title: Equal Rights Washington

abstract: Equal Rights Washington (ERW) is Washington’s largest statewide LGBTQ advocacy and community outreach organization. ERW's mission is to ensure and promote dignity, safety, and equality for all lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Washingtonians. Equal Rights Washington consists of three organizations: Equal Rights Washington, a 501(c)(4) organization which focuses on political advocacy, ERW Education + Engagement, a 501(c)(3) organization which focuses on public education with regard to LGBTQ issues in Washington, and ERW Political Action, a registered political action committee which exists to provide support to equality-minded candidates for elected office in Washington state. Each of these subsidiary organizations are headed by independent boards of directors, in accordance and compliance with state and federal law.

text:
# Equal Rights Washington

**Equal Rights Washington** (ERW) is Washington’s largest statewide LGBTQ advocacy and community outreach organization. ERW's mission is to ensure and promote dignity, safety, and equality for all lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Washingtonians.

Equal Rights Washington consists of three organizations: Equal Rights Washington, a 501(c)(4) organization which focuses on political advocacy, ERW Education + Engagement, a 501(c)(3) organization which focuses on public education with regard to LGBTQ issues in Washington, and ERW Political Action, a registered political action committee which exists to provide support to equality-minded candidates for elected office in Washington state. Each of these subsidiary organizations are headed by independent boards of directors, in accordance and compliance with state and federal law.

## History

Many of ERW's founders and leaders made their entrance into the world of politics during the Hands Off Washington campaign between 1993 and 1997.

ERW was founded in 2004 to assist in the passage of Washington State's LGBT anti-discrimination bill, which for 28 years had been introduced in the state legislature, but never passed. In 2006, ERW played a crucial role in securing the passage of this legislation, Washington House Bill 2661. ERW was also a central player in the fight to have the Washington State Supreme Court give marriage rights to same-sex couples. In 2006, the Court decided not to grant those rights.

In 2007, ERW supported the successful passage of Washington State's domestic partner law, which granted several of the rights of marriage to same-sex couples. In 2008 over 100 additional state-level benefits of marriage were added to the original domestic partnership law, and in 2009 the remaining rights afforded to opposite-sex married couples were granted to same-sex partners via the state's domestic partnership law. This was thanks largely to the work of Equal Rights Washington and its coalition partners across the state. Throughout the expansion of the domestic partnership rights, Equal Rights Washington was very clear that its intention was to continue to publicize, educate about and advocate for its belief that nothing short of full and actual marriage equality is sufficient for families in Washington headed by same-sex couples.

More than just a marriage equality organization, Equal Rights Washington actively lobbies on behalf of LGBT homeless people, LGBT youth, on issues specifically affecting Washington's broad transgender community, and on health concerns impacting the LGBT community in Washington.

## Operations

ERW has no full-time staff. Several specialized consultants, interns, and volunteers maintain part-time office hours each week in support of the agency's mission and goals. Equal Rights Washington operates out of an office in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood.

The organization is a member of the Equality Federation.

47°36′50.4″N 122°19′29.9″W / 47.614000°N 122.324972°W / 47.614000; -122.324972

## InfoBox

Equal Rights Washington
|
|  |
|
| Formation | 2004 |
| Type | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | Seattle, Washington |
| Area served | Washington |
| Key people | Monisha Harrell, board chair |
| Website | equalrightswashington.org |


title: Equal Rights Party (Canada)

abstract: The Equal Rights Party was a Canadian political party that ran candidates in elections in Ontario in 1890 and 1891. It ran a joint Liberal-Equal Rights candidate in the 1890 Ontario general election. The party nominated two candidates in the 5 March 1891 federal election. Samuel Grandy, running in Durham East riding in Ontario, won 1,685 of the 3,431 votes cast, losing narrowly to Conservative Party candidate Thomas Dixon Craig, who collected 1,746 votes. The other Equal Rights Party candidate, W.H. Lewis, was less successful, collecting only 770 of the 9,450 votes cast in the City of Ottawa riding, which was a two-member constituency. The Equal Rights party may have been associated with Dalton McCarthy, leader of the McCarthyites, a group of 10 candidates who ran in the 1896 election. Source: Parliament of Canada History of the Federal Electoral Ridings since 1867

text:
# Equal Rights Party (Canada)

The **Equal Rights Party** was a Canadian political party that ran candidates in elections in Ontario in 1890 and 1891.

It ran a joint Liberal-Equal Rights candidate in the 1890 Ontario general election.

The party nominated two candidates in the 5 March 1891 federal election.

Samuel Grandy, running in Durham East riding in Ontario, won 1,685 of the 3,431 votes cast (49.11% of the popular votes), losing narrowly to Conservative Party candidate Thomas Dixon Craig, who collected 1,746 votes.

The other Equal Rights Party candidate, W.H. Lewis, was less successful, collecting only 770 of the 9,450 votes cast (8.15% of the popular vote) in the City of Ottawa riding, which was a two-member constituency.

The Equal Rights party may have been associated with Dalton McCarthy, leader of the McCarthyites, a group of 10 candidates who ran in the 1896 election.

*Source:* Parliament of Canada History of the Federal Electoral Ridings since 1867


title: 2001–02 FAW Premier Cup

abstract: The 2001–02 FAW Premier Cup was the fifth season of the tournament since its founding in 1997.

text:
# 2001–02 FAW Premier Cup

The **2001–02 FAW Premier Cup** was the fifth season of the tournament since its founding in 1997.

## Group A

| Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caersws | 5 - 0 | Aberystwyth Town |
| Caersws | 1 - 1 | Total Network Solutions |
| Aberystwyth Town | 2 - 1 | Total Network Solutions |
| Newtown | 1 - 1 | Caersws |
| Total Network Solutions | 2 - 1 | Aberystwyth Town |
| Newtown | 3 - 0 | Aberystwyth Town |
| Total Network Solutions | 0 - 2 | Caersws |
| Caersws | 2 - 0 | Newtown |
| Aberystwyth Town | 3 - 1 | Newtown |
| Aberystwyth Town | 0 - 1 | Caersws |
| Total Network Solutions | 0 - 2 | Newtown |
| Newtown | 2 - 3 | Total Network Solutions |

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caersws | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 2 | +10 | 14 |
| Newtown | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 7 |
| Total Network Solutions | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 7 |
| Aberystwyth Town | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 6 |

Source:

## Group B

| Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Carmarthen Town | 2 - 0 | Rhyl |
| Cwmbran Town | 0 - 1 | Carmarthen Town |
| Carmarthen Town | 0 - 1 | Newport County |
| Cwmbran Town | 2 - 3 | Rhyl |
| Rhyl | 1 - 2 | Carmarthen Town |
| Rhyl | 1 - 1 | Cwmbran Town |
| Newport County | 0 - 0 | Rhyl |
| Carmarthen Town | 1 - 0 | Cwmbran Town |
| Newport County | 0 - 0 | Carmarthen Town |
| Cwmbran Town | 2 - 3 | Newport County |
| Newport County | 2 - 0 | Cwmbran Town |
| Rhyl | 1 - 2 | Newport County |

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Newport County | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 3 | +5 | 14 |
| Rhyl | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | +4 | 13 |
| Carmarthen Town | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 5 |
| Cwmbran Town | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 6 | 1 |

Source:

## Quarter finals

| Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caersws | 0 - 3 | Barry Town |
| Carmarthen Town | 2 - 4 | Wrexham |
| Newport County | 0 - 3 | Swansea |
| Newtown | 0 - 3 | Cardiff City |

## Semi finals

| Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wrexham | 1 - 1 | Cardiff City |
| Swansea City | 2 - 0 | Barry Town |

## Final

| Home | Score | Away |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cardiff City | 1 - 0 | Swansea |

* Thomas, Mel. "FAW Premier Cup Season 2001-02". *wfda.co.uk*. Welsh Football Data Archive. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.

## InfoBox

2001–02 FAW Premier Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | England<br>Wales |
| Teams | 12 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Cardiff City |
| Runner-up | Swansea City |
|  | |


abstract: The Elks Temple Building in Cadillac, Michigan was built in 1910 as a lodge meeting hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

text:
# Elks Temple Building (Cadillac, Michigan)

The **Elks Temple Building** in Cadillac, Michigan was built in 1910 as a lodge meeting hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## History

The Cadillac Elks Lodge was organized in 1901. The Cadillac Elks held their meetings in the Maccabee Hall, but soon began sharing another building with the Knights of Pythias. In 1910, the Elks began planning for their own building. They obtained a site, and contracted with the Grand Rapids architectural firm of Osgood & Osgood, which specialized in designing similar buildings for fraternal organizations. Osgood & Osgood both designed and constructed the building. Construction was started in 1910, and completed in 1911 at a cost of $53,000.

Although multiple stores have been housed on the ground floor, the Elks Temple Building remains the meeting place of the local lodge.

## Description

The Cadillac Elks Temple is a four-story Classical Revival red brick building with a flat roof and cream terra cotta trim. The front facade has central stairhall entrance flanked by storefronts on the ground level. The upper three stories are divided into three bays each by piers. A classical cornice and parapet runs across the top. Windows in each bay of the upper stories were originally all paired, double-hung, six-over-one type, but have been replaced with paired or tripled double-hung one-over-one type windows.

On the interior, the temple has two retail spaces on the street level. The center entrance leads to a staircase to the upper part of the building, which has hardwood floors with wooden doors and window trim. The second floor contains a large dining room with a bar and a card and billiard room. The dining room/bar area was likely refurbished in the 1950s. The third floor contains the lodge rooms, the lodge office, and storage spaces. The fourth floor contains a single large room. The lodge room is a rectangular area, with walls subdivided by stained wood pilasters. Benches are lined along the walls to face a central altar. At one end is a triple chair, set beneath the head of an elk. The room's furnishings likely date from the time of the building's construction.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Elks Temple Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 122 S. Mitchell St., Cadillac, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 44°14′58″N 85°23′57″W / 44.24944°N 85.39917°W / 44.24944; -85.39917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1910 |
| Architect | Osgood & Osgood |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 88001835 |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1988 |


title: Doc (Fraggle Rock)

abstract: Jerome Crystal, better known by his nickname Doc, is a fictional character from Jim Henson's television series Fraggle Rock. He is the only major human character on the show, as well as the only character to appear in all 96 episodes of the series. Doc is an elderly inventor and tinkerer who loves to build strange contraptions. He lives with his dog, Sprocket, in a workshop that contains a hole leading to into Fraggle Rock, the home of the Fraggles. Doc does not know about the Fraggles at the start of the series, though he later learns about their existence. Doc was played by Irish-Canadian actor Gerard Parkes in the original series, as well as in the 1987 TV special A Muppet Family Christmas. Several other actors played variants of Doc in the international versions of Fraggle Rock. A similar character, also named Doc, appears in the reboot Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock, played by Lilli Cooper.

text:
# Doc (Fraggle Rock)

**Jerome Crystal**, better known by his nickname **Doc**, is a fictional character from Jim Henson's television series *Fraggle Rock*. He is the only major human character on the show, as well as the only character to appear in all 96 episodes of the series.

Doc is an elderly inventor and tinkerer who loves to build strange contraptions. He lives with his dog, Sprocket, in a workshop that contains a hole leading to into Fraggle Rock, the home of the Fraggles. Doc does not know about the Fraggles at the start of the series, though he later learns about their existence.

Doc was played by Irish-Canadian actor Gerard Parkes in the original series, as well as in the 1987 TV special *A Muppet Family Christmas*. Several other actors played variants of Doc in the international versions of *Fraggle Rock*. A similar character, also named Doc, appears in the reboot *Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock*, played by Lilli Cooper.

## Character biography and storylines

Doc first appears in "Beginnings", the first episode of *Fraggle Rock*. The episode involves Doc discovering an old room in his house and converting it into a workshop to work on his inventions. In the same episode, the Fraggle Uncle Traveling Matt, an explorer, discovers a hole that leads into Doc's workshop, and uses it to leave Fraggle Rock and journey into "Outer Space", aka the human world. Uncle Traveling Matt regularly sends postcards to his nephew Gobo, who must venture into Doc's workshop to retrieve them.

Doc is highly enthusiastic about his work, though his inventions tend to malfunction or to work strangely. He loves his dog, Sprocket, who is highly intelligent and knows about the existence of the Fraggles. Doc does not know about the Fraggles at first, despite Sprocket's many attempts to tell him. Doc has a rivalry with his neighbor, the never-seen Ned Shimmelfinney, though he does value Ned as a friend. Halfway through the series, Doc takes a job at the Captain's Inn, an inn that opens near his home, and develops a crush on its owner, Ms. Ardath.

Doc first begins to realize the existence of the Fraggles in the episode "The River of Life". In the episode, Doc is offered $100,000 to allow engineers to use the caves underneath the workshop as a waste-disposal site. The toxic water poisons the Fraggles, and the only unaffected Fraggle, Boober, goes into Outer Space to beg Doc to cease the contamination. Although Doc is not home at the time, Boober leaves a stack of Gobo's postcards, bound together with moss, which Doc notices, and realizes that something may be living underneath his home. He cancels the contract, saving the Fraggles.

Doc finally meets Gobo and learns about the Fraggles in the penultimate episode, "The Honk of Honks". In the episode, Doc learns that his best friend, Ned Shimmelfinney, needs to move away for his health, and is devastated at the thought of losing his friend. Gobo, entering Outer Space at the time, meets Doc and comforts him. In the final episode, "Change of Address", Doc moves to the desert to be with Ned. However, the Fraggles discover a new cave in the Rock that leads right into Doc's new apartment, and they reunite with him as the series ends. It is in this episode that we learn Doc's real name, Jerome Crystal.

Doc also appears in the television special *A Muppet Family Christmas*, in which he rents the house of Fozzie Bear's mother to stay for Christmas with Sprocket. He appears alongside many other characters from *Fraggle Rock*, the Muppets, and *Sesame Street*. Although produced after the conclusion of *Fraggle Rock*, the special appears to take place before the final few episodes, as Doc still does not know about the Fraggles in it.

## Alternate versions

Several different actors portrayed variants of Doc in the international versions of *Fraggle Rock*. In the British inserts, Doc was replaced with a character named The Captain, portrayed by Fulton Mackay. The Captain is a retired sailor who lives in a lighthouse with Sprocket, the lighthouse containing the entrance to Fraggle Rock. Following Mackay's death in 1987, he was replaced with John Gordon Sinclair as P.K. (short for "Principal Keeper"), the Captain's nephew. Following Sinclair's departure, Simon O'Brien played B.J. (son of the lighthouse's owner, Bertwhistle) in the fourth and final season. In the French version of the series, the wraparound segments took place in a bakery, with Michel Robin playing a baker version of Doc. Sprocket was renamed Croquette for this version. In the German version of *Fraggle Rock*, Hans-Helmut Dickow played Doc. The German versions of the wraparound segments were the same as the American segments, but re-filmed in German.

In the animated series, John Stephenson voiced Doc. The animated version of Doc differed from the original in that he was only seen from the neck down, recalling Nanny from *Muppet Babies*, another animated adaptation of a Jim Henson series.

### Reboot

| Doc | |
| --- | --- |
| *Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock* character | |
| Lilli Cooper as Doc | |
| First appearance | *Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock* |
| Portrayed by | Lilli Cooper |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Female |
| Occupation | Grad student |

Owing to Gerard Parkes's death in 2014, Doc does not appear in the 2022 reboot series, *Fraggle Rock: Back to the Rock*. Doc was replaced by another character also named Doc. This character differs greatly from the original Doc, being a younger woman of African-American descent. Lilli Cooper plays the character. This version is a young grad student working on her doctorate in marine ecosystems. She lives in a backhouse owned by Mrs. Shimmelfinney (the similarly unseen counterpart to Ned Shimmelfinney) and is still the owner of Sprocket.

## InfoBox

| Doc | |
| --- | --- |
| *Fraggle Rock* character | |
| Gerard Parkes as Doc | |
| First appearance | *Fraggle Rock* |
| Last appearance | *A Muppet Family Christmas* |
| Created by | Jim Henson |
| Portrayed by | Gerard Parkes |
| Voiced by | John Stephenson (*Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series*) |
| In-universe information | |
| Alias | Jerome Crystal |
| Species | Human |
| Gender | Male |
| Occupation | Inventor |


title: Alvarezsauroidea

abstract: Alvarezsauroidea is a group of small maniraptoran dinosaurs. Alvarezsauroidea, Alvarezsauridae, and Alvarezsauria are named for the historian Gregorio Álvarez, not the more familiar physicist Luis Alvarez, or his son geologist Walter Alvarez who jointly proposed that the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was caused by an impact event. The group was first formally proposed by Choiniere and colleagues in 2010, to contain the family Alvarezsauridae and non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroids, such as Haplocheirus, which is the basalmost of the Alvarezsauroidea. The discovery of Haplocheirus extended the stratigraphic evidence for the group Alvarezsauroidea about 63 million years further in the past. The division of Alvarezsauroidea into the Alvarezsauridae and the non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroids is based on differences in their morphology, especially in their hand morphology.

text:
# Alvarezsauroidea

**Alvarezsauroidea** is a group of small maniraptoran dinosaurs. Alvarezsauroidea, Alvarezsauridae, and Alvarezsauria are named for the historian Gregorio Álvarez, not the more familiar physicist Luis Alvarez, or his son geologist Walter Alvarez who jointly proposed that the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was caused by an impact event. The group was first formally proposed by Choiniere and colleagues in 2010, to contain the family Alvarezsauridae and non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroids, such as *Haplocheirus*, which is the basalmost of the Alvarezsauroidea (from the Late Jurassic, Asia). The discovery of *Haplocheirus* extended the stratigraphic evidence for the group Alvarezsauroidea about 63 million years further in the past. The division of Alvarezsauroidea into the Alvarezsauridae and the non-alvarezsaurid alvarezsauroids is based on differences in their morphology, especially in their hand morphology.

## Introduction

The first fossil alvarezsauroids were recognized in the 1990s. Since then, the number of specimens found has dramatically increased. Most of the recent alvarezsauroids are found in China, but they are also known from the Americas and Europe. They existed from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. The basalmost and oldest alvarezsauroid of the Chinese alvarezsaurs is from the Shishugou Formation in Xinjiang (earliest Late Jurassic). Additionally, two derived members of the derived alvarezsaur group Parvicursorinae are known from the Inner Mongolia and Henan (Late Cretaceous).

The size of the derived members of Alvarezsauroidea range between 0.5 and 2 m (1 ft 8 in and 6 ft 7 in), but some members may have been larger. *Haplocheirus*, for example, was the largest member of the Alvarezsauroidea. Because of the size of *Haplocheirus* and its basal phylogenetic position, a pattern of miniaturization for the Alvarezsauroidea is suggested. Miniaturizations are very rare in dinosaurs, but convergently evolved in Paraves.

## Classification

The phylogenetic placement of Alvarezsauroidea is still unclear. At first, they were interpreted as a sister group of Avialae (birds) or nested within the group Avialae and considered to be flightless birds, because they share many morphological characteristics with them, such as a loosely sutured skull, a keeled sternum, fused wrist elements, and a posteriorly directed pubis. But this association was reevaluated after the discovery of the primitive forms like *Haplocheirus*, *Patagonykus* and *Alvarezsaurus*, which do not show all bird-like features as the first discovered species *Mononykus* and *Shuvuuia*. This shows that bird-like characteristics were developed multiple times within the Maniraptora. Furthermore, the Alvarezsauroidea had simplified homogenous dentition, convergent with that of some extant insectivorous mammals. More recently, they have been placed within the Coelurosauria basal to the Maniraptora or as a sister taxa of Ornithomimosauria within the Ornithomimiformes.

The cladogram below is based on Choniere *et al*. (2010).

## Geographical distribution

At first, alvarezsauroids were thought to have been originated in South America. However, the discovery of *Haplocheirus*, and its basal phylogenetic position, as well as its early temporal position, suggests they derived in Asia rather than South America. Xu *et al*. (2011) suggested that at least three dispersal events of alvarezsauroids took place; one from Asia to Gondwana, one from Gondwana to Asia, and one from Asia to North America. This hypothesis is consistent with faunal interchanges. On the other hand, some theropod groups are inconsistent with this hypothesis. Xu *et al*. (2013) used event−based tree−fitting to perform a quantitative analysis of alvarezsauroid biogeography. Their results showed an absence of statistical support for previous biogeographic hypotheses that favour pure vicariance or pure dispersal scenarios as explanations for the distributions of alvarezsauroids across South America, North America and Asia. They instead found that statistically significant biogeographic reconstructions suggest a dominant role for sympatric events (“within area” ones), combined with a mix of vicariance, dispersal and regional extinction. The Asian origin of alvarezsauroids is also bolstered by the discovery of alvarezsaurid specimens from the Turonian-age Bissekty Formation (some of which were named *Dzharaonyx* in 2022) of Uzbekistan and *Bannykus*, *Tugulusaurus*, and *Xiyunykus* from the Early Cretaceous of China.

## Hand morphology

The differences in the morphology of the hand of basic Alvarezsauroidea and the derived members are characterized by digit reduction. In the evolution of theropod dinosaurs, modifications of the hand were typical. The digital reduction, for instance, is a striking evolutionary phenomenon that is clearly exemplified in theropod dinosaurs. The enlargement of the manual digit II in alvarezsauroids and the concurrent reduction of the lateral digits, created one functional medial digit and two very small, and presumably vestigial, lateral digits. These morphological changes have been interpreted as adaptations for digging. One possible interpretation suggests that alvarezsauroids fed on insects, using their hands to search beyond the tree bark. This interpretation is consistent with their long, elongate snout and small teeth. Another interpretation suggests that they used their claws to break into ant and termite colonies, though the arm anatomy of an alvarezsaurid would require the animal to lie on its chest against a termite nest. In contrast to the digit reduction of the hand of derived alvarezsauroid to a claw used for digging, *Haplocheirus* was still able to grab things. However, *Haplocheirus* already shows the enlargement of the second manual digit. Important data on the evolution of the alvarezsauroid hand is also provided by the basal parvicursorine *Linhenykus*. Another difference between Alvarezsauridae and *Haplocheirus* is the dentition. While alvarezsauroids show a simplified homogenous dentition, *Haplocheirus* on the other side possesses recurved serrated teeth. The dentition of *Haplocheirus* and their basal phylogenetic position, suggest that carnivory was the primitive condition for the clade. Furthermore, *Haplocheirus* possesses more teeth on the maxilla than other alvarezsauroids.

## Sources

* Nesbitt, S.J., Clarke, J.A., Turner, A.H., Norell, M.A. (2011): "A small alvarezsauroid from eastern Gobi Desert offers insight into evolutionary patterns in the Alvarezsauroidea". *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. 31:1. 144–153.
* Turner, A.H., Nesbit, S.J., Norell, M.A. (2009): "A Large Alvarezsaurid from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". *American Museum Novitates*. Number: 3648.
* Bonaparte, J.F. (1991). "Los vertebrados fosiles de la formacion Rio Colorado, de la ciudad de Neuquen y Cercanias, Creatcio Superior, Argentina" Rev. Mus. Agent. Cienc. "Bernardino Rivadavia", Paleontol. 4:16-123.
* Choiniere, J. (2010). Guest Post: Haplocheirus, the Skillful One Dave Hone's Archosaur Musings, April 23, 2011

## InfoBox

| Alvarezsauroids
Temporal range:
Late Jurassic-Late Cretaceous,
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Skeletal mount of *Patagonykus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Theropoda |
| *Clade*: | Maniraptora |
| *Clade*: | Alvarezsauria
Bonaparte, 1991 |
| Superfamily: | Alvarezsauroidea
Bonaparte, 1991 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Alvarezsaurus calvoi*
Bonaparte, 1991 | |
| Subgroups | |
|  | |


title: Andre Lipcius

abstract: Andre Martinas Lipcius is an American professional baseball infielder in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers, for whom he made his debut in 2023.

text:
# Andre Lipcius

**Andre Martinas Lipcius** (born May 22, 1998) is an American professional baseball infielder in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers, for whom he made his debut in 2023.

## Career

### Amateur career

Lipcius attended Lafayette High School in Williamsburg, Virginia, where he was a four-year letterman and a team captain. He committed to the University of Tennessee, where he played with his brother and fraternal twin, Luc, and majored in nuclear engineering. As a freshman, he was named to the Southeastern Conference All-Freshman Team, as he started all 52 of the team's games at first base leading the team with 11 doubles. He moved to shortstop as a sophomore and improved on nearly all his batting metrics, including jumping from one to seven home runs, and improving his average from .275 to .315. In 2018, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and was named a league all-star. He finished his career as a junior, starting all 61 games for the Volunteers at third base, and leading the team with 17 home runs to go with 58 RBIs, a .306 average, and a team-leading 72 hits.

### Detroit Tigers

The Detroit Tigers selected Lipcius in the third round, 83rd overall, in the 2019 MLB draft and he was assigned to the Single-A West Michigan Whitecaps to start his career, where he hit .273 over 253 at bats, with an OBP of .344. When the COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of the minor league season in 2020, Lipcius played with the Peninsula Pilots in the Coastal Plain League.

In 2021, Lipcius started the season in West Michigan, now at the High-A level due to the shake-up in affiliates in the Tigers organization. On June 1, he received a call-up to the Double-A Erie SeaWolves. At the time of his call-up, Lipcius led the Whitecaps in batting average at .277, had three home runs and 13 RBIs, and had 12 walks to 16 strikeouts, helping him to an OBP of .357 and an OPS of .839. With the SeaWolves, he hit .235 in 94 games with nine homers and 46 RBI. He split the 2022 season between Erie and the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, batting a combined .277 with 12 homers and 63 RBI in 134 games.

On November 15, 2022, the Tigers added Lipcius to their 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft. He was optioned to the Toledo Mud Hens to begin the 2023 season, where, in 97 games, he batted .272/.363/.419 with 11 home runs and 58 RBI.

On September 1, Lipcius was promoted to the major leagues for the first time, making his debut as a pinch hitter in the seventh inning against the Chicago White Sox. His first major league hit was a home run off Mike Clevinger of the White Sox the following day. In 13 games, he hit .286/.342/.400 with one home run and four RBI. He was designated for assignment on February 29, 2024.

### Los Angeles Dodgers

On March 4, 2024, Lipcius was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for cash considerations. The Dodgers designated him for assignment on March 16. Lipcius cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Oklahoma City Baseball Club on March 23. In 140 games, he batted .271 with 25 home runs and 89 RBI.

## InfoBox

| Andre Lipcius | |
| --- | --- |
| Lipcius with the Toledo Mud Hens in 2023 | |
| Los Angeles Dodgers | |
| **Infielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1998-05-22) May 22, 1998
Annapolis, Maryland, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 1, 2023, for the Detroit Tigers | |
| MLB statistics
(through 2023 season) | |
| Batting average | .286 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 4 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge

abstract: Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge is an 1870 landscape painting by the French painter Édouard Manet. The 61.6 cm x 50.4 cm oil on canvas composition depicts the 14th arrondissement's district, Petit-Montrouge, under a wintry landscape.

text:
# Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge

***Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge*** (French: ***Effet de neige à Petit-Montrouge***) is an 1870 landscape painting by the French painter Édouard Manet. The 61.6 cm x 50.4 cm oil on canvas composition depicts the 14th arrondissement's district, Petit-Montrouge, under a wintry landscape.

## History

The oil on canvas painting shows a winter view of Petit-Montrouge, an area in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. Manet painted this picture while a member of the National Guard during the 1870–71 Siege of Paris of the Franco-Prussian War. As opposed to the history painters of his time, Manet does not show a heroic view of battle, but rather the dusky ambiance of a looming battle. The image reflects Manet's loss of hope about the military situation, his profound loneliness, and the deprivation he suffered during this time. It is one of the few landscapes in Manet's oeuvre, and is one of his first *plein air* paintings. Today this work is in the collection of the National Museum Cardiff.

The painting is divided horizontally into two halves. The upper half features an almost monochromatic grey sky. The lower half of the painting is depicted in coarse brushtrokes that showcase a snowy landscape. Dividing the two halves is a horizontal line outlined with buildings; the church tower at the centre of the painting has been identified to be the bell tower of the church of St-Pierre de Montrouge, which was built in the 1860s in the Petit-Montrouge district of Paris.

The crossing tower of the church rises to the right of the bell tower. The black contours of the roof of the crossing tower are clearly contrasted with the grey of the building, while the bell tower lacks such borders and thin brushstrokes indicate the windows in the characteristic spire. The snow-covered roof of the nave can be seen between the two towers, cut through by a chimney in front of it. Further chimneys can be found to limit the horizon line on the right edge of the picture and to the right of the residential building on the left edge of the picture, the identity of which can no longer be determined today. Only the upper floor and the roof of the building cut off by the edge of the picture are executed. The windows are indicated by three black dabs of color in the grey-ochre façade. On the upper area of the black roof, the snow lying on it is sketched in high-contrast white paint. Between this house and the church and directly in front of the church there are other dark roofs covered with snow, without these buildings being able to be identified.

The lower portion of the work is dedicated to representing a landscape in front of the cityscape silhouette. Using broad strokes of black, brown, ochre and white, Manet provides an undefined and rudimentary depiction of the scenery. The area to the right is calmer and drier, likely representative of a field or similar level area. Meanwhile, the uneven patch of ochre on the left indicates a mound of earth with hints of snow. The inclusion of an earth wall in the foreground on the left of the cavas is thought to allude to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, while the general lack of military imagery and personnel is considered striking.

The painting is signed, dated and dedicated to "H. Charlet" in the lower left corner, with the inscription "à mon ami H. Charlet" and "Manet 28 Xbre 1870". As this name cannot be found in Manet's address book, art scholars assume this person was a comrade of Manet in the National Guard. The exact date of execution of the painting is uncertain, though the signature was presumably added on the noted date.

## Composition

The overall colour scheme is predominantly muted grey, lacking the presence of green, as if to encapsulate a wintry and overcast atmosphere, where no strong source of light illuminates the image - thus creating a lack of shadows. Manet uses earthly and muted tones to illustrate an urban snow landscape; between the large peaks of white and diagonals of murky brown the Paris district of Petit-Montrouge is depicted, overshadowed by the brown dirty snow and bleak beige sky. The buildings in the background were painted with muted colours to give an appearance of balancing precariously on a huge expanse of brown.

## Name

The naming etymology of the painting has experienced a long history of different iterations and translations since it left Manet's possession, as no name for the painting has survived from Manet himself and authors and translators have arrived at no uniform suggestion. As the painting has been in British possession since 1912, the majority of literature on the painting exists in English and thus translation between languages has proven difficult.

In French, the last title appearing in the artist's catalogues raisonnés is *Effet de neige à Petit-Montrouge*, "Snow Effect at Petit-Montrouge" from Rouart/Wildenstein in 1975, which has been assumed by the National Museum Cardiff. German titles for the painting vary, including misspellings of title from translation from French or English language sources: "*Landschaft bei Petit-Mont-Rouge"*, "*Schneeffekte bei Mont-Rouge"*, "*Die Kirche von Petit-Montrouge, Paris"*, "*Die Kirche von Petit-Montrouge im Schee"* and "*Das kleine Montrouge während des Krieges"**.*

## Provenance

Effet de neige à Petit-Montrouge is not mentioned in Manet's sales documents, indicating that it is possible that he gave the painting to H. Charlet, mentioned in the dedication of the painting, shortly after it was completed. However, the Rouart/Wildenstein authors speculate that Manet gave the painting to the journalist Pierre Giffard (1853–1922), who in turn sold the painting to the Durand-Ruel art dealership in 1905. Durand-Ruel maintained possession of *Effet de neige à Petit-Montrouge* until October 1912, when it was acquired by the Welsh art collector Gwendoline Davies. After her death, Davies' impressive art collection, which housed this painting, was bequeathed to the present National Museum in Cardiff.

## Manet as a National Guard – background to the creation of the painting

In 1870, Manet took an innovative step in his artistic career by completing a work *en plein air* for the first time. This work, entitled In the Garden, was the first of its kind as his previous outdoor pieces arose from sketches that we later transferred to an oil canvas in his studio. On July 19 of the same year, France declared war on Prussia, with Manet taking part in the conflict as a staunch Republican opposed to the policies of Napoléon III. He spent the summer holiday with his family in Saint-Germain-en-Laye before returning to Paris in August, to observe the war's developments.

Upon the defeat of the French troops at the Battle of Sedan in 1870, Manet welcomed the proclamation of the Republic on 4 September, but recognised the danger of enemy armies advancing on Paris. He sent his mother, wife, and their son to Oloron-Sainte-Marie in the Pyrenees for safety. While some of Manet's artist friends, such as Claude Monet, had fled to London prior to the war, Manet remained in Paris and enlisted in the National Guard. During the ensuing months of siege of Paris, Manet, who otherwise left few written testimonies, wrote numerous letters to his family and friends, documenting the changing daily life of the capital and providing insight into his thoughts and emotional state. Since Paris had been surrounded by enemy troops from the 19 September, these letters had to be sent by balloon in order to leave the city.

At the beginning of the Siege of Paris, Claude Monet wrote about his daily military exercises and his duty as a sentry on the fortifications surrounding the city. His letters expressed a certain patriotic confidence, but he came to lament the boredom and increasing costs of food in his latter writings. In October of 1970, Monet was afflicted by a foot ailment and wrote to his wife the following month that he was "gradually dying of hunger." Three days later Manet reported the existence of slaughterhouses for cats, dogs, and rats. His experiences during the siege are believed to have inspired his etching of *Snake in Front of the Butcher's Shop*, which Edward Lilley interpreted as a representation of "history from below," depicting the great deprivation wreaked by the war on the general populace.

* Richard R. Brettell: *Impression : Painting quickly in France 1860–1890*. Exhibit catalog, London, Amsterdam, Williamstown, Yale University Press, New Haven und London 2000, ISBN 0-300-08447-1.
* Edward Lilley: *Manet's "modernity" and "Effet de neige à Petit-Montrouge"*  in Gazette des Beaux-Arts, September 1991
* Michael Wilson: *Manet at Work*. Exhibit catalog, National Gallery, London 1983, ISBN 0-901791-87-3.
* Aindrea Emelife, *Ten Great Works Of Art Depicting Snow*, December 2015, BBC, London. Accessed at http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151218-ten-great-works-of-art-depicting-snow

## InfoBox

| Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge | |
| --- | --- |
| French: *Effet de neige à Petit-Montrouge* | |
|  | |
| Artist | Édouard Manet |
| Year | 1870 (1870) |
| Medium | Oil on Canvas |
| Dimensions | 59.7 cm × 49.7 cm (23.5 in × 19.6 in) |
| Location | National Museum Cardiff, Cardiff |


title: Anisoscelis gradadius

abstract: Anisoscelis gradadius is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It occurs in Central America and has been observed in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. It was first described by British entomologist William Lucas Distant in 1881.

text:
# Anisoscelis gradadius

***Anisoscelis gradadius*** is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It occurs in Central America and has been observed in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. It was first described by British entomologist William Lucas Distant in 1881.

## InfoBox

| *Anisoscelis gradadius* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Coreidae |
| Tribe: | Anisoscelini |
| Genus: | *Anisoscelis* |
| Species: | ***A. gradadius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anisoscelis gradadius***<br>Distant, 1881 | |
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title: Diving weighting system

abstract: A diving weighting system is ballast weight added to a diver or diving equipment to counteract excess buoyancy. They may be used by divers or on equipment such as diving bells, submersibles or camera housings. Divers wear diver weighting systems, weight belts or weights to counteract the buoyancy of other diving equipment, such as diving suits and aluminium diving cylinders, and buoyancy of the diver. The scuba diver must be weighted sufficiently to be slightly negatively buoyant at the end of the dive when most of the breathing gas has been used, and needs to maintain neutral buoyancy at safety or obligatory decompression stops. During the dive, buoyancy is controlled by adjusting the volume of air in the buoyancy compensation device (BCD) and, if worn, the dry suit, in order to achieve negative, neutral, or positive buoyancy as needed. The amount of weight required is determined by the maximum overall positive buoyancy of the fully equipped but unweighted diver anticipated during the dive, with an empty buoyancy compensator and normally inflated dry suit. This depends on the diver's mass and body composition, buoyancy of other diving gear worn, water salinity, weight of breathing gas consumed, and water temperature. It normally is in the range of 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) to 15 kilograms (33 lb). The weights can be distributed to trim the diver to suit the purpose of the dive. Surface-supplied divers may be more heavily weighted to facilitate underwater work, and may be unable to achieve neutral buoyancy, and rely on the diving stage, bell, umbilical, lifeline, shotline or jackstay for returning to the surface. Free divers may also use weights to counteract buoyancy of a wetsuit. However, they are more likely to weight for neutral buoyancy at a specific depth, and their weighting must take into account not only the compression of the suit with depth, but also the compression of the air in their lungs, and the consequent loss of buoyancy. As they have no decompression obligation, they do not have to be neutrally buoyant near the surface at the end of a dive. If the weights have a method of quick release, they can provide a useful rescue mechanism: they can be dropped in an emergency to provide an instant increase in buoyancy which should return the diver to the surface. Dropping weights increases the risk of barotrauma and decompression sickness due to the possibility of an uncontrollable ascent to the surface. This risk can only be justified when the emergency is life-threatening or the risk of decompression sickness is small, as is the case in free diving and scuba diving when the dive is well short of the no-decompression limit for the depth. Often divers take great care to ensure the weights are not dropped accidentally, and heavily weighted divers may arrange their weights so subsets of the total weight can be dropped individually, allowing for a somewhat more controlled emergency ascent. The weights are generally made of lead because of its high density, reasonably low cost, ease of casting into suitable shapes, and resistance to corrosion. The lead can be cast in blocks, cast shapes with slots for straps, or shaped as pellets known as "shot" and carried in bags. There is some concern that lead diving weights may constitute a toxic hazard to users and environment, but little evidence of significant risk.

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# Diving weighting system

A **diving weighting system** is ballast weight added to a diver or diving equipment to counteract excess buoyancy. They may be used by divers or on equipment such as diving bells, submersibles or camera housings.

Divers wear **diver weighting systems**, **weight belts** or **weights** to counteract the buoyancy of other diving equipment, such as diving suits and aluminium diving cylinders, and buoyancy of the diver. The scuba diver must be weighted sufficiently to be slightly negatively buoyant at the end of the dive when most of the breathing gas has been used, and needs to maintain neutral buoyancy at safety or obligatory decompression stops. During the dive, buoyancy is controlled by adjusting the volume of air in the buoyancy compensation device (BCD) and, if worn, the dry suit, in order to achieve negative, neutral, or positive buoyancy as needed. The amount of weight required is determined by the maximum overall positive buoyancy of the fully equipped but unweighted diver anticipated during the dive, with an empty buoyancy compensator and normally inflated dry suit. This depends on the diver's mass and body composition, buoyancy of other diving gear worn (especially the diving suit), water salinity, weight of breathing gas consumed, and water temperature. It normally is in the range of 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) to 15 kilograms (33 lb). The weights can be distributed to trim the diver to suit the purpose of the dive.

Surface-supplied divers may be more heavily weighted to facilitate underwater work, and may be unable to achieve neutral buoyancy, and rely on the diving stage, bell, umbilical, lifeline, shotline or jackstay for returning to the surface.

Free divers may also use weights to counteract buoyancy of a wetsuit. However, they are more likely to weight for neutral buoyancy at a specific depth, and their weighting must take into account not only the compression of the suit with depth, but also the compression of the air in their lungs, and the consequent loss of buoyancy. As they have no decompression obligation, they do not have to be neutrally buoyant near the surface at the end of a dive.

If the weights have a method of quick release, they can provide a useful rescue mechanism: they can be dropped in an emergency to provide an instant increase in buoyancy which should return the diver to the surface. Dropping weights increases the risk of barotrauma and decompression sickness due to the possibility of an uncontrollable ascent to the surface. This risk can only be justified when the emergency is life-threatening or the risk of decompression sickness is small, as is the case in free diving and scuba diving when the dive is well short of the no-decompression limit for the depth. Often divers take great care to ensure the weights are not dropped accidentally, and heavily weighted divers may arrange their weights so subsets of the total weight can be dropped individually, allowing for a somewhat more controlled emergency ascent.

The weights are generally made of lead because of its high density, reasonably low cost, ease of casting into suitable shapes, and resistance to corrosion. The lead can be cast in blocks, cast shapes with slots for straps, or shaped as pellets known as "shot" and carried in bags. There is some concern that lead diving weights may constitute a toxic hazard to users and environment, but little evidence of significant risk.

## Function and use of weights

Diver weighting systems have two functions; ballast, and trim adjustment.

### Ballast

The primary function of diving weights is as ballast, to prevent the diver from floating at times when he or she wishes to remain at depth.

#### Free diving

In free diving (breathhold) the weight system is almost exclusively a weight belt with quick release buckle, as the emergency release of the weights will usually allow the diver to float to the surface even if unconscious, where there is at least a chance of rescue. The weights are used mainly to neutralise the buoyancy of the exposure suit, as the diver is nearly neutral in most cases, and there is little other equipment carried. The weights required depend almost entirely on the buoyancy of the suit. Most free divers will weight themselves to be positively buoyant at the surface, and use only enough weight to minimise the effort required to swim down against the buoyancy at the start of a dive, while retaining sufficient buoyancy at maximum depth to not require too much effort to swim back up to where the buoyancy becomes positive again. As a corollary to this practice, freedivers will use as thin a wetsuit as comfortably possible, to minimise buoyancy changes with depth due to suit compression.

#### Scuba diving

Buoyancy control is considered both an essential skill and one of the most difficult for the novice to master. Lack of proper buoyancy control increases the risk of disturbing or damaging the surroundings, and is a source of additional and unnecessary physical effort to maintain precise depth, which also increases stress.

The scuba diver generally has an operational need to control depth without resorting to a line to the surface or holding onto a structure or landform, or resting on the bottom. This requires the ability to achieve neutral buoyancy at any time during a dive, otherwise the effort expended to maintain depth by swimming against the buoyancy difference will both task load the diver and require an otherwise unnecessary expenditure of energy, increasing air consumption, and increasing the risk of loss of control and escalation to an accident. Maintaining depth by finning necessarily directs part of fin thrust upwards or downwards, and when near the bottom, downward thrust can disturb the benthos and stir up silt. The risk of fin-strike damage is also significant.

A further requirement for scuba diving in most circumstances, is the ability to achieve significant positive buoyancy at any point of a dive. When at the surface, this is a standard procedure to enhance safety and convenience, and underwater it is generally a response to an emergency.

The average human body with a relaxed lungful of air is close to neutral buoyancy. If the air is exhaled, most people will sink in fresh water, and with full lungs, most will float in seawater. The amount of weight required to provide neutral buoyancy to the naked diver is usually trivial, though there are some people who require several kilograms of weight to become neutral in seawater due to low average density and large size. This is usually the case with people with a large proportion of body fat. As the diver is nearly neutral, most ballasting is needed to compensate for the buoyancy of the diver's equipment.

The main components of the average scuba diver's equipment which are positively buoyant are the components of the exposure suit. The two most commonly used exposure suit types are the dry suit and the wet suit. Both of these types of exposure suit use gas spaces to provide insulation, and these gas spaces are inherently buoyant. The buoyancy of a wet suit will decrease significantly with an increase in depth as the ambient pressure causes the volume of the gas bubbles in the neoprene to decrease. Measurements of volume change of neoprene foam used for wetsuits under hydrostatic compression show that about 30% of the volume, and therefore 30% of surface buoyancy, is lost in about the first 10 m, another 30% by about 60 m, and the volume appears to stabilise at about 65% loss by about 100 m. The total buoyancy loss of a wetsuit is proportional to the initial uncompressed volume. An average person has a surface area of about 2 m2, so the uncompressed volume of a full one piece 6 mm thick wetsuit will be in the order of 1.75 x 0.006 = 0.0105 m3, or roughly 10 litres. The mass will depend on the specific formulation of the foam, but will probably be in the order of 4 kg, for a net buoyancy of about 6 kg at the surface. Depending on the overall buoyancy of the diver, this will generally require 6 kg of additional weight to bring the diver to neutral buoyancy to allow reasonably easy descent The volume lost at 10 m is about 3litres, or 3 kg of buoyancy, rising to about 6 kg buoyancy lost at about 60 m. This could nearly double for a large person wearing a two-piece suit for cold water. This loss of buoyancy must be balanced by inflating the buoyancy compensator to maintain neutral buoyancy at depth. A dry suit will also compress with depth, but the air space inside is continuous and can be topped up from a cylinder or vented to maintain an approximately constant volume. A large part of the ballast used by a diver is to balance the buoyancy of this gas space, but if the dry suit has a catastrophic flood, much of this buoyancy may be lost, and some way to compensate is necessary.

Another significant issue in open circuit scuba diver weighting is that the breathing gas is used up during a dive, and this gas has weight, so the total weight of the cylinder decreases, while its volume remains almost unchanged. As the diver needs to be neutral at the end of the dive, particularly at shallow depths for obligatory or safety decompression stops, sufficient ballast weight must be carried to allow for this reduction in weight of gas supply. (the density of air at normal atmospheric pressure is approximately 1.2 kg/m3, or approximately 0.075 lb/ft3) The amount of weight needed to compensate for gas use is easily calculable once the free gas volume and density are known.

Most of the rest of the diver's equipment is negatively buoyant or nearly neutral, and more importantly, does not change in buoyancy during a dive, so its overall influence on buoyancy is static.

While it is possible to calculate the required ballast given the diver and all his or her equipment, this is not done in practice, as all the values would have to be measured accurately. The practical procedure is known as a buoyancy check, and is done by wearing all the equipment, with the tank(s) nearly empty, and the buoyancy compensator empty, in shallow water, and adding or removing weight until the diver is neutrally buoyant. The weight should then be distributed on the diver to provide correct trim, and a sufficient part of the weight should be carried in such a way that it can be removed quickly in an emergency to provide positive buoyancy at any point in the dive. This is not always possible, and in those cases an alternative method of providing positive buoyancy should be used.

A diver ballasted by following this procedure will be negatively buoyant during most of the dive unless the buoyancy compensator is used, to an extent which depends on the amount of breathing gas carried. A recreational dive using a single cylinder may use between 2 and 3 kg of gas during the dive, which is easy to manage, and provided that there is no decompression obligation, end-dive buoyancy is not critical. A long or deep technical dive may use 6 kg of back gas and another 2 to 3 kg of decompression gas. If there is a problem during the dive and reserves must be used, this could increase by up to 50%, and the diver must be able to stay down at the shallowest decompression stop. The extra weight and therefore negative buoyancy at the start of the dive could easily be as much as 13 kg for a diver carrying four cylinders. The buoyancy compensator is partially inflated when needed to support this negative buoyancy, and as breathing gas is used up during the dive, the volume of the buoyancy compensator will be reduced, by venting as required. The inconvenience of additional weight and managing the gas required to compensate for it in a dive that goes according to plan is the price that must be paid for the ability to decompress after an emergency which uses up most of the gas. There is little value in having enough gas to avoid drowning if the diver is killed or crippled by decompression sickness instead.

Examples:

* The common 80 ft3 (11 litre, 207 bar) cylinder carries about 6 pounds (2.7 kg) of air when full, so the diver should start the dive about 6 pounds (2.7 kg) negative and use about 1/10 ft3 (2.7 L)of air in the BCD to compensate at the start of a dive.
* A twin 12.2 litre 230 bar set carries about 6.7 kilograms (15 lb) of Nitrox when full, so the diver should start the dive about 6.7 kilograms (15 lb) negative and use about 6.7 liters (0.24 cu ft) of gas in the BCD at the start of the dive.
* A twin 12.2 litre 230 bar with an 11 litre 207 bar deep deco mix and a 5.5 litre 207 bar shallow deco gas will carry 10.7 kilograms (24 lb) of gas, and while it is unlikely that all will be used on the dive, it is possible, and the diver should be able to remain at the correct depth for decompression until all the gas is used up.

#### Optimum weighting

Optimum weighting for scuba allows the diver to achieve neutral buoyancy at any time during a dive while there is still usable breathing gas in any of the cylinders carried, using the least amount of ballast. Deviations from this optimum either make the diver buoyant while there is still usable breathing gas, which is a disadvantage in emergencies where decompression stops are required, or make the diver more negatively buoyant than necessary at the start of the dive with full cylinders, necessitating more gas in the buoyancy compensator for most of the dive, which is more sensitive to buoyancy changes with change in depth, and may make a larger buoyancy compensator necessary. These disadvantages can be compensated by skill, but more attention and effort is required throughout the dive.

#### Surface-supplied diving

In surface-supplied diving, and particularly in saturation diving, the loss of weights followed by positive buoyancy can expose the diver to potentially fatal decompression injury. Consequently, weight systems for surface-supplied diving where the diver is transported to the worksite by a diving bell or stage, are usually not provided with a quick-release system.

Much of the work done by surface-supplied divers is on the bottom, and weighted boots may be used to allow the diver to walk upright on the bottom. When working in this mode, several kilograms beyond the requirement for neutralising buoyancy may be useful, so that the diver is reasonably steady on the bottom and can exert useful force when working.

The lightweight demand helmets in general use by surface-supplied divers are integrally ballasted for neutral buoyancy in the water, so they do not float off the diver's head or pull upwards on the neck, but the larger volume free-flow helmets would be too heavy and cumbersome if they had all the required weight built in. Therefore, they are either ballasted after dressing the diver by fastening weights to the lower parts of the helmet assembly, so the weight is carried on the shoulders when out of the water, or the helmet may be held down by a jocking strap and the harness weights provide the ballast.

The traditional copper helmet and corselet were generally weighted by suspending a large weight from support points on the front and back of the corselet, and the diver often also wore weighted boots to assist in remaining upright. The US Navy Mk V standard diving system used a heavy weighted belt buckled around the waist, suspended by shoulder straps which crossed over the breastplate of the helmet, directly transferring the load to the buoyant helmet when immersed, but with a relatively low centre of gravity. Combined with lacing of the suit legs and heavy weighted shoes, this reduced the risk of inversion accidents.

### Trim

Trim is the diver's attitude in the water, in terms of balance and alignment with the direction of motion. Optimum trim depends on the task at hand. For recreational divers this is usually swimming horizontally or observing the environment without making contact with benthic organisms. Ascent and descent at neutral buoyancy can be controlled well in horizontal or head-up trim, and descent can be most energy efficient head down, if the diver can effectively equalise the ears in this position. Freediving descents are usually head down, as the diver is usually buoyant at the start of the dive, and must fin downwards. Professional divers usually have work to do at the bottom, often in a fixed location, which is usually easier in upright trim, and some diving equipment is more comfortable and safer to use when relatively upright.

Accurately controlled trim reduces horizontal swimming effort, as it reduces the sectional area of the diver passing through the water. A slight head down trim is recommended to reduce downward directed fin thrust during finning, and this reduces silting and fin impact with the bottom.

Trim weighting is mainly of importance to the free-swimming diver, and within this category is used extensively by scuba divers to allow the diver to remain horizontal in the water without effort. This ability is of great importance for both convenience and safety, and also reduces the environmental impact of divers on fragile benthic communities.

The free-swimming diver may need to trim erect or inverted at times, but in general, a horizontal trim has advantages both for reduction of drag when swimming horizontally, and for observing the bottom. A horizontal trim allows the diver to direct propulsive thrust from the fins directly to the rear, which minimises disturbance of sediments on the bottom, and reduces the risk of striking delicate benthic organisms with the fins. A stable horizontal trim requires that diver's centre of gravity is directly below the centre of buoyancy (the centroid). Small errors can be compensated fairly easily, but large offsets may make it necessary for the diver to constantly exert significant effort towards maintaining the desired attitude, if it is actually possible.

The position of the centre of buoyancy is largely beyond the control of the diver, though some control of suit volume is possible, the cylinder(s) may be shifted in the harness by a small amount, and the volume distribution of the buoyancy compensator has a large influence when inflated. Most of the control of trim available to the diver is in the positioning of ballast weights. The main ballast weights therefore should be placed as far as possible to provide an approximately neutral trim, which is usually possible by wearing the weights around the waist or just above the hips on a weight belt, or in weight pockets provided in the buoyancy compensator jacket or harness for this purpose. Fine tuning of trim can be done by placing smaller weights along the length of the diver to bring the centre of gravity to the desired position. There are several ways this can be done.

Ankle weights provide a large lever arm for a small amount of weight and are very effective at correcting head-down trim problems, but the addition of mass to the feet increases the work of propulsion significantly. This may not be noticed on a relaxed dive, where there is no need to swim far or fast, but if there is an emergency and the diver needs to swim hard, ankle weights will be a significant handicap, particularly if the diver is marginally fit for the conditions.

Tank bottom weights provide a much shorter lever arm, so need to be a much larger proportion of the total ballast, but do not interfere with propulsive efficiency the way ankle weights do. There are not really any other convenient places below the weight belt to add trim weights, so the most effective option is to carry the main weights as low as necessary, by using a suitable harness or integrated weight pocket buoyancy compensator which actually allows the weights to be placed correctly, so there is no need for longitudinal trim correction.

A less common problem is found when rebreathers have a counterlung towards the top of the torso. In this case there may be a need to attach weights near the counterlung. This is usually not a problem, and weight pockets for this purpose are often built into the rebreather harness or casing, and if necessary weights can be attached to the harness shoulder straps.

## Types of weight

All or part of the weighting system may be carried in such a way that it can be quickly and easily jettisoned by the diver to increase buoyancy, the rest is usually attached more securely.

### Ditchable weights

Breathhold and scuba divers generally carry some or all of their weights in a way that can be quickly and easily removed while under water. Removal of these weights should ensure that the diver can surface and remain positively buoyant at the surface. The technique for shedding weights in an emergency is a basic skill of scuba diving, which is trained at entry level. Research performed in 1976 analyzing diving accidents noted that in majority of diving accidents, divers failed to release their weight belts. Later evaluations in 2003 and 2004 both showed that failure to ditch the weight remained a problem.

#### Weight belt

Weight belts are the most common weighting system currently in use for recreational diving. Weight belts are often made of tough nylon webbing, but other materials such as rubber can be used. Weight belts for scuba and breathhold diving are generally fitted with a quick release buckle to allow the dumping of weight rapidly in an emergency.

A belt made of rubber with traditional pin buckle is called a *Marseillaise belt*. These belts are popular with freedivers as the rubber contracts on descent as the diving suit and lungs are compressed, keeping the belt tight throughout the dive.

The most common design of weight used with a belt consists of rectangular lead blocks with rounded edges and corners and two slots in them threaded onto the belt. These blocks can be coated in plastic, which further increases corrosion resistance. Coated weights are often marketed as being less abrasive to wetsuits. The weights may be constrained from sliding along the webbing by the use of metal or plastic belt sliders. This style of weight is generally about 1 to 4 pounds (0.45 to 1.81 kg). Larger "hip weights" are usually curved for a better fit, and tend to be 6 to 8 pounds (2.7 to 3.6 kg).

Another popular style has a single slot through which the belt can be threaded. These are sometimes locked in position by squeezing the weight to grip the webbing, but this makes them difficult to remove when less weight is needed.

There are also weight designs which may be added to the belt by clipping on when needed. Some weightbelts contain pouches to contain lead weights or round lead shot: this system allows the diver to add or remove weight more easily than with weights threaded onto the belt. The use of shot can also be more comfortable, as the shot conforms to the diver's body. Weight belts using shot are called **shot belts**. Each shot pellet should be coated to prevent corrosion by sea water, as use of uncoated shotgun shot for sea diving would result in the lead eventually corroding into powdery lead chloride

#### BCD integrated weights

These are stored in pockets built into the buoyancy control device. Often a velcro flap or plastic clip holds the weights in place. The weights may also be contained in zippered or velcroed pouches that slot into special pockets in the BCD. The weight pouches often have handles, which must be pulled to drop the weights in an emergency or to remove the weights when exiting the water. Some designs also have smaller "trim pouches" located higher in the BCD, which may help the diver maintain neutral attitude in the water. Trim pouches typically can not be ditched quickly, and are designed to hold only 1-2 pounds (0.5–1 kg) each. Many integrated systems cannot carry as much weight as a separate weight belt: a typical capacity is 6 kg per pocket, with two pockets available. This may not be sufficient to counteract the buoyancy of dry suits with thick undergarments used in cold water.

Some BCD harness systems include a crotch strap to prevent the BCD from sliding up the wearer when inflated, or down when inverted, due to the weights.

#### Weight harness

A weight harness usually consists of a belt around the waist holding pouches for the weights, with shoulder straps for extra support and security. Often a velcro flap holds the weights in place. They have handles, which must be pulled to drop the weights in an emergency or to remove the weights when exiting the water. A weight harness allows the weights to be comfortably carried lower on the body than a weight belt, which must be high enough to be supported by the hips. This is an advantage for divers who have no discernible waist, or whose waist is too high to trim correctly if a weight belt is worn. These advantages may also be available on some styles of integrated BC weights. A weight harness may also incorporate a crotch strap or straps to prevent weight shift if the diver is in a steep head down posture.

#### Clip-on weights

These are weights which attach to the harness directly, but are removable by disengaging the clip mechanism. They can also be used to temporarily increase the weight of a conventional weight belt. Various sizes have been available, ranging from around 0.5 to 5 kg or more. The larger models are intended as ditchable primary weights, and are used in the same way as BCD integral weights or weight harness weighs, but clipped to the backplate or sidemount harness webbing, and the smaller versions are also useful at trim weights.

#### Backpack weight pouch

Some rebreathers (e.g. the Siebe Gorman CDBA) have a pouch containing lead balls each a bit over an inch diameter. The diver can release them by pulling a cord.

### Fixed weights

Surface-supplied divers often carry their weights securely attached to reduce the risk of accidentally dropping them during a dive and losing control of their buoyancy. These may be carried on a weight belt with a secure buckle, supported by a weight harness, connected directly to the diving safety harness, or suspended from the corselet of the helmet. Heavily weighted footwear may also be used to stabilise the diver in an upright position.

In addition to the weight that can be dropped easily ('ditched'), some scuba divers add additional fixed weights to their gear, either to reduce the weight placed on the belt, which can cause lower back pain, or to shift the diver's center of mass to achieve the optimum position in the water.

* **Tank weights** are attached to the diving cylinder to shift the center of mass backward and towards the head or feet, depending on placement.
    + **V-weights** are long, narrow, weights which are carried in the groove between twinned cylinders. They may be carried singly or as a pair. Traditionally wedge sectioned lead castings, but also found in solid cylindrical format and as long narrow webbing weight pockets filled with shot.
    + **Tank trim weights** are smaller weights , usually strapped towards the base of an aluminium cylinder to prevent it from trimming base-upward in seawater when side- or sling-mounted, when the gas is used up.
* **Ankle weights**, which are typically about 1 lb./0.5 kg of shot, are used to counteract the positive buoyancy of diving suit leggings, made worse in drysuits by the migration of the internal bubble of air to the feet, and positively buoyant fins. Some divers prefer negatively buoyant fins. The additional effort needed when finning with ankle weights or heavy fins increases the diver's gas consumption.
* **Metal backplates** made from stainless steel, which may be used with wing style buoyancy compensators, move the center of mass upward and backward. Some backplates are fitted with an additional weight, often mounted in the central channel, also called a keel weight or a p-weight.
* **Steel diving cylinders** are preferred over aluminium cylinders by some divers—particularly cold water divers who must wear a suit that increases their overall buoyancy—because of their negative buoyancy. Most steel tanks stay negatively buoyant even when empty, aluminium tanks may become positively buoyant as the gas they contain is used. High-pressure (300bar) steel tanks are significantly negative.

## Hazards

There are several operational hazards associated with diving weights:

* Over-weighting leading to inability to ascend or remain at the surface, or difficulties in ascent and buoyancy control. If severe, it may be necessary to ditch weights to get to the surface.
* Under-weighting leading to inability to descend or remain at a required depth. While inability to descend at the start of a dive may be considered an inconvenience, the inability to maintain depth at a required decompression stop at the end of the dive may put the diver at a severe risk of decompression sickness.
* Inability or failure to ditch weight to establish buoyancy in an emergency. In an out of air emergency there may not be gas available to inflate the buoyancy compensator if it has been allowed to be insufficiently inflated. The only option left to reach the surface may be to ditch weights. A similar need may arise at the surface if there is a major loss of buoyancy. Occasionally a diver at the side of the boat will remove the scuba set with buoyancy compensator before passing up their weight belt, and then find it impossible to remain afloat because they are over-weighted. If they fail to grab the boat or ditch the belt the risk of drowning is high.
* Loss of weight at depth at the wrong time. Ditching weights at depth to establish positive buoyancy will generally prevent a properly controlled ascent. The risk of drowning due to running out of breathing gas is exchanged for the risk of decompression sickness. Accidental loss of weights when there is no emergency will cause an emergency if there is a decompression obligation.
* Loss, damage or injury caused by mishandling. When passing the weights to a person on the boat, there is a risk that the weights may be dropped, and may hit the diver, or someone's foot, demand valve, mask or camera, or may drop overboard to be lost, or possibly hit a diver under the boat.
* Discomfort or stress injury related to weight distribution and support. A weight belt hanging from the small of the back of a horizontal diver to counteract suit buoyancy spread over the full length of the diver can cause lower back pain. When walking on land before and after a dive, the weight belt may exert painful pressure on the hip joints.
* Additional work load due to sub-optimal distribution. The work of finning will generally be increased by using ankle weights which must be accelerated for every kick. When this is combined with other effects increasing the workload on the diver, it may cumulatively exceed the work capacity of the diver and result in a positive feedback loop of buildup of carbon dioxide.

Buoyancy and weighting problems have been implicated in a relatively high proportion of scuba diving fatalities. A relatively large number of bodies have been recovered with all weights still in place.

## Materials

The most common material for personal dive weights is cast lead. The primary reason for using lead is its high density, as well as its relatively low melting point, low cost and easy availability compared to other high density materials. It is also resistant to corrosion in fresh and salt water. Most dive weights are cast by foundries and sold by dive shops to divers in a range of sizes, but some are made by divers for their own use. Scrap lead from sources such as fishing sinkers and wheel balance weights can be easily cast by a hobbyist in relatively cheap re-usable moulds, though this may expose them to vaporized lead fumes.

### Heavy metal toxicity

Although lead is the least expensive dense (SG=11.34) material available, it is a toxic substance causing biological damage to wildlife and humans. The Centers for Disease Control has stated that no safe level of lead exposure in children has been determined, and that once lead has been absorbed into the body, its effects cannot be corrected. Even a very small amount of exposure causes a permanent reduction in intelligence, ability to focus attention, and academic ability. Lead can be inhaled or ingested as either a metal powder or powdered corrosion products, however most lead salts have very low solubility in water, and pure lead corrodes very slowly in seawater. Absorption through skin is not likely for metallic lead and inorganic corrosion products.

Although it is inexpensive to recycle lead from other sources into homemade dive weights, pure lead melts at 327.46 °C (621.43 °F) and releases fumes at 482 °C (900 °F). The fumes will form oxides in the air and settle as dust on nearby surfaces. Even with good ventilation there will be lead oxide dust in the lead melting area.

Solid block weights can corrode and be damaged when dropped or impacting other weights. In flexible bag weights, the small pieces of lead shot will rub together when handled and used, releasing lead dust and corrosion products into the water. The amount of lead lost to the water is roughly proportional to the total surface area of the weights, and the amount of motion between contact surfaces and is greater for smaller sizes of shot.

Solubility of lead salts in seawater is low, though there is a significant role played by natural organic matter in complexing dissolved lead, and oceanic lead concentrations typically range from 1 to 36 ng/L, with from 50 to 300 ng/L in coastal waters affected by anthropogenic activities.

Diving is also sometimes practiced in swimming pools for training and exercise. Swimming pools can be contaminated by lead weights. Many divers using the same pool with lead weights will over time increase the lead contamination of the pool water until the water is changed.

There are no published studies on lead absorption by divers or diving support personnel due to handling weights, which suggests that it has not been considered a problem by diving medical experts or the occupational health and safety authorities.

### Alternative materials

Other heavy metals have been considered as an alternative to lead. One example is bismuth which has a similar density (SG=9.78) and a low melting point. It is less toxic, and its salts are highly insoluble which limits absorption by the body. Tungsten (SG=19.25) is another possible replacement for lead, but it is very expensive by comparison, both as a material and to manufacture in suitable shapes.

Non-toxic materials such as iron (SG=7.87) can be used in place of lead and would not cause poisoning and contamination. However, the density of most such materials is significantly lower, so the dive weight needs to be of larger volume and therefore greater mass, to equal the negative buoyancy of the mass of lead it replaces. A lead weight of 1 kg would be replaced by an iron weight of 1 × (7.87/11.34) × ((11.34-1)/(7.87-1)) = 1.044 kg, a 4.4% additional load for the diver when out of the water.

Iron is also corroded much more easily in seawater than lead, and would need some form of protection to prevent rusting. Alloys of stainless steel are more resistant to corrosion, but, for the cheaper grades, need to be rinsed with freshwater after use to prevent corrosion in storage. The cost of shaping alternative materials may be considerably greater, particularly for small quantities. Stainless steel and tungsten dive weights for example are currently only obtainable by milling down a solid metal stock material in block or cylinder form, into the required shape. Direct casting of some of these materials in a foundry is possible, but would require high volume production for the casting processes to be cost effective.

### Encapsulation of lead weights

Lead weights can be coated with a protective outer layer such as plastic or paint, and this is commonly used for lead abatement. This prevents the lead from corroding or being ground into dust by rubbing, and helps to cushion impacts. However the protection is reduced if the coating is cracked or otherwise damaged. Soft plastics may become brittle over time due to UV degradation from sunlight and loss of plasticizers, leading to cracking and shattering. Encapsulation materials are usually of near neutral buoyancy in water, and reduce the average density of the weights, making the weights slightly less effective, and increasing the overall weight in air of the diving equipment.

## Ballast on other diving and support equipment

* Clump weights for bells and stages:– A clump weight is a large ballast weight suspended from a cable which runs down from one side of the launch and recovery gantry, through a pair of sheaves on the sides of the weight, and up the other side back to the gantry, where it is fastened. The weight hangs freely between the two parts of the cable, and due to its weight, hangs horizontally and keeps the cable under tension with the vertical parts parallel. The bell hangs between the vertical parts of the cable, and has a fairlead on each side which slides along the cable as it is lowered or lifted. Deployment of the bell is by a primary lifting cable attached to the top. As the bell is lowered, the fairleads prevent it from rotating on the deployment cable, which would put twist into the umbilical and risk loops or snagging. The clump weight cables therefore function as guidelines or rails along which the bell is lowered to the workplace, and raised back to the platform.
* Releasable ballast on closed bells, atmospheric diving suits, remotely operated underwater vehicles and submersibles:– Solid weights which can be released by the operator, or automatically release in a power failure, to achieve positive buoyancy in an emergency, allowing the unit to float back to the surface.
* Trim weights on atmospheric diving suits, remotely operated underwater vehicles, and submersibles, used to compensate for variations in payload.
* Ballast and trim weights on camera equipment and diver propulsion vehicles. Camera and light assemblies are often ballasted or provided with rigid buoyancy to provide neutral buoyancy and reasonably stable trim, as this makes it easier to hold the camera in place when setting up a shot. Similar considerations apply to video cameras, which must often be kept steady and in focus for relatively long periods. Diver propulsion vehicles are ballasted to neutral buoyancy and level trim to make it easier to steer them for long periods and at varying speeds, a procedure which is generally done using only one hand, so that the other is available for other work.

### Notes

Derivation of formula for equivalent apparent weight in water.

Density = mass/volume, ρ = m/V so m = ρ × V Buoyancy in water: B = (ρ - ρwater) × V × g, where g = gravitational acceleration at earth' surface For two objects of different densities but the same buoyancy in water: B1 = B2 so (ρ1 \- ρwater) × V1 × g = (ρ2 \- ρwater) × V2 × g (g can be dropped from both sides) therefore: V1 = V2 × (ρ2 \- ρwater) ÷ (ρ1 \- ρwater) Also, for the same two objects in air (ignoring the buoyancy of the air): m1 = ρ1 × V1 and m2 = ρ2 × V2 by substitution: m1 ÷ m2 = (ρ1 ÷ ρ2) × ((ρ2 \- ρwater) ÷ (ρ1 \- ρwater)) so: m1 = (ρ1 ÷ ρ2) × ((ρ2 \- ρwater) ÷ (ρ1 \- ρwater)) × m2 And the same works with SG in place of density: m1 = (SG1 ÷ SG2) × ((SG2 \- SGwater) ÷ (SG1 \- SGwater)) × m2 And since SGwater = 1: m1 = (SG1 ÷ SG2) × ((SG2 \- 1) ÷ (SG1 \- 1)) × m2 Substituting values for 1 kg lead, iron gives: 1kg lead × (7.87/11.34) × ((11.34-1)/(7.87-1)) = 1.044kg iron

### Sources

* Busuttili, Mike; Trevor Davies; Peter Edmead; et al. (1959). *Sport Diving*. BSAC. p. 35. ISBN 0-09-186429-1.
* Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). *Doing it Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving*. Global Underwater Explorers. ISBN 0-9713267-0-3.

## InfoBox

| Conventional scuba weight-belt with quick-release buckle | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | * Dive weights * Weight-belt * Integrated weights * Trim weights |
| Uses | Buoyancy correction and trim adjustment of underwater divers |
| Related items | Buoyancy compensation device |


title: Early Reflections

abstract: Early Reflections is an album by multi-instrumentalist Bennie Maupin. It was recorded in Warsaw, Poland, in September 2007, and was released in 2008 by Cryptogramophone Records. On the album, Maupin is joined by an ensemble of Polish musicians featuring pianist Michal Tokaj, bassist Michal Baranski, and drummer Lukasz Zyta. Vocalist Hania Chowaniec-Rybka also appears on two tracks. Maupin met the players while performing in Poland, and invited them to record with him.

text:
# Early Reflections

***Early Reflections*** is an album by multi-instrumentalist Bennie Maupin. It was recorded in Warsaw, Poland, in September 2007, and was released in 2008 by Cryptogramophone Records. On the album, Maupin is joined by an ensemble of Polish musicians featuring pianist Michal Tokaj, bassist Michal Baranski, and drummer Lukasz Zyta. Vocalist Hania Chowaniec-Rybka also appears on two tracks. Maupin met the players while performing in Poland, and invited them to record with him.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *All About Jazz* |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Michael G. Nastos wrote: "One has to always wonder if Maupin has a magnum opus within him, and this comes close, for it is certainly his most introspective, reflective, and inner spirit-directed effort in a long and varied career playing progressive jazz."

John Kelman of *All About Jazz* stated: "*Penumbra* and the equally outstanding *Early Reflections* book-end *The Jewel in the Lotus*—a promise Maupin never managed to follow up—demonstrating two very different sides and making it clear that he's truly back and better than ever." *AAJ'*s Andrey Henkin described the recording as "an album of vignettes, alternating brief sketches with more fully formed compositions," and noted that the members of Maupin's band "are equally invested in Maupin's aesthetic. That is one of languorous movement, Maupin writing deliberate, organic compositions."

Writing for *The New York Times*, Ben Ratliff commented: "This is patient, well-planned music, and Mr. Maupin's sound on bass clarinet, as well as tenor and soprano saxophone and flute, is provocatively honest and strong and almost plain, with spaces in between phrases; he's never playing too much. It's a remarkably clear-minded record."

In an article for *Jazz Times*, Steve Greenlee remarked: "Patient and emotive, it is destined to be one of the great releases of 2008... This is jazz with a lot of thought and a lot of feeling... the album... feels like a celebration of life on planet Earth."

*The Village Voice'*s Michael J. West wrote: "*Reflections* never feels like a reinvention—merely an artist detouring into a different aspect of himself. That detour just happens to yield something extraordinary."

Marshall Bowden of *New Directions in Music* stated: "*Early Reflections* adds another chapter to Maupin's considerable story, and it is a chapter that will no doubt prove to be one of the strongest in an already strong musical story."

Writing for *Something Else!*, S. Victor Aaron commented: "Bennie Maupin's return to being regular recording artist as a leader hasn't been heralded nearly as much as it should be. His mastery of a multitude of instruments... and value as a key sideman tend to overshadow his abilities as both a composer and bandleader. On *Early Reflections*, he proves that he can do it all well."

## Track listing

1. "Within Reach" (Bennie Maupin, Michal Baranski, Michal Tokaj, Lukasz Zyta) – 2:36
2. "Escondido" (Bennie Maupin) – 7:44
3. "Inside the Shadows" (Bennie Maupin, Michal Baranski, Michal Tokaj, Lukasz Zyta) – 2:21
4. "ATMA" (Bennie Maupin) – 8:59
5. "Ours Again" (Bennie Maupin) – 3:49
6. "The Jewel in the Lotus" (Bennie Maupin) – 10:15
7. "Black Ice" (Bennie Maupin, Michal Baranski, Michal Tokaj, Lukasz Zyta) – 3:04
8. "Tears" (Michal Tokaj) – 7:52
9. "Not Later Than Now" (Bennie Maupin, Michal Baranski, Michal Tokaj, Lukasz Zyta) – 2:38
10. "Early Reflections" (Bennie Maupin) – 5:52
11. "Inner Sky" (Bennie Maupin) – 7:19
12. "Prophet's Motifs" (Bennie Maupin) – 4:23
13. "Spirits of the Tatras" (Bennie Maupin) – 9:00

## Personnel

* Bennie Maupin – bass clarinet, tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, alto flute
* Michal Tokaj – piano
* Michal Baranski – bass
* Lukasz Zyta – drums, percussion
* Hania Chowaniec-Rybka – voice (tracks 4 and 13)

## InfoBox

| Early Reflections | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bennie Maupin | |
| Released | 2008 |
| Recorded | September 20–22, 2007 |
| Studio | Sound and More Studios, Warsaw, Poland |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 1:15:43 |
| Label | Cryptogramophone
CG137 |
| Producer | Bennie Maupin |
| Bennie Maupin chronology | |
| *Penumbra*
(2006) ***Early Reflections***
(2008) *Symphonic Tone Poem for Brother Yusef*
(2022) | |


title: Early Stages

abstract:
Early Stages is a box set containing live recordings of Marillion with their former singer Fish. The recordings were made by the BBC for radio broadcast, and are from five concerts performed by the band in the UK between 1982 and 1987. The packaging was designed by Mark Wilkinson, who had designed all Marillion covers of the 1980s and went on to work with Fish after his departure. The set was released to retail by EMI on 17 November 2008. The set contains the following recordings:
  - Live at the Mayfair, Glasgow 13 September 1982
  - Live at the Marquee, 30 December 1982
  - Live at the Reading Festival, 27 August 1983
  - Live at Hammersmith Odeon, 14 December 1984
  - Live at Wembley Arena, 5 November 1987 The set was replaced in 2013 by a 2 disc set called Early Stages - The Highlights which features a selection of tracks from each concert, plus one new track, a version of "Market Square Heroes" recorded at the Fife Aid concert in 1988. This was the final song of Fish's final live performance with the band.

text:
# Early Stages

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Early Stages (Official Bootleg Box Set 1982–1987)*** is a box set containing live recordings of Marillion with their former singer Fish. The recordings were made by the BBC for radio broadcast, and are from five concerts performed by the band in the UK between 1982 and 1987. The packaging was designed by Mark Wilkinson, who had designed all Marillion covers of the 1980s and went on to work with Fish after his departure. The set was released to retail by EMI on 17 November 2008.

The set contains the following recordings:

The set was replaced in 2013 by a 2 disc set called *Early Stages - The Highlights* which features a selection of tracks from each concert, plus one new track, a version of "Market Square Heroes" recorded at the Fife Aid concert in 1988. This was the final song of Fish's final live performance with the band.

## Track listing

### Disc 1

Live at the Mayfair, Glasgow, 13 September 1982

1. "Garden Party" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:19
2. "The Web" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:29
3. "He Knows You Know" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:22
4. "She Chameleon" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:39
5. "Three Boats Down from the Candy" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:19
6. "Market Square Heroes" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:20
7. "Forgotten Sons" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:24

### Disc 2

Live at the Marquee, Part 1, 30 December 1982

1. "Garden Party" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:29
2. "Three Boats Down from the Candy" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:49
3. "Grendel" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 19:54
4. "Chelsea Monday" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 9:21

### Disc 3

Live at the Marquee, Part 2, 30 December 1982

1. "He Knows You Know" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:24
2. "The Web" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 11:49
3. "Script for a Jester's Tear" (Fish, Kelly, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:20
4. "Forgotten Sons" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 12:03
5. "Market Square Heroes" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 7:39
6. "Margaret" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 11:15

### Disc 4

Live at Reading Festival, 27 August 1983

1. "Grendel" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 18:07
2. "Garden Party" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:46
3. "Script for a Jester's Tear" (Fish, Kelly, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 9:00
4. "Assassing" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 7:45
5. "Charting the Single" (Fish, Kelly, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:22
6. "Forgotten Sons" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 11:41
7. "He Knows You Know" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:42
8. "Market Square Heroes" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:22  Medley including "Margaret", "The Jean Genie" and "The Web"

### Disc 5

Live at Hammersmith Odeon, 14 December 1984

1. "Assassing" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:50
2. "Garden Party" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:53
3. "Cinderella Search" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:16
4. "Punch and Judy" (Fish, Kelly, Mover, Rothery, Trewavas) – 3:30
5. "Jigsaw" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 7:02
6. "Chelsea Monday" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:13

\[Misplaced Childhood Part One\]

1. "Pseudo-silk Kimono" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 2:53
2. "Kayleigh" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 3:53
3. "Bitter Suite" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:01
4. "Heart of Lothian" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:24

1. "Incubus" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 9:08
2. "Fugazi" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:32

### Disc 6

Live at Wembley Arena, 5 November 1987

1. "Slainte Mhath" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:03
2. "White Russian" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:01
3. "Incubus" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:56
4. "Sugar Mice" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 7:03
5. "Fugazi" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:15
6. "Hotel Hobbies" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:07
7. "Warm Wet Circles" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:30
8. "That Time of the Night" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:53
9. "The Last Straw" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:13
10. "Kayleigh" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:28
11. "Lavender" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 2:24
12. "Bitter Suite" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:07
13. "Heart of Lothian" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 3:56

### The Highlights - Disc 1

Live at the Mayfair, Glasgow, 13 September 1982
1. "Garden Party" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:19
2. "She Chameleon" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:39
3. "Three Boats Down from the Candy" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:19
Live at the Marquee, 30 December 1982
4. "Script for a Jester's Tear" (Fish, Kelly, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:20
5. "Chelsea Monday" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 9:21
6. "Forgotten Sons" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 12:03
Live at Reading Festival, 27 August 1983
7. "Grendel" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 18:07
8. "Charting the Single" (Fish, Kelly, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:22
9. "He Knows You Know" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:42

### The Highlights - Disc 2

Live at Hammersmith Odeon, 14 December 1984
1. "Assassing" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:50
2. "Punch and Judy" (Fish, Kelly, Mover, Rothery, Trewavas) – 3:30
3. "Jigsaw" (Fish, Kelly, Rothery, Trewavas) – 7:02
4. "Chelsea Monday" (Fish, Jelliman, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:13
\[Misplaced Childhood Part One\]
5. "Pseudo-silk Kimono" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 2:53
6. "Kayleigh" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 3:53
7. "Bitter Suite" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:01
8. "Heart of Lothian" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:24
9. "Fugazi" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 10:32
Live at Wembley Arena, 5 November 1987
10. "Slainte Mhath" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:03
11. "Hotel Hobbies" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:07
12. "Warm Wet Circles" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 4:30
13. "That Time of the Night" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 5:53
14. "The Last Straw" (Fish, Kelly, Mosley, Rothery, Trewavas) – 6:13
Live at Fife Aid, St. Andrews, Scotland, 23 July 1988
15. "Market Square Heroes" (Fish, Kelly, Minnett, Pointer, Rothery, Trewavas) – 8:31  Medley including "My Generation" and "Let's Twist Again"

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Early Stages (Official Bootleg Box Set 1982–1987) | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art by Mark Wilkinson | |
| Box set by Marillion | |
| Released | 17 November 2008 |
| Recorded | Various venues, 1982–1987 |
| Genre | Progressive rock, neo-prog, art rock |
| Label | EMI |
| Producer | Nick Tauber (30/12/82) |
| Marillion chronology | |
| *Happiness Is the Road*
(2008) ***Early Stages (Official Bootleg Box Set 1982–1987)***
(2008) *Live from Loreley*
(2009) | |