title: Eric Mensforth

abstract: Sir Eric Mensforth, CBE, DL, FREng, FIMechE, FRAeS; Hon. FIEE was a British engineer. He was one of the pioneers of the British helicopter industry. He was educated at Altrincham County High School, University College School and King's College, Cambridge.

text:
# Eric Mensforth

**Sir Eric Mensforth**, CBE, DL, FREng, FIMechE, FRAeS; Hon. FIEE (17 May 1906 – 20 February 2000) was a British engineer. He was one of the pioneers of the British helicopter industry.

He was educated at Altrincham County High School, University College School and King's College, Cambridge.

1. Masefield, Peter (1 March 2000). "Sir Eric Mensforth". *The Guardian*.
2. "Archives Biographies: Sir Eric Mensforth". The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
3. "Mensforth, Sir Eric". *Who's Who*. A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
4. Mensforth, Sir Eric, (died 20 Feb. 2000), Vice Lord-Lieutenant, South Yorkshire, 1974–81; President, Westland Aircraft Ltd, 1979–85 (Director, 1968–83; Managing Director, 1938–45; Vice-Chairman, 1945–53, 1968–71; Chairman, 1953–68); Director, John Brown & Co. Ltd, 1948–83 (Deputy Chairman, 1959–78)." WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. 1 Dec. 2007


title: 2005 V-League

abstract: The 2005 V-League, also known as the 2005 Number One V-League for sponsorship reasons, was the 22nd season of the V.League 1, the top Vietnamese professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1980. Đồng Tâm Long An won their first title in this season, displacing two-time champions Hoàng Anh Gia Lai.

text:
# 2005 V-League

The **2005 V-League**, also known as the 2005 Number One V-League (Vietnamese: Giải bóng đá Vô địch Quốc gia Number One 2005) for sponsorship reasons, was the 22nd season of the V.League 1, the top Vietnamese professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1980.

Đồng Tâm Long An won their first title in this season, displacing two-time champions Hoàng Anh Gia Lai.

## Changes from the previous season

There were two teams relegated last season to the 2005 Vietnamese National Football First League. Thể Công and Ngân hàng Đông Á Thép Pomina, were relegated due to them finishing 11th and 12th respectively the previous season.

Two teams were promoted from the 2004 Vietnamese National Football First League: Cảng Sài Gòn, who won the title and returned to V-League after a one-year absence, and Hòa Phát Hà Nội, who finished second, playing in the V-League for the first time.

## Participating clubs

| Club | Location | Stadium | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bình Dương | Thủ Dầu Một, Bình Dương | Gò Đậu | 25,000 |
| Bình Định | Quy Nhơn, Bình Định | Quy Nhơn | 20,000 |
| Delta Đồng Tháp | Cao Lãnh, Đồng Tháp | Cao Lãnh | 20,000 |
| Đà Nẵng | Hải Châu, Đà Nẵng | Chi Lăng | 30,000 |
| Gạch Đồng Tâm Long An | Tân An, Long An | Long An | 20,000 |
| Hoàng Anh Gia Lai | Pleiku, Gia Lai | Pleiku | 15,000 |
| LG Hà Nội ACB | Đống Đa, Hà Nội | Hàng Đẫy | 25,000 |
| Thép Miền Nam - Cảng Sài Gòn | District 10, Ho Chi Minh City | Thống Nhất | 22,000 |
| Sông Đà Nam Định | Nam Định | Thiên Trường | 30,000 |
| Sông Lam Nghệ An | Vinh, Nghệ An | Vinh | 20,000 |
| Thép Việt Úc Hải Phòng | Ngô Quyền, Hải Phòng | Lạch Tray | 30,000 |
| Hòa Phát Hà Nội | Đống Đa, Hà Nội | Hàng Đẫy | 25,000 |

## InfoBox

V-League
| Season | 2005 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 30 January – 11 August |
| Champions | Đồng Tâm Long An F.C. |
| Relegated | Đồng Tháp F.C. |
| 2006 AFC Champions League | Đồng Tâm Long An F.C. |
| Top goalscorer | Kesley Alves (Bình Dương) |
| 2004 2006 | |


title: Farm to Market Road 407

abstract: Farm to Market Road 407 is a farm to market road in Wise and Denton counties, Texas.

text:
# Farm to Market Road 407

**Farm to Market Road 407** (**FM 407**) is a farm to market road in Wise and Denton counties, Texas.

## Route description

FM 407 begins in Wise County, at US 81 / US 287 in New Fairview. The route travels east into Denton County and into the city of Justin; FM 407 was the primary access route between the former US 77 and farms that were part of the original Icarian Colony, where the city of Justin now sits. In Justin the route is concurrent with FM 156 for approximately four blocks. It crosses I-35W in Northlake and US 377 in Argyle.

Near Bartonville at Country Club Road, FM 407 (locally known from this point as Justin Road) previously turned south before resuming an eastward path; however, as of 2014 407 was re-routed to the north, eliminating the required turns in either direction and the ensuing bottleneck during rush hour congestion (similar to a re-route in 2012 near Lantana, as part of a widening to four lanes, which by-passed a four-way stop). It runs near the city limits of Double Oak, Copper Canyon, Flower Mound, and Highland Village, and is a major artery for new developments between the two forks of Interstate 35 just south of Denton. FM 407 then enters northern Lewisville, where state maintenance ends at an interchange with I-35E.

## History

A previous route numbered FM 407 was designated in Orange County from Orange north 2.3 mi (3.7 km) on June 11, 1945. That routing was cancelled on December 10, 1946, and it became part of rerouted SH 87. The old route was given the new number FM 1559, which became part of FM 1130 in 1950, but portions were removed on February 27, 1962.

The current designation of FM 407 has existed since May 23, 1951; the original routing was solely in Denton County, from FM 156 in Justin westward 2.6 mi (4.2 km). The route was extended to the Wise County line on August 20, 1952, and into Wise County to an intersection with US 81 on October 29, 1953. The majority of the length of FM 407 was added on January 6, 1955, when it was extended into Lewisville; this extension usurped all of FM 1172 from FM 156 to FM 1830 and FM 1078 from south of FM 1830 at Bartonville to US 77, as well as the portion of FM 1830 from FM 407 south to Bartonville.

The TxDOT designation of the section of FM 407 between FM 1830 in Bartonville to I-35E was officially changed to **Urban Road 407** (**UR 407**) on June 7, 1995; nonetheless, as with other urban roads, TxDOT continued to sign the route using the traditional Farm Road marker. On November 15, 2018, the section between FM 1830 in Bartonville to I-35E was officially changed back to FM 407.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wise | New Fairview | 0.0 | 0.0 | US 81 / US 287 Rhome, Decatur | Western terminus |
| | | 1.5 | 2.4 | FM 2264 |  |
| Denton | Justin | 10.8 | 17.4 |
FM 156 south | West end of FM 156 concurrency |
| | | 11.1 | 17.9 |
FM 156 north Ponder | East end of FM 156 concurrency |
| | Northlake | 15.9 | 25.6 | I-35W Denton, Ft. Worth |  |
| | Argyle | 17.9 | 28.8 | US 377 Denton, Flower Mound |  |
| | Bartonville | 20.9 | 33.6 | FM 1830 |  |
| | Flower Mound | 26.0 | 41.8 | FM 2499 (Long Prairie Rd.) / Village Pkwy. – Highland Village |  |
| | Lewisville | 29.8 | 48.0 | I-35E / US 77 Denton, Dallas | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Farm to Market Road 407 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TxDOT | |
| Length | 29.792 mi (47.946 km) |
| Existed | 1951–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 81 / US 287 in New Fairview |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | I-35E / US 77 in Lewisville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| Counties | Wise, Denton |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| FM 406   FM 408 | |


title: Anton Jervell

abstract: Anton Jervell was a Norwegian physician, politician and organizational leader. He was born in Kristiania, a son of tax man Jakob Anton Jervell and Marie Andrea Simers. He graduated as cand.med. in 1925, and as dr. med. in 1936. He served as manager of the Vestfold Hospital from 1947. He was appointed professor at the University of Oslo, serving from 1957 to 1971. His research was primarily on heart diseases. He was decorated Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1967.

text:
# Anton Jervell

**Anton Jervell** (14 June 1901 – 29 December 1987) was a Norwegian physician, politician and organizational leader.

He was born in Kristiania, a son of tax man Jakob Anton Jervell and Marie Andrea Simers. He graduated as cand.med. in 1925, and as dr. med. in 1936. He served as manager of the Vestfold Hospital from 1947. He was appointed professor at the University of Oslo, serving from 1957 to 1971. His research was primarily on heart diseases. He was decorated Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1967.

## InfoBox

| Anton Jervell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1901-06-14)14 June 1901<br>Kristiania |
| Died | 29 December 1987(1987-12-29) (aged 86) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Awards | Order of St. Olav (1967) |


title: Ara Malikian

abstract: Ara Malikian is a Lebanese-born violinist of Armenian descent. He was educated in Germany and was later based in Spain. He has a wide repertoire and includes music from many cultures. He has played in over 40 countries and has won numerous prizes in international competitions. Milikian has recorded nearly 30 albums over a period of 25 years.

text:
# Ara Malikian

**Ara Malikian** (born 1968) is a Lebanese-born violinist of Armenian descent. He was educated in Germany and was later based in Spain. He has a wide repertoire and includes music from many cultures. He has played in over 40 countries and has won numerous prizes in international competitions. Milikian has recorded nearly 30 albums over a period of 25 years.

## Biography

Malikian was born on September 14, 1968 in Beirut, Lebanon, to an Armenian family. His father was a violinist. He started playing the violin at a young age, encouraged by his father, who had performed with established Lebanese singer Fairuz, and Ara gave his first concert at the age of 12.

When Malikian was 14, he was invited to study at Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hannover in Hannover, Germany. He was the youngest student to be admitted to this school. He continued his studies at the Guildhall School of Music & Drama in London, receiving lessons from professors; Ruggiero Ricci, Ivry Gitlis, Herman Krebbers, and members of the Alban Berg Quartet.

Malikian has assimilated the music of other cultures, such as those of the Middle East (Arab and Jewish), Central Europe (gypsy and Klezmer), Argentina (tango), and Spain (flamenco). In addition to his wide-ranging repertoire, he has premiered pieces from modern composers like Franco Danatoni, Malcolm Lipkin, Luciano Chailly, Ladislav Kupkovic, Loris Tjeknavorian, Lawrence Roman and Yervand Yernakian.

He has also performed solo violin recitals, with programs featuring complete cycles of the "24 Caprices" of Paganini, the "Six Sonatas" of Eugène Ysaÿe, and the "Sonatas and Partitas" of J.S. Bach.

Malikian has played in more than 40 countries: New York, USA (Carnegie Hall); Paris, France (Salle Pleyel); Viene, Italy (Musikverein); Toronto, Canada (Ford Center); Madrid, Spain (Auditorio Nacional and Teatro Real); Venice, Italy; Los Angeles, USA; Taipei, Taiwan; Hong Kong, China; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Cuba; Barcelona and Bilbao, Spain; among others. He has also participated in the festivals at Aspen, Colorado USA; Colmar and Prades, France; Schleswig-Holstein and Braunschweig, Germany; San Sebastián and Segovia, Spain; Bergen, Norway; Freden and Mettlach, Germany; Prague, Czech Republic, Colombia and Brazil.

As a soloist, he has been invited by the following orchestras: Tokyo Symphony Orchestra, Bamberg Symphony Orchestra, Zürich Chamber Orchestra, London Chamber Orchestra, Geneva Chamber Orchestra, Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid, Sinfónica de Portugal (pt), Chamber Orchestra of Tübingen, Moscu Virtuosi, Belgrade Philharmonic, Toulouse Chamber Orchestra, Armenia Philharmonic and Community of Madrid Orchestra, under the direction of conductors such as Mariss Jansons, Peter Maag, Jesús López-Cobos, Vladimir Spivakov, Miguel Ángel Gómez-Martínez, Luis Antonio García Navarro, Vassili Sinaisky, Edmond de Stoutz, Gudni Emilson, Juan José Mena and JoAnn Falletta.

Milikian was the concertmaster of the Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid (resident orchestra of the Madrid Royal Opera). He played in *Le Boeuf sur le Toit* by D. Milhaud, in the version for violin and orchestra, under the direction of Gómez Martínez; and in the "Concerto for Violín and Orchestra in D minor" by Aram Khachaturian under the baton of Jesús López-Cobos.

Since 1995, Malikian has performed as a duo, with the Armenian pianist Serouj Kradjian. They recorded the complete cycle of Sonatas by Robert Schumann (Hänsler), as well as the record "Miniatures" (Malkrafon), an anthology of music for violin and piano, written by Armenian composers. Malikian has also recorded numerous albums for record companies such as BMG, Auvidis, Trittico Classics and Elite Music, including "The Four Seasons" of Vivaldi, of which more than 80,000 copies were sold for UNICEF.

Malikian has maintained a close collaboration with José Luis Montón, Lebanese singer Fairuz, flamenco dancers Joaquín Cortés and Belén Maya, the Ensamble Nuevo Tango and jazz pianist Horacio Icasto. He has also worked with film-music composers such as Alberto Iglesias, with whom he recorded the soundtrack for *Hable Con Ella*, a movie by Almodóvar, or Pascal Gainge in *Otro Barrio* by the director Salvador García Ruiz.

Malikian has released two albums, "Manantial" and "De la felicidad", accompanied by flamenco guitarist José Luis Montón. De la felicidad was nominated by the Spanish Academy of Music for best New Music CD of the year. Malikian recorded a double CD of Paganini for Warner Bros. including his "24 Caprices for Violin Solo"; an album of compositions by Sarasate, accompanied by Armenian pianist Serouj Kradjian; the "Six Sonatas" for violin by Ysaÿe; and the "Sonatas and Partitas" by J. S. Bach.

Malikian has been nominated twice for best classical performance in the 2007 Music Prizes in Spain by the Spanish Academy for his recording of the Poema Concertante by Xavier Montsalvatge with the Castilla y León Symphonic Orchestra; as well as for a piece with Joan Valent, Suso Sáiz and Marc Blanes.

He participated as a guest artist in the film J: Beyond Flamenco, by Carlos Saura (2016).

## Private life

Malikian married Natalia Moreno in 2018. They live in Madrid, and have one child, Kairo.

## Discography

### Albums

* 1995: *Le quattro stagioni*
* 1996: *750 Jahre Wölpinghausen*
* 1996: *Miniatures*
* 1997: *Bow on the String*
* 1999: *500 motivaciones*
* 2000: *All Seasons for Different*
* 2000: *Robert Schumann*
* 2002/2004: *Manantial*
* 2003: *24 Caprices for Solo Violin by Paganini*
* 2003: *Sarasate*
* 2003: *Six Sonatas for Solo Violin by Ysaÿe*
* 2003: *Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin by Bach*
* 2004: *El arte del violín*
* 2004: *The Four Seasons by Vivaldi*
* 2005: *De la felicidad*
* 2005: *De los Cobos / Montsalvatge*
* 2006: *Tears of Beauty*
* 2007: *Meeting with a friend*
* 2007: *Lejos*
* 2010: *Conciertos románticos españoles de violín* (Orquesta sinfónica de Castilla & León-Alejandro Posada & Ara Malikian)
* 2011: *Con los ojos cerrados* (Ara Malikian & Fernando Egozcue Quinteto)
* 2011: *Christmas mood*
* 2013: *Pizzicato*
* 2015: *15*
* 2016: *The Incredible Story of Violin*
* 2017: *Symphonic at Las Ventas (Live)*
* 2019: *Royal garage*

As guest artist

### Soundtracks

## Awards

Malikian has won first prizes in international competitions, among them "Felix Mendelssohn" (1987, Berlin, Germany) and "Pablo Sarasate" (1995, Pamplona, Spain), as well as other prizes from the competitions "Niccolo Paganini" (Genoa, Italy), "Zino Francescatti" (Marseille, France), "Rodolfo Lipizer" (Gorizia, Italy), "Jeunesses Musicales" (Belgrade, Yugoslavia), "Rameau" (Le Mans, Francia), "International Artists Guild" (New York, USA), and the "International Music Competition of Japan". In 1993, he received the "Prize for Artistic Devotion and Achievement" from the German Ministry of Culture.

## InfoBox

| Ara Malikian | |
| --- | --- |
| Ara Malikian (Teatro Moderno de Guadalajara, 2015) | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ara Malikian |
| Born | (1968-09-14) September 14, 1968<br>Beirut, Lebanon |
| Origin | Lebanon |
| Occupations | * Violinist * musician |
| Instrument | Violin |
| Labels | Picos & Ham Records |
|  | |
| Website | www.aramalikian.com |


title: Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC

abstract: Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 715 F. Supp. 2d 481, is a United States district court case in which the Southern District of New York held that Lime Group LLC, the defendant, induced copyright infringement with its peer-to-peer file sharing software, LimeWire. The court issued a permanent injunction to shut it down. The lawsuit is a part of a larger campaign against piracy by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

text:
# Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC

***Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC***, 715 F. Supp. 2d 481 (S.D.N.Y. 2010), is a United States district court case in which the Southern District of New York held that Lime Group LLC, the defendant, induced copyright infringement with its peer-to-peer file sharing software, LimeWire. The court issued a permanent injunction to shut it down. The lawsuit is a part of a larger campaign against piracy by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

## Background

LimeWire LLC was founded in June 2000 and released its software program, LimeWire, the following August. LimeWire was widely used; in 2006, when the lawsuit was filed, it had almost 4 million users per day.

LimeWire is a program that uses peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing technology, which permits users to share digital files via an Internet-based network known as Gnutella; most of these were MP3 files containing copyrighted audio recordings. An expert report presented during the trial found, in a random sample of files available on LimeWire, that 93% were protected by copyright. These files were distributed, published, and copied by LimeWire users without authorization from the copyright owners, potentially competing with the recording companies' own sale of the music.

Thirteen major recording companies led by Arista Records (when sued owned by Sony BMG, now by Sony Music) sued LimeWire LLC, Lime Group LLC, Mark Gorton, Greg Bildson, and M.J.G. LimeWire Family Limited Partnership for copyright infringement. LimeWire filed antitrust counterclaims against the plaintiffs and ancillary counterclaims for conspiracy in restraint of trade, deceptive trade practices, and tortious interference with prospective business relations, all dismissed by the court in 2007.

The recording companies alleged that the software is used to obtain and share unauthorized copies, and that LimeWire facilitated this copyright infringement by distributing and maintaining the software. They claimed that LimeWire was liable for:

1. inducement of copyright infringement
2. contributory copyright infringement
3. vicarious copyright infringement
4. violations of state common law prohibiting copyright infringement and unfair competition

## Opinion of the court

On 11 May 2010, Judge Kimba Wood granted the RIAA's motion for summary judgment, finding LimeWire liable for inducement of copyright infringement, common law copyright infringement and unfair competition as to the plaintiffs' pre-1978 copyrighted works. The court amended its opinion and court order on 25 May 2010.

Because all persons and corporations who participate in, exercise control over or benefit from an infringement are jointly and severally liable as copyright infringers, all claims of copyright infringement were equally applicable against Lime Group LLC and Mark Gorton, as sole executive director. The claims against Bildson, a former employee, were dropped in exchange for providing factual information about LimeWire and payment of a settlement. The court did not settle the fraudulent conveyance claim against M.J.G. LimeWire Family Limited Partnership under summary judgment, due to a genuine issue of fact.

### Secondary liability

The RIAA based their infringement claims on theories of secondary liability, which may be imposed on a party that has not directly infringed a copyright, but has nonetheless played a significant role. A party that distributes infringement-enabling products or services may facilitate direct infringement on a massive scale, making effective enforcement for the copyright owner illusory.

The court established the prerequisite of direct infringement, supported by expert testimony which estimated that 98.8% of the files requested for download through LimeWire were copyright-protected and not authorized for free distribution.

#### Inducement

To establish a claim for inducement, the RIAA had to show that LimeWire, by distributing and maintaining LimeWire, engaged in purposeful conduct that encouraged copyright infringement with intent to do so. Applying the inducement doctrine as announced by the Supreme Court in 2005 in *MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.*, the court found overwhelming evidence of LimeWire's purposeful conduct fostered infringement. It established intent to encourage infringement by distributing LimeWire through the following factors:

1. LimeWire's awareness of substantial infringement by users;
2. its efforts to attract infringing users;
3. its efforts to enable and assist users to commit infringement;
4. its dependence on infringing use for the success of its business; and
5. its failure to mitigate infringing activities.

The court said that LimeWire's electronic notice asking users to affirm that they were not using it for copyright infringement, did not constitute any meaningful effort to mitigate infringement. In 2006, LimeWire had implemented an optional hash-based filter capable of identifying a digital file with copyrighted content and blocking a user from downloading the file, but the court did not consider this a sufficient barrier. It found inducement, noting that failure to utilize existing technology to create meaningful barriers against infringement is a strong indicator of intent.

The parties also cross-moved for summary judgment on the claim that LimeWire was secondarily liable for contributory copyright infringement because it materially contributed to the infringement committed by users. Unlike an inducement claim, a claim for contributory infringement does not require a show of intent, rather it must show that the defendant 1) had actual or constructive knowledge of the activity, and 2) encouraged or assisted others' infringement or provided machinery or goods that facilitated infringement. A joint amicus curiae brief was submitted by the Electronic Frontier Foundation and a coalition of consumers and industry urging the court to apply the law in a manner that would not chill technological innovation. In particular, the brief urged the court to preserve the "Sony Betamax" doctrine developed in *Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.*, which protects developers of technologies capable of *substantial noninfringing uses* from contributory infringement liability. The court declined to rule on this point of law because the case lacked enough facts to determine whether or not the software was actually capable of substantial noninfringing uses.

LimeWire also moved for summary judgment on the claim that it was vicariously liable for copyright infringement. Vicarious liability occurs when a defendant profits from direct infringement, yet declines to stop it. The court found substantial evidence that LimeWire had the right and ability to limit the use of its product for infringing purposes, including by implementing filtering, denying access, and by supervising and regulating users, none of which were exercised. Furthermore, the court found that LimeWire possessed a direct financial interest in the infringing activity, that its revenue was based on advertising and increased sales of LimeWire Pro, both consequences of its ability to attract infringing users. The court denied LimeWire's motion.

The parties cross-moved for summary judgment on the claim of common law copyright infringement and unfair competition. The claim was included because federal copyright law does not cover sound recordings made prior to 1972. The elements for finding inducement for copyright infringement are, as under federal law: direct infringement, purposeful conduct, and intent. The court found these established on the previously introduced evidence and granted summary judgment to the RIAA. The unfair competition claim was also granted because they had had to compete with LimeWire's free and unauthorized reproduction and distribution of plaintiffs' copyrighted recordings.

### Evidentiary motions

LimeWire filed a number of motions challenging the admissibility of evidence submitted by the RIAA. The court found all the evidentiary objections without merit and denied the motions; it did place certain conditions on plaintiffs' future interaction with a specific former LimeWire employee.

## Subsequent developments

### Permanent injunction

As the litigation continued, the parties consented to a permanent injunction on 26 October 2010 shutting down the LimeWire file-sharing service. The permanent injunction prohibits LimeWire from copying, reproducing, downloading, or distributing a sound recording, as well as directly or indirectly enabling or assisting any user to use the LimeWire system to copy, reproduce or distribute any sound recording, or make available any of the copyrighted works. LimeWire was also required to disable the file trading and distribution functionality for current and legacy users, to provide all users with a tool to uninstall the software, to obtain permission from the plaintiffs before offering any new version of the software, to implement a copyrighted content filter in any new versions developed, and to encourage all legacy users to upgrade if a new version was approved. The court order also required that if LimeWire sells or licenses any of its assets, as a condition of the transfer, it must require the purchaser or licensee to submit to the court's jurisdiction and agree to be bound by the permanent injunction.

Following the permanent injunction, the website www.limewire.com was effectively shut down and displays a notice to that effect. LimeWire also shut down its online store.

Soon after the injunction was ordered, a report appeared on *TorrentFreak* about the availability of LimeWire Pirate Edition (LPE), a new, improved LimeWire client released by "a secret dev team." The RIAA quickly complained to the judge that LimeWire was not complying with the injunction, and alleged that the LPE developer was a current or former LimeWire employee. The court ordered the LPE website shut down and allowed limited discovery to obtain the identity of the primary developer. LimeWire denied affiliation with the developer, who likewise denied being affiliated with Lime Wire LLC. The developer, who initially said his motivation was for working on the software was "to make RIAA lawyers cry into their breakfast cereal," voluntarily shuttered the LPE website rather than lose anonymity by contesting the court order.

### Limitations on damages

The court maintained jurisdiction in order to provide a final ruling on LimeWire's liability and damages to determine the appropriate level necessary to compensate the record companies.

Citing a hypothetical argument from *Nimmer on Copyright* and the U.S. Supreme Court case *Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.*, the plaintiffs proposed one award for each infringement by individual LimeWire users. The plaintiffs estimated, using a consultant's statistical analysis, that there were more than 500 million downloads of post-1972 works using the LimeWire system; however, they offered no suggestions on how to determine a precise number of direct infringers of each work.

The defendants cited *McClatchey v. The Associated Press* and related case law which rejected the *Feltner* precedent and the *Nimmer* hypothetical for situations involving statutory damages for infringement committed on a massive scale. In their pleadings, the defendants pointed out that the 500 million direct infringements estimated by the plaintiffs could lead to a maximum damage award of $75 trillion ($75,000,000,000,000).

On 11 March 2011, the court ruled that *McClatchey* and related case law did indeed trump *Feltner* and the *Nimmer* hypothetical, and held that the per-infringement proposal produces "an absurd result" potentially in the "trillions" of dollars, given the large number of uploads and downloads by LimeWire users over a period of several years. The court noted that despite its claims to the contrary, the RIAA hadn't ever argued for a per-infringement award until this case, and even then not until September 2010, more than three years after filing the lawsuit. The court added that the plaintiffs were "suggesting an award that is more money than the entire music recording industry has made since Edison's invention of the phonograph in 1877."

Accordingly, the court ruled that the labels were entitled to an award only on a per-work, rather than per-infringement basis, limiting the award to between $7.5 million and $1.5 billion of statutory damages. The court calculated the damages at $750 to $150,000 for each of approximately 10,000 post-1972 recordings infringed via LimeWire, plus "actual" damages for infringement of about 1,000 earlier works (statutory damages are not an option for the earlier works).

> Plaintiffs are entitled to a single statutory damage award from Defendants per work infringed, regardless of how many individual users directly infringed that particular work.
>
> Hon. Kimba Wood (S.D.N.Y.)

### Inapplicable direct infringement actions

The defendants then asked for a partial summary judgment exempting 104 works which had been directly infringed by LimeWire users, and for which the plaintiffs had already recovered damages in separate actions. The defendants claimed the individual defendants in those cases are "jointly and severally liable" with the defendants in this case, and, citing *Bouchat v. Champion Prods., Inc.*, argued that the language of 17 USC 504 meant to group together all actions relating to infringement of a given set of works. The defense further contended that since only those 104 works had been proven to be directly infringed, they shouldn't be held liable for inducing infringement of any other works. The court denied the request, rejecting the notion that the other actions had any bearing on the inducement case, except to the extent that already-recovered damage amounts might be taken into account when calculating the inducement damages, and further holding that *Bouchat* doesn't apply; 17 USC 504 doesn't preclude finding inducement of infringement separately from finding direct infringement of the same works.

### Damages phase

The damages phase of the trial began on 2 May 2011. LimeWire founder and CEO Mark Gorton admitted on the stand that he was aware of widespread copyright infringement by LimeWire users and that he chose not to make use of available filtering technology; and he said that until this trial, he believed that his company couldn't be held liable for inducing copyright infringement. Citing a 2001 statement he made to investors about the risk of being sued, and a 2005 notice sent by the RIAA making him aware that the decision in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. meant that LimeWire was liable, the plaintiffs contended that he didn't misread the law, but rather knew all along that he was violating it. The RIAA further asserted that Gorton made efforts to hide LimeWire's profits in personal investments, in anticipation of a lawsuit.

### Settlement

On 12 May 2011, a settlement was reached, and the case dismissed. LimeWire CEO Mark Gorton paid $105 million to the four largest record labels, which at that time were Universal Music Group, Sony BMG, Warner Music Group, and EMI.

## Press

### Reactions to the injunction

One law and technology blog called the injunction a "smackdown" for LimeWire, a second, "Judge slaps Lime Wire with permanent injunction", while *The New York Times* brought quotes from both parties disagreeing on the impact of the decision.

The RIAA issued a press release urging previous LimeWire users to begin using one of the available legitimate options. *The New York Times* also ran a story about Gorton.

Finally, there was interest in what previous LimeWire users would do and where they would go—and if BitTorrent would be their next move.

### Reporting of estimated damages

Although the plaintiffs never explicitly asked for a specific amount of damages—rather, the exact calculation was left as an exercise for the court—the press circulated several multitrillion-dollar estimates. Some press reports initially stated, accurately, that the largest estimate, $75 trillion, was no longer being sought, but later reports were written as if the RIAA was still seeking that amount. Many of these reports surfaced in mid-2012, over a year since the case had been settled.

#### 2010

In mid-May 2010—which was after the summary judgment had been made finding liability, but well before damages had been capped and before the RIAA sought per-infringement damages—blogger Miles Harrison, on his *slashparty* blog (now defunct), reviewed court documents and estimated the potential damages being sought at $15 trillion. Harrison based his figure on a reported 200 million downloads of the LimeWire client software from Download.com alone, as cited in a filing by the plaintiff's lawyer. Harrison cut the 200 million in half to account for re-downloads and multiple installations by the same user, then assumed every user infringed an average of 1 work at issue in the case. He then multiplied that 100 million infringements by the upper limit for statutory damages, $150,000, to arrive at $15 trillion. This story was modestly promoted on Reddit, but wasn't widely reported.

A few weeks later, on 8 June 2010, blogger Jon Newton, in an article on his technology news blog *p2pnet*, arrived at his own estimate of $1.5 trillion, based on the same report of 200 million client downloads. Apparently conflating LimeWire software downloads with infringements of sound recordings, Newton computed his figure by multiplying 200 million by $750, the minimum statutory damage amount the filing said was being sought for each work infringed. The following day, Newton published a revised estimate of $15 trillion, quoting Harrison's calculations. Newton's first article was promoted on Reddit, but apparently wasn't picked up by the mainstream press.

#### 2011

In March 2011, shortly after the court issued the ruling capping potential damages at $1.5 billion, an even higher estimate was reported: *Corporate Counsel* magazine and its affiliated *Law.com* website reported on 15 March that when seeking damages on a per-direct-infringement, rather than per-infringed-work basis, the record companies had "demanded damages ranging from $400 billion to $75 trillion"—figures taken from the defendants' pleadings. The report went on to say that Judge Wood had called the plaintiffs' request "absurd".

The *Law.com* article was popularized via Reddit on 22 March, and the $75 trillion figure was repeated in a *PC Magazine* article the next day. Two days later, citing the $75 trillion figure as if it were still being actively sought, Anonymous launched a DDoS attack on the RIAA website under the Operation Payback banner. The following week, in several Australian APN News & Media outlets, an op-ed piece repeated the $75 trillion figure, erroneously calculated from $150,000 × 11,000 infringed works (which actually comes to $1.65 billion).

#### 2012

In May 2012, a year after the case was dismissed, an op-ed piece on a New Zealand news site reported on the case as if it were ongoing. Although it mentioned the March 2011 damages ruling, the piece repeated the $75 trillion estimate and added that the amount was in excess of the 2011 global GDP.

The revived story was then reported as news by the online edition of *NME*, with the amount dropped slightly to $72 trillion, and with the erroneous statement that the RIAA was still actively seeking that much in damages. The *NME* story linked back to an accurate, 2011 report in *Computerworld*, but made no mention of the court's ruling that limited the damages to a maximum of $1.5 billion.

This embellished version of the story "went viral" and was picked up as a current news report, without fact-checking, by numerous organizations, including *Business Insider*, *PC World*, a *Forbes* blog, a CBC business program, a Los Angeles CBS affiliate, and many entertainment and technology news blogs. Some reported the figure as $75 trillion, others as $72 trillion.

After it was pointed out that the case had been settled a year earlier and that the RIAA was not still seeking damages, some outlets pulled the story and some issued retractions, but many websites left the unedited story online. The *Forbes* retraction included a statement from the RIAA pointing out that no specific amount had ever been asked for, but the author countered that this is splitting hairs; a multitrillion-dollar amount was still implied.

## NMPA lawsuit

The case resulted in a separate lawsuit from National Music Publishers Association (NMPA) in order for them to be included in any future settlement negotiations and damages. This case ended with a settlement before the damages phase of the trial at hand.

## Footnotes

1. *Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC*, 715 F. Supp. 2d (S.D.N.Y. 2010).
2. "Piracy: Online and on the Street". *Recording Industry Association of America*. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
3. Stempel, Jonathan (13 May 2010). "Big record labels win LimeWire copyright case". *Reuters*. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
4. Bangeman, Eric (22 April 2008). "Study: BitTorrent sees big growth, LimeWire still #1 P2P app". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
5. Gonsalves, Antone. "LimeWire Ordered To Shut Down". Information Week. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
6. Simmons, Sarah. "LimeWire Strikes Back against the RIAA (Cartel?)". Chilling Effects. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
7. "Motion to dismiss LimeWire's counterclaims is granted". Justia.com. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
8. Bray, Chad (26 October 2010). "LimeWire Told to Shut". *The Wall Street Journal*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
9. "Federal Court Issues Landmark Ruling Against LimeWire". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
10. Stuart D. Levi; David W. Sussman; Mary E. Rasenberger. "Arista Records v. Lime Group Summary". Skadden. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
11. Oiaga, Marius (27 October 2010). "No More LimeWire Downloads, the File-Sharing Network Shut Down by Court Order". Softpedia. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
12. "MGM v. Grokster". *FindLaw*. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
13. "Arista v. Lime Wire". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
14. MacRonin (26 September 2008). "EFF Urges Court to Protect Innovation in Arista v. LimeWire". *Privacy Digest*. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
15. "Federal Judge in New York Puts the Squeeze on LimeWire Music File-Sharing". Intellirights. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
16. Bray, Chad (26 October 2010). "LimeWire Told to Shut ". *The Wall Street Journal*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
17. "Permanent Injunction Order". Justia. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
18. "LimeWire Resurrected By Secret Dev Team". TorrentFreak. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
19. Sandoval, Greg (19 November 2010). "RIAA wants revived LimeWire dead and buried". CNET. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
20. Albanesius, Chloe (19 November 2010). "Lime Wire Not Complying with Injunction, RIAA Says". PC Magazine. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
21. Anderson, Nate (9 November 2010). ""Horde of piratical monkeys" creates LimeWire: Pirate Edition". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
22. "LimeWire Pirate Edition Site Nuked By "Cheap and Dishonest" RIAA Action". TorrentFreak. 19 November 2010.
23. "Limewire Brought Back To Life By Secret Dev Team". LimeWire Info. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
24. "Opinion and order - Case 1:06-cv-05936-KMW -DCF Document 678" (PDF). 10 March 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
25. *Case 1:06-cv-05936-KMW -DCF Document 540 - Plaintiffs' opening brief regarding separate statutory damage awards against defendants under 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)*, 25 February 2011
26. Bouchat v. Champion Prods., Inc., 327 F. Supp. 2d 537, 552 (D. Md. 2003), aff'd on other grounds, 506 F.3d 315, 332 (4th Cir. 2007).
27. United States Media Corp. v. Eddie Entm't Corp., No. 94 Civ. 4849, 1998 WL 401532, at \*20 (17 July 1998 S.D.N.Y.)
28. Arista Records LLC v. Usenet.com, Inc., No. 07 Civ. 8822, 2010 WL 3629587, at \*1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept 16, 2010). Here, the plaintiffs, who are parties in this LimeWire case, had asked for damages to be calculated on a per-work basis.
29. Vijayan, Jaikumar (25 March 2011). "RIAA request for trillions in LimeWire copyright case is 'absurd,' judge says". Computerworld. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
30. Stempel, Jonathan (11 March 2011). "LimeWire wins limit on damages to record labels". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
31. "Opinion and Order - Case 1:06-cv-05936-KMW -DCF Document 678" (PDF). 7 April 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
32. Sandoval, Greg (9 May 2011). "Lime Wire founder on copyright law: 'I was wrong'". Retrieved 16 October 2012.
33. Sandoval, Greg (12 May 2011). "Lime Wire settles with RIAA for $105 million". CNET. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
34. Goldman, Eric (13 May 2010). "LimeWire Smacked Down for Inducing Copyright Infringement – Arista Records v. Lime Group". *Technology & Marketing Law Blog*. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
35. Sandoval, Greg (26 October 2010). "Judge slaps Lime Wire with permanent injunction". *cnet news*. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
36. Plambeck, Joseph (12 May 2010). "Court Rules That File-Sharing Service Infringed Copyrights". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
37. "LimeWire Update". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
38. Plambeck, Joseph (23 May 2010). "Idea Man of LimeWire at a Crossroads". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
39. Healey, Jon (26 October 2010). "LimeWire goes down, but where do its users go?". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
40. Parfeni, Lucian (November 2010). "LimeWire Shut Down Proves a Healthy Boost to the File-Sharing Community". Softpedia. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
41. Newton, Jon (9 June 2010). "Does LimeWire owe Big Music 15 trillion?". p2pnet. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
42. Klaus, Kelly (4 June 2010). "Memorandum of Law in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Permanent Injunction - Case 1:06-cv-05936-KMW Document 235" (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2012.
43. "RIAA Claims LimeWire owes $1.5 trillion". 8 June 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
44. Newton, Jon (8 June 2010). "www.p2pnet.net/story/40481". p2pnet. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
45. "RIAA wants 15 trillion dollars". 20 May 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
46. Li, Victor (15 March 2011). "Manhattan Federal Judge Kimba Wood Calls Record Companies' Request for $75 Trillion in Damages 'Absurd' in Lime Wire Copyright Case". *Corporate Counsel*. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
47. "RIAA - We want $75 TRILLION in out settlement from LimeWire Judge - You know that that's more money than there is, right?". 22 March 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
48. Albanesius, Chloe (23 March 2011). "P2P Music File Sharing Dropped After Limewire Shutdown, NPD Says". *PC Magazine*. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
49. "RIAA Targeted by Anonymous' Operation Payback". 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
50. Johnson, Callum (31 March 2011). "Evil downloaders beware; culture sparrow". *Sunshine Coast Daily*. p. 30.
51. Pilcher, Pat (21 May 2012). "RIAA wants $72 trillion from LimeWire". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
52. Worstall, Tim (24 May 2012). "The RIAA: Do Not Believe a Word They Say, Ever, For They're Claiming $72 Trillion in Damages. Updated, See Correction". *Forbes*. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
53. Plambeck, Joseph (16 June 2010). "Music Publishers Sue LimeWire". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2 March 2011.

## InfoBox

| Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | United States District Court for the Southern District of New York |
| Full case name | *Arista Records LLC et al. v. Lime Group LLC et al.* |
| Decided | 11 May 2010 amended on 25 May 2010 |
| Docket nos. | 1:06-cv-05936 |
| Citation | 715 F. Supp. 2d 481 |
| Case history | |
| Subsequent action | Permanent injunction |
| Holding | |
| Summary judgment granted for inducement of copyright infringement | |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Kimba Wood |


title: Athabasca River

abstract: The Athabasca River is a river in Alberta, Canada, which originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and flows more than 1,231 km (765 mi) before emptying into Lake Athabasca. Much of the land along its banks is protected in national and provincial parks, and the river is designated a Canadian Heritage River for its historical and cultural importance. The scenic Athabasca Falls is located about 30 km (19 mi) upstream from Jasper.

text:
# Athabasca River

The **Athabasca River** (French: *Rivière Athabasca*) is a river in Alberta, Canada, which originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and flows more than 1,231 km (765 mi) before emptying into Lake Athabasca. Much of the land along its banks is protected in national and provincial parks, and the river is designated a Canadian Heritage River for its historical and cultural importance. The scenic Athabasca Falls is located about 30 km (19 mi) upstream from Jasper.

## Etymology

The name *Athabasca* comes from the Woods Cree word ᐊᖬᐸᐢᑳᐤ *aðapaskāw*, which means "\[where\] there are plants one after another", likely a reference to the spotty vegetation along the river.

## Course

The Athabasca River originates in Jasper National Park, in Lake Providence at the toe of the Columbia Glacier within the Columbia Icefield, between Mount Columbia, Snow Dome, and the Winston Churchill Range, at an elevation of approximately 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). It travels 1,231 km (765 mi) before draining into the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca south of Fort Chipewyan. From there, its waters flow north as Rivière des Rochers, then join the Peace River to form the Slave River, which empties into the Great Slave Lake and discharges through the Mackenzie River system into the Arctic Ocean. The cumulative drainage area is 95,300 km2 (36,800 sq mi).

The river flows along icefields and through gorges, offering wildlife habitat on its shores and in adjacent marshes. Throughout its course, it flows through or adjacent to numerous national and provincial parks, including Jasper National Park, Fort Assiniboine Sandhills Wildland Provincial Park, Hubert Lake Wildland Provincial Park, La Biche River Wildland Provincial Park, Grand Rapids Wildland Provincial Park, Richardson Wildland Provincial Park, and Wood Buffalo National Park. Its course is marked by rapids, impeding navigation southwest of Fort McMurray.

Numerous communities are on the banks of the Athabasca River, including Jasper, Brule, Entrance, Hinton, Whitecourt, Fort Assiniboine, Smith, Athabasca, Fort McMurray, and Fort McKay.

### Tributaries

## History

Sekani, Shuswap, Kootenay, Salish, Stoney, and Cree tribes hunted and fished along the river prior to European colonization in the 18th century. From about 1778, the Athabasca River, the Clearwater River, which enters the Athabasca River from the east at Fort McMurray, and the Methye Portage were part of a primary fur trade route from the Mackenzie River to the Great Lakes (see Canadian Canoe Routes (early)).

David Thompson and Thomas the Iroquois traveled through Athabasca Pass in 1811. In 1862, the Athabasca Springs area was crossed during the Cariboo Gold Rush by the Overlander Party.

The northern segment of the Athabasca River became part of a major shipping network in 1921 when the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway reached Waterways near Fort McMurray, making it the northernmost point on the North American railroad grid at that time. Cargo for destinations farther north was shipped to Waterways and transferred to barges, after which fleets of tugboats took them up the river to destinations in the Athabasca and Mackenzie River watersheds. Barge traffic declined after 1964 when Hay River, on the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, became the northern terminus of the rail grid.

## Environmental concerns

Owing to its proximity to the Athabasca oil sands, the river has seen significant amounts of energy infrastructure constructed along its course. On June 6, 1970, a pipeline operated by Great Canadian Oil Sands, the precursor to Suncor and the earliest commercial extraction operation, ruptured near the banks of the river. The total spill volume was estimated by Great Canadian Oil Sands at approximately 1,190 barrels (189 m3).

In 2012, an independent study concluded that the Athabasca River contained elevated levels of pollution downstream of the Athabasca oil sands. Testing showed this portion of the river contained mercury, lead, and 11 other toxic elements.

In 2021, another independent research was conducted on the streamflow and climate data sets for the Athabasca River Basin showing the seasonality of the streamflow and precipitation time series via wavelet analysis. The seasonal components of these time series were shown to be coherent with phase discrepancy. The mean temperature had been gradually increasing since 1960, and it was projected to increase by approximately 2 °C during the mid-century, possibly reducing the snowpack volume during the spring.

### Coal mine spill

On October 31, 2013, a pit at the Obed Mountain coal mine spilled, and between 600 million and a billion litres of slurry poured into Plante and Apetowun Creeks. The plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River, travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan, over 500 km (310 mi) away.

## Heritage

The river was designated a Canadian heritage river for its importance to the fur trade and the construction of railways and roads opening up the Canadian West, as well as for its natural heritage.

The Canadian Heraldic Authority named the position of Athabaska Herald after the river.

## InfoBox

| Athabasca River | |
| --- | --- |
| Athabasca River in Jasper National Park | |
| Athabasca River watershed in western Canada | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Columbia Icefield |
| location | Jasper National Park |
| coordinates | 52°10′4″N 117°25′50″W / 52.16778°N 117.43056°W / 52.16778; -117.43056 |
| elevation | 1,520 m (4,990 ft)(foot of glacier) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Lake Athabasca |
| coordinates | 58°37′35″N 110°50′5″W / 58.62639°N 110.83472°W / 58.62639; -110.83472 |
| elevation | 205 m (673 ft) |
| Length | 1,231 km (765 mi) |
| Basin size | 95,300 km2 (36,800 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Athabasca Delta |
| average | 783 m3/s (27,700 cu ft/s) |
| minimum | 75.0 m3/s (2,650 cu ft/s) |
| maximum | 4,790 m3/s (169,000 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Avdel

abstract: Avdel is a worldwide operating company producing Blind Fastening Systems and related tools.

text:
# Avdel

**Avdel** is a worldwide operating company producing Blind Fastening Systems and related tools.

## Company history

In 1936 the company was founded by Stanley Thomas Johnson in Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom. The business, originally called "Aviation Developments", manufactured riveting technology, including the newly invented Chobert magazine-fed rivets, primarily to the at that time growing aviation industry.

At the time aircraft construction was moving from metal and wood to all-metal structures, such as the Spitfire fighter. This required a new generation of fasteners and tools, which could be installed from one side of the assembly to replace conventional rivets.

By the 1950s the company was focusing on providing new value added assembly solutions, this "systems" approach created greater optimisation and provided customers with a single source for dependable fasteners and installation equipment.

In 1961 the company was renamed 'Avdel' and substantial growth throughout the next two decades saw it become one of the world's largest manufacturers of blind fasteners and installation tools. Expansion of the group was most significant in the 60s, 70s and 80s with several new facilities established in Europe, USA and the Asia Pacific region.

In May 1994 the group was acquired by Textron Inc. Avdel was renamed 'Avdel Textron' and the group became part of Textron Fastening Systems, an alliance of Textron owned fastening companies. In 2006 Textron Fastening Systems was sold to Platinum Equity and renamed Acument Global Technologies. Within the Acument group the Avdel brand was relaunched.

In 2010 the Acument Global Technology businesses Avdel and Global Electronics & Commercial ("GEC") were purchased by funds advised by CVC Asia Pacific Limited ("CVC"), Standard Chartered Private Equity Limited ("SCPEL") through an indirectly owned company to be renamed Infastech Limited. The newly formed corporate entity Infastech is the parent company to the brands Avdel, Elco and iForm. In 2013, Stanley Black & Decker acquired Infastech under Stanley's Engineered Fastening segment.

Avdel headquarters remain in the modern Sales, Marketing & R&D facility in Welwyn Garden City, UK with manufacturing based in Warrington, UK, and Stanfield, USA. The manufacturing sites are complemented with an extended distribution centre network in Canada, USA, UK, Spain, France, Germany and Italy. These locations are also supported by the Infastech global distribution network as well as a number of authorised distribution partners and concessionaires based all over EMEA and South America in countries like Brazil, Poland, UAE, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, Belgium, Finland, Switzerland, Norway and the Netherlands to name a few.

## Locations

* Headquarters: Welwyn Garden City (UK)
* Production facilities: Warrington (UK), Stanfield (USA)
* Distribution Centres: Canada, US, UK, Spain, France, (Germany) and Italy

## InfoBox

Avdel UK Limited
| Industry | Fastening technology |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1936 |
| Headquarters | Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom |
| Products | Blind fastening systems |
| Owner | Stanley Black & Decker |


abstract: This article shows all participating team squads at the 2007 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, held from November 18 to December 2, 2007, in several cities in Japan.

text:
# 2007 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup squads

This article shows all participating team squads at the **2007 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup**, held from November 18 to December 2, 2007, in several cities in Japan.

## Argentina

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Marcos Milinkovic | 22.12.1971 | 99 | 205 | 355 | 338 |  |
| 2 | Gustavo Scholtis | 16.12.1982 | 85 | 206 | 349 | 332 |  |
| 3 | Diego Stepanenko | 25.02.1985 | 90 | 204 | 349 | 337 |  |
| 4 | Luciano de Cecco | 02.06.1988 | 84 | 194 | 333 | 315 |  |
| 6 | Santiago Orduna | 31.08.1983 | 72 | 184 | 333 | 324 |  |
| 9 | Lucas Chávez | 03.04.1982 | 88 | 200 | 348 | 328 |  |
| 11 | Joaquin Lucas Layus | 11.11.1994 | 89 | 207 | 333 | 318 |  |
| 12 | Martín Meana | 26.04.1982 | 83 | 188 | 347 | 320 |  |
| 13 | Guillermo García | 21.09.1983 | 78 | 196 | 345 | 303 |  |
| 15 | Rodrigo Quiroga | 23.03.1987 | 84 | 194 | 345 | 327 |  |
| 17 | Rodrigo Aschemacher | 06.03.1989 | 91 | 202 | 343 | 327 |  |
| 18 | Gastón Giani | 26.04.1979 | 86 | 194 | 345 | 330 |  |

## Australia

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Jarryd Christensen | 22.08.1988 | 88 | 198 | 345 | 328 |  |
| 3 | Nathan Roberts | 17.02.1986 | 87 | 199 | 342 | 328 |  |
| 4 | Benjamin Hardy | 21.09.1974 | 94 | 198 | 335 | 320 |  |
| 5 | Luke Campbell | 08.11.1979 | 98 | 202 | 346 | 335 |  |
| 6 | Igor Yudin | 17.06.1987 | 85 | 200 | 357 | 330 |  |
| 7 | Matthew Young | 17.07.1981 | 78 | 188 | 335 | 323 |  |
| 8 | Andrew Grant | 22.04.1985 | 93 | 206 | 345 | 327 |  |
| 9 | Andrew Earl | 15.09.1982 | 85 | 196 | 336 | 322 |  |
| 11 | Phillip DeSalvo | 11.03.1985 | 78 | 182 | 326 | 308 |  |
| 13 | David Ferguson | 13.03.1982 | 90 | 205 | 348 | 328 |  |
| 17 | Paul Carroll | 16.05.1986 | 93 | 204 | 340 | 325 |  |
| 18 | Brett Alderman | 27.02.1979 | 90 | 191 | 343 | 328 |  |

## Brazil

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bruno Rezende | 02.07.1986 | 76 | 190 | 323 | 302 |  |
| 2 | Marcelo Elgarten | 09.11.1974 | 78 | 183 | 321 | 308 |  |
| 4 | André Heller | 17.12.1975 | 93 | 199 | 339 | 321 |
| 6 | Samuel Fuchs | 04.03.1984 | 89 | 200 | 342 | 316 |  |
| 7 | Gilberto Godoy Filho | 23.12.1976 | 85 | 192 | 325 | 312 |  |
| 8 | Murilo Endres | 03.05.1981 | 76 | 190 | 343 | 319 |  |
| 9 | André Nascimento | 04.03.1979 | 95 | 195 | 340 | 320 |  |
| 10 | Sérgio Dutra Santos | 15.10.1975 | 78 | 184 | 325 | 310 |  |
| 11 | Anderson Rodrigues | 21.05.1974 | 95 | 190 | 330 | 321 |  |
| 13 | Gustavo Endres | 23.08.1975 | 98 | 203 | 337 | 325 |  |
| 14 | Rodrigo Santana | 17.04.1979 | 85 | 205 | 350 | 328 |  |
| 18 | Dante Amaral | 30.09.1980 | 86 | 201 | 345 | 327 |  |

## Bulgaria

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Evgeni Ivanov | 03.06.1974 | 99 | 210 | 351 | 340 |  |
| 2 | Hristo Tsvetanov | 29.03.1978 | 85 | 198 | 345 | 330 |  |
| 3 | Andrey Zhekov | 12.03.1980 | 82 | 190 | 340 | 263 |  |
| 4 | Boyan Yordanov | 12.03.1983 | 86 | 197 | 358 | 335 |  |
| 5 | Krasimir Gaydarski | 23.02.1983 | 96 | 204 | 350 | 330 |  |
| 6 | Matey Kaziyski | 23.09.1984 | 93 | 202 | 370 | 335 |  |
| 7 | Nikolai Nikolov | 29.07.1986 | 85 | 203 | 344 | 330 |  |
| 8 | Ivan Stanev | 07.07.1985 | 92 | 190 | 335 | 315 |  |
| 11 | Vladimir Nikolov | 03.10.1977 | 95 | 200 | 345 | 325 |  |
| 15 | Todor Aleksiev | 21.04.1983 | 96 | 200 | 347 | 327 |  |
| 17 | Plamen Konstantinov | 14.06.1973 | 93 | 202 | 347 | 330 |  |

## Egypt

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hamdy Awad El-Safi | 14.04.1972 | 105 | 202 | 346 | 327 |  |
| 2 | Abdalla Ahmed | 10.10.1983 | 72 | 198 | 352 | 331 |  |
| 3 | Mohamed Gabal | 21.01.1984 | 97 | 195 | 345 | 320 |  |
| 4 | Ahmed El-Naeim | 19.08.1984 | 87 | 197 | 342 | 316 |  |
| 5 | Ossama Bekheit | 12.01.1977 | 72 | 192 | 335 | 326 |  |
| 6 | Wael Al-Aydy | 08.12.1971 | 76 | 178 |  |  |  |
| 8 | Saleh Youssef Fathy | 25.07.1982 | 92 | 191 | 338 | 316 |  |
| 9 | Mohamed El-Mahdy | 02.09.1978 | 96 | 196 | 340 | 335 |  |
| 11 | Mohamed El-Nafrawy | 09.06.1983 | 92 | 200 | 335 | 320 |  |
| 13 | Mohamed Badawy Moneim | 11.01.1986 | 99 | 197 | 335 | 322 |  |
| 14 | Hossam Shaarawy | 15.02.1984 | 92 | 199 | 344 | 324 |  |
| 18 | Mohamed El-Daabousi | 01.03.1987 | 102 | 201 | 339 | 320 |  |

## Japan

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 | Shinya Chiba | 05.12.1977 | 81 | 184 | 343 | 320 |  |
| 4 | Kunihiro Shimizu | 11.08.1986 | 94 | 192 | 348 | 330 |  |
| 5 | Daisuke Usami | 29.03.1979 | 83 | 184 | 340 | 320 |  |
| 7 | Takahiro Yamamoto | 12.07.1978 | 90 | 200 | 345 | 331 |  |
| 8 | Masaji Ogino | 08.01.1970 | 100 | 197 | 340 | 320 |  |
| 9 | Takaaki Tomimatsu | 20.07.1984 | 82 | 191 | 350 | 340 |  |
| 11 | Yoshihiko Matsumoto | 07.01.1981 | 75 | 193 | 356 | 330 |  |
| 12 | Kota Yamamura | 20.10.1980 | 95 | 205 | 350 | 330 |  |
| 15 | Katsutoshi Tsumagari | 02.11.1975 | 76 | 183 | 323 | 315 |  |
| 16 | Yusuke Ishijima | 09.01.1984 | 100 | 197 | 345 | 335 |  |
| 17 | Yu Koshikawa | 30.06.1984 | 87 | 190 | 345 | 325 |  |
| 18 | Kosuke Tomonaga | 22.07.1980 | 83 | 184 | 321 | 310 |  |

## Puerto Rico

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | José Rivera | 02.07.1977 | 85 | 192 | 325 | 320 |  |
| 2 | Gregory Berrios | 24.01.1979 | 83 | 182 | 305 | 299 |  |
| 4 | Víctor Rivera | 30.08.1976 | 88 | 195 | 345 | 329 |  |
| 5 | Víctor Bird | 16.03.1982 | 90 | 195 | 335 | 328 |  |
| 6 | Ángel Pérez | 20.05.1982 | 86 | 190 | 325 | 318 |  |
| 9 | Luis Rodríguez | 13.07.1969 | 89 | 202 | 340 | 333 |  |
| 12 | Héctor Soto | 20.06.1978 | 85 | 197 | 340 | 332 |  |
| 13 | Alexis Matias | 21.07.1974 | 88 | 195 | 335 | 325 |  |
| 14 | Fernando Morales | 04.02.1982 | 68 | 186 | 299 | 292 |  |
| 15 | Enrique Escalante | 06.08.1984 | 88 | 195 | 330 | 324 |  |
| 17 | Emanuel Batista | 12.01.1989 | 68 | 187 | 300 | 292 |  |
| 18 | Mannix Román | 17.01.1983 | 190 | 85 | 295 | 288 |  |

## Russia

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alexander Korneev | 11.09.1980 | 96 | 200 | 348 | 339 |  |
| 2 | Semen Poltavskiy | 08.02.1981 | 89 | 205 | 346 | 338 |  |
| 4 | Pavel Kruglov | 17.09.1985 | 90 | 205 | 351 | 342 |  |
| 5 | Pavel Abramov | 23.04.1979 | 89 | 198 | 357 | 336 |  |
| 6 | Sergey Grankin | 21.01.1985 | 87 | 195 | 351 | 320 |  |
| 8 | Serguei Tetioukine | 23.09.1975 | 89 | 197 | 345 | 338 |  |
| 9 | Vadim Khamuttskikh | 26.11.1969 | 85 | 196 | 342 | 331 |  |
| 10 | Yury Berezhko | 27.01.1984 | 90 | 193 | 346 | 338 |  |
| 13 | Alexei Ostapenko | 26.05.1986 | 100 | 208 | 355 | 340 |  |
| 15 | Alexander Volkov | 14.02.1985 | 94 | 210 | 355 | 335 |  |
| 16 | Alexey Verbov | 31.01.1982 | 77 | 185 | 315 | 310 |  |
| 18 | Alexei Kulechov | 24.02.1979 | 96 | 206 | 353 | 344 |  |

## South Korea

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kim Hak-Min | 04.09.1983 | 78 | 192 | 327 | 319 |  |
| 2 | You Kwang-Woo | 22.04.1985 | 80 | 185 | 320 | 312 |  |
| 4 | Moon Sung-Min | 14.09.1986 | 85 | 198 | 329 | 321 |  |
| 5 | Yeo Oh-Hyun | 02.09.1978 | 66 | 175 | 280 | 279 |  |
| 7 | Lee Sun-Kyu | 14.03.1981 | 87 | 200 | 325 | 320 |  |
| 8 | Ha Hyun-Yong | 09.05.1982 | 80 | 198 | 330 | 322 |  |
| 9 | Shin Young-Soo | 01.07.1982 | 90 | 197 | 300 | 290 |  |
| 12 | Park Jun-Bum | 12.06.1988 | 90 | 200 | 332 | 318 |  |
| 14 | Kim Yo-han | 16.08.1985 | 87 | 198 | 335 | 326 |  |
| 16 | Song Byung-Il | 03.04.1983 | 82 | 196 | 310 | 297 |  |
| 17 | Ha Kyoung-Min | 27.07.1982 | 82 | 201 | 320 | 310 |  |
| 18 | Shin Yung-Suk | 04.10.1986 | 88 | 200 | 335 | 325 |  |

## Spain

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rafael Pascual | 16.03.1970 | 94 | 194 | 355 | 330 |  |
| 2 | Ibán Pérez | 13.11.1983 | 89 | 198 | 350 | 325 |  |
| 4 | Manuel Sevillano | 02.07.1981 | 90 | 194 | 340 | 320 |  |
| 6 | Alfonso Flores | 24.08.1975 | 90 | 189 | 340 | 330 |  |
| 9 | Alexis Valido | 09.03.1976 | 85 | 188 | 325 | 312 |  |
| 10 | Miguel Ángel Falasca | 29.04.1973 | 92 | 195 | 335 | 315 |  |
| 11 | Javier Subiela | 22.03.1984 | 88 | 198 | 340 | 325 |  |
| 12 | Guillermo Falasca | 24.10.1977 | 104 | 200 | 355 | 330 |  |
| 14 | José Luis Moltó | 29.06.1975 | 95 | 207 | 360 | 345 |  |
| 16 | Julián García-Torres | 08.11.1980 | 93 | 202 | 350 | 325 |  |
| 17 | Enrique de la Fuente | 11.08.1975 | 95 | 195 | 345 | 325 |  |
| 18 | Israel Rodríguez | 27.08.1981 | 95 | 195 | 360 | 340 |  |

## Tunisia

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Amine Besrour | 05.12.1978 | 78 | 181 | 309 | 295 |  |
| 3 | Skander Ben Tara | 22.01.1985 | 90 | 200 | 340 | 328 |  |
| 4 | Marouane Garci | 21.03.1988 | 73 | 194 | 317 | 308 |  |
| 8 | Aymen Ben Brik | 08.05.1985 | 68 | 188 | 330 | 322 |  |
| 9 | Khaled Belaïd | 30.12.1973 | 82 | 195 | 326 | 312 |  |
| 10 | Haykel Jerbi | 04.04.1988 | 63 | 187 | 305 | 286 |  |
| 12 | Hichem Kaabi | 03.09.1986 | 76 | 194 | 335 | 320 |  |
| 13 | Noureddine Hfaiedh | 27.08.1973 | 86 | 200 | 350 | 315 |  |
| 14 | Bilel Ben Hassine | 22.06.1982 | 72 | 192 | 330 | 305 |  |
| 15 | Ghazi Guidara | 18.05.1974 | 75 | 186 | 326 | 305 |  |
| 16 | Chokri Jouini | 25.04.1989 | 70 | 194 | 320 | 275 |  |
| 18 | Hosni Karamosly | 01.06.1980 | 82 | 197 | 338 | 315 |  |

## United States

| # | Name | Date of birth | Weight | Height | Spike | Block |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lloy Ball | 17.02.1972 | 95 | 203 | 351 | 316 |  |
| 2 | Sean Rooney | 13.11.1982 | 100 | 206 | 354 | 336 |  |
| 3 | James Polster | 08.02.1979 | 100 | 198 | 352 | 333 |  |
| 4 | David Lee | 08.03.1982 | 105 | 203 | 350 | 325 |  |
| 5 | Richard Lambourne | 06.05.1975 | 90 | 190 | 324 | 312 |  |
| 8 | William Priddy | 01.10.1977 | 89 | 196 | 353 | 330 |  |
| 9 | Ryan Millar | 22.01.1978 | 98 | 204 | 354 | 326 |  |
| 10 | Riley Salmon | 02.07.1976 | 89 | 197 | 345 | 331 |  |
| 12 | Thomas Hoff | 09.06.1973 | 94 | 198 | 353 | 333 |  |
| 13 | Clayton Stanley | 20.01.1978 | 104 | 205 | 357 | 332 |  |
| 14 | Kevin Hansen | 19.03.1982 | 93 | 196 | 349 | 330 |  |
| 15 | Gabriel Gardner | 18.03.1976 | 103 | 209 | 353 | 335 |  |


title: 2005 Uzbek League

abstract: The 2005 Uzbek League season was the 14th edition of top level football in Uzbekistan since independence from the Soviet Union in 1992.

text:
# 2005 Uzbek League

The **2005 Uzbek League season** was the 14th edition of top level football in Uzbekistan since independence from the Soviet Union in 1992.

## Overview

It was contested by 14 teams, and Pakhtakor Tashkent won the championship.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pakhtakor | 26 | 21 | 2 | 3 | 78 | 15 | +63 | 65 | 2006 AFC Champions League: Group stage |
| 2 | Mash'al Mubarek | 26 | 19 | 2 | 5 | 54 | 24 | +30 | | 59 |
| 3 | Nasaf Qarshi | 26 | 16 | 3 | 7 | 50 | 31 | +19 | 51 |  |
| 4 | Traktor Tashkent | 26 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 48 | 43 | +5 | | 41 |
| 5 | Neftchi Farg'ona | 26 | 13 | 1 | 12 | 40 | 28 | +12 | | 40 |
| 6 | Navbahor Namangan | 26 | 12 | 3 | 11 | 31 | 31 | 0 | | 39 |
| 7 | Qizilqum Zarafshon | 26 | 11 | 4 | 11 | 33 | 32 | +1 | | 37 |
| 8 | FK Samarqand-Dinamo | 26 | 11 | 3 | 12 | 28 | 32 | 4 | | 36 |
| 9 | Tupolang Sariosiyo | 26 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 33 | 45 | 12 | | 35 |
| 10 | Lokomotiv Tashkent | 26 | 9 | 3 | 14 | 39 | 46 | 7 | | 30 |
| 11 | Metallurg Bekabad | 26 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 32 | 47 | 15 | | 29 |
| 12 | FK Buxoro | 26 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 37 | 59 | 22 | | 29 |
| 13 | Shurtan | 26 | 6 | 1 | 19 | 23 | 56 | 33 | 19 | Relegation to Relegation play-off |
| 14 | Sogdiana Jizzakh | 26 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 16 | 53 | 37 | | 19 |

Updated to match(es) played on 7 November 2005. Source: Uzbekistan Professional Football League
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## Relegation play-off

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Shurtan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 3 | +11 | 9 | Promotion to Uzbek League |
| 2 | Sogdiana Jizzakh | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 5 | +2 | | 6 |
| 3 | Vobkent | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 3 |  |
| 4 | NBU Osiyo | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 9 | | 0 |

Updated to match(es) played on 17 November 2005. Source: Uzbekistan Professional Football League
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## Season statistics

### Top goalscorers

| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Anvar Soliev | Pakhtakor | 29 |
| 2 | Zafar Kholmurodov | Nasaf | 24 |
| 3 | Shuhrat Mirkholdirshoev | Mash'al | 20 |
| 4 | Nagmetulla Kutibayev | Qizilqum | 13 |
| 5 | Marsel Idiatullin | Lokomotiv | 11 |
| | Bakhriddin Vakhobov | Mash'al | |
| 7 | Anvar Berdiev | Neftchi | 10 |
| | Server Djeparov | Pakhtakor | |
| | Viktor Klishin | Lokomotiv | |
| | Pavel Solomin | Traktor/Pakhtakor | |
|

## InfoBox

Uzbek League
| Season | 2005 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Pakhtakor Tashkent |
| Champions League | Pakhtakor
Mash'al Mubarek |
| Top goalscorer | Anvar Soliev
29 goals |
| 2004 2006 | |


abstract: The 1967 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 41st edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 22 teams. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage. Drumree were regraded from the 1966 S.F.C. The Drumbaragh Emmets club was also reformed as a new club to enter the I.F.C. after a fallout from Gaeil Colmcille. Gaeil Colmcille continued to ply their trade in the senior championship. This year marked the Garryowen club's first year in existence. Gaeil Colmcille 'B', Summerhill and Kilallon were promoted after claiming the 1966 Meath Junior Football Championship title, runners-up spot and Junior 'A' Divisional runners-up spot respectively. Castletown's application to be promoted was also granted by the Co. Board. At the end of the season Ballinabrackey, Garryowen and Rathmolyon applied to be regraded to the 1967 J.F.C. On 29 October 1967, Seneschalstown claimed their 2nd Intermediate championship title when they defeated Bohermeen 0-11 to 0-3 in the final at Pairc Tailteann.

text:
# 1967 Meath Intermediate Football Championship

The **1967 Meath Intermediate Football Championship** is the 41st edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 22 teams. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.

Drumree were regraded from the 1966 S.F.C. The Drumbaragh Emmets club was also reformed as a new club to enter the I.F.C. after a fallout from Gaeil Colmcille (an amalgamation of the Kells Harps and Drumbaragh clubs in 1964). Gaeil Colmcille continued to ply their trade in the senior championship.

This year marked the Garryowen club's (from Kilberry; not to be mistaken with another J.A.F.C. known as Kilberry G.F.C. at the time) first year in existence.

Gaeil Colmcille 'B', Summerhill and Kilallon were promoted after claiming the 1966 Meath Junior Football Championship title, runners-up spot and Junior 'A' Divisional runners-up spot respectively. Castletown's application to be promoted was also granted by the Co. Board.

At the end of the season Ballinabrackey, Garryowen and Rathmolyon applied to be regraded to the 1967 J.F.C.

On 29 October 1967, Seneschalstown claimed their 2nd Intermediate championship title when they defeated Bohermeen 0-11 to 0-3 in the final at Pairc Tailteann.

## Team changes

The following teams have changed division since the 1966 championship season.

## Group stage

There are 4 groups called Group A, B, C and D. The top finisher in each group will qualify for the Semi-Finals. Many results were unavailable in the Meath Chronicle.

### Group A

### Group B

### Group C

### Group D

## Knock-out Stages

The teams in the Semi-Finals are the first and second placed teams from each group.

## InfoBox

Meath I.F.C.
| Season | 1967 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Seneschalstown
2nd Intermediate Football Championship title |
| Relegated | Ballinabrackey
Garryowen
Rathmolyon |
| 1966 1968 | |


title: Farrar-Mansur House

abstract: The Farrar-Mansur House is a historic house in Weston, Vermont built in 1797. It is within the boundaries of the Weston Village Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1985.

text:
# Farrar-Mansur House

The **Farrar-Mansur House** is a historic house in Weston, Vermont built in 1797. It is within the boundaries of the Weston Village Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1985.

## History

The building was originally built by Captain Oliver Farrar as a residence. He built a large addition which included a tavern. The Farrar family lived in the house until 1857, when they sold it to the Mansurs, who occupied it for three generations until 1932. Frank Mansur donated the house to. the Community Club with the stipulation that it be restored and converted to a museum. In the 1930s, it underwent a community-supported restoration, with new clapboarding and exterior moldings, murals in the parlor, exposed beams in the tavern room, as well as furnishings and accessories from the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

The Farrar-Mansur House is now operated as a historic house museum by the Weston Historical Society. The museum's collection includes many pieces of New England furniture, examples of early 19th century Vermont-made metalware, toys, musical instruments, china, pottery, glassware, costumes, quilts, samplers, and 19th century portraits.

## Bibliography

* *Buildings of Vermont*, Glenn M. Andres and Curtis B. Johnson. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013, pages 384–385.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Farrar-Mansur House | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Farrar-Mansur House, 1930s | |
|  | |
| Location | Main Street
Weston, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 43°17′32″N 72°47′42″W / 43.2922946°N 72.7948932°W / 43.2922946; -72.7948932 |
| Built | 1797 |
| Built by | Captain Oliver Farrar |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| Part of | Weston Village Historic District (ID85001934) |
| Designated CP | August 29, 1985 |


title: 1982 Can-Am season

text:
# 1982 Can-Am season

The 1982 Can Am Series season was the fifteenth running of the Sports Car Club of America's prototype series, and the sixth running of the revived series. 1982 brought new competition for Chevrolet in the form of Hart and Cosworth. Hart would podium in three races while Cosworth would podium in two. The most dominant chassis were Frissbee, Marguey, March, VDS-001, and Ensign. Al Unser Jr. would win at Road Atlanta, Laguna Seca, and Mosport twice, with a podium at Mid Ohio, at Riverside, and at Caesar's Palacae. Unser would be declared champion.

Bertil Roos would take the two liter class in his Hart.

## Results

| Round | Circuit | Winning driver | Team | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Road Atlanta | Al Unser Jr. | Galles Racing | Frissbee-Chevrolet |
| 2 | Mosport | Al Unser Jr. | Galles Racing | Frissbee-Chevrolet |
| 3 | Mid-Ohio | Al Holbert | Racing Team VDS | VDS-Chevrolet |
| 4 | Road America | Al Holbert | Racing Team VDS | VDS-Chevrolet |
| 5 | Trois-Rivières | Al Holbert | Racing Team VDS | VDS-Chevrolet |
| 6 | Mosport | Al Unser Jr. | Galles Racing | Frissbee-Chevrolet |
| 7 | Caesars Palace | Danny Sullivan | Newman/Budweiser | March-Chevrolet |
| 8 | Riverside | Al Holbert | Racing Team VDS | VDS-Chevrolet |
| 9 | Laguna Seca | Al Unser Jr. | Galles Racing | Frissbee-Chevrolet |


title: Employee monitoring

abstract: Employee monitoring is the surveillance of workers' activity. Organizations engage in employee monitoring for different reasons such as to track performance, to avoid legal liability, to protect trade secrets, and to address other security concerns. This practice may impact employee satisfaction due to its impact on the employee's privacy. Among organizations, the extent and methods of employee monitoring differ.

text:
# Employee monitoring

**Employee monitoring** is the (often automated) surveillance of workers' activity. Organizations engage in employee monitoring for different reasons such as to track performance, to avoid legal liability, to protect trade secrets, and to address other security concerns. This practice may impact employee satisfaction due to its impact on the employee's privacy. Among organizations, the extent and methods of employee monitoring differ.

## Surveillance Methods

A company can use its everyday electronic devices to monitor its employees almost continuously. Common methods include software monitoring, telephone tapping, video surveillance, email monitoring, and location monitoring.

**Software monitoring**. Companies often use employee monitoring software to track what their employees are doing on their computers. Tracking data may include typing speed, mistakes, applications used, and what specific keys are pressed.

**Telephone tapping** can be used to record employees' phone call details and conversations. These can be recorded during monitoring. The number of calls, the duration of each call, and the idle time between calls, can all go into a log for analysis by the company.

**Video surveillance** can provide video feed of employee activities that are passed through to a central location where they are monitored by another person. These can be recorded and stored for future reference which some believe is the most accurate way to monitor employees. "This is a benefit because it provides an unbiased method of performance evaluation and prevents the interference of a manager's feelings in an employee's review" (Mishra and Crampton, 1998). Management can review an employee's performance by checking the surveillance to detect and potentially prevent problems".

**Email monitoring** gives employers the ability to look at email messages sent or received by their employees. Emails can be viewed and recovered even if they had been previously deleted. In the United States, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act provides some privacy protections regarding monitoring of employees' email messages and other electronic communications. See Electronic Communications Privacy Act#Employee privacy.

**Location monitoring** can be used for employees that move their place of work. Common examples of companies that use location monitoring are delivery and transportation industries. Sometimes the employee monitoring is incidental as the location is tracked for other purposes. Employees' phone calls can be recorded during monitoring. The number of calls, the duration of each call, and the idle time between calls, can all go into an automatic log for analysis by the company.

**Key logging**, or keystroke logging, is a process that records a user's typing. Key logging software may also capture screenshots when triggered by predefined keywords. Some see it as violating workplace privacy and it is notorious for being used with malicious intent. Loggers can collect and store passwords, bank account information, private messages, credit card numbers, PIN numbers, and usernames.

## Legality

Employee monitoring often is in conflict with employees' privacy. Monitoring collects work-related activities, but it can also collect employee's personal information that is not linked to their work. Monitoring in the workplace may put employers and employees at odds because both sides are trying to protect personal interests. Employees want to maintain their privacy while employers want to ensure company resources aren't misused. In any case, companies can maintain ethical monitoring policies by avoiding indiscriminate monitoring of employees' activities. The employee needs to understand what is expected of them while the employer needs to establish that rule.

With employee monitoring, there are many guidelines that one must follow and put in place to protect the company and the individual. Some following cases are ones that have shaped the certain rules and regulations that are in effect today. For instance, in Canada, it is illegal to perform invasive monitoring, such as reading an employee's emails, unless it can be shown that it is a necessary precaution and there are no other alternatives. In Maryland, everyone in the conversation must give consent before the conversation can be recorded (especially during telephone calls). The state of California requires that the monitored conversations have a beep at certain intervals or there must be a message informing the caller that the conversations may be recorded. However, this does not inform the company representative which calls are being recorded. All employers must create a comprehensive employee handbook that will include both mandatory and recommended policies. Handbooks must explain in detail what employees are permitted or not allowed to do in the workplace. Employers must update handbooks if employment laws or policies change. Other states, including Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Colorado and New Jersey have laws relating to when a conversation can be recorded. "Lawyers generally advise that one way for businesses to avoid liability for monitoring employees’ online activities is to take all necessary steps to eliminate any reasonable expectation of privacy that employees may have concerning their use of company email and other communications systems." Businesses makes employee monitoring a known tool that supervisors use to avoid any potential legal issues that may arise. They will announce this during new hire orientation, in a staff meeting, or even in a workplace contract that employees sign either at the time of hire or after a form of misconduct.

On May 7, 2022, employers in the state of New York will be required to provide prior notice for the monitoring of employee internet, telephone or email usage. The new law is an amendment to the New York civil rights law and applies to any private individual or entity with a place of business in the state of New York.

Businesses use employee monitoring for various reasons. The follow is a list that includes, but is not limited to:

* Find needed business information when the employee is not available.
* Protect security of proprietary information and data.
* Prevent or investigate possible criminal activities by employees.
* Prevent personal use of employer facilities.
* Check for violations of company policy against sending an offensive or pornographic email.
* Investigate complaints of harassment.
* Check for illegal software.

In January 2016, European Court of Human Rights issued a landmark ruling in the case of Bărbulescu v Romania (61496/08) regarding monitoring of employees’ computers. The employee Mr. Bărbulescu accused the employer of violating his rights to ‘private life’ and ‘correspondence’ set in the Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It held that a sales engineer had a 'reasonable expectation of privacy' against personal messages being read (including those to his fiance and his brother), even though he was told not to use a workplace Yahoo messenger for personal reasons, because "an employer’s instructions cannot reduce private social life in the workplace to zero. Respect for private life and for the privacy of correspondence continues to exist, even if these may be restricted in so far as necessary". It follows that there is a human right to private communication, regardless of what an employer says.

A year later, in July 2017, German court ruled that computer monitoring of employees is reasonable but the use of keylogging software is excessive.

Employee monitoring software developers warn that in each case it is still recommended to advise a legal representative and the employees should give a written agreement with such monitoring Majority of instances are a case by case situation and is hard to treat all the issues and problems as one. As new laws have been enacted dictating the bounds of these practices, employers have been forced to change their monitoring protocols.

## Financial costs of monitoring

According to the American Management Association, almost half (48%) of the American companies surveyed use video monitoring to counter theft, violence, and sabotage. Only 7% use video surveillance to track employees' on-the-job performance. Most employers notify employees of anti-theft video surveillance (78%) and performance-related video monitoring (89%) (retrieved from the article The Latest on Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance). In an article in *Labour Economics*, it has been argued that forbidding employers to track employees' on-the-job performance can make economic sense according to efficiency wage theory, while surveillance to prevent illegal activities should be allowed.

An indirect way that companies can be affected financially through employee monitoring is that they can be sure they are billing clients correctly. According to "Business 2 Community," inaccurately billing clients is always possible because of human error. Such inaccuracies can cause disputes between a company and a client which could eventually lead to the client terminating its business with the company. This sort of termination will not only hurt the company's revenue stream but also its reputation with other clients or potential clients. The suggested solution to this problem is a time tracking software to monitor the number of hours a client spends with an employee.


title: 1972 United Bank Classic

abstract: The 1972 United Bank Classic, also known as the Denver WCT, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Denver, Colorado in the United States that was part of the 1972 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and took place from April 24 through April 30, 1972. First-seeded Rod Laver won the first edition of both the doubles and singles competition. There was criticism by players, including Arthur Ashe, that the playing conditions on the Sporface carpet courts were too fast.

text:
# 1972 United Bank Classic

The **1972 United Bank Classic**, also known as the **Denver WCT**, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Denver, Colorado in the United States that was part of the 1972 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and took place from April 24 through April 30, 1972. First-seeded Rod Laver won the first edition of both the doubles and singles competition. There was criticism by players, including Arthur Ashe, that the playing conditions on the Sporface carpet courts were too fast.

## Finals

### Singles

Rod Laver defeated  Marty Riessen, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4

### Doubles

Roy Emerson /  Rod Laver defeated  Cliff Drysdale /  Roger Taylor, 1–6, 6–4, 6–3

## Prize money

| **Event** | **W** | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singles | $10,000 | $5,000 | $3,000 | $1,000 | $750 | $500 |

## InfoBox

| 1972 United Bank Classic | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April 24–30 |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | World Championship Tennis |
| Draw | 31S / 8D |
| Prize money | $50,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Denver, Colorado, U.S. |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Rod Laver | |
| Doubles | |
| Roy Emerson /  Rod Laver | |
|  | |


title: First Church of Monson

abstract: The Congregational Church, or the First Church of Monson is a historic church located in Monson, Massachusetts that is currently affiliated with the United Church of Christ.

text:
# First Church of Monson

The Congregational Church, or the **First Church of Monson** is a historic church located in Monson, Massachusetts that is currently affiliated with the United Church of Christ.

## History

The church was first established in 1762. A second meeting house was built in 1803, and was replaced by the current structure in 1873. The older building apparently survived beyond its days as a church and was then used as an A&P store. The Reverend Jesse Ives was minister from 1773-1805. The church is currently affiliated with the United Church of Christ. It is home to an organ which is a sought-after instrument for many recitals.

## 2011 Tornado

On June 1, 2011, an EF3 tornado severely damaged the church, toppling the steeple, and damaging buildings and trees in the adjacent area.

42°06′09.42″N 72°19′10.43″W / 42.1026167°N 72.3195639°W / 42.1026167; -72.3195639


title: Atkinson and Philipson

abstract: Atkinson & Philipson, of the Northumberland Coach Factory, Newcastle-on-Tyne, collaborated with Messrs. Toward and Co. to make a steam-powered car in 1896. The Coach Factory had been in business since 1774, making mail coaches, then railway carriages for George Stephenson. In 1896, they produced their steam brake with 'a very strong and neat frame' and iron-shod wheels, which was advertised in various motor papers. It is unknown if many were sold, but it is unlikely. Later they were advertised as motorcar body builders, and 'Coachmakers by Royal Warrant...'.

text:
# Atkinson and Philipson

**Atkinson & Philipson**, of the Northumberland Coach Factory, Newcastle-on-Tyne, collaborated with Messrs. Toward and Co. to make a steam-powered car in 1896. The Coach Factory had been in business since 1774, making mail coaches, then railway carriages for George Stephenson. In 1896, they produced their steam brake with 'a very strong and neat frame' and iron-shod wheels, which was advertised in various motor papers. It is unknown if many were sold, but it is unlikely. Later (in 1912) they were advertised as motorcar body builders, and 'Coachmakers by Royal Warrant...'.

1. "Atkinson and Philipson". gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 22 August 2013.


title: 1967 Meath Senior Football Championship

abstract: The 1967 Meath Senior Football Championship is the 75th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 11 teams. The championship starts with a group stage and then a subsequent final. This season saw Duleek's debut in the top flight after claiming the 1966 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title. Gaeil Colmcille were the defending champions after they defeated Kilbride in the previous years final after a second replay, however this year they failed to make it past the group phase. Kilbride claimed their 2nd S.F.C. title on 12 November 1967 when defeating Navan O'Mahonys in the final 0-6 to 0-4 at Pairc Tailteann. PJ Reilly raised the Keegan Cup for the Dunboyne parish outfit.

text:
# 1967 Meath Senior Football Championship

The **1967 Meath Senior Football Championship** is the 75th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 11 teams. The championship starts with a group stage and then a subsequent final.

This season saw Duleek's debut in the top flight after claiming the 1966 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title.

Gaeil Colmcille were the defending champions after they defeated Kilbride in the previous years final after a second replay, however this year they failed to make it past the group phase.

Kilbride claimed their 2nd S.F.C. title on 12 November 1967 when defeating Navan O'Mahonys in the final 0-6 to 0-4 at Pairc Tailteann. PJ Reilly raised the Keegan Cup for the Dunboyne parish outfit.

## Team Changes

The following teams have changed division since the 1966 championship season.

## Group stage

### Group A

### Group B

## Final

The winners and runners up of each group qualify for the final.

## InfoBox

Meath S.F.C.
| Season | 1967 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Kilbride <br>2nd Senior Championship Title |
| Relegated | None |
| Winning Captain | PJ Reilly (Kilbride) |
| Matches played | 40 |
| 1966 1968 | |


title: 1886–87 Eastville Rovers F.C. season

abstract: The 1886–87 season was the fourth to be played by the team that are now known as Bristol Rovers, and their third playing under the name Eastville Rovers.

text:
# 1886–87 Eastville Rovers F.C. season

The **1886–87 season** was the fourth to be played by the team that are now known as Bristol Rovers, and their third playing under the name **Eastville Rovers**.

## Season review

As with each of their previous three seasons, Eastville Rovers continued to play only friendly matches this year, but the *"dribbling code"* (as it was sometimes called at the time) of football was now gaining in popularity and the club were beginning to play against a wider variety of opposition. New team colours of Oxford and Cambridge blue were adopted, although the precise design of the kit is not documented.

Two Eastville Rovers players took part in an unusual match on New Year's Day, when Clifton Association took on a Rest of Bristol XI in Warmley. The Rest of Bristol team consisted of players from Warmley, St George and Eastville Rovers, and included Rovers pair W. Perrin and H. Horsey in the forward line.

Eastville Rovers were still not particularly well-known at this point, as evidenced by the fact that Weston-super-Mare RFC arranged two matches against them believing them to be a rugby team. Later, when Weston discovered that Rovers were an association football club, the games were cancelled.

Most of the results from this season are not known, but of the games where a result is documented Rovers recorded three wins, two draws and a defeat.

## Results

### First team

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 October 1886 | Warmley | The Downs, Bristol | Won 1–0 | Won by one goal and one disputed goal |
| 30 October 1886 | Clifton Association | The Downs, Bristol |  |  |
| 6 November 1886 | Clevedon | Clevedon, Somerset | Lost 0–3 |  |
| 27 November 1886 | St Mathias | The Downs, Bristol |  |  |
| 4 December 1886 | Bridgwater | The Downs, Bristol |  |  |
| 11 December 1886 | St George | St George, Bristol | Drew 1–1 |  |
| 18 December 1886 | St Agnes | Ashley Down, Bristol |  |  |
| 8 January 1887 | St George | St George, Bristol | Won 3-2 | see Bristol Mercury 10 Jan 1886 |
| 22 January 1886 | Clevedon | The Downs, Bristol | Drew 0-0 | see Weston S Mare Gazette 29 Jan 1887 |
| 29 January 1887 | Clifton Association | The Downs, Bristol | Lost 3-2 |  |
| 5 February 1887 | Chippenham | Chippenham, Wiltshire | Won 2–1 |  |
| 12 February 1887 | St George | The Downs, Bristol | Won 2–0 |  |
| 19 February 1887 | Warmley | Warmley, Gloucestershire | Drew 1–1 |  |
| 5 March 1887 | Bridgwater | Bridgwater |  |  |
| 12 March 1887 | St Mathias | The Downs, Bristol |  |  |
| 26 March 1887 | Clifton Association | Clifton |  |  |
| 2 April 1887 | Weston-super-Mare | The Recreation Grounds, Weston-super-Mare | Won 3-1 | see Bristol Mercury 5 April 1887 |

### Second team

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 November 1886 | Warmley 2nd XI | Warmley, Gloucestershire |  |  |
| 20 November 1886 | Warmley 2nd XI | The Downs, Bristol |  |  |
| 18 December 1886 | St Mathias | The Downs, Bristol |  |  |
| 1 January 1887 | Clifton Association 2nd XI | Clifton, Bristol |  |  |
| 22 January 1887 | St Mathias | The Downs, Bristol | Won 2-0 | see Bristol Mercury 24 Jan 1887 |
|

## Bibliography

* Byrne, Stephen; Jay, Mike (2003). *Bristol Rovers Football Club: The Definitive History 1883–2003*. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2717-2.

## InfoBox

Eastville Rovers
| 1886–87 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Captain | Fred Channing |
| Ground | The Downs, Bristol |
|  | |


title: Aphomia foedella

abstract: Aphomia foedella is a species of snout moth in the genus Aphomia. It was described by Zeller, in 1839. It is found in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine.

text:
# Aphomia foedella

***Aphomia foedella*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Aphomia*. It was described by Zeller, in 1839. It is found in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine.

## InfoBox

| *Aphomia foedella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Aphomia* |
| Species: | ***A. foedella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aphomia foedella***<br>(Zeller, 1839) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Galleria foedella* Zeller, 1839 | |


title: 1993 Bandy World Championship squads

abstract: Below are the squads for the 1993 Bandy World Championship final tournament in Norway.

text:
# 1993 Bandy World Championship squads

Below are the **squads** for the **1993 Bandy World Championship** final tournament in Norway.

## Group A

### Finland

### Norway

### Russia

### Sweden

Coach: Rolf Käck

| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Club |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1GK | Mikael Forsell |  |  | Boltic |
|  | 1GK | Pontus Sundelius |  |  | Vetlanda |
|  |  | Roger Karlsson |  |  | IFK Motala |
|  |  | Kjell Berglund |  |  | Boltic |
|  |  | Joe Lönngren |  |  | Edsbyn |
|  |  | Stefan Jonsson |  |  | Västerås |
|  |  | Göran Rosendahl |  |  | Västerås |
|  |  | Hans Åström |  |  | Edsbyn |
|  |  | Patrick Sandell |  |  | Vetlanda |
|  |  | Niclas Johannesson |  |  | Boltic |
|  |  | Stefan Åkerlind |  |  | Sandviken |
|  |  | Anders Karlsson |  |  | Villa Lidköping |
|  |  | Jonas Claesson |  |  | Vetlanda |
|  |  | Hans Johansson |  |  | Västerås |
|  |  | Pelle Fosshaug |  |  | Västerås |
|  |  | Ola Fredricsson |  |  | Boltic |
|  |  | Patrick Johansson |  |  | Selånger |


title: Asteia amoena

abstract: Asteia amoena is a species of fly in the family Asteiidae. It is found in the Palearctic.

text:
# Asteia amoena

***Asteia amoena*** is a species of fly in the family Asteiidae. It is found in the Palearctic .

## InfoBox

| *Asteia amoena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Asteia amoena* in *Europäischen Zweiflügeligen* (figure 14) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Asteiidae |
| Genus: | *Asteia* |
| Species: | ***A. amoena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asteia amoena***<br>Meigen, 1830 | |
|