title: Avraham Chaim Naeh

abstract: Avraham Chaim Naeh was a Lubavitcher Hasid and major posek active during the first half of twentieth century. He is most famous for his works Ketzos ha-Shulchan, Piskei HaSiddur, Shi'urei Mikveh, and Shi'urei Torah; in the last work, he converted biblical measurements into contemporary measurements. The work is of great practical significance since much of Halacha involves specific requirements of precise sizes and quantities. Naeh was born in Hebron. His father, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Naeh, was the dean of the Magen Avos Yeshiva, founded by the Sdei Chemed. He studied in his youth at the Ohel Moshe Yeshiva under Rabbi Yitzchak Yerucham Diskin. In 1912, Naeh published Chanoch LaNa'ar, a book containing laws for bar mitzvah boys. When World War I broke out, the Ottoman authorities expelled people from Israel who did not possess Turkish citizenship. Many of the dispossessed Jews found refuge in Alexandria, Egypt, where Naeh opened a yeshiva called "Yeshivat Eretz Yisrael". His yeshivah had 200 students who had been exiled from Jerusalem. In Alexandria, Naeh wrote Shenot Chaim, a special Kitzur Shulchan Aruch for Sephardic Jews. In 1918, he returned to Israel and served as the personal secretary of the Edah HaChareidis, under Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld,. He published his most famous work Ketzos HaShulchan in 1926. In 1948, he founded the Vaad HaRabbanim of Agudas Yisrael and later helped found the haredi weekly newspapers, Kol Yisrael and HaModia.

text:
# Avraham Chaim Naeh

**Avraham Chaim Naeh** (3 May 1890 – 21 July 1954) was a Lubavitcher Hasid and major *posek* (halachic authority) active during the first half of twentieth century. He is most famous for his works *Ketzos ha-Shulchan*, *Piskei HaSiddur*, *Shi'urei Mikveh*, and *Shi'urei Torah* (*Measurements of the Torah*); in the last work, he converted biblical measurements into contemporary measurements. The work is of great practical significance since much of Halacha involves specific requirements of precise sizes and quantities.

Naeh was born in Hebron. His father, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Naeh, was the dean of the Magen Avos Yeshiva, founded by the Sdei Chemed. He studied in his youth at the Ohel Moshe Yeshiva under Rabbi Yitzchak Yerucham Diskin. In 1912, Naeh published *Chanoch LaNa'ar*, a book containing laws for bar mitzvah boys.

When World War I broke out, the Ottoman authorities expelled people from Israel who did not possess Turkish citizenship. Many of the dispossessed Jews found refuge in Alexandria, Egypt, where Naeh opened a yeshiva called "Yeshivat Eretz Yisrael". His yeshivah had 200 students who had been exiled from Jerusalem. In Alexandria, Naeh wrote *Shenot Chaim*, a special *Kitzur Shulchan Aruch* for Sephardic Jews. In 1918, he returned to Israel and served as the personal secretary of the Edah HaChareidis, under Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld,. He published his most famous work *Ketzos HaShulchan* in 1926. In 1948, he founded the Vaad HaRabbanim of Agudas Yisrael and later helped found the haredi weekly newspapers, *Kol Yisrael* and *HaModia*.

## InfoBox

| RabbiAvraham ChaimNaeh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Born | 1890<br>Hebron, Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 1954 |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Nationality | Israeli |
| Denomination | Hasidism |
|  | |
| Position | Founder |
| Yeshiva | Yeshivat Eretz Yisrael |
| Dynasty | Lubavitch |
|  | |


title: 2008 Rally of Turkey

abstract: The 9th Rally of Turkey, the 8th round of the 2008 World Rally Championship season took place between June 12–15, 2008. The event returned after a year sabbatical and was held in the south west of Turkey, with the rally headquarters and service park based in the seaside resort of Kemer. The special stages are held on gravel mountain roads to the south west of Antalya. The rally was won by Finland's Mikko Hirvonen, with Jari-Matti Latvala finishing second and Sébastien Loeb third. With this result Hirvonen took a three-point lead over Loeb in the drivers world championship going into the six-week summer break.

text:
# 2008 Rally of Turkey

The **9th Rally of Turkey**, the 8th round of the 2008 World Rally Championship season took place between June 12–15, 2008. The event returned after a year sabbatical and was held in the south west of Turkey, with the rally headquarters and service park based in the seaside resort of Kemer. The special stages are held on gravel mountain roads to the south west of Antalya. The rally was won by Finland's Mikko Hirvonen, with Jari-Matti Latvala finishing second and Sébastien Loeb third. With this result Hirvonen took a three-point lead over Loeb in the drivers world championship going into the six-week summer break.

## Event

### Day one

The event kicked off with a short superspecial stage on Thursday evening, which was won by Sébastien Loeb. On Friday - the first full day of the rally - he was due to run first and 'clean' the roads. This had a big impact on his performance (his stage times were up to 29 seconds quicker on the second pass through the stages) and meant that he would only win one stage on the day. Despite this he would still be leading the end of day one as the Ford drivers all took a tactical approach to the final stage of the day in order to secure a more advantageous road position for day two - a tactic criticised by the Citroën Total team boss Olivier Quesnel. Behind Loeb were the drivers for the BP-Ford Abu Dhabi World Rally Team and the Stobart VK M-Sport team, with the last of the Ford quartet, fifth place man Mikko Hirvonen, a mere 6.2 seconds behind Loeb at the end of day one. Ahead of Hirvonen was Gigi Galli in fourth place. Galli won three stages, with his teammate Henning Solberg winning one stage and finishing the day in second place. The remaining Ford driver was Jari-Matti Latvala who ended the day in third place after an astonishing performance that saw him take two stage wins (one by a margin of 15 seconds) and pick up two punctures.

Behind the leaders was Subaru driver Petter Solberg. The new Subaru was more disappointing than on its debut in Greece with Petter Solberg nearly 50 seconds off the pace. Matthew Wilson was in seventh spot, just over a minute behind despite suffering with a cold. In the final points paying position was Dani Sordo. Sordo was running in fifth until suspension damage on stage 7 put him back into 8th place.

### Day two

The Citroën teams fears about road sweeping were confirmed throughout the day as Loeb lost time to both factory Ford drivers. By the end of the day Loeb was 34 seconds adrift of new rally leader Mikko Hirvonen, yet Loeb still believed that "anything was possible". Hirvonen had earlier said that he needed a lead of 50 seconds to hang on to his lead throughout Sunday. With a lead of only 16 seconds over his teammate Latvala - there was still everything to play for going into Sunday. Behind the three leaders, the two Stobart drivers both had a less successful day. After starting brightly, Gigi Galli suffered turbo problems throughout stages 12 and 13 which dropped him to 8th place by the end of the day. Galli had to retire from the rally at this stage as he was suffering from dehydration and exhaustion. Henning Solberg had a quiet day and gradually dropped time, finishing up just over two minutes off the pace in 4th place with Dani Sordo looming large, only 7 seconds behind. Petter Solberg and Matthew Wilson continued their steady runs in 6th and 7th place respectively.

### Day three

With over sixty five kilometres of special stages still to go, the rally was still wide open. The tension was increased further after the first special stage of the day as Hirvonen stalled at the start line and lost nine seconds of his advantage to Latvala. Everything had looked settled after special stage 18, with Latvala making a small mistake and losing the advantage he had gained at the previous stage, but the final thirty kilometre stage saw drama right to the end. Both the challengers to Hirvonen's lead were making significant inroads at the mid way split. Latvala was 4.3 seconds faster than Hirvonen, with Loeb 11.3 seconds faster and putting both Ford drivers under enormous pressure - pressure that was increased when Hirvonen suffered a puncture near the end of the stage. However, Latvala and Loeb's tyres were also very worn and they could not maintain their final stage attack. At the end Hirvonen hung on to win by 7.9 seconds from Latvala, with Loeb 25 seconds back in third.

Behind the podium finishers, Citroën's Dani Sordo easily picked off Henning Solberg to claim fourth place. Henning's brother Petter Solberg maintained his sixth position, never really being in a position to challenge the Stobart Ford driver. Matthew Wilson shrugged off his cold to finish in seventh with eighth place going to privateer Conrad Rautenbach, scoring his second points finish of the season. Federico Villagra and Barry Clark finished ninth and tenth, thus earning the Munchi's Ford team three valuable manufacturer points.

## Results

| Pos. | Driver | Co-driver | Car | Time | Difference | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WRC | | | | | | |
| 1. | Mikko Hirvonen | Jarmo Lehtinen | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 4:42:07.1 | 0.0 | 10 |
| 2 | Jari-Matti Latvala | Miikka Anttila | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 4:42:15.0 | 7.9 | 8 |
| 3 | Sébastien Loeb | Daniel Elena | Citroën C4 WRC | 4:42:32.8 | 25.7 | 6 |
| 4 | Dani Sordo | Marc Marti | Citroën C4 WRC | 4:44:32.7 | 2:25.6 | 5 |
| 5 | Henning Solberg | Cato Menkerud | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 4:44:40.8 | 2:33.7 | 4 |
| 6 | Petter Solberg | Phil Mills | Subaru Impreza WRC 2008 | 4:44:55.3 | 2:48.2 | 3 |
| 7 | Matthew Wilson | Scott Martin | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 4:46:31.3 | 4:24.2 | 2 |
| 8 | Conrad Rautenbach | David Senior | Citroën C4 WRC | 4:49:53.8 | 7:46.7 | 1 |
| PCWRC | | | | | | |
| 1 | Andreas Aigner | Klaus Wicha | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 9 | 5:02:21.6 | 0.0 | 10 |
| 2 | Patrik Sandell | Emil Axelsson | Peugeot 207 S2000 | 5:03:10.3 | 48.7 | 8 |
| 3 | Mirco Baldacci | Giovanni Agnese | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 9 | 5:05:22.6 | 3:01.0 | 6 |
| 4 | Martin Raum | Silver Kutt | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 9 | 5:07:52.6 | 5:31.0 | 5 |
| 5 | Armindo Araujo | Miguel Ramalho | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 9 | 5:08:45.4 | 6:23.8 | 4 |
| 6 | Evgeniy Vertunov | Georgy Troshkin | Subaru Impreza | 5:09:14.6 | 6:53.0 | 3 |
| 7 | Simone Campedelli | Danilo Fappani | Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 9 | 5:14:40.7 | 12:19.10 | 2 |
| 8 | Giorgio Bacco | Silvio Stefanelli | Subaru Impreza | 5:25:14.3 | 22:52.7 | 1 |

## Retirements

## Special stages

All dates and times are EEST (UTC+3).

| Day | Stage | Time | Name | Length | Winner | Time | Avg. spd. | Rally leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1
(12/13 JUN) | SS1 | 17:25 | Antalya SSS 1 | 2.60 km | S. Loeb | 2:07.6 | 73.4 km/h | S. Loeb |
| | SS2 | 08:38 | Perge 1 | 22.43 km | U. Aava | 16:03.6 | 83.8 km/h | M. Hirvonen |
| | SS3 | 09:21 | Myra 1 | 24.15 km | | J. Latvala | 21:05.3 | 68.7 km/h |
| | SS4 | 09:59 | Kumluca 1 | 9.90 km | | G. Galli | 7:47.4 | 76.3 km/h |
| | SS5 | 12:57 | Perge 2 | 22.43 km | | G. Galli | 15:42.8 | 85.6 km/h |
| | SS6 | 13:40 | Myra 2 | 24.15 km | J. Latvala | 20:46.0 | 69.8 km/h | J. Latvala |
| | SS7 | 14:18 | Kumluca 2 | 9.90 km | S. Loeb | 7:38.9 | 77.7 km/h | M. Hirvonen |
| | SS8 | 17:01 | Chimera 1 | 16.94 km | | G. Galli | 12:21.5 | 82.2 km/h |
| | SS9 | 17:47 | Phaselis 1 | 22.40 km | H. Solberg | 17:49.3 | 75.6 km/h | S. Loeb |
| 2
(14 JUN) | SS10 | 09:28 | Chimera 2 | 16.94 km | | M. Hirvonen | 11:57.3 | 85.0 km/h |
| | SS11 | 10:16 | Silyon 1 | 27.36 km | M. Hirvonen | 21:53.5 | 75.0 km/h | M. Hirvonen |
| | SS12 | 12:59 | Kemer 1 | 20.50 km | | U. Aava | 15:06.9 | 81.4 km/h |
| | SS13 | 13:49 | Silyon 2 | 27.36 km | | M. Hirvonen | 21:36.8 | 75.9 km/h |
| | SS14 | 16:32 | Kemer 2 | 20.50 km | | J. Latvala | 14:49.4 | 83.0 km/h |
| | SS15 | 18:23 | Phaselis 2 | 22.40 km | | M. Hirvonen
S. Loeb | 17:19.2 | 77.6 km/h |
| | SS16 | 19:01 | Antalya SSS 2 | 2.60 km | | S. Loeb | 2:06.3 | 74.1 km/h |
| 3
(15 JUN) | SS17 | 09:38 | Olympos 1 | 31.03 km | | U. Aava | 25:07.5 | 74.1 km/h |
| | SS18 | 12:04 | Camyuva | 5.50 km | | S. Loeb | 4:11.2 | 78.8 km/h |
| | SS19 | 13:07 | Olympos 2 | 31.03 km | | J. Latvala | 24:48.9 | 75.0 km/h |

## Championship standings after the event

### Drivers' championship

| Pos Driver MON
 SWE
 MEX
 ARG
 JOR
 ITA
 GRC
 TUR
 FIN
 GER
 NZL
 ESP
 FRA
 JPN
 GBR
  Pts   1  Mikko Hirvonen 2 2 4 5 1 2 3 1        **59**  2  Sébastien Loeb 1 Ret. 1 1 10 1 1 3        **56**  3  Jari-Matti Latvala 12 1 3 15 7 3 7 2        **34**  4  Chris Atkinson 3 21 2 2 3 6 Ret. 13        **31**  5  Dani Sordo 11 6 17 3 2 5 5 4        **30**  6  Petter Solberg 5 4 12 Ret. Ret. 10 2 6        **20**  7  Gigi Galli 6 3 Ret. 7 8 4 Ret. Ret.        **17**  8  Henning Solberg 9 13 5 Ret. 4 7 8 5        **16**  9  Matthew Wilson 10 Ret. 6 Ret. 5 12 6 7        **12**  10  Federico Villagra   7 6 6 14 13 9        **8**  11  Conrad Rautenbach Ret. 16 16 4 26 13 10 8        **6**  Urmo Aava  18   Ret. 8 4 Ret.        **6**  13  François Duval 4               **5**  14  Andreas Mikkelsen  5    Ret.  19        **4**  15  Jean-Marie Cuoq 7               **2**  Toni Gardemeister Ret. 7 Ret. Ret. Ret. Ret. 9 Ret.        **2**  17  Per-Gunnar Andersson 8 Ret. Ret. 24 Ret. 9 11 Ret.        **1**  Juho Hänninen  8              **1**  Sébastien Ogier   8  11 22          **1**  Andreas Aigner  31  8   14 11        **1**  Pos Driver MON
 SWE
 MEX
 ARG
 JOR
 ITA
 GRC
 TUR
 FIN
 GER
 NZL
 ESP
 FRA
 JPN
 GBR
 Pts | Key  Colour Result  Gold Winner  Silver 2nd place  Bronze 3rd place  Green Points finish  Blue Non-points finish  Non-classified finish (NC)  Purple Did not finish (Ret)  Black Excluded (EX)  Disqualified (DSQ)  White Did not start (DNS)  Cancelled (C)  Blank Withdrew entry from
the event (WD) |
| --- | --- |

### Manufacturers' championship

| Rank | Team | Event | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total
points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | MON
 | SWE
 | MEX
 | ARG
 | JOR
 | ITA
 | GRC
 | TUR
 | FIN
 | GER
 | NZL
 | ESP
 | FRA
 | JPN
 | GBR
 | |
| 1 | BP Ford World Rally Team | 8 | 18 | 11 | 7 | 13 | 14 | 10 | 18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 99 |
| 2 | Citroën Total World Rally Team | 11 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 90 |
| 3 | Subaru World Rally Team | 10 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 53 |
| 4 | Stobart M-Sport Ford | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 41 |
| 5 | Munchi's Ford World Rally Team | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 19 |
| 6 | Suzuki World Rally Team | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10 |

## InfoBox

| 2008 Rally of Turkey
*9th Rally of Turkey* | |
| --- | --- |
| Round 8 of the 2008 World Rally Championship  Previous event Next event | |
| Host country | Turkey |
| Rally base | Antalya |
| Dates run | June 12  15 2008 |
| Stages | 19 (360.74 km; 224.15 miles) |
| Stage surface | Gravel |
| Overall distance | 1,263.74 km (785.25 miles) |
| Statistics | |
| Crews | 60 at start, 38 at finish |
| Overall results | |
| Overall winner | Mikko Hirvonen
BP Ford Abu Dhabi World Rally Team |


abstract: European U22 Beach Volleyball Championships is a double-gender beach volleyball tournament for national U22 teams. It is organised annually by the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV). First held in 1999, it was originally an under-23 tournament until 2013 when it was restricted to athletes under the age of 22.

text:
# European U22 Beach Volleyball Championships

**European U22 Beach Volleyball Championships** is a double-gender beach volleyball tournament for national U22 teams. It is organised annually by the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV). First held in 1999, it was originally an under-23 tournament until 2013 when it was restricted to athletes under the age of 22.

## Results

Sources:

### Men

| # | Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1999–2012: U23** | | | | | |
| 1 | **1999** |  |  |  | / |
| 2 | **2000** |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | **2001** |  |  |  |  |
|  | **2002** | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 4 | **2003** |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | **2004** |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | **2005** |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | **2006** |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | **2007** |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | **2008** |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | **2009** |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | **2010** |
Kos,
Greece | Poland
Michal Kadziola
Jakub Szalankiewicz | Germany
Matthias Penk
Alexander Walkenhorst | Italy
Paolo Nicolai
Paolo Ingrosso |
| 12 | **2011** |
Porto,
Portugal | Germany
Lars Flüggen
Stefan Köhler | Poland
Michal Kadziola
Jakub Szalankiewicz | Russia
Sergey Kostyukhin
Ruslan Bykanov |
| 13 | **2012** |
Assen,
Netherlands | Ukraine
Sergiy Popov
Valeriy Samoday | Poland
Bartosz Łosiak
Piotr Kantor | Belarus
Aliaksandr Dziadkou
Yauhen Vishneuski |
| **Since 2013: U22** | | | | | |
| 14 | **2013** |
Varna,
Bulgaria | Poland
Bartosz Łosiak
Piotr Kantor | Norway
Lars Fredrik Tvinde
Hendrik Mol | Poland
Maciej Kosiak
Maciej Rudol |
| 15 | **2014** |
Fethiye,
Turkey | Norway
Runar Sannarnes
Christian Sørum | Switzerland
Nico Beeler
Marco Krattiger | Austria
Christoph Dressler
Benedikt Kattner |
|
| 16 | **2015** |
Macedo de Cavaleiros,
Portugal | Poland
Michał Bryl
Kacper Kujawiak | France
Romain Di Giantommaso
Maxime Thiercy | Russia
Igor Velichko
Maxim Sivolap |
| 17 | **2016** |
Thessaloniki,
Greece | Norway
Anders Mol
Christian Sørum | Austria
Moritz Pristauz
Maximilian Trummer | France
Arnaud Gauthier-Rat
Arnaud Loiseau |
| 18 | **2017** |
Baden,
Austria | Russia
Oleg Stoyanovskiy
Artem Yarzutkin | Norway
Mathias Berntsen
Anders Mol | Austria
Moritz Pristauz
Paul Buchegger |
|
| 19 | **2018** |
Jūrmala,
Latvia | Latvia
Kristaps Šmits
Mihails Samoilovs | Spain
Alejandro Huerta
Javier Huerta | Lithuania
Audrius Knašas
Patrikas Stankevičius |
|
| 20 | **2019** |
Antalya,
Turkey | Russia
Alexey Gusev
Pavel Shustrov | Germany
Lukas Pfretzschner
Robin Sowa | France
Timothée Platre
Théo Faure |
|
| 21 | **2020** |
İzmir,
Turkey | Russia
Alexey Gusev
Pavel Shustrov | Poland
Miłosz Kruk
Mikołaj Miszczuk | Germany
Mio Wüst
Rudy Schneider |
|
| 22 | **2021** |
Baden,
Austria | Sweden
David Åhman
Jonatan Hellvig | Latvia
Arturs Rinkēvičs
Ardis Bedrītis | Russia
Alexey Gusev
Pavel Shustrov |
|
| 23 | **2022** |
Vlissingen,
Netherlands | Sweden
David Åhman
Jacob Hölting Nilsson | Latvia
Kristians Fokerots
Arturs Rinkēvičs | Austria
Timo Hammarberg
Laurenc Grössig |
|
| 24 | **2023** |
Timișoara,
Romania | Norway
Markus Mol
Jo Sunde | Germany
Maximilian Just
Lui Wüst | Latvia
Olivers Bulgačs
Kristians Fokerots |
|
| 25 | **2024** |
Termal,
Turkey | Sweden
Jacob Hölting Nilsson
Elmer Andersson | Norway
Adrian Mol
Even Stray Aas | France
Arthur Canet
Téo Rotar |

**Notes**:

### Women

| # | Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1999–2012: U23** | | | | | |
| 1 | **1999** |  |  |  | / |
| 2 | **2000** |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | **2001** |  |  |  |  |
|  | **2002** | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 4 | **2003** |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | **2004** |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | **2005** |  |  |  |  |
| 7 | **2006** |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | **2007** |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | **2008** |  |  |  |  |
| 10 | **2009** |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | **2010** |
Kos,
Greece | Czech Republic
Kristýna Kolocová
Markéta Sluková | Italy
Marta Menegatti
Laura Giombini | Russia
Elizaveta Ryabova
Irina Chaika |
| 12 | **2011** |
Porto,
Portugal | Netherlands
Rimke Braakman
Michelle Stiekema | Poland
Kinga Kołosińska
Monika Brzostek | Germany
Chantal Laboureur
Kira Walkenhorst |
| 13 | **2012** |
Assen,
Netherlands | Germany
Chantal Laboureur
Kira Walkenhorst | Russia
Irina Chaika
Yulia Abalakina | Germany
Christine Aulenbrock
Victoria Bieneck |
| **Since 2013: U22** | | | | | |
| 14 | **2013** |
Varna,
Bulgaria | Switzerland
Nina Betschart
Anouk Vergé-Dépré | Spain
Ángela Lobato
Paula Soria | Czech Republic
Hana Třešňáková
Eliška Gálová |
| 15 | **2014** |
Fethiye,
Turkey | Poland
Karolina Baran
Jagoda Gruszczyńska | Poland
Katarzyna Kociołek
Dorota Strąg | Switzerland
Nicole Eiholzer
Dunja Gerson |
|
| 16 | **2015** |
Macedo de Cavaleiros,
Portugal | Switzerland
Nina Betschart
Nicole Eiholzer | Poland
Katarzyna Kociołek
Dorota Strąg | Lithuania
Monika Povilaitytė
Ieva Dumbauskaitė |
| 17 | **2016** |
Thessaloniki,
Greece | Latvia
Anastasija Kravčenoka
Tīna Graudiņa | Poland
Katarzyna Kociołek
Jagoda Gruszczyńska | Germany
Lisa Arnholdt
Nadja Glenzke |
| 18 | **2017** |
Baden,
Austria | Russia
Nadezda Makroguzova
Svetlana Kholomina | Romania
Adriana Matei
Beata Vaida | Germany
Lisa Arnholdt
Leonie Welsch |
| 19 | **2018** |
Jūrmala,
Latvia | Russia
Nadezda Makroguzova
Svetlana Kholomina | Latvia
Anastasija Kravčenoka
Tīna Graudiņa | Spain
Daniela Álvarez
María Belén Carro |
| 20 | **2019** |
Antalya,
Turkey | Russia
Maria Bocharova
Maria Voronina | Germany
Julika Hoffmann
Sarah Schulz | Spain
Daniela Álvarez
María Belén Carro |
| 21 | **2020** |
İzmir,
Turkey | Russia
Anastasiia Frolova
Aleksandra Ganenko | Russia
Maria Voronina
Maria Bocharova | Switzerland
Esmée Böbner
Mara Betschart |
| 22 | **2021** |
Baden,
Austria | Russia
Maria Voronina
Maria Bocharova | Netherlands
Raïsa Schoon
Emi van Driel | Ukraine
Anhelina Khmil
Tetiana Lazarenko |
|
| 23 | **2022** |
Vlissingen,
Netherlands | Spain
Daniela Álvarez
Tania Moreno | Denmark
Clara Windeleff
Sofia Bisgaard | Ukraine
Anhelina Khmil
Tetiana Lazarenko |
|
| 24 | **2023** |
Timișoara,
Romania | Lithuania
Danielė Kvedaraitė
Ariana Rudkovskaja | Czech Republic
Kylie Neuschaeferová
Markéta Svozilová | Spain
Sofía Izuzquiza
Ana Vergara |
|
| 25 | **2024** |
Termal,
Turkey | Czech Republic
Katerina Pavelková
Anna Pavelková | Poland
Małgorzata Ciężkowska
Urszula Łunio | Latvia
Līva Ēbere
Deniela Konstantinova |

**Notes**:

1. From 2013 onwards, the tournament was changed from U23 to U22.

## Medals (U22)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 11 | 3 | 7 | 21 |
| 2 | Germany | 9 | 11 | 12 | 32 |
| 3 | Poland | 5 | 8 | 3 | 16 |
| 4 | Czech Republic | 4 | 5 | 2 | 11 |
| 5 | Latvia | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
| 6 | Spain | 3 | 4 | 4 | 11 |
| 7 | Norway | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| 8 | Sweden | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 9 | Switzerland | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 10 | Austria | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 11 | Netherlands | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 12 | Finland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 13 | Lithuania | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| | Ukraine | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 15 | Portugal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 16 | Italy | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 17 | France | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 18 | Greece | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 19 | Romania | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 20 | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 21 | Belarus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (21 entries) | | 50 | 50 | 52 | 152 |

## European U20 Beach Volleyball Championships

Source:

### Editions

U20 European Championships

U19

1. 1999, Aug 18–21 Finestrat ESP

U20

2. 2000, Aug 03-06 Nürnberg GER

2001 cancelled

3. 2002, Aug 22–25 Basel SUI

4. 2003, Jul 01-04 Salzburg AUT

5. 2004, Jul 22–25 Koper SLO

6. 2005, Jul 28–31 Tel Aviv ISR

7. 2006, Aug 17–20 Ankaran SLO

8. 2007, Aug 30 – Sep 02 Scheveningen NED

9. 2008, Aug 04-07 San Salvo ITA

10. 2009, Aug 26–29 Kos GRE

11. 2010, Jul 08-11 Catania ITA

12. 2011, Jul 27–30 Tel Aviv ISR

13. 2012, Aug 16–19 Hartberg AUT

14. 2013, Aug 08-11 Vilnius LTU

15. 2014, Sep 04-07 Cesenatico ITA

16. 2015, Sep 02-05 Larnaca CYP

17. 2016, Jun 16–19 Antalya TUR

18. 2017, Sep 07-10 Vulcano ITA

19. 2018, Jun 28 – Jul 01 Anapa RUS

20. 2019, Jun 27–30 Göteborg SWE

21. 2020, Sep 09-13 Brno CZE

22. 2021, Jul 08-11 İzmir TUR

23. 2022, Jul 14–17 İzmir TUR

24. 2023, Aug 17–20 Rīga LAT

2020: Originally planned on Aug 12–16 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Results

Men

Champions Final Runners-up Third place

1. 1999 RUS 2:1 GER GER
2. 2000 GER 2:0 NED GER
3. 2002 CZE 2:1 GER GER
4. 2003 LAT 2:0 ESP POL
5. 2004 LAT 2:0 GER POL
6. 2005 LAT 2:0 POL GER
7. 2006 GER 2:1 POL NED
8. 2007 POL 2:0 FRA ITA
9. 2008 POL 2:1 NED RUS
10. 2009 POL 2:1 UKR ESP
11. 2010 POL 2:1 DEN UKR
12. 2011 POL 2:0 LAT GER
13. 2012 AUT 2:1 POL POL
14. 2013 POL 2:1 POL RUS
15. 2014 GER 2:0 RUS LTU
16. 2015 NOR 2:0 FRA UKR
17. 2016 NOR 2:0 RUS SUI
18. 2017 RUS 2:0 SUI FRA
19. 2018 RUS 2:0 FRA RUS
20. 2019 NED 2:0 GER SWE
21. 2020 SWE 2:0 GER ITA
22. 2021 SLO 2:0 NOR ITA
23. 2022 AUT 2:1 FRA GER
24. 2023 FRA 2:0 AUT LAT

Women

Champions Final Runners-up Third place

1. 1999 GRE 2:0 LAT FRA
2. 2000 RUS 2:0 SUI EST
3. 2002 FIN 2:0 GER RUS
4. 2003 GER 2:0 RUS GER
5. 2004 GER 2:1 AUT GER
6. 2005 NED 2:1 AUT GER
7. 2006 GER 2:0 SUI NED
8. 2007 NED 2:0 CZE POL
9. 2008 RUS 2:0 POL NED
10. 2009 ITA 2:1 POL POL
11. 2010 GER 2:0 RUS POL
12. 2011 AUT 2:0 RUS POL
13. 2012 POL 2:0 GER LTU
14. 2013 SUI 2:0 POL AUT
15. 2014 SUI 2:0 AUT POL
16. 2015 NED 2:1 FIN RUS
17. 2016 NED 2:0 ITA BLR
18. 2017 RUS 2:1 ITA NED
19. 2018 RUS 2:0 POL SUI
20. 2019 RUS 2:0 NED ESP
21. 2020 LAT 2:0 SUI UKR
22. 2021 RUS 2:0 ESP DEN
23. 2022 UKR 2:0 LAT NED
24. 2023 POL 2:1 SUI CZE

### Medals

#### Men (1999–2023)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland | 6 | 4 | 3 | 13 |
| 2 | Germany | 3 | 5 | 6 | 14 |
| 3 | Russia | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| 4 | Latvia | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 5 | Austria | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| | Norway | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | France | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
| 8 | Netherlands | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 9 | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | Czech Republic | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Slovenia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 12 | Ukraine | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 13 | Spain | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Switzerland | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 15 | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 16 | Italy | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 17 | Lithuania | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (17 entries) | | 24 | 24 | 24 | 72 |

#### Women (1999–2023)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 6 | 3 | 2 | 11 |
| 2 | Germany | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 3 | Netherlands | 4 | 1 | 4 | 9 |
| 4 | Poland | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11 |
| 5 | Switzerland | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 |
| 6 | Austria | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 7 | Italy | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| | Latvia | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 9 | Finland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 10 | Ukraine | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 11 | Greece | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 12 | Czech Republic | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Spain | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 14 | Belarus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Denmark | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Estonia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | France | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Lithuania | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (18 entries) | | 24 | 24 | 24 | 72 |

#### Total (1999–2023)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 9 | 5 | 5 | 19 |
| 2 | Poland | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |
| 3 | Germany | 7 | 7 | 9 | 23 |
| 4 | Netherlands | 5 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
| 5 | Latvia | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
| 6 | Austria | 3 | 4 | 1 | 8 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 2 | 5 | 2 | 9 |
| 8 | Norway | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 9 | France | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 10 | Italy | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 11 | Ukraine | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 12 | Czech Republic | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 13 | Finland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 14 | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 15 | Greece | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Slovenia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 17 | Spain | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 18 | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 19 | Lithuania | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 20 | Belarus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Estonia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (21 entries) | | 48 | 48 | 48 | 144 |

## European U18 Beach Volleyball Championships

Source:

### Editions

1. 2002, Aug 15–18 Illichivsk UKR

2. 2003, Aug 07-10 Brno CZE

3. 2004, Aug 05-08 Mysłowice POL

4. 2005, Aug 11–14 Illichivsk UKR

5. 2006, Jul 27–30 Bratislava SVK

6. 2007, Jul 18–21 Brno CZE

7. 2008, Aug 28–31 Loutraki GRE

8. 2009, Jul 23–26 Espinho POR

9. 2010, Aug 05-08 Porto POR

10. 2011, Aug 11–14 Vilnius LTU

11. 2012, Jul 05-08 Brno CZE

12. 2013, Aug 28–31 Maladzyechna BLR

13. 2014, Aug 21–24 Kristiansand NOR

14. 2015, Aug 06-09 Rīga LAT

15. 2016, Aug 11–14 Brno CZE

16. 2017, Aug 24–27 Kazan RUS

17. 2018, Aug 16–19 Brno CZE

18. 2019, Jun 13–16 Baden AUT

19. 2020, Sep 16–20 İzmir TUR

20. 2021, Sep 02-05 Ljubljana SLO

21. 2022, Sep 01-04 Loutraki GRE

22. 2023, Aug 23–27 Madrid ESP

2020: Originally planned on Jul 08-12 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Results

Men

Champions Final Runners-up Third place

1. 2002 RUS 2:1 ESP RUS
2. 2003 GER 2:0 LAT ESP
3. 2004 POL 2:0 GER POL
4. 2005 POL 2:0 LTU SLO
5. 2006 POL 2:0 UKR FRA
6. 2007 EST 2:1 ESP FRA
7. 2008 UKR 2:1 POL GER
8. 2009 POL 2:0 CRO EST
9. 2010 RUS 2:0 POL RUS
10. 2011 POL 2:0 RUS POL
11. 2012 RUS 2:0 RUS GER
12. 2013 RUS 2:0 AUT GER
13. 2014 GER 2:1 POL ESP
14. 2015 FRA 2:0 UKR SUI
15. 2016 GER 2:0 RUS FRA
16. 2017 RUS 2:0 RUS RUS
17. 2018 SWE 2:0 CZE RUS
18. 2019 GER 2:1 SLO RUS
19. 2020 UKR 2:0 LAT RUS
20. 2021 RUS 2:0 POL AUT
21. 2022 LAT 2:0 DEN BEL
22. 2023 DEN 2:1 SWE GER

Women

Champions Final Runners-up Third place

1. 2002 GER 2:1 NED GRE
2. 2003 GER 2:0 GER NED
3. 2004 POL 2:1 GER GER
4. 2005 CZE 2:0 GER LTU
5. 2006 NED 2:1 NED GER
6. 2007 GER 2:1 FRA SUI
7. 2008 RUS 2:0 GER POL
8. 2009 GER 2:1 CZE RUS
9. 2010 RUS 2:0 POR GER
10. 2011 LTU 2:1 SUI POL
11. 2012 POL 2:0 GER SUI
12. 2013 RUS 2:0 GER UKR
13. 2014 GER 2:0 POL FIN
14. 2015 LAT 2:0 AUT CZE
15. 2016 CZE 2:1 RUS SRB
16. 2017 RUS 2:1 NED UKR
17. 2018 GER 2:0 RUS ESP
18. 2019 RUS 2:1 ESP CZE
19. 2020 UKR 2:0 UKR SUI
20. 2021 SUI 2:1 UKR GER
21. 2022 CZE 2:0 AUT NED
22. 2023 ESP 2:1 AUT FRA

### Medals

#### Men (2002–2023)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 6 | 4 | 6 | 16 |
| 2 | Poland | 5 | 4 | 2 | 11 |
| 3 | Germany | 4 | 1 | 4 | 9 |
| 4 | Ukraine | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 5 | Latvia | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 6 | Denmark | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| | Sweden | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | France | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 9 | Estonia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | Spain | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 11 | Austria | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Slovenia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 13 | Croatia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Czech Republic | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Lithuania | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 16 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Switzerland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (17 entries) | | 22 | 22 | 22 | 66 |

#### Women (2002–2023)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germany | 6 | 6 | 4 | 16 |
| 2 | Russia | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
| 3 | Czech Republic | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 4 | Poland | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 5 | Netherlands | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 6 | Ukraine | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 8 | Spain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 9 | Lithuania | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | Latvia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | Austria | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 12 | France | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 13 | Portugal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Finland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Greece | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Serbia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (16 entries) | | 22 | 22 | 22 | 66 |

#### Total (2002–2023)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 11 | 6 | 7 | 24 |
| 2 | Germany | 10 | 7 | 8 | 25 |
| 3 | Poland | 7 | 5 | 4 | 16 |
| 4 | Ukraine | 3 | 4 | 2 | 9 |
| 5 | Czech Republic | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 6 | Latvia | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 7 | Netherlands | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 8 | Estonia | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | France | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| | Switzerland | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| 11 | Lithuania | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| | Spain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 13 | Denmark | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| | Sweden | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 15 | Austria | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 16 | Slovenia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 17 | Croatia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Portugal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 19 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Finland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Greece | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Serbia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (22 entries) | | 44 | 44 | 44 | 132 |

## Medals (U22, U20, U18) (1999–2023)

1. U22 Men – 1999–2023 – 24 Editions
2. U22 Women – 1999–2023 – 24 Editions
3. U20 Men – 1999–2023 – 24 Editions
4. U20 Women – 1999–2023 – 24 Editions
5. U18 Men – 2002–2023 – 22 Editions
6. U18 Women – 2002–2023 – 22 Editions

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 31 | 14 | 19 | 64 |
| 2 | Germany | 26 | 25 | 29 | 80 |
| 3 | Poland | 20 | 20 | 15 | 55 |
| 4 | Latvia | 10 | 9 | 4 | 23 |
| 5 | Czech Republic | 7 | 8 | 5 | 20 |
| 6 | Netherlands | 7 | 7 | 8 | 22 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 5 | 8 | 8 | 21 |
| 8 | Ukraine | 5 | 5 | 7 | 17 |
| 9 | Norway | 5 | 3 | 0 | 8 |
| 10 | Austria | 4 | 10 | 6 | 20 |
| 11 | Spain | 4 | 7 | 7 | 18 |
| 12 | Sweden | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 13 | France | 2 | 6 | 8 | 16 |
| 14 | Finland | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 15 | Lithuania | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 |
| 16 | Italy | 1 | 4 | 4 | 9 |
| 17 | Denmark | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 18 | Estonia | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 19 | Greece | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 20 | Slovenia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 21 | Portugal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 22 | Romania | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 23 | Croatia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 24 | Belarus | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 25 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Serbia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (26 entries) | | 140 | 140 | 142 | 422 |

1. "Competition History". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
2. "Sportstatistik / Sports Statistics: Volleyball". *sport-record.de*. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
3. "Editions & Champions". *CEV*.
4. "Men's CEV Under Age Under 23 European Beach Volleyball Championships Schinias, Greece". *Beach Volleyball Database*. June 3, 2024.
5. "U22 European Championships". *sport-record.de*. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
6. "2010 CEV U23 Beach Volleyball European Championship: Results – Men". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
7. "2011 CEV U23 Beach Volleyball European Championship: Results – Men". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
8. "2012 CEV U23 Beach Volleyball European Championship: Results – Men". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
9. "2010 CEV U23 Beach Volleyball European Championship: Results – Women". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
10. "2011 CEV U23 Beach Volleyball European Championship: Results – Women". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
11. "2012 CEV U23 Beach Volleyball European Championship: Results – Women". European Volleyball Confederation. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
12. "Editions & Champions". *CEV*.
13. "Editions & Champions". *CEV*.
14. "U20 European Championships". *sport-record.de*. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
15. "Editions & Champions". *CEV*.
16. "Editions & Champions". *CEV*.
17. "U18 European Championships". *sport-record.de*. Retrieved June 4, 2024.


title: 1970 PGA Championship

abstract: The 1970 PGA Championship was the 52nd PGA Championship, played August 13–16 at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Dave Stockton won the first of his two PGA Championships at 279 (−1), two strokes ahead of runners-up Bob Murphy and Arnold Palmer. It was Palmer's third runner-up finish at the only major he never won, and was his last time in contention in the final round of a PGA Championship. Stockton won his second PGA Championship six years later in 1976. The third round was played in 101 °F (38 °C) heat, and Stockton led by three strokes after 54 holes at 206 (−4). Defending champion Raymond Floyd carded a 65 (−5) on Saturday and was in second place at 209 (−1) entering the final round, and Palmer was alone in third place at 211 (+1). It was the second major championship at Southern Hills, which hosted the U.S. Open in 1958. It later hosted the U.S. Open in 1977 and 2001 and the PGA Championship in 1982, 1994, 2007, and 2022.

text:
# 1970 PGA Championship

Southern Hills Country Clubclass=notpageimage|Location in the United States Southern Hills Country Clubclass=notpageimage|Location in Oklahoma

The **1970 PGA Championship** was the 52nd PGA Championship, played August 13–16 at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Dave Stockton won the first of his two PGA Championships at 279 (−1), two strokes ahead of runners-up Bob Murphy and Arnold Palmer.

It was Palmer's third runner-up finish at the only major he never won, and was his last time in contention in the final round of a PGA Championship. Stockton won his second PGA Championship six years later in 1976.

The third round was played in 101 °F (38 °C) heat, and Stockton led by three strokes after 54 holes at 206 (−4). Defending champion Raymond Floyd carded a 65 (−5) on Saturday and was in second place at 209 (−1) entering the final round, and Palmer was alone in third place at 211 (+1).

It was the second major championship at Southern Hills, which hosted the U.S. Open in 1958. It later hosted the U.S. Open in 1977 and 2001 and the PGA Championship in 1982, 1994, 2007, and 2022.

## Course layout

| Hole | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Yards** | 459 | 450 | 410 | 360 | 630 | 188 | 385 | 218 | 378 | **3,478** | 401 | 167 | 456 | 470 | 215 | 410 | 552 | 355 | 458 | **3,484** | **6,962** |
| **Par** | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | **35** | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | **35** | **70** |

## Round summaries

### First round

*Thursday, August 13, 1970*

| Place | Player | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T1 | Johnny Miller | 68 | −2 |
| | Jack Nicklaus | | |
| T3 | Charles Coody | 69 | −1 |
| | Larry Hinson | | |
| T5 | Homero Blancas | 70 | E |
| | Jacky Cupit | | |
| | Dick Hendrickson | | |
| | Arnold Palmer | | |
| | Mason Rudolph | | |
| | Sam Snead | | |
| | Dave Stockton | | |

Source:

### Second round

*Friday, August 14, 1970*

| Place | Player | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| T1 | Larry Hinson | 69-71=140 | E |
| | Dave Stockton | 70-70=140 | |
| T3 | Mike Hill | 71-70=141 | +1 |
| | Hale Irwin | 71-70=141 | |
| | Mason Rudolph | 71-70=141 | |
| T6 | Billy Casper | 72-70=142 | +2 |
| | Dick Lotz | 72-70=142 | |
| | Arnold Palmer | 70-72=142 | |
| | Gary Player | 74-69=142 | |
| T10 | Julius Boros | 72-71=143 | +3 |
| | Bill Collins | 72-71=143 | |
| | Terry Dill | 72-71=143 | |
| | Lou Graham | 75-68=143 | |
| | Howie Johnson | 71-72=143 | |
| | Gene Littler | 72-71=143 | |
| | Bob Lunn | 74-69=143 | |
| | Billy Maxwell | 72-71=143 | |
| | Bert Yancey | 74-69=143 | |

Source:

### Third round

*Saturday, August 15, 1970*

| Place | Player | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dave Stockton | 70-70-66=206 | −4 |
| 2 | Raymond Floyd | 71-73-65=209 | −1 |
| 3 | Arnold Palmer | 70-72-69=211 | +1 |
| 4 | Gene Littler | 72-71-69=212 | +2 |
| T5 | Bob Lunn | 74-69-70=213 | +3 |
| | Sam Snead | 70-75-68=213 | |
| T7 | Larry Hinson | 69-71-74=214 | +4 |
| | Mason Rudolph | 71-70-73=214 | |
| T9 | Julius Boros | 72-71-72=215 | +5 |
| | Mike Hill | 71-70-74=215 | |
| | Johnny Miller | 68-77-70=215 | |
| | Bob Murphy | 71-73-71=215 | |

Source:

### Final round

*Sunday, August 16, 1970*

| Place | Player | Score | To par | Money () |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Dave Stockton** | 70-70-66-73=279 | −1 | 40,000 |
| T2 | Bob Murphy | 71-73-71-66=281 | +1 | 18,500 |
| | Arnold Palmer | 70-72-69-70=281 | | |
| T4 | Larry Hinson | 69-71-74-68=282 | +2 | 8,800 |
| | Gene Littler | 72-71-69-70=282 | | |
| T6 | Bruce Crampton | 73-75-68-67=283 | +3 | 6,800 |
| | Jack Nicklaus | 68-76-73-66=283 | | |
| T8 | Raymond Floyd | 71-73-65-75=284 | +4 | 5,650 |
| | Dick Lotz | 72-70-75-67=284 | | |
| T10 | Billy Maxwell | 72-71-73-69=285 | +5 | 4,800 |
| | Mason Rudolph | 71-70-73-71=285 | | |

Source:

36°04′12″N 95°56′46″W / 36.070°N 95.946°W / 36.070; -95.946

## InfoBox

1970 PGA Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | August 13–16, 1970 |
| Location | Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| Course(s) | Southern Hills Country Club |
| Organized by | PGA of America |
| Tour(s) | PGA Tour |
| Statistics | |
| Par | 70 |
| Length | 6,962 yards (6,366 m) |
| Field | 136 players, 70 after cut |
| Cut | 150 (+10) |
| Prize fund | 200,000 |
| Winner's share | $40,000 |
| Champion | |
| Dave Stockton | |
| 279 (−1) | |
|  | |


abstract: This is a list of the 1970 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates. The tournament was held in early November at Tucson Country Club in Tucson, Arizona for the first time. There were nine 54-hole district tournaments to determine the final field of 60 players for the final 72-hole qualifying tournament. 18 players earned their tour cards with Bob Barbarossa being medalist. There was a five-for-one playoff for the last card.

text:
# 1970 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

This is a list of the **1970 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates.**

The tournament was held in early November at Tucson Country Club in Tucson, Arizona for the first time. There were nine 54-hole district tournaments to determine the final field of 60 players for the final 72-hole qualifying tournament. 18 players earned their tour cards with Bob Barbarossa being medalist. There was a five-for-one playoff for the last card.

## Tournament summary

This was the first year that Greg Powers attempted to qualify for the PGA Tour at PGA Tour Qualifying Tournament. He was not successful. Australian player David Graham also attempted to qualify. However, he was not successful either.

## List of graduates

| Place | Player | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bob Barbarossa |  |
| T2 | Bob Bourne |  |
| | Bob Clark |  |
| | Dwight Nevil |  |
| T5 | Hubert Green | Winner of 1966 and 1969 Southern Amateur |
| | Vic Loustalot |  |
| T7 | Richie Karl |  |
| | John Lister | Winner of two British PGA Circuit events |
| | Rik Massengale | Winner of 1968 Western Amateur |
| T10 | Jim Dent |  |
| | Bob Lewis |  |
| | Charles Owens |  |
| T13 | Buddy Allin |  |
| | Roberto Bernardini | Winner of 1968 and 1969 Swiss Open |
| | Ken Fulton |  |
| | Ralph Johnston |  |
| | Larry White |  |
| 18 | Steve Bogan |  |

Sources:


title: Evan Battey

abstract: Evan Earl Battey is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant basketball coach at the University of Colorado. He played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes. He was named second-team All-Pac-12 as a senior in 2022.

text:
# Evan Battey

**Evan Earl Battey** (born September 27, 1998) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant basketball coach at the University of Colorado. He played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes. He was named second-team All-Pac-12 as a senior in 2022.

## High school career

Battey started playing high school basketball at the Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies in Los Angeles. He averaged 11 points and 11 rebounds per game as a freshman. As a sophomore, Battey averaged 20 points and 14 rebounds per game, leading his team to its second straight CIF Los Angeles City Section Division IV title. For his junior season, he transferred to Villa Park High School in Villa Park, California. In his fifth game of the season, Battey scored 44 points, two shy of the school record. As a junior, he averaged 24 points and 12 rebounds per game. Battey was ruled ineligible for his senior season, as he had repeated ninth grade and exhausted all eight semesters of athletic eligibility. While sidelined, he served as a coach for Villa Park's big men and junior varsity team. He committed to playing college basketball for Colorado over offers from Arizona State, Miami (Florida) and Purdue, among others.

## College career

Battey sat out for the 2017–18 season as an academic redshirt, because he did not graduate from high school in four years. In December 2017, he suffered a stroke while playing basketball with his friends, and had two seizures later in the day. Battey rehabilitated for five months, including physical therapy and speech therapy. As a freshman at Colorado, he averaged 8.1 points and 4.4 rebounds per game. In his sophomore season, Battey became a regular starter and averaged 8.9 points and 5.9 rebounds per game. As a junior, he averaged 10.1 points and 5.3 rebounds per game, and was named to the All-Pac-12 honorable mention. As a senior, Battey averaged 12.4 points and 4.7 rebounds per game and was named second-team All-Pac-12.

## Professional career

Battey was undrafted in the 2022 NBA Draft. On August 11, 2022, Battey announced he would be playing for BC Rilski Sportist of the National Basketball League in Bulgaria. The following season, Battey joined the Lugano Tigers of the Swiss Basketball League in Switzerland. During his time with the Tigers, he averaged 19.1 points and 8.0 rebounds per game.

## Coaching career

On July 8, 2024, Battey announced he would be returning to the University of Colorado to become an assistant coach and quality control analyst.

## Career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

### College

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017–18 | Colorado | Redshirt | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2018–19 | Colorado | **36** | 11 | 21.3 | .484 | .188 | .705 | 4.4 | **1.2** | .5 | .3 | 8.1 |
| 2019–20 | Colorado | 32 | 32 | 24.8 | **.526** | .353 | .694 | **5.9** | 1.0 | .5 | .3 | 8.9 |
| 2020–21 | Colorado | 32 | 32 | 25.7 | .498 | .118 | **.825** | 5.3 | 1.0 | .4 | .3 | 10.1 |
| 2021–22 | Colorado | 33 | **33** | **28.5** | .502 | **.488** | .759 | 4.7 | **1.2** | **.6** | **.5** | **12.4** |
| Career | | 133 | 108 | 25.0 | .502 | .390 | .748 | 5.0 | 1.1 | .5 | .4 | 9.8 |

## Personal life

Battey's father, Earl III, played college baseball at UCLA and is a longtime Los Angeles Police Department officer. His grandfather, Earl Jr., was a five-time Major League Baseball All-Star and a three-time Gold Glove winner. Battey's uncle, Ed Sanders, was a boxer and won the gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Evan Battey
| Battey with Colorado in 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
| Colorado Buffaloes | |
| Position | Assistant coach/quality control analyst |
| Conference | Big 12 |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1998-09-27) September 27, 1998<br>Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Listed height | 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) |
| Listed weight | 259 lb (117 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school |  |
| College | Colorado (2018–2022) |
| NBA draft | 2022: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2022–2024 |
| Number | 21 |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 2022–2023 | Rilski Sportist |
| 2023–2024 | Lugano Tigers |
| As coach: | |
| 2024–present | Colorado (assistant) |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Evan B. Stotsenburg

abstract: Evan B. Stotsenburg was an American politician and lawyer who served as the twenty-second Indiana Attorney General from November 11, 1915, to January 1, 1917. He also served as President Pro Tempore of the Indiana Senate.

text:
# Evan B. Stotsenburg

**Evan B. Stotsenburg** (May 16, 1865 – August 1, 1937) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the twenty-second Indiana Attorney General from November 11, 1915, to January 1, 1917. He also served as President Pro Tempore of the Indiana Senate.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Stotsenburg was born in New Albany, Indiana to John H. and Jane "Jennie" F. (née Miller) Stotsenburg. John H. Stotsenburg was a prominent attorney and judge in New Albany. Jennie Stotsenburg was originally from Constableville, New York. Evan's brother was Colonel John M. Stotsenburg who died while serving in the Philippine–American War.

Stotsenburg attended grade school in New Albany before entering the University of Louisville across the Ohio River in Kentucky. He later attended Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in 1886 and began practicing law in New Albany with his father. After his father retired in 1890, Stotsenburg practiced law alone.

### Political career

Stotsenburg, a Democrat, represented Floyd County in the Indiana General Assembly. He served as a state senator from 1905 to 1913 and was elected president pro tempore of the Indiana Senate.

In 1915, following the death of Richard M. Milburn, Governor Samuel M. Ralston appointed Stotsenburg to replace Milburn as the new Indiana Attorney General. In 1916, the Indiana Democratic Party renominated Stotsenburg for a second term as Attorney General, but he was defeated by Republican challenger Ele Stansbury.

Stotsenburg became a member of the State Highway Commission sometime prior to 1936.

### Personal life and death

Stotsenburg married Zenobia Borden of Washington, Arkansas in 1892.

Stotsenburg was a law partner of Sherman Minton, U.S. Senator from Indiana and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. Stotsenburg's firm, Stotsenburg & Weathers, hired Minton in the early 1920s.

Stotsenburg died in 1937.

## InfoBox

| Evan B. Stotsenburg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 22nd Indiana Attorney General | |
| **In office**
November 11, 1915  January 1, 1917 | |
| Governor | Samuel M. Ralston |
| Preceded by | Richard M. Milburn |
| Succeeded by | Ele Stansbury |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Evan Brown Stotsenburg
May 16, 1865
New Albany, Indiana |
| Died | August 1, 1937(1937-08-01) (aged 72) |
|  | |


abstract: The 2009 America East Conference baseball tournament took place from May 21 through 23 at Pete Sylvester Field in Endicott, New York. The top four regular season finishers of the league's seven teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament. In the championship game, first-seeded Binghamton defeated second-seeded Albany, 16–6, to win its first tournament championship. As a result, Binghamton received the America East's automatic bid to the 2009 NCAA tournament, the program's first.

text:
# 2009 America East Conference baseball tournament

The **2009 America East Conference baseball tournament** took place from May 21 through 23 at Pete Sylvester Field in Endicott, New York. The top four regular season finishers of the league's seven teams qualified for the double-elimination tournament. In the championship game, first-seeded Binghamton defeated second-seeded Albany, 16–6, to win its first tournament championship. As a result, Binghamton received the America East's automatic bid to the 2009 NCAA tournament, the program's first.

## Seeding

The top four finishers from the regular season were seeded one through four based on conference winning percentage only. They then played in a double-elimination format. In the first round, the one and four seeds were matched up in one game, while the two and three seeds were matched up in the other.

| Team | W | L | Pct. | GB | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Binghamton | 13 | 7 | .650 |  | **1** |
| Albany | 15 | 9 | .625 |  | **2** |
| Stony Brook | 14 | 10 | .583 | 1 | **3** |
| Vermont | 14 | 10 | .583 | 1 | **4** |
| Maine | 13 | 11 | .542 | 2 |  |
| Hartford | 7 | 15 | .318 | 7 |  |
| UMBC | 4 | 18 | .182 | 10 |  |

## Results

|
|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Upper round 1 | | |  |  | Upper final | | |  |  | Final | | |
|  | || | | | | |
|  |  | | | | |  | | | | |  | | |
|  | || | | | |
|  | **1** | **Binghamton** | **10** | | || | |
|  | | | |  |  |  | | | | | |
|  | 4 | Vermont | | 7 |  |  | || |
|  | | | |  |  | **1** | | **Binghamton** | | | **11** |
|  |  | | | | | | |  |  |  |  |
|  | |  |  | 2 | Albany | 7 | |  |  |
|  | **2** | **Albany** | | | | **8** | |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | |  |  | | |  | | |  | | |
|  | 3 | Stony Brook | | 1 |  | | |  |
|  | | | |  |  | | | **1** | **Binghamton** |  |
|  |  | | | | | | | | | | |  |  |
|  | |  |  | 2 | Albany |  |
|  | Lower round 1 | | | | | |  |  | Lower final | | |  |  |
|  | |  | | | | | || |
|  | |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | |  | | | | | **2** | **Albany** | | | **10** |
|  | |  |  | | | |
|  | | **4** | **Vermont** | **13** |  |  | 4 | Vermont | 9 |  |  |
|  | | | |  |  | | | |  |  |
|  | | 3 | | | Stony Brook | 11 |  |  |  | | |
|  | | | |  |  | |  |  |

## All-Tournament Team

The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team.

| Player | Team |
| --- | --- |
| Mike Augliera | Binghamton |
| Jim Calderone | Binghamton |
| Jeff Dennis | Binghamton |
| CJ Lukaszewski | Binghamton |
| David Kubiak | Albany |
| Dave West | Albany |
| Ryan Gugel | Albany |
| Dave Soltis | Vermont |
| Ethan Paquette | Vermont |
| Chad Marshall | Stony Brook |

### Most Outstanding Player

Binghamton second baseman Jim Calderone was named Most Outstanding Player.

## InfoBox

2009 America East Conference
baseball tournament
| Teams | 4 |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Double-elimination |
| Finals site |  |
| Champions | Binghamton (1st title) |
| Winning coach | Tim Sinicki (1st title) |
| MVP | Jim Calderone (Binghamton) |
|


title: 1975 Suisse Open Gstaad

abstract: The 1975 Suisse Open Gstaad was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Gstaad, Switzerland. It was the 30th edition of the tournament and was held from 7 July through 13 July 1975. The tournament was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and categorized in Group B. Ken Rosewall won the singles title and the accompanying $8,000 prize money.

text:
# 1975 Suisse Open Gstaad

The **1975 Suisse Open Gstaad** was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Gstaad, Switzerland. It was the 30th edition of the tournament and was held from 7 July through 13 July 1975. The tournament was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and categorized in Group B. Ken Rosewall won the singles title and the accompanying $8,000 prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Ken Rosewall defeated  Karl Meiler 6–4, 6–4, 6–3

### Doubles

Jürgen Fassbender /  Hans-Jürgen Pohmann defeated  Colin Dowdeswell /  Ken Rosewall 6–4, 9–7, 6–1

## InfoBox

| 1975 Suisse Open Gstaad | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 7–13 July |
| Edition | 30th |
| Category | Grand Prix (Grade B) |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $50,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Gstaad, Switzerland |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Ken Rosewall | |
| Doubles | |
| Jürgen Fassbender /  Manuel Orantes | |
|  | |


title: Arvid Olsson

abstract: Ernst Arvid Olsson (1888–1958) was a Swedish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the foremost leaders of the Socialist Party.

text:
# Arvid Olsson

**Ernst Arvid Olsson** (1888–1958) was a Swedish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the foremost leaders of the Socialist Party.

## Youth

Olsson hailed from a statare family. He became a gunsmith for the Swedish Navy and a labour activist, living in Ramundeboda outside Laxå. A delegate at the 1914 congress of the Social Democratic Youth League, Olsson was thereafter one of the first Swedish communists to undergo political training in Soviet Russia.

## Communist labour leader

Olsson served as party secretary of the Communist Party. He also presided over the Trade Union Committee of the party and was the trade union affairs editor of *Folkets Dagblad Politiken*. However, after the sixth Congress of the Communist International the party suffered a factional conflict. Olsson belonged to the same grouping in the Central Committee as Karl Kilbom and Nils Flyg.

In August 1929, Olsson and Kilbom visited Moscow and were given the opportunity to express self-criticism. In October 1929 the split was final, as Kilbom, Olsson, Flyg and their followers were expelled from the party by the Executive Committee of the Communist International (through its representative Kullervo Manner). The expellees regrouped as a separate Communist Party of Sweden, later renamed Socialist Party. Olsson became the spokesperson on trade union affairs of the new party.

## In parliament

Olsson became a member of Parliament in 1934, replacing Edoff Andersson (who had died). He was elected to parliament in 1936. In the socialist parliamentary group, Olsson was Flyg's sole supporter in the controversy over the debate on the Spanish Civil War (Flyg was accused by others in the party of adopting a too ambivalent line towards the defense of the Spanish Republic). In 1937, Olsson and communist parliamentarian Knut Senander presented a joint motion to repeal the 1899 Åkarp Law, that was perceived as anti-labour. The motion was passed in both chambers of parliament in 1938. Olsson was one of the two parliamentarians that remained in the Socialist Party until the 1940 election (the other was Flyg).

## Editor

When *Folkets Dagblad Politiken* reappeared in 1942, Olsson was again named editor of trade union affairs of the newspaper. When Flyg died in 1943, Olsson was named as the new chief editor of the newspaper.

## Political legacy

Olsson was one of the architects of the process of shifting the Socialist Party towards nationalist positions. He employed Marxist terminology to justify these positions. Olsson argued that in circumstances such as the war between Finland and the Soviet Union the party ought to support the right of self-determination of smaller nations.

## Later life

After the Second World War, Olsson retreated from political life. He worked at the Public Employment Service office in Södermalm for a few years.

## InfoBox

| Arvid Olsson | |
| --- | --- |
| Arvid Olsson in 1938 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Swedish Parliament
for Stockholm Municipality | |
| **In office**
1934–1940 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1958
Stockholm |
| Political party | Social Democrat (–1917), Left Socialist/Communist (1917–1929), Socialist (1929–1940s) |
| Profession | Gunsmith, editor |
|  | |


title: Arnold Scholz

abstract: Arnold Scholz was a German mathematician who proved Scholz's reciprocity law and introduced the Scholz conjecture. Scholz participated in the Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences contributing the paper "On the Use of the Term Holism in Axiomatics" to the discussion on the foundation of mathematics.

text:
# Arnold Scholz

**Arnold Scholz** (24 December 1904 in Berlin – 1 February 1942 in Flensburg) was a German mathematician who proved Scholz's reciprocity law and introduced the Scholz conjecture.

Scholz participated in the Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences contributing the paper "On the Use of the Term Holism in Axiomatics" to the discussion on the foundation of mathematics.

## Publications

* Scholz, Arnold (1939), Schoeneberg, Bruno (ed.), *Einführung in die Zahlentheorie*, Sammlung Göschen, vol. 1131, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., ISBN 978-3-11-129619-7, MR 0031494


title: 1997–98 Irish League

abstract: The 1997–98 Irish League was the 97th edition of the Irish League, the highest level of league competition in Northern Irish football. The league consisted of 10 teams, and Cliftonville won the championship.

text:
# 1997–98 Irish League

The **1997–98 Irish League** was the 97th edition of the Irish League, the highest level of league competition in Northern Irish football. The league consisted of 10 teams, and Cliftonville won the championship.

## Premier Division

**Belfast**ArdsBallymena UnitedColeraineGlenavonOmagh TownPortadown**Belfast teams** : Cliftonville
Crusaders
Glentoran
Linfieldclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in the **1997–98 Irish League Premier Division** CliftonvilleCrusadersGlentoranLinfieldclass=notpageimage|Location of the Belfast-based teams in the **1997–98 Irish League Premier Division**

### League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cliftonville (C) | 36 | 20 | 8 | 8 | 49 | 37 | +12 | 68 | Qualification for the Champions League first qualifying round |
| 2 | Linfield | 36 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 50 | 19 | +31 | 64 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup first qualifying round |
| 3 | Portadown | 36 | 17 | 9 | 10 | 50 | 38 | +12 | 60 |  |
| 4 | Glentoran | 36 | 17 | 8 | 11 | 52 | 34 | +18 | 59 | Qualification for the Cup Winners' Cup qualifying round |
| 5 | Ballymena United | 36 | 14 | 9 | 13 | 55 | 55 | 0 | 51 |  |
| 6 | Crusaders | 36 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 51 | 51 | 0 | | 51 |
| 7 | Coleraine | 36 | 11 | 10 | 15 | 41 | 48 | 7 | | 43 |
| 8 | Glenavon | 36 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 47 | 56 | 9 | | 39 |
| 9 | Omagh Town | 36 | 7 | 10 | 19 | 43 | 68 | 25 | 31 | Promotion/relegation play-off and Intertoto Cup first round |
| 10 | Ards (R) | 36 | 4 | 11 | 21 | 31 | 63 | 32 | 23 | Relegation to the First Division |

Source: Irish League Archive
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

### Results

## First Division

Irish League First Division
| Champions | Newry Town |
| --- | --- |
| Promoted | Newry Town |
| Matches played | 112 |
| Goals scored | 350 (3.13 per match) |
| 1996–97 1998–99 | |

Ballyclare ComradesBangorCarrickDistilleryDungannon SwiftsLarneLimavady UnitedNewry Townclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in the **1997–98 Irish League First Division**

### League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Newry Town (C, P) | 28 | 20 | 5 | 3 | 61 | 18 | +43 | 65 | Promotion to the Premier Division |
| 2 | Bangor | 28 | 18 | 4 | 6 | 51 | 26 | +25 | 58 | Qualification for the promotion/relegation play-off |
| 3 | Distillery | 28 | 15 | 6 | 7 | 48 | 34 | +14 | 51 |  |
| 4 | Dungannon Swifts | 28 | 14 | 6 | 8 | 63 | 49 | +14 | | 48 |
| 5 | Ballyclare Comrades | 28 | 13 | 3 | 12 | 47 | 45 | +2 | | 42 |
| 6 | Larne | 28 | 8 | 2 | 18 | 30 | 58 | 28 | | 26 |
| 7 | Limavady United | 28 | 5 | 3 | 20 | 29 | 61 | 32 | | 18 |
| 8 | Carrick Rangers | 28 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 21 | 59 | 38 | | 12 |

Source: rsssf.com
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted

## Promotion/relegation play-off

Omagh Town, who finished in the relegation play-off place, faced Bangor, the 2nd-placed team in the First Division, in a two-legged tie for a place in next season's Irish League Premier Division.

| Bangor | 0 – 5 | Omagh Town |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Clandeboye Park, Bangor

---

| Omagh Town | 1 – 0 | Bangor |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

St Julian's Road, Omagh

*Omagh Town won 6–0 on aggregate*

## InfoBox

Irish League Premier Division
| Season | 1997–98 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Cliftonville<br>3rd Irish title |
| Relegated | Ards |
| Matches played | 180 |
| Goals scored | 469 (2.61 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Vinny Arkins (22) |
| 1996–97 1998–99 | |


# 1946 Uruguayan constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Uruguay on 24 November 1946, alongside general elections. Two options for amending the constitution were put to voters, but both were rejected.

## Proposals

Two proposals for amending the constitution were put to voters. Proposal 1 was put forward by the Battlismo faction of the Colorado Party and the Independent National Party, and would allow government initiatives to be approved by two-fifths of members of the Chamber of Deputies, would bring back the Colegiado system of government, and separate election dates. Proposal 2 was put forward by the Civic Union, and would allow referendums to be held on constitutional changes if 10% of registered voters signed a petition, would allow for the separate election of the President and Vice President, and also scrap the lema system.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Initiative 1 | 289,101 | 43.14 |
| Initiative 2 | 252,353 | 37.65 |
| Against both | 128,775 | 19.21 |
| **Total** | **670,229** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 993,892 | 67.43 |
| Source: Direct Democracy | | |


title: 1986 Transamerica Open

abstract: The 1986 Transamerica Open, also known as the Pacific Coast Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California in the United States. The event was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 98th edition of the tournament and was held from September 22 through September 28, 1986. Fourth-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title, his fifth and last at the event after 1978, 1979, 1982, and 1984 and earned $44,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1986 Transamerica Open

The **1986 Transamerica Open**, also known as the **Pacific Coast Championships**, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California in the United States. The event was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 98th edition of the tournament and was held from September 22 through September 28, 1986. Fourth-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title, his fifth and last at the event after 1978, 1979, 1982, and 1984 and earned $44,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

John McEnroe defeated  Jimmy Connors 7–6(8–6), 6–3

* It was McEnroe's 2nd singles title of the year and the 69th of his career.

### Doubles

Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe defeated  Mike De Palmer /  Gary Donnelly 6–4, 7–6(7–2)

## InfoBox

| 1986 Transamerica Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | September 22–28 |
| Edition | 98th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $220,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | San Francisco, U.S. |
| Venue | Cow Palace |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| John McEnroe | |
| Doubles | |
| Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1996 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen as All-Big Ten Conference players for the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The conference recognizes two official All-Big Ten selectors: (1) the Big Ten conference coaches selected separate offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players; and (2) a panel of sports writers and broadcasters covering the Big Ten also selected offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players.

text:
# 1996 All-Big Ten Conference football team

The **1996 All-Big Ten Conference football team** consists of American football players chosen as All-Big Ten Conference players for the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The conference recognizes two official All-Big Ten selectors: (1) the Big Ten conference coaches selected separate offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players (the "Coaches" team); and (2) a panel of sports writers and broadcasters covering the Big Ten also selected offensive and defensive units and named first- and second-team players (the "Media" team).

## Offensive selections

### Quarterbacks

* **Steve Schnur**, Northwestern (Coaches-1; Media-1)
* Matt Sherman, Iowa (Coaches-2)
* Todd Schultz, Michigan St. (Media-2)

### Running backs

### Centers

* **Rod Payne**, Michigan (Coaches-1; Media-1)
* Juan Porter, Ohio State (Coaches-2; Media-2)

### Guards

* **Justin Chabot**, Northwestern (Coaches-1; Media-1)
* Damon Denson, Michigan (Coaches-1; Media-2)
* Jamie Vanderveldt, Wisconsin (Media-1)
* Emmett Zitelli, Purdue (Coaches-2; Media-2)
* Zack Adami, Michigan (Coaches-2)

### Tackles

### Tight ends

* **Jerame Tuman**, Michigan (Coaches-1; Media-1)
* Keith Olsommer, Penn State (Coaches-2; Media-2)

### Receivers

## Defensive selections

### Defensive linemen

### Linebackers

### Defensive backs

## Special teams

### Kickers

### Punters

* **Nick Gallery**, Iowa (Coaches-1; Media-1)
* Paul Burton, Northwestern (Coaches-2)
* Alan Sutkowski, Indiana (Media-2)

## Key

**Bold** = selected as a first-team player by both the coaches and media panel

Coaches = selected by Big Ten Conference coaches

Media = selected by a media panel


title: Edwardsimemna

abstract: Edwardsimemna is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae erected by Berthold Neumoegen and Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1894. Its single species, Edwardsimemna jalapae, described by Henry Edwards in 1884, is found in Mexico.

text:
# Edwardsimemna

***Edwardsimemna*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae erected by Berthold Neumoegen and Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1894. Its single species, ***Edwardsimemna jalapae***, described by Henry Edwards in 1884, is found in Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Edwardsimemna* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lasiocampidae |
| Genus: | ***Edwardsimemna***
Neumoegen & Dyar, 1894 |
| Species: | ***E. jalapae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Edwardsimemna jalapae***
H. Edwards, 1884 | |
|


title: Euplectrus

abstract: Euplectrus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Euplectrus is a cosmopolitan genus and are easily distinguished from other members of the subfamily Eulophinae by three characteristics i.e. the hind tibial spurs are very long and strong with the longest spur being no less than half as long as hind tarsus and is used to anchor the female wasp to the dorsum of the host caterpillar during oviposition; the scutellum has no lateral grooves or pit-rows; and propodeum has a single strong median carina. It is a morphologically conservative genus and the species vary slightly from one another and this creates difficulties in identifying the species. Euplectrus wasps have been found as parasitoids on the caterpillars of the families Erebidae, Euteliidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae, Sphingidae and Tortricidae. The larvae of all species of Euplectrus are greenish-yellow and are very obvious on the host caterpillar's cuticle to which they are very firmly attached. The parasitized caterpillars feed and remain active but stop growing and moulting. The larvae of the wasps in the genus Euplectrus are external parasitoids of the caterpillars of various species of Lepidoptera. They are normally gregarious, laying between five and several hundred eggs per host caterpillar, although a few species lay a single egg on each host. Some species paralyse the host while others do not but in all cases the female injects the host with venom prior to oviposition. The venom stops the host from going through ecdysis, as the wasp larvae would be shed with the moulted cuticle and eventually causing the caterpillar to die, although the wasp larvae will have fully developed and spun a cocoon by that time. The eggs are positioned under the host's cuticle but above the hypodermis each egg has a pedicel with an anchor at its end which fastens the egg to the host. The eggs are normally laid on the back of the caterpillar and the larvae stay at the laying site until they complete their development sucking on the caterpillar's haemolymph. When they have completed their growth they migrate to the underside of the caterpillar and spin a loose cocoon in which they pupate, in some species the larvae spin communal cocoons around the dying host. The ability of Euplectrus larvae to spin cocoons is unique among the Eulophidae and the silk which forms the cocoon is produced in modified malpighian tubules and is exuded from the anal opening. The larva undergoes 3–5 molts before pupation and the development from oviposition to imago is normally no longer than two weeks.

text:
# Euplectrus

***Euplectrus*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

*Euplectrus* is a cosmopolitan genus and are easily distinguished from other members of the subfamily Eulophinae by three characteristics i.e. the hind tibial spurs are very long and strong with the longest spur being no less than half as long as hind tarsus and is used to anchor the female wasp to the dorsum of the host caterpillar during oviposition; the scutellum has no lateral grooves or pit-rows; and propodeum has a single strong median carina. It is a morphologically conservative genus and the species vary slightly from one another and this creates difficulties in identifying the species.

*Euplectrus* wasps have been found as parasitoids on the caterpillars of the families Erebidae, Euteliidae, Geometridae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae, Sphingidae and Tortricidae. The larvae of all species of *Euplectrus* are greenish-yellow and are very obvious on the host caterpillar's cuticle to which they are very firmly attached. The parasitized caterpillars feed and remain active but stop growing and moulting.

The larvae of the wasps in the genus *Euplectrus* are external parasitoids of the caterpillars of various species of Lepidoptera. They are normally gregarious, laying between five and several hundred eggs per host caterpillar, although a few species lay a single egg on each host. Some species paralyse the host while others do not but in all cases the female injects the host with venom prior to oviposition. The venom stops the host from going through ecdysis, as the wasp larvae would be shed with the moulted cuticle and eventually causing the caterpillar to die, although the wasp larvae will have fully developed and spun a cocoon by that time. The eggs are positioned under the host's cuticle but above the hypodermis each egg has a pedicel with an anchor at its end which fastens the egg to the host. The eggs are normally laid on the back of the caterpillar and the larvae stay at the laying site until they complete their development sucking on the caterpillar's haemolymph. When they have completed their growth they migrate to the underside of the caterpillar and spin a loose cocoon in which they pupate, in some species the larvae spin communal cocoons around the dying host. The ability of *Euplectrus* larvae to spin cocoons is unique among the Eulophidae and the silk which forms the cocoon is produced in modified malpighian tubules and is exuded from the anal opening. The larva undergoes 3–5 molts before pupation and the development from oviposition to imago is normally no longer than two weeks.

## InfoBox

| *Euplectrus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Euplectrus* adults emerging from the caterpillar of a Noctuid moth | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Eulophinae |
| Genus: | *Euplectrus*
Westwood, 1832 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Euplectrus maculiventris*
Westwood, 1832 | |
| Species | |
| 162 Species | |


title: 1928–29 Panhellenic Championship

abstract: The 1928–29 Panhellenic Championship was not held due to serious financial problems, as the organization of friendly matches between the POK members had led the HFF to economic and competitive decline. The return of the members of POK to the HFF in July 1928 and the desire of both sides to hold the championship did not succeed, as the championships of Athens, Piraeus and Macedonia were held, in which Panathinaikos and Olympiacos alongside Ethnikos Piraeus and Aris finished first respectively, but there was a significant delay in their completion, as a result of which the Panhellenic championship was not held, since the summer had already arrived and there was a strong fear of another financial failure.

text:
# 1928–29 Panhellenic Championship

The **1928–29 Panhellenic Championship** was not held due to serious financial problems, as the organization of friendly matches between the POK members had led the HFF to economic and competitive decline. The return of the members of POK to the HFF in July 1928 and the desire of both sides to hold the championship did not succeed, as the championships of Athens, Piraeus and Macedonia were held, in which Panathinaikos and Olympiacos alongside Ethnikos Piraeus and Aris finished first respectively, but there was a significant delay in their completion, as a result of which the Panhellenic championship was not held, since the summer had already arrived and there was a strong fear of another financial failure.

## Qualification round

### Athens Football Clubs Association

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Panathinaikos (Q) | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 3 | 13.667 | 16 |
| 2 | AEK Athens | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 9 | 2.111 | 14 |
| 3 | Atromitos | 9 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 0.769 | 10 |
| 4 | Apollon Athens | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 15 | 24 | 0.625 | 9 |
| 5 | Athinaikos | 9 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 24 | 0.792 | 7 |
| 6 | Goudi Athens | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 34 | 0.088 | 0 |

Source: rsssf
(Q) Qualified for the phase indicated
Notes:

### Piraeus Football Clubs Association

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ethnikos Piraeus* (Q) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 6 |
| 2 | Olympiacos* (Q) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 | +4 | 6 |
| 3 | Amyna Kokkinia | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 9 | 0 |

Source: rsssf
(Q) Qualified for the phase indicated
Notes: 1. In the ranking matches, both of them achieved a victory and as stipulated by the HFF legislation, 2 ranking matches were re-defined. The 3rd match ended a draw and a 4th match was held in the summer on July 14, 1929 and if it ended in a draw it would be led to extra time. The game was suspended at the 87th minute because of fan invasion, while the score was 1–1. In the end, the Piraeus' Association declared both clubs co-champions in order not to repeat the incidents of the previous periods, with the departures of any of them.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg | 3rd leg | 4th leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Championship play-offs
| Olympiacos | 8–8 | Ethnikos Piraeus | 2–0 | 2–4 | 3–3 | 1–1\* |

*The 1st half ends with 1–0 in favor of Olympiacos and in the 2nd half Ethnikos manages to equalize. Ethnikos also scored a second goal after a clash between the goalkeeper of Olympiacos and 3 players of Ethnikos, after he had previously blocked the ball and thus was considered a foul. The game continues until a fan invades the field and attacks an Olympiacos' player and then a general conflict ensues as other fans invade. In the end, the game never continued and did not go to extra time and it was stopped permanently,

### Macedonia Football Clubs Association

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |  | ARIS | PAOK | IRA | MEG | THER | ATL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Aris (Q) | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 40 | 13 | +27 | 18 |  |  | 1–1 | 2–1 | 11–2 | 5–2 | 2–0 |
| 2 | PAOK | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 32 | 8 | +24 | 18 |  | 3–3 |  | 3–0 | 3–0 | 7–1 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Iraklis | 10 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 25 | 22 | +3 | 9 |  | 1–4 | 0–3 |  | 6–2 | 0–2 | 5–2 |
| 4 | Megas Alexandros | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 34 | 17 | 8 |  | 1–6 | 0–1 | 1–1 |  | 2–2 | 4–1 |
| 5 | Thermaikos | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 20 | 29 | 9 | 7 |  | 2–3 | 0–2 | 1–4 | 2–3 |  | 4–1 |
| 6 | Atlantas | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 12 | 40 | 28 | 0 |  | 0–3 | 3–6 | 2–7 | 1–2 | 2–4 |  |

Source: rsssf
(Q) Qualified for the phase indicated
Notes: 1. The initial 4–1 was canceled after an objection from Thermaikos.
Awarded 0–2 to Thermaikos.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Final
| PAOK | 4–5 | **Aris** | 1–1 | 3–4 |

#### Matches

| PAOK | 1–1 | Aris |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Ettien  42' |  | * Kaltekis  72' |

| Aris | 4–3 | PAOK |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | * Tsolakidis  10' * Makaronopoulos  15' * Ettien  72' |

*Aris won 5–4 on aggregate.*

## Final round

*Not played.*

1. "Πρωταθλήματα που δεν ολοκληρώθηκαν". *www.imerisia-ver.gr*. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
2. "Ποδόσφαιρο: Όταν διακόπηκαν τα πανελλήνια πρωταθλήματα". *www.makthes.gr*.
3. "Βραδυνή", Σάββατο 13 Ιουλίου 1929, σελ. 5 (ψηφ. σελ. 77)
4. "Βραδυνή", Κυριακή 14 Ιουλίου 1929, σελ. 1 και 3 (ψηφ. σελ. 79 και 83)
5. "ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΘΝΙΚΟΣ ΕΚΥΧΗΡΘΗΣΑΝ ΙΣΟΠΑΛΟΙ. Η ΑΠΟΦΑΣΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΝΩΣΕΩΣ ΑΜΦΟΤΕΡΑ ΤΑ ΣΩΜΑΤΕΙΑ ΠΡΩΤΑΘΛΗΤΑΙ", "Βραδυνή", 19 Ιουλίου 1929, σελ. 4 (ψηφ. σελ. 113)
6. "ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΘΝΙΚΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΑΘΛΗΤΑΙ ΠΕΙΡΑΙΩΣ", εφ. "Ακρόπολις", 20 Ιουλίου 1929, σελ. 2 (ψηφ. σελ. 114)
7. "ΤΟ ΜΑΤΣ ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΥ – ΕΘΝΙΚΟΥ. ΠΩΣ ΠΡΟΕΚΛΗΘΗΣΑΝ ΤΑ ΕΠΕΙΣΟΔΙΑ. Ο ΑΓΩΝ ΔΙΑ ΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΑΘΛΗΜΑ ΑΝΕΒΛΗΘΗ", "Βραδυνή", Δευτέρα 15 Ιουλίου 1929, σελ. 5 (ψηφ. σελ. 89)
8. "Μακεδονικά Νέα, φύλλο 18-1-1929 (ψηφ.σελ.78)".
9. Γιαννάτος Σ., *Για Πάντα Πρωταθλητές*, τόμος 6, Άρης Ποδόσφαιρο – Μπάσκετ, ΣΚΑΪ βιβλίο, Αθήνα, 2009, σελ.15
10. Γιαννάτος Σ., *Για Πάντα Πρωταθλητές*, τόμος 6, Άρης Ποδόσφαιρο – Μπάσκετ, ΣΚΑΪ βιβλίο, Αθήνα, 2009, σελ.15

## InfoBox

Panhellenic Championship
| Season | 1928–29 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | none |
| Relegated | none |
| 1927–28 1929–30 | |


title: Angel (paintball gun)

abstract: The Angel is one of the first electropneumatic paintball markers. It was manufactured by Angel Paintball Sports starting in 1997 and was introduced alongside Smart Parts' original Shocker. The Angel was initially distributed in the United States by Brass Eagle as the 1455 Angel Semi-auto, advertised with a rate of 15 balls per second. This deal was short-lived, so WDP then distributed the Angel independently; refining the marker and releasing new models.

text:
# Angel (paintball gun)

The **Angel** is one of the first electropneumatic paintball markers. It was manufactured by Angel Paintball Sports (originally WDP) starting in 1997 and was introduced alongside Smart Parts' original Shocker.

The Angel was initially distributed in the United States by Brass Eagle as the *1455 Angel Semi-auto*, advertised with a rate of 15 balls per second. This deal was short-lived, so WDP then distributed the Angel independently; refining the marker and releasing new models.

## History

The Angel paintball marker was designed by engineer John Rice, as an *HPA-only* marker. Despite its ubiquitous use in the sport at the time, Rice considered CO2 a *dirty gas*, so the Angel used miniaturized components that could not withstand impurities in the air or the cooling effects of CO2. To cater to the sudden need for a high-flow HPA regulator, WDP released the *Gov'nair high pressure air* system. The marker featured an electronic firing sequence and light trigger for effective shooting, and low learning curve - . The first use of the Angel in a NPPL event was at the 1996 World Cup by Ted Kunewa with Washington Reign and Jacko with Banzai Bandits.

## Operation

The Angel incorporates a linked bolt and hammer, tri-tubed design, and a four-way solenoid valve; referred to as a *fourteen-way* by Angel engineer Rice. The valve drives the ram and is essentially an electronically controlled version of the four-way valves mounted to the front block of Autococker markers.

The firing sequence is electronically controlled, and starts from the open bolt. At the pull of the trigger, an electronic impulse trips the four-way valve, pushing compressed gas through the ram from behind, forcing the ram and bolt assembly to move towards the valve, impacting the poppet and releasing gas to the chamber. The paintball is fired with this gas, then the four-way solenoid reverses, and delivers gas to the front of the ram, returning the ram and bolt assembly to their starting position.

## Design evolution

Major Design Revisions (in chronological order of release):
| Model | Comment |
| --- | --- |
| Angel v6 | Pre-production prototype. The signature "rotobreech" on this model was unique in that it opened from the opposite side versus all later models. |
| Angel | Known today as the "Angel LED" to differentiate it from the subsequent Angel models which use an LCD programming interface |
| Angel LCD |  |
| Angel 2K2 | Slight design change. The electronic board was much more advanced and included several other modes of fire and an increased rate of fire. |
| Angel IR3 | Shares many of the same features as an LCD but in a slightly shorter overall package. The ram assembly overall is a bit shorter. Changed grip to 90-degree angle and a large trigger/hand guard. Also the first model to incorporate the COPS ("Crystal-Operated Paint Sensor") anti-chop ball detection system. Named for the inclusion of an IR port on the board, used for programming and for syncing settings between team members' markers. |
| Angel Speed 03 "3PEED" | Introduced the low pressure, or "LP" platform. First angel since LED to have a non LCD readout. The 03 model was released with the HP model solenoid but the new battery couldn't provide a reliable power source and was revised for 04 with a different solenoid to correct this problem. Introduced "Sensi" (an upgrade to the COPS software that could detect not just a paintball in the ready-to-fire position, but additional paintballs up the feedneck). |
| Angel Speed 04 "4PEED" | Revised version of the 03 Speed with a new solenoid to correct the "shoot down" issue caused by the previous solenoid. |
| Angel 4 | First LP-platform marker with the traditional LCD interface. Also introduced vernier trigger adjustment wheels. |
| Angel 4 Fly | Switched from the COPS/Sensi piezoelectric sensor with break-beam anti-chop eyes |
| Angel Speed 2005 "5PEED" | First model to use a 9V battery. Uses a new LPR/Volumiser system as well as a new bolt, ram and frame design. |
| Angel G7 | New valve style and LPR system introduced. |
| Angel G7 Fly | barrel threading change to smaller threads and shaft. Also adds a new key turn style rotobreech instead of the old pull-and-turn style |
| Angel Speed 2006 "6PEED" | Improved valve system, shot chamber, and bolt. First Angels to be able to use a no-rise (PL models) or low-rise feednecks. |
| Angel One | barrel threading changes again, G7 Fly/06 Speed threads are still compatible, also first Angel to use an OLED display with a blackberry style control wheel for fast board adjustments. Stock circuit board also has USB port for updates. Current software is 2.7. Major changes to body design and a new frame style. First and only model to be made in China. |
| Angel One Fly | Stock with Sly carbon fiber tip, "Fly Paper" grip inserts, standard threaded Vertical Regulator adapter, Magno valve which uses magnets instead of a spring to close the valve. Comes stock with kiss bolt (Soft tip bolt, compatible with kiss software to be gentle on paint) and the Magno ram as well as the Magno exhaust valve stem. All major upgrades designed for A1 based markers. Naturally quieter, more efficient and more consistent than the A1, also is compared to high-end spool valves in terms of quietness and smoothness while shooting. |
| Angel AR:K/SB | Tactical Angel marker with APEX compatible barrel tip as well as picatinny rail mounts. The Angel SB is literally identical to the AR:K minus the tactical accessories and rail. Both markers feature a newly designed color OLED board, a fully enclosed firing chamber, a new Valve system dubbed the D-LITE stem which was lighter than the original steel magno valve not to mention self lubricating, New ST:R Ram which was lighter and slightly tougher than the original Magno Ram, new cobra trigger styles (which utilized a micro switch), and some minor revisions internally over the A1 Fly including a new MOJO board. super efficient 2000+ rds from a 68/4500 |
| Angel Fly SE | An Angel A1 Fly with SB parts and extended warranty. |

## InfoBox

Angel
| Angel A1 Fly | |
| --- | --- |
| Specifications | |
| Type | Electropneumatic |
| Action | Semi-Automatic with multiple preset ramping, league and custom modes. |
| Barrel | 14 inches. Carbon fiber tip. |
| Bore | Multi-bore kit - .691, .693, .695 |
| Rate of fire | 30+ balls per second |