title: Emmons County, North Dakota

abstract: Emmons County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,301. Its county seat has been Linton since 1899.

text:
# Emmons County, North Dakota

**Emmons County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,301. Its county seat has been Linton since 1899.

## History

The county was created by the Dakota Territory legislature on February 10, 1879, with territories partitioned from Burleigh and Campbell counties. It was not organized at the time, but it was not attached to another county for administrative and judicial purposes. This continued until November 9, 1883, when the governing structure was organized. The county was named for James A. Emmons (1845–1919), a steamboat operator and early Bismarck merchant and entrepreneur.

The first non-Native settlers of Emmons County came from Europe and the eastern United States. The earliest were mostly soldiers discharged from Fort Yates, but civilians began arriving in the 1880s. Two large ethnic groups soon developed: Germans from both Russia and Germany (the latter called Reich Germans) and Hollanders who had come from the eastern United States. The Hollanders lived only in the southwestern part of the county while the Germans settled throughout the area.

The settlers faced hardships in Emmons County, particularly the adverse climate with its extreme seasonal variations in temperature, wind, rain, and snow. Winter blizzards, summer thunderstorms, and tornadoes were a constant threat. Early settlers built crude dwellings using available materials. The first building in Emmons county was a log cabin built near present-day Winona (1852). Other dwellings used tar paper or local rocks. Rocks were a common sight on the prairie, but stone houses were a rarity because they took great care to build. The most common type of dwelling was the sod house, which later became synonymous with pioneering life on the prairie. Sod is prairie grass and dirt cut into blocks and stacked to form walls. Sod was an effective solution to the problem of limited lumber availability. These crude dwellings were eventually abandoned in favor of more modern homes as soon as the necessary building materials became available.

Another hardship was transportation. There were no roads and the nearest railroad station was in Eureka, South Dakota (40 miles (64 km) away). A horse and wagon were typically used for transportation. Piles of buffalo bones were used as landmarks to aid navigating the vast prairie. Since no bridges existed, creeks and streams presented a major difficulty. Settlers usually traveled in pairs and used both of their teams of horses to pull each wagon across a creek or stream. The first bridge in Emmons County was built in 1889.

The Missouri River forms the county's western boundary. Some settlers earned a living by providing cordwood to the river's steamboats in the summer (river ice halted the boats in wintertime). Ferries moved people and goods across the river, and barges were used to move goods along the river.

The county's first town that still exists was Braddock, established in 1898. A railroad line was laid to Braddock in 1898. Linton was platted in 1899 near the county center, to create a county seat. Linton had 118 residents by 1901, and 245 by 1903. Tirsbol was established in 1902 ten miles (16 km) south of Linton. It became the center of the German immigrant community and was renamed Strasburg. Also in 1902, the town of Hague was established southeast of Strasburg, and Hazelton was platted near Williamsport.

Winona was the first settlement to be created in the county, in 1874, and named 'Devils Colony'. It served soldiers from Fort Yates and the few area settlers. During the 1880s it was the largest town between Bismarck, North Dakota and Pierre, South Dakota. The county's first school was built there in 1884 and the county's first newspaper was published there in 1885. By 1894, the population of the town peaked at over 200. However, the creation of Linton drained the lifeblood from Winona, and it was gone by the early 1900s. The town of Williamsport was established in 1883 by a group of people from Ashland, Ohio and was the first county seat of government. The creation of Linton and Hazelton drained the population from Williamsport and it was abandoned in 1903.

Other towns no longer in existence include Emmonsburg which was located west of Linton, in Beaver Bay, on the Missouri River. It was established in 1888 and abandoned in 1912. Glencoe was also established in 1883 in the northwest corner of the county, but it was abandoned in 1930. Winchester was established in 1884 along Beaver Creek (west of Linton), but was completely abandoned by 1909. Westfield was established in 1888 in the center of the Dutch colony. It was named for Westfield, Iowa but was never incorporated. Godkin was established in 1902, six miles (9.7 km) north of Linton. Its name was later changed to Temvik, combining the last names of early settlers - the Tempel brothers and Ed Larvik. By 1925 its population peaked to over 200, but the effects of the 1930s Great Depression and being bypassed by the construction of U.S. Highway 83 led to its downfall. Its post office was abandoned in 1968. The final town of note is Kintyre. Settled by Swedes and Norwegians in the 1880s; it was established in 1908 and subsequently abandoned.

## Geography

Emmons County lies on the south line of North Dakota. Its south boundary line abuts the north boundary line of the state of South Dakota. The Missouri River flows south-southeasterly along the county's western boundary. The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, mostly devoted to agriculture. Its terrain slopes to the south and east, although its western area slopes westward to the river valley. The county has a total area of 1,555 square miles (4,030 km2), of which 1,510 square miles (3,900 km2) is land and 45 square miles (120 km2) (2.9%) is water.

### Major highways

### Adjacent counties

### Protected areas

Source:

### Lakes

Source:

* Appert Lake
* Braddock Dam
* Goose Lake
* Lake Oahe (part)
* Neuwama Lake
* Rice Lake
* Stink Lake
* Sunburst Lake
* Schwahn Lake

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 38 |  |  |
| 1890 | 1,971 |  | 5,086.8% |
| 1900 | 4,349 |  | 120.6% |
| 1910 | 9,796 |  | 125.2% |
| 1920 | 11,288 |  | 15.2% |
| 1930 | 12,467 |  | 10.4% |
| 1940 | 11,699 |  | −6.2% |
| 1950 | 9,715 |  | −17.0% |
| 1960 | 8,462 |  | −12.9% |
| 1970 | 7,200 |  | −14.9% |
| 1980 | 5,877 |  | −18.4% |
| 1990 | 4,830 |  | −17.8% |
| 2000 | 4,331 |  | −10.3% |
| 2010 | 3,550 |  | −18.0% |
| 2020 | 3,301 |  | −7.0% |
| 2022 (est.) | 3,250 |  | −1.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1790-1960 1900-1990
1990-2000 2010-2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, there were 3,301 people.

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,550 people, 1,594 households, and 1,003 families in the county. The population density was 2.4 inhabitants per square mile (0.93/km2). There were 2,085 housing units at an average density of 1.4 units per square mile (0.54/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 98.5% white, 0.4% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 69.1% were German, 16.8% were Russian, 12.3% were Norwegian, 9.6% were Dutch, 5.9% were English, and 1.4% were American.

Of the 1,594 households, 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.1% were non-families, and 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.81. The median age was 50.5 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,615 and the median income for a family was $45,464. Males had a median income of $31,468 versus $26,700 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,358. About 12.4% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 20.4% of those age 65 or over.

### Population by decade

## Communities

### Cities

### Unincorporated communities

Source:

### Township

### Defunct townships

## Politics

Emmons County voters have been reliably Republican for decades. In only one national election since 1960 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2020).

United States presidential election results for Emmons County, North Dakota
| Year | Republican | | Democratic | | Third party(ies) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| **2020** | 1,738 | **86.51%** | 237 | 11.80% | 34 | 1.69% |
| **2016** | 1,677 | **84.65%** | 215 | 10.85% | 89 | 4.49% |
| **2012** | 1,435 | **76.17%** | 383 | 20.33% | 66 | 3.50% |
| **2008** | 1,230 | **66.96%** | 546 | 29.72% | 61 | 3.32% |
| **2004** | 1,449 | **68.58%** | 611 | 28.92% | 53 | 2.51% |
| **2000** | 1,430 | **71.79%** | 405 | 20.33% | 157 | 7.88% |
| **1996** | 1,148 | **53.54%** | 544 | 25.37% | 452 | 21.08% |
| **1992** | 1,047 | **43.09%** | 595 | 24.49% | 788 | 32.43% |
| **1988** | 1,634 | **62.94%** | 925 | 35.63% | 37 | 1.43% |
| **1984** | 1,885 | **73.46%** | 620 | 24.16% | 61 | 2.38% |
| **1980** | 2,369 | **77.57%** | 502 | 16.44% | 183 | 5.99% |
| **1976** | 1,370 | 45.91% | 1,459 | **48.89%** | 155 | 5.19% |
| **1972** | 2,194 | **64.53%** | 1,115 | 32.79% | 91 | 2.68% |
| **1968** | 1,991 | **65.04%** | 756 | 24.70% | 314 | 10.26% |
| **1964** | 1,759 | **53.06%** | 1,556 | 46.94% | 0 | 0.00% |
| **1960** | 1,785 | 46.42% | 2,058 | **53.52%** | 2 | 0.05% |
| **1956** | 2,789 | **77.11%** | 825 | 22.81% | 3 | 0.08% |
| **1952** | 3,369 | **86.16%** | 522 | 13.35% | 19 | 0.49% |
| **1948** | 2,223 | **63.46%** | 1,187 | 33.89% | 93 | 2.65% |
| **1944** | 2,255 | **76.99%** | 656 | 22.40% | 18 | 0.61% |
| **1940** | 3,515 | **77.29%** | 1,004 | 22.08% | 29 | 0.64% |
| **1936** | 1,117 | 26.70% | 2,424 | **57.95%** | 642 | 15.35% |
| **1932** | 916 | 22.62% | 3,089 | **76.29%** | 44 | 1.09% |
| **1928** | 1,792 | 46.25% | 2,066 | **53.32%** | 17 | 0.44% |
| **1924** | 1,198 | 39.66% | 123 | 4.07% | 1,700 | **56.27%** |
| **1920** | 2,900 | **91.77%** | 238 | 7.53% | 22 | 0.70% |
| **1916** | 1,090 | **63.15%** | 609 | 35.28% | 27 | 1.56% |
| **1912** | 410 | 30.44% | 524 | **38.90%** | 413 | 30.66% |
| **1908** | 951 | **59.70%** | 618 | 38.79% | 24 | 1.51% |
| **1904** | 653 | **68.66%** | 281 | 29.55% | 17 | 1.79% |
| **1900** | 433 | **57.97%** | 311 | 41.63% | 3 | 0.40% |

* Emmons County maps, Sheet 1 (northern) and Sheet 2 (southern), *North Dakota DOT*

46°17′N 100°14′W / 46.28°N 100.24°W / 46.28; -100.24

## InfoBox

| Emmons County | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Emmons County Courthouse in Linton | |
| Location within the U.S. state of North Dakota | |
| North Dakota's location within the U.S. | |
| Coordinates: 46°17′N 100°14′W / 46.28°N 100.24°W / 46.28; -100.24 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| Founded | February 10, 1879 (created)
November 9, 1883 (organized) |
| Seat | Linton |
| Largest city | Linton |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,555 sq mi (4,030 km2) |
| Land | 1,510 sq mi (3,900 km2) |
| Water | 45 sq mi (120 km2)  2.9% |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,301 |
| Estimate (2022) | 3,250 |
| Density | 2.1/sq mi (0.82/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Congressional district | At-large |


title: 1991 Trofeo Villa de Madrid

abstract: The 1991 Trofeo Villa de Madrid, also known by its sponsored name Trofeo Grupo Zeta Villa de Madrid, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Club de Tenis Chamartín in Madrid, Spain that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and was played from 29 April until 5 May 1991. Seventh-seeded Jordi Arrese won the singles title.

text:
# 1991 Trofeo Villa de Madrid

The **1991 Trofeo Villa de Madrid**, also known by its sponsored name Trofeo Grupo Zeta Villa de Madrid, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Club de Tenis Chamartín in Madrid, Spain that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and was played from 29 April until 5 May 1991. Seventh-seeded Jordi Arrese won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Jordi Arrese defeated  Marcelo Filippini 6–2, 6–4

* It was Arrese's 1st singles title and the 3rd of his career.

### Doubles

Gustavo Luza /  Cássio Motta defeated  Luiz Mattar /  Jaime Oncins 6–0, 7–5

* It was Luza's only doubles title of the year and the 4th of his career. It was Motta's only doubles title of the year and 10th and last of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1991 Trofeo Villa de Madrid | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 29 April – 5 May |
| Edition | 20th |
| Category | World Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $450,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Madrid, Spain |
| Venue | Club de Tenis Chamartín |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Jordi Arrese | |
| Doubles | |
| Gustavo Luza /  Cássio Motta | |
|  | |


title: Empress Dowager Feng

abstract: Empress (Dowager) Feng (馮皇后), formally Empress (Dowager) Wenming was an empress of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty of China. Her husband was Emperor Wencheng. After her husband's death in 465, she overthrew the autocratic regent Yifu Hun in 466 and became regent over her stepson Emperor Xianwen and remained as such until his adulthood in 467. She subsequently had a falling-out with Emperor Xianwen over his execution of her lover Li Yi (李奕), and she assassinated him and resumed regency over his son Emperor Xiaowen in 476. While Emperor Xiaowen assumed imperial powers upon adulthood, he remained very deferential to her, and she was highly influential until her death in October 490. An enduring legacy of her regency was a series of reforms that led to political recentralization for Northern Wei and future imperial dynasties.

text:
# Empress Dowager Feng

**Empress (Dowager) Feng** (馮皇(太)后) (442 – 17 October 490), formally **Empress** (**Dowager**) **Wenming** (文明皇后, literally "the civil and understanding empress") was an empress of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty of China. Her husband was Emperor Wencheng. After her husband's death in 465, she overthrew the autocratic regent Yifu Hun in 466 and became regent over her stepson Emperor Xianwen and remained as such until his adulthood in 467. She subsequently had a falling-out with Emperor Xianwen (who had then become retired emperor) over his execution of her lover Li Yi (李奕), and she assassinated him and resumed regency over his son Emperor Xiaowen in 476. While Emperor Xiaowen assumed imperial powers upon adulthood, he remained very deferential to her, and she was highly influential until her death in October 490. An enduring legacy of her regency was a series of reforms that led to political recentralization for Northern Wei and future imperial dynasties.

## As empress

The later Empress Feng was born in 442, one of the granddaughters of Feng Hong (d. 438) the last emperor of Northern Yan. Her father, the 10th son of Feng Hong, was Feng Lang (馮朗) Duke of Xicheng and a provincial governor. Her mother was Lady Wang—it is unclear whether Lady Wang was Feng Lang's wife or concubine. Feng Lang, along with his brothers Feng Chong (馮崇) and Feng Miao (馮邈), had surrendered to Northern Wei in 433, after believing that they were in danger of being killed by their stepmother, Feng Hong's wife Princess Murong. Later, Feng Lang was executed after being accused of crimes during his governorship. As Feng Lang's daughter, the later empress was seized to serve in the palace, but she was raised by her aunt, Consort Feng, a concubine of Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei (408452). After Taiwu's assassination, his son Emperor Wencheng became emperor in 452, she became his concubine in 455, carrying the rank of *Guiren* (貴人). In 456, she was created empress; this was probably after she completed, as according to Northern Wei tradition, forging a golden statue, but there was no conclusive statement that she did so.

In 465, Emperor Wencheng died. He was succeeded by his 11-year-old son Tuoba Hong (454476) the Crown Prince, as Emperor Xianwen, and Empress Feng was honored as empress dowager. Two days later, as according to Northern Wei custom, Emperor Wencheng's personal possessions were burned—and while the ceremony was conducted, Empress Feng, in sadness, jumped into the fire. She was saved by the guards. Meanwhile, political power soon fell into the hands of the official Yifu Hun, who proceeded to execute many other key officials and effectively assumed regency.

## As regent for Emperor Xianwen

In spring 466, however, Empress Dowager Feng staged a coup, probably in association with Tuoba Pi (拓拔丕) and Jia Xiu (賈秀), and Yifu Hun was arrested and executed. She assumed regency over the young Emperor Xianwen's regime, and she engaged Jia, Gao Yun, and Gao Lü (高閭) as her assistants in the regency. Later, she also incorporated her brother Feng Xi (馮熙) into the decision-making circle.

Empress Dowager Feng was soon presented with a major opportunity to expand Northern Wei territory, as also in 466, rival Liu Song had a major dynastic succession struggle after Liu Ziye was assassinated in January 466. Emperor Qianfei's uncle Emperor Ming of Song was declared emperor in the capital Jiankang, while his brother Liu Zixun the Prince of Jin'an was declared emperor in early 466 in Xunyang (尋陽, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi). After Emperor Ming's forces defeated Liu Zixun's and captured and executed Liu Zixun in fall 466, the Liu Song general Xue Andu (薛安都), the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui), who had initially declared for Liu Zixun, was apprehensive that he would be punished by Emperor Ming, and so decided to surrender to Northern Wei, and soon, he was joined by Bi Zhongjing (畢眾敬) the governor of Yan Province (兗州, modern western Shandong) and Chang Zhenqi (常珍奇) the governor of Ru'nan Commandery (汝南, roughly modern Zhumadian, Henan). Empress Dowager Feng sent the general Yuchi Yuan (尉遲元) to accept the surrenders of these Liu Song generals and to secure the region just north of the Huai River, and Yuchi subsequently defeated two attempts by Emperor Ming to recapture those provinces. She also sent the general Murong Baiyao (慕容白曜) to attack and try to capture Liu Song's Qing (青州, modern central and eastern Shandong) and Ji (冀州, modern northwestern Shandong) Provinces, which were cut off from the rest of Liu Song after Xue's defection, and by 469, both provinces fell into Northern Wei hands, and all of the regions north of the Huai River was by now Northern Wei territory.

In 467, Emperor Xianwen's concubine Consort Li bore his oldest child Tuoba Hong, and Empress Dowager Feng personally raised the young prince. She soon terminated her regency and returned imperial powers to Emperor Xianwen, who was 13 years old at this point.

## Between regencies

While Empress Dowager Feng was no longer regent, she appeared to remain fairly influential during the reign of her stepson Emperor Xianwen. However, in 470, an event occurred that would damage their relationship. Empress Dowager Feng had taken the official Li Yi (李奕) as her lover. In 470, the official Li Xin (李訢), who was a close friend of Li Yi's brother Li Fu (李敷), was accused of corruption, and Emperor Xianwen became aware of the accusations even though Li Fu tried to suppress the reports. He had known about his stepmother's relationship with Li Yi and, while he had not taken any actions against it at that point, disapproved of it. He sentenced Li Xin to death, but then informed Li Xin that if he could report on crimes that Li Fu and Li Yi had committed, he would be spared. After initial reluctance, Li Xin did so, and another man named Fan Biao (范標) also did so. Emperor Xianwen then executed Li Fu and Li Yi. Empress Dowager Feng became resentful of Emperor Xianwen after that point.

In 471, Emperor Xianwen yielded the imperial title to his four-year-old son Tuoba Hong (who took the throne as Emperor Xiaowen), and he himself took the title of *Taishang Huang* (retired emperor). However, he continued to have actual power in the imperial government. In 476, still resentful of Emperor Xianwen, Empress Dowager Feng killed him. (Most historians, including Sima Guang, believed that she poisoned him, but another version indicated that Empress Dowager Feng readied assassins who, when Emperor Xianwen came to her palace to greet her, seized and smothered him.) Empress Dowager Feng took on the title of grand empress dowager and re-assumed regency, over the nine-year-old Emperor Xiaowen.

## As regent for Emperor Xiaowen

Under the regent of Empress Dowager Feng, Emperor Xiaowen enacted a new land-tenure system named the equal-field system in 485, which was aimed at boosting agricultural production and tax receipts. The implementation of the equal-field system was largely due to the court's desire to break the economic power of local magnates who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages. Under this system, all land was owned by the state, and then equally distributed to taxpaying farmers. This system successfully created a stable fiscal infrastructure and a basis for universal military conscription for the Northern Wei, and continued well into the Tang dynasty. The equal-field program was coupled with another initiative, the "Three Elders" system, aimed at compiling accurate population registers so that land could be distributed accordingly.

After Grand Empress Dowager Feng re-assumed regency, she was said to be more dictatorial than she was before, but intelligent in her decisions and frugal in her living. Not only was she highly literate, but she also was capable in mathematics. However, she trusted several eunuchs and permitted them to interfere in governmental matters. Further, she greatly promoted her lovers Wang Rui (王叡) and Li Chong (李沖) - both of whom were apparently talented officials, but whose promotions were beyond what their talents and contributions called for. She balanced her reputation by also promoting some honored officials who were not her lovers. Because she was concerned that she would be criticized for what was seen as immoral conduct, she punished those whom she perceived to be criticizing her or parodying her behavior with severe punishment, including death. One of her victims was Li Xin, who had contributed to her prior lover Li Yi's death, as she had Li Xin put to death in 477. Fearful that Emperor Xiaowen's mother's clan would try to take power, she falsely accused his grandfather Li Hui (李惠) the Prince of Nan Commandery of treason in 478 and had him and his clan slaughtered. She apparently accelerated the policy of Sinicization, which included social stratification, as she issued an edict in 478 requiring people to marry in their social classes.

In 479, after rival Liu Song's throne was usurped by the general Xiao Daocheng, who established Southern Qi as its Emperor Gao, Northern Wei commissioned Liu Chang (劉昶) the Prince of Danyang, a Liu Song prince who had fled to Northern Wei in 465, with an army and promising him support to rebuild Liu Song. However, Liu Chang's abilities were not up to task, and he was never able to gain much following in the border regions to mount a major drive to reestablish Liu Song. By 481, the campaign had fizzled.

Also in 481, the Buddhist monk Faxiu (法秀) tried to start a popular uprising at the capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi), but was discovered, captured, and executed. Some officials advocating the execution of all Buddhist monks, but Grand Empress Dowager Feng refused. Also that year, she started the building of her future tomb at Fang Mountain (方山), near Pingcheng, leaving instructions that after she died that it would be unnecessary for her to be buried with her husband Emperor Wencheng (who was buried near the old Northern Wei capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia). Later that year, a new criminal code that she commissioned Gao Lü to write was completed—with 832 sections, 16 of them prescribing clan-slaughter as penalty, 235 of them prescribing personal death penalty, and 377 prescribing other forms of punishment.

As the years went by, as Emperor Xiaowen grew in age, he appeared to gradually assume more and more power. Sometime during the process, Grand Empress Dowager Feng apparently became apprehensive of his abilities and therefore had him detained and considered deposing him in favor of his brother Tuoba Xi (拓拔禧), but after her attendants persuaded her otherwise, she did not carry out such actions. While Grand Empress Dowager Feng never formally returned imperial powers to him, by about 483 he appeared to be fairly in control of the government, although Grand Empress Dowager Feng continued to retain substantial powers. Indeed, it was by her order that that year, after Emperor Xiaowen's concubine Consort Lin bore his oldest son, Tuoba Xun, Consort Lin was forced to commit suicide pursuant to Northern Wei customs. She raised Tuoba Xun herself. In 485, after Emperor Xiaowen created his younger brothers princes, Grand Empress Dowager Feng established an imperial school for these princes. In 486, perhaps as both a sign of Sinicization and demonstration of Emperor Xiaowen's authority, he began to assume traditional Chinese imperial clothing, including a robe with dragon patterns and a tasseled hat.

The power-sharing arrangement between step-grandmother and step-grandson could perhaps be illustrated by an incident in 489, when Emperor Wencheng's younger brothers Tuoba Tianci (拓拔天賜) the Prince of Ruyin and Tuoba Zhen (拓拔楨) the Prince of Nan'an were accused of corruption, a death offense. Grand Empress Dowager Feng and Emperor Xiaowen jointly convened an imperial council to discuss their punishment. Grand Empress Dowager Feng opened by asking the officials, "Do you believe that we should care about familial relations and destroy law, or to disregard familial relations and follow the law?" The officials largely pleaded for the princes' lives. After Grand Empress Dowager Feng fell silent, Emperor Xiaowen stated: "What the two princes committed is unpardonable, but the Grand Empress Dowager takes after the brotherly love that Gaozong \[Emperor Wencheng's temple name\] had. Further, the Prince of Nan'an is filially pious toward his mother. Therefore, the two will be spared the death penalty, but their offices and titles will be stripped from them, and they will be reduced to commoner status with no political rights."

In 490, Grand Empress Dowager Feng died, and she was buried with magnificent honors, in the Yonggu Mausoleum. Emperor Xiaowen was so distraught that he was unable to take in food or water for five days, and subsequently observed a three-year mourning period for her, notwithstanding officials' pleas for him to shorten the mourning period in accordance with rules that Emperor Wen of Han had set.

## The 485–486 Reform

Together with Emperor Xiaowen, the Empress Dowager introduced two far-reaching policies. They were the "equal-field landholding system" and the "three-elder system". In the "equal-filed system" (juntian-zhi) implemented in 485, the state redistributed uncultivated land to commoners attached with obligations of tax duty in the forms of grain, cloth, and labor service. Under this policy, each household was entitled to lands proportional to its labor power. Specifically, two types of land with tenure were granted to a household: the first was open land for crop cultivation (40 mu) for each adult male in the household, and half those amounts for females which was returnable after the recipient reached a specific advanced age or died. The second was the land to support textile production (10 or 20 mu), with the same gender distribution principle as open land in one of two forms, namely, "mulberry lands" in silk-producing areas, and "hemp lands" in regions where sericulture was impractical. Mulberry land was inheritable because of the long-term investment and care mulberry orchards required. Households possessing slaves and plow oxen were entitled to larger allocations. The open land allocations would be doubled or tripled in areas where the land was less fertile or the population sparse. Sale of these land grants was forbidden, although subleasing was possible under some circumstances. Land allocations would be adjusted annually to account for changes in household wealth.

Another policy was the establishment of the three-elders system (sanzhang-zhi) in 486. This policy was introduced to compile accurate population registers and enhance state control of the village population. Under this system, five households were to make up one neighborhood (li), headed by one neighborhood elder (linzhang) while five neighborhoods were grouped into a village and headed by one village elder (lizhang). Finally, over five villages, there was one ward elder (dangzhang). The three elders, appointed by the government, were responsible for detecting and re-registering population that fell otherwise outside of state accounts, requisitioning corvee labor, military conscripts, and taxes, and taking care of the poor and orphaned under their jurisdiction. This policy significantly bolstered the dynasty's control over the common people.

Empress Dowager Feng's reforms substantially increased agricultural production and tax receipts in the long run. They also weakened the economic power of local aristocrats who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages that scattered across the rural landscape of the northern China from taxation. Since the reforms, the Northern Wei dynasty had doubled the registered population to more than 5 million households.

These institutional infrastructures built by the Empress Dowager and Emperor Xiaowen survived the fall of the dynasty and laid the foundation for China's eventual unification in 589 AD under the Sui dynasty.

## InfoBox

| Empress Feng | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 442 |
| Died | 490 (aged 4748) |
| Spouse | Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei |
| Posthumous name  Empress Wencheng Wenming 文成文明皇后 | |
| Father | Feng Lang |
| Mother | Lady Wang |


title: Anton Jerger

abstract: Dr. Anton Jerger of Vienna was an Austrian philatelist who, in 1983, was awarded the Crawford Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his handbooks on the philately of Austrian Lombardy-Venetia. He amassed a world-class collection of this area over fifty years with his wife Elisabeth. The collection was sold in instalments by Corinphila, with the first instalment alone raising US$1,800,000. In 1984, Dr. Jerger was the first Austrian to be elected to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists.

text:
# Anton Jerger

Dr. **Anton Jerger** of Vienna was an Austrian philatelist who, in 1983, was awarded the Crawford Medal by the Royal Philatelic Society London for his handbooks on the philately of Austrian Lombardy-Venetia. He amassed a world-class collection of this area over fifty years with his wife Elisabeth. The collection was sold in instalments by Corinphila, with the first instalment alone raising US$1,800,000.

In 1984, Dr. Jerger was the first Austrian to be elected to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists.


# Badminton at the 1987 SEA Games – Men's team

The men's team badminton tournament at the 1987 SEA Games was held from 10 to 12 September 1987 at the Kuningan Hall in Jakarta, Indonesia. The event was originally planned to be held in the Istora Senayan Indoor Stadium but was later switched to the Kuningan Hall.

Only four teams competed in this event. Singapore and Burma withdrew from the event.

## Schedule

All times are Western Indonesia Time (UTC+07:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thursday, 10 September | **09:00** | **Semi-finals** |
| Saturday, 12 September | **13:00** | **Gold medal match** |

## Bracket

|  | Semi-finals | | |  |  | Gold medal match | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Indonesia (INA)** | | **5** |  |  | | | | |
|  | || | |
|  | Thailand (THA) | | 0 |  | |
|  | |  | | | **Thailand (THA)** | | **4** |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Malaysia (MAL) | | 1 |  |
|  | Philippines (PHI) | | | | | | 0 |  |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | **Malaysia (MAL)** | | **5** |  |

## Semi-finals

### Indonesia vs Thailand

### Malaysia vs Philippines

## Gold medal match

### Indonesia vs Malaysia

## InfoBox

| Badminton – Men's team <br>at the 1987 SEA Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Kuningan Hall |
| Dates | 10–12 September 1987 |
| Nations | 4 |
| Medalists | |
|  | |
|


title: 1886 Tennessee gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1886 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1886. Democratic nominee Robert Love Taylor defeated his brother, Republican nominee Alfred A. Taylor with 53.52% of the vote. The gubernatorial campaign is remembered for the Taylor brothers' relatively light-hearted political banter and entertaining speeches. Canvassing together, they spent the first part of each campaign stop "cussing out each other's politics" and telling stories and the second part playing fiddle tunes while the crowd danced. At a stop in Madisonville, Robert suggested that both he and Alfred were roses, but he was a white rose while Alfred was a red rose. As their respective supporters subsequently wore white and red roses, the campaign became known as the "War of the Roses". Their campaign stops drew massive crowds, ranging from around 6,000 in smaller towns to 25,000 in Nashville. There was record turnout on election day, when Robert Taylor defeated Alfred by around 16,000 votes.

text:
# 1886 Tennessee gubernatorial election

The **1886 Tennessee gubernatorial election** was held on November 2, 1886. Democratic nominee Robert Love Taylor defeated his brother, Republican nominee Alfred A. Taylor with 53.52% of the vote.

The gubernatorial campaign is remembered for the Taylor brothers' relatively light-hearted political banter and entertaining speeches. Canvassing together, they spent the first part of each campaign stop "cussing out each other's politics" and telling stories and the second part playing fiddle tunes while the crowd danced. At a stop in Madisonville, Robert suggested that both he and Alfred were roses, but he was a white rose while Alfred was a red rose. As their respective supporters subsequently wore white and red roses, the campaign became known as the "War of the Roses" (the name also referred to the 15th-century English conflict). Their campaign stops drew massive crowds, ranging from around 6,000 in smaller towns to 25,000 in Nashville.

There was record turnout on election day, when Robert Taylor defeated Alfred by around 16,000 votes.

## General election

### Candidates

* Robert Love Taylor, Democratic
* Alfred A. Taylor, Republican

### Results

1886 Tennessee gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert Love Taylor** | **126,491** | **53.52%** |  |
|  | Republican | Alfred A. Taylor | 109,842 | 46.48% |  |
| Majority | | | 16,649 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1886 Tennessee gubernatorial election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee **Robert Love Taylor** Alfred A. Taylor   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **126,491** 109,842  Percentage **53.52%** 46.48% | |
| ---  County results
**Love Taylor**:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      \>90%
**A. Taylor**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
**No data**: | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
William B. Bate
Democratic **Elected Governor**
Robert Love Taylor
Democratic | |


title: Andara

abstract: Andara is a village in Mukwe Constituency in the Kavango East region of north-eastern Namibia. Located 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Rundu, it is inhabited primarily by the Hambukushu people.

text:
# Andara

**Andara** is a village in Mukwe Constituency in the Kavango East region of north-eastern Namibia. Located 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Rundu, it is inhabited primarily by the Hambukushu people.

## Founding of the Catholic mission

Catholic fathers of the organization Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate founded the Andara Mission in 1913. Possibilities for this were examined already in 1903 and 1907, and in January 1908 fathers Franz Krist and Franz Lauer together with lay brother Georg Kurz founded the mission. Father Krist left back for Grootfontein after a few weeks, but he died along the way. When a new expedition arrived in Andara, they only found two graves. Lauer and Kurz had meanwhile died of blackwater fever.

The new expedition also ran into difficulties, when one its members misfired his gun and King Libebe of the Hambukushu turned hostile to the missionaries. They now had to move to the Gcirikus, to King Nyangana in a place that was also called Nyangana.

King Libebe soon became reconciled with the missionaries, and the German fathers re-established Andara in 1913. The second attempt was done under leadership of father Joseph Gotthardt, who later became Archbishop of South West Africa.

## The mission today

Today Andara is the home of the Holy Family Parish, a Roman Catholic mission. In the 1960s, the **Andara Catholic Hospital** and a youth hostel were built. The hostel can house up to 130 people.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Andara | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Andara | |
| Coordinates: 18°04′S 21°27′E / 18.067°S 21.450°E / -18.067; 21.450 | |
| Country | Namibia |
| Region | Kavango East |
| Constituency | Mukwe Constituency |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: 1924–25 Rochdale A.F.C. season

text:
# 1924–25 Rochdale A.F.C. season

The 1924–25 season saw Rochdale compete for their 4th season in the Football League Third Division North.

## Statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Division3 (N) | | F.A. Cup | | Lancashire Cup | | Manchester Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | GK | ENG | Harry Moody | 44 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | WAL | Dai Hopkins | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Willie Brown | 43 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Bobby Willis | 25 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | DF | ENG | David Parkes | 44 | 1 | 41 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Levy Thorpe | 33 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Billy Tompkinson | 39 | 12 | 36 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Harry Anstiss | 46 | 27 | 42 | 23 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
|  | FW | ENG | Albert Whitehurst | 24 | 10 | 22 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
|  | FW | SCO | Teddy Roseboom | 33 | 4 | 30 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Albert Pearson | 15 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
|  | DF | SCO | Ed Stirling | 15 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Billy Oxley | 13 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
|  | FW | ENG | Bobby Hughes | 35 | 11 | 33 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Alex Christie | 32 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jock Mills | 18 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | DF | ENG | Fred Mason | 26 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Albert Smith | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Tweedale Rigg | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Arthur McGarry | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Joe Campbell | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Jack Hall | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | ENG | Bob Sandiford | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | GK | ENG | Jack Cawthra | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | MF | ENG | Cecil Halkyard | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

## Final league table

| Pos | Team | Pld | HW | HD | HL | HGF | HGA | AW | AD | AL | AGF | AGA | GAv | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | Southport | 42 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 41 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 30 | 1.595 | 51 |
| 5 | Bradford Park Avenue | 42 | 15 | 5 | 1 | 59 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 25 | 29 | 2.000 | 50 |
| 6 | Rochdale | 42 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 53 | 16 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 22 | 37 | 1.415 | 49 |
| 7 | Chesterfield | 42 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 42 | 15 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 29 | 1.364 | 45 |
| 8 | Lincoln City | 42 | 13 | 4 | 4 | 39 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 14 | 39 | 0.914 | 44 |

Source: rsssf.com

## Competitions

### Football League Third Division North

| 30 August  1924 (1924 -08-30) 1 | **Hartlepools United** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Hartlepool |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Smith | Report | Tompkinson | Stadium: Victoria Park
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 6 September  1924 (1924 -09-06) 2 | **Rochdale** | **3–2** | **Wigan Borough** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anstiss
Roseboom | Report | Kettle
Glover | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 11,000 |

| 13 September  1924 (1924 -09-13) 3 | **Rochdale** | **2–1** | **Darlington** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anstiss | Report | Brown | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 17 September  1924 (1924 -09-17) 4 | **New Brighton** | **5–0** | **Rochdale** | New Brighton |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wilcox
Kelly
Mathieson | Report |  | Stadium: Sandheys Park
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 20 September  1924 (1924 -09-20) 5 | **Bradford (Park Avenue)** | **0–0** | **Rochdale** | Bradford |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Park Avenue
Attendance: 12,000 |

| 27 September  1924 (1924 -09-27) 6 | **Rochdale** | **3–1** | **Wrexham** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tompkinson
Oxley | Report | Toms | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 10,000 |

| 4 October  1924 (1924 -10-04) 7 | **Rotherham County** | **1–3** | **Rochdale** | Rotherham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hammerton | Report | Hughes
Anstiss | Stadium: Millmoor
Attendance: 7,000 |

| 11 October  1924 (1924 -10-11) 8 | **Rochdale** | **2–1** | **Chesterfield** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehurst
Roseboom | Report | Crockford | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 18 October  1924 (1924 -10-18) 9 | **Accrington Stanley** | **2–2** | **Rochdale** | Accrington |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Skillen | Report | Hughes
Christie | Stadium: Peel Park
Attendance: 7,500 |

| 25 October  1924 (1924 -10-25) 10 | **Walsall** | **0–2** | **Rochdale** | Walsall |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Anstiss | Stadium: Fellows Park
Attendance: 7,000 |

| 1 November  1924 (1924 -11-01) 11 | **Rochdale** | **2–1** | **Tranmere Rovers** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hughes
Roseboom | Report | Dean | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 8 November  1924 (1924 -11-08) 12 | **Lincoln City** | **1–2** | **Rochdale** | Lincoln |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Heathcote  51' | Report | Tompkinson  14', 38' | Stadium: Sincil Bank
Attendance: 8,000 |

| 15 November  1924 (1924 -11-15) 13 | **Grimsby Town** | **1–1** | **Rochdale** | Cleethorpes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cooper | Report | Anstiss | Stadium: Blundell Park
Attendance: 8,000 |

| 22 November  1924 (1924 -11-22) 14 | **Nelson** | **1–0** | **Rochdale** | Nelson |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bottrill | Report |  | Stadium: Seedhill Football Ground
Attendance: 5,000 |

| 6 December  1924 (1924 -12-06) 15 | **Southport** | **0–0** | **Rochdale** | Southport |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Haig Avenue
Attendance: 7,000 |

| 20 December  1924 (1924 -12-20) 16 | **Durham City** | **3–2** | **Rochdale** | Durham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Foster
Merritt
Stokoe | Report | Hughes
Roseboom | Stadium: Holiday Park
Attendance: 2,000 |

| 25 December  1924 (1924 -12-25) 17 | **Rochdale** | **5–0** | **Crewe Alexandra** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hughes
Mills
Tompkinson
Anstiss | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 10,000 |

| 26 December  1924 (1924 -12-26) 18 | **Crewe Alexandra** | **2–0** | **Rochdale** | Crewe |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Oldacre
Toms | Report |  | Stadium: Gresty Road
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 27 December  1924 (1924 -12-27) 19 | **Rochdale** | **3–1** | **Hartlepools United** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mills
Anstiss | Report | Cook | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 5,000 |

| 2 January  1925 (1925 -01-02) 20 | **Ashington** | **4–3** | **Rochdale** | Ashington |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Robertson
Johnson
Gardner
Thompson | Report | Parkes
Anstiss
Mills | Stadium: Portland Park
Attendance: 4,000 |

| 3 January  1925 (1925 -01-03) 21 | **Wigan Borough** | **2–3** | **Rochdale** | Wigan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Glover | Report | Tompkinson
Hughes
Anstiss | Stadium: Springfield Park
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 10 January  1925 (1925 -01-10) 22 | **Rochdale** | **3–0** | **Durham City** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehurst
Anstiss | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 8,000 |

| 17 January  1925 (1925 -01-17) 23 | **Darlington** | **2–0** | **Rochdale** | Darlington |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hooper
Brown | Report |  | Stadium: Feethams
Attendance: 8,000 |

| 24 January  1925 (1925 -01-24) 24 | **Rochdale** | **2–2** | **Bradford (Park Avenue)** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehurst | Report | Peel
Quantrill | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 8,000 |

| 31 January  1925 (1925 -01-31) 25 | **Wrexham** | **1–0** | **Rochdale** | Wrexham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jones | Report |  | Stadium: Racecourse Ground
Attendance: 3,000 |

| 7 February  1925 (1925 -02-07) 26 | **Rochdale** | **4–1** | **Rotherham County** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Pearson
Oxley
Tompkinson | Report | Scott | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 5,000 |

| 14 February  1925 (1925 -02-14) 27 | **Chesterfield** | **2–0** | **Rochdale** | Chesterfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Dennis  (pen.)
Fisher | Report |  | Stadium: Saltergate Recreation Ground
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: JG Sheppersdon |

| 21 February  1925 (1925 -02-21) 28 | **Rochdale** | **0–1** | **Accrington Stanley** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Thompson | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: WF Bunnell |

| 24 February  1925 (1925 -02-24) 29 | **Rochdale** | **5–2** | **Doncaster Rovers** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anstiss
Oxley
Campbell | Report | Gascoigne
Keetley | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1,000 |

| 28 February  1925 (1925 -02-28) 30 | **Rochdale** | **3–0** | **Walsall** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hughes
Anstiss
Campbell | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3,000 |

| 7 March  1925 (1925 -03-07) 31 | **Tranmere Rovers** | **3–1** | **Rochdale** | Birkenhead |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Dean | Report | Oxley | Stadium: Prenton Park
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 14 March  1925 (1925 -03-14) 32 | **Rochdale** | **3–0** | **Lincoln City** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tompkinson
Hughes
Anstiss | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3,000 |

| 21 March  1925 (1925 -03-21) 33 | **Barrow** | **1–0** | **Rochdale** | Barrow-in-Furness |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lowson | Report |  | Stadium: Holker Street
Attendance: 3,700 |

| 28 March  1925 (1925 -03-28) 34 | **Rochdale** | **0–1** | **Nelson** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Laycock | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 8,000 |

| 4 April  1925 (1925 -04-04) 35 | **Rochdale** | **0–0** | **Ashington** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 4,000 |

| 10 April  1925 (1925 -04-10) 36 | **Rochdale** | **3–1** | **Halifax Town** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehurst
Anstiss | Report | Howson | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3,000 |

| 11 April  1925 (1925 -04-11) 37 | **Rochdale** | **1–0** | **Southport** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anstiss | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 4,000 |

| 13 April  1925 (1925 -04-13) 38 | **Halifax Town** | **3–1** | **Rochdale** | Halifax |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Howson
Dixon | Report | Sandiford | Stadium: The Shay
Attendance: 6,000 |

| 14 April  1925 (1925 -04-14) 39 | **Rochdale** | **2–0** | **New Brighton** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Campbell
Hughes | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3,500 |

| 18 April  1925 (1925 -04-18) 40 | **Doncaster Rovers** | **2–1** | **Rochdale** | Doncaster |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McLean
Keetley | Report | Whitehurst | Stadium: Belle Vue
Attendance: 3,000 |

| 28 April  1925 (1925 -04-28) 41 | **Rochdale** | **5–1** | **Barrow** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whitehurst
Anstiss
Pearson | Report | Clayton | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3,000 |

| 1 May  1925 (1925 -05-01) 42 | **Rochdale** | **2–0** | **Grimsby Town** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tompkinson | Report |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 3,000 |

### FA Cup

| 29 November  1924 (1924 -11-29) Q5 | **Halifax Town** | **0–1** | **Rochdale** | Halifax |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Christie | Stadium: The Shay
Attendance: 12,000 |

| 13 December  1924 (1924 -12-13) Q6 | **Norwich City** | **1–0** | **Rochdale** | Norwich |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hannah  (pen.) |  |  | Stadium: The Nest
Attendance: 10,000 |

### Lancashire Cup

| 2 September  1924 (1924 -09-02) 1 | **Southport** | **5–3** | **Rochdale** | Southport |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Tompkinson
Anstiss
Oxley | Stadium: Haig Avenue
Attendance: 5,000 |

### Manchester Cup

| 3 February  1925 (1925 -02-03) 1 | **Rochdale** | **10–0** | **Manchester University** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anstiss
Pearson
Oxley
Whitehurst |  |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium |

| 7 March  1925 (1925 -03-07) 2 | **Rochdale** | **1–3** | **Ashton National** | Rochdale |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mills |  |  | Stadium: Spotland Stadium
Attendance: 1,500 |

## InfoBox

Rochdale
| 1924–25 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | George L. Foulds |
| Manager | Jack Peart |
| Stadium | Spotland |
| Football League Third Division North | 6th |
| FA Cup | 6th round qualifying |
| Top goalscorer | League: Harry Anstiss
All: Harry Anstiss |
| Highest home attendance | 11,000 |
| Lowest home attendance | 1,000 |
|  | |


title: East Molesey Cricket Club

abstract: East Molesey Cricket Club is a cricket club in Molesey, Surrey, England. It was established in 1871, although cricket has been played at the Moulsey Hurst since 1731. East Molesey's current ground, 'The Memorial Ground', has been the home for the Surrey club since the late 19th century and is just outside the town centre, on the bank of the River Thames. They currently compete in the Surrey Championship, the Club Cricket Conference Cup, the Bertie Joel Cup and the Thameside Sunday League.

text:
# East Molesey Cricket Club

**East Molesey Cricket Club** is a cricket club in Molesey, Surrey, England. It was established in 1871, although cricket has been played at the Moulsey Hurst since 1731. East Molesey's current ground, 'The Memorial Ground', has been the home for the Surrey club since the late 19th century and is just outside the town centre, on the bank of the River Thames. They currently compete in the Surrey Championship, the Club Cricket Conference Cup, the Bertie Joel Cup and the Thameside Sunday League.

## History

In 1795, the first ever recorded LBW decision was made at Moulsey Hurst, 500 metres from the site of the current ground.

In the 1950s, East Molesey played host to both the Australian cricket team and the New Zealand cricket team in warm up matches during their respective tours of England. More recently, in 2003 the club organised a game with Lashings, in which many former test players took part, including Mark Waugh, Richie Richardson and Chris Harris.

In 2011 the club was promoted back into the ECB Premier Division for the 2012 season, and won the Surrey Championship title in 1980, 2019, and 2021.

## InfoBox

East Molesey Cricket Club
| Personnel | |
| --- | --- |
| Captain | Matthew Tigg |
| Team information | |
| Founded | 1871 |
| Home ground | The Memorial Ground, Graburn Way<br>East Molesey |
| History | |
| Surrey C'ship wins | 3 |
| Official website | eastmoleseycricketclub.co.uk |


title: Armchair detective

abstract: An armchair detective is a fictional investigator who does not personally visit a crime scene or interview witnesses; instead, the detective either reads the story of the crime in a newspaper or has it recounted by another person. As the armchair detective never sees any of the investigation, the reader can attempt to solve the mystery on the same terms as the detective. The phrase possibly originates in a Sherlock Holmes story from 1893, The Greek Interpreter, in which Holmes says of his brother Mycroft, "If the art of the detective began and ended in reasoning from an arm-chair, my brother would be the greatest criminal agent that ever lived."

text:
# Armchair detective

An **armchair detective** is a fictional investigator who does not personally visit a crime scene or interview witnesses; instead, the detective either reads the story of the crime in a newspaper or has it recounted by another person. As the armchair detective never sees any of the investigation, the reader can attempt to solve the mystery on the same terms as the detective.

The phrase possibly originates in a Sherlock Holmes story from 1893, *The Greek Interpreter*, in which Holmes says of his brother Mycroft, "If the art of the detective began and ended in reasoning from an arm-chair, my brother would be the greatest criminal agent that ever lived."

## Examples of armchair detectives in fiction

The first example of armchair detecting can be found in the work of Edgar Allan Poe. In *The Mystery of Marie Rogêt* (1842), C. Auguste Dupin, working wholly from newspaper accounts, arrives at the correct explanation for a young woman's mysterious disappearance. Tabaret from Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq stories is another early example.

Baroness Orczy's Old Man in the Corner sits in a restaurant and talks to an acquaintance about cases, almost always finishing by revealing that he has solved the crime.

Lancelot Priestley appeared in a long-running series of novels by Cecil Street after making his debut in *The Paddington Mystery* (1925).

Marian Phipps, a character in stories by Phyllis Bentley, is an armchair detective in her earliest appearances, solving cases that a policeman friend relates to her.

A more literal use of this term can be found in Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe novels and novellas. He only leaves his house in exceptional circumstances, and typically delegates all the legwork for his cases to his assistant, Archie Goodwin. "I would be an idiot to leave this chair, made to fit me," Wolfe says in the 1947 novella "Before I Die".

L Lawliet from *Death Note* could also be considered an armchair detective as he solves crimes that were never solved and he reads the cases he takes on from the crime files.

Lord El-Melloi II, in the light novel  *Fate/strange Fake*, can be considered and is called an armchair detective as he solves and provides a number of tips and solutions for the Holy Grail War that is taking place in North America, while he is in London.

## Books

*The Armchair Detective* Original Cosy Mystery Series by Ian Shimwell - 10 series - 42 mysteries - has had worldwide success as eBooks, Paperbacks, Hardcovers & Audiobooks - and has also been broadcast as 5 full-cast radio drama plays by Shoestring Radio Theatre Productions based in San Francisco, USA.

## Magazine

*The Armchair Detective* magazine was "primarily a mystery fanzine featuring articles, commentary, checklists, bibliographical material, etc., started by the legendary crime fan and bibliographer Allen J. Hubin." It was published from 1967 to 1997.

## Radio and television


title: Assinia affinis

abstract: Assinia affinis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Téocchi and Sudre in 2002.

text:
# Assinia affinis

***Assinia affinis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Téocchi and Sudre in 2002.

## InfoBox

| *Assinia affinis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Assinia*** |
| Species: | ***A. affinis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Assinia affinis***<br>Téocchi & Sudre, 2002 | |
|


title: Asura catameces

abstract: Asura catameces is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Australia.

text:
# Asura catameces

***Asura catameces*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Asura catameces* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Asura* |
| Species: | ***A. catameces*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asura catameces***<br>Turner, 1940 | |
|


title: Epistemological pluralism

abstract: Epistemological pluralism is a term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular field. A particular form of epistemological pluralism is dualism, for example, the separation of methods for investigating mind from those appropriate to matter. By contrast, monism is the restriction to a single approach, for example, reductionism, which asserts the study of all phenomena can be seen as finding relations to some few basic entities. Epistemological pluralism is to be distinguished from ontological pluralism, the study of different modes of being, for example, the contrast in the mode of existence exhibited by "numbers" with that of "people" or "cars". In the philosophy of science epistemological pluralism arose in opposition to reductionism to express the contrary view that at least some natural phenomena cannot be fully explained by a single theory or fully investigated using a single approach. In mathematics, the variety of possible epistemological approaches includes platonism radical constructivism, and many other schools of thought. In economics controversy exists between a single epistemological approach to economics and a variety of approaches. "At midcentury, the neoclassical approach achieved near-hegemonic status, and its proponents sought to bring all kinds of social phenomena under its uniform explanatory umbrella. The resistance of some phenomena to neoclassical treatment has led a number of economists to think that alternative approaches are necessary for at least some phenomena and thus also to advocate pluralism." An extensive history of these attempts is provided by Sent.

text:
# Epistemological pluralism

**Epistemological pluralism** is a term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular field. A particular form of epistemological pluralism is dualism, for example, the separation of methods for investigating mind from those appropriate to matter (see mind–body problem). By contrast, monism is the restriction to a single approach, for example, reductionism, which asserts the study of all phenomena can be seen as finding relations to some few basic entities.

Epistemological pluralism is to be distinguished from ontological pluralism, the study of different modes of being, for example, the contrast in the mode of existence exhibited by "numbers" with that of "people" or "cars".

In the philosophy of science epistemological pluralism arose in opposition to reductionism to express the contrary view that at least some natural phenomena cannot be fully explained by a single theory or fully investigated using a single approach.

In mathematics, the variety of possible epistemological approaches includes platonism ("mathematics as an objective study of abstract reality, no more created by human thought than the galaxies") radical constructivism (with restriction upon logic, banning the proof by *reductio ad absurdum* and other limitations), and many other schools of thought.

In economics controversy exists between a single epistemological approach to economics and a variety of approaches. "At midcentury, the neoclassical approach achieved near-hegemonic status (at least in the United States), and its proponents sought to bring all kinds of social phenomena under its uniform explanatory umbrella. The resistance of some phenomena to neoclassical treatment has led a number of economists to think that alternative approaches are necessary for at least some phenomena and thus also to advocate pluralism." An extensive history of these attempts is provided by Sent.


abstract: United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1942, in 33 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections, on November 3, 1942. Elections took place on September 14 in Maine. In Georgia, the governor was elected to a 4-year term for the first time, instead of a 2-year term.

text:
# 1942 United States gubernatorial elections

**United States gubernatorial elections** were held in 1942, in 33 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections, on November 3, 1942. Elections took place on September 14 in Maine.

In Georgia, the governor was elected to a 4-year term for the first time, instead of a 2-year term.

## Results

| State | Incumbent | Party | Status | Opposing candidates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alabama** | Frank M. Dixon | Democratic | Term-limited, Democratic victory | **Chauncey Sparks** (Democratic) 88.96%
Hugh McEniry (Republican) 10.52%
Ordway Southard (Communist) 0.52%
 |
| **Arizona** | **Sidney Preston Osborn** | Democratic | Re-elected, 72.48% | Jerrie W. Lee (Republican) 26.90%
Charles R. Osburn (Prohibition) 0.61%
 |
| **Arkansas** | **Homer Martin Adkins** | Democratic | Re-elected, 100.00% | (Democratic primary results)
Homer Martin Adkins 71.76%
Fred Keller 26.31%
Bill Neill 1.03%
Vernon Heath 0.91%
 |
| **California** | Culbert Olson | Democratic | Defeated, 41.75% | **Earl Warren** (Republican) 57.07%
Nathan T. Porter (Townsend Party) 0.69%
Fred Dyster (Prohibition) 0.48%
Scattering 0.01%
 |
| **Colorado** | Ralph Lawrence Carr | Republican | Retired to run for U.S. Senate, Republican victory | **John Charles Vivian** (Republican) 56.23%
Homer F. Bedford (Democratic) 43.41%
William R. Dietrich (Communist) 0.36%
 |
| **Connecticut** | Robert A. Hurley | Democratic | Defeated, 44.38% | **Raymond E. Baldwin** (Republican) 48.93%
Jasper McLevy (Socialist) 6.01%
Joseph C. Borden Jr. (Socialist Labor) 0.69%
 |
| **Georgia** | Eugene Talmadge | Democratic | Defeated in Democratic primary, Democratic victory | **Ellis Arnall** (Democratic) 96.30%
Scattering 3.70%

(Democratic primary results)
Ellis Arnall 57.65%
Eugene Talmadge 42.35%
 |
| **Idaho** | Chase A. Clark | Democratic | Defeated, 49.85% | **C. A. Bottolfsen** (Republican) 50.15%
 |
| **Iowa** | George A. Wilson | Republican | Retired to run for U.S. Senate, Republican victory | **Bourke B. Hickenlooper** (Republican) 62.75%
Nelson G. Kraschel (Democratic) 36.96%
Ward Hall (Prohibition) 0.21%
F. M. Briggs (Independent) 0.08%
 |
| **Kansas** | Payne Ratner | Republican | Retired, Republican victory | **Andrew Frank Schoeppel** (Republican) 56.68%
William H. Burke (Democratic) 41.75%
David C. White (Prohibition) 1.28%
Ida A. Beloof (Socialist) 0.29%
 |
| **Maine**
(held, September 14, 1942) | **Sumner Sewall** | Republican | Re-elected, 66.84% | G. Lane Jr. (Democratic) 33.16%
 |
| **Maryland** | **Herbert O'Conor** | Democratic | Re-elected, 52.55% | Theodore McKeldin (Republican) 47.45%
 |
| **Massachusetts** | **Leverett Saltonstall** | Republican | Re-elected, 54.11% | Roger Putnam (Democratic) 44.96%
Otis Archer Hood (Communist) 0.33%
Joseph F. Massidda (Socialist) 0.22%
Henning A. Blomen (Socialist Labor) 0.22%
Guy S. Williams (Prohibition) 0.14%
Scattering 0.02%
 |
| **Michigan** | Murray Van Wagoner | Democratic | Defeated, 46.73% | **Harry Kelly** (Republican) 52.60%
Frederic S. Goodrich (Prohibition) 0.66%
Scattering 0.01%
 |
| **Minnesota** | **Harold Stassen** | Republican | Re-elected, 51.60% | Hjalmar Petersen (Minnesota Farmer-Labor) 37.76%
John D. Sullivan (Democratic) 9.46%
Martin Mackie (Communist) 0.64%
Harris A. Brandborg (Industrial Government) 0.54%
 |
| **Nebraska** | **Dwight Griswold** | Republican | Re-elected, 74.84% | Charles W. Bryan (Democratic) 25.16%
 |
| **Nevada** | **Edward P. Carville** | Democratic | Re-elected, 60.26% | Aaron V. Tallman (Republican) 39.75%
 |
| **New Hampshire** | **Robert O. Blood** | Republican | Re-elected, 52.18% | William J. Neal (Democratic) 47.83%
 |
| **New Mexico** | John E. Miles | Democratic | Term-limited, Democratic victory | **John J. Dempsey** (Democratic) 54.55%
Joseph F. Tondre (Republican) 45.45%
 |
| **New York** | Herbert H. Lehman | Democratic | Retired, Republican victory | **Thomas E. Dewey** (Republican) 52.10%
John J. Bennett Jr. (Democratic) 36.40%
Dean Alfange (American Labor) 9.79%
Israel Amter (Communist) 1.10%
Coleman B. Cheney (Socialist) 0.53%
Aaron M. Orange (Industrial Government) 0.09%
 |
| **North Dakota** | **John Moses** | Democratic | Re-elected, 57.62% | Oscar W. Hagen (Republican) 42.38%
 |
| **Ohio** | **John W. Bricker** | Republican | Re-elected, 60.50% | John McSweeney (Democratic) 39.50%
 |
| **Oklahoma** | Leon C. Phillips | Democratic | Term-limited, Democratic victory | **Robert S. Kerr** (Democratic) 51.89%
William J. Otjen (Republican) 47.64%
Edward W. Fickinger (Prohibition) 0.47%
 |
| **Oregon** | Charles A. Sprague | Republican | Defeated in Republican primary, Republican victory | **Earl Snell** (Republican) 77.87%
Lew Wallace (Democratic) 22.13%
 |
| **Pennsylvania** | Arthur James | Republican | Term-limited, Republican victory | **Edward Martin** (Republican) 53.67%
F. Clair Ross (Democratic) 45.13%
Dale H. Learn (Prohibition) 0.68%
John J. Haluska (United Pension) 0.31%
Joseph Pirincin (Socialist Labor) 0.21%
 |
| **Rhode Island** | **J. Howard McGrath** | Democratic | Re-elected, 58.54% | James O. McManus (Republican) 41.46%
 |
| **South Carolina** | Richard Manning Jefferies | Democratic | Retired, Democratic victory | **Olin D. Johnston** (Democratic) 100.00%

(Democratic primary results)
Olin Johnston 51.80%
Wyndham Manning 48.20%
 |
| **South Dakota** | Harlan J. Bushfield | Republican | Retired to run for U.S. Senate, Republican victory | **Merrell Q. Sharpe** (Republican) 61.51%
Lewis W. Bicknell (Democratic) 38.49%
 |
| **Tennessee** | **Prentice Cooper** | Democratic | Re-elected, 70.15% | C. N. Frazier (Republican) 29.85%
 |
| **Texas** | **Coke R. Stevenson** | Democratic | Re-elected, 96.83% | C. K. McDowell (Republican) 3.17%
 |
| **Vermont** | **William Henry Wills** | Republican | Re-elected, 77.90% | Park H. Pollard (Democratic) 22.10%
 |
| **Wisconsin** | Julius P. Heil | Republican | Defeated, 36.45% | **Orland Steen Loomis** (Progressive) 49.65%
William C. Sullivan (Democratic) 12.25%
Frank P. Zeidler (Socialist) 1.41%
Fred B. Blair (Independent) 0.14%
Georgia Cozzini (Independent) 0.06%
Scattering 0.04%
 |
| **Wyoming** | Nels H. Smith | Republican | Defeated, 48.68% | **Lester C. Hunt** (Democratic) 51.32%
 |

## InfoBox

1942 United States gubernatorial elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  33 governorships | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic Republican  Seats before **28** 20  Seats after 24 23  Seat change  4  3  Seats up **18** 15  Seats won 14 **18**   ---  Third party   Party Progressive   Seats before 0   Seats after 1   Seat change  1   Seats up 0   Seats won 1 | |
| ---  Democratic hold      Democratic gain
Republican hold      Republican gain
Progressive gain
No election | |


title: 1942 VFL grand final

abstract: The 1942 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Essendon Football Club and Richmond Football Club, held at the Princes Park in Melbourne on 19 September 1942. It was the 44th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1942 VFL season. The match, attended by 49,000 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 53 points, marking that club's seventh premiership victory and first since 1924.

text:
# 1942 VFL grand final

The **1942 VFL Grand Final** was an Australian rules football game contested between the Essendon Football Club and Richmond Football Club, held at the Princes Park in Melbourne on 19 September 1942. It was the 44th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1942 VFL season. The match, attended by 49,000 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 53 points, marking that club's seventh premiership victory and first since 1924.

## Teams

* Umpire – Eric Hawkins

## Statistics

### Goalkickers

## InfoBox

| 1942 VFL Grand Final | |
| --- | --- |
|
Essendon
Richmond  **19.18 (132)** **11.13 (79)** | |
| 1 2 3 4  **ESS** 2.6 (18) 8.14 (62) 14.16 (100) 19.18 (132)  **RIC** 2.4 (16) 4.4 (28) 5.10 (40) 11.13 (79) | |
| Date | 19 September 1942 |
| Stadium | Princes Park |
| Attendance | 49,000 |
| 1941 VFL Grand Final 1943 | |


title: 1952–53 DFB-Pokal

abstract: The 1952–53 DFB-Pokal was the 10th season of the annual German football cup competition. The DFB-Pokal was formerly known as Tschammer und Osten Pokal, or Tschammerpokal. It was the first time the cup was held after World War II. 32 teams competed in the tournament of five rounds. The competition began on 17 August 1952 and ended on 11 May 1953. In the final Rot-Weiss Essen defeated Alemannia Aachen 2–1. The replay match between Hamborn and St. Pauli was the first football match in Germany covered live by television.

text:
# 1952–53 DFB-Pokal

The **1952–53 DFB-Pokal** was the 10th season of the annual German football cup competition. The DFB-Pokal was formerly known as *Tschammer und Osten Pokal*, or *Tschammerpokal*. It was the first time the cup was held after World War II. 32 teams competed in the tournament of five rounds. The competition began on 17 August 1952 and ended on 11 May 1953. In the final Rot-Weiss Essen defeated Alemannia Aachen 2–1.

The replay match between Hamborn and St. Pauli was the first football match in Germany covered live by television.

## Matches

### First round

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 August 1952 |
| VfB Stuttgart | **0 – 3** | **Kickers Offenbach** |
| **Rot-Weiss Essen** | **5 – 0** | SSV Jahn Regensburg |
| **SV Waldhof Mannheim** | **2 – 1** | Eintracht Braunschweig |
| Eintracht Osnabrück | **1 – 2** | **Preußen Dellbrück** |
| 1. FC Saarbrücken | **1 – 2** | **FC St. Pauli** |
| **Borussia Neunkirchen** | **2 – 1** | FC Schalke 04 |
| **SpVgg Fürth** | **6 – 1** | VfR Kaiserslautern |
| Wacker 04 Berlin | **2 – 6** | **1. FC Nürnberg** |
| **Concordia Hamburg** | **4 – 3** | Borussia Dortmund |
| **Hamburger SV** | **6 – 1** | Victoria Hamburg |
| Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin | **0 – 1** | **Eintracht Trier** |
| **VfB Mühlburg** | **5 – 3** | Preußen Münster | *(AET)* |
| **Alemannia Aachen** | **5 – 2** | SC Essen West |
| SSV Reutlingen | **4 – 5** | **VfR Wormatia Worms** | *(AET)* |
| **Hamborn 07** | **4 – 1** | SC Göttingen 05 | *(AET)* |
| VfL Osnabrück | **2 – 2** | SV Phönix 03 Ludwigshafen | *(AET)* |

#### Replay

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 October 1952 |
| SV Phönix 03 Ludwigshafen | **0 – 2** | **VfL Osnabrück** |

### Round of 16

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 November 1952 |
| **SV Waldhof Mannheim** | **5 – 2** | SpVgg Fürth |
| **Concordia Hamburg** | **4 – 3** | VfB Mühlburg |
| Preußen Dellbrück | **2 – 3** | **Kickers Offenbach** | *(AET)* |
| **VfR Wormatia Worms** | **4 – 1** | Eintracht Trier |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | **3 – 3** | Alemannia Aachen |
| **Hamburger SV** | **2 – 0** | Borussia Neunkirchen |
| Hamborn 07 | **1 – 1** | FC St. Pauli | *(AET)* |
| **Rot-Weiss Essen** | **2 – 0** | VfL Osnabrück |

#### Replays

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alemannia Aachen** | **2 – 0** | 1. FC Nürnberg |
| FC St. Pauli | **3 – 4** | **Hamborn 07** |

### Quarter-finals

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 February 1953 |
| **Rot-Weiss Essen** | **6 – 1** | Hamburger SV |
| Kickers Offenbach | **1 – 2** | **VfR Wormatia Worms** |
| **SV Waldhof Mannheim** | **2 – 1** | Concordia Hamburg |
| **Alemannia Aachen** | **3 – 1** | Hamborn 07 |

### Semi-finals

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 March 1953 |
| **Rot-Weiss Essen** | **3 – 2** | SV Waldhof Mannheim |
| **Alemannia Aachen** | **3 – 1** | VfR Wormatia Worms |

### Final

| Rot-Weiss Essen | 2–1 | Alemannia Aachen |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Derwall  56' |

Rheinstadion, DüsseldorfAttendance: 37,000Referee: Alois Reinhardt (Stuttgart)

## InfoBox

1952–53 DFB-Pokal
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | West Germany |
| Teams | 32 |
| Defending champions | First Vienna |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Rot-Weiss Essen |
| Runner-up | Alemannia Aachen |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 34 |
|  | |


abstract: The women's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1950 European Athletics Championships was held in Brussels, Belgium, at Stade du Heysel on 27 August 1950.

text:
# 1950 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay

The **women's 4 x 100 metres relay** at the 1950 European Athletics Championships was held in Brussels, Belgium, at Stade du Heysel on 27 August 1950.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Elspeth Hay
Jean Desforges
Dorothy Hall
June Foulds
*Great Britain* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Xenia Stad-de Jong
Bertha Brouwer
Grietje de Jongh
Fanny Blankers-Koen
*Netherlands* |
| **Bronze** | Elene Gokieli
Sofya Malshina
Zoya Dukhovich
Yevgeniya Sechenova
*Soviet Union* |

## Results

### Final

27 August

| Rank | Nation | Competitors | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Great Britain | Elspeth Hay
Jean Desforges
Dorothy Hall
June Foulds | 47.4 |  |
|  | Netherlands | Xenia Stad-de Jong
Bertha Brouwer
Grietje de Jongh
Fanny Blankers-Koen | 47.4 |  |
|  | Soviet Union | Elene Gokieli
Sofya Malshina
Zoya Dukhovich
Yevgeniya Sechenova | 47.5 |  |
| 4 | France | Rosine Faugouin
Micheline Ostermeyer
Colette Aitelli
Yvette Monginou | 48.5 |  |
| 5 | Italy | Maria Musso
Laura Sivi
Micaela Bora
Vittoria Cesarini | 48.7 |  |
| 6 | Yugoslavia | Spomenka Koledin
Milica Šumak
Mira Tuce
Alma Butja | 49.8 |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 24 athletes from 6 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Women's 4 x 100 metres relay
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


title: 1951–52 Cypriot Cup

abstract: The 1951–52 Cypriot Cup was the 15th edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 8 clubs entered the competition. It began on 9 March 1952 with the quarterfinals and concluded on 6 April 1952 with the final which was held at GSP Stadium. Çetinkaya Türk won their 1st Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Pezoporikos 4–1 in the final.

text:
# 1951–52 Cypriot Cup

The **1951–52 Cypriot Cup** was the 15th edition of the Cypriot Cup. A total of 8 clubs entered the competition. It began on 9 March 1952 with the quarterfinals and concluded on 6 April 1952 with the final which was held at GSP Stadium. Çetinkaya Türk won their 1st Cypriot Cup trophy after beating Pezoporikos 4–1 in the final.

## Format

In the 1951–52 Cypriot Cup, participated all the teams of the Cypriot First Division.

The competition consisted of three knock-out rounds. In all rounds each tie was played as a single leg and was held at the home ground of one of the two teams, according to the draw results. Each tie winner was qualifying to the next round. If a match was drawn, extra time was following. If extra time was drawn, there was a replay match.

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () **AEL Limassol** | 3 - 1 | Armenian Young Men's Association () |
| () Anorthosis Famagusta FC | 0 - 3 | **Pezoporikos Larnaca FC** () |
| () **APOEL FC** | 4 - 0 | Olympiakos Nicosia () |
| () EPA Larnaca FC | 0 - 4 | **Çetinkaya Türk S.K.** () |
|

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Result | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| () APOEL FC | 0 - 3 | **Pezoporikos Larnaca FC** () |
| () **Çetinkaya Türk S.K.** | 1 - 0 | AEL Limassol () |
|

## Final

| Çetinkaya Türk | 4 – 1 | Pezoporikos |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mechmet Partak  40'
Vetat Shialich (Jipsis)  56'
Mechmet Partak  60'
Vetat Shialich (Jipsis)  74' |  | Andreas Pirgos  55' |

GSP Stadium, NicosiaReferee: Mishel Iosifides

| Cypriot Cup 1951–52 Winners |
| --- |
|
| **Çetinkaya Türk**
**1st title** |

## Sources

* "1951/52 Cyprus Cup". RSSSF. 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-25.

## Bibliography

* Gavreilides, Michalis; Papamoiseos, Stelios (2001). Ένας αιώνας Κυπριακό ποδόσφαιρο \[*One century Cypriot football*\] (in Greek). Nicosia: The writer. p. 57. ISBN 9963-8720-1-8.
* Meletiou, Giorgos (2011). Κυπριακό ποδόσφαιρο 1900–1960 \[*Cypriot Football 1900–1960*\] (in Greek). Nicosia: Power Publishing. pp. 182–183, 287. ISBN 978-9963-688-87-6.

## InfoBox

1951–52 Cypriot Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Cyprus |
| Dates | 9 March 1952 – 6 April 1952 |
| Teams | 8 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Çetinkaya Türk
(1st title) |
| Runner-up | Pezoporikos |
|  | |


title: 2002 S.League

abstract: 2002 S.League was the seventh season of Singapore's professional football league. It was won by Singapore Armed Forces, which was their fourth league title.

text:
# 2002 S.League

**2002 S.League** was the seventh season of Singapore's professional football league. It was won by Singapore Armed Forces, which was their fourth league title.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Singapore Armed Forces | 33 | 26 | 6 | 1 | 104 | 37 | +67 | 84 |
| 2 | Home United | 33 | 18 | 10 | 5 | 71 | 42 | +29 | 64 |
| 3 | Geylang United | 33 | 17 | 8 | 8 | 80 | 39 | +41 | 59 |
| 4 | Tampines Rovers | 33 | 16 | 11 | 6 | 67 | 39 | +28 | 59 |
| 5 | Woodlands Wellington | 33 | 17 | 7 | 9 | 75 | 44 | +31 | 58 |
| 6 | Sembawang Rangers | 33 | 15 | 5 | 13 | 59 | 67 | 8 | 50 |
| 7 | Jurong FC | 33 | 13 | 6 | 14 | 47 | 48 | 1 | 45 |
| 8 | Sengkang Marine | 33 | 11 | 6 | 16 | 62 | 84 | 22 | 39 |
| 9 | Tanjong Pagar United | 33 | 11 | 4 | 18 | 49 | 72 | 23 | 37 |
| 10 | Clementi Khalsa | 33 | 7 | 4 | 22 | 45 | 84 | 39 | 25 |
| 11 | Balestier Central | 33 | 6 | 5 | 22 | 50 | 103 | 53 | 23 |
| 12 | Gombak United | 33 | 2 | 6 | 25 | 33 | 83 | 50 | 12 |

Source: RSSSF
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored

## Foreign players

Each club is allowed to have up to a maximum of 4 foreign players.

| Club | Player 1 | Player 2 | Player 3 | Player 4 | Former Player |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Balestier Central | Itimi Wilson | Jörg Steinebrunner | Joseph Theddeus | None | None |
| Clementi Khalsa | Leonardo Silva | Bogdan Brasoveanu | Wisdom Onyekwere | Emmanuel Unaka | Masahiro Iwata
Taichi Sato |
| Geylang International | Aleksandar Đurić | Brian Bothwell | Nebojsa Vukosavljevic | None | None |
| Gombak United | Surachai Jaturapattarapong | Veresa Toma | Diallo Abdullaye | None | Dennis Suglo |
| Home United | Hiroaki Tanaka | Egmar Gonçalves | Peres De Oliveira | Billy Bone | Edson Garcia   Anucha Chuaysri |
| Jurong FC | Park Tae-won | Tatsuma Yoshida | Precious Emuejeraye | Fabio Da Silva | Cho Hyun-jin
Okoye Emeka |
| SAFFC | Therdsak Chaiman | Nenad Baćina | Mirko Grabovac | Ballamodou Conde | None |
| Sengkang Marine | Simon Harland | Daniel Hill | Grant Holt | Todd Harnwell | Chris Downey |
| Sembawang Rangers | Akihiro Nakamura | Pitipong Kuldilog | Tawan Sripan | Niweat Siriwong | None |
| Tampines Rovers | Demetrios Bakis | Paul O'Grady | Fahrudin Mustafić | Sead Muratović | Joselito Da Silva
Luciano de Oliveira |
| Tanjong Pagar United | Sutee Suksomkit | Choketawee Promrut | Thawatchai Ongtrakul | Wolapan Toontone |  |
| Woodlands | John Wilkinson | Simon Clark | Itimi Dickson | Agu Casmir | Anuruck Srikerd |

## Top goalscorers

| Rank | Name | Club | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mirko Grabovac | Singapore Armed Forces | 36 |
| 2 | Aleksandar Đurić | Geylang United | 32 |
| 3 | Therdsak Chaiman | Singapore Armed Forces | 27 |
| 4 | Agu Casmir | Woodlands Wellington | 26 |
| 5 | Noh Alam Shah | Sembawang Rangers | 24 |
| 6 | Itimi Owepa Wilson | Balestier Central | 23 |
| 6 | Park Tae-Won | Jurong | 23 |
| 6 | Ismail Fitrey | Tampines Rovers | 23 |
| 9 | Wisdom Onyekwere | Clementi Khalsa | 22 |
| 10 | Mohd Noor Ali | Geylang United | 20 |
|

Source:

## InfoBox

S. League
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 2002 |
| Champions | Singapore Armed Forces
4th S.League title |
| Matches played | 198 |
| Goals scored | 742 (3.75 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Mirko Grabovac
(36 - all domestic competitions) |
| Biggest home win | Singapore Armed Forces 9-0 Sembawang Rangers
(15 June 2002) |
| Biggest away win | Sengkang Marine 0-9 Geylang United
(18 July 2002) |
| Highest scoring | Sengkang Marine 5-5 Sembawang Rangers
(27 July 2002)
Balestier Central 4-6 Sengkang Marine
(5 September 2002) |
| 2001 2003 | |


title: 2002 SANFL season

abstract: The 2002 South Australian National Football League season was the 123rd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.

text:
# 2002 SANFL season

The **2002 South Australian National Football League season** was the 123rd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.

## Ladder

2002 SANFL Ladder
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | D | PF | PA | PP | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Central District | 20 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 2360 | 1313 | 64.25 | 36 |
| 2 | Norwood | 20 | 17 | 3 | 0 | 2159 | 1544 | 58.30 | 34 |
| 3 | Sturt (P) | 20 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 1996 | 1402 | 58.74 | 32 |
| 4 | Woodville-West Torrens | 20 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 1666 | 1473 | 53.07 | 20 |
| 5 | West Adelaide | 20 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 1887 | 1913 | 49.66 | 20 |
| 6 | Port Adelaide | 20 | 6 | 14 | 0 | 1488 | 1739 | 46.11 | 12 |
| 7 | North Adelaide | 20 | 6 | 14 | 0 | 1637 | 2279 | 41.80 | 12 |
| 8 | South Adelaide | 20 | 4 | 16 | 0 | 1451 | 2159 | 40.19 | 8 |
| 9 | Glenelg | 20 | 3 | 17 | 0 | 1381 | 2203 | 38.53 | 6 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) percentage; 3) number of points for.
(P) Premiers

## Grand final

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2002 SANFL Grand Final | | |  |  |
| Sunday 6 October (2:10 pm) | Central District | def. by | Sturt | Football Park (crowd: 35,187) |  |
|  | 0.1 (1)
2.4 (16)
5.6 (36)
6.9 (45) | Q1
Q2
Q3
Final | 4.6 (30)
8.7 (55)
11.12 (78)
13.14 (92) |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
|
|  |
|
|  | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 2002 SANFL season | |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 9 |
| Premiers | Sturt
13th premiership |
| Minor premiers | Central District
5th minor premiership |
| Magarey Medallist | Tim Weatherald
Sturt (16 votes)
Jade Sheedy
Sturt (16 votes) |
| Ken Farmer Medallist | Daniel Hargraves
North Adelaide (68 Goals) |
| Attendance | |
| Matches played | 96 |
| Total attendance | 352,059 (3,667 per match) |
| Highest | 35,187 (Grand Final, Sturt vs. Central District) |
|  | |


title: 1947 Avon by-election

abstract: The 1947 Avon by-election was a by-election held during the 28th New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Avon. The by-election occurred following the death of MP Dan Sullivan and was won by John Mathison.

text:
# 1947 Avon by-election

The **1947 Avon by-election** was a by-election held during the 28th New Zealand Parliament in the Christchurch electorate of Avon. The by-election occurred following the death of MP Dan Sullivan and was won by John Mathison.

## Background

Dan Sullivan, who was first elected to represent Avon for the Labour Party in 1919, died on 8 April 1947. This triggered the Avon by-election, which occurred on 28 May 1947.

## Candidates

Labour

There were six nominations for the Labour Party nomination:

Two other expected candidates, Jack Roberts and Alan Sharp, declined nomination. Roberts, president of both the North Canterbury Labour Representation Committee and Canterbury Trades Council of the Federation of Labour, committed himself to union activities while Sharp (who was Labour's candidate for Selwyn in 1946) wished to run in Selwyn again at the next general election. With Roberts' declination Mathison was seen as the frontrunner for the nomination. Mathison was subsequently selected as Labour's nominee.

National

Dr. Robert Alexander McDowell, a medical doctor from Kaiapoi and representative of the Canterbury division on the council of the New Zealand branch of the British Medical Association, was the only nominee for the National Party candidacy. He was National candidate for Avon in 1946.

Others

John Ramby Robertson was an independent candidate. Robertson was a member of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) but his nomination was refused endorsement by DLP leader John A. Lee. Robertson had stood unsuccessfully as a DLP candidate for the Christchurch City Council in 1944.

The Communist Party decided not to put forward a candidate. The party's Christchurch secretary, Jack Locke, stated his party had no wish to embarrass the Government (whose policies they mostly supported) by drawing away votes.

## Previous election

1946 general election: Avon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Dan Sullivan** | **9,539** | **68.64** | **+7.44** |
|  | National | Robert Alexander McDowell | 4,359 | 31.36 |  |
| Majority | | | 5,180 | 37.27 | +5.83 |
| Turnout | | | 13,898 | 92.74 | +2.11 |
| Registered electors | | | 15,092 |  |  |

## Results

The following table gives the election results:

1947 Avon by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | John Mathison | 8,513 | 65.31 |  |
|  | National | Robert Alexander McDowell | 4,422 | 33.92 | +2.56 |
|  | Independent | John Ramby Robertson | 100 | 0.77 |  |
| Majority | | | 4,091 | 31.38 | −5.89 |
| Turnout | | | 13,035 | 84.43 | −9.31 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | −3.33 |  |

Mathison obtained 65.31% of the votes and was successful.

* Norton, Clifford (1988). *New Zealand parliamentary election results, 1946–1987*. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington Department of Political Science. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.

## InfoBox

1947 Avon by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 13,035 (84.43%) |
| Candidate John Mathison Robert Alexander McDowell  Party Labour National  Popular vote 8,513 4,422  Percentage 65.31 33.92 | |
| ---  **Member before election**
Dan Sullivan
Labour **Elected Member**
John Mathison
Labour | |


title: 1953 Tour de Romandie

abstract: The 1953 Tour de Romandie was the seventh edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 7 May to 10 May 1953. The race started and finished in Martigny. The race was won by Hugo Koblet.

text:
# 1953 Tour de Romandie

The **1953 Tour de Romandie** was the seventh edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 7 May to 10 May 1953. The race started and finished in Martigny. The race was won by Hugo Koblet.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Hugo Koblet (SUI) 24h 07' 46"  2  Pasquale Fornara (ITA) \+ 6' 05"  3  Louison Bobet (FRA) \+ 6' 47"  4  Fritz Schär (SUI) \+ 7' 33"  5  Donato Zampini (ITA) \+ 9' 13"  6  Carlo Clerici (SUI) \+ 9' 30"  7  Ferdinand Kübler (SUI) \+ 9' 40"  8  Gino Bartali (ITA) \+ 10' 25"  9  Eugen Kamber (SUI) \+ 11' 01"  10  Rolf Graf (SUI) \+ 11' 30" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1953 Tour de Romandie
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 7–10 May 1953 |
| Stages | 4 |
| Distance | 827.5 km (514.2 mi) |
| Winning time | 24h 07' 46" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Hugo Koblet (SUI)  Second  Pasquale Fornara (ITA)  Third  Louison Bobet (FRA) | |
|


title: 1953 Broxtowe by-election

abstract: The Broxtowe by-election was held on 17 September 1953. It was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP Seymour Cocks. It was won by the Labour candidate William Warbey.

text:
# 1953 Broxtowe by-election

The **Broxtowe by-election** was held on 17 September 1953. It was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP Seymour Cocks. It was won by the Labour candidate William Warbey.

By Election 17 September 1953: Broxtowe
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Will Warbey | 27,356 | 74.11 | +1.43 |
|  | Conservative | AJ Gorman | 9,559 | 25.89 | −1.43 |
| Majority | | | 17,797 | 48.22 | +2.86 |
| Turnout | | | 36,915 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |


title: Erich Jahn

abstract: Erich Jahn was a leader of the Hitler Youth in Berlin. He was born in Berlin and as a teenager became a member of the Berlin youth organisation 'Bismarck Bund'. He later became involved in the Hitler Youth, playing a significant role in the organisation at both a local and a national level. He became a member of the Nazi Party in 1929. He was a close associate of Reichsjugendführer Baldur von Schirach.

text:
# Erich Jahn

**Erich Jahn** (born 23 July 1907, date of death unknown) was a leader of the Hitler Youth in Berlin. He was born in Berlin and as a teenager became a member of the Berlin youth organisation 'Bismarck Bund'. He later became involved in the Hitler Youth, playing a significant role in the organisation at both a local and a national level. He became a member of the Nazi Party in 1929. He was a close associate of *Reichsjugendführer* Baldur von Schirach.