title: 1997–98 Iraqi Premier League

abstract: The 1997–98 Iraqi Premier League was the 24th season of the competition since its foundation in 1974. For the first time in the competition's history, there were three teams in contention for the title on the last day of the season: Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, Al-Shorta and Al-Zawraa. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya were playing Al-Zawraa on the final day at the same time as Al-Shorta played Al-Sulaikh. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya needed a win to guarantee the title, whereas Al-Shorta needed Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya to lose or draw and needed to win their game in order to win the league. For Al-Zawraa to win the league, they needed to beat Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya and needed Al-Shorta to draw or lose their match. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya drew 1–1 with Al-Zawraa, while Al-Shorta were losing 2–1 against Al-Sulaikh before an 84th-minute goal and a 91st-minute penalty kick saw them win 3–2 and clinch the title. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya players and fans thought that Al-Shorta had drawn their game and celebrated on the pitch thinking they had won the league, with manager Ayoub Odisho being interviewed on live television. Midway through the interview, the stadium announcer announced that Al-Shorta had won 3–2 and had therefore won the league, causing Odisho to stop talking and stand still with a shocked expression. Al-Shorta set a new league record of eleven consecutive wins on their way to the title, and also scored in all 30 of their matches.

text:
# 1997–98 Iraqi Premier League

The **1997–98 Iraqi Premier League** was the 24th season of the competition since its foundation in 1974. For the first time in the competition's history, there were three teams in contention for the title on the last day of the season: Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, Al-Shorta and Al-Zawraa.

Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya were playing Al-Zawraa on the final day (22 May) at the same time as Al-Shorta played Al-Sulaikh. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya needed a win to guarantee the title, whereas Al-Shorta needed Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya to lose or draw and needed to win their game in order to win the league. For Al-Zawraa to win the league, they needed to beat Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya and needed Al-Shorta to draw or lose their match.

Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya drew 1–1 with Al-Zawraa, while Al-Shorta were losing 2–1 against Al-Sulaikh before an 84th-minute goal and a 91st-minute penalty kick saw them win 3–2 and clinch the title. Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya players and fans thought that Al-Shorta had drawn their game and celebrated on the pitch thinking they had won the league, with manager Ayoub Odisho being interviewed on live television. Midway through the interview, the stadium announcer announced that Al-Shorta had won 3–2 and had therefore won the league, causing Odisho to stop talking and stand still with a shocked expression.

Al-Shorta set a new league record of eleven consecutive wins on their way to the title, and also scored in all 30 of their matches.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Al-Shorta (C) | 30 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 71 | 30 | +41 | 73 | 1999–2000 Asian Club Championship |
| 2 | Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya | 30 | 22 | 5 | 3 | 67 | 21 | +46 | 71 |  |
| 3 | Al-Zawraa | 30 | 21 | 7 | 2 | 70 | 22 | +48 | 70 | 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup |
| 4 | Al-Najaf | 30 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 58 | 22 | +36 | 62 |  |
| 5 | Al-Talaba | 30 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 67 | 28 | +39 | | 61 |
| 6 | Al-Jaish | 30 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 37 | 36 | +1 | | 44 |
| 7 | Al-Minaa | 30 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 29 | 41 | 12 | | 39 |
| 8 | Al-Naft | 30 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 37 | 34 | +3 | | 38 |
| 9 | Maysan | 30 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 26 | 40 | 14 | | 35 |
| 10 | Diyala | 30 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 38 | 47 | 9 | | 34 |
| 11 | Al-Sulaikh | 30 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 36 | 13 | | 32 |
| 12 | Salahaddin | 30 | 7 | 7 | 16 | 26 | 40 | 14 | | 28 |
| 13 | Samarra | 30 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 27 | 55 | 28 | | 26 |
| 14 | Al-Mosul (R) | 30 | 4 | 9 | 17 | 28 | 72 | 44 | 21 | Relegation to the Iraqi First Division League |
| 15 | Al-Kut (R) | 30 | 3 | 8 | 19 | 24 | 65 | 41 | | 17 |
| 16 | Al-Sinaa (R) | 30 | 1 | 7 | 22 | 19 | 58 | 39 | | 10 |

Source: Ali Al-Sabti Archive
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

## Results

| Home \ Away | JSH | KUT | MIN | MSL | NFT | NJF | QWJ | SHR | SIN | SLK | TLB | ZWR | DYL | MYS | SAL | SMR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Jaish |  | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–4 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |
| Al-Kut | 0–0 |  | 1–2 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 0–6 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 1–4 | 0–6 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 2–0 |
| Al-Minaa | 0–2 | 1–0 |  | 4–1 | 2–0 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–3 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 |
| Al-Mosul | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 |  | 0–5 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2–4 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 |
| Al-Naft | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 |  | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 |
| Al-Najaf | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 5–0 | 4–0 |  | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 |
| Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya | 2–1 | 5–0 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 3–1 | 0–0 |  | 2–3 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 5–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 6–0 |
| Al-Shorta | 2–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 6–2 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 3–2 |  | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 4–0 |
| Al-Sinaa | 1–3 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 0–4 | 0–4 | 0–2 |  | 1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 |
| Al-Sulaikh | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 2–3 | 2–0 |  | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 |
| Al-Talaba | 2–2 | 9–1 | 7–0 | 7–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 |  | 1–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 |
| Al-Zawraa | 1–2 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 5–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 |  | 1–1 | 6–1 | 4–0 | 5–1 |
| Diyala | 2–2 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 |  | 2–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 |
| Maysan | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 1–4 | 0–4 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 |  | 1–0 | 2–1 |
| Salahaddin | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 0–2 | 2–0 |  | 0–0 |
| Samarra | 1–0 | 5–1 | 1–0 | 3–3 | 0–3 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–5 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 |  |

Source: Ali Al-Sabti Archive
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Season statistics

### Top scorers

| Pos | Scorer | Goals | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | **Mahmoud Majeed** | **22** | **Al-Shorta** |
| 2 | Alaa Kadhim | 18 | Al-Talaba |
| 3 | Hussam Fawzi | 17 | Al-Zawraa |

### Hat-tricks

| Player | For | Against | Result | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Salman Hussein | Al-Najaf | Al-Sulaikh | 4–1 | 30 October 1997 |
| Mustafa Qasim4 | Samarra | Al-Kut | 5–1 | 30 October 1997 |
| Bahaa Hussein | Al-Kut | Al-Sinaa | 3–0 | 14 November 1997 |
| Hussam Fawzi | Al-Zawraa | Al-Mosul | 5–0 | 12 December 1997 |
| Ahmed Radhi | Al-Zawraa | Samarra | 5–0 | 19 December 1997 |
| Qahtan Chathir | Al-Talaba | Al-Minaa | 7–0 | 19 December 1997 |
| Ahmed Zuhair | Maysan | Diyala | 3–0 | 19 December 1997 |
| Alaa Kadhim6 | Al-Talaba | Al-Mosul | 7–1 | 9 January 1998 |
| Hussein Abdullah | Diyala | Samarra | 3–0 | 16 February 1998 |
| Sahib Abbas | Al-Zawraa | Salahaddin | 3–2 | 19 March 1998 |
| Sahib Abbas | Al-Zawraa | Maysan | 6–1 | 27 March 1998 |
| Qahtan Chathir4 | Al-Talaba | Al-Kut | 9–1 | 17 April 1998 |
| Ali Hussein Awda4 | Al-Najaf | Al-Kut | 6–0 | 22 May 1998 |

Notes

4 Player scored 4 goals
6 Player scored 6 goals

1. Al-Sabti, Ali (2014). *Iraqi League History 1974-2011*. Iraq.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2. Al-Munshi, Dr.Dhia (2005). *Iraqi Football Encyclopedia: Chico.. Jamoli… and football in Iraq*. Citadel Printing & Design, Al-Saadoun, Baghdad.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## InfoBox

Iraqi Premier League
| Season | 1997–98 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Al-Shorta
(2nd title) |
| Relegated | Al-Mosul
Al-Kut
Al-Sinaa |
| 1999–2000 Asian Club Championship | Al-Shorta |
| 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup | Al-Zawraa |
| Top goalscorer | Mahmoud Majeed
(22 goals) |
| 1996–97 1998–99 | |


title: 1979 Dutch TT

abstract: The 1979 Dutch TT was the seventh round of the 1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 21–23 June 1979 at the TT Circuit Assen located in Assen, Netherlands.

text:
# 1979 Dutch TT

The **1979 Dutch TT** was the seventh round of the 1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 21–23 June 1979 at the TT Circuit Assen located in Assen, Netherlands.

## Classification

### 500 cc

| Pos. | Rider | Team | Manufacturer | Time/Retired | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Virginio Ferrari** | **Team Gallina Nava Olio Fiat** | **Suzuki** | 47'07.300 | **15** |
| 2 | **Barry Sheene** | **Texaco Heron Team Suzuki** | **Suzuki** | +0.100 | **12** |
| 3 | **Wil Hartog** | **Riemersma Racing** | **Suzuki** | +21.400 | **10** |
| 4 | **Boet van Dulmen** |  | **Suzuki** | +27.200 | **8** |
| 5 | **Philippe Coulon** |  | **Suzuki** | +47.030 | **6** |
| 6 | **Franco Uncini** | **Team Zago International** | **Suzuki** | +1 lap | **5** |
| 7 | **Jack Middelburg** |  | **Suzuki** | +1 lap | **4** |
| 8 | **Kenny Roberts** | **Yamaha Motor Company** | **Yamaha** | +1 lap | **3** |
| 9 | **Christian Sarron** | **Team Sonauto Gauloises** | **Yamaha** | +1 lap | **2** |
| 10 | **Steve Parrish** | **Texaco Heron Team Suzuki** | **Suzuki** | +1 lap | **1** |
| 11 | Gianni Rolando | Scuderia Naldoni | Suzuki | +1 lap |  |
| 12 | Graziano Rossi | Morbidelli | Morbidelli | +1 lap |  |
| 13 | Randy Mamola | Serge Zago | Suzuki | +1 lap |  |
| 14 | Ikujiro Takai | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha | +1 lap |  |
| 15 | Dennis Ireland | Derry's Racing | Suzuki | +1 lap |  |
| 16 | Dick Alblas |  | Suzuki | +1 lap |  |
| 17 | Gerhard Vogt | Bill Smith Racing | Suzuki | +1 lap |  |
| Ret | Seppo Rossi | Kouv MK | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Johnny Cecotto | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | Bernard Fau | Suzuki France | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Henk de Vries | Team 77 | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Marco Lucchinelli |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Max Wiener |  | Suzuki | Accident |  |
| Ret | Jürgen Steiner | Suzuki Deutschland | Suzuki | Accident |  |
| Ret | Børge Nielsen |  | Suzuki | Accident |  |
| Ret | Michel Rougerie |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Peter Sjöström | Ava MC Stockholm | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Piet van der Wal |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | Willem Zoet | Stimorol Racing | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| DNQ | Dave Potter | Ted Broad | Suzuki | Did not qualify |  |
| DNQ | Gustav Reiner | Dieter Braun Team | Suzuki | Did not qualify |  |
| Sources: | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1979 Dutch TT
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Race 7 of 13 races in the<br>1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season | |
| Date | 23 June 1979 |
| Official name | Dutch TT 1979 |
| Location | TT Circuit Assen |
| Course | * Permanent racing facility * 6.049 km (3.759 mi) |
| 500cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Kenny Roberts  Time  2:55.900  Fastest lap  Rider  Virginio Ferrari  Time  2:54.500  Podium  First  Virginio Ferrari  Second  Barry Sheene  Third  Wil Hartog | |
| 350cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Gregg Hansford  Fastest lap  Rider  Gregg Hansford  Podium  First  Gregg Hansford  Second  Patrick Fernandez  Third  Walter Villa | |
| 250cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Kork Ballington  Time  3:05.600  Fastest lap  Rider  Kork Ballington  Time  3:02.800  Podium  First  Graziano Rossi  Second  Gregg Hansford  Third  Kork Ballington | |
| 125cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Bruno Kneubühler  Time  3:14.400  Fastest lap  Rider  Ángel Nieto  Time  3:13.200  Podium  First  Ángel Nieto  Second  Ricardo Tormo  Third  Maurizio Massimiani | |
| 50cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Ricardo Tormo  Fastest lap  Rider  Eugenio Lazzarini  Podium  First  Eugenio Lazzarini  Second  Patrick Plisson  Third  Rolf Blatter | |


abstract: The 1946 United States Senate elections in Ohio was held on November 5, 1946, alongside a concurrent special election to the same seat. Former Republican Governor of Ohio and 1944 nominee for the U.S. vice presidency John W. Bricker defeated Democratic interim senator James W. Huffman, who had been appointed to fill the vacant seat left by Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton. In a concurrent special election to finish Burton's unexpired term, Republican Kingsley Taft defeated Henry P. Webber.

text:
# 1946 United States Senate elections in Ohio

The **1946 United States Senate elections in Ohio** was held on November 5, 1946, alongside a concurrent **special election** to the same seat.

Former Republican Governor of Ohio and 1944 nominee for the U.S. vice presidency John W. Bricker defeated Democratic interim senator James W. Huffman, who had been appointed to fill the vacant seat left by Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton. In a concurrent special election to finish Burton's unexpired term, Republican Kingsley Taft defeated Henry P. Webber.

## Background

Incumbent Senator Harold Hitz Burton resigned from office in October 1945 to accept a seat on the United States Supreme Court. Governor Frank Lausche appointed James W. Huffman to fill Burton's vacant seat until a successor could be duly elected. The special election to fill the seat was scheduled for November 5, 1946, concurrent with the election to the next full term.

Huffman did not run in the special election, but ran in the election for the full term beginning in 1947.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

1946 Democratic Senate primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **James W. Huffman (incumbent)** | **108,329** | **38.58%** |
|  | Democratic | Stephen M. Young | 89,651 | 31.93% |
|  | Democratic | Marvin C. Harrison | 70,697 | 25.18% |
|  | Democratic | Edward A. Huth | 12,133 | 4.32% |
| Total votes | | | **280,810** | **100.00%** |

## General election

### Results

1946 U.S. Senate election in Ohio
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John W. Bricker** | **1,275,774** | **57.02%** |
|  | Democratic | James W. Huffman (incumbent) | 947,610 | 42.36% |
|  | Socialist | William Farkas | 13,885 | 0.62% |
| Total votes | | | **2,237,269** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | | |

### Special election

1946 U.S. Senate special election in Ohio
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kingsley Taft** | **1,193,852** | **56.22%** |
|  | Democratic | Henry P. Webber | 929,584 | 43.78% |
| Total votes | | | **2,123,436** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | | |

## InfoBox

1946 United States Senate election in Ohio
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **John W. Bricker** James W. Huffman   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **1,275,774** 947,610  Percentage **57.02%** 42.36% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
James W. Huffman
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
John W. Bricker
Republican | |


title: Babylonian star catalogues

abstract:
Babylonian astronomy collated earlier observations and divinations into sets of Babylonian star catalogues, during and after the Kassite rule over Babylonia. These star catalogues, written in cuneiform script, contained lists of constellations, individual stars, and planets. The constellations were probably collected from various other sources. The earliest catalogue, Three Stars Each, mentions stars of Akkad, of Amurru, of Elam and others.
Various sources have theorized a Sumerian origin for these Babylonian constellations, but an Elamite origin has also been proposed. A connection to the star symbology of Kassite kudurru border stones has also been claimed, but whether such kudurrus really represented constellations and astronomical information aside from the use of the symbols remains unclear. Star catalogues after Three Stars Each include the MUL.APIN list named after the first Babylonian constellation MULAPIN, "the Plough", which is the current Triangulum constellation plus Gamma Andromedae. It lists, among others, 17 or 18 constellations in the zodiac. Later catalogues reduce the zodiacal set of constellations to 12, which were borrowed by the Egyptians and the Greeks, still surviving among the modern constellations.

text:
# Babylonian star catalogues

Babylonian astronomy collated earlier observations and divinations into sets of **Babylonian star catalogues**, during and after the Kassite rule over Babylonia. These star catalogues, written in cuneiform script, contained lists of constellations, individual stars, and planets. The constellations were probably collected from various other sources. The earliest catalogue, *Three Stars Each*, mentions stars of Akkad, of Amurru, of Elam and others. Various sources have theorized a Sumerian origin for these Babylonian constellations, but an Elamite origin has also been proposed. A connection to the star symbology of Kassite kudurru border stones has also been claimed, but whether such kudurrus really represented constellations and astronomical information aside from the use of the symbols remains unclear.

Star catalogues after *Three Stars Each* include the *MUL.APIN* list named after the first Babylonian constellation **MULAPIN**, "the Plough", which is the current Triangulum constellation plus Gamma Andromedae. It lists, among others, 17 or 18 constellations in the zodiac. Later catalogues reduce the zodiacal set of constellations to 12, which were borrowed by the Egyptians and the Greeks, still surviving among the modern constellations.

## *Three Stars Each*

The first formal compendia of star lists are the *Three Stars Each* texts appearing from about the twelfth century BC. They represent a tripartite division of the heavens: the northern hemisphere belonged to Enlil, the equator belonged to Anu, and the southern hemisphere belonged to Enki. The boundaries were at 17 degrees North and South, so that the Sun spent exactly three consecutive months in each third. The enumeration of stars in the *Three Stars Each* catalogues includes 36 stars, three for each month. The determiner glyph for "constellation" or "star" in these lists is **MUL** (𒀯), originally a pictograph of three stars, as it were a triplet of AN signs; e. g. the Pleiades are referred to as a "star cluster" or "star of stars" in the lists, written as MUL.MUL, or MULMUL (𒀯𒀯).

## MUL.APIN

The second formal compendium of stars in Babylonian astronomy is the MUL.APIN, a pair of tablets named for their *incipit*, corresponding to the first constellation of the year, *MULAPIN* "The Plough", identified with Triangulum plus Gamma Andromedae. The list is a direct descendant of the *Three Stars Each* list, reworked around 1000 BC on the basis of more accurate observations. They include more constellations, including most circumpolar ones, and more of the zodiacal ones. The Babylonian star catalogues entered Greek astronomy in the 4th century BC, via Eudoxus of Cnidus and others. A few of the constellation names in use in modern astronomy can be traced to Babylonian sources via Greek astronomy. Among the most ancient constellations are those that marked the four cardinal points of the year in the Middle Bronze Age, i.e.

There are other constellation names which can be traced to Bronze Age origins, including Gemini "The Twins", from (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲) *MULMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL* "The Great Twins", Cancer "The Crab", from (𒀯𒀠𒇻) *MULAL.LUL* "The Crayfish", among others.

The MUL.APIN gives

* a catalogue of 71 stars and constellations of the "Three Ways" of the *Three Stars Each* tradition. The star names (prefixed with MUL 𒀯) are listed with the associated deity (prefix DINGIR 𒀭) and often some other brief epithet.
* dates of heliacal risings
* pairs of constellations which rise and set simultaneously
* time-intervals between dates of heliacal risings
* pairs of constellations which are simultaneously at the zenith and at the horizon
* the path of the moon and planets.
* a solar calendar
* the planets and the durations of their solar conjunctions
* stellar risings and planetary positions for predicting weather and for adjusting the calendar
* telling time by length of the gnomon shadow
* length of night watches during the year
* omens connected with the appearance of stars, planets, MUL.U.RI.RI (comets?), and winds.

## Zodiacal constellations

The path of the Moon as given in MUL.APIN consists of 17 or 18 stations, recognizable as the direct predecessors of the 12 sign zodiac. At the beginning of the list with MUL.MUL, the Pleiades, corresponds to the situation in the Early to Middle Bronze Age when the Sun at vernal equinox was close to the Pleiades in Taurus (closest in the 23rd century BCE), and not yet in Aries.

|  | Sumerian | Akkadian | Translation | Western Equivalent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | *MUL*MUL - 𒀯𒀯 | *zappu* | "The Star Cluster (Star of Stars)" or "The Bristle" | the **Pleiades** |
| 2. | MULGU4.AN.NA - 𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾 | *alû/lê* | "The Bull of Heaven" | **Taurus** and **Hyades** |
| 3. | MULSIPA.ZI.AN.NA - 𒀯𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾 | *šitaddaru* or *šidallu* | "The Loyal Shepherd of Heaven" | **Orion** |
| 4. | MULŠU.GI - 𒀯𒋗𒄀 | *šību* | "The Old One" | **Perseus** |
| 5. | MULZUBI or MULGAM3 \- 𒀯𒉽𒈿 | *gamlu* | "The Scimitar" or "The Crook" | **Auriga** |
| 6. | MULMAŠ.TAB.BA(.GAL.GAL) - 𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀(𒃲𒃲) | *māšu* or *tū'āmū rabûtu* | "The (Great) Twins" | **Gemini** |
| 7. | MULAL.LUL - 𒀯𒀠𒈜 | *alluttu* | "The Crayfish" | **Cancer** |
| 8. | **1.** MULUR.GU.LA - 𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷 **2.** MULUR.MAḪ - 𒀯𒌨𒈤 | *urgulû* or *nēšu* | 1. "The Creator"  2. "The Lion" | **Leo** |
| 9. | MULABSIN3 \- 𒀯𒀳 | *absinnu* or *šer'u* | "The Seed-Furrow" | **Virgo** |
| 10. | **1.** MULZI.BA.AN.NA - 𒀯𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾 **2.** MULGIŠ.ERIN2 \- 𒀯𒄑𒂟 | *zibānītu* | "The Scales" | **Libra** |
| 11. | MULGIR2.TAB - 𒀯𒄈𒋰 | *zuqaqīpu* | "The Cutter" | **Scorpius** |
| 12. | MULPA.BIL2.SAG - 𒀯𒉺𒉋𒊕 | *pabilsaĝ* | "The God Pabilsaĝ" or "The Overseer" | **Sagittarius** |
| 13. | MULSUḪUR.MAŠ2(.KU6) - 𒀯𒋦𒈧(𒄩) | *suḫurmāšu* | "The Goat-Fish" | **Capricorn** |
| 14. | MULGU.LA - 𒀯𒄖𒆷 | *ṣinundu, ku-ur-ku* or *rammanu* | "The Great One" | **Aquarius** |
| 15. | **1.** MULKUN.MEŠ \- 𒀯𒆲𒎌 **2.** MULZIB.ME - 𒀯𒍦𒈨 | *zibbātu* or *zibbāt sinūnūtu* | "The Tails" | **Pisces** |
| 16. | MULŠIM2.MAḪ - 𒀯𒋆𒈤 | *šinūnūtu* | "The Great Swallow" | SW **Pisces** and **Epsilon Pegasi** |
| 17. | **1.** MULA.NU.NI.TUM - 𒀯𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌈 **2.** MULLU.LIM - 𒀯𒇻𒅆 | *anunītu* or *lulīmu* | "The Goddess Anunitu" or "The Stag" | NE **Pisces** and **Andromeda** |
| 18. | MUL(LU2.)ḪUĜ(.GA2) - 𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷 | *agru* | "The Farm Worker" | **Aries** |

The "Tail" and the "Great Swallow" (items 15 and 16 above) have also been read as a single constellation the "Tail of the Swallow" (Pisces). This is the source of the uncertainty over the number of constellations — 17 or 18 — in the Babylonian "zodiac". All constellations of the Iron Age 12-sign zodiac are present among them, most of them with names that clearly identify them, while some reached Greek astronomy with altered names; thus "Furrow" became Virgo, "Pabilsag" Sagittarius, "Great One" Aquarius, "Swallow Tail" Pisces and "Farm Worker" was reinterpreted as Aries.

Virgo, and her main star Spica, have Babylonian precedents. The MUL.APIN associates *Absin* "The Furrow" with the Sumerian goddess Shala, and on boundary stones of the Kassite era Shala is conventionally depicted as holding a length of grain. Regarding Sagittarius, Pabilsag is a comparatively obscure Sumerian god, later identified with Ninurta. Another name for the constellation was *Nebu* "The Soldier".

Aquarius "The Water-Pourer" represents Ea (a water god), dubbed "The Great One" in the MUL.APIN. It contained the winter solstice in the Early Bronze Age. In Greek astronomy, he became represented as simply a single vase from which a stream poured down to Piscis Austrinus. The name in the Hindu zodiac is likewise *kumbha* "water-pitcher", showing that the zodiac reached India via Greek intermediaries.

The current definition of Pisces is the youngest of the zodiacal constellations. The "Swallow" of Babylonian astronomy included the western fish, but was larger as it included as well parts of Pegasus. The square of Pegasus was the constellation of the "field", shown in the Dendera zodiac between the two fishes. The northern fish and part of Andromeda represented the goddess Anunitum, the "Lady of the Heaven". Late Babylonian sources mention also DU.NU.NU "The Fish-Cord". It is unclear how the "Farm Worker" of the MUL.APIN became Aries "The Ram" of Greek tradition, possibly by a pun or misunderstanding.

Somewhere around the 5th century BCE, Babylonian astronomical texts began to describe the positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets in terms of 12 equally-spaced signs, each one associated with a zodiacal constellation, each divided into 30 degrees (). This normalized zodiac is fixed to the stars and totals 360 degrees.

* John H. Rogers, "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions", *Journal of the British Astronomical Association* **108** (1998) 9–28
* Verderame, Lorenzo, "The Primeval Zodiac: Its Social, Religious, and Mythological Background", in J.A. Rubiño-Martín et al., Cosmology Across Cultures, ASP Conference Series 409, San Francisco, 2009, 151-156.


abstract: The 2014–15 Liga Națională season was the 65th season of the Liga Națională, the highest professional basketball league in Romania. The first half of the season consisted of 13 teams and 156-game regular season games beginning on 1 October 2014 and ended on 28 March 2015, just before the play-offs.

text:
# 2014–15 Liga Națională (men's basketball)

The **2014–15 Liga Națională season** was the 65th season of the Liga Națională, the highest professional basketball league in Romania.

The first half of the season consisted of 13 teams and 156-game regular season games (24 games for each of the 13 teams) beginning on 1 October 2014 and ended on 28 March 2015, just before the play-offs.

## Teams for 2014–15 season

*Asesoft*
*BC Timișoara*
*Timba Timișoara*
Steaua
"U ClujU BT ClujCSU CraiovaGaz MetanOradeaPiteștiCSU SibiuEnergiaBC Mureșclass=notpageimage|2014–15 Liga Națională club locations

| Team | City | Arena | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BC Mureș | Târgu Mureș | Sala Sporturilor Târgu Mureș | 2,000 |
| Steaua CSM Eximbank | București | Sala Mihai Viteazu | 300 |
| Asesoft Ploiești | Ploiești | Olimpia Sports Hall | 3,500 |
| Gaz Metan Mediaș | Mediaș | Sala Sporturilor Mediaș | 461 |
| U-Banca Transilvania | Cluj Napoca | Sala Polivalentă | 7,308 |
| BCMU Pitești | Pitești | Sala Sporturilor Trivale | 2,000 |
| BC Timișoara | Timișoara | Constantin Jude Hall | 2,200 |
| SCM Universitatea Craiova | Craiova | Sala Sporturilor Craiova | 4,215 |
| CSM U Oradea | Oradea | Arena Antonio Alexe | 2,000 |
| CSU Atlassib Sibiu | Sibiu | Sala Transilvania | 3,000 |
| Timba Timișoara | Timișoara | Constantin Jude Hall | 2,200 |
| Energia Rovinari | Târgu Jiu | Sala Sporturilor Târgu Jiu | 1,500 |
| Universitatea Cluj | Cluj Napoca | Sala Polivalentă | 7,308 |
|

### Personnel and sponsorship

| Club | Head coach | President | Main sponsor | Kit manufacturer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BC Mureș | Srećko Sekulović | Cornel Lungu | Primaria Târgu Mureş | Spalding |
| Steaua CSM Eximbank | Nikša Bavčević | Virgil Stanescu | Exim Bank | Masita |
| Asesoft Ploiești | Vladimir Arnautović | Ionut Georgescu | România TV | Adidas |
| Gaz Metan Mediaș | Marius Nistor | Ioan Horoba | Romgaz | Adidas |
| U-Banca Transilvania | Dorin Pintea | Valentin Nica | BT | Ancada |
| BCMU Pitești | Hristu Sapera | Dinu Ghoerghe | Primaria Pitești | Peak |
| BC Timișoara | Dragan Petricevic | Leontin De Maio | Primaria Timișoara | Macron |
| SCM Universitatea Craiova | Andjelko Mandic | Bogdan Balan | Primaria Craiova | Adidas |
| CSM U Oradea | Cristian Achim | Florin Birta | Digi | Ancada |
| CSU Atlassib Sibiu | Miodrag Perisic | Mircea Vulc | Atlassib | Spalding |
| Timba Timișoara | Bogdan Murarescu | Mircea Murarescu | Gauss | Spalding |
| Energia Rovinari | Antonis Konstantinides | Dan Cumpănaşu | C.E.O. | Macron |
| Universitatea Cluj | Carmin Popa | Ovidiu Vasu |  |  |

## Regular season

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Asesoft Ploiești | 24 | 19 | 5 | 1992 | 1778 | +214 | 43 | Qualification to Play-offs |
| 2 | Steaua CSM Eximbank | 24 | 18 | 6 | 2056 | 1904 | +152 | | 42 |
| 3 | U-Banca Transilvania | 24 | 16 | 8 | 2000 | 1769 | +231 | | 40 |
| 4 | Energia Rovinari | 24 | 15 | 9 | 1940 | 1828 | +112 | | 39 |
| 5 | BCMU Pitești | 24 | 14 | 10 | 1970 | 1949 | +21 | | 38 |
| 6 | BC Mureș | 24 | 13 | 11 | 1978 | 1843 | +135 | | 37 |
| 7 | CSM U Oradea | 24 | 13 | 11 | 2040 | 2022 | +18 | | 37 |
| 8 | BC Timișoara | 24 | 12 | 12 | 1928 | 1875 | +53 | | 36 |
| 9 | Gaz Metan Mediaș | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1871 | 1926 | 55 | 35 |  |
| 10 | CSU Atlassib Sibiu | 24 | 10 | 14 | 1855 | 1860 | 5 | | 34 |
| 11 | SCM Universitatea Craiova | 24 | 10 | 14 | 1865 | 1933 | 68 | | 34 |
| 12 | Timba Timișoara | 24 | 5 | 19 | 1812 | 2024 | 212 | 29 | Relegation to Liga I |
| 13 | Universitatea Cluj | 24 | 0 | 24 | 1633 | 2229 | 596 | | 24 |

Source: Romanian Basketball Federation

## Play-offs

|  | Quarterfinals | | |  |  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Asesoft Ploiești** | **3** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | ||
|  | 8 | BC Timișoara | 1 |  | ||
|  | | | | |  | 1 | **Asesoft Ploiești** | **3** |  | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 4 | Energia Târgu Jiu | 1 |  ||
|  | 4 | | | | | | **Energia Târgu Jiu** | **3** |  | |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | 5 | BCMU Pitești | 0 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | 1 | **Asesoft Ploiești** | **3** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 6 | BC Mureș | 0 |  |
|  | 2 | | | | | | **Steaua CSM Eximbank** | **3** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 7 | CSM U Oradea | 0 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | 2 | Steaua CSM Eximbank | 0 |  |  | Third place | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 6 | **BC Mureș** | **3** |  |
|  | 3 | | | | | | U-Banca Transilvania | 0 |  |  | 4 | **Energia Târgu Jiu** | **2** |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | 6 | **BC Mureș** | **3** |  |  | 2 | Steaua CSM Eximbank | 0 |

## Awards

Vladimir TicaCSU Asesoft Ploiești

## InfoBox

| Liga Națională | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | October 1, 2014 – March 28, 2015 (Regular season)
April 10, 2015 – May 24, 2015 (Playoffs) |
| Games played | 153 (Regular season) |
| Teams | 13 |
| TV partner(s) | Digi Sport (Romania)
TVR |
| Regular season | |
| Top seed | CSU Asesoft Ploiești |
| Relegated | Timba Timișoara
Universitatea Cluj |
| Finals | |
| Champions | **CSU Asesoft Ploiești**
(11th title) |
| Runners-up | Mureș |
| Third place | Energia Târgu Jiu |
| Fourth place | Steaua CSM EximBank București |
| Finals MVP | Vladimir Tica |
| Statistical leaders | |
| Points  Zoran Krstanović  21.3  Rebounds  Marko Đurković  10.7  Assists  Dee Brown  9.1 | |
| 2013–14 2015–16 | |


title: Frank Lyon

abstract: Frank Lyon was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher and land developer in Arlington County, Virginia. He developed the land in modern-day Clarendon, Virginia, Lyon Park and Lyon Village.

text:
# Frank Lyon

**Frank Lyon** (December 30, 1867 – November 29, 1955) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher and land developer in Arlington County, Virginia. He developed the land in modern-day Clarendon, Virginia, Lyon Park and Lyon Village.

## Early life and education

Frank Lyon was born on December 30, 1867, in Petersburg, Virginia, to Mary Margaret (née Springs) and John Lyon. His father was a lawyer in Petersburg and served in the office of the Advocate General of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The family moved to Richmond in 1875. He was educated in public schools in Richmond and graduated high school in 1884. He attended Richmond College for 18 months.

Later when Lyon moved to Washington, D.C., he attended Georgetown University Law School. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1889 and a Master of Laws in 1890. He was also a member of Beta Theta Pi.

## Career

### Early career

After Richmond College, Lyon worked as a clerk for the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company in Charlotte, North Carolina. He later transferred to Richmond and worked as a private secretary to a railroad official. In 1886, the Southern Railroad was formed and Lyon moved to Washington, D.C. to work in its offices.

On June 1, 1887, Lyon became a private secretary to Walter L. Bragg of Alabama, a commissioner of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). He then became a stenographer with the ICC and remained there until 1899. After studying at Georgetown, Lyon served from 1900 to 1902 as a stenographer for the Constitutional Convention of Virginia.

### Law and public career

Around 1902, Lyon began to practice law in Alexandria County, Virginia. Between 1901 and 1906, Lyon started to publish the *Alexandria County Monitor* and continued with the paper until 1928. The paper was used to combat gambling and liquor in Rosslyn. Lyon argued legal cases against the open sale of liquor and open saloons in Alexandria County. He also participated in the raids in Rosslyn and Jackson City in May 1904 with Crandal Mackey.

In 1907, Commissioner Franklin K. Lane of the ICC appointed Lyon to the semi-judicial position of examiner. In 1912, he resigned this position to practice exclusively before the ICC in matters concerning steamship lines and coal companies.

### Land development career

Lyon then became a law partner with Robert W. Moore. He became involved in the development of Moore's Addition to Clarendon and then bought out Moore's interest in the property and started his own development firm. When Lyon sold land in Clarendon, he would have the buyer agree that "liquor shall never be sold or dispensed on the property or from any building erected thereon, nor shall said property be used for the conducting of any business that constitutes a nuisance to other lot owners in the subdivision, such as a soap factory or like industry."

His development firm bore his own name until 1920 when he partnered with C. Walton Fitch. Then, the firm was called Lyon and Finch. Later it was renamed to Lyon Properties Inc. In 1919, Lyon Properties started developing Lyon Park, a project to develop a 300-acre tract of land into 1,200 building lots in Arlington County. The project was completed around 1922. Following the development of Lyon Park, Lyon acquired rights to the tract adjoining Clarendon. In 1923, the firm started development of Lyon Village, a 191-acre tract of land. The properties sold well until the Great Depression in the 1930s. With the depression, Lyon and Fitch dissolved and Fitch moved to Chicago. The firm of Lyon Properties Inc. would continue into the 1940s and the Lyon Village Shopping Center was managed by the Lyon family after Frank Lyon's death.

Lyon used techniques to keep people of color from settling in his developments. These practices included restrictive covenants with buyers to prevent people of color from living on the land, except as servants. He also required housing built on the land he sold to be expensive and designed the streets with cars in mind, not for pedestrians.

In 1933, Lyon turned down a nomination on the Prohibition Party ticket for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia.

## Personal life

In 1889, Lyon and Georgie Hays Wright moved to Alexandria County and built a small house on Lubber Run near Ballston, Virginia. They were married on August 5, 1890, near Manassas, Virginia. She was the daughter of John V. Wright, a member of the U.S. Congress, member of the Confederate States Congress, colonel in the Confederate States Army and circuit judge of Columbia, Tennessee. Together, they had three children who survived childhood and one son who died from water pollution:

* Georgie Hays – married Jacob L. Devers
* John – lieutenant in the 29th Infantry Division of World War I. He died on October 16, 1918. John Lyon is remembered on the War Memorial in Clarendon Circle.
* Margaret Springs – married Charles W. Smith, a business associate of Frank Lyon. Their daughter Mary Bittinger and grandson Charles Bittinger III continued the property management business in Arlington County

In the early 1900s, the Lyons moved to the "Ohmstead" House on Kirkwood Road in Arlington County. In 1907, Lyon built a house he called Lyonhurst (now Missonhurst). The family lived there until 1923. In 1923, Lyon moved to Langley, Virginia, and bought 169 acres of land and built a stone house called Ballantrae on the land. Due to the depression, Lyon had to sell Ballantrae and instead moved into Hickory Hill, a house on the same tract of land he purchased in Langley.

## Death

Lyon died on November 29, 1955, at the Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. He was buried at Blandford Cemetery in Petersburg, Virginia.

## Legacy

Lyon Hall, a restaurant in Clarendon, was named after Frank Lyon. He built the Streamline Moderne building in the mid-1940s. It was previously called the Dan Kain Building, and the restaurant took over the space in 2010.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Frank Lyon | |
| --- | --- |
| Lyon (c. 1930) | |
| Born | (1867-12-30)December 30, 1867
Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | November 29, 1955(1955-11-29) (aged 87)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Blandford Cemetery
Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. |
| Education | Richmond College |
| Alma mater | Georgetown University Law Center (LLB, LLM) |
| Occupations | * Lawyer * newspaper publisher * land developer |
| Spouse | Georgie Hays Wright (m. 1889) |
| Children | 4 |


title: 1965 Detroit Tigers season

abstract: The 1965 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the American League with a record of 89–73, 13 games behind the Minnesota Twins.

text:
# 1965 Detroit Tigers season

The **1965 Detroit Tigers season** was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the American League with a record of 89–73, 13 games behind the Minnesota Twins.

## Offseason

* Prior to 1965 season: George Korince was signed as an amateur free agent by the Tigers.

## Regular season

### Season standings

American League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Minnesota Twins | 102 | 60 | .630 |  | 5130 | 5130 |
| Chicago White Sox | 95 | 67 | .586 | 7 | 4833 | 4734 |
| Baltimore Orioles | 94 | 68 | .580 | 8 | 4633 | 4835 |
| Detroit Tigers | 89 | 73 | .549 | 13 | 4734 | 4239 |
| Cleveland Indians | 87 | 75 | .537 | 15 | 5230 | 3545 |
| New York Yankees | 77 | 85 | .475 | 25 | 4043 | 3742 |
| Los Angeles/California Angels | 75 | 87 | .463 | 27 | 4634 | 2953 |
| Washington Senators | 70 | 92 | .432 | 32 | 3645 | 3447 |
| Boston Red Sox | 62 | 100 | .383 | 40 | 3447 | 2853 |
| Kansas City Athletics | 59 | 103 | .364 | 43 | 3348 | 2655 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BAL | BOS | CWS | CLE | DET | KCA | LAA/
CAL | MIN | NYY | WSH |
| Baltimore |  | 11–7 | 9–9 | 10–8 | 11–7 | 11–7 | 13–5 | 8–10 | 13–5 | 8–10 |
| Boston | 7–11 |  | 4–14 | 8–10 | 6–12 | 11–7 | 5–13 | 1–17 | 9–9 | 11–7 |
| Chicago | 9–9 | 14–4 |  | 10–8 | 9–9 | 13–5 | 12–6 | 7–11 | 8–10 | 13–5 |
| Cleveland | 8–10 | 10–8 | 8–10 |  | 9–9 | 9–9 | 9–9 | 11–7 | 12–6 | 11–7 |
| Detroit | 7–11 | 12–6 | 9–9 | 9–9 |  | 13–5 | 10–8 | 8–10 | 10–8 | 11–7 |
| Kansas City | 7–11 | 7–11 | 5–13 | 9–9 | 5–13 |  | 5–13 | 8–10 | 7–11 | 6–12 |
| Los Angeles/California | 5–13 | 13–5 | 6–12 | 9–9 | 8–10 | 13–5 |  | 9–9 | 6–12 | 6–12 |
| Minnesota | 10–8 | 17–1 | 11–7 | 7–11 | 10–8 | 10–8 | 9–9 |  | 13–5 | 15–3 |
| New York | 5–13 | 9–9 | 10–8 | 6–12 | 8–10 | 11–7 | 12–6 | 5–13 |  | 11–7 |
| Washington | 10–8 | 7–11 | 5–13 | 7–11 | 7–11 | 12–6 | 12–6 | 3–15 | 7–11 |  |

**NOTE:** The Los Angeles Angels changed their name to California Angels on September 2, 1965, with the season in progress.

### Roster

| 1965 Detroit Tigers | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Bill Freehan | 130 | 431 | 101 | .234 | 10 | 43 |
| 1B | Norm Cash | 142 | 467 | 124 | .266 | 30 | 82 |
| 2B | Jerry Lumpe | 145 | 502 | 129 | .257 | 4 | 39 |
| 3B | Don Wert | 162 | 609 | 159 | .261 | 12 | 54 |
| SS | Dick McAuliffe | 113 | 404 | 105 | .260 | 15 | 54 |
| LF | Willie Horton | 143 | 512 | 140 | .273 | 29 | 104 |
| CF | Al Kaline | 125 | 399 | 112 | .281 | 18 | 72 |
| RF | Jim Northrup | 80 | 219 | 45 | .205 | 2 | 16 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Don Demeter | 122 | 389 | 108 | .278 | 16 | 58 |
| Gates Brown | 96 | 227 | 58 | .256 | 10 | 43 |
| Ray Oyler | 82 | 194 | 36 | .186 | 5 | 13 |
| George Thomas | 79 | 169 | 36 | .213 | 3 | 10 |
| Mickey Stanley | 30 | 117 | 28 | .239 | 3 | 13 |
| Jake Wood | 58 | 104 | 30 | .288 | 2 | 7 |
| John Sullivan | 34 | 86 | 23 | .267 | 2 | 11 |
| Jackie Moore | 21 | 53 | 5 | .094 | 0 | 2 |
| George Smith | 32 | 53 | 5 | .094 | 1 | 1 |
| Bill Roman | 21 | 27 | 2 | .074 | 0 | 0 |
| Wayne Redmond | 4 | 4 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mickey Lolich | 43 | 243.2 | 15 | 9 | 3.44 | 226 |
| Denny McLain | 33 | 220.1 | 16 | 6 | 2.61 | 192 |
| Hank Aguirre | 32 | 208.1 | 14 | 10 | 3.59 | 141 |
| Dave Wickersham | 34 | 195.1 | 9 | 14 | 3.78 | 109 |
| Joe Sparma | 30 | 167.0 | 13 | 8 | 3.18 | 127 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Phil Regan | 16 | 51.2 | 1 | 5 | 5.05 | 37 |
| Jack Hamilton | 4 | 4.1 | 1 | 1 | 14.54 | 3 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Terry Fox | 42 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 2.78 | 34 |
| Fred Gladding | 46 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 2.83 | 43 |
| Larry Sherry | 39 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 3.10 | 46 |
| Orlando Peña | 30 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 2.51 | 55 |
| Ron Nischwitz | 20 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2.78 | 12 |
| Julio Navarro | 15 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4.20 | 22 |
| Ed Rakow | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.08 | 10 |
| John Hiller | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.00 | 4 |
| Johnnie Seale | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.00 | 3 |
| Leo Marentette | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |
| Vern Holtgrave | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.00 | 2 |

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Syracuse Chiefs | International League | Frank Carswell |
| AA | Montgomery Rebels | Southern League | Wayne Blackburn |
|  | Rocky Mount Leafs | Carolina League | Al Lakeman |
|  | Daytona Beach Islanders | Florida State League | Al Federoff |
|  | Jamestown Tigers | New York–Penn League | Gail Henley |
| A-Short Season | Duluth–Superior Dukes | Northern League | Doc Daugherty |

Duluth-Superior affiliation shared with Chicago Cubs

* Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). *The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball* (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.
* 1965 Detroit Tigers season at Baseball Reference

## InfoBox

| 1965 Detroit Tigers | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Ballpark | Tiger Stadium |
| City | Detroit, Michigan |
| Owners | John Fetzer |
| General managers | Jim Campbell |
| Managers | Chuck Dressen, Bob Swift |
| Television | WJBK
(George Kell, Ray Lane) |
| Radio | WJR
(Ernie Harwell, Gene Osborn) |
|  | |


title: 1976 World Junior Curling Championships

abstract: The 1976 World Junior Curling Championships were held from February 22 to 27 in Aviemore, Scotland. The tournament only consisted of a men's event.

text:
# 1976 World Junior Curling Championships

The **1976 World Junior Curling Championships** were held from February 22 to 27 in Aviemore, Scotland. The tournament only consisted of a men's event.

## Teams

| Country | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Curling club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canada | Paul Gowsell | Neil Houston | Glen Jackson | Kelly Stearne | William Aberhart HS, Calgary |
| Denmark | Tommy Stjerne | Oluf Olsen | Peter Andersen | Steen Hansen | Hvidovre CC |
| France | Claude Feige | Jean-Louis Sibuet | Christian Marin-Pache | Marc Sibuet | Mont d'Arbois CC, Megève |
| West Germany | Hans Dieter Kiesel | Rainer Schöpp | Wolfgang Artinger | Norbert Petrasch |  |
| Italy | Massimo Alvera | Franco Sovilla | Fabio Bovolenta | Marco Lorenzi | Cortina CC, Cortina d'Ampezzo |
| Norway | Sjur Loen | Morten Søgaard | Hans Bekkelund | Roar Rise | Brumunddal CC, Oslo |
| Scotland | Robert Kelly | Ken Horton | Willie Jamieson | Keith Douglas | Carmunnock & Rutherglen CC, Glasgow |
| Sweden | Jan Ullsten | Mats Nyberg | Anders Grahn | Bo Söderström | Sundsvalls CK, Sundsvall |
| Switzerland | Jean-Claude Stettler | Marcel Ruefli | Hans Peter Ringli | Christoph Stiep |  |
| United States | Donald Barcome Jr. | Dale Mueller | Gary Mueller | Earl Barcome | Grand Forks CC, North Dakota |

## Round robin

| Place | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Wins | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Norway | * | 5:3 | 4:3 | 5:4 | 2:4 | 7:5 | 5:9 | 14:7 | 8:4 | 10:2 | 7 | 2 |
| 2 | Scotland | 3:5 | * | 8:4 | 5:9 | 5:4 | 6:3 | 8:5 | 11:4 | 8:4 | 7:4 | 7 | 2 |
| 3 | Canada | 3:4 | 4:8 | * | 6:3 | 9:1 | 9:4 | 6:2 | 8:1 | 8:4 | 9:2 | 7 | 2 |
| 4 | Sweden | 4:5 | 9:5 | 3:6 | * | 7:3 | 1:7 | 9:2 | 7:6 | 11:3 | 7:3 | 6 | 3 |
| 5 | France | 4:2 | 4:5 | 1:9 | 3:7 | * | 7:5 | 10:8 | 4:5 | 9:5 | 8:7 | 5 | 4 |
| 6 | United States | 5:7 | 3:6 | 4:9 | 7:1 | 5:7 | * | 5:2 | 7:5 | 9:3 | 6:5 | 5 | 4 |
| 7 | Germany | 9:5 | 5:8 | 2:6 | 2:9 | 8:10 | 2:5 | * | 11:2 | 7:4 | 7:4 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Switzerland | 7:14 | 4:11 | 1:8 | 6:7 | 5:4 | 5:7 | 2:11 | * | 7:3 | 9:5 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | Denmark | 4:8 | 4:8 | 4:8 | 3:11 | 5:9 | 3:9 | 4:7 | 3:7 | * | 11:3 | 1 | 8 |
| 10 | Italy | 2:10 | 4:7 | 2:9 | 3:7 | 7:8 | 5:6 | 4:7 | 5:9 | 3:11 | * | 0 | 9 |

Teams to playoffs

## Playoffs

|  | Semifinal | | |  |  | Gold Medal Game | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | Norway | 2 |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 4 | **Sweden** | **8** |  | |
|  | | | | |  | 4 | Sweden | 9 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 3 | **Canada** | **4** |  |
|  | 2 | | | | | | Scotland | 3 |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 3 | **Canada** | **10** |  |

## Final standings

| Place | Team | Games<br>played | Wins | Losses |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Canada | 11 | 9 | 2 |
|  | Sweden | 11 | 7 | 4 |
|  | Norway | 10 | 7 | 3 |
| 4 | Scotland | 10 | 7 | 3 |
| 5 | France | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| 6 | United States | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| 7 | Germany | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Switzerland | 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | Denmark | 9 | 1 | 8 |
| 10 | Italy | 9 | 0 | 9 |

## Awards

**All-Star Team:**

## InfoBox

| 1976 World Junior Curling Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Aviemore, Scotland |
| Dates | February 22–27 |
| Men's winner | **Canada** (1st title) |
| Skip | Paul Gowsell |
| Third | Neil Houston |
| Second | Glen Jackson |
| Lead | Kelly Stearne |
| Finalist | Sweden (Jan Ullsten) |
| « **1975** **1977** » | |


title: Army of Freshmen

abstract: Army of Freshmen is an American rock band formed in Ventura, California in 1997. They have performed over 1,500 shows in 13 countries and 43 US states. The band have released three albums and four singles since their first release in 2001. They have also signed with multiple record companies, including Blue Hand Records and 33rd Street Records. During time on tour, the band was introduced to Bowling for Soup, and both bands later became the co-creators of the Get Happy Tour that launched in 2006. As a result of the Global Financial Crisis, the band suffered with finding a record label that would sign them. However, they took matters into their own hands with seeking additional crowd funded projects including acoustic EPs, writing and film production.

text:
# Army of Freshmen

**Army of Freshmen** is an American rock band formed in Ventura, California in 1997. They have performed over 1,500 shows in 13 countries and 43 US states. The band have released three albums and four singles since their first release in 2001. They have also signed with multiple record companies, including Blue Hand Records and 33rd Street Records.

During time on tour, the band was introduced to Bowling for Soup, and both bands later became the co-creators of the Get Happy Tour that launched in 2006.

As a result of the Global Financial Crisis, the band suffered with finding a record label that would sign them. However, they took matters into their own hands with seeking additional crowd funded projects including acoustic EPs, writing and film production.

## History

### Early years (1997–2000)

Following his graduation from Lower Cape May Regional High School in Cape May, New Jersey, Chris Jay moved by himself to Ventura, California with the goal of starting a band. Having written hundreds of songs, Jay started out playing solo acoustic at local open mics and coffeehouses.

Jay officially formed Army of Freshmen at the end of 1997 with Owen Bucey, Aaron Goldberg, Dan Clark, One' Nielsen, Mike Rini and Jon Blackburn all of whom he met at a Ventura coffeehouse he performed at regularly. Jay's new bandmates were all recent graduates of Buena High School and Ventura High School. The band initially performed as Chris Jay and the Army of Freshmen but after a few months of local shows, they began going by just Army of Freshmen. Initially Goldberg and Clark played trumpet and trombone while Jay played guitar but the band moved Clark to keyboard and Goldberg to guitar which created the dual keyboard-driven pop punk that the band is known for. In 2000 the band went on their first tour, 2 weeks on the east coast, in the same minivan Jay left home in. The tour was booked completely independent of any manager, label or agent.

### *Army of Freshmen* (2001–2003)

On the strength of a 3-song demo and a large Ventura area fan base, in 2000, the band was discovered by music manager, Rod Ensminger, who signed them to his label, Blue Hand Records. In 2001 the band released their self-titled debut which was produced by Jay Ferguson, a member of the 60's rock band Spirit.

To support their debut full-length release, Army of Freshmen toured in the summer of 2001 on the Moto Music Madness Tour, a freestyle motocross meets music tour that played over 50 dates across the USA including a handful of dates on the Warped Tour.

At the end of 2002, Nielsen left the band and was replaced by Kai Dodson, a Ventura musician who was close friends with the band. Around the same time, the band was signed to a label in Japan who released their self-titled album in that country in 2003. To support the release Army of Freshmen was invited to play Summersonic, a major music festival in Japan alongside major artists like Radiohead and The Doors. This led to Army of Freshmen's first international attention when, despite being the least known act at the festival, their set received rave reviews in the Japanese music press.

While on a few random dates of the 2003 Warped Tour, Army of Freshmen met Bowling for Soup who would become close friends and collaborators. Bowling For Soup invited Army of Freshmen on their 2003 fall tour. Initially just booked to be on a few shows, Bowling for Soup, insisted that Army of Freshmen stay on for the entire tour, an act that Jay described as, "An above and a beyond act of kindness that totally changed our band's career."

### *Beg, Borrow, Steal* (2004–2005)

The band signed with 33rd Street Records, an indie label which was owned by Tower Records and entered the studio to record their second album, *Beg, Borrow, Steal* in late 2003. The album included the single "Get Um Up," which spent 5 weeks in the top 20 on the U.S. Alternative radio specialty charts.

Following the release of *Beg, Borrow, Steal* in 2004, the band returned to Japan supporting The Living End.

While on the Warped Tour in 2004, drummer Mike Rini left the band abruptly at one of the tour's Canadian dates. Mike Milligan, a drummer from Chicago whose previous band had played several shows with Army of Freshmen, joined shortly thereafter.

After the Warped Tour, the band toured the United Kingdom for the first time. A compilation by Brand New Hero Records featuring Army of Freshmen songs, entitled *Casino Chips and Sunset Strips*, was released in the UK to coincide with the tour. The tour ended with Army of Freshmen being asked to open for Bowling for Soup for three of that band's tour dates in the United Kingdom.

In 2005 the band did a headlining summer tour still in support of *Beg, Borrow, Steal* and returned to the United Kingdom that fall for a sold-out tour opening for Bowling for Soup. In support of the tour, they released an EP, *At the End Of the Day,* which was recorded in Texas and produced by Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup.

### *Under the Radar* (2006–2007)

In 2006, the band released their third album, *Under the Radar*, which featured the single, "Juliet". The dodgeball themed video received moderate play on United Kingdom music channels like Kerrang and Scuzz TV. The record would be their first with their longtime producer, Jay Ruston.

In the summer of 2006, Army of Freshmen and Bowling for Soup created and appeared on the Get Happy Tour, a popular package tour that traveled the United States in 2006 and 2007, the United Kingdom twice in 2007 and also did a short European run in 2017. The tour featured fan interaction events and a family-friendly show. Other bands that appeared alongside AOF and BFS on the various Get Happy Tours included The Bloodhound Gang, Zebrahead, Wheatus, Son of Dork, Punchline, Lucky Boys Confusion, Quiet Drive and Melee.

2007 proved to be Army of Freshmen busiest year with multiple tours in the United Kingdom, their first UK festival appearance at the Download Festival, their first trip to mainland Europe supporting Reel Big Fish and the previously mentioned Get Happy Tours which played to sold-out venues in the United Kingdom.

### *Above The Atmosphere* (2008–2009)

The band's fourth album, *Above the Atmosphere*, was released in 2008 and the single "No One's Famous" again received airplay on UK Television. The band did their first ever headline tours of the United Kingdom in the spring and fall and again appeared at the Download Festival. They did a headline tour that summer in the United States.

After years of touring independently and surviving primarily on merchandise sales, just as Army of Freshmen was set to sign to a major label, the global economic crisis hit. The label they were negotiating a deal with froze all signings for the remainder of the year and the A&R man who was negotiating the deal was laid off shortly thereafter. In addition, a new indie label the band had just begun working with folded suddenly leaving the band responsible for debt the label incurred in the band's name.

In May 2009, the band toured China for the first time where they played to the biggest crowds of their career appearing at the Midi Festival and Zebra Festival where they were the only artist from the US to perform.

### *Close Encounter EP* (2010–2011)

The band released the *Close Encounter EP* in 2010. The EP was available for download for a pay-what-you-like model. The video for the EP's single, "Body Parts" received minor airplay on United Kingdom video channels. The band returned to the United Kingdom for a short headline tour and an appearance at the Sonisphere Festival at Knebworth, England.

In the spring of 2011, Army of Freshmen opened the main stage at the Groezrock Festival in Belgium. In addition to Groezrock, they performed at the Artefacts Festival in France, the Paaspop Festival in the Netherlands and headlined a week of shows in the United Kingdom.

At the end of 2011, the band returned to the United Kingdom for their 10th visit, this time touring with Zebrahead.

### *Happy To Be Alive* (2012–2016)

The band's fifth record, *Happy To Be Alive*, was self-released in 2012 and was crowd-funded. Fans who contributed to the making of the record received an acoustic EP, *Campfire Classics*. Despite *Happy To Be Alive* receiving the best reviews of their career which cited the record's lyrical maturity and less pop-punk direction, the record failed to sell well or receive much attention outside of the band's most hardcore fans. Army of Freshmen only toured once in support of the record, with a 2014 tour in the United Kingdom with Lit. After the Lit tour, the band went on hiatus for the first time since their inception, though it was not officially announced. During this time, band members engaged in a variety of side projects, including Jay and Goldberg writing, co-producing, and releasing the independent comedy film, The Bet.

### *20th Anniversary* (2017–present)

In a surprise announcement on September 22, 2017, Army of Freshmen released the news that they would be celebrating their 20th Anniversary in February 2018 with the return of the Get Happy Tour in the United Kingdom. Army of Freshmen once again joined Bowling for Soup and special guests, The Aquabats for the first Get Happy Tour in 11 years. The band also played an anniversary show in their hometown (Ventura, CA) in October 2018.

In late 2019 and early 2020, the band released three new singles, "Well May Her World Go Round," "Everything is Beautiful," and "Promise." Recorded by John Sveiven at Arkive Studios in Ventura, these recordings marked the first release of new Army of Freshmen music since 2012's *Happy to Be Alive*.

## Other ventures

***Active Side Projects***

Kai Dodson currently performs and records with the indie rock band, Curtsy who have released two full-length records.

Owen Bucey occasionally performs solo and is releasing his debut solo EP in 2018.

Chris Jay and Dan Clark host the bi-weekly podcast, Fresh Talk which covers music, movies, TV and current events. Other Army of Freshmen members frequently guest on the podcast.

***Inactive Side Projects***

Along with several other Ventura area musicians, Army of Freshmen performed occasionally as Big Band, a 12 piece, double drummer cover band. Big Band was joined onstage at performance by Chuck D of Public Enemy who performed Bring The Noise with the band in 2011.

Kai Dodson, Aaron Goldberg and Owen Bucey formed the band, The Calamity, a pop rock band which had Goldberg playing drums and Dodson playing guitar and Bucey on lead vocals. The band released two full-length records before disbanding.

In Army of Freshmen's early days, Jay, Goldberg and Bucey performed in a parody hillbilly band, The Anal Retentive Mississippi Scavenger Hunt.

Army of Freshmen wrote several parody reggae songs and created a band, S-Dub which performed at least once.

***Film***

Chris Jay and Aaron Goldberg wrote the screenplay and co-produced the raunchy comedy film, The Bet which was released in 2016. Army of Freshmen members can be seen throughout the film as extras. Jay appears in the film as the character, Scott Quaker. Several Army of Freshmen songs are on the film's soundtrack and Jay and Goldberg wrote and performed several original comedy songs for the film.

Jay and Goldberg wrote the screenplay, *Wedding or Not*, which is in pre-production and scheduled to begin filming in the summer and fall of 2020.

Jay and Goldberg wrote and produced a pilot for an animated adult cartoon show parodying the life of Frank Sinatra, *The Spank Finatra Show*. They recorded several parody songs for the show.

Army of Freshmen wrote and performed the original theme song for the children's film, Adventures of a Teenage Dragonslayer.

Army of Freshmen wrote and performed the original theme song for the indie comedy film, *Beer Pong Saved My Life* which Jay had a small cameo in.

Members of Army of Freshmen can be seen in the background of the opening sequence of the indie horror movie, *The Telling* as party goers at the Playboy Mansion.

Chris Jay wrote the treatment to the Bowling For Soup video, High School Never Ends and Army of Freshmen appear in the video.

***Production***

Chris Jay and Aaron Goldberg have produced and co-written with several artists in different genres including Adam Mcdonough, Delaney Gibson, Tom Oconnor, Sarah Ashleigh, Michelle Dawn Mooney, Jeff Hershey and The Heartbeats, Narrowcast, Exit4, Lost, Ten Four and Out, New Liberty, Albright, AMFX, Plunket and more.

***Beach Boys Lawsuit***

Chris Jay is a frequent contributor to the VC Reporter, a weekly newspaper in print and online in Ventura County and has interviewed hundreds of artists. In 2003 he was sued for 10 million dollars by Mike Love of the Beach Boys over an article he wrote on Love and his fronting current line up of the Beach Boys despite having no original members. The case never went to trial and was settled out of court, but all the members of Army of Freshmen had to give depositions during the discovery period of the case. Most Army of Freshmen fans and even Beach Boys fans are unaware that the lawsuit ever existed as it was settled out of court by before any media was made aware of the suit.

## Band members

**Current members**

* Chris Jay \- vocals
* Aaron Goldberg - guitar, vocals
* Owen Bucey - keyboard, vocals
* Dan Clark - keyboard, mini moog
* Kai Dodson - bass
* Mike Milligan - drums

**Former members**

* James Schlacter - drums (*Happy To Be Alive*)
* Mike Rini - drums *(Self Titled, Beg, Borrow, Steal*)
* One' Nielsen - bass (*Self Titled*)
* Jon Blackburn - drums (*early shows*)

## Discography

* *Army of Freshmen* (2001)
* *Beg, Borrow, Steal* (2004)
* *At the End of the Day EP* (2005)
* *Under the Radar* (2006)
* *Above The Atmosphere* (2008)
* *Close Encounter EP* (2010)
* *Happy To Be Alive* (2012)
* *Acoustic EP: Volume 1* (2019)

## InfoBox

| Army of Freshmen | |
| --- | --- |
| Army of Freshmen performing live in 2013. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Ventura, California, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1997–present |
|  | |
| Members | * Chris Jay * Aaron Goldberg * Owen Bucey * Dan Clark * Kai Dodson * Mike Milligan |
|  | |
| Past members | * James Schlachter * Mike Rini * One' Nielsen * Jon Blackburn |
|  | |
| Website | armyoffreshmen.com |


title: 1997–98 Irani Cup

abstract: The 1997–98 Irani Cup match was played 30 September - 4 October 1997 at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. The reigning Ranji Trophy champions, Mumbai defeated the Rest of India by 54 runs. Sairaj Bahutule's match figures of 13/168 were only the second instance of a bowler taking 13-wickets in an Irani Cup match, after Anil Kumble in the 1992–93 Irani Cup.

text:
# 1997–98 Irani Cup

The **1997–98 Irani Cup** match was played 30 September - 4 October 1997 at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. The reigning Ranji Trophy champions, Mumbai defeated the Rest of India by 54 runs.

Sairaj Bahutule's match figures of 13/168 were only the second instance of a bowler taking 13-wickets in an Irani Cup match, after Anil Kumble in the 1992–93 Irani Cup.

## Scorecard

* Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat.


title: Asclepias tomentosa

abstract: Asclepias tomentosa, common name tuba milkweed, is a flowering plant in the milkweed family. It is indigenous to parts of Florida, Texas, and some southeastern states in the United States. It is a perennial dicot.

text:
# Asclepias tomentosa

**Asclepias tomentosa**, common name **tuba milkweed**, is a flowering plant in the milkweed family. It is indigenous to parts of Florida, Texas, and some southeastern states in the United States. It is a perennial dicot.

## InfoBox

| *Asclepias tomentosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Asclepias* |
| Species: | ***A. tomentosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asclepias tomentosa***<br>Elliott | |
|


title: 2014–15 Liga Nacional de Básquet season

abstract: The 2014–15 Liga Nacional de Básquet season was the 31st season of the top professional basketball league in Argentina. The regular season started on 29 September 2014 and the defending champions were Peñarol. Quimsa won their first title, defeating Gimnasia Indalo in the finals.

text:
# 2014–15 Liga Nacional de Básquet season

The **2014–15 Liga Nacional de Básquet season** was the 31st season of the top professional basketball league in Argentina. The regular season started on 29 September 2014 and the defending champions were Peñarol. Quimsa won their first title, defeating Gimnasia Indalo in the finals.

## Promotions and relegations

Torneo Nacional de Ascenso Champions from the previous season San Martín de Corrientes and runners-up Ciclista Juninense were promoted. As in the previous season, there were no relegations in this tournament.

## Clubs

| Team | City | Arena | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Argentino de Junín | Junín | El Fortín de las Morochas | 1,465 |
| Atenas | Córdoba | Carlos Cerutti | 3,730 |
| Bahía Basket | Bahía Blanca | Osvaldo Casanova | 3,950 |
| Boca Juniors | Buenos Aires | Luis Conde | 2,000 |
| Ciclista Juninense | Junín | Coliseo del Boulevard | 1,500 |
| Ciclista Olímpico | La Banda | Luis Conde | 2,000 |
| Estudiantes Concordia | Concordia | Gigante Verde | 1,610 |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima (Comodoro Rivadavia) | Comodoro Rivadavia | Socios Fundadores | 2,276 |
| Instituto (Córdoba) | Córdoba | Angel Sandrin | 2,000 |
| Juventud Sionista | Paraná | Estadio Moisés Flesler | 2,100 |
| Lanús | Lanús | Antonio Rotili | 4,000 |
| Libertad | Sunchales | El Hogar de los Tigres | 4,000 |
| Obras Sanitarias | Buenos Aires | Estadio Obras | 3,100 |
| Peñarol | Mar del Plata | Islas Malvinas | 8,000 |
| Quilmes | Mar del Plata | Once Unidos | 3,000 |
| Quimsa | Santiago del Estero | Estadio Ciudad | 5,200 |
| Regatas Corrientes | Corrientes | José Jorge Contte | 4,000 |
| San Martín de Corrientes | Corrientes | Raúl A. Ortiz | 2,500 |
| La Unión | Formosa | Cincuentenario | 4,500 |

## Regular season

### League table

#### North Conference

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PCT | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Quimsa | 52 | 43 | 9 | .827 | Conference quarterfinals |
| 2 | Regatas Corrientes | 52 | 37 | 15 | | .712 |
| 3 | San Martín de Corrientes | 52 | 31 | 21 | | .596 |
| 4 | Atenas | 52 | 31 | 21 | | .596 |
| 5 | Estudiantes Concordia | 52 | 23 | 29 | | .442 |
| 6 | Ciclista Olímpico | 52 | 23 | 29 | | .442 |
| 7 | La Unión | 52 | 22 | 30 | | .423 |
| 8 | Libertad | 52 | 19 | 33 | .365 | Reclassification playoffs |
| 9 | Juventud Sionista | 52 | 19 | 33 | | .365 |

Source:

#### South Conference

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PCT | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Obras Sanitarias | 52 | 34 | 18 | .654 | Conference quarterfinals |
| 2 | Gimnasia Indalo | 52 | 32 | 20 | | .615 |
| 3 | Peñarol | 52 | 30 | 22 | | .577 |
| 4 | Argentino de Junín | 52 | 25 | 27 | | .481 |
| 5 | Quilmes | 52 | 25 | 27 | | .481 |
| 6 | Bahía Basket | 52 | 24 | 28 | | .462 |
| 7 | Boca Juniors | 52 | 21 | 31 | | .404 |
| 8 | Lanús | 52 | 17 | 35 | .327 | Reclassification playoffs |
| 9 | Ciclista Juninense | 52 | 12 | 40 | | .231 |

Source:

## Playoffs

### Reclassification playoffs

|  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | N8 | Libertad | 1 |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | N9 | **Juventud Sionista** | **2** |  |

|  | Finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |
|  | S8 | Lanús | 1 |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | S9 | **Ciclista Juninense** | **2** |  |

### Championship playoffs

|  | Quarterfinals | | |  |  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Conference Finals | | |  |  | Championship finals | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | N1 | **Quimsa** | **3** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | || |
|  | N9 | Juventud Sionista | 0 |  | || |
|  | | | | |  | N1 | **Quimsa** | **3** |  | ||
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | ||
|  | |  |  | N4 | Atenas | 1 |  || |
|  | N4 | | | | | | **Atenas** | **3** |  | ||
|  | | | | |  | | | | | ||
|  | | N5 | Estudiantes Concordia | 1 |  || |
|  | | | | |  | N1 | **Quimsa** | **3** |  ||
|  | | | | | | North Conference | | | | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | N3 | San Martín de Corrientes | 1 |  ||
|  | N2 | | | | | | Regatas Corrientes | 1 |  |  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | ||
|  | | N7 | **La Unión** | **3** | |  ||
|  | | | | |  | N3 | **San Martín de Corrientes** | **3** |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | N7 | La Unión | 2 |  ||
|  | | | | | | | N3 | **San Martín de Corrientes** | **3** |  ||
|  | | | | |  | | | | ||
|  | | N6 | Ciclista Olímpico | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | N1 | **Quimsa** | **4** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | S2 | Gimnasia Indalo | 2 |  |
|  | S1 | | | | | | **Obras Sanitarias** | **3** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | S9 | Ciclista Juninense | 0 | |  ||
|  | | | | |  | S1 | Obras Sanitarias | 2 |  | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | S5 | **Quilmes** | **3** |  ||
|  | | | | | | | S4 | Argentino de Junín | 2 | |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | S5 | **Quilmes** | **3** |  ||
|  | | | | |  | S5 | Quilmes | 0 |  |
|  | | | | | | South Conference | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | S2 | **Gimnasia Indalo** | **3** |  |
|  | | | | | | | S2 | **Gimnasia Indalo** | **3** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | S7 | Boca Juniors | 2 | |  |
|  | | | | |  | S2 | **Gimnasia Indalo** | **3** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | S3 | Peñarol | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | | S3 | **Peñarol** | **3** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | S6 | Bahía Basket | 2 |  |

## Clubs in international competitions

| Team | Competition | Progress |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Peñarol | FIBA Americas League | Fourth place |
| Regatas Corrientes | | Quarterfinals |
| Argentino de Junín | Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol | Semifinals |
| Boca Juniors | | Third place |
| Libertad | | Group stage |

## Awards

### Yearly Awards

## InfoBox

| Liga Nacional de Básquet | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 2014–15 |
| Dates | 29 September 2014 – 9 May 2015
(regular season)
12 May – 15 July 2015 (playoffs) |
| Games played | 471 (Regular season)
34–57 (Playoffs) |
| Teams | 20 |
| TV partner(s) | TyC Sports |
| Regular season | |
| FIBA Americas League | Quimsa
Gimnasia Indalo |
| Liga Sudamericana | Obras Sanitarias
San Martín de Corrientes
Quilmes |
| Season MVP | Nicolás Aguirre |
| Promoted | San Martín de Corrientes
Ciclista Juninense |
| Finals | |
| Champions | **Quimsa** |
| Runners-up | Gimnasia Indalo |
| Semifinalists | San Martín de Corrientes
Quilmes |
| Finals MVP | Robert Battle |
| Statistical leaders | |
| Points  Walter Baxley  21.2  Rebounds  Lee Roberts  10.3  Assists  Philip Hopson  5.9 | |
| 2013–14 2015–16 | |


title: Frank Lyon Co. v. United States

abstract: Frank Lyon Company v. United States, 435 U.S. 561 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the title owner that acquired depreciable real estate as if the owner were a mere conduit or agent was indeed the owner and, for Federal income tax purposes, had the legal right to take tax deductions associated with depreciation on the building.

text:
# Frank Lyon Co. v. United States

***Frank Lyon Company v. United States***, 435 U.S. 561 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the title owner that acquired depreciable real estate as if the owner were a mere conduit or agent was indeed the owner and, for Federal income tax purposes, had the legal right to take tax deductions associated with depreciation on the building.

## Background

According to the text of the syllabus preceding the Court's opinion:

A state bank, which was a member of the Federal Reserve System, upon realizing that it was not feasible, because of various state and federal regulations, for it to finance by conventional mortgage and other financing a building under construction for its headquarters and principal banking facility, entered into sale-and-leaseback agreements by which petitioner took title to the building and leased it back to the bank for long-term use, petitioner obtaining both a construction loan and permanent mortgage financing. The bank is obligated to pay rent equal to the principal and interest payments on petitioner's mortgage and has an option to repurchase the building at various times at prices equal to the then unpaid balance of petitioner's mortgage and initial $500,000 investment. On its federal income tax return for the year in which the building was completed and the bank took possession, petitioner accrued rent from the bank and claimed as deductions depreciation on the building, interest on its construction loan and mortgage, and other expenses related to the sale-and-leaseback transaction.

The bank was Worthen Bank in Little Rock and the Frank Lyon Corporation engaged in the distribution of home furnishings, primarily Whirlpool and RCA electrical products. The bank bought the land and started construction of the subject building before it found a buyer. The Frank Lyon Company won the bidding to buy the building from the bank by providing $500,000 of the $7.6 million purchase price. The rest of the money came from New York Life. The mortgage loan's payments to the lender and the rent payments were engineered to be exactly equal. The title owner, Frank Lyon, never actually received the rent payments from the Worthen Bank because the three party deal specifically required that Worthen pay New York Life directly. The lease was triple net (i.e. any increase in expenses are paid not by the owner, but by the tenant).

Another fact which leads a reasonable man to conclude that Worthen Bank was the real party in a two party deal and that the Frank Lyon company was a mere agent, is that the tenant, Worthen Bank, had a 25-year lease with options to either buy the building or extend the lease for 65 years when it could still buy the building. The option's strike price was set so that Frank Lyon would be repaid exactly its $500,000 plus 6% interest.

Economic owners of an asset would be expected to bear the benefits and burdens of any change in market value of the thing owned. In this case, Worthen Bank, the tenant, bore the benefits and the burdens, rather than the title owner. The transaction was a classic sale leaseback.

## Holding

The court held that the Government should honor the allocation of rights and duties effectuated by the parties where there is a genuine multiple-party transaction with economic substance which is compelled or encouraged by business or regulatory realities, imbued with tax-independent considerations, and not simply shaped by tax-avoidance features with meaningless labels attached. As long as the lessor retains significant and genuine attributes of the traditional lessor status, the form of the transaction adopted by the parties governs for tax purposes. As such, a sale-and-leaseback does not necessarily operate to deny a taxpayer's claim for deductions.

## Subsequent developments

The result of this case was modified by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which disallowed this tax feature. The Rose Law Firm represented the taxpayer.

## InfoBox

| Frank Lyon Company v. United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 2, 1977
Decided April 18, 1978 | |
| Full case name | *Frank Lyon Company v. United States* |
| Citations | 435 U.S. 561 (*more*)98 S. Ct. 1291; 55 L. Ed. 2d 550; 1978 U.S. LEXIS 22; 78-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) ¶ 9370; 41 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 1142 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | 536 F.2d 746 (8th Cir. 1976) |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist **·**  John P. Stevens | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Blackmun, joined by Burger, Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Powell, Rehnquist |
| Dissent | White |
| Dissent | Stevens |
| Laws applied | |
| 26 U.S.C. § 163 | |


title: 1965 Detroit Lions season

abstract: The 1965 Detroit Lions season was the 36th season in franchise history. Harry Gilmer replaced George Wilson as the Lions head coach. The Lions failed to improve on their 1964 record of 7–5–2, finishing at 6–7–1.

text:
# 1965 Detroit Lions season

The **1965 Detroit Lions season** was the 36th season in franchise history. Harry Gilmer replaced George Wilson as the Lions head coach. The Lions failed to improve on their 1964 record of 7–5–2, finishing at 6–7–1.

## Offseason

### NFL Draft

| **Round** | **Pick** | **Player** | **Position** | **School** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 11 | Tom Nowatzke | Fullback | Indiana |
|

## Regular season

### Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 19 | Los Angeles Rams | W 20–0 | 1–0 | 46,941 |
| 2 | September 26 | at Minnesota Vikings | W 31–29 | 2–0 | 46,826 |
| 3 | October 3 | Washington Redskins | W 14–10 | 3–0 | 52,627 |
| 4 | October 10 | at Baltimore Colts | L 7–31 | 3–1 | 60,238 |
| 5 | October 17 | Green Bay Packers | L 21–31 | 3–2 | 56,712 |
| 6 | October 24 | at Chicago Bears | L 10–38 | 3–3 | 45,658 |
| 7 | October 31 | at Los Angeles Rams | W 31–7 | 4–3 | 35,137 |
| 8 | November 7 | at Green Bay Packers | W 12–7 | 5–3 | 50,852 |
| 9 | November 14 | San Francisco 49ers | L 21–27 | 5–4 | 54,534 |
| 10 | November 21 | Chicago Bears | L 10–17 | 5–5 | 51,499 |
| 11 | November 25 | Baltimore Colts | T 24–24 | 5–5–1 | 55,036 |
| 12 | December 5 | at San Francisco 49ers | L 14–17 | 5–6–1 | 38,463 |
| 13 | December 12 | Minnesota Vikings | L 7–29 | 5–7–1 | 45,420 |
| 14 | December 19 | at Philadelphia Eagles | W 35–28 | 6–7–1 | 56,718 |

## Standings

| NFL Western Conference | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| Green Bay Packers | 10 | 3 | 1 | .769 | 8–3–1 | 316 | 224 | T1 |
| Baltimore Colts | 10 | 3 | 1 | .769 | 8–3–1 | 389 | 284 | W1 |
| Chicago Bears | 9 | 5 | 0 | .643 | 7–5 | 409 | 275 | L1 |
| San Francisco 49ers | 7 | 6 | 1 | .538 | 6–5–1 | 421 | 402 | T1 |
| Minnesota Vikings | 7 | 7 | 0 | .500 | 5–7 | 383 | 403 | W2 |
| Detroit Lions | 6 | 7 | 1 | .462 | 4–7–1 | 257 | 295 | W1 |
| Los Angeles Rams | 4 | 10 | 0 | .286 | 2–10 | 269 | 328 | L1 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.

### Roster

| 1965 Detroit Lions roster | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quarterbacks** **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends** |  | **Offensive linemen** **Defensive linemen** |  | **Linebackers** **Defensive backs**
**Special teams** |  | **Reserve lists*** *currently vacant*  *rookies in italics*
 |
|

## Playoffs

Did not qualify.

## Awards and records

## InfoBox

| 1965 Detroit Lions season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Harry Gilmer |
| Home field | Tiger Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | 6–7–1 |
| Division place | 6th NFL Western |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: Ethel Standiford-Mehling

abstract: Ethel Standiford-Mehling was an American artist and photographer.

text:
# Ethel Standiford-Mehling

**Ethel Standiford-Mehling** (née **Conway**; 18711963) was an American artist and photographer.

## Biography

Ethel Conway was born in Jackson County, Indiana on January 3, 1871.

She studied to be a teacher, but instead apprenticed to a photographer. By 1901 she owned and operated the Standiford Photographic Studio in Louisville, Kentucky. In the early part of the 20th century she experimented with early photographic techniques such as the autochrome Lumière and photo-viewing devices such as the diascope. An example of her early photography is the autochrome Lumière diascope of two of the children of Eleanor Silliman Belknap Humphrey.

Standiford-Mehling moved the Standiford Photographic Studio from Louisville to Cleveland, Ohio in 1919, locating first in the Gage Gallery of Fine Arts, then in the Chilcote Building (1925), and subsequently in the Hickox Building at 1030 Euclid Avenue, where she worked into the 1930s. She was awarded prizes for her photographs of Cleveland's elite of the 1920s and 1930s at the Cleveland Museum of Art exhibitions. A collection of her work, including photographic portraits of important citizens of Cleveland, is held by the Western Reserve Historical Society. One of her portraits and a statement about the portrait may be found in *The American Annual of Photography*.

Her photo of Louis Rorimer (1872–1939), the father of museum curator James Rorimer, appears in an article about him in *The Plain Dealer*.

Two photographs of Anna Burge Muir, attributed to Standiford studio and borrowed from a 1927 *Louisville Herald-Post* article, appear in a website about *The Little Colonel*, a series of stories for children by Annie Fellows Johnston. One photo is of Anna Burge Muir as a child and one is of her as the grownup wife of lawyer Edward Porter Humphrey. Anna Burge Muir Humphrey was the real-life model for the character Anna Moore (Rob Moore's cousin) in the stories.

A portrait of Lily Belknap, daughter of Colonel Morris Burke Belknap and Lily Buckner, is included in the *Herald-Post* collection of photos of prominent Louisvillians from Standiford Studio. Generally, Standiford-Mehling preferred men as subjects for her portraits and discussed her reasons in a 1932 interview published in the *Middletown Times Herald*.

Faced with financial failure, she filed for bankruptcy and closed the Standiford Studio in 1936. She presented a portfolio of 500 autographed photographs of prominent Cleveland residents to the Cleveland Public Library. Clevelanders are represented in the collection through newspaper photographs and portraits by George Mountain Edmondson and Ethel Standiford.

Standiford-Mehling was the first woman elected president of the Cleveland Photographers Association.

## Personal life

She married Frank Standiford in 1891. After his death in 1916, she remarried to Harold David Mehling in 1917.

She was an amateur golfer, winning a tournament in Louisville in May 1917.

She died at her home in Mount Healthy, Ohio on May 9, 1963, and was buried at Cave Hill Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Ethel Standiford-Mehling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Ethel Conway
(1871-01-03)January 3, 1871
Jackson County, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | May 9, 1963(1963-05-09) (aged 92)
Mount Healthy, Ohio, U.S. |
| Burial place | Cave Hill Cemetery
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Artist * photographer |
| Spouses | *   Frank Standiford  (m. 1891; died 1916) *   Harold David Mehling  (m. 1917) |


title: Arthrostylidium reflexum

abstract: Arthrostylidium reflexum is a species of Arthrostylidium bamboo in the grass family.

text:
# Arthrostylidium reflexum

***Arthrostylidium reflexum*** is a species of *Arthrostylidium* bamboo in the grass family.

## Distribution

The species is native to South America and the Caribbean.

## Description

Its width is typically straight, bilateral, and reaches 0.5 cm long. It has 3 Lodicules, 3 Anthers and 2 Stigmas.

## InfoBox

| *Arthrostylidium reflexum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | *Arthrostylidium* |
| Species: | ***A. reflexum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arthrostylidium reflexum***<br>Hitchc. & Ekman | |
|


title: Epichoristodes cinerata

abstract: Epichoristodes cinerata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Western Cape, South Africa.

text:
# Epichoristodes cinerata

***Epichoristodes cinerata*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Western Cape, South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Epichoristodes cinerata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epichoristodes* |
| Species: | ***E. cinerata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epichoristodes cinerata***<br>(Meyrick, 1920) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Epichorista cinerata* Meyrick, 1920 | |


title: 1982–83 Divizia B

abstract: The 1982–83 Divizia B was the 43rd season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system. The format has been maintained to three series, each of them having 18 teams. At the end of the season the winners of the series promoted to Divizia A and the last four places from each series relegated to Divizia C.

text:
# 1982–83 Divizia B

The **1982–83 Divizia B** was the 43rd season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system.

The format has been maintained to three series, each of them having 18 teams. At the end of the season the winners of the series promoted to Divizia A and the last four places from each series relegated to Divizia C.

## Team changes

### Renamed teams

*Energia Slatina* was renamed as IP Aluminiu Slatina.

*FCM Reșița* was renamed as CSM Reșița.

*Mecanică Fină București* was renamed as Mecanică Fină Steaua București.

*Viitorul Vaslui* was renamed as Viitorul Mecanica Vaslui.

### Other teams

FCM Galați and CSU Galați merged, the second one being absorbed by the first one. After the merge FCM Galați was renamed as Dunărea CSU Galați.

## League tables

### Serie I

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dunărea CSU Galați (C, P) | 34 | 21 | 6 | 7 | 72 | 30 | +42 | 48 | Promotion to Divizia A |
| 2 | Gloria Buzău | 34 | 19 | 4 | 11 | 62 | 38 | +24 | 42 |  |
| 3 | Oțelul Galați | 34 | 16 | 6 | 12 | 61 | 38 | +23 | | 38 |
| 4 | CSM Suceava | 34 | 16 | 6 | 12 | 38 | 36 | +2 | | 38 |
| 5 | Gloria Bistrița | 34 | 17 | 1 | 16 | 55 | 38 | +17 | | 35 |
| 6 | Progresul Brăila | 34 | 17 | 1 | 16 | 62 | 54 | +8 | | 35 |
| 7 | Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț | 34 | 16 | 3 | 15 | 49 | 43 | +6 | | 35 |
| 8 | CS Botoșani | 34 | 16 | 3 | 15 | 44 | 40 | +4 | | 35 |
| 9 | Prahova Ploiești | 34 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 46 | 42 | +4 | | 34 |
| 10 | Unirea Dinamo Focșani | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 39 | 47 | 8 | | 34 |
| 11 | Borzești | 34 | 14 | 5 | 15 | 38 | 43 | 5 | | 33 |
| 12 | Sfântu Gheorghe | 34 | 13 | 6 | 15 | 38 | 41 | 3 | | 32 |
| 13 | Dunărea Călărași | 34 | 14 | 4 | 16 | 43 | 53 | 10 | | 32 |
| 14 | Delta Tulcea | 34 | 14 | 3 | 17 | 35 | 58 | 23 | | 31 |
| 15 | Minerul Gura Humorului (R) | 34 | 15 | 2 | 17 | 45 | 63 | 18 | 30 | Relegation to Divizia C |
| 16 | IMU Medgidia (R) | 34 | 11 | 5 | 18 | 42 | 57 | 15 | | 27 |
| 17 | Viitorul Mecanica Vaslui (R) | 34 | 10 | 6 | 18 | 32 | 53 | 21 | | 26 |
| 18 | Viitorul Gheorgheni (R) | 34 | 10 | 5 | 19 | 33 | 60 | 27 | | 25 |

Source: romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian)
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head goals scored; 7) Head-to-head away goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes:

### Serie II

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rapid București (C, P) | 34 | 26 | 4 | 4 | 68 | 23 | +45 | 56 | Promotion to Divizia A |
| 2 | Dinamo Victoria București | 34 | 18 | 6 | 10 | 54 | 36 | +18 | 42 |  |
| 3 | IP Aluminiu Slatina | 34 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 50 | 37 | +13 | | 41 |
| 4 | Minerul Motru | 34 | 16 | 3 | 15 | 56 | 59 | 3 | | 35 |
| 5 | Carpați Mârșa | 34 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 52 | 43 | +9 | | 34 |
| 6 | Unirea Alexandria | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 46 | 41 | +5 | | 34 |
| 7 | ROVA Roșiori | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 34 | 41 | 7 | | 34 |
| 8 | Gaz Metan Mediaș | 34 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 34 | 42 | 8 | | 34 |
| 9 | Metalul București | 34 | 15 | 3 | 16 | 51 | 41 | +10 | | 33 |
| 10 | Progresul Vulcan București | 34 | 15 | 7 | 12 | 48 | 42 | +6 | | 33 |
| 11 | Autobuzul București | 34 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 40 | 36 | +4 | | 33 |
| 12 | Chimica Târnăveni | 34 | 15 | 3 | 16 | 38 | 42 | 4 | | 33 |
| 13 | Șoimii IPA Sibiu | 34 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 44 | 48 | 4 | | 33 |
| 14 | Automatica București | 34 | 14 | 5 | 15 | 34 | 42 | 8 | | 33 |
| 15 | Pandurii Târgu Jiu (R) | 34 | 13 | 4 | 17 | 46 | 46 | 0 | 30 | Relegation to Divizia C |
| 16 | MF Steaua București (R) | 34 | 10 | 8 | 16 | 42 | 49 | 7 | | 28 |
| 17 | Drobeta-Turnu Severin (R) | 34 | 8 | 7 | 19 | 27 | 49 | 22 | | 23 |
| 18 | Precizia Săcele (R) | 34 | 8 | 3 | 23 | 30 | 77 | 47 | | 19 |

Source: romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian)
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head goals scored; 7) Head-to-head away goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes: 1. *Progresul Vulcan București* were deducted 4 points.

### Serie III

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Baia Mare (C, P) | 34 | 21 | 5 | 8 | 83 | 29 | +54 | 47 | Promotion to Divizia A |
| 2 | UTA Arad | 34 | 18 | 7 | 9 | 65 | 26 | +39 | 43 |  |
| 3 | Universitatea Cluj | 34 | 19 | 3 | 12 | 61 | 26 | +35 | | 41 |
| 4 | IS Câmpia Turzii | 34 | 17 | 3 | 14 | 53 | 41 | +12 | | 37 |
| 5 | Armătura Zalău | 34 | 18 | 1 | 15 | 41 | 62 | 21 | | 37 |
| 6 | Minerul Cavnic | 34 | 17 | 2 | 15 | 68 | 48 | +20 | | 36 |
| 7 | CSM Reșița | 34 | 15 | 6 | 13 | 49 | 41 | +8 | | 36 |
| 8 | Olimpia Satu Mare | 34 | 15 | 5 | 14 | 60 | 53 | +7 | | 35 |
| 9 | Rapid Arad | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 54 | 54 | 0 | | 34 |
| 10 | Gloria Reșița | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 43 | 66 | 23 | | 34 |
| 11 | Aurul Brad | 34 | 14 | 5 | 15 | 45 | 46 | 1 | | 33 |
| 12 | Someșul Satu Mare | 34 | 15 | 3 | 16 | 53 | 63 | 10 | | 33 |
| 13 | Metalurgistul Cugir | 34 | 14 | 5 | 15 | 44 | 60 | 16 | | 33 |
| 14 | CFR Timișoara | 34 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 51 | 52 | 1 | | 31 |
| 15 | CIL Sighetu Marmației (R) | 34 | 14 | 3 | 17 | 53 | 56 | 3 | 31 | Relegation to Divizia C |
| 16 | UM Timișoara (R) | 34 | 11 | 5 | 18 | 41 | 65 | 24 | | 27 |
| 17 | Strungul Arad (R) | 34 | 10 | 4 | 20 | 30 | 63 | 33 | | 24 |
| 18 | Înfrățirea Oradea (R) | 34 | 8 | 4 | 22 | 27 | 70 | 43 | | 20 |

Source: romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian)
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head goals scored; 7) Head-to-head away goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated    1. rsssf.org
2. romaniansoccer.ro
3. Evolutia denumirilor echipelor de-a lungul anilor. romaniansoccer.ro (in Romanian)

## InfoBox

Divizia B
| Season | 1982–83 |
| --- | --- |
| Promoted | Dunărea CSU Galați
Rapid București
Baia Mare |
| Relegated | Minerul Gura Humorului
Pandurii Târgu Jiu
CIL Sighetu Marmației
IMU Medgidia
MF Steaua București
UM Timișoara
Viitorul Mecanica Vaslui
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Strungul Arad
Viitorul Gheorgheni
Precizia Săcele
Înfrățirea Oradea |
| 1981–82 1983–84 | |


title: Asclepias texana

abstract: Asclepias texana, commonly called Texas milkweed, is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It is native to North America, where it is widespread in the regions of the Chihuahuan Desert and Edwards Plateau. Its range spans from the states of Durango and Coahuilla in Mexico, north to the state of Texas in the United States. Its natural habitat is in dry rocky areas in canyons or along arroyos. Asclepias texana is a shrubby perennial, growing to about 2 feet (60 cm) tall. It produces bright white flowers in the summer.

text:
# Asclepias texana

***Asclepias texana***, commonly called **Texas milkweed**, is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It is native to North America, where it is widespread in the regions of the Chihuahuan Desert and Edwards Plateau. Its range spans from the states of Durango and Coahuilla in Mexico, north to the state of Texas in the United States. Its natural habitat is in dry rocky areas in canyons or along arroyos.

*Asclepias texana* is a shrubby perennial, growing to about 2 feet (60 cm) tall. It produces bright white flowers in the summer.

## InfoBox

| *Asclepias texana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Asclepias* |
| Species: | ***A. texana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asclepias texana***<br>A. Heller | |
|