# Electoral results for the district of Northcote

This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of Northcote in Victorian state elections.

## Members for Northcote

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | John Cain | Labor | 1927–1957 |
|  | Frank Wilkes | Labor | 1957–1988 |
|  | Tony Sheehan | Labor | 1988–1998 |
|  | Mary Delahunty | Labor | 1998 by–2006 |
|  | Fiona Richardson | Labor | 2006–2017 |
|  | Lidia Thorpe | Greens | 2017 by–2018 |
|  | Kat Theophanous | Labor | 2018–present |
|

## Election results

### Elections in the 2020s

#### 2022

2022 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Kat Theophanous | 17,303 | 40.6 | -1.1 |
|  | Greens | Campbell Gome | 12,797 | 30.0 | −9.5 |
|  | Liberal | Stewart Todhunter | 5,205 | 12.2 | +1.5 |
|  | Victorian Socialists | Kath Larkin | 2,776 | 6.5 | +6.5 |
|  | Reason | April Clarke | 1,539 | 3.6 | +0.2 |
|  | Animal Justice | Tim Oseckas | 757 | 1.8 | −0.7 |
|  | Freedom | Anastacia Ntouni | 729 | 1.7 | +1.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Anthony Cave | 530 | 1.2 | +0.1 |
|  | Independent | Adrian Whitehead | 518 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
|  | Family First | Kathrine Ashton | 408 | 0.9 | +0.9 |
|  | Independent | Ashish Verma | 80 | 0.2 | +0.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 42,642 | 94.5 | −1.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,445 | 5.4 | +1.1 |
| Turnout | | | 45,087 | 89.5 | +0.4 |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kat Theophanous | 34,840 | 81.7 |  |
|  | Liberal | Stewart Todhunter | 7,802 | 18.3 |  |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kat Theophanous | 21,413 | 50.2 | -1.5 |
|  | Greens | Campbell Gome | 21,229 | 49.8 | +1.5 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | –1.5 |  |

### Elections in the 2010s

#### 2018

2018 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Kat Theophanous | 17,748 | 41.71 | +0.73 |
|  | Greens | Lidia Thorpe | 16,816 | 39.52 | +3.24 |
|  | Liberal | John MacIsaac | 4,570 | 10.74 | −5.74 |
|  | Reason | Franca Smarrelli | 1,448 | 3.40 | +3.40 |
|  | Animal Justice | David Bramante | 1,026 | 2.41 | +0.67 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Samuel Fink | 500 | 1.18 | +1.18 |
|  | Independent | Bryony Edwards | 444 | 1.04 | +0.21 |
| Total formal votes | | | 42,552 | 95.70 | −0.08 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,911 | 4.30 | +0.08 |
| Turnout | | | 44,463 | 91.05 | −0.61 |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kat Theophanous | 35,417 | 83.23 | +3.41 |
|  | Liberal | John MacIsaac | 7,135 | 16.77 | −3.41 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kat Theophanous | 22,004 | 51.71 | −4.33 |
|  | Greens | Lidia Thorpe | 20,548 | 48.29 | +4.33 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Greens | | **Swing** | −4.33 |  |

#### 2017 by-election

Northcote state by-election, 2017
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Greens | Lidia Thorpe | 16,319 | 45.2 | +8.9 |
|  | Labor | Clare Burns | 12,779 | 35.4 | −5.6 |
|  | Independent | Vince Fontana | 1,864 | 5.2 | +5.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Dean Rossiter | 1,497 | 4.1 | +4.1 |
|  | Independent Reason | Laura Chipp | 1,152 | 3.2 | +3.2 |
|  | Animal Justice | Nina Lenk | 773 | 2.1 | +0.4 |
|  | Independent | Philip Cooper | 436 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
|  | Independent | Russell Hayward | 360 | 1.0 | +1.0 |
|  | Independent | Joseph Toscano | 331 | 0.9 | +0.9 |
|  | Independent | Nevena Spirovska | 215 | 0.6 | +0.6 |
|  | Independent | Brian Sanaghan | 208 | 0.6 | +0.6 |
|  | Save The Planet | Bryony Edwards | 54 | 0.4 | −0.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 36,088 | 94.9 | −0.9 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,940 | 5.1 | +0.9 |
| Turnout | | | 38,028 | 79.0 | −12.6 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Greens | Lidia Thorpe | 20,137 | 55.6 | +11.6 |
|  | Labor | Clare Burns | 16,080 | 44.4 | −11.6 |
| After distribution of preferences | | | | | |
|  | Greens | Lidia Thorpe | 18,380 | 50.9 | *N/A* |
|  | Labor | Clare Burns | 14,410 | 39.9 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Vince Fontana | 3,298 | 9.1 | *N/A* |
|  | Greens **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | +11.6 |  |

The VEC stops distributing preferences when a candidate reaches over 50 per cent of the vote. An indicative two-candidate-preferred count had Lidia Thorpe (Greens) on 20,137 votes (55.6%) to Clare Burns (Labor) on 16,080 votes (44.4%)—a swing of 11.6 percentage points to the Greens.

#### 2014

2014 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 15,928 | 41.0 | −3.1 |
|  | Greens | Trent McCarthy | 14,101 | 36.3 | +4.4 |
|  | Liberal | Anthony D'Angelo | 6,407 | 16.5 | −3.2 |
|  | The Basics Rock 'n' Roll | Jamie McCarney | 1,043 | 2.7 | +2.7 |
|  | Animal Justice | Georgina Purcell | 678 | 1.7 | +1.7 |
|  | Family First | Helen Fenn | 390 | 1.0 | +1.0 |
|  | Independent | Bryony Edwards | 324 | 0.8 | +0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 38,871 | 95.8 | −0.0 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,713 | 4.2 | +0.0 |
| Turnout | | | 40,584 | 91.7 | +2.1 |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 31,027 | 79.8 | +4.3 |
|  | Liberal | Anthony D'Angelo | 7,844 | 20.2 | −4.3 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 21,783 | 56.0 | −4.2 |
|  | Greens | Trent McCarthy | 17,088 | 44.0 | +4.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | −4.2 |  |

#### 2010

2010 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 15,917 | 44.94 | -7.63 |
|  | Greens | Anne Martinelli | 10,927 | 30.85 | +3.44 |
|  | Liberal | Steve Moran | 6,863 | 19.37 | +4.08 |
|  | Sex Party | Robert Bishop | 1,098 | 3.10 | +3.10 |
|  | Independent | Darren Lewin-Hill | 404 | 1.14 | -0.39 |
|  | Independent | Dominic Marino | 213 | 0.60 | +0.60 |
| Total formal votes | | | 35,422 | 95.76 | +0.41 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,567 | 4.24 | −0.41 |
| Turnout | | | 36,989 | 91.50 | +0.97 |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 26,833 | 75.9 | -4.4 |
|  | Liberal | Steve Moran | 8,525 | 24.1 | +4.4 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 21,666 | 61.23 | +2.71 |
|  | Greens | Anne Martinelli | 13,716 | 38.77 | -2.71 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +2.71 |  |

### Elections in the 2000s

#### 2006

2006 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 17,508 | 52.6 | -2.6 |
|  | Greens | Alex Bhathal | 9,131 | 27.4 | +2.0 |
|  | Liberal | Graham Watt | 5,092 | 15.3 | -1.5 |
|  | Family First | Daniel Willis | 1,065 | 3.2 | +3.2 |
|  | Independent | Darren Lewin-Hill | 511 | 1.5 | +1.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,307 | 95.3 | −0.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,625 | 4.7 | +0.5 |
| Turnout | | | 34,932 | 90.5 |  |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 26,737 | 80.3 | +2.0 |
|  | Liberal | Graham Watt | 6,562 | 19.7 | −2.0 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Fiona Richardson | 19,484 | 58.5 | +0.6 |
|  | Greens | Alex Bhathal | 13,813 | 41.5 | -0.6 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +0.6 |  |

#### 2002

2002 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 18,229 | 55.2 | -11.2 |
|  | Greens | Sarah Nicholson | 8,394 | 25.4 | +25.4 |
|  | Liberal | Graham Watt | 5,550 | 16.8 | -9.2 |
|  | Socialist Alliance | Jackie Lynch | 598 | 1.8 | +1.8 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Paul Gallagher | 260 | 0.8 | +0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 33,031 | 95.8 | −0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,434 | 4.2 | +0.1 |
| Turnout | | | 34,465 | 91.4 |  |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 25,857 | 78.3 | +5.7 |
|  | Liberal | Graham Watt | 7,157 | 21.7 | −5.7 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 19,103 | 57.9 | -14.7 |
|  | Greens | Sarah Nicholson | 13,892 | 42.1 | +42.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -14.7 |  |

### Elections in the 1990s

#### 1999

1999 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 20,681 | 66.1 | +6.5 |
|  | Liberal | Elizabeth Richardson | 8,124 | 26.0 | -2.2 |
|  | Independent | Susanna Duffy | 2,480 | 7.9 | +7.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 31,285 | 96.0 | −0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,306 | 4.0 | +0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 32,591 | 91.3 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 22,733 | 72.7 | +2.8 |
|  | Liberal | Elizabeth Richardson | 8,552 | 27.3 | -2.8 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +2.8 |  |

#### 1998 by-election

1998 Northcote state by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 16,954 | 60.0 | +0.4 |
|  | Democrats | Kern Saunders | 7,439 | 26.3 | +26.3 |
|  | One Nation | Nikolas Kavalenka | 1,690 | 6.0 | +6.0 |
|  | Greens | Gurm Sekhon | 1,081 | 3.8 | +3.8 |
|  | Independent | Denis Evans | 555 | 2.0 | +2.0 |
|  | Independent | Maurice Sibelle | 472 | 1.7 | +1.7 |
|  | Abolish Child Support | Abboud Haidar | 75 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 28,266 | 95.4 | −0.8 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,373 | 4.6 | +0.8 |
| Turnout | | | 29,639 | 85.2 |  |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mary Delahunty | 18,351 | 65.0 | -4.9 |
|  | Democrats | Kern Saunders | 9,891 | 35.0 | +35.0 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -4.9 |  |

#### 1996

1996 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Tony Sheehan | 18,550 | 59.6 | +4.5 |
|  | Liberal | Alex Hay | 8,783 | 28.2 | +0.4 |
|  | Independent | Greg Barber | 2,421 | 7.8 | +7.8 |
|  | Independent | Jonathan Hogge | 823 | 2.6 | +2.6 |
|  | Natural Law | Michael Dickins | 554 | 1.8 | +0.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 31,131 | 96.2 | +3.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,238 | 3.8 | −3.2 |
| Turnout | | | 32,369 | 92.8 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Tony Sheehan | 21,646 | 69.9 | +4.7 |
|  | Liberal | Alex Hay | 9,336 | 30.1 | -4.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.7 |  |

#### 1992

1992 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Tony Sheehan | 16,288 | 55.1 | -16.5 |
|  | Liberal | Nicholas Kotsiras | 8,212 | 27.8 | -0.6 |
|  | Independent | Carolyn Purdue | 2,337 | 7.9 | +7.9 |
|  | Independent | Frank Ryan | 1,228 | 4.2 | +4.2 |
|  | Natural Law | Michael Dickins | 473 | 1.6 | +1.6 |
|  | Independent | Joe Kenwright | 320 | 1.1 | +1.1 |
|  | Call to Australia | Ken Cook | 257 | 0.9 | +0.9 |
|  | Independent | John Graham | 236 | 0.8 | +0.8 |
|  | Independent | Dimitrios Karmis | 201 | 0.7 | +0.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 29,552 | 93.0 | +0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,234 | 7.0 | −0.1 |
| Turnout | | | 31,786 | 93.8 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Tony Sheehan | 19,213 | 65.2 | -6.5 |
|  | Liberal | Nicholas Kotsiras | 10,271 | 34.8 | +6.5 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -6.5 |  |

### Elections in the 1980s

#### 1988

1988 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Tony Sheehan | 17,900 | 71.67 | -0.17 |
|  | Liberal | Ross Lane | 7,075 | 28.33 | +0.17 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,975 | 93.10 | −2.41 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,851 | 6.90 | +2.41 |
| Turnout | | | 26,826 | 89.73 | −1.02 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -0.17 |  |

#### 1985

1985 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 19,120 | 71.8 | -2.8 |
|  | Liberal | William Hamilton | 7,495 | 28.2 | +2.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 26,615 | 95.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,252 | 4.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 27,867 | 90.8 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.8 |  |

#### 1982

1982 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 19,113 | 73.5 | +3.3 |
|  | Liberal | Gerard Clarke | 6,898 | 26.5 | -0.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 26,011 | 95.5 | −0.4 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,217 | 4.5 | +0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 27,228 | 92.6 | +1.9 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +1.6 |  |

### Elections in the 1970s

#### 1979

1979 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 17,897 | 70.2 | +6.0 |
|  | Liberal | Lilian Heath | 6,821 | 26.7 | -9.1 |
|  | Independent | Ian Hughes | 793 | 3.1 | +3.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 25,511 | 95.9 | −0.4 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,103 | 4.1 | +0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 26,614 | 90.7 | 0.0 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 18,336 | 71.9 | +7.7 |
|  | Liberal | Lilian Heath | 7,175 | 28.1 | -7.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +7.7 |  |

#### 1976

1976 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 16,809 | 64.2 | +5.8 |
|  | Liberal | Gillford Brown | 9,388 | 35.8 | +4.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 26,197 | 96.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 1,002 | 3.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 27,199 | 90.7 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.3 |  |

#### 1973

1973 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 13,438 | 58.7 | -2.3 |
|  | Liberal | Michael Galli | 6,990 | 30.6 | +30.6 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Albert Dowsey | 2,448 | 10.7 | -28.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 22,876 | 95.8 | +1.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,013 | 4.2 | −1.6 |
| Turnout | | | 23,889 | 93.4 | −0.4 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 13,805 | 60.3 | -0.7 |
|  | Liberal | Michael Galli | 9,071 | 39.7 | +0.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -0.7 |  |

#### 1970

1970 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 13,061 | 61.0 | +6.9 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Albert Dowsey | 8,338 | 39.0 | +23.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 21,399 | 94.3 | −1.9 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,287 | 5.7 | +1.9 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.5 |  |

### Elections in the 1960s

#### 1967

1967 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 12,121 | 54.1 | +0.7 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Falconer | 6,748 | 30.1 | -0.2 |
|  | Democratic Labor | John Little | 3,527 | 15.8 | -0.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 22,396 | 96.2 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 877 | 3.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 23,273 | 94.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 12,650 | 56.5 | +0.8 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Falconer | 9,746 | 43.5 | -0.8 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +0.8 |  |

#### 1964

1964 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 9,973 | 56.0 | -1.0 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Max Crellin | 4,772 | 26.8 | +8.7 |
|  | Democratic Labor | John Little | 3,061 | 17.2 | -7.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,806 | 96.6 | −0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 617 | 3.4 | +0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 18,423 | 94.7 | −0.2 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 10,432 | 58.6 | -2.1 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Max Crellin | 7,374 | 41.4 | +2.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.1 |  |

#### 1961

1961 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 10,551 | 57.0 | -2.9 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Thomas Walsh | 4,620 | 24.9 | +1.7 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Julian Sullivan | 3,349 | 18.1 | +1.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,520 | 96.8 | −1.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 614 | 3.2 | +1.2 |
| Turnout | | | 19,134 | 94.9 | +0.9 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 11,244 | 60.7 | -2.6 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Julian Sullivan | 7,276 | 39.3 | +2.6 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.6 |  |

* The two candidate preferred vote was not counted between the Labor and DLP candidates for Northcote.

### Elections in the 1950s

#### 1958

1958 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 11,980 | 59.9 |  |
|  | Democratic Labor | Thomas Walsh | 4,631 | 23.1 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Edward Wells | 3,394 | 17.0 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,005 | 98.0 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 414 | 2.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 20,419 | 94.0 |  |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 12,674 | 63.3 |  |
|  | Democratic Labor | Thomas Walsh | 7,331 | 36.7 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

#### 1957

1957 Northcote state by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Frank Wilkes | 8,347 | 56.6 | -4.3 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Frederick Capp | 3,243 | 22.0 | -0.6 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Thomas Walsh | 3,158 | 21.4 | +4.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,748 | 98.1 | −0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 281 | 1.9 | +0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 15,029 | 84.5 | −8.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

* Preferences were not distributed.

#### 1955

1955 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 10,655 | 60.9 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Neil McDay | 3,953 | 22.6 |  |
|  | Labor (A-C) | David Woodhouse | 2,890 | 16.5 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,498 | 98.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 294 | 1.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 17,792 | 92.7 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 11,089 | 63.4 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Neil McDay | 6,409 | 36.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

#### 1952

1952 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | Unopposed |  |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | *N/A* |  |

#### 1950

1950 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 17,040 | 70.0 | +6.2 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Thomas Templeton | 7,301 | 30.0 | -6.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,341 | 96.7 | +1.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 171 | 0.7 | −1.2 |
| Turnout | | | 24,512 | 96.7 | +1.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.2 |  |

### Elections in the 1940s

1947 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 15,618 | 63.8 | -36.2 |
|  | Liberal | Jack McColl | 8,853 | 36.2 | +36.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,471 | 99.0 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 248 | 1.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 24,719 | 95.5 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

1945 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | unopposed |  |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1943 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | unopposed |  |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1940 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 17,184 | 74.4 | +3.0 |
|  | United Australia | Herbert Rasmussen | 5,902 | 25.6 | -3.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 23,086 | 98.7 | −0.4 |
| Informal votes | | | 304 | 1.3 | +0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 23,390 | 94.7 | −0.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.0 |  |

### Elections in the 1930s

1937 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 16,513 | 71.4 | +3.7 |
|  | United Australia | Jonas Holt | 6,591 | 28.6 | -3.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 23,104 | 99.1 | +0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 216 | 0.9 | −0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 23,320 | 94.8 | −0.9 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.7 |  |

1935 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 15,108 | 67.7 | +8.2 |
|  | United Australia | Fred Edmunds | 7,191 | 32.3 | -8.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 22,299 | 98.4 | −0.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 362 | 1.6 | +0.5 |
| Turnout | | | 22,661 | 95.7 | +2.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +8.2 |  |

1932 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | 12,945 | 59.5 | -40.5 |
|  | United Australia | William Olver | 8,802 | 40.5 | +40.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 21,747 | 98.9 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 236 | 1.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 21,983 | 93.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | N/A |  |

### Elections in the 1920s

1929 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | unopposed |  |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

1927 Victorian state election: Northcote
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | John Cain | unopposed |  |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

* "Northcote District results". Victorian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.


title: Ataxia cayensis

abstract: Ataxia cayensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Feller in 1988. It is known from Belize.

text:
# Ataxia cayensis

***Ataxia cayensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Feller in 1988. It is known from Belize.

## InfoBox

| *Ataxia cayensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Ataxia* |
| Species: | ***A. cayensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ataxia cayensis***<br>Chemsak & Feller, 1988 | |
|


title: Akarova

abstract: Marguerite Acarin was a Belgian dancer, choreographer, and artist.

text:
# Akarova

**Marguerite Acarin** (30 March 1904, in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode – 24 June 1999, in Ixelles) was a Belgian dancer, choreographer, and artist.

## Biography

Acarin is generally known by her stage-name, **Akarova**. She was called "the Belgian Isadora Duncan". She studied music and dance under Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, creator of eurhythmics, after which she joined the Antwerp ballet. She soon left due to disputes with the ballet mistress..

In 1922, attending a meeting arranged by Isadora Duncan's brother Raymond, she met artist Marcel-Louis Baugniet, with whom she would collaborate for many years. Baugniet coined Marguerite's stage name. They married on 31 October 1923, but separated in 1928. In this period she danced, choreographed, and designed sets and costumes, in performances to works by composers such as Igor Stravinski and Maurice Ravel. Her second marriage, to artistic patron Louis Lievens, took place on 6 April 1935. This marriage too ended in a separation, in 1939.

Noted Brussels architect Jean-Jules Eggericx constructed a studio, performance venue, and home, for Akarova at number 72, Avenue de l'Hippodrome, Ixelles, in 1937. The venue opened on 30 January 1937 with performances by Akarova from Francis Poulenc's *Les Biches*, Maurice Ravel's *Boléro*, and Igor Stravinsky's *The Rite of Spring*. Performances at the Avenue de l'Hippodrome ended in 1957. After the closure, Akarova devoted her time to painting and sculpture. She died at home in 1999.

## Filmography

In 1991, artist Ana Torfs and graphic designer Jurgen Persijn created the video portrait *Akarova & Baugniet / L'entre-deux-guerres* (Ana Torfs and Jurgen Persijn, 1991). The portrait evokes the life course of both Akarova and Marcel-Louis Baugniet with the help of witness reports and archival material, and places their life and work as artists in the context of the Belgian avant-garde from the interbellum.

In 1991 also Michel Jakar made a video documentary about Akarova:  *J'aurais aimé vous voir dancer ... Madame Akarova*  (Michel Jakar, 1991). In the video seven young choreographers / dancers (Michèle Noiret, Marc Vanrunxt, Patricia Kuypers, Nicole Mossoux, Michèle Anne De Mey, Marie Chouinard and Karine Saporta) come together with Akarova in the Akarova studio.

## In Search of Akarova

From 30 April to 11 June 2017, Ballets Confidentiels, a collaboration between choreographers/dancers Johanne Saunier and Ine Claes, organized the project In Search of Akarova. During that period they performed every Sunday a short dance performance, each time at a different location in Brussels. The choice of the different locations was inspired by the life of Akarova, and included the Madouplein / place Madou Saint-Josse-ten-Noode), the Museumstraat / rue de la Musée (Brussels), the Koninginneplein / place de la Reine (Schaerbeek, the Park Pierre Paulus / Parc Pierre Paulus (Saint-Gilles), the Akarovaplein / Place Akarova and the Brigitinnenstraat / rue Brigittines (Brussels), the Kapellemarkt / marche de la Chapelle (Brussels), the Weststation / gare de l'Ouest (Sint-Jans-Molenbeek ) and the Akarovastraat / rue Akarova (Ixelles). Besides Johanne Saunier and Ine Claes, the dancer Guida Inês Mauricio, the musical duo Different Fountains and the drummers Joâo Lobo and Mathieu Calleja also participated in the project.

## Streets and squares named after Akarova

In 2006, Les Brigittines, the Brussels Contemporary Art Center for Movement and Dance, proposed to the city of Brussels to rename the space behind the Brigittinenkapel / Chapelle des Brigittines. The reason was the expansion of art center and the change of view of the existing street behind the Brigittinenkapel. In April 2008, the space was officially renamed Akarovaplein / place Akarova, in honor of Akarova, who was a pioneer for Brussels in the field of movement and dance. Also in Elsene / Ixelles a street was named after Akarova: the Akarovastraat / rue Akarova.

* Andrew, Nell (2009). "Living Art: Akarova and the Belgian Avant-Garde". *Art Journal*. **68** (2): 26–49. doi:10.1080/00043249.2009.10791344. JSTOR 25676481.
* (in French) Jean-Philippe Van Aelbrouck, *ACARIN, Marguerite, dite AKAROVA*, in Eliane Gubin, Catherine Jacques, Valérie Piette & Jean Puissant (eds), *Dictionnaire des femmes belges: XIXe et XXe siècles.* Bruxelles: Éditions Racine, 2006. ISBN 2-87386-434-6


title: Egypt Independent

abstract: Egypt Independent is an online newspaper that formerly published a weekly 24-page English-language edition of the Egyptian newspaper, Al-Masry Al-Youm.

text:
# Egypt Independent

***Egypt Independent*** is an online newspaper that formerly published a weekly 24-page English-language edition of the Egyptian newspaper, *Al-Masry Al-Youm*.

## History

On 24 November 2011, the first print edition of *Egypt Independent* was published. It had evolved from the English edition of *Al-Masry Al-Youm*, which was previously published as a weekly supplement to the newspaper.

After being banned to publish their second edition by the editor in chief of *Al-Masry Al-Youm*, *Egypt Independent* acquired its own license and resumed publishing its weekly edition separate from *Al-Masry Al-Youm* in 2012.

In April 2013, the management of Al-Masry Media Corporation informed the *Egypt Independent* editorial team that the print news operation was being shut down, though the website continues to publish new stories, daily.

In June 2013, some former employees of *Egypt Independent* including Managing Editor Lina Attalah began publishing *Mada Masr*.

## Accusations of internal censorship

On 1 December 2011, the chief editor of *Al-Masry Al-Youm* objected to and ultimately censored a print issue of *Egypt Independent*.

The second issue of *Egypt Independent* was to carry an opinion piece by Robert Springborg, a political scientist and expert on Egyptian civil-military relations, that was critical of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces that had ruled Egypt since the February 2011 departure of former president Housni Mubarak. Springborg and the *Egypt Independent* staff collaborated to alter the offending sections in the opinion piece, however the second issue of the supplement was nevertheless prevented from being published. Professor Springborg was himself accused of being a "conspirator against Egypt's stability" in the 7 December 2011 Arabic-language edition of *Al-Masry Al-Youm*.

The self-censorship episode prompted the staff of *Egypt Independent* to write that "even after 25 January, self-censorship still plagues Egyptian media. As an Egyptian newspaper, we, too, suffer from it. But if self-censorship becomes internalized and goes unquestioned, it becomes an irreversible practice. We refuse to let this happen."

## InfoBox

Egypt Independent
| Format | Daily, online |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Al-Masry Media Corporation |
| Editor | Heba Helmy |
| Founded | November 2011 |
| Language | English |
| Headquarters | Cairo |
| Country | Egypt |
| Website | EgyptIndependent.com |
|  | |


title: East Africa Law Society

abstract: The East Africa Law Society (EALS) is the regional Bar Association of East Africa. It was formed in 1995 and incorporated in Tanzania. The EALS has over 28,000 individual members, and also has seven national Bar associations as members: Law Society of Kenya, Tanganyika Law Society, Uganda Law Society, Zanzibar Law Society, Rwanda Bar Association, Burundi Bar Association, and the South Sudan Bar Association. The South Sudan Bar Association is the latest Bar Association to join the Society following South Sudan’s acceptance as a member of the East African Community. The East Africa Law Society works to promote good governance and the rule of law in the East African region and enjoys formal Observer Status with the East African Community and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. EALS is also a member of the International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect under which leaders of every country solemnly promise to protect their people from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. EALS' top decision-making organ is their annual general meeting at which legal professionals come together to review the previous year's developments and to chart a way forward for the year ahead.

text:
# East Africa Law Society

The **East Africa Law Society** (EALS) is the regional Bar Association of East Africa. It was formed in 1995 and incorporated in Tanzania. The EALS has over 28,000 individual members, and also has seven national Bar associations as members: Law Society of Kenya, Tanganyika Law Society, Uganda Law Society, Zanzibar Law Society, Rwanda Bar Association, Burundi Bar Association, and the South Sudan Bar Association. The South Sudan Bar Association is the latest Bar Association to join the Society following South Sudan’s acceptance as a member of the East African Community.

The East Africa Law Society works to promote good governance and the rule of law in the East African region and enjoys formal Observer Status with the East African Community and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. EALS is also a member of the International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect under which leaders of every country solemnly promise to protect their people from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

EALS' top decision-making organ is their annual general meeting  at which legal professionals come together to review the previous year's developments and to chart a way forward for the year ahead.

## InfoBox

East Africa Law Society
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | EALS |
| Formation | 1995 |
| Type | Professional association |
| Purpose | Rule of Law and Justice for all in an Integrated East African Region |
| Headquarters | EALS House, Plot No. 310/19, PPF AGM Area, PPF Road off Njiro Road, Arusha, Tanzania |
| Location |  |
| Region served | East Africa |
| Membership | Over 28,000 members |
| Official language | English |
| President | Hon. Justice Dr. Fauz Twaib |
| Vice President | Ramadhan Abubakar |
| Secretary General | Florida Kabasinga |
| Chief Executive Officer | David Sigano |
| Main organ | Annual General Meeting |
| Affiliations | International Bar Association |
| Staff | 15 |
| Website | www.ealawsociety.org |


title: Arabiola

abstract: Arabiola is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. The genus is named after the country the wasp was first discovered in, Saudi Arabia.

text:
# Arabiola

***Arabiola*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. The genus is named after the country the wasp was first discovered in, Saudi Arabia.

## InfoBox

| *Arabiola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Entiinae |
| Genus: | *Arabiola*<br>Boucek, 1988 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Edward H. Martin

abstract: Edward Holmes Martin was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. Martin attended the United States Naval Academy, graduating in the class of 1954. He was also an alumnus of George Washington University, the Naval War College, and the National War College. During the Vietnam War, Martin was shot down during a mission and was kept as a prisoner of war in Hanoi for close to six years. Martin was a former Chief of Naval Air Training and Commander of Carrier Group FOUR, Carrier Group TWO, Task Force SIXTY, and of the United States Sixth Fleet. He also served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare. After his stint as Deputy CNO, he was appointed as United States Commander, Eastern Atlantic and the Deputy Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Europe. He retired in 1989. In retirement he worked in Europe for Xerox Corporation, and in California as a private investor. He was married with three children.

text:
# Edward H. Martin

**Edward Holmes Martin** (September 30, 1931 – December 23, 2014) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. Martin attended the United States Naval Academy, graduating in the class of 1954. He was also an alumnus of George Washington University, the Naval War College, and the National War College. During the Vietnam War, Martin was shot down during a mission and was kept as a prisoner of war in Hanoi for close to six years.

Martin was a former Chief of Naval Air Training and Commander of Carrier Group FOUR, Carrier Group TWO, Task Force SIXTY, and of the United States Sixth Fleet. He also served as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare. After his stint as Deputy CNO, he was appointed as United States Commander, Eastern Atlantic and the Deputy Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Europe. He retired in 1989. In retirement he worked in Europe for Xerox Corporation, and in California as a private investor. He was married with three children.

## Background

Martin was born in Savannah, Georgia, on September 30, 1931. He attended public school and Armstrong College as well as the University of Georgia Off-Campus Division. In 1950 he entered the U.S. Naval Academy from where he graduated in 1954. Following his graduation from Annapolis, Martin entered flight training in Pensacola, Florida, and later in Kingsville, Texas. From the fall of 1955 until 1959 he served in various carrier based squadrons operating out of San Diego, California. From 1959 until 1962, Martin was an instructor in the light jet Attack Replacement Squadron. In July 1964 he attended the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He also holds a master's degree in International Affairs. In July 1965, he reported to Attack Squadron Thirty-Four in Jacksonville, Florida, where he served as operations officer and executive officer.

## Prisoner of war

On July 9, 1967, Martin was leading a flight of A4 Skyhawks from the carrier Intrepid, when he encountered numerous surface-to-air missiles near southeast Hanoi. His aircraft was hit and burst into flames. After ejecting safely from the plane, Martin was captured upon landing. During his captivity, both of Martin's shoulders were broken during rope torture and he was confined in both leg and wrist irons. He spent a lot of time in solitary confinement and was subjected to beatings. For the next five years and eight months Martin was held captive in the Hanoi area, until his release on March 4, 1973. Martin died at the age of 83 on December 23, 2014, at a hospital in San Diego, California, of a head injury sustained in a fall at his home.

## Decorations and medals

| Naval Aviator Badge | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st Row | Navy Distinguished Service Medal with one gold award star | | | | Silver Star | | | | Defense Superior Service Medal | | | |
| 2nd Row | Legion of Merit with Combat V and award star | | | | Distinguished Flying Cross | | | | Bronze Star with Combat V and award star | | | |
| 3rd row | Air Medal with award star and bronze strike/flight numeral 2 | | | | Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with Combat V and award star | | | | Purple Heart with award star |
| 4th Row | Combat Action Ribbon | | | | Navy Unit Commendation | | | | Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation | | | |
| 5th Row | Navy E Ribbon | | | | National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star | | | | Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal with service star | | | |
| 6th Row | Vietnam Service Medal with three service stars | | | | Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon | | | | Vietnam Gallantry Cross with gold star | | | |
| 7th row | Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation | | | | National Order of Merit (France), class unknown *(France's fourth highest decoration)* | | | | Vietnam Campaign Medal | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| Edward H. Martin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1931-09-30)September 30, 1931
Savannah, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | December 23, 2014(2014-12-23) (aged 83)
San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1954–1989 |
| Rank | Vice admiral |


abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of Unley in South Australian state elections.

text:
# Electoral results for the district of Unley

This is a list of **electoral results for the Electoral district of Unley** in South Australian state elections.

## Members for Unley

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | John McLeay | Independent | 1938–1941 |
|  | Colin Dunnage | Liberal and Country League | 1941–1962 |
|  | Gil Langley | Labor Party | 1962–1982 |
|  | Kym Mayes | Labor Party | 1982–1993 |
|  | Mark Brindal | Liberal Party | 1993–2006 |
|  | David Pisoni | Liberal Party | 2006–present |

## Election results

### Elections in the 2020s

2022 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 12,019 | 49.2 | −2.7 |
|  | Labor | Ryan Harrison | 7,825 | 32.1 | +8.8 |
|  | Greens | Georgie Hart | 4,577 | 18.7 | +9.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 24,421 | 98.2 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 439 | 1.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 24,860 | 90.1 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 12,737 | 52.2 | −9.4 |
|  | Labor | Ryan Harrison | 11,684 | 47.8 | +9.4 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −9.4 |  |

### Elections in the 2010s

2018 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 12,103 | 51.7 | −3.3 |
|  | Labor | Geoff Phillips | 5,382 | 23.0 | −6.7 |
|  | SA-Best | Anthony Olivier | 2,878 | 12.3 | +12.3 |
|  | Greens | John Wishart | 2,222 | 9.5 | −2.0 |
|  | Dignity | Anne Watkins | 558 | 2.4 | −1.3 |
|  | Stop Population Growth Now | Dario Centrella | 284 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 23,427 | 97.5 | −0.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 593 | 2.5 | +0.6 |
| Turnout | | | 24,020 | 91.6 | +2.0 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 14,355 | 61.3 | +2.4 |
|  | Labor | Geoff Phillips | 9,072 | 38.7 | −2.4 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | +2.4 |  |

2014 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 12,312 | 55.8 | −0.7 |
|  | Labor | Lara Golding | 6,429 | 29.1 | +0.9 |
|  | Greens | Nikki Mortier | 2,481 | 11.2 | −2.2 |
|  | Dignity for Disability | Joanne Blesing | 854 | 3.9 | +3.9 |
| Total formal votes | | | 22,076 | 98.2 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 409 | 1.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 22,485 | 91.9 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 13,195 | 59.8 | −2.2 |
|  | Labor | Lara Golding | 8,881 | 40.2 | +2.2 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −2.2 |  |

2010 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 11,691 | 56.8 | +10.4 |
|  | Labor | Vanessa Vartto | 5,774 | 28.1 | -8.5 |
|  | Greens | Nikki Mortier | 2,711 | 13.2 | +3.6 |
|  | Family First | Luke Smolucha | 396 | 1.9 | -0.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,572 | 98.3 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 335 | 1.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 20,907 | 91.6 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 12,804 | 62.2 | +10.3 |
|  | Labor | Vanessa Vartto | 7,768 | 37.8 | -10.3 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | +10.3 |  |

### Elections in the 2000s

2006 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 8,964 | 45.5 | -6.9 |
|  | Labor | Michael Keenan | 7,324 | 37.2 | +6.8 |
|  | Greens | Peter Solly | 1,937 | 9.8 | +3.7 |
|  | Democrats | Bruce Hogben | 609 | 3.1 | -4.1 |
|  | Family First | David Kingham | 495 | 2.5 | +2.5 |
|  | Dignity for Disabled | Katharine Annear | 362 | 1.8 | +1.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 19,691 | 97.4 | −0.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 523 | 2.6 | +0.6 |
| Turnout | | | 20,214 | 90.9 | −0.6 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | David Pisoni | 10,064 | 51.1 | -7.9 |
|  | Labor | Michael Keenan | 9,627 | 48.9 | +7.9 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -7.9 |  |

2002 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Mark Brindal | 10,598 | 52.4 | +5.0 |
|  | Labor | Vicki Jacobs | 6,152 | 30.4 | +6.0 |
|  | Democrats | Ingrid Vogelzang | 1,447 | 7.2 | -8.1 |
|  | Greens | Peter Fiebig | 1,236 | 6.1 | +6.1 |
|  | SA First | Franca Zosens | 622 | 3.1 | +3.1 |
|  | One Nation | Clarke Staker | 165 | 0.8 | +0.8 |
| Total formal votes | | | 20,220 | 98.0 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 419 | 2.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 20,639 | 91.5 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Mark Brindal | 11,924 | 59.0 | -0.6 |
|  | Labor | Vicki Jacobs | 8,296 | 41.0 | +0.6 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -0.6 |  |

### Elections in the 1990s

1997 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Mark Brindal | 7,873 | 41.5 | -15.2 |
|  | Labor | Ann Drohan | 5,095 | 26.8 | -3.7 |
|  | Independent | Michael Keenan | 3,227 | 17.0 | +17.0 |
|  | Democrats | Maude Thompson | 2,549 | 13.4 | +3.5 |
|  | United Australia | Tony Parmiter | 234 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,978 | 96.6 | −0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 660 | 3.4 | +0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 19,638 | 88.3 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Mark Brindal | 10,337 | 54.5 | -7.0 |
|  | Labor | Ann Drohan | 8,641 | 45.5 | +7.0 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -7.0 |  |

1993 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Mark Brindal | 11,321 | 56.7 | +13.3 |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 6,107 | 30.6 | -11.9 |
|  | Democrats | Christopher Kennedy | 1,981 | 9.9 | -0.4 |
|  | Natural Law | Joseph Soos | 334 | 1.7 | +1.7 |
|  | Independent | Gavin McAuliffe | 230 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 19,973 | 97.3 | −0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 545 | 2.7 | +0.1 |
| Turnout | | | 20,518 | 91.6 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Mark Brindal | 12,293 | 61.5 | +12.1 |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 7,680 | 38.5 | -12.1 |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Labor | | **Swing** | +12.1 |  |

### Elections in the 1980s

1989 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 7,662 | 44.9 | -7.1 |
|  | Liberal | Joy Nimon | 7,222 | 41.5 | -1.1 |
|  | Democrats | Mark Basham | 1,732 | 10.0 | +6.0 |
|  | Independent | Jennie Williams | 536 | 3.0 | +3.0 |
|  | Call to Australia | David Peake | 235 | 1.4 | +1.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,387 | 97.4 | +0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 471 | 2.6 | −0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 17,858 | 92.8 | +2.0 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 9,102 | 52.3 | -2.7 |
|  | Liberal | Joy Nimon | 8,285 | 47.7 | +2.7 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.7 |  |

1985 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 8,797 | 51.2 | +1.3 |
|  | Liberal | Denis Sheridan | 7,314 | 42.6 | -2.5 |
|  | Nuclear Disarmament | Barbara Boden | 685 | 4.0 | +4.0 |
|  | Independent | Peter Kallas | 385 | 2.2 | +2.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,181 | 96.7 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 590 | 3.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 17,771 | 90.8 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 9,444 | 55.0 | +3.0 |
|  | Liberal | Denis Sheridan | 7,737 | 45.0 | -3.0 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.0 |  |

1982 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 7,704 | 53.2 | +6.1 |
|  | Liberal | Robert Nicholls | 5,670 | 39.1 | -4.3 |
|  | Democrats | Margaret-Ann Williams | 804 | 5.6 | -3.9 |
|  | National | Allan Osmond | 314 | 2.1 | +2.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,492 | 94.9 | −0.3 |
| Informal votes | | | 775 | 5.1 | +0.3 |
| Turnout | | | 15,267 | 92.0 | +1.9 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kym Mayes | 8,209 | 56.6 | +4.3 |
|  | Liberal | Robert Nicholls | 6,283 | 43.4 | -4.3 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.3 |  |

### Elections in the 1970s

1979 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 6,425 | 47.1 | -11.8 |
|  | Liberal | Robert Nicholls | 5,908 | 43.4 | +5.4 |
|  | Democrats | Albert Apponyi | 1,293 | 9.5 | +9.5 |
| Total formal votes | | | 13,626 | 95.2 | −2.3 |
| Informal votes | | | 694 | 4.8 | +2.3 |
| Turnout | | | 14,320 | 90.1 | −0.1 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 7,119 | 52.3 | -7.8 |
|  | Liberal | Robert Nicholls | 6,503 | 47.7 | +7.8 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -7.8 |  |

1977 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 8,848 | 58.9 | +6.8 |
|  | Liberal | Craig Spiel | 5,707 | 38.0 | -6.8 |
|  | Independent | Victoria Wawryk | 466 | 3.1 | +3.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 15,021 | 97.5 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 389 | 2.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 15,410 | 90.2 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 9,022 | 60.1 | +4.6 |
|  | Liberal | Craig Spiel | 5,999 | 39.9 | -4.6 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.6 |  |

1975 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 7,579 | 52.1 | -6.5 |
|  | Liberal | Ronald Berryman | 3,662 | 25.2 | -10.2 |
|  | Liberal Movement | Bruce Wark | 3,295 | 22.7 | +22.7 |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,536 | 95.7 | −0.6 |
| Informal votes | | | 659 | 4.3 | +0.6 |
| Turnout | | | 15,195 | 92.5 | −0.5 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 7,991 | 55.0 | -6.1 |
|  | Liberal | Ronald Berryman | 6,545 | 45.0 | +6.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -6.1 |  |

1973 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 8,357 | 58.6 | +3.7 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Johnny Mac | 5,040 | 35.4 | -6.4 |
|  | Happy Birthday | Susie Creamcheese | 855 | 6.0 | +6.0 |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,252 | 96.3 | −1.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 546 | 3.7 | +1.5 |
| Turnout | | | 14,798 | 93.0 | −0.9 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 8,785 | 61.6 | +6.2 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Johnny Mac | 5,467 | 38.4 | -6.2 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.2 |  |

1970 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 7,916 | 54.9 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Kevin Borick | 6,025 | 41.8 |  |
|  | Democratic Labor | George Basisovs | 474 | 3.3 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 14,415 | 97.8 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 321 | 2.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 14,736 | 93.9 |  |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 7,986 | 55.4 |  |
|  | Liberal and Country | Kevin Borick | 6,429 | 44.6 |  |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** |  |  |

### Elections in the 1960s

1968 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 8,820 | 50.8 | +0.1 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Lewis Short | 7,689 | 44.3 | -0.6 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Ted Farrell | 852 | 4.9 | +1.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,361 | 97.5 | −0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 450 | 2.5 | +0.1 |
| Turnout | | | 17,811 | 92.9 | −1.1 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 8,948 | 51.5 | -0.1 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Lewis Short | 8,413 | 48.5 | +0.1 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -0.1 |  |

1965 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 9,062 | 50.7 | +0.2 |
|  | Liberal and Country | John McLeay | 8,024 | 44.9 | +1.7 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Mary Dempsey | 660 | 3.7 | +3.7 |
|  | Independent | John Hennessey | 79 | 0.4 | +0.4 |
|  | Independent | William Wallace | 56 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 17,881 | 97.6 | +4.9 |
| Informal votes | | | 455 | 2.4 | −4.9 |
| Turnout | | | 18,336 | 94.0 | +1.3 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 9,229 | 51.6 | -2.0 |
|  | Liberal and Country | John McLeay | 8,652 | 48.4 | +2.0 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.0 |  |

1962 South Australian state election: Unley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 9,424 | 50.5 | +8.7 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Colin Dunnage | 8,063 | 43.2 | -7.0 |
|  | Independent | William Dempsey | 1,179 | 6.3 | +6.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 18,666 | 97.8 | +0.2 |
| Informal votes | | | 425 | 2.2 | −0.2 |
| Turnout | | | 19,091 | 92.7 | −1.0 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Gil Langley | 10,013 | 53.6 | +10.6 |
|  | Liberal and Country | Colin Dunnage | 8,653 | 46.4 | -10.6 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Liberal and Country | | **Swing** | +10.6 |  |


title: Alan Castell

abstract: Alan Terry Castell is an English former cricketer who played for Hampshire between 1961 and 1971 at both first-class and List A level. He began his career as a leg-break and googly bowler, but later switched to medium-pace. In 112 first-class appearances, he took nearly 230 wickets.

text:
# Alan Castell

**Alan Terry Castell** (born 6 August 1943) is an English former cricketer who played for Hampshire between 1961 and 1971 at both first-class and List A level. He began his career as a leg-break and googly bowler, but later switched to medium-pace. In 112 first-class appearances, he took nearly 230 wickets.

## Early cricket career

Castell was born at Oxford in August 1943. He first came to the attention of Hampshire coach Arthur Holt as a leg break googly bowler while playing for an Oxford juniors team in 1959, who invited Castell to join the Hampshire staff without a trial. Early in his career at Hampshire, he built a good relationship with Hampshire secretary Desmond Eagar, who once chastised him for the casual manner in which he addressed Hampshire president Harry Altham.

He made his debut for the Hampshire first eleven in a first-class match against Oxford University at Portsmouth in 1961. He appeared in the same fixture the following season, before making three appearances in the County Championship. Notably, against Surrey he shared in a partnership of 230 for the ninth wicket with Danny Livingstone, which as of 2024 remains a Hampshire record for that wicket; Castell contributed 76 runs to the partnership, which would become his highest first-class score. In the 1963 season, he made nine first-class appearances, taking 28 wickets at an average of 18.85; he took three five wicket hauls in these matches, with best figures of 5 for 46. His performances in 1963 led some critics to suggest Castell could be a Test hopeful. In the winter which followed the 1963 season, Castell toured the West Indies with the International Cavaliers, playing in two first-class matches against Jamaica at Kingston.

## Reinvention as a medium pacer

He played infrequently for Hampshire in 1964 and 1965, failing to live up to the early promise his leg break bowling had shown; the Australian Bill Alley had suggested that Castell was more promising than Richie Benaud was at the same age. He reinvented himself as a right-arm medium pace bowling ahead of the 1966 season, in which he made eleven first-class appearances, taking 36 wickets at an average of 22.55, which included two five wicket hauls and what were, at that point, his career best bowling figures of 6 for 49. In that same season, he also made his debut in List A one-day cricket against Worcestershire in the semi-final of the Gillette Cup. Over the following two seasons, he was largely ineffective, taking 12 and 19 wickets respectively in 1967 and 1968, at expensive averages. He made 22 first-class appearances in 1969, having his most successful season in terms of wickets, with 50 at an average of 25.90; amongst his three five wickets hauls that season were his career best figures of 6 for 22, taken against Somerset.

Castell again featured in 21 first-class matches in 1970, taking 43 wickets at an average of 39.86. Having played one-day intermittently since his 1966 debut in that format, he featured more prominently for Hampshire in one-day cricket during 1970, taking 12 wickets at an average of 38.16 from fourteen matches. In 1971, he featured in a further thirteen first-class matches, taking 27 wickets at an average of 30.88, while in one-day cricket he took 8 wickets from eight matches. Castell left Hampshire at the end of the 1971 season to pursue a career in the alcoholic drinks industry. From his debut in 1961, he made 110 first-class appearances for Hampshire, scoring 1,600 runs. With the ball, he took 225 wickets at an average of 30.68; he took a five wicket haul on eight occasions and once took ten-wickets in a match. In one-day cricket, he made thirty appearances and took 28 wickets at an average of 36.28, taking best figures of 4 for 52.

Away from county cricket, he played club cricket for Old Tauntonians. In the alcoholic drinks industry, he worked for The Distillers Company, which was responsible for marketing Gordon's Gin throughout the United Kingdom. He retired from the industry in the late 1990s.

## Works cited

## InfoBox

Alan Castell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Alan Terry Castell |
| Born | (1943-08-06) 6 August 1943
Oxford, Oxfordshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Leg break googly
Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1961–1971 | Hampshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 112 30  Runs scored 1,622 148  Batting average 15.90 9.25  100s/50s –/4 –/–  Top score 76 24  Balls bowled 14,832 1,571  Wickets 229 28  Bowling average 30.97 36.28  5 wickets in innings 8   10 wickets in match 1   Best bowling 6/22 4/52  Catches/stumpings 89/– 11/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 28 September 2009 | |


title: Alan Casden

abstract: Alan I. Casden is an American real estate developer, investor and philanthropist. His real estate companies have developed over 90,000 multi-family apartments since the 1980s. He also owns 3,100 luxury apartments in Los Angeles.

text:
# Alan Casden

**Alan I. Casden** (born 1945) is an American real estate developer, investor and philanthropist. His real estate companies have developed over 90,000 multi-family apartments since the 1980s. He also owns 3,100 luxury apartments in Los Angeles.

## Early life and education

Casden was raised in a Jewish family, the son of a liquor wholesaler. He was bar mitzvahed at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple where he remains a member today. Casden began his academic career as history major, but he was drawn into finance and accounting classes and eventually switched his educational focus to accounting. Casden enrolled at the University of Southern California as a sophomore after his freshman year at UCLA and graduated cum laude from USC's Leventhal School of Accounting in 1968, earning a Bachelor of Science and a Masters in Business Administration from USC.

## Career

After earning his degree, Casden took a position with Kenneth Leventhal & Company at the urging of one of his professors. During this period, Kenneth Leventhal became the major accounting firm for large U.S. residential real estate developers, which exposed Casden to a variety of major real estate entities that eventually became his clients. Casden excelled during his time with Kenneth Leventhal, founding the company's San Francisco office in 1969. In 1975, Casden accepted a job with Los Angeles apartment developer Robert Mayer and with financial support from the Belzberg family of Canada, he was able to take control of the firm. In 1980, he bought out the Belzberg interest after a dispute regarding future strategic directions the renamed Casden Properties, LLC, based in Beverly Hills. Using obscure incentives and deductions in the United States Tax Code, Casden was to profitably develop low-income housing projects and within a few years, Casdan properties had become one of the largest multi-family developers in the United States, winning 30 major design awards and earning recognition from the New York Times as an example of the use of urban planning to prevent urban sprawl. In 2002, Casden sold the majority of his real estate portfolio to the Denver real estate investment trust (REIT), Apartment Investment & Management Company (AIMCO) for $1.1 billion in cash, AIMCO stock, and assumed debt.

## Philanthropy

Casden is a noted Jewish philanthropist and gave $10.6 million to USC to benefit the Institute for the Study of the Jewish Role in American Life, endow a dean's chair at the Leventhal School and create the Casden Real Estate Economics Forecast within the USC Lusk Center for Real Estate. He is on the USC Board of Trustees.

Additionally, President George W. Bush appointed Casden to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. In his final days as president, Bush appointed Casden to a five-year term on the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council, which ended on January 15, 2011. The Memorial council helps oversee and run the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Casden is a loyal backer of Jewish causes, including Simon Wiesenthal Center's Museum of Tolerance. Casden also serves on the board of Yeshiva University in Los Angeles and was named a "friend of Jerusalem" for his service with the International committee of the Jerusalem 3000 celebration.

Casden has also received awards and appointed to honor his support of his local community, academic institutions, and real estate industry. Casden was awarded the Los Angeles County Leadership Award and Los Angeles Beautification Award, and serves on the Marshall School of Business board of advisors, Leventhal School of Accounting board of advisors and the advisory council of the Lusk Center for Real Estate.

## Professional organizations

Casden is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, California Society of Certified Public Accountants, a member of the advisory board of the National Multi-Family Housing Conference, Multi-Family Housing Council, President's Council of the California Building Industry Association and Urban Land Institute.

## Personal life

Casden is married to Susan Dedmon Casden and has five children. He lives in Beverly Hills, California.

## InfoBox

| Alan I. Casden | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1945 (age 7879) |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | University of Southern California (BA) (MBA) |
| Occupation | Real estate developer |
| Known for | Founder of Casden Properties, LLC |
| Spouse | Susan Dedmon Casden |
| Children | 5 |


title: Albert Soffel House

abstract: The Albert Soffel House is a historic house at 508 N. 5th Avenue in Maywood, Illinois. The two flat house was built in 1905 for original owner Albert Soffel. It has an American Foursquare design, a utilitarian style popular in the early twentieth century, with Arts and Crafts and Neoclassical ornamentation. The house has a typical Foursquare plan with a rectangular layout, a front porch supported by three columns, and a hip roof with a dormer. Its decorative features include Ionic styling on the porch columns, dentillation and brackets on the porch roof, additional bracketing along its eaves, and multiple stained glass windows. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1992.

text:
# Albert Soffel House

The **Albert Soffel House** is a historic house at 508 N. 5th Avenue in Maywood, Illinois. The two flat house was built in 1905 for original owner Albert Soffel. It has an American Foursquare design, a utilitarian style popular in the early twentieth century, with Arts and Crafts and Neoclassical ornamentation. The house has a typical Foursquare plan with a rectangular layout, a front porch supported by three columns, and a hip roof with a dormer. Its decorative features include Ionic styling on the porch columns, dentillation and brackets on the porch roof, additional bracketing along its eaves, and multiple stained glass windows.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1992.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Albert Soffel House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 508 N. 5th Ave., Maywood, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°53′32″N 87°50′23″W / 41.89222°N 87.83972°W / 41.89222; -87.83972 (Albert Soffel House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1905 |
| Architectural style | American Foursquare |
| MPS | Maywood MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 92000494 |
| Added to NRHP | May 22, 1992 |


title: Donald Cresitello

abstract: Donald Cresitello is an American politician who served as the mayor of Morristown, New Jersey from 1977 to 1981 and again from 2006 to 2010.

text:
# Donald Cresitello

**Donald Cresitello** is an American politician who served as the mayor of Morristown, New Jersey from 1977 to 1981 and again from 2006 to 2010.

## Career

### U.S. Senate

Cresitello launched a campaign for 1982 United States Senate election in New Jersey. He dropped out of the race on May 27 but remained on the June 8 Democratic primary ballot.

Cresitello again ran in Democratic primary for the 2008 United States Senate election in New Jersey against incumbent Senator Frank Lautenberg, which he subsequently lost, receiving only 10% of the vote. He garnered 19,743 votes, or 5.7% of those cast in a field of three. which he subsequently lost, receiving only 10% of the vote.

### Mayor

In 1997 Cresitillo switched to the Republican party but lost the mayoral primary to Jay Delaney.

He went on to win the Morristown mayoral election against Scott Whitenack in 2005.

On June 2, 2009 Cresitello lost a Democratic primary challenge from Morristown's zoning board chairman Tim Dougherty.

### Freeholder

In 2013 Cresitillo ran in the primary for Freeholder of Morris County. He did not expect to win since voters normally elect Republicans to the Board.

### Immigration policy

Cresitello gained national attention in a controversy regarding Immigration reduction in the United States and use of Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g). He had been active in reducing the presence of illegal immigrants in Morristown. He attempted to have police officers deputized as immigration officers. He asked federal authorities to assist local police in cracking down on illegal immigration in the town and on employers that hired illegal immigrants. He wrote a letter to then-United States attorney Chris Christie in this effort. In 2007, a rally at which he spoke saw violence and arrests. in his attempts to have local law enforcement officials coordinate with federal authorities is consistent with Section 287(g) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.

## InfoBox

| Donald Cresitello | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Morristown, New Jersey | |
| **In office**
2006  January 1, 2010 | |
| Succeeded by | Tim Dougherty |
| **In office**
1977–1981 | |
| Preceded by | David Manahan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Other political
affiliations | Republican (1997) |
|  | |


title: Albert Willemetz

abstract: Albert Willemetz was a French librettist.

text:
# Albert Willemetz

**Albert Willemetz** (14 February 1887 – 7 October 1964) was a French librettist.

## Career

Albert Willemetz was a prolific lyricist. He invented a new type of musical, with a humorous and "sexy" style. He was the author of more than 3000 songs, including "Mon homme" (popularized in English as "My Man"), "Valentine," "Dans la vie faut pas s'en faire," "Les palétuviers," "Ramona," "Est-ce que je te demande," "Ah si vous connaissiez ma poule," "Amusez-vous," and "Félicie aussi"), more than 100 musicals (including *Phi-Phi*, *Ta Bouche*, *Là-Haut*, *Dédé*, *3 jeunes filles nues*, *Florestan 1er*, and *Trois Valses*), more than 100 revues (including seven with Sacha Guitry), and work for films.

He worked with some of the notable musicians of his day, including André Messager, Maurice Yvain, Arthur Honegger, Henri Christiné, José Padilla, Vincent Scotto, Reynaldo Hahn, Raoul Moretti, Moises Simons, Georges Van Parys, Henri Betti, Szulc, Borel-Clerc, Oberfeld, Romberg, Lopez, Richepin, and Lattès.

Some of the singers who have sung his lyrics include Maurice Chevalier, Fanny Brice, Yvonne Printemps, Mistinguett, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Barbra Streisand, Arletty, Josephine Baker, Danielle Darrieux, Pauline Carton, Fernandel, Bourvil, Dranem, Henri Garat, Victor Boucher, Jean Gabin, Pierre Fresnay, Michel Simon and Léo Ferré.

Additionally, Albert Willemetz served as Secretary to Clemenceau, the Director of the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens for 30 years, and was President of the SACEM (from 1945), and CISAC (1956). He was the only president of both organizations not to be able to read music. He died in Marnes-la-Coquette, near Paris.

## Selected filmography

### Screenwriter

* O'Connor, Patrick (1992), 'Willemetz, Albert' in *The New Grove Dictionary of Opera*, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) ISBN 0-333-73432-7

## InfoBox

| Albert Willemetz | |
| --- | --- |
| Albert Willemetz and Sacha Guitry | |
| Born | (1887 -02-14)February 14, 1887 |
| Died | October 7, 1964(1964-10-07) (aged 77) |
| Occupation | librettist |


title: Albert William Baker

abstract: Albert William Baker was a Canadian aviator and aeronautical engineer. He was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2000.

text:
# Albert William Baker

**Albert William Baker** (May 4, 1918 – March 6, 2008) was a Canadian aviator and aeronautical engineer. He was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame in 2000.

* Oswald, Mary, They Led the Way, Wetaskiwin: Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame, 1999. ISBN 0-9684843-0-1

## InfoBox

| Albert William Baker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1918-05-04)May 4, 1918
Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | March 6, 2008(2008-03-06) (aged 89)
Cambridge, Ontario, Canada |


title: Dominic Loricatus

abstract: Dominic Loricatus, O.S.B. Cam., was an Italian monk, born in the village of Luceolis near Cantiano. His father, seeking social advancement, paid a bribe to have him ordained a priest when still a child. When he discovered the fact, he resolved on a life of penance and became a hermit in the woods near the abbey of S. Emiliano in Congiuntoli, then a Camaldolese monk at the monastery of Fonte Avellana in 1040. Fonte Avellana was at this time under the influence of St. Peter Damian, who promoted penitential self-mortification. It is through his vigorous embrace of this practice that Dominic Loricatus has become most well known, particularly through a mention by Edward Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: "By a fantastic arithmetic, a year of penance was taxed at three thousand lashes; and such was the skill and patience of a famous hermit, Saint Dominic of the iron Cuirass, that in six days he could discharge an entire century, by a whipping of three hundred thousand stripes. His example was followed by many penitents of both sexes; and, as a vicarious sacrifice was accepted, a sturdy disciplinarian might expiate on his own back the sins of his benefactors." Dominic is said to have performed these lashes while reciting the psalms, with 100 lashes for each psalm. 30 psalms made penance for one year of sin; the entire psalter redeemed 5 years, while 20 psalters redeemed one hundred years - hence the 'One Hundred Years Penance' St. Dominic is said to have performed in six days, over Lent. Dominic owes his nickname Loricatus to his further bodily mortification of wearing a coat of chain mail next to his skin as a hairshirt. He died at the Hermitage of San Vicino, near San Severino Marche in 1060, where he had been appointed prior by Peter Damian the previous year, where his remains are still venerated. His feast is celebrated by the Camaldolese Order on October 14.

text:
# Dominic Loricatus

**Dominic Loricatus, O.S.B. Cam.** (Italian: **San Domenico Loricato**; 995 - 1060), was an Italian monk, born in the village of Luceolis near Cantiano (then in Umbria, now in the Marche). His father, seeking social advancement, paid a bribe to have him ordained a priest when still a child. When he discovered the fact, he resolved on a life of penance and became a hermit in the woods near the abbey of S. Emiliano in Congiuntoli, then a Camaldolese monk at the monastery of Fonte Avellana in 1040.

Fonte Avellana was at this time under the influence of St. Peter Damian, who promoted penitential self-mortification. It is through his vigorous embrace of this practice that Dominic Loricatus has become most well known, particularly through a mention by Edward Gibbon in *The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire* (Vol. V, C. LVIII):

"By a fantastic arithmetic, a year of penance was taxed at three thousand lashes; and such was the skill and patience of a famous hermit, Saint Dominic of the iron Cuirass, that in six days he could discharge an entire century, by a whipping of three hundred thousand stripes. His example was followed by many penitents of both sexes; and, as a vicarious sacrifice was accepted, a sturdy disciplinarian might expiate on his own back the sins of his benefactors."

Dominic is said to have performed these lashes while reciting the psalms, with 100 lashes for each psalm. 30 psalms (3000 strokes) made penance for one year of sin; the entire psalter redeemed 5 years, while 20 psalters (300,000 strokes) redeemed one hundred years - hence the 'One Hundred Years Penance' St. Dominic is said to have performed in six days, over Lent.

Dominic owes his nickname *Loricatus* to his further bodily mortification of wearing a coat of chain mail (Latin: *Lorica hamata*) next to his skin as a hairshirt. He died at the Hermitage of San Vicino, near San Severino Marche in 1060, where he had been appointed prior by Peter Damian the previous year, where his remains are still venerated. His feast is celebrated by the Camaldolese Order on October 14.

## InfoBox

| Saint Dominic Loricatus, O.S.B. Cam. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 995
Luceolis, Duchy of Spoleto |
| Died | 1060
Poggio San Vicino, Marche of Camerino |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholicism
(Camaldolese Order) |
| Feast | October 14 |
| Attributes | his coat of mail lying on the ground |


title: Alan Maynard

abstract: Alan Keith Maynard was a British health economist.

text:
# Alan Maynard

**Alan Keith Maynard** OBE FMedSci (15 December 1944 – 2 February 2018) was a British health economist.

## Biography

Born in Bebington, Maynard studied at the Universities of Newcastle upon Tyne and York. After a stint at the University of Exeter, he was appointed to the University of York in 1971. There, he became a professor in 1983, founded the Centre for Health Economics (CHE) the same year and created the York Health Policy Group in 1996. In 1995, he briefly served as the Chief Executive of the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. From 1997 to 2010, Maynard was Chairman of the York Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. He was founding editor of the journal *Health Economics* and commentator for Pulse.

In 2000, Maynard was made Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2009 for his involvement in the National Health Service and also received honorary degrees from the University of Aberdeen in 2003 and the University of Northumbria in 2006. Along with his long-time colleague Anthony J. Culyer, he was the recipient of the 2015 William B. Graham Prize for Health Services Research.

## Further reading

* Cookson, Richard; Goddard, Maria; Sheldon, Trevor, eds. (2016). "Maynard matters - Centre for Health Economics, University of York". *Maynard Matters: Critical Thinking on Health Policy*. University of York, Centre for Health Economics.


title: Alan McCombes

abstract: Alan William McCombes has been a leading member of the Scottish Socialist Party for several years, and was the editor of the Scottish Socialist Voice until 2003. With Tommy Sheridan, he was also author of Imagine: A Socialist Vision for the 21st Century, described by Tony Benn as "one of the very best books I have ever read on the subject of socialism".

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# Alan McCombes

**Alan William McCombes** (born 1955) has been a leading member of the Scottish Socialist Party for several years, and was the editor of the *Scottish Socialist Voice* until 2003. With Tommy Sheridan, he was also author of *Imagine: A Socialist Vision for the 21st Century*, described by Tony Benn as "one of the very best books I have ever read on the subject of socialism".

## Political career

### Militant tendency

McCombes first became involved in socialist politics in the 1970s, as a member of the Militant group. Together with Tommy Sheridan he played a leading role in the anti-poll tax movement. His 1988 pamphlet, *How To Beat The Poll Tax*, written a year before the tax was introduced, set out the strategy of a Scotland-wide united mass non-payment campaign.

In 1992 McCombes was a leading figure in the persuading Militant in Scotland to break with Labour resulting in the creation of Scottish Militant Labour. Throughout the 1990s, he challenged the traditional "British Road to Socialism", arguing for the left to champion the idea of an independent Scottish socialist republic. In 1995, he called for a Scottish Socialist Alliance to unite the left. This was established six months later, laying the basis for the emergence of the SSP.

In 1996, McCombes established the *Scottish Socialist Voice* as a new fortnightly paper of the left, which he edited until 2003. This later became the newspaper of the Scottish Socialist Party.

### Scottish Socialist Party

McCombes held the position of policy co-ordinator for the SSP for a number of years. In this role, he encouraged a rethink of the educational approach within the party and the adoption of more Marxist styles of engagement, influenced in particular by Paulo Freire. He has also argued that the party should embrace more diffuse structures than the traditional models of socialist parties  championing the introduction of issue-based networks in addition to the geographic branch structure. Alongside Tommy Sheridan, he co-wrote *Imagine: A Socialist Vision for the 21st Century*.

During the bombing of Afghanistan, McCombes travelled to the Pakistan-Afghanistan border to report for the *Scottish Socialist Voice*.

McCombes co-ordinated the SSP's electoral campaign for the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, which saw the return of 6 MSPs for the party.

He announced his candidacy for convenor of the SSP on 19 January 2005. At the party conference on 13 February, he won 154 votes from SSP delegates, losing by 98 to Colin Fox. He was a leading member of the ISM platform until its dissolution in 2006.

### Involvement in the Tommy Sheridan defamation trial

As part of the Sheridan v News International defamation trial, he appeared at the Court of Session on 16 May 2006 following a demand by News International to hand over confidential internal SSP executive committee minutes. He refused. On 26 May 2006 he was jailed for 12 days and his home was raided by Messengers at Arms after he refused to comply with the order to hand over the documents. He was released on 29 May after a decision by the SSP national council to hand the minutes over to the court.

On 7 July 2006, McCombes gave evidence in the defamation proceedings launched by Tommy Sheridan against the News of the World stating that Sheridan had admitted to him that he had visited swingers clubs. His version of events was supported by ten other people who were present at the meeting and matched the minutes of the meeting presented in court, though these were disputed during the court case.

He declared himself a hostile witness, describing the case as a "squalid little squabble" but was ordered to answer questions by the judge. He said: "I am here under the strongest possible protest. \[...\] Your client, I have to say, the *News of the World*, symbolises everything that as a socialist I have stood against my whole adult life. \[...\] It should have been settled by one of both parties before innocent people were dragged into this bizarre pantomime."

In August 2006, in the aftermath of the Sheridan defamation case, McCombes publicly released an all-members bulletin addressed to members of the SSP, entitled "The Fight for the Truth" in which he said Tommy Sheridan's libel victory over the *News of the World* "could set back the cause of socialism by years if not decades" because of the divisions that had occurred within the party and went on to give his view of the events leading up to the trial. He also condemned Tommy Sheridan's announcement to stand for election as convenor of the SSP and said that Tommy Sheridan's support had been "based on the more middle class and rural sections of the party" and were "united only by their hostility to the majority of the leadership".

In 2010 he was also a witness in HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan. During the trial it emerged that he was the author of an affidavit to the *Sunday Herald* which detailed that the party had asked Sheridan to resign as convenor, citing "certain information" in the party's possession. Contrary to prior speculation it emerged that the affidavit did not contain details of the party's 9 November executive meeting.

In June 2011, he published *Downfall*, his account of the Sheridan affair.

## Environmental activity

In the 2010s, McCombes moved to Perthshire to work for the John Muir Trust which works to defend wild land, enhance habitats and encourage people of all ages and backgrounds to connect with wild places. In 2014, he and Roz Paterson published *Restless Land: A Radical Journey Through Scotland's History*.


title: Alberto Ohaco

abstract: Alberto Ohaco (1889–1950) was an Argentine footballer who played for Racing Club de Avellaneda. He won seven league titles and is considered to have been one of the greatest Argentine men's footballers of all time. Ohaco whose father was one of the founding members of Racing Club became one of the club's greatest players. He is still the most winning player in Racing Club' history having won a total of 20 titles with the club, including seven Primera División consecutive championships between 1913 and 1919. He was also four times top scorer in the Argentine league between 1912 and 1915. He scored a total of 244 goals for the club making him the highest scoring player in the history of the institution. Ohaco played for the Argentina national team between 1912 and 1918, playing in the first two editions of the Copa América in 1916 and 1917 In Primera División, Ohaco scored 138 goals for Racing between 1911 and 1921.

text:
# Alberto Ohaco

**Alberto Ohaco** (1889–1950) was an Argentine footballer who played for Racing Club de Avellaneda. He won seven league titles and is considered to have been one of the greatest Argentine men's footballers of all time.

Ohaco whose father was one of the founding members of Racing Club became one of the club's greatest players. He is still the most winning player in Racing Club' history having won a total of 20 titles with the club, including seven Primera División consecutive championships between 1913 and 1919. He was also four times top scorer in the Argentine league between 1912 and 1915. He scored a total of 244 goals for the club making him the highest scoring player in the history of the institution.

Ohaco played for the Argentina national team between 1912 and 1918, playing in the first two editions of the Copa América in 1916 and 1917

In Primera División, Ohaco scored 138 goals for Racing between 1911 and 1921.

## Titles

### Club

Racing Club   * "Futbol Factory profile". Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2019.

## InfoBox

Alberto Ohaco
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Alberto Juan Ohaco | | |
| Date of birth | (1889-01-12)12 January 1889 | | |
| Place of birth | Avellaneda, Argentina | | |
| Date of death | 8 March 1950(1950-03-08) (aged 61) | | |
| Place of death | Lomas de Zamora, Argentina | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1911–1921 | Racing Club | 278 | (244) |
| International career | | | |
| 1912–1918 | Argentina | 23 | (7) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of October 2008 | | | |


abstract: Major Alexander Henry Louis Hardinge, 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, was Private Secretary to the Sovereign during the Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII and during most of the Second World War.

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# Alec Hardinge, 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst

Major **Alexander Henry Louis Hardinge, 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst**, GCB, GCVO, MC, PC (17 May 1894  29 May 1960) was Private Secretary to the Sovereign during the Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII and during most of the Second World War.

## Background and earlier life

Hardinge was born in 1894, the son of Charles Hardinge (who was created Baron Hardinge of Penshurst in 1910 and served as Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916).

Hardinge was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

He was commissioned into the Grenadier Guards and fought in the First World War and became a Lieutenant and received the Military Cross. He was *Aide-de-Camp* to the Viceroy of India between 1915 and 1916. In 1920, he became Assistant Private Secretary to George V and was promoted Captain. On 8 February 1921, he married Helen Gascoyne-Cecil (a daughter of Lord Edward Gascoyne-Cecil) and they had three children. In 1929 he was promoted Major.

Hardinge served as Assistant Private Secretary until George V's death in January 1936.

## Private Secretary to Edward VIII and George VI

He was promoted to Private Secretary upon the accession of Edward VIII that same year, contributing to some delicate negotiations between the new king and the British government in the run up to the king's abdication in December 1936; he continued in this role under George VI until his early retirement in 1943. Alan Lascelles, the Assistant Private Secretary, effected the forced resignation of Hardinge and took over as Private Secretary.

Significantly, as Brandi McCarry's commentary has pointed out, Hardinge's ultimate loyalty lay with the King-in-Parliament rather than personally with a monarch in conflict (and especially when the conflict was between the Sovereign and "his" Parliament). This was particularly reflected in Hardinge's warning letter to Edward, received on 13 November 1936, which showed evidence of prior consultation with Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, who, with his cabinet, had serious misgivings about the suitability of Mrs Wallis Simpson as the possible spouse of the monarch. The precise nature and extent of his loyalty were thus constitutional—doing what he thought was right in his post as Private Secretary to the Sovereign.

## Death and legacy

Hardinge died in 1960 and his title was inherited by his son, George.

His wife Helen wrote his biography *Loyal to Three Kings*, William Kimber, London 1967.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Major The Right HonourableThe Lord Hardinge of PenshurstGCB GCVO MC PC | |
| --- | --- |
| Hardinge in 1916 | |
|  | |
| Private Secretary to the Sovereign | |
| **In office**
1936–1943 | |
| Monarchs | Edward VIII (1936)
George VI (1936–1943) |
| Preceded by | The Lord Wigram |
| Succeeded by | Sir Alan Lascelles |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1894-05-17)17 May 1894 |
| Died | 29 May 1960(1960-05-29) (aged 66) |
| Nationality | British |
| Parent(s) | Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst
Winifred Sturt |
| Education | Harrow School |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Alec Harris

abstract: Alexander Frederick Harris (1897–1974) was a Welsh spiritualist and medium.

text:
# Alec Harris

**Alexander Frederick Harris** (18971974) was a Welsh spiritualist and medium.

## Biography

Harris was born in Treherbert, Wales. As a young man he joined the army as the First World War (1914–18) began. He married in 1928 and, in the 1930s, was introduced to spiritualism. Despite being initially skeptical about spiritualism, he attended séances with the medium Helen Duncan which he was convinced were genuine. After attending other séances he became a medium himself and claimed the ability to materialise spirit guides. Harris only worked in dark conditions with a cabinet in a curtained-off alcove from his audience where the spirits were reported to emerge.

In the 1940s it was stated by spiritualists that he could materialize as many as 15 to 30 spirits in a single séance. He later moved to South Africa to resume a career as a medium. He conducted séances until his death in 1974. He died on 12 February 1974 in Johannesburg. His wife, Louie Harris, wrote a biography of him after his death.

## Claims investigated

In January 1955, Tony Cornell attended a séance to investigate the mediumship of Harris. In the séance, Harris sat behind a curtain cabinet and in total eleven "spirit" figures came out from behind the curtain at different times dressed in different clothing. They walked around the room and communicated with the sitters, and then disappeared behind the curtain. The room was in complete darkness apart from some dim light in the middle of the room.

Cornell noted that all the figures had a similar stature, they dressed similarly but used different masks and hats. Only one figure came out from the curtain at a time and always minutes after the previous one. According to the sitters who had touched the figures, their skin felt coarse and rough even though some were supposed to be female. Cornell wrote that a stomach rumble, nicotine-smelling breath and a pulse gave away the fact that all the figures were in fact Harris and that he had dressed up as each one behind the cabinet. The cabinet was not examined before or after the sitting and Harris refused to be searched before or after the sitting.

The spirit figures were also reported to creak and move floorboards as they walked on them, indicating that they were human.

## Footnotes


title: Alaria esculenta

abstract: Alaria esculenta is an edible seaweed, also known as dabberlocks or badderlocks, or winged kelp, and occasionally as Atlantic Wakame. It is a traditional food along the coasts of the far north Atlantic Ocean. It may be eaten fresh or cooked in Greenland, Iceland, Scotland and Ireland. It is the only one of twelve species of Alaria to occur in both Ireland and in Great Britain.

text:
# Alaria esculenta

***Alaria esculenta*** is an edible seaweed, also known as **dabberlocks** or **badderlocks**, or **winged kelp**, and occasionally as **Atlantic Wakame**. It is a traditional food along the coasts of the far north Atlantic Ocean. It may be eaten fresh or cooked in Greenland, Iceland, Scotland and Ireland. It is the only one of twelve species of *Alaria* to occur in both Ireland and in Great Britain.

## Description

Grows to a maximum length of 2 m. The whole frond is brown and consists of a distinct midrib with wavy membranous lamina up to 7 cm wide on either side. The frond is unbranched and tapers towards the end. The base has a short stipe arising from a rhizoidal holdfast. The stipe may bear several sporophylls which are club-shaped and up to 20 cm long and 5 cm broad which bear the spores.

It grows from a short cylindrical stipe attached to the rocks by a holdfast of branching root-like rhizoids and grows to about 20 cm long. The stipe is continued into the frond forming a long conspicuous midrib, all other large and unbranched brown algae to be found in the British Isles are without a mid-rib. The lamina is thin, membranous with a wavy margin.

## Reproduction

Sporangia grow in club shaped narrow leafy outgrowths produced near the base growing from the stipe. These grow to 20 cm long and 5 cm broad.

## Distribution and ecology

*Alaria esculenta* is well known in Ireland, where it is known as Láir or Láracha, and in the rest of the British Isles save the south and east of England. It is perennial.

It is a common large algae on shores where there is severe wave exposure attached to rocks just below low-watermark in the "Laminaria belt", and is common on rocky shores in exposed places. It has a fairly high intrinsic growth rate compared to other algae, 5.5% per day and a carrying capacity of about 2 kg wet weight per square meter. It may reach lengths of about 2.5 m. It overlaps to a small degree (+) in distribution with *Fucus serratus* and somewhat more with *Laminaria digitata*. It has low and high light limitation values of about 5 and 70 W per square meter respectively. Its distribution is also limited by salinity, wave exposure, temperature, desiccation and general stress. These, and other attributes of the algae are summarized in Lewis (1964) and Seip 1980.

Leaf-like sporophylls develop from the stipe and produce zoospores.

*A. esculenta* may produce phlorotannins and oxidized lipids as protective functions against high photosynthetically active and UV radiations.

It is host to the pathogenic fungus *Phycomelaina laminariae*.

## World distribution

Europe: Atlantic France, Channel Islands, Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Heligoland, Baltic, Iceland, Faroes, Norway and Svalbard; North America: New York, New England, Maritime Provinces, Newfoundland, Quebec, Labrador, Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Greenland; Asia: Japan, Korea, Kuriles, Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

## Further reading

* Gordillo, Francisco J.L.; Aguilera, José; Wiencke, Christian (2015). "Ocean acidification modulates the response of two Arctic kelps to ultraviolet radiation". *Journal of Plant Physiology*. **173**: 41–50. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.09.008. PMID 25462077.
* M. Indergaard & J. Minsaas (1991). "Animal and Human Nutrition". In M. D. Guiry & G. Blunden (ed.). *Seaweed Resources in Europe*. pp. 21–64. ISBN 978-0-471-92947-5.
* Olischlaeger, Mark; Wiencke, Christian (July 2013). "Seasonal fertility and combined effects of temperature and UV-radiation on Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) from Spitsbergen". *Polar Biology*. **36** (7): 1019–1029. doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1325-5. S2CID 253813504.

## InfoBox

| *Alaria esculenta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Laminariales |
| Family: | Alariaceae |
| Genus: | *Alaria* |
| Species: | ***A. esculenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alaria esculenta***<br>(Linnaeus) Greville | |
|