title: Doctor Who specials (2008–2010)

abstract: The 2008–2010 specials of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who are series of five specials that linked the programme's fourth and fifth series. The specials were produced in lieu of a full series in 2009, to allow the new production team for the programme enough time to prepare for the fifth series in 2010, in light of Russell T Davies's decision to step down as showrunner, with Steven Moffat taking his place in the fifth series. Preceded by the 2008 Christmas Special, "The Next Doctor", the first special, "Planet of the Dead", was aired on 11 April 2009, the second special "The Waters of Mars", was aired on 15 November 2009, with the last special, the two-part episode "The End of Time", broadcasting over two weeks on 25 December 2009 and 1 January 2010. The specials started production in April 2008 for "The Next Doctor", and filming for "The End of Time" began in March 2009. Two supplemental episodes were also filmed alongside the specials. "Music of the Spheres" was filmed for the 2008 Doctor Who Prom in July 2008, and the animated six-episode serial Dreamland was produced for the BBC's Red Button service, which was released over six consecutive days in November 2009. Midway through the sequence of specials, production switched to filming in high-definition. The specials included appearances of one-off companions, portrayed by David Morrissey, Velile Tshabalala, Michelle Ryan, Lindsay Duncan and Bernard Cribbins, as well as featuring cast from previous seasons, including Catherine Tate, Billie Piper, Freema Agyeman, Noel Clarke, John Barrowman, Elisabeth Sladen and John Simm. The two-part episode "The End of Time" was the last episode of Doctor Who to feature David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor until the 2013 special "The Day of the Doctor", and the last episode of Doctor Who to have Davies as the showrunner and head writer until the end of the 2022 special "The Power of the Doctor, where Tennant would begin appearing as the Fourteenth Doctor.

text:
# Doctor Who specials (2008–2010)

The 2008–2010 specials of the British science fiction television programme *Doctor Who* are series of five specials that linked the programme's fourth and fifth series. The specials were produced in lieu of a full series in 2009, to allow the new production team for the programme enough time to prepare for the fifth series in 2010, in light of Russell T Davies's decision to step down as showrunner, with Steven Moffat taking his place in the fifth series. Preceded by the 2008 Christmas Special, "The Next Doctor", the first special, "Planet of the Dead", was aired on 11 April 2009, the second special "The Waters of Mars", was aired on 15 November 2009, with the last special, the two-part episode "The End of Time", broadcasting over two weeks on 25 December 2009 and 1 January 2010.

The specials started production in April 2008 for "The Next Doctor", and filming for "The End of Time" began in March 2009. Two supplemental episodes were also filmed alongside the specials. "Music of the Spheres" was filmed for the 2008 *Doctor Who* Prom in July 2008, and the animated six-episode serial *Dreamland* was produced for the BBC's Red Button service, which was released over six consecutive days in November 2009. Midway through the sequence of specials (commencing with "Planet of the Dead"), production switched to filming in high-definition.

The specials included appearances of one-off companions, portrayed by David Morrissey, Velile Tshabalala, Michelle Ryan, Lindsay Duncan and Bernard Cribbins, as well as featuring cast from previous seasons, including Catherine Tate, Billie Piper, Freema Agyeman, Noel Clarke, John Barrowman, Elisabeth Sladen and John Simm. The two-part episode "The End of Time" was the last episode of *Doctor Who* to feature David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor until the 2013 special "The Day of the Doctor", and the last episode of *Doctor Who* to have Davies as the showrunner and head writer until the end of the 2022 special "The Power of the Doctor, where Tennant would begin appearing as the Fourteenth Doctor.

## Episodes

"The End of Time" was the first two-part episode with an overall title and episode numbers since *Survival* in season 26, the final serial broadcast during the series' original run. It is one of only two stories in the revival era to do this, the other being "Spyfall" (2020).

| No.
story | No.
special | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | UK viewers
(millions) | AI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 199 | 1 | "The Next Doctor" | Andy Goddard | Russell T Davies | 25 December 2008 (2008-12-25) | 4.14 | 13.10 | 86 |
| The Tenth Doctor lands in Victorian London and, overhearing cries for help, encounters a man calling himself "the Doctor" and his companion Rosita Farisi attempting to capture a Cybershade, which escapes. The Doctor initially believes this man is a future incarnation of himself suffering from amnesia. The man is investigating a series of disappearances around London and the Cybershades. They discover Cybermen data-storage infostamps, which the man recalls holding when he lost his memories. The Doctor realises that the man is actually Jackson Lake, a missing human who believed he was the Doctor due to absorbing the data of infostamp about the Doctor. The Cybermen have constructed, using child labour, a "CyberKing" (a giant mechanical Cyberman), using their human ally Miss Hartigan as its controller. The Doctor discovers another entrance to the Cybermen's base under Jackson's house. The Doctor, Jackson, and Rosita manage to rescue the children, including Jackson's son. The CyberKing rampages over London. The Doctor uses the infostamps to sever Hartigan's connection to the CyberKing. The emotional feedback destroys both the Cybermen and Hartigan. Using technology from Jackson's cellar, the Doctor sucks the toppling CyberKing into the Time Vortex. | | | | | | | | |
| 200 | 2 | "Planet of the Dead" | James Strong | Russell T Davies & Gareth Roberts | 11 April 2009 (2009-04-11) | 4.15 | 9.75 | 88 |
| Lady Christina de Souza, a thief, steals an ancient gold chalice and catches a bus with the Doctor just before the bus passes through a wormhole and ends up on the desert planet San Helios. The Doctor contacts UNIT to return the other passengers safely to Earth. The Doctor and Christina scout ahead, while the others attempt to repair the bus, and are taken to a wrecked spaceship by two alien Tritovores. The Doctor realises that a swarm of stingray-like aliens that feed by destroying the ecosystem is approaching them. The spaceship is revealed to have been crashed by the stingrays, who kill the Tritovores. The Doctor then realises that the wormhole was created by the stingrays to move to their next feeding planet; Earth. With the swarm nearly on them, the Doctor uses technology from the spaceship and the chalice to enable the bus to fly. They fly back through the wormhole just as UNIT close it, but not before three stingrays get through, which UNIT quickly kill. Christina is arrested but the Doctor allows her to escape using the bus. Carmen, a passenger who is slightly psychic, tells the Doctor "He will knock four times" before his death, unnerving him. | | | | | | | | |
| 201 | 3 | "The Waters of Mars" | Graeme Harper | Russell T Davies & Phil Ford | 15 November 2009 (2009-11-15) | 4.16 | 10.32 | 88 |
| The Doctor arrives on Mars in 2059, near humanity's first Martian colony, "Bowie Base One". He arrives at the base, where he is detained by Captain Adelaide Brooke. As the crew interrogate him, he discovers that today, the base will explode, killing the entire crew. He tries to stay uninvolved, but Adelaide forces him to assist. Two crewmen appear to be in a zombie-like state, generating copious amounts of water. With the remaining crew uninfected, Adelaide orders the crew to evacuate to their rocket back to Earth while setting the base to self-destruct. The Doctor explains to Adelaide what he knows and why he cannot get involved, and begins to leave. Ed, the rocket's pilot, is infected, and sacrifices himself by causing the rocket to self-destruct, stranding the remaining crew. The Doctor rescues Adelaide and the two surviving crew, Yuri and Mia. He returns them to Earth. The Doctor insists that he has the power to change the future of the human race and no-one can stop him; Adelaide returns home and kills herself, leaving history mostly unchanged. Ood Sigma appears; the Doctor asks if it is time for him to die, but Sigma vanishes. | | | | | | | | |
| 202a | 4 | "The End of Time  Part One" | Euros Lyn | Russell T Davies | 25 December 2009 (2009-12-25) | 4.17 | 12.04 | 87 |
| On the Ood-Sphere in 4226, the Ood warn the Doctor that the Master has returned, heralding "the end of time". On Earth, a cult of women resurrect the Master, but Lucy Saxon sabotages the ceremony, causing the Master to be brought back with incredible strength and constant hunger. Arriving back on Earth on Christmas Eve, the Doctor encounters Wilfred. The Doctor finds the Master at wastelands outside London, and learns that the Master has been suffering from hearing the sound of drums. The Master is taken by armed troops and placed in custody of Joshua Naismith. Naismith has recovered a broken alien "Immortality Gate" and wants the Master to fix its programming. The Doctor regroups with Wilfred; a woman in white warns Wilfred to arm himself before departing. At Naismith's mansion, the Doctor and Wilfred meet two Vinvocci disguised as humans, who assert the Gate is a harmless medical device. The Master activates the Gate, which he has reprogrammed to replace all of humankind's DNA with his own; only Wilfred and Donna are unchanged, and Donna remembers the Doctor. Elsewhere, the President of the Time Lords, Rassilon, asserts their plan to bring back the Time Lords. | | | | | | | | |
| 202b | 5 | "The End of Time  Part Two" | Euros Lyn | Russell T Davies | 1 January 2010 (2010-01-01) | 4.18 | 12.27 | 89 |
| The Doctor and Wilfred become fugitives from the Master and his duplicates, and take refuge on a spacecraft. The Lord President implants the sound of drums (revealed to be a Time Lord's heartbeat) in the Master's head as a child. He also creates a whitepoint star that allows the Time Lords to bring Gallifrey to Earth, inadvertently releasing the horrors of the Time War alongside it. The Lord President and other Time Lords appear in Naismith's mansion. The Doctor jumps from the spacecraft into Naismith's mansion. He debates shooting the Master or the President, who plans to destroy the Time Vortex and the universe so that the Time Lords can become beings of pure consciousness. The Doctor fires the gun at the whitepoint star, shattering it. As Gallifrey is pulled back, Rassilon attempts to kill the Doctor, but the Master intervenes, restoring humanity. The Doctor finds Wilfred is trapped in one of the Gate's control rooms that is about to be flooded by radiation. The Doctor absorbs the radiation, but knows that the radiation has triggered his regeneration. After returning Wilfred home, the Doctor visits past companions. Inside his TARDIS, the Doctor regenerates into his eleventh incarnation (Matt Smith). | | | | | | | | |

### Supplemental episodes

"Music of the Spheres" was filmed for the 2008 *Doctor Who* Prom, and the animated six-episode serial *Dreamland* was produced for the BBC's Red Button service.

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Music of the Spheres" | Euros Lyn | Russell T Davies | 27 July 2008 (2008-07-27) |
| The beginning of the episode depicts the Tenth Doctor composing *Ode to the Universe*: a symphony based on the "music of the spheres"—an aural representation of the Universe's gravity patterns. During the composition, a Graske teleports into the TARDIS to warn the Doctor about the imminent opening of a portal linking the TARDIS to the *Doctor Who* Prom at the Royal Albert Hall. The Doctor conducts the orchestra in a performance before he realises the Graske has escaped into the Prom with his water pistol. He forces the Graske's return by "reversing the polarity of the neutron flow" and banishes him from the TARDIS and to the other side of the universe. At the end of the episode, he tells the viewer that the music of the spheres encompasses everyone. | | | | | |
| 2 | *Dreamland* | Gary Russell | Phil Ford | 21–26 November 2009 |
| In Day Springs, Nevada, 1958, the Doctor visits a local diner, and meets the waitress on duty, Cassie Rice, as well as Jimmy Stalkingwolf, Cassie's friend, both of them local Nevadans. While in Day Springs, the Doctor becomes interested in an extraterrestrial object, which draws the attention of a man in black. Also seeking the Doctor is an alien warrior, the ruthless Lord Azlok, an alien Viperox, as well as Colonel Stark, who serves as the commander of Area 51, a military base primarily known as *Dreamland*. The Doctor, along with the help of Cassie, Jimmy, and Jimmy's grandfather Night Eagle, plan a mission to rescue husband and wife Rivesh Mantilax and Saruba Valek, two stranded aliens, without being caught by the American armed forces or Lord Azlok. | | | | | |

## Casting

### Main characters

These specials marked David Tennant's final run of episodes as the Tenth Doctor and Matt Smith's first appearance as the newly regenerated Eleventh Doctor. They also featured a string of one-time companions beginning in "The Next Doctor" with David Morrissey as Jackson Lake, a man who thinks himself to be the Doctor and his "companion" Rosita Farisi, played by Velile Tshabalala. "Planet of the Dead" featured former *EastEnders* actress Michelle Ryan as a young thrill-seeking burglar, Lady Christina de Souza. "The Waters of Mars" starred Lindsay Duncan as Adelaide Brooke, Captain of Bowie Base One on Mars. Finally, the two-part "The End of Time" had Bernard Cribbins as recurring character Wilfred Mott as a full-fledged companion for the only time.

### Guest characters

Other companions appear briefly during the Tenth Doctor's "farewell tour": Catherine Tate as Donna Noble, Billie Piper as Rose Tyler, Camille Coduri as Jackie Tyler, Freema Agyeman as Martha Jones, Noel Clarke as Mickey Smith, John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith, and Jessica Hynes as Verity Newman, whose grandmother, Joan Redfern, fell in love with the human John Smith in "Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood". John Simm reprises his role as the Master in "The End of Time". Thomas Knight reprises his role as Sarah Jane's son Luke Smith, and Russell Tovey returns as Alonso Frame, having previously appeared in "Voyage of the Damned". Alexandra Moen, Jacqueline King, and Lachele Carl reprise their roles from previous seasons.

A number of other notable actors appear in the specials, including Dervla Kirwan in "The Next Doctor"; Lee Evans, Noma Dumezweni and future Academy Award winner Daniel Kaluuya in "Planet of the Dead"; Peter O'Brien, Gemma Chan, Joplin Sibtain, and Sharon Duncan-Brewster in "The Waters of Mars"; and Claire Bloom, David Harewood, June Whitfield, Karl Collins, the voice of Brian Cox, and Timothy Dalton as Rassilon in "The End of Time."

## Production

### Development

In his book *The Writer's Tale*, Russell T Davies reveals that the plan to have only specials for 2009 was to allow the new production team, headed by new lead writer Steven Moffat, enough time to prepare for the full fifth series in 2010. David Tennant took this opportunity to appear in a stage production of *Hamlet*. For practical reasons, these specials continued to use series 4 production codes.

Russell T Davies announced his departure from the series as show runner, head writer and executive producer of the show on 20 May 2008, with his final episode airing in 2010. The specials not only marked an end to Davies's role as the show runner, but also Tennant's reign as the Doctor. On 28 October 2008 at the National Television Awards during his speech after winning Outstanding Drama Performance for his work in the fourth series, Tennant announced that he would be standing down as the Doctor for the fifth series and that the specials would be his last.

### Writing

> "I would have thought that when I handed in the last script I might have burst into tears or got drunk or partied with 20 naked men, but when these great moments happen you find that real life just carries on. The emotion goes into the scripts."

Russell T Davies

Davies' role in late 2008 was split between writing the 2009 specials and preparing for the transition between his and Moffat's production team; one chapter of *The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter* discusses plans between him, Gardner, and Tennant to announce Tennant's departure live during ITV's National Television Awards in October 2008. His final full script for *Doctor Who* was finished in the early morning of 4 March 2009, and filming of the episode closed on 20 May 2009. Russell T Davies co-wrote "Planet of the Dead" with Gareth Roberts, the first writing partnership for the show since its 2005 revival. Davies also co-wrote the next episode, "The Waters of Mars", with Phil Ford.

Writing in his regular column in *Doctor Who Magazine* 416, Davies revealed that the original title for "Part One" of "The End of Time" was "The Final Days of Planet Earth", while "Part Two" was always referred to as "The End of Time". Due to the sheer scale of the story, however, it was decided that both instalments needed the same title, differentiated by part numbers, the first such instance since *Survival*. Davies's script for the second episode finished with the Tenth Doctor's final line, "I don't want to go", followed by action text describing the regeneration and ending with the words, "And there he is. Blinking. Dazed. The New Man." He then sent the script to his successor Steven Moffat, who is responsible for all of the Eleventh Doctor's dialogue that follows. Moffat, as incoming executive producer, also assisted in the production of the final scene.

### Music

Murray Gold composed the soundtrack to these episodes, with orchestration by Ben Foster.

### Filming

"The Next Doctor" was filmed in April 2008 at Gloucester Cathedral, St Woolos Cemetery in Newport and the streets of Gloucester, where shooting was hampered by up to 1,000 onlookers. The main setting of *Torchwood*, their Torchwood Hub was also redesigned and used as the workshop for the children.

"Planet of the Dead" was the first Doctor Who episode to be filmed in high-definition, prior episodes having been filmed in standard-definition and then upscaled for broadcast on BBC HD. The two major filming locations of "Planet of the Dead" were the desert of Dubai, used for scenes on the "planet of the dead", and the Queen's Gate Tunnel in Butetown, Cardiff, used for the majority of Earth-bound scenes.

Filming for "The Waters of Mars" began on 23 February 2009. In late February, Tennant, Duncan and other actors were seen filming in Victoria Place, Newport. The filming took place on a city street, which the production team covered with artificial snow. The glasshouse scenes were filmed in the National Botanic Garden of Wales, Carmarthenshire. The first location filming for "The End of Time" took place on Saturday, 21 March 2009 at a bookstore in Cardiff. Jessica Hynes was filmed signing a book titled *A Journal of Impossible Things*, by Verity Newman.

The specials were produced as follows:

| Block | Episode(s) | Director | Writer(s) | Producer | Code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Minisode: "Music of the Spheres" | Euros Lyn | Russell T Davies | Catrin Lewis Defis |  |
| 1 | Christmas special: "The Next Doctor" | | Andy Goddard | Susie Liggat | 4.14 |
| 2 | Easter special: "Planet of the Dead" | James Strong | Russell T Davies & Gareth Roberts | Tracie Simpson | 4.15 |
| 3 | Autumn special: "The Waters of Mars" | Graeme Harper | Russell T Davies & Phil Ford | Nikki Wilson | 4.16 |
| 4 | Christmas special: "The End of Time  Part One" | Euros Lyn | Russell T Davies | Tracie Simpson | 4.17 |
| 5 | | | | New Year's special: "The End of Time  Part Two" | 4.18 |

## Release

### Broadcast

The 2008–2010 specials are five specials that linked the programme's fourth and fifth series. They began on 25 December 2008 with "The Next Doctor", with three airing in 2009, and concluded on 1 January 2010 with the second part of "The End of Time".

*Doctor Who Confidential* also aired alongside each episode of the specials, continuing on from the previous series. "The Next Doctor" was the first special to be accompanied by its own *Confidential* episode, and was considered part of the fourth *Confidential* series. Alongside the accompanying episodes for each of the specials, three additional *Confidential* episodes alongside the specials' episodes: one for the past five Christmas specials, one for the 2008 *Doctor Who* prom, and one for the revealing of Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor.

### Home media

All releases are for DVD unless otherwise indicated:

* (D) indicates a DVD release for a specific date
* (B) indicates a Blu-ray release
* (D,B) indicates a simultaneous DVD and Blu-ray release

| Series | Story no. | Episode name | Number and duration
of episodes | R2 release date | R4 release date | R1 release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008–2010 specials | 199 | *Doctor Who*: The Next Doctor
"The Next Doctor"
"Music of the Spheres"
Doctor Who Prom (2008) | 1 × 60 min.
1 × 7 min.
1 × 95 min. | 19 January 2009 | 5 March 2009 (D)
3 June 2010 (B) | 15 September 2009 |
| | 200 | *Doctor Who*: "Planet of the Dead" | 1 × 60 min. | 29 June 2009
(D,B) | 7 July 2009 (D)
1 October 2009 (B) | 28 July 2009
(D,B) |
| | 201–202 | *Doctor Who*: 2009 Winter Specials
"The Waters of Mars" & "The End of Time" | 2 × 60 min.
1 × 75 min. | 11 January 2010 |  |  |
| | 201 | *Doctor Who*: "The Waters of Mars" | 1 × 60 min. |  | 4 February 2010
(D,B) | 2 February 2010
(D,B) |
| | 202 | *Doctor Who*: "The End of Time" | 1 × 60 min.
1 × 75 min. |  | 4 March 2010
(D,B) | 2 February 2010
(D,B) |
| | 199–202 | *Doctor Who*: The Complete Specials
(includes "Music of the Spheres" and Doctor Who Prom (2008)) | 1 × 7 min.
4 × 60 min.
1 × 75 min. | 11 January 2010
(D,B) | 1 July 2010 (D)
29 June 2010 (B) | 2 February 2010
(D,B) |
| , , ,
2008–2010 specials | 167–202 | *Doctor Who: The Complete David Tennant Years* | 5 × 6 min.
2 × 7 min.
1 × 8 min.
1 × 12 min.
35 × 45 min.
4 × 50 min.
6 × 60 min.
1 × 65 min.
1 × 72 min.
1 × 75 min. | 10 November 2014 |  | 11 October 2011
(D)
17 September 2019
(B) |

## In print

| Series | Story no. | Novelisation title | Author | Original publisher | Paperback
release date | Audiobook
release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Specials (2008–2010) | 201 | *The Waters of Mars* | Phil Ford | BBC Books (Target collection) | 13 July 2023 | 13 July 2023 |

## Reception

### Ratings

| No. | Title | Air date | Overnight ratings | | Consolidated ratings | | Total
viewers
(millions) | AI | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Viewers
(millions) | Rank | Viewers
(millions) | Rank | | | |
| 1 | "The Next Doctor" | 25 December 2008 | 11.70 | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 13.10 | 86 |  |
| 2 | "Planet of the Dead" | 11 April 2009 | 8.41 | 1 | 1.34 | 2 | 9.75 | 88 |  |
| 3 | "The Waters of Mars" | 15 November 2009 | 9.10 | 3 | 1.22 | 2 | 10.32 | 88 |  |
| 4 | "The End of Time  Part One" | 25 December 2009 | 10.00 | 3 | 2.04 | 3 | 12.04 | 87 |  |
| 5 | "The End of Time  Part Two" | 1 January 2010 | 10.40 | 2 | 1.87 | 2 | 12.27 | 89 |  |

### Critical reception

Preliminary figures show that "The Next Doctor" had a viewing audience of 11.71 million during its original airing, with a peak at 12.58 million viewers. It was the second most watched programme of Christmas Day 2008, behind Wallace and Gromit's *A Matter of Loaf and Death*. Final viewing figures show an audience of 13.1 million viewers. The episode had an Appreciation Index figure of 86 (considered Excellent), making it the second most-enjoyed programme on mainstream television on Christmas Day.

Overnight figures estimated that "Planet of the Dead" was watched by 8.41 million people. The initial showing had an Appreciation Index of 88: considered excellent. The final viewing figure for the initial broadcast was 9.54 million viewers on BBC One, making it the fifth most watched programme of the week and the most watched programme aired on BBC HD at that time. Including repeats in the following week and viewings on the BBC iPlayer, 13.89 million viewers watched the episode in total. The episode received average critical reviews. Simon Brew of science fiction blog *Den of Geek* said the episode was "by turns ambitious and predictable" but "still quite entertaining". Brew positively reviewed Michelle Ryan's performance—finding it on par with her role in *Bionic Woman* rather than her role as Zoe Slater in *EastEnders*. He closed his review by saying that "'Planet of the Dead' was passable enough": he thought it "never really gelled" for him. Charlie Jane Anders of io9 compared it to two previous episodes, "The Impossible Planet" and "Midnight", both of which she enjoyed. She thought that the episode was "a pretty solid adventure with a cool set of monsters".

According to overnight viewing figures, "The Waters of Mars" was watched by 9.1 million people. The episode also received an Appreciation Index score of 88. More accurate, consolidated statistics from the BARB state that official ratings ended up at 10.32 million viewers for the UK premiere and that "The Waters of Mars" was the fifth most watched programme of the week. It was first broadcast on a Sunday, the only non-Christmas episode of the revived series to air outside the usual Saturday evening slot. Critical reception was generally positive. Sam Wollaston of *The Guardian* complimented the episode for showing "a side to the Doctor ... that we haven't really seen before – indecisive, confused, at times simply plain wrong" and Tennant's tenure of the part overall as bringing "humanity and humour to the part" Though Robert Colvile of *The Daily Telegraph* criticised "the glaring inconsistencies", he complimented the scenario for "allow\[ing\] us to watch Tennant wrestle with his conscience and curiosity ... \[in what\] was a logical progression for the character".

Overnight ratings placed Part One of "The End of Time" as the third most-watched programme of Christmas Day, and an appreciation index score of 87, considered 'Excellent'. Final consolidated ratings placed Part One as the third most watched program of Christmas Day, behind *The Royle Family* and *EastEnders* with a final figure of 11.57 million viewers. This is the highest timeshift that the show has received since its revival (the previous highest being 11.4 million for *The Next Doctor* in Christmas 2008). Overnight ratings placed Part Two as the second most-watched programme of New Year's Day, behind *EastEnders*, with a provisional viewing figure of 10.4 million viewers. Official BARB ratings placed Part Two as the second most watched programme of the week behind *EastEnders* at 11.79 million viewers. In a review of the first part of the story, Peter Robins of *The Guardian* concedes that when the story is done it is the quieter more emotional parts from the beginning of the episode that the viewer will remember. Robins also notes that Cribbins seems to be playing the same role that Tate did by "becoming the tragic hero while remaining the comic relief". Andrew Pettie of *The Daily Telegraph* commented on Cribbins' performance, and states that he cut a King Lear like figure and notes that the Master's plan was evil even by his standards. Mark Lawson of *The Guardian* stated that the plot device of the Master repopulating the human race as himself "gave Simm the chance to wear a lot of different costumes and the special effects department to show some of the digital ingenuity which has helped the show's renaissance." Lawson also went on to praise Tennant for bringing a "proper tragic force" to the role and was again shown in this last story. Lawson states that "the final line Davies gave to Tennant was a suddenly regretful "I don't want to go!", and it is likely that, somewhere inside, both actor and writer feel a little like that."

### Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | Hugo Awards | Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form | "The Next Doctor" | Nominated |  |
| | | | "Planet of the Dead" | Nominated |  |
| | | | "The Waters of Mars" | Won |  |
| | Rondo Hatton Awards | Best TV Presentation | "The End of Time" | Won |  |
| | Visual Effects Society Awards | Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Miniseries, Movie or Special | "The Next Doctor" | Nominated |  |

## Soundtrack

Selected pieces of score from these specials (from "The Next Doctor" to "The End of Time"), as composed by Murray Gold, were released on 4 October 2010 by Silva Screen Records under the title of *Series 4 – The Specials*. 47 tracks were released on two CD, with a total length of 116 minutes, 9 seconds. The iTunes Store release also includes a digital booklet and two bonus tracks, one each from "The Next Doctor" and "The End of Time".

| *Doctor Who: Series 4 – The Specials* | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Murray Gold, Ben Foster and the BBC National Orchestra of Wales | |
| Released | 4 October 2010 |
| Recorded | 2008–2009 |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 116:09
120:24 (iTunes Version) |
| Label | Silva Screen Records |
| Producer | Murray Gold |
|  | |
| *Doctor Who* soundtrack chronology | |
| *Series 4*
(2008) ***Series 4 – The Specials***
(2010) *Series 5*
(2010) | |
|  | |

Disc 1
| No. | Title | Episode | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vale" | "The Waters of Mars" | 1:37 |
| 2. | "A Victorian Christmas" | "The Next Doctor" | 1:34 |
| 3. | "Not the Doctor" | "The Next Doctor" | 3:19 |
| 4. | "A Bit of a Drag" | "The Next Doctor" | 1:23 |
| 5. | "In the Sea of Memory" | "The Next Doctor" | 0:44 |
| 6. | "Hidden in the Closet" | "The Next Doctor" | 1:51 |
| 7. | "The Wonder of Balloons" | "The Next Doctor" | 1:23 |
| 8. | "A Forceful Intelligence" | "The Next Doctor" | 1:12 |
| 9. | "The Greats of Past Time" | "The Next Doctor" | 5:04 |
| 10. | "The March of the Cybermen" | "The Next Doctor" | 4:13 |
| 11. | "Goodbyes" | "The Next Doctor" | 5:04 |
| 12. | "A Disturbance in the Night" | "Planet of the Dead" | 0:38 |
| 13. | "The Cat Burglar" | "Planet of the Dead" | 1:30 |
| 14. | "Alone in the Desert" | "Planet of the Dead" | 3:19 |
| 15. | "A Special Sort of Bus" | "Planet of the Dead" | 2:19 |
| 16. | "Stirring in the Sands" | "Planet of the Dead" | 1:58 |
| 17. | "Lithuania" | "Planet of the Dead" | 1:48 |
| 18. | "Letter to Earth" | "The Waters of Mars" | 2:15 |
| 19. | "By Water Borne" | "The Waters of Mars" | 2:23 |
| 20. | "The Fate of Little Adelaide" | "The Waters of Mars" | 5:05 |
| 21. | "Altering Lives" | "The Waters of Mars" | 3:23 |
| Total length: | | | 52:02 |

Disc 2
| No. | Title | Episode | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "We Shall Fare Well" | "The End of Time" | 1:26 |
| 2. | "A Frosty Ood" | "The End of Time" | 2:51 |
| 3. | "A Dream of Catastrophe" | "The End of Time" | 1:18 |
| 4. | "All in the Balance" | "The End of Time" | 0:55 |
| 5. | "A Ruined Gaol" | "The End of Time" | 1:22 |
| 6. | "Wilf's Wiggle" | "The End of Time" | 0:43 |
| 7. | "Minnie Hooper" | "The End of Time" | 1:31 |
| 8. | "The End Draws Near" | "The End of Time" | 3:46 |
| 9. | "Gallifrey" | "The End of Time" | 2:32 |
| 10. | "Final Days" | "The End of Time" | 1:43 |
| 11. | "The Council of the Time Lords" | "The End of Time" | 0:41 |
| 12. | "The Master Suite" | "The End of Time" | 4:33 |
| 13. | "The Ruined Childhood" | "The End of Time" | 3:27 |
| 14. | "A Chaotic Escape" | "The End of Time" | 2:59 |
| 15. | "The World Waits" | "The End of Time" | 5:18 |
| 16. | "A Longing to Leave" | "The End of Time" | 1:18 |
| 17. | "A Lot of Life Behind Us" | "The End of Time" | 4:20 |
| 18. | "Dealing with the Menace" | "The End of Time" | 1:35 |
| 19. | "Speeding to Earth" | "The End of Time" | 1:18 |
| 20. | "The Time Lords' Last Stand" | "The End of Time" | 3:27 |
| 21. | "The Clouds Pass" | "The End of Time" | 1:53 |
| 22. | "Four Knocks" | "The End of Time" | 4:04 |
| 23. | "Song for Ten (Reprise)" | "The End of Time" | 2:21 |
| 24. | "Vale Decem" | "The End of Time" | 3:19 |
| 25. | "Vale" | "The End of Time" | 4:20 |
| 26. | "The New Doctor" | "The End of Time" | 1:07 |
| Total length: | | | 64:07 |

iTunes Store exclusive
| No. | Title | Episode | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27. | "The Cyberleader Runs Amok" | "The Next Doctor" | 1:59 |
| 28. | "Never Too Old to Shoot and Fly" | "The End of Time" | 2:16 |
| Total length: | | | 4:15 |

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### Books

## Bibliography

* Pixley, Andrew (8 July 2010). "The Specials Companion". *Doctor Who Magazine*. No. 25 – Special Edition.

## InfoBox

| *Doctor Who* | |
| --- | --- |
| 2008–2010 specials | |
| DVD box set cover art | |
| Showrunner | Russell T Davies |
| Starring |  |
| No. of stories | 4 |
| No. of episodes | 5 |
| Release | |
| Original network | BBC One |
| Original release | 25 December 2008 (2008-12-25)
1 January 2010 (2010-01-01) |
| Specials chronology | |
|


title: Huron County Memorial Airport

abstract: Huron County Memorial Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) south of the central business district of Bad Axe, a city in Huron County, Michigan, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned BAX by the FAA and no designation from the IATA. The airport is occasionally used during military training exercises or as a stopover point for restored aircraft transiting to airshows. The airport hosts regular open houses allowing residents to tour airport facilities, experience various aircraft, and more. After the covid-19 pandemic began, the airport saw a number of upgrades, including a runway upgrade that completed in mid 2021.

text:
# Huron County Memorial Airport

**Huron County Memorial Airport** (ICAO: **KBAX**, FAA LID: **BAX**) is a county-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) south of the central business district of Bad Axe, a city in Huron County, Michigan, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility.

Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **BAX** by the FAA and no designation from the IATA (which assigned **BAX** to Barnaul Airport in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia).

The airport is occasionally used during military training exercises or as a stopover point for restored aircraft transiting to airshows. The airport hosts regular open houses allowing residents to tour airport facilities, experience various aircraft, and more.

After the covid-19 pandemic began, the airport saw a number of upgrades, including a runway upgrade that completed in mid 2021.

## Facilities and aircraft

Huron County Memorial Airport covers an area of 386 acres (156 ha) at an elevation of 763 feet (233 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 17/35 is 5,009 by 75 feet (1,527 x 23 m) and 4/22 is 3,495 by 75 feet (1,065 x 23 m).

The airport has an FBO offering fuel and other services.

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 8,400 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 23 per day. At that time there were 22 aircraft based at this airport: 21 single-engine airplanes and 1 jet.

## Accidents & Incidents

* On October 5, 1998, a Piper PA-28 Cherokee was destroyed when it impacted power lines northeast of the Huron County Memorial Airport while approaching the airport. Witnesses reported the aircraft made a normal traffic pattern entry and flew an expected course, but the aircraft remained roughly 75-100 feet above the ground. After impacting the power lines, the aircraft impacted the ground and cartwheeled before coming to a stop. The probable cause of the crash was found to be the pilot's failure to maintain adequate altitude/clearance from the wires.
* On August 14, 2000, an Ayres A2R-600 was destroyed after impacting terrain while maneuvering near the airport. The aircraft was applying aerial application when the left wing dropped, nose dropped, and the aircraft spun to the left. No change in apparent engine operation was reported by witnesses. The probable cause of the accident was an inadvertent stall/spin, with low altitude contributing.
* On July 23, 2018, an Aeros Venture experimental aircraft crashed after departing from Huron County. Witnesses reported that the plane entered a spiraling, descending turn while maneuvering towards a road. Though the plane's wings leveled momentarily, the plane became inverted and impacted trees near the road. The sole pilot onboard was killed.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for BAX PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective 8 April 2010.
2. "List of NPIAS Airports" (PDF). *FAA.gov*. Federal Aviation Administration. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
3. "Bad Axe, Michigan - Huron County Memorial Airport (ICAO: KBAX, FAA: BAX)". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
4. "Barnaul, Altay, Russia (IATA: BAX, ICAO: UNBB)". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
5. "Military helicopters touch down at airport". *Huron Daily Tribune*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
6. "Piece of military history spends night at Huron County airport". *Huron Daily Tribune*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
7. "Huron County airport hosting open house". *Huron Daily Tribune*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
8. "AirNav: KBAX – Huron County Memorial Airport". *AirNav.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
9. "N648FL accident description". *Plane Crash Map*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
10. "N3103B accident description". *Plane Crash Map*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
11. "Bad Axe pilot attempted emergency landing before fatal crash". *mlive*. Retrieved 2023-01-03.

## InfoBox

| Huron County Memorial Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Huron County Road Commission |
| Serves | Bad Axe, Michigan |
| Elevation AMSL | 763 ft / 233 m |
| Coordinates | 43°46′49″N 082°59′08″W / 43.78028°N 82.98556°W / 43.78028; -82.98556 |
| Map | |
| **BAX**Location of airport in Michigan**BAX****BAX** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  4/22 3,495 1,065 Asphalt  17/35 5,009 1,527 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2021) | |
| Aircraft operations 8,400  Based aircraft 22 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


# 1869 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Ecuador on 1 July 1869 to ratify or reject the constitution drafted by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected earlier in 1869. The country's eighth constitution, known as the Black Charter, was approved by 13,640 of the 14,154 voters.

After the referendum the new National Constituent Assembly met in Quito and enacted the Constitution on 11 August 1869.

## Background

In 1869 Gabriel García Moreno, a conservative, intensely devout Catholic, promulgated a more authoritarian constitution, referred to as the Garciana constitution or Carta Negra (the Black Charter), which extended the presidential term to six years and gave the president almost unlimited powers. It provided for a bicameral parliament, and introduced a religious factor into politics by making membership of the Roman Catholic Church a requisite for citizenship, with other requirements being at least twenty-one years of age, married and literate.

## Results

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 13,640 | 96.37 |
| Against | | 514 | 3.63 |
| Total | | 14,154 | 100.00 |

## InfoBox

1869 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **13,640** **96.37%**  **No** 514 3.63% | |


title: Hymenocallis occidentalis

abstract: Hymenocallis occidentalis is a plant species native to the southern United States. It is known along the Gulf Coast from South Carolina to Texas, and in the Mississippi Valley as far north as southern Illinois and Indiana. It is also cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere because of its showy, sweet-smelling flowers. Common names include woodland spider-lily, hammock spider-lily or northern spider-lily. Many of the other U.S. species of the genus grow in wetlands and along streambanks, but H. occidentalis can often be found in mesic forests. Some of the Mexican species can similarly be found some distance from waterways. Hymenocallis occidentalis is a bulb-forming perennial herb bearing an umbel of 3-9 showy flowers, each white with a green center, opening one at a time. Leaves are lanceolate, up to 60 cm long and 6 cm wide at their widest points. The name Hymenocallis caroliniana has been frequently misapplied to this species but is properly a synonym of Pancratium maritimum.

text:
# Hymenocallis occidentalis

***Hymenocallis occidentalis*** is a plant species native to the southern United States. It is known along the Gulf Coast from South Carolina to Texas, and in the Mississippi Valley as far north as southern Illinois and Indiana. It is also cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere because of its showy, sweet-smelling flowers. Common names include **woodland spider-lily, hammock spider-lily or northern spider-lily**.

Many of the other U.S. species of the genus grow in wetlands and along streambanks, but *H. occidentalis* can often be found in mesic forests. Some of the Mexican species (e. g. *H. clivorum* and *H. pimana*) can similarly be found some distance from waterways.

*Hymenocallis occidentalis* is a bulb-forming perennial herb bearing an umbel of 3-9 showy flowers, each white with a green center, opening one at a time. Leaves are lanceolate, up to 60 cm long and 6 cm wide at their widest points.

The name *Hymenocallis caroliniana* has been frequently misapplied to this species but is properly a synonym of *Pancratium maritimum*.

## Varieties

As of May 2021, Plants of the World Online accepted two varieties:

* *Hymenocallis occidentalis* var. *eulae* (Shinners) Ger.L.Sm. & Flory – native to Oklahoma and Texas
* *Hymenocallis occidentalis* var. *occidentalis* – native to Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee

## InfoBox

| Woodland spider-lily | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Genus: | *Hymenocallis* |
| Species: | ***H. occidentalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hymenocallis occidentalis***<br>(J.LeConte) Kunth | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hymenocallis bidentata* Small * *Hymenocallis moldenkeana* Traub * *Pancratium occidentale* J. Le Conte | |


title: Hymenocallis portamonetensis

abstract: Hymenocallis portamonetensis is a bulb-forming herb in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is native to the State of Chiapas in southern Mexico. The epithet refers to the type locale, along the Río Puerta Moneda in Chiapas.

text:
# Hymenocallis portamonetensis

***Hymenocallis portamonetensis*** is a bulb-forming herb in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is native to the State of Chiapas in southern Mexico. The epithet refers to the type locale, along the Río Puerta Moneda in Chiapas.

## InfoBox

| *Hymenocallis portamonetensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Genus: | *Hymenocallis* |
| Species: | ***H. portamonetensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hymenocallis portamonetensis***<br>Ravenna | |
|


title: Luke Fletcher (politician)

abstract: Luke Fletcher is a Welsh politician who has been a Member of the Senedd (MS) for the South Wales West region since 2021. He is a member of Plaid Cymru.

text:
# Luke Fletcher (politician)

**Luke Fletcher** (born 1995/1996) is a Welsh politician who has been a Member of the Senedd (MS) for the South Wales West region since 2021. He is a member of Plaid Cymru.

## Early life and education

He was born in Pencoed and earned a degree and master's degree from Cardiff University. He worked in a bar for five years before he started working as an economy and finance researcher.

Fletcher was born and raised in Pencoed and attended Ysgol Gymraeg Bro Ogwr primary school and Ysgol Gyfun Llanhari. Fletcher then moved to Cardiff to study Politics and International relations at Cardiff University and completed a Master's degree in Welsh Government and Politics.

## Political career

He stood as Plaid Cymru's parliamentary candidate in Ogmore in the 2019 general election and finished fourth.

He contested the Ogmore constituency at the 2021 Senedd election, finishing 2nd. Fletcher was then elected as a Member of the Senedd for the region of South Wales West.

He is the Economy Spokesperson for Plaid Cymru

## InfoBox

| Luke FletcherMS | |
| --- | --- |
| Fletcher in 2021 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Senedd
for South Wales West | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
7 May 2021 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1995 or 1996 (age 28–29)
Pencoed, Wales |
| Political party | Plaid Cymru |
| Alma mater | Cardiff University |
|  | |


title: Luogang Subdistrict, Hefei

abstract:
Luogang Subdistrict is a subdistrict of China in Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui, China. As of 2020, it administers the following ten residential neighborhoods and two villages:
  - Luogang
  - Guantang (官塘)
  - Shihe (施河)
  - Gaowang (高王)
  - Luji (陆集)
  - Baoheyuan (包河苑)
  - Baohehuayuan (包河花园)
  - Chegu (车谷)
  - Shiqiao Community (石桥社区)
  - Fanhua Community (繁华社区)
  - Luda Village (陆大村)
  - Beidou Village (北斗村)

text:
# Luogang Subdistrict, Hefei

**Luogang Subdistrict** (simplified Chinese: 骆岗街道; traditional Chinese: 駱崗街道; pinyin: *Luògāng Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict of China in Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui, China. As of 2020, it administers the following ten residential neighborhoods and two villages:

* Luogang
* Guantang (官塘)
* Shihe (施河)
* Gaowang (高王)
* Luji (陆集)
* Baoheyuan (包河苑)
* Baohehuayuan (包河花园)
* Chegu (车谷)
* Shiqiao Community (石桥社区)
* Fanhua Community (繁华社区)
* Luda Village (陆大村)
* Beidou Village (北斗村)

## InfoBox

| Luogang Subdistrict 骆岗街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Luogang SubdistrictLocation in China | |
| Coordinates: 31°49′21″N 117°17′50″E / 31.82250°N 117.29722°E / 31.82250; 117.29722 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Anhui |
| Prefecture-level city | Hefei |
| District | Baohe District |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Lydden Spout Battery

abstract: Lydden Spout Battery is a World War II coastal defence battery built in 1941 west of Dover. Originally armed with three 6-inch Mark VII naval guns on Mark V mountings, later upgraded to Mark XXIV guns on the same mountings. Fan Bay Battery to the east of Dover is built to the same plan. The battery is to the south of the current A20. Most of the buildings have been demolished and the emplacements filled with concrete, but the catering rooms survive. Lydden Spout Battery's remaining buildings above ground: Warrant Officer's Mess/Sergeants Mess in the foreground. Dining room and cook house is the L-shaped building behind.

text:
# Lydden Spout Battery

**Lydden Spout Battery** is a World War II coastal defence battery built in 1941 west of Dover. Originally armed with three 6-inch Mark VII naval guns on Mark V mountings, later upgraded to Mark XXIV guns on the same mountings. Fan Bay Battery to the east of Dover is built to the same plan.

The battery is to the south of the current A20. Most of the buildings have been demolished and the emplacements filled with concrete, but the catering rooms survive.

Lydden Spout Battery's remaining buildings above ground: Warrant Officer's Mess/Sergeants Mess in the foreground. Dining room and cook house is the L-shaped building behind.

51°06′14″N 1°15′36″E / 51.104°N 1.260°E / 51.104; 1.260


title: Hydraecia nordstroemi

abstract: Hydraecia nordstroemi is a moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Arvid Horke in 1952. It is native to Europe.

text:
# Hydraecia nordstroemi

***Hydraecia nordstroemi*** is a moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Arvid Horke in 1952.

It is native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Hydraecia nordstroemi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Hydraecia* |
| Species: | ***H. nordstroemi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydraecia nordstroemi***<br>Horke, 1952 | |
|


title: Hällberga

abstract: Hällberga is a locality situated in Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 612 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Hällberga

**Hällberga** is a locality situated in Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 612 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Hällberga | |
| --- | --- |
| HällbergaHällberga | |
| Coordinates: 59°19′N 16°36′E / 59.317°N 16.600°E / 59.317; 16.600 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Södermanland |
| County | Södermanland County |
| Municipality | Eskilstuna Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2020) | |
| Total | 610 |
| Density | 820/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Hälledal

abstract: Hälledal is a locality situated in Härnösand Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden, south of Ramvik. The buildings in Hälledal were counted until 2015 as part of the conurbation of Ramvik. In 2015, the agglomeration was divided where the northern part around the town of Ramvik was classified as a small town and this the southern part was classified as a separate settlement that was counted as an agglomeration, which took over Ramvik's agglomeration code.

text:
# Hälledal

**Hälledal** is a locality situated in Härnösand Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden, south of Ramvik.

The buildings in Hälledal were counted until 2015 as part of the conurbation of Ramvik. In 2015, the agglomeration was divided where the northern part around the town of Ramvik was classified as a small town and this the southern part was classified as a separate settlement that was counted as an agglomeration, which took over Ramvik's agglomeration code.

## InfoBox

| Hälledal | |
| --- | --- |
| HälledalHälledal | |
| Coordinates: 62°48′22″N 17°51′59″E / 62.80611°N 17.86639°E / 62.80611; 17.86639 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Ångermanland |
| County | Västernorrland County |
| Municipality | Härnösand Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 71 ha (175 acres) |
| Population (31 December 2020) | |
| Total | 415 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Lyman Bloomingdale

abstract: Lyman Gustave Bloomingdale was an American businessman and philanthropist. He is best known for retail, and in April 1872, with his brother Joseph, founded department store chain Bloomingdale's Inc. on 59th Street in New York City.

text:
# Lyman Bloomingdale

**Lyman Gustave Bloomingdale** (February 11, 1841 – October 13, 1905) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He is best known for retail, and in April 1872, with his brother Joseph, founded department store chain Bloomingdale's Inc. on 59th Street in New York City.

## Early life and education

Lyman Bloomingdale was born on February 11, 1841, in New York City, the son of the Bavarian-born, German Jewish immigrant Benjamin Bloomingdale and Hannah Weil. Lyman and his brother Joseph were trained in the retailing of ladies clothing at their father's store. Lyman Bloomingdale was educated at various public schools in New York, and also attended Smith's Collegiate Institute. He served as a non-commissioned officer in the Kansas Volunteers in the Civil War.

## Career

Going into the retail business for themselves, on April 17, 1872, the Bloomingdale brothers opened their first store at 938 Third Avenue, New York City, between 56th and 57th Streets. With Lyman as the sole proprietor, the Bloomingdale brothers' new store sold a wide variety of European fashions, anchored through their own buying office in Paris. Their success resulted in the business outgrowing its premises and in 1886 they relocated operations to 59th Street and Third Avenue. His brother Joseph retired from the business on New Year's Day 1896, but Lyman remained involved until his death. By 1898, the first of Jesse W. Reno’s patented "inclined elevators" (early escalators) were incorporated into the Bloomingdale Bros. store at Third Avenue and 59th Street. This was the first retail application of the devices in the US, and no coincidence, considering that Reno's primary financier was Lyman Bloomingdale.

Involved in other business as well, Bloomingdale was president and director of the Walters Piano Company and Arcade Realty Company. Bloomingdale furthermore was a director for both the Vulcan Detinning Company and the Hudson Oil Company. In late August 1902, the newly formed Consolidated National Bank elected Bloomingdale as a director. He was a member of the Chamber of Commerce, as well as various civic institutions and the *Lafayette Post*. After his death in 1905, Lyman's sons Hiram and Samuel took over as heads of the department store. In 1929, Bloomingdale Brothers, Inc. was sold to the Federated Department Stores.

## Clubs and other memberships

He was a member of the Republican Club, the Harmonie Club, the Lotos Club, the National Arts Club, and others. He was a president of the Isaiah Lodge, Independent Order B'nai B'rith and of the Excelsior Lodge, Kesher Shel Barzel.

## Philanthropy

A benefactor to a variety of causes and cultural institutions, he was a long-term patron of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, donating several notable works such as a Washington Allston painting in 1901. He was also a patron of young artists. In 1901 he was a founder of the Monteflore Home Country Sanitarium for Consumptives at Bedford Station in New York, and he focused much of his time and energy on the institution. He was a director and treasurer for the Monteflore Home for Chronic Invalids, and treasurer for Temple Beth-El. His will, written in 1904, left $100,000 (equivalent to $3.4 million in 2023) for charitable purposes.

## Personal life

Bloomingdale was married to Hattie Cullenberger in 1871. On April 17, 1872, the Bloomingdale brothers opened their first store at 938 Third Avenue, New York City, between 56 and 57 Streets, and Lyman and Hattie lived above the store. Their two eldest sons Samuel and Hiram were born in this residence, and in 1876 the family moved to larger quarters in a residence in Beekman Place. They had five children:

* Samuel Joseph Bloomingdale (1873–1968), married to Rita Goodman, 2 children
* Hiram Collenberger Bloomingdale (1875–1953), married to Rosalind C. Schiffer, 2 children;
* Irving Ingersoll Bloomingdale (1878–1929) (married to Rosalie Banner)
* Corinne Bloomingdale Popper (1881–1940), married to Arthur W Popper, 2 children;
    + Edward Bloomingdale (born 1904)
    + Robert Lyman Bloomingdale (born 1908)
* Hannah Bloomingdale (1877–1891).

In the early morning of July 27, 1903, Wagner cottage in New York, owned by Lyman Bloomingdale, was destroyed by fire. Worth about $10,000 at the time, it had been unoccupied with the origin of the fire unknown. As of 1904, he had a residence at Third Avenue and 59th Street in New York. In September 1905, Bloomingdale sold a property on 355 East 155th Street, a four-story flat. Bloomingdale also had a residence at 730 Park Avenue in New York, with other former tenants including Mitzi Newhouse, Sam Newhouse, Edward M. Warburg, and John L. Loeb.

Bloomingdale died on October 13, 1905, at Elberon, New Jersey. The funeral was held on October 15 at Temple Beth-El. Hattie Bloomingdale died in 1941, at the age of 89 at her home at 570 Park Avenue.

## InfoBox

| Lyman Bloomingdale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Lyman Gustave Bloomingdale
(1841-02-11)February 11, 1841
New York City, New York |
| Died | October 13, 1905(1905-10-13) (aged 64)
Elberon, New Jersey |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Retail businessman |
| Known for | Co-founder of Bloomingdales Department Store |
| Spouse | Hattie Cullenberger |
| Children | Hiram Bloomingdale
Samuel Bloomingdale
Irving Bloomingdale
Corinne Bloomingdale |
| Parent(s) | Hannah Weil
Benjamin Bloomingdale |
| Family | Joseph B. Bloomingdale (brother)
Emmanuel Watson Bloomingdale (brother) |


title: László Szapáry

abstract: not to be confused with his grandson Laszlo Szapáry. Count László Szapáry de Szapár, Muraszombat et Széchy-Sziget was a Hungarian nobleman and a general of the Austrian Imperial Army.

text:
# László Szapáry

*not to be confused with his grandson Laszlo Szapáry*.

**Count László Szapáry de Szapár, Muraszombat et Széchy-Sziget** (22 November 1831 – 28 September 1883) was a Hungarian nobleman and a general of the Austrian Imperial Army.

## Early life

Born into the prominent Hungarian House of Szapáry, he was the fourth son of Count Ferenc Szapáry de Muraszombath, Széchysziget et Szapár (1804-1875) and his wife, Countess Rozália Almásy de Zsadány et Török-Szent-Miklós (1806-1887).

## Biography

He entered in service during the 1848 revolutions when he fought in Italy. Later he also participated in the Second Italian War of Independence, particularly in the Battle of Solferino. Szapáry played a leading role in the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878.

## Personal life

On 28 April 1862, he married Countess Marianne von Grünne (1835-1906), daughter of Count Karl Ludwig von Grünne and his wife, Countess Caroline of Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (1808-1886), granddaughter of Prince Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg. Together they had four children:

* Count Károly István László Szapáry (1864-1878)
* Countess Ferdinándina Szapáry (1867-1892); unmarried
* Count Frigyes Szapáry (1869-1935)
* Countess Ilona Szapáry (1877-1884)

## InfoBox

| László Szapáry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1831-11-22)22 November 1831
Pest, Hungary |
| Died | 28 September 1883(1883-09-28) (aged 51)
Pozsony, Austria-Hungary
*(today: Bratislava, Slovakia)* |
| Allegiance | Austrian Empire
Austria-Hungary |
| Years of service | 1848–1883 |
| Rank | Cavalry General |
| Battles/wars | Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
Battle of Solferino
Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Awards | Order of Maria Theresa |


title: Luke Plunket, 1st Earl of Fingall

abstract: Lucas More Plunket of Killeen, County Meath, styled Lucas Môr, tenth lord Killeen, created Earl of Fingall on 26 September 1628, was an Irish peer.

text:
# Luke Plunket, 1st Earl of Fingall

**Lucas More Plunket** of Killeen, County Meath (before 1602 – 29 March 1637), styled Lucas Môr, tenth lord Killeen, created Earl of Fingall on 26 September 1628, was an Irish peer.

## Biography

Plunket was the elder son of Christopher Plunket, 9th Baron Killeen, and Jenet, daughter of Sir Lucas Dillon, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer and his first wife Jane Bathe. He succeeded to the barony in January 1613.

Plunket was created Earl of Fingall by King's letter of 26 September 1628, "on account of the good testimony which the King had received as to his honour and virtue, and for the encouragement of his continuance in such courses". He was granted 2,400 acres in County Cavan; he was one of the founders of the town of Virginia, County Cavan.

He sat on the Irish House of Lords Committee for Privileges in the Parliament of 1634–5. He was a staunch Roman Catholic and an advocate for The Graces, the programme of religious concessions promised by the English Crown in the 1620s, but never implemented. As a result, he clashed with the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the formidable Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, who was determined to reject the Graces.

## Family

Plunket married first Elizabeth FitzGerald, daughter of Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare and Lady Frances Howard. She died, probably of bubonic plague, in 1611.

Plunket married secondly Susannah, daughter of Edward Brabazon, 1st Baron Ardee and Mary Smythe. They had two sons Christopher, who succeeded as 2nd Earl, and George, from whom later Earls of Fingall were descended; and a daughter, Eleanor, who married Andrew Nugent.

Plunket married thirdly Eleanor, daughter of Dudley Bagenal and Mabel FitzGerald, and widow of Sir Thomas Colclough of Tintern Abbey, County Wexford. She died in 1632.

He married fourthly Margaret, daughter of Nicholas St Lawrence, 9th Baron Howth and his second wife Mary White, and widow of Jenico Preston, 5th Viscount Gormanston.

* Dunlop, Robert (1896). "Plunket, Christopher". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 440–441.
* FitzGerald, Charles William (Marquis of Kildare and later 4th Duke of Leinster) (1864). *The Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors: from 1057 to 1773* (4th ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co. pp. 235–236.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* *The O’Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy*, by Francis Martin O'Donnell, published by Academica Press LLC in London and Washington, D.C., 2018, (750 pages; see pages 149–150) (ISBN 978-1-680534740). .


title: Luís Filipe Teixeira

abstract: Luis Filipe de Bragança e Sousa da Silva Teixeira is a Portuguese essayist and university teacher. He has a PhD in Portuguese Studies and 19th Century Portuguese culture from the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (1998). He has a master in Philosophy from Lisbon University. As of February 2012 he is a tenured Professor in the School of Communication Sciences, Arts and Information Technologies at the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, in Lisbon. He has also worked as a researcher at CIES-IUL (ISCTE-IUL) and at NELI-Nucleo de Estudos em LIteratura e Intersemiose. He 2004 he published the book, Hermes ou a Experiência da Mediação with a full section dedicated to ludology.

text:
# Luís Filipe Teixeira

**Luis Filipe de Bragança e Sousa da Silva Teixeira** (born November 3, 1959, in Luanda) is a Portuguese essayist and university teacher.

He has a PhD in Portuguese Studies and 19th Century Portuguese culture from the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (1998). He has a master in Philosophy from Lisbon University. As of February 2012 he is a tenured Professor in the School of Communication Sciences, Arts and Information Technologies (Member of the Executive Board) at the Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, in Lisbon. He has also worked as a researcher at CIES-IUL (ISCTE-IUL) and at NELI-Nucleo de Estudos em LIteratura e Intersemiose (Univ. Federal de Pernambuco - Brasil). He 2004 he published the book, *Hermes ou a Experiência da Mediação (Hermes or the Mediation Experience)* with a full section dedicated to ludology.

## InfoBox

| Luis Filipe B. Teixeira | |
| --- | --- |
| Luis Filipe B. Teixeira 2006 | |
| Born | Luis Filipe de Bragança e Sousa da Silva Teixeira
(1959-11-03) 3 November 1959
Luanda, Angola |
| Nationality | Portuguese |
| Known for | Philosophy \- Poetry \- Essay |
| Movement | Contemporary essayists |


title: Hynd

abstract:
Hynd is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Harry Hynd (1900–1985), British Labour Party politician
  - John Burns Hynd (1902–1971), British Labour politician
  - Oliver Hynd, British swimmer
  - Roger Hynd (1942–2017), former Scottish professional footballer who played as a centre-half
  - Ronald Hynd, English choreographer
  - Sam Hynd, British swimmer
  - Tom Hynd (1930–2011), Australian businessman and politician

text:
# Hynd

**Hynd** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Harry Hynd (1900–1985), British Labour Party politician
* John Burns Hynd (1902–1971), British Labour politician
* Oliver Hynd (born 1994), British swimmer
* Roger Hynd (1942–2017), former Scottish professional footballer who played as a centre-half
* Ronald Hynd (born 1931), English choreographer
* Sam Hynd (born 1991), British swimmer
* Tom Hynd (1930–2011), Australian businessman and politician


title: Lúcia Faria

abstract: Lúcia Faria Alegria Simões was a Brazilian equestrian. She competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Faria died on 29 January 2024, at the age of 78.

text:
# Lúcia Faria

**Lúcia Faria Alegria Simões** (11 November 1945 – 29 January 2024) was a Brazilian equestrian. She competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Faria died on 29 January 2024, at the age of 78.

## InfoBox

Lúcia Faria
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Lúcia Faria Alegria Simões |
| Born | (1945-11-11)11 November 1945<br>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Died | 29 January 2024(2024-01-29) (aged 78) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Equestrian |


title: Höllenbach (Kahl)

abstract: Höllenbach is a small river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Kahl in Schöllkrippen.

text:
# Höllenbach (Kahl)

**Höllenbach** is a small river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Kahl in Schöllkrippen.

## InfoBox

| Höllenbach | |
| --- | --- |
| The Höllenbach before Schöllkrippen | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| States | Bavaria |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Kahl |
| coordinates | 50°05′11″N 9°14′42″E / 50.0863°N 9.2449°E / 50.0863; 9.2449 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | KahlMainRhineNorth Sea |


title: Hypopta rubiginosa

abstract: Hypopta rubiginosa is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Hypopta rubiginosa

***Hypopta rubiginosa*** is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Hypopta rubiginosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | *Hypopta* |
| Species: | ***H. rubiginosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypopta rubiginosa***<br>(Herrich-Schäffer, 1853) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cossus rubiginosa* Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 | |


title: Hypsalonia rentzi

abstract: Hypsalonia rentzi is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Hypsalonia rentzi

***Hypsalonia rentzi*** is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Hypsalonia rentzi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Tribe: | Podismini |
| Genus: | *Hypsalonia* |
| Species: | ***H. rentzi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypsalonia rentzi***<br>Gurney & Eades, 1961 | |
|


title: Lyckeby GoIF

abstract: Lyckeby GoIF was a Swedish football club located in Lyckeby in Karlskrona Municipality, Blekinge County. The club merged with Karlskrona AIF in 2012 to form FK Karlskrona.

text:
# Lyckeby GoIF

**Lyckeby GoIF** was a Swedish football club located in Lyckeby in Karlskrona Municipality, Blekinge County. The club merged with Karlskrona AIF in 2012 to form FK Karlskrona.

## Background

Lyckeby GoIF (Gymnastik- och Idrottsförening) was a sports club which was founded on 5 February 1925. There were around 40 young sports enthusiasts who wanted a local club that would involve young people in sports such as tennis, swimming, winter sports, wrestling and football.

Since their foundation Lyckeby GoIF has participated mainly in the middle divisions of the Swedish football league system. The club played their home matches at the Lyckåvallen in Lyckeby. Since 1995 the clubhouse has been located at Lyckåvallen where there are four football fields, six changing rooms, a cafe and various storage sheds.

Lyckeby GoIF were affiliated to Blekinge Fotbollförbund.

## Recent history

In recent seasons Lyckeby GoIF have competed in the following divisions:

* 2011 – Division III, Sydöstra Götaland
* 2010 – Division III, Sydöstra Götaland
* 2009 – Division III, Sydöstra Götaland
* 2008 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2007 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2006 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2005 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2004 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2003 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2002 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2001 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 2000 – Division IV, Blekinge
* 1999 – Division IV, Blekinge

## Attendances

In recent seasons Lyckeby GoIF have had the following average attendances:

| **Season** **Average Attendance** **Division / Section** **Level**  2008 *Not available* Div 4 Blekinge Tier 6  2009 198 Div 3 Sydöstra Götaland Tier 5  2010 185 Div 3 Sydöstra Götaland Tier 5  2011 TBD Div 3 Sydöstra Götaland Tier 5   ** Attendances are provided in the Publikliga sections of the Svenska Fotbollförbundet website.* |
| --- |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Lyckeby GoIF
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Lyckeby Gymnastik Och Idrottsförening |
| Founded | 1925 (1925) |
| Dissolved | 2012 (2012) |
| Ground | Lyckåvallen
Lyckeby
Sweden |
| Chairman | Bosse Lindström |
| League | Division 3 Sydöstra Götaland |
| 2011 | Division 3 Sydöstra Götaland, 2nd |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: I. M. Rubinow

abstract: Isaac Max Rubinow was a leading theorist on social insurance and one of the most influential writers on the subject. Rubinow had an M.D. from New York University Medical School and held a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University. His 1913 book, Social Insurance, was the most influential early work on social security. His work impacted a generation of social reformers, including President Theodore Roosevelt, who used Rubinow's work in drafting the Progressive Party platform in 1912. The Progressive Party was the first of its kind to call for social insurance. Rubinow was a Russian Jew who immigrated to the United States in 1893, at the age of 18. Attending Columbia University and New York University Medical School, he trained as a medical doctor. He grew so upset with the misery of his patients that he decided he could do more good for the common man by helping to alleviate their economic woes than he could as a physician. Employed as an economic expert in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Statistics, Division of Foreign Markets, Rubinow wrote several extensive analyses of the development of the Russian wheat market and the impact of growing Russian wheat exports on U.S. and world markets. Employed as an actuary, Rubinow was central to the formation of the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical Society of America in 1914, which is known today as the Casualty Actuarial Society. Rubinow was elected its first president. In 1916 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. Rubinow's 1934 book, The Quest for Security, established him as the most recognized theorist on social insurance in the first three decades of the twentieth century. Rubinow also authored a series of articles that appeared in the Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Home Economics, and Journal of Sociology on the so-called domestic service problem, and the difficulties that white middle-class women faced in finding an adequate supply of domestic servants. Rubinow argued that the reluctance and refusal of white native-born and immigrant women to enter domestic service reflected the feudal labor conditions that informed the occupation. In particular, Rubinow criticized mistresses for failing to open their homes to the same reforms that had been implemented in industrial workplace such as contracts, set hours, and other standardizations. Dr. Rubinow married Sophie Himwich. Their son, Raymond S. Rubinow (1905–1996), was a noted New York civic leader. Their daughter, Olga Rubinow Lurie (1907–2004), was a child psychologist and specialist in the emotional health of children. Raymond Rubinow married Consuelo Kamholz (1909–1993).

text:
# I. M. Rubinow

**Isaac Max Rubinow** (1875 – September 1, 1936) was a leading theorist on social insurance and one of the most influential writers on the subject. Rubinow had an M.D. from New York University Medical School and held a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University. His 1913 book, *Social Insurance*, was the most influential early work on social security. His work impacted a generation of social reformers, including President Theodore Roosevelt, who used Rubinow's work in drafting the Progressive Party platform in 1912. The Progressive Party was the first of its kind to call for social insurance.

Rubinow was a Russian Jew who immigrated to the United States in 1893, at the age of 18. Attending Columbia University and New York University Medical School, he trained as a medical doctor. He grew so upset with the misery of his patients that he decided he could do more good for the common man by helping to alleviate their economic woes than he could as a physician.

Employed as an economic expert in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Bureau of Statistics, Division of Foreign Markets, Rubinow wrote several extensive analyses of the development of the Russian wheat market and the impact of growing Russian wheat exports on U.S. and world markets.

Employed as an actuary, Rubinow was central to the formation of the Casualty Actuarial and Statistical Society of America in 1914, which is known today as the Casualty Actuarial Society. Rubinow was elected its first president. In 1916 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

Rubinow's 1934 book, *The Quest for Security*, established him as the most recognized theorist on social insurance in the first three decades of the twentieth century.

Rubinow also authored a series of articles that appeared in the Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Home Economics, and Journal of Sociology on the so-called domestic service problem, and the difficulties that white middle-class women faced in finding an adequate supply of domestic servants. Rubinow argued that the reluctance and refusal of white native-born and immigrant women to enter domestic service reflected the feudal labor conditions that informed the occupation. In particular, Rubinow criticized mistresses for failing to open their homes to the same reforms that had been implemented in industrial workplace such as contracts, set hours, and other standardizations.

Dr. Rubinow married Sophie Himwich. Their son, Raymond S. Rubinow (1905–1996), was a noted New York civic leader. Their daughter, Olga Rubinow Lurie (1907–2004), was a child psychologist and specialist in the emotional health of children. Raymond Rubinow married Consuelo Kamholz (1909–1993).

## Further reading

* Shvarts S., and Theodore Brown, "Kupat Holim, Dr. Isaac Max Rubinow, and the American Zionist Medical Unit's Experiment to Establish Health Care Services in Palestine 1918-1923", Bulletin of the History of Medicine,72(1)28-46, 1998
* Shvarts S., Shehory-Rubin Z., "Hadassah" for the Health of the People, Samuel Watchman's Sons Inc. & Dekel Academic Press, Tel Aviv, 2012, 298 pp. (Peer review, scientific publication). https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008YUOMPM

## InfoBox

| Isaac Max Rubinow | |
| --- | --- |
| Courtesy of the Isaac M. Rubinow Papers, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. | |
| Born | 1875 (1875)
Grodno Belarus |
| Died | September 1, 1936 (aged 6061)
The Bronx, New York |
| Occupation | Actuary |


title: Dwarf spheroidal galaxy

abstract: A dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) is a term in astronomy applied to small, low-luminosity galaxies with very little dust and an older stellar population. They are found in the Local Group as companions to the Milky Way and as systems that are companions to the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). While similar to dwarf elliptical galaxies in appearance and properties such as little to no gas or dust or recent star formation, they are approximately spheroidal in shape and generally have lower luminosity.

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# Dwarf spheroidal galaxy

NGC147 (left) and the Fornax Dwarf (right), two of the earliest known dwarf spheroidal galaxies.

A **dwarf spheroidal galaxy** (**dSph**) is a term in astronomy applied to small, low-luminosity galaxies with very little dust and an older stellar population. They are found in the Local Group as companions to the Milky Way and as systems that are companions to the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). While similar to dwarf elliptical galaxies in appearance and properties such as little to no gas or dust or recent star formation, they are approximately spheroidal in shape and generally have lower luminosity.

## Discovery

Despite the radii of dSphs being much larger than those of globular clusters, they are much more difficult to find due to their low luminosities and surface brightnesses. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies have a large range of luminosities, and known dwarf spheroidal galaxies span several orders of magnitude of luminosity. Their luminosities are so low that Ursa Minor, Carina, and Draco, the known dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the lowest luminosities, have mass-to-light ratios (M/L) greater than that of the Milky Way. Dwarf spheroidals also have little to no gas with no obvious signs of recent star formation. Within the Local Group, dSphs are primarily found near the Milky Way and M31.

The first dwarf spheroidal galaxies discovered were Sculptor and Fornax in 1938. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has resulted in the discovery of 11 more dSph galaxies as of 2007 By 2015, many more ultra-faint dSphs were discovered, all satellites of the Milky Way. Nine potentially new dSphs were discovered in the Dark Energy Survey in 2015. Each dSph is named after constellations they are discovered in, such as the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy, all of which consist of stars generally much older than 1–2 Gyr that formed over the span of many gigayears.

For example, 98% of the stars in the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy are older than 2 Gyr, formed over the course of three bursts around 3, 7 and 13 Gyr ago. The stars in Carina have also been found to be metal-poor. This is unlike star clusters because, while star clusters have stars which formed more or less the same time, dwarf spheroidal galaxies experience multiple bursts of star formation.

## Evidence of dark matter

Because of the faintness of the lowest-luminosity dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the nature of the stars contained within them, some astronomers suggest that dwarf spheroidal galaxies and globular clusters may not be clearly separate and distinct types of objects. Other recent studies, however, have found a distinction in that the total amount of mass inferred from the motions of stars in dwarf spheroidals is many times that which can be accounted for by the mass of the stars themselves. Studies reveal that dwarf spheroidal galaxies have a dynamical mass of around 107 M, which is very large despite the low luminosity of dSph galaxies.

Although at fainter luminosities of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, it is not universally agreed upon how to differentiate between a dwarf spheroidal galaxy and a star cluster; however, many astronomers decide this depending on the object's dynamics: If it seems to have more dark matter, then it is likely that it is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy rather than an enormous, faint star cluster. In the current predominantly accepted Lambda cold dark matter cosmological model, the presence of dark matter is often cited as a reason to classify dwarf spheroidal galaxies as a different class of object from globular clusters, which show little to no signs of dark matter. Because of the extremely large amounts of dark matter in dwarf spheroidal galaxies, they may deserve the title "most dark matter-dominated galaxies."

Further evidence of the prevalence of dark matter in dSphs includes the case of Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, which can be assumed to be in dynamic equilibrium to estimate mass and amount of dark matter, since the gravitational effects of the Milky Way are small. Unlike the Fornax galaxy, there is evidence that the UMa2, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy in the Ursa Major constellation, experiences strong tidal disturbances from the Milky Way.

A topic of research is how much the internal dynamics of dwarf spheroidal galaxies are affected by the gravitational tidal dynamics of the galaxy they are orbiting. In other words, dwarf spheroidal galaxies could be prevented from achieving equilibrium due to the gravitational field of the Milky Way or other galaxy that they orbit. For example, the Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxy has a velocity dispersion of 7.9±1.3 km/s, which is a velocity dispersion that could not be explained solely by its stellar mass according to the Virial Theorem. Similar to Sextans, previous studies of Hercules dwarf spheroidal galaxy reveal that its orbital path does not correspond to the mass contained in Hercules. Furthermore, there is evidence that the UMa2, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy in the Ursa Major constellation, experiences strong tidal disturbances from the Milky Way.


title: 1777 Delaware gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1777 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on 12 February 1777 in order to elect the First President of Delaware. Candidate John McKinly was elected by the Delaware General Assembly against other candidates.

text:
# 1777 Delaware gubernatorial election

The **1777 Delaware gubernatorial election** was held on 12 February 1777 in order to elect the First President of Delaware. (The office would be renamed to Governor in 1792.) Candidate John McKinly was elected by the Delaware General Assembly against other candidates.

## General election

On election day, 12 February 1777, John McKinly was elected by the Delaware General Assembly. McKinly was sworn in as the 1st President of Delaware on 12 February 1777.

### Results

Delaware gubernatorial election, 1777
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan** | **John McKinly** | **19** | **82.61** |
|  |  | Scattering | 4 | 17.39 |
| Total votes | | | **23** | **100.00** |
|  | Nonpartisan **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1777 Delaware gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **John McKinly**    Party Nonpartisan   Popular vote **19**   Percentage **82.61%** | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
John Penn
(As Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania)
 **Elected Governor**
John McKinly
Nonpartisan | |


title: Andrew Cohen (poker player)

abstract: Andrew Cohen is an American bartender at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, who won a World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2009 $500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em. Cohen entered the 2009 WSOP intending to participate in five events, 3 $1,500 events, the $1,000 "Stimilus Special", and the $500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em events. After winning his bracelet, he indicated a desire to participate in the Main Event. Cohen was the first bracelet winner ever honored with a new tradition at the WSOP, the bracelet was presented at center stage with the winner's national anthem being performed. Cohen said, "I told all these guys here, it's not about the money to me, and I'm not even a rich guy. I'm a bartender. And, I don't care about the money. You can always get money. It's the bracelet that counts." Prior to the 2009 WSOP, Cohen had played in seven WSOP tournaments but failed to cash in any of them. At the 2007 WSOP, Cohen was responsible for busting ten-time bracelet winner Doyle Brunson in the Main Event.

text:
# Andrew Cohen (poker player)

**Andrew Cohen** (born c. 1969) is an American bartender at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, who won a World Series of Poker bracelet at the 2009 $500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em. Cohen entered the 2009 WSOP intending to participate in five events, 3 $1,500 events, the $1,000 "Stimilus Special", and the *$500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em* events. After winning his bracelet, he indicated a desire to participate in the Main Event. Cohen was the first bracelet winner ever honored with a new tradition at the WSOP, the bracelet was presented at center stage with the winner's national anthem being performed.

Cohen said, "I told all these guys here, it's not about the money to me, and I'm not even a rich guy. I'm a bartender. And, I don't care about the money. You can always get money. It's the bracelet that counts."

Prior to the 2009 WSOP, Cohen had played in seven WSOP tournaments but failed to cash in any of them. At the 2007 WSOP, Cohen was responsible for busting ten-time bracelet winner Doyle Brunson in the Main Event.

## World Series of Poker bracelets

| Year | Tournament | Prize (US$) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | $500 Casino Employees No Limit Hold'em | $83,778 |

## InfoBox

| Andrew Cohen | |
| --- | --- |
| Cohen after winning Event 1 of the 2009 World Series of Poker | |
| Residence | Las Vegas, Nevada |
| Born | c. 1969 (age 5455) |
| World Series of Poker | |
| Bracelet(s) | 1 |
| Money finish(es) | 1 |
| Highest ITM<br>Main Event finish | *None* |