title: 1099 papal election

abstract: The 1099 papal election following the death of Pope Urban II took place on 13 August 1099. Before his death, Urban had designated Cardinal Rainerius da Bieda as his successor. The cardinal-electors, with the consent of the lower Roman clergy, chose Rainerius, who, after a flight and over his considerable objections, accepted and took the name Paschal II. He was consecrated a bishop and crowned pope on the next day.

text:
# 1099 papal election

The **1099 papal election** following the death of Pope Urban II took place on 13 August 1099. Before his death, Urban had designated Cardinal Rainerius da Bieda as his successor. The cardinal-electors, with the consent of the lower Roman clergy, chose Rainerius, who, after a flight and over his considerable objections, accepted and took the name Paschal II. He was consecrated a bishop and crowned pope on the next day.

## Death of Urban II

On 7 August 1098, the supporters of the antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna) were still able to hold a synod in Santa Maria Rotunda.

On 24 August 1098, Petrus Leonis was able to seize the Castel S. Angelo and drive the last forces of Emperor Henry IV from Rome. Pope Urban was able to return to Rome in November 1098. He summoned a church council, which met in S. Peter's Basilica from 24–30 April 1099; it confirmed the acts of the councils of Melfi and Piacenza and settled on the route by which the crusade would attack Jerusalem. It was two weeks before the death of the pope, on 14 July 1099, that the soldiers of the First Crusade won Jerusalem, news of which arrived in Rome only after his death.

Before his death, Pope Urban had designated Cardinal Rainerius da Bieda to be his successor

Urban II died in Rome on 29 July 1099, in the house of Petrus Leonis near the church of S. Niccolo in Carcere. The papal palace at the Lateran was in too dilapidated a state for residence.

During this time, the schism initiated by Antipope Clement III, with the support of the Empire and much of the Roman clergy, continued. Wibert finally died in September 1100 at Castello near Sutri, which he still held. His followers in Rome immediately met in S. Peter's and elected Theoderic (Tiedricus), the cardinal-bishop of S. Rufina (Albano?), as his successor.

## Electors

It is known that cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons participated.

### Bishops

The election was attended by five of the six cardinal-bishops and one bishop, who acted as a substitute for the Cardinal-bishop of Sabina. This office was vacant from 1094 years, and the territory of the Diocese of Sabina supporters controlled the antipope Clement III.

### Other cardinals

In August 1099, in obedience Urban II was only ten cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons, but probably no more than seven cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons were eligible to participate in the election:

The cardinal-deacons present were probably the Palatine deacons, assistants to the Pope whose Cathedra is located in the Archbasilica of St John Lateran, which numbered up to six deacons. The twelve regional deacons joined the rank of cardinals only under Paschal II.

### Absent

## Election of Paschal II

Following the funeral of Pope Urban, the faithful of Rome (*ecclesia quae erat in Urbe*) cried out for a pastor to be given them. Therefore, the cardinals and bishops, the deacons and leaders of the City (*primores Urbis*), the *primiscrinii*, and the scribes of the regions assembled at the church of S. Clemente, the *titulus* of Cardinal Rainerius. While the discussion turned on many matters, in due course it began to center on Rainerius himself, who, after all, had been designated by Urban II. When he realized what was happening, he was displeased and wished to avoid being chosen. He, therefore, fled and hid. This may explain in part the two-week period between the death of Pope Urban and the choice of his successor.

He was found and brought to a meeting, where he told the *Patres* that he was unequal to the weight of the burden, to which he would succumb. He was told in reply that divine inspiration would supply him the necessary wisdom; the people of Rome were calling for a pastor, the clergy was electing him, the *Patres* were praising him; God would provide. "We elect and confirm you in the office of supreme pontiff."

On 13 August 1099 the cardinals in the presence of the lower clergy and representatives of the city authorities unanimously elected Ranieirus, the cardinal-priest of *San Clemente* and abbot of the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls, as successor to Urban II. He took the Papal name Paschal II. He was then acclaimed with the traditional formula by the *primiscrinarii* and regionary scribes, "Paschalem papam sanctus Petrus elegit". They then invested him with the red mantle and the papal tiara and conducted him in a joyful procession to the Lateran Basilica, where he was seated in the chair before the east portal. Various ceremonies of installation were performed, and he took possession of the papal palace.

On the next day, in S. Peter's Basilica, he was consecrated Bishop of Rome by Eudes of Chatillon, Bishop of Ostia, who was assisted by other Cardinal-bishops and Offo, bishop of Nepi.

1. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. *Libelli de Lite* Vol. II, "Gesta Romanae ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum", (Hannover: Hahn 1892), p. 369.
2. Gregorovius IV. 1, p. 296.
3. Jaffé, p. 694.
4. Jaffé, p. 700.
5. Holder, *Designation*, p. 56. Ekkehard of Aura, in: Watterich I, p. 619: "Sed antequam ex hac vita migraret, spiritu instructus divino, Rainerum cardinalem de sancto Clemente, sanctae conversationis et boni testimonii abbatem, nobilem Romanum, designavit in regimen Apostolicum eligendum; quem etiam revelationibus aliis insuper denotatum, universa Romana ecclesia pastorem sibi consecrat, licet invitum, Paschalem appellans eum.
6. Jaffé, p. 701. Gregorovius IV. 1, pp. 297-298.
7. Jaffé, p. 655.
8. Hüls, pp. 91-92.
9. Hüls, pp. 103-105.
10. Hüls, pp. 111-112.
11. Hüls, pp. 121-122.
12. Hüls, pp. 140-141. Bovo is known only from his presence at the consecration of Pope Paschal II.
13. Hüls, p. 99. Offo is only mentioned in connection with the consecration of Pope Paschal II on 14 August 1099. He also subscribed a papal document on 11 May 1112: "Ego Offo sanctę Nepsinę ecclesię episcopus ss." He was the only bishop present.
14. Hüls, pp. 160-161.
15. Hüls, p. 202.
16. Hüls, p. 203. He became archbishop of Siponto in October 1100.
17. Hüls, pp. 166-167.
18. Hüls, p. 204, no. 10.
19. Hüls, p. 192, no. 3. Benedict is known only from a subscription of 15 March 1101.
20. Hüls, pp. 205-206.
21. Hüls, pp. 146-147.
22. Hüls, pp. 231-232.
23. Hüls, p. 247 no. 11.
24. Hüls, p. 234-235. His earliest documentation is dated 12 November 1099, three months *after* the election.
25. Klaus Ganzer (1963). *Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert*. Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 57–62.
26. Hüls, pp. 217-218. Ganzer, pp. 32-36.
27. Hüls, pp. 251-252. Klaus Ganzer (1963). *Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert*. Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. pp. 43–45.
28. Ganzer, pp. 51-54.
29. Waatterich II, p. 1, from "Paschalis II vita", attributed to Petrus Pisanus, but probably the work of Pandulfus Pisanus. Stefania Anzoise (2015), "Pandolfo da Alatri." (in Italian), *Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani*. Volume 80 (2015).
30. Watterich II, p. 2: "...divinitus hic oncgregati in nomine Domini te ad summi pontificatus apicem et eligimus et confirmamus."
31. Watterich II, p. 2: "in patriarchale ascendens palatium ad duas curules devenit."

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Papal election
August 1099
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates and location | |
| 13 August 1099
Rome | |
| Elected pope | |
| **Ranieirus**
Name taken: **Paschal II** | |
|  | |
|


title: Basile Yamkam

abstract: Mbouri A Basile Yamkam is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Radnički Niš in the Serbian SuperLiga.

text:
# Basile Yamkam

**Mbouri A Basile Yamkam** (born 2 January 1998) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Radnički Niš in the Serbian SuperLiga.

## Club career

He was part of the championship winning squad of PWD Bamenda in the 2019–20 Elite One season. By final days of August 2021 he signed a two–years contract with Serbian side Radnički Niš.

## International career

Yamkam has been playing since 2021 for the Cameroon national team.

## Honours

**PWD Bamenda**

## InfoBox

Basile Yamkam
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mbouri A Basile Yamkam | | |
| Date of birth | (1998-01-02) 2 January 1998 | | |
| Place of birth | Cameroon | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Radnički Niš | | |
| Number | 3 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Lion Blessé | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2019–2021 | PWD Bamenda |  |  |
| 2021– | Radnički Niš | 81 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2021 | Cameroon | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 2 July 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 21 February 2022 | | | |


title: 1947–48 Washington Capitols season

abstract: The 1947–48 BAA season was the Capitols' 2nd season in the BAA.

text:
# 1947–48 Washington Capitols season

The **1947–48 BAA season** was the Capitols' 2nd season in the BAA (which later became the NBA).

## Draft picks

| Round | Pick | Player | Position | Nationality | College |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 9 | Dick O'Keefe | G/F | United States | Santa Clara |
|  |  | Bill Burke |  | United States | St. Mary's College (MD) |
|  |  | Paul Cloyd | G/F | United States | Wisconsin |
|  |  | John Mandic | F/C | United States | Oregon State |
|  |  | Saul Mariaschin | G | United States | Harvard |
|  |  | Abel Rodriguez |  | United States | San Francisco |
|  |  | Irv Rothenberg | C | United States | Long Island |
|  |  | Jack Tingle | F | United States | Kentucky |
|  |  | Matt Zunic | G/F | United States | George Washington |

## Roster

| Players | Coaches |
| --- | --- |
| Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB From  G/F 10 Feerick, Bob 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 190 lb (86 kg) 1920-01-02 Santa Clara  14 Hertzberg, Sonny 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 175 lb (79 kg) 1922-07-29 CCNY  12 Mahnken, John 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 220 lb (100 kg) 1922-06-16 Georgetown  SF 17 McKinney, Bones 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1919-01-01 North Carolina  16 Norlander, Johnny 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 180 lb (82 kg) 1921-03-05 Hamline  G/F 15 O'Keefe, Dick 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1923-09-29 Santa Clara  18 Rothenberg, Irv 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 215 lb (98 kg) 1921-12-31 Long Island  PG 20 Scolari, Fred 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 180 lb (82 kg) 1922-03-01 San Francisco  19 Tingle, Jack 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 205 lb (93 kg) 1924-12-30 Kentucky  4 Torgoff, Irv 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 192 lb (87 kg) 1917-03-06 Long Island | Head coach Red Auerbach<br>---  Legend * **(DP)** Unsigned draft pick * **(FA)** Free agent * **(S)** Suspended * Injured  ---  Roster |

## Regular season

### Season standings

| # |  | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Team | W | L | PCT | GB |
| 1 | **x**-St. Louis Bombers | 29 | 19 | .604 |  |
| 2 | **x**-Baltimore Bullets | 28 | 20 | .583 | 1 |
| 3 | **x**-Chicago Stags | 28 | 20 | .583 | 1 |
| 4 | **x**-Washington Capitols | 28 | 20 | .583 | 1 |

### Record vs. opponents

| 1947–48 BAA records | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BAL | BOS | CHI | NYK | PHI | PRO | STL | WAS |
| Baltimore |  | 5–1 | 5–3 | 5–1 | 2–4 | 6–0 | 3–5 | 2–6 |
| Boston | 1–5 |  | 3–3 | 1–7 | 4–4 | 6–2 | 2–4 | 3–3 |
| Chicago | 3–5 | 3–3 |  | 6–0 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 3–5 | 5–3 |
| New York | 1–5 | 7–1 | 0–6 |  | 4–4 | 7–1 | 4–2 | 3–3 |
| Philadelphia | 4–2 | 4–4 | 2-4 | 1–7 |  | 8–0 | 3–3 | 2–4 |
| Providence | 0–6 | 2–6 | 2–4 | 1–7 | 0–8 |  | 0–6 | 1–5 |
| St. Louis | 5–3 | 4–2 | 5–3 | 2–4 | 3–3 | 6–0 |  | 4–4 |
| Washington | 6–2 | 3–3 | 3–5 | 3–3 | 4–2 | 5–1 | 4–4 |  |

### Game log

| **#** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Score** | **High points** | **Record** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | November 12 | Baltimore | 63–55 | Fred Scolari (17) | 1–0 |
| 2 | November 13 | @ New York | 65–80 | Feerick, Scolari (15) | 1–1 |
| 3 | November 15 | @ Boston | 69–73 | Feerick, McKinney (16) | 1–2 |
| 4 | November 19 | Philadelphia | 74–67 | Irv Rothenberg (14) | 2–2 |
| 5 | November 20 | @ Chicago | 77–81 | Fred Scolari (19) | 2–3 |
| 6 | November 22 | @ St. Louis | 62–70 | Johnny Norlander (14) | 2–4 |
| 7 | November 26 | St. Louis | 83–64 | Johnny Norlander (17) | 3–4 |
| 8 | November 28 | @ Boston | 83–92 | Fred Scolari (22) | 3–5 |
| 9 | November 29 | @ Providence | 78–85 | Fred Scolari (21) | 3–6 |
| 10 | December 1 | @ New York | 70–62 | Feerick, McKinney (13) | 4–6 |
| 11 | December 3 | @ Chicago | 73–81 | Feerick, McKinney (18) | 4–7 |
| 12 | December 11 | @ Baltimore | 71–69 (OT) | Bob Feerick (19) | 5–7 |
| 13 | December 13 | @ Providence | 88–72 | Bones McKinney (18) | 6–7 |
| 14 | December 17 | Baltimore | 66–64 | Bones McKinney (16) | 7–7 |
| 15 | December 18 | @ Chicago | 70–64 | Bob Feerick (17) | 8–7 |
| 16 | December 20 | St. Louis | 52–55 | Bones McKinney (19) | 8–8 |
| 17 | December 25 | @ St. Louis | 73–56 | Bob Feerick (23) | 9–8 |
| 18 | December 27 | Philadelphia | 72–70 | Fred Scolari (18) | 10–8 |
| 19 | January 2 | @ Philadelphia | 60–69 | Bob Feerick (22) | 10–9 |
| 20 | January 3 | Boston | 95–60 | Bones McKinney (17) | 11–9 |
| 21 | January 8 | @ St. Louis | 73–76 | Bob Feerick (18) | 11–10 |
| 22 | January 10 | Philadelphia | 106–99 (OT) | Bob Feerick (21) | 12–10 |
| 23 | January 11 | @ Boston | 56–84 | Bob Feerick (16) | 12–11 |
| 24 | January 14 | Chicago | 75–67 | Bones McKinney (20) | 13–11 |
| 25 | January 17 | New York | 78–62 | Fred Scolari (15) | 14–11 |
| 26 | January 21 | St. Louis | 81–74 | Bob Feerick (18) | 15–11 |
| 27 | January 24 | Providence | 69–60 | Fred Scolari (14) | 16–11 |
| 28 | January 30 | @ Baltimore | 71–95 | Bob Feerick (13) | 16–12 |
| 29 | January 31 | Chicago | 54–48 | Bob Feerick (21) | 17–12 |
| 30 | February 4 | Baltimore | 77–72 | Bob Feerick (20) | 18–12 |
| 31 | February 5 | @ Philadelphia | 72–60 | Johnny Norlander (18) | 19–12 |
| 32 | February 7 | Providence | 86–64 | Johnny Norlander (20) | 20–12 |
| 33 | February 10 | @ Providence | 79–60 | Bob Feerick (25) | 21–12 |
| 34 | February 14 | Boston | 72–58 | Bob Feerick (16) | 22–12 |
| 35 | February 18 | New York | 75–79 | Bones McKinney (18) | 22–13 |
| 36 | February 19 | @ Philadelphia | 76–84 | Bob Feerick (24) | 22–14 |
| 37 | February 21 | Baltimore | 85–72 | Fred Scolari (26) | 23–14 |
| 38 | February 25 | Chicago | 66–73 | Bob Feerick (27) | 23–15 |
| 39 | February 26 | @ Baltimore | 70–97 | Bob Feerick (26) | 23–16 |
| 40 | February 28 | @ St. Louis | 61–82 | Irv Torgoff (14) | 23–17 |
| 41 | February 29 | @ Chicago | 75–76 (OT) | Bob Feerick (21) | 23–18 |
| 42 | March 6 | @ New York | 64–69 (OT) | Bob Feerick (18) | 23–19 |
| 43 | March 10 | Chicago | 54–71 | Bob Feerick (12) | 23–20 |
| 44 | March 13 | St. Louis | 86–69 | Bob Feerick (19) | 24–20 |
| 45 | March 16 | @ Boston | 76–62 | Bob Feerick (12) | 25–20 |
| 46 | March 17 | Providence | 82–67 | Fred Scolari (16) | 26–20 |
| 47 | March 18 | @ Baltimore | 71–64 | Bob Feerick (24) | 27–20 |
| 48 | March 20 | New York | 103–82 | Bob Feerick (22) | 28–20 |

## Playoffs

### Western Division tiebreaker

**Chicago Stags** vs. Washington Capitols: *Stags win series 1-0*

* **Game 1** @ Chicago (March 23): **Chicago 74**, Washington 70

## InfoBox

| 1947–48 Washington Capitols season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Red Auerbach |
| Arena | Uline Arena |
| Results | |
| Record | 2820 (.583) |
| Place | Division: 4th (Western) |
| Playoff finish | Lost Division tiebreaker |
| ---  Stats at **Basketball-Reference.com** | |
| Radio | WTOP |
|


title: 1947–48 Welsh Cup

abstract: The 1947–48 FAW Welsh Cup is the 61st season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales.

text:
# 1947–48 Welsh Cup

The **1947–48 FAW Welsh Cup** is the 61st season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales.

## Key

League name pointed after clubs name.

* CCL \- Cheshire County League
* FL D3N \- Football League Third Division North
* ML \- Midland League
* SFL \- Southern Football League

## Fifth round

Six winners from the Fourth round, Llanelly and 13 new clubs.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **South Liverpool** (CCL) | 2–1 | Chester (FL D3N) |

## Sixth round

Four winners from the Fifth round. Six other clubs get a bye to the Seventh round.

## Seventh round

Two winners from the Sixth round plus six clubs who get a bye in the previous round.

## Semifinal

South Liverpool and Lovell's Athletic played at Shrewsbury, Barry Town and Shrewsbury Town played at Merthyr.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | South Liverpool (CCL) | 0–1 | **Lovell's Athletic** (SFL) |
| 2 | Barry Town (SFL) | 1–3 | **Shrewsbury Town** (ML) |

## Final

Final were held at Wrexham.

| Tie no | Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Lovell's Athletic** (SFL) | 3–0 | Shrewsbury Town (ML) |

## InfoBox

1947–48 Welsh Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Wales |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Lovell's Athletic |
| Runner-up | Shrewsbury Town |
|  | |


# 2002 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in the Republic of the Congo on 20 January 2002, with results showed over 87% voted in favour with a voter turnout of 77.5%.

## Background

The proposed new constitution would make the country a presidential republic. It had been written in 2001 and approved by a National Transitional Council in 2002 before being put to a referendum. Changes from the old constitution increased presidential terms to seven years and abolished the post of Prime Minister. It established a bicameral legislature and instituted several requirements in order to be able to stand for President.

The government described the referendum as paving the way for elections and welcomed the results. However the opposition urged that voters boycott the referendum as they said that the new constitution would give too much power to the President. Human rights groups said that the referendum, which took place without international observers, had seen irregularities.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 1,113,955 | 87.83 |
| Against | 154,375 | 12.17 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 49,908 | - |
| **Total** | **1,318,238** | **100** |
| Source: African Elections Database | | |

## InfoBox

2002 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **1,113,955** **87.83%**  **No** 154,375 12.17%  Valid votes 1,268,330 96.21%  Invalid or blank votes 49,908 3.79%  **Total votes** **1,318,238** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 1,701,415 77.48% | |
| Source: African Elections Database | |


title: Eric Wertheim

abstract: Eric Wertheim is an American naval expert, columnist and author who writes the monthly Combat Fleets of the World column for the Naval Institute's Proceedings magazine. In 2002 he took over responsibility for compiling the Naval Institute's Combat Fleets of the World, often referred to as the "nation's premier naval reference book".

text:
# Eric Wertheim

**Eric Wertheim** (born 1973) is an American naval expert, columnist and author who writes the monthly *Combat Fleets of the World* column for the Naval Institute's *Proceedings* magazine. In 2002 he took over responsibility for compiling the Naval Institute's *Combat Fleets of the World*, often referred to as the "nation's premier naval reference book".

## Bibliography

* Wertheim, Eric (2007), *The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems* (15th ed.), Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2
* *Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World*, 2005-06 (2005)
* *Chronology of the Cold War at Sea* (with Norman Polmar, Andrew Bahjat and Bruce Watson) (1998)
* *Dictionary of Military Abbreviations* (with Norman Polmar and Mark Warren) (1994)

*Combat Fleets of the World*


title: Ataxia yucatana

abstract: Ataxia yucatana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940. It is known from Mexico.

text:
# Ataxia yucatana

***Ataxia yucatana*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940. It is known from Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Ataxia yucatana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Ataxia* |
| Species: | ***A. yucatana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ataxia yucatana***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|


abstract: Equatorial Guinea competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics from 15–23 August in Berlin.

text:
# Equatorial Guinea at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics

**Equatorial Guinea** competed at the **2009 World Championships in Athletics** from 15–23 August in Berlin.

## Team selection

## Results

### Men

Track and road events

| Event | Athletes | Heats | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 1500 m | Benjamín Enzema | 4:13.17 **PB** | 52 | did not advance | | | |

### Women

Track and road events

| Event | Athletes | Heats | | Quarterfinal | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 100 m | Beatriz Mangue | 14.03 | 58 | did not advance | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Equatorial Guinea at the<br>2009 World Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | GEQ |
| in Berlin | |
| Competitors | 2 (1 man, 1 woman) |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Championships in Athletics appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: Erigeron porphyrolepis

abstract: Erigeron porphyrolepis is a Chinese species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It grows on slopes and meadows in Sichuan and Tibet. Erigeron porphyrolepis is a perennial, clumping-forming herb up to 27 cm tall, forming a thick woody rhizomes. Its flower heads have purple ray florets surrounding yellow disc florets.

text:
# Erigeron porphyrolepis

***Erigeron porphyrolepis*** is a Chinese species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It grows on slopes and meadows in Sichuan and Tibet.

*Erigeron porphyrolepis* is a perennial, clumping-forming herb up to 27 cm (11 inches) tall, forming a thick woody rhizomes. Its flower heads have purple ray florets surrounding yellow disc florets.

## InfoBox

| *Erigeron porphyrolepis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Erigeron* |
| Species: | ***E. porphyrolepis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erigeron porphyrolepis***<br>Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen | |
|


title: Erigeron poliospermus

abstract: Erigeron poliospermus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names gray-seeded fleabane, purple cushion fleabane, and hairy-seed fleabane. Native to western North America, it is mainly found to the east of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

text:
# Erigeron poliospermus

***Erigeron poliospermus*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names **gray-seeded fleabane**, **purple cushion fleabane**, and **hairy-seed fleabane**. Native to western North America, it is mainly found to the east of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

## Description

*Erigeron poliospermus* is a small perennial herb rarely more than 15 centimetres (5+78 in) tall, producing a woody taproot. Leaves arise basally and are linear-oblanceolate to spatulate, up to 8 cm long and 12 mm wide, and are covered with long protruding hairs. The plant usually produces single (rarely up to 3) flower heads per stem, which arises basally and is hairy and is leafless or may bear a few very reduced leaves. Each head has 15–45 pink, purple, or white ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets. The ray florets are lacking in var. *disciformis*. The involucre bracts, 5–9 mm (1438 in) long, are more or less the same length and are sparsely to densely white-hairy. Seeds are borne on achenes densely covered with long silky hairs and are presumably wind dispersed.

The somewhat similar *Erigeron pumilus* is usually taller and shaggier in general appearance and has much more prominent leaf-like bracts scattered up a branched flower stem and usually multiple flowers per stem and narrower basal leaves.

## Habitat

*Erigeron poliospermus* grows in desert, scrub and rocky habitats below 1,800 metres (6,000 ft), and is occasionally found at higher elevations. It is common on the Columbia Plateau in thin rocky soils above basalt bedrock.

Varieties * *Erigeron poliospermus* var. *cereus* Cronquist \- Washington
* *Erigeron poliospermus* var. *disciformis* (Cronquist) G.L.Nesom \- Washington, Oregon
* *Erigeron poliospermus* var. *poliospermus* \- British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon

## InfoBox

| *Erigeron poliospermus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Erigeron* |
| Species: | ***E. poliospermus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erigeron poliospermus***<br>A.Gray | |
|


title: Atenas de San Carlos

abstract: Club Atlético Atenas is a football club from San Carlos, Maldonado in Uruguay. They currently play in the Uruguayan Segunda División.

text:
# Atenas de San Carlos

**Club Atlético Atenas** is a football club from San Carlos, Maldonado in Uruguay. They currently play in the Uruguayan Segunda División.

## History

Atenas played two seasons in the Uruguayan Primera División, 2009–10 and 2014–15. Their debut at the second level was on May 5, 2002. That day they played against Racing Club de Montevideo, drawing the game 1–1.

They are the most successful team from outside Montevideo, having won many tournaments in their regional league, and are one of the top-winners of the Campeonato de Clubes Campeones del Interior (the national tournament for Uruguayan amateur clubs).

## Honours

### Local

* **Liga Carolina de Fútbol (San Carlos): 23**
    + 1954, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

### Departmental

* **Campeonato Departamental de Maldonado: 12**
    + 1957, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993
* **Liga Mayor de Maldonado: 3**
    + 1995, 1996, 2000

### Regional

* **Campeonato del Este: 4**
    + 1965, 1975, 1985, 1986

### National

* **Campeonato de Clubes Campeones del Interior: 4**

1965, 1975, 1976, 2001 * **Supercopa de Clubes Campeones del Interior: 3**

1971, 1972, 1974

## Current squad

*As of 19 October 2020*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  URU Esteban Conde  3 DF  URU Emiliano Díaz  4 DF  ARG Renzo Paparelli *(on loan from Talleres)*  5 MF  URU Roberto Brum  6 DF  URU Juan Figueroa  8 MF  ARG Sebastián Riquelme  9 FW  URU Maximiliano San Martín  14 DF  URU Michel Acosta  16 MF  URU Fernando Sellanes  19 DF  URU Valentín Amoroso  21 DF  URU Gonzalo Maulela  25 GK  URU Francisco Tinaglini *(on loan from Montevideo City)*  26 MF  URU Anderson Bonette *(on loan from Rentistas)*  29 FW  URU Fabián Pesca  30 DF  URU Emanuel Carlos *(on loan from Fénix)*  31 FW  URU Franco Acosta  33 DF  URU Gonzalo Camargo  34 FW  URU Agustín Araújo  35 FW  URU Jonathan Ramírez  36 DF  URU Sebastián Hohl  37 FW  ARG Facundo Taborda | No. Pos. Nation Player  40 MF  URU Gonzalo Ramos  GK  URU Jonathan Deniz  GK  URU Lucio Segovia  DF  URU Santiago de Ávila  DF  URU Pablo González  DF  URU Gervásio Olivera  DF  URU Enzo Romero  DF  URU Mathías Silvera *(on loan from Cerro)*  DF  URU Ángel Villagra  MF  URU Briam Acosta *(on loan from Danubio)*  MF  URU Emiliano Ghan  MF  URU Isaac Méndez  FW  URU Yhojan Díaz  FW  ARG Francisco Apaolaza *(on loan from Estudiantes)*  FW  URU Ezequiel Berriel  FW  ARG Lucas Farías  FW  URU Yosemil López  FW  ARG José Méndez  FW  URU Agustín Tejera *(on loan from Nacional)*  FW  URU Mathías Saavedra |
| --- | --- |

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  —3 GK  IND Baby Vidyuth *(at Rocha until 2 January 2022)* |
| --- |

## InfoBox

Atenas
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Club Atlético Atenas
 |
| Nickname(s) | *Azulgranas
Atenienses
Negros* |
| Founded | May 1, 1928 (1928-05-01) |
| Ground | Estadio Atenas San Carlos
Maldonado, Uruguay |
| Capacity | 8,000 |
| Owner | Grupo Pachuca |
| Chairman | Rodrigo Santos |
| Manager | Roland Marcenaro |
| League | Segunda División |
| 2019 | Segunda División, 7th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1957 German football championship

abstract: The 1957 German football championship was the culmination of the football season in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956–57. Borussia Dortmund were crowned champions for the second time after a group stage and a final. Borussia became the first club since Dresdner SC in 1944 to defend their title won the previous year. It was Borussia's third appearance in the German final, having lost 3–2 to VfR Mannheim in 1949 and won the championship in 1956, beating Karlsruher SC 4–2. On the strength of this title, the club participated in the 1957–58 European Cup, where it went out to AC Milan in the quarter-finals. For the losing finalist, Hamburger SV, it was its first appearance in the final since winning the title in 1928. The format used to determine the German champion was different from the 1956 season. Only two clubs took part in the qualifying round, instead of four. The group stage, eight teams split into two groups of four, was conducted as a single round with games on neutral grounds; previously it had been home-and-away games. As in the past seasons, the two group winners then played the national final.

text:
# 1957 German football championship

The **1957 German football championship** was the culmination of the football season in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956–57. Borussia Dortmund were crowned champions for the second time after a group stage and a final. *Borussia* became the first club since Dresdner SC in 1944 to defend their title won the previous year.

It was *Borussia's* third appearance in the German final, having lost 3–2 to VfR Mannheim in 1949 and won the championship in 1956, beating Karlsruher SC 4–2. On the strength of this title, the club participated in the 1957–58 European Cup, where it went out to AC Milan in the quarter-finals.

For the losing finalist, Hamburger SV, it was its first appearance in the final since winning the title in 1928.

The format used to determine the German champion was different from the 1956 season. Only two clubs took part in the qualifying round, instead of four. The group stage, eight teams split into two groups of four, was conducted as a single round with games on neutral grounds; previously it had been home-and-away games. As in the past seasons, the two group winners then played the national final.

## Qualified teams

The clubs qualified through the 1956–57 Oberliga season:

| Club | Qualified from |
| --- | --- |
| Hamburger SV | Oberliga Nord champions |
| Holstein Kiel | Oberliga Nord runners-up |
| Borussia Dortmund | Oberliga West champions |
| Duisburger SV | Oberliga West runners-up |
| Hertha BSC Berlin | Oberliga Berlin champions |
| 1. FC Kaiserslautern | Oberliga Südwest champions |
| 1. FC Saarbrücken | Oberliga Südwest runners-up |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | Oberliga Süd champions |
| Kickers Offenbach | Oberliga Süd runners-up |

## Competition

### Qualifying round

| Date | Match | | | Result | Stadium | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 May 1957 | Kickers Offenbach |  | Holstein Kiel | 3–2 aet *(0–2, 2–2)* | Düsseldorf, Rheinstadion | 35,000 |

### Group 1

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification |  | HSV | DSV | FCN | FCS |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hamburger SV | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1.667 | 5 | Advance to final |  |  | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 |
| 2 | Duisburger SV | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 1.500 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  | 3–1 |
| 3 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 0.833 | | 2 |  |  | 2–2 |  |  |
| 4 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 0.571 | | 1 |  |  |  | 2–2 |  |

Source: RSSSF
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal ratio.

| Date | Match | | | Result | Stadium | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 June 1957 | Hamburger SV |  | Duisburger SV | 1–1 *(0–0)* | Berlin, Olympiastadion | 40,000 |
| 2 June 1957 | 1. FC Saarbrücken |  | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–2 *(0–0)* | Stuttgart, Neckarstadion | 70,000 |
| 9 June 1957 | Hamburger SV |  | 1. FC Nürnberg | 2–1 *(1–0)* | Cologne, Müngersdorfer Stadion | 50,000 |
| 9 June 1957 | Duisburger SV |  | 1. FC Saarbrücken | 3–1 *(2–0)* | Frankfurt, Waldstadion | 40,000 |
| 16 June 1957 | Hamburger SV |  | 1. FC Saarbrücken | 2–1 *(2–1)* | Düsseldorf, Rheinstadion | 32,000 |
| 16 June 1957 | 1. FC Nürnberg |  | Duisburger SV | 2–2 *(1–0)* | Ludwigshafen, Südweststadion | 33,000 |

### Group 2

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification |  | BVB | KOF | FCK | BSC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Borussia Dortmund | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 1.750 | 6 | Advance to final |  |  | 2–1 |  | 2–1 |
| 2 | Kickers Offenbach | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 2.000 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 8 | 2.125 | | 2 |  | 2–3 | 1–4 |  | 14–1 |
| 4 | Hertha BSC | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 0.158 | | 0 |  |  | 1–3 |  |  |

Source: RSSSF
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal ratio.

| Date | Match | | | Result | Stadium | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 June 1957 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern |  | Hertha BSC Berlin | 14–1 *(5–1)* | Wuppertal, Stadion am Zoo | 42,000 |
| 2 June 1957 | Borussia Dortmund |  | Kickers Offenbach | 2–1 *(1–1)* | Ludwigshafen, Südweststadion | 55,000 |
| 9 June 1957 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern |  | Borussia Dortmund | 2–3 *(0–1)* | Hannover, Niedersachsenstadion | 75,000 |
| 9 June 1957 | Hertha BSC Berlin |  | Kickers Offenbach | 1–3 *(1–2)* | Essen, Georg-Melches-Stadion | 6,000 |
| 16 June 1957 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern |  | Kickers Offenbach | 1–4 *(0–3)* | Augsburg, Rosenaustadion | 40,000 |
| 16 June 1957 | Borussia Dortmund |  | Hertha BSC | 2–1 *(1–1)* | Braunschweig, Eintracht-Stadion | 15,000 |

### Final

| Date | Match | | | Result | Stadium | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 June 1957 | **Borussia Dortmund** |  | Hamburger SV | 4–1 *(3–1)* | Hannover, Niedersachsenstadion | 82,000 |

| **Borussia Dortmund:**   **1**  Heinz Kwiatkowski  **2**  Herbert Sandmann  **3**  Max Michallek  **4**  Wilhelm Burgsmüller  **5**  Helmut Bracht  **6**  Elwin Schlebrowski  **7**  Alfred Niepieklo  26'  78'  **8**  Alfred Kelbassa  16'  25'  **9**  Alfred Preißler  **10**  Wolfgang Peters  **11**  Helmut Kapitulski  **Manager:**  Helmut Schneider |  | **Hamburger SV:**   **1**  Horst Schnoor  **2**  Jürgen Werner  **3**  Jupp Posipal  **4**  Jochen Meinke  **5**  Gerhard Krug  24'  **6**  Franz Klepacz  **7**  Karl-Heinz Liese  **8**  Walter Schemel  **9**  Rolf Börner  **10**  Uwe Seeler  **11**  Uwe Reuter  **Manager:**  Günter Mahlmann |
| --- | --- | --- |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

### Sources

* *kicker Allmanach 1990*, by kicker, page 164 & 177 – German championship 1957

## InfoBox

1957 German championship
| Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Country | West Germany |
| Dates | 25 May – 23 June |
| Teams | 9 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Borussia Dortmund
2nd German title |
| Runner-up | Hamburger SV |
| European Cup | Borussia Dortmund |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 14 |
| Goals scored | 65 (4.64 per match) |
| Top goal scorer(s) | Alfred Niepieklo
Willi Wenzel
(5 goals each) |
|  | |


title: Erkanbald

abstract: Erkanbald was the Abbot of Fulda from 997 and afterwards Archbishop of Mainz from 1011 until his death. Erkanbald was a member of the family of the counts of Ölsburg and was thus related to Bernard III of Sommerescheburg, Bishop of Hildesheim. He supported the election of Henry IV, Duke of Bavaria, as King of Germany and was rewarded for it in 1011 when the ancient see of Mainz became vacant. He apparently did not receive the Italian arch chancellery of his immediate predecessor Willigis from Henry II. Several times he appeared as Intervenient in the documents of the emperor, and he consecrated the bishops of Verden and Prague to his church province Mainz. In 1013/14 he took part in the procession to Rome, after which he supported the emperor in carrying out the reform in Fulda. He also supported the emperor in politics in Lower Lorraine and towards Poland. On 4 June 2019, a sarcophagus was opened in the St. John's Church, Mainz, to gain more information on the early history of the diocese of Mainz. Unfortunately, there were no Bishop's ring or other episcopal insignia on the body. Whether it concerns the remains of cleric Erkanbald, buried in 1021, is being investigated further said research director Guido Faccani. The skeleton was very fragile and was severely affected by the covering with calcium oxide, with the exception of the feet. In November 2019 a press conference unveiled that the investigations revealed that the body inside was Archbishop Erkanbald. Indications, according to the restorer Anja Bayer, were a chasuble made of blue-coloured silk, which ended with a gold border on the neck of the deceased. It consists of an unpatterned samite and is made from a piece of fabric according to a classic cut. From the shoulders to the hem the length of the garment is 124 cm. On the chasuble there was again a woolen fabric, which was a pallium. The garment nearest to the body is a silk Dalmatic or Tunicella. The fabric has zoomorphically decorated medallions, vertical borders and a slit on the side. The dead man also wore episcopal sandals. For the sandals the period from 980 to 1020 is considered the most probable dating. Bayer analyzed the elaborately crafted shoes together with Jutta Göpfrich, former head of restoration at the German Leather Museum. The goatskin shoes lay broken on the disintegrated foot bone. A sandal shape with star-shaped decorative seams is recognizable. They can be compared with the pontifical shoes of Gotthard of Hildesheim (†1038) and had to belong to a high ranking person. Only the highest clerics, especially bishops, were entitled to these pontifical vestments. Studies by anthropologist Carola Berszin showed that the 1.82 m tall, 40 to 60 year old man weighed about 70 kg and that he suffered from gout in his feet and ankylosing spondylitis. Why he lay upside down in the coffin is unclear. DNA investigations will be carried out in Bolzano. Thus it is also proven that the today evangelical Johanniskirche was the first cathedral of the episcopal city of Mainz, in front of the later built today's Mainz Cathedral, which is bishop seat since 1036. That Erkanbald chose his official church for his burial is an extraordinary step in the burial tradition of the bishops and archbishops of Mainz. Up to his predecessor Willigis all were buried outside the city surrounded by walls.

text:
# Erkanbald

**Erkanbald** (died 17 August 1021) was the Abbot of Fulda from 997 and afterwards Archbishop of Mainz from 1011 until his death.

Erkanbald was a member of the family of the counts of Ölsburg and was thus related to Bernard III of Sommerescheburg, Bishop of Hildesheim. He supported the election of Henry IV, Duke of Bavaria, as King of Germany and was rewarded for it in 1011 when the ancient see of Mainz became vacant.

He apparently did not receive the Italian arch chancellery of his immediate predecessor Willigis from Henry II. Several times he appeared as Intervenient in the documents of the emperor, and he consecrated the bishops of Verden and Prague to his church province Mainz. In 1013/14 he took part in the procession to Rome, after which he supported the emperor in carrying out the reform in Fulda. He also supported the emperor in politics in Lower Lorraine and towards Poland.

On 4 June 2019, a sarcophagus was opened in the St. John's Church, Mainz, to gain more information on the early history of the diocese of Mainz. Unfortunately, there were no Bishop's ring or other episcopal insignia on the body. Whether it concerns the remains of cleric Erkanbald, buried in 1021, is being investigated further said research director Guido Faccani. The skeleton was very fragile and was severely affected by the covering with calcium oxide, with the exception of the feet.

In November 2019 a press conference unveiled that the investigations revealed that the body inside was Archbishop Erkanbald. Indications, according to the restorer Anja Bayer, were a chasuble made of blue-coloured silk, which ended with a gold border on the neck of the deceased. It consists of an unpatterned samite and is made from a piece of fabric according to a classic cut. From the shoulders to the hem the length of the garment is 124 cm. On the chasuble there was again a woolen fabric, which was a pallium. The garment nearest to the body is a silk Dalmatic or Tunicella. The fabric has zoomorphically decorated medallions, vertical borders and a slit on the side. The dead man also wore episcopal sandals. For the sandals the period from 980 to 1020 is considered the most probable dating. Bayer analyzed the elaborately crafted shoes together with Jutta Göpfrich, former head of restoration at the German Leather Museum. The goatskin shoes lay broken on the disintegrated foot bone. A sandal shape with star-shaped decorative seams is recognizable. They can be compared with the pontifical shoes of Gotthard of Hildesheim (†1038) and had to belong to a high ranking person. Only the highest clerics, especially bishops, were entitled to these pontifical vestments. Studies by anthropologist Carola Berszin showed that the 1.82 m tall, 40 to 60 year old man weighed about 70 kg and that he suffered from gout in his feet and ankylosing spondylitis. Why he lay upside down in the coffin is unclear. DNA investigations will be carried out in Bolzano.

Thus it is also proven that the today evangelical Johanniskirche was the first cathedral of the episcopal city of Mainz, in front of the later built today's Mainz Cathedral, which is bishop seat since 1036. That Erkanbald chose his official church for his burial is an extraordinary step in the burial tradition of the bishops and archbishops of Mainz. Up to his predecessor Willigis all were buried outside the city surrounded by walls.

## InfoBox

| Erkanbald | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Mainz | |
| A seal stamp of the archbishop Erkanbald, made of slate, around 1011. A joint possession of Hamburg Museum and Focke Museum. | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Electorate of Mainz |
| In office | 1011–1021 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 17 August 1021 |


title: Ernad Deni Čomaga

abstract: Ernad Deni Čomaga is a youth activist, lawyer and social entrepreneur in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the acting president and founder of the Democratic Youth Movement, former president of the Law student Association of the University in Sarajevo and president of the law consulting office "Paragaf"

text:
# Ernad Deni Čomaga

**Ernad Deni Čomaga** is a youth activist, lawyer and social entrepreneur in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the acting president and founder of the Democratic Youth Movement, former president of the Law student Association of the University in Sarajevo and president of the law consulting office "Paragaf"

## Biography

He was born in 1986 in Sarajevo the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was one of the Children surviving the siege of Sarajevo by fleeing out of Sarajevo and moving to Germany. He was educated in Germany and Bosnia and Herzegovina and is alumni of the Faculty of Law of the University of Sarajevo Humbold University Berlin, Goethe University and the Heidelberg University Faculty of Law.

In 2005 he set the ideological foundation for the NGO Democratic Youth Movement and together with other students from the University of Sarajevo he founded the organization, that will later create impact in the democratization process of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He initiated the organization of two big anti-war protest in Sarajevo, by protesting against the war in Lebanon in 2006 and the war in Gaza in 2009. In 2010 he started the project "My 2010" with the goal to educate and motivate 12000 young voters from 18 to 22 years of age to vote in the upcoming elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By implementing this project the organization created the impact that will later lead to the change of government in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This project was repeated in the general elections in 2014 in Bosnia and Herzegovina where they managed to educate 8000 secondary school students on voting issues.

One of the most important activities of the organization was the petition to force the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina to participate in the Erasmus plus program of the European Union. Together with other members of the organization they managed to collect more than 8000 signatures and create media pressure on the government so that they later succeed with the petition.

Later he also succeed with another petition to ban reality shows to be screened during the primetime in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

He holds two Master of laws degrees from the University of Heidelberg and Goethe University.

In his career he was speaker at some international conferences and forums.

## InfoBox

| Ernad Deni Čomaga | |
| --- | --- |
| President of the Democratic Youth Movement | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1986-08-08) 8 August 1986<br>Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Alma mater | University of Sarajevo, University of Heidelberg, Humbold University Berlin, Goethe University |
|  | |


title: 1997 Milan municipal election

abstract: Municipal elections were held in Milan on 27 April and 11 May 1997 to elect the Mayor of Milan and the 60 members of the City Council. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held between the top two candidates – Gabriele Albertini, a businessman close to Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI) and Aldo Fumagalli, a young businessman and former president of Milan Young Entrepreneurs' Confederation, supported by The Olive Tree coalition – which Albertini won by a decisive margin. The incumbent Mayor Marco Formentini came third and couldn't access to the second round of the election.

text:
# 1997 Milan municipal election

**Municipal elections** were held in Milan on 27 April and 11 May 1997 to elect the Mayor of Milan and the 60 members of the City Council.

As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held between the top two candidates – Gabriele Albertini, a businessman close to Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI) and Aldo Fumagalli, a young businessman and former president of Milan Young Entrepreneurs' Confederation, supported by The Olive Tree coalition – which Albertini won by a decisive margin.

The incumbent Mayor Marco Formentini came third and couldn't access to the second round of the election.

## Background

During the previous years, the incumbent mayor Marco Formentini was repeatedly criticized for his controversial administrative choices. In August 1994 his decision to move the far-left self-managed social centre *Leoncavallo* from its historic headquarters to a small warehouse resulted in many violent clashes between activists and police in several streets across the city. In November 1995 he struggled to handle an unprecedented waste management crisis which resulted in mountains of garbage left not collected in the streets. In February 1996 his administration was put at risk by an inquiry on an alleged abuse of power which overwhelmed the deputy Mayor and some members of the municipal executive: in May 1996 Formentini hardly survived a motion of no confidence in the City Council thanks to the support of two councillors of the opposition parties. His decision to seek re-election was seen by many as a hard and unrealistic move.

Against the Mayor, the newborn Forza Italia party (FI) presented its own mayoral candidate: the businessman Gabriele Albertini, president of the Italian Mechanical Engineers' Trade Union Federation. Seen as a member of the catholic milanese middle class, Albertini was the right profile for represent the new political experiment led by the milanese successful businessman and former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Forza Italia and Pole for Freedoms coalition's aim was to attract moderate voters who were "disoriented, political orphans and who risked being unrepresented" (as Berlusconi described them), especially after the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) (the direct heir of the Italian Communist Party) had been able to win the 1996 national general election and enter in government for the first time since 1947. At the same time in March 1997 the centre-left government's popularity was sinking, especially because of its handling of the Albanian unrest which resulted in a huge number of Albanian refugees admitted to Italy and redistributed across the country with the subsequent protest of many right-wing parties and movements.

Despite a common position upon the Albanian refugees problem, at the local level right-wing forces were unable to find a deal. In December 1994 Northern League leader Umberto Bossi had broken the alliance with Berlusconi, causing his government to fall. As a consequence of this political split which was still unresolved after three years and because of Formentini's unstable administration, the centre-right Pole for Freedoms coalition finally decided to rule out a possible alliance with the Northern League (LN).

The centre-left coalition decided to present the 38-years old independent businessman Aldo Fumagalli as its mayoral candidate. As a consequence of the frequent tensions with Prime Minister Romano Prodi, the far-left Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) decided to broke the alliance with the centre-left at the local level and presented the civil rights activistic Umberto Gay as candidate for Mayor.

## Voting system

The semipresidential voting system was the one used for all mayoral elections in Italy of cities with a population higher than 15,000 for the second time. Under this system voters express a direct choice for the Mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. This gives a result whereby the winning candidate may be able to claim majority support.

The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each losing party is determined proportionally.

## Parties and candidates

This is a list of the major parties (and their respective leaders) which participated in the election.

| Political party or alliance | | Constituent lists | | Candidate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Communist Refoundation Party | | | Umberto Gay |
|  | Centre-left coalition
(The Olive Tree) |  | Democratic Party of the Left | Aldo Fumagalli |
| | |  | Italian People's Party | |
| | |  | Federation of the Greens | |
| | |  | Others | |
|  | Northern League | | | Marco Formentini |
|  | Centre-right coalition
(Pole for Freedoms) |  | Forza Italia | Gabriele Albertini |
| | |  | National Alliance | |
| | |  | Christian Democratic Centre | |
| | |  | Others | |

## Results

Gabriele Albertini won the election on the second round and on 12 May 1997 he was officially declared the new Mayor of Milan. At that time he led the very first right-wing municipal administration in the history of the city.

Summary of the 1997 Milan City Council and Mayoral election results
|  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidates | | 1st round | | 2nd round | | Leader's
seat | Parties | | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Votes | % | Votes | % || | | | |
|  | **Gabriele Albertini** | **318,063** | **40.71** | **385,496** | **53.14** |  |  | Forza ItaliaUnited Christian Democrats | 192,814 | 29.76 | 25 |
| | | | | | | | | National Alliance | 77,134 | 11.90 | 10 |
| | | | | | | | | Christian Democratic Centre | 9,337 | 1.44 | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | Federalist Party – Liberals – Union of the Centre | 2,314 | 0.36 |  |
| | | | | | | | | Pensioners' Party | 1,879 | 0.29 |  |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *283,478* | *43.75* | ***36*** |
|  | Aldo Fumagalli | 214,728 | 27.48 | 339,942 | 46.86 |  |  | Democratic Party of the Left | 120,999 | 18.67 | 9 |
| | | | | | | | | Italian People's Party | 18,239 | 2.82 | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | Federation of the Greens | 17,148 | 2.65 | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | Democratic Italy | 5,929 | 0.92 |  |
| | | | | | | | | Pact for Milan | 3,191 | 0.49 |  |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *165,506* | *25.54* | ***11*** |
|  | Marco Formentini | 149,501 | 19.14 |  |  |  |  | Northern League | 100,184 | 15.46 | 7 |
| | | | | | | | | Padanian Workers | 2,141 | 0.33 |  |
| | | | | | | | | Padania Safe Pension | 1,611 | 0.25 |  |
| | | | | | | | | Craftsmen Traders Industrialists | 1,200 | 0.19 |  |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *105,136* | *16.23* | ***7*** |
|  | Umberto Gay | 62,897 | 8.05 |  |  |  |  | Communist Refoundation Party | 59,101 | 9.12 | **3** |
|  | Giorgio Santerini | 7,154 | 0.92 |  |  |  |  | United Socialists (SIPS) | 7,337 | 1.13 |  |
|  | Giancarlo Cito | 5,879 | 0.75 |  |  |  |  | Southern Action League | 5,539 | 0.85 |  |
|  | Tomaso Staiti
di Cuddia delle Chiuse | 5,020 | 0.64 |  |  |  |  | Tricolour Flame | 4,686 | 0.72 |  |
|  | Antonio Marinoni | 4,864 | 0.62 |  |  |  |  | Italian Renewal | 4,570 | 0.71 |  |
|  | Giorgio Schultze | 3,248 | 0.42 |  |  |  |  | Humanist Party | 2,963 | 0.46 |  |
|  | Marco Tordelli | 2,758 | 0.35 |  |  |  |  | Federal Italy | 2,594 | 0.40 |  |
|  | Giovanni Bucci | 2,005 | 0.26 |  |  |  |  | FederItalia | 1,895 | 0.29 |  |
|  | Ugo Sarao | 1,956 | 0.25 |  |  |  |  | Pensions and Work | 1,864 | 0.29 |  |
|  | Giovanni Fabbrini | 1,487 | 0.19 |  |  |  |  | Out of the Lie | 1,536 | 0.24 |  |
|  | Sergio Bontempelli | 947 | 0.12 |  |  |  |  | Civil City | 1,019 | 0.16 |  |
|  | Ugo Frisoli | 754 | 0.10 |  |  |  |  | United Italy | 697 | 0.11 |  |
|
| **Total** | | **781,261** | **100.00** | **725,438** | **100.00** | **3** |  | | **647,921** | **100.00** | **57** |
| Eligible voters | | 1,143,462 | 100.00 | 1,143,462 | 100.00 |  | | | | | |
| Did not vote | | 321,043 | 28.08 | 390,653 | 34.16 | |
| Voted | | 822,419 | 71.92 | 752,809 | 65.84 | |
| Blank or invalid ballots | | 53,900 | 1.5 | 35,229 | 2.1 | |
| Total valid votes | | 781,261 | 98.5 | 725,438 | 97.9 | |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. "Castellani sindaco, Milano al Polo" (in Italian). La Stampa. 12 May 1997. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
2. "Sgomberato il Leoncavallo. "Un vero atto di pirateria"" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 10 August 1994. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
3. "Milano sotto l'assedio dei rifiuti" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 27 November 1995. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
4. "Milano, la giunta appesa a un filo" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 15 May 1996. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
5. "Albertini senza il simbolo del Polo?" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 3 March 1997. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
6. "L'assedio dei poveri" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 19 March 1997. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
7. "Bertinotti lancia la sfida al PDS" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 13 December 1996. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

## InfoBox

1997 Milan municipal election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 71.9%  6.2 pp (first round)
65.8%  6.1 pp (second round) |
|  | |
| Mayoral election | |
| Candidate Gabriele Albertini Aldo Fumagalli  Party Forza Italia Independent  Alliance Centre-right Centre-left  1st Round vote **318,063** 214,728  Percentage **40.7%** 27.5%  2nd Round vote **385,496** 339,942  Percentage **53.1%** 46.9% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Marco Formentini
LN **Elected mayor**
Gabriele Albertini
FI | |
| City Council election | |
| ---  All 60 seats in City Council
31 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  Centre-right Gabriele Albertini 43.75 36 +36  Centre-left Aldo Fumagalli 25.54 12 −1  LN Marco Formentini 16.23 8 −28  PRC Umberto Gay 9.12 4 −2   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1977 Uganda Cup

abstract: 1977 Uganda Cup was the third season of the main Ugandan football Cup.

text:
# 1977 Uganda Cup

**1977 Uganda Cup** was the third season of the main Ugandan football Cup.

## Overview

The competition has also been known as the **Kakungulu Cup** and was won by Simba FC who were awarded a walkover after Nytil FC failed to appear for the final. At a time of the Idi Amin regime, the Army side, Simba FC, were eager to represent the country and forced the organisers to change the date of the final. Nytil learnt of the change via a radio-announcement and hence failed to show up. The results are not available for the earlier rounds

## Final

| Tie no | Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Simba FC** | w/o | Nytil FC |  |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

1977 Uganda Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Uganda |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Simba FC |
| Runner-up | Nytil FC |
|  | |


title: 1966–67 Dundee F.C. season

text:
# 1966–67 Dundee F.C. season

The 1966–67 season was the 65th season in which Dundee competed at a Scottish national level, playing in Division One, where the club would finish in 6th place. Domestically, Dundee would also compete in both the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Cup, where they would be knocked out in the group stages of the League Cup, and by Aberdeen in the 1st round of the Scottish Cup.

## Scottish Division One

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive.*

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Dundee Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 10 September | Aberdeen |  | 2–1 | Cameron, Penman | 10,000 |
| 2 | 17 September | Dundee United |  | 4–1 | Cameron, Penman (2), McKay | 10,198 |
| 3 | 24 September | Celtic |  | 1–2 | Penman | 27,535 |
| 4 | 1 October | Heart of Midlothian |  | 1–3 | Stuart | 7,182 |
| 5 | 8 October | Kilmarnock |  | 1–1 | Kinninmonth | 9,000 |
| 6 | 15 October | Falkirk |  | 2–3 | Cameron, Penman | 4,500 |
| 7 | 22 October | Motherwell |  | 3–0 | Penman, McLean, Scott | 8,500 |
| 8 | 29 October | Partick Thistle |  | 0–0 |  | 3,500 |
| 9 | 5 November | St Johnstone |  | 4–0 | Penman (3), McLean | 10,000 |
| 10 | 12 November | Ayr United |  | 1–1 | Wilson | 5,000 |
| 11 | 19 November | Hibernian |  | 2–1 | McLean (2) | 8,073 |
| 12 | 26 November | Stirling Albion |  | 3–2 | McLean (2) (pen.), Kinninmonth | 4,000 |
| 13 | 3 December | St Mirren |  | 2–0 | McLean, Stuart | 6,000 |
| 14 | 10 December | Clyde |  | 3–4 | Wilson, Campbell, Kinninmonth | 6,000 |
| 15 | 17 December | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 1–0 | Campbell | 5,000 |
| 16 | 24 December | Airdrieonians |  | 0–0 |  | 7,000 |
| 17 | 31 December | Rangers |  | 2–2 | Bryce, Cameron | 26,898 |
| 18 | 2 January | Aberdeen |  | 2–5 | Cameron (2) | 17,000 |
| 19 | 3 January | Dundee United |  | 2–3 | Scott, Bryce | 17,286 |
| 20 | 7 January | Celtic |  | 1–5 | Cameron | 32,855 |
| 21 | 14 January | Heart of Midlothian |  | 1–1 | Houston | 10,168 |
| 22 | 21 January | Kilmarnock |  | 4–4 | Kinninmonth (2), Bryce (2) | 4,000 |
| 23 | 4 February | Falkirk |  | 4–1 | Scott (2), McLean (2) | 6,500 |
| 24 | 11 February | Motherwell |  | 3–5 | Murray, Scott (2) | 4,500 |
| 25 | 25 February | Partick Thistle |  | 0–0 |  | 6,000 |
| 26 | 4 March | St Johnstone |  | 3–0 | Scott, Bryce, Wilson | 5,000 |
| 27 | 10 March | Ayr United |  | 3–0 | Bryce, Scott, Stuart | 5,000 |
| 28 | 18 March | Hibernian |  | 1–2 | Wilson | 10,478 |
| 29 | 25 March | Stirling Albion |  | 2–0 | Scott (2) (pen.) | 4,500 |
| 30 | 1 April | St Mirren |  | 5–0 | McLean (2), Campbell, Wilson, Stuart | 3,000 |
| 31 | 8 April | Clyde |  | 3–1 | Scott, Wilson (2) | 2,500 |
| 32 | 12 April | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 3–1 | McLean (2), Stuart | 8,000 |
| 33 | 22 April | Airdrieonians |  | 4–1 | Wilson (2), Campbell, Cameron | 2,000 |
| 34 | 29 April | Rangers |  | 1–1 | Scott | 16,851 |

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | Aberdeen | 34 | 17 | 8 | 9 | 72 | 38 | +34 | 42 |
| 5 | Hibernian | 34 | 19 | 4 | 11 | 72 | 49 | +23 | 42 |
| 6 | Dundee | 34 | 16 | 9 | 9 | 74 | 51 | +23 | 41 |
| 7 | Kilmarnock | 34 | 16 | 8 | 10 | 59 | 46 | +13 | 40 |
| 8 | Dunfermline Athletic | 34 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 72 | 52 | +20 | 38 |

Source: RSSSF

## Scottish League Cup

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive.*

### Group 1

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Dundee Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 13 August | Dundee United |  | 0–2 |  | 13,867 |
| 2 | 17 August | Aberdeen |  | 3–4 | Scott, McLean (2) | 9,500 |
| 3 | 20 August | St Johnstone |  | 2–0 | McLean, Cameron | 8,000 |
| 4 | 27 August | Dundee United |  | 1–1 | Penman | 10,087 |
| 5 | 31 August | Aberdeen |  | 0–2 |  | 12,000 |
| 6 | 3 September | St Johnstone |  | 2–2 | McLean, Cameron | 3,200 |

#### Group 1 table

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aberdeen | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 7 | 2.857 | 12 |
| Dundee United | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 13 | 1.000 | 6 |
| Dundee | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 0.727 | 4 |
| St Johnstone | 6 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 0.375 | 2 |

Source:

## Scottish Cup

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive.*

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Dundee Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st round | 28 January | Aberdeen |  | 0–5 |  | 23,000 |

## Player statistics

*Statistics provided by Dee Archive*

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Division One | | Scottish Cup | | League Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | GK | SCO | John Arrol | 30 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Alex Bryce | 24 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Kenny Cameron | 24 | 10 | 13+5 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 4+1 | 2 |
|  | FW | NIR | Billy Campbell | 25 | 4 | 24 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Bobby Cox | 33 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | Ally Donaldson | 11 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Jim Easton | 31 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Alex Hamilton | 22 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Tony Harvey | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Doug Houston | 16 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Alex Kinninmonth | 23 | 5 | 17+4 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Derek McKay | 10 | 1 | 7+2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jim McLean | 36 | 17 | 29 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 4 |
|  | FW | SCO | Steve Murray | 39 | 1 | 32 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Andy Penman | 22 | 10 | 16 | 9 | 0+1 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jocky Scott | 26 | 13 | 20 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
|  | MF | SCO | Ron Selway | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | George Stewart | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Alex Stuart | 36 | 5 | 30 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Bobby Wilson | 19 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | NIR | Sammy Wilson | 19 | 9 | 18+1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Dundee
| 1966–67 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Bobby Ancell |
| Division One | 6th |
| Scottish Cup | 1st round |
| League Cup | Group Stage |
| Top goalscorer | League: Jim McLean (13)<br>All: Jim McLean (17) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Epi-cedrol synthase

abstract:
epi-Cedrol synthase (EC 4.2.3.39, 8-epicedrol synthase, epicedrol synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (8-epi-cedrol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
  - (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O ⇌ 8-epi-cedrol + diphosphate This enzyme is activated by Mg2+.

text:
# Epi-cedrol synthase

***epi*-Cedrol synthase** (EC 4.2.3.39, *8-epicedrol synthase*, *epicedrol synthase*) is an enzyme with systematic name **(2*E*,6*E*)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (8-*epi*-cedrol-forming)**. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

(2*E*,6*E*)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O $\rightleftharpoons $ 8-*epi*-cedrol + diphosphate

This enzyme is activated by Mg2+.

## InfoBox

| *epi*-cedrol synthase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 4.2.3.39 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: 1550 in science

text:
# 1550 in science

## Medicine

## Technology

## Publications

* Gerolamo Cardano publishes his comprehensive survey of the natural sciences, *De subtilitate*, in Nuremberg.
* Giovanni Battista Ramusio begins publication of *Navigationi et Viaggi* ("Navigations and Travels"), a collection of explorers' first-hand accounts of their travels, the first work of its kind.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in science (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: 1099

abstract: Year 1099 (MXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1099

1099 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1099
*MXCIX* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 1852 |
| Armenian calendar | 548
ԹՎ ՇԽԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5849 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1020–1021 |
| Bengali calendar | 506 |
| Berber calendar | 2049 |
| English Regnal year | 12 Will. 2  13 Will. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1643 |
| Burmese calendar | 461 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6607–6608 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger)
3796 or 3589
*to*
己卯年 (Earth Rabbit)
3797 or 3590 |
| Coptic calendar | 815–816 |
| Discordian calendar | 2265 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1091–1092 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4859–4860 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1155–1156 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1020–1021 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4199–4200 |
| Holocene calendar | 11099 |
| Igbo calendar | 99–100 |
| Iranian calendar | 477–478 |
| Islamic calendar | 492–493 |
| Japanese calendar | Jōtoku 3 / Kōwa 1
(康和元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1003–1005 |
| Julian calendar | 1099
*MXCIX* |
| Korean calendar | 3432 |
| Minguo calendar | 813 before ROC
民前813年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −369 |
| Seleucid era | 1410/1411 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1641–1642 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土虎年
(male Earth-Tiger)
1225 or 844 or 72
*to*
阴土兔年
(female Earth-Rabbit)
1226 or 845 or 73 |

Year **1099** (**MXCIX**) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### By place

#### First Crusade

* January 16  The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).
* January 22  The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future Krak des Chevaliers castle).
* February  The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and Robert II, count of Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.
* February 14  The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.
* February 17  Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under Raymond Pilet to attack the port of Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.
* May  The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of Batroun and Byblos. On May 19 they cross the Dog River north of Beirut into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the agricultural area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.
* May 20  The Fatimid governor of Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.
* May 26  The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).
* June 2  The Crusaders occupy Arsuf and turn inland towards Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates Bethlehem.
* June 7  Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused.
* June 13  The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the Damascus Gate.
* June 17  A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of Jaffa; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.
* July 8  The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.
* July 13  The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.
* July 15
    + The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
    + Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.
* July 22  The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established in the Middle East. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title *Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri*.
* August 10  The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at Yibna (Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to Ascalon.
* August 12  Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to Egypt.
* November  A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.
* December 21  The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later, Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, is installed as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.

### By topic

#### Natural events

#### Religion

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Ferdinando Casardi

abstract: Ferdinando Casardi was an Italian admiral during World War II.

text:
# Ferdinando Casardi

**Ferdinando Casardi** (1 January 1887 – 11 January 1975) was an Italian admiral during World War II.

## Early life and career

Born in Barletta in 1887, Casardi entered the Livorno Naval Academy in 1904, graduating as ensign in 1907. Between 1911 and 1912, as a midshipman, he first took part in a campaign in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean aboard the aviso *Staffetta*, and then fought in the Italo-Turkish war. During World War I he served as lieutenant on the battleships *Vittorio Emanuele* and *Dante Alighieri*.

After the end of the war, Casardi served for some years in command of torpedo boats; in 1920 he sailed up the Danube on the torpedo boat *69 PN*. After promotion to lieutenant commander, he was appointed commanding officer of the destroyers *Generale Antonio Chinotto* and *Vincenzo Giordano Orsini*; he was subsequently promoted to commander, and given shore assignments in the Ministry of the Navy and the Arms and Naval Armaments Management Direction in La Spezia, then he became deputy chief of staff of the Special Naval Division and later commanding officer of the destroyers *Alvise Da Mosto* and *Ugolino Vivaldi* in 1931-1932. From 1932 to 1934, after promotion to captain, he was sent to Washington as naval attaché and then, back in Italy, he became honorary aide-de-camp to Victor Emmanuel III.

In 1935 Casardi became adjunct chief of staff of the 1st Naval Division, embarked on the heavy cruiser *Pola*, while in 1936 he briefly commanded the cruisers *Giovanni delle Bande Nere* and *Zara*. In 1937, after promotion to rear admiral, he was placed in command of Naval Command Libya, which he held until February 1940. During this period, in 1939, he was promoted to vice admiral; from February to May 1940 he commanded the 4th Naval Division. He was then placed in command of the 2nd Naval Division, formed by light cruisers *Giovanni delle Bande Nere* (flagship) and *Bartolomeo Colleoni*, and he still held this role when Italy entered World War II, on 10 June 1940.

## World War II and later years

After escorting to Libya the convoy that triggered the Battle of Calabria, Casardi became a protagonist, in July 1940, of the Battle of Cape Spada, in which *Colleoni* was sunk. Following the loss of *Colleoni*, the 2nd Naval Division was dissolved; in August 1940 Casardi was placed in command of the 7th Naval Division, with flag on the light cruiser *Eugenio Savoia* and later on *Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta*. For a year, as the commander of the 7th Division, Casardi participated in convoy escort, bombardment and minelaying missions; he was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor, the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy and Cross of the Order of the German Eagle, second class.

Since August 1941, having left the command of the Seventh Division, Casardi was for two years the staff and general services director of the Regia Marina. On 7 August 1943 he was appointed commander in chief of the Naples Naval Department. Following the armistice of 8 September 1943, clashes broke out in Naples between Italian and German soldiers, and in a few days the city was occupied by German forces. On September 11 Casardi, in order to avoid capture, sought refuge with his main collaborators in a building owned by his chief of staff, where he continued to work clandestinely until September 30, when German troops left Naples in the face of the insurrection of the population of the city and the Allied advance. He immediately returned to his headquarters, devastated by bombing and fighting, and reactivated it on the following day, immediately starting the cooperation with the commands of the Allied forces, which reached Naples from 1 October. He left the command of the Naples Naval Department in February 1945, and was then assigned to the General Secretariat of the Navy and later became president of the High Council of the Navy.

In 1948 he was elected in the Italian Senate in the first legislature of the Italian Republic (1948–1953), serving as Undersecretary for Finance in the De Gasperi VI Cabinet. He was placed in availability on 1 March 1949, and in the reserve on 1 January 1950, having reached the age limit. Casardi died in Barletta on 11 January 1975.

1. Dizionario Biografico Uomini della Marina.
2. Giorgio Giorgerini, "La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta 1940-1943", pp. 168 to 202.
3. Giuseppe Fioravanzo (USMM), "La Marina dall’8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto", pp. 141-142-143-144.
4. Scheda di attività, Ferdinando Casardi.

## InfoBox

| Ferdinando Casardi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1887-01-01)1 January 1887
Barletta, Apulia, Italy |
| Died | 11 January 1975(1975-01-11) (aged 88)
Barletta, Apulia, Italy |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Italy |
| Service/branch | Regia Marina |
| Years of service | 1904–1975 |
| Rank | *Ammiraglio di Divisione* (Vice Admiral) |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Enrique Landrón Otero

abstract: Enrique Landrón Otero was born in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, Spanish Empire. He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives on November 6, 1928, for the District No. 5 of Corozal, Puerto Rico. He was affiliated to the Union Party of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican Alliance Party. He chaired the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives and was Vice-Presidente of the House in 1930. He was instrumental in the creation of the Puerto Rico Bar Association. Enrique Landrón Otero was a civic and political leader in Arecibo and Corozal, having served as administrator of the Central Cambalache in Arecibo and owning a pineapple farm in Corozal. He was co-founder of the Farmers Association of Puerto Rico, serving as spokesman in Washington for the Puerto Rican farmers. Died on March 30, 1935. He was buried at the Corozal Municipal Cemetery in Corozal, Puerto Rico. At his burial, Don Antonio R. Barceló gave his eulogy.

text:
# Enrique Landrón Otero

**Enrique Landrón Otero** (22 May 1878 – 30 March 1935) was born in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, Spanish Empire. He was elected to the Puerto Rico House of Representatives on November 6, 1928, for the District No. 5 of Corozal, Puerto Rico. He was affiliated to the Union Party of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican Alliance Party. He chaired the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives and was Vice-Presidente of the House in 1930. He was instrumental in the creation of the Puerto Rico Bar Association.

Enrique Landrón Otero was a civic and political leader in Arecibo and Corozal, having served as administrator of the Central Cambalache in Arecibo and owning a pineapple farm in Corozal. He was co-founder of the Farmers Association of Puerto Rico, serving as spokesman in Washington for the Puerto Rican farmers. Died on March 30, 1935. He was buried at the Corozal Municipal Cemetery in Corozal, Puerto Rico. At his burial, Don Antonio R. Barceló gave his eulogy.

## InfoBox

| Enrique Landrón Otero | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives from the 5th District Corozal | |
| **In office**
1928–1930 | |
| Speaker pro tempore of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico | |
| **In office**
1930–1930 | |
| Preceded by | Benigno Fernández García |
| Succeeded by | Rafael Alonso Torres |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 22, 1878
Vega Baja, Puerto Rico |
| Died | March 30, 1935(1935-03-30) (aged 56)
San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Political party | Union of Puerto Rico |
|  | |


title: Entropic uncertainty

abstract:
In quantum mechanics, information theory, and Fourier analysis, the entropic uncertainty or Hirschman uncertainty is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropies. It turns out that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle can be expressed as a lower bound on the sum of these entropies. This is stronger than the usual statement of the uncertainty principle in terms of the product of standard deviations. In 1957, Hirschman considered a function f and its Fourier transform g such that
  - g ≈ ∫ − ∞ ∞ exp  f d x, f ≈ ∫ − ∞ ∞ exp  g d y  , where the "≈" indicates convergence in L⁲, and normalized so that,
  - ∫ − ∞ ∞ | f | 2 d x = ∫ − ∞ ∞ | g | 2 d y = 1  . He showed that for any such functions the sum of the Shannon entropies is non-negative,
  - H + H ≡ − ∫ − ∞ ∞ | f | 2 log  | f | 2 d x − ∫ − ∞ ∞ | g | 2 log  | g | 2 d y ≥ 0. A tighter bound, was conjectured by Hirschman and Everett, proven in 1975 by W. Beckner and in the same year interpreted as a generalized quantum mechanical uncertainty principle by Białynicki-Birula and Mycielski.
The equality holds in the case of Gaussian distributions.
Note, however, that the above entropic uncertainty function is distinctly different from the quantum Von Neumann entropy represented in phase space.

text:
# Entropic uncertainty

In quantum mechanics, information theory, and Fourier analysis, the **entropic uncertainty** or **Hirschman uncertainty** is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropies. It turns out that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle can be expressed as a lower bound on the sum of these entropies. This is *stronger* than the usual statement of the uncertainty principle in terms of the product of standard deviations.

In 1957, Hirschman considered a function *f* and its Fourier transform *g* such that

$$g(y)\approx \int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp(-2\pi ixy)f(x)\\,dx,\qquad f(x)\approx \int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }\exp(2\pi ixy)g(y)\\,dy~,$$

where the "≈" indicates convergence in L2, and normalized so that (by Plancherel's theorem),

$$\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }|f(x)|^{2}\\,dx=\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }|g(y)|^{2}\\,dy=1~.$$

He showed that for any such functions the sum of the Shannon entropies is non-negative,

$$H(|f|^{2})+H(|g|^{2})\equiv -\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }|f(x)|^{2}\log |f(x)|^{2}\\,dx-\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }|g(y)|^{2}\log |g(y)|^{2}\\,dy\geq 0.$$

A tighter bound,

$H(|f|^{2})+H(|g|^{2})\geq \log {\frac {e}{2}~,}$

was conjectured by Hirschman and Everett, proven in 1975 by W. Beckner and in the same year interpreted as a generalized quantum mechanical uncertainty principle by Białynicki-Birula and Mycielski. The equality holds in the case of Gaussian distributions. Note, however, that the above entropic uncertainty function is distinctly *different* from the quantum Von Neumann entropy represented in phase space.

## Sketch of proof

The proof of this tight inequality depends on the so-called **(*q*, *p*)-norm** of the Fourier transformation. (Establishing this norm is the most difficult part of the proof.)

From this norm, one is able to establish a lower bound on the sum of the (differential) Rényi entropies,  *Hα(|f|²)+Hβ(|g|²)* , where *1/α + 1/β* = 2, which generalize the Shannon entropies. For simplicity, we consider this inequality only in one dimension; the extension to multiple dimensions is straightforward and can be found in the literature cited.

### Babenko–Beckner inequality

The **(*q*, *p*)-norm** of the Fourier transform is defined to be

$\\|{\mathcal {F}\\|\_{q,p}=\sup \_{f\in L^{p}(\mathbb {R} )}{\frac {\\|{\mathcal {F}f\\|\_{q}{\\|f\\|\_{p},}}}}}$ where $1\<p\leq 2~,$   and $\frac {1}{p}+{\frac {1}{q}=1.}$

In 1961, Babenko found this norm for *even* integer values of *q*. Finally, in 1975, using Hermite functions as eigenfunctions of the Fourier transform, Beckner proved that the value of this norm (in one dimension) for all *q* ≥ 2 is

$$\\|{\mathcal {F}\\|\_{q,p}={\sqrt {p^{1/p}/q^{1/q}.}}}$$

Thus we have the **Babenko–Beckner inequality** that

$$\\|{\mathcal {F}f\\|\_{q}\leq \left(p^{1/p}/q^{1/q}\right)^{1/2}\\|f\\|\_{p}.}$$

### Rényi entropy bound

From this inequality, an expression of the uncertainty principle in terms of the Rényi entropy can be derived.

Let $g={\mathcal {F}f,\\,2\alpha =p,\\,2\beta =q,}$ so that $\frac {1}{\alpha }+{\frac {1}{\beta }=2}$ and $\frac {1}{2}\leq \alpha \leq 1\leq \beta $, we have

$$\left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|g(y)|^{2\beta }\\,dy\right)^{1/2\beta }\leq {\frac {(2\alpha )^{1/4\alpha }{(2\beta )^{1/4\beta }\left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|f(x)|^{2\alpha }\\,dx\right)^{1/2\alpha }.}}}$$

Squaring both sides and taking the logarithm, we get

$$\frac {1}{\beta }\log \left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|g(y)|^{2\beta }\\,dy\right)\leq {\frac {1}{2}\log {\frac {(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }{(2\beta )^{1/\beta }+{\frac {1}{\alpha }\log \left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|f(x)|^{2\alpha }\\,dx\right).}}}}}$$

We can rewrite the condition on $\alpha ,\beta $ as

$$\alpha (1-\beta )+\beta (1-\alpha )=0$$

Assume $\alpha ,\beta \neq 1$, then we multiply both sides by the negative

$$\frac {\beta }{1-\beta }=-{\frac {\alpha }{1-\alpha }}$$

to get

$$\frac {1}{1-\beta }\log \left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|g(y)|^{2\beta }\\,dy\right)\geq {\frac {\alpha }{2(\alpha -1)}\log {\frac {(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }{(2\beta )^{1/\beta }-{\frac {1}{1-\alpha }\log \left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|f(x)|^{2\alpha }\\,dx\right)~.}}}}}$$

Rearranging terms yields an inequality in terms of the sum of Rényi entropies,

$$\frac {1}{1-\alpha }\log \left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|f(x)|^{2\alpha }\\,dx\right)+{\frac {1}{1-\beta }\log \left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }|g(y)|^{2\beta }\\,dy\right)\geq {\frac {\alpha }{2(\alpha -1)}\log {\frac {(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }{(2\beta )^{1/\beta };}}}}}$$

$$H\_{\alpha }(|f|^{2})+H\_{\beta }(|g|^{2})\geq {\frac {1}{2}\left({\frac {\log \alpha }{\alpha -1}+{\frac {\log \beta }{\beta -1}\right)-\log 2}}}$$

#### Right-hand side

$$\frac {\alpha }{2(\alpha -1)}\log {\frac {(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }{(2\beta )^{1/\beta }}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\alpha }{\alpha -1}\log(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }+{\frac {\beta }{\beta -1}\log(2\beta )^{1/\beta }\right\]}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\log 2\alpha }{\alpha -1}+{\frac {\log 2\beta }{\beta -1}\right\]}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\log \alpha }{\alpha -1}+{\frac {\log \beta }{\beta -1}\right\]+{\frac {1}{2}\log 2\left\[{\frac {1}{\alpha -1}+{\frac {1}{\beta -1}\right\]}}}}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\log \alpha }{\alpha -1}+{\frac {\log \beta }{\beta -1}\right\]+{\frac {1}{2}\log 2\left\[{\frac {1}{\alpha -1}+{\frac {1}{\beta -1}-{\frac {\alpha }{\alpha -1}-{\frac {\beta }{\beta -1}\right\]}}}}}}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\log \alpha }{\alpha -1}+{\frac {\log \beta }{\beta -1}\right\]+{\frac {1}{2}\log 2\left\[-2\right\]}}}}$$

$$={\frac {1}{2}\left\[{\frac {\log \alpha }{\alpha -1}+{\frac {\log \beta }{\beta -1}\right\]-\log 2}}}$$

### Shannon entropy bound

Taking the limit of this last inequality as $\alpha ,\\,\beta \to 1$ and the substitutions $\mathrm {A} =\alpha -1,\mathrm {B} =\beta -1$ yields the less general Shannon entropy inequality,

$$H(|f|^{2})+H(|g|^{2})\geq \log {\frac {e}{2},\quad {\textrm {where}\quad g(y)\approx \int \_{\mathbb {R} }e^{-2\pi ixy}f(x)\\,dx~,}}$$

valid for any base of logarithm, as long as we choose an appropriate unit of information, bit, nat, etc.

The constant will be different, though, for a different normalization of the Fourier transform, (such as is usually used in physics, with normalizations chosen so that *ħ*=1 ), i.e.,

$$H(|f|^{2})+H(|g|^{2})\geq \log(\pi e)\quad {\textrm {for}\quad g(y)\approx {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }\int \_{\mathbb {R} }e^{-ixy}f(x)\\,dx~.}}}$$

In this case, the dilation of the Fourier transform absolute squared by a factor of 2π simply adds log(2π) to its entropy.

## Entropy versus variance bounds

The Gaussian or normal probability distribution plays an important role in the relationship between variance and entropy: it is a problem of the calculus of variations to show that this distribution maximizes entropy for a given variance, and at the same time minimizes the variance for a given entropy. In fact, for any probability density function $\phi $ on the real line, Shannon's entropy inequality specifies:

$$H(\phi )\leq \log {\sqrt {2\pi eV(\phi )},}$$

where *H* is the Shannon entropy and *V* is the variance, an inequality that is saturated only in the case of a normal distribution.

Moreover, the Fourier transform of a Gaussian probability amplitude function is also Gaussian—and the absolute squares of both of these are Gaussian, too. This can then be used to derive the usual Robertson variance uncertainty inequality from the above entropic inequality, enabling *the latter to be tighter than the former*. That is (for *ħ*=1), exponentiating the Hirschman inequality and using Shannon's expression above,

$$1/2\leq \exp(H(|f|^{2})+H(|g|^{2}))/(2e\pi )\leq {\sqrt {V(|f|^{2})V(|g|^{2})}~.}$$

Hirschman explained that entropy—his version of entropy was the negative of Shannon's—is a "measure of the concentration of \[a probability distribution\] in a set of small measure." Thus *a low or large negative Shannon entropy means that a considerable mass of the probability distribution is confined to a set of small measure*.

Note that this set of small measure need not be contiguous; a probability distribution can have several concentrations of mass in intervals of small measure, and the entropy may still be low no matter how widely scattered those intervals are. This is not the case with the variance: variance measures the concentration of mass about the mean of the distribution, and a low variance means that a considerable mass of the probability distribution is concentrated in a *contiguous interval* of small measure.

To formalize this distinction, we say that two probability density functions $\phi \_{1}$ and $\phi \_{2}$ are **equimeasurable** if

$$\forall \delta \>0,\\,\mu \\{x\in \mathbb {R} |\phi \_{1}(x)\geq \delta \\}=\mu \\{x\in \mathbb {R} |\phi \_{2}(x)\geq \delta \\},$$

where μ is the Lebesgue measure. Any two equimeasurable probability density functions have the same Shannon entropy, and in fact the same Rényi entropy, of any order. The same is not true of variance, however. Any probability density function has a radially decreasing equimeasurable "rearrangement" whose variance is less (up to translation) than any other rearrangement of the function; and there exist rearrangements of arbitrarily high variance, (all having the same entropy.)

1. Hirschman, I. I. Jr. (1957), "A note on entropy", *American Journal of Mathematics*, **79** (1): 152–156, doi:10.2307/2372390, JSTOR 2372390.
2. Hugh Everett, III. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: the theory of the universal wave function. Everett's Dissertation
3. Beckner, W. (1975), "Inequalities in Fourier analysis", *Annals of Mathematics*, **102** (6): 159–182, doi:10.2307/1970980, JSTOR 1970980, PMC 432369, PMID 16592223.
4. Bialynicki-Birula, I.; Mycielski, J. (1975), "Uncertainty Relations for Information Entropy in Wave Mechanics", *Communications in Mathematical Physics*, **44** (2): 129, Bibcode:1975CMaPh..44..129B, doi:10.1007/BF01608825, S2CID 122277352
5. Ozaydin, Murad; Przebinda, Tomasz (2004). "An Entropy-based Uncertainty Principle for a Locally Compact Abelian Group" (PDF). *Journal of Functional Analysis*. **215** (1). Elsevier Inc.: 241–252. doi:10.1016/j.jfa.2003.11.008. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
6. Bialynicki-Birula, I. (2006). "Formulation of the uncertainty relations in terms of the Rényi entropies". *Physical Review A*. **74** (5): 052101. arXiv:quant-ph/0608116. Bibcode:2006PhRvA..74e2101B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.74.052101. S2CID 19123961.
7. K.I. Babenko. *An inequality in the theory of Fourier integrals.* Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. **25** (1961) pp. 531542 English transl., Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. (2) **44**, pp. 115-128
8. H.P. Heinig and M. Smith, *Extensions of the Heisenberg–Weil inequality.* Internat. J. Math. & Math. Sci., Vol. 9, No. 1 (1986) pp. 185192.

## Further reading