title: 1677 Tycho Brahe

abstract: 1677 Tycho Brahe, provisional designation 1940 RO, is a stony Marian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 September 1940, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The common stony S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.89 hours. It was later named after Tycho Brahe, one of the fathers of astronomy.

text:
# 1677 Tycho Brahe

**1677 Tycho Brahe**, provisional designation 1940 RO, is a stony Marian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 September 1940, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. The common stony S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.89 hours. It was later named after Tycho Brahe, one of the fathers of astronomy.

## Classification and orbit

When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, *Tycho Brahe* is a member of the Maria family (506), a large family of stony asteroids. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), the largest family in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members.

It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4.03 years (1,472 days; semi-major axis of 2.53 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 15 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A916 UA at Bergedorf Observatory in October 1916, extending the body's observation arc by 24 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.

## Physical characteristics

The asteroid has been characterized as a stony S-type by Pan-STARRS survey, and in the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel) taxonomy, which agree with the overall spectral type for members of the Maria family.

### Rotation period

In July 2012, a rotational lightcurve of *Tycho Brahe* was obtained by Renata Violante and Martha Leake, that gave a short rotation period of 3.89 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=2+).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Tycho Brahe* measures 11.78 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.221 (revised 2014-figures). The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes an albedo of 0.21, derived from the family's largest member and namesake, 15 Eunomia, and calculates a diameter of 13.26 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.

## Naming

This minor planet is named for the great Danish-born astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) an early forerunner and father of modern astronomy. He is known for his unprecedented precise measurements in the pre-telescopic era. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4236). Brahe is also honored by the prominent crater *Tycho* in the southern highlands of the Moon and by the Martian crater *Tycho Brahe*. The bright supernova, SN 1572, is also known as *Tycho's Nova*.

1. "1677 Tycho Brahe (1940 RO)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1677) Tycho Brahe". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 133. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1678. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1677 Tycho Brahe (1940 RO)" (2018-02-26 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
4. "Asteroid 1677 Tycho Brahe – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0". *Small Bodies Data Ferret*. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
5. "LCDB Data for (1677) Tycho Brahe". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 23 December 2016.
6. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". *The Astrophysical Journal Letters*. **759** (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8.
7. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **791** (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
9. Violante, R.; Leake, M. A. (December 2012). "Photometry and Lightcurve Analysis of 7 Main-Belt Asteroids". *Journal of the Southeastern Association for Research in Astronomy*. **7**: 41–44. Bibcode:2012JSARA...7...41V. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
10. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". *Icarus*. **261**: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007.
11. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). "Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families". *Asteroids IV*. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu\_uapress\_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131.
12. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7.

## InfoBox

1677 Tycho Brahe
| *Tycho Brahe* modeled from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | Y. Väisälä |
| Discovery site | Turku Obs. |
| Discovery date | 6 September 1940 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1677) Tycho Brahe |
| Named after | Tycho Brahe
(Danish astronomer) |
| Alternative designations | 1940 RO **·** 1928 SP
1935 FL **·** 1952 QN1
1952 SD1 **·** A916 UA |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (middle)
Maria **·** Eunomia |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 82.92 yr (30,285 d) |
| Aphelion | 2.8037 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.2607 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.5322 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1072 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.03 yr (1,472 d) |
| Mean anomaly | 130.28 |
| Mean motion | 0° 14m 40.56s / day |
| Inclination | 14.853° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 337.91° |
| Argument of perihelion | 318.29° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 8.90±0.72 km
11.686±0.116 km
11.784±0.093 km
13.26 km (calculated) |
| Synodic rotation period | 3.89±0.06 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.21 (assumed)
0.221±0.031
0.2277±0.0388
0.466±0.090 |
| Spectral type |  |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 11.70
11.9
12.21±0.04 |
|  | |


title: Anand Sansthan

abstract: Anand Sansthan is a government department established by the Shivraj Singh Chouhan cabinet in Madhya Pradesh, making it the first state in India to have a department solely dedicated to promoting happiness and well-being. The department operates through a society called Rajya Anand Sansthan, which was formed under the Firm and Society Registration Act. Anand Sansthan was constituted by the State Government of MP in August 2016. The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shivraj Singh Chouhan, oversees the department. The Anand Sansthan, which had been merged with the 'spiritual department' by the Congress government under Kamal Nath from December 2018 to March 2020, was reinstated as a singular entity in January 2022.

text:
# Anand Sansthan

**Anand Sansthan** is a government department established by the Shivraj Singh Chouhan cabinet in Madhya Pradesh, making it the first state in India to have a department solely dedicated to promoting happiness and well-being. The department operates through a society called Rajya Anand Sansthan, which was formed under the Firm and Society Registration Act. Anand Sansthan was constituted by the State Government of MP in August 2016. The Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Shivraj Singh Chouhan, oversees the department.

The Anand Sansthan, which had been merged with the 'spiritual department' by the Congress government under Kamal Nath from December 2018 to March 2020, was reinstated as a singular entity in January 2022.

## Roles

The Anand department has several roles, including identifying the scale of measuring pleasure and efficiency, coordinating with other departments to promote well-being, formulating policies, implementing action plans, and mainstreaming the entire process. The department also takes feedback from citizens and publishes reports after surveying the effect of Anand Vibhag. It serves as a knowledge resource center as well.

## Purpose

The Anand department was established to promote happiness and well-being in Madhya Pradesh. The department takes inspiration from other countries, such as Bhutan, which measures gross national happiness through psychological well-being, health, education, use of time, cultural diversity and harmony, good governance, community activism, natural diversity and harmony, and standard of living. The Anand department focuses on the concept of Anand, which means happiness, and aims to remove mental ailments such as jealousy, passion, malice, anger, greed, ego, and others. The department promotes yoga, meditation, pranayama, devotion, study, music, sports, and other activities to remove these mental diseases and achieve long-lasting bliss.

## Committee

The Anand department has an 11-member committee that includes spiritual leaders such as Jaggi Vasudev, Baba Ramdev, Awadheshanand, and Sri Sri Ravi Shankar. The committee provides suggestions to the department.

The Anand department has 30 employees in various positions, including the President, CEO (Secretary level), Director of Research (Deputy Secretary level), Director of Coordination (Deputy Secretary level), Accounts Officer, Research Assistant, Junior Assistant (six posts), and Peon (five positions). The salaries for these positions range from 15,000 rupees per month for the Peon position to 1.5 lakh rupees per month for the President position. Ashish Kumar Gupta is serving as the CEO. It has around 60,000 volunteers, who are called Anandaks. These volunteers conduct workshops called 'Anand sabhas' that include games and bhajans.

## Budget

It was announced a budget of 3.60 crore rupees for the department, and a supplementary budget of Rs 7200 crore was also approved by the cabinet.

## Initiatives and programmes

As a part of its efforts to promote happiness and well-being, the Anand department of the government has introduced happiness as a subject in the school syllabus for classes 9 to 12. As of February 2022, the department has prepared the draft for the books.

*Neki Ki Deewar* is an initiative by Anand Sansthan, which involves a charity rack where people can donate household goods to the destitute, who can pick up items they need for free. However, there have been incidents of people stealing donated items to sell for profit. The government set up 172 neki ke deewars across 51 districts as of September 2017. The Rajya Anand Sansthan runs several initiatives such as Anand Utsav and Anand Clubs to spread happiness.

## Criticism

The citizens who have attended the workshops, anand sabhas conducted by volunteers have expressed dissatisfaction due to repetition in activities and disinterest from the volunteers. The department has faced criticism for its lack of sustained programs, sporadic activities, and a missing road map for its focus. Neki Ki Deewar is an initiative by Anand Sansthan, where locals are encouraged to hang old household items on public walls for those in need. However, the initiative has faced criticism due to incidents of donated items being stolen.

## InfoBox

Rajya Anand Sansthan
| Formation | 2016 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Government department |
| Legal status | Active |
| Purpose | Promoting happiness and well-being |
| Headquarters | Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh |
| Region served | Madhya Pradesh |
| President – General Assembly | Shivraj Singh Chouhan |
| CEO | Ashish Kumar Gupta |
| Budget | INR 3.60 crore (2017) |
| Staff | 30 |
| Volunteers | 60,000 (Anandaks) |
| Website | https://www.anandsansthanmp.in/ |


title: Anand Sagar

abstract: Anand Sagar is a building complex, lake, and tourist attraction in Shegaon, Maharashtra. The site was built in 2005 by the Shri Gajanan Maharaj Mandir Trust to solve local water resource issues, and has since become a tourist attraction and pilgrimage site.

text:
# Anand Sagar

**Anand Sagar** is a building complex, lake, and tourist attraction in Shegaon, Maharashtra. The site was built in 2005 by the Shri Gajanan Maharaj Mandir Trust to solve local water resource issues, and has since become a tourist attraction and pilgrimage site.

## Description

The complex at Anand Sagar was constructed by the Shri Gajanan Maharaj Mandir Trust as a means to create jobs in Shegaon, bring in tourist revenue, and provide reliable access to water. The project had an initial budget of ₹300 crore.

The site consists of an artificial lake and a number of buildings. Buildings present include gardens, entertainment buildings, an amphitheater, and temples. The lake was made by drawing water from a nearby river and allows Shegaon to better manage water resources.

Anand Sagar was used as a model by several other complexes in India.

20°46′32″N 76°41′37″E / 20.7756°N 76.6937°E / 20.7756; 76.6937


title: 1931 New York City aldermanic election

abstract: The 1931 New York City aldermanic election took place on November 3 to elect the 65 members of the New York City Board of Aldermen. Republicans lost three of their four seats on the Board, all of which were located in Manhattan. In 21 of Brooklyn's 24 districts the vote was better than two to one for Democratic candidates, better than six to one for Democratic candidate William O'Reilly in the 38th district.

text:
# 1931 New York City aldermanic election

The **1931 New York City aldermanic election** took place on November 3 to elect the 65 members of the New York City Board of Aldermen. Republicans lost three of their four seats on the Board, all of which were located in Manhattan. In 21 of Brooklyn's 24 districts the vote was better than two to one for Democratic candidates, better than six to one for Democratic candidate William O'Reilly in the 38th district.

## InfoBox

1931 New York City aldermanic election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 65 seats of the New York City Board of Aldermen<br>33 seats needed for a majority | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic Republican  Last election 61 4  Seats won 64 1  Seat change 3 3 | |


title: Anal fascia

abstract: The anal fascia is the inferior layer of the diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia, which covers both surfaces of the levatores ani. It is attached above to the obturator fascia along the line of origin of the levator ani, while below it is continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and with the fascia on the sphincter ani internus. The layer covering the upper surface of the pelvic diaphragm follows, above, the line of origin of the levator ani and is therefore somewhat variable. In front it is attached to the back of the pubic symphysis about 2 cm. above its lower border. It can then be traced laterally across the back of the superior ramus of the pubic bone for a distance of about 1.25 cm, when it reaches the obturator fascia. It is attached to this fascia along a line which pursues a somewhat irregular course to the spine of the ischium. The irregularity of this line is because the origin of the levator ani, which in lower forms is from the pelvic brim, is in man lower down, on the obturator fascia. Tendinous fibers of origin of the muscle are therefore often found extending up toward, and in some cases reaching, the pelvic brim, and on these the fascia is carried.

text:
# Anal fascia

The **anal fascia** is the inferior layer of the diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia, which covers both surfaces of the levatores ani. It is attached above to the obturator fascia along the line of origin of the levator ani, while below it is continuous with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and with the fascia on the sphincter ani internus.

The layer covering the upper surface of the pelvic diaphragm follows, above, the line of origin of the levator ani and is therefore somewhat variable.

In front it is attached to the back of the pubic symphysis about 2 cm. above its lower border.

It can then be traced laterally across the back of the superior ramus of the pubic bone for a distance of about 1.25 cm, when it reaches the obturator fascia.

It is attached to this fascia along a line which pursues a somewhat irregular course to the spine of the ischium.

The irregularity of this line is because the origin of the levator ani, which in lower forms is from the pelvic brim, is in man lower down, on the obturator fascia.

Tendinous fibers of origin of the muscle are therefore often found extending up toward, and in some cases reaching, the pelvic brim, and on these the fascia is carried.

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 421 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Anal fascia | |
| --- | --- |
| Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasciae. Viewed from behind. | |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Edwin Chota

abstract:
Edwin Chota was a Peruvian environmental activist and a leader of the Asháninka indigenous group and the president of the settlement of Saweto, Peru. On 1 September 2014, Chota and three other community leaders, Jorge Ríos, Leoncio Quinticima, and Francisco Pinedo, were shot and killed by illegal loggers while they were protesting the illegal harvesting of mahogany within the boundaries of Saweto's land claim. The 800-square-kilometre (310 sq mi) section of land claimed by Saweto is home to approximately 80 percent of the illegal logging in Peru. For 13 years, Chota had led the fight for the Peruvian government to recognize their land claims and end the illegal logging. In response to the murder, the Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest (AIDESEP) claimed the police and the judiciary had done absolutely nothing to protect the men, despite repeated complaints and reports of death threats against them. AIDESEP also called on the Peruvian government to do more to protect indigenous people from criminal organizations. On 30 January 2015, the regional government of Ucayali and the government of Peru granted the land title to the Saweto community confirming their ownership of the land.
Finally, on April 11, 2024, four businessmen from the timber industry were sentenced to more than 28 years in prison by a Peruvian court for the murder of environmental activists. The verdict is not yet final.

text:
# Edwin Chota

**Edwin Chota** (1962 – 1 September 2014) was a Peruvian environmental activist and a leader of the Asháninka indigenous group and the president of the settlement of Saweto, Peru.

On 1 September 2014, Chota and three other community leaders, Jorge Ríos, Leoncio Quinticima, and Francisco Pinedo, were shot and killed by illegal loggers while they were protesting the illegal harvesting of mahogany within the boundaries of Saweto's land claim.

The 800-square-kilometre (310 sq mi) section of land claimed by Saweto is home to approximately 80 percent of the illegal logging in Peru. For 13 years, Chota had led the fight for the Peruvian government to recognize their land claims and end the illegal logging.

In response to the murder, the Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest (AIDESEP) claimed the police and the judiciary had done absolutely nothing to protect the men, despite repeated complaints and reports of death threats against them. AIDESEP also called on the Peruvian government to do more to protect indigenous people from criminal organizations.

On 30 January 2015, the regional government of Ucayali and the government of Peru granted the land title to the Saweto community confirming their ownership of the land. Finally, on April 11, 2024, four businessmen from the timber industry were sentenced to more than 28 years in prison by a Peruvian court for the murder of environmental activists. The verdict is not yet final.

## InfoBox

| Edwin Chota | |
| --- | --- |
| Chota in 2014 | |
| Born | 1962 |
| Died | 1 September 2014<br>near Saweto, Peru |
| Occupation | Environmental activist |


title: Ahmed Soliman (footballer)

abstract: Ahmed Mahmoud Soliman was an Egyptian footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Ahmed Soliman (footballer)

**Ahmed Mahmoud Soliman** was an Egyptian footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Ahmed Soliman
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ahmed Mahmoud Soliman | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Egypt |  |  |


title: Andreas Hajek

abstract: Andreas Hajek is a retired German rower. At the 1986 World Rowing Championships, he replaced a sick Thomas Lange at short notice when he was only 18; he won a bronze medal at that occasion. Hajek was the youngest East German team member that year. During his career Hajek became a two-time Olympic champion and five-time world champion.

text:
# Andreas Hajek

**Andreas Hajek** (born 16 April 1968 in Weißenfels) is a retired German rower.

At the 1986 World Rowing Championships, he replaced a sick Thomas Lange at short notice when he was only 18; he won a bronze medal at that occasion. Hajek was the youngest East German team member that year. During his career Hajek became a two-time Olympic champion and five-time world champion.

## InfoBox

Andreas Hajek
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1968-04-16) 16 April 1968<br>Weißenfels, East Germany |
| Height | 195 cm (6 ft 5 in) |
| Weight | 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Medal record      Men's rowing  Representing  East Germany  World Championships  1986 Nottingham Double sculls  Representing  Germany  Olympic Games  1992 Barcelona  Quadruple sculls  1996 Atlanta  Quadruple sculls  2000 Sydney  Quadruple sculls  World Rowing Championships  1993 Račice Quadruple sculls  1997 Aiguebelette Double sculls  1998 Cologne Double sculls  1999 St. Catharines Quadruple sculls  2001 Lucerne Quadruple sculls  1995 Tampere Quadruple sculls  1994 Indianapolis Quadruple sculls  2002 Seville Double sculls | |


title: 1467

abstract: Year 1467 (MCDLXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1467

1467 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1467
*MCDLXVII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2220 |
| Armenian calendar | 916
ԹՎ ՋԺԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6217 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1388–1389 |
| Bengali calendar | 874 |
| Berber calendar | 2417 |
| English Regnal year | 6 Edw. 4  7 Edw. 4 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2011 |
| Burmese calendar | 829 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6975–6976 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙戌年 (Fire Dog)
4164 or 3957
*to*
丁亥年 (Fire Pig)
4165 or 3958 |
| Coptic calendar | 1183–1184 |
| Discordian calendar | 2633 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1459–1460 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5227–5228 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1523–1524 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1388–1389 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4567–4568 |
| Holocene calendar | 11467 |
| Igbo calendar | 467–468 |
| Iranian calendar | 845–846 |
| Islamic calendar | 871–872 |
| Japanese calendar | Bunshō 2 / Ōnin 1
(応仁元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1383–1384 |
| Julian calendar | 1467
*MCDLXVII* |
| Korean calendar | 3800 |
| Minguo calendar | 445 before ROC
民前445年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2009–2010 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
1593 or 1212 or 440
*to*
阴火猪年
(female Fire-Pig)
1594 or 1213 or 441 |

Year **1467** (**MCDLXVII**) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### JanuaryDecember

### Date unknown

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Andrew Zydney

abstract: Andrew L. Zydney is an American chemical engineer, currently a Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Zydney obtained his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Chemical Engineering. Zydney is known for his work in Bioprocessing and Bioseparations. Furthermore, Zydney leads his own research group at Pennsylvania State University conducting industry funded research in membrane science and bioseparations.

text:
# Andrew Zydney

**Andrew L. Zydney** is an American chemical engineer, currently a Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Zydney obtained his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Chemical Engineering. Zydney is known for his work in Bioprocessing and Bioseparations. Furthermore, Zydney leads his own research group at Pennsylvania State University conducting industry funded research in membrane science and bioseparations.

Andrew Zydney publications indexed by Google Scholar


abstract: "Do You Know Where Your Children Are" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson, released as the sixth track on Jackson's second posthumous album, Xscape (2014).

text:
# Do You Know Where Your Children Are (song)

"**Do You Know Where Your Children Are**" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson, released as the sixth track on Jackson's second posthumous album, *Xscape* (2014).

## Background and recording

The song is titled after a public service announcement aired on US television from the 1960s to the '80s. According to a note left by Jackson, the song is "about kids being raised in a broken family where the father comes home drunk and the mother is out prostituting and the kids run away from home and they become victims of rape, prostitution and the hunter becomes the hunted". The song was originally recorded during the *Bad* recording sessions in 1986, and subsequently revisited during sessions for the *Dangerous* album in 1990.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Do You Know Where Your Children Are"
| Chart (2014) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 62 |

## InfoBox

| "Do You Know Where Your Children Are" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Promotional single by Michael Jackson | |
| from the album  *Xscape* | |
| Released | May 9, 2014 (2014-05-09) |
| Recorded | * 1986–1990 (original) * 2013–2014 (reworked) |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | * 4:36 (album version) * 4:39 (original version) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Michael Jackson |
| Producer(s) |  |
|  | |
| Licensed audio | |
| "Do You Know Where Your Children Are" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: 1949–50 Denver Nuggets season

abstract: The 1949–50 NBA season was the only season for the original Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association.

text:
# 1949–50 Denver Nuggets season

The **1949–50 NBA season** was the only season for the original Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association.

## Roster

| Denver Nuggets 1949–50 roster | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Ht. Wt. From  22 Bartels, Edward 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 195 lb (88 kg)  NC State  20 Brown, Bob 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 205 lb (93 kg)  Miami (OH)  29−30 Browne, Jim 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 235 lb (107 kg)  Tilden HS (Chicago)  F/C  Carter, Jake 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 195 lb (88 kg)  Texas A&M–Commerce  F/C 28 Cotton, Jack 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 200 lb (91 kg)  Wyoming  G/F 30 Crocker, Dillard 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 205 lb (93 kg)  Western Michigan  25 Darden, Jimmy 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 170 lb (77 kg)  Denver  31 Dodd, Earl 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 175 lb (79 kg)  Truman State  G/F 21 Guokas, Al 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 200 lb (91 kg)  Saint Joseph's  Herman, Bill 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 170 lb (77 kg)  Mount Union  24 Klueh, Duane 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 175 lb (79 kg)  Indiana State  23 Royer, Bob 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 155 lb (70 kg)  Indiana State  27 Sailors, Ken 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 175 lb (79 kg)  Wyoming  F/C 29 Toomay, John 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 215 lb (98 kg)  Pacific  F/C 29 Volker, Floyd 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 205 lb (93 kg)  Wyoming | Head coach   ---  Legend * **(DP)** Unsigned draft pick * **(FA)** Free agent * **(S)** Suspended * Injured |

## Regular season

On October 29, the Nuggets lost to the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (now known as the Atlanta Hawks) at the Wharton Field House in Moline, Illinois in the first ever NBA game following the NBLBAA merger on August 3.

### Season standings

|  | W | L | PCT | GB | Home | Road | Neutral | Div |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **x-**Indianapolis Olympians | 39 | 25 | .609 |  | 24–7 | 12–16 | 3–2 | 26–9 |
| **x-**Anderson Packers | 37 | 27 | .578 | 2 | 22–9 | 12–18 | 3–0 | 25–12 |
| **x-**Tri-Cities Blackhawks | 29 | 35 | .453 | 10 | 20–13 | 6–20 | 3–2 | 20–17 |
| **x-**Sheboygan Red Skins | 22 | 40 | .355 | 17 | 17–14 | 5–22 | 0–4 | 15–20 |
| Waterloo Hawks | 19 | 43 | .306 | 20 | 16–15 | 2–22 | 1–6 | 13–22 |
| Denver Nuggets | 11 | 51 | .177 | 28 | 9–16 | 1–25 | 1–10 | 8–27 |

### Record vs. opponents

| 1949–50 NBA records | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | AND | BAL | BOS | CHI | DEN | FWP | IND | MIN | NYK | PHI | ROC | SHE | STL | SYR | TCB | WAS | WAT |
| Anderson |  | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 4–3 | 1–1 | 2–5 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 5–2 | 2–0 | 3–4 | 7–2 | 1–1 | 7–0 |
| Baltimore | 1–1 |  | 2–4 | 1–5 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 1–1 | 1–5 | 1–5 | 3–3 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 3–3 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 2–4 | 1–1 |
| Boston | 2–0 | 4–2 |  | 0–6 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 1–1 | 1–5 | 1–5 | 3–3 | 0–6 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 3–3 | 1–1 |
| Chicago | 1–1 | 5–1 | 6–0 |  | 2–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 2–4 | 4–2 | 2–4 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 2–0 |
| Denver | 3–4 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 |  | 0–2 | 0–7 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 3–4 | 0–2 | 1–6 | 0–7 | 0–2 | 2–5 |
| Fort Wayne | 1–1 | 3–3 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 2–0 |  | 1–1 | 2–4 | 4–2 | 4–2 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 |
| Indianapolis | 5–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 7–0 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 5–2 | 1–1 | 2–7 | 4–3 | 1–1 | 5–2 |
| Minneapolis | 1–1 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 4–2 | 2–0 | 4–2 | 1–1 |  | 5–1 | 4–2 | 3–3 | 1–1 | 5–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 6–0 | 2–0 |
| New York | 1–1 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 4–2 | 2–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 | 1–5 |  | 1–5 | 1–5 | 1–1 | 4–2 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 5–1 | 2–0 |
| Philadelphia | 1–1 | 3–3 | 3–3 | 2–4 | 2–0 | 2–4 | 0–2 | 2–4 | 1–5 |  | 1–5 | 2–0 | 2–4 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 2–4 | 2–0 |
| Rochester | 2–0 | 3–3 | 6–0 | 4–2 | 2–0 | 3–3 | 1–1 | 3–3 | 5–1 | 5–1 |  | 1–1 | 5–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 6–0 | 2–0 |
| Sheboygan | 2–5 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 4–3 | 0–2 | 2–5 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 |  | 0–2 | 1–6 | 3–4 | 2–0 | 4–3 |
| St. Louis | 0–2 | 3–3 | 4–2 | 1–5 | 2–0 | 1–5 | 1–1 | 1–5 | 2–4 | 4–2 | 1–5 | 2–0 |  | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–6 | 1–1 |
| Syracuse | 4–3 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 6–1 | 2–0 | 7–2 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 6–1 | 1–1 |  | 6–1 | 1–1 | 6–1 |
| Tri-Cities | 2–7 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 7–0 | 0–2 | 3–4 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 4–3 | 0–2 | 1–6 |  | 1–1 | 4–3 |
| Washington | 1–1 | 4–2 | 3–3 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 4–2 | 1–1 | 0–6 | 1–5 | 4–2 | 0–6 | 0–2 | 6–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 |
| Waterloo | 0–7 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 5–2 | 1–1 | 2–5 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 3–4 | 1–1 | 1–6 | 3–4 | 1–1 |  |

### Game log

| 1949–50 Game log | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Score** | **High points** | **Record** |
| 1 | October 29 | at Tri-Cities | 85–93 | Bob Brown (16) | 0–1 |
| 2 | November 1 | at Indianapolis | 64–71 | Duane Klueh (15) | 0–2 |
| 3 | November 3 | at Syracuse | 58–78 | Jack Toomay (16) | 0–3 |
| 4 | November 4 | vs Syracuse | 51–84 | Bob Royer (13) | 0–4 |
| 5 | November 9 | at Waterloo | 65–80 | Bob Brown (23) | 0–5 |
| 6 | November 10 | vs Chicago | 53–64 | Al Guokas (15) | 0–6 |
| 7 | November 12 | vs Philadelphia | 63–81 | Ken Sailors (15) | 0–7 |
| 8 | November 13 | at Fort Wayne | 71–90 | Bob Brown (15) | 0–8 |
| 9 | November 16 | at Washington | 90–99 | Ken Sailors (26) | 0–9 |
| 10 | November 17 | at Baltimore | 71–86 | Ken Sailors (20) | 0–10 |
| 11 | November 18 | vs New York | 78–85 | Ken Sailors (25) | 0–11 |
| 12 | November 19 | at Rochester | 64–96 | Dillard Crocker (23) | 0–12 |
| 13 | November 20 | at Syracuse | 76–102 | Jack Toomay (18) | 0–13 |
| 14 | November 21 | at Syracuse | 67–77 | Dillard Crocker (26) | 0–14 |
| 15 | November 25 | Minneapolis | 81–101 | Ken Sailors (29) | 0–15 |
| 16 | November 27 | Baltimore | 68–61 | Dillard Crocker (24) | 1–15 |
| 17 | November 29 | Philadelphia | 56–57 | Al Guokas (12) | 1–16 |
| 18 | December 2 | Waterloo | 74–63 | Ken Sailors (25) | 2–16 |
| 19 | December 4 | Waterloo | 86–76 | Ken Sailors (26) | 3–16 |
| 20 | December 7 | St. Louis | 72–76 | Ken Sailors (30) | 3–17 |
| 21 | December 9 | at Indianapolis | 75–78 | Jimmy Darden (19) | 3–18 |
| 22 | December 10 | vs Minneapolis | 76–89 | Bob Brown (18) | 3–19 |
| 23 | December 11 | at Tri-Cities | 66–98 | Ken Sailors (15) | 3–20 |
| 24 | December 13 | Rochester | 65–81 | Ken Sailors (16) | 3–21 |
| 25 | December 16 | Indianapolis | 79–81 | Jimmy Darden (16) | 3–22 |
| 26 | December 18 | Indianapolis | 79–83 | Bob Brown (21) | 3–23 |
| 27 | December 23 | New York | 72–83 | Ken Sailors (21) | 3–24 |
| 28 | December 25 | Sheboygan | 72–76 | Ken Sailors (16) | 3–25 |
| 29 | December 30 | Tri-Cities | 83–85 | Ken Sailors (19) | 3–26 |
| 30 | January 1 | Chicago | 78–92 | Bob Brown (17) | 3–27 |
| 31 | January 4 | Anderson | 86–82 | Ken Sailors (24) | 4–27 |
| 32 | January 5 | Anderson | 76–69 | Toomay, Volker (18) | 5–27 |
| 33 | January 10 | Boston | 84–97 | Duane Klueh (20) | 5–28 |
| 34 | January 12 | at Sheboygan | 92–115 | Floyd Volker (24) | 5–29 |
| 35 | January 14 | at Sheboygan | 94–80 | Dillard Crocker (28) | 6–29 |
| 36 | January 15 | at St. Louis | 83–89 | Ken Sailors (15) | 6–30 |
| 37 | January 16 | at Anderson | 83–95 | Ken Sailors (24) | 6–31 |
| 38 | January 17 | at Indianapolis | 81–101 | Bob Brown (21) | 6–32 |
| 39 | January 19 | at Syracuse | 86–107 | Bob Brown (21) | 6–33 |
| 40 | January 21 | at Waterloo | 84–88 | Bob Brown (22) | 6–34 |
| 41 | January 22 | at Tri-Cities | 97–111 | Duane Klueh (26) | 6–35 |
| 42 | January 25 | at Waterloo | 83–104 | Dillard Crocker (18) | 6–36 |
| 43 | January 26 | at Anderson | 75–109 | Jack Toomay (18) | 6–37 |
| 44 | January 31 | Washington | 78–88 | Ken Sailors (20) | 6–38 |
| 45 | February 7 | Fort Wayne | 67–83 | Ken Sailors (21) | 6–39 |
| 46 | February 11 | Sheboygan | 108–78 | Dillard Crocker (32) | 7–39 |
| 47 | February 13 | Sheboygan | 79–67 | Ken Sailors (27) | 8–39 |
| 48 | February 14 | vs Boston | 84–78 | Ken Sailors (29) | 9–39 |
| 49 | February 16 | Anderson | 86–95 | Dillard Crocker (26) | 9–40 |
| 50 | February 19 | Anderson | 86–85 | Ken Sailors (31) | 10–40 |
| 51 | February 21 | Syracuse | 89–78 | Ken Sailors (33) | 11–40 |
| 52 | February 23 | Syracuse | 80–108 | Ken Sailors (24) | 11–41 |
| 53 | February 26 | Waterloo | 76–100 | Dillard Crocker (26) | 11–42 |
| 54 | February 27 | vs Tri-Cities | 75–110 | Dillard Crocker (19) | 11–43 |
| 55 | March 1 | vs Tri-Cities | 80–97 | Dillard Crocker (27) | 11–44 |
| 56 | March 2 | at Anderson | 72–85 | Brown, Sailors (19) | 11–45 |
| 57 | March 5 | at Tri-Cities | 80–91 | Dillard Crocker (21) | 11–46 |
| 58 | March 8 | at Waterloo | 68–97 | Jack Toomay (18) | 11–47 |
| 59 | March 9 | at Sheboygan | 92–115 | Jack Toomay (21) | 11–48 |
| 60 | March 10 | at Sheboygan | 104–141 | Jack Toomay (23) | 11–49 |
| 61 | March 16 | vs Indianapolis | 99–111 | Jack Toomay (21) | 11–50 |
| 62 | March 18 | vs Indianapolis | 73–110 | Dillard Crocker (18) | 11–51 |

## InfoBox

| 1949–50 Denver Nuggets season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Jimmy Darden |
| Arena | Denver Arena Auditorium |
| Results | |
| Record | 1151 (.177) |
| Place | Division: 6th (Western) |
| Playoff finish | Did not qualify |
| ---  Stats at **Basketball-Reference.com** | |
| Radio | KOA |


title: 1677 Bōsō earthquake

abstract: The Bōsō Peninsula in Japan was struck by a major tsunami on 4 November 1677, caused by an earthquake at the southern end of the Japan Trench. It was felt onshore with only a maximum of 4 on the JMA intensity scale, but had an estimated magnitude of 8.3–8.6. The disparity between the maximum intensity and the magnitude estimated from the tsunami suggest that this was a tsunami earthquake. There no records of significant damage caused by the shaking, but the resulting tsunami caused widespread damage and an estimated 569 people were killed.

text:
# 1677 Bōsō earthquake

The Bōsō Peninsula in Japan was struck by a major tsunami on 4 November 1677, caused by an earthquake at the southern end of the Japan Trench. It was felt onshore with only a maximum of 4 on the JMA intensity scale, but had an estimated magnitude of 8.3–8.6 Mw. The disparity between the maximum intensity and the magnitude estimated from the tsunami suggest that this was a tsunami earthquake. There no records of significant damage caused by the shaking, but the resulting tsunami caused widespread damage and an estimated 569 people were killed.

## InfoBox

1677 Bōsō earthquake
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Local date | November 4, 1677 (1677-11-04) |
| Local time | 20:00 |
| Magnitude | 8.3–8.6 Mw |
| Epicenter | 35°00′N 141°30′E / 35°N 141.5°E / 35; 141.5 |
| Fault | Japan Trench |
| Type | Megathrust |
| Max. intensity | JMA 4 |
| Tsunami | Yes |
| Casualties | 569 |


abstract: The Men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1st, 2nd, and 3 September in 1978.

text:
# 1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles

The **Men's 110 metres hurdles** at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1st, 2nd, and 3 September in 1978.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Thomas Munkelt
*East Germany* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Jan Pusty
*Poland* |
| **Bronze** | Arto Bryggare
*Finland* |

## Results

### Final

3 September Wind: -0.5 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Thomas Munkelt | East Germany | 13.54 |  |
|  | Jan Pusty | Poland | 13.55 |  |
|  | Arto Bryggare | Finland | 13.56 |  |
| 4 | Giuseppe Buttari | Italy | 13.78 |  |
| 5 | Eduard Pereverzev | Soviet Union | 13.83 |  |
| 6 | Vyacheslav Kulebyakin | Soviet Union | 13.90 |  |
| 7 | Romuald Giegiel | Poland | 13.91 |  |
| 8 | Dieter Gebhard | West Germany | 13.94 |  |

### Semi-finals

2 September

#### Semi-final 1

Wind: -0.4 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Thomas Munkelt | East Germany | 13.50 | **Q** |
| 2 | Giuseppe Buttari | Italy | 13.74 | **Q** |
| 3 | Eduard Pereverzev | Soviet Union | 13.78 | **Q** |
| 4 | Romuald Giegiel | Poland | 13.97 | **Q** |
| 5 | Borisav Pisić | Yugoslavia | 14.01 |  |
| 6 | Javier Moracho | Spain | 14.16 |  |
| 7 | Petr Čech | Czechoslovakia | 14.20 |  |
| 8 | Mark Holtom | Great Britain | 14.27 |  |

#### Semi-final 2

Wind: 0 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jan Pusty | Poland | 13.75 | **Q** |
| 2 | Arto Bryggare | Finland | 13.78 | **Q** |
| 3 | Vyacheslav Kulebyakin | Soviet Union | 13.94 | **Q** |
| 4 | Dieter Gebhard | West Germany | 13.95 | **Q** |
| 5 | Berwyn Price | Great Britain | 14.01 |  |
| 6 | Petros Evripidou | Cyprus | 14.16 |  |
| 7 | Július Ivan | Czechoslovakia | 14.29 |  |
|  | Viktor Myasnikov | Soviet Union | DNF |  |

### Heats

1 September

#### Heat 1

Wind: 0.7 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Viktor Myasnikov | Soviet Union | 13.76 | **Q** |
| 2 | Arto Bryggare | Finland | 13.83 | **Q** |
| 3 | Romuald Giegiel | Poland | 13.97 | **Q** |
| 4 | Javier Moracho | Spain | 14.15 | **Q** |
| 5 | Július Ivan | Czechoslovakia | 14.22 | **Q** |
| 6 | Petar Vukičević | Yugoslavia | 14.25 |  |

#### Heat 2

Wind: -0.3 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Thomas Munkelt | East Germany | 13.62 | **Q** |
| 2 | Giuseppe Buttari | Italy | 13.81 | **Q** |
| 3 | Eduard Pereverzev | Soviet Union | 13.86 | **Q** |
| 4 | Dieter Gebhard | West Germany | 14.05 | **Q** |
| 5 | Mark Holtom | Great Britain | 14.12 | **Q** |
| 6 | Juan Lloveras | Spain | 14.17 |  |
| 7 | Jiří Čeřovský | Czechoslovakia | 14.36 |  |

#### Heat 3

Wind: 0 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jan Pusty | Poland | 13.81 | **Q** |
| 2 | Vyacheslav Kulebyakin | Soviet Union | 13.95 | **Q** |
| 3 | Berwyn Price | Great Britain | 14.00 | **Q** |
| 4 | Borisav Pisić | Yugoslavia | 14.02 | **Q** |
| 5 | Petros Evripidou | Cyprus | 14.11 | **Q** |
| 6 | Petr Čech | Czechoslovakia | 14.13 | **q** |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 19 athletes from 11 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's 110 metres hurdles
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


abstract: The men's 400 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 and 31 August, and 1 September 1978.

text:
# 1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres

The **men's 400 metres** at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 and 31 August, and 1 September 1978.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Franz-Peter Hofmeister
*West Germany* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Karel Kolář
*Czechoslovakia* |
| **Bronze** | Francis Demarthon
*France* |

## Results

1 September

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Franz-Peter Hofmeister | West Germany | 45.73 |  |
|  | Karel Kolář | Czechoslovakia | 45.77 | **NR** |
|  | Francis Demarthon | France | 45.97 |  |
| 4 | Lothar Krieg | West Germany | 46.22 |  |
| 5 | Terry Whitehead | Great Britain | 46.23 |  |
| 6 | Richard Ashton | Great Britain | 46.34 |  |
| 7 | Bernd Herrmann | West Germany | 46.69 |  |
|  | Jerzy Pietrzyk | Poland | DNS |  |

### Semi-finals

31 August

#### Semi-final 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jerzy Pietrzyk | Poland | 46.27 | **Q** |
| 2 | Karel Kolář | Czechoslovakia | 46.28 | **Q** |
| 3 | Lothar Krieg | West Germany | 46.33 | **Q** |
| 4 | Terry Whitehead | Great Britain | 46.69 | **Q** |
| 5 | Glen Cohen | Great Britain | 46.91 |  |
| 6 | Eddy De Leeuw | Belgium | 47.17 |  |
| 7 | Stefano Malinverni | Italy | 47.18 |  |
| 8 | Maurice Volmar | France | 47.50 |  |

#### Semi-final 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bernd Herrmann | West Germany | 46.09 | **Q** |
| 2 | Franz-Peter Hofmeister | West Germany | 46.18 | **Q** |
| 3 | Francis Demarthon | France | 46.26 | **Q** |
| 4 | Richard Ashton | Great Britain | 46.32 | **Q** |
| 5 | Miroslav Tulis | Czechoslovakia | 46.37 |  |
| 6 | Ryszard Podlas | Poland | 46.59 |  |
| 7 | Viktor Burakov | Soviet Union | 46.91 |  |
| 8 | Jens Hansen | Denmark | 47.35 |  |

### Heats

30 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Karel Kolář | Czechoslovakia | 46.33 | **Q** |
| 2 | Jerzy Pietrzyk | Poland | 46.75 | **Q** |
| 3 | Viktor Burakov | Soviet Union | 47.18 | **Q** |
| 4 | Željko Knapić | Yugoslavia | 47.51 |  |
| 5 | Ornélien Gombault | France | 47.91 |  |
| 6 | Mike Bayle | Luxembourg | 48.71 |  |
| 7 | Alfons Brijdenbach | Belgium | 53.05 |  |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Franz-Peter Hofmeister | West Germany | 46.28 | **Q** |
| 2 | Richard Ashton | Great Britain | 46.63 | **Q** |
| 3 | Miroslav Tulis | Czechoslovakia | 46.77 | **Q** |
| 4 | Maurice Volmar | France | 46.94 | **q** |
| 5 | Eddy De Leeuw | Belgium | 47.27 | **q** |
| 6 | Koen Gijsbers | Netherlands | 47.65 |  |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lothar Krieg | West Germany | 46.57 | **Q** |
| 2 | Francis Demarthon | France | 46.73 | **Q** |
| 3 | Glen Cohen | Great Britain | 47.05 | **Q** |
| 4 | Jens Hansen | Denmark | 47.28 | **q** |
| 5 | Rijk Van den Berghe | Belgium | 47.55 |  |
| 6 | Ossi Karttunen | Finland | 48.02 |  |

#### Heat 4

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bernd Herrmann | West Germany | 46.50 | **Q** |
| 2 | Terry Whitehead | Great Britain | 46.61 | **Q** |
| 3 | Ryszard Podlas | Poland | 46.81 | **Q** |
| 4 | Stefano Malinverni | Italy | 47.03 | **q** |
| 5 | Markku Kukkoaho | Finland | 47.33 |  |
| 6 | Frank Schaffer | East Germany | 47.59 |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's 400 metres
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


title: Anthidium palmarum

abstract: Anthidium palmarum is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.

text:
# Anthidium palmarum

***Anthidium palmarum*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.

## Distribution

Middle America and North America

## Synonyms

Synonyms for this species include:

* *Anthidium palmarum micheneri* Schwarz, 1957

## InfoBox

| *Anthidium palmarum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Anthidium* |
| Species: | ***A. palmarum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anthidium palmarum***<br>Cockerell, 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| see text | |


title: 131st Cavalry Regiment (United States)

abstract: The 131st Cavalry Regiment was a regiment of the Alabama National Guard. It was authorized the special designation "Southern Leaders" and its motto was "Taught to Lead".

text:
# 131st Cavalry Regiment (United States)

The **131st Cavalry Regiment** was a regiment of the Alabama National Guard. It was authorized the special designation "Southern Leaders" and its motto was "Taught to Lead".

## History

The 131st Armor Regiment was activated in 1959 and was granted the coat of arms of its component unit, the 193rd Tank Battalion, the following year. The regiment was redesignated the 131st Cavalry Regiment in 2008.

In 2015 the 1st Squadron of the 131st Cavalry deployed to Romania where it participated in the "Red Dragon" exercise with the 528th Light Reconnaissance Battalion of the Romanian Land Forces as part of the State Partnership Program.

On September 11, 2016, the regiment was deactivated and its only component unit - the 1st Squadron - was redesignated the 1st Battalion of the 173rd Infantry Regiment. The 131st Cavalry Regiment's heraldry, special designation, and motto were subsequently reassigned to the newly created 173rd Infantry Regiment. The battalion was aligned with the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team in December.

## InfoBox

| 131st Cavalry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| 131st Cavalry Regiment's Distinctive Unit Insignia | |
| Disbanded | 1959-2008 (as 193rd Tank Battalion)<br>2008-2016 (as 131st Cavalry Regiment) |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | United States Army |
| Nickname(s) | Southern Leaders |
| Motto(s) | Taught to Lead |


abstract: The 1975–76 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey team represented the University of Minnesota in college ice hockey. In its 4th year under head coach Herb Brooks the team compiled a 28–14–2 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the third consecutive year and seventh all-time. The Golden Gophers defeated Michigan Tech 6–4 in the championship game at the DU Arena in Denver, Colorado to win their second national championship.

text:
# 1975–76 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey season

The **1975–76 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey team** represented the University of Minnesota in college ice hockey. In its 4th year under head coach Herb Brooks the team compiled a 28–14–2 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the third consecutive year and seventh all-time. The Golden Gophers defeated Michigan Tech 6–4 in the championship game at the DU Arena in Denver, Colorado to win their second national championship.

## Season

### Fast start

After a disappointing end to what was otherwise a tremendous season, Minnesota entered the 1975–76 campaign with a fairly young team. Herb Brooks' squad had only two seniors and four juniors leaving the team rather shorthanded in terms of experience. The Gophers' didn't let their youth stand in the way of a fast start, however. Minnesota won their first game in October over the US National Team which kicked off a 5-game winning streak. The Gophers suffered their first loss in their first true road game of the season when they were beaten by Denver in overtime. While Minnesota recovered to earn a split for the weekend, that series was the start of a 10-game trend where they alternated wins and losses. At the end of December Minnesota finally stopped losing every weekend and put together another 5-game winning streak to push their record to 14–5.

### New Year and .500 hockey

The Gophers began 1976 with a series against the defending national champions, Michigan Tech and while they split the series, the two teams combined for 25 goals in the two games. Minnesota then took seven out of eight points against Notre Dame and Denver before visiting Michigan and dropping both contest to the surprisingly strong Wolverines. After two more wins at Minnesota–Duluth the Gophers lost two more Big Ten contests, this time to Michigan State. Two losses dropped Minnesota's Big Ten record to 2–6 though they were still well positioned with a 19–10–1 mark in the WCHA. The following weekend the Gophers split with Wisconsin to guarantee that they would finish with a losing record in the Big Ten and continued to split each weekend for the remaining 4 weeks of the regular season.

### WCHA tournament

Despite their mediocre finish, Minnesota managed to hold onto home ice for the first round of the WCHA tournament and played host to Colorado College. The Gopher defense stepped up in the first game and gave Minnesota a 4-goal margin of victory that allowed the team to cruise to a 10–5 series win after taking the second contest. Minnesota was forced to hit the road for the second round, heading to Michigan State and facing off against the nation's leading scorer in Tom Ross. Minnesota was able to hold the Spartan offence to only two goals in the first game but could only manage two itself and the match ended in a 2-2 tie. both offenses woke up for the deciding second game and managed to score six times in regulation. Overtime was played at the same high pace but the goaltenders turned aside everything that came their way for over 40 minutes before Minnesota broke the tie and captured their third straight WCHA championship. Jeff Tscherne recorded 72 saves in the win, a Minnesota team record as of 2018.

### NCAA tournament

As they had two years earlier, Minnesota opened as the underdog against ECAC champion Boston University and just like 1974 the Gophers were able to send the Terriers packing. In the championship game Minnesota met Michigan Tech for the third consecutive year, the only time in NCAA where the same two team made the final three years running (as of 2019). The defending champion Huskies had produced a stellar season thus far and had already set a new NCAA record with 34 wins on the season. The top offense in the nation was led by future NHL-er Mike Zuke who had posted 103 points on the season and was only two behind Tom Ross for the scoring title. It didn't take much time from the start of the contest to figure out that it was not Jeff Tscherne's night. Michigan Tech scored three times in under four minutes to build a huge lead less than twelve minutes into the contest. Tscherne remained in net for the rest of the period and was able to stem the tide but it was a power play goal from Tom Vannelli at the end of the first that gave Minnesota some breathing room. Tscherne was replaced by Tom Mohr from the second on and the junior netminder was given time to settle in when Minnesota opened an offensive salvo on the Michigan Tech net. The Gophers outshot the Huskies 16–3 in the second and scored three times to erase the Tech advantage and take the lead themselves. Michigan Tech halted the Gopher charge with their fourth goal that came with 36 seconds to play to send the teams into the final frame in a tied game. The play was much more even in the third but Minnesota managed to score first with team captain Pat Phippen's goal near the middle of the stanza. Mohr held the Huskies off the scoresheet and allowed Warren Miller to cap the scoring with 30 seconds left.

Minnesota's second championship in three years was even more improbable that their first and the 1976 Golden Gophers became the first team since the 1948–49 Boston College Eagles to have a national champion composed entirely of American players. Furthermore, with Jim Boo having been raised in Minnesota they were the second team to have all of their players hail from one state.

Tom Vannelli's 5 points in the title tile earned him the Tournament MOP, however, for the only time in its history the NCAA did not name an All-Tournament Team. No Minnesota players were named to the AHCA All-American West Team and only Reed Larson made an appearance on an All-WCHA Team, earning first-team honors.

Three Minnesota players were taken at the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft. Reed Larson went on to have a very successful NHL career, becoming a three-time NHL All-Star.

## Standings

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conference | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | PTS | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Michigan Tech†\* | 32 | 25 | 7 | 0 | **50** | 190 | 134 |  | 43 | 34 | 9 | 0 | 255 | 177 |
| Michigan State | 32 | 20 | 12 | 0 | **40** | 154 | 139 |  | 40 | 23 | 15 | 2 | 193 | 176 |
| Minnesota* | 32 | 18 | 13 | 1 | **37** | 129 | 119 |  | 44 | 28 | 14 | 2 | 190 | 158 |
| Michigan | 32 | 17 | 15 | 0 | **34** | 157 | 141 |  | 39 | 21 | 18 | 0 | 196 | 176 |
| Notre Dame | 32 | 15 | 15 | 2 | **32** | 143 | 140 |  | 38 | 19 | 17 | 2 | 171 | 173 |
| Colorado College | 32 | 15 | 16 | 1 | **31** | 131 | 133 |  | 38 | 15 | 22 | 1 | 151 | 181 |
| Wisconsin | 32 | 11 | 19 | 2 | **24** | 137 | 151 |  | 38 | 12 | 24 | 2 | 153 | 177 |
| Denver | 32 | 12 | 20 | 0 | **24** | 120 | 140 |  | 39 | 16 | 23 | 0 | 165 | 175 |
| Minnesota-Duluth | 32 | 12 | 20 | 0 | **24** | 132 | 160 |  | 36 | 15 | 21 | 0 | 159 | 179 |
| North Dakota | 32 | 12 | 20 | 0 | **24** | 119 | 155 |  | 36 | 15 | 21 | 0 | 142 | 168 |
| Championship: Minnesota, Michigan Tech
indicates conference regular season champion
* indicates conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conference | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | PTS | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Michigan State | 12 | 9 | 3 | 0 | **18** | 57 | 49 |  | 40 | 23 | 15 | 2 | 193 | 176 |
| Michigan | 12 | 8 | 4 | 0 | **16** | 69 | 52 |  | 39 | 21 | 18 | 0 | 196 | 176 |
| Minnesota | 12 | 4 | 8 | 0 | **8** | 42 | 53 |  | 44 | 28 | 14 | 2 | 190 | 158 |
| Wisconsin | 12 | 3 | 9 | 0 | **6** | 49 | 63 |  | 38 | 12 | 24 | 2 | 153 | 177 |
| indicates conference regular season champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent# | Rank# | Site | Result | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| October 25 | vs. US National Team* |  | Eveleth HippodromeEveleth, Minnesota (Hall of Fame Game) | **W** 5–2 | 1–0 |
| October 27 | vs. Saint Louis* |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 4–3 | 2–0 |
| October 28 | vs. Saint Louis* |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 6–3 | 3–0 |
| November 7 | vs. Minnesota–Duluth |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 5–4 OT | 4–0 (1–0) |
| November 8 | vs. Minnesota–Duluth |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 4–2 | 5–0 (2–0) |
| November 14 | at Denver |  | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **L** 2–3 OT | 5–1 (2–1) |
| November 15 | at Denver |  | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 5–1 | 6–1 (3–1) |
| November 21 | at Michigan State |  | Munn Ice ArenaEast Lansing, Michigan | **L** 1–3 | 6–2 (3–2 / 0–1) |
| November 22 | at Michigan State |  | Munn Ice ArenaEast Lansing, Michigan | **W** 4–2 | 7–2 (4–2 / 1–1) |
| November 28 | vs. Wisconsin |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 2–4 | 7–3 (4–3 / 1–2) |
| November 29 | vs. Wisconsin |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 6–1 | 8–3 (5–3 / 2–2) |
| December 3 | vs. US National Team* |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 1–3 | 8–4 (5–3 / 2–2) |
| December 5 | vs. North Dakota |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 4–2 | 9–4 (6–3 / 2–2) |
| December 6 | vs. North Dakota |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 3–6 | 9–5 (6–4 / 2–2) |
| December 19 | vs. Colorado College |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 6–2 OT | 10–5 (7–4 / 2–2) |
| December 20 | vs. Colorado College |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 3–2 | 11–5 (8–4 / 2–2) |
| December 27 | at Saint Louis* |  | St. Louis ArenaSt. Louis, Missouri | **W** 7–4 | 12–5 (8–4 / 2–2) |
| December 28 | at Saint Louis* |  | St. Louis ArenaSt. Louis, Missouri | **W** 7–5 | 13–5 (8–4 / 2–2) |
| January 2 | vs. Michigan Tech |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 10–5 | 14–5 (9–4 / 2–2) |
| January 3 | vs. Michigan Tech |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 2–8 | 14–6 (9–5 / 2–2) |
| January 9 | at Notre Dame |  | Athletic & Convocation CenterNotre Dame, Indiana | **W** 6–3 | 15–6 (10–5 / 2–2) |
| January 10 | at Notre Dame |  | Athletic & Convocation CenterNotre Dame, Indiana | **T** 4–4 OT | 15–6–1 (10–5–1 / 2–2) |
| January 16 | vs. Denver |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 3–1 | 16–6–1 (11–5–1 / 2–2) |
| January 17 | vs. Denver |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 6–4 | 17–6–1 (12–5–1 / 2–2) |
| January 23 | at Michigan |  | Yost Ice ArenaAnn Arbor, Michigan | **L** 3–7 | 17–7–1 (12–6–1 / 2–3) |
| January 24 | at Michigan |  | Yost Ice ArenaAnn Arbor, Michigan | **L** 3–5 | 17–8–1 (12–7–1 / 2–4) |
| January 30 | at Minnesota–Duluth |  | Duluth Arena AuditoriumDuluth, Minnesota | **W** 5–3 | 18–8–1 (13–7–1 / 2–4) |
| January 31 | at Minnesota–Duluth |  | Duluth Arena AuditoriumDuluth, Minnesota | **W** 6–3 | 19–8–1 (14–7–1 / 2–4) |
| February 6 | vs. Michigan State |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 2–4 | 19–9–1 (14–8–1 / 2–5) |
| February 7 | vs. Michigan State |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 4–5 OT | 19–10–1 (14–9–1 / 2–6) |
| February 13 | vs. Wisconsin |  | Dane County ColiseumMadison, Wisconsin | **W** 5–4 OT | 20–10–1 (15–9–1 / 3–6) |
| February 14 | vs. Wisconsin |  | Dane County ColiseumMadison, Wisconsin | **L** 3–9 | 20–11–1 (15–10–1 / 3–7) |
| February 20 | at Colorado College |  | Broadmoor World ArenaColorado Springs, Colorado | **W** 4–1 | 21–11–1 (16–10–1 / 3–7) |
| February 21 | at Colorado College |  | Broadmoor World ArenaColorado Springs, Colorado | **L** 3–4 | 21–12–1 (16–11–1 / 3–7) |
| February 27 | vs. Michigan |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **L** 2–5 | 22–12–1 (17–11–1 / 4–7) |
| February 28 | vs. Michigan |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota | **W** 7–4 | 22–13–1 (17–12–1 / 4–8) |
| March 5 | at North Dakota |  | Winter Sports CenterGrand Forks, North Dakota | **W** 5–3 | 23–13–1 (18–12–1 / 4–8) |
| March 6 | at North Dakota |  | Winter Sports CenterGrand Forks, North Dakota | **L** 1–5 | 23–14–1 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| WCHA tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 10 | vs. Colorado College* |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota (WCHA First Round Game 1) | **W** 5–1 | 24–14–1 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| March 11 | vs. Colorado College* |  | Williams ArenaMinneapolis, Minnesota (WCHA First Round Game 2) | **W** 5–4 | 25–14–1 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| **Minnesota Wins Series 12-5** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 13 | at Michigan State* |  | Munn Ice ArenaEast Lansing, Michigan (WCHA Second Round Game 1) | **T** 2–2 OT | 25–14–2 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| March 14 | at Michigan State* |  | Munn Ice ArenaEast Lansing, Michigan (WCHA Second Round Game 2) | **W** 7–6 3OT | 26–14–2 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| **Minnesota Wins Series 9-8** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 14 | vs. Boston University* |  | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado (National Semifinal) | **W** 4–2 | 27–14–2 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| March 15 | vs. Michigan Tech* |  | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado (National championship) | **W** 4–2 | 28–14–2 (18–13–1 / 4–8) |
| \*Non-conference game. #Rankings from USCHO.com Poll.
Source: | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Roster and scoring statistics

| No. | Player | Year | Position | Hometown | S/P/C | Games | Goals | Assists | Points | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 | Tom Vannelli | Junior |  | Saint Paul, MN |  | 44 | 26 | 43 | **69** | 72 |
| 10 | Warren Miller | Senior |  | South Saint Paul, MN |  | 44 | 26 | 31 | **57** | 52 |
| 11 | Pat Phippen | Junior | LW | Roseville, MN |  | 41 | 17 | 33 | **50** | 50 |
| 9 | Tom Younghans | Sophomore | RW | Saint Paul, MN |  | 44 | 19 | 24 | **43** | 94 |
| 26 | Reed Larson | Sophomore |  | Minneapolis, MN |  | 42 | 13 | 29 | **42** | 94 |
| 7 | Don Madson | Freshman |  | Grand Rapids, MN |  | 42 | 14 | 24 | **38** | 32 |
| 3 | Joe Micheletti | Junior | / | International Falls, MN |  | 33 | 7 | 24 | **31** | 46 |
| 18 | Tom Gorence | Freshman | RW | Saint Paul, MN |  | 40 | 16 | 10 | **26** | 24 |
| 6 | Bill Baker | Freshman |  | Grand Rapids, MN |  | 44 | 8 | 15 | **23** | 28 |
| 25 | Daniel Bonk | Freshman |  | South Saint Paul, MN |  | 42 | 7 | 15 | **22** | 32 |
| 22 | Ken Yackel Jr. | Sophomore | RW | South Saint Paul, MN |  | 37 | 9 | 6 | **15** | 39 |
| 21 | Bruce Lind | Sophomore |  | Richfield, MN |  | 42 | 5 | 10 | **15** | 73 |
| 14 | Mark Lambert | Sophomore |  | Saint Paul, MN |  | 44 | 6 | 8 | **14** | 22 |
| 4 | Robin Larson | Sophomore |  | Roseville, MN |  | 41 | 2 | 12 | **14** | 23 |
| 12 | Phil Verchota | Freshman | LW | Duluth, MN |  | 42 | 8 | 3 | **11** | 55 |
| 17 | Russ Anderson | Sophomore |  | Minneapolis, MN |  | 39 | 2 | 9 | **11** | 111 |
| 19 | Bob Fish | Freshman | LW | Warroad, MN |  | 24 | 3 | 3 | **6** | 2 |
| 2 | Brad Morrow | Senior |  | Anoka, MN |  | 27 | 1 | 3 | **4** | 8 |
| 24 | Tim Rainey | Freshman | RW | Bloomington, MN |  | 26 | 1 | 2 | **3** | 12 |
| 8 | Tony Dorn | Freshman |  | Thief River Falls, MN |  | 24 | 1 | 1 | **2** | 12 |
| 23 | Bryan Fredrickson | Sophomore | RW | Minneapolis, MN |  | 10 | 0 | 1 | **1** | 16 |
| 20 | Jim Boo | Sophomore |  | Rolla, MO |  | 19 | 0 | 1 | **1** | 21 |
| 5 | Joe Baker | Sophomore |  | White Bear Lake, MN |  | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| 1 | Steve Janaszak | Freshman |  | Saint Paul, MN |  | 4 | - | - | - | - |
| 30 | Tom Mohr | Junior |  | Hopkins, MN |  | 12 | - | - | - | - |
| 35 | Jeff Tscherne | Sophomore |  | Edina, MN |  | 29 | - | - | - | - |
|
| Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Goaltending statistics

| No. | Player | Games | Minutes | Wins | Losses | Ties | Goals Against | Saves | Shut Outs | SV % | GAA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 30 | Tom Mohr | 12 | 733 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 33 | 316 | 0 | .911 | **2.70** |
| 35 | Jeff Tscherne | 29 | 1783 | 19 | 9 | 1 | 104 | 864 | 0 | .893 | **3.50** |
| 1 | Steve Janaszak | 4 | 238 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 21 | 75 | 0 | .781 | **5.30** |
| Total |  | 44 |  | 28 | 14 | 2 | 158 |  | 0 |  |  |

## 1976 championship game

### (W1) Michigan Tech vs. (W2) Minnesota

| March 27 | Michigan Tech |  | **4 – 6** |  | **Minnesota** | University of Denver Arena | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Scoring summary | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Period | Team | Goal | Assist(s) | Time | Score |
| **1st** | **MTU** | Warren Young | Joelson, Dempsey | 7:55 | 1–0 MTU |
| | **MTU** | Warren Young | Joelson and Decker | 10:36 | 2–0 MTU |
| | **MTU** | Jim Murray | Jessee | 11:31 | 3–0 MTU |
| | **MIN** | Tom Vannelli*PP* | Younghans and Phippen | 17:05 | 3–1 MTU |
| **2nd** | **MIN** | Joe Micheletti | Larson and Vannelli | 22:55 | 3–2 MTU |
| | **MIN** | Bill Baker | Vannelli and Phippen | 30:26 | 3–3 |
| | **MIN** | Tom Gorence | Larson | 32:47 | 4–3 MIN |
| | **MTU** | Nels Goddard | Roberts and Zuke | 39:24 | 4–4 |
| **3rd** | **MIN** | Pat Phippen*GW* | Vannelli and Larson | 48:37 | 5–4 MIN |
| | **MIN** | Warren Miller | Phippen and Vannelli | 59:30 | 6–4 MIN |
|

## Players drafted into the NHL/WHA

### 1976 NHL Amateur Draft

|  | = NHL All-Star team |  | = NHL All-Star |  |  | = NHL All-Star and NHL All-Star team |  | = Did not play in the NHL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Round | Pick | Player | NHL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | 22 | Reed Larson | Detroit Red Wings |
| 3 | 54 | Bill Baker | Montreal Canadiens |
| 5 | 75 | Phil Verchota | Minnesota North Stars |

### 1976 WHA Amateur Draft

|  | = Did not play in the WHA |
| --- | --- |

| Round | Pick | Player | WHA Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | 49 | Bill Baker | New England Whalers |
|

## InfoBox

| 1975–76 Minnesota Golden Gophers
men's ice hockey season | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| **National champion**
WCHA tournament, co-champion
NCAA tournament, champion | |
|  | |
| Conference | 3rd WCHA
3rd Big Ten |
| Home ice | Williams Arena |
| Record | |
| Overall | 28–14–2 |
| Conference | 18–13–1 / 4–8 |
| Home | 13–6–0 |
| Road | 12–8–2 |
| Neutral | 3–0–0 |
| Coaches and captains | |
| Head coach | Herb Brooks |
| Assistant coaches | Brad Buetow |
| Captain(s) | Pat Phippen |
| Alternate captain(s) | Warren Miller
Tom Vannelli |
| **Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey seasons**
« 1974–75 1976–77 » | |


title: Anti-Subversion Act of 1957

abstract: The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957, officially designated as Republic Act No. 1700, is a Philippine law which outlawed the Communist Party of the Philippines of 1930, the Hukbalahap, and any organizations succeeding these two organizations including the Communist Party of the Philippines, the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, and the New People's Army, on the grounds that these groups is involved in a "conspiracy to overthrow the government and imposed a totalitarian regime". It also prohibited association with these groups.

text:
# Anti-Subversion Act of 1957

The **Anti-Subversion Act of 1957**, officially designated as **Republic Act No. 1700**, is a Philippine law which outlawed the Communist Party of the Philippines of 1930 (*Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930*), the Hukbalahap, and any organizations succeeding these two organizations including the Communist Party of the Philippines, the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, and the New People's Army, on the grounds that these groups is involved in a "conspiracy to overthrow the government and imposed a totalitarian regime". It also prohibited association with these groups.

## History

The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957, or the Republic Act (RA) No. 1700, was signed into law by then President Carlos P. Garcia on June 20, 1957. It was enacted into law during the peak of the Hukbalahap's Communist rebellion in the 1950s. It was meant for the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP-1930) and its leaders are punishable by death penalty under the law. However no PKP leader was formally executed under the Anti-Subversion Act.

The legislation was superseded during the Martial Law period under President Ferdinand Marcos. Marcos issued Presidential Decree (PD) 885 in 1976 and PD 1835 in 1981. Through PD 885, Marcos expanded the Anti-Subversion Act by including organizations that were meant for the purpose of overthrowing the national government.

The Anti-Subversion Act was revived by President Corazon Aquino in 1987 through Executive Order 167 which also repealed the two presidential decrees issued by Marcos. The law was repealed again in 1992 by President Fidel V. Ramos through RA 7636 which meant that subversion is no longer a crime, but sedition remained illegal.

## Revival

In 2019, Department of the Interior and Local Government Secretary Eduardo Año proposed the revival of the Anti-Subversion Act in a bid to end the communist rebellion in the Philippines in response to reports of students being recruited by front organizations of Communist rebels. The proposal was criticized due to potential of the government to abuse the law by lumping dissenters and critics with New People's Army rebels.

## InfoBox

| Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Congress of the Philippines | |
| **Long title** * An Act To Outlaw The Communist Party Of The Philippines And Similar Associations, Penalizing Membership Therein, And For Other Purposes | |
| Territorial extent | Philippines |
| Signed by | Carlos P. Garcia |
| Signed | June 20, 1957 |
| Effective | June 20, 1957 |
| Repealed | 1992 |
| Related legislation | |
| Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 | |
| **Status:** Repealed | |


title: 1647 North American influenza epidemic

text:
# 1647 North American influenza epidemic

In the spring and summer of 1647, an "epidemical sickness" prevailed throughout the New England Colonies and along the coast of English America. Considered the first documented influenza epidemic in North America, the outbreak is said to have spread all the way to the West Indies, where significant mortality was reported.

## History

According to Noah Webster, this outbreak was the first recorded epidemic of influenza in North America, though it was not designated as such at the time. The exact origins of this visitation of the disease are unknown, but it was "probably" introduced by the Spanish or other Europeans. According to the United States Public Health Service, it was transported from Valencia. Indeed, influenza was reportedly present in Spain during the year of this epidemic.

The disease was present in Windsor, Connecticut Colony, possibly as early as the late winter of 1647. Its prevalence in that town has been implicated in the accusations of witchcraft against Alse Young, who was executed on that charge on 26 May.

John Winthrop, the Puritan Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, describes the "epidemical sickness" as prevailing in the month of June, afflicting "Indians and English, French and Dutch." On the 8th, the Cambridge Synod convened in that town for its second session. However, it was quickly suspended on account of the prevailing sickness and adjourned until the following year.

In July, the disease was present in Barnstable, where there was reportedly "sickness upon every family and every one in every family," a state of affairs that compelled the church in that town to observe a fast on the 22nd.

The disease seemed to spread along the entire coast, throughout the English plantations. It is said to have ultimately arrived in the West Indies, specifically Barbados and Saint Kitts, where, according to Winthrop's account, some 5,000 died on each island this year. This disaster came in the wake of a major drought, which "burnt up" all the crops and compelled the inhabitants to turn begrudgingly to New England for help.

There is some ambiguity regarding the relationship between this devastating outbreak in the West Indies and the "epidemical sickness" that prevailed in New England. Subsequent accounts of this epidemic, such as that of William Hubbard in his *A General History of New England* (citing Winthrop and later cited by Webster), directly connect the two events, though Winthrop's account is not so explicit in this respect. On the contrary, regarding this "great mortality", Winthrop states that "whether it were the plague, or the pestilent fever, it killed in three days". In direct response to this situation, the Massachusetts General Court enacted a quarantine requirement for all ships arriving at Boston Harbor from the West Indies, the first such measure in colonial America, to prevent the importation of "the plague, or like grievos \[in\]fectious disease" then raging in those parts.

A disease believed to be yellow fever was epidemic in Barbados in September 1647 and in Saint Kitts before and up to July 1648. Some authors have asserted that it was specifically these outbreaks (rather than some unidentifiable "plague") that prompted the Massachusetts quarantine measure, as the restrictions were lifted two years later, in May 1649, only once the yellow fever epidemic in those parts had subsided. In particular, some have drawn an explicit connection between Winthrop's account of "great mortality" in Barbados and Saint Kitts and the yellow fever then epidemic in that region. Ultimately, whatever the exact cause of the West Indies "plague", histories of influenza, typically citing either Hubbard or Webster, have maintained that outbreak as an extension of the influenza first reported in New England.

## Disease

### Cause

The disease responsible for this outbreak is generally considered to have been influenza, though neither that name, nor the synonymous term "epidemic catarrh", was used at the time. The historian Daniel Neal called it a "malignant Fever"; Winthrop referred to it as an "epidemical sickness". It was, in any case, often likened to a cold.

Significant epidemics at this time were often attributed to supernatural influence and "regarded as disclosures of divine wrath," and such was the case with this one. The Puritan missionary John Eliot described the outbreak of this disease as "suddaine & generall, as if the Lord had immediately sent forth an angel, not \[with\] a sword to kill but \[with\] a rod to chastize, and he smot all, good & bad, old & young." Similarly, an order for a fast in Massachusetts the following year made reference to "the Lord's visitation generally through this country the last summer by an unknown disease."

Some more natural explanations for the outbreak were suggested, however. Neal, for example, attributed the appearance of this "malignant Fever" to "\[t\]he excessive Heats this Summer". Even this, though, inspired religious meditation, as Eliot reflected: "To have such colds in the height of the heat of summer shews us, \[yet\] in the height of the means of grace, peace liberty of ordinances &c yet may we then fall into malignant & mortal colds apostacys & coolings."

### Signs and symptoms

Eliot described the disease as "a very depe cold, \[with\] some tincture of a feaver & full of malignity & very dangerous if not well regarded by keeping a low diet." Similarly, Winthrop describes it as seizing its victims "like a cold, and a light fever with it."

### Effects

By modern standards, this epidemic could be considered "moderately severe"; to contemporary observers, it was reported to be "severe". However, these classifications are difficult to establish owing to a lack of reliable data. Entire towns were said to be attacked at once. It attacked apparently indiscriminately, afflicting "Indians and English, French and Dutch", with "but a few persons escaping it". Neither the young nor the old were spared. John Brock, a graduate of Harvard in the Class of 1646, remarked casually in his memorandum book for the year 1647, "Every body has gotten a Cold."

With respect to mortality, some differing reports exist. Neal states that the disease "carried off a great many People". Winthrop, on the other hand, notes that "few died," a fact that he attributes to "the mercy of God to his people"; accordingly, he reports that no more than 40 or 50 died in Massachusetts and similarly in Connecticut. Eliot reflects this suggestion in his comparison of the disease to an "angel" sent by God "to chastize" rather than "to kill". Nonetheless, it was apparently "especially fatal to pregnant women."

Its effects in Windsor, the home of Alse Young, can be seen in the town's mortality records. Between 1646 and 1647, the death rate more than quadrupled, from six to 27, an increase arguably attributable to the epidemic. Notably, the death rate remained elevated into the following year, at 25, before falling back down to four.

Some notable individuals are known to have died during this epidemic. These include Winthrop's own wife, Margaret Tyndal, who died on 14 June, and Congregational minister and founder of the Connecticut Colony, Thomas Hooker, who died on 7 July.

### Treatment

In terms of apparently more successful treatments, taking "comfortable things" and "keeping a low diet" were considered beneficial. On the other hand, those who were "bled or used cooling drinks" were more likely to die.

## In literature

The epidemic is dramatized in the historical fiction novel *One of Windsor: The Untold Story of America's First Witch Hanging* by Beth M. Caruso, a cofounder of the Connecticut Witch Trial Exoneration Project. Caruso relied on historical records and "educated assumptions" to piece together a narrative of Alse Young's life, from her emigration from England in 1635 to her execution in Windsor in 1647.

## InfoBox

| 1647 North American influenza epidemic | |
| --- | --- |
| Disease | Influenza |
| Virus strain | Unknown |
| Location | North America |
| First reported | New England |
| Date | Spring and summer 1647 |


title: 1647

abstract: 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1647th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 647th year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1647, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

text:
# 1647

1647 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1647
*MDCXLVII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2400 |
| Armenian calendar | 1096
ԹՎ ՌՂԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6397 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1568–1569 |
| Bengali calendar | 1054 |
| Berber calendar | 2597 |
| English Regnal year | 22 Cha. 1  23 Cha. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2191 |
| Burmese calendar | 1009 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7155–7156 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙戌年 (Fire Dog)
4344 or 4137
*to*
丁亥年 (Fire Pig)
4345 or 4138 |
| Coptic calendar | 1363–1364 |
| Discordian calendar | 2813 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1639–1640 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5407–5408 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1703–1704 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1568–1569 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4747–4748 |
| Holocene calendar | 11647 |
| Igbo calendar | 647–648 |
| Iranian calendar | 1025–1026 |
| Islamic calendar | 1056–1057 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōhō 4
(正保４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1568–1569 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 3980 |
| Minguo calendar | 265 before ROC
民前265年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 179 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2189–2190 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
1773 or 1392 or 620
*to*
阴火猪年
(female Fire-Pig)
1774 or 1393 or 621 |

**1647** (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1647th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 647th year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th year of the 17th century, and the 8th year of the 1640s decade. As of the start of 1647, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

### JanuaryMarch

### AprilJune

* April 3  In England, a letter from the Agitators of the New Model Army, protesting delay of pay, is read in the House of Commons.
* May 13  The 1647 Santiago earthquake rattles Chile.
* May 24  The Marquis of Argyll and David Leslie join forces to defeat Alasdair MacColla, at Rhunahoarine Point in Kintyre. MacColla flees to Ireland; his followers are massacred.
* June 6  Michael Jones, named Governor of Dublin by England's Parliamentarians, lands with 2,000 troops and begins the expulsion of Catholics and the arrest of Protestant royalists.
* June 8  The Puritan rulers of England's Long Parliament pass the "Ordinance for abolishing all Holidays, and appointing other Days for Sports and Recreations for Scholars, Apprentices, and Servants, in their Room", confirming abolition of the feasts of Christmas, Easter and Whitsun, though making the second Tuesday in each month a secular holiday. The Act declares "Forasmuch as the Feasts of the Nativity of Christ, Easter, and Whitsuntide, and other Festivals, commonly called Holidays, have heretofore been superstitiously used and observed; be it ordained, That the said Feasts and Festivals be no loner observed within England and Wales."
* June 10  The Battle of Puerto de Cavite begins in the Spanish Philippines when an armada of 12 large warships from the Dutch Republic sails into Manila Bay, with cannon fire hitting many of the roofs of the city. The Spanish defending fleet drives off the Dutch after a two day battle.
* June 16  Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, is crowned as the King of Hungary and Croatia at Pressburg, now the Slovakian capital of Bratislava
* June 19  The Duke of Ormond, the royalist governor of Dublin, concludes a treaty with the English Commonwealth's Earl of Anglesey, handing over control of Dublin to the Commonwealth in return for the English promise to protect the interests of royalists, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, who had not joined in the Irish Rebellion.
* June 25  The "Remonstrance of The Army" is presented to the English parliament by former Royal Army supporters of King Charles I, pledging their loyalty to the new English Commonwealth.

### JulySeptember

### OctoberDecember

### Date unknown

## Births

### JanuaryMarch

### AprilJune

### JulySeptember

### OctoberDecember

### Date unknown

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: 1647 in China

abstract: Events from the year 1647 in China.

text:
# 1647 in China

Events from the year **1647 in China**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Deaths

* Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1985), *The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China*, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1647<br>History of China    Timeline    Years |


title: Elegy (band)

abstract: Elegy are a Dutch power metal band, founded in 1986 in Eindhoven. Their music is characterized by the fusion of power and progressive metal, which made them the pioneers of the 'progressive power metal' subgenre. The band was plagued by a continuing changing roster, which counts in the current line-up only one founding member. Elegy have currently suspended any recording or live activity......Sep 6 2024, Elegy played at ProgPower USA.

text:
# Elegy (band)

**Elegy** are a Dutch power metal band, founded in 1986 in Eindhoven. Their music is characterized by the fusion of power and progressive metal, which made them the pioneers of the 'progressive power metal' subgenre. The band was plagued by a continuing changing roster, which counts in the current line-up only one founding member. Elegy have currently suspended any recording or live activity......Sep 6 2024, Elegy played at ProgPower USA.

## History

The band was formed in 1986 by guitarists Hank van de Laars and Arno van Brussel, who recruited the first stable line-up of Elegy with vocalist Chris Terheijden, bassist Martin Helmantel and Bert Burgers on drums. In 1986, the new band won a competition organized by the German magazine *Metal Hammer* and Polydor Records and recorded their first demo *Metricide*. After recording their second demo, *Better Than Bells*, the band had already become known enough to tour with Angel Witch, Paul Di'Anno’s Battlezone, Hellion and King Diamond. The following year came the first changes in the band: Ed Warby and Eduard Hovinga joined the band on drums and vocals. This line-up recorded a third demo called *Elegant Solution*.

In 1992 they recorded their first album (*Labyrinth of Dreams*) and ensured a contract with the German label Shark Records. The album was a success in Japan where it reached number 42 in the album charts. Soon after the release of the album in 1993, Ed Warby left the band to join Gorefest and drummer Serge Meeuwsen was hired for a Japanese tour, along keyboard player Ton van de Stroom. Back from Japan, Meeuwsen, van de Stroom and founding member Arno van Brussel left Elegy, to be replaced by drummer Dirk Bruinenberg and guitarist Gilbert Pot.

In the spring of 1994, Elegy released their second studio album, *Supremacy*, which received little promotion by their record label and was supported only by a small tour with Annihilator, Phantom Blue, The Gathering and Gorefest.

In the summer of 1995, the album *Lost* is presented to the public, with new keyboard player Gerrit Hager. But shortly before going on tour with Yngwie Malmsteen, Hovinga, Pot and Hager left the band. At the same the German record company Modern Music, home of T&T and Noise Records, offered the band a lucrative contract.

The following year, vocalist Ian Parry (ex-Hammerhead) joined the band and recorded the EP *Primal Instinct*, which contains acoustic versions of old Elegy songs.

The album *State of Mind* saw the light in May 1997 with good reviews and sales, both in Europe and Japan. Elegy went on a European tour with the Finnish band Stratovarius to support the new album.

Chris Allister joined on keyboards for the concept album *Manifestation of Fear*, released in the summer of 1998. The band co-headlined a European tour with American power metal band Kamelot the same year.

After the tour in 1999, Parry started his side-project Consortium with Bruinenberg on drums. At the end of the year founding member Henk van de Laars and Chris Allister left Elegy. French guitar virtuoso Patrick Rondat joined the band during the same year and recorded Elegy's eight album *Forbidden Fruit*, released on September 18, 2000 and well received by critics. *Forbidden Fruit* was the last album released for Modern Music, leaving the band without a recording contract for more than a year. Meanwhile, the band members worked on side-projects or as touring and session musicians

Two years later Elegy released *Principles of Pain* with the Spanish label Locomotive Records. Since then the band have not published any more albums and is currently on hiatus.

Ian Parry said in a 2012 interview that he would like to make one more Elegy album, if a record company would be prepared to invest in it. Guitar Player Henk van der Laars wrote an album full of songs but more effort is needed to get it ready.

On Friday April 1st of 2023 news broke of the band's reunion, following relentless speculations. Reuniting in their strongest line-up, the band sees the return of their cherished founding member, guitarist Henk v/d Laars after decades of absence. Rumor has it the band reunited by popular demand and request of musicians globally. Helmantel joined ranks of Headless featuring Dario Parente and Walter Cianciusi and both guitarists are fans of Elegy's work. They sparked the flame, as did guitarist Bill Hudson (I am Morbid, Doro, Northtale), mentioning recently Elegy as a huge inspiration. Upon news dropping, Helmantel and Parry are touring with Headless supporting Geoff Tate on his 35th anniversary tour for 'Operation: Mindcrime', performing an inspired version of Elegy's praised classic "Visual Vortex".

## Discography

### Albums

## Band members

### Current members

* Ian Parry - vocals (1995–present)
* Henk van der Laars - guitars (1986-1999, 2023–present)
* Gilbert Pot - guitars, keyboards (1993–1995, 2023–present)
* Martin Helmantel - bass (1987–present)
* Dirk Bruinenberg - drums (1993-2002, 2023–present)

### Former members

* Arno Van Brussel - guitars (1986–1993)
* Chris Terheijden - vocals (1986–1989)
* Bert Burgers - drums (1986–1988)
* Ed Warby \- drums (1988–1993)
* Eduard Hovinga - vocals (1990–1995)
* Serge Meeuwsen - drums (1993)
* Ton van de Stroom - keyboards (1992–1993)
* Gerrit Hager - keyboards (1995)
* Chris Allister - keyboards (1998–1999)
* Patrick Rondat \- guitars (1999–2002)
* Bart Bisseling - drums (2002)

### Timeline

## InfoBox

| Elegy | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Eindhoven, The Netherlands |
| Genres | Power metal, progressive metal |
| Years active | 1986-present |
| Labels | Shark Records, T&T, Locomotive Music |
|  | |
| Members | Ian Parry
Henk van der Laars
Gilbert Pot
Martin Helmantel
Dirk Bruinenberg |
|  | |
| Past members | Arno van Brussel
Chris Terheijden
Bert Burgers
Ed Warby
Eduard Hovinga
Serge Meeuwsen
Ton van de Stroom
Gerrit Hager
Chris Allister
Patrick Rondat
Joshua Dutrieux
Bart Bisseling |
|  | |
| Website | Elegy Official Site |


title: Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed

abstract: "Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed", originally spelled "To His Mistris Going to Bed", is a poem written by the metaphysical poet John Donne. The elegy was refused a licence for publishing in Donne's posthumous collection Poems in 1633, but was printed in an anthology, The Harmony of the Muses, in 1654. The poem is classified as one of Donne's love poems, "marked by an energetic, often bawdy wit, a new explicitness about sexual desire and experience, and an irreverent new attitude towards authority figures". Several poetic conventions, such as the blason, metaphysical conceit, neoplatonism and allusion are used by Donne in this work.

text:
# Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed

"**Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed**", originally spelled "**To His Mistris Going to Bed**", is a poem written by the metaphysical poet John Donne.

The elegy was refused a licence for publishing in Donne's posthumous collection *Poems* in 1633, but was printed in an anthology, *The Harmony of the Muses*, in 1654. The poem is classified as one of Donne's love poems, "marked by an energetic, often bawdy wit, a new explicitness about sexual desire and experience, and an irreverent new attitude towards authority figures". Several poetic conventions, such as the blason, metaphysical conceit, neoplatonism and allusion are used by Donne in this work.

## Summary

Throughout the poem, Donne's male speaker urges his mistress into bed. Donne's speaker fervently describes undressing and caressing his mistress, and at the end, the speaker reveals that he is fully unclothed and erect. The process of disrobing is followed from top to toe, centred on the belly and vulva, and each stage compares the beauty of dress as external decoration with the natural beauty of the undressed woman.

## Poetic conventions

Donne's poem reinvents Petrarchan poetic conventions, which figured around the despair and heartache brought about by unattainable love. Donne's "Elegy XIX" was also influenced by Ovid's "Elegies", in which Ovid used wit and detachment in describing the male lover's aggressive pursuit of women." By combining Petrarch's technique of "wooing from afar" with Ovid's sexually aggressive language and style, Donne creates a parody of the conventional love sonnet, and an early specimen of libertine poetry.

### Blazon

Ironically, Donne's speaker uses a blazon, or a record of virtues and excellencies to describe his mistress disrobing (Lines 5–18). While standard Petrarchan blazons were used to list a woman's honourable attributes, such as her beauty or chasteness, Donne's poem "removes \[the\] woman from the pedestal on which she had been adored", placing an erotic emphasis on an otherwise virtuous list. Instead of speaking of his mistress's virtues, Donne's speaker focuses solely on her appearance, which demonstrates that the speaker is looking for a coital experience with love.

### Allusion

The poem is peppered with metaphorical allusion, used to further describe sexual imagery. In Line 21, Donne refers to "Mahomets Paradice", which was peopled with beautiful women ready to satisfy the carnal desires of the male inhabitants. Similarly, Donne mentions that "Gems which you women use/Are like Atalanta's balls, cast in men's views" (35–6); in Greek mythology, Atalanta rejected all suitors who could not defeat her in a race; Hippomenes eventually defeated her by dropping apples along the race trail, which Atalanta stopped to pick up. Donne's connection between religious allusion and eroticism creates a paradox, which suggests that Donne sees physical love as being just as necessary as love for the divine.

### Erotic imagery and metaphor

"Elegy XIX" is full of erotic imagery, which complements Donne's adaptation of Ovidian wit. In the blazon, Donne's speaker orders, "Off with that happy busk, which I envy" (11); Donne's speaker uses the busk as a metaphor of the phallus, although it is unclear whether or not the speaker envies the busk because of its proportions, or because it is close to the mistress's body. Donne's speaker asks his mistress to "Shew/The haiery Diademe which on you doth grow" (15–6), or otherwise, let her hair down, which creates an image of freedom and relaxedness within the bedroom setting (it is also used later in Thomas Carew's "A Rapture").

Donne's metaphysical conceit occurs at line 27; "O my America! my new-found-land/My kingdome, safeliest when with one man man’d/My Myne of precious stones, My Emperie/How blest am I in this discovering thee!" (27–30). K. W. Gransden sees this excerpt as an “analogy from Elizabethan navigation and discovery, by which means he \[the speaker\] depicts the lover's journey to consummation in the most modern possible fashion. Donne neatly hits the traditional estimate of love by expressing it in terms of an adventure”. Here, Gransden commends Donne's comparison of sexual intercourse to an adventure, which was a modern way for his speaker to coax the mistress into bed. Donne's metaphysical conceit also dabbles in gendered power dynamics of early modern England. Ilona Bell suggests that "If the woman is \[the speaker's\] kingdom and his empire, he is her king and emperor, reveling unabashedly in his masculine dominion over her”, which suggests that Donne's speaker takes a position of superiority and governance over his mistress. However, it is important to note that without the "new-found-land", AKA the mistress, Donne's speaker would not be a king. As much as the mistress needs the speaker, the speaker needs the mistress. This is also reverent in the last lines of the poem, "To teach thee, I am naked first, why then/What needst thou have more covering then a man?" (47–8); Donne's speaker removes his clothes to guide, or teach, his mistress; however, since he is naked first, he places himself in a place of vulnerability. Bell notes that "male domination \[was\] fundamental to Donne's poetic and cultural inheritance. Not surprisingly, therefore, Donne's poems acknowledge the sexual stereotypes and gender hierarchy that subordinated early modern women to men...; however, his poems also dramatise the ways in which Donne challenged... the patriarchal polity and society into which \[he was\] born and died”. By supplying the reader with a metaphysical conceit that places the speaker over his mistress, but in a way that obviously shows his dependence on her, as well as providing an open-ended scenario where the man is either guiding his mistress into nudity or left vulnerable as she remains clothed, Bell's theory is supported.

### Neoplatonism

Although the elegy is not Donne's most credible neoplatonic work, there is one instance where transcendent love is mentioned. Donne's speaker mentions that "As souls unbodied, bodies uncloth'd must be" (34), which suggests that the spiritual connection of two souls outside of the body, or a Neoplatonic love, is just as crucial and necessary to a relationship as physical, erotic love.