title: 2008 Serbian parliamentary election

text:
# 2008 Serbian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 11 May 2008 to elect members of the National Assembly. The election was held barely a year after the previous parliamentary election. There were 6,749,886 eligible electors who were able to vote in 8,682 voting places, as well as 157 special voting stations for refugees from Kosovo.

## Background

The Government of Serbia had passed through weeks of severe crisis after the unilateral declaration of independence of its southern province of Kosovo on 17 February 2008. Its stability, however, was also tested and questioned before, being comprised by two very different political currents. Kosovo's independence was gradually recognized by the United States and numerous European Union countries, leading to strain in their relations with Serbia. Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica of the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) offered in late February to the Democratic Party (Serbia) (DS), which holds governmental majority, a restructuring of the governmental contract including an annex according to which Serbia can continue European exclusively with Kosovo as its integral part. The controversy was further heated up when Olli Rehn, the European Commissioner for enlargement of the European Union, offered to continue negotiations with Serbia. President Boris Tadić of the DS responded that European integrations of Serbia cannot be questioned by anyone or anything, and that since the province of Kosovo-Metohija is written into the constitution, meaning that the proposal would mean that the Constitution is being questioned.

After days of DS and G17+ utilising their majority to outnumber the DSS-New Serbia (NS) populist coalition, the Premier finally stated on 8 March 2008 in a press conference that the government had fallen. He scheduled an irregular session of the Serbian government for 10 March 2008, in which his proposal to issue a request to the President to dismiss the parliament and schedule pre-term parliamentary elections for 11 May 2008, the same as the local elections. In the event that this did not occur, he would announce his imminent resignation. Subsequently, all parliamentary leaders, save for Ivica Dačić of the Socialist Party of Serbia who called for forming a government of national unity and Dragan Marković Palma of United Serbia, supported his proposal. Hours later, the President confirmed he would dismiss the parliament and schedule the election upon receiving the government's request, although unlike the PM he stated that there is no dispute in the government regarding Kosovo, but exclusively regarding European integration. The dissolution took place on 13 March 2008.

A revote was held in three polling stations (in Kraljevo, Žagubica and Srbica) on 18 May 2008 due to irregularities in the electoral process.

## Electoral lists

A list of registered electoral lists:

| # | Ballot name | | Ballot carrier | Main ideology | Political position | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  |  | Dragoljub Mićunović | Social liberalism | Centre to centre-left |  |
| 2 |  | * Liberal Democratic Party – Čedomir Jovanović * LDP, SDU, DHSS | Čedomir Jovanović | Liberalism | Centre |  |
| 3 |  | * Democratic Party of Serbia – New Serbia – Vojislav Koštunica * DSS, NS | Vojislav Koštunica | National conservatism | Right-wing |  |
| 4 |  | * Serbian Radical Party – Dr Vojislav Šešelj * SRS | Vojislav Šešelj | Ultranationalism | Far-right |  |
| 5 |  | * Socialist Party of Serbia – Party of United Pensioners of Serbia – United Serbia * SPS, PUPS, JS | Ivica Dačić | Populism | Big tent |  |
| 6 |  |  | Sulejman Ugljanin | Minority politics | Centre to
centre-right | M |
| 7 |  |  | István Pásztor | Minority politics | Centre-right | M |
| 8 |  |  | Snežana Miljković | Reformism | Centre |  |
| 9 |  |  | Radiša Pavlović | Agrarianism | Right-wing |  |
| 10 |  |  | Dragomir Karić | Conservatism | Centre-right |  |
| 11 |  | * Civic Initiative of Gora – GIG * GIG | Orhan Dragaš | Minority politics | | M |
| 12 |  |  | Predrag Balašević | Minority politics | Centre | M |
| 13 |  |  | Zoran Trifunac | Vojvodina autonomism | Left-wing |  |
| 14 |  | * Romas for Roma – Miloš Paunković * RZR | Miloš Paunković | Minority politics | | M |
| 15 |  | * Montenegrin Party – Nenad Stevović * CP | Nenad Stevović | Minority politics | | M |
| 16 |  | * Roma Union of Serbia – dr Rajko Đurić * URS | Rajko Đurić | Minority politics | | M |
| 17 |  |  | Riza Halimi | Minority politics | Centre-right | M |
| 18 |  | * Alliance of Bunjevci of Bačka – Mirko Bajić * SBB | Mirko Bajić | Minority politics | | M |
| 19 |  | * My Serbia Movement – Branislav Lečić * MS | Branislav Lečić | Liberalism | Centre |  |
| 20 |  | * People's Movement for Serbia – Milan Paroški * NPS | Milan Paroški | Serbian nationalism | Right-wing |  |
| 21 |  | * Patriotic Party of the Diaspora – Zoran Milinković * PSD | Branko Opačić | Diaspora politics | |  |
| 22 |  | * Roma Party – Srđan Šajn * RP | Srđan Šajn | Minority politics | | M |

M — national minority list

## Campaign

The parties' campaign slogans for the 2008 election:

| Party | | English slogan | Serbian slogan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | For a European Serbia | For a European Serbia | Za evropsku Srbiju |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party | Spread further!
Serbia without borders | Širi dalje!
Srbija bez granica |
|  | DSS-NS | Support Serbia! | Podrži Srbiju! |
|  | Serbian Radical Party | Go Serbia! | Napred Srbijo! |
|  | SPS-PUPS-JS | Stand up Serbia | Ustani Srbijo |
|  | Strength of Serbia Movement | Not giving Serbia up | Ne dam Srbiju |
|

## Party lists

### *For a European Serbia* coalition

President Boris Tadić has gathered a large pro-EU coalition around his DS and G17 Plus. On the list 166 candidates are from DS, 60 from G17+ and 8 members from each of the following parties Sanjak Democratic Party and League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina. 25 seats are guaranteed for G17+, 4 seats and a Ministry in the future government for both SDP and SPO and 3 seats for LSV. However, if the alliance wins over 100 seats, their seats will gradually increase. The list's name is **For a European Serbia – Boris Tadić** and its leader is Dragoljub Mićunović.

The List won 102 seats, of which 25 went to G17+.

### DSS-NS coalition

The populist coalition of incumbent Prime Minister Koštunica's Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) and their coalition partner New Serbia (NS) ran together in the election. 70% of the seats went to DSS and 30% to NS. Its campaign slogan was *Support Serbia!*. Koštunica was its candidate for Prime Minister.

The Populists won 30 seats, 21 of which went to DSS and 9 to NS.

### Serbian Radical Party

The Serbian Radical Party ran alone in this parliamentary election. The party presented its list of 250 candidates.

### SPS-PUPS-JS coalition

The Socialist Party of Serbia and the Party of United Pensioners of Serbia have strengthened their links by forming a coalition, on which United Serbia and Movement of Veterans of Serbia will be present. 151 candidates are from SPS (with 1 from PVS), 69 from PUPS and 30 from JS. The Socialists' presidential candidate Milutin Mrkonjić was nominated for Prime Minister.

### Liberal Democrats

Liberal Democratic Party, Social Democratic Union and the Christian Democratic Party of Serbia formed pre-electoral coalition. Čedomir Jovanović was its candidate for Prime Minister.

### Minorities

The Party for Democratic Action is determined to go on the election and gather the ethnic Albanian minority parties from the Preševo Valley. The Hungarian Coalition of Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians, Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians and Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians ran together after the presidential elections success in an attempt to strengthen the Magyar minority's representation. The Civic Initiative of Gora ran for the first time representing the Goranis in the Serbian parliament for the very first time. The Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak gathered a **Bosniac List – For a European Sanjak – Sulejman Ugljanin** (Бошњачка листа – За европски Санџак – Сулејман Угљанин) coalition.

On proposal of SRS the electoral boards has changed the electoral rules for the minority parties, which now need the standard 10,000 signatures instead of privileged 3,000. This has caused an outbreak of public protest amongst Roma and Albanian minorities, who consider this a scandalous removal of positive discrimination of the national minorities, as it opens the question whether they could accumulate that many signatures in time.

## Opinion polls

| Party | Medium Gallup,
March 2008 | Strategic Marketing,
March 2008 | CeSID,
May 2008 | Medium Gallup,
May 2008 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SRS | 91 | 90 | 86 | 90 |
| ZES | 88 | 83 | 81 | 85 |
| DSS-NS | 30 | 30 | 35 | 30 |
| SPS | 16 | 17 | 19 | 19 |
| LDP | 15 | 20 | 19 | 16 |
| minorities | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| **total** | **250** | **250** | **250** | **250** |

* Election References:

## Results

|  | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|  | For a European Serbia | 1,590,200 | 39.25 | 102 | +15 |
|  | Serbian Radical Party | 1,219,436 | 30.10 | 78 | –3 |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaNew Serbia | 480,987 | 11.87 | 30 | –13 |
|  | SPS coalition | 313,896 | 7.75 | 20 | +2 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party coalition | 216,902 | 5.35 | 13 | +2 |
|  | Hungarian Coalition | 74,874 | 1.85 | 4 | +1 |
|  | Bosniak List for a European Sandžak | 38,148 | 0.94 | 2 | 0 |
|  | Strength of Serbia Movement | 22,250 | 0.55 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley | 16,801 | 0.41 | 1 | 0 |
|  | People's Peasant Party | 12,001 | 0.30 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Reformist Party | 10,563 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Roma Party | 9,103 | 0.22 | 0 | –1 |
|  | My Serbia Movement | 8,879 | 0.22 | 0 | New |
|  | United Vlachs of Serbia | 6,956 | 0.17 | 0 | New |
|  | Civic Initiative of Gora | 5,453 | 0.13 | 0 | New |
|  | Romas for Roma | 5,115 | 0.13 | 0 | New |
|  | Roma Union of Serbia | 4,732 | 0.12 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Vojvodina's Party | 4,208 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 |
|  | People's Movement for Serbia | 3,795 | 0.09 | 0 | New |
|  | Montenegrin Party | 2,923 | 0.07 | 0 | New |
|  | Alliance of Bačka Bunjevci | 2,023 | 0.05 | 0 | New |
|  | Patriotic Party of the Diaspora | 1,991 | 0.05 | 0 | New |
| Total | | 4,051,236 | 100.00 | 250 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 4,051,236 | 97.87 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 88,148 | 2.13 |  | |
| Total votes | | 4,139,384 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 6,749,688 | 61.33 |  | |
| Source: Republican Electoral Commission | | | | | |

## Government formation

SRS has declared post-electoral cooperation forming a government with DSS, which in turn didn't disregard this possibility, but stated that there will be no more cooperation with DS or G17+, on the allegation that they do not really want to protect Kosovo. NS excluded cooperation with G17+ and LSV, calling them "anti-state" parties who "had brought down the government twice", but also did not rule out a coalition with the SRS, and furthermore claimed that the DS had talked with the DSS about throwing G17+ out of the government and having it supported by the SPS. SPS-PUPS-JS confirmed its determined to form a post-electoral coalition with SRS and DSS-NS and excluded the possibility of any cooperation with the Europeists because of G17+ and LSV, but its leaders have continually left an option of open dialog with the DS.

The European Coalition excluded all cooperation with SRS and stated that all other coalitions are in option, as long as they accept the pro-EU cause and the five principles of the former government. Regarding coalition with DSS, Koštunica can no longer count on the PM seat. LDP however, excluded the possibility to take part in any government with DSS, SPS or NS under any circumstance.

According to a post-electoral poll conducted by Strategic Marketing from 22 to 24 May 2008, 51% of the citizens support a pro-European Coalition with the Socialists and minority support (ZES, SPS-PUPS-JS & minorities), 45% a Patriotic government (SRS, DSS-NS & SPS-PUPS-JS) and 6% are undecided. On the question regarding the possibility of repeated elections:

* ZES - 111
* SRS - 75
* DSS-NS - 28
* SPS-PUPS-JS - 16
* LDP - 13
* minorities - 7

After long and difficult negotiations, the new *pro-European* government was formed on 7 July 2008 by 128 out of 250 parliamentary votes of ZES, SPS-PUPS-JS and 6 of 7 minorities representatives. Mirko Cvetković became the new Prime Minister, a non-partisan candidate endorsed by the Democratic Party.

### Involvement of the United States

> "We got him to flip over and join the pro-Europeans...he put a knife in Koštunica's back."

US Ambassador Cameron Munter on Ivica Dačić

After the embassy of the United States was set on fire during the protest against Kosovo's declaration of independence on February 17, 2008, Ambassador Cameron Munter insisted on undermining Prime Minister Koštunica's party, DSS. His rationale was based on an allegation that Koštunica approved of an attack on the US embassy during demonstrations. Munter helped arrange a meeting for SPS leader Ivica Dačić with José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and George Papandreou, who helped persuade Dačić to have his party form a majority pro-European coalition, as opposed to remaining in the bloc with DSS. After the election was over, SPS joined the coalition supported by the US and Dačić was promoted to Deputy Prime Minister.

1. B92 - News - Politics - Tadić to dissolve parliament on March 13 Archived March 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
2. B92 – News – Politics – Revote ongoing in six polling stations Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
3. RIK confirms final ballot list Archived November 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
4. 15. Crnogorska partija - Nenad Stevović
5. "DS coalition wins, set to seek coalition partners". b92.net. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
6. B92 - News - Politics - Ilić won't rule out coalition with Radicals Archived March 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
7. B92 - Vesti - Dačić: Osvojiti što više glasova - Internet, Radio i TV stanica; najnovije vesti iz Srbije
8. Nicholas Kralev (September 13, 2012). "*America's Other Army*". *Foreign Policy*. Retrieved April 30, 2019.

## InfoBox

2008 Serbian parliamentary election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 250 seats in the National Assembly
126 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 61.33% ( 0.72pp) |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  ZES Boris Tadić 39.25 102 +15  SRS Tomislav Nikolić 30.10 78 −3  DSSNS Vojislav Koštunica 11.87 30 −13  SPSPUPSJS Ivica Dačić 7.75 20 +2  LDPDHSSSDU Čedomir Jovanović 5.35 13 +2  Minority lists  MK István Pásztor 1.85 4 +1  LZS Sulejman Ugljanin 0.94 2 0  KSLP Riza Halimi 0.41 1 0   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.  Prime Minister before Prime Minister after  Vojislav Koštunica
DSS Mirko Cvetković
Independent | |


title: Elaine Rich

abstract: Elaine Alice Rich is an American computer scientist, known for her textbooks on artificial intelligence and automata theory and for her research on user modeling. She is retired as a distinguished senior lecturer from the University of Texas at Austin.

text:
# Elaine Rich

**Elaine Alice Rich** is an American computer scientist, known for her textbooks on artificial intelligence and automata theory and for her research on user modeling. She is retired as a distinguished senior lecturer from the University of Texas at Austin.

## Education and career

Rich is the daughter of applied mathematician Robert Peter Rich. She majored in linguistics and applied mathematics at Brown University, graduating magna cum laude in 1972. She completed her Ph.D. at Carnegie Mellon University in 1979. Her doctoral dissertation, *Building and Exploiting User Models*, was supervised by George G. Robertson.

She joined the University of Texas at Austin as an assistant professor in 1979, but in 1985 moved to the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) as a researcher in the Human Interface Laboratory and Knowledge-Based Natural Language Project. At MCC she became director of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in 1988. She left MCC in 1993. In 1998 she returned to the University of Texas as an adjunct associate professor, and in 2000 became a senior lecturer.

## Books

Rich is the author of:

* *Artificial Intelligence* (McGraw-Hill, 1983; 2nd ed., with K. Knight, 1991; 3rd. ed, with K. Knight and S. B. Nair, 2009)
* *Automata, Computability, and Complexity: Theory and Applications* (Prentice-Hall, 2008)

## Recognition

Rich was named a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 1991.


title: Antispila aurirubra

abstract: Antispila aurirubra is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Annette Frances Braun in 1915. It is found in the US state of California. The wingspan is 7–8 mm. The thorax and forewings are lustrous and of varying colour, according to the direction of light ranging from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The hindwings are dark gray, but purple toward the apex. The larvae feed on Cornus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a brownish blotch.

text:
# Antispila aurirubra

***Antispila aurirubra*** is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Annette Frances Braun in 1915. It is found in the US state of California.

The wingspan is 7–8 mm. The thorax and forewings are lustrous and of varying colour, according to the direction of light ranging from greenish golden to a brilliant reddish bronze. The hindwings are dark gray, but purple toward the apex.

The larvae feed on *Cornus* species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a brownish blotch.

## InfoBox

| *Antispila aurirubra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Heliozelidae |
| Genus: | *Antispila* |
| Species: | ***A. aurirubra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Antispila aurirubra***<br>Braun, 1915 | |
|


abstract: The second election to Hornchurch Urban District Council took place in April 1927. The election was for 6 of 13 seats on the council. The election increased the majority of the Ratepayers' Association on the council.

text:
# 1927 Hornchurch Urban District Council election

The **second election** to **Hornchurch Urban District Council** took place in April 1927. The election was for 6 of 13 seats on the council. The election increased the majority of the Ratepayers' Association on the council.

## Background

The 1926 election had been for all 13 councillors. In 1927 six of the seats were up for re-election:

* Harold Wood, 1 seat (out of 2)
* Hornchurch Village, 2 seats (out of 4)
* North West Hornchurch, 1 seat (out of 5)
* South Hornchurch, 2 seats (out of 2)

## Results

The results were as follows:

Harold Wood
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Independent | **F. H. R. Davis** | 331 |  |  |
|  | Labour | E. Russell (Mrs) | 125 |  |  |
|  | Independent **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Hornchurch Village
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ratepayers | **A. Ferguson** | 883 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers | **C. L. Parker** | 568 |  |  |
|  | Independent | R. W. Beard | 481 |  |  |
|  | Labour | B. L. Tarr | 273 |  |  |
|  | Labour | F. H. W. Webb | 223 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers **gain** from Independent | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

North West Hornchurch
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ratepayers | **F. L. J. Cole** | 697 |  |  |
|  | Labour | J. W. Matthews | 628 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

South Hornchurch
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ratepayers | **J. Craig** | 147 |  |  |
|  | Labour | **W. Stanton** | 143 |  |  |
|  | Labour | G. H. Pratt | 143 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers | W. H. Goodchild | 142 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **gain** from Ratepayers | | Swing |  |  |

Stanton and Pratt each received 143 votes and resolved the election by spinning a coin.

## InfoBox

1927 Hornchurch Urban District Council election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  6 of 13 seats to the Hornchurch Urban District Council | |
| First party Second party Third party  **RA**   **LAB**   **IND**   Party Ratepayers Labour Independent  Seats before 6 4 3  Seats won 4 1 1  Seats after **7** **4** **2**  Seat change 1  1 | |


title: Astronaut Cosmonaut

abstract: Astronaut/Cosmonaut is a mural by the French street artist Ash in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin. It was painted in 2007 and measures 22x14 m. It is one of the most famous murals in Berlin and is considered a landmark and tourist attraction in Kreuzberg. It was made using a large stencil. Originally, at nights, the Astronaut/Cosmonaut held a moving flag in his hand: it was a shadow of an actual flag, cast from the parking lot of a car dealership across the street, which does not exist anymore.

text:
# Astronaut Cosmonaut

**Astronaut/Cosmonaut** is a mural by the French street artist Ash in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin.

It was painted in 2007 and measures 22x14 m. It is one of the most famous murals in Berlin and is considered a landmark and tourist attraction in Kreuzberg. It was made using a large stencil.

Originally, at nights, the Astronaut/Cosmonaut held a moving flag in his hand: it was a shadow of an actual flag, cast from the parking lot of a car dealership across the street, which does not exist anymore.

1. 10 years of the Astronaut Cosmonaut Wall in Kreuzberg, Street Art Berlin, 15 November 2017
2. Karen Witt Olsen, *Graffiti-kunstneren fra Frederiksberg* Borsen 17. jan 2014  Accessed Sept 9, 2019

## Additional reading


title: At Last, Okemah!

abstract: At Last, Okemah! is a 2009 short film directed by Chicago-based independent filmmaker Michael Glover Smith, based on an original screenplay by novelist Adam Selzer and Smith. The film had its world premiere at the Chicago International REEL Shorts Festival on Sunday, September 13, 2009, where it won an Audience Choice Award. It was also an Official Selection of the 2009 Asheville Film Festival, the 2010 Tallahassee Film Festival and the 2010 Chicago International Music and Movies Festival, where the film effectively "opened" a concert by cast member Jon Langford. This unique double bill was a "Recommended" screening by Cine-File, Chicago's guide to independent and alternative cinema.

text:
# At Last, Okemah!

***At Last, Okemah!*** is a 2009 short film directed by Chicago-based independent filmmaker Michael Glover Smith, based on an original screenplay by novelist Adam Selzer and Smith. The film had its world premiere at the Chicago International REEL Shorts Festival on Sunday, September 13, 2009, where it won an Audience Choice Award. It was also an Official Selection of the 2009 Asheville Film Festival, the 2010 Tallahassee Film Festival and the 2010 Chicago International Music and Movies Festival, where the film effectively "opened" a concert by cast member Jon Langford. This unique double bill was a "Recommended" screening by Cine-File, Chicago's guide to independent and alternative cinema.

## Premise

*At Last, Okemah!* is a comedic retelling of Don Quixote featuring Jeff-nominated actor Kevin Viol in the lead role of Winston Thomas, a former hipster who becomes the self-styled greatest, most authentic folk singer of all time. After a mystical encounter, Winston embarks on a journey to Okemah, Oklahoma to be anointed by the spirit of Woody Guthrie.

## History

*At Last, Okemah!* was shot on high definition digital video in 6 days in the spring of 2009. Most of the actors in the film are well known in the worlds of Chicago music, theater, television and independent film; in addition to Viol and Langford, the cast includes noted thespians Mia Park (host of television's Chic-a-Go-Go), Suzy Brack, Paul Perroni and Duane Sharp (star of Zen Noir). "At Last, Okemah!" is dedicated to writer Miguel de Cervantes and musician Woody Guthrie.

## InfoBox

| At Last, Okemah! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Michael Glover Smith |
| Written by | Adam Selzer
Michael Glover Smith |
| Produced by | Ben Chandler
Clayton Monical
Kevin Viol |
| Starring | Kevin Viol
Hector Reyes
Robyn Pennacchia
Jesse Wheeler
Paul Perroni
Jon Langford
Mia Park
Suzy Brack
Duane Sharp
Deirdre Hayes |
| Cinematography | Jonathan Cohon |
| Edited by | Kevin Viol |
| Music by | Adam Selzer
Kevin Viol |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 17 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: 147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

abstract: The 147th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force, that served in both the First and the Second World Wars with the 49th Infantry Division.

text:
# 147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

The **147th Infantry Brigade** was an infantry brigade of the British Army, part of the Territorial Force (Territorial Army after 1920), that served in both the First and the Second World Wars with the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division.

## History

### Formation

The brigade was raised in 1908 upon the creation of the Territorial Force as the **2nd West Riding Brigade**, part of the West Riding Division. The brigades' composition was of the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Volunteer battalions of the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment).

### First World War

The division was mobilised in early August 1914 when the First World War began and, when asked, most of the men volunteered for Imperial Service.

In May 1915 the division was numbered as the 49th (West Riding) Division and the brigade became **147th (1/2nd) West Riding Brigade**. The battalions were also redesignated, adopting the '1/' prefix (1/4th DWR) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line battalions being formed at the same time in 186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade, part of 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. Most of these 2nd Line units consisted of the few men who did not originally wish to serve overseas, or were not eligible, and the battalions were to act as a reserve for the 1st Line units when they were sent overseas. However, following the Military Service Act 1916, most of these did end up being sent overseas.

The brigade served with the division mainly in the Great War in the trenches of the Western Front. During the war the brigade was awarded a Victoria Cross belonging to Private Arthur Poulter of the 1/4th Battalion.

#### Order of battle

### Interwar

Both the brigade and division were disbanded shortly after the end of the war, as was the rest of the Territorial Force. However, both were reformed in the Territorial Army, which was formed on a similar basis as the Territorial Force and the brigade, now the **147th (2nd West Riding) Infantry Brigade**, again with all four battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment were also reconstituted.

In the late 1930s, however, the United Kingdom strengthened its air defences by converting many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army into anti-aircraft and searchlight battalions. As a result, in 1936, the 5th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment was transferred to the Royal Engineers and converted into the 43rd (The Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers. It was assigned to the 31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division (itself converted from HQ of 46th (North Midland) Division) alongside other infantry battalions that had been converted into the anti-aircraft or searchlight role.

In 1938 the 4th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 58th (The Duke of Wellington's) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery and served as the anti-tank regiment for the 49th Division. In the same year, the brigade received the 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment from the 146th (1st West Riding) Infantry Brigade of the division. The brigade was later redesignated the **147th Infantry Brigade**

### Second World War

During the Second World War, the 147th Brigade remained as part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division throughout the war but did not see service in the Norwegian Campaign, being replaced in the division by the Regular 24th Guards Brigade and remained in the United Kingdom. The brigade was stationed in Iceland, and adopted as its insignia the polar bear on an ice floe. In 1942 it was transferred back to the United Kingdom until June 1944, when it invaded Normandy shortly after the initial D-Day landings on 6 June and fought in the battle for Caen in Operation Martlet (where 6th DWR suffered such severe casualties that it was disbanded) and the Second Battle of the Odon and later in the capture of Le Havre (Operation Astonia), clearing the Channel Coast, and the Battle of the Scheldt. With the rest of 49th Division, the brigade fought its last battle of the war in April 1945 in the Liberation of Arnhem and the fierce battles that led up to it. During the fighting on the Continent, the 49th Infantry Division was nicknamed the *"Polar Bears"* because of their divisional insignia and were christened by Lord Haw-Haw, the Nazi propaganda broadcaster, as the *"Polar Bear Butchers"*.

#### Order of battle, Second World War

## Bibliography

* Cole, Howard (1973). *Formation Badges of World War 2 Britain, Commonwealth and Empire*. London: Arms and Armour Press.
* Hibbard, Mike; Gibbs, Gary (2016). *Infantry Divisions, Identification Schemes 1917* (1 ed.). Wokingham: The Military History Society.

## InfoBox

| 2nd West Riding Brigade
147th (2nd West Riding) Brigade
147th Infantry Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1908–19
1920–46
1946–67 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Territorial Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Brigade |
| Part of | 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division |
| Nickname(s) | *The Polar Bears* (Second World War divisional nickname) |
| Engagements | First World War
Second World War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Richard Sugden
John Prendergast |
| Insignia | |
| 147th brigade First World War battle patches (1917). |
Top (l-r)1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, worn on the back of the collar. Lower (l-r) 147th MG company, 147th trench mortar battery. |


title: Epi-Olmec

abstract:
Epi-Olmec ("post-Olmec") may refer to:
  - Epi-Olmec culture, pre-Columbian archaeological culture/area in the coastal Veracruz region of Mexico, ca. 300BCE–250CE
  - Isthmian script, also known as Epi-Olmec script, a Mesoamerican writing system

text:
# Epi-Olmec

**Epi-Olmec** ("post-Olmec") may refer to:

* Epi-Olmec culture, pre-Columbian archaeological culture/area in the coastal Veracruz region of Mexico, ca. 300BCE250CE
* Isthmian script, also known as Epi-Olmec script, a Mesoamerican writing system

## Contrast with

* Olmec, earlier and distinct Mesoamerican archaeological culture and tradition, dating ca. 1200400 BCE
* Olmeca-Xicalanca, a Mesoamerican culture living in Mexico's Veracruz and Tabasco regions at the time of the 16thC Spanish conquest


title: Eoophyla cocos

abstract: Eoophyla cocos is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wolfram Mey in 2009. It is found in the Malaysian province of Sabah, on the island of Borneo.

text:
# Eoophyla cocos

***Eoophyla cocos*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wolfram Mey in 2009. It is found in the Malaysian province of Sabah, on the island of Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Eoophyla cocos* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eoophyla* |
| Species: | ***E. cocos*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eoophyla cocos***<br>Mey, 2009 | |
|


title: Antispila cleyerella

abstract: Antispila cleyerella is a moth of the family Heliozelidae that is endemic to Japan. The length of the forewings is 2.8–3.3 millimetres (0.11–0.13 in). Adults are on wing from late April to early May. The larvae feed on Cleyera japonica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Mines and larvae can be found from late March to mid April.

text:
# Antispila cleyerella

***Antispila cleyerella*** is a moth of the family Heliozelidae that is endemic to Japan.

The length of the forewings is 2.8–3.3 millimetres (0.11–0.13 in). Adults are on wing from late April to early May.

The larvae feed on *Cleyera japonica*. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Mines and larvae can be found from late March to mid April.

## InfoBox

| *Antispila cleyerella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Heliozelidae |
| Genus: | *Antispila* |
| Species: | ***A. cleyerella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Antispila cleyerella***<br>B.W. Lee, 2006 | |
|


title: 1927 Hong Kong sanitary board election

abstract: The 1927 Hong Kong Sanitary Board election was supposed to be held on 30 December 1927 for one of the two unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong. Only ratepayers who were included in the Special and Common Jury Lists of the years or ratepayers who are exempted from serving on Juries on account of their professional avocations, unofficial members of the Executive or Legislative Council, or categories of profession were entitled to vote at the election. José Pedro Braga was elected without being uncontested.

text:
# 1927 Hong Kong sanitary board election

The **1927 Hong Kong Sanitary Board election** was supposed to be held on 30 December 1927 for one of the two unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong.

Only ratepayers who were included in the Special and Common Jury Lists of the years or ratepayers who are exempted from serving on Juries on account of their professional avocations, unofficial members of the Executive or Legislative Council, or categories of profession were entitled to vote at the election.

José Pedro Braga was elected without being uncontested.

## InfoBox

1927 Hong Kong sanitary board election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **José Pedro Braga**    Party KRA   Popular vote ***Uncontested*** | |
| ---  **Member before election**
J. C. Macgown
 **Elected Member**
José Pedro Braga
 | |


title: At Land

abstract: At Land is a 1944 American experimental silent short film written, directed by, and starring Maya Deren. It has a dream-like narrative in which a woman, played by Deren, is washed up on a beach and goes on a strange journey encountering other people and other versions of herself. Deren once said that the film is about the struggle to maintain one's personal identity. The composer John Cage and the poet and film critic Parker Tyler were involved in making the film, and appear in the film, which was shot at Amagansett, Long Island.

text:
# At Land

***At Land*** is a 1944 American experimental silent short film written, directed by, and starring Maya Deren. It has a dream-like narrative in which a woman, played by Deren, is washed up on a beach and goes on a strange journey encountering other people and other versions of herself. Deren once said that the film is about the struggle to maintain one's personal identity.

The composer John Cage and the poet and film critic Parker Tyler were involved in making the film, and appear in the film, which was shot at Amagansett, Long Island.

## Plot

A woman is lying amid the waves crashing on a beach. The water retreats and leaves her on the sand. She climbs a nearby uprooted tree with some difficulty, but when she finally reaches the top, she finds herself at the end of a long dining room table during a bourgeois dinner party. None of the guests acknowledge her presence as she drags herself along the top of the table toward a man (played by graphic designer Alvin Lustig) who is playing chess against himself. Her progress is intercut with footage of her crawling through some underbrush. When she finally gets to the man, he stands up and walks away. The chess pieces begin to move by themselves, and one of the pawns falls off the table. She chases it down a river and over some small waterfalls before giving up.

The woman walks down a dirt road. A man (played by American surrealist poet Philip Lamantia at age 17) begins to talk with her, and as they walk he turns into three other men: first Parker Tyler, then artist and composer John Cage, and finally Alexander Hammid (Deren's real-life husband). She follows the final man into a house where all the furniture is under white dust covers. The woman and a new man, who has appeared under the covers on a divan, stare at each other for several moments. A cat leaps from her arms, and she turns around and leaves. After walking through several doors, she ends up on top of a big rock. She slowly falls down to the ground in several stages and then walks across a field of dunes.

On a beach, the woman gathers rocks in her arms as she walks along, but she is having a hard time and drops the stones as fast as she is able to pick them up. She sees two women (who are dressed like they could have been at the dinner party earlier) playing chess near the water. While they talk and play, the woman gets closer and watches them for a bit before she begins to gently caress their hair. They lose their focus on the game, and the woman grabs the white queen just as it is about to get captured. She runs away with her arms raised, and, as she passes back through all of the places she has previously been on her journey, she exchanges glances with other versions of herself who are still in each location. The woman keeps running after she gets to the beach from the beginning of the film, leaving her footprints behind her in the sand.

## Cast

## Trivia

The chess game shown at the beginning and the end is Anderssen - Kieseritzky, proclaimed as the Immortal Game.

## Legacy

Film theorist P. Adams Sitney described Stan Brakhage's 1962 film *Blue Moses* as a reaction to Deren's work, with references to *At Land* in its circular structure, the sudden costume changes of its protagonist, and its story about footprints. The film is part of Anthology Film Archives' Essential Cinema Repertory collection.

The scenes of Deren on the beach, and of the chess games are referenced in the music video for the band Garbage's 2012 single "Blood for Poppies". English rock musician and former Pink Floyd member David Gilmour, used footage from the film in the official music video for his song "Faces of Stone", directed by Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis.

## Further reading

* *Feminisms in the Cinema*, ed. Laura Pietropaolo and Ada Testaferri. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c1995.
* Turim, Maureen. "The Ethics of Form: Structure and Gender in Maya Deren's Challenge to the Cinema", in *Maya Deren and the American Avant-Garde, ed. Bill Nichols, Berkeley University of California Press, 2001.*

## InfoBox

| At Land | |
| --- | --- |
| Deren from the still in the film *At Land* | |
| Directed by | Maya Deren |
| Written by | Maya Deren |
| Starring | Maya Deren
Alexander Hammid
John Cage
Parker Tyler |
| Cinematography | Hella Hammid (as Hella Heyman)
Alexander Hammid |
| Release date | * 1944 (1944) |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Country | USA |


title: Electoral reform in New Jersey

abstract: Electoral reform in New Jersey refers to efforts to change the voting laws in the Garden state.

text:
# Electoral reform in New Jersey

**Electoral reform in New Jersey** refers to efforts to change the voting laws in the Garden state.

## Electoral College

In January 2008, New Jersey become the second state, after Maryland, to pass legislation that opposes the Electoral College in the United States. The compact, signed by Democratic Governor Jon S. Corzine, would deliver the state's 15 electoral votes to the winner of the national popular vote. The compact, however, would take effect only if enough states agree to it, that is, enough states to win a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The goal of such legislation is to ensure that an occurrence similar to that of the 2000 election, where the winner of the presidential election did not hold the highest number of votes nationally, does not happen. Republican members of the New Jersey General Assembly opposed the legislation.


title: Aspergillus albertensis

abstract: Aspergillus albertensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Flavi section. The species was first described in 1985. It was isolated from a human ear in Canada. A. albertensis has been shown to produce ochratoxin A and B. It forms yellow spores.

text:
# Aspergillus albertensis

***Aspergillus albertensis*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Aspergillus*. It is from the *Flavi* section. The species was first described in 1985. It was isolated from a human ear in Canada. *A. albertensis* has been shown to produce ochratoxin A and B. It forms yellow spores.

## Growth and morphology

*A. albertensis* has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.

1. Tewari, J.P. (1985). "A new indeterminate stromatal type in Petromyces". *Mycologia*. **77** (1): 114–120. doi:10.2307/3793255.
2. Varga, J.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. (2011). "Aflatoxin producing species, and an overview of Aspergillus section Flavi". *Studies in Mycology*. **69** (1): 57–80. doi:10.3114/sim.2011.69.05. PMC 3161756. PMID 21892243.
3. Visagie, C.M.; Varga, J.; Houbraken, J.; Meijer, M.; Kocsubé, S.; Yilmaz, N.; Fotedar, R.; Seifert, K.A.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A. (2014). "Ochratoxin production and taxonomy of the yellow aspergilli (Aspergillus section Circumdati)". *Studies in Mycology*. **78**: 1–61. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.001. PMC 4255584. PMID 25492980.

## InfoBox

| *Aspergillus albertensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | *Aspergillus* |
| Species: | ***A. albertensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspergillus albertensis***<br>J.P. Tewari (1985) | |
|


title: 1997 NCAA Division II football season

abstract: The 1997 NCAA Division II football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level, began on September 6, 1997, and concluded with the NCAA Division II Football Championship on December 13, 1997, at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama, hosted by the University of North Alabama. Northern Colorado defeated New Haven in the championship game, 51–0, to win their second Division II national title. The Harlon Hill Trophy was awarded to Irvin Sigler, running back from Bloomsburg.

text:
# 1997 NCAA Division II football season

The **1997 NCAA Division II football season**, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level, began on September 6, 1997, and concluded with the NCAA Division II Football Championship on December 13, 1997, at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama, hosted by the University of North Alabama.

Northern Colorado defeated New Haven in the championship game, 51–0, to win their second Division II national title.

The Harlon Hill Trophy was awarded to Irvin Sigler, running back from Bloomsburg.

## Conference changes and new programs

| Team | 1996 conference | 1997 conference |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chico State | NCAC | *dropped program* |
| East Central | Oklahoma Intercollegiate (NAIA) | Lone Star |
| Elon | South Atlantic | Independent |
| Harding | Independent (NAIA) | Lone Star |
| Humboldt State | NCAC | Columbia (NAIA) |
| Mississippi College | Independent | American Southwest (D-III) |
| Norfolk State | Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association | NCAA Division I-AA independent |
| Northeastern State | Oklahoma Intercollegiate (NAIA) | Lone Star |
| Ouachita Baptist | Independent (NAIA) | Lone Star |
| Sonoma State | NCAC | *dropped program* |
| Southeastern Oklahoma State | Oklahoma Intercollegiate (NAIA) | Lone Star |
| Southwestern Oklahoma State | Oklahoma Intercollegiate (NAIA) | Lone Star |

## Conference standings

| 1997 Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Virginia State \+    5   2        8   2     Livingstone \+    5   2        8   3     Virginia Union \+    5   2        7   4     Winston-Salem State   4   3        6   4     North Carolina Central   4   3        4   7     Fayetteville State   3   4        4   7     Bowie State   2   5        4   6     Elizabeth City State   1   6        2   8     Johnson C. Smith   1   6        2   8     * \+  Conference co-champions * Livingstone forfeited conference wins over Virginia Union and Bowie State. | 1997 Columbia Football Association standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 13 Western Oregon $^    4   1        7   3     Central Washington   3   2        5   4     Southern Oregon   3   2        5   4     Western Washington   3   2        5   5     Simon Fraser   1   4        2   7     Humboldt State   1   4        2   8     * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA playoff participant Rankings from NAIA poll | 1997 Eastern Football Conference standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Atlantic Division  Albany xy$    8   0        11   1     Southern Connecticut   6   2        7   4     C. W. Post   5   3        6   4     Stony Brook   4   4        4   6     Pace   3   4        4   5     Sacred Heart   1   7        1   9     Bay State Division  American International xy    8   0        8   4     Bentley   5   3        6   3     Stonehill   3   5        4   6     Merrimack   3   5        3   6     UMass Lowell   1   7        2   8     Assumption   0   7        0   9     Championship: **Albany 27**, American International 20  * $  Conference champion * x  Division champion/co-champions * y  Championship game participant |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 Gulf South Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 10 Southern Arkansas +^    6   1        9   2     West Georgia \+    6   1        8   2     No. 13 North Alabama   6   2        9   3     Central Arkansas   5   3        6   3     Valdosta State   5   3        6   5     Arkansas Tech   4   4        4   7     Henderson State   3   5        4   6     Delta State   3   6        3   7     West Alabama   1   6        4   6     Arkansas–Monticello   0   8        0   10     * \+  Conference co-champions * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | 1997 Lone Star Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Overall  No. 4 Texas A&M–Kingsville $^    9   0        9   2     No. 6 Angelo State ^    8   1        10   2     Central Oklahoma   7   2        9   2     West Texas A&M   6   3        7   4     SW Oklahoma State   5   4        5   5     Abilene Christian   5   4        7   4     Northeastern State   4   4        4   7     SE Oklahoma State   3   5        3   7     Harding   3   5        5   5     Ouachita Baptist   3   5        4   6     Texas A&M–Commerce   3   6        3   8     Eastern New Mexico   3   6        5   6     Midwestern State   3   6        3   7     Tarleton State   3   6        4   7     East Central   0   8        0   10     North  Central Oklahoma x    5   1        9   2     SW Oklahoma State x    5   1        5   5     Northeastern State   4   2        4   7     Harding   3   3        5   5     Ouachita Baptist   3   3        4   6     SE Oklahoma State   1   5        3   7     East Central   0   6        0   10     South  No. 4 Texas A&M–Kingsville x$^    7   0        9   2     No. 6 Angelo State ^    6   1        10   2     Abilene Christian   4   3        7   4     West Texas A&M   4   3        7   4     Eastern New Mexico   2   5        5   6     Tarleton State   2   5        4   7     Texas A&M–Commerce   3   5        3   8     Midwestern State   1   6        3   7     * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | 1997 Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 3 NW Missouri State $^    9   0        12   1     No. 8 Pittsburg State ^    8   1        9   2     Missouri Southern   6   3        7   3     Truman State   6   3        6   4     Emporia State   5   4        7   4     Central Missouri State   4   5        5   6     Missouri Western   3   6        5   6     Washburn   2   7        3   8     Missouri–Rolla   2   7        3   8     Southwest Baptist   0   9        0   10     * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll |
| 1997 Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Ashland +^    9   1        9   2     Grand Valley State \+    9   1        9   1     Saginaw Valley State   8   2        9   2     Indianapolis   7   3        8   3     Northern Michigan   6   4        7   4     Hillsdale   4   6        4   7     Ferris State   3   7        3   7     Northwood   3   7        3   7     Wayne State (MI)   3   7        3   8     Michigan Tech   2   8        2   8     St. Francis (IL)   1   9        1   9     * \+  Conference co-champions * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant | 1997 North Central Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 11 Northern Colorado $^    8   1        13   2     North Dakota   7   2        8   2     No. 16 North Dakota State ^    7   2        9   3     Nebraska–Omaha   6   3        8   3     St. Cloud State   5   4        6   5     South Dakota   3   6        5   6     Augustana (SD)   3   6        5   6     Mankato State   3   6        4   7     South Dakota State   3   6        4   6     Morningside   0   9        0   11     * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | 1997 Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Winona State $    6   0        9   2     Minnesota Duluth   4   2        4   6     Southwest State (MN)   3   3        5   6     Moorhead State   3   3        5   5     Northern State   3   3        4   7     Minnesota Morris   1   5        3   7     Bemidji State   1   5        2   8     * $  Conference champion |
| 1997 Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    East Division  Bloomsburg x    6   0        8   2     Millersville   4   2        7   3     West Chester   4   2        5   6     Kutztown   3   3        6   4     East Stroudsburg   3   3        4   6     Mansfield   1   5        1   10     Cheyney   0   6        0   11     West Division  No. 7 Slippery Rock x^    6   0        11   2     Shippensburg   4   2        6   4     IUP   4   2        5   5     Edinboro   2   4        4   6     Clarion   2   4        3   7     Lock Haven   2   4        3   8     California (PA)   1   5        2   8     * x  Division champion/co-champions * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | 1997 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Western State (CO) $^    7   1        9   3     Chadron State   6   2        8   3     New Mexico Highlands   6   2        8   3     Nebraska–Kearney   6   2        7   4     Fort Hays State   4   4        5   6     Fort Lewis   3   5        4   7     Mesa State   2   6        4   7     Colorado Mines   1   7        3   8     Adams State   1   7        1   10     * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant | 1997 South Atlantic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 1 Carson–Newman $^    7   0        11   1     Catawba   5   2        8   3     Gardner–Webb   4   3        8   3     Wingate   4   3        8   3     Mars Hill   3   4        5   5     Presbyterian   3   4        5   6     Newberry   2   5        4   7     Lenoir–Rhyne   0   7        0   10     * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll |
| 1997 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 5 Albany State $^    6   0        11   1     Alabama A&M   4   2        7   4     Kentucky State   4   2        7   5     Fort Valley State   4   2        5   6     Tuskegee   3   3        7   4     Morris Brown   3   3        6   5     Miles   3   3        4   6     Clark Atlanta   2   4        4   7     Savannah State   1   5        3   8     Morehouse   0   6        3   8     * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | 1997 West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    Shepherd \+    6   1        9   1     No. 15 Glenville State +^    6   1        9   3     West Virginia Wesleyan   5   2        5   5     Concord   3   4        5   5     Fairmont State   3   4        5   6     West Virginia State   3   4        5   6     West Liberty State   2   5        4   6     West Virginia Tech   0   7        0   11     * \+  Conference co-champions * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | 1997 NCAA Division II independents football records Conf   Overall  Team   W   L       W   L    No. 2 New Haven ^             12   2     Mercyhurst            6   3     No. 14 UC Davis ^             9   5     Elon            7   4     Western New Mexico            5   5     Saint Joseph's (IN)            5   6     Wayne State (NE)            3   7     Quincy            0   10     * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll |

## Conference summaries

| Conference Champions |
| --- |
| Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association – Livingstone, Virginia State, and Virginia Union
Eastern Collegiate Football Conference – Albany
Gulf South Conference – Southern Arkansas and West Georgia
Lone Star Conference – Texas A&M–Kingsville
Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association – Northwest Missouri State
Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference – Grand Valley State and Ashland
North Central Conference – Northern Colorado
Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference – Winona State
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference – Bloomsburg (East), Slippery Rock (West)
Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference – Western State (CO)
South Atlantic Conference – Carson-Newman
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference – Albany State
West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference – Glenville State and Shepherd |

## Postseason

| 1997 NCAA Division II Football Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 16 |
| Finals Site |  |
| Champion |  |
| Runner-up |  |
| Semifinalists |  |
| Winning coach | * championship |

The **1997 NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs** were the 24th single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college football. The championship game was held at Braly Municipal Stadium in Florence, Alabama, for the 11th time.

### Playoff bracket

|  | **First round**
*Campus sites* | |  |  | **Quarterfinals**
*Campus sites* | |  |  | **Semifinals**
*Campus sites* | |  |  | **Championship**
Braly Municipal Stadium
Florence, AL | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **UC Davis** | **37** |  |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |
|  | | | | || |
|  | Texas A&M–Kingsville | 34 |  | || |
|  | | | |  | **UC Davis** | **50** |  | ||
|  | | | | |  | |  | ||
|  | |  |  | Angelo State | 33 |  || |
|  | **Angelo State** | | | | | **46** |  | ||
|  | | | |  | | | | ||
|  | | Western State (CO) | 20 |  || |
|  | | | |  | UC Davis | 25 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | **New Haven** | **27** |  ||
|  | **New Haven** | | | | | **47** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | |  | | | ||
|  | | Glenville State | 7 | |  ||
|  | | | |  | **New Haven** | **49** |  ||
|  | | | | |  | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Slippery Rock | 21 |  ||
|  | | | | | | **Slippery Rock** | **30** |  ||
|  | | | |  | | | ||
|  | | Ashland | 20 |  ||
|  | | | |  | New Haven | 0 |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | **Northern Colorado** | **51** |  |
|  | **Northwest Missouri State** | | | | | **39** |  |  | | | |  | | | |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | North Dakota State | 28 | |  ||
|  | | | |  | Northwest Missouri State | 19 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | |  | |
|  | |  |  | **Northern Colorado** | **35** |  ||
|  | | | | | | **Northern Colorado** | **24** | |  |
|  | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | Pittsburg State | 16 |  ||
|  | | | |  | **Northern Colorado** | **30** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Carson–Newman | 29 |  |
|  | | | | | | **Carson–Newman** | **21** |  |  | | | |
|  | | | | |  | | | |
|  | | North Alabama | 7 | |  |
|  | | | |  | **Carson–Newman** | **23** |  |
|  | | | | |  | |  |
|  | |  |  | Albany State | 22 |  |
|  | | | | | | **Albany State** | **10** |  |
|  | | | |  | | | |
|  | | Southern Arkansas | 6 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1997 NCAA Division II football season | |
| --- | --- |
| Regular season | September 6 – November 15, 1997 |
| Playoffs | November 22 – December 13, 1997 |
| National Championship | Braly Municipal Stadium
Florence, AL |
| Champion | Northern Colorado |
| Harlon Hill Trophy | Irvin Singler, Bloomsburg |
|


title: Battle of Arginusae

abstract: The Battle of Arginusae took place in 406 BC during the Peloponnesian War near the city of Canae in the Arginusae Islands, east of the island of Lesbos. In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by eight strategoi defeated a Spartan fleet under Callicratidas. The battle was precipitated by a Spartan victory, which led to the Athenian fleet under Conon being blockaded at Mytilene. To relieve Conon, the Athenians assembled a scratch force composed largely of newly-constructed ships manned by inexperienced crews. The inexperienced fleet was thus tactically inferior to the Spartans, but its commanders circumvented the problem by employing new and unorthodox tactics, which allowed the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory. Slaves and metics who participated in the battle may have been granted Athenian citizenship. The news of the victory itself was met with jubilation at Athens. Their joy was tempered, however, by the aftermath of the battle, in which a storm prevented the ships assigned to rescue the survivors of the 25 disabled or sunken Athenian triremes from performing their duties, and a great number of sailors drowned. A fury erupted at Athens when the public learned of that, and a bitter struggle occurred after which the assembly tried and executed as a group six of the eight commanding generals. At Sparta, meanwhile, traditionalists who had supported Callicratidas pressed for peace with Athens since they knew that a continuation of the war would lead to the reascendence of their opponent Lysander. The party initially prevailed, and a delegation was dispatched to Athens to make an offer of peace. The Athenians, however, rejected the offer, and Lysander departed to the Aegean to take command of the fleet for the remainder of the war, which would be decided less than a year later by his total victory at the Battle of Aegospotami.

text:
# Battle of Arginusae

The **Battle of Arginusae** took place in 406 BC during the Peloponnesian War near the city of Canae in the Arginusae Islands, east of the island of Lesbos. In the battle, an Athenian fleet commanded by eight *strategoi* defeated a Spartan fleet under Callicratidas. The battle was precipitated by a Spartan victory, which led to the Athenian fleet under Conon being blockaded at Mytilene. To relieve Conon, the Athenians assembled a scratch force composed largely of newly-constructed ships manned by inexperienced crews. The inexperienced fleet was thus tactically inferior to the Spartans, but its commanders circumvented the problem by employing new and unorthodox tactics, which allowed the Athenians to secure a dramatic and unexpected victory. Slaves and metics who participated in the battle may have been granted Athenian citizenship.

The news of the victory itself was met with jubilation at Athens. Their joy was tempered, however, by the aftermath of the battle, in which a storm prevented the ships assigned to rescue the survivors of the 25 disabled or sunken Athenian triremes from performing their duties, and a great number of sailors drowned. A fury erupted at Athens when the public learned of that, and a bitter struggle occurred after which the assembly tried and executed as a group six of the eight commanding generals.

At Sparta, meanwhile, traditionalists who had supported Callicratidas pressed for peace with Athens since they knew that a continuation of the war would lead to the reascendence of their opponent Lysander. The party initially prevailed, and a delegation was dispatched to Athens to make an offer of peace. The Athenians, however, rejected the offer, and Lysander departed to the Aegean to take command of the fleet for the remainder of the war, which would be decided less than a year later by his total victory at the Battle of Aegospotami.

## Background

### Callicratidas and Conon

In 406 BC, Callicratidas was appointed as the navarch of the Spartan fleet, replacing Lysander. Callicratidas was a traditionalist Spartan, distrustful of Persian influence and reluctant to ask for support from the Persian prince Cyrus, who had been a strong supporter of Lysander. Thus, Callicratidas was forced to assemble his fleet and funding by seeking contributions from Sparta's allies among the Greek cities of the region. In this fashion, he assembled a fleet of some 140 triremes. Conon, meanwhile, in command of the Athenian fleet at Samos, was compelled by problems with the morale of his sailors to man only 70 of the more than 100 triremes he had in his possession.

Callicratidas, once he had assembled his fleet, sailed against Methymna, on Lesbos, which he laid siege to and stormed. From Methymna, Callicratidas could potentially move to capture the rest of Lesbos, which would clear the way for him to move his fleet to the Hellespont, where he would be athwart the all-important Athenian grain supply line. To defend Lesbos, Conon was forced to move his numerically-inferior fleet from Samos to the Hekatonnesi Islands near Methymna. When Callicratidas attacked him, however, with a fleet that had swollen to a size of 170 ships, Conon was forced to flee to Mytilene, where at the Battle of Mytilene, he was blockaded with his fleet after losing 30 ships in a clash at the mouth of the harbor. Besieged by land and sea, Conon was powerless to act against the vastly superior forces that surrounded him and only barely slipped a messenger ship out to Athens to carry the news of his plight.

### Relief force

When the messenger ship reached Athens with news of Conon's situation, the assembly wasted no time in approving extreme measures to build and man a relief force. The golden statues of Nike were melted down to fund the construction of the ships, and slaves and metics were enlisted to crew the fleet. To ensure a sufficiently large and loyal group of crewmen, the Athenians possibly took the radical step of extending citizenship to thousands of slaves who rowed with the fleet. Over a hundred ships were prepared and manned through these measures, and contributions from allied ships raised the fleet's size to 150 triremes after it reached Samos. In a highly unorthodox arrangement, the fleet was commanded collaboratively by eight generals: Aristocrates, Aristogenes, Diomedon, Erasinides, Lysias, Pericles, Protomachus and Thrasyllus.

After leaving Samos, the Athenian fleet sailed to the Arginusae islands, opposite Cape Malea on Lesbos, where they camped for an evening. Callicratidas, who had sailed south to Malea with most of his fleet upon learning of the Athenians' movements, spotted their signal fires and planned to attack them by night but was prevented from doing so by a thunderstorm and so he was forced to delay his attack until morning.

## Battle

At dawn the next day, Callicratidas led his fleet out to meet the Athenians. He had 140 ships to match the Athenians' 150 and had left 50 to watch Conon at Mytilene. For the first time in the war, the Spartan crews and commanders were more experienced than their Athenian opposites, as the Athenians' best crews had been at sea with Conon. To counter the Spartans' superior skill and maneuverability, the Athenian commanders implemented several new and innovative tactics. Firstly, the Athenian fleet was divided into eight autonomous divisions, each commanded by one of the generals. Secondly, they arranged their fleet in a double line, instead of the traditional single line, to prevent the Spartans from using the maneuver known as the *diekplous* in which a trireme raced into a gap between two enemy ships and then wheeled to strike one of them in the side. If the Spartans attempted that against a double line, a ship from the second line could move up to attack the Spartan ship.

As the Athenians advanced, they extended their left flank out to sea, outflanking the Spartans. The superior Athenian numbers, combined with the tactics they had implemented, created a dangerous situation for the Spartans, and Callicratidas's helmsman advised him to retire without a fight, but the navarch insisted on pushing on. Dividing his force into two to meet the threat of encirclement, Callicratidas led his fleet into battle. Heated fighting ensued for some time, but eventually, Callicratidas, leading the Spartan right, was killed when his ship rammed an opposing ship, and resistance on the right collapsed. The left continued to resist for longer but was unable to stand up to the entire Athenian fleet and soon joined the right wing in flight. All told, the Spartans lost some 70 ships and the Athenians 25.

## Aftermath

In the immediate aftermath of the battle, the Athenian commanders had to decide on which of several pressing tasks to focus their attention. Conon was still blockaded at Mytilene by 50 Spartan ships, and decisive action against those ships could lead to their destruction before they had a chance to join the remainder of Callicratidas' fleet. At the same time, however, the survivors from the 25 Athenian ships that had been sunk or disabled in the battle remained afloat off the Arginusae islands. To address both of these concerns, the generals decided that all eight of them would sail with the majority of the fleet to Mytilene, where they would attempt to relieve Conon, and the trierarchs Thrasybulus and Theramenes would remain behind with a smaller detachment to rescue the survivors. Both missions, however, were thwarted by the sudden arrival of a storm, which drove the ships back into port. The Spartan fleet at Mytilene escaped, and rescuing the drowning sailors proved impossible.

### Trial of generals

At Athens, the public relief at this unexpected victory was quickly subsumed in a bitter rhetorical battle over who was responsible for the failure to rescue the sailors. When the generals learned that the public was angry over the failed rescue, they assumed that Thrasybulus and Theramenes, who had already returned to the city, were responsible, and accordingly, they wrote letters to the assembly denouncing the two trierarchs and blaming them for the disaster. The trierarchs responded successfully to the allegations brought against them, and public anger now turned against the generals instead. The eight generals were deposed from their office and ordered to return to Athens to stand trial; two of them, Aristogenes and Protomachus, fled, but the other six returned. Upon their return, they were imprisoned, and one of them, Erasinides, was brought to trial and convicted of several charges involving misconduct in office; this trial may represent an attempt by the generals' enemies to test the wind since Erasinides, who had proposed abandoning the survivors altogether during the deliberations after the battle, may have been the easiest target among the six.

The question of how the generals should be tried for their failure to rescue the survivors was then brought before the assembly. On the first day of debate, the generals won the sympathy of the crowd by placing the blame for the tragedy entirely on the storm that had thwarted the rescue attempts. Unfortunately for them, however, the first day of debate was followed by the festival of the *Apaturia* at which families met together. In this context, the absence of those drowned at Arginusae was painfully evident, and when the assembly next met, the initiative passed to those who wished to treat the generals harshly. A politician named Callixeinus proposed that without further debate, the assembly should vote on the guilt or innocence of the generals. Euryptolemus, a cousin of Alcibiades and several others opposed the motion on the grounds that it was unconstitutional, but they withdrew their opposition after another politician moved for the same penalty applied to the generals to be applied to them. With the opposition from the floor now silenced, the generals' accusers sought to bring their motion to a vote.

The presiding officers of the assembly were the *prytaneis*, randomly-selected councilmen from the tribe that was assigned to oversee the assembly in a given month. At each meeting of the assembly, one of the *prytaneis* was appointed *epistates*, or president of the assembly. By chance, the philosopher Socrates, holding public office for the only time in his life, was *epistates* on the day that the generals were tried. Declaring that he would "do nothing that was contrary to the law", Socrates refused to put the measure to a vote. Emboldened, Euryptolemus rose again to speak and persuaded the assembly to pass a motion ordering that the generals be tried separately. Parliamentary maneuvering, however, undid the victory, and in the end, the original motion was carried. A vote was taken, and all six generals were found guilty and executed, including Pericles the Younger. The Athenians soon came to regret their decision in the case of the generals, and charges were brought against the principal instigators of the executions. The men escaped before they could be brought to trial, but Callixeinus returned to Athens several years later. Despised by his fellow citizens, he died of starvation.

### Peace offer

At Sparta, the defeat at Arginusae added to a long list of setbacks since the war in the Aegean had begun in 412 BC. The fleet, now stationed at Chios, was in poor condition, Spartans at home were discouraged and supporters of Callicratidas were displeased by the notion that his rival Lysander would rise to power again if the war were to continue (Sparta's allies in the Aegean were demanding his return). With all of those concerns in mind, the Spartan government dispatched an embassy to Athens, offering to surrender the Spartan fort at Decelea in return for peace on the basis of the status quo in the Aegean. The proposal, however, was rejected by the Athenian assembly at the urging of Cleophon. The war continued, but Athens's decision was to prove costly less than a year later when Lysander, in command of the Spartan fleet once more, decisively defeated the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami. Within two years of the dramatic Athenian victory at Arginusae, the city of Athens surrendered, and its walls were torn down.

### References

### Sources

* Aristotle, *Constitution of the Athenians*
* Diodorus Siculus, *Library*
* Fine, John V.A. *The Ancient Greeks: A critical history* (Harvard University Press, 1983) ISBN 0-674-03314-0
* Hornblower, Simon. *The Greek World 479-323 BC* (Routledge, 1991) ISBN 0-415-06557-7
* Hunt, Peter. "The Slaves and Generals of Arginusae", *The American Journal of Philology*, Vol. 122, 2001, pp. 359–80.
* Kagan, Donald. *The Peloponnesian War* (Penguin Books, 2003). ISBN 0-670-03211-5
* Xenophon (1890s) \[original 4th century BC\]. *Hellenica*. Translated by Henry Graham Dakyns  via Wikisource.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Arginusae | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Peloponnesian War | |
| Date 406 BC  Location Arginusae Islands<br>(modern-day Dikili, İzmir, Turkey)39°02′N 26°48′E / 39.033°N 26.800°E / 39.033; 26.800  Result Athenian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Sparta | Athens |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Callicratidas | 8 co-equal *strategoi*: |
| Strength | |
| 120 ships | 155 ships |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 70 ships | 25 ships |
| class=notpageimage|Location of the Battle of Arginusae | |


title: Anima (organization)

abstract: Anima is a Danish animal rights organization founded in 2000. Its core focus is on factory farms and the fur industry. The organization's motto is "the organization for the rights of all animals". Anima works by organizing protests, raising awareness about animal abuse, and providing information and advice on vegan/vegetarian eating.

text:
# Anima (organization)

**Anima** is a Danish animal rights organization founded in 2000. Its core focus is on factory farms and the fur industry. The organization's motto is "the organization for the rights of all animals". Anima works by organizing protests, raising awareness about animal abuse, and providing information and advice on vegan/vegetarian eating.

## Selected history

### Ban on imports of cat and dog fur

The organization collected 200,000 signatures on a petition, and held protests at the main dealer of dog and cat fur. In 2003, imports of dog and cat fur were banned in Denmark. A similar ban was implemented in 2007 by the European Union.

### Ban on import of seal products

The organization worked on the Danish part of a campaign to ban the import of seal products from Canada, Norway or Namibia, stating that the seal hunt is inherently inhumane. The European Union banned the import of seal products in 2009, which took effect in 2010.

### Fur-free fashion

The organization campaigns directly with sellers of clothing to make fur-free the norm in Danish fashion. In 2014, there were 160 companies committing to selling only fur-free fashion wear.


title: Antispila cornifoliella

abstract: Antispila cornifoliella is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in North America, including Alberta, Maryland, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania and Quebec. The larvae feed on Cornus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant, typically in September. In the larva, the head and shield are dark brown. Most of the rest of its body is white. For adults, the body is mostly dark brown, with purplish brown hind wings.

text:
# Antispila cornifoliella

***Antispila cornifoliella*** is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in North America, including Alberta, Maryland, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania and Quebec.

The larvae feed on *Cornus* species. They mine the leaves of their host plant, typically in September.

In the larva, the head and shield are dark brown. Most of the rest of its body is white. For adults, the body is mostly dark brown, with purplish brown hind wings.

## InfoBox

| *Antispila cornifoliella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Heliozelidae |
| Genus: | *Antispila* |
| Species: | ***A. cornifoliella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Antispila cornifoliella***<br>Clemens, 1860 | |
|


abstract: The 1958 NCAA College Division Cross Country Championships were contested at the first annual NCAA-sanctioned cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate cross country running among small colleges in the United States. This was the first NCAA championship held exclusively for College Division teams; all university teams remained part of the NCAA University Division Cross Country Championship. Held on November 15, 1958, the meet was hosted by Wheaton College at the Chicago Country Club in Wheaton, Illinois. The distance for the race was 4 miles. The team national championship was won by Northern Illinois, the Huskies' first. The individual championship was won by Paul Whiteley, from Kansas State Teachers, with a time of 20:45.

text:
# 1958 NCAA College Division cross country championships

The **1958 NCAA College Division Cross Country Championships** were contested at the first annual NCAA-sanctioned cross country meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate cross country running among small colleges in the United States.

This was the first NCAA championship held exclusively for College Division (future Divisions II and III) teams; all university teams remained part of the NCAA University Division Cross Country Championship (later re-designated as Division I).

Held on November 15, 1958, the meet was hosted by Wheaton College at the Chicago Country Club in Wheaton, Illinois. The distance for the race was 4 miles (6.4 kilometers).

The team national championship was won by Northern Illinois, the Huskies' first. The individual championship was won by Paul Whiteley, from Kansas State Teachers, with a time of 20:45.

## Qualification

Following the creation of the NCAA"s multi-division structure this year, only NCAA College Division teams, and their respective runners, were eligible. In total, 20 teams and 114 individual runners contested this championship.

## Results

* **Distance:** 4 miles (6.4 kilometers)

### Team Result

| Rank | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Northern Illinois** | **90** |
|  | South Dakota State | 93 |
|  | Central Michigan | 107 |
| 4 | Wheaton (IL) **(H)** | 131 |
| 5 | Southern Illinois | 134 |
| 6 | Wabash | 140 |
| 7 | Kansas State Teachers | 148 |
| 8 | Slippery Rock State | 202 |
| 9 | Ohio Wesleyan | 205 |
| 10 | Mankato State | 217 |
| 11 | Roanoke | 231 |
| 12 | DePauw | 258 |
| 13 | Albion | 319 |

## InfoBox

| 1958 NCAA College Division Cross Country Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Organisers | NCAA |
| Edition | 1st |
| Date | November 15, 1958 |
| Host city | Wheaton, Illinois
Wheaton College |
| Venue | Chicago Country Club |
| Distances | 4 miles (6.4 km) |
| Participation | 20–teams
114–individuals athletes |
| 1957 1959 | |


title: Eric Cross (cricketer)

abstract: Eric Percival Cross was an English cricketer. Cross was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Handsworth, Warwickshire, and was educated at Denstone College. Cross made his first-class debut for Warwickshire against Gloucestershire in the 1921 County Championship at Edgbaston. Cross made six further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the touring West Indians in 1923. In his seven first-class appearances, he scored a total of 61 runs at an average of 7.62, with a high score of 12 not out. Behind the stumps he took nine catches and made a single stumping. The presence of Tiger Smith in the Warwickshire squad limited his first team appearances. Cross later joined Staffordshire, making his debut for the county in the 1928 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire. He played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire to 1934, making a total of 41 appearances, the last of which came against the Yorkshire Second XI. He died at Birmingham, Warwickshire, on 27 January 1985.

text:
# Eric Cross (cricketer)

**Eric Percival Cross** (25 June 1896 – 27 January 1985) was an English cricketer. Cross was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Handsworth, Warwickshire, and was educated at Denstone College.

Cross made his first-class debut for Warwickshire against Gloucestershire in the 1921 County Championship at Edgbaston. Cross made six further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the touring West Indians in 1923. In his seven first-class appearances, he scored a total of 61 runs at an average of 7.62, with a high score of 12 not out. Behind the stumps he took nine catches and made a single stumping. The presence of Tiger Smith in the Warwickshire squad limited his first team appearances. Cross later joined Staffordshire, making his debut for the county in the 1928 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire. He played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire to 1934, making a total of 41 appearances, the last of which came against the Yorkshire Second XI.

He died at Birmingham, Warwickshire, on 27 January 1985.

## InfoBox

Eric Cross
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Eric Percival Cross |
| Born | (1896-06-25)25 June 1896
Handsworth, Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 27 February 1985(1985-02-27) (aged 88)
Birmingham, Warwickshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1928–1934 | Staffordshire |
| 1921–1923 | Warwickshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 7  Runs scored 61  Batting average 7.62  100s/50s –/–  Top score 12  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 9/1 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 29 April 2012 | |


title: Electoral reform in Kentucky

abstract: Electoral reform in Kentucky refers to efforts to change the voting laws in the Bluegrass State. In Kentucky, the state legislature is in charge of drawing both congressional and state legislative districts. The 1991 state legislative district plan was determined by the Supreme Court of Kentucky to be in violation of Section 33 of the Kentucky Constitution because it split an excessive number of counties in violation of the state constitutional requirement that the fewest counties possible be divided. Kentucky is one of only three states that permanently disenfranchise all persons with felony convictions even after they have completed their full sentence. One out of every 17 Kentucky residents is disenfranchised. In 2007, HB 550 was introduced to join the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, but it died in committee. In October 2007, Kentucky Attorney General Greg Stumbo released to the State Board of Elections and Kentucky Secretary of State a report finding serious deficiencies in Kentucky's electronic voting machines.

text:
# Electoral reform in Kentucky

**Electoral reform in Kentucky** refers to efforts to change the voting laws in the Bluegrass State. In Kentucky, the state legislature is in charge of drawing both congressional and state legislative districts. The 1991 state legislative district plan was determined by the Supreme Court of Kentucky to be in violation of Section 33 of the Kentucky Constitution because it split an excessive number of counties in violation of the state constitutional requirement that the fewest counties possible be divided. Kentucky is one of only three states (the others are Florida and Virginia) that permanently disenfranchise all persons with felony convictions even after they have completed their full sentence. One out of every 17 Kentucky residents is disenfranchised.

In 2007, HB 550 was introduced to join the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, but it died in committee. In October 2007, Kentucky Attorney General Greg Stumbo released to the State Board of Elections and Kentucky Secretary of State a report finding serious deficiencies in Kentucky's electronic voting machines.

## Recent call for change

Citizens of Kentucky are now calling for another electoral reform in Kentucky, stating that election requirements are unfair and do not compare to the rest of the country. The bill in question is KRS 83A.040.

Electoral reform in the United States


title: Aspronisi

abstract: Aspronisi is an uninhabited island lying within the Santorini caldera. The island was originally formed by the massive Minoan eruption in the 2nd millennium BC, after which it was gradually built up by successive volcanic activity. The name Aspronisi, which means 'White Island' in Greek, is derived from the island being partially composed of white pumice.

text:
# Aspronisi

**Aspronisi** (Greek: Ασπρονήσι) is an uninhabited island lying within the Santorini caldera. The island was originally formed by the massive Minoan eruption in the 2nd millennium BC, after which it was gradually built up by successive volcanic activity. The name Aspronisi, which means 'White Island' in Greek, is derived from the island being partially composed of white pumice.

## Formation

**Aspronisi** was formed through the gradual volcanic activity in Santorini caldera, which itself is composed of four distinct shield volcanoes. The island was formed along with the current Santorini caldera during a massive eruption in the 2nd millennium BC that expelled 14 cubic miles (60 km3 ) of dense rock. Aspronisi was briefly a submarine volcano before the force of the eruption pushed the islet above the surface, after which dense layers of pumice and tephra ejected from the volcano covered the island. These deposits eventually solidified into the pale white deposits that give Aspronisi its moniker of the "White Isle". The base of the island is composed of black lava rock, and the island is connected to the larger islands of Therasia and Santorini by the submerged outer edge of Santorini caldera.

### Geography

The island has an area of 0.14 square kilometers. Its dimensions are 650 meters long by 200 meters wide. The island is dominated by steep cliffs, making landings difficult, though two pebble beaches and a small anchorage exist on the islet. The top of the island takes the form of a flat plateau.

### Habitation

Aspronisi is currently uninhabited, though sparse plant life can be found on the island. The island is a nesting ground for some species of migratory birds.

## InfoBox

Aspronisi
| Nickname: "White Island" | |
| --- | --- |
| Photo of Aspronisi. The contrast between lighter pumice and darker volcanic rock can be seen. | |
| AspronisiLocation in Greece | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Mediterranean Sea |
| Coordinates | 36°23′00″N 25°20′52″E / 36.38333°N 25.34778°E / 36.38333; 25.34778 |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Area | 0.14 km2 (0.054 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Greece** | |


title: 1925–26 Gold Cup

abstract: The 1925–26 Gold Cup was the 14th edition of the Gold Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football. The tournament was won by Belfast Celtic for the 2nd time, defeating Cliftonville 3–0 in the final at Windsor Park.

text:
# 1925–26 Gold Cup

The **1925–26 Gold Cup** was the 14th edition of the Gold Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.

The tournament was won by Belfast Celtic for the 2nd time, defeating Cliftonville 3–0 in the final at Windsor Park.

## Results

### First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Belfast Celtic** | 3–2 | Ards |
| **Cliftonville** | 2–1 | Barn |
| Distillery | 1–4 | **Linfield** |
| Glenavon | 1–5 | **Portadown** |
| **Larne** | 1–0 | Glentoran |
| **Newry Town** | 3–1 | Queen's Island |

### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Belfast Celtic** | 2–1 | Portadown |
| **Cliftonville** | w/o |  |
| **Linfield** | 2–0 | Larne |
| **Newry Town** | w/o |  |

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Belfast Celtic** | 3–2 | Linfield |
| **Cliftonville** | 2–1 | Newry Town |

### Final

| Belfast Celtic | 3–0 | Cliftonville |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Beirne  (o.g.)
McGrillen
Mahood | Report |  |

Windsor Park, BelfastAttendance: 15,000Referee: J.B. Stark

## InfoBox

1925–26 Gold Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Teams | 12 |
| Defending champions | Distillery |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Belfast Celtic (2nd win) |
| Runner-up | Cliftonville |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 11 |
| Goals scored | 40 (3.64 per match) |
|  | |


title: Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective

abstract: Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective is a Bengali documentary film directed and produced by Sagnik Chatterjee based on a fictional detective character created by Satyajit Ray This is the first biopic of India based on a fictional character. At first the film was premiered at the New York Indian Film Festival in 2017 and finally released on 7 June 2019. It received the award for Best Director in Non-Feature Film at the 66th National Film Awards in 2019.

text:
# Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective

***Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective*** is a Bengali documentary film directed and produced by Sagnik Chatterjee based on a fictional detective character created by Satyajit Ray This is the first biopic of India based on a fictional character. At first the film was premiered at the New York Indian Film Festival in 2017 and finally released on 7 June 2019. It received the award for Best Director in Non-Feature Film at the 66th National Film Awards in 2019.

## Synopsis

Feluda was created by Satyajit Ray. *Felu* alias *Pradosh Chandra Mitter* is one of the most popular fictional detective in India who turned 50 in the year 2017. The documentary contains literary references of Feluda films, interviews of onscreen Feluda and other characters. It also contains the history and chronology of the character and its creator Ray, rare audio clips, illustrations etc.

## Cast


abstract: The teams competing in Group 3 of the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championships qualifying competition are Bulgaria, England, Montenegro, Portugal, and Republic of Ireland.

text:
# 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 3

The teams competing in Group 3 of the **2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championships** qualifying competition are Bulgaria, England, Montenegro, Portugal, and Republic of Ireland.

## Standings

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| England | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 1 | +16 | **22** |
| Portugal | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 7 | +6 | **14** |
| Montenegro | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 7 | **8** |
| Bulgaria | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 5 | **7** |
| Republic of Ireland | 8 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 10 | **5** |

**Key:** **Pts** Points, **Pld** Matches played, **W** Won, **D** Drawn, **L** Lost, **GF** Goals for, **GA** Goals against, **GD** Goal Difference

## Matches

| Bulgaria | 1 – 2 | Montenegro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Simović  90+1' (o.g.) | Report | Vukčević  50'
Jovetić  66' |

Balgarska Armiya, SofiaReferee: Petteri Kari (Finland)

---

| Republic of Ireland | 0 – 2 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Machado  7'
Veloso  54' |

Turners Cross, CorkReferee: Manuel Gräfe (Germany)

| Montenegro | 0 – 3 | England |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Onuoha  6'
Agbonlahor  10'
Surman  90' |

Podgorica City Stadium, PodgoricaReferee: Mechalis Germanakos (Greece)

---

| Bulgaria | 0 – 2 | England |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Huddlestone  25'
Noble  32' |

Balgarska Armiya, SofiaReferee: Fredy Fautrel (France)

| Portugal | 4 – 0 | Montenegro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moreira  18'
Nuno Coelho  53'
Fernandes  66', 89' | Report |  |

CTFD PortoGaia, PortugalReferee: Jan Jilek (Czech Republic)

---

| Bulgaria | 1 – 0 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Domovchiyski  43' (pen.) | Report |  |

Vasil Levski National Stadium, SofiaReferee: Meir Levi (Israel)

| England | 1 – 0 | Montenegro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Derbyshire  20' | Report |  |

Walkers Stadium, LeicesterReferee: Anders Hermansen (Denmark)

---

| Montenegro | 1 – 2 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moreira  34' (o.g.) | Report | Celestino  76'
Targino  80' |

Podgorica City Stadium, PodgoricaReferee: Joseph Attard (Malta)

| Republic of Ireland | 0 – 3 | England |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Noble  10', 17'
Milner  26' |

Turners Cross, CorkReferee: Andrea De Marco (Italy)

---

| Montenegro | 1 – 0 | Republic of Ireland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vujović  18' | Report |  |

Podgorica City Stadium, PodgoricaReferee: Fariz Yusifov (Azerbaijan)

| England | 2 – 0 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Agbonlahor  41'
Milner  82' (pen.) | Report |  |

stadium:mk, Milton KeynesReferee: Luc Wouters (Belgium)

---

| Republic of Ireland | 1 – 0 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| O'Toole  90+3' | Report |  |

Lissywoollen Stadium, AthloneReferee: Jérôme Laperrière (Switzerland)

| Portugal | 1 – 1 | England |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Machado  3' (pen.) | Report | Johnson  49' |

Estádio Municipal de Águeda, ÁguedaReferee: István Vad (Hungary)

---

| England | 3 – 0 | Republic of Ireland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| O'Halloran  59' (o.g.)
Milner  68'
Walcott  78' | Report |  |

St Mary's Stadium, SouthamptonReferee: Jouni Hyytiä (Finland)

---

| Republic of Ireland | 1 – 1 | Montenegro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Keogh  72' | Report | Bojović  68' |

Terryland Park, GalwayReferee: Yuriy Moseychuk (Ukraine)

| Portugal | 2 – 0 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moreira  65'
Saleiro  68' | Report |  |

Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, GuimarãesReferee: Matej Jug (Slovenia)

---

| Bulgaria | 2 – 0 | Republic of Ireland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kurdov  45'
Tsvetanov  77' | Report |  |

Georgi Asparuhov Stadium, SofiaReferee: Marco Borg (Malta)

| England | 2 – 0 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Milner  44' (pen.)
Agbonlahor  63' | Report |  |

Wembley Stadium, LondonReferee: Gianluca Rocchi (Italy)

---

| Montenegro | 0 – 0 | Bulgaria |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Stadion Gradski, NikšićReferee: Svein-Erik Edvartsen (Norway)

| Portugal | 2 – 2 | Republic of Ireland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vaz Tê  38'
Fernandes  45+1' | Report | Garvan  50', 65' |

Estádio dos Barreiros, FunchalReferee: Jérome Efong Nzolo (Belgium)

## Goalscorers

| Pos | Player | Country | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | James Milner | England | 4 |
| 2 | Gabriel Agbonlahor | England | 3 |
| | Manuel Fernandes | Portugal | |
| | Mark Noble | England | |
| 5 | Owen Garvan | Republic of Ireland | 2 |
| | Paulo Machado | Portugal | |
| | João Moreira | Portugal | |

1 goal Own goals


title: Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht

abstract: Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht was a Dutch missionary. He was sent by Gereformeerde Zendingsbond, a Christian missionary agency which was established in the Netherlands. Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht was sent by Gereformeerde Zendingsbond to work in the Dutch East Indies. He was the first missionary who arrived in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, Dutch East Indies, where he built many schools. He also wrote books in the ethnic Toraja language for the students. He also requested that fellow Dutch missionary Hendrik van der Veen be sent to Tana Toraja.

text:
# Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht

**Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht** (1 March 1885, Veenendaal – 26 July 1917, Tana Toraja) was a Dutch missionary. He was sent by Gereformeerde Zendingsbond, a Christian missionary agency which was established in the Netherlands.

Antonie Aris van de Loosdrecht was sent by Gereformeerde Zendingsbond to work in the Dutch East Indies. He was the first missionary who arrived in Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, Dutch East Indies, where he built many schools. He also wrote books in the ethnic Toraja language for the students. He also requested that fellow Dutch missionary Hendrik van der Veen be sent to Tana Toraja.