abstract: The 1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota was the first integrated convention meeting of black and white men in Minnesota, and occurred in Ingersoll Hall, Saint Paul a year after the state of Minnesota voted in favor of black suffrage. The convention is distinct from other conventions of the time for having numerous white Republicans speak at the convention.

text:
# 1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota

**The 1869 Convention of Colored Citizens of Minnesota** was the first integrated convention meeting of black and white men in Minnesota, and occurred in Ingersoll Hall, Saint Paul a year after the state of Minnesota voted in favor of black suffrage. The convention is distinct from other conventions of the time for having numerous white Republicans speak at the convention.

## Background

At the end of the American Civil War voting rights for blacks was becoming a contentious issue in many northern states. The black population in Minnesota had grown rapidly since the years preceding the Civil War, from 39 in 1850 to 700 in 1868, a fact black activists were not unaware of. As a result of these tensions, Republicans in the state continued to push for black suffrage, with fierce opposition from Democrats. In 1868, Minnesota held their third referendum on the issue of black voting rights. The referendum passed with 57% of voters voting yes on the referendum, granting all black men in the state suffrage.

## Major Issues of the Convention

The Convention was called to celebrate the successful referendum on black suffrage in 1868. Both white and black speakers were present at the convention, with Republican politicians talking about their own efforts to push forward a referendum to give blacks suffrage. Republican politicians also took part in the festivities, singing songs and eating food alongside the black leaders of the convention The members of the Convention, whether black or white, discussed the contents of the referendum, referencing how it removed the word white from the requirement for voting in the state of Minnesota White attendees of the Convention, mainly Republican political leaders, heaped praise upon what they referred to as the black race. They stressed how they had become increasingly impressed by the intelligence and civility black leaders had expressed, both in the present in the past. They pointed to great black speakers and leaders like Toussaint Louverture and Frederick Douglass, The black members of the convention thanked the white Republicans present numerous times for their efforts, and lead the proceedings of the Convention, which largely involved guest speakers and songs men of both races sang. There were also white Democrats present, which were referenced by White Republicans in a consolatory manner.

## Key Figures

William Rainey Marshall, the governor of Minnesota, was invited as a guest speaker. Marshall gave brief remarks at the convention congratulating the African Americans on their newfound rights. Marshall helped put the amendment to give black men the right to vote on the ballot as a referendum.

Maurice Jernigan, a barber in the city of St.Paul, was an early black rights advocate and influential figure in early black suffrage movements. Jernigan served as permanent chairman and temporary president of the convention.


title: Amauropilio

abstract: Amauropilio is an extinct genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae. It is known from the Chadronian aged Florissant Formation in Colorado.

text:
# Amauropilio

***Amauropilio*** is an extinct genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae. It is known from the Chadronian aged Florissant Formation in Colorado.

## Species

* *Amauropilio atavus* (Cockerell, 1907)
* *Amauropilio lacoei* (Petrunkevitch, 1922) (note, this was later miswritten "*Amauropilio lawei*" in Mello-Leitão, 1937).

## InfoBox

| *Amauropilio*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Eupnoi |
| Superfamily: | Phalangioidea |
| Family: | Sclerosomatidae |
| Genus: | ***Amauropilio***
Mello-Leitão, 1937 |
|


title: Amauropsis georgiana

abstract: Amauropsis georgiana is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

text:
# Amauropsis georgiana

***Amauropsis georgiana*** is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

## InfoBox

| *Amauropsis georgiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Naticidae |
| Genus: | *Amauropsis* |
| Species: | ***A. georgiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amauropsis georgiana***<br>(Strebel, 1908) | |
|


title: Amax Sport 1700

abstract: The Amax Sport 1700 is an Australian homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Amax Engineering of Donvale, Victoria. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction.

text:
# Amax Sport 1700

The **Amax Sport 1700** is an Australian homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Amax Engineering of Donvale, Victoria. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction.

## Design and development

The Sport 1700 features a strut-braced parasol wing, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit with a windshield, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel tubing, while the wing is of wooden construction, with the whole aircraft covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its 33.00 ft (10.1 m) span wing has a wing area of 146.00 sq ft (13.564 m2) and are capable of folding for storage for ground transport. The acceptable power range is 85 to 110 hp (63 to 82 kW).

The Sport 1700 has an empty weight of 600 lb (270 kg) and a gross weight of 1,300 lb (590 kg), giving a useful load of 700 lb (320 kg). With full fuel of 16 U.S. gallons (61 L; 13 imp gal) the payload is 604 lb (274 kg).

The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 500 hours.

## Specifications (Sport 1700)

*Data from* AeroCrafter

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Capacity:** one passenger
* **Length:** 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m)
* **Wingspan:** 33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
* **Empty weight:** 600 lb (272 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 1,300 lb (590 kg)
* **Fuel capacity:** 16 U.S. gallons (61 L; 13 imp gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × air-cooled, four stroke aircraft engine , 110 hp (82 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed wooden

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 35 mph (56 km/h, 30 kn)
* **Range:** 340 mi (550 km, 300 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
* **Rate of climb:** 900 ft/min (4.6 m/s)
* **Wing loading:** 8.9 lb/sq ft (43 kg/m2)

## InfoBox

| Sport 1700 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Homebuilt aircraft |
| National origin | Australia |
| Manufacturer | Amax Engineering |
| Status | Production completed |
| Number built | at least one |


title: 1836 Newfoundland general election

abstract: The 1836 Newfoundland general election was held in 1836 in the Colony of Newfoundland. The results of the election were set aside by Henry John Boulton after he discovered some of the writs from the election had not been marked with the official seal. Some felt that this was a pretext used because Liberal reformers had dominated the assembly and a number who had been reelected in 1836 did not run for reelection the following year.

text:
# 1836 Newfoundland general election

The **1836 Newfoundland general election** was held in 1836 in the Colony of Newfoundland. The results of the election were set aside by Henry John Boulton after he discovered some of the writs from the election had not been marked with the official seal. Some felt that this was a pretext used because Liberal reformers had dominated the assembly and a number who had been reelected in 1836 did not run for reelection the following year.

## Results by party

|  | Party | 1832 | Seats won | % change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | 5 | 11 | +120% |
|  | Conservative | 10 | 4 | -60% |
| Totals | | 15 | 15 |  |
|

## Elected members

Notes:

* Patrick Morris was elected in both Ferryland and St. John's

* Smallwood, Joseph R (1981). *Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador*. Vol. v. 1. ISBN 0-920508-14-6.


title: 1887 in India

abstract: Events in the year 1887 in India.

text:
# 1887 in India

Events in the year **1887 in India**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Law

* Provincial Small Cause Courts Act
* Suits Valuation Act
* Conversion Of India Stock Act (British statute)
* British Settlements Act (British statute)
* Superannuation Act (British statute)
* Appellate Jurisdiction Act (British statute)

## Births

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in India<br>Timeline of Indian history |


title: Alverstone

abstract: Alverstone is a village 2 miles from the east coast of the Isle of Wight, near Sandown. The name Alverstone is most likely of Saxon origin meaning "Alfred's Farm". Up until 1960, boating took place on the river and tea-gardens were very popular with local people, who came by train on excursions. There is evidence from an archaeological dig in Alverstone of a Roman military presence in the area. Kern Farm is the oldest farm in Alverstone, situated to the north of the village. It was at one point a Mill held in 1086 by William I and previously by King Harold at the time of the Norman Invasion. Alverstone Farm, situated to the east of the village, consists of a manor mentioned in the Domesday Book and other sandstone buildings of interest. When Richard Webster became Chief Justice of England in 1900, he chose the title Lord Alverstone because it was the title he was permitted to choose which was "closest" to Sandown, one of his favourite locales. Alverstone Manor is located here. Prince Albert was instrumental in creating a 'model' brickworks in Alverstone in the middle of the 19th century. The Village Hall was built by Lord Alverstone in 1879 to serve as the village school. It remained as a school until 1921 when it briefly served as a church. The Newport Junction Railway opened a station at Alverstone on 1 February 1875, and the station first appeared in a public schedule in June 1876. The journey to Sandown took 3 minutes and the journey to Newport took 20 minutes. Alverstone railway station finally closed 6 February 1956. The original wooden station was replaced with one built with earth and clinkers, with wood siding. There are many wetlands around Alverstone. Nature lovers enjoy visiting the Alverstone Marshes. The Alverstone Mead is a 55-acre (220,000 m⁲) woodland and nature reserve about 1-mile (1.6 km) from Sandown. Alverstone Mead is southeast of Alverstone, and south of the cycleway between Sandown and Newport. It was farmed as water meadows until 1993. Since then the lease has been held by the Wight Nature Council and it has served as a nature reserve with some ancient woodland. It was once part of the Lower Borthwood Farm. Transport is provided by Wightbus route 23, running between Newport and Shanklin.

text:
# Alverstone

**Alverstone** is a village 2 miles from the east coast of the Isle of Wight, near Sandown. The name Alverstone is most likely of Saxon origin meaning "Alfred's Farm". Up until 1960, boating took place on the river and tea-gardens were very popular with local people, who came by train on excursions.

There is evidence from an archaeological dig in Alverstone of a Roman military presence in the area.

Kern Farm is the oldest farm in Alverstone, situated to the north of the village. It was at one point a Mill held in 1086 by William I and previously by King Harold at the time of the Norman Invasion. Alverstone Farm, situated to the east of the village, consists of a manor mentioned in the Domesday Book and other sandstone buildings of interest.

When Richard Webster became Chief Justice of England in 1900, he chose the title Lord Alverstone because it was the title he was permitted to choose which was "closest" to Sandown, one of his favourite locales. Alverstone Manor is located here.

Prince Albert was instrumental in creating a 'model' brickworks in Alverstone in the middle of the 19th century (but that is a different 'Alverstone', east of Whippingham Isle of Wight, on the southern edge of QV's Osborne Estate).

The Village Hall was built by Lord Alverstone in 1879 to serve as the village school. It remained as a school until 1921 when it briefly served as a church.

The Newport Junction Railway opened a station at Alverstone on 1 February 1875, and the station first appeared in a public schedule in June 1876. The journey to Sandown took 3 minutes and the journey to Newport took 20 minutes. Alverstone railway station finally closed 6 February 1956. The original wooden station was replaced with one built with earth and clinkers, with wood siding.

There are many wetlands around Alverstone. Nature lovers enjoy visiting the Alverstone Marshes.

The Alverstone Mead is a 55-acre (220,000 m2) woodland and nature reserve about 1-mile (1.6 km) from Sandown. Alverstone Mead is southeast of Alverstone, and south of the cycleway between Sandown and Newport. It was farmed as water meadows until 1993. Since then the lease has been held by the Wight Nature Council and it has served as a nature reserve with some ancient woodland. It was once part of the Lower Borthwood Farm.

Transport is provided by Wightbus route 23, running between Newport and Shanklin.

1. *THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF A ROMAN MILITARY PRESENCE* Archived 16 July 2012 at archive.today, Archive of Monthly News Items, As previously featured in the History Centre, Isle of Wight History Centre Archived 4 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Online Island History, November 2005.
2. *Sandown Pier, Isle of Wight, UK*, h2g2, BBC.co.uk, 17 January 2001.
3. *LIME KILN UNEARTHED AT WHIPPINGHAM* Archived 8 July 2012 at archive.today, Archive of Monthly News Items, As previously featured in the History Centre, Isle of Wight History Centre Archived 4 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Online Island History, September 2000
4. Isle of Wight official website article on Alverstone Mead Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
5. "Traveline - Wightbus route 23". www.traveline.org.uk. 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.

## InfoBox

| Alverstone | |
| --- | --- |
| The former Alverstone railway station, now a private residence, and the bridge crossing the Eastern Yar | |
| AlverstoneLocation within the Isle of Wight | |
| OS grid reference | SZ577856 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | SANDOWN |
| Postcode district | PO36 |
| Dialling code | 01983 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | Isle of Wight |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Ebenezer Lane

abstract: Ebenezer Lane (1793-1866) was a lawyer from the U.S. State of Ohio who served on the Ohio Supreme Court 1830 to 1845. From 1840 until his retirement, he was Chief Justice.

text:
# Ebenezer Lane

**Ebenezer Lane** (1793-1866) was a lawyer from the U.S. State of Ohio who served on the Ohio Supreme Court 1830 to 1845. From 1840 until his retirement, he was Chief Justice.

## Youth

Lane was born September 17, 1793, at Northampton, Massachusetts. His father was Captain Ebenezer Lane, a seaman and later a farmer, and his mother was Marian Griswold Chandler Lane, daughter of Matthew Griswold, Governor of Connecticut, and first married to Charles E. Chandler, before marrying Capt. Ebenezer Lane. He enrolled in a boarding school at Leicester, Worcester County, Massachusetts, at age eight and at Harvard University at age fourteen, graduating in 1811. Harvard awarded him an honorary Doctor of Law in 1850. He studied law at Lyme, Connecticut, under his uncle, Judge Matthew Griswold, and was admitted to the bar in 1814. He practiced at Norwalk, Connecticut, beginning Sept. 14, 1814 and moved to Windsor Hill, Connecticut, in 1815 to practice. He was named a notary public for Hartford County, Connecticut, by Governor John Cotton Smith on May 21, 1816.

## Move to Ohio

On February 20, 1817, Lane left New England with his step-brother, Herman Ely. They travelled by wagon and arrived in Ohio, where Ely owned 10, 423 acres at the future site of Elyria, Ohio, on March 17. He purchased a farm in Elyria, and walked back to New England in twenty days in October and November 1817. He returned by stage to Ohio in February, 1818, and returned to Connecticut by October 1, 1818. He was married October 11, 1818, to Frances Ann Griswold of Lyme, Connecticut, daughter of Roger Griswold, former Governor. The new couple moved immediately to their farm in Elyria.

## Public service

In May, 1819, Lane was elected prosecuting attorney for Huron County, Ohio, and the family moved to Norwalk, Ohio, the county seat, in October, 1819. On February 17, 1824, the Ohio General Assembly elected Lane president judge of the second judicial circuit for a seven-year term, requiring him to travel to courthouses in each county of his circuit to preside. The General Assembly elected Lane to a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court on December 18, 1830, for a seven-year term. He received his commission from Ohio Governor Duncan McArthur on December 31, 1830. He was elected to two more terms, but tendered his resignation to Governor Thomas W. Bartley on December 20, 1844, with an effective date of February 16, 1845. He was Chief Justice from 1840 to 1845.

## Railroad career

In July, 1842, Lane sold his home in Norwalk, and moved to Sandusky, Ohio, which was his home for the remainder of his life. After retiring from the court, he partnered with his son, William G. Lane and Walter F. Stone in that place in a law practice. He was president of the Columbus and Lake Erie Railroad, Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad and the Junction Railroad.

In November 1855, Lane was elected Counsel and Resident Director of the Illinois Central Railroad, and removed to Chicago, staying in that office until March 16, 1859.

## Retirement

On March 23, 1859, Lane embarked at Boston, Massachusetts, on the steamer *Arabia*, bound for Liverpool, England. He toured London, Paris, Brussels, Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam. Next he went to Berlin, Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, Nuremberg, Frankfort, Cologne, Switzerland, and Italy. He returned to New York, from London, arriving after more than a year away on April 27, 1860. He visited libraries and museums throughout the trip.

Lane devoted his remaining years at Sandusky to studies in his personal library of 4000 books, in the English, French and German languages. Upon his death, this collection was passed to his son, Dr. Ebenezer S. Lane, Jr. of Chicago. It was the only library collection within the city to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Lane's grandchildren donated the collection to the University of Chicago

## Personal

Lane and his wife had three children, Dr. Ebenezer S. Lane, of Chicago, Frances Elizabeth, wife of Alfred Cheseborough of Detroit, and William Griswold Lane, lawyer and judge from Sandusky, who married Elizabeth Griswold of Lyme, Connecticut in 1850. He was a member of the Episcopal Church. The New England Historic Genealogical Society elected him a member in 1856, and he was a member of the New York Historical Society, Ohio Historical Society and Chicago Historical Society. He died at Sandusky on June 12, 1866, and his funeral was at his home on June 14. He is interred at Oakland Cemetery in Sandusky.

## Reputation

> He was one of the many able men who have sat on the Supreme Court of Ohio. He had penetrating sagacity and rare intellectual powers, was profoundly versed in the law, and was an omnivorous reader of literature. On the bench he shunned display of learning, and was for the most part content with stating the facts and principles of law which controlled the case; and his opinions, concise, direct, and cogent are conspicuous in the reports for their simplicity and strength.
>
> Carrington T. Marshall

> He came to the Bar when the jurisprudence of Ohio was yet not settled, and brought to its cultivation great general ability, patient research, both in civil and common law and logical power and acumen. His thorough knowledge of the civil law and his varied and extensive and accurate historical learning, qualified him to compare the systems of our several states and of other countries and to educe the great principles which lie at the foundations of all systems of jurisprudence. Ohio will never fully understand how much she is indebted to Judge Lane and those like him, who, before and with him, wrought at the foundation of our social security and general happiness and progress as a State.
>
> C.L. Latimer

## Lane Seminary

The Lane Theological Seminary, a Presbyterian institution in Walnut Hills, Cincinnati was endowed in 1829 by a different person named Ebenezer Lane, a Baptist from New Orleans, Louisiana. The subject of this article was not connected with this institution.

* Sandusky Library Archives Research Center (2007-02-15). "Judge Ebenezer Lane : the "Walking Library"". Sandusky Library.
* Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Lane, Ebenezer". *Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography*. New York: D. Appleton.
* "Ebenezer Lane". The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
* Fess, Simeon D., ed. (1937). *Ohio, A four volume reference library on the History of a Great State*. Vol. 4. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company. p. 86. OCLC 418516.
* Goodwin, Homer (1905). "Ebenezer Lane". *Memorial Biographies of the Society: 1864-1871*. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. pp. 157–160.
* Newton, Alfred (1867). "Sketch of the Life and Character of Ebenezer Lane, LL.D., late Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio". *The New England Historical & Genealogical Register*. **XXI** (4): 301–313.
* Bell, Clark (1900). "Supreme Court of Ohio". *The Medico-legal Journal*. **18**.
* Nelson, S B; Runk, J M (1894). *History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio*. Cincinnati: S B Nelson and Company. pp. 141–142.
* Shotwell, John Brough (1902). *A history of the schools of Cincinnati*. The School Life Company. pp. 312–316.

## InfoBox

| Ebenezer Lane | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
December 31, 1830  February 16, 1845 | |
| Preceded by | Elijah Hayward |
| Succeeded by | Peter Hitchcock |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1793-09-17)September 17, 1793
Northampton, Massachusetts |
| Died | June 12, 1866(1866-06-12) (aged 72)
Sandusky, Ohio |
| Resting place | Oakland Cemetery, Sandusky |
| Spouse | Frances Ann Griswold |
| Children | three |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Amazon Trail 3rd Edition

abstract: Amazon Trail 3rd Edition: Rainforest Adventures is a 1998 game based on the video game The Oregon Trail. It is not a true sequel to the franchise, but is rather largely the same game as Amazon Trail II, only with updated graphics, interfaces, and major bug fixes that caused problems in the second game. The game was published by The Learning Company.

text:
# Amazon Trail 3rd Edition

***Amazon Trail 3rd Edition: Rainforest Adventures*** is a 1998 game based on the video game *The Oregon Trail*. It is not a true sequel to the franchise, but is rather largely the same game as *Amazon Trail II*, only with updated graphics, interfaces, and major bug fixes that caused problems in the second game. The game was published by The Learning Company.

## Gameplay

*Challenges of Teaching with Technology Across the Curriculum* describes the gameplay as follows: "Journey into uncharted rainforests, where intrigue lurks everywhere in the Rainforest. Along the way, students travel back through time, meeting people from previous centuries who may or may not help them complete their adventures".

The game aims to make ecology, geography, and critical thinking fun. The game includes "photo-realistic rain forest scenes".

## Development

The game was announced in May 1998.

## Critical reception

GiantMike gave the game a rating of 8/10 stars, commenting: "If you have children, or just enjoy edutainment games, *Amazon Trail* is perfect. Ever since the original *Oregon Trail*, this series has been immensely popular with school children. Every version since then has just gotten better and better, and this one is no exception". macHOME wrote: "It's supposed to be an exotic journey through the luscious Amazon region. Yet somehow, the Learning Company's third iteration of its *Amazon Trail* program does more to squelch one's primal desire to explore than it does to encourage it". *Challenges of Teaching with Technology Across the Curriculum* gave the game an evaluation score of 185 when analysing its suitability for social studies classrooms. *PC Magazine* wrote "\[players'\] lives will depend upon implementing what they've learnt about botany, geography, habitats, and social science along the trail...Such is the premise behind *Amazon Trail's* immersive, enlightening, and altogether entertaining trek through science and nature".

## InfoBox

| Amazon Trail 3rd Edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art | |
| Developer(s) | MECC |
| Publisher(s) | The Learning Company |
| Series | *The Oregon Trail* |
| Platform(s) | Windows, Macintosh |
| Release | September 14, 1998 |
| Genre(s) | Edutainment |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Amazon Symphony

abstract: Sinfonia Amazônica, or Amazon Symphony, was Brazil's first animated feature-length film, produced entirely by Anélio Latini Filho over five years and finished in 1951. Like Disney's Fantasia, it tells several folk stories over orchestral music. The Brazilian television show Animania broadcast several clips of the film. It is currently in the process of restoration.

text:
# Amazon Symphony

***Sinfonia Amazônica***, or ***Amazon Symphony***, was Brazil's first animated feature-length film, produced entirely by Anélio Latini Filho over five years and finished in 1951. Like Disney's *Fantasia,* it tells several folk stories over orchestral music. The Brazilian television show *Animania* broadcast several clips of the film. It is currently in the process of restoration.

## Voice cast

* Almirante
* Jaime Barcellos
* Sadi Cabral
* Estelinha Egg
* Bartolomeu Fernandes
* Pascoal Longo
* Matinhos
* Estevão Matos
* Nero Morales
* Antônio Nobre
* Paulo Roberto
* Abelardo Santos
* José Vasconcelos

## InfoBox

| Amazon Symphony | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Anelio Latini Filho |
| Written by | Anelio Latini Filho
Joaquim Ribeiro
Wilson Rodrigues |
| Produced by | Anelio Latini Filho |
| Starring | Almirante
Jaime Barcellos
Sadi Cabral
Estelinha Egg |
| Cinematography | Mário Latini |
| Edited by | Wanda Latini |
| Music by | Altamiro Carrilho
Homero Dornellas
Hélio Latini
Alfredo Passidomo
Scarambone |
| Production
company | Latini Estúdio |
| Distributed by | Unida Filmes |
| Release date | * January 13, 1954 (1954-01-13) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | Brazil |
| Language | Portuguese |


title: Amazon Tall Tower Observatory

abstract: The Amazon Tall Tower Observatory or ATTO is a scientific research facility in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. This includes a 325-metre-tall (1,066 ft) tower that extends far above the forest canopy and two 80-metre (260 ft) towers that allow researchers to collect samples from the soil surface to above the forest canopy. Additionally, there are climate-controlled containers for laboratory equipment and an office, a base camp and nearby sites for studying vegetation and soil processes. The tall research tower is one metre taller than the Eiffel Tower and is currently the tallest structure in South America. All towers are equipped with a broad range of instruments to measure chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, such as greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosols and meteorological data.

text:
# Amazon Tall Tower Observatory

The **Amazon Tall Tower Observatory** or **ATTO** is a scientific research facility in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil. This includes a 325-metre-tall (1,066 ft) tower that extends far above the forest canopy and two 80-metre (260 ft) towers that allow researchers to collect samples from the soil surface to above the forest canopy. Additionally, there are climate-controlled containers for laboratory equipment and an office, a base camp and nearby sites for studying vegetation and soil processes. The tall research tower is one metre taller than the Eiffel Tower and is currently the tallest structure in South America. All towers are equipped with a broad range of instruments to measure chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, such as greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosols and meteorological data.

## Description

The observatory is a joint project between Germany and Brazil coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry on the German side and the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research, INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia) on the Brazilian side. Other major research partners include the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and the University of the State of Amazonas, with over 20 research institutes and universities in Brazil, Germany and other countries participating. The initial building cost of 8.4 million euros was shared about equally by the German and Brazil partners.

The site is located deep within the Amazon rainforest. The nearest large urban area is the city of Manaus in the state Amazonas, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) southwest of the ATTO site. The towers are used to study the interactions between the forest and the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, aerosols and weather, among other data, are measured continuously as well as during field campaigns. They provide information about a roughly 100 km2 (39 sq mi) area of largely pristine rainforest. This is especially true during the wet season when the direction brings mostly "clean" air to the site that resembles the pre-industrial atmosphere. During the dry season, the wind direction shifts and puts the ATTO site within the influence of Manaus and the "arc of deforestation" and air pollution is noticeable even here.

ATTO's counterpart "ZOTTO" (Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility) is located in the Siberian Taiga of Russia.

## Research objectives

The project aims to study large- and smaller scale processes, from how the forest and soil influence greenhouse gases, aerosols, air mixing and clouds, to soil chemistry, microbiology and biodiversity. The main research questions are:

• How does the Amazon forest interact with climate and the water cycle?

• What is the role of the Amazon forest in the global cycles of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide?

• How do volatile organic compounds emitted from vegetation and soils affect atmospheric chemistry and the formation of aerosols and clouds?

The project is also dedicated to the exploration of how the rainforest biosphere responds to global warming.

According to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), ATTO enables new levels of measurements of the complex interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, the research project studies chemical and physical processes over the Amazon which affect the climate.

## History

The project was launched in 2009. The two 80 m towers were operational by 2012. Building of the tall tower began in 2014 and was completed in 2015.

2°08′35″S 59°00′04″W / 2.1430°S 59.0010°W / -2.1430; -59.0010


title: 1862 in Canada

abstract: Events from the year 1862 in Canada.

text:
# 1862 in Canada

Events from the year **1862 in Canada**.

## Incumbents

### Federal government

### Governors

### Premiers

## Events

### Full date unknown

## Arts and literature

## Births

## Deaths

## Historical documents

Published letter describes Fraser River riches in the Cariboo Gold Rush

Map of British Columbia gold regions, including "Routes of Communication with the Cariboo Mines"

Settling Indigenous people near Winnipeg is opposed by residents in published letter

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Echigo-Hayakawa Station

abstract: Echigo-Hayakawa Station Echigo-Hayakawa Station is a railway station in the city of Murakami, Niigata, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Echigo-Hayakawa Station

**Echigo-Hayakawa Station** (越後早川駅, *Echigo-hayakawa-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Murakami, Niigata, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Echigo-Hayakawa Station is served by the Uetsu Main Line, and is 71.4 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Niitsu Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **1** | Uetsu Main Line | for Tsuruoka and Sakata |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Uetsu Main Line | for Murakami and Niitsu |

## History

Echigo-Hayakawa Station opened on 31 July 1924. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East. Limited Express Sleeper Train Twilight Express stopped at the station until 2015, when the Twilight Express ended.

## Surrounding area

## InfoBox

| Echigo-Hayakawa Station
越後早川駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Echigo-Hayakawa Station, September 2004 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Hayakawa, Murakami-shi, Niigata-ken 959-2026
Japan |
| Coordinates | 38°18′57.75″N 139°26′58.85″E / 38.3160417°N 139.4496806°E / 38.3160417; 139.4496806 |
| Operated by | JR East |
| Line(s) | Uetsu Main Line |
| Distance | 71.4 km from Niitsu |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 31 July 1924 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  Majimatowards Niitsu  Uetsu Main Line  Kuwagawatowards Akita | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Echigo-Hayakawa StationLocation within Japan | |


abstract: Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development, by Gunther Schuller, is a seminal study of jazz from its origins through the early 1930s, first published in 1968. It has since been translated into five languages. When it was published, it was the first volume of a projected two volume history of jazz through the Swing era. The book takes an enthusiastic tone to its subject. A notable feature of the series is transcriptions of jazz performances, which increase its value for the musically literate.

text:
# Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development

***Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development***, by Gunther Schuller, is a seminal study of jazz from its origins through the early 1930s, first published in 1968. It has since been translated into five languages (Italian, French, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish). When it was published, it was the first volume of a projected two volume history of jazz through the Swing era. (Schuller died before he could write a promised third volume, on the bebop period and after.) The book takes an enthusiastic tone to its subject. A notable feature of the series is transcriptions of jazz performances, which increase its value for the musically literate.

## Chapters

### Preface

Schuller briefly discusses some earlier histories of jazz and explains why recorded performance will be the object of study. He indicates where the separation lies between the present book and the projected second volume on the next period of jazz, the Swing Era.

### 1. The Origins

This chapter briefly covers the sociological and musical backgrounds of jazz. It then goes into detail regarding what Schuller takes to be the major elements of jazz. In the section on rhythm, the book describes swing technically, while first admitting that "a definition of swing has about the same sketchy relationship to swing itself as jazz notation has to performed jazz." The section includes observations made in the ante-bellum and Civil War periods, as well as references to African rhythms and the jazz of the period that is the book's subject.

The section on form covers African elements, European influences, and forms developed by African-Americans in the South. Schuller concludes that the blues "left enough room to preserve a number of African rhythmic-melodic characteristics." In a brief discussion of the role of harmony in the origins of jazz, the book notes that African and European systems of harmony overlapped sufficiently to allow their synthesis without "profound problems." The section on melody again finds African characteristics in a fundamental characteristic of jazz melody: the use of blue notes. An additional African influence is the way that melody in predecessors of jazz followed speech characteristics.

A brief section on timbre again emphasizes the African roots of an emphasis on the individuality of a performer's tone color. Schuller notes that "African instrumentation reflects the vocal quality of African speech." He cites various jazz performers for the natural quality of their sound production, sound that makes each performer readily identifiable. A final brief section in this chapter, on improvisation, states that group improvisation, a hallmark of early jazz, is a distinctively African practice. Schuller counters a variety of other theories of the historical basis of jazz improvisation. He summarizes the "Origins" chapter by observing, "Many more aspects of jazz derive directly from African musical-social traditions than has been assumed."

### 2. The beginnings

While focusing with considerable detail on New Orleans, Schuller is at pains to emphasize that jazz arose in the period immediately after 1900 in many places in the United States, even while other African-American music that may have incorporated some jazz characteristics was simultaneously taking shape without actually being jazz. He asserts that the varied kinds of music that soon fused as jazz had the blues in common. For both the varied locations and the commonality of blues, Schuller details as examples developments in Denver and Springfield, Ohio, as well as New Orleans.

Some of the already leading jazz musicians rapidly came to wider public notice when they made their first issued recordings, in 1923. This group included King Oliver, Freddie Keppard, Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, Sidney Bechet and Bennie Moten. (The blues singer Bessie Smith also began recording that year.) Despite having these recordings in hand, Schuller is unwilling to extrapolate historically back to what earlier jazz would have sounded like, preferring to rely on written and verbal reports.

### 3. The First Great Soloist

This chapter focuses on the musical innovations that Louis Armstrong created. Although it includes some biographical information about Armstrong, its emphasis is quite firmly on Armstrong's recording sessions and recorded performances of the 1920s, and his interactions with other musicians and musical organizations. Armstrong's associates on these record dates, such as Johnny Dodds and Earl Hines, also come in for some musical analysis.

### 4. The First Great Composer

After some reflections on the role of composition in what is most often an improviser's art, Schuller examines the life and work of "the legendary Ferdinand Joseph ('Jelly Roll') Morton... the first of that precious jazz elite: composer." After a discussion of Morton's life and reputation, which finds his contemporaries confirming some of his various boasts, this chapter, like the previous one, delves into Morton's recording sessions and recorded performances of the 1920s, from a music-analytic view.

### 5. Virtuoso Performers of the Twenties

Sandwiched between opening and closing titled sections on Bix Beiderbecke and Bessie Smith are treatments of clarinetists, brass players, and Harlem pianists. A prefatory opening section discusses the earliest white jazz bands, particularly the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB), and a little about the New Orleans Rhythm Kings. Some discussion of the unusual career of ODJB is followed by an analysis of their musical background and style.

The section on Beiderbecke discusses the various musical groupings in which he functioned during his brief recording career, and provides some musical analysis of his work in these groups. After naming a half dozen noteworthy New Orleans clarinetists, the clarinetists section gives a few pages of analysis to each of the three that Schuller terms the greatest in that city's early jazz tradition: Sidney Bechet, Johnny Dodds and Jimmy Noone.

The section on brass players, while mentioning some half dozen who became prominent in the big bands that began in this or the following period, is concerned primarily with three players who recorded outstanding work but did not follow this with successful careers. They are the trombonist Jimmy Harrison and the trumpeters Johnny Dunn and Jabbo Smith, especially the latter. As an indication of the latter's virtuosic creativity, a transcription of his improvised duet with the clarinetist Omer Simeon occupies 32 bars spread over two full pages.

The section on Harlem pianists is mostly devoted to the musical interests and stride piano style of James P. Johnson. A briefer portion follows, concerning Johnson's disciple Fats Waller. The final section in the chapter, on Bessie Smith, devotes considerable attention to her vocal methods. Schuller provides additional discussion regarding her recorded interaction with various outstanding collaborators such as Johnson and Armstrong, among others.

### 6. The Big Bands

This chapter begins by pointing out the way that technological developments (radio and recordings), and the economic lift they provided to musicians, generated crosscurrents in jazz, resulting in a move towards jazz orchestras, the big bands, by the end of the 1920s. Schuller then considers two sites of big band activity: New York and Kansas City. The New York musical personalities that he considers at some length are James Reese Europe, who prefigured jazz developments but died in 1919 at the height of his influence; as well as Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman, the prime mover and arranger in the Henderson band.

Henderson's band was preeminent, but other leaders were forming their own big bands competing with Henderson. The chapter discusses these bands and musicians more briefly, including McKinney's Cotton Pickers, Charlie Johnson's Paradise Ten, and the Missourians.

In the discussion of Kansas City jazz in the 1920s, Schuller observes that the region was the birthplace of ragtime, an important popular music in the area. Concert bands like John Philip Sousa's were also very popular there. These currents provide a background for understanding the music of Bennie Moten, which gets some detailed analysis. Other regionally prominent bands from the region that Schuller treats include Jesse Stone's Blues Serenaders, Troy Floyd's orchestra, Walter Page's Blue Devils, and Alphonso Trent's orchestra.

Additionally, the chapter offers analyses of some of the tiny number of recordings available from other regional figures, Schuller commenting on the large number of "excellent orchestras" playing there at the time. Schuller concludes his discussion by analyzing Moten's 1932 Camden recording session, which puts the listener "in the world of the Basie band of later years," and "produced a rhythmic revolution comparable to Armstrong's earlier one."

### 7. The Ellington Style: Its Origins and Early Development

This final chapter begins with some biographical material on Duke Ellington. It then provides an extended treatment of his orchestra: Ellington's early compositions, and the orchestra's performance opportunities, its personnel and their varied playing styles, and analyses of their recordings during the period. As usual, Schuller points out both effects that work well and those that are less well conceived or executed. As he notes, Ellington used the idiosyncrasies of his players' styles to fashion a sound that was unique to his orchestra.

### Additional materials

The book closes with the transcript of an interview that Schuller conducted with the Denver violinist and band leader George Morrison. Morrison describes playing jazz in Denver before 1920, employing figures who became important later, such as Andy Kirk and Jimmie Lunceford. The interview backs up Schuller's contention that early jazz was widespread, beyond just the urban centers often associated with its beginnings. A glossary of pertinent music terms from both jazz and classical music follows, then a selected discography and an index. There are no endnotes, as footnotes appear throughout.

## Reception

Reviewers in both the popular and academic press acclaimed *Early Jazz* at the time of its publication. In the New York Times Book Review, Frank Conroy wrote: "Here, at last, is the definitive work."

In the Music Library Association publication, *Notes*, Frank Tirro wrote: "Gunther Schuller's work is the best musical account of jazz through the early 1930s yet published."

In a review in *Journal of the American Musicological Society*, William W. Austin wrote: "Schuller knows his subject as probably no one else does."

In a review in *The American Historical Review*, George A. Boeck wrote: "Gunther Schuller's history of early jazz is the most scholarly and perceptive work on the subject to date."

Some twenty years later, in a review of *The New Grove Dictionary of American Music* in *Music and Letters*, Peter Dickinson wrote: "Gunther Schuller set standards in his *Early Jazz: its Roots and Musical Development* in 1968."

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Series | The History of jazz; v. 1 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Publication date | 1968 |
| ISBN | 0195040430 |
| OCLC | 13331781 |
| Followed by | *The Swing Era* |
| Website | https://global.oup.com/academic/product/early-jazz-9780195040432 |


title: 1894–95 Scottish Division Two

abstract: The 1894–95 Scottish Division Two was won by Hibernian, with Cowlairs finishing bottom.

text:
# 1894–95 Scottish Division Two

The **1894–95 Scottish Division Two** was won by Hibernian, with Cowlairs finishing bottom.

## Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hibernian (C, P) | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 92 | 28 | +64 | 30 | Promoted to the 1895–96 Scottish First Division |
| 2 | Motherwell | 18 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 56 | 39 | +17 | 22 |  |
| 3 | Port Glasgow Athletic | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 62 | 56 | +6 | | 20 |
| 3 | Renton | 17 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 46 | 44 | +2 | | 20 |
| 5 | Morton | 18 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 59 | 63 | 4 | | 19 |
| 6 | Abercorn | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 51 | 65 | 14 | | 18 |
| 6 | Airdrieonians | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 68 | 45 | +23 | | 18 |
| 8 | Partick Thistle | 18 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 50 | 62 | 12 | | 17 |
| 9 | Dundee Wanderers (R) | 17 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 44 | 86 | 42 | 9 | Resigned |
| 10 | Cowlairs (R) | 18 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 37 | 77 | 40 | | 7 |

Source: statto.com
Rules for classification: Teams finish equal if level on points. Points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## InfoBox

Scottish Division Two
| Season | 1894–95 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Hibernian |
| Promoted | Hibernian |
| 1893–94 1895–96 | |


title: East Torrens Messenger

abstract: East Torrens Messenger is a weekly suburban newspaper in Adelaide, part of the Messenger Newspapers group. The East Torrens' area is bounded by Hackney Road to the west, the River Torrens Valley to the north, Magill Road to the south and the Athelstone foothills in the east. The newspaper generally reports on events of interest in its distribution area, including the suburbs of Payneham, Magill, Athelstone and Paradise. It also covers the City of Campbelltown and City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. It has a circulation of 33,123 and a readership of 44,000.

text:
# East Torrens Messenger

***East Torrens Messenger*** is a weekly suburban newspaper in Adelaide, part of the Messenger Newspapers group. The *East Torrens'* area is bounded by Hackney Road to the west, the River Torrens Valley to the north, Magill Road to the south and the Athelstone foothills in the east.

The newspaper generally reports on events of interest in its distribution area, including the suburbs of Payneham, Magill, Athelstone and Paradise. It also covers the City of Campbelltown and City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters.

It has a circulation of 33,123 and a readership of 44,000.

## History

The *Payneham Messenger* was established in 1984. In 2000, the paper was renamed the *East Torrens Messenger*.

## InfoBox

| Type | Weekly suburban newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | News Limited |
| Editor | Chantelle Kroehn & Shannon Caton |
| Staff writers | Brittany Dupree |
| Founded | 1984 |
| Headquarters | 94 The Parade, Norwood, SA, Australia |
| Website | www.messengereast.com.au |


abstract: East Tipperary was a UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning one Member of Parliament from 1885 to 1922. Prior to the 1885 general election the area was part of the Tipperary. From 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, it was not represented in the UK Parliament.

text:
# East Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency)

**East Tipperary** was a UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning one Member of Parliament from 1885 to 1922. Prior to the 1885 general election the area was part of the Tipperary (UK Parliament constituency). From 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, it was not represented in the UK Parliament.

## Boundaries

This constituency comprised the eastern part of County Tipperary. In 1918, the boundaries were extended to include those parts of the urban districts of Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir that had been transferred to South Tipperary from County Waterford as a result of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.

**1885–1918**: The baronies of Iffa and Offa East and Middlethird, and that part of the barony of Slievardagh not contained within the constituency of Mid Tipperary.

**1918–1922**: The existing constituency of East Tipperary, together with that part of the existing East Waterford constituency contained in the administrative county of Tipperary.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | | Member | Party | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1885, December 1 | Thomas Condon | Irish Parliamentary | Party split |
|  | 1890, December | | Anti-Parnellite | Joined new organisation |
|  | 1891, March 1 | | Irish National Federation | Re-elected as an IPP candidate |
|  | 1900, October 2 | | Irish Parliamentary |  |
|  | 1918, December 14 | Pierce McCan | Sinn Féin | Did not take his seat at Westminster |
| 1919, March 6 | | *vacant* | | |
| *1922, October 26* | | *UK constituency abolished* | | |

Notes

## Elections

### Elections in the 1880s

1885 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish Parliamentary** | **Thomas Condon** | **4,064** | **95.5** |  |
|  | Irish Conservative | Fitzgibbon Trant | 192 | 4.5 |  |
| Majority | | | 3,872 | 91.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 4,256 | 61.7 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 6,899 |  |  |
|  | Irish Parliamentary **win** (new seat) | | | | |

1886 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish Parliamentary** | **Thomas Condon** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 6,899 |  |  |
|  | Irish Parliamentary **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1890s

1892 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish National Federation** | **Thomas Condon** | **2,998** | **77.1** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Irish National League | Patrick Richard Dennehy | 891 | 22.9 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 2,107 | 54.2 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 3,889 | 54.2 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 7,180 |  |  |
|  | Irish National Federation **gain** from Irish Parliamentary | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

1895 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish National Federation** | **Thomas Condon** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 6,521 |  |  |
|  | Irish National Federation **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1900s

1900 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish Parliamentary** | **Thomas Condon** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 6,366 |  |  |
|  | Irish Parliamentary **hold** | | | | |

1906 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish Parliamentary** | **Thomas Condon** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 5,279 |  |  |
|  | Irish Parliamentary **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1910s

January 1910 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish Parliamentary** | **Thomas Condon** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 5,610 |  |  |
|  | Irish Parliamentary **hold** | | | | |

December 1910 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Irish Parliamentary** | **Thomas Condon** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 5,610 |  |  |
|  | Irish Parliamentary **hold** | | | | |

1918 general election: East Tipperary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Sinn Féin** | **Pierce McCan** | **7,487** | **61.0** | ***New*** |
|  | Irish Parliamentary | Thomas Condon | 4,794 | 39.0 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 2,693 | 22.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 12,281 | 75.7 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 16,232 |  |  |
|  | Sinn Féin **gain** from Irish Parliamentary | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

1. Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). *Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922*. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 375, 396. ISBN 0901714127.

## InfoBox

| East Tipperary | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency
for the House of Commons | |
| 18851922 | |
| Seats | 1 |
| Created from | Tipperary |
| Replaced by | Waterford–Tipperary East |


title: Alvin Sella

abstract: Alvin Sella was an American painter and educator. He was a professor of art at the University of Alabama for more than four decades, and he received the Governor's Arts Award from the Alabama State Council on the Arts in 2009.

text:
# Alvin Sella

**Alvin Sella** (c. 1920 - April 8, 2013) was an American painter and educator. He was a professor of art at the University of Alabama for more than four decades, and he received the Governor's Arts Award from the Alabama State Council on the Arts in 2009.

## Life

Sella was born circa 1920 in West Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were immigrants from Italy. He was trained at the Yale School of Art, the Art Students League of New York, the Columbia University School of the Arts, Syracuse University's College of Fine Arts, and the University of New Mexico.

Sella began his career in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, where he painted from 1944 to 1947, and he exhibited his work at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City in 1946. He returned to the United States and became the chair of the Art department at Sullins College from 1948 to 1961. He subsequently joined the University of Alabama, where he taught painting and drawing more than four decades. His students included William Christenberry, Frank Fleming, and Thornton Willis.

Sella specialized in oil painting. His work was exhibited widely, including at the Meridian Museum of Art in Meridian, Mississippi in 1974. He received the Governor's Arts Award from the Alabama State Council on the Arts in 2009.

Sella died on April 8, 2013, in Tuscaloosa, at age 93. His funeral was held at St. Francis University Church, and he was buried at the Tuscaloosa Memorial Park.

## InfoBox

| Alvin Sella | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. August 30, 1919
West Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | April 8, 2013
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S. |
| Resting place | Tuscaloosa Memorial Park, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S. |
| Education | Yale School of Art
Art Students League of New York
Columbia University School of the Arts
Syracuse University's College of Fine Arts
University of New Mexico |
| Occupation(s) | Professor, painter |
| Spouse | Maria Zavala |


title: Echinoleucopis

abstract:
Echinoleucopis is a genus of flies belonging to the family Chamaemyiidae. Species:
  - Echinoleucopis bennetti Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001
  - Echinoleucopis ceroplastophaga
  - Echinoleucopis grioti Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001
  - Echinoleucopis iota Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001
  - Echinoleucopis lota Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001
  - Echinoleucopis macula Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001
  - Echinoleucopis nigrolinea Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001

text:
# Echinoleucopis

***Echinoleucopis*** is a genus of flies belonging to the family Chamaemyiidae.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Echinoleucopis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Chamaemyiidae |
| Tribe: | Leucopini |
| Genus: | *Echinoleucopis*<br>Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk, 2001 |
|


title: 155th Air Refueling Wing

abstract: The 155th Air Refueling Wing is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard, stationed at Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Nebraska. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.

text:
# 155th Air Refueling Wing

The **155th Air Refueling Wing (155 ARW)** is a unit of the Nebraska Air National Guard, stationed at Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Nebraska. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.

## Mission

The 155th operates the KC-135R Stratotanker, which is responsible for conducting air refueling missions around the world. The unit runs like an active duty base on a smaller scale.

Full-time Air Force Security Forces personnel patrol the base and provide security for the aircraft 24 hours a day while firefighter personnel are always on station and on call. The other units on the base usually operate during the day and are also staffed by Active Guard Reserve (AGR) or civilian Technician personnel.

## History

Established on 1 July 1960, by the Nebraska Air National Guard as an expansion of the 173d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, increased staffing was authorized by the National Guard Bureau to about 900 people. the 173d FIS had won the coveted Spaatz Trophy, as the Guard's finest flying unit in 1963, following second and third-place finishes in 1961 and 1962 respectively. In 1962, 1963 and 1964 the unit won its second, third and fourth Winston P. Wilson Trophies.

In May 1964 the mission of the Nebraska Air Guard changed from air defense to tactical reconnaissance using the RF-84 Thunderflash aircraft. The 173rd became the 173rd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and the 155th Fighter Group became the 155th Tactical Reconnaissance Group.

The first RF-4C Phantom II came to Lincoln in November 1971. In 1972 the unit began its conversion to the RF-4C from the RF-84F.

In April 1992 the unit was directed to convert to the KC-135R Stratotanker mission when the U.S. Air Force decided to begin retiring the last of the F-4 Phantom II aircraft. The conversion to the aerial refueling mission began in September 1993 with the arrival of the first KC-135R tanker. On 1 Oct. 1995, the unit was re-designated as the 155th Air Refueling Wing after achieving initial operational capability in the refueling mission three months early.

In April 1999, the unit flew its first combat missions. It was the first Air Guard tanker unit to be tasked with supporting Operation Allied Force, the NATO bombing campaign of Serbia and Kosovo. The unit successfully deployed two aircraft and more than 80 personnel to Germany in less than three days and soon became the lead unit for all American tanker operations from its German air base.

### Assistance

Along with its federal mission, the Nebraska unit is tasked with supporting the state government as well. Since its organization in 1946, it has answered the governor's call on numerous occasions including Operation Snowbound in early 1949 and a special call in May 1975 when 435 Air Guard members were activated to assist in securing a tornado ravaged area in Omaha. In November 1997, Air Guard members were once again called to state active duty to assist in helping Lincoln and neighboring communities recover from an early snowstorm that cut power to nearly one million Nebraskans as a part of Operation Bush Hog.

## Lineage

* Constituted as the **155th Fighter Group** (Air Defense) and allotted to the Air National Guard

Extended federal recognition and activated on 1 June 1960 Redesignated **155th Tactical Reconnaissance Group** on 1 May 1964 Redesignated **155th Reconnaissance Group** on 16 March 1992 Redesignated **155th Air Refueling Group** on 1 January 1994 Redesignated **155th Air Refueling Wing** on 1 October 1995

### Assignments

Gained by: Air Defense Command Gained by: Tactical Air Command, 1 May 1964 Gained by: Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 Gained by: Air Mobility Command, 1 January 1994 – Present

### Components

### Stations

### Aircraft

### Notes

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

* 155th Air Refueling Wing@globalsecurity.org
* History of the Nebraska Air National Guard
* Cornett, Lloyd H; Johnson, Mildred W (1980). *A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946–1980* (PDF). Peterson AFB, CO: Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
* Rogers, Brian (2005). *United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978*. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.

## InfoBox

| 155th Air Refueling Wing | |
| --- | --- |
| A 155th ARW KC-135R unloading cargo in 2005 | |
| Active | 1960-Present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Nebraska |
| Branch | Air National Guard |
| Type | Wing |
| Role | Air Refueling |
| Part of | Nebraska Air National Guard |
| Garrison/HQ | Lincoln Air National Guard Base, Nebraska |
| Nickname(s) | "Hustlin "Huskers" |
| Tail Code | White tail stripe with "Nebraska" in red lettering |
| Commanders | |
| Current<br>commander | Colonel John Williams |
| Insignia | |
| 155th Air Refueling Wing emblem |  |


title: Arabis auriculata

abstract: Arabis auriculata is a herbaceous, flowering plant from the family Brassicaceae. It flowers from March to July. Besides the type form, René Maire described the Arabis auriculata f. umbrosa form. The species Draba nuda has been described as resembling A. auriculata, being originally placed in its genus.

text:
# Arabis auriculata

***Arabis auriculata*** is a herbaceous, flowering plant from the family Brassicaceae. It flowers from March to July.

Besides the type form, René Maire described the *Arabis auriculata* f. *umbrosa* form.

The species *Draba nuda* has been described as resembling *A. auriculata*, being originally placed in its genus.

## Distribution

*Arabis auriculata* grows mostly in calcareous soil. It can be found in south and central Europe, west and center-west of Asia and some parts of northern Africa, being present on foothills between 500 and 2400 meters high. The plant used to be present in Portugal, but has been wiped out from the country. Belgium registers it as an invasive species.

## InfoBox

| *Arabis auriculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | *Arabis* |
| Species: | ***A. auriculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arabis auriculata***
Lam., 1783 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Arabis recta*
*Arabis malinvaldiana* | |


title: Augusto Batioja

abstract: Augusto Alexi Quintero Batioja is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bohemian Football League club Viktoria Žižkov.

text:
# Augusto Batioja

**Augusto Alexi Quintero Batioja** (born 4 May 1990) is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bohemian Football League club Viktoria Žižkov.

## Early career

Born in Guayaquil, he played as junior for several Ecuatorian clubs such as Modelo Sport, Manta, LDU Guayaquil and Barcelona SC. Still young, he debuted in the senior teams of both Manta and LDU Guayaquil.

## Europe

In 2008, he passed the trials and joined the youth system of Barcelona SC, before moving abroad in summer 2009 and joining Serbian club FK Novi Sad which was playing in the Serbian First League. In summer 2010 he moved to FK Inđija which had just been promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga. After only six months, he moved to another SuperLiga club, OFK Beograd where he stayed for two and a half seasons.

In summer 2013 he left OFK and joined Montenegrin First League side FK Mladost Podgorica however, as soon as Mladost was eliminated from the European competitions, Batioja was signed by Hungarian side Diósgyőri VTK. He played with Diósgyőr in the Hungarian championship during the 2013–14 season and has won with them the 2014 Hungarian League Cup. After one year in Hungary, he returned to Serbia and signed with SuperLiga side FK Radnički Niš coached by Dragoslav Stepanović. In winter 2015 he moved to Vysočina Jihlava.

## Honours

**Diósgyőr**

## InfoBox

Augusto Batioja
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Augusto Alexi Quintero Batioja | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-05-04) 4 May 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Guayaquil, Ecuador | | |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Viktoria Žižkov | | |
| Number | 18 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2005–2007 | Modelo Sport | | |
| 2007 | Manta | | |
| 2007–2009 | LDU Guayaquil | | |
| 2009 | Barcelona | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007 | Manta | 4 | (0) |
| 2007–2009 | LDU Guayaquil | 2 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Novi Sad | 23 | (6) |
| 2010–2011 | Inđija | 15 | (1) |
| 2011–2013 | OFK Beograd | 65 | (9) |
| 2013 | Mladost Podgorica | 3 | (0) |
| 2013–2014 | Diósgyőr | 19 | (2) |
| 2014–2015 | Radnički Niš | 12 | (1) |
| 2015–2017 | Jihlava | 40 | (1) |
| 2018– | Viktoria Žižkov | 167 | (34) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 June 2024 | | | |


title: Ed Knouff

abstract: Edward Augustine "Fred" Knouff was an American Major League Baseball pitcher from 1885 to 1889. He played for the Philadelphia Athletics, Baltimore Orioles, St. Louis Browns, and Cleveland Blues.

text:
# Ed Knouff

**Edward Augustine "Fred" Knouff** (June 1867 – September 14, 1900) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher from 1885 to 1889. He played for the Philadelphia Athletics, Baltimore Orioles, St. Louis Browns, and Cleveland Blues.

## Biography

Knouff started his professional baseball career in 1884, at the age of seventeen, with Newark of the Eastern League. He played in various leagues until 1892.

In 1897, Knouff was serving as a Philadelphia firefighter when he fell and broke his back. Doctors were unable to help him, and Knouff remained in a hospital until his death in 1900.

## InfoBox

| Ed Knouff | |
| --- | --- |
| 1887 baseball card of Knouff | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** June 1867
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Died:** September 14, 1900(1900-09-14) (aged 33)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 1, 1885, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 7, 1889, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 20–20 |
| Earned run average | 4.17 |
| Strikeouts | 128 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Arthrostylidium pubescens

abstract: Arthrostylidium pubescens is a species of Arthrostylidium bamboo in the grass family.

text:
# Arthrostylidium pubescens

***Arthrostylidium pubescens*** is a species of *Arthrostylidium* bamboo in the grass family.

## Distribution

*Arthrostylidium pubescens* is native to Puerto Rico and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Arthrostylidium pubescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | *Arthrostylidium* |
| Species: | ***A. pubescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arthrostylidium pubescens***<br>Rupr. | |
|


title: 'Splosion Man

abstract: 'Splosion Man is a 2.5D action platform video game developed by Twisted Pixel Games for the Xbox 360, available through the Xbox Live Arcade digital download service. It was released on July 22, 2009, as part of the Xbox Live Summer of Arcade. Players control 'Splosion Man, an escaped science experiment with the ability to explode himself repeatedly, as he works his way through obstacles and traps trying to exit the fictional laboratory known as Big Science. 'Splosion Man received positive reviews, and was voted by Xbox Live players as the Best Original XBLA Game of 2009. IGN listed the game eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. 'Splosion Man placed thirteenth overall in sales and as of year-end 2011 had sold over 487,000 units. A sequel, titled Ms. Splosion Man, was released on July 13, 2011.

text:
# 'Splosion Man

***'Splosion Man*** is a 2.5D action platform video game developed by Twisted Pixel Games for the Xbox 360, available through the Xbox Live Arcade digital download service. It was released on July 22, 2009, as part of the Xbox Live Summer of Arcade. Players control 'Splosion Man, an escaped science experiment with the ability to explode himself repeatedly, as he works his way through obstacles and traps trying to exit the fictional laboratory known as Big Science.

*'Splosion Man* received positive reviews, and was voted by Xbox Live players as the Best Original XBLA Game of 2009. IGN listed the game eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. *'Splosion Man* placed thirteenth overall in sales and as of year-end 2011 had sold over 487,000 units. A sequel, titled *Ms. Splosion Man*, was released on July 13, 2011.

## Gameplay

The game's title character, 'Splosion Man, was created by the fictional laboratory Big Science. The character is made entirely of explosive material. The aim of the game is to go through a series of levels consisting of puzzles, traps, and enemies to escape the facility. A splode is effectively a jump, and can also be used to kill enemies, demolish walls, detonate explosive barrels or trigger other effects. The character can explode up to three times in quick succession at which point he will need to take a breather to replenish his supply.

*'Splosion Man* includes a story mode consisting of fifty levels, including three bosses, as well as up to four-player cooperative gameplay, with fifty coop-exclusive levels. When playing cooperatively the players are each presented in a different color to distinguish them from others. All players share the same screen which zooms in and out according to how close players are to one another. The game does not contain any usable items, but hidden in each level is a cake which can be consumed for extra points or achievements.

## Development and marketing

Pre-production for *'Splosion Man* began in early 2008, coinciding with winding down of development of *The Maw*, another Twisted Pixel Games title. The pre-production began in order to keep the team working on a title once *The Maw* was completed. Production began in December 2008, and development began in January 2009. In April 1, Twisted Pixel released a press announcement that a new game called *'Splosion Man* would be released onto the Xbox Live Arcade. The next day, Twisted Pixel confirmed that the game wasn't an April Fool's Day hoax and that it would be released later in the year. It was featured at the 2009 PAX convention at Twisted Pixel's booth. *'Splosion Man* was released for Xbox Live Arcade on July 22. It was the first of five titles to be released as part of Microsoft's Summer of Arcade for the Xbox 360. The developers specifically timed the development cycle so in hopes that it would be one of the titles included.

The premise for *'Splosion Man* spawned from a random idea proposed by Sean Riley, one of the developers involved in the game. His idea was to develop a game about "a guy who splodes in a world only made of glass". The team joked about the concept until it eventually progressed into a full-fledged video game. *'Splosion Man* was made a downloadable title due its simplicity in comparison to creating a retail game. The developers stated that practically any platform game may have had some influence on *'Splosion Man*, though they credited *Earthworm Jim* for his sense of humor and Sonic the Hedgehog when comparing a sense of speed. The concept art was drawn by retired concept artist Jerome Crackershack, which was picked up by Dave Leung. Leung later became the art lead and, in the words of *'Splosion Man* director James Bear, "ran with \[it\] and brought \[it\] to life". Bear explained that the game's humor was not a big part of the pre-development process, and that they "just wanted to make an awesome game". The "Way of the Coward" mode, which allowed players to skip a stage by dying enough times in a row, was added so players could experience the whole game. Using this mode also garbs the protagonist with a pink tutu.

*'Splosion Man* is the first title to provide Avatar Awards to players of the game. Twisted Pixel has no plans to port *'Splosion Man* to other consoles. While no traditional downloadable content was released for the game, two exclusive levels were later included in Twisted Pixel's *Comic Jumper: The Adventures of Captain Smiley* and can be unlocked through gameplay.

## Reception

*'Splosion Man* received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Reviewers generally praised the game's humor, simplicity, and inexpensive price. Brett Todd of GameSpot called *'Splosion Man* "one of the most original platformers to come down the road in a while", adding the price was "very reasonable". IGN reviewer Daemon Hatfield also lauded the game's humor, gameplay and personality, adding "not a moment goes by without seeing something new and exciting". The level design, overall gameplay length and personality were high points for Eduardo Reboucas of Game Revolution, who continued with stating that the game was "easy to play, hard to master". *Eurogamer*'s Dan Whitehead enjoyed the game overall, but occasional repetitive level design and some minor control issues. GamesRadar+'s Nathan Meunier enjoyed the game overall, also citing the comical musical score, but shared the feeling that the level design becomes repetitive.

*411Mania* gave it a favorable review and said: "For 800 Microsoft Points, this game offers a lot of fun and enjoyment, both by yourself and with friends. Whether it is trying to beat levels, find hidden cakes or beat the par time, there is a lot to do in this game. For such a simplistic game on the surface, there is a lot to be had here, and this is one of the hidden gems in the Summer of Arcade games. Definitely try this game, but this game is really worth the price of admission." *The A.V. Club*'s Samantha Nelson gave it a B+ and wrote: "Unlike many platformers that are packed with button-pressing combos to master, *'Splosion Man* revels in simplicity. As the game manual expressly states, every button on your controller makes you do the same thing: 'splode'." In contrast, *Teletext GameCentral*'s Roger Hargreaves gave it seven out of ten, saying that, "Like any good firework\[s\] display this fun platformer retains its charm even after the novelty runs out."

It was voted by the Xbox Live community as the Best Original Xbox Live Arcade Game of 2009. In August 2009 *Shadow Complex* developer Donald Mustard praised the quality of recent downloadable games, specifically mentioning *'Splosion Man* for how unique it and others are. In a September 2010 ranking, *IGN* listed *'Splosion Man* eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. By October 2011, that rank had dropped to fifteenth.

### Sales

*'Splosion Man* was a commercial success, along with the four other Summer of Arcade titles. A Microsoft Australia representative stated that all five of these titles would have made the top 10 best-selling games in Australia in their first week of release. It launched as the second best-selling game in the week of July 20, 2009, with over 70,000 players. It ranked third in the following week. It was the fifth best-selling Xbox Live Arcade title during the week of August 10, 2009. It later appeared at number eight during the week of August 24. The game placed thirteenth overall 2009 sales. As of January 2011, *'Splosion Man* had sold over 390,000 units. As of year-end 2011 it had moved to over 487,000 units.

## Sequel

Twisted Pixel Games developed a sequel to *'Splosion Man* titled *Ms. Splosion Man*. The female version of 'Splosion Man was selected, according to Josh Bear of Twisted Pixel Games, as part of an underlying homage to *Ms. Pac-Man*. It was Bear's opinion that *Ms. Pac-Man* was an improvement on *Pac-Man* and *Ms. Splosion Man* is likewise meant to be an advancement on *'Splosion Man*. It was released on July 13, 2011.

## Controversy

In January 2011, Capcom released an iOS game entitled *MaXplosion*, which featured several similarities to *'Splosion Man*, including the same game mechanics. Twisted Pixel programmer Mike Henry said he believed the game to be "a complete theft". Twisted Pixel CEO Michael Wilford also pointed out that Twisted Pixel Games had once pitched *'Splosion Man* to Capcom, but the game was rejected. Wilford later explained that the pitch to Capcom was presented to the US branch of the company, and that the UK division handles all mobile game development. He stated that it was unlikely that Capcom US passed on the game pitch to Capcom UK. Twisted Pixel did not plan to take legal action against Capcom. Capcom responded to the allegations saying that the game was developed independently by Capcom Mobile, a different division from the one that had discussions with Twisted Pixel, and the game's similarities to *'Splosion Man* was a coincidence. Twisted Pixel included a hidden jab towards Capcom in the game's sequel, *Ms. Splosion Man*. Upon finding a secret area the character Star from *Comic Jumper: The Adventures of Captain Smiley* notices similarities to other games, calling it "a ripoff". The character then states "Who made this game? Capcom?"

## InfoBox

| 'Splosion Man | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Twisted Pixel Games |
| Publisher(s) | Microsoft Games Studios |
| Engine | Beard |
| Platform(s) | Xbox 360 |
| Release | July 22, 2009 |
| Genre(s) | Action, platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


abstract: The men's 20 kilometres race walk at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, on 30 August 1978.

text:
# 1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 20 kilometres walk

The **men's 20 kilometres race walk** at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, on 30 August 1978.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Roland Wieser
*East Germany* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Pyotr Pochenchuk
*Soviet Union* |
| **Bronze** | Anatoliy Solomin
*Soviet Union* |

## Results

### Final

30 August

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Roland Wieser | East Germany | 1:23:11.5 | **CR** |
|  | Pyotr Pochenchuk | Soviet Union | 1:23:43.0 |  |
|  | Anatoliy Solomin | Soviet Union | 1:24:11.5 |  |
| 4 | Boris Yakovlev | Soviet Union | 1:24:27.9 |  |
| 5 | José Marín | Spain | 1:24:38.1 |  |
| 6 | Maurizio Damilano | Italy | 1:24:57.5 |  |
| 7 | Hartwig Gauder | East Germany | 1:25:15.7 |  |
| 8 | Roberto Buccione | Italy | 1:25:40.9 |  |
| 9 | Bohdan Bułakowski | Poland | 1:25:56.8 |  |
| 10 | Bo Gustafsson | Sweden | 1:26:13.5 |  |
| 11 | Gérard Lelièvre | France | 1:26:42.3 |  |
| 12 | Alessandro Pezzatini | Italy | 1:26:44.2 |  |
| 13 | Juraj Benčík | Czechoslovakia | 1:27:47.4 |  |
| 14 | Svetozár Blažek | Czechoslovakia | 1:27:49.3 |  |
| 15 | Lucien Faber | Luxembourg | 1:29:19.7 |  |
| 16 | Stanisław Rola | Poland | 1:29:22.0 |  |
| 17 | Imre Stankovics | Hungary | 1:29:33.3 |  |
| 18 | Štefan Petrík | Czechoslovakia | 1:30:08.4 |  |
| 19 | Owe Hemmingsson | Sweden | 1:30:44.2 |  |
| 20 | Alfons Schwarz | West Germany | 1:31:17.6 |  |
| 21 | Roger-George Mills | Great Britain | 1:31:52.5 |  |
| 22 | Yancho Kamenov | Bulgaria | 1:32:08.9 |  |
| 23 | Erling Andersen | Norway | 1:32:13.0 |  |
| 24 | Alf Brandt | Sweden | 1:32:41.7 |  |
| 25 | Brian Adams | Great Britain | 1:33:08.2 |  |
| 26 | Amos Seddom | Great Britain | 1:34:17.8 |  |
| 27 | Knut Arne Strømøy | Norway | 1:36:01.9 |  |
|  | Dominique Guebey | France | DNF |  |
|  | Karl-Heinz Stadtmüller | East Germany | DQ |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 29 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's 20 kilometres walk
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


abstract: The 1904–05 Oregon Agricultural Aggies women's basketball team represented Oregon Agricultural College during the 1904–05 academic year. It was the seventh academic year in which an organized women's team played games on behalf of OAC. The team was independent of any organized athletic conference and scheduled its games on an ad hoc basis. The team played a game in January 1905 reckoned by one local newspaper to be the largest crowd to ever see a basketball game in the history of OAC. Based upon newspaper accounts, the 1904–05 OAC team ended with a record of 6 wins and 2 losses, losing to neighboring Albany College in a state championship game held in Portland in March.

text:
# 1904–05 Oregon Agricultural Aggies women's basketball team

The **1904–05 Oregon Agricultural Aggies women's basketball team** represented Oregon Agricultural College (OAC, today's Oregon State University) during the 1904–05 academic year. It was the seventh academic year in which an organized women's team played games on behalf of OAC.

The team was independent of any organized athletic conference and scheduled its games on an ad hoc basis. The team played a game in January 1905 reckoned by one local newspaper to be the largest crowd to ever see a basketball game in the history of OAC.

Based upon newspaper accounts, the 1904–05 OAC team ended with a record of 6 wins and 2 losses, losing to neighboring Albany College in a state championship game held in Portland in March.

## Team history

### December 1904

In December 1904, the OAC women's basketball team traveled to Southern Oregon to play a back-to-back pair of games. On Friday, December 16, the team played in Cottage Grove, where they won by a score of 13 to 7. The following night the team took the floor against a badly overmatched Roseburg team, whom they drubbed by the lopsided score of 42–5.

### January 1905

On Friday, January 20, 1905, the Aggies faced off against the Lebanon High School girls team in front of a large crowd at the OAC Armory. A local news account noted that this event marked the first appearance of the OAC women's squad in the armory in two years, which generated a higher-than-anticipated level of interest. OAC dominated the contest, taking a 12–2 lead into halftime en route to a 25–5 victory. About 400 fans were in attendance to the see the victory over the Lebanon girls — a crowd reckoned by the local press as "probably the largest that ever attended a basket ball game at the college."

### February 1905

On February 11, the OAC women defeated a girls' team from the Chemawa Indian School, a boarding high school for Native American students located in Salem. Once again a "large crowd" was in attendance at the OAC Armory to see the Aggies take down the visitors by a score of 16 to 6. Students from neighboring Albany were in attendance and two home-and-home games were hastily organized between the Albany women and OAC.

The first game of the home-and-home battle against Albany College, known today as Lewis & Clark College, took place at OAC Armory on Thursday, February 16. Fully 100 people made the trip from Albany to see the contest, with a sizeable Corvallis contingent also turning out to make the crowd "a good one." The Aggies women won by the narrow score of 4 to 3. One local newspaper remarked for its readers that "the teams were so evenly matched that scoring was impossible. This fact made it certain from the opening of play that a bit of good luck might throw the result either way, and every movement of the ball was watched with almost breathless interest."

The game opened with Albany making a free throw on a foul to open up a 1–0 lead, in what would prove to be Albany's only lead of the night. OAC answered a minute or two later making a foul shot of their own to tie the score. "Then for a while the ball surged back and forth from one goal to the other, with honors fairly even" until OAC captain Mertie Harrington made a basket from the field, enabling OAC to take a 3 to 1 halftime lead. Albany guard Gertrude Bussard hit a shot to tie the score in the second half — and "the interest, which had all along been at high pitch, now assumed a tension seldom seen," a commentator remarked. A late foul shot was rolled in by OAC, sealing the narrow 4–3 victory.

A game against Willamette University was scheduled for the OAC Armory on the following night, Friday, February 17. The contest was won by the OAC women by a score of 9 to 5, with the Aggies' scoring powered by three field goals by center Una Stewart and a bucket by forward Edna Smith. The night was shared with the OAC men's team, who demolished their Willamette counterparts by a score of 22 to 3. "The crowd in attendance was the largest of the season, which by the way has been a season of unprecedented basket ball crowds. The receipts of Friday nights game was above $125," one local newspaper approvingly noted.

A special train leaving Corvallis at 6:30 pm was arranged for local fans interested in making the trip to neighboring Albany for the rematch against Albany College on Saturday night, February 25. Two of the OAC regulars were ill and their places filled by substitutes. In the game at the Albany Armory, played before a packed house, the home team took a 10–5 lead to halftime, en route to an 18–13 victory over OAC. A third and deciding game between the two top teams in the state was planned to be held on a neutral court in Portland. The winner of the "rubber" was to be proclaimed as Oregon state women's basketball champions.

### March 1905

After a bit of wrangling between the two sides, the Portland YMCA was chosen as the neutral site and March 10 as the date for the deciding third game between Albany College and Oregon Agricultural College in what was reckoned as the Oregon state championship of women's basketball. A pair of neutral officials were decided upon by the respective managers of the teams, neither of which would have a personal interest in the outcome.

The game began at 6:00 pm. A large crowd was in attendance, including a number of former residents of Albany.

The orange-and-black took a 9 to 5 lead to halftime, but in the second half Albany College star guard Gertie Bussard got hot and pulled out the victory, with Albany outscoring OAC 15 to 5 in the period en route to a 20–14 victory. Bussard was clearly the player of the game, finishing with three field goals and six makes from the free throw line, accounting for more than half of Albany's scoring in the winning effort.

## Roster

According to the local press the following were members of the 1904–05 OAC women's team:

### Starters

* Mertie Harrington (forward — captain)
* Edna Smith (forward)
* Una Stewart (center)
* Francis Gellatly (guard)
* Agnes Sweek (guard)

### Reserves

* Luella Van Cleve
* Elma Edwards

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1904–05 Season | | | | | | | | |
| December 16, 1904
 |  | Cottage Grove | **W** 13–7 | 1-0
 |
Cottage Grove, Oregon |
| December 18, 1904
 |  | Roseburg High School | **W** 42–5 | 2–0
 |
Roseburg, Oregon |
| January 20, 1905
 |  | Lebanon High School | **W** 25–5 | 3–0
 | OAC Armory
Corvallis, Oregon |
| February 11, 1905
 |  | Chemawa Indian School | **W** 16–6 | 4–0
 | OAC Armory
Corvallis, Oregon |
| February 16, 1905
 |  | Albany College | **W** 4–3 | 5–0
 | OAC Armory
Corvallis, OR |
| February 17, 1905
 |  | Willamette University | **W** 9–5 | 6–0
 | OAC Armory
Corvallis, Oregon |
| February 25, 1905
 |  | Albany College | **L** 13–18 | 6–1
 |
Albany, Oregon |
| March 10, 1905
 |  | Albany College | **L** 14–20 | 6–2
 | Portland YMCA
Portland, Oregon |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Footnotes


abstract: The 1977–78 Miami Redskins men's basketball team represent Miami University in the 1977–78 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Redskins, led by 8th-year head coach Darrell Hedric, played their home games at Millett Hall in Oxford, Ohio as members of the Mid-American Conference. The team finished atop the conference regular season standings to earn a bid to the NCAA tournament. As the No. 3 automatic qualifying seed in the Mideast region, Miami defeated defending NCAA champion Marquette in the opening round before losing to eventual National champion Kentucky, 91–69, in the Sweet Sixteen.

text:
# 1977–78 Miami Redskins men's basketball team

1977–78 Mid-American Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 19 Miami (Ohio) | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |  |  | 19 |  | 9 |  | .679 |
| Toledo | 11 |  | 5 |  | .688 |  |  | 21 |  | 6 |  | .778 |
| Central Michigan | 11 |  | 5 |  | .688 |  |  | 16 |  | 10 |  | .615 |
| Bowling Green State | 10 |  | 6 |  | .625 |  |  | 12 |  | 15 |  | .444 |
| Northern Illinois | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 11 |  | 16 |  | .407 |
| Eastern Michigan | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 11 |  | 16 |  | .407 |
| Ohio | 6 |  | 10 |  | .375 |  |  | 13 |  | 14 |  | .481 |
| Ball State | 6 |  | 10 |  | .375 |  |  | 10 |  | 15 |  | .400 |
| Western Michigan | 4 |  | 12 |  | .250 |  |  | 7 |  | 20 |  | .259 |
| Kent State | 4 |  | 12 |  | .250 |  |  | 6 |  | 21 |  | .222 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1977–78 Miami Redskins men's basketball team** represent Miami University in the 1977–78 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Redskins, led by 8th-year head coach Darrell Hedric, played their home games at Millett Hall in Oxford, Ohio as members of the Mid-American Conference. The team finished atop the conference regular season standings to earn a bid to the NCAA tournament. As the No. 3 automatic qualifying seed in the Mideast region, Miami defeated defending NCAA champion Marquette in the opening round before losing to eventual National champion Kentucky, 91–69, in the Sweet Sixteen.

## Roster

| 1977–78 Miami RedHawks men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  44 Archie Aldridge 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)  Sr Middletown, Ohio | Head coach Assistant coach(es)  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 30, 1977*
 |  | Otterbein | **W** 62–61 | 1–0
 | Millett Hall
Oxford, Ohio |
| Dec 3, 1977*
 |  | Xavier | **W** 62–61 | 2–0
 | Millett Hall
Oxford, Ohio |
| Dec 6, 1977*
 |  | at No. 7 Cincinnati | **L** 60–61 | 2–1
 | Riverfront Coliseum
Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 10, 1977
 |  | Ball State | **W** 73–68 OT | 3–1
(1–0) | Millett Hall
Oxford, Ohio |
| Dec 13, 1977*
 |  | Wright State | **W** 73–69 | 4–1
 | Millett Hall
Oxford, Ohio |
| Dec 21, 1977*
 |  | at Purdue | **W** 84–80 OT | 5–1
 | Mackey Arena
West Lafayette, Indiana |
| Dec 27, 1977*
 |  | vs. Texas A&M
*All-College Tournament* | **W** 79–68 | 6–1
 | Myriad Convention Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| Dec 29, 1977*
 |  | vs. No. 19 San Francisco
*All-College Tournament* | **L** 88–91 | 6–2
 | Myriad Convention Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| Dec 30, 1977*
 |  | vs. Boston College
*All-College Tournament* | **L** 76–81 | 6–3
 | Myriad Convention Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| MAC regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 4, 1978
 |  | at Ball State | **W** 74–67 | 18–8
(12–4) | Irving Gymnasium
Muncie, Indiana |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 11, 1978*
 |  | vs. No. 3 Marquette
*First round* | **W** 84–81 OT | 19–8
 | Market Square Arena (16,519)
Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Mar 16, 1978*
 | No. 19 | vs. No. 1 Kentucky
*Mideast Regional Semifinal – Sweet Sixteen* | **L** 69–91 | 19–9
 | UD Arena
Dayton, Ohio |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
ME=Mideast.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

Source

## Rankings

## Awards and honors

## InfoBox

| 1977–78 Miami Redskins men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MAC champions | |
| NCAA tournament, Sweet Sixteen | |
| Conference | Mid-American Conference |
| Ranking | |
| AP | No. 19 |
| Record | 19–9 (12–4 MAC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Millett Hall |
|


title: 1975 Currie Cup

abstract: The 1975 Currie Cup was the 37th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa. The tournament was won by Northern Transvaal for the eighth time; they beat Free State 12–6 in the final in Bloemfontein.

text:
# 1975 Currie Cup

The **1975 Currie Cup** was the 37th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.

The tournament was won by Northern Transvaal for the eighth time; they beat Free State 12–6 in the final in Bloemfontein.

## Fixtures and Results

### Final

|  | 1975 | Free State | 6 - 12 | Northern Transvaal | Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  | Referee: Justus Moolman |

## InfoBox

| 1975 Currie Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Countries | South Africa |
| Champions | Northern Transvaal (8th title) |
| Runners-up | Free State |
|  | |


title: 1975 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré

abstract: The 1975 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré was the 27th edition of the cycle race and was held from 2 June to 9 June 1975. The race started in Annecy and finished in Avignon. The race was won by Bernard Thévenet of the Peugeot team.

text:
# 1975 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré

The **1975 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré** was the 27th edition of the cycle race and was held from 2 June to 9 June 1975. The race started in Annecy and finished in Avignon. The race was won by Bernard Thévenet of the Peugeot team.

## Teams

Ten teams, containing a total of 100 riders, participated in the race:

## Route

Stage characteristics and winners
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| P | 2 June | Annecy | 8 km (5.0 mi) |  | Team time trial | Filotex |
| 1 | 3 June | Annecy to Mâcon | 213 km (132 mi) |  |  | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 2a | 3 June | Mâcon to Le Creusot | 93 km (58 mi) |  |  | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 2b | 4 June | Le Creusot to Montceau-les-Mines | 113 km (70 mi) |  |  | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 3 | 5 June | Montceau-les-Mines to Saint-Étienne | 207 km (129 mi) |  |  | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 4 | 6 June | Saint-Étienne to Valence | 149 km (93 mi) |  |  | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |
| 5 | 7 June | Romans to Grenoble | 216 km (134 mi) |  |  | Bernard Thévenet (FRA) |
| 6 | 8 June | Grenoble to Briançon | 185 km (115 mi) |  |  | Michel Pollentier (BEL) |
| 7a | 9 June | Veynes to Avignon | 153 km (95 mi) |  |  | Sigfrido Fontanelli (ITA) |
| 7b | 9 June | Avignon | 30 km (19 mi) |  | Individual time trial | Freddy Maertens (BEL) |

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Bernard Thévenet (FRA) Peugeot–BP–Michelin 35h 39' 36"  2  Francesco Moser (ITA) Filotex \+ 4' 57"  3  Joop Zoetemelk (NED) Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson \+ 4' 57"  4  Raymond Poulidor (FRA) Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson \+ 5' 07"  5  Lucien Van Impe (BEL) Gitane–Campagnolo \+ 5' 34"  6  Jean-Pierre Danguillaume (FRA) Peugeot–BP–Michelin \+ 6' 41"  7  Raymond Delisle (FRA) Peugeot–BP–Michelin \+ 7' 56"  8  Georges Talbourdet (FRA) Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson \+ 10' 15"  9  André Romero (FRA) Jobo–Wolber–Sablière \+ 10' 44"  10  Eddy Merckx (BEL) Molteni–RYC \+ 10' 44" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1975 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 2–9 June 1975 |
| Stages | 7 + Prologue |
| Distance | 1,367 km (849.4 mi) |
| Winning time | 35h 39' 36" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Bernard Thévenet (FRA)  (Peugeot–BP–Michelin)  Second  Francesco Moser (ITA)  (Filotex)  Third  Joop Zoetemelk (NED)  (Gan–Mercier–Hutchinson)   ---  Points  Freddy Maertens (BEL)  (Carpenter–Confortluxe–Flandria)  Mountains  Lucien Van Impe (BEL)  (Gitane–Campagnolo)  Team Peugeot–BP–Michelin | |
|