title: 2008 Tour de Georgia

abstract: The 2008 Tour de Georgia was a seven-stage professional bicycle race held from April 21 through April 27, 2008 across the state of Georgia. The race was part of the 2008 USA Cycling Pro Tour and 2007–08 UCI America Tour, and was presented by AT&T.

text:
# 2008 Tour de Georgia

The **2008 Tour de Georgia** was a seven-stage professional bicycle race held from April 21 through April 27, 2008 across the state of Georgia. The race was part of the 2008 USA Cycling Pro Tour and 2007–08 UCI America Tour, and was presented by AT&T.

## Stage Results

### Stage 1, April 21, Tybee IslandSavannah, 115.6 km

The first stage of the Tour was a short and flat stage suited for sprinters, starting in Tybee Island and finishing in Savannah. A group of six riders broke clear of the main field and established a lead of over one minute, before being caught in the final 10 miles (16 km). The stage was won in a bunch sprint by Iván Domínguez of Toyota–United, ahead of Nicholas Sanderson (Jelly Belly) and Robert Förster (Gerolsteiner). Dominguez's win meant that he assumed the lead in the overall classification.

| **Stage 1 Results**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  Iván Domínguez (CUB) Toyota–United Pro Cycling Team 2h 30' 18"  **2**  Nicholas Sanderson (AUS) Jelly Belly Cycling Team s.t.  **3**  Robert Förster (GER) Team Gerolsteiner s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 1**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Iván Domínguez (CUB) Toyota–United Pro Cycling Team 2h 30' 08"  **2**  Nicholas Sanderson (AUS) Jelly Belly Cycling Team \+ 4"  **3**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road \+ 5" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 2, April 22, StatesboroAugusta, 186.2 km

| **Stage 2 Results**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  Juan José Haedo (ARG) Team CSC 4h 32' 35"  **2**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road s.t.  **3**  Iván Domínguez (CUB) Toyota–United Pro Cycling Team s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 2**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Iván Domínguez (CUB) Toyota–United Pro Cycling Team 7h 02' 39"  **2**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road \+ 3"  **3**  Juan José Haedo (ARG) Team CSC \+ 4" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 3, April 23, WashingtonGainesville, 176.5 km

| **Stage 3 Results**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road 3h 55' 45"  **2**  André Greipel (GER) Team High Road s.t.  **3**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Slipstream–Chipotle s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 3**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road 10h 58' 17"  **2**  Tyler Farrar (USA) Slipstream–Chipotle \+ 9"  **3**  Juan José Haedo (ARG) Team CSC \+ 11" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 4, April 24, Braselton (Road Atlanta), 16.1 km (Team Time Trial)

| **Stage 4 Results**   Team Time  **1**  Slipstream–Chipotle (USA) 19' 36"  **2**  Astana Team (LUX) \+ 4"  **3**  Team High Road (USA) \+ 6" |  | **General Classification after Stage 4**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road 11h 17' 59"  **2**  André Greipel (GER) Team High Road \+ 15"  **3**  David Zabriskie (USA) Slipstream–Chipotle \+ 15" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 5, April 25, SuwaneeDahlonega, 214.7 km

| **Stage 5 Results**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  Richard England (AUS) Bissell Pro Cycling Team 5h 15' 15"  **2**  Rory Sutherland (AUS) Health Net Pro Cycling Team s.t.  **3**  George Hincapie (USA) Team High Road s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 5**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Trent Lowe (AUS) Slipstream–Chipotle 16h 33' 29"  **2**  David Zabriskie (USA) Slipstream–Chipotle s.t.  **3**  Christian Vande Velde (USA) Slipstream–Chipotle s.t. |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 6, April 26, BlairsvilleBrasstown Bald, 142.3 km

| **Stage 6 Results**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  Kanstantsin Sivtsov (BLR) Team High Road 3h 47' 16"  **2**  Trent Lowe (AUS) Slipstream–Chipotle \+ 10"  **3**  Levi Leipheimer (USA) Astana Team \+ 16" |  | **General Classification after Stage 6**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Kanstantsin Sivtsov (BLR) Team High Road 20h 20' 51"  **2**  Trent Lowe (AUS) Slipstream–Chipotle \+ 4"  **3**  Levi Leipheimer (USA) Astana Team \+ 14" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 7, April 27, Atlanta, 100.9 km

| **Stage 7 Results**   Cyclist Team Time  **1**  Greg Henderson (NZL) Team High Road 2h 23' 53"  **2**  Juan José Haedo (ARG) Team CSC s.t.  **3**  Andrew Pinfold (CAN) Symmetrics Cycling Team s.t. |  | **General Classification after Stage 7**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  Kanstantsin Sivtsov (BLR) Team High Road 22h 44' 44"  **2**  Trent Lowe (AUS) Slipstream–Chipotle \+ 4"  **3**  Levi Leipheimer (USA) Astana Team \+ 14" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Final standing

### General classification

|  | Cyclist | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Kanstantsin Sivtsov (BLR) | Team High Road | 22h 44' 44" |
| **2** | Trent Lowe (AUS) | Slipstream–Chipotle | \+ 4" |
| **3** | Levi Leipheimer (USA) | Astana Team | \+ 14" |
| **4** | Antonio Colom (ESP) | Astana Team | \+ 1' 02" |
| **5** | Íñigo Cuesta (ESP) | Team CSC | \+ 1' 11" |
| **6** | Óscar Sevilla (ESP) | Rock Racing | \+ 1' 25" |
| **7** | Christian Vande Velde (USA) | Slipstream–Chipotle | \+ 1' 32" |
| **8** | Moisés Aldape (MEX) | Team Type 1 | \+ 1' 37" |
| **9** | Rory Sutherland (AUS) | Health Net Pro Cycling Team | \+ 2' 08" |
| **10** | Bobby Julich (USA) | Team CSC | \+ 2' 31" |

### Young classification

|  | Cyclist | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Trent Lowe (AUS) | Slipstream–Chipotle | 22h 44' 48" |
| **2** | Christian Meier (CAN) | Symmetrics Cycling Team | \+ 3' 40" |
| **3** | Cameron Evans (CAN) | Symmetrics Cycling Team | \+ 8' 06" |

### Mountains classification

|  | Cyclist | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Jason McCartney (USA) | Team CSC | 18 |
| **2** | Neil Shirley (USA) | Jittery Joe's Cycling Team | 16 |
| **3** | Svein Tuft (CAN) | Symmetrics Cycling Team | 13 |

### Sprint classification

|  | Cyclist | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Greg Henderson (NZL) | Team High Road | 53 |
| **2** | Tyler Farrar (USA) | Slipstream–Chipotle | 35 |
| **3** | Andrew Pinfold (CAN) | Symmetrics Cycling Team | 28 |

### Team classification

|  | Team | Country | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Astana Team | Luxembourg | 68h 17' 50" |
| 2 | Team CSC | Denmark | \+ 3' 30" |
| 3 | Jittery Joe's Cycling Team | United States | \+ 4' 56" |

## Jersey progress

| Stage
(Winner) | General Classification
 | Young Classification
 | Mountains Classification
 | Sprint Classification | Aggressive Rider | Team Classification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stage 1
(Iván Domínguez) | Iván Domínguez | Nicholas Sanderson |  | Iván Domínguez | Scott Nydam | Toyota–United |
| Stage 2
(Juan José Haedo) | | | Frank Pipp | | Rhys Pollack | |
| Stage 3
(Greg Henderson) | | Greg Henderson | Tyler Farrar | Greg Henderson | Rory Sutherland | Team High Road |
| Stage 4
(Slipstream) | | Trent Lowe | | | Slipstream–Chipotle |
| Stage 5
(Richard England) | | | | Trent Lowe | Edward King | Tim Johnson |
| Stage 6
(Kanstantsin Sivtsov) | | Kanstantsin Sivtsov | | Jason McCartney | Neil Shirley | Astana Team |
| Stage 7
(Greg Henderson) | | | | | Rory Sutherland |
| **Final**
 | Kanstantsin Sivtsov | Trent Lowe | Jason McCartney | Greg Henderson | Rory Sutherland | Astana Team |

## Participating teams

UCI ProTour Teams UCI Professional Continental Teams UCI Continental Teams—America Tour UCI Continental Team—Asia Tour

## InfoBox

2008 Tour de Georgia
| 2007–08 UCI America Tour | |
| --- | --- |
| Race details | |
| Dates | April 21  April 27 |
| Stages | 7 |
| Distance | 600 mi (965.6 km) |
| Winning time | 22h 44' 44" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Kanstantsin Sivtsov (BLR)  (Team High Road)  Second  Trent Lowe (AUS)  (Slipstream–Chipotle)  Third  Levi Leipheimer (USA)  (Astana Team)   ---  Mountains  Jason McCartney (USA)  (Team CSC)  Youth  Trent Lowe (AUS)  (Slipstream–Chipotle)  Sprints  Greg Henderson (NZL)  (Team High Road)  Team  Astana Team | |
|


# 2017 OFC U-19 Women's Championship squads

The following is the squad list for the 2017 OFC U-19 Women's Championship. Each squad consisted of 20 players in total, 2 of whom had to be goalkeepers.

## Fiji

Head coach:  Saroj Kumar

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Ateca Tuwai | (1998-06-09) 9 June 1998 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 2 | 2DF | Cecelia Nainima | (1999-05-20) 20 May 1999 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 3 | 2DF | Mereoni Tora | (1998-10-26) 26 October 1998 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 4 | 2DF | Sekola Waqanidrola | (1998-03-18) 18 March 1998 | 0 | 0 | Rewa |
| 5 | 2DF | Veniana Ranadi | (1998-07-16) 16 July 1998 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 6 | 3MF | Ledua Senisea | (2000-04-14) 14 April 2000 | 0 | 0 | Nadi |
| 7 | 3MF | Koleta Likuculacula | (2000-08-17) 17 August 2000 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 8 | 3MF | Timaima Vuniyayawa | (1998-07-31) 31 July 1998 | 0 | 0 | Rewa |
| 9 | 4FW | Asenaca Diranuve | (2000-05-25) 25 May 2000 | 0 | 0 | Savusavu |
| 10 | 4FW | Luisa Tamanitoakula | (1998-07-28) 28 July 1998 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 11 | 3MF | Cema Nasau | (1999-11-15) 15 November 1999 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 12 | 3MF | Silina Qarawaqa | (1999-01-10) 10 January 1999 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 13 | 3MF | Louisa Simmons | (2000-03-03) 3 March 2000 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 14 | 4FW | Miriama Bakaniceva | (2000-01-21) 21 January 2000 | 0 | 0 | Tailevu Naitasiri |
| 15 | 3MF | Maca Ralagi | (1999-06-05) 5 June 1999 | 0 | 0 | Rewa |
| 16 | 3MF | Aliza Hussein | (2000-07-23) 23 July 2000 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 17 | 2DF | Miliana Bureitau | (1999-05-19) 19 May 1999 | 0 | 0 | Navua |
| 18 | 4FW | Cynthia Dutt | (2000-09-03) 3 September 2000 | 0 | 0 | Labasa |
| 19 | 2DF | Laca Tikosaya | (2000-04-13) 13 April 2000 | 0 | 0 | Ba |
| 20 | 1GK | Francine Lockington | (1999-08-14) 14 August 1999 | 0 | 0 | Lautoka |

## New Caledonia

Head coach:  Kamali Fitialeata

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Karine Xozame | (1999-11-15) 15 November 1999 | 0 | 0 | AS Wetr |
| 2 | 2DF | Darnelle Hace | (2000-10-16) 16 October 2000 | 0 | 0 | Pole des Iles |
| 3 | 2DF | Josephine Sakilia | (1999-11-10) 10 November 1999 | 0 | 0 | OMS Paita |
| 4 | 2DF | Ami-Nata Ajapuhnya | (1999-03-11) 11 March 1999 | 0 | 0 | AS Wetr |
| 5 | 2DF | Sonia Hnanganyan | (1998-09-23) 23 September 1998 | 0 | 0 | OMS Paita |
| 6 | 3MF | Isabelle Ilengo | (2000-07-29) 29 July 2000 | 0 | 0 | Pole des Iles |
| 7 | 2DF | Oceane Forest | (1998-09-12) 12 September 1998 | 0 | 0 | Lössi |
| 8 | 3MF | Shaya Ihmeling | (1999-01-09) 9 January 1999 | 0 | 0 | Gaïtcha FCN |
| 9 | 4FW | Alice Wenessia | (1999-07-24) 24 July 1999 | 0 | 0 | Gaïtcha FCN |
| 10 | 3MF | Marie-Laure Palene | (2001-07-16) 16 July 2001 | 0 | 0 | OMS Paita |
| 11 | 2DF | Jeanine Humunie | (2000-10-26) 26 October 2000 | 0 | 0 | Pole des Iles |
| 12 | 3MF | Johana Takamatsu | (1999-12-11) 11 December 1999 | 0 | 0 | OMS Paita |
| 13 | 3MF | Ivonne Xowi | (2000-07-22) 22 July 2000 | 0 | 0 | Gaïtcha FCN |
| 14 | 3MF | Cassidy Cawa | (2000-04-05) 5 April 2000 | 0 | 0 | AS Wetr |
| 15 | 4FW | Valerie Holue | (1999-12-02) 2 December 1999 | 0 | 0 | Tiga Sports |
| 16 | 3MF | Danatienne Baly | (2000-04-25) 25 April 2000 | 0 | 0 | Pole des Iles |
| 17 | 3MF | Moisette Broustet | (1999-11-03) 3 November 1999 | 0 | 0 | OMS Paita |
| 18 | 4FW | Isabelle Hnaweongo | (1999-02-18) 18 February 1999 | 0 | 0 | Pole des Iles |
| 19 | 3MF | Marie Waneux | (2000-06-15) 15 June 2000 | 0 | 0 | OMS Paita |
| 20 | 1GK | Kathleen Waunie | (1999-08-07) 7 August 1999 | 0 | 0 | Lössi |

## New Zealand

## Papua New Guinea

Head coach:  Rachel Wadunah

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Faith Kasiray | (1999-12-20) 20 December 1999 | 1 | 0 | Vitis Yamaros |
| 20 | 1GK | Amatha Mistera | (1999-07-15) 15 July 1999 | 0 | 0 | Hearts |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2DF | Natasha Sagem | (1999-11-12) 12 November 1999 | 0 | 0 | Tusbab Kumuls |
| 3 | 2DF | Margret Joseph | (1999-01-04) 4 January 1999 | 2 | 0 | Vitis Yamaros |
| 4 | 2DF | Isabella Natera | (1999-12-24) 24 December 1999 | 0 | 0 | Marlins |
| 5 | 2DF | Bridget Paime | (2000-01-15) 15 January 2000 | 0 | 0 | Hearts |
| 6 | 2DF | Francisca Mani | (1999-06-18) 18 June 1999 | 0 | 0 | Eriku Wawen |
| 14 | 2DF | Leah Karo | (1998-11-28) 28 November 1998 | 0 | 0 | Hearts |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 7 | 3MF | Marity Sep | (1999-07-04) 4 July 1999 | 0 | 0 | Vitis Yamaros |
| 8 | 3MF | Alison Paulias | (1999-02-11) 11 February 1999 | 0 | 0 | Eriku Wawen |
| 12 | 3MF | Bellinda Giada | (1999-12-01) 1 December 1999 | 3 | 0 | Vitis Yamaros |
| 13 | 3MF | Ramona Padio | (1998-03-13) 13 March 1998 | 3 | 0 | Murat |
| 15 | 3MF | Robertlynn Kig | (1999-03-15) 15 March 1999 | 0 | 0 | Marlins |
| 16 | 3MF | Serah Tamgol | (1999-09-14) 14 September 1999 | 0 | 0 | Similin |
| 19 | 3MF | Gorethy Paofa | (1999-12-27) 27 December 1999 | 0 | 0 | Eriku Wawen |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 9 | 4FW | Selina Unamba | (1999-11-24) 24 November 1999 | 1 | 0 | Eriku Wawen |
| 10 | 4FW | Nicollete Ageva | (1998-02-26) 26 February 1998 | 3 | 1 | Tusbab Kumuls |
| 11 | 4FW | Mercedes Hapoto | (1999-06-05) 5 June 1999 | 0 | 0 | Marlins |
| 17 | 4FW | Melisa Jofari | (1999-03-03) 3 March 1999 | 0 | 0 | Tusbab Kumuls |
| 18 | 4FW | Jacklyne Maiyosi | (1998-07-18) 18 July 1998 | 3 | 0 | Tusbab Kumuls |

## Samoa

Head coach:  Martin Tamasese

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Katarina Ah Sui | (1998-07-02) July 2, 1998 | 0 | 0 | Vailele Unity |
| 18 | 1GK | Jecky Toma | (1999-04-28) April 28, 1999 | 0 | 0 | Faleasiu |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2DF | Renee Atonio | (1998-02-07) February 7, 1998 | 0 | 0 | Moataa |
| 3 | 2DF | Hunter Malaki | (2000-03-01) March 1, 2000 | 0 | 0 | Rush |
| 4 | 2DF | Epi Tafili | (1998-09-15) September 15, 1998 | 0 | 0 | Moataa |
| 5 | 2DF | Mariecamillia Ah Ki | (2000-10-04) October 4, 2000 | 0 | 0 | University of Queensland |
| 13 | 2DF | Mole Saofaiga | (2000-08-18) August 18, 2000 | 0 | 0 | Vaimoso |
| 16 | 2DF | Conzuella Vatu | (2000-07-21) July 21, 2000 | 0 | 0 | Vaimoso |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 6 | 3MF | Sonya Tanuvasa | (1999-03-06) March 6, 1999 | 0 | 0 | Vaimoso |
| 7 | 3MF | Rachel Tagatauli | (2000-02-29) February 29, 2000 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 11 | 3MF | Matalena Faasavalu | (1998-08-13) August 13, 1998 | 0 | 0 | Vailele Unity |
| 12 | 3MF | Talaiesea Mulitalo | (1999-07-01) July 1, 1999 | 0 | 0 | Sapapalii |
| 14 | 3MF | Emele Paletasala | (1999-09-04) September 4, 1999 | 0 | 0 | BSL Vaitele Uta |
| 15 | 3MF | Natiflo Pereira | (1998-11-27) November 27, 1998 | 0 | 0 | Vaimoso |
| 19 | 3MF | Kalia Kapisi | (2000-07-30) July 30, 2000 | 0 | 0 | Manaia |
| 20 | 3MF | Tiffany Rabaino | (1999-09-24) September 24, 1999 | 0 | 0 |  |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 8 | 4FW | Liana Soifua | (2000-09-06) September 6, 2000 | 0 | 0 |  |
| 9 | 4FW | Tianna Sekona | (1998-05-02) May 2, 1998 | 0 | 0 | Utah Soccer Alliance |
| 10 | 4FW | Shalom Fiso | (1999-05-04) May 4, 1999 | 0 | 0 | Vailele Unity |
| 17 | 4FW | Sophia Aveau | (1999-10-02) October 2, 1999 | 0 | 0 | Manaia |

## Tonga

Head coach:  Tiane Koaneti

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1GK | Mele Akolo | (2000-05-04) 4 May 2000 | 0 | 0 | Navutoka |
| 20 | 1GK | Adrienne Tahitua | (1999-01-11) 11 January 1999 | 0 | 0 | Veitongo |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2DF | Heilala Moala | (1999-02-02) 2 February 1999 | 0 | 0 | Veitongo |
| 3 | 2DF | Michelle Tuitupou | (1998-10-29) 29 October 1998 | 0 | 0 | Manukau City |
| 4 | 2DF | Meleseini Tufui | (2000-02-02) 2 February 2000 | 4 | 0 | Veitongo |
| 5 | 2DF | Manusiu Latavao | (1998-09-29) 29 September 1998 | 4 | 0 | Marist |
| 14 | 2DF | Patricia Likiliki | (2001-01-30) 30 January 2001 | 0 | 0 | Longolongo |
| 15 | 2DF | Luseane Vivili | (2000-06-19) 19 June 2000 | 0 | 0 | Longolongo |
| 17 | 2DF | Kalolaine Taliauli | (2000-02-22) 22 February 2000 | 0 | 0 | Fasi & Afi |
| 18 | 2DF | Sosefina Havea | (2000-01-15) 15 January 2000 | 0 | 0 | Riviera |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 6 | 3MF | Siunipa Talasinga | (2002-04-11) 11 April 2002 | 0 | 0 | Veitongo |
| 7 | 3MF | Seini Lutu | (2001-03-25) 25 March 2001 | 7 | 0 | Veitongo |
| 8 | 3MF | Halaunga Taholo | (1998-10-10) 10 October 1998 | 4 | 0 | Longolongo |
| 9 | 3MF | Carmel Uhila | (2001-10-24) 24 October 2001 | 0 | 0 | Central United |
| 12 | 3MF | Ofa Ataongo | (2002-06-24) 24 June 2002 | 0 | 0 | Riviera |
| 16 | 3MF | Katalina Taliauli | (1998-02-28) 28 February 1998 | 0 | 0 | Fasi & Avi |
| 19 | 3MF | Alexandra Fifita | (1999-10-04) 4 October 1999 | 0 | 0 | Fasi & Afi |
| --- | | | | | | |
| 10 | 4FW | Malia Tongia | (1998-04-09) 9 April 1998 | 7 | 5 | Lapaha |
| 11 | 4FW | Mele Kafa | (2002-01-20) 20 January 2002 | 0 | 0 | Navutoka |
| 13 | 4FW | Peta Fenukitau | (1999-01-15) 15 January 1999 | 0 | 0 | Riviera |


title: Apple Pippin

abstract: Pippin ATMARK The Pippin is a defunct open multimedia technology platform, designed by Apple Computer. According to Apple, Pippin was directed at the home market as "an integral part of the consumer audiovisual, stereo, and television environment". Pippin is based on the Macintosh platform, including the classic Mac OS architecture. Apple built a demonstration device based on Pippin called Pippin Power Player and used it to demonstrate the platform at trade shows and to the media, to attract potential software developers and hardware manufacturers. Apple licensed the Pippin technology to third-party companies. Bandai Company Ltd. developed the ATMARK and @WORLD models, and focused them on the gaming and entertainment business in Japan, Canada and the United States. Katz Media developed the KMP 2000, and focused it on vertical markets throughout Europe and Canada.

text:
# Apple Pippin

The **Pippin** (stylized as PiPP!N) is a defunct open multimedia technology platform, designed by Apple Computer. According to Apple, Pippin was directed at the home market as "an integral part of the consumer audiovisual, stereo, and television environment".

Pippin is based on the Macintosh platform, including the classic Mac OS architecture. Apple built a demonstration device based on Pippin called Pippin Power Player and used it to demonstrate the platform at trade shows and to the media, to attract potential software developers and hardware manufacturers. Apple licensed the Pippin technology to third-party companies. Bandai Company Ltd. developed the ATMARK and @WORLD models, and focused them on the gaming and entertainment business in Japan, Canada and the United States. Katz Media developed the KMP 2000, and focused it on vertical markets throughout Europe and Canada.

## Naming

The Pippin platform was named for the Newtown Pippin, an apple cultivar, a smaller and more tart relative of the McIntosh apple (which is the namesake of the Macintosh). According to Apple, it intended for Pippin to be more than just a platform for game consoles. "Apple believes that over time Pippin will take many forms, including home telecommunication devices and much more. Apple did not want to choose a name that would be specific for certain market space, as it will certainly appeal to many types of consumers and be shipped in a variety of forms from many manufacturers." It was initially named "Sweet Pea" during the initial planning of the console.

The word "pippin" was used by Apple prior to the Pippin platform. The Apple ProFile, an external hard disk drive for the Apple III and Lisa, used the codename Pippin during development.

## History

Apple never intended to release Pippin on its own. Apple intended to make the Pippin platform an open standard by licensing the technology to third parties, much like how JVC shared the VHS format in the 1970s. Relying on third-party companies to produce Pippin systems was a way to increase Macintosh's market share – a goal identical to Apple's clone attempt in the late 1990s. It even encouraged differentiation between systems, in order to encourage competition – as long as the systems stuck to Apple's reference design to avoid fragmentation. The licensees could improve their systems by improving industrial design, integrating telephony, improving video and audio capabilities, increasing memory capacity, and more.

### Bandai and Apple

In 1993, Bandai wanted to deliver a scaled-down version of the Macintosh purely for CD-ROM game-playing. Bandai President and CEO Makoto Yamashina chose the Macintosh platform over other platforms available at the time.

In early 1994, Bandai approached Apple with the gaming console idea. The original design was based on a Macintosh Classic II 16 MHz Motorola 68030 running Macintosh system software. Apple's involvement would be to define the initial logic board design, and Bandai would provide the casing and packaging. This was considered the fastest delivery solution to market at a very reasonable return on investment for Apple and Bandai.

As Bandai specifically marketed its Pippin models as game consoles, many of the releases are games, entertainment software, or edutainment software. However, unlike conventional gaming consoles, the Pippin has no dedicated graphics or sound processors. Because the Pippin platform is based on Macintosh system software, graphic services such as 2D and 3D QuickDraw are available to developers. Early on, Apple encouraged hardware developers to produce 3D rendering hardware so that the RISC processor could be free for other processing. The MPEG codec is not supported by the system software, as QuickTime is the only video format supported by the platform.

Originally, Bandai never intended to develop a system with Internet connectivity. However, Apple and Bandai received customer feedback requesting a system with Internet connectivity. To make that possible, Apple incorporated a modem into the Pippin design. Two years earlier in 1992, Apple had already moved away from the older serial interface with an external Hayes-compatible modem on its Macintosh systems, and switched to a serial interface which included GeoPort – a serial data technology that allowed software to emulate a modem. Implementing GeoPort into the Pippin platform required Apple to make a major change in its design – moving away from the 68030 footprint and to a PowerPC footprint. Apple chose the PowerPC 603 32-bit processor, as it was designed to be a low-cost, low-end processor for embedded use.

On December 13, 1994, Apple announced the Pippin platform in Tokyo, and its partnership with Bandai. In March 1996, the white-colored Bandai Pippin ATMARK (ピピンアットマーク, *Pipin Attomāku*) went on sale in Japan at a price of 64,800 yen, which included a dial-up modem and four bundled CD-ROMs. Yamashina predicted 200,000 Pippin ATMARK systems would be sold in Japan within the first twelve months.

Once Bandai licensed Pippin from Apple, Apple made no effort to market the Pippin platform. All the marketing was to be done by the licensees. Bandai spent US$93 million in marketing alone to sell the Pippin line. As part of the licensing agreement, both Bandai and Katz Media were not allowed to use the term "computer" when marketing the Pippin systems, so that the systems would not be confused with Apple's own Macintosh product line.

In October 1995, the *Nikkei* reported that Mitsubishi Electric would follow Bandai as a licensee to the Pippin technology. Although Mitsubishi did not actually sign a license agreement with Apple, it did manufacture the systems for Bandai (and effectively, Katz Media) on an original equipment manufacturer basis.

Bandai originally planned to launch the Pippin in 1995, but the release was later pushed back to March 1996 for Japan and June 1996 for the US.

The black-colored Bandai Pippin @WORLD (pronounced *at-world*) went on sale in the United States in June 1996 at a price of US$599.00. The @WORLD bundle included a six-month unlimited Internet account from PSINet at a cost of US$24.95 per month. Bandai predicted 200,000 Pippin @WORLD systems would be sold in Japan in its first twelve months, and 300,000 systems sold in the US within twelve months of being released there.

### Developer marketing

To encourage software developers to create content for the Pippin platform, Apple attempted to sell the platform as being scalable, in that applications written, for example, the ATMARK or @WORLD would work in future models of Pippin. In Apple's Q&A document, Apple contrasted its scalability with the Nintendo system, where the "Nintendo 8-bit NES cartridges don't work on the 16-bit SNES." The CD-ROMs do not contain region protection so that releases made for the ATMARK would also run on the @WORLD. Apple also promised the developers that, "Apple has no intention or desire to enter the business of regulating an industry which should be encouraged to exercise freedoms needed by the creative artists which Apple wants to evangelize onto the platform. Apple will abide by whatever ratings systems are regulated by governments. Apple, where reasonable, will endorse those systems which reduce excessive oversight and permit the freedom to the artists." An example of this is the *Yellows* series by Akira Gomi; originally a book displaying nude Japanese women, it was converted to an electronic database.

Pippin application developers had to first register as Apple developers and receive the developer kits, and to receive discounts on equipment required for Pippin development, such as the Power Macintosh AV system. At the May 1995 World Wide Developers Conference (WWDC), details were made available to potential developers. Bandai also issued a "Pippin Security Key" in the Pippin hardware development kit, which when inserted into the AppleJack ADB port allowed an off-the-shelf Pippin system to bypass the authentication system when running non-authenticated CD-ROMs.

Merlin Media was contracted to produce Pippin demonstration CD-ROMs.

### Network Computer Platform

On May 21, 1996, Oracle Corporation, along with 30 hardware and software vendors, announced an intent to build computers that are designed around the Network Computer platform. The idea was to design technology based on a Network Computer Reference Profile including diskless computers, commonly coded applications using languages such as Java, and interface with the Internet using common software such as Netscape Navigator. In May 1996, Apple became a partner in the network computing effort through Pippin. Katz Media attempted to use the network computer platform concept to push the Pippin to eliminate the floppy disk, the Pippin was about two years ahead of the iMac in this effort.

A June 1996 *Pippin Special* issue of *Mac Fan* magazine in Japan is dedicated entirely to Pippin.

### Unfulfilled roadmap

Apple intended to grow the Pippin platform alongside the rest of the Macintosh line. In a July 1996 Apple developer publication, Apple's CEO Gil Amelio announced the Pippin 1997 Reference Platform, and suggested that the platform would include the latest Macintosh technologies, including IEEE 1394 or FireWire, and a 25-pin external SCSI port as standard interfaces. In May 1997, Bandai announced a docking station that would include Ethernet support at US$139.00, although such a peripheral was never made available.

In 1997, Bandai developed two prototype units and displayed them at the MACWORLD Expo/Tokyo '97 event. The Bandai ATMARK-PD was designed as a direct replacement of the original ATMARK footprint, and would have included an internal drive that can read a standard CD-ROM disc, and read and write to a magneto-optical WORM PD disk with 600 MB of storage capacity.

The Bandai ATMARK-EX was to feature a footprint similar to a Macintosh desktop unit. It was designed to include 8 MB of RAM (expandable to 40 MB) and the ability to utilize standard 72-pin EDO-DRAM modules, instead of the proprietary memory modules used in the ATMARK and @WORLD. The chassis can handle a half-sized PCI card internally. The displayed unit contains a PCI card-based Ethernet interface, and a built-in analog modem. An infrared-based ADB interface is in the prototype, for a new line of peripherals.

### Katz Media Player 2000

On June 4, 1996, Katz Media, based in Norway, became the second (and last) company to sign a license agreement with Apple to produce Pippin systems. While Bandai was targeting the Japan and United States markets, Katz Media focused on Europe and Canada. Because Katz Media was a media software-only company, it signed an agreement with Bandai so that Bandai would produce the hardware as an OEM for Katz Media.

Katz Media originally intended to produce two configurations of the Pippin: one as a basic multimedia system for running CD-ROMs, and a higher-end system supporting Internet access. The goal was to start shipping Pippin units in November 1996, but Katz Media did not actually start shipping their products until March 1997; it ended up producing only one model of the Pippin – the Katz Media Player 2000 (KMP 2000). The KMP 2000 was available in two configurations: with or without an external 50-pin SCSI interface on the back of the unit.

To develop content, Katz Media worked with a variety of multimedia developers and publishers to "Pippinize" their existing CD-ROMs and make them available for the Pippin.

Katz Media never sold the KMP 2000 in the retail market. Instead, it attempted to use the system as a set-top box for a television set or VGA display, to be distributed to its partners' respective client bases in order to interface with a variety of vertically marketed interests, such as catalogs, databases, Internet content, and so on. As a result, the KMP 2000 is the rarest of the Pippin systems, and is extremely difficult to find in today's used market.

Katz Media signed a number of agreements with companies across Europe and Canada. One agreement was to publish CD-ROM-based catalogs for Redwall Retail Stores, and use the Pippin as an interactive kiosk that would be set up in stores running the CD-ROMs. Katz Media also attempted to push the KMP 2000 into Canada – a country where, in May 1997, only 20 percent of its citizens had access to the Internet. The idea was to use the country's existing cable network to bring in Internet access, and the KMP 2000 was to be used as an Internet appliance that would be issued to subscribers. A hotel chain in Europe signed a deal with Katz Media to use the KMP 2000 in hotel rooms so that guests could access the Internet. Katz Media then signed with a hospital in France, using the KMP 2000 as an online system so that, as a team, physicians could pull up and review case studies, and collaborate on diagnoses and treatments. On June 16, 1997, the Netface Consortium in the Netherlands selected the KMP 2000 as the device to be used as a part of what the company called "the world's first Internet shopping mall." CAI-Westland owned a two-way cable system with 55,000 subscribers, and the KMP 2000 was to be given to the subscribers as a device to shop for products from a consortium of 23 companies.

### Decline

By 1997, the Bandai @WORLD was extremely unpopular in the United States. Bandai canceled production of the Pippin during its merger discussions with Sega in early 1997, and after the merger was canceled, began rethinking its marketing strategy for the Pippin. This led to a short-lived, last resort attempt to market the Pippin as an all-in-one set-top box, but this approach failed. Bandai pulled the @WORLD out of the American market, and shipped the unsold units back to Japan. The black-colored units were re-branded ATMARK (without the ATMARK labeling on the front) and sold in the Japanese market.

By the time the Pippin systems were released, the market was already dominated by the Sega Saturn, Sony PlayStation, and the mostly Windows-based PC. In addition, although Apple made efforts to sign on software developers, there was little ready-to-use software for Pippin, the only major publisher being Bandai itself. The system's third-party developers consisted solely of small software houses. At a price of US$599 on launch, it was considered too expensive.

When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, he stopped all Macintosh clone efforts, which shut down the Pippin concept. Once Apple stopped all Pippin development, it affected all parties. Bandai stopped the production of all models of Pippin by mid-1997. Katz Media, who was receiving its systems from Bandai, vowed to continue supporting Pippin in a PR notice released June 25, 1997. Katz Media reportedly had some 100,000 units committed because of written agreements with companies spanning twenty countries. The company would eventually file for bankruptcy by the end of 1998. On February 27, 1998, DayStar Digital purchased all remaining inventory of hardware from Bandai and sold the inventory to anyone who would buy them. A former employee of DayStar placed sales of the Pippin through its distribution chain as high as 2,000 systems.

Bandai continued to support its consoles until December 31, 2002.

## Apple Bandai Pippin

The goal of the Bandai Pippin was to create an inexpensive computer system aimed mostly at playing CD-based multimedia software, especially games, but also functioning as a thin client. The operating system is a version of System 7.5.2, and is based on a 66 MHz PowerPC 603 processor and a 14.4 kb/s modem. It features a 4×-speed CD-ROM drive and a video output that can connect to a standard television display.

### Marketing

In Japan, Bandai produced Pippin-based systems called the Pippin Atmark (ピピンアットマーク, *Pipin Attomāku*). Most of the Atmark systems use the same platinum color used on many of the Apple Macintosh models at the time.

In the United States and most parts of Europe, Bandai named the system the Bandai Pippin @WORLD (pronounced "at-world"). The @WORLD has the same specifications as the Pippin Atmark, but runs an English version of Mac OS. Most of the western systems use a black color.

## System overview

### Hardware

The Pippin platform is based on the PowerPC Platform, a platform designed and supported by IBM and Apple. The PowerPC 603 processor is based on RISC design, thereby allowing peripherals to rely on the Pippin CPU. For example, instead of relying on a fully-featured analog modem, the Pippin has a GeoPort serial port. Pippin supports generic dialup Internet service providers (ISP), which at the time included Prodigy, America On-Line, and eWorld.

The address bus of the PowerPC 603 can theoretically access memory up to 64 MB. However, the operating system's maximum addressable memory size is 37 MB. Furthermore, because of the ASIC design of the Pippin hardware, the maximum RAM size that can be added is 32 MB. Officially, Bandai produced memory upgrade modules of 2, 4, 8, and 16 MB. The memory chips are soldered onto a printed circuit board which is placed in a plastic housing, simplifying installation for the end user. Japanese hackers produced an aftermarket 16 MB module, but because the module was much larger than the memory module compartment on the Pippin, installation required removing the logic board from the chassis, and then mounting the large memory module in-between the logic board and chassis.

Apple encouraged hardware developers to produce PCI compatible peripherals that could be added to the Pippin. The only official method of producing add-ons for the Pippin was by developing PCI-compatible devices and then placed in a docking station cabinet. A proprietary riser card interface (referred to by Apple as an X-PCI slot) is located on the bottom of a Pippin system and is used by docking stations. A docking station for a Pippin can contain a variety of hardware, such as SCSI or floppy disk drive controllers, video interfaces, codecs, or network interfaces such as Ethernet. The logic board passes PCI signals through the X-PCI docking interface, and then to the docking station. Docking stations within the Pippin line do not provide pass-through support, thereby limiting a Pippin system to use only one docking station at one time. For example, a docking station for a floppy disk drive would need to be removed in order to attach a docking station for the magneto-optical drive. Katz Media produced a generic docking station, containing a PCI slot, allowing a user to install PCI cards. No PCI-based peripherals were ever developed specifically for the Pippin.

The operating system is not located in the Pippin's onboard storage and is instead located on the CD-ROMs for each of the Pippin's software releases. Apple could thus upgrade the operating system without having to sell new hardware to the consumer. However, because of this, once Pippin software releases ended, it became impossible to upgrade to a later operating system or install extensions and such. The system automatically reboots whenever the CD-ROM eject button is pushed, so a user can not load the system software off one CD-ROM, and then insert another CD-ROM. Apple intended for the Pippin platform to be an appliance, and encouraged consumers to purchase a fully featured Macintosh system if they were looking for something upgradable. Bandai never upgraded its system software beyond the 7.5.2 version. Hardware enthusiasts have been able to run system software as late as Mac OS 8.0, but this can only be done on a system utilizing a developer ROM-BIOS.

#### Technical specifications

According to Apple, the loadout of a Pippin-based product was specific to each manufacturer. Other than the color, the specifications on the Bandai releases were the same across both the ATMARK and @WORLD packages, and the Katz Media release addressed features needed to be scalable, including an external SCSI interface, additional on-board memory, and the lack of RSA technology.

| System | Bandai Pippin ATMARK | Bandai Pippin @WORLD | Katz Media Pippin KMP 2000 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Model number | PA-82001 | PW-10001 | KMP 2000 |
| Introduction | March 1996 | October 1996 | March 17, 1997 |
| Discontinued | Summer 1997 | | |
| Processor | 66 MHz PowerPC 603 RISC microprocessor | | |
| On-board memory | 6 MB combined system and video memory | | 8 MB combined system and video memory |
| Memory upgrades | RAM is upgradable in 2, 4, 8 and 16 MB increments | | |
| NVRAM | 128 KB NVRAM accessible storage space. | | |
| Video Output | VGA, S-video, RCA composite video (NTSC/PAL switchable), with 640x480 resolution, 8-bit and 16-bit color. | | |
| Audio In/out | RCA composite left/right stereo, 16-bit 44 kHz sampled, and headphone output jack | | |
| Expansion | PCI expansion slot | | PCI, and optionally external 50-pin Centronics SCSI interface |
| Input/Output | Two "AppleJack" ruggedized ADB inputs (P-ADB); Two high-speed serial ports; modem port is GeoPort ready | | |
| Power supply | Internal universal switching power supply, 100 v 25 w 50/60 Hz 0.5 A | | Internal universal switching power supply, 100–240 v 25 w 50/60 Hz 0.5 A |
| Notes | 1996 - White; 1997 - Black | All units were black | Available with or without external SCSI |

##### ROM-BIOS

| Version | KINKA Developer | KINKA Pre-release | KINKA 1.0 | KINKA 1.2 | KINKA 1.3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Part number | AP2660-02 | AP2735-01 | AP2777-01 | 820-0867-01 | AP2777-01 |
| Chip labeling | 16 flash ROM chips | 341S0241 thru 245, 247, 248, 250 | 341S0251 thru 254 | 341S0297 thru 300 | 341S0328 thru 331 |
| Support FDD | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Support HDD | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Support Zip 100 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Support MO 230 | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Support PCI expansion adapter | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Notes | Programmable; unstable | Only 500 parts were shipped | Common ROM-BIOS (JP) | Common ROM-BIOS (US) | Authentication disabled |

##### Peripherals

Standard equipment in every Pippin package includes a dial-up analog modem (earlier packages included a 14.4 kbit/s modem (PA-82010 or PA-82007), and later packages included a 33.6 kbit/s modem (PA-82017/BDE-82017)) over a GeoPort interface and one corded AppleJack gamepad.

Originally, the expansion of the Pippin was to be by way of the docking station. However, Apple was looking forward to third-party manufacturers producing add-on products, such as PCMCIA slots, MPEG-2 codecs, among others. Some add-ons were made available by Bandai and other third-party manufacturers, this includes a docking station with a 3.5-inch floppy disk drive (PA-82002), a Deltis 230 MO Docking Turbo (MOS330P) with a 230 MB magneto-optical disk drive that is manufactured by Olympus Optical Co. Ltd. (requires KINKA 1.2 or later); and AppleJack wireless controller/gamepad (PA-82014/BDE-82014), and a Keyboard drawing pad stylus combination through the AppleJack ADB interface (PA-82003).

### System software

On a typical PowerPC-based Macintosh system, the boot process includes loading a bootstrap loader from ROM, loading the Process Manager stored in the boot blocks of the startup device, locating a "blessed" System Folder on the startup device, and then loading Finder. However, because the Pippin platform ran only on non-writable CD-ROM, a modification to the boot process had to be made. For developers who were using standard 7.5.2 system software, a "PippinFinder" was installed into the System Folder, allowing the CD-ROM to be bootable on a Pippin-based system. Once development was finalized, PippinFinder was removed from the System Folder, and the Pippin-specific system software was placed onto the build. In addition, an alias of the main executable was placed into the Startup Items folder, so that upon bootup, the application will launch automatically. Developers are constrained to the base hardware profile of the Pippin platform, using no hard drive cache for downloaded content, and sharing 128 KB of NVRAM with the system.

The standard Finder interface was replaced with a simpler interface called "Pippin Launch". In Finder, the interface is based on folders and files. In Pippin Launch, the icons are clickable squares, and the user does not have access to standard Finder features, such as "New Folder".

Among developers, "Pippinized" is a reference to creating CD-ROMs designed to boot on a Pippin device. The system and application software is prepared on the external hard disk drive, and with the use of a dongle available only to developers, is tested by booting off the hard disk drive on the Pippin system. After the CD-R is made, the disc had to be sent out to an authorized CD stamping house to be authenticated. RSA's public/private key system was used to create the authentication system on the Pippin platform.

Other than the RSA authentication and modified system files, according to Apple, "Yes, Pippin titles will play on Macintosh computers. If the titles are 68k based they will play on both Power Macintosh and 68k based Macintosh computers. If the titles are written in native PowerPC code they might also play on both platforms depending upon whether or not the developer chose to code in fat binaries or not."

### Commercially released games

| Regions released | Region description | Released |
| --- | --- | --- |
| NA (North America) | North America and other NTSC territories. | ? |
| PAL | PAL/SECAM territories: much of Europe and Australia. | ? |
| JP (Japan) | Japan and other NTSC-J territories. | ? |

| Title | Genre(s) | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Date first released | Regions released |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *@Card SD Gundam Gaiden* | Card game | Bandai |  | 1997 | JP |
| *AI Shogi* | Board game | Something Good | Something Good | 1996 | JP |
| *Anpanman no AIUEO-N!* | Edutainment | Bandai | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *Anpanman to Asobou! 1* | Edutainment | Bandai | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *Anpanman to Asobou! 2* | Edutainment | Bandai | Bandai | 1997 | JP |
| *Better Homes and Gardens Cool Crafts* | Edutainment | CD Vision | Multicom Publishing | 1996 | NA |
| *Book of Lulu, The* | Edutainment | Ariadne | Organa | 1996 | JP |
| *Circus!* | Edutainment | Matra Hachette Multimedia |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Chibikko Club* | Edutainment | Gakugei | Gakugei | 1996 | JP |
| *CombiPark Tonde Mat* | Edutainment | Combi Corporation | Combi Corporation | 1997 | JP |
| *Dazzeloids* | Edutainment | Center for Advanced Whimsy | Voyager Company | 1996 | JP |
| *Densha Daishuugou: Driving Train* | Simulator | Bandai | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *Fair, then Partly Piggy* | Edutainment | Studio Flagship | Studio Flagship | 1996 | JP |
| *Franklin the Turtle Learns Math* | Edutainment | Sanctuary Woods | Sanctuary Woods | 199? | JP |
| *Funky Funny Aliens* | Edutainment | Amuse | Amuse | 1996 | JP |
| *Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure* | Adventure | Synergy Interactive |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Gakkō no Kowai Uwasa: Hanako-san ga Kita!!* | Adventure | Amuse | Amuse | 1996 | JP |
| *Gundam 0079: The War for Earth* | Action | Presto Studios | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 199? | JP |
| *Gundam Tactics: Mobility Fleet 0079* | Strategy | DigiCube | JVC Advanced Media | 1996 | JP |
| *Gus Goes to Cyberopolis* | Edutainment | Modern Media Ventures |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Gus Goes to the Kooky Carnival in search of Rant* | Edutainment | Modern Media Ventures |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Jungle Park* | Role-Playing Game | Digitalogue | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *Kids Box* | Edutainment | Aloalo International | ASK Kodansha | 1996 | JP |
| *L-Zone* | Adventure | Synergy, Infocity | Synergy | 1996 | JP |
| *Mobile Suit Gundam: White Base – The 13th Independent Force* | Strategy | JVC Advanced Media |  | 1997 | JP |
| *Mr. Potato Head Saves Veggie Valley* | Adventure | Duck Soup Productions Inc., Turning Point Software | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | NA |
| *Music ISLAND vol.1: Peter and the Wolf* | Edutainment | Oracion | Oracion | 1996 | JP |
| *Music ISLAND vol.2: The Nutcracker* | Edutainment | Oracion | Oracion | 1996 | JP |
| *Music ISLAND vol.3: The Four Seasons* | Edutainment | Oracion | Oracion | 1996 | JP |
| *Music ISLAND vol.4: Carnival of the Animals* | Edutainment | Oracion | Oracion | 1996 | JP |
| *Narabete! Tsukkute! Ugoku Block* | Edutainment | Bandai Digital Entertainment | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *Nemurenu Yoru no Chiisana Ohanashi* | Adventure | Amuse | Amuse | 199 | JP |
| *Nobunaga's Ambition Returns* | Strategy | Koei | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *PEASE* | Compilation | Maki Enterprise | Emotion Digital Software | 1996 | JP |
| *Pippin Atmark Demonstration Disk* | Compilation | Apple Inc. |  | 199? | JP |
| *Playskool Puzzles* | Puzzle | ImageBuilder Software |  | 1996 | NA |
| *Power Nazoler* | Edutainment | Infortech | Infortech | 1996 | JP |
| *Power Rangers Zeo Versus The Machine Empire* | Action | CyberFlix |  | 1996 | NA |
| *Racing Days* | Racing | Kitt Peak |  | 1996 | NA, JP |
| *Randoseru Shougakkou 1-Nensei* | Edutainment | Gakugei | Gakugei | 1996 | JP |
| *SD Gundam Wars* | Strategy | Bandai |  | 1997 | JP |
| *SD Ultraman's Challenge! Maze Island* | Edutainment | Bandai |  | 1996 | JP |
| *SeesawC 1: My favorite things 120* | Edutainment | Ai Ga Areba Daijobu | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *SeesawC 2: My favorite places 400* | Edutainment | Ai Ga Areba Daijobu | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *Shockwave Assault* | Action | Electronic Arts | Electronic Arts Victor | 1996 | JP |
| *Super Marathon* | Action | Bungie |  | 1996 | JP |
| *T-Break* | Board game | Infocity | Infocity | 1996 | JP |
| *Tamagotchi CD-ROM* | Simulation | 7th Level | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1997 | JP |
| *Tarot Mystery* | Card game | Visit | Visit | 1996 | JP |
| *Tetsuman Gaiden: Ambition of Great Game* | Edutainment | Teichiku |  | 1996 | JP |
| *The Journeyman Project: Pegasus Prime* | Adventure | Presto Studios | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1997 | NA, JP |
| *Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends* | Edutainment | Bandai |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Tropic Island* | Arcade | Momodera's Brand | Momodera's Brand | 1996 | JP |
| *Tunin'Glue* | Simulation | NanaOn-Sha | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *Ultraman: The Digital Board Game* | Board game | Bandai |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Ultraman Quiz King* | Game show | Bandai |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Victorian Park* | Adventure | F2, JVC Advanced Media | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *Yellow Brick Road I* | Adventure | Synergy | Synergy | 1997 | JP |
| *Yellow Brick Road II: Glinda to Nishi no Majo* | Adventure | Synergy | Synergy | 1997 | JP |
| *Zukkoke Threesome: Drama Murder Case* | Adventure | Poplar Publishing | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1997 | JP |

### Non-game software

| Title | Genre(s) | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *@WORLD Basics* | Non-game, Web Tool |  |  | 1996 | NA |
| *@WORLD Browser* | Non-game, Web Tool | Spyglass, Inc. |  | 1996 | NA |
| *@WORLD Registration* | Non-game, Web Tool | Bandai Digital Entertainment |  | 1996 | NA |
| *1995.1.17: The Great Hanshin Earthquake* | Non-game, Edutainment | Keikakudo |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Action Designer: Ultraman Tiga* | Non-game, Art Editor | Magic Mouse |  | 1997 | JP |
| *ad.hoc Medical Practice Quick Training Course* | Non-game, Edutainment | ad.hoc Co., Ltd. |  | 1998 | JP |
| *Anime Designer: Dragon Ball Z* | Non-game, Art Editor | Magic Mouse |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Apple PIPPIN Macworld Presentation & Demo* | Non-game, Utility Software | Merlin Media |  | 1996 | NA |
| *Atmark Town* | Non-game, Web Tool | Bandai Digital Entertainment |  | 1996 | JP |
| *B no Kaidan* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool | Bandai | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *Chisato Moritaka CD-ROM Watarase Bashi* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool | Oracion |  | 1996 | JP |
| *CineNoir* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool |  | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | NA |
| *Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia: @World Edition* | Non-game, Edutainment | SoftKey Multimedia |  | 1996 | NA |
| *Dinosaur Museum* | Non-game, Edutainment | Apollon Create | Bandai | 1996 | JP |
| *EGWORD Pure* | Non-game, Utility Software |  | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *Epson Colorio Club Print Sample Kit* | Non-game, Utility Software | O2 Interactive |  | 1997 | JP |
| *Exotic Sushi* | Non-game, Edutainment | Electric Dreams |  | 1996 | NA |
| *Fortullia* | Non-game, Edutainment |  | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *Franky Online* | Non-game, Web Tool | Future Pirates |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Gokigen Mama no Omakase Diary* | Non-game, Utility Tool | NanaOn-Sha |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Gundam Virtual Modeler Light* | Non-game, Art Tool | Expression Tools |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Histoires d'Urologie* | Non-game, Edutainment | MELOdY |  | 1999 | PAL |
| *Home Improvement 1-2-3* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool | Multicom Publishing |  | 1996 | NA |
| *Internet Kit* | Non-game, Web Tool | Netscape Communications |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Introducing "Forester" CD-ROM* | Non-game, Edutainment |  | Fuji Heavy Industries | 1996 | JP |
| *Katz Pippin Demo CD* | Non-game, Utility Tool | 3ème Vague | Katz Media | 1997 | PAL |
| *Mac Bin 38* | Non-game, Utility Tool |  |  | 1997 | JP |
| *Mac Bin 40A & 40B* | Non-game, Utility Tool |  |  | 1997 | JP |
| *Mobile Suit Gundam: Zion Dukedom Military-File* | Non-game, Edutainment | JVC Advanced Media |  | 1997 | JP |
| *Movioke* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool | DigiToy Entertainment |  | 1997 | NA |
| *NetCruiser* | Non-game, Web Tool | Netcom |  | 1996 | JP |
| *New Legacy Laboratory* | Non-game, Edutainment |  | Fuji Heavy Industries | 1996 | JP |
| *Ocean Life: Hawaii edition* | Non-game, Edutainment | Universal Magic | Sumeria | 1996 | JP |
| *Odotte AIUEO* | Non-game, Utility Tool | Tom Create | Emotion Digital Software | 1997 | JP |
| *Picture Book of Mission School Uniform* | Edutainment | Shikanen | Emotion Digital Software | 1996 | JP |
| *Pippin Atmark ISDN Setup CD* | Non-game, Web Tool | Active Open Communications |  | 199? | JP |
| *Pippin Hardware Demo* | Non-game, Utility Tool |  |  | 199? | JP |
| *Pippin Navigator CD* | Non-game, Utility Tool |  |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Pippin Network CD* | Non-game, Web Tool | Active Open Communication |  | 1996 | JP |
| *PiPPiN Title* | Non-game, Utility Tool | Bandai Digital Entertainment |  | 1996 | JP |
| *Post de Card* | Non-game, Art Tool | SystemSoft | Bandai Digital Entertainment | 1996 | JP |
| *Shichisokusen* | Non-game, Edutainment | Radio Tanba | Media Five | 1996 | JP |
| *SurfEZ! masterCD* | Non-game, Web Tool |  | Katz Media | 1997 | PAL |
| *Teleport Jr. CD-ROM Magazine* | Non-game, Utility Tool |  |  | 1996 | JP |
| *The Virgin Of a Legend* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool |  |  | 1996 | JP |
| *TV Works* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool | Sonoran Blue |  | 1996 | NA, JP |
| *WebViewer with MS Internet Explorer* | Non-game, Web Tool | Microsoft |  | 1997 | JP |
| *With Open Eyes: Images from the Art Institute of Chicago* | Non-game, Edutainment | Voyager | Voyager | 1996 | JP |
| *Yellows* | Non-game, Multimedia Tool | Digitalogue |  | 1996 | JP |

## Reception

In May 1996, *PC Graphics Report* interviewed a Japanese executive associated with Bandai, concluding that attempting to market a gaming console as a computer was a sign of lack of cultural research on the part of the Japan-based Bandai. In particular, computer illiterate people did not know what an "@" sign was, as in the name @WORLD. American consumers could not grasp the idea of surfing the Internet using such a device. Executives could not understand how Americans might not be interested in surfing the Internet. Even among Internet surfers, the Pippin was not necessarily the console of choice. A July 1996 article in *Electronic Gaming Monthly* pointed out that the competing Sega Saturn and its separately sold Netlink device combined still cost under $400, making it a far less expensive Internet appliance than the Pippin. And, any device that was not simple to use would fail in the U.S. market.

The small default memory configuration could not run the industry-standard Netscape 2.0 browser, nor anything comparable to Java and VRML support. The rendering of text on the most common composite video TV screen made reading difficult. The $599 (equivalent to $1,200 in 2023) price was too high, especially during late 1996 when the Bandai Pippin was originally released. In May 2006, the Pippin was listed 22nd in *PC World*'s list of the "25 Worst Tech Products of All Time."

## InfoBox

Pippin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bandai Pippin console and its wireless controller | |
| Developer | Apple Computer |
| Manufacturer | Bandai |
| Type | Multimedia player platform for video game console, Internet appliance and interactive kiosk development |
| Generation | Fifth |
| Release date |  |
| Lifespan | 1995–1997 |
| Introductory price | US$599 (equivalent to $1,200 in 2023) |
| Discontinued | 1997 (1997) |
| Units sold | 42,000 |
| Operating system | Pippin OS (System 7.5.2) |
| CPU | PowerPC 603 @ 66 MHz |
| Display | 640x480, 8-bit and 16-bit color |
| Sound | 16-bit, 44 kHz |
| Predecessor | Playdia |


title: 1956 La Flèche Wallonne

abstract: The 1956 La Flèche Wallonne was the 20th edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 5 May 1956. The race started in Charleroi and finished in Liège. The race was won by Richard Van Genechten.

text:
# 1956 La Flèche Wallonne

The **1956 La Flèche Wallonne** was the 20th edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 5 May 1956. The race started in Charleroi and finished in Liège. The race was won by Richard Van Genechten.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Richard Van Genechten (BEL) 6h 03' 55"  2  Sante Ranucci (ITA) \+ 50"  3  André Vlayen (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  4  Stan Ockers (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  5  Jef Planckaert (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  6  Roland Callebout (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  7  André Rosseel (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  8  André Auquier (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  9  Gérard Deborre (BEL) \+ 1' 07"  10  Pino Cerami (BEL) \+ 1' 07" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1956 La Flèche Wallonne
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 5 May 1956 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 221 km (137.3 mi) |
| Winning time | 6h 03' 55" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Richard Van Genechten (BEL)  Second  Sante Ranucci (ITA)  Third  André Vlayen (BEL) | |
|


abstract: The men's triple jump was one of four jumping events on the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. There were 7 competitors from 5 nations in the triple jump, then known as the "hop, skip, and jump" despite the wide range of techniques used by the competitors. The event was held on 6 April, immediately after the first heats of the 100 metre race. Since there was only one round of the triple jump, the winner was crowned as the first modern Olympic champion. The winning margin was 1.01 metres which as of 2023 remains the only time the men's triple jump was won by more than 60 cm at the Olympics.

text:
# Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump

The **men's triple jump** was one of four jumping events on the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. There were 7 competitors from 5 nations in the triple jump, then known as the "hop, skip, and jump" despite the wide range of techniques used by the competitors. The event was held on 6 April, immediately after the first heats of the 100 metre race. Since there was only one round of the triple jump, the winner was crowned as the first modern Olympic champion.

The winning margin was 1.01 metres which as of 2023 remains the only time the men's triple jump was won by more than 60 cm at the Olympics.

## Background

This was the first appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. There were 11 entrants, but only 7 men actually started.

## Competition format

There was a single round of jumping. There were no rules on the jumps allowed. "The styles of the medalists were described in The Field as follows: Connolly took two hops on his right foot and then a jump; Tuffèri performed a hop, step and a jump in the standard English method; and Persakis used two steps and a jump."

## Records

There were no standing Olympic records (as this was the first Games) before the event.

| **World record** | Matthew Roseingreue (IRL)* | **15.26 m (50 ft 34 in)** | Gort | 15 August 1895 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Olympic record** | *N/A* | ***N/A*** | *N/A* | *N/A* |

* unofficial

The following record was established during the competition:

| Date | Event | Athlete | Nation | Distance (m) | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| April 6 | Final | James Brendan Connolly | United States | 13.71 | **OR** |

## Schedule

The exact time of the contest is not known; it was the second event of the Games. The first day began with the arrival of the King and a brief opening ceremony at 3 p.m., followed by the first round of the 100 metres before the triple jump began.

| Date | | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gregorian | Julian | | |
| Monday, 6 April 1896 | Monday, 25 March 1896 |  | **Final** |

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Nation | Distance | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | James Brendan Connolly | United States | 13.71 | **OR** |
|  | Alexandre Tuffèri | France | 12.70 |  |
|  | Ioannis Persakis | Greece | 12.52 |  |
| 4 | Alajos Szokolyi | Hungary | 11.26 |  |
| 5 | Carl Schuhmann | Germany | Unknown |  |
| 6–7 | Fritz Hofmann | Germany | Unknown |  |
| | Khristos Zoumis | Greece | Unknown |  |
|  | Alfred Flatow | Germany | DNS |  |
| | Adolphe Grisel | France | DNS |  |
| | Pál Péthy | Hungary | DNS |  |
| | Friedrich Traun | Germany | DNS |  |

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Men's triple jump
at the Games of the I Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| James B. Connolly won the triple jump and became the first Olympic Champion since the 4th century AD | |
| Venue | Panathinaiko Stadium |
| Dates | 6 April 1896 |
| Competitors | 7 from 5 nations |
| Winning distance | 13.71 **OR** |
| Medalists | |
| James Brendan Connolly
United States  Alexandre Tuffèri
France  Ioannis Persakis
Greece | |
|


title: Barje (Leskovac)

abstract: Barje is a village in the municipality of Leskovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 372 people.

text:
# Barje (Leskovac)

**Barje** is a village in the municipality of Leskovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 372 people.

42°49′55″N 21°47′11″E / 42.83194°N 21.78639°E / 42.83194; 21.78639

## InfoBox

| Barje Барје | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Barje | |
| Coordinates: 42°49′55″N 21°47′11″E / 42.83194°N 21.78639°E / 42.83194; 21.78639 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Jablanica District |
| Municipality | Leskovac |
| Elevation | 1,427 ft (435 m) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 372 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: 2007 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series

abstract: The 2007 Fujitsu V8 Supercars Series was an Australian motor racing competition for V8 Supercars. It began on 1 March at the Adelaide Parklands Circuit and ended on 2 December at Phillip Island after seven rounds. The series was the eighth annual V8 Supercar Development Series. The series was won by Tony D'Alberto driving a Holden VZ Commodore.

text:
# 2007 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series

The **2007 Fujitsu V8 Supercars Series** was an Australian motor racing competition for V8 Supercars. It began on 1 March at the Adelaide Parklands Circuit and ended on 2 December at Phillip Island after seven rounds. The series was the eighth annual V8 Supercar Development Series.

The series was won by Tony D'Alberto driving a Holden VZ Commodore.

## Race calendar

The series consisted of six rounds supporting the 2007 V8 Supercar Championship Series and one stand-alone round.

| Rd. | Event | Circuit | Location | Date | Winner | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Clipsal 500 | Adelaide Street Circuit | Adelaide, South Australia | 1–4 Mar | Michael Caruso | Ford BA Falcon |
| 2 | Wakefield Park | Wakefield Park | Goulburn, New South Wales | 30 Mar – 1 Apr | Tony D'Alberto | Holden VZ Commodore |
| 3 | Winton | Winton Motor Raceway | Benalla, Victoria | 18–20 May | Tony D'Alberto | Holden VZ Commodore |
| 4 | Queensland 300 | Queensland Raceway | Ipswich, Queensland | 20–22 Jul | Michael Caruso | Ford BA Falcon |
| 5 | Jim Beam 400 | Oran Park Raceway | Sydney, New South Wales | 17–19 Aug | Owen Kelly | Ford BA Falcon |
| 6 | Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 | Mount Panorama Circuit | Bathurst, New South Wales | 4–7 Oct | Luke Youlden | Ford BA Falcon |
| 7 | Dunlop Grand Final | Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit | Phillip Island, Victoria | 30 Nov – 2 Dec | Michael Caruso | Ford BA Falcon |

## Teams and drivers

The following teams and drivers have competed during the 2007 Fujitsu V8 Supercar Series. This was the last year in which the Holden VX Commodore was eligible to compete in the series.

| Team | Vehicle | No. | Driver | Rounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sieders Racing Team | Ford AU Falcon | 13 | Colin Sieders | 1–6 |
| | Ford BA Falcon | 19 | David Sieders | 1–6 |
| Stones Motorsport | Holden VX Commodore | 24 | Nigel Stones | 3, 5–6 |
| Team Dynamik | Holden VZ Commodore | 28 | Simon Wills | 1 |
| MW Motorsport | Ford BA Falcon | 28 | Marcus Marshall | 2, 4 |
| | | | Matthew White | 3, 6 |
| | | | John McIntyre | 5 |
| | | | Geoff Emery | 7 |
| | | 29 | Tim Slade | 3–6 |
| | | Grant Denyer | 7 |
| Prodigy Motorsport | Ford BA Falcon | 29 | Clayton Pyne | 1 |
| | | 60 | José Fernández | 2–7 |
| | | 96 | 1 |
| | | 61 | Tom Drewer | 2 |
| | | Gene Rollinson | 3 |
| | | John McIntyre | 4 |
| | | Damian Assaillit | 5–7 |
| A.N.T. Racing | Ford BA Falcon | 30 | Tim Slade | 1–2 |
| | | | Luke Youlden | 7 |
| HPM Racing | Ford AU Falcon | 30 | Ryan Brown | 6 |
| | | 75 | Aaron McGill | All |
| | | 76 | Luke Youlden | 1–3 |
| | | Ford BA Falcon | 4–6 |
| | Phillip Scifleet | 7 |
| Partington Race Prep | Ford AU Falcon | 31 | Damian Assaillit | 1–4 |
| Howard Racing | Ford BA Falcon | 32 | Adam Sharpe | All |
| | | 37 | Mark Howard | All |
| | | 71 | Andrew Thompson | 1–5 |
| | | Shannon O'Brien | 7 |
| Peters Motorsport | Ford AU Falcon | 40 | Neil McFadyen | 1–2 |
| | | | Wayne Wakefield | 3–5 |
| | | 80 | Barry Tanton | 1–5 |
| | Ford BA Falcon | 91 | Gary Deane | 1–4 |
| | | Joel Spychala | 7 |
| Voight Contracting | Ford AU Falcon | 41 | Stephen Voight | 4 |
| Jay Motorsport | Holden VZ Commodore | 42 | Jay Verdnik | All |
| Jack Hillerman Racing | Holden VZ Commodore | 43 | Chris Alajajian | 2–6 |
| Kanga Loaders Racing | Holden VY Commodore | 44 | Chris Pither | 4–7 |
| O’Brien Motorsport | Ford BA Falcon | 45 | Shannon O'Brien | 1-6 |
| Greg Murphy Racing | Holden VZ Commodore | 46 | Dale Wood | All |
| | | 47 | Sam Walter | All |
| Image Racing | Ford AU Falcon | 48 | Dean Neville | 1–2, 4–6 |
| | | 49 | Terry Wyhoon | 2–3, 6–7 |
| | Ford BA Falcon | Owen Kelly | 4–5 |
| Novocastrian Motorsport | Holden VX Commodore | 58 | Drew Russell | 2-7 |
| Scott Loadsman Racing | Holden VY Commodore | 62 | Scott Loadsman | 1–2 |
| | Holden VZ Commodore | | | 3–7 |
| Shane Beikoff Racing | Ford AU Falcon | 68 | Shane Beikoff | 1, 3, 5, 7 |
| | | | Jonathan Beikoff | 2, 4, 6 |
| CarTrek Racing | Holden VX Commodore | 69 | Robert Jones | 3–4, 6–7 |
| Action Racing | Holden VZ Commodore | 73 | Marcus Zukanovic | All |
| Tony D'Alberto Racing | Holden VZ Commodore | 74 | Mark McNally | 1–5 |
| | | 99 | Tony D'Alberto | All |
| Ford Rising Stars Racing | Ford BA Falcon | 77 | Daniel Elliott | 1, 3 |
| | | | Grant Denyer | 2, 4–6 |
| | | 777 | Michael Caruso | All |
| Wollongong Performance Racing | Holden VZ Commodore | 85 | Damien White | All |
| | | 100 | Kayne Scott | All |
| Stone Brothers Racing | Ford BA Falcon | 94 | Jonathon Webb | All |
| Sydney Star Racing | Holden VY Commodore | 95 | Adam Wallis | 1 |
| | | | Taz Douglas | 2 |
| | | | Ashley Cooper | 3–5 |
| | | | Ash Samadi | 7 |
| | Holden VZ Commodore | 96 | Chris Pither | 3 |
| | | Mark McNally | 6–7 |
| | 98 | Brett Hobson | All |
|

## Series standings

| Pos Driver Ade Wak Win Que Ora Bat Phi Pts  1 Tony D'Alberto 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 5 3 1 DSQ DSQ Ret 6 9 5 **303**  2 Michael Caruso 1 1 15 7 6 Ret 6 5 1 7 1 24 6 14 2 22 1 1 **298**  3 Kayne Scott Ret 6 5 9 12 3 5 3 5 1 2 6 5 22 3 16 2 2 **259**  4 Jonathon Webb 3 5 8 1 9 24 12 Ret 13 8 4 4 3 4 Ret 10 3 Ret **206**  5 Luke Youlden Ret DNS 20 19 Ret 7 1 14 4 3 10 5 4 15 1 1 6 20 **198**  6 Damien White 5 3 18 8 8 Ret 8 22 23 14 27 8 2 3 8 DNS 5 3 **185**  7 Dale Wood 4 10 14 DSQ Ret 19 10 24 16 11 8 2 10 13 4 2 4 9 **180**  8 José Fernández 8 12 3 5 3 Ret Ret Ret 7 9 Ret Ret 28 6 6 3 11 12 **162**  9 Tim Slade 10 7 12 13 Ret 8 23 11 9 2 7 Ret 20 7 9 4   **139**  10 Marcus Zukanovic 18 DSQ 11 4 19 9 2 4 22 Ret 13 23 13 Ret 7 5 17 6 **127**  11 Andrew Thompson Ret 4 Ret 12 5 1 26 1 30 Ret 14 3 23 9     **117**  12 Shannon O'Brien 19 Ret 26 15 14 Ret 15 6 2 6 18 9 8 2 DNS 11 15 19 **102**  13 Jay Verdnik 17 8 7 Ret 4 Ret 22 Ret 14 DNS 17 Ret 19 19 11 7 18 8 **84**  14 Chris Pither      6 27 15 20 12 12 10 12 Ret 14 Ret 7 4 **80**  15 Marcus Marshall   4 3 2    6 4 Ret        **79**  16 Brett Hobson Ret 9 6 10 24 23 14 13 34 19 16 Ret 24 11 17 Ret 8 7 **77**  17 David Sieders Ret Ret 16 25 11 DNS DNS DNS 17 10 5 7 11 8 13 8   **75**  18 Sam Walter 16 13 9 6 7 22 18 Ret 26 16 Ret 13 Ret 10 Ret 12 10 Ret **70**  19 Adam Sharpe 9 16 13 26 15 5 20 12 8 22 9 Ret 14 20 15 Ret 14 Ret **67**  20 Damian Assaillit 14 19 28 21 Ret Ret 19 21 15 13 Ret 16 9 5 Ret 9 23 10 **58**  21 Matthew White      4 9 9       5 Ret   **53**  22 Mark McNally Ret 11 10 14 10 DSQ 21 10 28 18 Ret 11 27 16 Ret DNS Ret 11 **51**  23 Owen Kelly         DNS DNS DNS 25 1 1     **48**  24 Robert Jones      10 4 7 25 21 21    Ret 18 13 22 **40**  25 Terry Wyhoon   21 11 17 11 7 Ret       12 23 Ret Ret **31**  26 Scott Loadsman 7 20 19 18 Ret 20 31 Ret 19 Ret 25 Ret 22 23 20 19 12 13 **30**  27 John McIntyre         10 30 6 12 Ret Ret     **26**  28 Grant Denyer   17 22 16    Ret 28 20 Ret 17 12 10 13 Ret 18 **23**  29 Gene Rollinson      14 11 8           **19**  30 Mark Howard 12 Ret 22 Ret 20 13 Ret 16 12 27 15 17 16 21 19 Ret 22 21 **19**  31 Colin Sieders 15 18 23 16 21 12 30 18 11 26 23 18 21 18 23 14   **19**  32 Adam Wallis 6 Ret                 **18**  33 Wayne Wakefield      Ret 25 Ret 21 17 11 19 7 Ret     **17**  34 Chris Alajajian   1 Ret Ret Ret 17 19 Ret Ret DNS Ret 15 17 Ret DNS   **16** *  35 Neil McFadyen 11 Ret Ret 24 13              **13**  36 Clayton Pyne 13 15                 **9**  37 Aaron McGill DNS 17 Ret 20 23 18 13 17 Ret 24 24 15 Ret Ret 21 17 19 16 **6**  38 Joel Spychala                 20 14 **5**  39 Daniel Elliot Ret 14    21 24 Ret           **5**  40 Drew Russell   25 Ret 18 15 16 20 27 Ret 22 14 18 Ret 18 Ret Ret DNS **5**  41 Shane Beikoff Ret 22    Ret 29 23    20 26 25   21 15 **3**  42 Jonathan Beikoff   27 Ret Ret    32 25 26    16 15   **3**  43 Ashley Cooper      DNS DNS DNS 18 15 Ret Ret 30 Ret     **2**  Gary Deane Ret Ret 31 27 25 16 28 Ret 29 23 Ret        **0**  Dean Neville Ret Ret 32 Ret DNS    31 31 28 22 25 Ret Ret Ret   **0**  Barry Tanton DNS DNS 30 28 22 17 32 25 33 29 Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ     **0**  Simon Wills Ret 21                 **0**  Taz Douglas   29 23 Ret              **0**  Tom Drewer   24 17 Ret              **0**  Nigel Stones      DNS DNS DNS    21 29 24 Ret 21   **0**  Stephen Voight         24 20 19        **0**  Ryan Brown               22 20   **0**  Geoff Emery                 16 Ret **0**  Phillip Scifleet                 Ret 17 **0**  Ash Samadi                 Ret Ret **0** | Colour Result  Gold Winner  Silver Second place  Bronze Third place  Green Points finish  Blue Non-points finish  Non-classified finish (NC)  Purple Retired (Ret)  Red Did not qualify (DNQ)  Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)  Black Disqualified (DSQ)  White Did not start (DNS)  Withdrew (WD)  Race cancelled (C)  Blank Did not practice (DNP)  Did not arrive (DNA)  Excluded (EX) |
| --- | --- |

Note: Chris Alajajian scored 26 points during the series but was penalized 10 points, leaving a final total of 16.


title: Averill Peak

abstract: Averill Peak is a mountain summit located in the town of Saranac, in Clinton County, New York. It is part of the Adirondack Mountains.

text:
# Averill Peak

**Averill Peak** is a mountain summit located in the town of Saranac, in Clinton County, New York. It is part of the Adirondack Mountains.

## InfoBox

| Averill Peak | |
| --- | --- |
| Averill PeakLocation of Averill Peak in New York | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,803 ft (1,159 m) |
| Prominence | 363 ft (111 m) |
| Isolation | 1.09 mi (1.75 km) |
| Coordinates | 44°41′34″N 73°52′52″W / 44.69278°N 73.88111°W / 44.69278; -73.88111 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Saranac<br>New York, United States |
| Parent range | Adirondack Mountains |


title: Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin

abstract: Fontana-on-Geneva Lake is a village located on Geneva Lake in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,120 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin

**Fontana-on-Geneva Lake** (locally known as "Fontana") is a village located on Geneva Lake in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,120 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

Fontana-on-Geneva Lake is located at 42°32′39″N 88°33′58″W / 42.54417°N 88.56611°W / 42.54417; -88.56611 (42.544288, -88.566010).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.39 square miles (8.78 km2), of which, 3.35 square miles (8.68 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 385 |  |  |
| 1940 | 461 |  | 19.7% |
| 1950 | 726 |  | 57.5% |
| 1960 | 1,326 |  | 82.6% |
| 1970 | 1,464 |  | 10.4% |
| 1980 | 1,764 |  | 20.5% |
| 1990 | 1,635 |  | −7.3% |
| 2000 | 1,754 |  | 7.3% |
| 2010 | 1,672 |  | −4.7% |
| 2020 | 3,120 |  | 86.6% |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,672 people, 732 households, and 491 families living in the village. The population density was 499.1 inhabitants per square mile (192.7/km2). There were 2,308 housing units at an average density of 689.0 per square mile (266.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.9% White, 0.1% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 732 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.9% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.82.

The median age in the village was 50.6 years. 19.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.6% were from 25 to 44; 36.7% were from 45 to 64; and 22.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,754 people, 764 households, and 524 families living in the village. The population density was 592.0 people per square mile (228.8/km2). There were 1,974 housing units at an average density of 666.3 per square mile (257.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.23% White, 0.40% African American, 0.86% Asian, 0.40% from other races, and 0.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population.

There were 764 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $54,211, and the median income for a family was $63,594. Males had a median income of $41,750 versus $31,813 for females. The per capita income for the village was $32,266. About 2.4% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Recreation

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
5. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Fontana-on-Geneva Lake, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nickname: "Fontana" | |
| Location of Fontana-on-Geneva Lake in Walworth County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 42°32′39″N 88°33′58″W / 42.54417°N 88.56611°W / 42.54417; -88.56611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Walworth |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.39 sq mi (8.77 km2) |
| Land | 3.35 sq mi (8.67 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.10 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,120 |
| Density | 519.86/sq mi (200.73/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 53125 |
| Area code | 262 |
| FIPS code | 55-26350 |
| Website | www.villageoffontana.com |


title: Arrest of Randal Worcester

abstract: On August 21, 2022, Randal Ray Worcester, a 27-year-old white man, was violently arrested in Mulberry, Arkansas, United States by three law enforcement officers: Crawford County Sheriff deputies Zack King and Levi White, and Mulberry police officer Thell Riddle. A bystander's video of the arrest was posted online that day and spread widely across social media. By the next day, the three officers had been suspended with pay while state and federal authorities investigated the officers. Worcester filed a federal lawsuit against the officers and their departments eight days after the incident.

text:
# Arrest of Randal Worcester

On August 21, 2022, **Randal Ray Worcester**, a 27-year-old white man, was violently arrested in Mulberry, Arkansas, United States by three law enforcement officers: Crawford County Sheriff deputies Zack King and Levi White, and Mulberry police officer Thell Riddle. A bystander's video of the arrest was posted online that day and spread widely across social media. By the next day, the three officers had been suspended with pay while state and federal authorities investigated the officers. Worcester filed a federal lawsuit against the officers and their departments eight days after the incident.

## Incident

At around 10:00 am on Sunday, August 21, 2022, a convenience store clerk made a police report about a man in "gray, greasy pants"; the clerk alleged telling the man not to sit on the curb in front of the convenience store in Alma, Arkansas, to which the man responded by spitting on him and repeatedly telling him to "get back in the store or he would cut my face up"; the man left after making the threat.

At around 10:40 am that day, Randal Ray Worcester, a 27-year-old man from Goose Creek, South Carolina, was arrested by three law enforcement officers: Crawford County sheriff's deputies Zack King and Levi White, and Mulberry police officer Thell Riddle. The location of the arrest was outside a Kountry Xpress convenience store in Mulberry, Arkansas, around 11 miles east of Alma.

The following narrative of events was given by Crawford County Sheriff Jimmy Damante: as a result of the Alma incident, law enforcement were ordered to "be on the lookout" for Worcester, who rode his bicycle to the Mulberry Kountry Xpress, where a sheriff's deputy saw him. Worcester initially cooperated with the officers, said Damante. When an officer asked Worcester if he had any weapons, Worcester said he did, and at some point Worcester handed a weapon to an officer, indicated Damante on August 22. Worcester apparently became violent when the officers tried to take him into custody, said Damante. None of the responding law enforcement officers wore body cameras, but there was a dashcam video of the incident from the Mulberry police officer's vehicle, stated Damante.

The Associated Press reported: "Police said when the officers confronted the man, he pushed a deputy to the ground and punched the back of his head, leading to the arrest seen in the video."

The following narrative of events was given by a lawyer for Deputy Levi White on August 22: White confronted Worcester, who provided a false identity and "became irate and viciously attacked Deputy White by grabbing him by the legs, lifting him up and body slamming him, head first, on the concrete parking lot", then Worcester "continued to resist arrest, spit and bite at the officers, and refused to allow the officers to get the handcuffs on him- hence the necessity for three officers".

The following narrative of events was given in the filing for Worcester's federal lawsuit by his lawyers on August 29: When Worcester was confronted by the officers, he "was compliant as he explained" to them the earlier incident, where Worcester said he had asked for water from the store employee, who "became angry with him and asked him to leave the store"; Worcester told the officers about a "small pocketknife in his pocket but immediately gave it over to officers", so the officers knew that Worcester "was not armed". The filing continues that "without provocation, Defendant White aggressively attempted to put Mr. Worcester’s arms behind his back in an effort to handcuff him, without stating any reason for doing so. At no time did the Defendant Officers inform Mr. Worcester of his Miranda right when being handcuffed", and at no time did the officers "attempt to use de-escalation tactics or subdue Mr. Worcester with a taser and/or pepper spray". The filing continues that "a physical altercation ensued", Worcester was "tackled to the ground" and restrained, with the officers continuing to "repeatedly punch, kick and knee" Worcester, and alleges that deputy White picked up Worcester's head and "slammed his face and head into the concrete pavement".

### Bystander's video

A 34-second video of the arrest, taken by a bystander, was posted online on TikTok on August 21. The video then spread across social media, garnering millions of views.

The footage showed one officer holding Worcester down on the ground while the other two officers beat Worcester. One officer lifts and slams Worcester's head into the pavement, and also punched Worcester in the face multiple times. The other officer kneed Worcester in the side and in the back.

*BuzzFeed News* describes the video showing that "Worcester appears to be pinned to the concrete and largely unable to move much more than attempting to shield his face with his hands as the officers beat him repeatedly". BBC News describes the video showing that Worcester "covers his head with his hands and appears to be trying to roll up into a ball to protect himself."

Also in the video, a woman is heard shouting to the officers: "Don't beat him, he needs his medicine!" Meanwhile, one officer shouts to the filming bystander to "back the fuck up". The video ends when an officer points at the filming bystander and issues an order to stop filming.

### Post-arrest

Arkansas State Police stated on August 21 that Worcester was first treated in a hospital, and then jailed in the Crawford County jail in Van Buren, Arkansas, having been charged with second-degree battery, resisting arrest, refusal to submit, possessing an instrument of crime, criminal trespass, criminal mischief, terroristic threatening and second-degree assault. On August 22, Worcester was released from jail after a $15,000 bond was posted.

## Aftermath

### Investigations

The Arkansas State Police stated on August 21 that they are investigating the use of physical force by the three law enforcement officers. On August 22, the Arkansas State Police confirmed that the three law enforcement officers had been suspended with pay.

On August 22, the United States Department of Justice stated that they had started a civil rights investigation into the incident, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation also participating.

### Federal lawsuit

On August 29, Worcester's lawyers filed a federal lawsuit on his behalf against the three officers who arrested him, as well as their departments, the Crawford County Sheriff's Office, the Mulberry Police Department, and their respective leaders Jimmy Damante and Shannon Gregory. The lawsuit is regarding potential violations of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution (against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government) and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (the right for everyone to be protected under the law), and potential "negligence, assault, excessive force, and battery" by the officers.

### Reactions

Mulberry Mayor Gary Baxter stated on August 21 that he was "shocked and sickened" after viewing footage of the arrest.

Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson held a press conference on August 22 to address the incident, where he said that it was "reprehensible in conduct" when "a suspect is beaten in that fashion", with the officers' response being "not consistent with the training they received" as law enforcement officers in Arkansas.

A man and a woman came forward on August 23 in a press conference, alleging that Crawford County sheriff's deputy Levi White recently used excessive force against them in separate arrests, and that the Crawford County sheriff's office ignored their complaints. The man stated that he was beaten with a baton and a stun gun was used multiple times on him during the arrest; ultimately his "head was split open" and he had multiple bruises and abrasions. The woman said that when she took a video of White, he grabbed her arm, swung her around, threw her phone, wrapped his arm around her neck, sent her to the ground, kneed her side, and then proceeded to “smash her face” into the ground.

The Associated Press reported policing experts as stating that the video showed "red flags" about the officers' actions, since they had Worcester pinned to the ground from the start of the video. Geoffrey Alpert, a University of South Carolina criminology professor studying the use of force on police, stated that officers could use "pain strikes to get compliance" from a resisting suspect, but such strikes are "not a blow to the head". Philip Stinson, a Bowling Green State University criminologist and former law enforcement officer, stated that if Worcester had earlier attacked an officer, then the officers beating him may have been punitive, but this would not be legally justified.

Two CNN senior law enforcement analysts stated that even if Worcester attacked the officers as alleged, the officers appeared to use excessive force in the video. Andrew McCabe, a former deputy director of the FBI, stated that the officers did not seem to be using any accepted techniques for handcuffing a suspect. Charles H. Ramsey, a former Philadelphia Police commissioner, stated that "blows to the head" would produce the opposite effect if law enforcement were "trying to get a person to put their hands behind their back", because the suspect would be inclined to "lift your hands to try to protect your face".

### Arrest of deputies

The two deputies involved in the incident were arrested on January 24, 2023 and charged with excessive force and civil rights violations, punishable by up to 10 years in prison. Their trials were pushed to May of 2024.

On April 19, 2024, Levi White entered a plea guilty to a felony count of deprivation of rights under color of law. He was the second to plead guilty after Zackary King entered a plea of guilty to one misdemeanor count of deprivation of rights under color of law the Monday before.


title: Appan (film)

abstract: Appan is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language tragedy-drama film co-written and directed by Maju and jointly produced by Josekutty Madathil and Ranjith Manambarakkat under the banners of Sunny Wayne Productions and Tiny Hands Productions. The film stars Wayne as a rubber tapper, with Ananya, Alencier Ley Lopez, Grace Antony, and Pauly Valsan featuring in major supporting roles. The cinematography of Appan was done by Pappu and was edited by Kiran Das. The soundtrack was composed by Dawn Vincent.

text:
# Appan (film)

***Appan*** (transl.Father) is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language tragedy-drama film co-written and directed by Maju and jointly produced by Josekutty Madathil and Ranjith Manambarakkat under the banners of Sunny Wayne Productions and Tiny Hands Productions. The film stars Wayne as a rubber tapper, with Ananya, Alencier Ley Lopez, Grace Antony, and Pauly Valsan featuring in major supporting roles. The cinematography of *Appan* was done by Pappu and was edited by Kiran Das. The soundtrack was composed by Dawn Vincent.

## Plot

Njoonju, a rubber tapper lives with his father, mother, wife, and son in a small village.

Ittychan, his father, is bedridden, but has always been and continues to be narcissistic, cruel, and a womaniser despite his condition. He harasses, abuses, and tortures his wife, Kuttyamma, and Njoonju. All his family members wait longingly for his death. Many villagers who had bitter experiences with his behavior in the past even make plans to kill him.

Ittychan manipulates his family members to bring their next-door neighbour and prostitute, Sheela, to live with him and take care of him. Though initially the family and Sheela were at loggerheads, both parties warm up to each other as the family sees Sheela as a good-natured woman who ended up in this stage due to different situations (later, they understand Ittychan had killed Sheela's father to own her and then dragged her to their hometown resulting in her current situation of having to fend for herself through prostitution), and Sheela sees the family are good people, unlike Ittychan.

Noonju makes a plan to leave the village but can't force himself to let go of his duties as a son. Meanwhile, Ittychan's friend dies committing suicide after listening to the news that a man named Kuriakose has been released from Jail.

On a Christmas evening, Kuriakose, whose wife was raped and killed by Ittychan, comes to their house to kill him. Njoonju tries to protect his father. While Njoonju and Kuriakose are fighting, Ittychan asks Kuriakose to kill Njoonju, take the woman, and in return, give him back his life. Sheela gets furious at his words and stabs Ittychan to death. Kuriakose leaves the house. Njoonju and his family inform the neighborhood that Ittychan died from a mild attack. It is indicated that Njoonju's family and Sheela together live peacefully in that home after that.

## Cast

* Sunny Wayne as Njoonju
* Alencier Ley Lopez as Ittychan, Njoonju's father
* Pauly Valsan as Kuttyamma, Ittychan's wife
* Ananya as Rosy, Njoonju's wife
* Grace Antony as Molykutty, Njoonju's younger sister
* Vijilesh Karayad as Boban, Molykutty's husband
* Radhika Radhakrishnan as Sheela
* Anil K. Sivaram as Varghese, Ittychan's friend
* Drupad Krishna as Abel, Njoonju's son
* Geethi Sangeetha as Latha,a neighbour
* Unni Raja as Suku
* Shamsudheen Makarathodi as Jhonson
* Ashraf as Kuriako

## Filming

The film began principal photography in September 2021 at Thodupuzha in Kerala, where it was extensively shot. The shoot was completed in 50 days.

## Release

Initially, the film was planned to be released in theatres. Later, it was released through the SonyLIV platform on 27 October 2022.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Appan | |
| --- | --- |
| Official Film Poster | |
| അപ്പൻ | |
| Directed by | Maju |
| Written by | Maju
R Jayakumar |
| Produced by | Josekutty Madathil
Ranjith Manambarakkat |
| Starring | Sunny Wayne
Ananya
Alencier Ley Lopez
Grace Antony
Pauly Valsan
Geethi Sangeetha |
| Cinematography | Pappu
Vinod Illampally |
| Edited by | Kiran Das |
| Music by | Dawn Vincent |
| Production
company | Tiny Hands Productions |
| Distributed by | SonyLIV |
| Release date | * 28 October 2022 (2022-10-28) |
| Running time | 129 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: Athanasius IV Jawhar

abstract: Athanasius IV Ignace Michael Jawhar was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1788 to 1794. He previously claimed to be patriarch from 1759 to 1764 and from 1765 to 1768.

text:
# Athanasius IV Jawhar

**Athanasius IV Ignace Michael Jawhar** (or *Jahouar* or *Jauhar* or *Giohar*, 1733–1794) was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1788 to 1794. He previously claimed to be patriarch from 1759 to 1764 and from 1765 to 1768.

## Life

Michael Jawhar was born in Damascus on 18 September 1733 and he was the great-nephew of patriarch Cyril VI Tanas. He entered in the Basilian Salvatorian Order taking the religious name *Ignace*. In 1759, Cyril VI Tanas, old and ill, decided to have Jawhar as successor, even if Jawhar was not jet ordained priest. Jawhar left his monastery without the permission of the superior and was ordained priest. Cyril VI Tanas summoned a synod of bishops on 30 July 1759 where he resigned and Jawhar succeeded being elected patriarch under the name of *Athanasius*. He was consecrated bishop the next 31 July by Cyril VI Tanas, who died a few months later, on 10 January 1760.

Although Jawhar's election was supported by the bishops of the Basilian Salvatorian Order (both Cyril VI and Jawhar were Salvatorians) who represented a minority in the Melkite population, the bishops of the Basilian Chouerite Order contested such election pointing out that Jawhar was not in the legal age to be appointed bishop. Rome, unaware that appointing a nephew was a common use in the Melkite Church before the union with Rome, not confirmed Jawhar's election and on 1 August 1760 appointed in his place the Chouerite Maximos Hakim as Patriarch.

The clashes for the patriarchate between anti-patriarch Jawhar against patriarch Maximos II Hakim (and later Theodosius V Dahan) from 1760 to 1768 were mainly due to the opposition between the two religious orders, the Basilian Salvadorians and the Basilian Chouerites and between the different communities from which they recruit members (the Salvatorians recruited mainly in the area of Damascus, while Chouerites recruited mainly in the area of Aleppo). Clashes with anti-patriarchs happened often in the pre-division Melkite Church: for example Cyril Dabbas was anti-patriarch from 1613 to 1628, Neophite of Chio was anti-patriarch from 1674 to 1684, Athanasius Dabbas from 1685 to 1694.

Jawhar did not submit to patriarch Maximos II Hakim and excommunicate him and all his partisans: for this reason Jawhar was in turn excommunicated on 1 August 1761. Nor Jawhar accepted as patriarch Theodosius V Dahan who was elected shortly later the death of Maximos Hakim: he answered consecrating two bishops by his own initiative. Jawhar appealed to the Pope and to support his position he traveled to Rome where he arrived in March 1762. The election of Theodosius Dahan was however confirmed on 23 September 1763 by the Roman Congregation of Propaganda Fide and on 23 December 1763 by another synod of the Mekite bishops. This solution was not accepted by the Basilian Salvadorians bishops in Lebanon who answered consecrating other three bishops (among them also the future patriarch Francis Siaj). Another synod was held in Lebanon on 13 February 1764 reaching this compromise: Jawahr became bishop of Saida while Theodosius Dahan remained patriarch but had to paid the huge debt that Jawahr made to support his claim. On 25 June 1764, the Pope formally confirmed the election of Theodosius Dahan and Jawhar accepted, thus the 1761 excommunication was lifted. In August 1764 Jawhar returned to Lebanon where anyway a few months later, in February 1765 he was again proclaimed patriarch by some bishops: Rome answered with a formal excommunication on 14 September 1765. Because of this excommunication most of Jawhar's partisans left him, and in 1768 he, along with four bishops, submitted to patriarch Theodosius Dahan: all excommunication were lifted and Jawhar remained bishop of Saida.

Athanasius Jawhar was finally elected legal patriarch on 5 May 1788 after the death of Theodosius Dahan. He was confirmed by the pope on 30 March 1789 and he received the pallium on 30 June 1790.

In 1790, he summoned a synod of bishop at the Holy Saviour monastery to begin to implement a canon law for the Melkite Church. Athanasius IV Jawhar died on 2 December 1794.

## InfoBox

| Athanasius IV Jawhar | |
| --- | --- |
| Patriarch of Antioch | |
| Church | Melkite Greek Catholic Church |
| See | Antioch |
| Installed | 5 May 1788 |
| Term ended | 2 December 1794 |
| Predecessor | Theodosius V Dahan |
| Successor | Cyril VII Siaj |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 31 July 1759 (Bishop)
by Cyril VI Tanas |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael Jawhar
18 September 1733
Damascus |
| Died | 2 December 1794(1794-12-02) (aged 61) |