title: Earl Cadogan

abstract: Earl Cadogan is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Great Britain for the Cadogan family. The second creation, in 1800, was for Charles Cadogan, 3rd Baron Cadogan.

text:
# Earl Cadogan

**Earl Cadogan** /kəˈdʌɡən/ is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Great Britain for the Cadogan family. The second creation, in 1800, was for Charles Cadogan, 3rd Baron Cadogan.

## History

Of Welsh origin, the family name was spelt *Cadwgan* until the early 15th century. According to *Burke's Peerage*, the family descends from: Rees ap Griffith ap Llewelyn ap Meredith Bengoch ap Howell (Lord of Penbuallt) ap Sitsylt (Lord of Builth) ap Llewelyn (Lord of Builth) ap Cadwgan ap Elystan Glodrydd ("The Renowned"), Prince of Fferreg, of Dol-y-Gaer, Breconshire.

Major William Cadogan (1601–1661) was a cavalry officer in Oliver Cromwell's army. His son Henry Cadogan was a barrister in Dublin. His eldest son William Cadogan was a noted soldier, politician and diplomat. He was a general in the army and fought in the War of the Spanish Succession and also served as Ambassador to the Netherlands and as Master-General of the Ordnance. In 1716, he was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain as **Baron Cadogan**, of Reading in the County of Berkshire, with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body. In 1718, he was further honoured when he was made **Baron Cadogan**, of Oakley in the County of Buckingham, with remainder, failing heirs male of his own, to his younger brother Charles Cadogan and the heirs male of his body, and **Viscount Caversham**, in the County of Oxford, and **Earl Cadogan**, in the County of Denbigh, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. These titles were also in the Peerage of Great Britain.

Lord Cadogan had two daughters but no sons, so on his death in 1726, three titles—the barony of 1716, the viscountcy, and earldom—became extinct. However, he was succeeded in the barony of 1718 according to the special remainder by his brother Charles, the second Baron. He was a General of the Horse and also represented Reading and Newport, Isle of Wight, in the House of Commons. Cadogan married Elizabeth, second daughter and heiress of the prominent physician and collector Sir Hans Sloane. Through this marriage the Sloane estates in central London came into the Cadogan family, and these have been the basis of the family wealth ever since.

His son, the third Baron, sat as Member of Parliament for Cambridge and served as Master of the Mint. In 1800 the earldom of Cadogan held by his uncle was revived when he was created **Viscount Chelsea**, in the County of Middlesex, and **Earl Cadogan**. These titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain. His youngest son, the third Earl (who succeeded his half-brother in 1832), was an admiral in the Royal Navy. In 1831, one year before he succeeded in the earldom, he was raised to the Peerage of the United Kingdom in his own right as **Baron Oakley**, of Caversham in the County of Oxford. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fourth Earl. He was a Conservative politician and served under Lord Derby and Benjamin Disraeli as whip, Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1866 to 1868.

His eldest son, the fifth Earl, was also a noted Conservative politician. He held office under Disraeli and later Lord Salisbury as Under-Secretary of State for War, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Privy Seal and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (with a seat in the cabinet). His second son Henry Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea, heir apparent to the earldom from 1878 to 1908, represented Bury St Edmunds in Parliament as a Conservative, but died in 1908, seven years before his father. His only son Edward, Viscount Chelsea, died in 1910 at the age of seven. Lord Cadogan was therefore succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son, the sixth Earl. As of 2023, the titles are held by the latter's great grandson, the ninth Earl, who succeeded his father in 2023.

Several other members of the Cadogan family have gained distinction. Lady Sarah Cadogan, daughter of the first Earl of the first creation, married Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and was the mother of the famous Lennox sisters (and also the grandmother of Charles James Fox). Sir George Cadogan, second son of the third Earl, was a general in the army. Two further members represented seats in the House of Commons. Sir Alexander Cadogan, eighth and youngest son of the fifth Earl, was the most senior civil servant to a troubled government department (Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs) between 1938 and 1946, that of World War II and his personal notes reflect his part in shaping the policies which aided the survival of Britain and its British Empire's resources in Asia during that war.

The Earls Cadogan are wealthy landowners, having planned and developed and still owning Cadogan Estates, which covers much of Chelsea and parts of the much smaller area of Knightsbridge, and second only to the Duke of Westminster as Central London's richest landlords (whose surname, Grosvenor, is also closely associated with some of the most ornate London architecture).

The family seat was Culford Park, near Culford, Suffolk.

The rampant lion in the Earl Cadogan coat of arms is shown in the badge of Chelsea F.C.

## Horse racing

In horse racing the family who own horses use the colour Eton blue, which is similar to the turquoise of Cambridge University, registered *c.* 1889.

## Earls Cadogan, First Creation (1718)

* William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan (1672–1726)

## Barons Cadogan (1716)

## Earls Cadogan, Second Creation (1800)

The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son George Edward Charles Diether Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea (b. 1995).

Notes References  1. "No. 15317". *The London Gazette*. 6 December 1800. p. 1375.
2. Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.203
3. Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). *Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood* (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 636. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
4. "The Earl Cadogan". At The Races. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Attribution

## InfoBox

| Earldom of Cadogan | |
| --- | --- |
|
*Quarterly: 1st and 4th gules, a lion rampant reguardant or (for Cadogan); 2nd and 3rd argent, three boar's heads couped sable.* | |
| Creation date | 27 December 1800 |
| Creation | Second |
| Created by | George III |
| Peerage | Peerage of Great Britain |
| First holder | Charles Cadogan, 3rd Baron Cadogan |
| Present holder | Edward Charles Cadogan, 9th Earl |
| Heir apparent | George Edward Charles Diether Cadogan, Viscount Chelsea |
| Remainder to | Heirs male of the first earl's body lawfully begotten |
| Subsidiary titles | Viscount Chelsea
Baron Oakley |
| Former seat(s) | Culford Park |
| Motto | **QUI INVIDET MINOR EST**
**("He who envies is the inferior")** |


title: Amakhton Bay

abstract: Amakhton Bay is a small bay on the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk in Magadan Oblast. It forms the northwestern portion of Taui Bay. The bay is entered between the mouth of the Arman River to the northeast and Cape Amakhton to the southwest. It is 48.3 km wide. Shelikan lies on the south side of the bay. Tidal currents can reach 2 to 2.5 knots in the bay.

text:
# Amakhton Bay

**Amakhton Bay** (Russian: Амахтонский залив; *Zaliv Amakhtonsky*) is a small bay on the north coast of the Sea of Okhotsk in Magadan Oblast. It forms the northwestern portion of Taui Bay. The bay is entered between the mouth of the Arman River to the northeast and Cape Amakhton to the southwest. It is 48.3 km (about 30 mi) wide. Shelikan lies on the south side of the bay. Tidal currents can reach 2 to 2.5 knots in the bay.

## History

American whaleships cruised for bowhead whales in the bay in the 1850s and 1860s. They also traded with the native settlements for milk and fish.

59°40′N 149°37′E / 59.667°N 149.617°E / 59.667; 149.617


title: 1911–12 Manchester United F.C. season

text:
# 1911–12 Manchester United F.C. season

The 1911–12 season was Manchester United's 20th season in the Football League and fifth in the First Division.

## FA Charity Shield

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 September 1911 | Swindon Town |  | 8–4 | Halse (6), Turnbull, Wall | 10,000 |

## First Division

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance | League
position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 September 1911 | Manchester City | A | 0–0 |  | 35,000 | 9th |
| 9 September 1911 | Everton | H | 2–1 | Halse, Turnbull | 20,000 | 7th |
| 16 September 1911 | West Bromwich Albion | A | 0–1 |  | 35,000 | 10th |
| 23 September 1911 | Sunderland | H | 2–2 | Stacey (2) | 20,000 | 12th |
| 30 September 1911 | Blackburn Rovers | A | 2–2 | West (2) | 30,000 | 12th |
| 7 October 1911 | Sheffield Wednesday | H | 3–1 | Halse (2), West | 30,000 | 11th |
| 14 October 1911 | Bury | A | 1–0 | Turnbull | 18,000 | 6th |
| 21 October 1911 | Middlesbrough | H | 3–4 | Halse, Turnbull, West | 20,000 | 9th |
| 28 October 1911 | Notts County | A | 1–0 | Turnbull | 15,000 | 7th |
| 4 November 1911 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 1–2 | Halse | 20,000 | 10th |
| 11 November 1911 | Preston North End | H | 0–0 |  | 10,000 | 9th |
| 18 November 1911 | Liverpool | A | 2–3 | Roberts, West | 15,000 | 13th |
| 25 November 1911 | Aston Villa | H | 3–1 | West (2), Roberts | 20,000 | 8th |
| 2 December 1911 | Newcastle United | A | 3–2 | West (2), Halse | 40,000 | 8th |
| 9 December 1911 | Sheffield United | H | 1–0 | Halse | 12,000 | 7th |
| 16 December 1911 | Oldham Athletic | A | 2–2 | Turnbull, West | 20,000 | 6th |
| 23 December 1911 | Bolton Wanderers | H | 2–0 | Halse, Turnbull | 20,000 | 3rd |
| 25 December 1911 | Bradford City | H | 0–1 |  | 50,000 | 6th |
| 26 December 1911 | Bradford City | A | 1–0 | West | 40,000 | 2nd |
| 30 December 1911 | Manchester City | H | 0–0 |  | 50,000 | 4th |
| 1 January 1912 | Arsenal | H | 2–0 | Meredith, West | 20,000 | 3rd |
| 6 January 1912 | Everton | A | 0–2 |  | 12,000 | 4th |
| 20 January 1912 | West Bromwich Albion | H | 1–2 | Wall | 8,000 | 4th |
| 27 January 1912 | Sunderland | A | 0–1 |  | 12,000 | 8th |
| 10 February 1912 | Sheffield Wednesday | A | 0–3 |  | 25,000 | 9th |
| 17 February 1912 | Bury | H | 0–0 |  | 6,000 | 10th |
| 2 March 1912 | Notts County | H | 2–0 | West (2) | 10,000 | 10th |
| 16 March 1912 | Preston North End | A | 0–0 |  | 7,000 | 12th |
| 23 March 1912 | Liverpool | H | 1–1 | Nuttall | 10,000 | 12th |
| 30 March 1912 | Aston Villa | A | 0–6 |  | 15,000 | 13th |
| 5 April 1912 | Arsenal | A | 1–2 | Turnbull | 14,000 | 14th |
| 6 April 1912 | Newcastle United | H | 0–2 |  | 14,000 | 16th |
| 9 April 1912 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 1–1 | Wall | 20,000 | 15th |
| 13 April 1912 | Sheffield United | A | 1–6 | Nuttall | 7,000 | 17th |
| 17 April 1912 | Middlesbrough | A | 0–3 |  | 5,000 | 17th |
| 20 April 1912 | Oldham Athletic | H | 3–1 | West (2), Wall | 15,000 | 14th |
| 27 April 1912 | Bolton Wanderers | A | 1–1 | Meredith | 20,000 | 16th |
| 29 April 1912 | Blackburn Rovers | H | 3–1 | Hamill, Meredith, West | 20,000 | 13th |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Blackburn Rovers (C) | 38 | 20 | 9 | 9 | 60 | 43 | 1.395 | 49 |  |
| 2 | Everton | 38 | 20 | 6 | 12 | 46 | 42 | 1.095 | 46 |  |
| 3 | Newcastle United | 38 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 64 | 50 | 1.280 | | 44 |
| 4 | Bolton Wanderers | 38 | 20 | 3 | 15 | 54 | 43 | 1.256 | | 43 |
| 5 | The Wednesday | 38 | 16 | 9 | 13 | 69 | 49 | 1.408 | | 41 |
| 6 | Aston Villa | 38 | 17 | 7 | 14 | 76 | 63 | 1.206 | | 41 |
| 7 | Middlesbrough | 38 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 56 | 45 | 1.244 | | 40 |
| 8 | Sunderland | 38 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 58 | 51 | 1.137 | | 39 |
| 9 | West Bromwich Albion | 38 | 15 | 9 | 14 | 43 | 47 | 0.915 | | 39 |
| 10 | Woolwich Arsenal | 38 | 15 | 8 | 15 | 55 | 59 | 0.932 | | 38 |
| 11 | Bradford City | 38 | 15 | 8 | 15 | 46 | 50 | 0.920 | | 38 |
| 12 | Tottenham Hotspur | 38 | 14 | 9 | 15 | 53 | 53 | 1.000 | | 37 |
| 13 | Manchester United | 38 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 45 | 60 | 0.750 | | 37 |
| 14 | Sheffield United | 38 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 63 | 56 | 1.125 | | 36 |
| 15 | Manchester City | 38 | 13 | 9 | 16 | 56 | 58 | 0.966 | | 35 |
| 16 | Notts County | 38 | 14 | 7 | 17 | 46 | 63 | 0.730 | | 35 |
| 17 | Liverpool | 38 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 49 | 55 | 0.891 | | 34 |
| 18 | Oldham Athletic | 38 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 46 | 54 | 0.852 | | 34 |
| 19 | Preston North End (R) | 38 | 13 | 7 | 18 | 40 | 57 | 0.702 | 33 | Relegation to the Second Division |
| 20 | Bury (R) | 38 | 6 | 9 | 23 | 32 | 59 | 0.542 | | 21 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## FA Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 January 1912 | First Round | Huddersfield Town | H | 3–1 | West (2), Halse | 19,579 |
| 3 February 1912 | Second Round | Coventry City | A | 5–1 | Halse (2), West (2), Turnbull | 17,130 |
| 24 February 1912 | Third Round | Reading | A | 1–1 | West | 24,069 |
| 29 February 1912 | Third Round
Replay | Reading | H | 3–0 | Turnbull (2), Halse | 29,511 |
| 9 March 1912 | Fourth Round | Blackburn Rovers | H | 1–1 | *own goal* | 59,300 |
| 14 March 1912 | Fourth Round
Replay | Blackburn Rovers | A | 2–4 | West (2) | 39,296 |

## InfoBox

Manchester United
| 1911–12 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | John Henry Davies |
| Manager | Ernest Mangnall |
| First Division | 13th |
| FA Cup | Fourth Round |
| FA Charity Shield | Winners |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Enoch West (17)
All:
Enoch West (23) |
| Highest home attendance | 59,300 vs Blackburn Rovers (9 March 1912) |
| Lowest home attendance | 6,000 vs Bury (17 February 1912) |
| Average home league attendance | 21,972 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ma Chérie

abstract: "Ma Chérie" is a song by Swiss DJ and producer DJ Antoine taken from his studio album Welcome to DJ Antoine. It features Serbian DJ-duo, The Beatshakers and features the vocals of Swiss singer-songwriter Maurizio Pozzi. The song became a top-ten hit in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Slovakia, Poland and Switzerland. The original Ma Cherie song was created in the 2007 by The Beatshakers with the voice of the singer Alberto, the lyrics by Danica Krstajić and the music by Boris Krstajić. A remix of the song with Pitbull and Mad Mark was released in 2013, gaining over 20 million streams on Spotify as of 2020. In addition, another remix with both Pitbull and Enrique Iglesias was recorded, but never released.

text:
# Ma Chérie

"**Ma Chérie**" is a song by Swiss DJ and producer DJ Antoine taken from his studio album *Welcome to DJ Antoine*. It features Serbian DJ-duo, The Beatshakers and features the vocals of Swiss singer-songwriter Maurizio Pozzi. The song became a top-ten hit in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Slovakia, Poland and Switzerland. The original Ma Cherie song was created in the 2007 by The Beatshakers with the voice of the singer Alberto, the lyrics by Danica Krstajić and the music by Boris Krstajić.

A remix of the song with Pitbull and Mad Mark was released in 2013, gaining over 20 million streams on Spotify as of 2020. In addition, another remix with both Pitbull and Enrique Iglesias was recorded, but never released.

## Track listings

CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ma Chérie" (DJ Antoine Vs Mad Mark 2k12 Radio Edit) | 3:12 |
| 2. | "Ma Chérie" (Remady Radio Edit) | 3:27 |

## Charts and certifications

## InfoBox

| "Ma Chérie" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by DJ Antoine featuring The Beat Shakers | |
| from the album  *Welcome to DJ Antoine* | |
| Released | October 28, 2011 (2011-10-28) |
| Genre | Electro house |
| Length | 3:48 |
| Songwriter(s) | Maurizio Pozzi, Fabio Antoniali, Antoine Konrad, Boris Krstajic, D. Krstajic |
| DJ Antoine singles chronology | |
| "Sunlight"
(2011) "**Ma Chérie**"
(2011) "I'm on You"
(2012) | |


title: Armond J. Berthelot

abstract: Adjutant Armond/Armand Jean Berthelot (1894–1961) was a French World War I flying ace credited with eleven confirmed aerial victories. He was a scourge to enemy aerial observers, as his victory record contained six observation aircraft and two observation balloons.

text:
# Armond J. Berthelot

Adjutant **Armond/Armand Jean Berthelot** (1894–1961) was a French World War I flying ace credited with eleven confirmed aerial victories. He was a scourge to enemy aerial observers, as his victory record contained six observation aircraft and two observation balloons.

## Early life

Armond Jean Berthelot was born in Saint-Marc on 11 July 1894.

## Military service

On 8 October 1912, Berthelot enlisted in the French military for three years. He first served in the 3eme Dragons. He was promoted to enlisted Brigadier on 3 August 1913, and once more, to Maréchal-des-logis on 2 April 1915. On 5 November 1916, he entered pilot training; he earned Pilot's Brevet No. 5703, which was awarded him on 18 March 1917. He was also awarded metallic pilot badge number B 12324. His first aerial assignment, on 22 May 1917, was to Escadrille 365 in defense of Paris. Two months later, on 27 July, Berthelot was reassigned to Escadrille N15 ('N' denoting the unit's use of Nieuports).

On 24 March 1918, he destroyed a German observation balloon. On 12 April, he was again a balloon buster, ruining one over Mézières. Upgraded to a Spad, he started downing enemy observation planes: three in May, including a shared win with Bernard Artigau; another on 6 June. Exactly a month later, he was awarded the *Médaille Militaire*; a prerequisite of the award was the *Croix de Guerre*, which he held with ten *palmes* and an *etoile de bronze*. On 14 August, he picked up his winning skein, shooting down a Rumpler observation plane. Berthelot scored twice in September, then doubled on 9 October to finish the war with eleven victories.

On 25 April 1919, Armand Jean Berthelot was appointed a Chevalier in the *Légion d'honneur*.

## Honors and awards

"Remarkable pursuit pilot with high moral values and exceptional skill, a model of bravery and spirit. He recently downed his 6th enemy plane. Four citations." *Médaille Militaire* citation, 7 July 1918

"Pursuit pilot beyond compare, has reported 11 official victories. Médaille Militaire for feats of war. Ten citations." *Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur* citation, 25 April 1919

## Endnotes

* *Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918* (1992). Norman L. R. Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.

## InfoBox

| Armond/Armand Jean Berthelot | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1894-07-11)July 11, 1894<br>Saint Marc |
| Died | September 19, 1961(1961-09-19) (aged 67) |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | Cavalry; aviation |
| Years of service | 1912– |
| Rank | Adjutant |
| Unit | Escadrille 15 |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre |


title: Alan Carter (dancer)

abstract: Alan Carter, was an English ballet dancer, choreographer, teacher, and company director, active in numerous countries in Europe and the Middle East. Perhaps best remembered for his work in films, notably The Red Shoes and The Tales of Hoffmann, he was known in his later years as a ballet master and as a gifted painter, pianist, composer, and writer.

text:
# Alan Carter (dancer)

**Alan Carter** (24 December 1920 – 30 June 2009), was an English ballet dancer, choreographer, teacher, and company director, active in numerous countries in Europe and the Middle East. Perhaps best remembered for his work in films, notably *The Red Shoes* and *The Tales of Hoffmann*, he was known in his later years as a ballet master and as a gifted painter, pianist, composer, and writer.

## Early life and training

Born in London on Christmas Eve of 1920, Alan Carter became interest in ballet in his boyhood. When he reached his early teens, he began training at Serafina Astafieva's Russian Dancing Academy at The Pheasantry on King's Road in Chelsea. Astafieva had danced with the Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg and with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes before opening her school in London, where she was highly regarded as a teacher. Carter then moved on to advanced classes with Nikolai Legat, another well-known Russian teacher, who had danced with the Imperial Russian Ballet for many years before moving to London to escape the social unrest that threatened to overthrow the tsarist autocracy. From these two teachers, Carter received a thorough grounding in classical ballet technique. He completed his education at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, located in a church building on Conduit Street, where he studied acting and stagecraft as well as dance.

## Professional career

In 1937, Carter joined the *corps* of the Vic-Wells Ballet (later called the Sadler's Wells Ballet, now the Royal Ballet) and was soon promoted to soloist. In 1938, Frederick Ashton, principal choreographer of the company, cast him and Richard Ellis as the Gemini in Constant Lambert's ballet *Horoscope* and then entrusted him with the title role in a revised and extended version of *Harlequin in the Street*, set to music by François Couperin. June Brae and Michael Somes were the formal lovers in this lighthearted pièce, but "sixteen-year-old Alan Carter as Harlequin stole most of the acclaim. His clean, easy technique encouraged Ashton to experiment again with virtuosic choreography, resulting in a lively display of bouncing batterie and nimble footwork."

For the next few years, Carter continued to display his virtuosity in many roles in the company repertory, until he was called up for military service in 1941. After serving five years in the Royal Air Force during World War II, he returned to London and joined the newly formed Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet in 1946 as principal dancer and choreographer. His first ballet was *The Catch*, set to music by Béla Bartok, in which he himself took the principal role of the Elder Brother. À reviewer for *The Stage* commented that Carter had used Bartok's music "with imagination and skill."

Carter then moved on to films, serving as ballet master for *The Red Shoes* (1948) and *The Tales of Hoffmann* (1951), both produced by the team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, both starring ballerina Moira Shearer, and both featuring characters portrayed by Robert Helpmann and Léonide Massine. Carter also served as choreographer of the British comedy film *The Man Who Loved Redheads* (1955), again starring Moira Shearer. Following that, he was ballet master for two Hollywood films. *Invitation to the Dance* (1956) is an anthology of three stories, each featuring Gene Kelly. Other dancers in the cast include Tamara Toumanova, Igor Youskevitch, Diana Adams, Tommy Rall, and Carol Haney. *Ballerina* (also 1956), directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, stars Elisabeth Muller as a famous ballerina stricken with polio and worried that her understudy will usurp her place.

While doing his film work, Carter formed and directed the St. James Ballet for the Arts Council of Great Britain, also serving it as choreographer and dancer. In the early 1950s, he was ballet master and choreographer to the famed Empire Cinema, on Leicester Square, and choreographer of dance numbers for the London Palladium Show. The international phase of his career began in 1954, with his appointment as director of the Bayerische Staatsballett (Bavarian State Ballet) in Munich, Germany. Thereafter he worked as company director and choreographer in the Netherlands, Israël, Norway, France, Turkey, Finland, Iceland, and Iran. In 1976, he became artistic co-director, with Felicity Gray, of the Elmhurst School for Dance, a residential school in Camberley, Surrey, combining dance studies with academics, now affiliated with the Birmingham Royal Ballet.

## Personal and later life

Carter was married to fellow dancer Julia Murthwaite, who started the junior division of the Elmhurst School. In 1977, they moved to Bournemouth, on the southern coast, where they eventually took over the Wessex School of Dancing and became active in the local ballet club. During their years there, Carter mounted productions of *Coppélia, The Sleeping Beauty*, and other works for the Bournemouth Ballet Club and choreographed and directed the musicals *My Fair Lady* and *Annie Get Your Gun* for the Bournemouth and Boscombe Light Opera Company.

Once their daughter Alexandra was in university, the Carters began to spend winters in Spain, where they often offered a warm refuge to friends from the chilly climate of England. During his later years, Carter spent much time at his drawing table and his easel, creating images of dancers and dancing that he called "choreographics." Besides drawing and painting, he enjoyed playing the piano, reading, and gardening. The couple returned permanently to Bournemouth when Carter's health began to deteriorate from the effects of cancer. After several years of illness, eased by the devoted care of his wife, he died peacefully at home at the age of 88.


title: Earth One (DC graphic novel series)

abstract: Earth One (EO) was an imprint of graphic novels published by DC Comics, featuring re-imagined and modernized versions of the company's superhero characters from the DC Universe. Those characters include Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and the Teen Titans, as well as others whose characteristics and origin stories are revised and altered to suit the 21st century audience. The shared universe, unlike the original DC Universe in comic books, has yet to cross over its common plot elements, settings, and characters. The reality of Earth One is designated as Earth-1 as part of the DC Multiverse. The imprint was launched in 2010 with the publication of Superman: Earth One, followed by Batman: Earth One in 2012. The Earth One universe would expand as more graphic novels are released, including Teen Titans: Earth One in 2014, Wonder Woman: Earth One in 2016 and Green Lantern: Earth One in 2018, with other novels currently under development.

text:
# Earth One (DC graphic novel series)

**Earth One** (**EO**) was an imprint of graphic novels published by DC Comics, featuring re-imagined and modernized versions of the company's superhero characters from the DC Universe. Those characters include Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and the Teen Titans, as well as others whose characteristics and origin stories are revised and altered to suit the 21st century audience. The shared universe, unlike the original DC Universe in comic books, has yet to cross over its common plot elements, settings, and characters. The reality of Earth One is designated as **Earth-1** as part of the DC Multiverse.

The imprint was launched in 2010 with the publication of *Superman: Earth One*, followed by *Batman: Earth One* in 2012. The Earth One universe would expand as more graphic novels are released, including *Teen Titans: Earth One* in 2014, *Wonder Woman: Earth One* in 2016 and *Green Lantern: Earth One* in 2018, with other novels currently under development.

## Publication history

### Releases

In 2009, DC Comics announced the Earth One line of graphic novels, which were planned to be printed in 2010 with the first issues of *Superman: Earth One* and *Batman: Earth One*. *Superman: Earth One* was issued in October 2010, while *Batman: Earth One* was held to be released at the same time as *The Dark Knight Rises* film in July 2012. Volume Two of *Superman: Earth One* was confirmed at that time to be released later that year, in October, with additional volumes of *Batman: Earth One* confirmed as well. *Wonder Woman: Earth One* Volume One was in development in 2013. *Teen Titans: Earth One* debuted in November 2014. In 2015, Volume Three of *Superman: Earth One* was released in February, three months prior the May publication for Volume Two of *Batman: Earth One* (which was announced for release in 2013 before being postponed). In the same year, two Earth One graphic novels were announced to have yet to come out; those were *Aquaman: Earth One* by writer/artist Francis Manapul and *The Flash: Earth One* by writer J. Michael Straczynski, who also wrote the *Superman: Earth One* series. In 2016, Volume One of *Wonder Woman: Earth One* and Volume Two of *Teen Titans: Earth One* were released in April and August, respectively.

The line was revived in July 2017 in which the Green Lantern (Hal Jordan) would receive his first Earth One graphic novel, which was released in March 2018, seven months before the launch for Volume Two of *Wonder Woman: Earth One* in October. After 2012's Volume One and 2015's Volume Two of *Batman: Earth One*, Volume Three was originally announced to debut in 2018, but was pushed back for 2021 due to writer Geoff Johns and artist Gary Frank's work on DC Rebirth and *Doomsday Clock*. Volume Two of *Green Lantern: Earth One* was scheduled to be published in late July 2020, but was delayed for a release in August. A month later, during DC FanDome, Jim Lee, DC's current publisher and CCO, revealed in a pre-recorded video for the event that more graphic novels from the Earth One line are in development. In the following months, Volume Three of both *Wonder Woman: Earth One* and *Batman: Earth One* were published in March and June 2021, respectively.

In January 2021, DC officially cancelled *Aquaman: Earth One*, as its writer/artist Manapul was reportedly leaving the company, therefore abandoning the project.

### Crossover

In January 2015, *The Multiversity Guidebook* No. 1 was launched, a guidebook to the DC Multiverse with detailed entries of all 52 existing worlds that make it up; one of the universes present is Earth One (Earth-1), as the guide features this world's versions of the DC heroes along with a brief description of their universe. The issue is considered by many fans as the first crossover of the Earth One imprint and its characters, and until then, due to the lack of interaction, it was debated whether the novels even existed in the same continuity or not. Despite the aforementioned lack of interaction between the graphic novels, the characters from the Earth One universe still appear in some of the company's comic books. For example, Earth One's Batman makes a cameo appearance in the 10th issue of *Batman: Arkham Unhinged*.

In an interview with *IGN* from June 2015, Dan DiDio, DC's co-publisher at the time, was questioned about a crossover between the graphic novels, but he discarded the idea. However, in April 2021, Grant Morrison, the writer of both *Wonder Woman: Earth One* and *The Multiversity*, expressed their opinion on how an Earth One crossover will happen "eventually".

## List of graphic novels

Earth One volumes
| Title | Volume | Publication date | Writer | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Superman: Earth One* | One | October 27, 2010 | J. Michael Straczynski | Shane Davis |
| | Two | | | October 31, 2012 |
| | Three | | February 4, 2015 | Ardian Syaf |
| *Batman: Earth One* | One | July 4, 2012 | Geoff Johns | Gary Frank |
| | Two | | | May 6, 2015 |
| | Three | | | June 8, 2021 |
| *Teen Titans: Earth One* | One | November 19, 2014 | Jeff Lemire | Terry Dodson |
| | Two | | August 10, 2016 | Andrew T. MacDonald |
| *Wonder Woman: Earth One* | One | April 6, 2016 | Grant Morrison | Yanick Paquette |
| | Two | | | October 3, 2018 |
| | Three | | | March 9, 2021 |
| *Green Lantern: Earth One* | One | March 20, 2018 | Gabriel Hardman, Corinna Bechko | Gabriel Hardman |
| | Two | | | August 11, 2020 |
| *Aquaman: Earth One* | One | TBD | Francis Manapul | |
| | | *The Flash: Earth One* | J. Michael Straczynski |  |

## Overview

### Premise

> This freshly created Universe is still cooling and as yet unformed. Earth-1's known superbeings – Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman and the Teen Titans – are at the beginning of their careers. Time and space are still pliable, and nothing here is certain.
>
> *The Multiversity Guidebook* No. 1

The premise of the Earth One imprint is to reimagine the characters of DC Comics by featuring "their first years and earliest moments retold in a standalone, original graphic novel format, on a new Earth with an all-new continuity". The intent is to reboot DC's most iconic superheroes and supervillains by presenting new, updated versions with revised origin stories in a modern setting to an audience that hasn't read these characters' comics previously, or hasn't seen them lately. Unlike most of the company's publications, which are comic books released monthly, the output of Earth One consists entirely of graphic novels that are launched at once. The project has been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics, which was a successful attempt to reintroduce Marvel's most popular characters to a new generation of readers. Another comparison to Earth One was with the All Star line, an earlier attempt by DC to revamp its characters in a separate continuity, although it failed in its goal mainly due to scheduling problems.

### Characters

As the series takes place in a new continuity unrelated to any other in DC, the characters presented in the novels remain relatively faithful to their original counterparts from the main DC Universe, although they still differ from each other in a number of notable aspects and characteristics. For example: Batman, who is usually depicted as a near-perfect crime-fighter, is portrayed in the novels as inexperienced and constantly prone to mistakes; the Teen Titans, instead of sidekick superheroes, are presented as a group of teenagers who developed powers after being subjected to experiments by S.T.A.R. Labs; Lex Luthor is reimagined as a married couple rather than just one man; Harvey Dent, who in the mainstream comics is the supervillain Two-Face, dies and his twin sister Jessica Dent (an exclusive *Batman: Earth One* character) becomes the Earth One version of the villain; Steve Trevor, originally a Caucasian character in the comics, is written as an African American in the novels; and General Zod is the uncle of Superman, unlike his comic book counterpart who is unrelated to the hero. In addition to reinterpreting already established comic book characters, the Earth One series also introduces new characters unique to the graphic novels, such as the serial killer Birthday Boy and the aforementioned Jessica Dent, with both characters debuting in Volume One of *Batman: Earth One*.

### Creative teams

> "What I'm trying to do is to dig in to the character and look at him through modern eyes. If you were to create the Superman story today, for the first time, but keep intact all that works, what would it look like?"

— Artist Shane Davis in December 2009

Following the announcement of the Earth One imprint, Geoff Johns was attached to write the first Batman graphic novel, with Gary Frank as its artist. Gabriel Hardman, co-writer (alongside Corinna Bechko) and artist of the *Green Lantern: Earth One* series, explained in an interview to *Inverse* how he intended to differentiate the novel from other interpretations of the title character: "It was incredibly obvious it was going to be difficult to tell the story they were trying to tell and make that work. At that point, I ended up thinking about what would make a good Green Lantern story. What would be a good way to approach Green Lantern from the ground up? It's not difficult. You just have to strip away the things that work for a character \[that's been\] around for fifty years but aren't necessary to telling \[a story\]. You can take away some of the trappings that aren't absolutely necessary to tell a core Green Lantern story".

### Schedule

A constant criticism from fans regarding the graphic novels has been about their irregular releases. Jim Lee explained the reason behind this: "We are still publishing the Earth One series, they're just not on a super regular schedule, because we reached out to top creators and gave them the time to tell their stories. Whenever they finish their projects, we take them, package them, and publish them". On the subject, DiDio stated: "We're trying to be much more selective when we do original graphic novels. If you look back to when I first got here, and we were producing a lot of prestige format books – we were churning out a lot of them, and they were a higher price point, and they were supposed to have a higher level of quality than what was going on in the regular line. But when you produce too much of that, it all starts to water itself down. Here we want to be very selective, and try to find the right teams for the right characters. That's why we're not rushing these books out – we're actually taking our time, and putting them out when they're ready, because we feel that there's going to be a hunger and interest to the audience for these creators and these characters, so when it does arrive, we're presenting it in the best form possible to reach the widest audience".

## Reception

Reviewing *Superman: Earth One*, *Ain't It Cool News* complimented the Earth One series for its realism, calling it the future of the comics and the Superman, and also expressed an interest to see more graphic novels published in Earth One line. In July 2012, Andrew Asberry called the Earth One line "edgy" and "exciting", noting how the "drastic" alterations made from the classic continuity of comics to the new continuity of graphic novels could be more attractive to readers. Also, Asberry compared Earth One to Marvel's Ultimate Universe, as, according to him, whereas the Ultimate Universe was more focused on making stories less convoluted so they could be accessible to new readers, Earth One is making them accessible to new readers while reimagining them entirely.

Writing for *IGN*, Jesse Schedeen compared *Teen Titans: Earth One* to the graphic novels of Superman and Batman that came before, as they all offer a streamlined, contemporary take on the characters in a new world free from any previous continuity, while also commenting on how *Teen Titans* doesn't even seem to be connected to the other Earth One graphic novels. Schedeen later criticized the pace of the Earth One series, saying it's "slowly growing", in addition to pointing out that one of the problems that the Earth One books face is the space limitations imposed by the graphic novel format, where the stories, according to him, "devolve into rudimentary two-act tales where the main players are introduced and then the climax immediately unfolds". Despite some criticism, he later gave positive review to some of the titles, like Green Lantern and Wonder Woman, feeling that the creators offered a new approach and reinvention to the characters in Earth One series.

Matt Santori of *Comicosity* praised the Earth One line for "establishing the youth and inexperience" of DC characters.

Reviewing Volume Two of *Green Lantern: Earth One*, *GamesRadar+*'s Pierce Lydon wrote that the Earth One line became a success for DC as it offered writers to take an established characters to a new direction. Ray Goldfield of GeekDad said the Volume Three of *Wonder Woman: Earth One* is "by far the most unique and bizarre of the Earth One books".

## In other media

### Television

### Films

* The 2013 film *Man of Steel* features similarities, in addition to adapting various aspects of the *Superman: Earth One* graphic novel. Such aspects include: a Clark Kent who is much more hesitant about revealing himself until the threat of an alien invasion forces him to do so and the story ending with him joining the Daily Planet.
* In the 2016 film *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice*, Alfred Pennyworth (Jeremy Irons) is based on the Earth One iteration of the character.
* The 2022 film *The Batman* features some similarities with the *Batman: Earth One* graphic novel, though director Matt Reeves has not officially cited it as an inspiration. Some of those similarities are: the portrayal of a still young and inexperienced Batman (Robert Pattinson) at the beginning of his career as a crime-fighter, the Riddler (Paul Dano) being a serial killer targeting Gotham City's corrupt elite, and the depiction of Alfred (Andy Serkis) as a former Royal Marine responsible for training Bruce in combat.

### Video games

The 2011 video game *Batman: Arkham City*, its 2013 prequel *Batman: Arkham Origins* and its 2015 sequel *Batman: Arkham Knight* feature a number of alternative outfits for Batman to wear, including one based on the costume used by the Earth One version of the character.

### Web series

*Grayson: Earth One* is a fan-made web series, directed and written by Hisonni Johnson, and is available on the YouTube channel P3Series. It follows a hypothetical, alternate universe scenario similar to the premise of the Earth One imprint, in which Richard Grayson / Nightwing was never adopted by Bruce Wayne / Batman after the murder of his parents and, as a result, he did not become his sidekick Robin. The series stars Stephen McCain as Grayson, Kevin Porter as Batman, Jono Cota as Jason Todd, Angela Gulner as Barbara Gordon, Rileah Vanderbilt as Helena Bertinelli, Katie Young as Carrie Kelly, Daz Crawford as Victor Friese, and Christian Lawrence Wade as Crispus Allen. Originally planned for a six-episode season, production on the series had to be halted due to budget problems, which resulted in the release of only the first two episodes: the first, "Anything for Babs", on June 1, 2013, and the second, "The Boy and the Bullet", on March 4, 2015.

* All Star DC Comics, another DC Comics imprint similar to Earth One.
* The New 52, a reboot and revamp of DC's superhero books for easier access for new comic readers.
* Heroes Reborn, an attempt by Marvel Comics to reimagine their characters in a separate continuity from 1996 to 1997, albeit less successful.
* Ultimate Marvel, a Marvel imprint that also did a modern reimagining of its characters.

## InfoBox

Earth One
| Official logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | DC Comics |
| Status | Inactive |
| Predecessor | All Star DC Comics |
| Founded | 2009 |
| Defunct | 2021 |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | New York City |
| Publication types | Graphic novels |
| Fiction genres |  |


title: 1510 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1510 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

### Great Britain

### Other

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 |
| *+...* |


title: 1761 in poetry

text:
# 1761 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

### Charles Churchill terrorises the London stage

In March, poet Charles Churchill's *Rosciad* was published at his own expense, after several publishers refused it. The reckless and amusing satire described with disconcerting accuracy the faults of various actors on the London stage, and the poem immediately became popular, both for its personal character, vigour and raciness. No leading London actor, with the exception of David Garrick, had escaped censure, and in the *Apology* Garrick was clearly threatened. The actor deflected criticism by showing every possible civility to Churchill, who became a terror to the stage. Actor Thomas Davies, in a letter to Garrick, wrote that he blundered in the part of Cymbeline owing "to my accidentally seeing Mr. Churchill in the pit, it rendering me confused and unmindful of my business".

Churchill's satire made him many enemies, and brought reprisals. In *Night, an Epistle to Robert Lloyd* (also published this year), be answered the attacks made on him, offering by way of defence the argument that any faults were better than hypocrisy. Churchill received a considerable sum from sales of the poem, paid off all of his old creditors, and gave an allowance to his wife.

### James Macpherson "finds" the work of "Ossian"

This year James Macpherson announced the discovery of an epic on the subject of *Fingal* which Macpherson claimed was written by Ossian. In December he published *Fingal, an Ancient Epic Poem in Six Books, together with Several Other Poems composed by Ossian, the Son of Fingal, translated from the Gaelic Language*, written in the musical measured prose of which Macpherson had made use in his earlier volume. The authenticity of these so-called translations from the works of a 3rd-century bard was immediately challenged in England, and Samuel Johnson, after some local investigation, would assert (in *A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland*, 1775) that Macpherson had found fragments of ancient poems and stories, then wove into a romance of his own composition. Macpherson is said to have challenged Johnson, who replied that he was not to be deterred from detecting what he thought a cheat by the menaces of a ruffian. Macpherson never produced his originals, which he refused to publish on the grounds of expense. Modern scholars tend to agree with Johnson's assessment.

## Works published

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 |
| *+...* |


title: 1562 in Sweden

abstract: Events from the year 1562 in Sweden

text:
# 1562 in Sweden

Events from the year **1562 in Sweden**

## Incumbents

## Events

* 2 June - Swedish troops conquer Pärnu.
* 4 October - The wedding between Prince John and Catherine Jagiellon causes a conflict between the king and his brother due to a bet on which brother would marry her, because they believed she was homely.
* Summer - Swedish troops conquer Paide.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| **Years in Sweden:** | 1559 1560 1561 **1562** 1563 1564 1565 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 15th century · **16th century** · 17th century |
| **Decades:** | 1530s 1540s 1550s **1560s** 1570s 1580s 1590s |
| **Years:** | 1559 1560 1561 **1562** 1563 1564 1565 |


title: 1561 in music

text:
# 1561 in music

## Events

## Publications

* *Il terzo libro della muse*, a collection of secular music
* Jacques Arcadelt*Quatorsième livre de chansons* (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
* Jacquet de Berchem*Primo Secundo e Terzo Libro del Cappricio* for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano), a madrigal cycle setting stanzas of Orlando Furioso, and the first musical work to be titled "Cappricio"
* Ippolito Chamaterò – First book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
* Ippolito Ciera – First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
* Nicolao Dorati – Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
* Jacquet of Mantua
    + First book of *messe del fiore* for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto), published posthumously
    + Second book of *messe del fiore* for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto), published posthumously
* Jacobus de Kerle
    + *Liber psalmorum ad vesperas* (Book of Vespers Psalms) for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
    + First book of Magnificats for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
* Gerardus Mes*Souter liedekens* (Antwerp: Tielman Susato), a collection of psalms
* Jan Nasco – Lamentations for four voices (Venice: Antonio Gardano)
* Christoph Praetorius*Melodia epithalamii* for five voices (Wittenberg), a wedding motet

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in music (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Easan Labhar

abstract: Easan Labhar is a series of waterfalls on the island of Mull, Scotland. It lies on the Allt an Easain Labhair near Gruline west of Salen. There are also unnamed waterfalls on the Allt na Linne burn just to the east. The Allt an Easain Labhar is a minor tributary of the Allt Glac an Lin, which itself joins the River Ba on the beach at Killiechronan just before it flows into Loch na Keal. The name Easan Labhar is from the Gaelic language and means "the talkative waterfalls".

text:
# Easan Labhar

**Easan Labhar** is a series of waterfalls on the island of Mull, Scotland. It lies on the Allt an Easain Labhair near Gruline west of Salen. There are also unnamed waterfalls on the Allt na Linne burn just to the east.

The Allt an Easain Labhar is a minor tributary of the Allt Glac an Lin, which itself joins the River Ba on the beach at Killiechronan just before it flows into Loch na Keal.

The name Easan Labhar is from the Gaelic language and means "the talkative waterfalls".

56°30′15″N 6°00′50″W / 56.50418°N 6.01392°W / 56.50418; -6.01392


title: 1800 in Germany

abstract: Events from the year 1800 in Germany.

text:
# 1800 in Germany

Events from the year **1800 in Germany**.

## Incumbents

### Holy Roman Empire

#### Important Electors

### Kingdoms

### Grand Duchies

### Principalities

### Duchies

### Other

## Events

## Births

### Approximate date

* Abraham Rice, German-born rabbi, first ordained rabbi to serve in the United States (died 1862)

## Deaths

Media related to 1800 in Germany at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1800<br>History of Germany    Timeline    Years |


title: 1800 in Iceland

abstract: Events in the year 1800 in Iceland.

text:
# 1800 in Iceland

Events in the year **1800 in Iceland**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* June 6: The Althingi is formally dissolved, with the National High Court being established the following year.
* The first Icelandic cookbook, *A Simple Cooking Pocket for Older Manna Housewives*, was published.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events in 1800 **·** Timeline of Icelandic history |


title: East Africa Exchange

abstract: The East Africa Exchange (EAX), also, East African Commodity Exchange, is a privately funded regional, agricultural commodities exchange in East Africa. It was launched in Kigali, Rwanda, in July 2014. EAX is the third-largest agricultural commodities exchange in Africa, behind the South African Futures Exchange and the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange.

text:
# East Africa Exchange

The **East Africa Exchange** (EAX), also, **East African Commodity Exchange**, is a privately funded regional, agricultural commodities exchange in East Africa. It was launched in Kigali, Rwanda, in July 2014. EAX is the third-largest agricultural commodities exchange in Africa, behind the South African Futures Exchange and the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange.

## Location

The headquarters of EAX are located on the 12th Floor, at Kigali City Tower, Avenue du Commerce, in the city of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. The coordinates of the headquarters of EAX are:1°56'37.0"S, 30°03'34.0"E (Latitude:-1.943601; Longitude:30.059431).

## Overview

The primary objective of the exchange is to facilitate farmers and producers of agricultural produce with obtaining fair prices for their goods and merchandise and in accessing reasonable funding for their businesses. Starting with maize and beans, the exchange plans to expand into coffee, tea, and rice. As of March 2016, EAX is operational in Rwanda and Kenya with plans to enter Uganda in 2016.

## Shareholding

The table below illustrates the shareholding in EAX:

East Africa Exchange Stock Ownership
| Rank | Name of Owner | Percentage Ownership |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Heirs Holdings Plc. |  |
| 2 | Berggruen Holdings S.A. |  |
| 3 | 50 Ventures Inc. |  |
| 4 | Ngali Holdings Limited |  |
|  | **Total** | **100.00** |
|

* The shares of the first three shareholders are jointly held in an investment vehicle called **Africa Exchange Holdings Limited** (AFEX)

01°56′37″S 30°03′34″E / 1.94361°S 30.05944°E / -1.94361; 30.05944


abstract: A special election was held in Georgia's 1st congressional district on July 9, 1792, to fill a vacancy caused by the House Committee on Elections finding on March 21, 1792, that electoral fraud had been involved in Anthony Wayne's election in 1791. His election was declared void and he was removed from the House.

text:
# 1792 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election

A **special election** was held in **Georgia's 1st congressional district** on July 9, 1792, to fill a vacancy caused by the House Committee on Elections finding on March 21, 1792, that electoral fraud had been involved in Anthony Wayne's election in 1791. His election was declared void and he was removed from the House.

## Election results

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Percent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Milledge | Anti-Administration | 254 | 55.2% |
| Matthew MacAllister | Pro-Administration | 205 | 44.6% |
| John Glen |  | 1 | 0.4% |

Milledge took his seat on November 22, 1792


title: 1792 Bourbon

abstract: 1792 Bourbon, formerly known as Ridgewood Reserve 1792 and 1792 Ridgemont Reserve, is a Kentucky straight Bourbon whiskey produced since 2002 by the Barton 1792 Distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky. The brand and distillery have been owned by the Sazerac Company since 2009. It is part of a line of small-batch bourbons aimed at the high-end liquor market. It is sold at 93.7 U.S. proof. The name of the bourbon is a reference to the year Kentucky became a state. The bourbon is positioned as a premium brand, and the pricing policy makes it a competitor to Knob Creek or Woodford Reserve. This reflects a trend in bourbon production, resulting from competition with single malt whisky, which makes small batch bourbons a big business. When originally introduced, the bourbon carried a "Small Batch Aged 8 years" statement on the back label and "8-year-old" in the text printed on the back of the bottle. In December 2013, the age statement was dropped from the label and replaced with the wording "small batch bourbon whiskey" and the term "8-year-old" was removed from the text. 1792 Bourbon was originally introduced into the market by Barton as "Ridgewood Reserve 1792". The Brown-Forman Corporation sued Barton for trademark infringement, arguing that the similar name and bottle design of Ridgewood Reserve could potentially create consumer confusion with Brown-Foreman's older Woodford Reserve brand. A federal judge ruled in favor of Brown-Forman in 2004, and Barton changed the name of the product to "1792 Ridgemont Reserve" to comply with the ruling. The company later dropped the "Ridgemont Reserve" from the name, making it just "1792 Bourbon".

text:
# 1792 Bourbon

**1792 Bourbon**, formerly known as **Ridgewood Reserve 1792** and **1792 Ridgemont Reserve**, is a Kentucky straight Bourbon whiskey produced since 2002 by the Barton 1792 Distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky. The brand and distillery have been owned by the Sazerac Company since 2009. It is part of a line of small-batch bourbons aimed at the high-end liquor market. It is sold at 93.7 U.S. proof (46.85% alcohol by volume).

The name of the bourbon is a reference to the year Kentucky became a state. The bourbon is positioned as a premium brand, and the pricing policy makes it a competitor to Knob Creek or Woodford Reserve. This reflects a trend in bourbon production, resulting from competition with single malt whisky, which makes small batch bourbons a big business.

When originally introduced, the bourbon carried a "Small Batch Aged 8 years" statement on the back label and "8-year-old" in the text printed on the back of the bottle. In December 2013, the age statement was dropped from the label and replaced with the wording "small batch bourbon whiskey" and the term "8-year-old" was removed from the text.

1792 Bourbon was originally introduced into the market by Barton as "Ridgewood Reserve 1792". The Brown-Forman Corporation sued Barton for trademark infringement, arguing that the similar name and bottle design of Ridgewood Reserve could potentially create consumer confusion with Brown-Foreman's older Woodford Reserve brand. A federal judge ruled in favor of Brown-Forman in 2004, and Barton changed the name of the product to "1792 Ridge*mont* Reserve" to comply with the ruling. The company later dropped the "Ridgemont Reserve" from the name, making it just "1792 Bourbon".

## InfoBox

1792 Bourbon
| 1792 Bourbon bottle | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Bourbon whiskey |
| Manufacturer | The Sazerac Company |
| Country of origin | Kentucky, United States |
| Introduced | 2002 |
| Alcohol by volume | 46.85% |
| Proof (US) | 93.7 |
| Related products | Barton Brands |


title: 1800 in Spain

abstract: Events from the year 1800 in Spain.

text:
# 1800 in Spain

Events from the year **1800 in Spain**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

*
*
*
*

## Deaths

*
*
*
*

Media related to 1800 in Spain at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| **Years in Spain:** | 1797 1798 1799 **1800** 1801 1802 1803 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1770s 1780s 1790s **1800s** 1810s 1820s 1830s |
| **Years:** | 1797 1798 1799 **1800** 1801 1802 1803 |


title: 15th Delaware General Assembly

abstract: The 15th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1790, and was the second year of the administration of President Joshua Clayton. The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.

text:
# 15th Delaware General Assembly

The **15th Delaware General Assembly** was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in Dover, Delaware, convening October 20, 1790, and was the second year of the administration of President Joshua Clayton.

The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not effect the number of delegates.

## Leadership

### Legislative Council

* George Mitchell, Sussex County

### House of Assembly

## Members

### Legislative Council

Councilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.

### House of Assembly

Assemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term.

* Martin, Roger A. (1995). *Memoirs of the Senate*. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.

## InfoBox

| 15th Delaware General Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| 14th 16th | |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | Delaware General Assembly |
| Term | October 20, 1790 (1790-10-20) – October 20, 1791 (1791-10-20) |


title: Alonzo Sánchez

abstract: Alonso Sánchez was a Spanish Jesuit missionary, one of the first Jesuits in the Philippines.

text:
# Alonzo Sánchez

**Alonso Sánchez** (1547  27 May 1593) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary, one of the first Jesuits in the Philippines.

## Life

Born in Mondéjar, Guadalajara, Spain, he entered the Society of Jesus at Alcalá on 27 May 1565. He was rector of the college of Navalcarnero, taught grammar for five years, and in 1579 went to the mission of Mexico, where he was rector of the seminary.

Early in 1581 he set out for the Philippines with Bishop Domingo de Salazar. Sánchez and his companion, Antonio Sedeno, and a lay brother, were the first Jesuits in these islands. The bishop made Sánchez his counsellor, appointed him to write the acts of the synod of Manila, and, when Sánchez was sent on an embassy to China, interrupted the synod until Sánchez had returned.

Twice Sánchez was despatched on official business to China, where he met celebrated Jesuit missionaries of that country and from Japan. He was thus able to publish later an account of the state of Christianity of China at the end of the sixteenth century. He was also a promoter of the *empresa de China*.

By the unanimous vote of all the Spanish officials, civil and religious, of the merchants and other leading citizens, Sánchez was chosen to go to Madrid as representative of the colony in 1586. Sánchez's mission to Philip II of Spain was very successful, his arguments moving the king to retain the islands, which many of his advisors had been urging him to abandon. From Madrid he went to Rome, and was there welcomed by Pope Sixtus V, from whom he received many privileges for the Catholic church in the Philippines. In a brief of 28 June 1591, Pope Gregory XIV praises the apostolic labours and writings of Sánchez, calling him a true defender of the authority and rights of the Holy See. Pope Innocent IX addressed to him the bull *Inter felices*, in which he lauds his work. Pope Clement VIII at his request granted various favours to the bishop and clergy in the islands.

Sánchez gave an account of the Jesuit missions in the Philippines to Aquaviva, the general of the Society of Jesus. It had been proposed to withdraw the priests from the Archipelago, but Aquaviva, following the plan proposed by Sánchez, determined that the society should remain, and made the Manila residence a college with Sedeno as its first rector.

Sánchez now asked to be allowed to return to the Philippines, but was sent instead as visitor to some of the Spanish provinces of the Society of Jesus, where there were serious domestic and external troubles. The tact of Sánchez gained the day; he expelled some influential but turbulent members from the Society, and won over the king, the Inquisition, and prominent personages, so that they became better disposed towards the Society.

Sánchez was elected one of the representatives of the Province of Toledo to the Fifth General Congregation of the Society, but he remarked that he had a more important journey to make than the one to Rome. He died twelve days later, at Alcalá de Henares, on the feast of the Ascension.

## Works

His writings include chiefly short treatises, memorials, and the like. A catalogue and summary of forty-one of these, drawn up by the author, is given by Colín.

Attribution * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Alonzo Sánchez". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The entry cites:
    + Francisco Colín, *Labor Evangelica*, new ed. by Pablo Pastell (Barcelona, 1900);
    + Sommervogel, *Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus*: Biblogr., III (Brussels, 1896);
    + Antonio Astrain, *Hist. de la Compania de Jesus en la Asistencia de Espana*, III (Madrid, 1909);
    + Ferdinand de Guilhermy, *Menologe de la Companie de Jesus, assistance d'Espagne* (Paris, 1902).


title: East Lulworth

abstract: East Lulworth is a village and civil parish nine miles east of Dorchester, near Lulworth Cove, in the county of Dorset, South West England. It consists of 17th-century thatched cottages. The village is now dominated by the barracks of the Royal Armoured Corps Gunnery School who use a portion of the Purbeck Hills as a gunnery range. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 160. The nearby Lulworth Estate grounds contain the first Roman Catholic chapel to be built since the time of the Protestant Reformation. It was designed in 1786 by John Tasker in the form of a Greek mausoleum at a cost of £2,380. It was the private chapel of the recusant Weld family. The Weld-Blundell family, formerly owners of the estate, were descendants of the Welds. The Church of England parish church is dedicated to St. Andrew. Only the perpendicular tower and octagonal font are original from the medieval building; the remainder of the church was built in 1864. It was designed by John Hicks, who also designed East Holme church. Henry Rolls (1803-1877) was a shoemaker who taught himself to read and write. He kept a journal of the main happenings of village life from 1824 until 1877. After Henry's death, his son George Rolls (1846-1929) continued the journal, covering the period from 1877 to 1928. George's daughter Agnes Mary Rolls (1879-1961) then took over responsibility for the journal from 1929 to 1955.

text:
# East Lulworth

**East Lulworth** is a village and civil parish nine miles east of Dorchester, near Lulworth Cove, in the county of Dorset, South West England. It consists of 17th-century thatched cottages. The village is now dominated by the barracks of the Royal Armoured Corps Gunnery School who use a portion of the Purbeck Hills as a gunnery range. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 160.

The nearby Lulworth Estate grounds contain the first Roman Catholic chapel to be built since the time of the Protestant Reformation. It was designed in 1786 by John Tasker in the form of a Greek mausoleum at a cost of £2,380. It was the private chapel of the recusant Weld family. The Weld-Blundell family, formerly owners of the estate, were descendants of the Welds.

The Church of England parish church is dedicated to St. Andrew. Only the perpendicular tower and octagonal font are original from the medieval building; the remainder of the church was built in 1864. It was designed by John Hicks, who also designed East Holme church.

Henry Rolls (1803-1877) was a shoemaker who taught himself to read and write. He kept a journal of the main happenings of village life from 1824 until 1877. After Henry's death, his son George Rolls (1846-1929) continued the journal, covering the period from 1877 to 1928. George's daughter Agnes Mary Rolls (1879-1961) then took over responsibility for the journal from 1929 to 1955.

* The Buildings of England by John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner. Page 195. Published by Penguin Books 1972. Reprint 1975. ISBN 0-14-071044-2 (For churches).

## InfoBox

| East Lulworth | |
| --- | --- |
| The Weld Arms, East Lulworth | |
| East LulworthLocation within Dorset | |
| Population | 160 |
| OS grid reference | SY860822 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Wareham |
| Postcode district | BH20 |
|  | |
| Police | Dorset |
| Fire | Dorset and Wiltshire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Alzoniella perrisii

abstract:
Alzoniella perrisii is a species of very small aquatic snail, a spring snail, an operculate gastropod mollusc in the family Hydrobiidae.
  - Subspecies
  -
  - Alzoniella perrisii irubensis Boeters, 2000
  - Alzoniella perrisii perrisii

text:
# Alzoniella perrisii

***Alzoniella perrisii*** is a species of very small aquatic snail, a spring snail, an operculate gastropod mollusc in the family Hydrobiidae.

Subspecies * *Alzoniella perrisii irubensis* Boeters, 2000
* *Alzoniella perrisii perrisii* (Dupuy, 1851)

## Description

(Original description in Latin) The very small shell is imperforate, with a blunt protoconch and a slightly elongated cylindrical shape, remarkably smooth. The aperture is somewhat ovate-pyriform, with a slightly obtuse angle at the top, and features a continuous, straight, simple, and sharp peristome. The shell contains 4 whorls, gradually increasing in size, slightly convex, and separated by a faintly visible suture. The body whorl accounts for at least half of the shell's total length.

The shell is thin, horn-colored, translucent, and glossy, though often obscured by a dark coating of mud.

The operculum is very thin, translucent, and horn-yellow, and is slightly recessed into the body whorl.

## Distribution

This species occurs in France.

## InfoBox

| *Alzoniella perrisii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Alzoniella perrisii* (holotype) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Alzoniella* |
| Species: | ***A. perrisii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alzoniella perrisii***
(Dupuy, 1851) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Alzoniella (Alzoniella) perrisii* (Dupuy, 1851) * *Hydrobia perrisii* Dupuy, 1851 (original combination) | |


title: Alternate Forms

abstract: Alternate Forms is a 9-track remix record of the 2013 Son Lux breakthrough album, Lanterns. It was released on August 11, 2023 by Joyful Noise Recordings, and features experimental artists such as Sen Morimoto, Kishi Bashi and Sound of Ceres. Since composing the score for science fiction action film Everything Everywhere All at Once, this is the band's first new album.

text:
# Alternate Forms

***Alternate Forms*** is a 9-track remix record of the 2013 Son Lux breakthrough album, *Lanterns*. It was released on August 11, 2023 by Joyful Noise Recordings, and features experimental artists such as Sen Morimoto, Kishi Bashi and Sound of Ceres. Since composing the score for science fiction action film *Everything Everywhere All at Once*, this is the band's first new album.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Remix | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Alternate World (Alternate Life)" | Kishi Bashi remix | 4:10 |
| 2. | "Lost It to Trying (Rise)" | Sen Morimoto \+ KAINA remix | 2:54 |
| 3. | "Ransom (All Innocence)" | Sedcairn + Sound of Ceres remix | 3:25 |
| 4. | "Easy (Fight to Forget)" | Chris Pattishall + Vuyo Sotashe remix | 4:34 |
| 5. | "No Crimes (New History)" | Jordan Munson + Isaiah Robinson remix | 7:05 |
| 6. | "Pyre (Alarm Bells)" | Anna B Savage + DM Stith remix | 5:58 |
| 7. | "Enough of Our Machines (Walk Away)" | vōx + Alexander Vincent remix | 4:00 |
| 8. | "Plan the Escape (Sirens and Tremors)" | Kilamanzego remix | 3:10 |
| 9. | "Lanterns Lit (Singing Light)" | Omari Jazz remix | 3:04 |

## InfoBox

| Alternate Forms | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Remix album by Son Lux | |
| Released | August 11, 2023 (2023-08-11) |
| Label | Joyful Noise Recordings |


title: Alternate Instruction Set

abstract: The Alternate Instruction Set (AIS) is a second 32-bit instruction set architecture found in some x86 CPUs made by VIA Technologies. On these VIA C3 processors, the second hidden processor mode is accessed by executing the x86 instruction JMPAI. If AIS mode has been enabled, the processor will perform a JMP EAX and begin executing AIS instructions at the address of the EAX register. Using AIS allows native access to the Centaur Technology-designed RISC core inside the processor.

text:
# Alternate Instruction Set

The **Alternate Instruction Set** (AIS) is a second 32-bit instruction set architecture found in some x86 CPUs made by VIA Technologies. On these VIA C3 processors, the second hidden processor mode is accessed by executing the x86 instruction **`JMPAI`** (`0F 3F`). If AIS mode has been enabled, the processor will perform a JMP EAX and begin executing AIS instructions at the address of the EAX register. Using AIS allows native access to the Centaur Technology-designed RISC core inside the processor.

## Instruction format

Register mapping between AIS and x86
| AIS number | x86 name |
| --- | --- |
| R0 | EAX |
| R1 | ECX |
| R2 | EDX |
| R3 | EBX |
| R4 | ESP |
| R5 | EBP |
| R6 | ESI |
| R7 | EDI |
| R8‒R15 |  |

The manufacturer describes the Alternate Instruction Set as "an extended set of integer, MMX, floating-point, and 3DNow! instructions along with additional registers and some more powerful instruction forms". Every AIS instruction is prefixed with the 3-byte sequence `0x8D8400` followed by the 32-bit instruction; this prefix form for the AIS instructions makes them appear to be x86 Load Effective Address (`LEA`) instructions. In 2018 researcher Christopher Domas reported that the prefix `0x620405` (x86 `BOUND`) also worked.

A proposal made in 2002 to add AIS support to the Netwide Assembler (NASM) was partially declined in 2005, on the basis that NASM was an x86 assembler, and AIS is a separate instruction set. An assembler is available from Domas's 2018 research.

In 2007 a patent named some microcode instructions as `load` and `store` to/from main RAM, and `loadPRAM` and `storePRAM` to/from private-RAM inside the processor. The Centaur Technologies verification team, in a 2014 paper about the VIA Nano, included some short lists of micro-instructions including `ADDIG`, `JLINK`, `JMP_ALL`, `MVIG`, `NLOOPE`, `STORE_PRAM`, plus micro-operations `XADD` and `XSUB`. Micro-operations were shown to have a format that includes the fields `opcode`, `exec unit`, `src width`, `src1`, `src2`, `dest width`, `dest`, `write flags?` and `end routine?`.

A 2002 programming reference for the Alternate Instruction set and an accompanying appnote were added to the Bitsavers archive in May 2021.

## Availability

From x86 mode, the availability of the Alternate Instruction Set can be detected by executing a CPUID with the EAX register set to `0xc0000001` and then examining the EDX register. If EDX bit 0 is set to 1, then AIS is supported. If EDX bit 1 is also set to 1, then AIS is enabled. If AIS is supported by the CPU, then its status can be checked and altered through the Model-specific registers, by checking and setting the Feature Control Register (FCR, register 0x1107). If bit 0 ("`ALTINST`") is set to 1, then AIS is enabled.

The Microsoft Windows NT kernel `KiGetFeatureBits()` initialisation function proactively disables Alternate Instruction mode on boot up. If the x86 `JMPAI` jump instruction is executed when AIS mode is disabled, then the processor will generate an Invalid Instruction exception. Setting the AIS-enabled bit requires privileged access, and should be set using a read-modify-write sequence.

## Privilege elevation

In 2018 Christopher Domas discovered that some Samuel 2 processors came with the Alternate Instruction Set enabled by default and that by executing AIS instructions from user space, it was possible to gain privilege escalation from Ring 3 to Ring 0. Domas had partially reverse engineered the AIS instruction set using automated fuzzing against a cluster of seven thin clients. Domas used the terms "deeply embedded core" (DEC) plus "deeply embedded instruction set" (DEIS) for the RISC instruction set, "launch instruction" for `JMPAI`, "bridge instruction" for the x86 prefix wrapper, "global configuration register" for the Feature Control Register (FCR), and documented the privilege escalation with the name "Rosenbridge".

* NEC V20/V30, an x86-compatible CPU implementing a similar scheme to enter and exit into an alternate instruction set mode to support Intel 8080 instructions.

## Further reading


# 1813 New York's 2nd congressional district special election

On August 2, 1813, at the end of the 1st session of the 13th Congress, Egbert Benson (F) of New York's 2nd district resigned. A special election was held for his replacement December 28–30, 1813.

## Election results

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Percent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| William Irving | Democratic-Republican | 3,895 | 52.5% |
| Peter A. Jay | Federalist | 3,518 | 47.5% |

Irving took his seat on January 22, 1814.

1. "THIRTEENTH CONGRESS" (PDF). *artandhistory.house.gov*. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
2. Dubin, Michael J. (1998). *United States Congressional elections, 1788-1997: the official results of the elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses*. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0283-0.
3. "New York 1813 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2, Special". *elections.lib.tufts.edu*. Retrieved September 10, 2024.


title: Amable-Paul Coutan

abstract: Amable-Paul Coutan (1792–1837) was a French historical painter.

text:
# Amable-Paul Coutan

**Amable-Paul Coutan** (1792–1837) was a French historical painter.

## Life

Coutan was born in Paris in 1792. He studied under Gros, and obtaining the Academy pension was thus enabled later on to improve himself at Rome. Returning to his native country he produced works, representing chiefly classical and mythological subjects, which realized considerable prices. He took a part also in the labour of decorating with religious subjects the church of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. He died in Paris in 1837.

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Coutan, Amable Paul". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). *Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K)*. Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.


title: Eastern Qing tombs

abstract: The Eastern Qing tombs are an imperial mausoleum complex of the Qing dynasty located in Zunhua, 125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Beijing. They are the largest, most complete, and best preserved extant mausoleum complex in China. Altogether, five emperors, 15 empresses, 136 imperial concubines, three princes, and two princesses of the Qing dynasty are buried here. Surrounded by Changrui Mountain, Jinxing Mountain, Huanghua Mountain, and Yingfei Daoyang Mountain, the tomb complex stretches over a total area of 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi).

text:
# Eastern Qing tombs

The **Eastern Qing tombs** (Chinese: ; pinyin: *Qīng Dōng líng*; Manchu: ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠮᡠᠩᡤᠠᠨ,Möllendorff: *dergi ergi munggan*) are an imperial mausoleum complex of the Qing dynasty located in Zunhua, 125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Beijing. They are the largest, most complete, and best preserved extant mausoleum complex in China. Altogether, five emperors (Shunzhi, Kangxi, Qianlong, Xianfeng, and Tongzhi), 15 empresses, 136 imperial concubines, three princes, and two princesses of the Qing dynasty are buried here. Surrounded by Changrui Mountain, Jinxing Mountain, Huanghua Mountain, and Yingfei Daoyang Mountain, the tomb complex stretches over a total area of 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi).

## Description

At the center of the Eastern Qing tombs lies Xiaoling, the tomb of the Shunzhi Emperor (16381661), who became the first Qing emperor to rule over China. Shunzhi was also the first emperor to be buried in the area. Buried with him are his empresses Xiaokangzhang (mother of the Kangxi Emperor) and Consort Donggo. The major tombs to the east of Shunzhi's mausoleum are Jingling (Kangxi Emperor) and Huiling (Tongzhi Emperor). To the west lie Yuling (Qianlong Emperor), Ding Dongling (Dowager Empresses Cixi and Ci'an), and Dingling (Xianfeng Emperor).

All imperial mausolea at the Eastern Qing tombs follow a pattern established by the Xiaoling mausoleum of the Shunzhi Emperor. The basic layout consists of three sections: spirit way, palaces, and offering kitchens. Xiaoling has the most elaborate spirit way and contains the following structures (from south to north): a stone archway, eastern and western dismounting stelae, grand palace gate, hall for changing clothes, divine merit stelae pavilion, stone sculptures, dragon-and-phoenix gate, one-arch bridge, seven-arch bridge, five-arch bridge, eastern and western dismounting stelae, three-way three-arch bridges and flat bridge. The palace section of Xiaoling contains the following structures (from south to north): spirit way stela pavilion, eastern and western halls for court officials, Long'en Gate, eastern and western sacrificial burners, eastern and western side halls, Long'en Hall (Chinese: ; pinyin: *Lóng'ēn Diàn*; lit. 'Hall of Enormous Grace'; Manchu: *baili be ujelere deyen*), gate of the burial chamber, two-pillar gate, stone altar-pieces, square city, memorial tower, glazed screen, crescent city, precious citadel, earth mound with the underground palace underneath. The north of the palace was closed off with walls. The section of the offering kitchens was positioned to the left of the palace section, it consists of a walled compound that contains the offering kitchens proper (i.e., where the sacrificial food was cooked), the southern and northern offering warehouses, and a slaughterhouse where the oxen and sheep were butchered.

Jingling is the tomb of the Kangxi Emperor, and is surprisingly modest given that he was possibly the greatest emperor of the Qing dynasty but is in keeping with what is known of his character. The spirit way leading to the tomb has an elegant five-arch bridge; the guardian figures are placed on an unusual curve quite close to the tomb itself, and are more decorated than those at earlier tombs.

Yuling, the tomb of the Qianlong Emperor (the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty), is one of the most splendid one of all royal tombs in Chinese history. Yuling has the finest tomb chamber, a series of nine vaults separated by four solid marble doors located at a depth of 54 metres (177 ft). Beginning with the first marble gate, all walls, vaulted ceilings, and gates are covered with Buddhist imagery such as the four heavenly kings, the eight bodhisattvas, the 24 buddhas, lions, the Eight Treasures, as well as ritual instruments and more than 30,000 words of Tibetan scripture and Sanskrit. The 3-ton doors themselves have reliefs of bodhisattvas (beings on the road to enlightenment) and the four protective kings usually found at temple entrances. The Qianlong Emperor (died 1799) selected the site of his mausoleum in 1742 and construction began in the following year. Construction was completed in 1752, but the mausoleum was expanded further in the years between 1755 and 1762. During this time, the square city, memorial tower, the precious citadel, as well as the two side halls were newly built.

Ding Dongling, the tomb of Empress Dowager Cixi stands out for its extremely luxurious decoration. The Long'en Hall along with its eastern and western side halls is made from valuable red wood timbers. All three halls are decorated with gold-glazed coloured painting, gilded dragons, and carved stone rails. Today, the main hall contains reproductions of pictures produced in 1903 by Cixi's photo studio within the Summer Palace. Everywhere there are reminders of the Forbidden City, such as the terrace-corner spouts carved as water-loving dragons. The interior has motifs strikingly painted in gold on dark wood, recalling the buildings where she spent her last years. There are walls of carved and gilded brick, and superbly fearsome wooden dragons writhe down the columns.

Zhaoxiling, the tomb of the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor is located to the east of the entrance to the spirit way that leads to the tomb of Shunzhi. Xiaozhuang is believed to have played an important role in consolidating early Qing dynasty authority. The mausoleum was started as a temporary resting hall under the direction of the Kangxi Emperor, who was the grandson of Xiaozhuang and followed her wishes in making this arrangement. The temporary hall was converted into the Zhaoxiling mausoleum in 1725, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor.

The tombs of Empress Dowager Cixi and the Qianlong Emperor were looted by troops under the command of the warlord Sun Dianying in 1928. Other tombs were looted in the 1940s and 1950s, leaving only the tomb of the Shunzhi Emperor untouched. The burial chambers of four of the tombs, namely the Qianlong Emperor, Empress Dowager Cixi and two of the Qianlong Emperor's concubines, are open to the public.

## Main tombs

An abandoned construction site for the mausoleum of the Daoguang Emperor is also located in the Eastern Qing Tombs. The emperor decided to move his tomb (*muling*; 慕陵) to the Western Qing tombs after water seeped into the burial chamber at the original site. The already built structures were dismantled and moved to the Western Qing Tombs. Two sons and two daughters of Daoguang are buried in the Eastern Qing tombs (in the "Tomb of the Princess").

There has been pillaging taking place.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Guangyuan, Xu (2005). *Eastern Qing Tombs 清東陵*. Beijing: Hydropower Press. ISBN 978-7-5084-2738-6.
* Nan, Yue (2006). *考古中国：清东陵地宫珍宝被盗记*. Haikou: Hainan Press. ISBN 978-7-5443-1797-9.

## InfoBox

Eastern Qing Tombs
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Yuling, the tomb of the Qianlong Emperor | |
| Location | Zunhua, Hebei, China |
| Part of | Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi) |
| Reference | 1004ter-002 |
| Inscription | 2000 (24th Session) |
| Extensions | 2003, 2004 |
| Area | 224 ha (550 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 7,800 ha (19,000 acres) |
| Website | http://www.qingdongling.com/ |
| Coordinates | 40°11′09″N 117°38′49″E / 40.185783°N 117.646923°E / 40.185783; 117.646923 |
| Location of Eastern Qing tombs in Hebei | |


title: East Lynn, West Virginia

abstract: East Lynn is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States, located along the banks of Twelvepole Creek, approximately eight miles south of the county seat, Wayne. It was also known as Mouth of Little Lynn. East Lynn is a part of the Huntington-Ashland Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 287,702. New definitions from February 28, 2013 placed the population at 363,000.

text:
# East Lynn, West Virginia

| Settled: | ca 1866 |
| --- | --- |
| Incorporated: | 1908 |
| Charter Abandoned: | 1917 |
|

**East Lynn** is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, West Virginia, United States, located along the banks of Twelvepole Creek, approximately eight miles south of the county seat, Wayne. It was also known as **Mouth of Little Lynn**. East Lynn is a part of the Huntington-Ashland Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 287,702. New definitions from February 28, 2013 placed the population at 363,000.

## History

East Lynn began as a small merchant community known as **Twin Creek** but eventually grew as a coal town. In 1868, the Adkins Mills Post Office was established and the community was known as Adkins Mills. The Big Sandy, East Lynn & Guyan Railroad was formed in 1903 and merged with the Norfolk and Western in 1908. Also in 1908, East Lynn was incorporated. East Lynn continued to grow in the 1910s and at various times had three movie theaters, doctors, lawyers, and a detective agency. In the late 1910s, the residents decided to abandon the town's charter, and the town became unincorporated once again. Much of the town was destroyed by fire in November 1919. East Lynn was rebuilt; however, it burned once again in February 1955. The coal mines shut down in the 1960s, and the railroad left, leaving the town dilapidated. The East Lynn Lake was created in the 1960s by the Army Corps of Engineers. Rockspring Development reopened a mine near East Lynn on Camp Creek, but as of 2005 it has not created any new growth for the town itself.

## Demographics

East Lynn is a part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,649.

## InfoBox

| East Lynn | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Elementary school | |
| East LynnLocation within the state of West VirginiaEast LynnEast Lynn (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°10′4″N 82°22′41″W / 38.16778°N 82.37806°W / 38.16778; -82.37806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Wayne |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1538508 |


title: East Lynne

abstract: East Lynne is an 1861 English sensation novel by Ellen Wood, writing as Mrs. Henry Wood. A Victorian-era bestseller, it is remembered chiefly for its elaborate and implausible plot centering on infidelity and double identities. There have been numerous stage and film adaptations. The much-quoted line "Gone! And never called me mother!" does not appear in the book; both variants come from later stage adaptations. The book was originally serialised in The New Monthly Magazine between January 1860 and September 1861, and it was issued as a three-volume novel on 19 September 1861.

text:
# East Lynne

***East Lynne*** is an 1861 English sensation novel by Ellen Wood, writing as Mrs. Henry Wood. A Victorian-era bestseller, it is remembered chiefly for its elaborate and implausible plot centering on infidelity and double identities. There have been numerous stage and film adaptations.

The much-quoted line "Gone! And never called me mother!" (variant: "Dead! Dead! And never called me mother!") does not appear in the book; both variants come from later stage adaptations.

The book was originally serialised in *The New Monthly Magazine* between January 1860 and September 1861, and it was issued as a three-volume novel on 19 September 1861.

## Plot summary

Lady Isabel Vane, a beautiful and refined young woman, is distraught when her beloved father dies suddenly. The earldom and all property are bequeathed to a distant relation, leaving Isabel homeless and penniless. With no other options, she marries hard-working lawyer Archibald Carlyle, who buys her former home, called East Lynne.

Carlyle's elder sister Cornelia comes to live at East Lynne. She hates the marriage and, by taking over the household, makes Isabel's life miserable. Carlyle, a kind man, had previously been friendly with a local lady, Barbara Hare, who had hoped to marry him. Suspicious of the relationship, Isabel leaves her husband and their infant children to elope with aristocratic but poor Captain Francis Levison. However, once abroad with Levison, Isabel realises he has no intention of marrying her even though she has borne their illegitimate child. He deserts her.

Isabel's cousin, Lord Mount Severn, visits her in Europe and offers to support her. She learns from him that her husband was not unfaithful. On her way back to England, there is a train accident, and Isabel's baby is killed and Isabel, badly injured, is reported dead. Isabel, in disguise and under a new name, takes the position of governess in the household of her former husband and his new wife (Barbara Hare), allowing her to be close to her children.

This situation becomes a source of great misery, however, as the little boy William dies of tuberculosis. Carlyle stands for Parliament, as does Sir Francis Levison, Isabel's seducer. It transpires that under the name Thorn, Levison had been guilty of the murder of a Mr. Hallijohn. But Richard Hare, the brother of Barbara, had been falsely accused of that murder and goes on the run.

When the facts eventually come to light, there is a dramatic trial involving Hallijohn's daughter Afy as a reluctant witness.

The pressure of maintaining a façade (wearing blue glasses, adopting a foreign accent) to disguise her identity and being constantly reminded that her husband has moved on physically weakens Isabel. On her deathbed, she tells all to Carlyle, who forgives her.

## Adaptations

There have been multiple adaptations for stage, radio, films and television.

*East Lynne* has been adapted for the stage many times; the play was so popular that stock companies performed the play whenever they needed guaranteed revenue. It became so common that theatres stuck with a badly received play would assuage audiences with the hopeful promise, "Next week, *East Lynne*!", which eventually became a catchphrase in comedies and cartoons, often as a sign outside a theatre. The play was staged so often that critic Sally Mitchell estimates that some version was seen by audiences in either England or North America every week for more than 40 years.

The "Next week, *East Lynne*!" catchphrase is mentioned in the 1936 film *Libeled Lady* in a scene with Jean Harlow and Spencer Tracy.

### Stage adaptions

The novel was first staged as *Edith, or The Earl's Daughter* in New York in 1861 and under its own name on 26 January 1863 in Brooklyn; by March of that year, "three competing versions were drawing crowds to New York theaters." The most successful version was written by Clifton W. Tayleur for actress Lucille Western, who was paid $350 a night for her performance as Isabel Vane. Western starred in *East Lynne* for the next 10 years. At least nine adaptations were made in all, not including plays such as *The Marriage Bells* that "used a different title for the sake of some copyright protection." The work was revived on Broadway in 1926 in a production directed by James Light.

### Film adaptions

#### 1913 film

There have been many silent film versions of the book, including a 1913 film.

#### 1916 film

Another film, starring Theda Bara, was made in 1916.

#### 1922

An Australian film was produced six years later in 1922, directed by actor and exhibitor Charles Hardy.

#### 1925 film

In 1925, another version reached the screen that starred Alma Rubens, Edmund Lowe, Lou Tellegen and Leslie Fenton.

#### 1930 film

Leslie Halliwell cited in the 7th edition of *Halliwell's Film Guide* that the 1930 feature film *Ex-Flame* (starring Neil Hamilton) was a modernised version and provided unintentional comedy. Halliwell quoted *Variety*'s contemporary review of the film as "mush stuff for the women."

#### 1931 film

A film version of *East Lynne* was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1931. The film was adapted from the novel by Tom Barry and Bradley King and directed by Frank Lloyd. The film is a melodrama starring Ann Harding, Clive Brook, Conrad Nagel and Cecilia Loftus. Only one copy of the film is known to exist. The screenplay was in turn novelised by Arline de Haas.

#### 1952 film

The 1952 film *Thai Ullam* is a Tamil language adaptation of *East Lynne*.

### Television

In the 1970s, a TV dramatisation was broadcast from the City Varieties Theatre in Leeds, with the audience all in Victorian costume and Queen Victoria in the royal box. The famous TV host of *The Good Old Days*, Leonard Sachs, introduced the proceedings.

The story was filmed in 1982, in a BBC made-for-television production starring amongst Martin Shaw, Gemma Craven, Lisa Eichhorn, Jane Asher, Annette Crosbie and Tim Woodward.

### Radio

A radio serial was produced in Australia in 1939 with Queenie Ashton (as Lady Isabel) and Ronald Morse (as Francis Levison).

A radio adaptation in seven parts was made for BBC Radio 4 by Michael Bakewell, with Rosemary Leach narrating as Mrs. Wood, first broadcast in 1987.

### Other adaptations

As the more melodramatic aspects of the story became dated, several parodies were performed, including *East Lynne in Bugville* with Pearl White (1914), Mack Sennet's *East Lynne with Variations* (1917) and in 1931 the comedy *East Lynne on the Western Front*, in which British soldiers in World War I stage a burlesque version of the story.

## Critical assessment

Some argue that the novel champions middle classes over the lower orders; others, however, find this claim "too simplistic" and argue that the novel "highlights the shortfalls inherent to bourgeois masculinity." Sally Mitchell argues that the novel simultaneously upholds and undermines middle-class values.

Other critics include the late 19th century English novelist George Gissing, who read the book whilst staying in Rome in March 1898 and wrote in his diary that it was "not at all a bad book, of its sort." Perhaps the most practical assessment came from one who produced the play many times, actor and theater manager Tod Slaughter: "No other play in its time has ever been more maligned, more burlesqued, more ridiculed, or consistently made more money."

## Legacy

The town of East Lynne, Missouri took its name from the novel.

* Grilli Giorgia, "In volo, dietro la porta. Mary Poppins e Pamela Lyndon Travers". Società Editrice Il Ponte Vecchio. Cesena 1997 (ristampa 2002) 179–182
* Hughes, Winifred. *The Maniac in the Cellar: Sensation Novels of the 1860s*. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
* Mangham, Andrew. *Violent Women and Sensation Fiction: Crime, Medicine and Victorian Popular Culture*. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
* Mitchell, Sally. Introduction. *East Lynne*. 1861. Reprint. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1984.
* Pykett, Lyn. *The "Improper" Feminine: The Women's Sensation Novel and the New Woman Writing*. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
* Rosenman, Ellen. "'Mimic Sorrows': Masochism and the Gendering of Pain in Victorian Melodrama." *Studies in the Novel* 35 (March 2003): 22–43.
* Trodd, Anthea. *Domestic Crime in the Victorian Novel*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
* Wynne, Deborah. *The Sensation Novel and the Victorian Family Magazine*. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
* *The Ghost Train* (1941 comedy film) A female character disparages her older brother, saying that "you sound like something out of *East Lynne.'*