title: Ashaiman Senior High School

abstract: Ashaiman Senior High School is a coeducational second-cycle institution at Ashaiman in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Ashaiman Senior High School was established in September 1990 with thirty (30) students, two teachers and no non-teaching staff. Ashaiman Senior High School is located at Ashaiman, Middle East, Greater Accra, in between the Ashaiman roundabout and the Mandela park.

text:
# Ashaiman Senior High School

**Ashaiman Senior High School**  is a coeducational second-cycle institution at Ashaiman in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.

Ashaiman Senior High School was established in September 1990 with thirty (30) students, two teachers and no non-teaching staff. Ashaiman Senior High School is located at Ashaiman, Middle East, Greater Accra, in between the Ashaiman roundabout and the Mandela park.

Administrator:Mr Elipklim

## InfoBox

| Ashaiman Senior High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| P. O. Box 304 Ashaiman
Ashaiman Roundabout
Greater Accra Region
Ashaiman
Ghana | |
| Coordinates | 5°41′47.5″N 0°01′06.6″W / 5.696528°N 0.018500°W / 5.696528; -0.018500 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public high school Coeducational |
| Motto | "Modernization Calls for Change" |
| Established | September 1990 |
| Status | Active |
| School district | Ashaiman Municipality |
| Oversight | Ministry of Education |
| Administrator | Mr. Mohammed |
| Head of school | Mrs. Jemima Quarshie |
| Chaplain | Rev. Nickson-Nubour |
| Years offered | 1-3 |
| Age | 12 to 23 |
| Classes offered | Agricultural science, Home Economics, General Science, General arts, Business, Visual arts, |
| Language | English |
| Hours in school day | 10 hours |
| Campus size | 200 meters square |
| Slogan | Till The Prize is Won!!!! |
| Nickname | ASHAISEC |
| Affiliation | Ghana |


title: 1995 in Italian television

text:
# 1995 in Italian television

This is a list of Italian television related events from 1995.

## Events

* 23 February. During the Sanremo Festival, the unemployed Pino Pagano threatens, on air, to jump from a dais of the Ariston theatre. The presenter Pippo Baudo eventually manages to get him down, among the applauses of the public. Later, Pagano will admit to have staged the suicide, hoping to get some notoriety. The contest is won by Giorgia, with *Come saprei*.

## Debuts

### Rai

#### Variety

* *Carramba che sorpresa!* – with Raffaella Carrà; 8 seasons. An Italian version of the British *Surprise, surprise*, *Carramba che sorpresa!* is a mix of variety and reality show, with ordinary people who are surprised by meetings with lost relatives or their favorite celebrities. The success of the show has led to the coinage of the Italian word “carrambata”, meaning an unexpected encounter.

#### Serial

#### News and educational

### Fininvest

#### Variety

* *Colpo di fulmine* (Love at first sight) – reality show, hosted by Alessia Marcuzzi, Michelle Hunziker and Walter Nudo, Italian version of the American *Street match*; four seasons. The host tries to match a boy and a girl chosen by chance in the streets of a town.

### International

## Television shows

### RAI

#### Drama

#### Miniseries

### Fininvest

#### Variety

* *Generazione X* (Generation X) – talk show about the problems of the youth, hosted by Ambra Angiolini, who here gives up the frivolous image of her beginning.
* *Re per una notte* (1994-1996)

## Births

## Deaths

| Date | Name | Age | Cinematic Credibility |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 February | Edy Campagnoli | 60 | Italian TV personality & actress |
| 13 November | Adriana Serra | 71 | Italian film actress |
|

1. "Sanremo Follie - 1995: Baudo sventa un suicidio - Video". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-02-17.
2. "Carràmba! Che sorpresa". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-26.
3. "Pazza Famiglia". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-02-17.
4. "Le Alpi di Messner - RaiPlay". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-08-28.
5. "Colpo di fulmine". *Mediaset Play*. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
6. "Mosè (1995)". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-02-17.
7. "La rossa del Roxy Bar". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
8. "Voci notturne". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
9. "Generazione X". *Mediaset Play*. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2021-02-17.

## InfoBox

| List of years in Italian television |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: 1978 Clemson Tigers football team

abstract: The 1978 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its second season under head coach Charley Pell, the team compiled an 11–1 record, won the ACC championship, defeated Ohio State in the 1978 Gator Bowl, was ranked No. 6 in the final AP and Coaches Polls, and outscored opponents by a total of 368 to 131. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina. Steve Fuller and Randy Scott were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included Steve Fuller with 1,515 passing yards, Lester Brown with 1,022 rushing yards and 102 points scored, and Jerry Butler with 908 receiving yards. The Gator Bowl victory became infamous because Ohio State's legendary head coach Woody Hayes punched Clemson player Charlie Bauman during the game on the Buckeyes sideline after a play. The incident was caught on live television, and Hayes resigned as Ohio State head coach the next day before the team even left Jacksonville. Hayes would never coach again.

text:
# 1978 Clemson Tigers football team

1978 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 6 Clemson $ | 6 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| No. 20 Maryland | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 18 NC State | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| North Carolina | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Duke | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Wake Forest | 1 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 10 |  | 0 |
| Virginia | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1978 Clemson Tigers football team** was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its second season under head coach Charley Pell, the team compiled an 11–1 record (6–0 against conference opponents), won the ACC championship, defeated Ohio State in the 1978 Gator Bowl, was ranked No. 6 in the final AP and Coaches Polls, and outscored opponents by a total of 368 to 131. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.

Steve Fuller and Randy Scott were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included Steve Fuller with 1,515 passing yards, Lester Brown with 1,022 rushing yards and 102 points scored, and Jerry Butler with 908 receiving yards.

The Gator Bowl victory became infamous because Ohio State's legendary head coach Woody Hayes punched Clemson player Charlie Bauman during the game on the Buckeyes sideline after a play. The incident was caught on live television, and Hayes resigned as Ohio State head coach the next day before the team even left Jacksonville. Hayes would never coach again.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 16 | 1:00 p.m. | The Citadel* |  |  | W 58–3 | 53,332–54,075 |  |
| September 23 | 1:30 p.m. | at Georgia* |  |  | L 0–12 | 60,000 |  |
| September 30 | 1:00 p.m. | Villanova* |  | * Memorial Stadium * Clemson, SC | W 31–0 | 47,786 |  |
| October 7 | 1:00 p.m. | Virginia Tech* |  | * Memorial Stadium * Clemson, SC | W 38–7 | 53,054 |  |
| October 14 | 1:00 p.m. | at Virginia |  |  | W 30–14 | 19,243 |  |
| October 21 | 1:00 p.m. | Duke |  | * Memorial Stadium * Clemson, SC | W 28–8 | 51,109 |  |
| October 28 | 1:00 p.m. | at NC State | No. 20 |  | W 33–10 | 45,000 |  |
| November 4 | 1:30 p.m. | at Wake Forest | No. 16 |  | W 51–6 | 30,400 |  |
| November 11 | 1:00 p.m. | North Carolina | No. 15 | * Memorial Stadium * Clemson, SC | W 13–9 | 53,495 |  |
| November 18 | 1:00 p.m. | at No. 11 Maryland | No. 12 |  | W 28–24 | 51,376 |  |
| November 25 | 1:00 p.m. | South Carolina* | No. 10 | * Memorial Stadium * Clemson, SC (rivalry) | W 41–23 | 63,050–63,479 |  |
| December 29 |  | vs. No. 20 Ohio State* | No. 7 |  | W 17–15 | 72,011 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Eastern time | | | | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### Gator Bowl (vs. Ohio State)

**Gator Bowl: #7 Clemson Tigers (10–1) vs. #20 Ohio State Buckeyes (7–3–1)**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ohio St | 0 | 9 | 0 | 6 | **15** |
| **Clemson** | 0 | 10 | 7 | 0 | **17** |

*at Gator Bowl, Jacksonville, Florida*

* **Date**: December 29, 1978
* **Game time**: 9:00 p.m. EST
* **Game attendance**: 72,011
* **Referee**: Jim Artley
* **TV**: ABC
* Box Score

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

## Personnel

| 1978 Clemson Tigers football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  TE `82` Ed Abreu Fr  RB `7` Cliff Austin Fr  RB `40` Rick Basich Jr  OL `55` Jeff Bostic Jr  OL `71` Joe Bostic Sr  TE `86` Cliff Bray Sr  RB `44` Lester Brown Jr  WR `15` Jerry Butler Sr  WR `30` Dwight Clark Sr  TE `87` Mark Clifford Jr  OL `50` Chris Dulce Jr  QB `4` Steve Fuller Sr  WR `41` Jerry Gaillard Fr  QB `11` Mike Gasque So  RB `32` Harold Goggins Sr  WR `14` JD Haglan Sr  OL `74` Bill Hudson Sr  OL `53` Steve Kenney Sr  TE `88` Anthony King Sr  QB `8` Billy Lott Jr  OL `65` Lee Nanney Fr  RB `46` Tracy Perry Jr  RB `2` Warren Ratchford Sr  RB `31` Marvin Sims Jr  OL `64` Mark Thornton Jr  WR `22` Perry Tuttle Fr  RB `23` Paul Williams Fr  WR `27` Eric Young Jr | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DL `58` Charlie Bauman So  DL `84` Jonathan Brooks Sr  LB `47` Bubba Brown Jr  DB `12` Jack Cain So  DL `66` Steve Durham So  DB `49` Eddie Geathers So  DL `80` Steve Gibbs Sr  DB `5` Willie Jordan Sr  DB `3` Al Latimer Sr  DL `90` David Reed So  DB `17` Bubba Rollins Sr  DB `26` Steve Ryan Sr  LB `35` Randy Scott Sr  DL `83` Jim Stuckey Jr  DL `51` Rich Tuten Sr  DB `13` Rex Varn Jr  DL `76` Toney Williams Sr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  `1` Obed Ariri Jr  `39` David Sims So | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster |

## InfoBox

| 1978 Clemson Tigers football | |
| --- | --- |
| ACC champion<br>Gator Bowl champion | |
| Gator Bowl, W 17–15 vs. Ohio State | |
| Conference | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 7 |
| AP | No. 6 |
| Record | 11–1 (6–0 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Jimmye Laycock (2nd season) |
| Defensive coordinator | Mickey Andrews (2nd season) |
| Captain | Steve Fuller, Randy Scott |
| Home stadium | Memorial Stadium |
|


title: Elementary diagram

abstract: In the mathematical field of model theory, the elementary diagram of a structure is the set of all sentences with parameters from the structure that are true in the structure. It is also called the complete diagram.

text:
# Elementary diagram

In the mathematical field of model theory, the **elementary diagram** of a structure is the set of all sentences with parameters from the structure that are true in the structure. It is also called the **complete diagram**.

## Definition

Let *M* be a structure in a first-order language *L*. An extended language *L*(*M*) is obtained by adding to *L* a constant symbol *c**a* for every element *a* of *M*. The structure *M* can be viewed as an *L*(*M*) structure in which the symbols in *L* are interpreted as before, and each new constant *c**a* is interpreted as the element *a*. The elementary diagram of *M* is the set of all *L*(*M*) sentences that are true in *M* (Marker 2002:44).

* Chang, Chen Chung; Keisler, H. Jerome (1989), *Model Theory*, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-7204-0692-4
* Hodges, Wilfrid (1997), *A shorter model theory*, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-58713-6
* Marker, David (2002), *Model Theory: An Introduction*, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-98760-6


title: Anthidium porterae

abstract: Anthidium porterae is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees. This bee was named in honour of Wilmatte Porter Cockerell.

text:
# Anthidium porterae

***Anthidium porterae*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees. This bee was named in honour of Wilmatte Porter Cockerell.

## Distribution

Middle America and North America

## Synonyms

Synonyms for this species include:

* *Anthidium porterae var amabile* Cockerell, 1904
* *Anthidium porterae personulatum* Cockerell, 1907

## InfoBox

| *Anthidium porterae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Anthidium* |
| Species: | ***A. porterae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anthidium porterae***<br>Cockerell, 1900 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| see text | |


title: Anti-Syrian refugee sentiment in Turkey

abstract: Anti-Syrian sentiment is a discriminatory and racist approach fueled by fear, hatred, insecurity, enmity, humiliation and similar feelings towards Syrians in Turkey. With the Syrian civil war that started in 2011, Syrians who came to Turkey are exposed to discrimination in many areas. According to researcher Şenay Özden, racist attitudes and discourses towards Syrians in Turkey increased with the thought that refugees are permanent in Turkey. 92% of Syrians living in Turkey state that they are exposed to discrimination.

text:
# Anti-Syrian refugee sentiment in Turkey

**Anti-Syrian sentiment** is a discriminatory and racist approach fueled by fear, hatred, insecurity, enmity, humiliation and similar feelings towards Syrians in Turkey. With the Syrian civil war that started in 2011, Syrians who came to Turkey are exposed to discrimination in many areas. According to researcher Şenay Özden, racist attitudes and discourses towards Syrians in Turkey increased with the thought that refugees are permanent in Turkey. 92% of Syrians living in Turkey state that they are exposed to discrimination.

## Overview

In the research conducted by the *International Organization for Migration* with 636 people, it was determined that nearly half of the participants saw the Syrians as a "less talented race". In addition, one third of the participants stated that they believe that Syrian refugees are not victims of war. Although more than half of the participants stated that they encounter Syrians every day, only 22% of them declared that they had any contact with Syrians.

Economic problems and unemployment in Turkey are associated with Syrian refugees by some. It is stated that these problems strengthen the negative perspective towards Syrians and trigger racism more. Researches reveal that the economically weak part of the public, in particular, sees Syrian refugees as the chief culprit of economic problems. Reports stating that anti-Syrian sentiment is most intensely carried out by those with a weak economic situation, show that the main reason for this is mostly Syrian refugees working in sectors that require cheap labor.

According to the researches, the fact that Syrians work in jobs that require cheap labor causes the salaries of the local people to decrease, which in turn increases the aggressive attitudes towards Syrians. For these reasons, a correlation is established between racist violence attempts against Syrians and Syrians working informally. Anti-Syrian sentiment has increased during election periods. Political parties' making political announcements and statements over Syrians as a voting tool is directly related to the racist attacks that Syrians are exposed to.

There are also those who hold Syrian refugees responsible for the increase in rents and the increase in prices in the markets. According to Metin Çorabatır, head of the *Center for Asylum and Migration Studies*, the reason for this prejudice and racist attitudes towards Syrians is misinformation on social media. In addition, non-governmental organizations and researchers state that the language and style used for Syrians in the news given by the media trigger racist attacks and behaviors against Syrians, and they accuse anti-Syrian social media posts. The lack of transparency in the aid provided by the state to the Syrians increases the hate speech in the society.

In line with the above, according to a study conducted in Gaziantep in 2021, it was determined that the biggest concern among Syrians was racism and economic problems. Similarly, according to Metin Çorabatır of the *Center for Asylum and Migration Studies*, all Syrians in Turkey are exposed to racist rhetoric and actions.

Teachers state that some of the Syrian students are constantly in the psychology of exclusion and oppression, and accordingly, behaviors that transcend the limits in rulelessness are observed. Teachers who work in schools with Syrians and have burnout syndrome state that violence at school has increased.

## Events

In the Gazipaşa district of Antalya, the municipal council has decided to ban the entry of Syrians to the beaches in Gazipaşa. Mehmet Ali Yılmaz, the mayor of the CHP, who abstained from the voting, said, *"Personally, I do not favor discriminating on the basis of their citizenship, ethnic origin or sect; I think it is not right. People should not be allowed to be disturbed. No matter who disturbs them, our police will do what is necessary."* The vote, in which AKP and MHP deputies did not vote against, was accepted with the votes of CHP and IYI party deputies. Afterwards, the mayor of the city council returned the decision to the council on the grounds that it did not comply with the laws. In the re-voting, the decision was rejected after the CHP deputies changed their views.

According to a claim on social media, pastry sold to Turks for 1 lira in a restaurant opened in Izmit is sold to Syrians for 5 liras.

Reactions emerged on Twitter under the name #SuriyelilerSuriyeye, (*transliteration Syrians to Syria)* and many politicians stated that they would solve the refugee problem as an election promise.

As a result of the murder of a Turkish teen by a Syrian on August 12, 2021 in Ankara, protests were carried out across Turkey, and Syrian houses and workplaces were stoned in Ankara.

Beşiktaş fans chanted "I don't want refugees in my country" at the Beşiktaş-Çaykur Rizespor football match on August 13, 2021.


title: 16 Years of Alcohol

abstract: 16 Years of Alcohol is a 2003 drama film written and directed by Richard Jobson, based on his semi-autobiographical 1987 novel. Kevin McKidd stars as Frankie, a violent alcoholic who is partially based on Jobson and his brother.

text:
# 16 Years of Alcohol

***16 Years of Alcohol*** is a 2003 drama film written and directed by Richard Jobson, based on his semi-autobiographical 1987 novel. Kevin McKidd stars as Frankie, a violent alcoholic who is partially based on Jobson and his brother.

## Plot

The opening scene shows Frankie being beaten by a small group of men, and the rest of the film is shown as a flashback leading up to that point. The film is split into three sections: Frankie's troubled childhood, his violent adolescence as a ska-loving skinhead who commands a small gang, and a period of change, in which Frankie tries to believe in hope and love.

Frankie starts a relationship with Helen (Laura Fraser), a young woman who studies art and works in a record store. When the differences between them became too obvious, Helen breaks up with Frankie, and he joins Alcoholics Anonymous (or a similar program) and a theatre group along with Mary (Susan Lynch), a good-hearted alcoholic. This allows Frankie to exorcise some of his demons, and he loses his desire to fight. An incident in a pub leads Frankie to believe that Mary is cheating on him with the theatre group's director. This reignites doubts created by his parents a long time ago. Feeling deceived, Frankie rejects Mary without a valid reason. When he is preparing to drink a glass of scotch, he begins to muse how the past has destroyed his life up to this point and he decides to stay sober and call Mary to apologise. The events merge with the beginning of the film, and Frankie's former comrades chase and beat him up. Whether Frankie dies or not is left open to the viewer.

## Production

The film is Jobson's first directorial effort, following a career as a television presenter on BSkyB and VH-1, and as the vocalist for the 1970s punk rock band The Skids. At the 2003 British Independent Film Awards, the film was nominated for best independent film, and Susan Lynch won the best supporting actor/actress category.

The movie was set and filmed in Edinburgh and Aberdour. The soundtrack features 1960s ska and skinhead reggae acts such as Desmond Dekker and Claudette and the Corporation, as well as 1970s rock bands such as Roxy Music, Velvet Underground, Iggy & The Stooges and The Skids.

## Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80% based on reviews from 15 critics.

## InfoBox

| 16 Years of Alcohol | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Richard Jobson |
| Written by | Richard Jobson |
| Produced by | Hamish McAlpine |
| Starring | Kevin McKidd
Iain De Caestecker
Susan Lynch
Ewen Bremner
Laura Fraser
Allison McKenzie |
| Music by | Keith Atack (score) |
| Distributed by | Metro Tartan |
| Release date | * 14 August 2003 (2003-08-14) |
| Running time | 102 minutes |
| Country | Scotland |
| Language | English |


title: Elephantopus tomentosus

abstract: Elephantopus tomentosus is a species of perennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern United States. It blooms from July to September. Common names include mammoth's foot, woolly elephant's foot, and devil's grandmother.

text:
# Elephantopus tomentosus

***Elephantopus tomentosus*** is a species of perennial flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern United States. It blooms from July to September.

Common names include mammoth's foot, **woolly elephant's foot,** and **devil's grandmother**.

## InfoBox

| *Elephantopus tomentosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Elephantopus* |
| Species: | ***E. tomentosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elephantopus tomentosus***<br>L. | |
|


title: Elimia alabamensis

abstract: The mud elimia, scientific name Elimia alabamensis, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, a gastropod mollusc in the family Pleuroceridae. This species is endemic to Alabama in the United States.

text:
# Elimia alabamensis

The **mud elimia**, scientific name ***Elimia alabamensis***, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, a gastropod mollusc in the family Pleuroceridae. This species is endemic to Alabama in the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Elimia alabamensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Pleuroceridae |
| Genus: | *Elimia* |
| Species: | ***E. alabamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elimia alabamensis***
(I. Lea, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Goniobasis osculata* I. Lea, 1862 * *Melania aequa* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melania alabamensis* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melania fallax* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melania pudica* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melania quadrivittata* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melania quadrivittatta* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melania rara* I. Lea, 1861 * *Melatoma babylonicum Reeve, 1860* | |


title: Anthony Sparks

abstract: Anthony Sparks is an American television showrunner, writer-producer, and playwright. He is also an essay writer who focuses on media, performance, and African American politics and culture. He has a Ph.D. in American studies & ethnicity from USC and began his career as an actor in classical acting and was also a lead performer in New York in the show Stomp and in the Emmy-winning HBO film Stomp Out Loud. Sparks is also an educator in film, television, African American studies, and American studies. He has taught screenwriting and cultural studies at USC, Occidental College, and California State University, Fullerton.

text:
# Anthony Sparks

**Anthony Sparks** is an American television showrunner, writer-producer, and playwright. He is also an essay writer who focuses on media, performance, and African American politics and culture. He has a Ph.D. in American studies & ethnicity from USC and began his career as an actor in classical acting and was also a lead performer in New York in the show *Stomp* and in the Emmy-winning HBO film *Stomp Out Loud*.

Sparks is also an educator in film, television, African American studies, and American studies. He has taught screenwriting and cultural studies at USC, Occidental College, and California State University, Fullerton.

## Education

Originally from the South Side of Chicago, Sparks attended the Whitney Young Academic Center and Whitney Young Magnet High School. He graduated *cum laude* and with several honors (including the Jack Nicholson Award for Outstanding Undergraduate in the School of Dramatic Arts) from the University of Southern California where he studied theatre, film, cultural studies, and anthropology. He also earned his master's degree at USC, and completed a Ph.D. degree from USC in American Studies and Ethnicity. He was also a Fellow at the USC Center for American Studies for several years.

Sparks is an alumnus of the Warner Bros. Television Writing Workshop, The ABC-Disney Television Writing Fellowship, and the 2017 WGA Showrunners Training Program.

## Career

### Acting

Sparks began his career as an actor, working in regional theaters and Off-Broadway (i.e. Old Globe Theatre, Crossroads Theater, New York’s The Public Theater), and appeared for five years as the comedic lead in New York and the Broadway tour of the theatre show, *STOMP*. He also appeared in the Emmy-winning HBO film, *Stomp Out Loud*.

### Writing & Producing

Among his plays, *Ghetto Punch* has appeared in several venues across the country and was featured in *American Theatre* magazine.

His television writing credits include the NBC J.J. Abrams series *Undercovers*, the Freeform cop & family drama series, *Lincoln Heights*, and the CBS cop drama *The District*. He was also a writer and producer on the NBC drama, *The Blacklist*. He is the longtime showrunner and executive producer of the television drama *Queen Sugar*. More recently, he signed a first look deal with Blumhouse Television, where Sparks is developing several projects.

In addition to recently developing and selling several drama series with studios and networks such as Disney+, Lionsgate, Legendary Television, and Netflix, among others, Sparks has also written for and executive produced the Hulu drama Mike and the Peacock series Bel-Air.

## Awards & Recognition

Anthony Sparks received a 2022 Humanitas Prize nomination in the television drama teleplay category for writing the "May 27, 2020" episode of *Queen Sugar*. Sparks wrote the episode in response to the murder of George Floyd in May 2020. The teleplay shows the Bordelon characters grappling with the reality of violence against African Americans. As showrunner and executive producer of *Queen Sugar,* Sparks also received the 2022 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Drama (alongside fellow producers Oprah Winfrey & Ava DuVernay) for his and his team’s work on the 5th and 6th seasons of *Queen Sugar*.

In 2020, Sparks received the Television Academy Honors Award for his work as the showrunner, executive producer, and head writer on the 4th season of *Queen Sugar*.

In addition to his 2022 Image Award win, Sparks has been nominated for an additional four individual category NAACP Image Awards over the course of his writing career. In 2018 he was nominated for Outstanding Writing in Television Drama for the *Queen Sugar* (OWN) second-season episode "What Do I Care for Morning". This was his second consecutive nomination in this category and his third overall Image Award nomination for Outstanding Television Drama Writing. He was also nominated in 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 as part of the *Queen Sugar* producing team for Outstanding Television Drama. In addition to his nominations as a television writer/producer for two 2017 NAACP Image Awards, Sparks also received a third 2017 nomination for Outstanding Literature/Instructional Book for writing & co-editing an academic book, *Running the Long Race in Gifted Education*.

Sparks also received individual 2008 and 2009 Sentinel Health Awards from the Norman Lear Center for his work as a television writer, as well as a 2008 NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Dramatic Writing in a Television Series and a 2010 NAACP Image Award as a producer for Outstanding Dramatic Television Series.

## Volunteer & Advocacy Work

Anthony Sparks is a member of several civic and entertainment industry boards. He serves on the Board of Advisors for *Hollywood, Health & Society* at the USC Annenberg Norman Lear Center. He also serves on the Board of Managers at the *Collins & Katz Family YMCA*, as well as on the Board of Councilors at the USC School of Dramatic Arts.

In March 2024, the USC School of Dramatic Arts named and opened *The Sparks Center for Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion* to acknowledge and honor the committed and collective work that USC SDA Associate Dean Anita Dashiell-Sparks and Anthony Sparks have deeply engaged and demonstrated throughout their life and careers in arts, entertainment, and education.


title: Elisabeth Schellekens

abstract:
Elisabeth Schellekens is a Swedish philosopher and Chair Professor of Aesthetics at Uppsala University. Previously, she was Senior Lecturer at Durham University (2006-2014). Schellekens is known for her works in aesthetics.
Her research interests include aesthetic cognitivism and objectivism, aesthetic normativity, Hume, Kant, aesthetic and moral properties, conceptual art, non-perceptual or intelligible aesthetic value, the relations between perception and knowledge, the aesthetics and ethics of cultural heritage, and the interaction between aesthetic, moral, cognitive and historical value in art. Schellekens was co-editor of the British Journal of Aesthetics between 2007 and 2019. She continues to serve on the journal's editorial board, and has served on a number of journal editorial boards, including the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism and Estetika.

text:
# Elisabeth Schellekens

**Elisabeth Schellekens** is a Swedish philosopher and Chair Professor of Aesthetics at Uppsala University (since 2014). Previously, she was Senior Lecturer at Durham University (2006-2014). Schellekens is known for her works in aesthetics. Her research interests include aesthetic cognitivism and objectivism, aesthetic normativity, Hume, Kant, aesthetic and moral properties, conceptual art, non-perceptual or intelligible aesthetic value, the relations between perception and knowledge, the aesthetics and ethics of cultural heritage (esp. in armed conflict), and the interaction between aesthetic, moral, cognitive and historical value in art.

Schellekens was co-editor of the *British Journal of Aesthetics* between 2007 and 2019*.* She continues to serve on the journal's editorial board, and has served on a number of journal editorial boards, including the *Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism and Estetika*.

## Current positions

## Published works

### Authored books

### Edited collections

## InfoBox

| **Elisabeth Schellekens** | |
| --- | --- |
| Education | King's College London (PhD)<br>University of Edinburgh (MA) |
|  | |
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| Institutions | Uppsala University |
| Thesis | *A Reasonable Objectivism for Aesthetic Judgments: Towards An Aesthetic Psychology* (2003) |
| Doctoral advisor | Peter Goldie |
| Main interests | aesthetics, moral psychology, Kant |
|  | |
| Website | https://katalog.uu.se/profile/?id=N13-2457 |


title: Elisabeth Scepens

abstract: Elisabeth Scepens was a Flemish bookmaker and artist. Elisabeth Scepens lived in Bruges, Flanders, in the late 15th century. Alongside Adrien Raet, she is one of two pupils known to have studied under the illuminator Willem Vrelant. Vrelant taught manuscript illustration and book production in Bruges, and archives of the studio list Scepens as one of his students in 1476. Following his death in 1481, his widow inherited his workshop. Together with Scepens, Madame Vrelant ran the prolific studio, which produced portrait miniatures, calligraphy and capital letter decoration for manuscripts. In 1476, Scepens gained membership in the St. John the Evangelist Guild for scribes, illuminators and bookbinders. Her membership was renewed annually until 1489. While it is possible that works attributed to Vrelant or his followers were actually by Scepens, no works of hers are known. Scepens was part of the Northern Renaissance, and along with Margaret van Eyck, is one of the few known 15th-century Flemish women artists.

text:
# Elisabeth Scepens

**Elisabeth Scepens** (also **Elizabeth Scepens**; fl.1476) was a Flemish bookmaker and artist.

Elisabeth Scepens lived in Bruges, Flanders, in the late 15th century. Alongside Adrien Raet, she is one of two pupils known to have studied under the illuminator Willem Vrelant. Vrelant taught manuscript illustration and book production in Bruges, and archives of the studio list Scepens as one of his students in 1476. Following his death in 1481, his widow inherited his workshop. Together with Scepens, Madame Vrelant ran the prolific studio, which produced portrait miniatures, calligraphy and capital letter decoration for manuscripts.

In 1476, Scepens gained membership in the St. John the Evangelist Guild for scribes, illuminators and bookbinders. Her membership was renewed annually until 1489. While it is possible that works attributed to Vrelant or his followers were actually by Scepens, no works of hers are known. Scepens was part of the Northern Renaissance, and along with Margaret van Eyck, is one of the few known 15th-century Flemish women artists.

## Further reading

* Anderson, Bonnie S.; Zinsser, Judith P. (2000). *A History of Their Own: Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present. Vol. 1* (Rev. ed.). New York; NY: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-512838-9.


title: Elisabeth Schicho

abstract: Elisabeth Schicho is a German former cross-country skier. She competed in the women's sprint at the 2018 Winter Olympics. She announced her retirement from cross-country skiing in March 2019.

text:
# Elisabeth Schicho

**Elisabeth Schicho** (born 10 May 1991) is a German former cross-country skier. She competed in the women's sprint at the 2018 Winter Olympics. She announced her retirement from cross-country skiing in March 2019.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 10 km
individual | 15 km
skiathlon | 30 km
mass start | Sprint | 4 × 5 km
relay | Team
sprint |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *26* |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |

### World Cup

#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | Ski Tour standings | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic
Opening | Tour de
Ski | World Cup
Final | Ski Tour
Canada |
| 2013 | *22* | 117 | NC | 75 |  | DNF |  |  |
| 2014 | *23* | 93 | NC | 60 |  |  | 34 |  |
| 2015 | *24* | NC | NC | NC | DNF | DNF |  |  |
| 2016 | *25* | NC | NC | NC |  |  |  |  |
| 2017 | *26* | 55 | 46 | 42 |  | DNF |  |  |
| 2018 | *27* | 75 | NC | 46 |  | DNF |  |  |
| 2019 | *28* | 100 | NC | 66 |  | DNF |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Schicho | |
| --- | --- |
| Schicho in Dresden, 2018 | |
| Country | Germany |
| Born | (1991-05-10) 10 May 1991
Tegernsee, Germany |
| Ski club | SC Schliersee |
| World Cup career | |
| Seasons | 7 – (20132019) |
| Starts | 48 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Overall titles | 0 – (55th in 2017) |
| Discipline titles | 0 |
| Medal record      Women's cross-country skiing  Representing  Germany  U23 World Championships  2014 Val di Fiemme Individual sprint  2014 Val di Fiemme 10 km classical | |
| Updated on 30 March 2019. | |


title: 131st Infantry Regiment (United States)

abstract: The 131st Infantry Regiment is an Infantry Regiment in the Army National Guard.

text:
# 131st Infantry Regiment (United States)

The **131st Infantry Regiment** is an Infantry Regiment in the Army National Guard.

## Lineage

Constituted in the Illinois State Guard as the 1st Battalion of Infantry and organized 14 September 1874 in Chicago from the following companies raised entirely by subscription:

* Company A, Captain Graeme Stewart;
* Company B, Captain Edwin B. Knox;
* Company C, Captain Mason B. Carpenter;
* Company D, Captain John W. Hawley.
* Expanded and redesignated as 1st Regiment of Infantry, Illinois State Guard, 5 October 1874.
* Redesignated as 1st Regiment, Illinois State Guard, 21 December 1875. (Illinois State Guard redesignated Illinois National Guard 1 July 1877.)
* Mustered into Federal service at Springfield, 13 May 1898 as 1st Illinois Volunteer Infantry; served in Cuba and mustered out 17 November 1898 at Chicago.
* Mustered into Federal service 26 June 1916 for Mexican Border and stationed at San Antonio, Texas; mustered out 4 October 1916.
* Mustered into Federal service 4 April 1917; drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917. Redesignated as the **131st Infantry** and assigned to the 33rd Division 12 October 1917.
* Demobilized 6 June 1919 at Camp Grant (Illinois).
* Reorganized during June 1919 as the 1st Infantry, Illinois National Guard.
* Redesignated as the 131st Infantry and assigned to the 33d Division 13 December 1921.
* Federally recognized 18 August 1922 at Chicago.
* Inducted into Federal service 5 March 1941 at Chicago. Relieved from the 33d Division 21 February 1942.
* Inactivated 26 February 1944 at Fort Benning, Georgia.
* Assigned to the 33d Infantry Division 5 July 1946. Reorganized and Federally recognized 20 December 1946 at Chicago.
* consolidated on 15 March 1954, with the 132nd Infantry Regiment (United States) and the consolidated unit designated as the 131st Infantry, an element of the 33rd Infantry Division.
* Relieved from the 33d Infantry Division 1 March 1959 and reorganized as the 131st Infantry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System·to consist of the 1st Battle Group, an element of the 33d Infantry Division.
* reorganized on 1 April 1963 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 33d Division;
* reorganized on 1 December 1965 to consist of the 1st Battalion;
* reorganized on 1 February 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 33rd Infantry Brigade (United States).
* ordered into active Federal service on 7 April 1968 at Chicago. It was released from active Federal service on 11 April 1968 and reverted to state control.
* withdrawn on 5 February 1987 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System with headquarters in Chicago.

## Distinctive unit insignia

* Description

A Silver color metal and enamel device 1+14 inches (3.2 cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a closet between two wavy barrulets, surmounted by a pairle, Argent; overall the old insignia of the First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard, (wheel within a diamond) Proper; in chief four fleurs-de-lis, three and one, of the second. Attached above the shield on a wreath, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn, all Silver Gray. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Silver scroll inscribed "DUCIT AMOR PATRIAE" in Blue letters.

* Symbolism

The shield is blue – the present Infantry color, and the main charges are silver or white – the old Infantry facing color. The pairle is taken from the Chicago seal: the first wavy barrulets represents Spanish–American War service, the closet Mexican Border duty, and the second wavy barrulets the second time the organization was in Federal service overseas. The four fleurs-de-lis represent the engagements during World War I. The charge in the fess point is the insignia of the old First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard. The motto translates to "Led By Love Of Country."

* Background

The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 131st Infantry Regiment on 19 April 1927.

## Coat of arms

* Blazon
    + Shield

Azure, a closet between two wavy barrulets, surmounted by a pairle, Argent; overall the old insignia of the First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard, (wheel within a diamond) Proper; in chief four fleurs-de-lis, three and one, of the second.

* Crest

That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Illinois Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn Proper. Motto: DUCIT AMOR PATRIAE (Led By Love Of Country).

* Symbolism
    + Shield

The shield is blue – the present Infantry color, and the main charges are silver or white – the old Infantry facing color. The pairle is taken from the Chicago seal: the first wavy barrulets represents Spanish–American War service, the closet Mexican Border duty, and the second wavy barrulets the second time the organization was in Federal service overseas. The four fleurs-de-lis represent the engagements during World War I. The charge in the fess point is the insignia of the old First Regiment of Infantry, Illinois National Guard.

* Crest

The crest is that of the Illinois Army National Guard.

* Background

The coat of arms was approved on 19 April 1927

## Campaign streamers

Through consolidation with the 132nd Infantry Regiment, the 131st Infantry Regiment is entitled to display World War II-era awards earned by the former unit.

* Presidential Unit Citation (Navy), streamer embroidered GUADALCANAL

* Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 to 4 JULY 1945

* Presidential Unit Citation (Army), streamer embroidered BOUGAINVILLE (Company B, 1st Battalion \[Machesney Park\])

## Decorations

Presidential Unit Citation (Navy) Philippine Presidential Unit Citation

## InfoBox

| 131st Infantry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| coat of arms | |
| Active | 1874 |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Illinois |
| Branch | Illinois Army National Guard |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Regiment |
| Nickname(s) | FIRST ILLINOIS |
| Motto(s) | DUCIT AMOR PATRIAE (Led by love of country) |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Sanborn |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive Unit Insignia |  |


title: 131st Fighter Squadron

abstract: The 131st Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Massachusetts Air National Guard 104th Fighter Wing located at Barnes Air National Guard Base, Westfield, Massachusetts. The 131st is equipped with the F-15C/D Eagle.

text:
# 131st Fighter Squadron

The **131st Fighter Squadron** is a unit of the Massachusetts Air National Guard 104th Fighter Wing located at Barnes Air National Guard Base, Westfield, Massachusetts. The 131st is equipped with the F-15C/D Eagle.

## History

### World War II

The squadron was first established in August 1942 at Bellows Field, Hawaii Territory as the **333d Fighter Squadron**. It was initially part of the air defense of Hawaii, equipped with P-39 Airacobras. It also served as a Replacement Training Unit (RTU) and flew reconnaissance patrols over Hawaii until late 1943.

The 333d deployed to the Central Pacific as part of the Thirteenth Air Force island hopping campaign against Japanese in late 1943. It engaged in combat with the Japanese until April 1944, returning to Hawaii and being re-equipped and trained with long-range P-51 Mustangs. The squadron redeployed to the Western Pacific, and was stationed on Iwo Jima while the battle for the island was still ongoing and engaged in long-range B-29 Superfortress escort missions over Japan. It continued that mission until the end of hostilities in August 1945. The unit was reassigned to the Mariana Islands, as a Far East Air Forces fighter squadron, and was inactivated there in 1946.

### Massachusetts Air National Guard

The wartime **333d Fighter Squadron** was redesignated the 131st Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Massachusetts Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Barnes Municipal Airport, Westfield, Massachusetts, and was extended federal recognition on 24 February 1947. The squadron was equipped with P-47D Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Massachusetts National Guard 102d Fighter Group.

In 1950, the Massachusetts ANG converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 67th Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the Air National Guard and inactivated on 31 October 1950. In its place, the 102d Fighter Group was assigned to the newly activated 102d Fighter Wing, however there was no change in mission to the 131st and it remained assigned to the 102d Fighter Group.

#### Air Defense Mission

The mission of the 131st Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Massachusetts. With the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 131st was retained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to maintain the air defense mission. In 1951, the F-47s were retired to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base and the 131st was re-equipped with the F-51H Mustang Very Long Range fighter. With its air defense mission, the 131st was redesignated as the **131st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron**.

Beginning on 1 March 1953, the 131st placed two F-51H fighters and five pilots on air defense "runway alert" from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset. The runway alert program was the first broad effort to integrate reserve forces into a major Air Force operational mission on a volunteer basis during peacetime. In 1954, the Mustangs were reaching the end of their service life, and the 131st entered the Jet Age when it received F-94A Starfire interceptors.

After the Korean War, the Massachusetts Air Guard began to modernize and expand. On 1 May 1956 the 102d wing was redesignated as the 102d Air Defense Wing and the Guard units at Barnes were authorized to expand to a group level, and the 104th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established, with the 131st becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 104th Material Squadron, 104th Air Base Squadron, and the 104th USAF Infirmary. The 104th, along with the 102d Fighter Group (Air Defense) at Logan Airport, Boston began attending annual training at Otis Air Force Base.

#### Tactical Air Command

The squadron's air defense mission ended on 10 November 1958 when the Massachusetts Air Guard and its units were reassigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and converted to F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. During the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force improved the readiness of the Massachusetts Air National Guard.

##### 1961 Berlin Federalization

During the summer of 1961, as the 1961 Berlin Crisis unfolded, the **131st Tactical Fighter Squadron** was notified on 16 August of its pending federalization and call to active duty. On 1 October the 131st was federalized and assigned to the 102d Tactical Fighter Wing, which was federalized and placed on active duty at Otis Air Force Base.

The mission of the 102d wing was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and deploy units to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France. In France, the units were to provide close air support and air interdiction to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ground forces. This involved keeping its aircraft on 24/7 alert. Between 28 and 30 October, wing elements departed Otis AFB for Phalsbourg. The wing deployed 82 F-86H Sabres. In addition 2 C-47 Skytrain and 6 T-33 Shooting Star aircraft were assigned to the wing for support and training purposes.

Starting on 5 December, the 131st began deploying to Wheelus Air Base Libya for gunnery training. During its time in Europe, the squadron participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.

On 7 May 1962, Seventeenth Air Force directed that the elements of the 102d wing deploy back to the United States during the summer, and the unit returned to the United States in July 1962. Regular USAF personnel, along with a group of Air National Guard personnel who volunteered to remain on active duty formed the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the newly activated 366th Tactical Fighter Wing. The last of the ANG aircraft departing on 20 July.

##### Vietnam era

After the Berlin Crisis, the readiness status of the 104th Tactical Fighter Group improved under the "gaining command concept", whereby the regular Air Force Tactical Air Command was responsible for overseeing the training of the group. Operational readiness inspections also honed the edges of the wing.

In 1964, the 131st switched from F-86H Sabres to the F-84F Thunderstreak. Exactly why this equipment change was made can not be determined. The F-86H was a viable aircraft in the ANG's inventory, with the Sabres from both the 101st and 131st Tactical Fighter Squadrons being sent to the New Jersey ANG, and the 119th and 141st Tactical Fighter Squadrons sending their F-84Fs to the Massachusetts squadrons. The 131st flew the Thunderstreaks throughout the 1960s, and although the squadron was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. In 1971, the 104th began re-equipping with the F-100D Super Sabre; the Air Guard was always one generation of fighter aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.

##### Close Air Support

The 104th remained as a tactical fighter unit flying the F-100 until July 1979 when the F-100s were retired and the unit was re-equipped with new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the "Total Force" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft. This marked the first time the 131st had received new aircraft.

For most of its existence, the Air Guard had been a reserve force for federal use only in wartime or national emergency. By the 1980s, the Air Guard was an integral part of daily Air Force operations in what was called "The Total Force Policy" of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). As a result, the Massachusetts Air Guard took on more missions. With the receipt of the A-10, the 131st began a commitment to USAFE, beginning frequent deployments to West Germany, England, Italy, Turkey, and other NATO bases.

In 1990 the 131st was programmed to receive the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. The 1990 Gulf Crisis, however, delayed this transition. During Operation Desert Storm, the F/A-16 was battle tested and it was discovered that the close air support F-16 project was a failure. Subsequently, the conversion of the squadron was cancelled in 1993, and the 131st remained an A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support squadron.

#### Air Combat Command

In March 1992, the unit was redesignated as the **131st Fighter Squadron**. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated and was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1995, the 104th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan and the 104th Fighter Group became a Wing, and the 131st was assigned to the new 104th Operations Group.

From August to October 1995, some 400 Airmen of the 104th Fighter Wing deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy as part of the NATO mission to repel Serbian forces in Bosnia. This was the first time that the 131st Fighter Squadron flew combat sorties since World War II. Four years later, in 1999, elements of the 104th mobilized and flew sorties over the skies of the former Republic of Yugoslavia. As part of an Air Guard A-10 group, the 131st attacked Serb forces in Kosovo.

In mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force, instead of entire permanent units deploying as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of "aviation packages" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.

As a result of the Global War on Terrorism, in 2003, the **131st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron** flew hundreds of combat missions with the A-10 in support of U.S. Army and Marine operations in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom). During March and April 2003, as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, 131st Fighter Squadron A-10s supported the U.S. Army by flying combat missions that interdicted enemy forces.

##### BRAC 2005

In its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended that the 131st send its A-10s to the Maryland Air National Guard 104th Fighter Squadron at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. In return, the 131st received the F-15C/D Eagles of the 102d Fighter Wing at Otis AFB, which was to convert into a non-flying Intelligence Wing. The realignment marked the end for the 131st's nearly 30-year mission of flying close-air support missions with the A-10. The 131st took over the homeland security mission of the 102d. In 2007, the A-10s began flying to Maryland and the F-15s began arriving from Otis AFB. By the end of 2007, eighteen F-15Cs and a trainer F-15D had arrived at Barnes.

In addition to the air defense mission, the men and women of the 131st Fighter Squadron deploy on air expeditionary missions to the Middle East in support of combat operations as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The last such deployment was completed in July 2012.

## Lineage

* Constituted as the **333d Fighter Squadron** (Single Engine) on 18 August 1942

Activated on 23 August 1942 Inactivated on 12 January 1946 * Redesignated **131st Fighter Squadron**, Single Engine and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946

Activated on 18 December 1946 Extended federal recognition on 24 February 1947 Redesignated **131st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron** on 16 August 1952 Redesignated **131st Tactical Fighter Squadron**  (Day) on 10 November 1958 Federalized and placed on active duty on 1 October 1961 Released from active duty and returned to Massachusetts control on 31 August 1962 Redesignated **131st Tactical Fighter Squadron**  c. 15 October 1962 Redesignated **131st Fighter Squadron** on 1 June 1992 Deployed as the **131st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron** to Trapani Birgi Air Base, Italy from 17 May 1999 to 7 June 1999 and to Aviano Air Base, Italy from January 2003 to October 2003.

### Assignments

* 18th Fighter Group, 23 August 1942
* 318th Fighter Group, 11 January 1943 – 12 January 1946
* 102d Fighter Group (later 102d Fighter-Interceptor Group), 24 February 1947
* 104th Fighter Group (Air Defense) (later 104th Tactical Fighter Group), 1 May 1956
* 102d Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 October 1961
* 104th Tactical Fighter Group (later 104th Fighter Group), 20 August 1962
* 104th Operations Group, Oct 1995–present

### Stations

#### Massachusetts Air National Guard deployments

### Aircraft

### Notes

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| 131st Fighter Squadron | |
| --- | --- |
| 131st Fighter Squadron – McDonnell Douglas F-15C-21-MC Eagle 78-0476 | |
| Active | 1942–1946; 1946–present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Massachusetts |
| Branch | Air National Guard |
| Type | Squadron |
| Role | Fighter |
| Part of | Massachusetts Air National Guard |
| Garrison/HQ | Barnes Air National Guard Base, Westfield, Massachusetts |
| Nickname(s) | Barnestormers |
| Engagements | Pacific Ocean Theater |
| Decorations | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
| Insignia | |
| 131st Fighter Squadron emblem |  |
| 131st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron emblem |  |
| 333d Fighter Squadron emblem |  |
| Tail Code | **MA** Red tail stripe |


title: 1863 Alabama gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1863 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on August 3, 1863 in order to elect the governor of Alabama. Whig Thomas Hill Watts won his first term as governor.

text:
# 1863 Alabama gubernatorial election

The **1863 Alabama gubernatorial election** took place on August 3, 1863 in order to elect the governor of Alabama. Whig Thomas Hill Watts won his first term as governor.

## Candidates

### Whig Party

### Democratic Party

## Election

### Statewide

1863 Alabama gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Whig | Thomas Hill Watts | 28,221 | 71.71 | 29.08 |
|  | Democratic | John Gill Shorter | 9,664 | 24.56 | −32.81 |
|  | Democratic | James F. Dowdell | 1,371 | 3.74 | 3.74 |
| Total votes | | | **39,256** | **100.00** |  |
|  | Whig **gain** from Democratic | | | |

## InfoBox

1863 Alabama gubernatorial election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee **Thomas Hill Watts** John Gill Shorter   Party Whig Democratic  Popular vote **28,221** 9,664  Percentage **71.71%** 24.56% | |
| ---  County results
**Watts:**      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      \>90%
**Shorter:**      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      \>90%
Returns Rejected | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
John Gill Shorter
Democratic **Elected Governor**
Thomas Hill Watts
Whig | |


title: 1977 Intercontinental Cup

abstract: The 1977 Intercontinental Cup was an association football tie held over two legs in March and August 1978 between Boca Juniors, winners of the 1977 Copa Libertadores, and Borussia Mönchengladbach, runners-up of the 1976–77 European Cup. European Cup winners Liverpool declined to participate.

text:
# 1977 Intercontinental Cup

The **1977 Intercontinental Cup** was an association football tie held over two legs in March and August 1978 between Boca Juniors, winners of the 1977 Copa Libertadores, and Borussia Mönchengladbach, runners-up of the 1976–77 European Cup. European Cup winners Liverpool declined to participate.

## Background

As Liverpool declined to participate, Borussia Mönchengladbach was the team appointed to play the series. Due to schedule problems, the Cup was not played until 1978, with the second leg having been held more than four months after the first game in Buenos Aires.

Previously to those series, Borussia had won the Bundesliga three consecutive times (1974–77) with notable players such as Berti Vogts and Danish forward Allan Simonsen, awarded with Ballon d'Or in 1977.

As part of the preparation for the series, Boca Juniors manager, Juan Carlos Lorenzo, sent a friend of his to Borussia's training camp (pretending to be a local journalist due to his knowledge of German language) to watch the team in action. The envoy then sent Lorenzo a detailed report about Borussia's players, their technical characteristics and skills on the field.

## First leg

The first game was held in La Bombonera, with Boca Juniors taking advantage with a goal by Ernesto Mastrángelo, but Borussia scored two goals for a partial 2–1 win until Jorge Ribolzi scored for the 2–2 that would be the final result.

### Match details

| Boca Juniors | 2–2 | Borussia Mönchengladbach |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

La Bombonera, Buenos AiresAttendance: 60,000Referee: Nikola Milanov Doudine (Bulgaria)

| GK **12**  Osvaldo Santos  DF **4**  Vicente Pernía  DF **2**  Francisco Sá  DF **6**  Roberto Mouzo  DF **3**  Miguel Ángel Bordón  MF **8**  Jorge José Benítez   46'  MF **5**  Rubén Suñé (c)  MF **18**  Mario Zanabria  FW **7**  Ernesto Mastrángelo  FW **21**  Daniel Severino Pavón   64'  MF **17**  Carlos Horacio Salinas  **Substitutes:**  MF   Jorge Ribolzi   46'  FW   Carlos Alberto Álvarez   64'  **Manager:**  Juan Carlos Lorenzo |  | GK **1**  Wolfgang Kleff  DF **2**  Horst Wohlers (c)  DF **3**  Wilfried Hannes  DF **4**  Herbert Wimmer   56'  DF **5**  Berti Vogts  MF **6**  Winfried Schäfer  MF **7**  Rainer Bonhof  MF **8**  Christian Kulik  FW **9**  Karl Del'Haye  FW **10**  Carsten Nielsen  FW **11**  Ewald Lienen  **Substitutes:**  MF   Dietmar Danner   56'  **Manager:**  Udo Lattek |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Second leg

In October, Boca Juniors travelled to Germany to play the second leg, with the media being sceptical about a victory there. As Borussia's stadium was being refurbished, the match played at Wildparkstadion, which was remarkable for being the stadium with the best lighting throughout Germany by then.

Coach Juan Carlos Lorenzo surprised everyone when he decided to replace Francisco Sa, an experienced but slow player (with 33 years old) by younger and faster José Luis Tesare. He also put three attacking players (resulting in a 4–3–3 formation), something infrequent by those times.

The plan designed by Lorenzo was a real aim so Boca Juniors scored three goals for a 3–0 (Felman, Mastrángelo and Salinas) at the end of first half. Nevertheless, during the first 15 minutes of the match Borussia played much better than Boca Juniors but the German match could not score a goal in despite their dominance over their rival.

One of the key players of the match was Darío Felman, who also scored a goal. Felman, on loan to Valencia CF by then, had not attend the first game in La Bombonera but Alberto J. Armando convinced him to play the second leg. Felman gave Ernesto Mastrangelo a precise pass to score the second goal of the match.

At the end of the match, Borussia manager, Udo Lattek stated that "Boca Juniors was a more mature and intelligent team than us".

### Match details

| Borussia Mönchengladbach | 0–3 | Boca Juniors |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Wildparkstadion, KarlsruheAttendance: 38,000Referee: Roque Cerullo (Uruguay)

| GK **1**  Wolfgang Kneib  DF **2**  Norbert Ringels  DF **3**  Wilfried Hannes  DF **4**  Horst Wohlers (c)   46'  DF **5**  Berti Vogts  MF **6**  Carsten Nielsen  MF **7**  Hans-Günter Bruns  MF **8**  Christian Kulik  FW **9**  Allan Simonsen  FW **10**  Helmut Lausen   72'  FW **11**  Rudi Gores  **Substitutes:**  MF   Winfried Schäfer   46'  MF   Ewald Lienen   72'  **Manager:**  Udo Lattek |  | GK **1**  Hugo Gatti  DF **4**  Vicente Pernía  DF   José Luis Tesare  DF **3**  Miguel Ángel Bordón  DF   José María Suárez  MF **17**  Carlos Horacio Salinas  MF **5**  Rubén Suñé (c)  MF **18**  Mario Zanabria  FW **7**  Ernesto Mastrángelo  FW **9**  José Luis Saldaño   46'  FW **11**  Darío Felman  **Substitutes:**  FW   Carlos Veglio   46'  **Manager:**  Juan Carlos Lorenzo |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Aftermath

Boca Juniors's victory was acclaimed throughout Argentina, even by supporters of rival clubs. It was the first intercontinental title for the club and the third for a *big five* club of Argentina after the victories of Racing and Independiente in 1967 and 1973 respectively.

After their return from Germany, Boca Juniors players went directly to the club so they had to play Newell's Old Boys in the Metropolitano tournament, which would be finally won by Quilmes.

> Nobody believed in us. I sent an assistant to spy on Borussia's preseason and that helped me draw conclusions. I knew they were going to be tough and that I had to put a fast team on the field
>
> Juan Carlos Lorenzo, after winning the Cup.

## InfoBox

1977 Intercontinental Cup
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| on aggregate | |
| First leg | |
|  | |
| Date | 21 March 1978 |
| Venue | La Bombonera, Buenos Aires |
| Referee | Nikola Milanov Doudine (Bulgaria) |
| Attendance | 60,000 |
| Second leg | |
|  | |
| Date | 1 August 1978 |
| Venue | Wildparkstadion, Karlsruhe |
| Referee | Roque Cerullo (Uruguay) |
| Attendance | 38,000 |
|


title: Annunciation (Guercino)

abstract: Annunciation is a 1646 oil on canvas painting by Guercino, now in the collegiate church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Pieve di Cento, a few kilometres from the painter's birthplace of Cento. The artist used the same colours for Mary's clothes in his 1656 Immaculate Conception, along with the face of God.

text:
# Annunciation (Guercino)

***Annunciation*** is a 1646 oil on canvas painting by Guercino, now in the collegiate church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Pieve di Cento, a few kilometres from the painter's birthplace of Cento. The artist used the same colours for Mary's clothes in his 1656 *Immaculate Conception* (Pinacoteca Civica F. Podesti, Ancona), along with the face of God.

## History

The work was commissioned by Francesco Maria Mastellari for the high altarpiece of "the church of Santissima Annunciata degli Scolopi" for 183 scudi, a price far below the artist's worth, probably indicating a strong link between him and Mastellari's family. In 1678 Carlo Cesare Malvasia called it "An altarpiece of the Annunciation for the Lords Mastellari of Pieve, placed in that church", referred to the payment for it and stated that the family held the patronage rights for the Scolopi monastery.

In 1924 the work's original church was deconsecrated and the painting passed to the town council, which placed it in its council hall until 1940, when it was moved to the first altar on the north side of the nave of the collegiate church of Santa Maria Maggiore, an altar dedicated to the Annunciation. That church was badly damaged in the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes and the painting moved to the Museo MAGI 900, where it was restored with financial support from Genus Bononiae - Musei nella città, Sandra and Alberto Alberghini and the Lions Club of Pieve di Cento. The painting then appeared in the *Guercino ritrovato* (Guercino Rediscovered) curated in the palazzo Fava in Bologna by Vittorio Sgarbi.

1. (in Italian) "Pieve di Cento, 'L'Annunciazione' del Guercino di nuovo a casa: restauro aperto al pubblico". Retrieved 3 November 2015..
2. (in Italian) "Salvati dal terremoto". *Comune di Pieve*. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019..
3. (in Italian) "Il 'Guercino ritrovato' incanta il Castello, Sgarbi: "Un'opera teatrale"". *estense.com*. Retrieved 21 January 2019..

## Bibliography

* (in Italian) Denis Mahon, *Il Guercino (Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, 1591-1666): catalogo critico dei dipinti*, Bologna, 1968.


abstract: Annunciation is a 1600 painting by El Greco, now in the São Paulo Museum of Art in Brazil.

text:
# Annunciation (El Greco, São Paulo Museum of Art)

***Annunciation*** is a 1600 painting by El Greco, now in the São Paulo Museum of Art in Brazil.

## Bibliography

* (in Spanish) ÁLVAREZ LOPERA, José, *El Greco*, Madrid, Arlanza, 2005, Biblioteca «Descubrir el Arte», (colección «Grandes maestros»). ISBN 84-9550-344-1.
* (in Spanish) SCHOLZ-HÄNSEL, Michael, *El Greco*, Colonia, Taschen, 2003. ISBN 978-3-8228-3173-1.

## InfoBox

| Annunciation | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | El Greco |
| Year | 1600 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 107 cm × 74 cm (42 in × 29 in) |
| Location | São Paulo Museum of Art |


title: Elin Bragnum

abstract: Elin Bragnum is a Swedish football midfielder who plays for Tyresö FF in Division 1. She previously played for AIK and Piteå IF and has represented Sweden at the under-17, under-19, and under-23 levels.

text:
# Elin Bragnum

**Elin Bragnum** (born 1 May 1994) is a Swedish football midfielder who plays for Tyresö FF in Division 1. She previously played for AIK and Piteå IF and has represented Sweden at the under-17, under-19, and under-23 levels.

## InfoBox

Elin Bragnum
| Bragnum in 2014 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Elin Bragnum | | |
| Date of birth | (1994-05-01) 1 May 1994 | | |
| Height | 1.66 m (5 ft 5+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Tyresö FF | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2015 | AIK | 60 | (1) |
| 2016–2019 | Pitea | 41 | (5) |
| 2024– | Tyresö |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2010–2011 | Sweden U17 | 5 | (1) |
| 2012–2013 | Sweden U19 | 9 | (0) |
| 2013 | Sweden U23 | 2 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 9 May 2024 | | | |


title: Elite Gendarmes of the Imperial Guard

abstract: The Gendarmes d'élite de la Garde impériale was a gendarmerie unit formed in 1801 by Napoleon as part of the Consular Guard which became the Imperial Guard in 1804. In time of peace, their role was to protect official residences and palaces and to provide security to important political figures. In time of war, their role was to protect the Imperial headquarters, to escort prisoners and occasionally to enforce the law and limit civil disorder in conquered cities. The unit was renamed Gendarmes des chasses du roi during the First Bourbon Restoration but was disbanded in 1815 during the Second Restoration.

text:
# Elite Gendarmes of the Imperial Guard

The **Gendarmes d'élite de la Garde impériale** (English: "élite gendarmes of the Imperial Guard") was a gendarmerie unit formed in 1801 by Napoleon as part of the Consular Guard which became the Imperial Guard in 1804. In time of peace, their role was to protect official residences and palaces and to provide security to important political figures. In time of war, their role was to protect the Imperial headquarters, to escort prisoners and occasionally to enforce the law and limit civil disorder in conquered cities. The unit was renamed *Gendarmes des chasses du roi* during the First Bourbon Restoration but was disbanded in 1815 during the Second Restoration.

## Organisation

A squadron of Gendarmes d'élite was raised in 1801 and integrated into the Consular Guard. In 1804, the unit comprised two cavalry squadrons and two companies of infantry which were now part of the Imperial Guard. At full strength they were 632 men, but the infantry companies were disbanded in 1806 and only 456 cavalrymen remained in the unit. The men should be at least 1.76 metres (5 ft 9 in) tall in order to enter the unit.

A platoon of the Gendarmes d'élite was in charge of the execution of the Duke of Enghien in 1804. The same year a detachment of the Gendarmes d'élite escorted Napoleon in the street of Paris for his coronation.

## Campaigns

The Gendarmes d'élite were nicknamed "The Immortals" because, as a military police, they were less engaged in combat than other units and had fewer personnel killed in action. However, when committed into combat they fought bravely and earned several battle honours.

### Peninsular War

About 105 Gendarmes d'élite took part in the repression of the revolt of Madrid in 1808. A detachment of 56 gendarmes were part of Lassalle's great charge against Spanish positions at Medina de Rioseco (1808). They fought also at the Siege of Astorga and the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810).

### Invasion of Russia and Sixth Coalition

The Gendarmes d'élite fought at the Battle of Borodino and covered the French retreat at the Battle of Berezina (1812). Despite the losses endured during the Russian campaign, the gendarmes fought at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. In a notable episode, general Fournier-Sarlovèze was sent to the Mayence prison by Napoleon for his defeatist attitude, following defeat at Leipzig. En route to Mayence, his carriage was escorted by a detachment of Gendarmes and was attacked by a group of Russian Cossacks. A gendarme was killed, but the general grabbed the sword of the dead, took the reins of the carriage and with the help of the remaining gendarmes routed the Cossacks. He then returned to his seat and stated "Go on! To Mayence!".

The gendarmes fought the Russians again at Montmirail and Vauchamps during the invasion of France (1814).

### Hundred Days

The first Bourbon Restoration saw the replacement of their bearskin caps by crested helmets which was partially completed when the War of the Seventh Coalition broke out. The unit last saw action at the battles of Ligny and Waterloo (1815), before being disbanded during the second Bourbon Restoration.

## Uniform

The Gendarmes d'élite wore a blue coat with red lapels, cuffs and turnbacks. The collar and cuff flaps were blue piped red. They wore buff breeches, waistcoat and gloves. They had white aiguillettes and clover-shaped epaulettes. They wore a tall bearskin cap with a visor, topped by a red round cloth patch nicknamed *cul-de-singe* ("monkey bottom") with a white grenade embroidered on it. They rode black horses. Belting was buff with white edges.

The trumpeter wore the same uniform but with reversed colours. They rode grey horses.

In 1815, crested helmets with black manes (red for trumpeters) were introduced but not completed, so the Gendarmes d'élite fought their last campaign with mixed headgears.

## InfoBox

| Gendarmes d'élite de la Garde impériale | |
| --- | --- |
| Gendarme d'élite by Hippolyte Bellangé | |
| Active | 1801–15 |
| Country | France |
| Allegiance | French Consulate
First French Empire |
| Branch | French Army |
| Type | Gendarmerie |
| Size | One legion of two squadrons and two infantry companies (632 men, at full strength) |
| Part of | Imperial Guard |
| Nickname(s) | "The Immortals" (*Les Immortels*) |
| Engagements | Napoleonic Wars |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Anne Jean Marie René Savary |


abstract: The 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction was to not only revise, but add to the 1840 Constitution in great length. The new constitution created a more democratic government much like those of the United States and Europe.

text:
# 1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The **1852 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom**, written in both English and Hawaiian, was constructed by King Kamehameha III. The purpose of its construction was to not only revise, but add to the 1840 Constitution in great length. The new constitution created a more democratic government much like those of the United States and Europe.

## King Kamehameha III

The writer of the Hawaiian Constitution of 1852 was Kauikeaouli, referred to by the Hawaiian public as King Kamehameha III. He was the successor of Liholiho, King Kamehameha II. Kauikeaouli was the brother of Liholio and son of Kamehameha I. Kauikeaouli took over the throne at age eleven under the "regency" of his mother Ka'ahumanu. Kauikeaouli enacted the first constitution of Hawaii in 1840 which created a more western-like government with a two-body legislature. This was later revised in 1852. King Kamehameha III was the first Hawaiian monarch to rule as a "constitutional monarch" rather than an absolute monarch like his predecessors. This means he ruled in accordance with the sovereign people and a constitution declaring their rights.

## Transition from 1840 Constitution to 1852 Constitution

The 1840 constitution was the first written constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and was heavily influenced by Europeans and Americans living on the Island and especially by Protestant missionaries who had arrived in 1820. It created two houses; the House of Nobles and House of Representatives. It also created a judicial branch similar to the one used in the continental U.S., which established a supreme court of which the king would be the chief judge. This first written constitution did effectively split the government in a European fashion, however it was very general. It contained nothing about foreign affairs or even civil affairs regarding land rights and organization of the communities. Because of the notable gaps becoming evident in the existing constitution, King Kamehameha III and the Hawaiian Kingdom Legislature picked three commissioners to revise the constitution of 1840. One commissioner was chosen by the King, one by the House of Nobles, and one by the House of Representatives. These commissioners were given the daunting task of revising the constitution and in doing so, practically rewrote it.

The new Constitution contained 106 sections. This was a major increase from the 47 that made up the previous constitution. The 1852 version created a much more specific Declaration of Rights than the previous. This helped to clearly outline the rights of the people in regards to land and the organization of communities which solved the confusion left unaddressed in the 1840 edition. The new constitution also served to declare freedom from servitude for all adult males. It also restructured the House of Nobles so that the members were no longer determined by heredity, but were rather appointed for life by the King. The delegated powers of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive (Monarchy) branches of the Hawaiian government were also specified.

## The Constitution of 1852

The Constitution of 1852 served as the Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1852 through 1864. It heavily liberalized the structure of the Hawaiian government compared to the previous 1840 constitution, introducing new elements of democracy into the government and reducing the influence of the monarch in kingdom affairs.

The 1852 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was divided into seven parts.

The seven parts were:

1. Declaration of Rights

2. Form of Government

3. Of the Executive Power

a. Section I: The King, His Prerogatives b. Section II: Of the Kuhina Nui c. Section III: Of the Privy Council d. Section IV: Of the King's Ministers e. Section V: Of the Governors

4. Of the Legislative Power

a. Of the House of Nobles b. Of the House of Representatives

5. Of the Judiciary

6. General Provisions

7. More Amending of the Constitution

The Declaration of Rights stated that the Hawaiians were a free people.

The Form of Government stated that Hawaiʻi was a Constitutional Monarchy.

The section "Of the Executive Power" declared the powers of the executive power.

The section "Of the Legislative Power" declared the powers of the legislative power.

The section "Of the Judiciary" declared the powers of the judiciary.

The General Provisions stated anything unmentioned earlier besides the amending power.

The final section allowed for amending of the constitution.

## The Amendment of 1856

An amendment to the constitution of 1852 was proposed during the legislative session in the year 1855. It was ratified on September 15, 1856. The amendment contained eight articles. The primary focus of the amendment was to allow the legislature to meet biennially rather than annually.

Article 1 changed the 27th article of the constitution but only in the native language. One word was changed.

Article 2 amended the 29th article of the constitution. The 29th article of the constitution allowed the king to convene the legislature at the seat of the government or at a different location if safety was an issue. It also allowed the king to adjourn the legislature for up to one year in case of a disagreement between the two houses or with the king himself. Under the new amendment, the king had the discretion to adjourn the legislature for up to two years.

Article 3 amended the 32nd article of the constitution to remove the King's power to appoint the head of any executive office. The amended article would now only give the King the authority to remove the head of an executive office as well as to demand written information from any department head or officer regarding the oversight of their office.

Article 4 amended the 43rd article of the constitution. The original constitution stated that any Chief of Rank as appointed by the King would have the title "highness". The amendment removed this title and instead declared that any Chief of Rank would be known by their birth title or any other title the King gave them.

Article 5 amended the 54th article of the constitution. Article 5 of the 1856 amendment changed the requirement of each governmental department to report its transactions and business. The reports were now due by the start of each new fiscal year rather than just being a general annual requirement.

Article 6 amended the 61st article of the constitution. Under the amendment, the legislature was only required to meet on behalf of the welfare of the nation biannually rather than annually as previously defined by the constitution. This biannual convention would be held when and where the king dictated.

Article 6 amended the 99th article of the constitution. Under the new amendment the legislature would vote every two years on the appropriations based on an analysis of the previous two years revenue and spending as well as the projected revenue and spending of the next two years as given by the finance minister.

Article 8 amended the 72nd article of the constitution. The amendment addressed the possibility of members of the House of Nobles being able to resign from their position. Under the amendment the king would appoint members of the House of Nobles who would hold their seats for life except in cases of resignation. Members of the House of Nobles were subject to provisions stated in article 67 of the constitution and there would be a maximum of 30 members allowed.

## Transition from 1852 Constitution to 1864 Constitution

The constitution of 1852 lasted through the reign of King Kamehameha III and King Kamehameha IV. When King Kamehameha IV died in 1863, King Kamehameha V resumed power but refused to endorse the constitution of 1852. King Kamehameha V despised the liberal nature of the 1852 constitution and wanted to restore power to the monarchy. He gathered a small group of delegates consisting of chiefs from the House of Nobles, some common citizens, and some missionaries to assemble a convention to re-write the constitution. Members at the convention refused to ratify the new constitution, so King Kamehameha V dismissed them and implemented the new constitution himself. The constitution of 1864 expanded the powers of the king, created a unicameral legislature, restricted freedom of the press, weakened the judicial, and discriminated against the poor through the institution of a property requirement for people to vote or serve in the legislature. The new constitution of 1864 contained 80 articles compared to the 106 articles in the constitution of 1852.

1. "Hawaiian Vintage Photo Photograph Stock Photos & Hawaiian Vintage Photo Photograph Stock Images - Page 3 - Alamy". *www.alamy.com*. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
2. "Hawaiian Kingdom - Political History". *www.hawaiiankingdom.org*. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
3. Native Hawaiian Roll Commission (NHRC). "Chronology of Government in the Hawaiian Islands." *Chronology of Hawaiian Islands*, 2017, http://www.ohadatabook.com/T05-EA-13.pdf
4. Richard Kosaki. "Constitutions and Constitutional Conventions of Hawaii" (PDF). *Evols Library-Manoa*. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
5. Samuel P. King. "Translation of the Constitution and Laws of the Hawaiian Islands, Established in the Reign of Kamehameha III". *Western Legal History: The Journal of the Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society*. **10**: 122–124  via HeinOnline.
6. "Constitution of 1852 - Hawaii History - Short Stories". *www.hawaiihistory.org*. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
7. "Hawaii Nation".
8. "Hawaiian Constitutionalism". *Hawaiian Kingdom Blog*. 2014-08-25. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
9. Anne Feder Lee (1993). *The Hawaii State Constitution: A Reference Guide*. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313279508.
10. Pōmaikaʻi McGregor, Dr. Davianna (2017). "Summary Comparison of Processes for the Constitutions of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Constitutional Government" (PDF). Retrieved October 31, 2018.
11. Jason Kapena Achiu (2002). "The 1852 Constitution". *The Legacy*. **1** (2): 180–225. doi:10.1353/kah.2003.0016. S2CID 134979175.
12. Jason Kapena Achiu (2002). "1856 Amendment of Constitution of 1852". *The Legacy*. **1** (2): 226–233. doi:10.1353/kah.2003.0017. S2CID 201760516.
13. Putney, Clifford. "God vs. Sugar: The Galick Brothers' Fight against King Kamehameha V and the Sugar Planters in Hawaii, 1864-1870". *The Hawaiian Journal of History*.
14. Jason Kapena Achiu (2003). "The 1864 Constitution". *The Legacy*. **2**: 16–51. doi:10.1353/kah.2004.0005. S2CID 134741296.


title: Antonio Bulhões

abstract: Antonio Carlos Martins de Bulhões is a Brazilian politician and religious leader. Although born in Rio de Janeiro, he has spent his political career representing São Paulo, having served as state representative since 2007.

text:
# Antonio Bulhões

**Antonio Carlos Martins de Bulhões** (born 5 May 1968) is a Brazilian politician and religious leader. Although born in Rio de Janeiro, he has spent his political career representing São Paulo, having served as state representative since 2007.

## Personal life

Bulhões is originally a lawyer, and is also a pastor and bishop of the neo-Pentecostal movement the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Bulhões has also been a presenter for the television shows *Fala que Eu Te Escuto* (Speak I love you) on RecordTV and *Retrato de Família* (Family Portrait) on Record News.

## Political career

Between 7 February 2012 and 1 February 2013, Bulhões was the leader of the Brazilian Republican Party or (PRB) in the legislative house.

Bulhões voted in favor of the impeachment against then-president Dilma Rousseff. Bulhões voted in favor of the Brazil labor reform (2017), and would later back Rousseff's successor Michel Temer against a similar impeachment motion.

## InfoBox

| Antonio Bulhões | |
| --- | --- |
| Bulhões in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Federal Deputy for São Paulo | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 February 2007 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1968-05-05) 5 May 1968
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Political party | PRB |
|  | |


title: Anthony Thompson (Gaelic footballer)

abstract: Anthony Thompson is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Conaill and, formerly, the Donegal county team. He is a wing back. First called up to play for the Donegal senior team ahead of the 2006 season by manager Brian McIver, Thompson won one All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) title, four Ulster Senior Football Championship titles and a National Football League title while playing for his county. As of 2023, he had amassed seven Donegal Senior Football Championship titles while playing with his club.

text:
# Anthony Thompson (Gaelic footballer)

**Anthony Thompson** is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Conaill and, formerly, the Donegal county team. He is a wing back.

First called up to play for the Donegal senior team ahead of the 2006 season by manager Brian McIver, Thompson won one All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (SFC) title, four Ulster Senior Football Championship titles and a National Football League title while playing for his county (won under the management of McIver, Jim McGuinness and Declan Bonner respectively). As of 2023, he had amassed seven Donegal Senior Football Championship titles while playing with his club.

## Playing career

### Club

Playing alongside John Gildea in midfield, Thompson scored 0–3 (two of which were frees), in the final replay, as Naomh Conaill won its first ever Donegal Senior Football Championship (SFC) in 2005. He was sent off in the 2009 Donegal Senior Football Championship final, which his club lost to St Eunan's. His club won the 2010 Donegal SFC final, and went on to reach the final of the 2010 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, knocking out Cavan champions Kingscourt, Monaghan champions Clontibret and Tyrone champions Coalisland along the way.

Thompson played for his club in the final of the 2015 Donegal SFC. His club won. Then he played for his club in the final of the 2019 Donegal SFC. His club won, following a second replay. Then Thompson played for his club in the 2020 Donegal SFC final. His club won, following extra-time and a penalty shoot-out.

Then he played for his club in the 2022 Donegal SFC final. His club won. Then he played for his club in the 2023 Donegal SFC final. His club won, and Thompson even scored a point. Ahead of the 2023 final, Thompson (alongside Marty Boyle, Stephen McGrath, Leo McLoone and Eoin Waide) was recognised for making a 100th club championship appearance.

### Inter-county

After his club's 2005 Donegal SFC title win, Thompson was called into the Donegal senior team by manager Brian McIver.

Thompson was a member of the Donegal squad that won the 2007 National Football League.

Under the management of Jim McGuinness, and in McGuinness's first season in charge, Thompson won the 2011 Ulster Senior Football Championship, playing and scoring two points in the final against Derry. He played again when Donegal returned to the final in 2012. Donegal defeated Down in that game. Normally a quiet member of the team, in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final defeat of Kerry at Croke Park on 5 August 2012, he knocked teammate Patrick McBrearty out of the game with his head. He played in the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final against Mayo. Donegal won. Though nominated for an All Star he was not successful, but was selected as a replacement All Star for the Football Tour of New York when others such as Colm McFadden and Frank McGlynn were unable to attend.

Thompson won his third Ulster Senior Football Championship in 2014, scoring one point against Monaghan in the final. He played 52 of the 54 league and championship matches under McGuinness's management between 2011 and 2014, missing only two league games against Cork and Kerry due to injury; only goalkeeper Paul Durcan played in more games under McGuinness.

Under the management of Rory Gallagher, who succeeded McGuinness ahead of the 2015 season, Thompson continued to play for his county. For much of Donegal's 2015 campaign, he commuted from his work base in Essex, England. He moved back to Ireland in 2016. His last appearance for Donegal during Gallagher's ill-fated managerial reign was against Dublin in the 2016 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final defeat at Croke Park, a game in which he scored one point.

Thompson returned to the fore under the management of Declan Bonner. He collected his fourth and final Ulster SFC in 2018, appearing as a second half substitute for Odhrán Mac Niallais in the final against Fermanagh. However, he did not return after the winter.

## Style of play

Thompson has been considered by national media to be "an invaluable leader", a "selfless player" and "one of the most iconic number 5s in the county's history".

His virtuoso performance in the 2012 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was highlighted by *The Irish Times* which noted how he "seemed to shepherd the play exactly to his liking and moved through the fare in that unhurried, three-quarters pace style of his", at one stage "loitering in front of David Clarke's goal, a *de facto* full forward doing what good front men do: keeping quiet as a church mouse and waiting to be spotted". Despite playing at wing back, he was the first person to congratulate Michael Murphy following his early goal in that game, having raced through to offer support to his full-forward team captain.

## Honours

Donegal Naomh Conaill Individual

## InfoBox

Anthony Thompson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Antoin Mac Thomáis* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Left half back | | |
| Born | (1986-07-24) 24 July 1986<br>County Donegal | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Occupation | Student | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| ?– | Naomh Conaill | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Donegal titles | 7 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 2006–2018 | Donegal | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Ulster titles | 4 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NFL | 1 | | |


title: 14 South African Infantry Battalion

abstract: 14 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.

text:
# 14 South African Infantry Battalion

**14 South African Infantry Battalion** is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.

## History

### Origin

14 SAI was established on 1 January 1994, at Umtata, Eastern Cape as a result of the amalgamation of Transkei Defence Force into the SANDF.

### Amalgamation

Another unit, 13 SAI was amalgamated with 14 SAI by the late 1990s.

### Freedom of the city

14 SAI marked freedom of entry into Mthatha on 30 July 2011 in which the Mayor of King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality, officiated.

## Insignia

### Previous Dress Insignia

### Current Dress Insignia

## SANDF's Motorised Infantry

SANDF's Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Samil trucks, Mamba APC's or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.

## Leadership

Leadership
| **From** | **Honorary Colonel** | **To** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **From** | **Officer Commanding** | **To** |
| 2010 | Lt Col T.D. Oss | c.nd |
| **From** | **Regimental Sergeants Major** | **To** |

1. "Fact file: 14 SA Infantry Battalion". 2 March 2010.
2. Grundy, K.W. Soldiers without politics, Blacks in the South African Armed Forces, Perspectives on Southern Africa, 33, University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-04710-9 AACR2
3. "WATCH: SANDF members injured after vehicle hits barricade".
4. "Dept selects candidates for military programme". 26 March 2013.

## InfoBox

| 14 South African Infantry Battalion | |
| --- | --- |
| 14 SAI emblem | |
| Active | 1 January 1994 to present |
| Country | South Africa |
| Branch | South African Army |
| Type | Motorised infantry |
| Part of | South African Army Infantry Formation |
| Garrison/HQ | Mthatha, Eastern Cape |
| Motto(s) | *Courage Sans Peur* (Courage without Fear) |
| Equipment | Mamba APC |
| Insignia | |
| Company level insignia |  |


title: Eli Whitney Technical High School

abstract: Eli Whitney Technical High School, or Whitney Tech, is a technical high school located in Hamden, Connecticut, which receives students from many nearby towns. Eli Whitney Tech is part of the Connecticut Technical Education and Career System.

text:
# Eli Whitney Technical High School

**Eli Whitney Technical High School**, or **Whitney Tech**, is a technical high school located in Hamden, Connecticut, which receives students from many nearby towns. Eli Whitney Tech is part of the Connecticut Technical Education and Career System.

## Technologies

In addition to a complete academic program leading to a high school diploma, students attending Whitney Tech receive training in one of the following trades and technologies:

* Automotive Technology
* Building and Civil Construction
* Culinary Arts
* Electrical
* Graphic Design
* Hairdressing and Cosmetology
* Health Technology
* Mechanical Design and Engineering Technology
* Plumbing and Heating
* Precision Machining Technology

## InfoBox

| Eli Whitney Technical High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 100 Fairview Ave
Hamden, Connecticut 06514
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°20′36″N 72°56′37″W / 41.3433°N 72.9435°W / 41.3433; -72.9435 |
| Information | |
| Founded | 1956 (1956) |
| CEEB code | 070259 |
| Principal | Joseph DiNatale |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Website | whitney.cttech.org |


title: 1817 Virginia gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1817 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on 30 November 1817 in order to elect the Governor of Virginia. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor of Virginia James Patton Preston won re-election in the Virginia General Assembly as he ran unopposed.

text:
# 1817 Virginia gubernatorial election

The **1817 Virginia gubernatorial election** was held on 30 November 1817 in order to elect the Governor of Virginia. Incumbent Democratic-Republican Governor of Virginia James Patton Preston won re-election in the Virginia General Assembly as he ran unopposed.

## General election

On election day, 30 November 1817, Democratic-Republican nominee James Patton Preston easily won re-election as he ran unopposed. Preston was sworn in for his second term on 1 December 1817.

## InfoBox

1817 Virginia gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **James Patton Preston**    Party Democratic-Republican | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
James Patton Preston
Democratic-Republican **Elected Governor**
James Patton Preston
Democratic-Republican | |