillidium phalacronum*** is a European species of woodlouse endemic to Greece. It is a relatively small-sized species that probably belongs to the so-called "*Armadillidium insulanum* complex".

## Taxonomy

*Armadilliidum phalacronum* was described as a distinct species of *Armadillidium* in 2008, based on specimens collected as far back as 1987. Additionally, the species is also thought to belong to the "*Armadillidium insulanum* complex", a group of closely related, small-sized pill bugs that occur in various Aegean Islands and the nearby Greek and Turkish coasts. Specifically, within this group, *Armadillidium phalacronum* is probably most closely related to *Armadillidium insulanum* sensu lato, from which it can be separated by the curvature of the upper margin of the frontal shield (straight in *A. phalacronum* vs rounded in *A. insulanum*), the shape of the antennae lobes (rounded in *A. phalacronum* vs trapezoidal in *A. insulanum*) and the length of the posterior lobe of the exopodite of the first pleopod of the male (longer in *A. phalacronum*).

## Description

*Armadillidium phalacronum* is a small-sized species, reaching maximum dimensions of about 12.5 × 5.5 mm. Its tergites are almost completely smooth. The coloration of the body is brownish gray, sometimes decorated with light spots at the bases of the epimera. The frontal shield surpasses the anterior edge of the head, has a nearly straight upper margin and obtuse-shaped lateral angles. The head itself has a distinct groove in the middle, immediately behind the frontal shield. The secondary antennae have semicircular lobes and the second article of the flagellum is slightly longer than the first. The hind margins of the first pair of epimera are obtuse-angled. The telson is wider than long, with straight sides and a rounded tip.

Concerning the sexual characters of the male, the first pereiopod bears a faintly developed brush of short spines on the carpus and the seventh pereiopod has a ventrally slightly concave ischium, decorated with a hair field at its apical part. The posterior lobe of the exopodite of the first pleopod is triangular and the apex of the endopodite is straight .

## Distribution

*Armadillidium phalacronum* is endemic to the Greek regional unit of Drama in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. Specifically, specimens have been collected only from Mount Falakro and the southern slopes of the western Rhodope Mountains.

## Ecology

*Armadillidium phalacronum* can be found from 400 m up to 1800 m and in a variety of habitats, ranging from maquis shrublands and mixed forests to alpine meadows.

## InfoBox

| *Armadillidium phalacronum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Suborder: | Oniscidea |
| Family: | Armadillidiidae |
| Genus: | *Armadillidium* |
| Species: | ***A. phalacronum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Armadillidium phalacronum***<br>Schmalfuss, 2008 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution of *Armadillidium phalacronum* (in red) | |


title: Anopheles aconitus

abstract: Anopheles aconitus is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus Anopheles. It is mostly found in uplands generally restricted to below 1000m. Eggs are laid and larvae can be found in paddy fields and shallow pools. Females are primarily zoophilic, where bovids are primary hosts and humans are alternate hosts.

text:
# Anopheles aconitus

***Anopheles aconitus*** is a species of mosquito belonging to the genus *Anopheles*. It is mostly found in uplands generally restricted to below 1000m. Eggs are laid and larvae can be found in paddy fields and shallow pools. Females are primarily zoophilic, where bovids are primary hosts and humans are alternate hosts.

## InfoBox

| *Anopheles aconitus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Genus: | *Anopheles* |
| Subgenus: | *Cellia* |
| Species: | ***A. aconitus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anopheles aconitus***<br>Dönitz, 1902 | |
|


title: 100,000 Homes Campaign

abstract: The 100,000 Homes Campaign was an initiative of Community Solutions designed to "help communities around the country place 100,000 chronically homeless people in 186 communities in the United States into permanent supportive housing." Due to the cost of emergency department treatment, the program aims to provide housing for the homeless, as it is cheaper in the long run. In 2014, the program was featured on 60 Minutes, focusing on the homeless population in Nashville, Tennessee. Becky Kanis Margiotta was the campaign director. By July 2014, the 100,000 Homes Campaign had reached its goal and housed 105,580 of the most vulnerable homeless individuals.

text:
# 100,000 Homes Campaign

The **100,000 Homes Campaign** was an initiative of Community Solutions designed to "help communities around the country place 100,000 chronically homeless people in 186 communities in the United States into permanent supportive housing." Due to the cost of emergency department treatment, the program aims to provide housing for the homeless, as it is cheaper in the long run. In 2014, the program was featured on 60 Minutes, focusing on the homeless population in Nashville, Tennessee. Becky Kanis Margiotta was the campaign director. By July 2014, the 100,000 Homes Campaign had reached its goal and housed 105,580 of the most vulnerable homeless individuals.

## Housing First

One of the vehicles focusing on housing the chronically homeless is Housing First which is premised on the notion that housing is a basic human right, and so should not be denied to anyone, even if they are abusing alcohol or other substances. The Housing First model, thus, is philosophically in contrast to models that require the homeless to abjure substance-abuse and seek treatment in exchange for housing. Housing First is currently endorsed by the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) as a "best practice" for governments and service-agencies to use in their fight to end chronic homelessness in America.

## Name and Need and Vulnerability Index

Journalist David Bornstein of *The New York Times* summarized key elements of the 100,000 Homes Campaign that campaign leaders indicate are critical to its success. This included learning individual homeless people's "name and need" by mobilizing volunteers to go very early in the morning to check on them, establishing a "vulnerability index" so they could prioritize certain homeless people and "bring housing advocates and agency representatives together to streamline the placement processes, and share ideas about how to cut through red tape."


title: 1942 Orange Bowl

abstract: The 1942 Orange Bowl matched the Georgia Bulldogs and the TCU Horned Frogs.

text:
# 1942 Orange Bowl

The **1942 Orange Bowl** matched the Georgia Bulldogs and the TCU Horned Frogs.

## Game summary

Frank Sinkwich was the highlight of the game in a Georgia beatdown of TCU. Sinkwich had three touchdown passes and one rushing touchdown for a combined total of 355 yards (rushing and passing), a record that stands to this day, overshadowing the game's 10 turnovers. Georgia had a 40-14 lead into the fourth quarter before TCU scored twice to narrow the lead, but Georgia ultimately won in the end, their first bowl win in their first bowl game.

| Statistics | Georgia | TCU |
| --- | --- | --- |
| First Downs | 12 | 8 |
| Yards Rushing | 218 | 71 |
| Yards Passing | 281 | 137 |
| Total Yards | 499 | 208 |
| Punts-Average | 4-22.2 | 7-37.0 |
| Fumbles-Lost | 3-3 | 1-0 |
| Interceptions | 4 | 6 |
| Penalties-Yards | 7-54 | 2-24 |
|

## Aftermath

82 years later, both TCU and Georgia would meet again in the National Championship game for the 2022 College Football season. The Bulldogs defeated TCU 65-7.

## InfoBox

| 1942 Orange Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| 8th Orange Bowl | |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **TCU** 7 0 7 12 26  **Georgia** 19 14 7 0 40 | |
| Date | January 1, 1942 |
| Season | 1941 |
| Stadium | Burdine Stadium |
| Location | Miami, Florida |
| Referee | John J. Lynch (SEC;<br>split crew: SEC, SWC) |
| Attendance | 35,786 |
|


title: Armadillidium klugii

abstract: Armadillidium klugii is a lesser-known, rare Balkan, Dalmatia-based species of woodlouse, most distinguished by its colouration which resembles the red markings of the Mediterranean black widow Latrodectus tredecimguttatus. This is probably a kind of mimicry, to ward off predators that mistake the harmless animal for a venomous spider. Due to its red, yellow or white spotting, it is often called the "clown isopod". Insect and isopod enthusiasts usually encounter them being sold as A. klugii Montenegro or variations thereof.

text:
# Armadillidium klugii

***Armadillidium klugii*** is a lesser-known, rare Balkan, Dalmatia-based species of woodlouse, most distinguished by its colouration which resembles the red markings of the Mediterranean black widow *Latrodectus tredecimguttatus*. This is probably a kind of mimicry, to ward off predators that mistake the harmless animal for a venomous spider.

Due to its red, yellow or white spotting, it is often called the "clown isopod". Insect and isopod enthusiasts usually encounter them being sold as *A. klugii Montenegro* or variations thereof.

## Description

The maximum length of *Armadillidium klugii* is 21 millimetres, compared to *Armadillidium vulgare's* 18 millimetres. Unlike the typical black color of the dorsal plates of most *Armadillidium* species, the base coloration of *A. klugii* is greyish brown, and has three rows of white dots running front to back. As they age, the center row turns yellow. These pale spots are for mimicry of the Mediterranean black widow, which has similar rows.

## Distribution

The range of *Armadillidium klugii* lies along the coastline of the Adriatic sea, spanning from Croatia to Montenegro. The majority of *A. klugii* records are clustered in Dalmatia, in the northern end of its distribution, but 5 specimens have been reported in south Albania and west Greece. It is found under stones and in crevices.

## InfoBox

| *Armadillidium klugii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Suborder: | Oniscidea |
| Family: | Armadillidiidae |
| Genus: | *Armadillidium* |
| Species: | ***A. klugii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Armadillidium klugii***
Brandt, 1833 | |
|
|  | |
| Range | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Armadillo astriger* C. Koch, 1841
*Armadillo guttatus* C. Koch, 1841
*Armadillo pustulatus* C. Koch, 1841
*Armadillidium albanicum* Verhoeff, 1901
*Armadillidium inflatum* Verhoeff, 1907
*Armadillidium cetinjense* Strouhal, 1927 | |


title: 1912 FA Cup final

abstract: The 1912 FA Cup final was the 41st FA Cup final. It was contested by Barnsley and West Bromwich Albion. It took two matches to determine a winner. The first took place at Crystal Palace on 20 April 1912 and the second on 24 April at Bramall Lane. Barnsley scored the winning and only goal in the final minute of extra time of the replay. West Bromwich Albion were naturally disappointed to have lost but they could console themselves in the fact that they were the better team on the day, at times running through their opponents in brilliant fashion. The "Throstles" reputation was enhanced by the display over the two ties even though they lost the match. The "Tykes" defended impeccably throughout, and Tufnell scored the winning goal.

text:
# 1912 FA Cup final

The **1912 FA Cup final** was the 41st FA Cup final. It was contested by Barnsley and West Bromwich Albion. It took two matches to determine a winner. The first took place at Crystal Palace on 20 April 1912 and the second on 24 April at Bramall Lane. Barnsley scored the winning and only goal in the final minute of extra time (30 minutes) of the replay. West Bromwich Albion were naturally disappointed to have lost but they could console themselves in the fact that they were the better team on the day, at times running through their opponents in brilliant fashion. The "Throstles" reputation was enhanced by the display over the two ties even though they lost the match. The "Tykes" defended impeccably throughout, and Tufnell scored the winning goal.

## Road to the Final

## Match programme

The programme showed that both teams played a 2–3–5 formation.

## Match summary

The crowd that assembled to watch the 1912 FA Cup final was some 15–20,000 smaller than previous years but they still filled the ground and there was little spare space. Some spectators took to the trees around the ground and a group of WBA supporters tried to launch a blue and white striped hot air balloon, but it burned before it left the ground. This failed stunt became a metaphor for a game that also failed to rise to meet the spectators' expectations.

Barnsley did not play an exciting game of football; relying on their half backs to run alongside the WBA forwards making the WBA game of pass and return between their forwards and half backs too dangerous. Barnsley then tried to score on the break. But the WBA backs, led by Pennington, were able to contain the threat. This led to a stalemate, with WBA unable to play their normal game and Barnsley unable to push their advantage.

WBA had a couple of chances early in the first half when Cooper, the Barnsley goalkeeper, fumbled a shot from Baddeley but he did not have any support. Cooper was again tested when Jephcott centred the ball several times but again WBA did not press home the advantage. Barnsley had similar problems exploiting an advantage when Tufnell and Bartrop got through unmarked on the right wing. The Manchester Guardian felt that WBA had the better run of play in the first half but by the end of the second half felt the teams were evenly matched.

There were some exciting moments towards the end. The first came when Pearson, the WBA goalkeeper mishandled a centring pass from Moore and Barnsley managed two shots the first rebounding from a WBA player, the second from the woodwork. Moments from the end of the match Buck a WBA player had his best chance but hit a goal post.

The third drawn Cup final in as many years drew aggravated comments from the departing crowds.

The *Manchester Guardian* felt the best players were the backs and half backs on each side, singling out Pennington and Buck on the WBA side for praise and Downs along with Glendinning for Barnsley. They also felt that Jephcott, the WBA wing, had had a good match, with several good centring passes.

## Match details

| Barnsley | 0–0 | West Bromwich Albion |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Crystal PalaceAttendance: 54,434Referee: J.R. Schumacher

| GK  Jack Cooper  FB  Dickie Downs  FB  Archie Taylor ()  HB  Bob Glendenning  CH  Philip Bratley  HB  George Utley  OF  Wilfred Bartrop  IF  Harry Tufnell  CF  George Lillycrop  IF  George Travers  OF  Jimmy Moore  **Manager:**  Arthur Fairclough | GK  Hubert Pearson  FB  Arthur Cook  FB  Jesse Pennington ()  HB  George Baddeley  CH  Fred Buck  HB  Bobby McNeal  OF  Claude Jephcott  IF  Harry Wright  CF  Bob Pailor  IF  Sid Bowser  OF  Ben Shearman  **Secretary-manager:**  Fred Everiss |
| --- | --- |

## Replay summary

Albion's run in the cup, combined with several postponements from the early part of the season, meant that they were forced to play seven games in ten days at the end of the campaign. This included an away match at Everton on 22 April, inbetween the final and the replay. Albion lost the match 3–0 with a reserve side and were fined £150 by the Football League for fielding a weakened team, although nine of the eleven players had previously played in the league for the first team.

To the frustration of the supporters the play during the replay was not much better than the original match. WBA's tactics had improved and they had the better of the play through most of the match, but they failed to take their chances when they were presented. Pailor and Shearman missed a centring pass provided by Jephcott. Later in the second half Pailor almost got a shot past Cooper, who failed to control the ball, Glendinning saved the situation for Barnsley by kicking the ball into touch. Barnsley also tested the WBA goal, mainly Bartrop on the right wing. One of his shots in the first half had to be cleared off the line by Baddeley after Pearson fumbled the save.

As the game ran into extra time, the *Manchester Guardian* commented that "given the sunny and hot conditions the energy of the players was impressive", and the pace of the game picked up. Apart from a brief attack on their goal by Travers and Moore the play was all with WBA until the last two minutes of extra time. Glendinning dribbled the ball out of a ruck in the Barnsley half and passed the ball to Tufnell, who was on the halfway line. Pennington, who had had an otherwise flawless game was bypassed as Tufnell kicked the ball past Pennington's right and then ran around his left side. Cook and Buck seeing the danger ran back, but they were too late. Within a few seconds Tufnell was in front of the goal. Pearson came off his line to narrow the angle and stamped his feet as he waited for the shot. Despite the pressure on him, Tufnell's shot was perfect; fast, low and out of Pearson's reach, it found the corner of the net.

The Barnsley players hugged and kissed Tufnell as they celebrated his goal knowing that they could hold on for the final two minutes. The gate receipts for the replay were £2615 and a collection was held for the Titanic Disaster Fund which received a total of £49 1s 2d. The players travelled by motor back to Barnsley and were cheered through the streets of Sheffield as they held the cup to show the crowd. They arrived in Barnsley in the early evening to a great welcome.

In discussing the players, the *Manchester Guardian* praised the Barnsley backs of Taylor and Downs, though Pennington for WBA also played well. Of the half backs, Glendinning of Barnsley and McNeal from WBA were judged to be the best on the day. When considering the WBA forwards, Shearman, Bowser and Jephcot were praised, but Pailor in the centre had not made the best of the supply of crosses. Of the Barnsley forwards, Bartrop and Travers were the best.

The victorious Barnsley team presented the match ball to Tiverton Preedy, the clergyman who had founded the club. It was displayed in his study until his death in 1928, whereupon it was returned to the club.

## Replay details

| Barnsley | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | West Bromwich Albion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tufnell  118' |  |  |

Bramall LaneAttendance: 38,555Referee: J.R. Schumacher

| GK  Jack Cooper  FB  Dickie Downs  FB  Archie Taylor ()  HB  Bob Glendenning  CH  Philip Bratley  HB  George Utley  OF  Wilfred Bartrop  IF  Harry Tufnell  CF  George Lillycrop  IF  George Travers  OF  Jimmy Moore  **Manager:**  Arthur Fairclough | GK  Hubert Pearson  FB  Arthur Cook  FB  Jesse Pennington ()  HB  George Baddeley  CH  Fred Buck  HB  Bobby McNeal  OF  Claude Jephcott  IF  Harry Wright  CF  Bob Pailor  IF  Sid Bowser  OF  Ben Shearman  **Secretary-manager:**  Fred Everiss |
| --- | --- |

**Match and replay rules**

* 90 minutes.
* Replay if necessary.
* 30 minutes of extra-time if scores still level.
* No substitutes.

## InfoBox

1912 FA Cup Final
| Event | 1911–12 FA Cup |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Barnsley won after a replay | |
| Final | |
|  | |
| Date | 20 April 1912 |
| Venue | Crystal Palace, London |
| Referee | J.R. Schumacher |
| Attendance | 54,434 |
| Replay | |
|  | |
| After extra time | |
| Date | 24 April 1912 |
| Venue | Bramall Lane, Sheffield |
| Referee | J.R. Schumacher |
| Attendance | 38,555 |
|


title: 1912 Finnish championships in aquatics

text:
# 1912 Finnish championships in aquatics

From 1906 to 1926, the Finnish Swimming Federation did not arrange a dedicated national competition, but spread out the hosting duties of the championship events to multiple clubs.

## Diving

### Men

#### Plain

Competed in Helsinki on 21 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Placing figure | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Toivo Aro | 4 | 154.90 points |
|  | Artur Wetzell | 9 | 143.45 points |
|  | Eino Karjalainen | 11 | 137.00 points |
| 4 | Leo Suni | ? | |
| 5 | K. Nikula | ? | |
| 6 | Oskar Wetzell | ? | |
| 7 | Elis Sivén | ? | |

Source:

#### Platform

Competed in Turku on 11 August 1912.

| Rank | Name | Placing figure | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Toivo Aro | 3 | 203.40 points |
|  | Leo Suni | 7 | 192.43 points |
|  | Oskar Wetzell | 8 | 191.38 points |

Source:

#### Springboard

Competed in Helsinki on 21 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Placing figure | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Oskar Wetzell | 4 | 325.45 points |
|  | Albert Nyman | 8 | 313.62 points |

Source:

### Women

#### Platform

Competed in Turku on 11 August 1912.

| Rank | Name | Placing figure | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Senni Aaltonen | 3 | 98.25 points |
|  | Anna Järvinen | 7 | 84.50 points |
|  | Hilda Kuusela | 8 | 82.25 points |

Source:

## Swimming

### Men

#### 100 metre freestyle

Competed in Helsinki on 20 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jussi Kahma | 1:11.5 **NR** |
|  | Martti Salokannel | 1:18.8 |
|  | Yrjö Seuderling | 1:19.3 |
| 4 | K. Salmi | 1:26.9 |
| 5 | W. Petroff | 1:27.0 |
| 6 | M. Koroleff | 1:29.0 |

Source:

#### 500 metre freestyle

Competed in Vaasa on 27 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Martti Salokannel | 8:26.6 |
|  | G. Hanstén | 8:43.6 |
|  | V. Petroff | 8:57.8 |

Source:

#### 1000 metre freestyle

Competed in Helsinki on 21 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Martti Salokannel | 18:49.6 |
|  | Arvo Aaltonen | 19:09.2 |
|  | V. Petroff | 19:11.3 |

Source:

#### 100 metre backstroke

Competed in Helsinki on 19 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lennart Lindroos | 1:36.3 **NR** |
|  | J. Wiklund | 1:37.9 |

Source:

#### 100 metre breaststroke

Competed in Vaasa on 27 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Arvo Aaltonen | 1:23.1 **NR** |
|  | Lennart Lindroos | 1:24.7 |

Source:

#### 200 metre breaststroke

Competed in Helsinki on 20 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Arvo Aaltonen | 3:00.0 |
|  | Lennart Lindroos | 3:11.0 |
|  | Vilhelm Lindgrén | 3:13.1 |
| 4 | H. Wasenius | 3:17.5 |

Source:

Aaltonen's result broke the world record. It could not be ratified, because the track was inspected to be two centimetres too short.

#### 400 metre breaststroke

Competed in Vaasa on 28 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Arvo Aaltonen | 6:33.4 **NR** |

Source:

#### 100 metre life saving

Competed in Vaasa on 28 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Herman Cederberg | 1:52.7 **NR** |
|  | Jussi Kahma | 2:00.3 |

Source:

#### 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay

Competed in Turku on 10 August 1912.

| Rank | Club | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Vaasan Uimaseura | Artturi Helenius, Jussi Kahma, Martti Salokannel, Uuno Mäkipää | 2:12.9 |
|  | Helsingfors Simsällskapet | M. Koroleff, H. Wasenius, H. Bergström, I. Sjöström | 2:20.4 |
|  | Turun Uimaseura | Väinö Hannula, R. Lönnqvist, Bruno Lindberg, Yrjö Seuderling | 2:25.0 |

Source:

### Women

#### 50 metre freestyle

Competed in Turku on 11 August 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lilly Blomster | 38.4 **NR** |
|  | Anna Järvinen | 42.4 |
|  | Hilda Kuusela | 44.1 |
| 4 | Sofia Gylling | 45.9 |
| 5 | Edit Grönholm | 47.3 |
| 6 | Olga Haapanen | 48.3 |

Source:

#### 100 metre freestyle

Competed in Vaasa on 28 July 1912.

| Rank | Name | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anna Järvinen | 1:39.3 **NR** |
|  | Lilly Blomster | 1:39.5 |
|  | Tyyne Järvi | 1:41.9 |

Source:

## Water polo

### Men

Competed in Helsinki on 20 July 1912.

| Rank | Club | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Helsingfors Simsällskap | ? |
|  | Tampereen Uimaseura | ? |

The championship was settled by one match, won by Helsingfors Simsällskap 6–0 (2–0, 4–0).

## Sources

* Teräsvirta, Paavo, ed. (1956). *Suomen uimaliitto. Finska simförbundet. 1906–1956* (in Finnish). Helsinki: Finnish Swimming Federation. pp. 154–159.

### References


title: Arrinera Hussarya

abstract: The Arrinera Hussarya is a sports car project made by Polish automotive manufacturer Arrinera Automotive. It was touted by Arrinera as the first supercar designed and engineered in Poland. It was named after Poland's Hussar cavalry. In 2021, it was announced that according to the latest quarterly report(dated 11.08.21), due to funding problems, the project will not be further developed.

text:
# Arrinera Hussarya

The **Arrinera Hussarya** is a sports car project made by Polish automotive manufacturer Arrinera Automotive. It was touted by Arrinera as the first supercar designed and engineered in Poland. It was named after Poland's Hussar cavalry.

In 2021, it was announced that according to the latest quarterly report(dated 11.08.21), due to funding problems, the project will not be further developed.

## Prototype

The prototype of Arrinera premiered on 9 June 2011 to shareholders and investors. Some journalists gave the supercar the name "Venocara", although Arrinera Automotive has never officially used that name. It featured scissor doors for both the concept car and the production car.

In August 2012 Arrinera Automotive officially announced the name Hussarya for its new model. The name is derived from Poland's Hussar cavalry of the 16th century.

## Specifications

The Arrinera Hussarya 33 was to be tested with a mid-mounted General Motors-sourced supercharged 6.2-litre V8 producing 800 PS (588 kW; 789 bhp). This engine, based on GM's LS3 engine, drives the rear wheels.

| Alleged Performance | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Top speed | 350 km/h (217.5 mph) | 0–100 km/h (0.0–62.1 mph) | 3.0 seconds |
| 0–200 km/h (0.0–124.3 mph) | 9.0 seconds | 0–200–0 km/h (0–124-0 mph) | 13.0 seconds |
| Standing quarter-mile (402 m) | | 10 seconds | |
| Braking | | 133 m (from 200 km/h to 0) | |

## Special editions

On 18 July 2012, it was announced that Arrinera would produce 33 units of a special "Series 33" version of the Hussarya, with exclusive designs on the exterior and the interior. Regular production of this and other Hussarya models appears not to have commenced.

## Controversy

In 2012 Polish radio and online journalist Jacek Balkan asserted that the vehicle was not an original supercar but a low-cost replica of a Lamborghini using parts from an Opel Corsa and an Audi A6. Arrinera sued Balkan for slander, but the journalist was acquitted.

## Motorsport

In 2017 the Hussarya was driven in qualifying for the Britcar series race at Donington Park by a half-Polish professional driver, Jonny MacGregor as an invitation entry. The car qualified fourth, but an engine blow-up meant it was unable to participate in the rest of the race weekend.

## InfoBox

| Arrinera Hussarya | |
| --- | --- |
| Arrinera Hussarya test car at the Poznań Motor Show, 2015 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Arrinera Automotive S.A. / Noble Automotive Ltd. |
| Assembly | Gliwice, Poland |
| Designer | Pavlo Burkatskyy |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Sports car () |
| Body style | 2-door coupé |
| Layout | Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive |
| Doors | Scissor |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 6.2 L naturally aspirated LS3 V8 |
| Transmission | CIMA 6-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,695 mm (106.10 in) |
| Length | 4,450 mm (175.20 in) |
| Width | 2,056 mm (80.94 in) |
| Height | 1,190 mm (46.85 in) |
| Curb weight | 1,300 kg (2,900 lb) (dry) |


abstract: All branches of the United States Armed Forces use the general term Enlisted Professional Military Education (EPME) to describe the formal system of education which each branch provides to its enlisted personnel. Each branch has its own system and sequence of courses, with the overall focus on leadership and management. Education generally increases in intensity and level of knowledge as individuals progress in rank and assume broader leadership roles. EPME is distinct from the technical training which service members receive for their Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC), or Navy Rating.

text:
# Enlisted Professional Military Education

All branches of the United States Armed Forces use the general term **Enlisted Professional Military Education** (EPME) to describe the formal system of education which each branch provides to its enlisted personnel. Each branch has its own system and sequence of courses, with the overall focus on leadership and management. Education generally increases in intensity and level of knowledge as individuals progress in rank and assume broader leadership roles. EPME is distinct from the technical training which service members receive for their Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC), or Navy Rating.

## Joint

The DoD operates a Joint Senior Enlisted Professional Military Education (SEJPME) course designed to integrate members from across all branches of service into a unified force. The SEJPME Course is designed to expose enlisted personnel to joint education and prepare them to succeed by improving their ability to operate effectively as part of a future joint force and supervise multiple Service members.

The course is available online as a distance-learning course.

## Air Force

Air Force EPME is created and provided through the Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education, part of the Air University system, named after the service's fourth Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, Thomas N. Barnes, the first African-American to attain the highest enlisted position in any branch of the U.S. Armed Forces.

The principal instructional method for all Air Force EPME is guided discussion, in which students share ideas, experiences, and work together to achieve various educational objectives. Formative evaluations are an integral part of the curriculum and serve as feedback tools for the student and instructor. Summative objective and performance evaluations are used to determine whether the educational requirements outlined in the course are met. All EPME courses include fitness and drill and ceremony components as well as formal lectures and academic research projects.

All Air Force EPME courses have been approved for college credit in the Leadership, Management & Military Science discipline of the service's Community College of the Air Force Associate in Applied Science degree programs.

### Mission and goal

MissionProvide the continuum of education necessary to inspire and develop enlisted leaders with the moral framework of integrity, service and excellence. GoalExpand the leadership ability of enlisted leaders and strengthen their commitment to the profession of arms by integrating sound leadership, communication skills, and military studies principles and concepts throughout the ALS, NCOA, and AFSNCOA curricula.

### Schools, Programs, and Courses

Airman Leadership School (ALS): ALS is an Air Force education program held at base level to prepare senior airmen for positions of greater responsibility. The course teaches leadership skills required of supervisors and reporting officials throughout the Air Force. ALS enhances the development of senior airmen by strengthening their ability to lead, follow, and manage while they gain a broader understanding of the military profession. ALS is attended by Senior Airmen (E-4) and required for promotion to Staff Sergeant (E-5).

Course 15: computer-based training that is a prerequisite for attending NCO Academy.

Non-Commissioned Officer Academy (NCOA): This professional military education course prepares NCOs to be professional, war-fighting Airmen who can lead and manage Air Force units in the employment of air and space power. The principal method of instruction is guided discussion and case studies. This course is designed to develop Airmen into effective mid-level leaders and managers. It is the second PME that enlisted Air Force members encounter. NCOA focuses on leadership abilities, the profession of arms, effective communication, and organizational leadership. NCOA is attended by Technical Sergeants (E-6) and is required for promotion to Master Sergeant (E-7).

Senior Noncommissioned Officer Distance Learning Course (SNCO DLC): Computer-based training that replaced Course 14 on 1 July 2016. Required for promotion eligibility to SMSgt.

Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Academy (SNCOA): SNCOA is an advanced professional military education program that prepares select NCOs for greater responsibilities by expanding their leadership and managerial capabilities and their perspective of the military profession. The curriculum, designed to meet senior NCO needs, consists of lectures and small group work seminars. The principal instructional method is the 12 to 14 member-guided discussions, in which students share ideas and experiences and work collectively to achieve educational objectives. Members of the Academy's faculty and speakers from AU, Headquarters USAF and other commands, and civilian agencies lecture at the Academy. The Academy curriculum is based on the belief that the senior NCOs attending the course bring with them some understanding and competence in all areas of the curriculum.

## Army

Basic Leader Course (BLC)The First Army Leadership School. This one-month school trains E-4 Specialists and Corporals how to lead and includes topics such as: Leadership, Training Management, Map Reading, Land Navigation, Drill and Ceremony, War fighting. E-4 Specialists and Corporals wanting to be E-5 Sergeants are required to take this course prior to being promoted.

In 2016, the Army revised AR 600-8-19 making BLC a prerequisite for pin-on to E-5.

Advanced Leader Course (ALC)Common Core and MOS Focused. The Advanced Leaders Course Common Core (DL) is designed to enable all promotable SGTs and non-promotable SGTs to perform as squad leaders and supervisors who can visualize, analyze, apply, and adapt to today's Operational Environment (OE). This course produces battle competent NCOs who are qualified squad/section sergeants, team/section leaders, evaluators, counselors, conductors or participants in individual and collective training, and performers/teachers of leader values, attributes, skills, and actions. The course supports the Army Chief of Staff's Training and Leader Development Guidance, Educational Theory, and Learning Environment; thereby producing a more competent and capable leader. Senior Leader Course (SLC)Sergeant First Class Training. SLC, an Army branch–specific course, teaches promotable Staff Sergeants (E6) and Sergeants First Class (E7) the leader, technical, and tactical skills required to lead platoons/companies within a career management field. Master Leader Course (MLC)This fast-paced course provides promotable Sergeants First Class (E7) and Master Sergeants (E8) the training necessary to lead a company, battery or troop. The course consists of 31 testable self-study at-home lessons and a second resident phase that teaches: training management, unit administration, communicative skills, discipline and morale, logistics and maintenance, tactical operations, physical fitness training. U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy (USASMA)For soldiers lucky enough to be selected for E-9 Sergeant Major, they will attend this 6-month world premiere education institution for top non-commissioned officers at Fort Bliss, TX. The value of this training lies in its small group interaction as its method of instruction. Command Sergeants Major Course (CSMC)This is the last and highest leadership training course and it is for Sergeants Major that continue on to be a Command Sergeants Major - the top enlisted soldier in a Battalion-size organization and larger. Major topics included in this fast-paced course are: being the senior enlisted adviser to the commander, working with command and staff officers, how to assign and utilize soldiers, caring for soldiers and families.

## Coast Guard

Coast Guard EPME is a continuum of leadership training that provides enlisted members with a solid foundation for a successful Coast Guard career. Students must meet performance requirements, pass an Advancement Qualification Exam (AQE), and pass a service-wide exam. Students must demonstrate mastery of current and next rank leadership requirements before advancing in rank.

There are three levels of Coast Guard EPME:

ApprenticeRequired for members to advance to E-3 and E-4. JourneymanRequired for members to advance to E-5 and E-6. MasterRequired for members to advance to E-7, E-8, and E-9.

## Marine Corps

The Marine Corps College of Enlisted Military Education is a part of Marine Corps University and is responsible for the EPME curriculum development and administrative support to Marine Corps Units (Corporals Course) and the Staff Noncommissioned Officers Academies located in Quantico, VA; Camp Pendleton, CA; Twentynine Palms, CA; Camp Lejeune, NC; Kaneohe Bay, HI; and Okinawa, Japan.

### Mission and goal

MissionThe College of Enlisted Military Education provides a continuum of education to improve leadership, sharpen critical and creative thinking skills, and deepen Marines' understanding of warfighting concepts in distributed/joint environments in order to foster ethical, professional leaders who make sound decisions in complex operational situations. GoalThe Enlisted College's goal is to provide current operational information allowing Marines to contribute their excellence in warfighting and to operate at their specific level of the MAGTF as well as maintain the Marine Corps’ time-honored traditions. It says its approach uses traditional resident courses as well as nontraditional methods such as seminars and interactive nonresident programs.

### Schools, programs and courses (Staff Noncommissioned Officers Academy)

Corporals CourseThe Command Sponsored Corporals Course (CSCC) is focused on providing the skills necessary to lead Marines, and is designed to provide the war fighting skills, core values and mindset necessary for effective leadership of a team and subordinate Marines. Upon completion, corporals will have the skills necessary to: clearly articulate one's thoughts in both oral and written communication; understand the standards of leadership traits, principles, and fundamentals; understand the noncommissioned officer (NCO) mindset of “doing instead of knowing;” execute and apply tactical measures at the team level; conduct training for Marines in the MCCS Program and military occupation specialty training; understand Operational Risk Management and apply risk management principles; understand career progression; and conduct personal/personnel management for the team. Sergeants SchoolAt this level, PME consists of a building block approach; each course builds on the previous course with minimal overlap. The DEPs are designed as a PME perquisite to attend the resident Academies. Sergeants are required to complete the SGTDEP (nonresident) course. The SGTDEP is a prerequisite for the SNCOA Sergeants School, meaning it must be completed prior to attending the SNCOA Sergeants School. The nonresident and resident courses are focused on providing the skills necessary for sergeants to plan and conduct training for their Marines and are designed to provide the war fighting skills, core values and mindset necessary for effective leadership of a squad size unit and subordinate leaders. Upon completion, sergeants will have the skills necessary to clearly articulate thoughts in both oral and written communication; lead Marines through effective leadership; implement tactical measures at the squad/platoon level; understand basic national military capabilities; conduct training with the MCCS Program; and understand career progression. Career SchoolStaff sergeants are required to complete the SNCOCDEP (nonresident) course. The SNCOCDEP is a prerequisite for the SNCOA Career School meaning it must be completed prior to attending the SNCOA Career School. The SNCOCDEP/SNCOA Career School courses are focused on providing the skills necessary for the staff sergeant to act as a “problem solver” and are designed to supply the skills necessary to provide leadership at the platoon level, influence company grade officers, lead and develop subordinate leaders in war fighting, core values, and preserve time-honored traditions. Upon completion, staff sergeants will have the skills necessary to clearly articulate thoughts in both oral and written communication; understand and model the mindset of a SNCO; develop and mentor character-based leadership in NCOs (foster ethical leadership); advise the commander/officer in charge (OIC) on operational requirements; understand the joint environment; assist the unit commander in obtaining training goals, and effectively manage personnel and assets. Advanced SchoolGunnery sergeants, regardless of future selection, are required to complete the SNCOADEP (nonresident) and attend and complete the SNCOA Advanced School (resident). The SNCOADEP is a prerequisite for the SNCOA Advanced School, meaning it must be completed prior to attending the SNCOA Advanced School. The SNCOADEP and the SNCOA Advanced School are focused on providing the skills necessary for the gunnery sergeant to act as a “decision maker” and are designed to provide the skills necessary for senior leadership in a company level organization independently supervise processes and procedures, influence officers, and function in an operations center. Upon completion, gunnery sergeants will have the skills necessary to clearly articulate thoughts in both oral and written communication; influence command climate; be prepared to act as the senior enlisted advisor; understand the unit training management process and provide the commander input; understand MAGTF operations; understand basic unit deployment concepts, requirements, and methodology; and develop courses of action based on planning guidance.

#### Senior Enlisted Professional Military Education Course

Senior Enlisted Professional Military Education (SEPME) is designed to equip Marines in the ranks of master sergeant and first sergeant with critical thinking and adaptability skills necessary to function at the operational and strategic levels of war. Completion of the course equips senior enlisted Marines with demonstrated proficiency in the Marine Corps Planning Process (MCPP), communication and administration. At its highest level, SEPME enhances the senior leader's ability to provide sound recommendations for mission success. SEPME is not a requirement for promotion to either master gunnery sergeant or sergeant major.

1st Sergeants CourseThis course prepares recently promoted first sergeants or gunnery sergeants selected for first sergeant for the leadership and administrative challenges a first sergeant faces and facilitates transition to the 8999 MOS. This course provides basic instruction on the duties and responsibilities of a first sergeant, regardless of the Marine's unit. Understanding these duties and responsibilities augments a first sergeant's ability to advise, counsel, and interact with the unit's commander, officers, SNCOs, and enlisted Marines to accomplish the unit's mission. First sergeants must also attend the First Sergeant/Master Sergeant Regional Seminar. Master Sergeant / 1st Sergeant SeminarEach regional SNCO Academy conducts an annual First Sergeant/Master Sergeant Regional Seminar. Marines should attend at least one of these seminars during their time in grade as a first sergeant/master sergeant; however, attendance is not a prerequisite for promotion to sergeant major/master gunnery sergeant. The President, MCU and Director, College of Enlisted Military Education, in coordination with the regional SNCO Academy Directors and the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, develop the agenda items for these seminars. After regional seminars have been completed, commanders are encouraged to sponsor local SNCO seminars as a means to disseminate the information from the regional seminars. Master Gunnery Sergeant / Sergeant Major SymposiumThe MCU at Quantico hosts an annual symposium for sergeants major/master gunnery sergeants. Marines are required to attend at least one of these symposia during their time in grade as sergeants major/ master gunnery sergeants. The Commandant and the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, in coordination with the President, MCU and the Director, College of Enlisted Military Education, develop the agenda items for this symposium.

The Navy Senior Enlisted Academy (SEA) provides senior enlisted leaders education in communication skills, leadership and management, national security affairs, Navy programs, and physical fitness. Of the 1,200 students in attendance annually, the majority are active duty Navy personnel. Navy Reserve, Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and International service members make up the remainder of the student population.

Part of the Navy War College, the Navy Senior Enlisted Academy was established in 1981, and graduation is required before personnel can assume the position of command master chief or chief of the boat.

### Mission

The mission of the Senior Enlisted Academy is to further develop, through education and training, the leadership capabilities of Senior Enlisted to give sound decision support in command, staff, management, and leadership positions in Naval, Joint, and Multinational environments. To provide Senior Enlisted a sound understanding of military strategy and leadership skills; cultivating Leaders who maintain a constant focus on Ethics, Flexibility, and Mission Accomplishment in an ever-changing environment.

### Course

The resident curriculum is a six-week course of instruction, containing 240 academic hours. The blended curriculum includes six-weeks BlackBoard distance learning and a two-week in-house course of instruction. Both formats require completion of Navy Primary PME (approx. 70 hours of online instruction) prior to attending.


title: Enlistment Act 1794

abstract: The Enlistment Act 1794 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that allowed the British government to create regiments of émigrés from France. This specific legislation was needed to enlist men who were not British subjects in the British Army and to allow George III to commission foreigners as officers. The Act was a major break from the military conventions about enlisting soldiers from other states in the Eighteenth Century. The Act expired with the Peace of Amiens.

text:
# Enlistment Act 1794

The **Enlistment Act 1794** (also known as the **Emigrant Corps Bill** or Act) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that allowed the British government to create regiments of émigrés from France. This specific legislation was needed to enlist men who were not British subjects in the British Army and to allow George III to commission foreigners as officers. The Act was a major break from the military conventions about enlisting soldiers from other states in the Eighteenth Century. The Act expired with the Peace of Amiens.

## Background and Need for the Act

Many of those who fled France in the wake of the French Revolution were soldiers and officers of the French Royal Army. With the outbreak of French Revolutionary Wars in 1792 émigré nobles set up units and formed Armée des émigrés. Soon after the France declaration of war on Britain in February 1793, émigré officers also offered to raise units for the British Army. The British government welcomed the additional manpower.

The first unit to be raised was the Loyal Emigrant Regiment by Louis, duc de La Chastre. To avoid political problems, the officers were commissioned by George III as Elector of Hanover and then they were transferred to British pay. This arrangement was not practical for further offers, so new legislation was introduced to allow émigré units to be raised and maintained directly by Britain.

As the French officers of these units were Catholic, they needed exemptions from British laws against Catholics. Also, throughout the Eighteenth Century, many British MPs has been hostile to employing foreign troops within the British Army.

## Debates in Parliament

There were significant debates in the House of Commons about the "Bill to enable subjects of France to enlist as Soldiers". The political arguments focused on two areas. Firstly, there were concerns over the government using foreign troops within the British isles, which was seen as a threat to British political liberty. Secondly, that by recruiting Frenchmen Britain was changing the nature of the war with France, and showing that it wanted to overturn the French Revolutionary government. Charles James Fox, one of the MPs who said most on this, thought that the war would be longer and more violent as a result, and negotiating a peace much harder. Despite these concerns being raised in Parliament, the government had enough of a majority for the bill to pass, although votes were held at each stage.

### Passage through Parliament

* Ordered: 7 April 1794
* Presented and read; ordered to be printed: 8 April 1794
* Committed: 11 April 1794
* Considered: 14 April 1794
* Reported; to be engrossed; day appointed for Third Reading: 16 April 1794
* Passed: 17 April 1794
* Agreed to in the House of Lords: 6 May 1794
* Received Royal Assent: 9 May 1794

## Summary of the Act

The main terms of the Act were:

* It was declared legal for Frenchmen to enlist and for George III to commission them as officers.
* Their terms of enlistment restricted their service to the continent of Europe, the Channel Islands, and any French territories outside Europe before 1792.
* Officers held temporary rank and were not entitled to half-pay when units were disbanded.
* Soldiers or officers in the units were not liable to prosecution or penalties under laws against Catholics.
* The units could be landed in Great Britain, but notice of this had to given to Parliament. The units were not allowed more than five miles from the coast, and limited to a maximum of 5,000 men.
* The soldiers and officers were subject to the Mutiny Act and Articles of War.
* The Act was in force for the duration of war and extended to the end of the next session of Parliament after the war ended.

## Further sources about the Act

**Parliamentary debates**: *The Parliamentary history of England from the earliest period to the year 1803*. Vol. 31. London: T. C. Hansard. 1818. pp. 373–432.

**Edmund Burke's speech on 11 April 1794**: Burke, Edmund (1816). *The Speeches of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke in the House of Commons and in Westminster Hall: In Four Volumes*. Vol. 4. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. pp. 163–167.

**Charles James Fox's speech on 17 April 1794**: Fox, Charles-James (1815). *The Speeches ... in the House of Commons*. Longman. pp. 245–260.

**Parliamentary Archives**: HL/PO/PU/1/1794/34G3n119, Public Act, 34 George III, c. 43, An Act to enable Subjects of France to enlist as Soldiers in Regiments to serve on the Continent of Europe, and in certain other Places; and to enable His Majesty to grant Commissions to Subjects of France to serve and receive Pay as Officers, in such Regiments, or as Engineers, under certain Restrictions.

## InfoBox

Enlistment Act 1794
| Act of Parliament | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Long title | An act to enable subjects of France to enlist as soldiers in regiments to serve on the continent of Europe, and in certain other places; and to enable his Majesty to grant commissions to subjects of France, to serve and receive pay as officers in such regiments, or as engineers under certain conditions. |
| Citation | 34 Geo. 3. c. 43 |
| Introduced by | William Pitt the Younger |
| Territorial extent | Great Britain |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 9 May 1794 |
| Other legislation | |
| Repealed by | Statute Law Revision Act 1871 |
| Relates to |  |
| Status: Repealed | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |


title: 1906 Minnesota gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1906 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1906. Democratic Party of Minnesota candidate John Albert Johnson defeated Republican Party of Minnesota challenger A. L. Cole.

text:
# 1906 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The **1906 Minnesota gubernatorial election** took place on November 6, 1906. Democratic Party of Minnesota candidate John Albert Johnson defeated Republican Party of Minnesota challenger A. L. Cole.

## Results

1906 Gubernatorial Election, Minnesota
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **John Albert Johnson (incumbent)** | **168,480** | **60.93%** | **+12.22%** |
|  | Republican | A. L. Cole | 96,162 | 34.78% | −11.35% |
|  | Prohibition | Charles W. Dorsett | 7,223 | 2.61% | +0.12% |
|  | Public Ownership | O. E. Lofthus | 6,516 | 1.68% | −0.23% |
| Majority | | | 72,318 | 26.15% |  |
| Turnout | | | 276,511 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1906 Minnesota gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **John Albert Johnson** A. L. Cole   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **168,480** 96,162  Percentage **60.93%** 34.78% | |
| ---  County results
**Johnson**:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
**Cole**:      40–50%      50–60% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
John Albert Johnson
Democratic **Elected Governor**
John Albert Johnson
Democratic | |


title: 2014 Copa Libertadores second stage

abstract: The second stage of the 2014 Copa Libertadores de América was played from February 11 to April 10, 2014. A total of 32 teams competed in the second stage.

text:
# 2014 Copa Libertadores second stage

The **second stage** of the **2014 Copa Libertadores de América** was played from February 11 to April 10, 2014. A total of 32 teams competed in the second stage.

## Draw

The draw of the tournament was held on December 12, 2013, 21:00 UTC−3, at the CONMEBOL Convention Centre in Luque, Paraguay.

For the second stage, the 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four containing one team from each of the four seeding pots. The seeding of each team was determined by their association and qualifying berth (as per the rotational agreement established by CONMEBOL, the teams which qualified through berths 1 from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela were seeded into Pot 1 for odd-numbered years, while the teams which qualified through berths 1 from Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay were seeded into Pot 1 for even-numbered years). Teams from the same association in Pots 1 and 2 could not be drawn into the same group. However, a first stage winner, whose identity was not known at the time of the draw, could be drawn into the same group with another team from the same association.

## Seeding

The following were the seeding of the 32 teams entered into the second stage draw, which included the 26 automatic qualifiers and the 6 first stage winners:

| Pot 1 | Pot 2 | Pot 3 | Pot 4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vélez Sarsfield
Newell's Old Boys
Atlético Mineiro
Cruzeiro
Bolívar
Unión Española
Cerro Porteño
Peñarol | San Lorenzo
Arsenal
Flamengo
Grêmio
The Strongest
O'Higgins
Nacional
Defensor Sporting | Atlético Nacional
Deportivo Cali
Emelec
Independiente del Valle
Universitario
Real Garcilaso
Zamora
Deportivo Anzoátegui | Santos Laguna
León
First stage winner G1
First stage winner G2
First stage winner G3
First stage winner G4
First stage winner G5
First stage winner G6 |

The first stage winners were:

## Format

In the second stage, each group was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. Each team earned 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss. If tied on points, the following criteria were used to determine the ranking: 1. Goal difference; 2. Goals scored; 3. Away goals scored; 4. Drawing of lots. The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the round of 16.

## Groups

The matches were played on February 11–13, 18–20, 25–27, March 11–13, 18–20, 25–27, April 1–3, and 8–10, 2014.

### Group 1

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | VEL | STR | CAP | UNI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vélez Sarsfield | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 3 | +6 | 15 |  |  | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 |
| 2 | The Strongest | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 7 | +1 | 10 |  | 2–0 |  | 2–1 | 1–0 |
| 3 | Atlético Paranaense | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 9 |  | 1–3 | 1–0 |  | 3–0 |
| 4 | Universitario | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 1 |  | 0–1 | 3–3 | 0–1 |  |

Source:

| Universitario | 0–1 | Vélez Sarsfield |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Canteros  80' |

Estadio Monumental "U", LimaReferee: Roddy Zambrano (Ecuador)

| Atlético Paranaense | 1–0 | The Strongest |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Paulinho Dias  23' | Report |  |

Estádio Vila Capanema, CuritibaReferee: Daniel Fedorczuk (Uruguay)

---

| The Strongest | 1–0 | Universitario |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wayar  70' | Report |  |

Estadio Hernando Siles, La PazReferee: Julio Quintana (Paraguay)

| Vélez Sarsfield | 2–0 | Atlético Paranaense |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tobio  37'
Pratto  78' | Report |  |

Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos AiresReferee: Roberto Silvera (Uruguay)

---

| The Strongest | 2–0 | Vélez Sarsfield |
| --- | --- | --- |
| P. Escobar  55' (pen.), 76' | Report |  |

Estadio Hernando Siles, La PazReferee: Julio Bascuñán (Chile)

| Universitario | 0–1 | Atlético Paranaense |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Duarte  67' (o.g.) |

Estadio Monumental "U", LimaReferee: Imer Machado (Colombia)

---

| Vélez Sarsfield | 2–0 | The Strongest |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pratto  78'
J. Correa  80' | Report |  |

Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos AiresReferee: Juan Soto (Venezuela)

| Atlético Paranaense | 3–0 | Universitario |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dalton  10' (o.g.)
Felipe  61'
Éderson  84' | Report |  |

Estádio Vila Capanema, CuritibaReferee: Patricio Polic (Chile)

---

| Atlético Paranaense | 1–3 | Vélez Sarsfield |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Draúsio  53' | Report | Allione  6'
Pratto  59'
Canteros  90+2' |

Estádio Vila Capanema, CuritibaReferee: Wilmar Roldán (Colombia)

| Universitario | 3–3 | The Strongest |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ruidíaz  28'
C. Gonzáles  37'
Gómez  56' (pen.) | Report | Chávez  32' (o.g.)
Cristaldo  65'
Reinoso  89' |

Estadio Monumental "U", LimaReferee: Hernando Buitrago (Colombia)

---

| Vélez Sarsfield | 1–0 | Universitario |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nanni  51' | Report |  |

Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos AiresReferee: Carlos Ulloa (Chile)

| The Strongest | 2–1 | Atlético Paranaense |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Manoel  39' (o.g.)
Solíz  54' | Report | Adriano  45+2' |

Estadio Hernando Siles, La PazReferee: Roddy Zambrano (Ecuador)

### Group 2

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | UES | SLO | IDV | BOT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Unión Española | 6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 9 | +1 | 9 |  |  | 1–0 | 4–5 | 1–1 |
| 2 | San Lorenzo | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | +1 | 8 |  | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Independiente del Valle | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 8 |  | 2–2 | 1–1 |  | 2–1 |
| 4 | Botafogo | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 7 |  | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 |  |

Source:

| Botafogo | 2–0 | San Lorenzo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ferreyra  29'
Wallyson  51' | Report |  |

Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de JaneiroAttendance: 28,116Referee: Roberto Silvera (Uruguay)

| Independiente del Valle | 2–2 | Unión Española |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sornoza  30' (pen.)
Guerrero  57' | Report | Jaime  53'
Chávez  58' |

Estadio Rumiñahui, SangolquíReferee: Raúl Orosco (Bolivia)

---

| Unión Española | 1–1 | Botafogo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chávez  74' | Report | Ferreyra  86' |

Estadio Santa Laura-Universidad SEK, IndependenciaReferee: Juan Soto (Venezuela)

| San Lorenzo | 1–0 | Independiente del Valle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Á. Correa  55' | Report |  |

Estadio Pedro Bidegain, Buenos AiresReferee: Enrique Cáceres (Paraguay)

---

| San Lorenzo | 1–1 | Unión Española |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Matos  20' | Report | Canales  83' |

Estadio Pedro Bidegain, Buenos AiresReferee: Darío Ubriaco (Uruguay)

| Independiente del Valle | 2–1 | Botafogo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Núñez  26'
Sornoza  90' | Report | Bolívar  59' |

Estadio Rumiñahui, SangolquíReferee: Manuel Garay (Peru)

---

| Botafogo | 1–0 | Independiente del Valle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ferreyra  2' | Report |  |

Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de JaneiroReferee: Darío Ubriaco (Uruguay)

| Unión Española | 1–0 | San Lorenzo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canales  66' | Report |  |

Estadio Santa Laura-Universidad SEK, IndependenciaReferee: Hernando Buitrago (Colombia)

---

| Independiente del Valle | 1–1 | San Lorenzo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sornoza  90+5' (pen.) | Report | Blandi  58' |

Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, QuitoReferee: Carlos Amarilla (Paraguay)

| Botafogo | 0–1 | Unión Española |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Canales  71' (pen.) |

Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de JaneiroReferee: Daniel Fedorczuk (Uruguay)

---

| San Lorenzo | 3–0 | Botafogo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Villalba  28'
Piatti  53', 88' | Report |  |

Estadio Pedro Bidegain, Buenos AiresReferee: Juan Soto (Venezuela)

| Unión Española | 4–5 | Independiente del Valle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Campos  10', 59'
León  65' (o.g.)
Canales  72' (pen.) | Report | Angulo  11', 48', 57', 75'
Sornoza  77' (pen.) |

Estadio Santa Laura-Universidad SEK, IndependenciaReferee: Julio Quintana (Paraguay)

### Group 3

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | CER | LAN | OHI | CAL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cerro Porteño | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 9 | +1 | 10 |  |  | 3–1 | 2–1 | 3–2 |
| 2 | Lanús | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | +1 | 8 |  | 2–0 |  | 0–0 | 2–0 |
| 3 | O'Higgins | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 7 |  | 2–2 | 0–0 |  | 1–0 |
| 4 | Deportivo Cali | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 7 |  | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 |  |

Source:

| Deportivo Cali | 1–0 | Cerro Porteño |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Viáfara  72' | Report |  |

Estadio Pascual Guerrero, CaliReferee: Paulo Oliveira (Brazil)

| Lanús | 0–0 | O'Higgins |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de Lanús, LanúsReferee: Oscar Maldonado (Bolivia)

---

| O'Higgins | 1–0 | Deportivo Cali |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Opazo  83' | Report |  |

Estadio Monumental David Arellano, SantiagoReferee: Ricardo Marques (Brazil)

| Cerro Porteño | 3–1 | Lanús |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Güiza  46'
Dos Santos  50', 55' (pen.) | Report | Ortiz  59' |

Estadio General Pablo Rojas, AsunciónReferee: Héber Lopes (Brazil)

---

| O'Higgins | 2–2 | Cerro Porteño |
| --- | --- | --- |
| López  35'
Figueroa  46' | Report | Gamarra  54'
Dos Santos  77' |

Estadio Monumental David Arellano, SantiagoReferee: Martín Vázquez (Uruguay)

| Deportivo Cali | 2–1 | Lanús |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Viáfara  62'
Lizarazo  73' (pen.) | Report | Acosta  19' |

Estadio Pascual Guerrero, CaliReferee: Leandro Vuaden (Brazil)

---

| Lanús | 2–0 | Deportivo Cali |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pereyra Díaz  2'
Velázquez  4' | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de Lanús, LanúsReferee: Daniel Fedorczuk (Uruguay)

| Cerro Porteño | 2–1 | O'Higgins |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Güiza  2'
Dos Santos  7' (pen.) | Report | Calandria  9' (pen.) |

Estadio General Pablo Rojas, AsunciónReferee: Víctor Carrillo (Peru)

---

| Deportivo Cali | 1–1 | O'Higgins |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Camacho  90+2' | Report | Opazo  56' |

Estadio Pascual Guerrero, CaliReferee: Roberto García (Mexico)

| Lanús | 2–0 | Cerro Porteño |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Araujo  71'
O. Benítez  89' | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de Lanús, LanúsReferee: Roberto Silvera (Uruguay)

---

| Cerro Porteño | 3–2 | Deportivo Cali |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Corujo  37'
Güiza  44'
Dos Santos  79' (pen.) | Report | Marrugo  11'
Rivas  61' |

Estadio General Pablo Rojas, AsunciónReferee: Darío Ubriaco (Uruguay)

| O'Higgins | 0–0 | Lanús |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio El Teniente, RancaguaReferee: Wilton Sampaio (Brazil)

### Group 4

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | CAM | NAC | ZAM | SAN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Atlético Mineiro | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 5 | +3 | 12 |  |  | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 |
| 2 | Nacional | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 8 |  | 2–2 |  | 1–0 | 3–2 |
| 3 | Zamora | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 7 |  | 0–1 | 2–0 |  | 2–1 |
| 4 | Santa Fe | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 11 | 1 | 5 |  | 1–1 | 3–1 | 2–2 |  |

Source:

| Zamora | 0–1 | Atlético Mineiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | 87' |

Estadio Agustín Tovar, BarinasReferee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)

| Santa Fe | 3–1 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Méndez  57'
Torres  58'
Copete  80' | Report | N. Martínez  77' (pen.) |

Estadio El Campín, BogotáReferee: Germán Delfino (Argentina)

---

| Nacional | 1–0 | Zamora |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Melgarejo  9' | Report |  |

Estadio Defensores del Chaco, AsunciónReferee: Christian Ferreyra (Uruguay)

| Atlético Mineiro | 2–1 | Santa Fe |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 61'
Neto Berola  86' | Report | Pérez  59' |

Estádio Independência, Belo HorizonteReferee: Daniel Fedorczuk (Uruguay)

---

| Zamora | 2–1 | Santa Fe |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ramírez  58' (pen.)
Falcón  83' | Report | Copete  71' |

Estadio Agustín Tovar, BarinasReferee: Roddy Zambrano (Ecuador)

| Nacional | 2–2 | Atlético Mineiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Melgarejo  8'
Torales  86' (pen.) | Report | Josué  21'
26' |

Estadio Antonio Oddone Sarubbi, Ciudad del EsteReferee: Patricio Loustau (Argentina)

---

| Santa Fe | 2–2 | Zamora |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pérez  25', 87' | Report | Falcón  45+2', 72' |

Estadio El Campín, BogotáReferee: Oscar Maldonado (Bolivia)

| Atlético Mineiro | 1–1 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ronaldinho  19' (pen.) | Report | M. Riveros  36' |

Estádio Independência, Belo HorizonteReferee: Omar Ponce (Ecuador)

---

| Zamora | 2–0 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Falcón  57'
Murillo  64' | Report |  |

Estadio Agustín Tovar, BarinasReferee: Diego Abal (Argentina)

| Santa Fe | 1–1 | Atlético Mineiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cuero  63' | Report | Guilherme  7' |

Estadio El Campín, BogotáReferee: Saúl Laverni (Argentina)

---

| Nacional | 3–2 | Santa Fe |
| --- | --- | --- |
| J. Benítez  38'
Bareiro  47'
Torales  83' | Report | Medina  30', 81' (pen.) |

Estadio Defensores del Chaco, AsunciónReferee: Martín Vázquez (Uruguay)

| Atlético Mineiro | 1–0 | Zamora |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 9' | Report |  |

Estádio Independência, Belo HorizonteReferee: Roberto Tobar (Chile)

### Group 5

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | DEF | CRU | UCH | GAR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Defensor Sporting | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 5 | +6 | 11 |  |  | 2–0 | 1–1 | 4–1 |
| 2 | Cruzeiro | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 7 | +6 | 10 |  | 2–2 |  | 5–1 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Universidad de Chile | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 10 |  | 1–0 | 0–2 |  | 1–0 |
| 4 | Real Garcilaso | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 9 | 3 |  | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 |  |

Source:

| Real Garcilaso | 2–1 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brítez  52'
R. Rodríguez  62' | Report | Bruno Rodrigo  20' |

Estadio Huancayo, HuancayoReferee: José Argote (Venezuela)

| Universidad de Chile | 1–0 | Defensor Sporting |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lorenzetti  82' | Report |  |

Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos, SantiagoReferee: Enrique Cáceres (Paraguay)

---

| Defensor Sporting | 4–1 | Real Garcilaso |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N. Correa  35'
Gedoz  46'
Olivera  69', 86' | Report | Ramúa  20' |

Estadio Luis Franzini, MontevideoReferee: Roddy Zambrano (Ecuador)

| Cruzeiro | 5–1 | Universidad de Chile |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ricardo Goulart  33', 42', 84'
Dagoberto  38'
Willian  89' | Report | Lorenzetti  65' |

Estádio Mineirão, Belo HorizonteReferee: Saúl Laverni (Argentina)

---

| Defensor Sporting | 2–0 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gedoz  63', 77' | Report |  |

Estadio Luis Franzini, MontevideoReferee: Diego Abal (Argentina)

| Real Garcilaso | 1–2 | Universidad de Chile |
| --- | --- | --- |
| V. Ferreira  36' | Report | R. Fernández  39'
Gutiérrez  76' |

Estadio Huancayo, HuancayoReferee: Wilmar Roldán (Colombia)

---

| Universidad de Chile | 1–0 | Real Garcilaso |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Herrera  61' (pen.) | Report |  |

Estadio Santa Laura-Universidad SEK, IndependenciaReferee: Antonio Arias (Paraguay)

| Cruzeiro | 2–2 | Defensor Sporting |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Everton Ribeiro  45+4'
Júlio Baptista  62' | Report | Gedoz  65'
Zeballos  90+3' |

Estádio Mineirão, Belo HorizonteReferee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)

---

| Real Garcilaso | 0–2 | Defensor Sporting |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Amado  50'
De Arrascaeta  53' |

Estadio Huancayo, HuancayoReferee: Julio Quintana (Paraguay)

| Universidad de Chile | 0–2 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Bruno Rodrigo  16'
Samudio  39' |

Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos, SantiagoReferee: Germán Delfino (Argentina)

---

| Cruzeiro | 3–0 | Real Garcilaso |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ricardo Goulart  23'
Bruno Rodrigo  26'
Júlio Baptista  41' | Report |  |

Estádio Mineirão, Belo HorizonteReferee: Adrián Vélez (Colombia)

| Defensor Sporting | 1–1 | Universidad de Chile |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Alonso  56' | Report | R. Fernández  38' |

Estadio Luis Franzini, MontevideoReferee: Patricio Loustau (Argentina)

### Group 6

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | GRE | ATL | NOB | NAC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Grêmio | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 1 | +7 | 14 |  |  | 3–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| 2 | Atlético Nacional | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 10 |  | 0–2 |  | 1–0 | 2–2 |
| 3 | Newell's Old Boys | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 7 | +3 | 8 |  | 1–1 | 1–3 |  | 4–0 |
| 4 | Nacional | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 9 | 1 |  | 0–1 | 0–1 | 2–4 |  |

Source:

| Nacional | 0–1 | Grêmio |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | C. Riveros  68' |

Estadio Gran Parque Central, MontevideoReferee: Antonio Arias (Paraguay)

| Atlético Nacional | 1–0 | Newell's Old Boys |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cardona  80' | Report |  |

Estadio Atanasio Girardot, MedellínReferee: Julio Bascuñán (Chile)

---

| Grêmio | 3–0 | Atlético Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Luan  28'
Ramiro  64'
Ruiz  88' | Report |  |

Arena do Grêmio, Porto AlegreReferee: Patricio Polic (Chile)

| Newell's Old Boys | 4–0 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Rodríguez  12'
Curbelo  45+1' (o.g.)
Bernardi  53'
Orzán  86' | Report |  |

Estadio Marcelo Bielsa, RosarioReferee: Enrique Osses (Chile)

---

| Atlético Nacional | 2–2 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bocanegra  70', 90+1' | Report | De Pena  3'
García  18' |

Estadio Atanasio Girardot, MedellínReferee: Marco Rodríguez (Mexico)

| Grêmio | 0–0 | Newell's Old Boys |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Arena do Grêmio, Porto AlegreReferee: Carlos Amarilla (Paraguay)

---

| Nacional | 0–1 | Atlético Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Cardona  63' |

Estadio Gran Parque Central, MontevideoReferee: Raúl Orosco (Bolivia)

| Newell's Old Boys | 1–1 | Grêmio |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Rodríguez  78' | Report | Rhodolfo  90+1' |

Estadio Marcelo Bielsa, RosarioReferee: Carlos Vera (Ecuador)

---

| Nacional | 2–4 | Newell's Old Boys |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mascia  11'
Scotti  60' (pen.) | Report | A. Castro  21'
M. Cáceres  53'
Trezeguet  74', 90' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoReferee: Patricio Polic (Chile)

| Atlético Nacional | 0–2 | Grêmio |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Dudu  52'
Barcos  69' |

Estadio Atanasio Girardot, MedellínReferee: Enrique Cáceres (Paraguay)

---

| Grêmio | 1–0 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Barcos  12' (pen.) | Report |  |

Arena do Grêmio, Porto AlegreReferee: Oscar Maldonado (Bolivia)

| Newell's Old Boys | 1–3 | Atlético Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Casco  16' | Report | Tréllez  7'
Cárdenas  13'
Berrío  54' |

Estadio Marcelo Bielsa, RosarioReferee: Antonio Arias (Paraguay)

### Group 7

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | BOL | LEO | FLA | EME |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bolívar | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 6 | +2 | 11 |  |  | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 |
| 2 | León | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 7 | +3 | 10 |  | 0–1 |  | 2–1 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Flamengo | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 7 |  | 2–2 | 2–3 |  | 3–1 |
| 4 | Emelec | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 5 | 6 |  | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 |  |

Source:

| León | 2–1 | Flamengo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Boselli  31' (pen.)
Arizala  67' | Report | V. Cáceres  42' |

Estadio León, LeónReferee: Hernando Buitrago (Colombia)

| Emelec | 2–1 | Bolívar |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mena  11'
Giménez  73' | Report | Callejón  9' |

Estadio George Capwell, GuayaquilReferee: Patricio Polic (Chile)

---

| Bolívar | 1–1 | León |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Callejón  66' | Report | Boselli  2' |

Estadio Hernando Siles, La PazReferee: Manuel Garay (Peru)

| Flamengo | 3–1 | Emelec |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Elano  10'
Hernane  54'
Éverton  81' | Report | Escalada  87' |

Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de JaneiroReferee: Néstor Pitana (Argentina)

---

| Emelec | 2–1 | León |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Escalada  15', 60' | Report | Peña  21' |

Estadio George Capwell, GuayaquilReferee: José Argote (Venezuela)

| Flamengo | 2–2 | Bolívar |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Éverton  54', 65' | Report | Capdevila  52'
Pedriel  72' |

Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de JaneiroReferee: Enrique Osses (Chile)

---

| León | 3–0 | Emelec |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Britos  19'
Vázquez  81' (pen.)
Peña  85' | Report |  |

Estadio León, LeónReferee: Diego Ceballos (Argentina)

| Bolívar | 1–0 | Flamengo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arce  4' (pen.) | Report |  |

Estadio Hernando Siles, La PazReferee: Mario Díaz de Vivar (Paraguay)

---

| León | 0–1 | Bolívar |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | W. Ferreira  69' |

Estadio León, LeónReferee: Marlon Escalante (Venezuela)

| Emelec | 1–2 | Flamengo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Stracqualursi  65' (pen.) | Report | Alecsandro  8' (pen.)
Paulinho  90+2' |

Estadio George Capwell, GuayaquilReferee: Julio Bascuñán (Chile)

---

| Flamengo | 2–3 | León |
| --- | --- | --- |
| André Santos  29'
Alecsandro  34' | Report | Arizala  20'
Boselli  30'
Peña  83' |

Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de JaneiroReferee: Diego Abal (Argentina)

| Bolívar | 2–1 | Emelec |
| --- | --- | --- |
| W. Ferreira  1'
Callejón  50' | Report | Escalada  87' |

Estadio Hernando Siles, La PazReferee: Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)

### Group 8

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | SLA | ARS | PEN | ANZ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Santos Laguna | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 5 | +6 | 13 |  |  | 1–0 | 4–1 | 3–0 |
| 2 | Arsenal | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 4 | +7 | 12 |  | 3–0 |  | 1–0 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Peñarol | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5 |  | 0–2 | 2–1 |  | 1–1 |
| 4 | Deportivo Anzoátegui | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 3 |  | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 |  |

Source:

| Santos Laguna | 1–0 | Arsenal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Peralta  18' | Report |  |

Estadio Corona, TorreónReferee: Adrián Vélez (Colombia)

| Deportivo Anzoátegui | 1–1 | Peñarol |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Villegas  38' | Report | Zalayeta  78' |

Estadio José Antonio Anzoátegui, Puerto la CruzReferee: Diego Lara (Ecuador)

---

| Peñarol | 0–2 | Santos Laguna |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Lacerda  53'
Abella  90' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoReferee: Héber Lopes (Brazil)

| Arsenal | 3–0 | Deportivo Anzoátegui |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Furch  15'
Carrera  42'
Caraglio  50' | Report |  |

Estadio Julio Humberto Grondona, SarandíReferee: Víctor Carrillo (Peru)

---

| Deportivo Anzoátegui | 1–1 | Santos Laguna |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arteaga  71' | Report | Peralta  62' |

Estadio José Antonio Anzoátegui, Puerto la CruzReferee: Raúl Orosco (Bolivia)

| Arsenal | 1–0 | Peñarol |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Furch  3' | Report |  |

Estadio Julio Humberto Grondona, SarandíReferee: Sandro Ricci (Brazil)

---

| Santos Laguna | 3–0 | Deportivo Anzoátegui |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rentería  12'
Orozco  55'
Peralta  65' | Report |  |

Estadio Corona, TorreónReferee: Wilson Lamouroux (Colombia)

| Peñarol | 2–1 | Arsenal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aguiar  69'
J. Rodríguez  81' | Report | Marcone  53' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoReferee: Wilton Sampaio (Brazil)

---

| Santos Laguna | 4–1 | Peñarol |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Quintero  8', 78'
Orozco  58'
Rentería  79' | Report | Toledo  1' |

Estadio Corona, TorreónReferee: Leandro Vuaden (Brazil)

| Deportivo Anzoátegui | 1–3 | Arsenal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| R. Escobar  55' | Report | Sánchez  35'
Rolle  64'
Zaldivia  90+2' |

Estadio José Antonio Anzoátegui, Puerto la CruzReferee: Ricardo Marques (Brazil)

---

| Arsenal | 3–0 | Santos Laguna |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Zelaya  20', 73'
Echeverría  54' | Report |  |

Estadio Julio Humberto Grondona, SarandíReferee: Marcelo Henrique (Brazil)

| Peñarol | 1–1 | Deportivo Anzoátegui |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Silva  8' | Report | Aguilar  64' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoReferee: Diego Haro (Peru)


title: Euskal Herriak Bere Eskola

abstract: Euskal Herriak Bere Eskola or EHBE is a Basque education organization that works for a school system based on Basque language and culture. It wants to engage with other historical Basque educational organizations, as UEU, ikastolas or student activism. It was created in 2002.

text:
# Euskal Herriak Bere Eskola

**Euskal Herriak Bere Eskola** (*The Basque Country its own School* in Basque language) or **EHBE** is a Basque education organization that works for a school system based on Basque language and culture. It wants to engage with other historical Basque educational organizations, as UEU, ikastolas or student activism. It was created in 2002.

## Main campaigns

Since 2002 EHBE has been involved in many campaigns, specially on mobilization on different topics:

* Primary school in Basque language.
* Euskal Unibertsitatea, or Basque University.
* Euskal Curriculuma, or the development of a Basque Curricula.
* Promoting debate between different projects and sensibilities.


title: Aspronympha

abstract: Aspronympha is a monotypic moth genus in the family Autostichidae first described by László Anthony Gozmány in 2008. Its single species, Aspronympha agapita, described by the same author in the same year, is found in Afghanistan.

text:
# Aspronympha

***Aspronympha*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Autostichidae first described by László Anthony Gozmány in 2008. Its single species, ***Aspronympha agapita***, described by the same author in the same year, is found in Afghanistan.

## InfoBox

| *Aspronympha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Autostichidae |
| Subfamily: | Symmocinae |
| Genus: | *Aspronympha*
Gozmány, 2008 |
| Species: | ***A. agapita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspronympha agapita***
Gozmány, 2008 | |
|


title: 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs

abstract: 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F. J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America. Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like. Kallet and Schlink premise the book as being "written in the interest of the consumer, who does not yet realize that he is being used as a guinea pig..."

text:
# 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs

***100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics*** is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F. J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America. Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like. Kallet and Schlink premise the book as being "written in the interest of the consumer, who does not yet realize that he is being used as a guinea pig..."

## Summary

The book's key proposition is that a significant portion of the products sold to the public—particularly pharmaceuticals and food products—are released with little regard for or knowledge of how these products adversely affect the consumer. Corporations, often knowingly, release products which either do not do what they purport to do, or have dangerous side effects or defects. Furthermore, many officials and government departments, namely, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, have fallen victim to regulatory capture.

The book goes on to state that the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is not effective in arresting these trends, and real reform or consumer protection is obstructed by the powerful connections that offending corporations have with the government.

> If the poison is such that it acts slowly and insidiously, perhaps over a long period of years (and several such will be considered in later chapters), then we poor consumers must be test animals all our lives; and when, in the end, the experiment kills us a year or ten years sooner than otherwise we would have died, no conclusions can be drawn and a hundred million others are available for further tests.

The authors develop ideas such as synergy effects, and the precautionary and substitution principles. They claim that many toxic substances, even in low concentrations, can act together to cause much more harmful effects than each substance would individually. Prolonged exposure to low amounts of toxic substances, even at very mild concentrations, can potentially have serious negative health impacts that consumers are not made aware of. These impacts are felt by all consumers because harmful substances are being ingested by consumers because of the use of dangerous pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals in food production. Preservatives are particularly criticized, and the increase in canned or packaged foods is cited as evidence of an increasing risk of such synergy effects because of the large amount of chemical byproducts these products include.

The book argues that many products would not be sold if properly labeled, and this failure to police product labeling has been a key failing of the Food and Drug Administration. Extensive reform and overhaul in government regulation and inspection of the food and drug industry is needed in order to adequately protect consumers from corporations and manufacturers who do not place the health of the consumer before profit. Examples cited include beauty products, which in the first quarter of the 20th century were found to contain arsenic, lead and even radium, the health effects of which were not understood or known to consumers at the time. The true label for a pineapple pie, they argue, would be closer to this:

> Corn starch-filled, glucose-sweetened pie with made with sub-standard canned pineapple, artificial (citric acid) lemon flavor and artificial coal tar color.

The book takes particular aim at the pharmaceutical market in the United States during the period, citing extensive lists of drugs which are often the subject of very strong and widespread campaigns of media promotion as "wonder-drugs," yet which do not have any effect on the conditions they purport to cure, and often carry with them serious side effects that are not revealed to consumers. The authors claim that advertising for these drugs is deliberately misleading and uses a variety of dishonest techniques from false testimonials to fake experts. The authors also question the value of statements made by scientists who vouch for the safety of products, citing the example of a dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University who had vouched for the safety of a drug that later proved fatal to many.

In the final analysis, the authors encourage consumers to be more active and questioning in their purchasing habits. Consumers should be vigilant in finding out more information about products and ingredients, and boycotting producers and their products that contain dangerous ingredients. They also call for stronger laws, tougher penalties for offending companies, and a much more concerted effort from authorities to implement consumer protection laws. The book concludes with the statement that "Above all, let your voice be heard loudly and often, in protest against indifference, ignorance, and avarice responsible for the uncontrolled adulteration and misrepresentation of foods, drugs, and cosmetics."

## Reception

The book proved to be extremely popular and a national bestseller in the years immediately following its release, and at least 13 printings of the book were published in the first six months of publication. Public reaction to the book was very strong. Many people were shocked at the extent of food contamination and drug side-effects, and *100,000,000 Guinea Pigs*, along with several other books of a similar nature, were published during a period when a new consumer movement emerged. It is often cited, along with *American Chamber of Horrors* by Ruth deForest Lamb, as being one of the key catalysts for increased government regulation over food and drugs in the United States which led to the passage in 1938 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The book was also the subject of strong opposition from several quarters—not just vested interests such as the drug companies, but also from the medical fraternity. The book was frequently criticized for being sensational propaganda, and many at the time questioned the credentials of the authors (both engineers) and the accuracy of the claims. Several professionals in the medical industry also pointed to the unscientific and spurious conclusions reached, with one commenting on "data fantastically exploited and erroneously interpreted," "extreme and unrealistic conclusion\[s\]" and "authors with technical qualifications more pronounced in the art of sensationalism than \[in\] the sciences of biology, chemistry, or public health."

Today, many of the authors' scientific conclusions are indeed thought to have been mistaken. For example, they claimed that bran (roughage) has many negative effects on the intestine, which contradicts today's view that bran in moderation is beneficial to the intestines.

However, it still remains an influential book on the topic of consumer affairs. Nearly forty years later, in 1972, John G. Fuller published his expose of the food, drug and cosmetic industries, honoring Kallet and Schlink by entitling his book *200,000,000 Guinea Pigs: New Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics*. In the Introduction, Fuller wrote, "Today, nearly forty years later, the situation is worse, not better. ... Time bombs are ticking away in several dark corners. ... It is 1933 all over again—multiplied by logarithms. The difference is only a matter of form."

## Bibliography

* Kallet, Arthur; Schlink, Frederick John (1933). *100,000,000 Guinea Pigs; Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics*. Vanguard Press.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Arthur Kallet and Frederick J. Schlink |
| Subject | Consumer movement |
| Published |  |
| Publication place | United States |


title: Aspidoscelis franciscensis

abstract: Aspidoscelis franciscensis, the San Francisco Island whiptail, is a species of teiid lizard endemic to San Francisco Island in Mexico.

text:
# Aspidoscelis franciscensis

***Aspidoscelis franciscensis***, the **San Francisco Island whiptail**, is a species of teiid lizard endemic to San Francisco Island in Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Aspidoscelis franciscensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Teiidae |
| Genus: | *Aspidoscelis* |
| Species: | ***A. franciscensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspidoscelis franciscensis***
(Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1921) | |
|


title: Anisoscelis marginellus

abstract: Anisoscelis marginellus is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It was first described by William Dallas in 1852 and it has been recorded in Brazil and Argentina. It was previously considered a subspecies of A. foliaceus

text:
# Anisoscelis marginellus

***Anisoscelis marginellus*** is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It was first described by William Dallas in 1852 and it has been recorded in Brazil and Argentina. It was previously considered a subspecies of *A. foliaceus*

## InfoBox

| *Anisoscelis marginellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Coreidae |
| Tribe: | Anisoscelini |
| Genus: | *Anisoscelis* |
| Species: | ***A. marginellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anisoscelis marginellus***<br>Dallas, 1852 | |
|