title: Alif Piriyev

abstract: Alif Turihan oglu Piriyev was an Azerbaijani Soviet Army senior lieutenant and Hero of the Soviet Union. Piriyev was awarded the title for his actions during the Crimean Offensive in the assault on Mount Sapun. In the battle, he was reported to have killed fifteen German soldiers. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 March 1945. Piriyev continued to serve in the army postwar, and retired in 1953 as a senior lieutenant. He lived in Baku, working in the Ministry of Road Transport.

text:
# Alif Piriyev

**Alif Turihan oglu Piriyev** (Azerbaijani: Əlif Turxan oğlu Piriyev; 10 January 1922 – 20 April 1986) was an Azerbaijani Soviet Army senior lieutenant and Hero of the Soviet Union. Piriyev was awarded the title for his actions during the Crimean Offensive in the assault on Mount Sapun. In the battle, he was reported to have killed fifteen German soldiers. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 March 1945. Piriyev continued to serve in the army postwar, and retired in 1953 as a senior lieutenant. He lived in Baku, working in the Ministry of Road Transport.

## Early life

Piriyev was born on 10 January 1922 in the village of Qoltuk in what is now Neftchala District in the family of a worker. He graduated from the eighth grade and afterwards worded as an assistant oil production operator in the Neftchala oil fields.

## World War II

Piriyev was drafted into the Red Army in October 1941. He fought in combat from May 1942. His first action was fought on the Southern Front during the retreat in the Battle of the Caucasus. In February 1943 he fought in the Novorossiysk-Maikop Offensive and reportedly destroyed a German machine gun with a hand grenade. He fought in the Malaya Zemlya for seven months. In September 1943 he participated in the Kerch–Eltigen Operation.

Piriyev became a sergeant and squad leader in the 80th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 32nd Guards Rifle Division. In April and May 1944, Piriyev fought in the Crimean Offensive. On 7 May, the first day of the attack on Mount Sapun, Piriyev's squad reportedly destroyed several German firing points. On the next day, the squad climbed up a section of the mountain and threw grenades at three firing points, reportedly killing twenty German soldiers. On 9 May, his company commander was killed and Piriyev took command, reportedly leading the assault. The company captured fortifications on Mount Sapun. With grenades and machine gun fire during the battle, Piriyev reportedly killed fifteen German soldiers and captured a staff officer. He was wounded but stayed on the battlefield. On 24 March 1945, Piriyev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin.

## Postwar

Piriyev continued to serve in the Soviet Army postwar. In 1945 he graduated from courses for junior lieutenants. He retired from the army in 1953 with the rank of senior lieutenant. Piriyev lived in Baku and worked in the Ministry of Road Transport. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 1st class on 6 April 1985 on the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II. Piriyev died on 20 April 1986.

Secondary School No. 2 in Neftçala is named for Piriyev.

1. "Alif Piriyev". *Герои страны ("Heroes of the Country")* (in Russian).
2. Shkadov, Ivan, ed. (1988). *Герои Советского Союза: Краткий биографический словарь* \[*Heroes of the Soviet Union: A Brief Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 2 Lyubov-Yashchuk. Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5203005362.
3. Hero of the Soviet Union citation, available online at pamyat-naroda.ru
4. "O qanlı illərin qəhrəmanları" \[Heroes of the Bloody Years\] (in Azerbaijani). Azadliq. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
5. TsAMO Anniversary card file, available online at pamyat-naroda.ru
6. "Təhsil" \[Education\]. *www.neftchala-ih.gov.az* (in Azerbaijani). Neftchala District Executive Authority. Retrieved 7 July 2016.

## InfoBox

| Alif Turihan oglu Piriyev | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Native name | Əlif Turxan oğlu Piriyev |
| Born | 10 January 1922
Qoltuk, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 20 April 1986
Baku, Soviet Union |
| Allegiance | Soviet Union |
| Service/branch | Soviet Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1953 |
| Rank | Senior lieutenant |
| Unit | 32nd Guards Rifle Division |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Hero of the Soviet Union |


title: 16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)

abstract: 16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album by country singer Johnny Cash released in 1999. The album is made of the biggest hits of Cash's career like "Ring of Fire", "Understand Your Man", and "A Boy Named Sue". The album also contains several songs which were not hits such as "I Still Miss Someone", and "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer". Cash had 13 US #1 country hits between the years 1956 and 1976, with this album containing only 8 of them. The album was certified 2× Platinum in 2005 by the RIAA. It has sold 3,203,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.

text:
# 16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

**16 Biggest Hits** is a compilation album by country singer Johnny Cash released in 1999.

The album is made of the biggest hits of Cash's career like "Ring of Fire", "Understand Your Man", and "A Boy Named Sue". The album also contains several songs which were not hits such as "I Still Miss Someone", and "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer".

Cash had 13 US #1 country hits between the years 1956 and 1976, with this album containing only 8 of them.

The album was certified 2× Platinum in 2005 by the RIAA. It has sold 3,203,000 copies in the US as of May 2013.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Johnny Cash, except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "I Walk the Line" |  | 2:43 |
| 2. | "I Still Miss Someone" | Cash, Roy Cash | 2:36 |
| 3. | "The Legend of John Henry's Hammer" | Cash, June Carter Cash | 8:26 |
| 4. | "Don't Take Your Guns to Town" |  | 3:02 |
| 5. | "In the Jailhouse Now" | Jimmie Rodgers | 2:22 |
| 6. | "Ring of Fire" | June Carter Cash, Merle Kilgore | 2:36 |
| 7. | "Understand Your Man" |  | 2:43 |
| 8. | "The Ballad of Ira Hayes" | Peter La Farge | 4:08 |
| 9. | "Folsom Prison Blues" (Live) |  | 2:45 |
| 10. | "Daddy Sang Bass" | Carl Perkins | 2:23 |
| 11. | "A Boy Named Sue" (Live) | Shel Silverstein | 3:44 |
| 12. | "Sunday Morning Coming Down" | Kris Kristofferson | 4:09 |
| 13. | "Flesh and Blood" |  | 2:37 |
| 14. | "Man in Black" |  | 2:52 |
| 15. | "One Piece at a Time" | Wayne Kemp | 4:02 |
| 16. | "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky" | Stan Jones | 3:43 |

## Charts

**Album** \- *Billboard* (United States)

| Chart (1999) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Top Country Albums | 18 |
| Billboard 200 | 65 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2001) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Country Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) | 75 |

| Chart (2002) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Country Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) | 53 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| 16 Biggest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Johnny Cash | |
| Released | February 1999 |
| Recorded | 1956–1979 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 54:51 |
| Label | Sony |
| Johnny Cash chronology | |
| *The Man In Black - His Greatest Hits*
(1999) ***16 Biggest Hits***
(1999) *Love, God and Murder*
(2000) | |


title: Aith Lifeboat Station

abstract: Aith Lifeboat Station is located at the village of Aith, on the island of Shetland, and is the most northerly of the 238 Royal National Lifeboat Institution Lifeboat Stations. A lifeboat was first stationed here by the RNLI in 1933. Since 1998, the station has operated a Severn-class All-weather lifeboat, 17-14	Charles Lidbury, only the fifth lifeboat to have served at Aith.

text:
# Aith Lifeboat Station

**Aith Lifeboat Station** is located at the village of Aith, on the island of Shetland, and is the most northerly of the 238 Royal National Lifeboat Institution Lifeboat Stations. A lifeboat was first stationed here by the RNLI in 1933.

Since 1998, the station has operated a Severn-class All-weather lifeboat, 17-14 *Charles Lidbury* (ON 1232), only the fifth lifeboat to have served at Aith.

## History

Despite valiant attempts by Lerwick Life-Saving Company, and even the Stromness lifeboat stationed 120 miles away, wrecks such as that of the Aberdeen fishing trawler *Ben Doran* in March 1930, with the loss of all 9 crew, prompted the RNLI to station a lifeboat in Lerwick, and to look for a location to station a second lifeboat on the west of Shetland.

It was decided to station a boat at Aith, as the village could provide sufficient crew, and because Aith Voe was one of the most sheltered mooring locations on the west coast. James Tait, DSM, was appointed Coxswain, another James Tait appointed Second Coxswain, and William Tait appointed Bowman. Charles Mowat, Assistant Mechanic at Lerwick, was appointed to be Aith Mechanic.

The first boat on station in January 1933, and was a 45ft 6in Watson-class lifeboat, built in 1926 by S. E. Saunders of Cowes, with a 80 h.p. engine delivering a speed of 8kts. She had previously served for seven years at Longhope, and was named *K. T. J. S.* (ON 698), in reference to her benefactors, Mr King, Mr Turnball, Mr Jesset and Mrs Sandford.

After a year, the RNLI announced that the Aith station was permanent, and a house was constructed for the Mechanic. A new boat was provided to Aith in 1935, a 51-foot Barnett-class lifeboat, constructed at Groves and Guttridge, of Cowes, and costing just over £9000. She was the gift of Miss Maggie Rankin, made in memory of her brothers, both Marine Engineers from Greenock, and was named *The Rankin* (ON 776) on 12 May 1935. In 25 years of service, she was launched 52 times, and saved 61 lives.

## Notable rescues

Just before 6:00am on the morning of 19 February 1967, the *James and Frances Macfarlane* (ON 956) was launched to the aid of the Aberdeen trawler *Juniper*, which had run aground in Lyra Sound, between Lyra Skerry and the west side of Papa Stour. Considerable skill, navigation and seamanship in force 8 conditions was required to bring the lifeboat to the side of *Juniper*, and to effect the rescue of the 12 crew. The lifeboat, crew and survivors landed in Aith at 9:35am. For this service, Coxswain John R. Nicholson was awarded the RNLI Silver Medal, the rest of the crew being awarded "The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum". Coxswain Nicholson would later receive the 1967 Maud Smith Award.

## Station honours

The following are awards made at Aith

John R Nicholson, Coxswain - 1967 * **The Maud Smith Award 1967<br>(for the bravest act of lifesaving during the year by a member of a lifeboat crew)**

John R Nicholson, Coxswain - 1968 * **The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum**

Andrew Smith, Acting Second Coxswain - 1968 James Mason, Acting Bowman - 1968 Frank Johnston, Motor Mechanic - 1968 Wilbert Clark, Acting Assistant Mechanic - 1968 William Anderson, crew member - 1968 Kenneth Henry, crew member - 1968 A. James Tait, crew member - 1968 Hylton Henry, Coxswain - 1996 * **Vellum Service Certificates**

Ian Anderson, Deputy Second Coxswain - 1996 Kevin Henry, Mechanic - 1996 George Johnston, crew member - 1996 Ivor Moffat, crew member - 1996 Angus Ridland, crew member - 1996 Andrew Tait, crew member - 1996 * **A Framed Letter of Thanks signed by the Chairman of the Institution**

Hylton Henry, Coxswain - 1996 * **Special Commendation from the RNLI Chief Executive**

John Robertson, Coxswain - 2021 Robbie Abernethy, Mechanic - 2021 Lewis Fraser, crew member - 2021 Luke Bullough, crew member - 2021 Nick McCaffrey, crew member - 2021 Ivor Moffat, crew member - 2021 Kenneth Hylton Henry - 1991

## Aith lifeboats

### All-weather lifeboats

| ON | Op.No. | Name | In service | Class | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 698 |  | *K. T. J. S.* | 1933−1935 | 45ft 6in Watson |  |
| 776 |  | *The Rankin* | 1935−1961 | 51ft Barnett |  |
| 956 |  | *John and Frances Macfarlane* | 1961−1986 | 52ft Barnett |  |
| 1100 | 52-030 | *Snolda* | 1986−1998 | Arun |  |
| 1232 | 17-14 | *Charles Lidbury* | 1998− | Severn |  |
|

1. Named after the 4 benefactors, Mr King, Mr Turnball, Mr Jesset and Mrs Sandford.
1. "Aith's station history". RNLI. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
2. Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2024). *Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2024*. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 4–132.
3. Morris, Jeff (September 1998). *The History of the Aith Lifeboats* (2nd ed.). Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 1–42.
4. Cox, Barry (1998). *Lifeboat Gallantry*. Spink & Son Ltd. ISBN 0-907605-89-3.
5. "Aith lifeboat crew recognised for its 'skill and tenacity'". Shetland News. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
6. "British Empire Medal (Civil Division)". The Gazette. Retrieved 21 March 2024.

## InfoBox

| Aith Lifeboat Station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Aith Lifeboat Station | |
| Aith, Shetland | |
| General information | |
| Type | RNLI Lifeboat Station |
| Location | Aith Harbour |
| Address | Aith, |
| Town or city | Bixter, Shetland, ZE2 9NB |
| Country | Scotland |
| Coordinates | 60°17′11.0″N 1°22′32.0″W / 60.286389°N 1.375556°W / 60.286389; -1.375556 |
| Opened | 1933 |
| Owner | Royal National Lifeboat Institution |
| Website | |
| https://rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/aith-lifeboat-station | |


title: Doll Man

abstract: Doll Man is a superhero first appearing in American comic books from the Golden Age of Comics, originally published by Quality Comics and currently part of the DC Comics universe of characters. Doll Man was created by cartoonist Will Eisner and first appeared in a four-page story entitled "Meet the Doll Man" in Feature Comics #27. He was Quality's first super-powered character. The issue's December 1939 cover date indicates that Doll Man is the first comic book superhero with a shrinking power. He notably predates the more-famous Ray Palmer and Hank Pym by two decades.

text:
# Doll Man

**Doll Man** is a superhero first appearing in American comic books from the Golden Age of Comics, originally published by Quality Comics and currently part of the DC Comics universe of characters. Doll Man was created by cartoonist Will Eisner and first appeared in a four-page story entitled "Meet the Doll Man" in *Feature Comics* #27. He was Quality's first super-powered character.

The issue's December 1939 cover date indicates that Doll Man is the first comic book superhero with a shrinking power. He notably predates the more-famous Ray Palmer (DC's the Atom) and Hank Pym (Marvel Comics' Ant-Man) by two decades.

## Quality Comics publication history

The secret identity of Doll Man, "The World's Mightiest Mite", is research chemist **Darrel Dane**, who invents a formula that enables him to shrink to the height of six inches while retaining the full strength of his normal size. He was the first example of a shrinking superhero, and also one of the few that was unable to change to a height in between his minimum and maximum sizes (though artists would fail to keep his scale visually consistent). His first adventure in *Feature Comics* #27 involves the rescue of his fiancée, Martha Roberts, from a blackmailer. He subsequently decides to fight crime and adopts a red and blue costume sewn by Martha. Years later, somehow Martha's wish to be able to join him in his small size comes true, and now possessing the same shrinking powers, she becomes his partner known as Doll Girl in *Doll Man* #37. He also has the aid of Elmo the Wonder Dog, a Great Dane who serves as his occasional steed and rescuer, and the "Dollplane", which was deceptively presented as a model airplane in his study when not in use. In his adventures published during World War II, Doll Man was also frequently depicted riding a bald eagle.

The covers of Doll Man's comics frequently portrayed him tied in ropes or other bindings, in situations ranging from being tied crucifixion-style to a running sink faucet, to being hogtied to the trigger and barrel of a handgun. The persistence of this male bondage motif in Doll Man comics among others can be contrasted with other comic books which historically portrayed women in positions of vulnerability and submission.

Doll Man was the lead feature of the anthology series *Feature Comics* through #139 (October, 1949), with Eisner writing the early stories under the pen name William Erwin Maxwell, and art contributed first by Lou Fine, and later by Reed Crandall. Doll Man's own self-titled series ran from 1941 until 1953, for forty-seven issues. After the cancellation of *Doll Man*, original stories involving the character were not published again for two decades.

## Doll Man in DC Comics

### Darrel Dane

After Quality Comics went out of business in 1956, DC acquired their superhero characters. Doll Man and several other former Quality properties were re-launched in *Justice League of America* #107 (October 1973) as the Freedom Fighters. As was done with many other characters DC had acquired from other publishers or that were holdovers from Golden Age titles, the Freedom Fighters were located on a parallel world, one called Earth-X where Nazi Germany had won World War II. The team were featured in their own series for fifteen issues (1976–1978), in which the team temporarily leaves Earth-X for Earth-1 (where most DC titles were set). Doll Man was an occasional guest star in *All-Star Squadron*, a superhero team title that was set on Earth-2, the locale for DC's WWII-era superheroes, at a time prior to when he and the other Freedom Fighters are supposed to have left for Earth-X. Doll Man then appeared with the rest of DC's entire cast of superheroes in *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, a story that was intended to eliminate the similarly confusing histories that DC had attached to its characters by retroactively merging the various parallel worlds into one. This erased Doll Man's Earth-X days, and merged the character's *All-Star Squadron* and *Freedom Fighter* histories so that he is primarily a member of the Squadron, of which the Freedom Fighters are merely a splinter group.

Until the relaunch of the *Freedom Fighters* characters in 2006, Doll Man was little used by DC except for the retelling of his origin from *Feature Comics* #27 in *Secret Origins* #8 (November 1986). According to *Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters* #5 (January 2007), Darrel Dane is currently alive and confined to an unnamed mental institution.

In *Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters* v2 #3 (November 2007) Dane (whose given name is given as "Darryl" or "Darrel") appears as the leader of a subersive group of doll-sized soldiers. He reveals that the years spent at compressed size have damaged his mind, leaving him mentally unstable.

### Lester Colt

A new Doll Man, alias Lester Colt was introduced in *Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for Blüdhaven*, a mini-series published by DC in 2006.

Lester Colt is a famous U.S. special operator, holding a B.A. in international politics and advanced degrees in the sciences. He is an "Operational Management and Strategic Adviser" to S.H.A.D.E. Colt seems to be highly trained in the martial arts, as well as being a very capable battlefield leader. Lester has a series of action figures named in his honor. However, he follows an "ends justifies the means" policy in his mission, and in *Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters* #1 is shown cold-bloodly killing a drug dealer in front of the man's young son at the boy's birthday party (he had infiltrated the drug dealer's home disguised as one of his own action figures). This action earns his a severe rebuke from the revived Uncle Sam in later issues when he detects from S.H.A.D.E. and joins the new Freedom Fighters.

Colt is a highly decorated "old soldier", and his personal decorations include the Legion of Merit, six Silver Stars for gallantry, fourteen Bronze Stars for Valor, and seventeen Purple Hearts.

Colt is romantically involved with scientist and former S.H.A.D.E. employee, Emma Glenn. Eager to contribute to his country, in something other than war, Lester agreed to an experiment created by Emma's father, which reduced him to his present height. A S.H.A.D.E. squad, masquerading as a terrorist group, killed Emma's father and destroyed the lab. Now stuck at a permanent height of six inches tall, Colt attempted to distance himself from Glenn, hoping to spare her the pain of a miniaturized boyfriend. Despite this, there are still strong feelings between the two and they are learning to cope with their new situation. This is aided by trips to The Heartland, the current Freedom Fighters' extradimensional home base, where colt is mystically restored to full height for brief periods.

In the new *Freedom Fighters* series (2007–08), Lester undergoes a procedure with several other shrunken people, including Darrel Dane, to be returned to normal size. The experiment goes horribly wrong, and the group are fused together into a human-sized monstrosity. Lester is eventually freed and returned to his normal size.

## Powers and abilities

By willing himself, Doll Man can shrink to the height of six inches and a proportionate weight or return to his normal size. At his six-inch height, Doll Man retained the strength and athletics of a full grown man. In recent years, he have developed psionic powers, enabling him to levitate objects or destroy them with a mental blast. He has apparently aged a little, but not at all for decades, perhaps due to the mystic presence of Uncle Sam. Dane wears a special costume that changes size as he does. As Doll Man, he possesses a brilliant mind, as well as unarmed combat skills.

The second Doll Man has similar powers and access to high-tech equipment.

## Other versions

* A version of Doll Man and Doll Girl about whom little has been revealed briefly appeared in *Titans Secret Files* #2.
* DC has another unrelated character called Doll Man, a non-powered criminal who encounters Batgirl.
* In the final issue of *52*, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-10". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-X, including the Quality characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but a character visually similar to the Darrel Dane Doll Man appears. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-X.

## In other media

### Television

### Miscellaneous

## InfoBox

| Doll Man | |
| --- | --- |
| Doll Man on the cover of *Feature Comics* #77 (April 1944), Quality Comics. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Quality Comics
DC Comics |
| First appearance | **(Dane)**
*Feature Comics* #27 (December 1939)
**(Colt)**
*Crisis Aftermath: The Battle for Blüdhaven* #1 (Early June 2006) |
| Created by | **(Dane)**
Will Eisner
**(Colt)**
Jimmy Palmiotti
Justin Gray |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Darrel Dane
Lester Colt |
| Species | Metahuman |
| Team affiliations | **(Dane and Colt)**
Freedom Fighters
**(Dane)**
All-Star Squadron
**(Colt)**
S.H.A.D.E. |
| Abilities | **(Both)*** Size reduction * Peak human strength and athlecticism * Genius-level intellect * Combat experience  **(Dane)**
**(Colt)**
* Flight via jetpack * Weapon proficiency |


title: Dodota

abstract: Dodota is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Arsi Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. It is part of the former Dodotana Sire woreda, which was divided for Dodota and Sire woredas. Dodotana Sire is bordered on the south by Tena, on the southwest by Hitosa, on the north by the Misraq Shewa Zone, on the east by Jeju, and on the southeast by Sude. The administrative center for the woreda is Dera; other towns include Awash Melkasa.

text:
# Dodota

**Dodota** is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Arsi Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. It is part of the former Dodotana Sire woreda, which was divided for Dodota and Sire woredas. Dodotana Sire is bordered on the south by Tena, on the southwest by Hitosa, on the north by the Misraq Shewa Zone, on the east by Jeju, and on the southeast by Sude. The administrative center for the woreda is Dera; other towns include Awash Melkasa.

## Overview

The altitude of this woreda ranges from 1400 to 2500 meters above sea level. Rivers include 40 kilometers of the Awash, 32 of the Keleta, and 8 of the Agamsa. A survey of the land in this woreda shows that 23.2% is arable or cultivable, 10.6% pasture, 4.3% forest, and the remaining 42% is considered swampy, mountainous or otherwise unusable. A local landmark is the Dilfakar game preserve, named for a local Muslim leader whose tomb is in this woreda. Haricot bean, onions, garlic and linseed are important cash crops; Dodtona Sire produced 4.3% of the total amount of hides and skins in this Zone.

Industry in the woreda includes 4 edible oil mills, 35 grain mills and one brick factory employing 177 people, as well as 777 registered traders of whom 22.9% were wholesalers 50.7% retailers and 26.4% service providers. There were 26 Farmers Associations with 15,581 members and 16 Farmers Service Cooperatives with an unknown number of members. Dodotana Sire has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 51 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 129.9 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers; 25.5 kilometers of road connecting Dera and Amude is reported under construction. About 35.2% of the total population has access to drinking water.

## History

Wheat and barley were introduced to the area when Emperor Menelik settled his soldiers there. These settlers land and started to plough and plant these grains. The local people imitated their farming system and began to produce these crops. However, the fact these soldiers came as landlords to Arsi, and the dislike of the Arsi Oromo for this new sedentary life, led to conflicts between the two. Interviews with local elders reveal that in 1912 Lenjiso Diga organized his fellow Oromos to attack the newcomers. They fought a battle at a place called Kedida that lasted 2 days. The Arsi won, and afterwards the representative of the government came to the area and is said to have made peace between the two groups.

Until the early 1970s the inhabitants of Dodotana Sire, being Arsi Oromo, were in chronic conflict with Karayu pastoralists from Fentale, as well as with Jille Oromos from in the neighboring woreda, over rights to grazing land and drinking water for livestock. This conflict was settled during the early 1990s by emphasizing overall ethnic affiliation over minor clan differences.

Inhabitants of this woreda were affected by the 1984-1985 famine, which forced them to sell off their cattle.

## Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 64,310, of whom 32,378 were men and 31,932 were women; 19,130 or 29.75% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they were Muslim, with 59.88% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 36.59% of the population practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 156,189, of whom 76,985 are men and 79,204 are women; 34,663 or 22.19% of its population are urban dwellers, which is greater than the Zone average of 12.3%. With an estimated area of 1,047.50 square kilometers, Dodotana Sire has an estimated population density of 149.1 people per square kilometer, which is greater than the Zone average of 132.2.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda 107,846, of whom 54,719 were men and 53,127 women; 19,383 or 17.97% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The two largest ethnic groups reported in Dodotana Sire were the Oromo (75.43%), and the Amhara (22.22%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.35% of the population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 67.83%, and 31.55% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0.62% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 50.85% of the population reporting they practiced that belief, while 48.6% of the population said they were Muslim, and 0.95% were Protestant.

8°15′N 39°20′E / 8.250°N 39.333°E / 8.250; 39.333


title: Dodovic Owiny

abstract: Dodovic Owiny is a Ugandan boxer. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics. In his first fight, he beat Michael Kenny of New Zealand, before losing to Willie deWit of Canada in the next round.

text:
# Dodovic Owiny

**Dodovic Owiny** (born 8 May 1954) is a Ugandan boxer. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics. In his first fight, he beat Michael Kenny of New Zealand, before losing to Willie deWit of Canada in the next round.

## InfoBox

Dodovic Owiny
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Ugandan |
| Born | (1954-05-08) 8 May 1954 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Boxing |


title: Dolichoderus superaculus

abstract: Dolichoderus superaculus is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Lattke in 1987, the species is endemic to Colombia.

text:
# Dolichoderus superaculus

***Dolichoderus superaculus*** is a species of ant in the genus *Dolichoderus*. Described by Lattke in 1987, the species is endemic to Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Dolichoderus superaculus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Dolichoderinae |
| Genus: | *Dolichoderus* |
| Species: | ***D. superaculus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dolichoderus superaculus***<br>(Lattke, 1987) | |
|


title: Alan Carrington

abstract: Alan Carrington CBE, FRS was a British chemist and one of the leading spectroscopists in Britain in the late twentieth century.

text:
# Alan Carrington

**Alan Carrington** CBE, FRS (6 January 1934  31 August 2013) was a British chemist and one of the leading spectroscopists in Britain in the late twentieth century.

## Education

Carrington was educated at Colfe's School and the University of Southampton where he was awarded the degrees of B.Sc. and Ph.D. While still a PhD student, Carrington spent a year as a research fellow at the University of Minnesota,

## Career and research

Carrington was a Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge between 1959 and 1967, where he worked closely with Christopher Longuet-Higgins, and became assistant director of research in 1963. In 1967 Carrington returned to the University of Southampton as one of the youngest professors of chemistry in Britain at the time, becoming a Royal Society Research Professor from 1979 until his retirement in 1999. Carrington moved his Royal Society Research Professorship from Southampton to the University of Oxford during the period 1984-1987, during which his laboratory was in the (then) Physical Chemistry Laboratories on South Parks Road. While at Oxford Carrington was a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, Carrington moved his research professorship back to the University of Southampton in 1987, where he remained until his retirement from the University of Southampton in 1999.

Carrington's earlier contributions to chemical physics were in the fields of electron spin resonance (esr) spectroscopy, and magnetic resonance in general. During this period Carrington authored the classic monograph on Magnetic Resonance with Andrew McLachlan, 'Introduction to Magnetic Resonance with Applications to Chemistry and Chemical Physics'.

Carrington's later work was concerned with examining the structure of molecular ions in energy regions close to their dissociation limits. This work on the spectroscopy of simple molecular ions provided accurate measurements with which theoretical calculations could usefully be compared. In particular, his work on the simplest diatomic and triatomic molecules gave rise to measurements that have not yet been matched by theoretical calculations. Much of this work is reviewed in the classic monograph authored with John M Brown, "Rotational Spectroscopy of Diatomic Molecules".

## Awards and honours

Carrington was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1971, and received the Faraday Lectureship Prize in 1986 and the Davy Medal in 1992. He also became a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1994. He served as President of the Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1997-1998. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1999 and an Honorary Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge in 2000.

## InfoBox

| Alan CarringtonCBE FRS | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1934-01-06)6 January 1934 |
| Died | 31 August 2013(2013-08-31) (aged 79) |
| Alma mater | University of Southampton (BSc, PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *The electronic structure, spectra and properties of transition metal oxyanions* |
| Doctoral advisor | Martyn Symons |
| Doctoral students | Timothy Softley |
|  | |


title: Hydraulic machinery

abstract: Hydraulic machines use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is pumped to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders throughout the machine and becomes pressurized according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses, tubes, or pipes. Hydraulic systems, like pneumatic systems, are based on Pascal's law which states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally everywhere and in all directions. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible liquid as its fluid, rather than a compressible gas. The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, the high power density and a wide array of actuators that can make use of this power, and the huge multiplication of forces that can be achieved by applying pressures over relatively large areas. One drawback, compared to machines using gears and shafts, is that any transmission of power results in some losses due to resistance of fluid flow through the piping.

text:
# Hydraulic machinery

**Hydraulic machines** use liquid fluid power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is pumped to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders throughout the machine and becomes pressurized according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses, tubes, or pipes.

Hydraulic systems, like pneumatic systems, are based on Pascal's law which states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally everywhere and in all directions. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible liquid as its fluid, rather than a compressible gas.

The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, the high power density and a wide array of actuators that can make use of this power, and the huge multiplication of forces that can be achieved by applying pressures over relatively large areas. One drawback, compared to machines using gears and shafts, is that any transmission of power results in some losses due to resistance of fluid flow through the piping.

## History

Joseph Bramah patented the hydraulic press in 1795. While working at Bramah's shop, Henry Maudslay suggested a cup leather packing. Because it produced superior results, the hydraulic press eventually displaced the steam hammer for metal forging.

To supply large-scale power that was impractical for individual steam engines, central station hydraulic systems were developed. Hydraulic power was used to operate cranes and other machinery in British ports and elsewhere in Europe. The largest hydraulic system was in London. Hydraulic power was used extensively in Bessemer steel production. Hydraulic power was also used for elevators, to operate canal locks and rotating sections of bridges. Some of these systems remained in use well into the twentieth century.

Harry Franklin Vickers was called the "Father of Industrial Hydraulics" by ASME.

## Force and torque multiplication

A fundamental feature of hydraulic systems is the ability to apply force or torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or levers, either by altering the effective areas in two connected cylinders or the effective displacement (cc/rev) between a pump and motor. In normal cases, hydraulic ratios are combined with a mechanical force or torque ratio for optimum machine designs such as boom movements and track drives for an excavator.

### Examples

#### Two hydraulic cylinders interconnected

Cylinder C1 is one inch in radius, and cylinder C2 is ten inches in radius. If the force exerted on C1 is 10 lbf, the force exerted by C2 is 1000 lbf because C2 is a hundred times larger in area (*S* = π*r*²) as C1. The downside to this is that you have to move C1 a hundred inches to move C2 one inch. The most common use for this is the classical hydraulic jack where a pumping cylinder with a small diameter is connected to the lifting cylinder with a large diameter.

#### Pump and motor

If a hydraulic rotary pump with the displacement 10 cc/rev is connected to a hydraulic rotary motor with 100 cc/rev, the shaft torque required to drive the pump is one-tenth of the torque then available at the motor shaft, but the shaft speed (rev/min) for the motor is also only one-tenth of the pump shaft speed. This combination is actually the same type of force multiplication as the cylinder example, just that the linear force in this case is a rotary force, defined as torque.

Both these examples are usually referred to as a hydraulic transmission or hydrostatic transmission involving a certain hydraulic "gear ratio".

## Hydraulic circuits

A hydraulic circuit is a system comprising an interconnected set of discrete components that transport liquid. The purpose of this system may be to control where fluid flows (as in a network of tubes of coolant in a thermodynamic system) or to control fluid pressure (as in hydraulic amplifiers). For example, hydraulic machinery uses hydraulic circuits (in which hydraulic fluid is pushed, under pressure, through hydraulic pumps, pipes, tubes, hoses, hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinders, and so on) to move heavy loads. The approach of describing a fluid system in terms of discrete components is inspired by the success of electrical circuit theory. Just as electric circuit theory works when elements are discrete and linear, hydraulic circuit theory works best when the elements (passive components such as pipes or transmission lines or active components such as power packs or pumps) are discrete and linear. This usually means that hydraulic circuit analysis works best for long, thin tubes with discrete pumps, as found in chemical process flow systems or microscale devices.

The circuit comprises the following components:

For the hydraulic fluid to do work, it must flow to the actuator and/or motors, then return to a reservoir. The fluid is then filtered and re-pumped. The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a hydraulic circuit of which there are several types.

* **Open center circuits** use pumps that supply a continuous flow. The flow is returned to *tank* through the control valve's *open center*; that is, when the control valve is centered, it provides an open return path to the tank and the fluid is not pumped to high pressure. Otherwise, if the control valve is actuated it routes fluid to and from an actuator and tank. The fluid's pressure will rise to meet any resistance, since the pump has a constant output. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to the tank through a pressure relief valve. Multiple control valves may be stacked in series. This type of circuit can use inexpensive, constant displacement pumps.
* **Closed center circuits** supply full pressure to the control valves, whether any valves are actuated or not. The pumps vary their flow rate, pumping very little hydraulic fluid until the operator actuates a valve. The valve's spool therefore doesn't need an open center return path to tank. Multiple valves can be connected in a parallel arrangement and system pressure is equal for all valves.

### Open loop circuits

**Open-loop:** Pump-inlet and motor-return (via the directional valve) are connected to the hydraulic tank. The term loop applies to feedback; the more correct term is open versus closed "circuit". Open center circuits use pumps which supply a continuous flow. The flow is returned to the tank through the control valve's open center; that is, when the control valve is centered, it provides an open return path to the tank and the fluid is not pumped to a high pressure. Otherwise, if the control valve is actuated it routes fluid to and from an actuator and tank. The fluid's pressure will rise to meet any resistance, since the pump has a constant output. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to the tank through a pressure relief valve. Multiple control valves may be stacked in series. This type of circuit can use inexpensive, constant displacement pumps.

### Closed loop circuits

**Closed-loop:** Motor-return is connected directly to the pump-inlet. To keep up pressure on the low pressure side, the circuits have a charge pump (a small gear pump) that supplies cooled and filtered oil to the low pressure side. Closed-loop circuits are generally used for hydrostatic transmissions in mobile applications. *Advantages:* No directional valve and better response, the circuit can work with higher pressure. The pump swivel angle covers both positive and negative flow direction. *Disadvantages:* The pump cannot be utilized for any other hydraulic function in an easy way and cooling can be a problem due to limited exchange of oil flow. High power closed loop systems generally must have a 'flush-valve' assembled in the circuit in order to exchange much more flow than the basic leakage flow from the pump and the motor, for increased cooling and filtering. The flush valve is normally integrated in the motor housing to get a cooling effect for the oil that is rotating in the motor housing itself. The losses in the motor housing from rotating effects and losses in the ball bearings can be considerable as motor speeds will reach 4000-5000 rev/min or even more at maximum vehicle speed. The leakage flow as well as the extra flush flow must be supplied by the charge pump. A large charge pump is thus very important if the transmission is designed for high pressures and high motor speeds. High oil temperature is usually a major problem when using hydrostatic transmissions at high vehicle speeds for longer periods, for instance when transporting the machine from one work place to the other. High oil temperatures for long periods will drastically reduce the lifetime of the transmission. To keep down the oil temperature, the system pressure during transport must be lowered, meaning that the minimum displacement for the motor must be limited to a reasonable value. Circuit pressure during transport around 200-250 bar is recommended.

Closed loop systems in mobile equipment are generally used for the transmission as an alternative to mechanical and hydrodynamic (converter) transmissions. The advantage is a stepless gear ratio (continuously variable speed/torque) and a more flexible control of the gear ratio depending on the load and operating conditions. The hydrostatic transmission is generally limited to around 200 kW maximum power, as the total cost gets too high at higher power compared to a hydrodynamic transmission. Large wheel loaders for instance and heavy machines are therefore usually equipped with converter transmissions. Recent technical achievements for the converter transmissions have improved the efficiency and developments in the software have also improved the characteristics, for example selectable gear shifting programs during operation and more gear steps, giving them characteristics close to the hydrostatic transmission.

## Constant pressure and load-sensing systems

Hydrostatic transmissions for earth moving machines, such as for track loaders, are often equipped with a separate 'inch pedal' that is used to temporarily increase the diesel engine rpm while reducing the vehicle speed in order to increase the available hydraulic power output for the working hydraulics at low speeds and increase the tractive effort. The function is similar to stalling a converter gearbox at high engine rpm. The inch function affects the preset characteristics for the 'hydrostatic' gear ratio versus diesel engine rpm.

### Constant pressure systems

The closed center circuits exist in two basic configurations, normally related to the regulator for the variable pump that supplies the oil:

* **Constant pressure systems** (CP), **standard**. Pump pressure always equals the pressure setting for the pump regulator. This setting must cover the maximum required load pressure. Pump delivers flow according to required sum of flow to the consumers. The CP system generates large power losses if the machine works with large variations in load pressure and the average system pressure is much lower than the pressure setting for the pump regulator. CP is simple in design, and works like a pneumatic system. New hydraulic functions can easily be added and the system is quick in response.
* **Constant pressure systems**, **unloaded**. Same basic configuration as 'standard' CP system but the pump is unloaded to a low stand-by pressure when all valves are in neutral position. Not so fast response as standard CP but pump lifetime is prolonged.

### Load-sensing systems

**Load-sensing systems** (LS) generate less power losses as the pump can reduce both flow and pressure to match the load requirements, but require more tuning than the CP system with respect to system stability. The LS system also requires additional logical valves and compensator valves in the directional valves, thus it is technically more complex and more expensive than the CP system. The LS system generates a constant power loss related to the regulating pressure drop for the pump regulator :

$\text{Power loss}=\Delta p\_{\text{LS}\cdot Q\_{\text{tot}}}$

The average $\Delta p\_{LS}$ is around 2 MPa (290 psi). If the pump flow is high the extra loss can be considerable. The power loss also increases if the load pressures vary a lot. The cylinder areas, motor displacements and mechanical torque arms must be designed to match load pressure in order to bring down the power losses. Pump pressure always equals the maximum load pressure when several functions are run simultaneously and the power input to the pump equals the (max. load pressure + Δ*p*LS) x sum of flow.

### Five basic types of load sensing systems

1. Load sensing *without compensators* in the directional valves. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
2. Load sensing *with up-stream compensator* for each connected directional valve. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
3. Load sensing *with down-stream compensator* for each connected directional valve. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
4. Load sensing *with a combination of up-stream and down-stream compensators*. Hydraulically controlled LS pump.
5. Load sensing with synchronized, both electric controlled pump displacement and electric controlled valve flow area for faster response, increased stability and fewer system losses. This is a new type of LS-system, not yet fully developed.

Technically the down-stream mounted compensator in a valve block can physically be mounted "up-stream", but work as a down-stream compensator.

System type (3) gives the advantage that activated functions are synchronized independent of pump flow capacity. The flow relation between two or more activated functions remains independent of load pressures, even if the pump reaches the maximum swivel angle. This feature is important for machines that often run with the pump at maximum swivel angle and with several activated functions that must be synchronized in speed, such as with excavators. With the type (4) system, the functions with *up-stream* compensators have priority, for example the steering function for a wheel loader. The system type with down-stream compensators usually have a unique trademark depending on the manufacturer of the valves, for example "LSC" (Linde Hydraulics), "LUDV" (Bosch Rexroth Hydraulics) and "Flowsharing" (Parker Hydraulics) etc. No official standardized name for this type of system has been established but flowsharing is a common name for it.

## Components

### Hydraulic pump

Hydraulic pumps supply fluid to the components in the system. Pressure in the system develops in reaction to the load. Hence, a pump rated for 5,000 psi is capable of maintaining flow against a load of 5,000 psi.

Pumps have a power density about ten times greater than an electric motor (by volume). They are powered by an electric motor or an engine, connected through gears, belts, or a flexible elastomeric coupling to reduce vibration.

Common types of hydraulic pumps to hydraulic machinery applications are:

* Gear pump: cheap, durable (especially in g-rotor form), simple. Less efficient, because they are constant (fixed) displacement, and mainly suitable for pressures below 20 MPa (3000 psi).
* Vane pump: cheap and simple, reliable. Good for higher-flow low-pressure output.
* Axial piston pump: many designed with a variable displacement mechanism, to vary output flow for automatic control of pressure. There are various axial piston pump designs, including swashplate (sometimes referred to as a valveplate pump) and checkball (sometimes referred to as a wobble plate pump). The most common is the swashplate pump. A variable-angle swashplate causes the pistons to reciprocate a greater or lesser distance per rotation, allowing output flow rate and pressure to be varied (greater displacement angle causes higher flow rate, lower pressure, and vice versa).
* Radial piston pump: normally used for very high pressure at small flows.

Piston pumps are more expensive than gear or vane pumps, but provide longer life operating at higher pressure, with difficult fluids and longer continuous duty cycles. Piston pumps make up one half of a hydrostatic transmission.

### Control valves

*Directional control valves* route the fluid to the desired actuator. They usually consist of a spool inside a cast iron or steel housing. The spool slides to different positions in the housing, and intersecting grooves and channels route the fluid based on the spool's position.

The spool has a central (neutral) position maintained with springs; in this position the supply fluid is blocked, or returned to tank. Sliding the spool to one side routes the hydraulic fluid to an actuator and provides a return path from the actuator to tank. When the spool is moved to the opposite direction the supply and return paths are switched. When the spool is allowed to return to neutral (center) position the actuator fluid paths are blocked, locking it in position.

Directional control valves are usually designed to be stackable, with one valve for each hydraulic cylinder, and one fluid input supplying all the valves in the stack.

Tolerances are very tight in order to handle the high pressure and avoid leaking, spools typically have a clearance with the housing of less than a thousandth of an inch (25 μm). The valve block will be mounted to the machine's frame with a *three point* pattern to avoid distorting the valve block and jamming the valve's sensitive components.

The spool position may be actuated by mechanical levers, hydraulic *pilot* pressure, or solenoids which push the spool left or right. A seal allows part of the spool to protrude outside the housing, where it is accessible to the actuator.

The main valve block is usually a stack of *off the shelf* directional control valves chosen by flow capacity and performance. Some valves are designed to be proportional (flow rate proportional to valve position), while others may be simply on-off. The control valve is one of the most expensive and sensitive parts of a hydraulic circuit.

* **Pressure relief valves** are used in several places in hydraulic machinery; on the return circuit to maintain a small amount of pressure for brakes, pilot lines, etc... On hydraulic cylinders, to prevent overloading and hydraulic line/seal rupture. On the hydraulic reservoir, to maintain a small positive pressure which excludes moisture and contamination.
* **Pressure regulators** reduce the supply pressure of hydraulic fluids as needed for various circuits.
* **Sequence valves** control the sequence of hydraulic circuits; to ensure that one hydraulic cylinder is fully extended before another starts its stroke, for example. Hydraulic circuits can perform a sequence of operations automatically, such as trip-and-reclose three times, then lockout, of an oil-interrupting recloser.
* **Shuttle valves** provide a logical or function.
* **Check valves** are one-way valves, allowing an accumulator to charge and maintain its pressure after the machine is turned off, for example.
* **Pilot controlled check valves** are one-way valve that can be opened (for both directions) by a foreign pressure signal. For instance if the load should not be held by the check valve anymore. Often the foreign pressure comes from the other pipe that is connected to the motor or cylinder.
* **Counterbalance valves** are in fact a special type of pilot controlled check valve. Whereas the check valve is open or closed, the counterbalance valve acts a bit like a pilot controlled flow control.
* **Cartridge valves** are in fact the inner part of a check valve; they are *off the shelf* components with a standardized envelope, making them easy to populate a proprietary valve block. They are available in many configurations; on/off, proportional, pressure relief, etc. They generally screw into a valve block and are electrically controlled to provide logic and automated functions.
* **Hydraulic fuses** are in-line safety devices designed to automatically seal off a hydraulic line if pressure becomes too low, or safely vent fluid if pressure becomes too high.
* **Auxiliary valves** in complex hydraulic systems may have auxiliary valve blocks to handle various duties unseen to the operator, such as accumulator charging, cooling fan operation, air conditioning power, etc. They are usually custom valves designed for the particular machine, and may consist of a metal block with ports and channels drilled. Cartridge valves are threaded into the ports and may be electrically controlled by switches or a microprocessor to route fluid power as needed.

### Actuators

* Hydraulic cylinder
* Hydraulic motor (a pump plumbed in reverse); hydraulic motors with axial configuration use swashplates for highly accurate control and also in 'no stop' continuous (360°) precision positioning mechanisms. These are frequently driven by several hydraulic pistons acting in sequence.
* Hydrostatic transmission
* Brakes

### Reservoir

The hydraulic fluid reservoir holds excess hydraulic fluid to accommodate volume changes from: cylinder extension and contraction, temperature driven expansion and contraction, and leaks. The reservoir is also designed to aid in separation of air from the fluid and also work as a heat accumulator to cover losses in the system when peak power is used. Reservoirs can also help separate dirt and other particulate from the oil, as the particulate will generally settle to the bottom of the tank.

Some designs include dynamic flow channels on the fluid's return path that allow for a smaller reservoir.

### Accumulators

Accumulators are a common part of hydraulic machinery. Their function is to store energy by using pressurized gas. One type is a tube with a floating piston. On the one side of the piston there is a charge of pressurized gas, and on the other side is the fluid. Bladders are used in other designs. Reservoirs store a system's fluid.

Examples of accumulator uses are backup power for steering or brakes, or to act as a shock absorber for the hydraulic circuit.

### Hydraulic fluid

Also known as *tractor fluid*, hydraulic fluid is the life of the hydraulic circuit. It is usually petroleum oil with various additives. Some hydraulic machines require fire resistant fluids, depending on their applications. In some factories where food is prepared, either an edible oil or water is used as a working fluid for health and safety reasons.

In addition to transferring energy, hydraulic fluid needs to lubricate components, suspend contaminants and metal filings for transport to the filter, and to function well to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius.

### Filters

Filters are an important part of hydraulic systems which removes the unwanted particles from fluid. Metal particles are continually produced by mechanical components and need to be removed along with other contaminants.

Filters may be positioned in many locations. The filter may be located between the reservoir and the pump intake. Blockage of the filter will cause cavitation and possibly failure of the pump. Sometimes the filter is located between the pump and the control valves. This arrangement is more expensive, since the filter housing is pressurized, but eliminates cavitation problems and protects the control valve from pump failures. The third common filter location is just before the return line enters the reservoir. This location is relatively insensitive to blockage and does not require a pressurized housing, but contaminants that enter the reservoir from external sources are not filtered until passing through the system at least once. Filters are used from 7 micron to 15 micron depends upon the viscosity grade of hydraulic oil.

### Tubes, pipes and hoses

*Hydraulic tubes* are seamless steel precision pipes, specially manufactured for hydraulics. The tubes have standard sizes for different pressure ranges, with standard diameters up to 100 mm. The tubes are supplied by manufacturers in lengths of 6 m, cleaned, oiled and plugged. The tubes are interconnected by different types of flanges (especially for the larger sizes and pressures), welding cones/nipples (with o-ring seal), several types of flare connection and by cut-rings. In larger sizes, hydraulic pipes are used. Direct joining of tubes by welding is not acceptable since the interior cannot be inspected.

*Hydraulic pipe* is used in case standard hydraulic tubes are not available. Generally these are used for low pressure. They can be connected by threaded connections, but usually by welds. Because of the larger diameters the pipe can usually be inspected internally after welding. Black pipe is non-galvanized and suitable for welding.

*Hydraulic hose* is graded by pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility. Hoses are used when pipes or tubes can not be used, usually to provide flexibility for machine operation or maintenance. The hose is built up with rubber and steel layers. A rubber interior is surrounded by multiple layers of woven wire and rubber. The exterior is designed for abrasion resistance. The bend radius of hydraulic hose is carefully designed into the machine, since hose failures can be deadly, and violating the hose's minimum bend radius will cause failure. Hydraulic hoses generally have steel fittings swaged on the ends. The weakest part of the high pressure hose is the connection of the hose to the fitting. Another disadvantage of hoses is the shorter life of rubber which requires periodic replacement, usually at five to seven year intervals.

Tubes and pipes for hydraulic n applications are internally oiled before the system is commissioned. Usually steel piping is painted outside. Where flare and other couplings are used, the paint is removed under the nut, and is a location where corrosion can begin. For this reason, in marine applications most piping is stainless steel.

### Seals, fittings and connections

Components of a hydraulic system \[sources (e.g. pumps), controls (e.g. valves) and actuators (e.g. cylinders)\] need connections that will contain and direct the hydraulic fluid without leaking or losing the pressure that makes them work. In some cases, the components can be made to bolt together with fluid paths built-in. In more cases, though, rigid tubing or flexible hoses are used to direct the flow from one component to the next. Each component has entry and exit points for the fluid involved (called ports) sized according to how much fluid is expected to pass through it.

There are a number of standardized methods in use to attach the hose or tube to the component. Some are intended for ease of use and service, others are better for higher system pressures or control of leakage. The most common method, in general, is to provide in each component a female-threaded port, on each hose or tube a female-threaded captive nut, and use a separate adapter fitting with matching male threads to connect the two. This is functional, economical to manufacture, and easy to service.

Fittings serve several purposes;

* To join components with ports of different sizes.
* To bridge different standards; O-ring boss to JIC, or pipe threads to face seal, for example.
* To allow proper orientation of components, a 90°, 45°, straight, or swivel fitting is chosen as needed. They are designed to be positioned in the correct orientation and then tightened.
* To incorporate bulkhead hardware to pass the fluid through an obstructing wall.
* A *quick disconnect* fitting may be added to a machine without modification of hoses or valves

A typical piece of machinery or heavy equipment may have thousands of sealed connection points and several different types:

* Pipe fittings, the fitting is screwed in until tight, difficult to orient an angled fitting correctly without over or under tightening.
* O-ring boss, the fitting is screwed into a boss and orientated as needed, an additional nut tightens the fitting, washer and o-ring in place.
* Flare fittings, are metal to metal compression seals deformed with a cone nut and pressed into a flare mating.
* Face seal, metal flanges with a groove and o-ring seal are fastened together.
* Beam seals are costly metal to metal seals used primarily in aircraft.
* Swaged seals, tubes are connected with fittings that are swaged permanently in place. Primarily used in aircraft.

Elastomeric seals (O-ring boss and face seal) are the most common types of seals in heavy equipment and are capable of reliably sealing more than 6,000 psi (41 MPa) of fluid pressure.

## References and notes

* Hydraulic Power System Analysis, A. Akers, M. Gassman, & R. Smith, Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006, ISBN 0-8247-9956-9


title: Empathy map

abstract: An empathy map is a widely-used visualization tool within the field of user experience design and human–computer interaction practice. In relation to empathetic design, the primary purpose of an empathy map is to bridge the understanding of the end user. Within context of its application, this tool is used to build a shared understanding of the user's needs and provide context to a user-centered solution.

text:
# Empathy map

An **empathy map** is a widely-used visualization tool within the field of user experience design and human–computer interaction practice. In relation to empathetic design, the primary purpose of an empathy map is to bridge the understanding of the end user. Within context of its application, this tool is used to build a shared understanding of the user's needs and provide context to a user-centered solution.

## Structure

The traditional empathy map begins with four categories: says, thinks, does, and feels. At the center of the map, a user or persona is displayed to remind practitioners and stakeholders what type of individual this research is centered around. Each category of the empathy map represents a snapshot of the user's thoughts and feelings without any chronological order.

* **Says** category contains what the user says out loud during research or testing. Ideally, each point is written down as close to the user's original words as possible.
* **Thinks** category contains what the user is thinking. While content may overlap with the *Says* category, *Thinks* category exists to capture thoughts users may not want to share willing due to social factors, such as self-consciousness or politeness.
* **Does** category contains the user's action and behaviors. This contains what the user is physically doing and captures what actions users are taking.
* **Feels** category contains the user's emotional state in context with their experience. This typically contains information or phrases as to how they feel about the experience.

However, as time evolved, the empathy map has been updated to provide more context and information architecture within the industry.

Empathy maps could vary in forms, but they have common core elements. Other than the four traditional categories mentioned above, empathy map could also include other categories. Here are two other categories commonly used:

* **See** category contains information users observed through eyes. It could be what users see in the marketplace or in the immediate environment, other people's saying and doing, or the content they watch or read.
* **Hear** category is what user hears and how that impacts the user. It could be personal connections as well as other recourses such as media. Instead of documenting superficial information streams, team should focus on details that influence the user.

## Empathy map vs. persona

It is easy to confuse the use of empathy map and persona. They are both important and common tools used in the research process. Here's the main difference:

* Empathy map occurs in the early research process. It is used to get into user's head and heart. Empathy map helps to picture user's situation as well as to consider what future researches might be needed.
* Persona is more definite and formal. In order to generate a well-build persona for addressing needs and problems, the team needs to conduct in-depth research. Personas are better leveraged later on in the process.


title: Lycomedes (mythology)

abstract:
In Greek mythology, Lycomedes may refer to several characters:
  - Lycomedes, a king of Scyros and father of Deidamia, mother of Neoptolemus by Achilles.
  - Lycomedes, a son of Creon, one of the Greek warriors at Troy; he was represented by Polygnotus in the Lesche at Delphi as wounded in the wrist, in the arm and in the head.
  - Lycomedes, son of Apollo and Parthenope, daughter of King Ancaeus of Samos.
  - Lycomedes, a Cretan suitor of Helen.

text:
# Lycomedes (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Lycomedes** (/ˌlaɪkəˈmiːdiːz/; Ancient Greek: Λυκομήδης) may refer to several characters:

1. Apollodorus, 3.13.8
2. Homer, *Iliad* 9.84
3. Pausanias, 10.25.6
4. Pausanias, 7.4.1
5. Hesiod in Scholia on Homer, *Iliad* 19.240
* Apollodorus, *The Library* with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
* Pausanias, *Description of Greece* with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio.* *3 vols*. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.


title: Egerin

abstract: Egerin is a web search engine. It is the first search engine in Kurdish language and is focused on providing a fully functional search and blog system, including videos, image, and news for the Kurds.

text:
# Egerin

**Egerin** is a web search engine. It is the first search engine in Kurdish language and is focused on providing a fully functional search and blog system, including videos, image, and news for the Kurds.

## The Concept

*Egerin* was founded by Kawa Onatli, a Kurdish businessman who lives in Sweden. Onatli wanted to provide an alternative to the big search engines that do not have the Kurdish language available, targeting a wide audience of between 26 and 34 million Kurds.

## Technology

The search technology used is Solr with the rest of the technology stack being PostgreSQL, Scrapy and Python web frameworks.

## InfoBox

Egerin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Web search engine |
| Available in | Kurdish |
| Owner | Kawa Onatli |
| URL | www.egerin.com |
| Current status | Active |


title: Durrty Goodz

abstract: Dwayne Mahorn, better known by his stage name Durrty Goodz, is a British grime MC, rapper and songwriter from London. He is known for his versatility across his tracks with a flow that fuses many styles, from dancehall to reggae to hip-hop and bashment, evoking artists as disparate as Ludacris, Kardinal Offishall and Pharoahe Monch. He is known for his lyricism, flow and wit on the mic.

text:
# Durrty Goodz

**Dwayne Mahorn** (born 11 May 1981), better known by his stage name **Durrty Goodz**, is a British grime MC, rapper and songwriter from London. He is known for his versatility across his tracks with a flow that fuses many styles, from dancehall to reggae to hip-hop and bashment, evoking artists as disparate as Ludacris, Kardinal Offishall and Pharoahe Monch. He is known for his lyricism, flow and wit on the mic.

## Career

Mahorn was first featured on the Skibadee mixtape *2 Fast 2 Ferocious* in 2003 but a year prior, a bootleg mixtape had circulated online entitled *It's Real, Vol. 1*. He was also featured on many sets on radio stations.

He was signed to Polydor Records in 2005, but left due to a lack of creative control.

He was named Best MC by the London pirate radio station Kool FM, which led to recognition in the London underground music scene, and was signed to Universal Records soon after. Mahorn made appearances on local radio programmes, mixtapes, and 12-inch singles as well. He featured in Logan Sama's radio segment on Kiss 100 London in 2011.

Mahorn's brother Crazy Titch was accused and later convicted of murdering 21-year-old Richard Holmes, and was sentenced to 30 years without parole. Mahorn spent nearly a year on remand in prison in relation to the same incident until November 2006 when he was acquitted. Durrty Goodz recorded a track called "Letter 2 Titch" about the incident.

Mahorn returned to his career in 2007, releasing the *Axiom* EP. This was followed by the *Durrty Whirl* mixtape in 2008, a re-release of the 2004 release, available for free download on the official Durrty Goodz website. In 2008, he was featured on Devlin's mixtape *Art of Rolling* on the track "Soundbwoy Murder".

In 2009, Mahorn released *Ultrasound, a Pre-Album* in the build-up to the debut album. This was followed by a free album entitled *Born Blessed* released in 2010. Durrty Goodz then began work on his debut album entitled *Overall* which was released in May 2011.

In 2010, he released a visual of "Gunshot" and "Childhood" from his *Born Blessed* mixtape. He released "Marijuana" in the same year. He featured on a *Jailtales* on the BBC in the same year.

He releases regular freestyles on his youtube channel "Durrty Goodz FM", labelled Bar Codes.

In 2011, Mahorn featured on an all-star grime single titled "Pull Up 2011" alongside producer Dexplicit and other artists such as Big H, Big Narstie, Dot Rotten, Black the Ripper and Shizzle. In October 2011, he announced that his second album entitled *Foundation* would be released soon. He also appeared on *Fire in the Booth* with Charlie Sloth twice that year and did a Fast and Furious freestyle. He also did a freestyle for BBC Radio 1xtra. He released a visuals of "Oi Wot You Lookin At" and "Don't Ask Me".

On 11 March 2013, Mahorn released the free mixtape *Young Legend* followed by the sequel *Young Legend 2* which was released on 31 March 2014 as a free download. Also in 2013, he was featured on M.S.G's mixtape *Never Give Up*, on "Krispy Kreme" with Logic, Last Resort, Sway, Mighty Moe and Big Frizzle and on "It's Alright" with DJ Ironik and AYO Beatz. He also released "City Rock" with Killa Mosquito under the name DG Da Guru. He was invited to host *Lyric Lab* with SB.TV and had talks with MCs such as Skibadee and Scruffizer.

On Christmas Day 2014, Mahorn released the mixtape *Vintage 3000* for free and released visuals for the song on the EP. In December 2015, he was featured on LinkupSeason with Chip, Swiss, Black the Ripper, Flowdan and Rocks Foe. In 2016, he released "Vision" with L Dot Man. On 8 July 2016, he announced that he would be releasing a new EP titled *Not Been Televised* which was produced solely by YNR Productions rapper/producer Micall Parknsun. He released the first two tracks from the EP called "BMP" and "Organise" on 24 June 2016. Tru Thoughts announced that Goodz would release *Hungry Belly* which is a selection of grime standout tracks. This was released on 19 August 2016 alongside early radio support from Tom Ravenscroft of BBC6Music.

In 2017, Mahorn rebranded himself as "OG Rootz" and a collaborative EP with long-time rival Wiley was teased, but as of yet nothing has come to light. Under this new alias, Goodz featured on a song with rock band The Goldborns, as well as in songs with UK veteran TY, and more recently with Rag'n'Bone Man on Jam Baxter's 2018 album "Touching Scenes". For the two latter songs, videos were released onto YouTube.

In 2019, under this new alias, he released videos onto YouTube for the songs "Ackee & Rice", "Scotch Bonnet", "Frontline" and "Babylondon". These new songs all sample roots reggae songs with Goodz rhyming in a versatile ragga flow which he has done from early in his career.

In 2019, he released Bar Codes every week on his youtube channel Durrty Goodz FM.

## Politics

In November 2019, Mahorn helped relaunch the Grime4Corbyn campaign to encourage young people to register to vote.

## Discography

### Albums

* 2010: *Born Blessed*
* 2011: *Overall*

### EPs

* 2007: *Axiom*
* 2016: *Not Been Televised*
* 2019: *Trinity* (Free Download)

### Mixtapes

* 2003: *It's Real Vol. 1*
* 2004: *2 Fast 2 Ferocious* (with Skibadee)
* 2004: *Durrty Whirl*
* 2007: *More Street Than The A-Z* (hosted by DJ One Samurai)
* 2009: *Ultrasound*
* 2013: *Young Legend* (Free Download)
* 2014: *Young Legend 2* (Free Download)
* 2014: *Vintage 3000* (Free Download)
* 2015: *Vintage 3000 Vol. 2* (Free Download)
* 2016: *Hungry Belly*

## InfoBox

| Durrty Goodz | |
| --- | --- |
| Dwayne Mahorn in video shoot for the track "Oi What You Lookin' At" from the "Overall" project in 2011. | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Dwayne Mahorn |
| Also known as | Durrty Doogz
OG Rootz |
| Born | (1981-05-11) 11 May 1981
London, England |
| Origin | Chingford Hall Estate |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * MC * rapper * songwriter |
| Years active | 1996–present |
| Labels | Polydor Records, Universal Records, Tru Thoughts, Awkward Music |


title: 15th Directors Guild of America Awards

abstract: The 15th Directors Guild of America Awards, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1962, were presented in 1963.

text:
# 15th Directors Guild of America Awards

The **15th Directors Guild of America Awards**, honoring the outstanding directorial achievements in film and television in 1962, were presented in 1963.

## Winners and nominees

### Film

| Feature Film | |
| --- | --- |
| **David Lean*Lawrence of Arabia*** | |

### Television

| Television | |
| --- | --- |
| **David Friedkin*The Dick Powell Show* for "Price of Tomatoes"** | |

## InfoBox

| 15th Directors Guild of America Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 1963 (1963) |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | Directors Guild of America |
| Highlights | |
| Best Director Feature Film: | *Lawrence of Arabia*David Lean |
| Best Director Television: | *The Dick Powell Show* for "Price of Tomatoes" – David Friedkin |
| Website | https://www.dga.org/Awards/History/1960s/1962.aspx?value=1962 |
|