title: Antoine Seilern

abstract: Count Antoine Seilern was an Anglo-Austrian art collector and art historian. He was considered, along with Sir Denis Mahon, to be one of a handful of important collectors who was also a respected scholar. The bulk of his collection was bequeathed anonymously to the Courtauld Institute of Art. Known as the "Princes Gate bequest", most of it is on display at the Courtauld Gallery in London.

text:
# Antoine Seilern

**Count Antoine Seilern** (17 September 1901 – 6 July 1978) was an Anglo-Austrian art collector and art historian. He was considered, along with Sir Denis Mahon, to be one of a handful of important collectors who was also a respected scholar. The bulk of his collection was bequeathed anonymously to the Courtauld Institute of Art. Known as the "Princes Gate bequest", most of it is on display at the Courtauld Gallery in London.

## Early life

Count Antoine Edward Seilern und Aspang was born on 17 September 1901 at Frensham Place, Farnham, in Surrey, England. He was the youngest of the three sons of Count Carl Seilern und Aspang (18661940) and the American heiress Antoinette "Nettie" *née* Woerishoffer (18751901). He therefore enjoyed citizenship of both Austria and the United Kingdom. His ancestors had been ennobled after successful involvement with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. His father's sister Ida was married to Phillip Hennessy, whose sister Nora was the wife of the Royal Academician Lord Methuen.

He had two older brothers, Count Charles Hugo ("Chappie"), born 1899, and Count Oswald Seilern, born 1900. His mother died five days after he was born. Thereafter the three Seilern boys divided their time between their grandmother, Anna Woerishoffer, in New York City, and their father in London and Vienna, in the company of nannies and governesses (and frequently chaperoned by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury), though until America entered the First World War Mrs Woerishoffer spent 1912 to 1916 with her grandsons in Vienna. Anna Woerishoffer's wealth derived mainly from the German-language New York newspaper, the *Neue-Yorker Staats-Zeitung*, and her late husband's success on Wall Street. Seilern, like his older brothers, grew up with a passion for horse-racing and shooting.

## Further education and business career

After the First World War Seilern relinquished his Austrian citizenship. However, despite this, he graduated in 1920 from the Realgymnasium in Vienna before attending the Wiener Handelsakademie (1920–1921) and then, at the start of 1922, he enrolled at the Technische Hochschule in order to study for an engineering certificate until 1924. He then worked briefly for a Yugoslavian lumber company, and in Vienna in finance.

## Early collecting and the study of art history

A friend in Vienna, the old Count Karol Lanckoroński (Karl Lanckoronski) a large man of huge charm, who had a fine collection of art at his palace in Vienna, persuaded Seilern he should collect also, and in 1931, after the death of his grandmother, when he received his share of an enormous inheritance, he was able to devote himself to the study of art history and to serious collecting. During the years 1930 to 1933 he travelled widely, particularly in Africa, in search of big-game (as the trophies that could be seen at his house at Princes Gate after the war testified) though his bags were reputedly always packed with art books. He even acquired a pilot's license in Berlin.

However, in 1933, Count Karl Wilczek, another family friend who was also an art historian, recommended Seilern take private lessons with the great Hungarian art historian Johannes Wilde, very soon a mentor who was to become a lifelong friend. Seilern shortly afterwards enrolled at Vienna University to study the history of art with Karl Maria Swoboda, Julius Schlosser and Hans Sedlmayr. Unusually, perhaps, his subsidiary subject at university was *Kinderpsychologie* (Child Psychology), taught by a lady who was a pupil of Sigmund Freud and who was vouched for by his friend Jan van Gelder. Seilern wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Venetian influences on the ceiling paintings of Sir Peter Paul Rubens (*Die venezianischen Voraussetzungen der Deckenmalerei des Peter Paul Rubens*) which he completed in 1939. Rubens remained a lifelong passion and he later remarked, "Everything connected with Rubens interests me."

Meanwhile, Seilern had started to collect seriously, and was being advised by Wilde, and Ludwig Burchard, the great Rubens scholar. His collection of Rubens' paintings would soon include *Landscape by Moonlight* (which was once the possession of Sir Joshua Reynolds), and large numbers of paintings, drawings, copies and modelli also by Rubens, as well as oil sketches by Tiepolo and other masters. Between the wars and whilst studying in Vienna he had kept his art collection in an apartment at Brahmsplatz 1.

## The Second World War

At the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, and because of his British citizenship (he had apparently hung the Union Jack from his house in Vienna), Seilern decided in 1939 to return to England, bringing with him his already large art collection and his library. Based in England now he was able to provide finance to support to another art historian fleeing from Nazi-occupied Austria, Ludwig Münz, as well as helping Johannes Wilde and his Jewish wife to leave Vienna. The Director of the National Gallery, Sir Kenneth Clark, sponsored Wilde who was reunited with Seilern at Aberystwyth in Wales where his collection was important enough to be hidden with works of art from the National Gallery and Royal Collection. Seilern then enlisted in the ranks of the British Army (though aged thirty-eight), serving in the Royal Artillery, and in 1940 immediately volunteered for the disastrous Russo-Finnish campaign, only escaping from occupied Norway. It was at the end of the Second World War, whilst acting as a German interpreter in the Intelligence Corps, that he appeared at the door of Professor Jan van Gelder in Amsterdam to pick up three oil sketches by Rubens he had bought for Seilern from the Koenig collection in 1940 and had deposited as 'Swedish property' at an Amsterdam bank.

It was when the war was at its height that Seilern purchased *The Entombment with Donor and the Resurrection* (now called the Seilern Triptych) by the "Master of Flémalle", now usually identified as Robert Campin, one of his finest purchases, which he bought at Christie's as a work attributed to Adriaen Isenbrandt in 1942.

## Collecting and cataloguing art 1945–1978

Seilern returned to London at the end of the war to live in a great gloomy house he had acquired at 56 Princes Gate, South Kensington, where he rarely opened the blinds and electric light was largely eschewed as he said it distorted colours in pictures. At Princes Gate the ground floor was devoted to his enormous art library, and therefore pictures were hung mainly on the first floor, well-spaced, as in a museum. Other rooms in the house, of course, also held pictures: for example, on the second floor there was a charmingly decorated room called the card-room, which was apparently rarely shown to visitors but in which, eventually, he hung his Tiepolos, and behind this was a private study, hung with a group of Impressionist pictures including a fine late Cézanne.

The war over, he resumed collecting works of art, buying them privately for the most part rather than at auctions, never from a photograph, and never when pressed by a dealer, pictures left 'on approval' frequently being returned. He devoted time to studying them in depth and cataloguing them accurately, though he was also a generous anonymous benefactor of public collections; for example, he lent to exhibitions held at the British Museum (he lent his Michelangelo drawings to the 1975 exhibition there – which he would otherwise not have done except that it was being held in honour of his friend Johannes Wilde), and in 1945 he gave the National Gallery anonymously a very fine full-length portrait of William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh by Sir Anthony van Dyck \[NG5633\] as well presenting anonymously to the British Museum in 1946 the majority of the important collection of Old Master drawings (some 1250 in number) belonging to Mr. Thomas FitzRoy Fenwick, which had been assembled by Sir Thomas Phillipps, 1st Baronet in the library at Thirlestaine House, Cheltenham, and which had been catalogued by Arthur E. Popham of the museum in 1935 and bought by Seilern *en bloc* (Seilern retained about two dozen drawings). The proceeds of the sale of the catalogue of his own collection, when it appeared, would be given to the National Art-Collections Fund (now The Art Fund) and the National Trust.

Eventually his collection would come to include masterpieces not just by Rubens (32 paintings – oil sketches and *modelli* mainly, but also some of the artist's copies of Old Masters like Raphael's portrait of *Baldassare Castiglione* – and 20 drawings); 14 small copies by David Teniers the Younger after pictures in the collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria during his Governorship of the Spanish Netherlands in 1647–56, commissioned to make a series of prints for the book known as the *Theatrum Pictorium* first published in 1660; and 12 by Tiepolo (including six oil sketches for paintings for the Monastery Church of Aranjuez, south of Madrid), and pictures by Claude Lorrain, Degas, Van Dyck, Quentin Massys, Lorenzo Lotto, Magnasco, Manet, Francesco de Mura, Palma Vecchio, Parmigianino, Pittoni, Sebastiano Ricci, and Tintoretto. There were also drawings by Giovanni Bellini, Pieter Bruegel (one of the most important collections of his landscape drawings in existence), Hugo van der Goes, Fra Bartolommeo landscape drawings, Michelangelo, Parmigianino, Stefano della Bella, 30 drawings by or attributed to Rembrandt, Van Dyck, Canaletto, Francesco Guardi, Watteau, Degas, Cézanne and Picasso, and drawings and engravings by Albrecht Dürer. Surprisingly perhaps, he commissioned a ceiling painting in triptych form of *The Myth of Prometheus* for the entrance hall of his home in Princes Gate by his friend Oskar Kokoschka. He also possessed fine Chinese bronzes, Greek vases, Limbourg brothers manuscripts, Holbein manuscripts, and German and Austrian paintings. He is recorded as owning a three-quarter length pastel of his mother by Clemens von Pausinger (1894) as well as a signed and dated bust-length portrait of himself as a boy by Muller-Ury, which was unframed and stored in a cupboard. Starting in 1955 Seilern began the publication of a catalogue in seven volumes assisted by Fritz Grossmann of the most important parts of the collection, though he waited in vain for Wilde to produce catalogue entries on his important Michelangelo drawings.

## Nazi era Provenance issues

Of the artworks donated by Seilern, more than one hundred have been listed in the Spoliation Reports for UK Museums because of gaps in the provenance in the years 1933–1945. The heirs of Curt Glaser, a Jewish art collector persecuted by Nazis, requested the return of eight drawing by Lovis Corinth, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Giuseppe Bernardino Bison, Giovanni Battista Crosato, Domenico Fossati and Domenico Piola that Seilern had gifted to the Courtauld in 1978. Seilern had acquired them at the Berlin auction on May 18 and May 19, 1933. The U.K. Spoiliation Advisory panel decided against the heirs in 2009.

## Death

Seilern died in hospital in London in the early hours of 6 July 1978; he was 76. He was buried on 13 July in the churchyard in Frensham, Surrey. His family later had the body exhumed and had it re-interred in the family vault at Schloss Schönbühel, approximately 80 km west of Vienna.

Whilst he lived he was persuaded by Johannes Wilde, who had quickly been appointed by Anthony Blunt deputy director of The Courtauld Institute of Art, London, to leave the majority of the paintings and drawings in his collections to the Courtauld Institute Galleries, which already had bequests given by Samuel Courtauld, Viscount Lee of Fareham, Roger Fry, Mark Gambier-Parry and other benefactors. This bequest was made after his death with the condition that it be made anonymously, and be called *The Princes Gate Collection*. His friend Michael Kitson, another art historian, was given the responsibility under his will of ensuring that the collection was moved to the Courtauld and appropriately displayed. This included his Michelangelo drawings, his Rubens collection, his Tiepolos, Parmigianino's *Virgin and Child* and *Rest on the Flight into Egypt*, the Kokoschka ceiling and Bernardo Daddi's masterpiece *Virgin and Child with Saints* from 1338, which Seilern had purchased in 1956, as well as modern works by Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others, and two pictures by Daubigny and Narcisse Virgilio Díaz he had retained from his grandmother's collection in New York. The Courtauld also received his papers relating to the collection.

Not everything at Princes Gate was bequeathed to the Courtauld as the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna was bequeathed two paintings: a copy by Van Dyck of a Titian called 'Madonna and Child with St Dorothy' and a painting by Domenico Fetti called 'The Return of the Prodigal Son' and Seilern's nephews and nieces received substantial bequests of groups of art works in the collection, like the Dürer engravings, Greek vases, German and Austrian paintings not in the published catalogue (that hung principally on the bedroom floor at Princes Gate), and the pictures at the farm in Buckinghamshire.

## Personal life and character

Seilern never married, was extremely reserved, and his private life is undocumented although he had many women friends, and was evidently fond of his brother Charles's four children, his cousin Paul Methuen (whose pictures he bought occasionally, apparently never keeping them but giving them away as presents), and enjoyed long friendships with scholars like Wilde, Ludwig Burchard, Anthony Blunt, Michael Kitson, and unusually, as he was perforce also a dealer, James Byam Shaw.

After the war he also acquired Hog Lane Farm close to Chesham, Buckinghamshire, where he bred pigs (Courtauld Institute students of the 1950s sometimes alleged to have seen him outside 20 Portman Square in a sports car with a pet pig beside him) and grew orchids and fruit which he enjoyed giving to his friends. For convenience he often rode a moped when in London.

He was a large man with quite a booming voice, and according to James Byam Shaw possessed something of a dual character, being business-like and intellectual with his male friends, but with women of all ages had all the charm and manners of an aristocrat from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.

## Portraits

He was painted at least twice as a boy by Adolfo Müller-Ury, who was a close friend of his mother and father and who had acted as an usher at their wedding in New York in February 1898, and who, along with the other ushers, had been given a gold cigarette box by 'Carlo' Seilern by way of thanks. The first portrait was in a group portrait with his two brothers which was certainly painted in London in the summer of 1906 and was exhibited at Knoedler in New York in December that year. *The New York Herald*, 5 December 1906, called the group 'graceful' and on 8 December 1906 commented that '...The boys are about 4, 6, and 7 years in age, and they have been painted out of doors.' The second was in late 1906, a full-length dressed in ermine with a rabbit on a string (first exhibited in January 1907 at Knoedler and in February 1908 at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington DC). Both are unlocated. A head and shoulders of Antoine peeping out from behind a red curtain and dated 1909 was in his possession at Princes Gate at his death in 1978 and is now in a private collection in Austria; what appears to be a reduced version of the full-length portrait survives in a private collection in Lucerne, Switzerland; the group portrait is only known through photographs.

Muller-Ury also painted portraits \[all lost\] of his mother in 1898, two of his aunt Carola Woerishoffer aged 13 in 1898 and posthumously as an adult (like her sister she died young, but in a car crash), and his much beloved grandmother, Mrs Charles Woerishoffer, seated in a lakeland, around 1912.

## Publications

Between 1955 and 1971 Antoine Seilern published an illustrated catalogue of his collection in seven parts; he was assisted by Fritz Grossmann. He dedicated the catalogue to his grandmother, Mrs Charles Woerishoffer. The catalogue consists of:

* *Flemish Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7*, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1955
* *Italian Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7*, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1959
* *Paintings and Drawings of Continental Schools Other than Flemish and Italian at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7*, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1961
* *Flemish Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7: Addenda*. London: Shenval Press, 1969
* *Italian Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7: Addenda*, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1969
* *Recent Acquisitions at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7*, 2 volumes. London: Shenval Press, 1971
* *Corrigenda & addenda to the catalogue of Paintings & Drawings at 56 Princes Gate, London SW7*. London: Shenval Press, 1971

## Bibliography

* 'Count Seilern's Flemish Paintings and Drawings' in *The Burlington Magazine* (December 1955), pp. 396–398
* Michael Levey, 'Count Seilern's Italian Pictures and Drawings' in *The Burlington Magazine* (March 1960) pp. 122–3
* Helen Braham, 'Introduction' to *The Princes Gate Collection*, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London, 1981, pp. vii-xv
* Dennis Farr, 'Seilern und Aspang, Count Antoine Edward (1901–1978)' in *The Oxford Dictionary of American Biography*
* James Byam Shaw, 'Count Antoine Seilern (1901–78)' (obituary) in *The Burlington Magazine* (November 1978), pp. 760–2
* Anthony Blunt, 'Antoine Seilern: Connoisseur in the Grand Tradition' in *Apollo* (January 1979), pp. 10–23.
* Helen Braham,'My Little Collection' in *The Antique Collector* (January 1991), pp. 35–41
* Stephen Conrad, 'Re-introducing Adolfo Müller-Ury 1862–1947: The artist, two dealers, four counts and the Kaiser: A hitherto unknown episode in international art history' in *The British Art Journal*, Volume 4, No. 2, Summer 2003, pp. 57–65.
* Ernst Vegelin van Claerbergen, 'Everything connected with Rubens interests me': collecting Rubens' oil sketches: the case of Count Antoine Seilern' in Natalya Gritsay, Alexey Larionov, Stephanie-Suzanne Durante and Ernst Vegelin van Claerbergen, *Rubens: A Touch of Brilliance* (London, 2003)
* Brian Sewell, *Outsider II – Always Almost: Never Quite, An Autobiography* (London, 2012), pp. 128–133

Auction catalogues:

* 'Early Chinese Ceramics, Archaic Bronzes, Paintings and Works of Art: the Property of the Estate of the Late Count Antoine Seilern, sold by Order of Beneficiaries.' Christie's, London, 1982
* 'Albrecht Dürer: Prints from the Collection of the late Count Antoine Seilern.' Christie's, London, 1998
* 'The Count Oswald Seilern Collection: from the library of the late Count Oswald Seilern; with two additions from the collection of the late Count Antoine Seilern.' Christie's, London, 2003

## InfoBox

| Count Antoine Seilern | |
| --- | --- |
| Antoine Seilern | |
| Born | Count Antoine Edward Seilern und Aspang
17 September 1901
Frensham Place, Farnham, Surrey, England |
| Died | 6 July 1978
South Kensington, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Other names | Antoine Edward Graf Seilern und Aspang; Anton Seilern |
| Occupation(s) | art collector and art historian |
| Known for | bequest of art works to the Courtauld Gallery |


title: Amritsar Singh Sabha

abstract: The Amritsar Singh Sabha was the first faction of reformers of the Singh Sabha movement, founded in 1873, and was one of the major groups who competed to reform and define the Sikh identity in the late 19th century. It was "essentially original and bourgeoisie," and "arose because of a perceived dissolution of the Sikh faith, i.e., Sikhs were believed to be falling into the folds of Hindu thought and practice."

text:
# Amritsar Singh Sabha

The **Amritsar Singh Sabha** was the first faction of reformers of the Singh Sabha movement, founded in 1873, and was one of the major groups who competed to reform and define the Sikh identity in the late 19th century. It was "essentially original and bourgeoisie," and "arose because of a perceived dissolution of the Sikh faith, i.e., Sikhs were believed to be falling into the folds of Hindu thought and practice."

## Origins

Having gained social prominence in the pre-British 18th- and colonial-era 19th-century Punjab by taking over *gurdwaras* and Sikh institutions, the forerunners of this faction were composed of what are now referred to as Sanatan Sikhs (a neologism and formulation coined by Harjot Oberoi). The custom of this faction, which had emerging from the duality between initiated Khalsa and uninitiated Sehajdhari identities, was only as old as the late eighteenth century, in the post-Sikh Empire society where Khalsa Sikhism was no longer the universal norm.

Non-Khalsa factions had gained social prominence following Khalsa persecution and loss of institutional control in the 1700s, and guided the operations of Sikh gurdwaras in the pre-British 18th- and colonial-era 19th-century Punjab because of support from Sikh elites and later the colonial British empire, remaining under the control of a "loyalist, landed elite with extensive ties to the British Raj." They were most prominent in the 1800s, and self-identified as Hindu, and were also the significant molders and primary participants among the rural masses of Sikh population.

## Views

This first Singh Sabha, called the Amritsar Singh Sabha, was set up and backed by a faction of Sikhs, Gianis, and granthis belonging to a Khatri background. They had rejected the Khalsa initiation practices like the *Khande di Pahul* ceremony on the grounds that it threatened their caste and polluted their ritual boundaries which they considered as primary. As such, they aligned Sikh tradition with the Brahmanical social structure and caste ideology; their predominant concern was to protect the social framework in which they held status. While this faction resented the democratic tendency within the Khalsa groups, they continued to co-exist within the broader Sikh panth, even as they remained aloof from the mainstream Khalsa practices. The Tat Khalsa's monotheism, iconoclastic sentiments, egalitarian social values and notion of a standardized Sikh identity did not blend well with the polytheism, idol worship, caste distinctions, and diversity of rites espoused by the Sanatan faction. Giani Ditt Singh, as a Mazhabi Sikh, was critical of Khem Singh Bedi's views on pollution, ritual, and lack of distinct identity.

For these groups the principle of authority of Sikh tradition was invested in living gurus (as Khem Singh Bedi, leader of the Amritsar faction, liked to be regarded) rather than the principle of shabad-guru, or the Guru Granth Sahib as the Guru, which was upheld by the dominant Khalsa tradition. Not subscribing to the idea of the Guru Granth Sahib being the guru of the Sikhs, but allowing the worship of images, living gurus, and even "charismatic descendants" of the Sikh gurus, who devotees would be expected to show the same allegiance as that of "a subject and his ruler," it was primarily a "priestly" religion with a strong distinction between intermediares and the laypeople, and was essentially the "religious universe" of a small minority, the Sikh elites.

The Arya Samaj attacked the formation of a religious aristocracy among the descendants of the Gurus in their 1887 *Arya Patrika* publication, which the Amritsar Singh Sabha was characterized by.

Like the Lahore Singh Sabha, the leaders of the Amritsar Singh Sabha also appreciated the translations of Max Arthur Macauliffe.

## History

They was opposed by the numerically predominant groups in the Panth, particularly those who held Khalsa beliefs, who through access to previously limited education and employment, had reached a position to challenge the Amritsar faction, forming the Tat Khalsa faction, or "true Khalsa," in 1879, headed by Gurmukh Singh, Harsha Singh Arora, Jawahir Singh and Giani Ditt Singh. They formed the Lahore Singh Sabha. The Tat Khalsa met with immediately successful organizational and ideological challenging of the Sanatan faction as early as the early 1880s. The Amritsar Singh Sabha was subsequently challenged and eventually marginalised.


title: Eastern Mindanao frog

abstract: The Eastern Mindanao frog or Tagibo wart frog is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in the mountains of Mindanao. This frog lives in streams and rivers in rainforest habitat. It is common, but it is considered to be vulnerable due to habitat loss and degradation. Agricultural operations lead to deforestation in the area and the waterways are polluted.

text:
# Eastern Mindanao frog

The **Eastern Mindanao frog** or **Tagibo wart frog** (***Limnonectes diuatus***) is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs in the mountains of Mindanao.

This frog lives in streams and rivers in rainforest habitat. It is common, but it is considered to be vulnerable due to habitat loss and degradation. Agricultural operations lead to deforestation in the area and the waterways are polluted.

## InfoBox

| Eastern Mindanao frog | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Dicroglossidae |
| Genus: | *Limnonectes* |
| Species: | ***L. diuatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Limnonectes diuatus***
(Brown & Alcala, 1977) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Rana diuta* Brown & Alcala, 1977 | |


title: Aristotelia argyractis

abstract: Aristotelia argyractis is a moth of the family Gelechiidae, which are commonly known as gelechiid or twirler moths. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923 and is found in Amazonas, Brazil. The wingspan is 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in). The forewings are bronzy fuscous or bronzy grey with bluish-silvery metallic markings. There are oblique streaks from the costa at the base and one-fourth not quite reaching the dorsum. A short oblique streak is found from the costa at one-third, white on the costa. There is a straight transverse streak from a white dot on the costa just beyond the middle and short oblique opposite streaks from the costa at three-fourths and the tornus, between these and the preceding, are short dorsal and longer submedian longitudinal light ochreous streaks. There are also two whitish dots on the costa posteriorly, three silvery dots on the termen and one at the apex. The hindwings are grey.

text:
# Aristotelia argyractis

***Aristotelia argyractis*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae, which are commonly known as **gelechiid** or **twirler moths**. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923 and is found in Amazonas, Brazil.

The wingspan is 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in). The forewings are bronzy fuscous or bronzy grey with bluish-silvery metallic markings. There are oblique streaks from the costa (leading edge of the wing) at the base and one-fourth not quite reaching the dorsum (the wing's trailing edge). A short oblique streak is found from the costa at one-third, white on the costa. There is a straight transverse streak from a white dot on the costa just beyond the middle and short oblique opposite streaks from the costa at three-fourths and the tornus (the wing's posterior corner), between these and the preceding, are short dorsal and longer submedian longitudinal light ochreous streaks. There are also two whitish dots on the costa posteriorly, three silvery dots on the termen and one at the apex. The hindwings are grey.

## InfoBox

| *Aristotelia argyractis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aristotelia* |
| Species: | ***A. argyractis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aristotelia argyractis***<br>Meyrick, 1923 | |
|


title: American University of Rome

abstract: The American University of Rome is a degree-granting American university in Rome, Italy. AUR is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education in the United States and is recognized by the Italian Ministry of Education as an American University duly authorized to operate in Italy as a Foreign Higher Education Institution. The American University of Rome's degrees, accompanied by a Statement of Comparability or a Dichiarazione di Valore is valid for admission to Italian graduate degree programs such as the laurea magistrale or Italian first level Master programs. The school was founded in 1969, making it the oldest American degree-granting university in Rome. AUR is situated near the center of Rome on the Janiculum hill in the Monteverde Vecchio neighborhood, and has a total student enrollment of around 700. The language of instruction is English.

text:
# American University of Rome

**The American University of Rome** (commonly referred to as **AUR**) is a degree-granting American university in Rome, Italy. AUR is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education in the United States and is recognized by the Italian Ministry of Education as an American University duly authorized to operate in Italy as a Foreign Higher Education Institution. The American University of Rome's degrees, accompanied by a Statement of Comparability or a Dichiarazione di Valore (Certified Degree Equivalency) is valid for admission to Italian graduate degree programs such as the laurea magistrale or Italian first level Master programs.

The school was founded in 1969, making it the oldest American degree-granting university in Rome. AUR is situated near the center of Rome on the Janiculum hill in the Monteverde Vecchio neighborhood, and has a total student enrollment of around 700. The language of instruction is English.

## History

AUR has its origins soon after World War II. David Colin, an American journalist in Italy prior to and during the war, settled in Rome. While American students and professors visited Rome, Colin helped foster cultural exchanges between Americans and their Italian counterparts. Over time, informal discussions at his home became more formalized, turning into structured lectures and classes. His wife, Joan Carpenter, assisted Colin with this undertaking.

George Tesoro, an Italian who left Italy in 1940 in protest against Mussolini's fascist regime, began to collaborate with Colin. As the program grew, The American University in Rome became reality when AUR was incorporated in 1969 in the District of Columbia with its academic headquarters located in Rome, Italy.

### Later development

Upon incorporation, Tesoro served as chairman until 1983, when Joseph D. Ventura, then vice chair, succeeded him. During Ventura's time as chairman, the board of trustees became a degree-granting institution from the District of Columbia in 1986. In 1987, a member of the board, Dr. Margaret Giannini, a professional in the scientific and medical research field, became board chair and served until 2003. Under her 16 years of leadership, the university grew in its student and faculty numbers, curriculum offerings, and financial and management systems. Dr. Giannini initiated AUR's first accreditation with the Accrediting Council of Independent Colleges and Schools in 1992 and planted the seeds for Middle States accreditation.

After operating from different locations in central Rome for almost 25 years, AUR moved to its current campus in 1993.

## Campus

The campus is located on top of the Janiculum, Rome's highest hill, offering views of the city. Most of its buildings are located on Via Pietro Roselli adjacent to a portion of the Aurelian Wall with the Communications Building, commonly known as the Carini building, being located on Via Carini, only a short walk.

The Carini building, completed in 1970, is after the style of the Italian architect Paolo Portoghesi and has been commonly referred to as *Casa Papanice*. However, after some dispute, it has been acknowledged that the original Casa Papanice is another building in Rome and the Carini building of The American University of Rome cannot be officially designated as a Portoghesi building but a building 'in the style of'.

The campus was extended in early 2018 to include an Art Studio, exhibition space and classrooms on via Angelo Masina. This building is adjacent to, and shares garden space with, the American Academy in Rome.

The main campus includes two gardens centered around the main A and B buildings, the Evans Hall Library, and the Auriana Auditorium. The main teaching block (Building B) is part of a Barnabite monastery.

## Organisation and administration

The American University of Rome is governed a board of trustees, president, and a senate. The highest governing body, the board of trustees, is responsible for overseeing the university and maintaining its academic and financial health and welfare. Among other duties, the board appoints the president and has final approval of changes to the curriculum proposed by the AUR Senate (the body which, forms and amends academic policies and includes a student government representative).

The current president of the university is Dr. Scott Sprenger who assumed the position in July 2020, taking over from Dr. Richard Hodges OBE, who was named President Emeritus & Professor Emeritus upon completing his tenure.

AUR is a member of the Association of American International Colleges and Universities and The American International Consortium of Academic Libraries (AMICAL).

## Academics

The American University of Rome is a liberal arts university with a student-faculty ratio of roughly 16:1. AUR's undergraduate student body of roughly 500 students is multicultural and representative of over 30 nationalities.

### Accreditation

The American University of Rome is regionally accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, which is an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. The American University of Rome is licensed by the Department of Education of the State of Delaware to award associate, bachelor's and master's degrees. In Italy, AUR is registered as a legal entity with the Rome Tribunal and it is authorized to operate in Italy by the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research.

### Academic programs

AUR offers three master's degrees (in Peace Studies, Sustainable Cultural Heritage and Food Studies) and ten bachelor's degree programs with 16 concentrations or tracks, two associate degree programs and 18 minors. Of the ten undergraduate programs nine are Bachelor of Arts degrees. The Program of Business Administration offers a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration. Associate of Arts Degrees can be obtained in liberal arts and international business. Internships are available in all majors for course credit and provide a practical format to relate their studies to career interests.

The university's programs and areas include:

The university also offers three master's (M.A.) degree programs:

* Food Studies: Policies for sustainable production and consumption
* Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution: Human Security in the Mediterranean and Beyond
* Cultural Heritage: Sustainability & Community

## The Rula Jebreal Scholarship Fund

AUR together with Rula Jebreal (award-winning journalist, author, and foreign policy analyst) started the Rula Jebreal Scholarship Fund in 2015. The scholarship fund has been designed to directly respond to the global migration crisis, a crisis that is particularly affecting Italy. In 2017, AUR brought three students from Beirut to study in Rome and since then the project has expanded to provide tuition and living costs for six further students from conflict-torn countries (Syria, Palestine, Eswatini, and Egypt).

## Student life

Students live off-campus mostly near the university, giving the opportunity to allow the students to immerse in the surrounding communities.

The AUR community of students and faculty publishes a literary journal of student works called Remus each year. A monthly student run newspaper called "the Howler" is now being published. AUR student run organisations include Student Government and a variety of clubs such as: Veterans Club, Business Club, Communication Club, Culture Club, Italian Studies Club, and International Relations Club which also organises AUR's Harvard National Model United Nations delegation. The Communication club also supports AUR's Communication Week which is a showcase of the American University of Rome students communications and English work.

### Athletics

The Wolves and She-Wolves are the American University of Rome's soccer clubs which play competitively against Rome's other universities including La Sapienza and Roma Tre University. Both AUR's men's and women's teams were founding members of their respective intercollegiate tournaments; the men's "Campionato di Calcio delle Università Romane" (2005) and the women's "Campionato Calcio Feminile delle Università Romane" in 2006.

AUR Wolves, men's soccer team, won the Universities of Rome a5 Football Championship on April 26, 2018, their first trophy since co-founding the league in 2005.

In 2013, the university added volleyball as a competitive team and became a founding member in the newly created co-ed tournament, "Campionato di Volley delle Università Romane"

#### Mascot

The school mascot is "Wolfie". The first mascot in Roman university athletics, Wolfie has been representing AUR since 2006. Originally named "Romulus" in reference to the mythical founder of Rome, the name Wolfie was popularized by students and later formally adopted.

## American University of Rome Abroad (AURA)

The American University of Rome hosts a number of study abroad students but also promotes the opportunity for resident students to study abroad from AUR using the AURA program. Partnering institutions that accept AUR students to study abroad with them include:

Through the AAICU Direct Educational Exchange Program (AAICU-DEEP) (Association of American International Colleges and Universities) students can apply to study abroad for a semester at:

## Notable scholars

## InfoBox

The American University of Rome
| Seal of The American University of Rome | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | "Inter Gentes Trans Orbem" |
| Motto in English | "Between Peoples Across the World" |
| Type | Private, independent, not for profit, liberal arts university |
| Established | 1969 |
| President | Dr. Scott Sprenger |
| Dean | Dr. John Mucigrosso |
| Students | 700 |
| Location | Rome, Italy
41°53′09″N 12°27′44″E / 41.8857°N 12.4623°E / 41.8857; 12.4623 |
| Campus | Urban Via Pietro Roselli, 4 |
| Colors | Green & silver |
| Nickname | AUR Wolves (men's)
AUR She-Wolves (women's) |
| Mascot | Wolfie |
| Website | www.aur.edu/ |


title: Antonius Mathijsen

abstract: Antonius Mathijsen was a Dutch army surgeon who first used plaster of Paris to fixate broken bones in a plaster cast.

text:
# Antonius Mathijsen

**Antonius Mathijsen** (November 4, 1805 – June 15, 1878) was a Dutch army surgeon who first used plaster of Paris to fixate broken bones in a plaster cast.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Antonius Mathijsen was born November 4, 1805, to a village physician in Budel, a Dutch town on the Belgian border. He was educated at hospitals in Maastricht, Brussels and the army medical school in Utrecht.

### Career

He received his commission as medical officer 3d class in the Royal Netherlands Army in 1828. In 1838 he participated in the 10-day war of Belgian Revolution.

While working in Haarlem at the military hospital in 1851, Mathijsen first used plaster of Paris as a bandage. Until then a Belgian method was used with starch that took up to a day to dry and harden. Across the street he watched workers repairing cracks in the church with strips of jute dunked in plaster of Paris. He reasoned that a jute bandage soaked in water and plaster of Paris applied in the same way as the Belgian method would harden within a few minutes and thus made a better fixation for broken bones. After testing his idea on chickens he published his findings in a Dutch medical magazine *Repertorium* in February 1852. In 1853 his idea was praised by a research panel for its value to the military, "especially on the battlefield". Haarlemmers remembered him as "Uncle Plaster" or "Oom Gips".

He retired from the army in 1868 as first medical officer first class (Lieutenant Colonel).

### Death

Mathijsen died June 15, 1878, aged 72, in Hamont.

## Memorials

Memorial monuments are located in both Budel and Hamont. The last Dutch army hospital in Utrecht was named after Dr Mathijsen until the army hospital merged with the navy hospital in the early 1990s.

## Decorations and awards


title: Ashley Lilley

abstract: Ashley-Anne Lilley is a Scottish actress and singer. She made her debut in the 2008 film Mamma Mia!.

text:
# Ashley Lilley

**Ashley-Anne Lilley** is a Scottish actress and singer. She made her debut in the 2008 film *Mamma Mia!*.

## Early life

Lilley was born in Rothesay, Bute. At the age of 12, she won a place with the National Youth Music Theatre. At 15, she enrolled at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London, and graduated in 2004.

## Career

Lilley is primarily a stage actress, with a small number (five, starting with one episode of *M.I. High* in 2008 and ending with one episode of *Lip Service* in 2010) of film and television roles. She starred as Lucille Frank in a production of Jason Robert Brown's *Parade* at the Edinburgh fringe festival in 2005. She then joined the UK tour of Cole Porter's *Anything Goes* in the role of Hope Harcourt. She made her film debut as Ali in 2008 in *Mamma Mia!*, appeared in the 11-minute short *Cat Eats Dog* (2009), and the romantic drama film *Letters to Juliet* (2010). She returned to theatre in 2011, starring in a new production, *Nicked*, at the HighTide festival.

## Filmography

Filmography table
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Mamma Mia! | Ali |  |  |
| 2009 | M.I. High | Venus Houston | Episode: Moontaker |  |
| 2009 | Cat Eats Dog | Dot | Short movie |  |
| 2010 | Letters to Juliet | Patricia |  |  |
| 2010 | Lip Service | Carla | Series 1, Episode 1 |  |


title: 2000 Harlow District Council election

abstract:
The 2000 Harlow District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Harlow District Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council. After the election, the composition of the council was
  - Labour 26
  - Liberal Democrat 8
  - Conservative 8

text:
# 2000 Harlow District Council election

The **2000 Harlow District Council election** took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Harlow District Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was

## Election result

Both the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats gained 4 seats from Labour, reducing Labour to only holding 5 seats at the election, although they retained a majority on the council. Among the Labour councillors to be defeated was the chairman of the council John McCree in Brays Grove ward. Overall turnout at the election was 30.86%, up from 29.85% at the 1999 election.

Harlow local election result 2000
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 5 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 33.3 | 36.2 | 6,380 | 11.2 |
|  | Conservative | 5 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 33.3 | 36.0 | 6,342 | 3.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 5 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 33.3 | 26.2 | 4,619 | 7.3 |
|  | UKIP | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 176 | 1.0 |
|  | People not Politics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 85 | 0.5 |

## Ward results

### Brays Grove

Brays Grove
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Christopher Millington** | **579** | **52.8** | **+38.8** |
|  | Labour | John McCree | 374 | 34.1 | −25.7 |
|  | Conservative | Joshua Jolles | 144 | 13.1 | −13.1 |
| Majority | | | 205 | 18.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,097 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Great Parndon

Great Parndon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Edward Johnson** | **583** | **48.3** | **−0.2** |
|  | Labour | Mark Wilkinson | 469 | 38.8 | −4.6 |
|  | People not Politics | Mick Granger | 85 | 7.0 | +7.0 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Nick Spenceley | 71 | 5.9 | −2.2 |
| Majority | | | 114 | 9.4 | +4.3 |
| Turnout | | | 1,208 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Hare Street and Little Parndon

Hare Street and Little Parndon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Terry Abel** | **325** | **51.1** | **−14.8** |
|  | Conservative | Andrew Shannon | 190 | 29.9 | +12.1 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Jane Steer | 121 | 19.0 | +2.7 |
| Majority | | | 135 | 21.2 | −26.9 |
| Turnout | | | 636 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Kingsmoor

Kingsmoor
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Mark Gough** | **609** | **57.8** | **+12.3** |
|  | Labour | Suzanne Ennifer | 334 | 31.7 | −9.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Harry Ackland-Snow | 110 | 10.4 | −0.3 |
| Majority | | | 275 | 26.1 | +22.1 |
| Turnout | | | 1,053 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Latton Bush

Latton Bush
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Greg Peck** | **416** | **43.4** | **−14.0** |
|  | Conservative | Vivien Ross | 383 | 39.9 | +14.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Julian Edwards | 160 | 16.7 | −0.8 |
| Majority | | | 33 | 3.4 | −28.9 |
| Turnout | | | 959 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Little Parndon

Little Parndon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Pennick Daphne** | **491** | **55.0** | **−9.3** |
|  | Conservative | Darren Barden | 227 | 25.4 | +5.0 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Anthony Davis | 174 | 19.5 | +4.2 |
| Majority | | | 264 | 29.6 | −14.3 |
| Turnout | | | 892 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Mark Hall South

Mark Hall South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Christopher Robins** | **694** | **51.5** | **+2.0** |
|  | Labour | Kevin Brooks | 500 | 37.1 | −6.3 |
|  | Conservative | David Croager | 154 | 11.4 | +4.3 |
| Majority | | | 194 | 14.4 | +8.2 |
| Turnout | | | 1,348 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Netteswell East

Netteswell East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Robert Thurston** | **641** | **60.2** | **+46.5** |
|  | Labour | Eschle Rob | 351 | 33.0 | −32.0 |
|  | Conservative | Pamela Norton | 72 | 6.8 | −14.4 |
| Majority | | | 290 | 27.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,064 | 39.6 | +13.0 |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Netteswell West

Netteswell West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Ian Jackson** | **462** | **51.9** | **+33.4** |
|  | Labour | Jean Clark | 354 | 39.7 | −26.7 |
|  | Conservative | Matthew Warren | 75 | 8.4 | −6.7 |
| Majority | | | 108 | 12.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 891 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Old Harlow

Old Harlow
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Michael Garnet** | **819** | **46.1** | **+4.6** |
|  | Labour | Ian Turner | 617 | 34.7 | −12.5 |
|  | UKIP | Tony Bennett | 176 | 9.9 | +9.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Gareth Higgins | 166 | 9.3 | −2.0 |
| Majority | | | 202 | 11.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,778 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

### Passmores

Passmores
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **John Sullivan** | **510** | **46.6** | **−1.0** |
|  | Conservative | Clare Thomas | 451 | 41.2 | +2.3 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Paul Lawton | 134 | 12.2 | −1.3 |
| Majority | | | 59 | 5.4 | −3.3 |
| Turnout | | | 1,095 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Potter Street (2 seats)

Potter Street (2 seats)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Simon Carter** | **1,175** |  |
|  | **Conservative** | **George Reynolds** | **1,137** |  |
|  | Labour | Sue Burgess | 552 |  |
|  | Labour | Maggie Hulcoop | 512 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Michael Atkinson | 270 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Stan Curran | 219 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3,865 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | | |

### Stewards

Stewards
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Sue Lawton** | **614** | **72.2** | **+1.4** |
|  | Conservative | Guy Mitchinson | 118 | 13.9 | +6.3 |
|  | Labour | Sandra Rootsey | 118 | 13.9 | −7.7 |
| Majority | | | 496 | 58.4 | +9.3 |
| Turnout | | | 850 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Tye Green

Tye Green
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Terry Kent** | **457** | **52.8** | **−15.2** |
|  | Conservative | Charles Ross | 205 | 23.7 | +6.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Emma Smith | 204 | 23.6 | +8.8 |
| Majority | | | 252 | 29.1 | −21.6 |
| Turnout | | | 866 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## By-elections between 2000 and 2002

Little Parndon by-election 7 June 2001
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** |  | **1,185** | **54.9** | **−0.1** |
|  | Conservative |  | 558 | 25.9 | +0.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 415 | 19.2 | −0.3 |
| Majority | | | 627 | 29.1 | −0.5 |
| Turnout | | | 2,158 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

2000 Harlow District Council election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  14 of the 42 seats to Harlow District Council
17 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party Third party   Party Labour Conservative Liberal Democrats  Seats before *34* *8* *8*  Seats won **5** **5** **5**  Seats after **26** 8 8  Seat change 8 4 4  Popular vote **6,380** 6,342 4,619  Percentage **36.2%** 36.0% 26.2% | |
| ---  Map showing the results of contested wards in the 2000 Harlow District Council elections. | |
| ---  **Council control before election**
Labour
 **Council control after election**
Labour
 | |


title: Aspidoscelis guttatus

abstract: Aspidoscelis guttatus, the Mexican racerunner, is a species of teiid lizard endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Aspidoscelis guttatus

***Aspidoscelis guttatus***, the **Mexican racerunner**, is a species of teiid lizard endemic to Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Aspidoscelis guttatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Teiidae |
| Genus: | *Aspidoscelis* |
| Species: | ***A. guttatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspidoscelis guttatus***
(Wiegmann, 1834) | |
|


abstract:
The 2000 Colchester Borough Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Colchester Borough Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. After the election, the composition of the council was:
  - Liberal Democrats 23
  - Conservative 22
  - Labour 14
  - Tiptree Residents Association 1

text:
# 2000 Colchester Borough Council election

**The 2000 Colchester Borough Council election** took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Colchester Borough Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

## Background

Before the election the Liberal Democrats had the most seats on the council with 25, compared to 18 for the Conservative Party, 15 for the Labour Party, 1 for the Tiptree Residents' Association and 1 other Independent. Among the 20 councillors who were defending seats at the election were the Liberal Democrat leader of the council for the last two years, Colin Sykes in Stanway, and the Liberal Democrat mayor Martin Hunt in Prettygate.

Four Liberal Democrat and three Labour councillors stood down at the election including the Liberal Democrat former leader of the council, Steve Cawley in Shrub End.

## Election result

The Conservatives gained four seats, while the Liberal Democrats suffered a net loss of two seats. The Liberal Democrats just remained the largest party, but among those to lose their seats to the Conservatives were the council leader Colin Sykes in Stanway by 54 votes and the mayor Martin Hunt in Prettygate by 213 votes. Labour remained third after losing two seats, but also gaining one, while Tony Webb was the only Independent to remain on the council after holding his seat in Tiptree.

Following the election Bill Frame was chosen as leader of the Liberal Democrat group defeating Terry Sutton and he then became the new leader of the council.

| 2000 Colchester Borough Council election | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | This election | | | Full council | | | This election | | |
| | Seats | Net | Seats % | Other | Total | Total % | Votes | Votes % | +/− |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 6 | 3 | 30.0 | 17 | **23** | 38.3 | 10,192 | 33.1 | –3.8 |
|  | Conservative | 9 | 4 | 45.0 | 12 | **21** | 35.0 | 11,951 | 38.8 | +6.3 |
|  | Labour | 4 | 1 | 20.0 | 11 | **15** | 25.0 | 7,429 | 24.1 | –6.5 |
|  | Tiptree Residents | 1 |  | 5.0 | 0 | **1** | 1.7 | 727 | 2.4 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | 0 |  | 0.0 | 0 | **0** | 0.0 | 478 | 1.6 | *N/A* |
|  | Natural Law | 0 |  | 0.0 | 0 | **0** | 0.0 | 39 | 0.1 | *N/A* |

## Ward results

### Berechurch

Berechurch
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Dave Smith** | **874** | **44.3** | **−3.2** |
|  | Labour | Dave Harris | 788 | 40.0 | −3.0 |
|  | Conservative | Pat Armstrong | 310 | 15.7 | +6.2 |
| Majority | | | 86 | 4.4 | −0.1 |
| Turnout | | | 1,972 | 34.0 | −4.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,763 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 0.1 |  |

### Castle

Castle
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Henry Spyvee\*** | **788** | **42.9** | **−1.4** |
|  | Conservative | Neil Stock | 525 | 28.6 | +8.2 |
|  | Labour | Kim Naish | 486 | 26.4 | −9.0 |
|  | Natural Law | Loretta Basker | 39 | 2.1 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 263 | 14.3 | +5.4 |
| Turnout | | | 1,838 | 31.0 | −1.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,971 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 4.8 |  |

### Dedham

Dedham
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Wendy Scattergood\*** | **582** | **73.9** | **+39.2** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Caroline West | 168 | 21.3 | −36.6 |
|  | Labour | Jean Quinn | 38 | 4.8 | −2.6 |
| Majority | | | 414 | 52.5 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 788 | 52.0 | −7.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 1,526 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 37.9 |  |

### East Donyland

East Donyland
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Patricia Sanderson** | **321** | **43.4** | **+25.5** |
|  | Labour | Tina Cooke\* | 248 | 33.5 | −14.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Elizabeth Flanagan | 171 | 23.1 | −6.4 |
| Majority | | | 73 | 9.9 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 740 | 42.0 | −5.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 1,784 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 20.2 |  |

### Fordham

Fordham
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **David Cannon\*** | **418** | **76.0** | **+27.6** |
|  | Labour | Richard Bartholomew | 68 | 12.4 | −6.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Craig Sutton | 64 | 11.6 | −19.0 |
| Majority | | | 350 | 63.6 | +45.8 |
| Turnout | | | 550 | 39.0 | −12.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 1,420 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 17.2 |  |

No Independent Conservative candidate as previous (1.7%).

### Harbour

Harbour
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Terry Brady** | **696** | **40.1** | **+3.6** |
|  | Labour | Paul Bishop | 553 | 31.9 | −15.2 |
|  | Conservative | Mike Segal | 306 | 17.6 | +1.2 |
|  | Residents | Peter Farley | 181 | 10.4 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 143 | 8.2 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 1,736 | 28.0 | −1.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 6,322 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 9.4 |  |

### Lexden

Lexden
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Sonia Lewis\*** | **1,252** | **64.6** | **+13.8** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | John Martin | 573 | 29.6 | −11.8 |
|  | Labour | Edna Salmon | 113 | 5.8 | −2.0 |
| Majority | | | 679 | 35.0 | +25.6 |
| Turnout | | | 1,938 | 45.0 | −5.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 4,284 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 12.8 |  |

### Marks Tey

Marks Tey
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Richard Gower\*** | **447** | **65.4** | **+30.7** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christopher Treloar | 134 | 19.6 | −11.0 |
|  | Labour | John Coombes | 103 | 15.1 | −16.6 |
| Majority | | | 313 | 45.8 | +42.6 |
| Turnout | | | 684 | 33.0 | −11.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 2,090 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 20.9 |  |

### Mile End

Mile End
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Gerard Oxford** | **1,094** | **41.1** | **+9.3** |
|  | Conservative | David Adams | 934 | 35.1 | −0.1 |
|  | Labour | Lucy Wood\* | 634 | 23.8 | −9.2 |
| Majority | | | 160 | 6.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 2,662 | 25.0 | −0.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,548 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 4.7 |  |

### New Town

New Town
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Sandra Gray** | **681** | **57.2** | **−5.4** |
|  | Labour | Dave Speed | 309 | 25.9 | −0.1 |
|  | Conservative | Mike Coyne | 201 | 16.9 | +5.5 |
| Majority | | | 372 | 31.2 | −5.5 |
| Turnout | | | 1,191 | 23.0 | −4.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,157 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 2.8 |  |

### Prettygate

Prettygate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Ian McCord** | **1,034** | **48.7** | **+11.2** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Martin Hunt | 821 | 38.7 | −6.2 |
|  | Labour | Andy Frost | 267 | 12.6 | −5.0 |
| Majority | | | 213 | 10.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 2,122 | 36.0 | −1.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,910 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal Democrats | | Swing | 8.7 |  |

### St Andrew's

St Andrew's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Don Quinn** | **559** | **57.2** | **−9.0** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Anthony Gant | 216 | 22.1 | −5.6 |
|  | Conservative | Richard Lambeth | 203 | 20.8 | +14.7 |
| Majority | | | 343 | 35.1 | −3.4 |
| Turnout | | | 978 | 17.0 | −7.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,846 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 1.7 |  |

### St Anne's

St Anne's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Tina Dopson** | **738** | **43.4** | **−2.1** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | John Fellows | 731 | 42.9 | −4.5 |
|  | Conservative | Debbie White | 233 | 13.7 | +6.6 |
| Majority | | | 7 | 0.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 1,702 | 34.0 | −6.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,083 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 1.2 |  |

### St John's

St John's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Ray Gamble\*** | **958** | **49.4** | **−6.2** |
|  | Conservative | Derek Smith | 674 | 34.8 | +6.6 |
|  | Labour | Peter Brine | 206 | 15.8 | −0.4 |
| Majority | | | 284 | 14.7 | −12.7 |
| Turnout | | | 1,938 | 33.0 | −0.2 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,587 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 6.4 |  |

### St Mary's

St. Mary's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Roger Buston** | **840** | **48.4** | **+12.1** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Una Jones | 631 | 36.3 | −8.0 |
|  | Labour | Edmund Chinnery | 265 | 15.3 | −4.0 |
| Majority | | | 209 | 12.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 1,736 | 33.0 | −3.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,263 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal Democrats | | Swing | 10.1 |  |

### Shrub End

Shrub End
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Richard Bourne** | **435** | **38.5** | **−7.2** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Barbara Williamson | 424 | 37.5 | −0.1 |
|  | Conservative | Ron Levy | 272 | 24.0 | +7.3 |
| Majority | | | 11 | 1.0 | −7.1 |
| Turnout | | | 1,131 | 19.0 | −2.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,973 |  |  |
|  | Labour **gain** from Liberal Democrats | | Swing | 3.6 |  |

### Stanway

Stanway
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Jonathan Pyman** | **866** | **44.7** | **+12.6** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Colin Sykes\* | 812 | 41.9 | −9.7 |
|  | Labour | Ian Yates | 259 | 13.4 | −2.9 |
| Majority | | | 54 | 2.8 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 1,937 | 32.0 | −0.9 |
| Registered electors | | | 6,121 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal Democrats | | Swing | 11.2 |  |

### Tiptree

Tiptree
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Tiptree Residents** | **Tony Webb\*** | **727** | **41.2** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Conservative | Richard Martin | 418 | 23.7 | −13.0 |
|  | Labour | Tania Rogers | 324 | 18.3 | −28.5 |
|  | Independent | Helen Bunney | 297 | 16.8 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 309 | 17.5 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 1,766 | 28.0 | +5.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 6,301 |  |  |
|  | Tiptree Residents **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

### West Mersea

West Mersea
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **John Jowers** | **1,342** | **76.5** | **+13.6** |
|  | Labour | Bry Mogridge | 258 | 14.7 | −8.1 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Sally Scott | 154 | 8.8 | −5.5 |
| Majority | | | 1,084 | 61.8 | +21.7 |
| Turnout | | | 1,754 | 30.0 | +0.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 5,813 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 10.9 |  |

### Wivenhoe

Wivenhoe
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Bob Newman\*** | **778** | **44.4** | **−5.5** |
|  | Conservative | Judith Kennerdale | 773 | 44.1 | +4.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Stephen Lancaster | 202 | 11.5 | +0.7 |
| Majority | | | 5 | 0.3 | −10.2 |
| Turnout | | | 1,753 | 25.0 | −3.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 7,152 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 5.2 |  |

## By-elections

### Lexden

Lexden By-Election 19 October 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative |  | 939 | 55.9 | −8.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 639 | 38.0 | +8.4 |
|  | Labour |  | 103 | 6.1 | +0.3 |
| Majority | | | 300 | 17.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,681 | 39.2 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Prettygate

Prettygate By-Election 7 June 2001
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 1,674 | 41.4 | +2.7 |
|  | Conservative |  | 1,498 | 37.1 | −11.7 |
|  | Labour |  | 869 | 21.5 | +8.9 |
| Majority | | | 176 | 4.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 4,041 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Conservative | | Swing |  |  |

### Mile End

A by-election took place in Mile End on 22 November 2001 after the resignation of Liberal Democrat councillor David Goatley due to pressure of work.

Mile End By-Election 22 November 2001
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 529 | 33.6 | −7.7 |
|  | Conservative |  | 468 | 29.7 | −5.5 |
|  | Labour |  | 443 | 28.1 | +4.6 |
|  | Independent |  | 135 | 8.6 | +8.6 |
| Majority | | | 61 | 3.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,575 | 14.0 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

2000 Colchester Borough Council
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  20 out of 60 seats to Colchester Borough Council
31 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 29.7% (1.0%) |
| First party Second party   Party Liberal Democrats Conservative  Last election 26 seats, 36.9% 17 seats, 32.5%  Seats won 6 9  Seats after **23** **21**  Seat change  3  4  Popular vote 10,192 11,951  Percentage 33.1% 38.8%  Swing  3.8%  6.3%   ---  Third party Fourth party   Party Labour Tiptree Residents  Last election 16 seats, 30.6% 1 seat, 0.0%  Seats won 4 1  Seats after **15** **1**  Seat change  1   Popular vote 7,429 727  Percentage 24.1% 2.4%  Swing  6.5% *N/A* | |
| ---  Winner of each seat at the 2000 Colchester Borough Council election | |
| ---  **Council control before election**
No overall control
 **Council control after election**
No overall control
 | |


title: 2000 Clipsal 500

abstract: The 2000 Clipsal 500 Adelaide was the second running of the Adelaide 500 race. Racing was held form Friday 7 April until Sunday 9 April 2000. The race was held for V8 Supercars and was Round 3 of the 2000 Shell Championship Series.

text:
# 2000 Clipsal 500

The **2000 Clipsal 500 Adelaide** was the second running of the Adelaide 500 race. Racing was held form Friday 7 April until Sunday 9 April 2000. The race was held for V8 Supercars and was Round 3 of the 2000 Shell Championship Series.

## Format

The format, unique to V8 Supercar and loosely similar to the Pukekohe 500 format, splits the 500 kilometres into two separate 250 kilometres races each held on a different day. Unlike the 1999 race the two races were no longer combined into a single timesheet. Points were still assigned separately to the races, and they combined to award a round result.

## Official results

### Top ten shootout

Results sourced from:

| Pos | No | Team | Driver | Car | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pole | 34 | Garry Rogers Motorsport | Garth Tander | Holden VT Commodore | 1:26.0315 |
| 2 | 2 | Holden Racing Team | Mark Skaife | Holden VT Commodore | 1:26.1962 |
| 3 | 8 | Perkins Engineering | Russell Ingall | Holden VT Commodore | 1:26.3731 |
| 4 | 1 | Holden Racing Team | Craig Lowndes | Holden VT Commodore | 1:26.7301 |
| 5 | 600 | Briggs Motor Sport | John Bowe | Ford AU Falcon | 1:26.7518 |
| 6 | 5 | Ford Tickford Racing | Glenn Seton | Ford AU Falcon | 1:26.7958 |
| 7 | 11 | Perkins Engineering | Larry Perkins | Holden VT Commodore | 1:27.4627 |
| 8 | 35 | Garry Rogers Motorsport | Jason Bargwanna | Holden VT Commodore | 1:27.6687 |
| 9 | 18 | Dick Johnson Racing | Paul Radisich | Ford AU Falcon | 4:43.9422 |
| 10 | 7 | Gibson Motorsport | Steven Richards | Holden VT Commodore | DNS |
|

### Leg 1

Results sourced from:

| Pos | No | Team | Driver | Car | Laps | Qual
Pos | Shootout
Pos |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Holden Racing Team | Craig Lowndes | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 5 | 4 |
| 2 | 5 | Ford Tickford Racing | Glenn Seton | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 2 | 6 |
| 3 | 34 | Garry Rogers Motorsport | Garth Tander | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 4 | 1 |
| 4 | 7 | Gibson Motorsport | Steven Richards | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 9 | 10 |
| 5 | 18 | Dick Johnson Racing | Paul Radisich | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 1 | 9 |
| 6 | 17 | Dick Johnson Racing | Steven Johnson | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 19 |  |
| 7 | 35 | Garry Rogers Motorsport | Jason Bargwanna | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 10 | 8 |
| 8 | 12 | Gibson Motorsport | Greg Murphy | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 18 |  |
| 9 | 9 | Stone Brothers Racing | Tony Longhurst | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 13 |  |
| 10 | 46 | John Faulkner Racing | John Faulkner | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 16 |  |
| 11 | 15 | Holden Racing Team | Todd Kelly | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 24 |  |
| 12 | 600 | Briggs Motor Sport | John Bowe | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 7 | 5 |
| 13 | 4 | Stone Brothers Racing | Craig Baird | Ford AU Falcon | 77 | 21 |  |
| 14 | 54 | Rod Nash Racing | Cameron McConvlle | Holden VT Commodore | 77 | 28 |  |
| 15 | 3 | Lansvale Racing Team | Trevor Ashby | Holden VS Commodore | 77 | 22 |  |
| 16 | 23 | Lansvale Racing Team | Steve Reed | Holden VS Commodore | 77 | 35 |  |
| 17 | 29 | Paul Morris Motorsport | Paul Morris | Holden VS Commodore | 77 | 26 |  |
| 18 | 16 | McDougall Motorsport | Dugal McDougall | Holden VT Commodore | 77 | 25 |  |
| 19 | 26 | M3 Motorsport | Peter Doulman | Holden VT Commodore | 77 | 29 |  |
| 20 | 50 | Clive Wiseman Racing | Michael Donaher | Holden VS Commodore | 76 | 32 |  |
| 21 | 32 | Tomas Mezera Motorsport | Tomas Mezera | Holden VT Commodore | 76 | 23 |  |
| 22 | 45 | Dean Canto Racing | Dean Canto | Ford EL Falcon | 76 | 39 |  |
| 23 | 22 | Colourscan Racing | Matthew Coleman | Ford AU Falcon | 76 | 36 |  |
| 24 | 39 | Challenge Motorsport | Chris Smerdon | Holden VT Commodore | 75 | 30 |  |
| 25 | 97 | Graphic Skills Racing | Wayne Wakefield | Holden VS Commodore | 74 | DNQ |  |
| 26 | 500 | Power Racing | Alan Heath | Ford EL Falcon | 74 | 37 |  |
| 27 | 10 | Larkham Motor Sport | Mark Larkham | Ford AU Falcon | 74 | 11 |  |
| 28 | 20 | Eastern Creek Karts | Garry Holt | Ford EL Falcon | 73 | 38 |  |
| 29 | 75 | Paul Little Racing | Anthony Tratt | Ford AU Falcon | 72 | 34 |  |
| DNF | 40 | Greenfield Mowers Racing | Cameron McLean | Ford AU Falcon | 74 | 12 |  |
| DNF | 13 | Bob Forbes Racing | Rodney Forbes | Holden VT Commodore | 63 | 31 |  |
| DNF | 21 | Brad Jones Racing | Brad Jones | Ford AU Falcon | 56 | 20 |  |
| NC | 66 | James Rosenberg Racing | Mark Poole | Holden VT Commodore | 56 | 14 |  |
| NC | 6 | Ford Tickford Racing | Neil Crompton | Ford AU Falcon | 46 | 17 |  |
| DNF | 11 | Perkins Engineering | Larry Perkins | Holden VT Commodore | 37 | 8 | 7 |
| DNF | 8 | Perkins Engineering | Russell Ingall | Holden VT Commodore | 34 | 6 | 3 |
| DNF | 2 | Holden Racing Team | Mark Skaife | Holden VT Commodore | 32 | 3 | 2 |
| NC | 31 | Steven Ellery Racing | Steve Ellery | Ford AU Falcon | 28 | 15 |  |
| DNF | 24 | Romano Racing | Paul Romano | Holden VS Commodore | 27 | 33 |  |
| DNF | 43 | Paul Weel Racing | Paul Weel | Ford AU Falcon | 5 | 27 |  |
|

### Leg 2

Results sourced from:

| Pos | No | Team | Driver | Car | Laps | Qual
Pos | Shootout
Pos | Leg 1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Holden Racing Team | Mark Skaife | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 3 | 2 | 36 |
| 2 | 34 | Garry Rogers Motorsport | Garth Tander | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | 35 | Garry Rogers Motorsport | Jason Bargwanna | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 10 | 8 | 7 |
| 4 | 600 | Briggs Motor Sport | John Bowe | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 5 | 12 | Gibson Motorsport | Greg Murphy | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 18 |  | 8 |
| 6 | 8 | Perkins Engineering | Russell Ingall | Holden VT Commodore | 78 | 6 | 3 | 35 |
| 7 | 5 | Ford Tickford Racing | Glenn Seton | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 2 | 6 | 2 |
| 8 | 17 | Dick Johnson Racing | Steven Johnson | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 19 |  | 6 |
| 9 | 18 | Dick Johnson Racing | Paul Radisich | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 1 | 9 | 5 |
| 10 | 9 | Stone Brothers Racing | Tony Longhurst | Ford AU Falcon | 78 | 13 |  | 9 |
| 11 | 11 | Perkins Engineering | Larry Perkins | Holden VT Commodore | 77 | 8 | 7 | 34 |
| 12 | 6 | Ford Tickford Racing | Neil Crompton | Ford AU Falcon | 77 | 17 |  | 33 |
| 13 | 10 | Larkham Motor Sport | Mark Larkham | Ford AU Falcon | 77 | 11 |  | 27 |
| 14 | 46 | John Faulkner Racing | John Faulkner | Holden VT Commodore | 77 | 16 |  | 10 |
| 15 | 4 | Stone Brothers Racing | Craig Baird | Ford AU Falcon | 76 | 21 |  | 13 |
| 16 | 29 | Paul Morris Motorsport | Paul Morris | Holden VS Commodore | 76 | 26 |  | 17 |
| 17 | 7 | Gibson Motorsport | Steven Richards | Holden VT Commodore | 76 | 9 | 10 | 4 |
| 18 | 32 | Tomas Mezera Motorsport | Tomas Mezera | Holden VT Commodore | 76 | 23 |  | 21 |
| 19 | 40 | Greenfield Mowers Racing | Cameron McLean | Ford AU Falcon | 76 | 12 |  | 30 |
| 20 | 50 | Clive Wiseman Racing | Michael Donaher | Holden VS Commodore | 75 | 32 |  | 20 |
| 21 | 39 | Challenge Motorsport | Chris Smerdon | Holden VT Commodore | 75 | 30 |  | 24 |
| 22 | 43 | Paul Weel Racing | Paul Weel | Ford AU Falcon | 75 | 27 |  | 38 |
| 23 | 3 | Lansvale Racing Team | Trevor Ashby | Holden VS Commodore | 74 | 22 |  | 15 |
| 24 | 75 | Paul Little Racing | Anthony Tratt | Ford AU Falcon | 74 | 34 |  | 29 |
| 25 | 45 | Dean Canto Racing | Dean Canto | Ford EL Falcon | 74 | 39 |  | 22 |
| 26 | 26 | M3 Motorsport | Peter Doulman | Holden VT Commodore | 73 | 29 |  | 19 |
| 27 | 22 | Colourscan Racing | Matthew Coleman | Ford AU Falcon | 70 | 36 |  | 23 |
| 28 | 500 | Power Racing | Alan Heath | Ford EL Falcon | 70 | 37 |  | 26 |
| DNF | 15 | Holden Racing Team | Todd Kelly | Holden VT Commodore | 72 | 24 |  | 11 |
| DNF | 1 | Holden Racing Team | Craig Lowndes | Holden VT Commodore | 62 | 5 | 4 | 1 |
| DNF | 20 | Eastern Creek Karts | Garry Holt | Ford EL Falcon | 58 | 38 |  | 28 |
| DNF | 16 | McDougall Motorsport | Dugal McDougall | Holden VT Commodore | 55 | 25 |  | 18 |
| DNF | 54 | Rod Nash Racing | Cameron McConvlle | Holden VT Commodore | 39 | 28 |  | 14 |
| DNF | 13 | Bob Forbes Racing | Rodney Forbes | Holden VT Commodore | 31 | 31 |  | 31 |
| DNF | 66 | James Rosenberg Racing | Mark Poole | Holden VT Commodore | 19 | 14 |  | 32 |
| DNF | 31 | Steven Ellery Racing | Steve Ellery | Ford AU Falcon | 12 | 15 |  | 37 |
| DNF | 97 | Graphic Skills Racing | Wayne Wakefield | Holden VS Commodore | 10 | DNQ |  | 25 |
| DNF | 23 | Lansvale Racing Team | Steve Reed | Holden VS Commodore | 0 | 35 |  | 16 |
| DNS | 21 | Brad Jones Racing | Brad Jones | Ford AU Falcon |  | 20 |  |  |
| DNS | 24 | Romano Racing | Paul Romano | Holden VS Commodore |  | 33 |  |  |
|

### Round results

| Pos | No | Driver | Leg 1
Points | Leg 2
Points | Total
Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 34 | Garth Tander | 68 | 144 | **212** |
| 2 | 35 | Jason Bargwanna | 52 | 136 | **188** |
| 3 | 5 | Glenn Seton | 72 | 104 | **176** |
| 4 | 12 | Greg Murphy | 48 | 120 | **168** |
| 5 | 2 | Mark Skaife |  | 160 | **160** |
| 6 | 600 | John Bowe | 32 | 128 | **160** |
| 7 | 17 | Steven Johnson | 56 | 96 | **152** |
| 8 | 18 | Paul Radisich | 60 | 88 | **148** |
| 9 | 9 | Tony Longhurst | 44 | 80 | **124** |
| 10 | 8 | Russell Ingall |  | 112 | **112** |
| 11 | 46 | John Faulkner | 40 | 48 | **88** |
| 12 | 7 | Steven Richards | 64 | 24 | **88** |
| 13 | 1 | Craig Lowndes | 80 |  | **80** |
| 14 | 11 | Larry Perkins |  | 72 | **72** |
| 15 | 4 | Craig Baird | 28 | 40 | **68** |
| 16 | 6 | Neil Crompton |  | 64 | **64** |
| 17 | 10 | Mark Larkham |  | 56 | **56** |
| 18 | 29 | Paul Morris | 12 | 32 | **44** |
| 19 | 15 | Todd Kelly | 36 |  | **36** |
| 20 | 54 | Cameron McConville | 24 |  | **24** |
| 21 | 3 | Trevor Ashby | 20 |  | **20** |
| 22 | 32 | Tomas Mezera |  | 16 | **16** |
| 23 | 23 | Steve Reed | 16 |  | **16** |
| 24 | 40 | Cameron McLean |  | 8 | **8** |
| 25 | 16 | Dugal McDougall | 8 |  | **8** |
| 26 | 50 | Michael Donaher | 2 | 4 | **6** |
| 27 | 26 | Peter Doulman | 4 |  | **4** |
| 28 | 39 | Chris Smerdon |  |  |  |
| 29 | 43 | Paul Weel |  |  |  |
| 30 | 75 | Anthony Tratt |  |  |  |
| 31 | 45 | Dean Canto |  |  |  |
| 32 | 22 | Matthew Coleman |  |  |  |
| 33 | 500 | Alan Heath |  |  |  |
| 34 | 97 | Wayne Wakefield |  |  |  |
| 35 | 20 | Garry Holt |  |  |  |
| DNF | 13 | Rodney Forbes |  |  |  |
| DNF | 66 | Mark Poole |  |  |  |
| DNF | 31 | Steven Ellery |  |  |  |
| DNF | 21 | Brad Jones |  |  |  |
| DNF | 24 | Paul Romano |  |  |  |
|

## Statistics

* Provisional Position - #18 Paul Radisich - 1:25.0687
* Pole Position - #34 Garth Tander - 1:26.0315
* Fastest Lap - #34 Garth Tander - 1:27.0352

## InfoBox

**2000 Clipsal 500 Adelaide**
| Event Information | |
| --- | --- |
| Round 3 of 13 in the 2000 Shell Championship Series | |
|  | |
| Date | 7–9 April 2000 |
| Location | Adelaide, South Australia |
| Venue | Adelaide Street Circuit |
| Weather | Fine, thunderstorms during second race |
| Results | |
| Race 1  Distance  78 laps  250 km  Pole position Garth Tander
Garry Rogers Motorsport  1:26.0315  Winner Craig Lowndes
Holden Racing Team  2:09:49.8295 | |
| Race 2  Distance  78 laps  250 km  Winner Mark Skaife
Holden Racing Team  2:16:09.1030 | |
| Round Results  First   212 pts  Second   188 pts  Third   176 pts | |


title: 1946 in Southern Rhodesia

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1946 in Southern Rhodesia.

text:
# 1946 in Southern Rhodesia

The following lists events that happened during **1946 in Southern Rhodesia**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| **Years in Southern Rhodesia:** | 1943 1944 1945 **1946** 1947 1948 1949 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 19th century · **20th century** · 21st century |
| **Decades:** | 1910s 1920s 1930s **1940s** 1950s 1960s 1970s |
| **Years:** | 1943 1944 1945 **1946** 1947 1948 1949 |


title: Asheboro City Schools

abstract: Asheboro City Schools is located in Asheboro, North Carolina, United States.

text:
# Asheboro City Schools

**Asheboro City Schools** is located in Asheboro, North Carolina, United States.

## District information

* 4,485 students
* 620 staff
* Five elementary schools
* Two middle schools
* One high school
* One additional site that houses the Early Childhood Development Center as well as an alternative school program called The Learning Center

### Student demographics

* White 30.1%
* Black 14.2%
* Hispanic 48.8%
* Asian 1.6%
* Multi-racial 5.1%
* American Indian Less than 1%

*Statistics accurate as of September 26, 2018*

## Member schools

* Asheboro High School
* South Asheboro Middle School
* North Asheboro Middle School
* Guy B. Teachey Elementary School
* Lindley Park Elementary School
* Charles W. McCrary Elementary School
* Donna Lee Loflin Elementary School
* Balfour Elementary School

## Central office administration and staff

* Sandra Spivey, Finance Officer
* Ed Keller, Director of Facilities and Maintenance
* Dr. Drew Maerz, Director of Testing and Accountability
* Dr. Cayce McCamish, Director of Exceptional Child Services
* Carla L. Freemyer, Executive Director of Human Resources
* Jordi Roman, Director of Elementary Curriculum
* Anthony Woodyard, Director of Technology and Innovation
* Robin Harris, Director of Federal Programs and EL
* D.R. Cash, Director of Support Services
* Leigh Anna Marbert, Public Information Officer

## Board of education

* Gidget Kidd, Board Chair
* Phillip R. Cheek, Board Vice Chair
* Gustavo Agudelo, Finance Committee Chair
* Linda Cranford, Policy Committee Chair
* Baxter Hammer
* Ryan Patton
* Dr. Beth Knott
* Gwen Williams
* Archie Priest Jr.
* Michael B. Smith

## InfoBox

| Asheboro City Schools | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 1126 S Park Street Asheboro, North Carolina<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 35°41′28″N 79°49′14″W / 35.69111°N 79.82056°W / 35.69111; -79.82056 |
| District information | |
| Established | 1905 (1905) |
| Superintendent | Dr. Aaron Woody |
| Asst. superintendent(s) | Dr. Wendy Rich |
| NCES District ID | 3700240 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 4,448 (2021-2022) |
| Staff | 322.16 (on an FTE basis) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 13.81 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.asheboro.k12.nc.us |


title: 2000 Port Darwin by-election

text:
# 2000 Port Darwin by-election

A by-election for the seat of Port Darwin in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was held on 11 March 2000. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of former CLP Chief Minister Shane Stone. The seat had been held by Stone since 1990.

The CLP selected Sue Carter as its candidate. The Labor candidate was Ian Fraser. Former Labor candidate for Fannie Bay Susan Bradley contested as an Independent.

## Results

Port Darwin by-election, 2000
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Country Liberal | Sue Carter | 1,694 | 51.0 | -13.4 |
|  | Labor | Ian Fraser | 873 | 26.3 | +0.7 |
|  | Independent | Susan Bradley | 551 | 16.6 | +16.6 |
|  | Greens | Andy Gough | 202 | 6.1 | +6.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 3,319 | 95.7 | +1.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 113 | 4.3 | −1.2 |
| Turnout | | | 3,432 | 70.5 | −13.8 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Country Liberal | Sue Carter | 2,031 | 61.2 | -5.8 |
|  | Labor | Ian Fraser | 1,288 | 38.8 | +5.8 |
|  | Country Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | –5.8 |  |

## InfoBox

2000 Port Darwin by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| First party Second party Third party  **IND**  Candidate Sue Carter Ian Fraser Susan Bradley  Party Country Liberal Labor Independent  Popular vote **1,694** 873 551  Percentage **51.0%** 26.3% 16.6%  Swing  13.4pp  0.7pp  16.6pp  TPP **61.2%** 38.8%   TPP swing  5.8pp  5.8pp | |
| ---  **MP before election**
Shane Stone
Country Liberal **Elected MP**
Sue Carter
Country Liberal | |


title: 2000 Portuguese regional elections

abstract: The Portuguese Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira held their own Regional Legislative election of 2000 on October 15. In the Azores, there were 52 seats in the Regional Parliament in dispute, the same of the previous election, in 1996. The seats were distributed by the 9 islands of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each island; however, each island is entitled to at least two members of parliament. In Madeira, there were 61 seats in dispute, two more than in the previous election, distributed by the 11 municipalities of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each municipality. The Socialist Party won the election in Azores for the second consecutive time, increasing the voting share by 3% to 49% of the voting and re-electing Carlos César to the presidency of the Regional Government. The Social Democrats lost many mandates, which made César achieve an absolute majority. In Madeira, Alberto João Jardim, of the Social Democratic Party kept his dominance over the regional political panorama, winning the election with an absolute majority of 56%, losing only 1% of the voting and achieving the 7th consecutive absolute majority since the very first election in 1976. The two extra mandates were distributed by the People's Party and the People's Democratic Union.

text:
# 2000 Portuguese regional elections

The Portuguese Autonomous Regions of **Azores** and **Madeira** held their own **Regional Legislative election of 2000** on October 15.

In the Azores, there were 52 seats in the Regional Parliament in dispute, the same of the previous election, in 1996. The seats were distributed by the 9 islands of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each island; however, each island is entitled to at least two members of parliament.

In Madeira, there were 61 seats in dispute, two more than in the previous election, distributed by the 11 municipalities of the archipelago proportionally to the population of each municipality.

The Socialist Party won the election in Azores for the second consecutive time, increasing the voting share by 3% to 49% of the voting and re-electing Carlos César to the presidency of the Regional Government. The Social Democrats lost many mandates, which made César achieve an absolute majority.

In Madeira, Alberto João Jardim, of the Social Democratic Party kept his dominance over the regional political panorama, winning the election with an absolute majority of 56%, losing only 1% of the voting and achieving the 7th consecutive absolute majority since the very first election in 1976. The two extra mandates were distributed by the People's Party and the People's Democratic Union.

## The election in Azores

The winner of the election was the Socialist Party, that for the second time achieved the majority of the voting, this time an absolute majority. Carlos Manuel Martins do Vale César was re-elected president of the Regional Government with a parliamentary support of 30 MPs out of 52.

The People's Party, despite raising the share of the voting by more than 2%, lost 1 MP, due to the application of the d'Hondt method by the 9 islands, the Social Democrats lost almost 10% of the voting and 6 MPs. The People's Monarchist Party, that hadn't participated in the previous election, ran in coalition with the Democratic Party of the Atlantic and didn't elect a single MP.

On the left, the Unitary Democratic Coalition, led by the Portuguese Communist Party raised the voting by 1% and achieved one more MP, elected in the island of Faial. The People's Democratic Union, after merging with several other small left-wing parties, ran inside the Leftwing Bloc and didn't manage to elect a single MP.

### Summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 15 October 2000 Legislative Assembly of Azores elections results
| Parties | | Votes | % | ±pp swing | MPs | | | | | MPs %/
votes % | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1996 | | | | 2000 | ± | % | ± ||
|  | PS | 49,438 | 49.20 | 3.4 | 24 | **30** | 6 | 57.69 | 11.5 | 1.17 |
|  | PSD | 32,642 | 32.48 | 8.5 | 24 | **18** | 6 | 34.62 | 11.5 | 1.07 |
|  | CDS–PP | 9,605 | 9.56 | 2.2 | 3 | **2** | 1 | 3.85 | 1.9 | 0.40 |
|  | CDU | 4,856 | 4.83 | 1.4 | 1 | **2** | 1 | 3.85 | 1.9 | 0.80 |
|  | BE | 1,387 | 1.38 |  |  | **0** |  | 0.00 |  | 0.0 |
|  | PPM / Democratic Party of the Atlantic | 799 | 0.80 |  |  | **0** |  | 0.00 |  | 0.0 |
| **Total valid** | | **98,727** | **98.25** | **0.6** | **52** | **52** | **0** | **100.00** | **0.0** |  |
| Blank ballots | | 895 | 0.89 | 0.3 |  | | | | | |
| Invalid ballots | | 862 | 0.86 | 0.3 | |
| **Total** (turnout 53.30%) | | **100,484** | **100.00** | **5.9** | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições | | | | | | | | | | |

## The election in Madeira

The winner of the election in Madeira was, once more, the Social Democratic Party, and Alberto João Jardim was elected president of the Regional Government with an absolute majority for the 7th consecutive time. The percentage gathered by the social democrats decreased by 1%, however, due to the increase of the overall number of MPs, the party kept their 41 mandates.

The People's Party increased its voting and its number of MPs, gathering a total of 3 mandates.

On the left, the Socialist Party kept its 13 MPs after, despite losing more than 3% of the voting. The Unitary Democratic Coalition, led by the Portuguese Communist Party, increased the voting and kept the 2 Mps of the previous election. The People's Democratic Union raised the number of MPs from 1 to 2 after a slight increase of the voting.

### Summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 15 October 2000 Legislative Assembly of Madeira elections results
| Parties | | Votes | % | ±pp swing | MPs | | | | | MPs %/
votes % | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1996 | | | | 2000 | ± | % | ± ||
|  | PSD | 72,588 | 55.95 | 0.9 | 41 | **41** | 0 | 67.21 | 2.3 | 1.20 |
|  | PS | 27,290 | 21.04 | 3.8 | 13 | **13** | 0 | 21.31 | 0.7 | 1.01 |
|  | CDS–PP | 12,612 | 9.72 | 2.4 | 2 | **3** | 1 | 4.92 | 1.5 | 0.51 |
|  | People's Democratic Union | 6,210 | 4.79 | 0.8 | 1 | **2** | 1 | 3.28 | 1.6 | 0.68 |
|  | CDU | 6,015 | 4.64 | 0.6 | 2 | **2** | 0 | 3.28 | 0.1 | 0.71 |
|  | National Solidarity Party | 2,243 | 1.73 | 1.1 | 0 | **0** | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| **Total valid** | | **126,958** | **97.86** | **0.3** | **59** | **61** | **2** | **100.00** | **0.0** |  |
| Blank ballots | | 1,136 | 0.88 | 0.2 |  | | | | | |
| Invalid ballots | | 1,640 | 1.26 | 0.2 | |
| **Total** (turnout 61.91%) | | **129,734** | **100.00** | **3.4** | |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine | | | | | | | | | | |


title: Ashrafunnesa Mosharraf

abstract: Ashrafunnesa Mosharraf was a Bangladesh Awami League politician who served as a Jatiya Sangsad member from a seat reserved for women and was the president of the Bangladesh Mohila Awami League.

text:
# Ashrafunnesa Mosharraf

**Ashrafunnesa Mosharraf** (died 18 January 2019) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician who served as a Jatiya Sangsad member from a seat reserved for women and was the president of the Bangladesh Mohila Awami League.

## Career

Mosharraf fought in the Bangladesh Liberation war. She was elected to parliament from a women's reserved seat in 2009. She became the president of the Mohila Awami League on 12 July 2003.

## Death

Mosharraf died on 18 January 2019 in Square Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

## InfoBox

| Ashrafunnesa Mosharraf | |
| --- | --- |
| আশরাফুন্নেছা মোশাররফ | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Reserved Women's Seat-5 | |
| **In office**
25 January 2009  24 January 2014 | |
| Succeeded by | Begum Akhtar Jahan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | (aged 74)
Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Political party | Bangladesh Awami League |
|  | |


title: Asclepias sullivantii

abstract: Asclepias sullivantii is a species of flowering plant in the milkweed genus, Asclepias. Common names include prairie milkweed, Sullivant's milkweed, and smooth milkweed. It is native to North America, where it occurs in the central United States and Ontario in Canada.

text:
# Asclepias sullivantii

***Asclepias sullivantii*** is a species of flowering plant in the milkweed genus, *Asclepias*. Common names include **prairie milkweed**, **Sullivant's milkweed**, and **smooth milkweed**. It is native to North America, where it occurs in the central United States and Ontario in Canada.

## Description

This is a perennial herb growing from deep rhizomes. The stem is 40 centimeters to just over one meter tall. The ovate, pointed leaves are oppositely arranged and hairless. The leaves are also thick and leathery, with wavy margins, reddish midveins. They curve up on the stem. Pale to deep pinkish purple flowers are borne in rounded clusters from the leaf axils. The fruit is a greenish follicle. The flowers are insect-pollinated, but the plant often reproduces vegetatively via the rhizome.

This species is very similar to *Asclepias syriaca*, the common milkweed, and the two easily hybridize. Common milkweed can be distinguished by several characters. Its blunt-tipped leaf blades have a coating of hairs on the undersides and are straight on the stem, not curving up. The flowers are smaller and more numerous, and the surface of the follicle is rougher.

## Habitat

The native habitat of the plant includes prairie and meadows. It grows in moist areas, such as river bottomland. The original range of *Asclepias sullivantii* was the tall grass prairie, but very little of that habitat remains because of wide spread conversion to farming. In Minnesota it is listed as threatened species, mainly because of habitat loss, and the remaining plants are found on old railroad right ways that preserve small prairie remnants. It is restricted to mesic tall grass prairies and seems to have little ability to survive degraded habitats.

## Ecology

Insects that take nectar from the plant include bumblebees and other bees, wasps, ants, flies, and butterflies. The caterpillars of the monarch butterfly feed on the foliage. The larva of the milkweed leaf-miner (*Liriomyza asclepiadis*) mine the leaves. Aphids that can be found on the plant include the yellow milkweed aphid (*Aphis nerii*), black aphid (*Aphis rumicis*), and the green peach aphid (*Myzus persicae*).

The ruby-throated hummingbird takes nectar.

## Toxicity

Most *Asclepias* are toxic if consumed in large quantities due to cardiac glycoside content.

## InfoBox

| *Asclepias sullivantii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Asclepias* |
| Species: | ***A. sullivantii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asclepias sullivantii***
Engelm. ex A.Gray | |
|


title: Asclepias tuberosa

abstract: Asclepias tuberosa, commonly known as butterfly weed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America. It is commonly known as butterfly weed because of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar.

text:
# Asclepias tuberosa

***Asclepias tuberosa***, commonly known as **butterfly weed**, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America. It is commonly known as butterfly weed because of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar.

## Description

It is a perennial plant growing to 0.3–1 m (1–3+12 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, 3–12 cm (1+144+34 in) long, and 2–3 cm (341+14 in) broad.

From April to September, in the upper axils, 7.5 cm (3 in)–wide umbels of orange, yellow or red flowers 1.5 cm (12 in) wide appear. They each have five petals and five sepals. It is uncertain if reddish flowers are due to soil mineral content, ecotype genetic differentiation, or both. A cultivar named 'Hello Yellow' typically has more yellowish flowers than ordinary examples of this plant.

The fruit pod is 7.5–15 cm (3–6 in) long, containing many long-haired seeds.

### Similar species

The plant looks similar to the lanceolate milkweed (*Asclepias lanceolata*), but is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers, and the hairy stems that are not milky when broken. It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

## Taxonomy

### Subspecies

* *Asclepias tuberosa* subsp. *interior* – (Central United States, Ontario and Quebec)
* *Asclepias tuberosa* subsp. *rolfsii* – Rolfs milkweed (Southeastern United States)
* *Asclepias tuberosa* subsp. *tuberosa* – (Eastern United States)

### Common names

Common names include butterfly weed, Canada root, chieger flower, chiggerflower, fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, orange milkweed, orange root, orange Swallow-wort, pleurisy root, silky swallow-wort, tuber root, yellow milkweed, white-root, windroot, butterfly love, butterflyweed, and butterfly milkweed.

## Distribution and habitat

The species can be found from South Dakota south to Texas and Mexico, west to Utah and Arizona, as well as many other areas further east.

This plant favors dry, sand or gravel soil, but has also been reported on stream margins. It requires full sun.

## Ecology

Most easily propagated by seed. The primary pollinators are bees and wasps, rather than butterflies. Sown outdoors after frost, a plant will flower and produce seed in the third year. It is difficult to transplant once established, as it has a deep, woody taproot.

*A. tuberosa* is a larval food plant of the queen and monarch butterflies, as well as the dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia. Because of its rough leaves and trichomes, it is not a preferred host plant of the monarch butterfly but caterpillars can be reared on it successfully. Further, it is one of the very lowest *Asclepias* species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird predation and parasite virulence and perhaps contributing to its lack of attractiveness to egg-laying monarchs.

## Cultivation

Butterfly weed is frequently grown in gardens for its showy orange flowers which are especially attractive to bees, though also visited by hummingbirds, moths, and butterflies. It is easily grown from seeds and is difficult to transplant due to the size of its roots. Grown from seed plants will take about two to three years to reach flowering size in average conditions. The seeds do not require stratification and can be immediately planted, though in commercial growing they are generally moist stratified at 5 °C for 30–60 days because this increases the germination rate. For other milkweeds a thin layer of mulch a layer 1–2 cm thick increases the germination rate, though specific research on butterfly weed is lacking.

Butterfly weed has few serious pest or disease problems. It is susceptible to crown rot if planted in poorly drained or too constantly moist locations. It is hardy in USDA zones 3–9.

## Toxicity

The plant contains toxic glycosides, alkaloids and resinoids. These can cause weakness, seizures and corneal injuries. Use of the plant is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation or with infants due to its toxins, which include resinoids and pregnanes.

## Uses

Native Americans and European pioneers used the boiled roots to treat diarrhea and respiratory illnesses. The young seed pods were used as food after being boiled in several changes of water. The seed pod down was spun and used to make candle wicks.

The root was once used to treat pleurisy.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Asclepias tuberosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Asclepias* |
| Species: | ***A. tuberosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asclepias tuberosa***
L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acerates decumbens* Decne. * *Asclepias decumbens* L. * *Asclepias elliptica* Raf. * *Asclepias lutea* Raf. nom. illeg. * *Asclepias revoluta* Raf. * *Asclepias rolfsii* Britton ex Vail | |