title: 2007 Serena Williams tennis season

text:
# 2007 Serena Williams tennis season

Serena Williams's 2007 tennis season officially began at the Moorilla Hobart International. Williams finished the year ranked world no. 7, finishing in the top 10 and reaching the quarterfinals of all slams for the first time in two years. She also won her 8th slam at the Australian Open.

## Year in detail

Williams began 2007 with renewed confidence, stating her intention to return to the top of the rankings, a comment former player and commentator Pat Cash branded "deluded."

### Australian Open and early hard court season

#### Moorilla Hobart International

Williams began her 2007 season at the Moorilla Hobart International. In her opening match she faced Sofia Arvidsson of Sweden. Williams took the first five games just to see Arvidsson take four in a row; Williams then closed it out in the tenth game. The second set was dominated by Williams with a bagel. Williams then scrapped past Lucie Šafářová in her next match, when they traded the first two sets, Williams winning the first and Šafářová taking the second. Williams took the third set in a tie-break. In the quarterfinals she took on Sybille Bammer. Williams took the first set but was eliminated by Bammer, when Bammer took the last twos sets.

#### Australian Open

Williams came into the Australian Open unseeded, because of her world no. 81 ranking and was widely regarded as "out of shape". Williams in her opening match faced 27th seed Mara Santangelo and lost only three games, with the help of ten aces. In her next match she faced qualifier Anne Kremer, which she had to break back when she was broken in the fifth game to push it to a tie-break. Kramer took four of the first five points, before Williams could win the last six to take the breaker. Williams then took the first four games of the second and eventually closed it out in the eight game. In the round of 32, Williams had 5th seed Nadia Petrova on the other side of the net. Petrova dominated the first set losing only a game and served for the match in the tenth game of the second. However, Williams broke back and won the next two games to take the second set when Petrova double faulted. Williams then took the deciding set with a single break lead, serving it out in the ninth game. This was her first win over a top-10 player since defeating Lindsay Davenport in the 2005 Australian Open final. In the fourth round, she faced 11th ranked Jelena Janković and cruised in straight sets with a drop of only five games. Williams fired eight aces to go with 31 winners and 28 errors. This is her first time since the 2005 Australian Open to get past the fourth round of a slam. In the last eight, she took on Shahar Pe'er. Pe'er broke in the first game and held the led through closing it out in the ninth game. Williams then took the last four games of the second set form the fifth game to take it to a decider. Williams broke in the fourth game, just for Pe'er to break back and get back on serve latter in the set. Pe'er then broke in the eleventh game and served for the match; Williams then broke back and won the next two games to go through. Williams had 49 unforced errors and only 30 winners. In the final 4, Williams faced 17-year-old Nicole Vaidišová. The first went to a tie-break in which Williams took the first four points then Vaidišová rallied to tie it at 5, Williams then took the next two points to take the set. Williams then broke Vaidišová twice and served for the match at the eight game, Vaidišová came back and broke and saved four match points on her own serve to hold. Williams then served it out in the tenth game. Tracy Austin in her tournament analysis stated that Williams had a great tournament but the ride was over and that Maria Sharapova would have no trouble with Williams. Serena thought it was mean and unnecessary and used it as motivation. In the first set, Williams took the first five games before Sharapova could get a game, Williams then held to close out the set. Williams then made four games in a row in the second before Sharapova could win a game, Williams served it out in the eight game and won the match. This is her first title at any tournament since winning the 2005 Australian Open. Williams finished with 28 winners and 11 unforced errors. Williams came the first player since Chris O'Neil to win the title whilst not being seeded; and claimed her third Australian Open and eighth Grand Slam singles title overall. The win elevated Williams to 14th in the rankings. Williams dedicated the title to her deceased sister Yetunde Price. Her performance in the final was described in the press as "one of the best performances of her career" and "arguably the most powerful display ever seen in women's tennis."

#### Sony Ericsson Open

Following her first title in 2 year, Williams then played at the Sony Ericsson Open as the 13th seed. Due to being seeded Williams received a bye into the second round. She opened her campaign against Russia's Anastasia Rodionova and won in straight sets, winning both in three. In her next match, she played Lucie Šafářová and also won against the Czech with a drop of only seven games. In a rematch of the 2007 Australian Open final, she took on top seed Maria Sharapova and the results was the same as she demolished her higher ranked opponent with a double breadstick win in just 58 minutes. In the quarterfinals, she defeated 8th seed Nicole Vaidišová, but unlike their Australian Open match earlier in the year, this win as a much easier one, as Williams only dropped five games. In the final 4, Williams took on Shahar Pe'er. The first set was a close one as they head to a tie-break, which Williams won, the second set was proven to be more easy as Williams won in a breadstick. In the final, Williams faced world no. 1 Justine Henin. Henin came out strong winning the first seven games, and winning the first set in a bagel in the process, before Williams could get a game. The two then exchanged breaks latter in the set as Henin served for the match in tenth game, in which Williams saved and broke the Belgian. Williams then held at love and broke again to take the set. In the deciding set, Williams took the first three games, before Henin could get two herself to get back on serve. Williams then broke and served for the match in the ninth game, but fell behind 3 break points and saved them all and was able to serve it out for her fourth Miami title.

### Clay Season and the French Open

#### Family Circle Cup

Williams began her clay season at the green clay of the Family Circle Cup. She received a bye in the first round, but retired from her second round match against Chan Yung-Jan, while down 3–5.

#### Internazionali BNL d'Italia

In her preparation for the French Open, Williams played at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia. As the 8th seed, Williams got a bye in the first round. In her opening match she faced Lucky Loser Michaëlla Krajicek and won with ease in straight sets dropping only five games despite receiving treatment for her left thigh after the first set. In the third round, she faced Shahar Pe'er for the third time in the year, and came through in straight sets, winning both sets in three. In her quarterfinal match, she faced Patty Schnyder. Schnyder took the first set and took the first two games of the second, when Williams came back winning the next six games to win the second set. The third set went to a tie-break, which Schnyder won. After the tournament, she re-entered the top 10 at world no. 9.

#### French Open

> "All she had to do was show up. I don't think I've ever played so bad in the quarters of a grand slam", said Williams. "I'm always saying I want to peak at the right time but I didn't have any peaks today. I've never played so hideous and horrendous. I just stood back and let her take advantage of me. I was just making all the errors and playing like a maniac."

Williams after her match against Henin.

Williams then came into the second slam of the year the French Open as the eighth seed, it is her first French Open in three years. Williams opened her campaign against Bulgarian Tsvetana Pironkova, Pironkova served for the first set in the eight game, Williams came back to take the next three games. However, Pironkova broke and play was suspended. When they came back Pironkova served it out in the twelfth game and took the first game. Williams came back winning 12 of the last 13 games to take the match. In her next match, she took on Milagros Sequera and won the first set in a bagel. In the second set, Suquera won the first three games of the second set, Williams came back to push it to a tie-break, which Williams won to advance. In the third round, Williams faced Michaëlla Krajicek, Williams won the first three games, then Krajicek won the next three, just to see Williams take the next three to win the set. Williams then won the second set with a single break lead. In the round of 16, Williams took the first four games of the first set but eventually closed the set in the eight game. Williams broke in the ninth game to advance. In the quarterfinals, Williams faced world no. 1 Justine Henin, Henin broke in the first game and held it through to take the first set. Henin then took the match when she broke Williams in the ninth game of the second.

### Wimbledon

Williams then played at Wimbledon after missing last year's edition. She open her tournament against Spaniard Lourdes Domínguez Lino in the first round. Williams was pushed in the first set but was able to close it out in the twelfth game, she then rolled through the second set, winning it in a bagel. In her second round match, she faced Alicia Molik, Molik took four of the first five games but Williams came back to push it to a tie-break, which Williams won. Williams then closed out the second set with a break lead. Williams finished with 10 aces and 35 winners to 18 errors. Williams in the next match then took on Milagros Sequera and won very convincingly dropping only a game in the match. In the fourth round match, Williams faced Daniela Hantuchová. Williams won the first set easily with a double break lead. Hantuchová came back and served for the set, but Williams came back to push it to a tie-break despite Williams collapsing from an acute muscle spasm at 5–5 and having a medical timeout. Hantuchová then won the tie-break before rain forced play to be suspended for nearly two hours. When the players returned, Williams took the last four games from the fifth game to win the match. In the quarterfinals, Williams faced world no. 1 Justine Henin. Henin won the first set, just to see Williams comeback to win the second set. Henin then served for the match in the seventh game but Williams came back, however it wasn't enough as Henin served out the match in the ninth game to advance. Williams was suffering from the injuries sustained in the previous round. Williams who claimed she played at 40% was criticized by Michael Stich for claiming after the match that she would have beaten Henin had she been healthy.

She played with sister Venus Williams and defeated the British wild card team of Claire Curran and Anne Keothavong in straight sets, but withdrew before their match against Anabel Medina Garrigues and Virginia Ruano Pascual.

### US Open

After Wimbledon, Williams did not play any tournaments before the US Open due to the injuries sustained. Williams was vying for her third US Open. In her opening match, she took on German Angelique Kerber. Williams took the first set in the ninth game. In the second set Kerber came back and served for it in the tenth game, however, Williams came back on won the last three games to win in straight sets. In her next match, she took on Italian Maria Elena Camerin, Camerin took four of the first five games, just to see Williams take 12 of the last 15 to come through in straight sets. In the round of 32, Williams came up against Vera Zvonareva, Williams took the first set with a single break lead. In the second set, Williams was pushed to a tie-break, in which she won six of the first seven points, to set up 5 match points, in which she converted on her fourth. In the fourth round, Williams faced Marion Bartoli, Bartoli took the first two games, however Williams came back winning six of the next seven games to take the set. Williams then served out the second set with single break lead in the tenth game. In the quarterfinals, she once again faced Justine Henin for the third straight time. Henin served for the first set in the tenth and twelfth game, but Williams broke her to go to a tie-break, which Henin prevailed in. The second set was one-sided with Henin winning it with a breadstick. It is her third consecutive Grand Slam singles quarterfinal loss to Henin.

### Indoor Season and Year-End Championships

#### Porsche Tennis Grand Prix

Williams began her campaign in securing her spot in the Year-End Championships at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. She first took on Zuzana Ondrášková and cruised with a double bagel win over the Czech. In her second match, she faced Julia Vakulenko. Williams won four of the first five games but Vakulenko broke back in the seventh game, serving to stay in the set Vakulenko was broken by Williams. Williams then rallied to win the second set dropping only two games. However, in the quarterfinals Williams lost to world no. 2 Svetlana Kuznetsova in straight sets with the Russian winning both sets in three.

#### Kremlin Cup

Williams next scheduled event was the Kremlin Cup. Being the fourth seed, Williams received a bye into the second round, where she faced Ukraine's Tatiana Perebiynis, the two traded breaks three times in the first set until Williams broke in the twelfth game to take the set. Williams broke Perebiynis in the second game, just to see Perebiynis break back. Perebiynis serving to stay in the match in the tenth games saved three match points, but Williams converted on her fourth to advance. In the quarterfinals, Williams faced Nicole Vaidišová. Williams won the first set with a break lead. Vaidišová broke in eight game and served for the set, but Williams broke and saved a set point in the twelfth game to force a tie-break, which Williams took in her fourth match point. In the final 4, Williams faced world no. 2 Svetlana Kuznetsova for the second week in a row. The first set went to a tie-break, which Williams won. In the second set Williams dominated winning it in a tie-break. In her first final since Miami and her third of the year, Williams faced Russian Elena Dementieva. Williams served for the set at the tenth game but failed to so. However, she was able to close it out in the second offering in the twelfth game. However, Dementieva came back winning the next to two sets with a double breadstick to earn her first win over Williams in five meetings.

#### Zürich Open

> "Normally she needs a rest after two weeks of tournaments", Schnyder said. "But I like that she came here and tried."

Schnyder after her match with Williams

Williams then made her final stop before the year-end championships at the Zürich Open and faced Patty Schnyder. However, after Schnyder took the first nine games of the match, Williams retired sore right thigh injury.

#### WTA Tour Championships

Williams qualified for the WTA Tour Championships in Madrid and was placed in the yellow group along with Justine Henin, Jelena Janković, and Anna Chakvetadze. In her first round robin match, she faced Anna Chakvetadze and retired after losing the first set with a knee injury and subsequently withdrew from the tournament.

### Fed Cup

Williams played for her country in the Fed Cup for the first time since 2003 in a tie against Belgium. Williams player her opening match against Caroline Maes. Williams took a commanding lead in the first set taking the first five games before Maes could get a game and eventually closed the set out in the next game. Williams then won the second set with a single break lead. Williams withdrew from her second due to a knee injury.

## All matches

### Singles matches

| Tournament | Match | Round | Opponent | Rank | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Moorilla Hobart International**
Hobart, Australia
Tier IV
Hard, outdoor
8–14 January 2007 | 388 | 1R | Sofia Arvidsson | #60 | Win | 6–4, 6–0 |
| | 389 | 2R | Lucie Šafářová | #74 | Win | 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(7–5) |
| | 390 | QF | Sybille Bammer | #56 | Loss | 6–3, 5–7, 3–6 |
| **Australian Open**
Melbourne, Australia
Grand Slam
Hard, outdoor
15–28 January 2007 | 391 | 1R | Mara Santangelo | #32 | Win | 6–2, 6–1 |
| | 392 | 2R | Anne Kremer | #159 | Win | 7–6(7–4), 6–2 |
| | 393 | 3R | Nadia Petrova | #6 | Win | 1–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| | 394 | 4R | Jelena Janković | #11 | Win | 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 395 | QF | Shahar Pe'er | #17 | Win | 3–6, 6–2, 8–6 |
| | 396 | SF | Nicole Vaidišová | #12 | Win | 7–6(7-5), 6–4 |
| | 397 | F | Maria Sharapova | #2 | **Win** | 6–1, 6–2 |
| **Sony Ericsson Open**
Key Biscayne, Miami, USA
WTA Tier I
Hard
19 March - 1 April 2007 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 398 | 2R | Anastasia Rodionova | #82 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 399 | 3R | Lucie Šafářová | #26 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 400 | 4R | Maria Sharapova | #2 | Win | 6–1, 6–1 |
| | 401 | QF | Nicole Vaidišová | #8 | Win | 6–1, 6–4 |
| | 402 | SF | Shahar Pe'er | #16 | Win | 7–6(7–4), 6–1 |
| | 403 | F | Justine Henin | #1 | **Win** | 0–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| **Family Circle Cup**
Charleston, USA
WTA Tier I
Clay, Green
9–15 April 2007 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 404 | 2R | Chan Yung-Jan | #92 | Loss | 3–5, Ret |
| **Fed Cup WG: United States vs. Belgium**
Delray Beach, Florida, United States
Fed Cup
Hard, outdoors
February 21–22, 2012 | 405 |  | Caroline Maes | #227 | Win | 6–1, 6–4 |
| **Internazionali BNL d'Italia**
Rome, Italy
WTA Tier I
Clay, Red
14–20 May 2007 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 406 | 2R | Michaëlla Krajicek | #39 | Win | 6–4, 6–1 |
| | 407 | 3R | Shahar Pe'er | #15 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 408 | QF | Patty Schnyder | #34 | Loss | 3–6, 6–2, 6–7(5–7) |
| **French Open**
Paris, France
Grand Slam
Clay, Red
27 May - 9 June 2007 | 409 | 1R | Tsvetana Pironkova | #91 | Win | 5–7, 6–1, 6–1 |
| | 410 | 2R | Milagros Sequera | #69 | Win | 6–0, 7–5(7–3) |
| | 411 | 3R | Michaëlla Krajicek | #40 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 412 | 4R | Dinara Safina | #11 | Win | 6–2, 6–3 |
| | 413 | QF | Justine Henin | #1 | Loss | 4–6, 3–6 |
| **Wimbledon**
London, United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
25 June - 8 July 2007 | 414 | 1R | Lourdes Domínguez Lino | #57 | Win | 7–5, 6–0 |
| | 415 | 2R | Alicia Molik | #75 | Win | 7–6(7–4), 6–3 |
| | 416 | 3R | Milagros Sequera | #56 | Win | 6–1, 6–0 |
| | 417 | 4R | Daniela Hantuchová | #12 | Win | 6–2, 6–7(9–7), 6–2 |
| | 418 | QF | Justine Henin | #1 | Loss | 4–6, 6–3, 3–6 |
| **US Open**
New York City, United States
Grand Slam
Hard, outdoor
27 August - 9 September 2007 | 419 | 1R | Angelique Kerber | #67 | Win | 6–3, 7–5 |
| | 420 | 2R | Maria Elena Camerin | #76 | Win | 7–5, 6–2 |
| | 421 | 3R | Vera Zvonareva | #28 | Win | 6–4, 7–6(7–4) |
| | 422 | 4R | Marion Bartoli | #10 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 423 | QF | Justine Henin | #1 | Loss | 6–7(3–7), 1–6 |
| **Porsche Tennis Grand Prix**
Stuttgart, Germany
WTA Tier II
Hard, indoors
1–7 October 2007 | 424 | 1R | Zuzana Ondrášková | #140 | Win | 6–0, 6–0 |
| | 425 | 2R | Julia Vakulenko | #41 | Win | 7–5, 6–2 |
| | 426 | QF | Svetlana Kuznetsova | #2 | Loss | 3–6, 3–6 |
| **Kremlin Cup**
Moscow, Russia
WTA Tier I
Hard, indoors
8–14 October 2007 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 427 | 2R | Tatiana Perebiynis | #130 | Win | 7–5, 6–4 |
| | 428 | QF | Nicole Vaidišová | #13 | Win | 6–4, 7–6(9–7) |
| | 429 | SF | Svetlana Kuznetsova | #2 | Win | 7–6(7–2), 6–1 |
| | 430 | F | Elena Dementieva | #14 | Loss | 7–5, 1–6, 1–6 |
| **Zürich Open**
Zürich, Switzerland
WTA Tier I
Hard, indoors
15–21 October 2007 | 431 | 1R | Patty Schnyder | #17 | Loss | 0–6, 0–3 Ret |
| **WTA Tour Championships**
Madrid, Spain
Year-End Championship
Hard
6–12 November 2007 | 432 | RR | Anna Chakvetadze | #7 | Loss | 4–6, Ret |

### Doubles matches

| Tournament | Match | Round | Partner | Opponents | Rank | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Wimbledon**
London, United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
21 June - 4 July 2007 | 110 | 1R | Venus Williams | Claire Curran
Anne Keothavong | #412
#258 | Win | 6–1, 6–3 |
| |  | 2R | Venus Williams | Anabel Medina Garrigues
Virginia Ruano Pascual | #30
#14 | Withdrew | N/A |

## Tournament schedule

### Singles schedule

Williams' 2007 singles tournament schedule is as follows:

| Date | Championship | Location | Category | Surface | Points | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 January 2007 –
14 January 2007 | Moorilla Hobart International | Hobart (AUS) | WTA Tier IV | Hard | 30 | Quarterfinals
lost to Sybille Bammer, 6–3, 5–7, 3–6 |
| 15 January 2007 –
28 January 2007 | Australian Open | Melbourne (AUS) | Grand Slam | Hard | 1000 | **Winner**
defeated Maria Sharapova, 6–1, 6–2 |
| 19 March 2007 –
1 April 2007 | Sony Ericsson Open | Miami (USA) | WTA Tier I | Hard | 500 | **Winner**
defeated Justine Henin, 0–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| 9 April 2007 –
15 April 2007 | Family Circle Cup | Charleston (USA) | WTA Tier I | Clay (green) | 1 | Second round
lost to Chan Yung-Jan, 3–5 Ret |
| 4 February 2007–
5 February 2007 | Fed Cup WG First Round:
United States vs. Belgium | Delray Beach (USA) | Fed Cup | Hard |  | **United States** def.  Belgium, 5–0
United States Advanced to Quarterfinals |
| 14 May 2007 –
20 May 2007 | Internazionali BNL d'Italia | Rome (ITA) | WTA Tier I | Clay, Red | 110 | Quarterfinals
lost to Patty Schnyder 3–6, 6–2, 6–7(5–7) |
| 27 May 2007 –
9 June 2007 | French Open | Paris (FRA) | Grand Slam | Clay | 250 | Quarterfinals
lost to Justine Henin, 4–6, 3–6 |
| 25 June 2007 –
8 July 2007 | The Championships, Wimbledon | Wimbledon (GBR) | Grand Slam | Grass | 250 | Quarterfinals
lost to Justine Henin, 4–6, 6–3, 3–6 |
| 27 August 2007 –
9 September 2007 | US Open | New York (USA) | Grand Slam | Hard | 250 | Quarterfinals
lost to Justine Henin,6–7(3–7), 1–6 |
| 1 October 2007 –
7 October 2007 | Porsche Tennis Grand Prix | Stuttgart (GER) | WTA Tier I | Hard (i) | 75 | Quarterfinals
lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova, 3–6, 3–6 |
| 8 October 2007 –
14 October 2007 | Kremlin Cup | Moscow (RUS) | WTA Tier I | Hard (i) | 300 | Final
lost to Elena Dementieva 7–5, 1–6, 1–6 |
| 15 October 2007 –
21 October 2007 | Zürich Open | Zürich (SUI) | WTA Tier I | Hard (i) | 1 | First Round
lost to Patty Schnyder 0–6, 0–3 Ret |
| 6 November 2007 –
12 November 2007 | WTA Tour Championships | Madrid (ESP) | Year End Championships | Hard (i) | 35 | Round robin
withdrew due to a knee injury |
| **Total year-end points** | | | | | 2802 |  |

### Doubles schedule

Williams' 2007 doubles tournament schedule is as follows:

| Date | Championship | Location | Category | Partner | Surface | Points | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 June 2007 –
8 July 2007 | The Championships, Wimbledon | Wimbledon (GBR) | Grand Slam | Venus Williams | Grass | 90 | Second Round Withdrew
before match against Medina Garrigues/Ruano Pascual |
| **Total year-end points** | | | | | | 90 |  |

## Yearly records

### Head-to-head matchups

*Ordered by percentage of wins*

### Finals

#### Singles: 3 (2–1)

| Legend  Grand Slam (1–0)  WTA Tier I (1–1) | Finals by surface  Hard (2–1) | Finals by venue  Outdoors (2–0)  Indoors (0–1) |
| --- | --- | --- |

| Outcome | No. | Date | Championship | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score in the final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 27. | January 27, 2007 | Australian Open, Melbourne, Australia (3) | Hard | Maria Sharapova | 6–1, 6–2 |
| Winner | 28. | March 31, 2007 | Miami, US (4) | Hard | Justine Henin | 0–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| Runner-up | 11. | October 14, 2007 | Moscow, Russia (1) | Hard | Elena Dementieva | 7–5, 1–6, 1–6 |

### Earnings

| # | Event | Prize money | Year-to-date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Moorilla Hobart International | $3,715 | $3,715 |
| 2 | **Australian Open** | $941,473 | $945,188 |
| 3 | **Sony Ericsson Open** | $492,950 | $1,438,138 |
| 4 | Family Circle Cup | $6,265 | $1,444,403 |
| 5 | Internazionali BNL d'Italia | $24,075 | $1,468,478 |
| 6 | French Open | $157,470 | $1,625,948 |
| 7 | Wimbledon | $165,061 | $1,791,009 |
| | Wimbledon (doubles) | $8,025 | $1,799,034 |
| 8 | **US Open** | $147,457 | $1,946,491 |
| 9 | Porsche Tennis Grand Prix | $14,230 | $1,960,721 |
| 10 | Kremlin Cup | $97,800 | $2,058,521 |
| 11 | Zürich Open | $8,120 | $2,066,641 |
| 13 | WTA Tour Championships | $33,333 | $2,099,974 |
| Bonus Pool | | $2,668 | $2,102,642 |
|  | | | **$2,102,642** |

Figures in United States dollars (USD) unless noted.

## InfoBox

2007 Serena Williams tennis season
| Serena Williams at the French Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Serena Jameka Williams |
| Country | United States |
| Calendar prize money | $2,102,642 |
| Singles | |
| Season record | 35–10 (78%) |
| Calendar titles | 2 |
| Year-end ranking | 7 |
| Ranking change from previous year | 88 |
| Grand Slam & significant results | |
| Australian Open | **W** |
| French Open | QF |
| Wimbledon | QF |
| US Open | QF |
| Championships | RR |
| Doubles | |
| Season record | 1-0 (100%) |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| Wimbledon | 2R |


title: Ayhan Aydan

abstract: Ayhan Aydan was a Turkish opera singer. In 1944, she graduated from Ankara State Conservatory Opera Department. She appeared in some small operas. Carl Ebert noticed her, and her role as Susanna in the opera The Marriage of Figaro started her professional career. When she was 19 years old, she married musician Hasan Ferit Alnar and had a son named Aydan from this marriage. Ebert wanted to take Ayhan Aydan to England to participate on stage at the Glyndebourne Opera Festival, but she could not participate on this for some reason. In 1951, his uncle Mithat Dulge met with Adnan Menderes, a lawyer he gave near Çubuklu Dam. Aydan and Menderes were involved in a scandal that led to charges of adultery and baby-killing. Menderes was the first democratically elected prime minister of Turkey. In 1960, the May 27 coup d'état toppled the government, and Menderes and others were imprisoned on the island Yassıada and put on trial in a courthouse there. In the "Baby Case", Menderes was accused of adultery with Aydan and killing the baby she gave birth to. She confessed her love by saying, "I love this man and he told me that my baby died during childbirth". The "Baby Case" is the only case that resulted in acquittal in 13 cases. In the case of discretionary funds, it was understood that Adnan Menderes paid Ayhan Aydan's ex-wife at certain intervals. Menderes, the tenth Turkish Prime Minister, was executed by hanging by the coup soldiers. Aydan's son died in London at the age of 18, poisoned by air. She did not comment on newspapers and magazines until the end of her life. She died on 19 February 2009 at noon in Çeşme district of Izmir.

text:
# Ayhan Aydan

**Ayhan Aydan** (1924, in Ankara – 19 February 2009, in Çeşme, Izmir) was a Turkish opera singer.

In 1944, she graduated from Ankara State Conservatory Opera Department. She appeared in some small operas. Carl Ebert noticed her, and her role as Susanna in the opera *The Marriage of Figaro* started her professional career. When she was 19 years old, she married musician Hasan Ferit Alnar and had a son named *Aydan* from this marriage. Ebert wanted to take Ayhan Aydan to England to participate on stage at the Glyndebourne Opera Festival, but she could not participate on this for some reason.

In 1951, his uncle Mithat Dulge met with Adnan Menderes, a lawyer he gave near Çubuklu Dam.

Aydan and Menderes were involved in a scandal that led to charges of adultery and baby-killing. Menderes was the first democratically elected prime minister of Turkey. In 1960, the May 27 coup d'état toppled the government, and Menderes and others were imprisoned on the island Yassıada and put on trial in a courthouse there.

In the "Baby Case", Menderes was accused of adultery with Aydan and killing the baby she gave birth to. She confessed her love by saying, "I love this man and he told me that my baby died during childbirth".

The "Baby Case" is the only case that resulted in acquittal in 13 cases. In the case of discretionary funds, it was understood that Adnan Menderes paid Ayhan Aydan's ex-wife at certain intervals. Menderes, the tenth Turkish Prime Minister, was executed by hanging by the coup soldiers.

Aydan's son died in London at the age of 18, poisoned by air. She did not comment on newspapers and magazines until the end of her life. She died on 19 February 2009 at noon in Çeşme district of Izmir.


title: 1994 Prague municipal election

abstract: The 1994 Prague municipal election was held as part of 1994 Czech municipal elections. It was the first that Prague consisted only one electoral district.

text:
# 1994 Prague municipal election

The **1994 Prague municipal election** was held as part of 1994 Czech municipal elections. It was the first that Prague consisted only one electoral district.

## Campaign

ODS was led by Jan Koukal. Koukal became Mayor of Prague in 1993 when he replaced Milan Kondr. Koukal had an image of strong and decisive leader. The campaign focused on his positive personal qualities. Other parties tried to imitate this tactics.

## Results

| Party | Vote | %Vote | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Civic Democratic Party | 11,658,227 | 41.16% | 23 |
| Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia | 3,022,628 | 10.67% | 6 |
| Civic Democratic Alliance | 2,669,620 | 9.42% | 5 |
| Czech Social Democratic Party | 2,435,279 | 8.60% | 5 |
| Democratic Union | 1,460,532 | 5.16% | 3 |
| Free Democrats (OH) | 1,377,633 | 4.86% | 3 |
| Pensioners for Life Security | 1,019,305 | 3.60% | 2 |
| Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party | 763,782 | 2.70% | 1 |
| Coalition for Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia | 562,735 | 1.99% | 1 |
| Association of Independents of Prague | 562,735 | 1.99% | 1 |
| Citizens of Prague for Prague | 536,111 | 1.89% | 1 |
| Green Party | 488,323 | 1.72% | 1 |
| Independent Initiative | 452,185 | 1.60% | 1 |
| Christian Democratic Party | 266,778 | 0.94% | 1 |
| Club of Committed Non-Party Members | 260,946 | 0.92% | 1 |
| Others |  |  | 0 |

ODS won an overwhelming victory and a formed coalition with the Civic Democratic Alliance.

## InfoBox

1994 Prague municipal election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 55 seats in the Assembly
28 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 53.73% |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Jan Koukal Petr Zajíček Michal Prokop  Party ODS KSČM ODA  Seats won 23 6 5  Popular vote 11,658,227 3,022,628 2,669,620  Percentage 41.2% 10.7% 9.4%   ---  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Jiří Paroubek Karel Berka Jiří Dienstbier  Party ČSSD DEU OH  Seats won 5 3 3  Popular vote 2,435,279 1,460,532 1,377,633  Percentage 8.6% 5.2% 4.9% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Jan Koukal
ODS **Elected mayor**
Jan Koukal
ODS | |


abstract: These are the official results of the Men's Discus Throw event at the 1997 World Championships in Athens, Greece. There were a total number of 42 participating athletes, with the final held on Sunday August 10, 1997. The qualification mark was set at 63.00 metres.

text:
# 1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw

These are the official results of the **Men's Discus Throw** event at the **1997 World Championships** in Athens, Greece. There were a total number of 42 participating athletes, with the final held on Sunday August 10, 1997. The qualification mark was set at 63.00 metres.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Lars Riedel
*Germany (GER)* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Virgilijus Alekna
*Lithuania (LTU)* |
| **Bronze** | Jürgen Schult
*Germany (GER)* |

## Schedule

| Qualification Round | |
| --- | --- |
| Group A | Group B |
| 08.08.1997  17:30h | 08.08.1997  19:30h |
| Final Round | |
| 10.08.1997  18:00h | |

## Abbreviations

* *All results shown are in metres*

| **Q** | automatic qualification |
| --- | --- |
| **q** | qualification by rank |
| **DNS** | did not start |
| **NM** | no mark |
| **WR** | world record |
| **AR** | area record |
| **NR** | national record |
| **PB** | personal best |
| **SB** | season best |

## Qualification

| RANK | GROUP A | DISTANCE |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Jürgen Schult (GER) | **64.60 m** |
| 2. | Vitaliy Sidorov (UKR) | **63.08 m** |
| 3. | Vasiliy Kaptyukh (BLR) | **63.06 m** |
| 4. | Andreas Seelig (GER) | **62.94 m** |
| 5. | Aleksander Tammert (EST) | **62.18 m** |
| 6. | Jason Tunks (CAN) | **61.82 m** |
| 7. | Alexis Elizalde (CUB) | **61.48 m** |
| 8. | Vaclavas Kidykas (LTU) | **61.40 m** |
| 9. | Andy Bloom (USA) | **60.74 m** |
| 10. | Olav Jenssen (NOR) | **60.52 m** |
| 11. | Igor Primc (SLO) | **59.98 m** |
| 12. | Ian Winchester (NZL) | **59.70 m** |
| 13. | Jo Van Daele (BEL) | **58.66 m** |
| 14. | Aleksandr Borichevskiy (RUS) | **57.90 m** |
| 15. | Yu Wenge (CHN) | **57.14 m** |
| 16. | Costel Grasu (ROM) | **56.70 m** |
| 17. | Christos Papadopoulos (GRE) | **56.44 m** |
| 18. | Shakti Singh (IND) | **56.28 m** |
| 19. | Glen Smith (GBR) | **54.40 m** |
| 20. | Dashdendev Makhashiri (MGL) | **52.12 m** |
|  | Duke Uperesa (ASA) | **DNS** |

| RANK | GROUP B | DISTANCE |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Lars Riedel (GER) | **66.46 m** |
| 2. | Virgilijus Alekna (LTU) | **65.22 m** |
| 3. | Adam Setliff (USA) | **63.72 m** |
| 4. | John Godina (USA) | **63.48 m** |
| 5. | Vladimir Dubrovshchik (BLR) | **62.30 m** |
| 6. | Robert Weir (GBR) | **62.26 m** |
| 7. | Frits Potgieter (RSA) | **61.30 m** |
| 8. | Pieter van der Kruk Jr. (NED) | **60.16 m** |
| 9. | Diego Fortuna (ITA) | **60.06 m** |
| 10. | Leonid Cherevko (BLR) | **60.06 m** |
| 11. | Sergey Lyakhov (RUS) | **59.72 m** |
| 12. | Jean Pons (FRA) | **59.46 m** |
| 13. | Li Shaojie (CHN) | **58.24 m** |
| 14. | Libor Malina (CZE) | **58.00 m** |
| 15. | Mickaël Conjungo (CAF) | **57.82 m** |
| 16. | Attila Horváth (HUN) | **57.72 m** |
| 17. | Marcelo Pugliese (ARG) | **57.34 m** |
| 18. | Kjell Ove Hauge (NOR) | **57.00 m** |
| 19. | Ramón Jiménez Gaona (PAR) | **52.96 m** |
| 20. | Vansavang Savatdee (THA) | **47.98 m** |
| 21. | Robert McNabb (COK) | **41.00 m** |

## Final

| Rank | Athlete | Attempts | | | | | | Distance | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | | |
|  | Lars Riedel (GER) | 65.48 | 68.24 | 68.54 | X | X | 66.80 | **68.54 m** |  |
|  | Virgilijus Alekna (LTU) | 62.44 | 66.70 | 63.20 | 63.12 | X | X | **66.70 m** | SB |
|  | Jürgen Schult (GER) | 66.14 | 65.20 | 65.54 | X | 62.34 | 64.94 | **66.14 m** | SB |
| 4 | Vladimir Dubrovshchik (BLR) | 62.98 | 60.30 | 65.36 | 65.46 | 62.44 | 66.12 | **66.12 m** | SB |
| 5 | John Godina (USA) | 65.40 | X | 57.32 | 64.82 | 64.92 | 64.30 | **65.40 m** |  |
| 6 | Andreas Seelig (GER) | 63.00 | 64.48 | 62.80 | X | 64.12 | 63.64 | **64.48 m** |  |
| 7 | Adam Setliff (USA) | 62.32 | 62.80 | X | 61.84 | X | 63.44 | **63.44 m** |  |
| 8 | Robert Weir (GBR) | 63.06 | 60.18 | 61.40 | 62.22 | X | 58.70 | **63.06 m** |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Jason Tunks (CAN) | 59.16 | 62.30 | 61.88 |  | | | **62.30 m** |  |
| 10 | Vitaliy Sidorov (UKR) | 60.32 | 59.68 | X |  | | | **60.32 m** |  |
| 11 | Vasiliy Kaptyukh (BLR) | 60.12 | X | X |  | | | **60.12 m** |  |
| 12 | Aleksander Tammert (EST) | 59.44 | 59.18 | 58.46 |  | | | **59.44 m** |  |


title: 1978–79 Durand Cup final

abstract: The 1978–79 Durand Cup Final was the 74th final of the Durand Cup, the oldest football competition in India, and was contested between Kolkata giants East Bengal and Mohun Bagan on 17 January 1979 at the Ambedkar Stadium in New Delhi. East Bengal won the final 3–0 to claim their 8th Durand Cup title. Surajit Sengupta, Mihir Bose and Tapan Das scored the three goals in the final as East Bengal lifted their eighth Durand Cup title.

text:
# 1978–79 Durand Cup final

The **1978–79 Durand Cup Final** was the 74th final of the Durand Cup, the oldest football competition in India, and was contested between Kolkata giants East Bengal and Mohun Bagan on 17 January 1979 at the Ambedkar Stadium in New Delhi.

East Bengal won the final 30 to claim their 8th Durand Cup title. Surajit Sengupta, Mihir Bose and Tapan Das scored the three goals in the final as East Bengal lifted their eighth Durand Cup title.

## Route to the final

| East Bengal | | | | Round | Mohun Bagan | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Result | | | Quarter Final Group League | Opponent | Result | | |
| Indian Air Force | 2–1 | | | Matchday 1 | Kidderpore | 4–0 | | |
| Orkay Club | 0–0 | | | Matchday 2 | Tiliam | 5–1 | | |
| JCT | 3–0 | | | Matchday 3 | Mafatlal | 2–2; 2–0 | | |
|
| Opponent | Result | | | Knockout Stage | Opponent | Result | | |
| Mafatlal | 2–0 | | | Semi–Final | JCT | 0–0; 4–2 | | |
|

## Match

### Summary

The Durand Cup final began at the Ambedkar Stadium in New Delhi on 17 January 1979 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giants East Bengal and Mohun Bagan faced each other in a Kolkata Derby. East Bengal reached their tenth Durand Cup final after defeating Mafatlal 20 in the semi-final, having won the tournament seven times previously in 1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1970, and 1972. Mohun Bagan reached their thirteenth Durand Cup final after they defeated JCT 42 in the semi-final, having won the tournament eight times previously in 1953, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1974, and 1977.

East Bengal dominated the proceedings from the start and took the lead early in the fifteenth minute when Surajit Sengupta dribbled past the Mohun Bagan defence to score with a powerful shot to make it 10. East Bengal doubled their lead in the thirty-sixth minute when Surajit Sengupta found Mihir Bose unmarked inside the box who made no errors to make it 20 before halftime. East Bengal scored their third with just four minutes remaining when Surajit Sengupta once again played a perfect pass to unmarked Tapan Das inside the box who made the scoreline 30 as East Bengal lifted their eighth Durand Cup title.

### Details

| East Bengal | 3–0 | Mohun Bagan |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Ambedkar Stadium, New DelhiAttendance: 20,000 (est.)Referee: J. P. Coutinho

| GK   Bhaskar Ganguly  LB   Satyajit Mitra  CB   Monoranjan Bhattacharya  CB   Shyamal Ghosh  RB   Chinmay Chatterjee  CM   Prasanta Banerjee  CM   Samaresh CHowdhury  RW   Surajit Sengupta ()  LW   Narayanswami Ulaganathan    ST   Mihir Bose  ST   Shabbir Ali  **Substitutes:**  FW   Tapan Das    **Head Coach:**  Arun Ghosh |  | GK   Shibaji Banerjee  RB   Sudhir Karmakar  CB   Shyamal Banerjee  CB   Compton Dutta  LB   Pradip Chowdhury  CM   Gautam Sarkar  CM   Prasun Banerjee ()  RW   Manas Bhattacharya   LW   Bidesh Bose  ST   Shyam Thapa   ST   Mohammed Habib  **Substitutes:**  ST   Mohammed Akbar   ST   Subhash Bhowmick   **Head coach:**  P. K. Banerjee |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1978–79 Durand Cup Final
| Event | 1978–79 Durand Cup |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 17 January 1979 |
| Venue | Ambedkar Stadium, New Delhi, India |
| Referee | J. P. Coutinho |
| Attendance | 20,000 (estd.) |
|


title: Arubolana imula

abstract: Arubolana imula is a species of crustacean in the family Cirolanidae, endemic to Aruba. It was described in 1979 by Lazare Botosaneanu and Jan Hendrik Stock.

text:
# Arubolana imula

***Arubolana imula*** is a species of crustacean in the family Cirolanidae, endemic to Aruba. It was described in 1979 by Lazare Botosaneanu and Jan Hendrik Stock.

## Appearance

### *(As described by Lazare Botosaneanu and Jan Hendrik Stock)*

"Male and female 6.25 mm. Body 2.3 times longer than wide. Eyes absent. Antenna reaching posteriorly to pereonite(segment) 4 or 5. Rostrum distinct, anteriorly truncate, separating antennal bases, fused with rectangular frontal lamina ventrally. Pleotelson basally slightly wider than long, posterior margin broadly rounded to subtruncate, with irregular crenulations or faint teeth. Uropodal exopod apically acute, reaching to about midlength of endopod; latter distally broad; with slight tooth at distolateral angle."

## InfoBox

| *Arubolana imula* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Family: | Cirolanidae |
| Genus: | *Arubolana* |
| Species: | ***A. imula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arubolana imula***
(Botosaneanu & Stock, 1979) | |
|


title: Badamtam Tea Estate

abstract: Badamtam Tea Estate is a tea garden in the Darjeeling Pulbazar CD block in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision of the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India.

text:
# Badamtam Tea Estate

**Badamtam Tea Estate** is a tea garden in the Darjeeling Pulbazar CD block in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision of the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India.

## History

Badamtam Tea Estate was planted by Christine Barnes in the year 1858 before commercialization by the Lebong Company. The name of the estate could have been derived from a Lepcha word, which means bamboo water carrier.

## Geography

8km
5milesSIK K IMNEP A L Rammam
River River Rangeet Singalila Ridge Senchal
Wildlife SanctuaryNP Rock GardenTA Tiger HillH Phoobsering TETE North Tukvar TETE Singalila
National
ParkNP PhalutH SandakphuH GhumN TongluR ManebhanjyangR Orange Valley TGR Rishihat TGR Soom TGR Singla TGR Tukvar TGR RimbickR Puttabong TETE LodhomaR BijanbariR DarjeelingM Badamtam TETE Singtam TGCT  Ging TGCT  Chongtong TGCT**Places and tea estates in the north-western portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Darjeeling Pulbazar CD block) in Darjeeling district**
CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction
Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Badamtam Tea Estate is located in the Lebong Valley about 17 kilometers west of the Darjeeling town. After the end of the two estates viz., Bada Ging Tea Estate and Chhota Ging Tea Estate, starts the area of Badamtam tea estate and goes till the Majhi Tar basin in Sikkim.

The estate is situated at an altitude ranging between 305 metres to 1830 metres above sea level.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Tea

Badamtam Tea Estate is famed for its Darjeeling First Flush Teas and other flushes.

## Ownership

The estate is now owned by Goodricke Group Limited.

### The Goodricke Group

The Goodricke Group owns five tea estates in Darjeeling: Thurbo, Badamtam, Barnesbeg, Castleton and Margaret's Hope.

## InfoBox

| Badamtam Tea Estate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Darjeeling district, West Bengal, India |
| Coordinates | 27°05′40″N 88°17′59″E / 27.0944°N 88.2997°E / 27.0944; 88.2997 |
| Elevation | 305 to 1,830 metres (1,001 to 6,004 ft) |
| Owned by | Goodricke Group Limited |
| Open | 1858 (1858) |


title: Frank Luce (cricketer)

abstract: Frank Mowbray Luce was an English cricketer whose first-class cricket career spanned 25 matches for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club between 1901 and 1911. A right-handed batsman and occasional left-arm bowler of an unknown style, Luce scored 754 runs at a batting average of 18.39. He played in only three seasons – 1901, 1907 and 1911 – because of his career in the Indian Civil Service in Bengal. Luce was born in Gloucester. He was educated at Cheltenham College and played cricket for his school. For his college he opened the bowling frequently, taking three wickets against Haverford College on 29 June 1896. He also scored 71 batting in the lower order against Marlborough College on 3 July, followed by a score of 90 against Clifton College on 8 July. He then took seven wickets across a match against Haileybury College in August, then another seven in a match against Liverpool Cricket Club in 1897. His first-class career began in 1901 with two matches of the County Championship. His debut on 13 May against Nottinghamshire saw him make scores of zero and 28. He made two against Middlesex at Lord's Cricket Ground on 30 May, and did not play again until 1907. He returned in June 1907 against Worcestershire and made his maiden half-century, scoring fifty exactly. He played 10 matches in total that year, scoring 295 runs at 19.66. He returned for 13 games in 1911, scoring 429 runs at 18.65 including two more half-centuries. He died in Reading, Berkshire in 1962.

text:
# Frank Luce (cricketer)

**Frank Mowbray Luce** (26 April 1878 – 9 September 1962) was an English cricketer whose first-class cricket career spanned 25 matches for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club between 1901 and 1911. A right-handed batsman and occasional left-arm bowler of an unknown style, Luce scored 754 runs at a batting average of 18.39. He played in only three seasons – 1901, 1907 and 1911 – because of his career in the Indian Civil Service in Bengal.

Luce was born in Gloucester. He was educated at Cheltenham College and played cricket for his school. For his college he opened the bowling frequently, taking three wickets against Haverford College on 29 June 1896. He also scored 71 batting in the lower order against Marlborough College on 3 July, followed by a score of 90 against Clifton College on 8 July. He then took seven wickets across a match against Haileybury College in August, then another seven in a match against Liverpool Cricket Club in 1897.

His first-class career began in 1901 with two matches of the County Championship. His debut on 13 May against Nottinghamshire saw him make scores of zero and 28. He made two against Middlesex at Lord's Cricket Ground on 30 May, and did not play again until 1907.

He returned in June 1907 against Worcestershire and made his maiden half-century, scoring fifty exactly. He played 10 matches in total that year, scoring 295 runs at 19.66. He returned for 13 games in 1911, scoring 429 runs at 18.65 including two more half-centuries. He died in Reading, Berkshire in 1962.

Notes Sources

## InfoBox

Frank Luce
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Frank Mowbray Luce |
| Born | (1878-04-26)26 April 1878
Gloucester |
| Died | 9 September 1962(1962-09-09) (aged 84)
Reading |
| Batting | Right-hand bat |
| Bowling | Left-arm unknown |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1901-1911 | Gloucestershire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 25  Runs scored 754  Batting average 18.39  100s/50s 0/3  Top score 57  Balls bowled 10  Wickets 0  Bowling average -  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling -  Catches/stumpings 19/- | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 11 June 2014 | |


title: Audience reception

abstract: Also known as reception analysis, audience reception theory has come to be widely used as a way of characterizing the wave of audience research which occurred within communications and cultural studies during the 1980s and 1990s. On the whole, this work has adopted a "culturalist" perspective, has tended to use qualitative methods of research and has tended to be concerned, one way or another, with exploring the active choices, uses and interpretations made of media materials, by their consumers. Can also be known as reception theory, in which producers encode with a desired response, then the audience decode.

text:
# Audience reception

Also known as reception analysis, **audience reception** theory has come to be widely used as a way of characterizing the wave of audience research which occurred within communications and cultural studies during the 1980s and 1990s. On the whole, this work has adopted a "culturalist" perspective, has tended to use qualitative (and often ethnographic) methods of research and has tended to be concerned, one way or another, with exploring the active choices, uses and interpretations made of media materials, by their consumers. Can also be known as reception theory, in which producers encode with a desired response, then the audience decode.

## Origins

Audience reception theory can be traced back to work done by British Sociologist Stuart Hall and his communication model first revealed in an essay titled "Encoding/Decoding." Hall proposed a new model of mass communication which highlighted the importance of active interpretation within relevant codes. Hall's model of communication moved away from the view that the media had the power to directly cause a certain behavior in an individual, while at the same time holding onto the role of media as an agenda-setting function. Hall's model put forward three central premises: (1) the same event can be encoded in more than one way; (2) the message contains more than one possible reading; and (3) understanding the message can be a problematic process, regardless of how natural it may seem.

In "Encoding/Decoding", Hall addressed the issue of how people make sense of media texts, and presented three hypothetical methods of decoding. Hall often used examples involving televised media to explain his ideas. Hall argued that the dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the "preferred reading" in a media text, but that this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances."Dominant" readings are produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated' readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social position; and "oppositional" readings are produced by those whose social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading.

The encoding/decoding model invites analysts to categorize readings as "dominant", "negotiated" or "oppositional". This set of three presupposes that the media text itself is a vehicle of dominant ideology and that it hegemonically strives to get readers to accept the existing social order, with all its inequalities and oppression of underprivileged social groups.

Audience reception also has roots in uses and gratifications, structuralism, and post-structuralism.

## Encoding/decoding model

Since the early days of cultural studies-oriented interest in processes of audience meaning-making, the scholarly discussion about "readings" has leaned on two sets of polar opposites that have been invoked to explain the differences between the meaning supposedly encoded into and now residing in the media text and the meanings actualized by audiences from that text.

One framework of explanation has attempted to position readings on an ideological scale from "dominant" through "negotiated", to "oppositional", while another has relied on the semiotic notion of "polysemy", frequently without identifying or even mentioning its logical "other": the "monosemic" reading. Often these two frameworks have been used within the same argument, with no attempt made to distinguish "polysemic" from "oppositional" readings: in the literature one often encounters formulations which imply that if a TV programme triggers a diversity of meanings in different audience groups, this programme can then be called "polysemic", and the actualized meanings "oppositional".

## Audience analysis

Audiences can be groups or individuals targeted by and often built by media industries. Audience can be active (constantly filtering or resisting content) or passive (complying and vulnerable).

Audience analysis emphasizes the diversity of responses to a given popular culture artifact by examining as directly as possible how given audiences actually understand and use popular culture texts. Three kinds of research make up most audience research: (1) broad surveys and opinion polls (like the famous Nielsen ratings, but also those done by advertisers and by academic researchers) that cover a representative sample of many consumers. (2) small, representative focus groups brought in to react to and discuss a pop culture text. (3) in-depth ethnographic participant observation of a given audience, in which, for example, a researcher actually lives with and observes the TV viewing habits of a household over a substantial period of time, or travels on the road with a rock band. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, and sometimes more than one approach is used as a check on the others. Audience analysis tries to isolate variables like region, race, ethnicity, age, gender, and income in an effort to see how different social groups tend to construct different meanings for the same text.

In media studies, there are two models used to construct audience reception. These models are defined as (1) The effects/hypodermic model and (2) the uses and gratification model. The effects model focuses on what the media does to audiences, influences is based on the message conveyed within the media. The uses and gratification model emphasizes what the audience does with the media presented to them, here influence lies with the consumer.

The "ethnographic turn" contributed to the maturing of the field as contexts of consumption are now recognized as having significant impact upon the processes of the interpretation of media. Sometimes characterized as the "active audience" approach, this paradigm has attracted criticism for the apparent jettisoning of the influence of cultural power, diminishing the authority of the text while elevating the influence of context. Nevertheless, developments in this vein have deepened our understanding of the significant relationship between media texts and the production of identity. Repeatedly, audience studies and fan studies have recorded the ways in which media texts are utilized and often re-made in the creative production and reproduction of self-identity.

## Reception theory

Reception theory emphasizes the reader's reception of a literary text or media. This approach to textual analysis focuses on the scope for negotiation and opposition on the part of the audience. This means that a "text"—be it a book, movie, or other creative work—is not simply passively accepted by the audience, but that the reader / viewer interprets the meanings of the text based on their individual cultural background and life experiences. In essence, the meaning of a text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the text and the reader. A basic acceptance of the meaning of a specific text tends to occur when a group of readers have a shared cultural background and interpret the text in similar ways. It is likely that the less shared heritage a reader has with the artist, the less he/she will be able to recognize the artist's intended meaning, and it follows that if two readers have vastly different cultural and personal experiences, their reading of a text will vary greatly.

Rooted in literary and cultural studies, reception theory emerged in the late 1960s as a response to traditional approaches to media analysis, which focused primarily on the intentions of the author or producer. Instead of treating media as passive vessels of meaning, reception theory recognizes that meaning is not fixed but is actively negotiated by the audience. It acknowledges that individuals bring their own beliefs, experiences, and cultural contexts to their interpretations of media texts. Thus, the reception of media texts can vary widely, reflecting the diverse interpretations and experiences of different audience members.

One of the central tenets of reception theory is the concept of polysemy - the idea that media texts can have multiple meanings that are not dictated by the author or producer but are generated through interaction with the audience. This challenges the notion of a singular, authoritative interpretation, as it recognizes that each viewer or reader may interpret a text differently based on their own subjectivities and social contexts. For example, a film may be received as a comedy by some viewers, while others might perceive it as a tragedy, depending on their own experiences and cultural backgrounds.

Reception theory further highlights the complex nature of media consumption, as audiences are not passive recipients but active participants in the construction of meaning. Various factors such as age, gender, race, class, and education can influence readers' or viewers' interpretations of media texts. Moreover, reception theory suggests that texts are not necessarily absorbed in their entirety, but rather selectively received and interpreted based on the audience's interests and preferences. This selective reception reinforces the idea that audiences actively engage with media texts and shape their meanings based on their own needs and desires.

Reception theory also underscores the importance of considering the social context in which media texts are consumed. The social and cultural experiences of individuals can shape their understanding and interpretation of media messages. For example, the reception of a television show or movie in one culture may differ significantly from how it is received in another culture, due to differences in cultural norms, values, and social structures. Understanding the social context is thus crucial in understanding the different ways in which media texts are interpreted and received.

In conclusion, reception theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the complex relationship between media texts and their audiences. It emphasizes the active role of the audience in constructing meaning and challenges the notion of a single, authoritative interpretation. By recognizing the multiplicity of meanings generated through audience reception and considering the influence of individual subjectivities and social contexts, reception theory helps shed light on the diverse ways in which media texts are interpreted and understood.

### Further reading


title: Austin Walsh (hurler)

abstract: Austin Walsh is an Irish retired hurler who played as a midfielder for the Cork senior team. Born in Kildorrery, County Cork, Walsh first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He joined the senior panel during the 1998 championship. Walsh won one National Hurling League medal as a non-playing substitute. At club level Walsh enjoyed a lengthy career with Kildorrery.

text:
# Austin Walsh (hurler)

**Austin Walsh** (born 1977) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a midfielder for the Cork senior team.

Born in Kildorrery, County Cork, Walsh first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He joined the senior panel during the 1998 championship. Walsh won one National Hurling League medal as a non-playing substitute.

At club level Walsh enjoyed a lengthy career with Kildorrery.

## Honours

### Team

Cork

## InfoBox

Austin Walsh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Áistín Breathnach* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Midfield | | |
| Born | 1977<br>Kildorrery, County Cork, Ireland | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Kildorrery | | |
| Inter-county(ies)\* | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1998 | Cork | 0 (0-00) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 0 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NHL | 0 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |
| \*Inter County team apps and scores correct as of 17:01, 7 August 2014. | | | |


title: Ayhan Bilgen

abstract: Ayhan Bilgen is a journalist, politician and former mayor of Kars from the Peoples' Democratic Party.

text:
# Ayhan Bilgen

**Ayhan Bilgen** (born 28 January 1971, Sarıkamış, Kars Province) is a journalist, politician and former mayor of Kars from the Peoples' Democratic Party.

## Early life and education

Bilgen studied political sciences at the Ankara University and sociology at the Hacettepe University, also in Ankara.

In 2006, Bilgen was engaged in the Turkish Human Rights association Mazlumder in which activity he opposed the new Anti-Terror bill by the Turkish Government as it limited the freedom of expression. In the same year he was elected as its chairman, and he kept the post for two years. In 2011 the newspaper he was the editor in chief of, Günlük, was closed by the Turkish authorities due to suspected support of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). He was also a columnist for the newspapers Özgür Gündem and Evrensel.

## Political career

He was elected to the Turkish parliament for Kars as a representative for the HDP in the general election of June 2015, and again the snap elections of November 2015. He supported the defense of Kobani against the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) in Kobani and was prosecuted for taking part in manifestations in October 2014 during the Siege of Kobani. He was arrested in spring 2017 and released in September of the same year. During his parliamentary career he advocated for Human Rights, Kurdish rights and the protection of the environment. In the local elections of March 2019 he was elected the Mayor of Kars. In May 2020, after several Municipalities won by the HDP were put under the authority of state appointed trustees, Bilgen received the support from dozens of human rights organization. On 2 October 2020, he was formally arrested and deposed as Mayor of Kars and replaced by a government-appointed trustee, the governor of Kars Province, Eyüp Tepe. He announced his resignation from his party, HDP, on 13 December 2021. He founded a new political party in 2022.

On 25 September 2020, he was detained together with several prominent HDP politicians like former deputies Sırrı Sureyya Önder and Ayla Akat Ata due to the Kobani protests which were held in support of the Kurdish population in the Syrian town of Kobani in 2014, which was then besieged by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). After he was arrested in October 2020, he was transferred to the Ankara Sincan prison. He was found not guilty of terrorism related charges in the Özgür Gündem trial on the 15 October 2020. On the 17 March 2021 the Turkish state prosecutor before the Court of Cassation Bekir Şahin filed a lawsuit before the Constitutional Court demanding for him and 686 other HDP politicians a five-year ban to engage in politics. In June 2021, he was released following the third hearing of the Kobani trial.

1. "Ayhan Bilgen Kimdir ? - Ayhan Bilgen Hayatı ve Biyografisi". *www.haberler.com*. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
2. "New Anti-Terror Bill Incites More Violence". *Bianet*. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
3. "Ayhan Bilgen kimdir? Ayhan Bilgen nereli?". *Haberler.com* (in Turkish). 25 September 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
4. "itemid":%5b"001-116134"%5d} "CASE OF GÜDENOĞLU AND OTHERS v. TURKEY". *European Court of Human Rights*. Archived from the original on 2015-07-25. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
5. ""Günlük" newspaper banned over alleged "terrorist propaganda"". *IFEX*. 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
6. Şafak, Yeni (2020-05-17). "Kars Election Result 2015 - General Election 2015". *Yeni Şafak* (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-17.
7. Şafak, Yeni (2020-05-17). "Kars Election Result 2015 - November 2015 General Election". *Yeni Şafak* (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-17.
8. "Arrested HDP MP Bilgen To Be Released Pending Trial". *Bianet*. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
9. "HDP Delegation Not Allowed into Dersim". *Bianet*. Archived from the original on 2018-08-29. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
10. Şafak, Yeni (2020-05-17). "Kars Election Results – March 31 2019 Kars Local Election results". *Yeni Şafak* (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-05-17.
11. "122 Institutions Express Support for Kars Co-Mayors Bilgen and Alaca". *Bianet*. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
12. "Co-Mayor Ayhan Bilgen arrested, trustee appointed to Kars Municipality". *Bianet*. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
13. "Ayhan Bilgen sacked by the ministry of Interior". *Milliyet* (in Turkish). 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
14. "Trustee replaces Kars mayor dismissed in pro-PKK probe targeting 2014 Kobani riots". *Daily Sabah*. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
15. "Ayhan Bilgen, HDP'den istifa etti: Yolcu yolunda gerek". *birgun.net* (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-12-13.
16. Direkçi, Zelal (2022-03-31). "Ayhan Bilgen'in lideri olduğu Türkiye'nin Sesi Partisi, kuruluş dilekçesini İçişleri Bakanlığı'na verdi". *Medyascope* (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-08-30.
17. "Turkish police detain dozens of HDP members, including Mayor Bilgen, over 2014 Kobane protests". *www.duvarenglish.com*. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
18. "HDP's Ayhan Bilgen acquitted in 'Özgür Gündem' trial". *Bianet*. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
19. "HDP indictment seeks political ban for 687 members, including Demirtaş, Buldan and Sancar". *Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi*. Retrieved 2021-05-02.
20. "Turkish court rules to release former mayor, 3 others in Kobani trial". *Stockholm Center for Freedom*. 2021-06-16. Retrieved 2022-04-15.

## InfoBox

| Ayhan Bilgen | |
| --- | --- |
| Ayhan Bilgen (2017) | |
|  | |
| Mayor of Kars | |
| **In office**
12 April 2019  2 October 2020 | |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
| **In office**
7 June 2015  8 April 2019 | |
| Constituency | Kars (June 2015, Nov 2015, 2018) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1971-01-28) 28 January 1971
Sarıkamış, Kars, Turkey |
| Political party | Peoples' Democratic Party (until 2021) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Ankara University (BA)
Hacettepe University (MA) |
| Website | Personal website |
|  | |


title: Arnold of Saint Emmeram

abstract:
Arnold of Saint Emmeram was an early 11th century Benedictine scholar, writer, composer and prior at Saint Emmeram's Abbey. He was of noble birth, from the house of Vohburg.
In his youth he was an avid reader of the Roman classics, but he turned away from them for fear of being infected by their paganism.
His literary taste was still lastingly influenced, and he felt the medieval Latin of the Vita St Emmerami was insufficient, proposing a revision in better Latin. This plan however met with resistance on the part of the monks of the abbey, and Arnoldus was even forced to flee, moving to Magdeburg, where Meginfrid, rector of the local Latin school, took up the project of revising the text of the legend.
Arnoldus himself is the author of two books, De miraculis et memoria cultorum Sancti Emmerami and a work on Saint Emmeram in dialogue form. Arnold's year of death is unknown, but later than 1035, likely close to 1050.

text:
# Arnold of Saint Emmeram

**Arnold of Saint Emmeram** (Latin: *Arnoldus Emmeramensis*, *Arnoldus de Sancto Emmeramo*) was an early 11th century Benedictine scholar, writer, composer and prior at Saint Emmeram's Abbey. He was of noble birth, from the house of Vohburg. In his youth he was an avid reader of the Roman classics, but he turned away from them for fear of being infected by their paganism. His literary taste was still lastingly influenced, and he felt the medieval Latin of the *Vita St Emmerami* was insufficient, proposing a revision in better Latin. This plan however met with resistance on the part of the monks of the abbey, and Arnoldus was even forced to flee, moving to Magdeburg, where Meginfrid, rector of the local Latin school, took up the project of revising the text of the legend. Arnoldus himself is the author of two books, *De miraculis et memoria cultorum Sancti Emmerami* and a work on Saint Emmeram in dialogue form.

Arnold's year of death is unknown, but later than 1035, likely close to 1050.

* "Arnold von St. Emmeram", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 1, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1875, p. 582
* "Arnold of St Emmeram". *Grove Music Online*. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52832. Retrieved 1 September 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)


abstract: The 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Olympic Stadium on August 9 and August 10.

text:
# 1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

The **4 × 100 metres relay at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics** was held at the Olympic Stadium on August 9 and August 10.

## Medals

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada
Robert Esmie
Glenroy Gilbert
Bruny Surin
Donovan Bailey | Nigeria
Osmond Ezinwa
Olapade Adeniken
Francis Obikwelu
Davidson Ezinwa | Great Britain
Darren Braithwaite
Darren Campbell
Douglas Walker
Julian Golding |

## Results

### Heats

All times shown are in seconds.

|
|  |
| **AR** area record | **CR** championship record | **GR** games record | **NR** national record | **OR** Olympic record | **PB** personal best | **SB** season best | **WL** world leading (in a given season) |
|
| **DNS** = did not start | **DQ** = disqualification | **NM** = no mark (i.e. no valid result) | **Q** = qualification by place in heat | **q** = qualification by overall place |

#### Heat 1

1. Ghana (Abu Duah, Eric Nkansah, Aziz Zakari, Emmanuel Tuffour) 38.41 **Q** (NR)
2. Sweden (Patrik Lövgren, Torbjörn Mårtensson, Torbjörn Eriksson, Peter Karlsson) 39.04 **Q** (SB)
3. Ukraine (Aleksey Chikhachov, Serhiy Osovych, Oleh Kramarenko, Vladyslav Dolohodin) 39.32 **Q** (SB)
4. Mexico (Carlos Villaseñor, Alejandro Banda, Jaime de Jesus Lopez, Juan Pedro Toledo) 39.93

#### Heat 2

1. Brazil (Vicente de Lima, Claudinei da Silva, Robson da Silva, Édson Luciano Ribeiro) 38.31 **Q** (AR)
2. Canada (Carlton Chambers, Glenroy Gilbert, Bruny Surin, Donovan Bailey) 38.36 **Q** (SB)
3. Japan (Satoru Inoue, Koji Ito, Hiroyasu Tsuchie, Nobuharu Asahara) 38.44 **Q** (AR)
4. Nigeria (Osmond Ezinwa, Olapade Adeniken, Francis Obikwelu, Davidson Ezinwa) 38.46 **q**
5. Portugal (Paulo Neves, Mário Barbosa, Paulo Figueiredo, Carlos Calado) 39.37 (SB)
6. Slovenia (Marko Štor, Urban Acman, Tomaz Božic, Gregor Breznik) 39.62 (NR)
7. New Zealand (Augustine Nketia, Chris Donaldson, Paul Gibbons, Donald MacDonald) 39.66
8. Liberia (Kouty Mawenh, Sayon Cooper, Robert Dennis, Edward Neufville) 39.90 (NR)

#### Heat 3

1. Great Britain (Darren Campbell, Marlon Devonish, Darren Braithwaite, Julian Golding) 38.47 **Q** (SB)
2. France (Emmanuel Bangué, Frédéric Krantz, Olivier Théophile, Stéphane Cali) 38.80 **Q** (SB)
3. Spain (Frutos Feo, Venancio José, Jordi Mayoral, Francisco Javier Navarro) 38.87 **Q**
4. Poland (Marcin Krzywański, Dariusz Adamczyk, Piotr Balcerzak, Ryszard Pilarczyk) 39.00 **q** (SB)
5. Bahamas (Renward Wells, Andrew Tynes, Dennis Darling, Joseph Styles) 39.09 **q** (NR)
6. Ireland (Kevin Cogley, Gary Ryan, Tom Comyns, Neil Ryan) 39.46 (NR)
7. Cameroon (Alfred Moussambani, Issa-Aimé Nthépé, Serge Bengono, Claude Toukene) 39.73

#### Heat 4

1. Cuba (Alfredo García-Baró, Misael Ortíz, Iván García, Luis Alberto Pérez-Rionda) 38.64 **Q** (SB)
2. Greece (Alexandros Yenovelis, Thomas Sbokos, Georgios Panagiotopoulos, Aggelos Pavlakakis) 38.74 **Q** (NR)
3. Italy (Andrea Amici, Giovanni Puggioni, Carlo Occhiena, Sandro Floris) 38.97 **Q**
4. Qatar (Jassim Abbas, Sultan Mohamed Al-Sheib, Sulaiman Jama Yusuf, Saad Al-Kuwari) 39.05 **q** (NR)
5. Hungary (Viktor Kovács, Miklós Gyulai, Szabolcs Alexa, Gábor Dobos) 39.38 (SB)
6. Australia (Ryan Witnish, Damien Marsh, Steve Brimacombe, Rod Mapstone) 39.39 (SB)

### Semi-finals

#### Heat 1

1. Ghana (Abu Duah, Eric Nkansah, Aziz Zakari, Emmanuel Tuffour) 38.12 **Q** (NR)
2. Great Britain (Dwain Chambers, Darren Campbell, Darren Braithwaite, Julian Golding) 38.25 **Q** (SB)
3. Spain (Frutos Feo, Venancio José, Jordi Mayoral, Carlos Berlanga) 38.60 **Q** (NR)
4. France (Emmanuel Bangué, Frédéric Krantz, Olivier Théophile, Stéphane Cali) 38.71 **Q** (SB)
5. Italy (Andrea Amici, Giovanni Puggioni, Carlo Occhiena, Sandro Floris) 38.77
6. Poland (Marcin Krzywański, Dariusz Adamczyk, Piotr Balcerzak, Ryszard Pilarczyk) 38.79 (SB)
7. Qatar (Jassim Abbas, Sultan Mohamed Al-Sheib, Sulaiman Jama Yusuf, Saad Al-Kuwari) 39.53

* + Greece (Alexandros Yenovelis, Thomas Sbokos, Georgios Panagiotopoulos, Aggelos Pavlakakis) DNF

#### Heat 2

1. Nigeria (Osmond Ezinwa, Olapade Adeniken, Francis Obikwelu, Davidson Ezinwa) 37.94 **Q** (WL)
2. Cuba (Alfredo García-Baró, Misael Ortíz, Iván García, Luis Alberto Pérez-Rionda) 38.06 **Q** (SB)
3. Canada (Robert Esmie, Glenroy Gilbert, Bruny Surin, Donovan Bailey) 38.15 **Q** (SB)
4. Brazil (Vicente de Lima, Claudinei da Silva, Robson da Silva, Édson Luciano Ribeiro) 38.17 **Q** (AR)
5. Japan (Satoru Inoue, Koji Ito, Hiroyasu Tsuchie, Nobuharu Asahara) 38.31 (AR)
6. Sweden (Patrik Lövgren, Torbjörn Mårtensson, Torbjörn Eriksson, Peter Karlsson) 38.89 (SB)
7. Bahamas (Renward Wells, Andrew Tynes, Dennis Darling, Joseph Styles) 39.12

### Final

1. Canada (Robert Esmie, Glenroy Gilbert, Bruny Surin, Donovan Bailey) 37.86 (WL)
2. Nigeria (Osmond Ezinwa, Olapade Adeniken, Francis Obikwelu, Davidson Ezinwa) 38.07
3. Great Britain (Darren Braithwaite, Darren Campbell, Douglas Walker, Julian Golding) 38.14 (SB)
4. Cuba (Alfredo García-Baró, Misael Ortíz, Iván García, Luis Alberto Pérez-Rionda) 38.15
5. Ghana (Abu Duah, Eric Nkansah, Aziz Zakari, Emmanuel Tuffour) 38.26
6. Brazil (Vicente de Lima, Claudinei da Silva, Robson da Silva, Édson Luciano Ribeiro) 38.48
7. Spain (Frutos Feo, Venancio José, Jordi Mayoral, Carlos Berlanga) 38.72


title: BDJ Team

abstract: BDJ Team is a peer-reviewed online magazine published by Nature Research on behalf of the British Dental Association - of which it is a fellow publication of the latter's official journal, the British Dental Journal. The editor-in-chief is Stephen Hancocks. The journal replaced Vital, which was published between 2003 and 2013. Each issue includes one hour of verifiable continuing professional development (CPD) on topics recommended by the General Dental Council.

text:
# BDJ Team

***BDJ Team*** is a peer-reviewed online magazine published by Nature Research on behalf of the British Dental Association \- of which it is a fellow publication of the latter's official journal, the *British Dental Journal*. The editor-in-chief is Stephen Hancocks. The journal replaced *Vital*, which was published between 2003 and 2013.

Each issue includes one hour of verifiable continuing professional development (CPD) on topics recommended by the General Dental Council.

## InfoBox

*BDJ Team*
| Discipline | Dentistry |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Stephen Hancocks |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Vital |
| History | 2014–present |
| Publisher | Nature Research on behalf of the British Dental Association (United Kingdom) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Open access | Yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *BDJ Team* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 2054-7617
 |
| OCLC no. | 886981854 |
| Links | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1941–42 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Branch McCracken, who was in his 4th year. The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 15–6 and a conference record of 10–5, finishing 2nd in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana was not invited to participate in any postseason tournament.

text:
# 1941–42 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team

1941–42 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Illinois | 13 |  | 2 |  | .867 |  |  | 18 |  | 5 |  | .783 |
| Indiana | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |  |  | 15 |  | 6 |  | .714 |
| Wisconsin | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |  |  | 14 |  | 7 |  | .667 |
| Iowa | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |  |  | 12 |  | 8 |  | .600 |
| Minnesota | 9 |  | 6 |  | .600 |  |  | 15 |  | 6 |  | .714 |
| Purdue | 9 |  | 6 |  | .600 |  |  | 14 |  | 7 |  | .667 |
| Northwestern | 5 |  | 10 |  | .333 |  |  | 8 |  | 13 |  | .381 |
| Michigan | 5 |  | 10 |  | .333 |  |  | 6 |  | 14 |  | .300 |
| Ohio State | 4 |  | 11 |  | .267 |  |  | 6 |  | 14 |  | .300 |
| Chicago | 0 |  | 15 |  | .000 |  |  | 1 |  | 20 |  | .048 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1941–42 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team** represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Branch McCracken, who was in his 4th year. The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.

The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 15–6 and a conference record of 10–5, finishing 2nd in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana was not invited to participate in any postseason tournament.

## Roster

| No. | Name | Position | Ht. | Year | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 | John Logan | F | 6–1 | Jr. | Richmond, Indiana |
| 8 | Bill Frey | F | 6–1 | Sr. | Kokomo, Indiana |
| 10 | Ralph Hamilton | F | 6–1 | So. | Fort Wayne, Indiana |
| 11 | William Torphy | G | 6–1 | Sr. | Bedford, Indiana |
| 14 | Irv Swanson | G | 5–10 | Jr. | LaPorte, Indiana |
| 15 | Roy Kilby | G | 5–10 | So. | Muncie, Indiana |
| 16 | Warren Lewis | F | 6–1 | So. | New Castle, Indiana |
| 17 | Robert Gwin | G | 6–1 | So. | Shoals, Indiana |
| 18 | Ed Denton | C | 6–2 | Jr. | Jeffersonville, Indiana |
| 21 | Dick Wittenbraker | G | 6–2 | So. | New Castle, Indiana |
| 25 | Al Wise | F | 6–3 | So. | Brookville, Indiana |
| 27 | Hal Driver | C | 6–3 | Jr. | Aurora, Indiana |
| 35 | Bob Hines | C | 6–2 | So. | Fort Wayne, Indiana |
| 38 | Swift Wunker | F | N/A | So. | Lawrenceburg, Indiana |
| 39 | Neil Funk | F | 6–3 | So. | LaPorte, Indiana |
| 41 | Andy Zimmer | C/G | 6–4 | Sr. | Goodland, Indiana |
| 42 | Everett Hoffman | C | 6–3 | Sr. | Evansville, Indiana |
| N/A | Lawrence Alleyne | F | 6–1 | So. | Bloomington, Indiana |

## Schedule/Results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | |
| 12/10/1941*
 |  | Wabash | **W** 36–27 | 1–0
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 12/11/1941*
 |  | Great Lakes | **L** 36–41 | 1–1
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 12/15/1941*
 |  | Nebraska | **W** 56–29 | 2–1
 | The Field House
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 12/18/1941*
 |  | UCLA | **W** 47–33 | 3–1
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 12/26/1941*
 |  | at Pittsburgh | **W** 50–41 | 4–1
 | Pitt Pavilion
Pittsburgh |
| 12/27/1941*
 |  | at George Washington | **W** 52–43 | 5–1
 |
Washington, D.C. |
| 1/3/1942
 |  | at Northwestern | **L** 40–50 | 5–2 (0–1)
 | Patten Gymnasium
Evanston, Illinois |
| 1/5/1942
 |  | Wisconsin | **W** 38–34 | 6–2 (1–1)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 1/10/1942
 |  | at Minnesota | **L** 43–63 | 6–3 (1–2)
 | Minnesota Field House
Minneapolis |
| 1/12/1942
 |  | Purdue
*Rivalry* | **W** 40–39 | 7–3 (2–2)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 1/24/1942
 |  | at Wisconsin | **L** 36–42 | 7–4 (2–3)
 | Wisconsin Field House
Madison, Wisconsin |
| 1/26/1942
 |  | Michigan | **W** 64–36 | 8–4 (3–3)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 1/31/1942
 |  | at Chicago | **W** 63–34 | 9–4 (4–3)
 | Henry Crown Field House
Chicago |
| 2/2/1942
 |  | at Ohio State | **W** 46–43 | 10–4 (5–3)
 | Ohio Expo Center Coliseum
Columbus, Ohio |
| 2/9/1942
 |  | Illinois
*Rivalry* | **W** 41–36 | 11–4 (6–3)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 2/14/1942
 |  | Chicago | **W** 52–20 | 12–4 (7–3)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 2/16/1942
 |  | at Michigan | **W** 47–42 | 13–4 (8–3)
 | Yost Field House
Ann Arbor, Michigan |
| 2/23/1942
 |  | at Iowa | **L** 52–55 | 13–5 (8–4)
 | Iowa Field House
Iowa City, IA |
| 2/28/1942
 |  | Minnesota | **W** 54–45 | 14–5 (9–4)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 3/2/1942
 |  | Northwestern | **L** 45–49 | 14–6 (9–5)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| 3/7/1942
 |  | Ohio State | **W** 48–23 | 15–6 (10–5)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, Indiana |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1941–42 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 15–6 (10–5 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Andy Zimmer |
| Home arena | The Fieldhouse |
|


title: 2014–15 EIHL season

abstract: The 2014–15 Elite Ice Hockey League season is the 12th season of the Elite Ice Hockey League. The regular season begins early September and will end in March. On 30 April 2014, the Elite League announced changes to the import rules, as from the 2014–15 season, the number of non British-trained players would rise from 11 to 12, while the number of work-permit players would remain at 11. The number of non British-trained players would then rise to 13 in season 2015-16 and 14 in season 2016-17, with the number of work-permit players again remaining at 11. The EIHL lost some top British players such as Jonathan Weaver and Danny Meyers along with Matt Towe and Sam Zajac to the EPIHL, the first team to take advantage of the rule changes was the Steelers with them announcing the signing of British/Canadian Rod Sarich.

text:
# 2014–15 EIHL season

The **2014–15 Elite Ice Hockey League season** is the 12th season of the Elite Ice Hockey League. The regular season begins early September and will end in March.

On 30 April 2014, the Elite League announced changes to the import rules, as from the 2014–15 season, the number of non British-trained players would rise from 11 to 12, while the number of work-permit players would remain at 11. The number of non British-trained players would then rise to 13 in season 2015-16 and 14 in season 2016-17, with the number of work-permit players again remaining at 11.

The EIHL lost some top British players such as Jonathan Weaver and Danny Meyers along with Matt Towe and Sam Zajac to the EPIHL, the first team to take advantage of the rule changes was the Steelers with them announcing the signing of British/Canadian Rod Sarich.

## Teams

The ten teams were split into two conferences. Teams played the sides in their conferences four times, home and away (32 games), and played the sides in the other conferences twice, home and away (20 games).

Conference champions Braehead Clan and Sheffield Steelers took the top two spots in the league, but neither side could continue their success in the playoffs, which was won by Coventry Blaze, who beat the Steelers 4-2 in the final.

The Challenge Cup went to the Cardiff Devils, with the Steelers again finishing runners-up, losing 2-1.

## Standings

### Overall

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sheffield Steelers **(Q)** | 52 | 30 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 193 | 134 | +59 | 74 | Regular season champions<br>Qualification to playoffs |
| 2 | Braehead Clan **(Q)** | 52 | 33 | 2 | 3 | 14 | 190 | 136 | +54 | 73 | Qualification to playoffs |
| 3 | Cardiff Devils **(Q)** | 52 | 29 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 210 | 151 | +59 | | 72 |
| 4 | Nottingham Panthers **(Q)** | 52 | 23 | 6 | 7 | 16 | 166 | 141 | +25 | | 65 |
| 5 | Belfast Giants **(Q)** | 52 | 25 | 2 | 6 | 19 | 177 | 148 | +29 | | 60 |
| 6 | Coventry Blaze **(Q)** | 52 | 17 | 7 | 3 | 25 | 127 | 145 | 18 | | 51 |
| 7 | Hull Stingrays **(Q)** | 52 | 16 | 4 | 9 | 23 | 154 | 192 | 38 | | 49 |
| 8 | Fife Flyers **(Q)** | 52 | 18 | 4 | 3 | 27 | 170 | 180 | 10 | | 47 |
| 9 | Edinburgh Capitals | 52 | 13 | 7 | 6 | 26 | 135 | 215 | 80 | 46 |  |
| 10 | Dundee Stars | 52 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 33 | 123 | 203 | 80 | | 33 |

Source: EIHL
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Games won in regulation time; 3) Number of games won; 4) Head-to-head results, ranked by criteria 1 to 3; 5) Fewest regulation losses; 6) Away game results, ranked by criteria 1 to 3; 7) Goals scored; 8) Drawing of lots.

### Erhardt Conference

Only intra-conference games counted towards the Erhardt Conference standings. Each team played the other four teams in the Conference eight times, for a total of 32 matches.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Nottingham Panthers | 32 | 13 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 94 | 81 | +13 | 40 | Conference champions |
| 2 | Sheffield Steelers | 32 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 97 | 94 | +3 | 39 |  |
| 3 | Cardiff Devils | 32 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 114 | 103 | +11 | | 38 |
| 4 | Belfast Giants | 32 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 97 | 94 | +3 | | 34 |
| 5 | Coventry Blaze | 32 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 75 | 105 | 30 | | 23 |

Source: EIHL
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Games won in regulation time; 3) Number of games won; 4) Head-to-head results, ranked by criteria 1 to 3; 5) Fewest regulation losses; 6) Away game results, ranked by criteria 1 to 3; 7) Goals scored; 8) Drawing of lots.

### Gardiner Conference

Only intra-conference games counted towards the Gardiner Conference standings. Each team played the other four teams in the Conference eight times, for a total of 32 matches.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Braehead Clan | 32 | 25 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 135 | 69 | +66 | 53 | Conference champions |
| 2 | Fife Flyers | 32 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 120 | 102 | +18 | 35 |  |
| 3 | Hull Stingrays | 32 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 104 | 123 | 19 | | 33 |
| 4 | Edinburgh Capitals | 32 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 14 | 87 | 119 | 32 | | 32 |
| 5 | Dundee Stars | 32 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 19 | 84 | 117 | 33 | | 22 |

Source: EIHL
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Games won in regulation time; 3) Number of games won; 4) Head-to-head results, ranked by criteria 1 to 3; 5) Fewest regulation losses; 6) Away game results, ranked by criteria 1 to 3; 7) Goals scored; 8) Drawing of lots.

## League Officials

| Position | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Tony Smith |
| Media Representative | Chris Ellis |
| Head of Discipline | Moray Hansen |
| Head Referee | Mick Hicks |

## Match Officials

Referees: Tom Darnell, Mike Hicks, James Ashton, Jonny Liptrott, Dean Smith, Neil Wilson and Stefan Hogarth.

Linesmen: Scott Dalgleish, Andrew Dalton, Ally Flockhart, Pavel Halas, James Kavanagh, Sam Motton, Gordon Pirry, Danny Beresford, Matt Rose, Luke Palmer, Paul Brooks, Paul Staniforth and Lee Young.

## InfoBox

| 2014–15 EIHL season | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Elite Ice Hockey League |
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| Duration | September - March |
| Regular season | |
| League | Sheffield Steelers |
| Top scorer | Mathieu Roy, Sheffield Steelers |
| Challenge Cup | |
| Champions | Cardiff Devils |
| Conference | |
| Erhardt champions | Nottingham Panthers |
| Erhardt runners-up | Sheffield Steelers |
| Gardiner champions | Braehead Clan |
| Gardiner runners-up | Fife Flyers |
| Playoffs | |
| Champions | Coventry Blaze |
| Runners-up | Sheffield Steelers |


title: Frank Ludlow

abstract: Frank Ludlow OBE was an English officer stationed in the British Mission at Lhasa and a naturalist.

text:
# Frank Ludlow

**Frank Ludlow** OBE (10 August 1885 – 25 March 1972) was an English officer stationed in the British Mission at Lhasa and a naturalist.

## Life

He was born in Chelsea, London and studied at West Somerset County School and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Ludlow received a Bachelor of Arts from Cambridge in the natural science in 1908. During this time he studied botany under Professor Marshal Ward, father of Frank Kingdon-Ward. He taught at Sind College Karachi (where he became vice principal and professor of biology and lecturer in English).

During World War I he was commissioned into the Indian Army Reserve of Officers as a Second Lieutenant 22 July 1916 and was attached to the 1st battalion, 97th Deccan Infantry 31 January 1917. He was promoted Lieutenant 22 July 1917.

After the war he went into the Indian Education Service.

In the Birthday Honours 1927 (London Gazette 3 June 1927) he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 1927 he retired to Srinagar, Kashmir and travelled extensively in the Himalayas including Tibet and Kashmir. In 1929 he met George Sherriff while staying in Kashgar with the consul general Frederick Williamson. He later took charge of the British Mission in Lhasa from 1942 to 1943. During his time in India he studied natural history and collected birds and botanical specimens. He made expeditions to parts of the Himalayas and Tibet along with George Sherriff (1898-1967).

He collected nearly 7000 bird specimens which are now in the Natural History Museum. The species *Alcippe ludlowi*, *Bhutanitis ludlowi* and several other taxa including a subspecies of hedgehog (originally described as *Paraechinus ludlowi* Thomas) *Paraechinus aethiopicus ludlowi* Thomas from Hit, Iraq are named after him.

The standard author abbreviation Ludlow is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## Publications

* Ludlow, F. (1920) Notes on the nidification of certain birds in Ladak. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27: 141–146.
* Ludlow,F (1940) The Long-tailed Duck (*Clangula hyemalis*) in Kashmir. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 41(3):666.
* Ludlow,F (1915) Mallard breeding in the Karachi Zoo. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(3):584.
* Ludlow,F (1945) The Persian Ground Chough (*Podoces pleskei*). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 45(2):233-234.
* Ludlow,F (1945) The Whooper Swan (*Cygnus cygnus*). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 45(3):421.
* Ludlow,F (1934) Catching of Chikor \[*Alectoris graeca chukar* (Gray)\] in Kashmir. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 37(1):222
* Ludlow,F (1928) Dongtse, or stray bird notes from Tibet. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 33(1):78-83.
* Ludlow,F (1916) Breeding of the Marbled Teal *Marmaronetta angustirostris* and other birds at Sonmeani, Baluchistan. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(2):368-369.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1937) The birds of Bhutan and adjacent territories of Sikkim and Tibet. Ibis 14 1(1):1-46.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1937) The birds of Bhutan and adjacent territories of Sikkim and Tibet. Part II. Ibis 14
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1937) The birds of Bhutan and adjacent territories of Sikkim and Tibet. Ibis 14 1(1), 1-46.1(2):249-293.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1937) The birds of Bhutan and adjacent territories of Sikkim and Tibet. Part III. Ibis 14 1(3):467-504.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1933) A contribution to the ornithology of Chinese Turkestan. Part I. Ibis 13 3(2):240-259.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1933) A contribution to the ornithology of Chinese Turkestan. Part II. Ibis 13 3(3):440-473.
* Ludlow,F (1928) Birds of the Gyantse neighbourhood, southern Tibet. Ibis 12 4(2):211-232.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1934) A contribution to the ornithology of Chinese Turkestan. Part IV. Ibis 13 4(1), 95-125.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1940) Systematic notes on Indian birds - V. Ibis, 14 4(1):147-150.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1944) The birds of South-Eastern Tibet. Ibis 86(1):43-86.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1944) The birds of South-Eastern Tibet. Ibis 86(2):176-208.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1944) The birds of South-Eastern Tibet. Ibis 86(3):348-389.
* Ludlow,F (1950) The birds of Lhasa. Ibis 92(1):34-45.
* Ludlow,F (1951) The birds of Kongbo and Pome, South-East Tibet. Ibis 93(4):547-578.
* Ludlow,F; Kinnear,NB (1933) A contribution to the ornithology of Chinese Turkestan. Part III. Ibis, 13(3):658-694.


title: Eucalyptus ornans

abstract: Eucalyptus ornans, commonly known as Avon peppermint, is a species of mallee that is endemic to a restricted area in Victoria. It has smooth whitish to grey bark, slightly glossy, bluish green, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seventeen and twenty one, white flowers and shortened hemispherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus ornans

***Eucalyptus ornans***, commonly known as **Avon peppermint**, is a species of mallee that is endemic to a restricted area in Victoria. It has smooth whitish to grey bark, slightly glossy, bluish green, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seventeen and twenty one, white flowers and shortened hemispherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus ornans* is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 4–10 m (13–33 ft) and has smooth whitish to light grey bark that is shed in strips and ribbons. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves arranged in opposite pairs, narrow lance-shaped, bluish green on the upper surface and whitish below, 50–80 mm (2.0–3.1 in) long and 7–12 mm (0.28–0.47 in) wide. The crown of the plant often contains intermediate leaves as well as adult leaves. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same slightly glossy green on both sides, narrow lance-shaped, 60–110 mm (2.4–4.3 in) long and 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) wide on a petiole 6–12 mm (0.24–0.47 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of between seventeen and twenty one on an unbranched peduncle 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long, the individual buds on thin pedicels 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped, about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical operculum about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and wide. Flowering occurs in summer and the flowers are white. The fruit is a sessile, woody, shortened hemispherical capsule about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and wide with the valves below the rim of the fruit.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus ornans* was first formally described in 2011 by Kevin Rule and William Molyneux in the journal *Muelleria* but the description was not valid because no holotype was designated. A subsequent edition of the same journal corrected the typification. The specific epithet (*ornans*) is from the Latin word "ornatus", referring to the ornamental habit of this eucalypt.

## Distribution

Avon peppermint is only known from a single population growing in coarse gravel near the Avon River, near Maffra.

## Conservation status

This species is listed as "endangered" on the Victorian Government's Department of Sustainability and Environment's *Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria* and as "critically endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, noting that only ten mature individuals remain. The main threats to the species are climate change and severe weather events.

## InfoBox

| Avon peppermint | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. ornans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus ornans***
Rule & Molyneux | |
|