title: Archaeology of trade

abstract: The archaeology of trade and exchange is a sub-discipline of archaeology that identifies how material goods and ideas moved across human populations. The terms “trade” and “exchange” have slightly different connotations: trade focuses on the long-distance circulation of material goods; exchange considers the transfer of persons and ideas. One part of archaeology considers pre-modern societies. Markets, currency, craft production, ownership and concepts such as buying and selling had different meanings in those societies. Earlier economies were strongly defined by religious, ethnic and geographic constraints. Exchange could be used to strengthen social bonds instead of creating wealth. The archaeology of trade therefore includes the transfer of ideas and social practices in addition to the exchange of physical goods. The archaeology of trade and exchange considers how trade influenced social development and power structures.

text:
# Archaeology of trade

The **archaeology of trade and exchange** is a sub-discipline of archaeology that identifies how material goods and ideas moved across human populations. The terms “trade” and “exchange” have slightly different connotations: trade focuses on the long-distance circulation of material goods; exchange considers the transfer of persons and ideas.

One part of archaeology considers pre-modern societies. Markets, currency, craft production, ownership and concepts such as buying and selling had different meanings in those societies. Earlier economies were strongly defined by religious, ethnic and geographic constraints. Exchange could be used to strengthen social bonds instead of creating wealth. The archaeology of trade therefore includes the transfer of ideas and social practices in addition to the exchange of physical goods.

The archaeology of trade and exchange considers how trade influenced social development and power structures.

## Influences on ancient trade and exchange

The theory and practice of the archaeology of trade and exchange have been influenced by several important schools of thought.

## Political economy

The field of political economy deals with the interplay between political institutions and economic activity. This interdisciplinary field has contributions from economics, political science and sociology. Archaeologists who study political economy focus on how political structure, leadership and administration affect economic activity and how the economy can affect the strength and organization of political institutions.

## Economic anthropology

Economic anthropology is the study of the social context of economic transactions to explore the varied connections between culture and economy. Fields of research in economic anthropology include exchange, gift-giving and forms of currency. The study of economic anthropology also includes non-capitalist societies.

Important contributors to the field are listed below.

### Karl Marx

Philosopher and economist Karl Marx influenced the fields of political economy and economic anthropology. His ideas on labor, modes and means of production and social class related to the frameworks used to understand the creation and exercise of power. Anthropologists used Marx’s ideas to provide perspective on archaeological and anthropological data. Marx’s theories on how the production and consumption of goods relate to social and political power were useful to those studying the evolution of trade and exchange in ancient societies.

### Karl Polanyi

Karl Polanyi, a 20th-century economic theorist, introduced the idea of substantivism. Substantivism argues that economies operate within distinct cultural contexts, rather than operating separately from culture. Polanyi introduced concepts to economic anthropology that remain important to describe the movements of goods and their link to power: reciprocity, redistribution and exchange.

### Marcel Mauss and Bronislaw Malinowski

Bronisław Malinowski (*The Argonauts of the Western Pacific*) and Marcel Mauss (*The Gift: Forms and Means of Archaic Exchange*) contributed to economic anthropology on gift-giving. They independently studied its economics and the social and political importance, especially in non-capitalist cultures. Their work is important in the study of ancient trade and exchange as a reminder of the significance and complexity of the movement of goods in non-capitalist societies.

### George Dalton

Anthropologist George Dalton contributed to the early study of trade and exchange in non-capitalistic systems through his work on “primitive economies.” Dalton took part in a debate begun by Polanyi regarding “formal” versus “substantive” meanings of economy. The “formal” economy involves the mechanisms of trade and exchange based on rational decision-making, whereas the “substantive” economy is the process by which individuals subsist.

## Approaches for studying the archaeology of trade

Approaches taken to the study of the archaeology of trade and exchange can be organized in three groups: the scalar approach (focusing on a particular level of interaction); the examination of different types of trade; or through the study of a particular phase of the economy (such as production).

### Scalar approaches

#### Global scale

World-systems theory and network theory are commonly-used analytical tools that study global trade and exchange.

In the 1970s, Immanuel Wallerstein proposed World-systems theory to study the unequal relationships between developed “core” countries and underdeveloped “periphery” countries. Because of its strong analytical power in connecting societies under a comprehensive framework, world-systems theory was adapted by both anthropologists and archaeologists, who used it to study ancient societies (even though Wallerstein himself never agreed to this). Christopher Chase-Dunn and Thomas D. Hall apply the model to a range of human societies, from sedentary forager hamlets to the capitalist global system.

Network theory attempts to make sense of individual objects within a broad web of connection with other objects. In the 1950s, social scientists used this theory as a quantitative method for more accurate social analysis. This was known as social network theory and focused on the contact patterns of individuals and social groups. The connections between entities are “mapped out” to show the frequency and strength of connections across space and time, demonstrating the relative importance of various nodes.

#### Regional scale

Regional approaches to trade and exchange generally take a meso-scalar focus: at the inter-regional (between) and the intra-regional (within) levels. Various approaches are used in both descriptive and explanatory frameworks of social systems and their transformation. These include peer polity interaction, interaction spheres, social network analysis and modified core-periphery models of Wallerstein’s world-systems theory. Peer polity interaction (PPI) was introduced by Colin Renfrew and John F. Cherry. PPI posits that regional interaction and competition can be drivers for social change. Polities, “the highest order sociopolitical unit in the region in question,” are considered autonomous from one another socio-politically, even though they may share aspects of trade, art, architecture and/or ideology. Through PPI, adjacent polities adopt or develop similar aspects of social complexity and archaeologists study how institutional features develop and how they are adopted. Interaction Spheres, developed by Joe Caldwell in 1964, examines how independent societies within and across regions could coherently interact within different institutional frameworks. Caldwell used the mortuary and ritual practices of the Hopewell culture of North America as a prime example of an interaction sphere. Like PPI, Interaction Spheres argues that interaction among different regional groups may leads to innovation in cultural traditions.

### Local scale (household)

Trade between households and trade within communities are both “local” scales of analysis that can play a major role in shaping both domestic economies and large-scale systems. Ordinary goods—often produced at the household-level—are a significant part of community sustainability. Moreover, the local economy may consume most of the daily activities for a community, thereby defining the identity of many ancient peoples. Study of the local economy may also highlight the role of marginalized groups (gender, class, etc.) that may have a significant impact in the economy. The study of household-level production and trade may also be used to extrapolate larger systems of trade and exchange.

## Types of trade

Staple or adornment goods move between individuals of the same or different groups by multiple modes. Those modes include those identified by Polanyi (reciprocity, redistribution and exchange) and market exchange.

### Reciprocity

In cultural anthropology, reciprocity is the non-market exchange of goods or labor ranging from barter to gift exchange. The act of giving creates a tacit commitment to provide a service or object in return at some future time.

### Redistribution

Redistribution concerns the distribution of power within a society. Within a chiefdom, the chief accumulates goods and resources from the population to later redistribute them according to local custom.

### Exchange

Exchange and—more significantly—market exchange involves specific places (marketplaces) where goods and services can be negotiated and purchased. Archaeologists argue that evidence reveals market exchange in pre-Industrial societies such as the Prehistoric Hohokam, the Aztecs and the Maya. Market economies have involved signature features such as commodities, set prices and regulating institutions.

## Trade as a process

The production, circulation and consumption of goods provide another way that ancient trade and exchange can be studied. Production concerns the activity by which ideas are materialized in utilitarian and ritual goods. In archaeology, production is most often associated with either the sources of specific materials or labor specialization. Circulation is the flow of products from the source or the place of manufacture toward locations with sufficient demand for that product. Consumption is the acquisition and use of products. These three components of the commodity chain may be studied separately or in tandem.

## Techniques

### Sourcing

Sourcing involves identifying the characteristic properties of the raw materials used to fashion items in order to determine the original material source of an artifact. It helps to determine social, political and economic connections among groups. Pinpointing the locations of sources helps archaeologists analyze the distribution range of goods and/or commodities. In order for sourcing to be effective, something must distinguish the material source from similar sources. For materials such as obsidian, determining the source can be easy; while for others, such as flint and some metals, it is more difficult. Moreover, not all materials can provide good data for sourcing, such as organic remains. Analytical methods used for sourcing may include:

### Agent-based modeling

Agent-based modeling (ABM) is the simulation of agents (humans and social systems) based on a series of specified inputs. It models how humans (agents) and societies respond to inputs and stresses. For example, archaeologists working on social interactions in the Roman world used ABM to understand how social exchange affected the development of Roman expansionism in different regions. Elsewhere, archaeologists working on human subsistence mechanisms modeled how economics affected social complexity in Eastern North America.

### Geographic information systems

Geographic information systems (GIS) provide an environment to model and measure the conditions by which spatial relationships develop and change. GIS software serves as an important tool to visualize such metrics. In Mexico, archaeologists used GIS models to examine transportation corridors between sites that prove useful in learning about trade relationships among polities through time. Archaeologists working in the Caribbean used GIS to model cultural landscapes to assess cultural and economic change in plantation societies. In the South American Andes, archaeologists used GIS to understand the exchange of the goods and ideologies of Chavín De Huantar.


title: Apiosporaceae

abstract: The Apiosporaceae are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota. It was placed in the order Amphisphaeriales in 2020. The family was circumscribed in 1998. Species in the family are saprobic, and derive nutrients by decomposing and digesting plant matter, especially palms and grasses. Anamorph genera include Arthrinium and Cordella.

text:
# Apiosporaceae

The **Apiosporaceae** are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota. It was placed in the order Amphisphaeriales in 2020.

The family was circumscribed in 1998. Species in the family are saprobic, and derive nutrients by decomposing and digesting plant matter, especially palms and grasses. Anamorph genera include *Arthrinium* and *Cordella*.

## Genera

As accepted by Species Fungorum and Outline of Fungi 2020.

## InfoBox

| Apiosporaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dictyoarthrinium musae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Amphisphaeriales |
| Family: | Apiosporaceae
K.D.Hyde, J.Fröhl., Joanne E.Taylor & M.E.Barr (1998) |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Apiospora*
Sacc. (1875) | |


title: Apios fortunei

abstract: Apios fortunei, commonly known as hodo, hodoimo, groundnut, or potatobean, is a tuber-forming member of the bean family. The plant is a perennial climbing vine. The leaves are ovate or lanceolate, pinnate with 3–7 leaflets, and 3–7 centimetres (1–3 in) long. The flowers are whitish green, sometimes tinted light yellowish with a red-to-purple wing petal edge, or sulphurous green with rosy wing petals; they form pseudoracemes or terminal panicles, 6–26 centimetres (2+1⁄2–10 in) long. The fruit is a linear legume, 7–8 cm long and 5–6 millimetres (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) wide. Chemically, the tubers contain starch as their predominant carbohydrate, along with smaller amounts of sucrose and glucose, and almost no fructose. The species is native to Eastern China and Japan. In the wild, it is often found near brooks. It is one of three species in the genus known to produce edible tubers, although it has generally been considered an emergency food source as well as a medicinal plant. The flowers are showy and have ornamental potential.

text:
# Apios fortunei

***Apios fortunei***, commonly known as **hodo**, **hodoimo**, **groundnut**, or **potatobean**, is a tuber-forming member of the bean family.

The plant is a perennial climbing vine. The leaves are ovate or lanceolate, pinnate with 3–7 leaflets, and 3–7 centimetres (1–3 in) long. The flowers are whitish green, sometimes tinted light yellowish with a red-to-purple wing petal edge, or sulphurous green with rosy wing petals; they form pseudoracemes or terminal panicles, 6–26 centimetres (2+12–10 in) long. The fruit is a linear legume, 7–8 cm long and 5–6 millimetres (31614 in) wide.

Chemically, the tubers contain starch as their predominant carbohydrate, along with smaller amounts of sucrose and glucose, and almost no fructose.

The species is native to Eastern China and Japan. In the wild, it is often found near brooks. It is one of three species in the genus known to produce edible tubers, although it has generally been considered an emergency food source as well as a medicinal plant. The flowers are showy and have ornamental potential.

## InfoBox

| *Apios fortunei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Apios* |
| Species: | ***A. fortunei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apios fortunei***<br>Maximowicz | |
|


title: Apiospora montagnei

abstract: Apiospora montagnei is a plant pathogen that causes kernel blight on barley but is more often seen a saprophyte or secondary invader of many other plant species.

text:
# Apiospora montagnei

***Apiospora montagnei*** is a plant pathogen that causes kernel blight on barley but is more often seen a saprophyte or secondary invader of many other plant species.

## InfoBox

| *Apiospora montagnei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Sordariomycetidae |
| Order: | Incertae sedis |
| Family: | Apiosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Apiospora* |
| Species: | ***A. montagnei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apiospora montagnei***
Sacc., (1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Arthrinium arundinis*
*Coniosporium arundinis*
*Gymnosporium arundinis*
*Hyptopteris apiospora*
*Papularia arundinis*
*Phyllachora cyperi var. donacis*
*Sphaeria apiospora*
*Sphaeria montagnei*
*Tubercularia apiospora* | |


title: Apiosporina

abstract: Apiosporina is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae. Seeds of the Chinese elm, Trident maple and Japanese black pine can be infected with Apiosporina collinsii to produce dwarf forms used to make bonsai trees.

text:
# Apiosporina

***Apiosporina*** is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae. Seeds of the Chinese elm, Trident maple and Japanese black pine can be infected with *Apiosporina collinsii* to produce dwarf forms used to make bonsai trees.

## InfoBox

| *Apiosporina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Subclass: | Pleosporomycetidae |
| Order: | Venturiales |
| Family: | Venturiaceae |
| Genus: | ***Apiosporina***
Höhn. |
|
| Type species | |
| *Apiosporina collinsii*
(Schwein.) Höhn. | |
| Species | |
| *A. collinsii*
*A. oronata*
*A. fallax*
*A. harunganae*
*A. morbosa* | |


title: Elorz

abstract: Elorz or Elortz is a locality and council located in the municipality of Noáin, in Navarre province, Spain, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 293.

text:
# Elorz

**Elorz** or **Elortz** is a locality and *council* located in the municipality of Noáin, in Navarre province, Spain, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 293.

## Geography

Elorz is located 14km southeast of Pamplona.

## InfoBox

| Elorz | |
| --- | --- |
| Council | |
| *Elorz*/*Elortz* | |
| ElorzElorz | |
| Coordinates: 42°43′59″N 1°33′34″W / 42.73306°N 1.55944°W / 42.73306; -1.55944 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Navarre |
| Province | Navarre |
| Municipality | Noáin |
| Elevation | 488 m (1,601 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 293 |


title: Ellen Havre Weis

abstract: Ellen Havre Weis was an American historian and a co-founder of the Museum of Modern Mythology in San Francisco.

text:
# Ellen Havre Weis

**Ellen Havre Weis** (May 14, 1957 – July 27, 2021) was an American historian and a co-founder of the Museum of Modern Mythology in San Francisco.

## Early life

Weis was born in 1957 in Levittown, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Aimee LeVita Weis, was a college librarian, and her father Henry Kraus Weis, was a product engineer. In 1975 she enrolled in the writing program of the University of Iowa. She dropped out of school a year before graduating, and continued working in her part-time job as a typesetter at an Iowa City boutique publishing house. In 1982 she moved to San Francisco.

## Career

In San Francisco, Weis founded the Museum of Modern Mythology in 1982 with Matthew Cohen and Jeff Errick. The museum, was open from 1982 to 1989. It displayed 3000 pop advertising icons, including pop brand icons such as Mr. Clean, the Pillsbury Doughboy, Frito Bandito, Col. Sanders, Cap’n Crunch, Mr. Peanut and the Michelin Man. In 1987 Weis said that the museum's goal was to "take these advertising characters out of their normal context of sales and look at them as anthropology. Most of American society has been exposed to these images. Certainly the Jolly Green Giant is more recognizable than Zeus--or your state senator". The museum was damaged during the Loma Prieta earthquake and never reopened. After the museum's closure, Weis opened a public relations firm in San Francisco.

In 2004, Weis authored the book *Berkeley: The Life and Spirit of a Remarkable Town*.

## Death

Weise died at home at age 64 from brain cancer.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Havre Weis | |
| --- | --- |
| Ellen Havre Weis in 1988 | |
| Born | (1957-05-14)May 14, 1957
Levittown, Pennsylvania |
| Died | July 27, 2021(2021-07-27) (aged 64)
Altadena, California |
| Occupation(s) | historian, museum co-founder |
| Known for | Museum of Modern Mythology |


title: Arabia (shopping centre)

abstract: Arabia is a shopping centre located in the Arabianranta district of Helsinki, Finland. From 2015 to 2019 it was owned by Citycon. In June 2019 Citycon sold the shopping centre to the Nordic building investor company NREP. The shopping centre was opened in 2002 in industrial buildings left empty by Kotisaari and Ingman. The shopping centre has about 30 businesses, including K-Supermarket, S-market, Tokmanni, Alko, JYSK, Faunatar and a couple of restaurants. The first bakery café of the Cinnabon chain in Finland was located in the shopping centre until it closed down in spring 2016. Nowadays the site of the bakery café hosts a Kotipizza restaurant, opened in December 2016. The supermarket chain Lidl opened a store at the shopping centre on 11 January 2018. Pilatesstudio Arabia moved to the shopping centre in January 2019. The Helsinki tram lines 6, 6T and 8 stop near the shopping centre, as do buses towards the city centre, northeastern Helsinki and Vantaa.

text:
# Arabia (shopping centre)

**Arabia** is a shopping centre located in the Arabianranta district of Helsinki, Finland. From 2015 to 2019 it was owned by Citycon. In June 2019 Citycon sold the shopping centre to the Nordic building investor company NREP. The shopping centre was opened in 2002 in industrial buildings left empty by Kotisaari and Ingman.

The shopping centre has about 30 businesses, including K-Supermarket, S-market, Tokmanni, Alko, JYSK, Faunatar and a couple of restaurants. The first bakery café of the Cinnabon chain in Finland was located in the shopping centre until it closed down in spring 2016. Nowadays the site of the bakery café hosts a Kotipizza restaurant, opened in December 2016. The supermarket chain Lidl opened a store at the shopping centre on 11 January 2018. Pilatesstudio Arabia moved to the shopping centre in January 2019.

The Helsinki tram lines 6, 6T and 8 stop near the shopping centre, as do buses towards the city centre, northeastern Helsinki and Vantaa.

1. Järvenpää, Antti: Citycon myy Arabian ja Duon kauppakeskukset Suomessa – kauppahinta 77 miljoonaa euroa, *Kauppalehti*. Accessed on 22 July 2019.
2. "Kauppakeskus Arabia". *Arabianranta-Toukola-Vanhakaupunki*. June 2, 2012.
3. "Kahvila - leipomo Cinnabon on avattu Arabiassa - Arabia". *www.kauppakeskusarabia.fi*. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29.
4. "Lidl avaa uuden myymälän kauppakeskus Arabiaan". *Citycon*.

60°12′9.66″N 24°58′4.24″E / 60.2026833°N 24.9678444°E / 60.2026833; 24.9678444


title: Architectural exaptation

abstract: Architectural exaptation is a concept in architecture and urban design that involves repurposing buildings, structures, or architectural elements for new uses that differ significantly from their original intended purpose. This practice extends beyond mere adaptation, as it involves a transformative process where the original functions are replaced or augmented by entirely new ones. It is a concept that embraces flexibility, creativity, and innovation in the use of architectural spaces and structures. The term "exaptation," originally coined by paleontologists Stephen J. Gould and Elisabeth Vrba, is borrowed from evolutionary biology. It describes how certain features, evolved for a specific function, can be repurposed or co-opted for a different function. In architectural terms, this can be seen when buildings or their parts, designed for a specific purpose, find new life serving a completely different need. This phenomenon is manifested through two primary mechanisms: functional shift and functional co-optation. Architectural exaptation is an interdisciplinary concept that connects the fields of architecture and archaeology. Architectural exaptation challenges traditional views in design and architecture that emphasize a deterministic approach where form strictly follows function. Instead, it highlights the adaptability and potential for innovation in existing structures. This concept is especially relevant in contemporary discussions about sustainability, as it promotes the reuse and creative repurposing of existing architectural resources. Examples of architectural exaptation can range from the conversion of industrial buildings into cultural or residential spaces, to the creative reuse of minor architectural elements within a larger structure. Iconic examples include the Tate Modern in London, which transformed from a power station into a modern art gallery, the High Line in New York City, an elevated railway turned into an urban park, Ponte Vecchio in Florence, Plaza de Toros de las Arenas in Barcelona, and Temporary appropriations of public spaces exemplify this adaptability. Architectural exaptation is not just about physical transformation; it also encompasses a philosophical shift in how we perceive the built environment. It advocates for a more fluid, imaginative approach to design, where the potential for a building or space is not limited to its original function. This concept encourages architects, urban planners, and designers to think beyond conventional boundaries and explore the multifaceted potential of the built environment.

text:
# Architectural exaptation

**Architectural exaptation** is a concept in architecture and urban design that involves repurposing buildings, structures, or architectural elements for new uses that differ significantly from their original intended purpose. This practice extends beyond mere adaptation, as it involves a transformative process where the original functions are replaced or augmented by entirely new ones. It is a concept that embraces flexibility, creativity, and innovation in the use of architectural spaces and structures.

The term "exaptation," originally coined by paleontologists Stephen J. Gould and Elisabeth Vrba, is borrowed from evolutionary biology. It describes how certain features, evolved for a specific function, can be repurposed or co-opted for a different function. In architectural terms, this can be seen when buildings or their parts, designed for a specific purpose, find new life serving a completely different need. This phenomenon is manifested through two primary mechanisms: functional shift and functional co-optation (referred to as exaptation by Telmo Pievani).

Architectural exaptation is an interdisciplinary concept that connects the fields of architecture and archaeology. Architectural exaptation challenges traditional views in design and architecture that emphasize a deterministic approach where form strictly follows function. Instead, it highlights the adaptability and potential for innovation in existing structures. This concept is especially relevant in contemporary discussions about sustainability, as it promotes the reuse and creative repurposing of existing architectural resources.

Examples of architectural exaptation can range from the conversion of industrial buildings into cultural or residential spaces, to the creative reuse of minor architectural elements within a larger structure. Iconic examples include the Tate Modern in London, which transformed from a power station into a modern art gallery, the High Line in New York City, an elevated railway turned into an urban park, Ponte Vecchio in Florence, Plaza de Toros de las Arenas in Barcelona, and Temporary appropriations of public spaces exemplify this adaptability.

Architectural exaptation is not just about physical transformation; it also encompasses a philosophical shift in how we perceive the built environment. It advocates for a more fluid, imaginative approach to design, where the potential for a building or space is not limited to its original function. This concept encourages architects, urban planners, and designers to think beyond conventional boundaries and explore the multifaceted potential of the built environment.


title: Araeomolis robusta

abstract: Araeomolis robusta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1987. It is found in French Guiana.

text:
# Araeomolis robusta

***Araeomolis robusta*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1987. It is found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Araeomolis robusta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Araeomolis* |
| Species: | ***A. robusta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Araeomolis robusta***<br>Toulgoët, 1987 | |
|


title: 1984 West of England Championships

abstract: The 1984 Bristol Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts that was part of the 1984 Volvo Grand Prix. It was played at Bristol in Great Britain from 18 to 25 June 1984. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and the singles title was won by first-seeded Johan Kriek.

text:
# 1984 West of England Championships

The **1984 Bristol Open** was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts that was part of the 1984 Volvo Grand Prix. It was played at Bristol in Great Britain from 18 to 25 June 1984. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and the singles title was won by first-seeded Johan Kriek.

## Finals

### Singles

Johan Kriek defeated  Brian Teacher 6–7, 7–6, 6–4

* It was Kriek's 1st title of the year and the 16th of his career.

### Doubles

Larry Stefanki /  Robert Van't Hof defeated  John Alexander /  John Fitzgerald 6–4, 5–7, 9–7

* It was Stefanki's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Van't Hof's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1984 West of England Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 18–25 June |
| Edition | 5th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 48S / 24D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Surface | Grass / outdoor |
| Location | Bristol, England |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Johan Kriek | |
| Doubles | |
| Larry Stefanki /  Robert Van't Hof | |
|  | |


title: Ellis Haizlip

abstract: Ellis B. Haizlip was an American television and theatrical producer, broadcaster and promoter of African American culture. Haizlip is best known as the creator, producer and host of the television variety show, SOUL!.

text:
# Ellis Haizlip

**Ellis B. Haizlip** (September 21, 1929  January 25, 1991) was an American television and theatrical producer, broadcaster and promoter of African American culture. Haizlip is best known as the creator, producer and host of the television variety show, *SOUL!*.

## Biography

He was born and grew up in Washington, DC. He attended Howard University, where he produced plays and theatre shows before graduating in 1954. He moved to New York City, and began producing plays with actors such as Vinnette Carroll, Cicely Tyson, Calvin Lockhart, and James Earl Jones, as well as performances by Alvin Ailey's dance company. He also produced shows in Europe and the Middle East, including plays by James Baldwin and Langston Hughes, as well as a concert tour by Marlene Dietrich.

In 1968, Haizlip created and executive produced *Soul!*, an arts program which became a showcase for many African American artists and musicians, such as Ashford and Simpson, Roberta Flack, and poet Nikki Giovanni. He also presented the show, after a few initial programs with other presenters. According to one biography, "Haizlip’s vision was for a program that would use the variety show format to display the breadth and variety of Black culture. The mission of “Soul!” would be not merely to entertain African American viewers, but to challenge them to ponder the possible meanings of Black culture and Black community at a time when African Americans were driving America's social transformation... *Soul!* was unapologetic about aiming its diverse and self-critical weekly affirmation of Black culture and politics to African American viewers, a group that had previously not had the pleasure of seeing itself widely, or truthfully, represented on television.."

Haizlip continued to actively promote African American culture through events such as the first Congressional Black Caucus Dinner in 1970; and "Soul at the Center", a 12-day festival of performing arts held at the Lincoln Center. After the television show ended in 1973, when funding was reduced, he remained active in the media. He also coordinated work at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.

He was diagnosed with lung cancer in the 1980s, and then with a brain tumor. He died in 1991, at George Washington University Medical Center, aged 61.

In 2018, a documentary film about Ellis Haizlip entitled *Mr. Soul!* was written, directed and produced by his niece, filmmaker Melissa Haizlip.

## InfoBox

| Ellis Haizlip | |
| --- | --- |
| Ellis Haizlip on the set of his TV show *SOUL!* | |
| Born | (1929-09-21)September 21, 1929
Washington, DC, U.S. |
| Died | January 25, 1991(1991-01-25) (aged 61)
Washington, DC, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Television and theatre producer, broadcaster |
| Years active | 19541980s |
| Notable work | *Soul!* |


title: Arachnoididae

abstract: Arachnoididae is a family of echinoderms of the order Clypeasteroida.

text:
# Arachnoididae

**Arachnoididae** is a family of echinoderms of the order Clypeasteroida.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Arachnoididae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Arachnoides zelandiae or snapper biscuit | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Clypeasteroida |
| Suborder: | Clypeasterina |
| Family: | **Arachnoididae**<br>Duncan, 1889 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text. | |


title: Elmstone

abstract: Elmstone is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Preston, in the Dover district, in East Kent, England. It is situated between Canterbury and Sandwich. The Domesday Book of 1086 records Elmstone as 'Aelvetone'. In 1086 the recorded population was 3 households. In 1931 the parish had a population of 117. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Preston, part also went to Wingham. The village is surrounded by farmland mostly laid to apple and pear orchards. Some local farms have been sold and are no longer used for agriculture. Elmstone Church, a small 13th-century Anglican church can be found in the village; unusually, the church does not have a dedicated saint. The church, in the Canonry Benefice of Canterbury diocese, shares a vicar with the villages of Ash, Chillenden, Goodnestone, Nonington, Preston and Stourmouth. Elmstone recorded the lowest temperature (−21.3 °C during the Winter of 1946–1947.

text:
# Elmstone

**Elmstone** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Preston, in the Dover district, in East Kent, England. It is situated between Canterbury and Sandwich. The Domesday Book of 1086 records Elmstone as 'Aelvetone'. In 1086 the recorded population was 3 households. In 1931 the parish had a population of 117. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Preston, part also went to Wingham.

The village is surrounded by farmland mostly laid to apple and pear orchards. Some local farms have been sold and are no longer used for agriculture.

Elmstone Church, a small 13th-century Anglican church can be found in the village; unusually, the church does not have a dedicated saint. The church, in the Canonry Benefice of Canterbury diocese, shares a vicar with the villages of Ash, Chillenden, Goodnestone, Nonington, Preston and Stourmouth.

Elmstone recorded the lowest temperature (−21.3 °C (−6.3 °F) during the Winter of 1946–1947.

## Notable buildings

Notable buildings within the hamlet are the early Victorian Old Rectory, the early eighteenth century Grade Two listed Old Vicarage and the Grade Two listed Georgian country house Elmstone Court.

## Community

Apart from mains water, mains drains and electricity there are no services, i.e., no shops, restaurants, pubs, public transport or street lights. The public telephone is now used as a book exchange. The nearest bus stop is in the village of Preston.

Media related to Elmstone at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Elmstone | |
| --- | --- |
| Elmstone Church | |
| ElmstoneLocation within Kent | |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Canterbury |
| Postcode district | CT3 |
|  | |
| Police | Kent |
| Fire | Kent |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
|


title: 1986 Australian Sports Car Championship

abstract: The 1986 Australian Sports Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Group A Sports Cars. It was the 18th Australian Sports Car Championship. The championship was won by former open wheel star and twice Australian Drivers' Champion John Bowe driving the 5.8 litre Chevrolet powered Veskanda C1 built by K&A Engineering in Adelaide. Bowe dominated the five round series winning all seven races, scoring fastest lap in each race and pole position at each round. Terry Hook finished in 2nd place in his Lola T610 Chevrolet with reigning champion Chris Clearihan 3rd in his JWS-Kaditcha Chevrolet. 1984 Australian Sports Car Champion Bap Romano crashed his Cosworth DFL powered Romano WE84 heavily in the opening round at Sydney's tight Amaroo Park circuit. The WE84's throttle stuck wide open on the run up Bitupave Hill just past the pits and Romano was unable to slow the car, eventually destroying the front of the car in the tyre barriers. Romano himself broke both legs in the crash but was fully conscious when pulled out of the car. The crash ended the Romano WE84's racing life which had begun in 1983 as a Kaditcha K583.

text:
# 1986 Australian Sports Car Championship

The **1986 Australian Sports Car Championship** was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Group A Sports Cars. It was the 18th Australian Sports Car Championship.

The championship was won by former open wheel star and twice Australian Drivers' Champion John Bowe driving the 5.8 litre Chevrolet powered Veskanda C1 built by K&A Engineering in Adelaide. Bowe dominated the five round series winning all seven races, scoring fastest lap in each race (including outright lap records at Surfers Paradise and Calder) and pole position at each round. Terry Hook finished in 2nd place in his Lola T610 Chevrolet with reigning champion Chris Clearihan 3rd in his JWS-Kaditcha Chevrolet.

1984 Australian Sports Car Champion Bap Romano crashed his Cosworth DFL powered Romano WE84 heavily in the opening round at Sydney's tight Amaroo Park circuit. The WE84's throttle stuck wide open on the run up Bitupave Hill just past the pits and Romano was unable to slow the car, eventually destroying the front of the car in the tyre barriers. Romano himself broke both legs in the crash but was fully conscious when pulled out of the car. The crash ended the Romano WE84's racing life which had begun in 1983 as a Kaditcha K583.

## Calendar

The championship was contested over a five-round series.

| Round | Circuit | State | Date | Format | Race winner(s) | Round winner | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Oran Park | New South Wales | 23 March | Two heats | John Bowe
John Bowe | John Bowe | Veskanda C1 Chevrolet |
| 2 | Adelaide International Raceway | South Australia | 6 July | One race | John Bowe | John Bowe | Veskanda C1 Chevrolet |
| 3 | Surfers Paradise International Raceway | Queensland | 24 August | Two heats | John Bowe
John Bowe | John Bowe | Veskanda C1 Chevrolet |
| 4 | Sandown International Motor Racing Circuit | Victoria | 14 September | One race | John Bowe | John Bowe | Veskanda C1 Chevrolet |
| 5 | Calder Park Raceway | Victoria | 19 October | One race | John Bowe | John Bowe | Veskanda C1 Chevrolet |

## Classes

Cars competed in three classes according to engine capacity: In 1986 CAMS relaxed the previous 5000cc engine limit for the Over 3 litre cars and allowed engines of up to 6000cc.

* Up to 1.6 litres
* 1.6 to 3 litres
* Over 3 litres

## Points system

Championship points were awarded to the top twenty outright race positions, based on the following three tier structure:

| Outright position | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Up to 1.6 litres | 30 | 27 | 24 | 21 | 19 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| 1.6 to 3 litres | 28 | 26 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Over 3 litres | 25 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - |

For rounds contested over multiple heats, the aggregate points achieved by each driver were divided by the number of heats to arrive at the driver's championship points allocations for the round.

## Results

Top 10 results only.

| Position | Driver | No. | Car | Entrant | Class | Rd1
 | Rd2
 | Rd3
 | Rd4
 | Rd5
 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | John Bowe | 25 | Veskanda C1 Chevrolet | Bernard van Elsen | Over 3 litre | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | **125** |
| 2 | Terry Hook | 15 | Lola T610 Chevrolet | Terry Hook | Over 3 litre | - | 23 | 21.5 | 23 | 23 | **90.5** |
| 3 | Chris Clearihan | 1 | JWS-Kaditcha K582 Chevrolet | Chris Clearihan | Over 3 litre | 20 | 20 | 21.5 | - | 20 | **82.5** |
| 4 | Andrew Roberts | 42 | Roberts SR3 Ford | Andrew Roberts | Up to 1.6 litres | 19 | - | 18 | 13 | 13 | **63** |
| 5 | Ray Hanger | 5 | Rennmax BN6 Ford | Ray Hanger | Up to 1.6 litres &
1.6 to 3 litres | 20 | 13 | - | - | 17 | **50** |
| 6 | Rowan Harman | 7 | Kaditcha SR781 Mazda | Rowan Harman | 1.6 to 3 litres | 6.5 | 15 | 13 | - | 14 | **48.5** |
| 7 | Geoff Munday | 9 | JWS C2 Chevrolet | Geoff Munday | Over 3 litre | - | 15 | 16 | 15 | - | **46** |
| 8 | Bob Jolly | 3 | Holden VK Commodore Chevrolet | Bob Jolly | Over 3 litre | - | - | - | 20 | 17 | **37** |
| 9 | Bernie Van Elsen | 14 | Bolwell Nagari Ford | Bernard van Elsen | Over 3 litre | - | 17 | - | 4 | 10 | **31** |
| =10 | Mike Ceveri | 18 | Holden Torana Chevrolet | Lusty Engineering | Over 3 litre |  |  |  |  |  | **23** |
| =10 | Bap Romano | 8 | Romano WE84 Cosworth | Bap Romano Racing | Over 3 litre |  |  |  |  |  | **23** |

* Australian Motor Racing Year, 1986/87
* CAMS Manual of Motor Sport, 1986
* Race Year, 1986
* www.camsmanual.com.au


title: 1913 Edmonton municipal election

text:
# 1913 Edmonton municipal election

The 1913 municipal election was held December 8, 1913 to elect a mayor and five aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council, trustees to sit on the public school board, and four trustees to sit on the separate school board.

There were ten aldermen on city council, but five of the positions were already filled: Hugh Calder, Joseph Driscoll, James East, Gustave May, and Harry Smith had all been elected to two-year terms in 1912 and were still in office. Each voter could cast up to five votes - the system used was Plurality block voting.

There were eight trustees on the public school board, but three of the positions were already filled: Alex Butchart, K W MacKenzie, and J J McKenzie had been elected to two-year terms in 1912. The election of five trustees in 1913 would bring the board's size to eight, an increase from seven. To keep an equal number of trustees elected each year, L D Parney was acclaimed to a one-year term.

There were seven positions on the separate board, but three of them were already filled: Wilfrid Gariépy, M J O'Farrell, and Milton Martin had been acclaimed to two-year terms in 1912, and were still in office. The election of four trustees in 1913 would bring the board's size to seven, an increase from six.

The 1913 election was the first election in Edmonton's history to see an incumbent mayor defeated. It is also the closest mayoral race in the city's history as measured by percentage of the vote, although the absolute difference in votes between candidates in the 1903 election was smaller.

## Voter turnout

8916 voters cast ballots. There were 27672 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 32.2%.

## Results

### Mayoral election

### Aldermanic election

Aldermanic election conducted using Plurality block voting. Each voter could cast up to five votes.

* **Joseph Clarke** \- 3617 (elected)
* **Alexander Campbell** \- 3559 (elected)
* **Rice Sheppard** \- 3525 (elected) (south side)
* **J. A. Kinney** \- 3319 (union support) (South Side) (elected)\*
* **Robert Douglas** \- 3288 (elected)
* **J.R. McIntosh** \- 3287
* **Dr. Campbell** \- 2850
* **C. Gowan** \- 2790
* **A.T. Mode** \- 2788
* **T.J. Walsh** \- 2707
* **S.H.Smith** \- 2730
* **John Cook** \- 1037

Total number of votes cast in aldermanic contest: 34,994 All elected were white males.

* James Kinney was the first alderman elected with direct labour union endorsement, from the Edmonton Trades and Labour Council. James East and Rice Sheppard had been previously elected but although holding pro-labour views had not been actual Labour candidates.

### Public school board election

Each voter could cast up to five votes (Plurality block voting)

* ***Walter Ramsey*** \- 4111 (elected)
* **A E May** \- 3343 (elected)
* **J Hill** \- 3287 (elected)
* ***Samuel Barnes*** \- 3173 (elected)
* ***Dr. Park*** \- 2583 (elected)
* ***Dr. Frank Crang*** \- 2314
* ***T.H. Miller*** \- 1645
* ***Louise Moore*** \- 1491
* ***Alice Hill*** \- 867

### Separate (Catholic) school board election

Each voter could cast up to three votes.

* ***Joseph Henri Picard*** \- 448 (elected)
* **J O'Neill** \- 321 (elected)
* **D J Gilmurray** \- 310 (elected)
* **E P O'Donnell** \- 262 (elected)
* **J.W. Heffernan** \- 248
* **J.W. Connelly** \- 230


title: Antônio Calloni

abstract: Egízio Antônio Calloni is a Brazilian actor, best known for Os Dias Eram Assim (2017), Dois Irmãos (2017), Brazilian Western (2013) and he also dubbed Garfield in the first film and the second film.

text:
# Antônio Calloni

**Egízio Antônio Calloni** (born 6 December 1961) is a Brazilian actor, best known for *Os Dias Eram Assim* (2017), *Dois Irmãos* (2017), *Brazilian Western* (2013) and he also dubbed Garfield in the first film and the second film.

## Filmography

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *O Clone* | Mohamed Rachid |  |
| 2002 | *Sítio do Picapau Amarelo* | Conde Xis Parmesan | Episode: "O Menino Bruxo" |
| 2017 | *Dois Irmãos* | Halim (young) |  |
| | *Os Dias Eram Assim* | Arnaldo Sampaio Pereira | Episodes: "17 April–26 May" |

### Cinema

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Garfield: The Movie* | Garfield | Brazilian dubbed voice |
| 2006 | *Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties* | | |
| 2013 | *Brazilian Western* | Marco Aurélio |  |
| 2014 | *Chess Game* | Senator Franco |  |

## InfoBox

| Antônio Calloni | |
| --- | --- |
| Calloni in 2022 | |
| Born | Egízio Antônio Calloni
(1961-12-06) 6 December 1961
São Paulo, SP, Brazil |
| Occupation(s) | Actor
Poet
Singer
Writer
Producer
Voice actor |
| Spouse | Ilse Rodrigues Garro  (m. 1993) |
| Children | 1 |
| Parent | Ennio Calloni |
| Website | http://www.antoniocalloni.com/ |


title: Anaplecta

abstract: Anaplecta is a genus in the family Anaplectidae. There are at least 20 described species in Anaplecta.

text:
# Anaplecta

***Anaplecta*** is a genus in the family Anaplectidae. There are at least 20 described species in *Anaplecta*.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Anaplecta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Anaplecta fallax* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Family: | Anaplectidae |
| Genus: | *Anaplecta*<br>Saussure, 1862 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: 1990–91 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup

abstract: The 1990/91 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the twelfth World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 30 November 1990 and ended on 23 March 1991. This season included four disciplines: aerials, moguls, ballet and combined.

text:
# 1990–91 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup

The **1990/91 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup** was the twelfth World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 30 November 1990 and ended on 23 March 1991. This season included four disciplines: aerials, moguls, ballet and combined.

## Men

### Aerials

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 92 | 1 | 1 December 1990 | La Plagne | AE | Michel Roth | Lloyd Langlois | Alexander Stögner |
| 93 | 2 | 7 December 1990 | Tignes | AE | Lloyd Langlois | Philippe LaRoche | Trace Worthington |
| 94 | 3 | 16 December 1990 | Zermatt | AE | Philippe LaRoche | Jean-Marc Bacquin | Chip Milner |
| 95 | 4 | 21 December 1990 | Piancavallo | AE | Kris Feddersen | Philippe LaRoche | Jean-Marc Bacquin |
| 96 | 5 | 13 January 1991 | Blackcomb | AE | Lloyd Langlois | Jean-Marc Bacquin | Jean-Damien Climonet |
| 97 | 6 | 20 January 1991 | Breckenridge | AE | Philippe LaRoche | Nicolas Fontaine | Kris Feddersen |
| 98 | 7 | 3 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | AE | Philippe LaRoche | Lloyd Langlois | Jean-Marc Rozon |
| 99 | 8 | 21 February 1991 | La Clusaz | AE | Didier Méda | Trace Worthington | Jean-Marc Bacquin |
| 100 | 9 | 26 February 1991 | Skole | AE | Trace Worthington | Kris Feddersen | Andrej Lisitskij |
| 101 | 10 | 3 March 1991 | Oberjoch | AE | Didier Méda | Philippe LaRoche | Kris Feddersen |
| 102 | 11 | 10 March 1991 | Voss | AE | Didier Méda | Alexander Stögner | Trace Worthington |
| 103 | 12 | 17 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | AE | Didier Méda | Jean-Marc Bacquin | Alexis Blanc |
| 104 | 13 | 21 March 1991 | Hundfjället | AE | Philippe LaRoche | Kris Feddersen | Jean-Damien Climonet |

### Ballet

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 94 | 1 | 2 December 1990 | La Plagne | AC | Hermann Reitberger | Rune Kristiansen | Lane Spina |
| 95 | 2 | 8 December 1990 | Tignes | AC | Roberto Franco | Lane Spina | Rune Kristiansen |
| 96 | 3 | 14 December 1990 | Zermatt | AC | Lane Spina | Heini Baumgartner | Armin Weiss |
| 97 | 4 | 20 December 1990 | Piancavallo | AC | Rune Kristiansen | Lane Spina | Dave Walker |
| 98 | 5 | 11 January 1991 | Blackcomb | AC | Rune Kristiansen | Hermann Reitberger | Roberto Franco |
| 99 | 6 | 17 January 1991 | Breckenridge | AE | Rune Kristiansen | Lane Spina | Dave Walker |
| 100 | 7 | 1 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | AC | Rune Kristiansen | Hermann Reitberger | Roberto Franco |
| 101 | 8 | 19 February 1991 | La Clusaz | AC | Rune Kristiansen | Hermann Reitberger | Fabrice Becker |
| 102 | 9 | 24 February 1991 | Skole | AC | Rune Kristiansen | Roberto Franco | Dave Walker |
| 103 | 10 | 2 March 1991 | Oberjoch | AC | Hermann Reitberger | Rune Kristiansen | Fabrice Becker |
| 104 | 11 | 8 March 1991 | Voss | AC | Richard Pierce | Dave Walker | Rune Kristiansen |
| 105 | 12 | 14 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | AC | Rune Kristiansen | Lane Spina | Dave Walker |
| 106 | 13 | 22 March 1991 | Hundfjället | AC | Lane Spina | Rune Kristiansen | Armin Weiss |

### Moguls

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 94 | 1 | 30 November 1990 | La Plagne | MO | Edgar Grospiron | Hans Engelsen Eide | Éric Berthon |
| 95 | 2 | 6 December 1990 | Tignes | MO | Éric Berthon | Edgar Grospiron | Hans Engelsen Eide |
| 96 | 3 | 15 December 1990 | Zermatt | MO | John Smart | Éric Berthon | Olivier Allamand |
| 97 | 4 | 12 January 1991 | Blackcomb | MO | Nelson Carmichael | Christian Marcoux | Hans Engelsen Eide |
| 98 | 5 | 18 January 1991 | Breckenridge | MO | Edgar Grospiron | Hans Engelsen Eide | John Smart |
| 99 | 6 | 19 January 1991 | Breckenridge | MO | Edgar Grospiron | Jean-Luc Brassard | Youri Gilg |
| 100 | 7 | 2 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | MO | Jean-Luc Brassard | Youri Gilg | Nelson Carmichael |
| 101 | 8 | 20 February 1991 | La Clusaz | MO | Olivier Allamand | Éric Berthon | Hans Engelsen Eide |
| 102 | 9 | 25 February 1991 | Skole | MO | Edgar Grospiron | John Smart | Chuck Martin |
| 103 | 10 | 9 March 1991 | Voss | MO | Olivier Allamand | Hans Engelsen Eide | Nelson Carmichael |
| 104 | 11 | 16 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | MO | Nelson Carmichael | Sergey Shupletsov | Edgar Grospiron |
| 105 | 12 | 23 March 1991 | Hundfjället | MO | Youri Gilg | Leif Persson | Edgar Grospiron |

### Combined

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 87 | 1 | 2 December 1990 | La Plagne | CO | Sergey Shupletsov | Trace Worthington | Rafael Herrero |
| 88 | 2 | 8 December 1990 | Tignes | CO | Trace Worthington | Sergey Shupletsov | Jeff Viola |
| 89 | 3 | 16 December 1990 | Zermatt | CO | Youri Gilg | Trace Worthington | Jeff Viola |
| 90 | 4 | 13 January 1991 | Blackcomb | CO | Éric Laboureix | Youri Gilg | Murray Cluff |
| 91 | 5 | 19 January 1991 | Breckenridge | CO | Trace Worthington | Youri Gilg | Rafael Herrero |
| 92 | 6 | 20 January 1991 | Breckenridge | CO | Éric Laboureix | Youri Gilg | Trace Worthington |
| 93 | 7 | 3 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | CO | Trace Worthington | Youri Gilg | Jeff Viola |
| 94 | 8 | 21 February 1991 | La Clusaz | CO | Éric Laboureix | Trace Worthington | Youri Gilg |
| 95 | 9 | 26 February 1991 | Skole | CO | Éric Laboureix | Trace Worthington | Jeff Viola |
| 96 | 10 | 10 March 1991 | Voss | CO | Éric Laboureix | Trace Worthington | Youri Gilg |
| 97 | 11 | 17 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | CO | Éric Laboureix | Trace Worthington | Youri Gilg |
| 98 | 12 | 23 March 1991 | Hundfjället | CO | Éric Laboureix | Youri Gilg | David Belhumeur |

## Ladies

### Aerials

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 94 | 1 | 1 December 1990 | La Plagne | AE | Sabine Horvath | Jodie Spiegel | Hilde Synnøve Lid |
| 95 | 2 | 7 December 1990 | Tignes | AE | Catherine Lombard | Elfie Simchen | Kirstie Marshall |
| 96 | 3 | 16 December 1990 | Zermatt | AE | Liselotte Johansson | Hilde Synnøve Lid | Elfie Simchen |
| 97 | 4 | 21 December 1990 | Piancavallo | AE | Elfie Simchen | Kirstie Marshall | Sue Michalski-Cagen |
| 98 | 5 | 13 January 1991 | Blackcomb | AE | Kirstie Marshall | Marie Lindgren | Colette Brand |
| 99 | 6 | 20 January 1991 | Breckenridge | AE | Marie Lindgren | Kirstie Marshall | Elfie Simchen |
| 100 | 7 | 3 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | AE | Elfie Simchen | Lina Cheryazova | Kirstie Marshall |
| 101 | 8 | 21 February 1991 | La Clusaz | AE | Sabine Horvath | Conny Kissling | Hilde Synnøve Lid |
| 102 | 9 | 26 February 1991 | Skole | AE | Kirstie Marshall | Lina Cheryazova | information is not available |
| 103 | 10 | 3 March 1991 | Oberjoch | AE | Sonja Reichart | Elfie Simchen | Kirstie Marshall |
| 104 | 11 | 10 March 1991 | Voss | AE | Elfie Simchen | Kirstie Marshall | Hilde Synnøve Lid |
| 105 | 12 | 17 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | AE | Elfie Simchen | Colette Brand | Lina Cheryazova |
| 106 | 13 | 21 March 1991 | Hundfjället | AE | Colette Brand | Elfie Simchen | Kirstie Marshall |

### Ballet

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 95 | 1 | 2 December 1990 | La Plagne | AC | Cathy Fechoz | Jan Bucher | Ellen Breen |
| 96 | 2 | 8 December 1990 | Tignes | AC | Conny Kissling | Ellen Breen | Jan Bucher |
| 97 | 3 | 14 December 1990 | Zermatt | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Åsa Magnusson |
| 98 | 4 | 20 December 1990 | Piancavallo | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Cathy Fechoz |
| 99 | 5 | 11 January 1991 | Blackcomb | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Ellen Breen |
| 100 | 6 | 17 January 1991 | Breckenridge | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Ellen Breen |
| 101 | 7 | 1 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Ellen Breen |
| 102 | 8 | 19 February 1991 | La Clusaz | AC | Ellen Breen | Conny Kissling | Cathy Fechoz |
| 103 | 9 | 24 February 1991 | Skole | AC | Conny Kissling | Cathy Fechoz | Sharon Petzold |
| 104 | 10 | 2 March 1991 | Oberjoch | AC | Conny Kissling | Ellen Breen | Nadège Ferrier |
| 105 | 11 | 8 March 1991 | Voss | AC | Ellen Breen | Jan Bucher | Conny Kissling |
| 106 | 12 | 14 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Åsa Magnusson |
| 107 | 13 | 22 March 1991 | Hundfjället | AC | Conny Kissling | Jan Bucher | Ellen Breen |

### Moguls

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 94 | 1 | 30 November 1990 | La Plagne | MO | Raphaëlle Monod | Donna Weinbrecht | Stine Lise Hattestad |
| 95 | 2 | 6 December 1990 | Tignes | MO | Yelizaveta Kozhevnikova | Raphaëlle Monod | Stine Lise Hattestad |
| 96 | 3 | 15 December 1990 | Zermatt | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Raphaëlle Monod | Stine Lise Hattestad |
| 97 | 4 | 12 January 1991 | Blackcomb | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Raphaëlle Monod | Maggie Connor |
| 98 | 5 | 18 January 1991 | Breckenridge | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Birgit Keppler-Stein | Silvia Marciandi |
| 99 | 6 | 19 January 1991 | Breckenridge | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Raphaëlle Monod | Tatjana Mittermayer |
| 100 | 7 | 2 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Yelizaveta Kozhevnikova | Tatjana Mittermayer |
| 101 | 8 | 20 February 1991 | La Clusaz | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Maggie Connor | Tatjana Mittermayer |
| 102 | 9 | 25 February 1991 | Skole | MO | Yelizaveta Kozhevnikova | LeeLee Morrison | Donna Weinbrecht |
| 103 | 10 | 9 March 1991 | Voss | MO | LeeLee Morrison | Donna Weinbrecht | Stine Lise Hattestad |
| 104 | 11 | 16 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | MO | Yelizaveta Kozhevnikova | LeeLee Morrison | Donna Weinbrecht |
| 105 | 12 | 23 March 1991 | Hundfjället | MO | Donna Weinbrecht | Stine Lise Hattestad | LeeLee Morrison |

### Combined

| Num | Season | Date | Place | Event | Winner | Second | Third |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 89 | 1 | 2 December 1990 | La Plagne | CO | Jilly Curry | Kristean Porter | Katherina Kubenk |
| 90 | 2 | 8 December 1990 | Tignes | CO | Conny Kissling | Jilly Curry | Katherina Kubenk |
| 91 | 3 | 16 December 1990 | Zermatt | CO | Conny Kissling | Maja Schmid | Katherina Kubenk |
| 92 | 4 | 13 January 1991 | Blackcomb | CO | Conny Kissling | Maja Schmid | Jilly Curry |
| 93 | 5 | 19 January 1991 | Breckenridge | CO | Conny Kissling | Jilly Curry | Maja Schmid |
| 94 | 6 | 20 January 1991 | Breckenridge | CO | Conny Kissling | Kristean Porter | Jilly Curry |
| 95 | 7 | 3 February 1991 | Mont Gabriel | CO | Conny Kissling | Jilly Curry | Katherina Kubenk |
| 96 | 8 | 21 February 1991 | La Clusaz | CO | Conny Kissling | Maja Schmid | Jilly Curry |
| 97 | 9 | 26 February 1991 | Skole | CO | Conny Kissling | Maja Schmid | Kristean Porter |
| 98 | 10 | 10 March 1991 | Voss | CO | Conny Kissling | Jilly Curry | Kylie Gill |
| 99 | 11 | 17 March 1991 | Pyhätunturi | CO | Conny Kissling | Jilly Curry | Maja Schmid |
| 100 | 12 | 23 March 1991 | Hundfjället | CO | Conny Kissling | Kristean Porter | Jilly Curry |

## Men's standings

## Ladies' standings

## InfoBox

| Freestyle Skiing World Cup 1990/91 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Discipline** | **Men** | **Women** |
| Overall | Éric Laboureix | Conny Kissling |
| Moguls | Edgar Grospiron | Donna Weinbrecht |
| Aerials | Philippe LaRoche | Elfie Simchen |
| Ballet | Rune Kristiansen | Conny Kissling |
| Combined | Éric Laboureix | Conny Kissling |
| Competition | | | |
| **Locations** | 13 | 13 |
| **Individual** | 50 | 50 |
|


abstract: The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 1998 Commonwealth Games was held 20–21 September on National Stadium, Bukit Jalil.

text:
# Athletics at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

The **men's 4 × 100 metres relay** event at the 1998 Commonwealth Games was held 20–21 September on National Stadium, Bukit Jalil.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *England*
Dwain Chambers
Marlon Devonish
Julian Golding
Darren Campbell
Jason Gardener* | *Canada*
Bradley McCuaig
Glenroy Gilbert
O'Brian Gibbons
Trevino Betty | *Australia*
Gavin Hunter
Darryl Wohlsen
Stephen Brimacombe
Matt Shirvington
Rodney Zuyderwyk* |

* Athletes who competed in heats only and received medals.

## Results

### Heats

Qualification: First 3 teams of each heat (Q) plus the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Canada | Bradley McCuaig, Glenroy Gilbert, O'Brian Gibbons, Trevino Betty | 38.62 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | England | Jason Gardener, Marlon Devonish, Dwain Chambers, Darren Campbell | 38.62 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Wales | Kevin Williams, Douglas Turner, Christian Malcolm, James Henthorn | 39.09 | Q, **NR** |
| 4 | 2 | Ghana | Tanko Braimah, Aziz Zakari, Mark Anthony Awere, Eric Nkansah | 39.28 | q |
| 5 | 1 | Cameroon | Benjamin Sirimou, Serge Bengono, Dalle Delor, Claude Toukene | 39.56 | Q, SB |
| 6 | 1 | Australia | Gavin Hunter, Darryl Wohlsen, Matt Shirvington, Rodney Zuyderwyk | 39.70 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Mauritius | David Victoire, Barnabe Jolicoeur, Stephane Buckland, Eric Milazar | 39.71 | q |
| 8 | 1 | Sierra Leone | Francis Keita, Josephus Thomas, Joselyn Thomas, Sanusi Turay | 39.80 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Barbados | Roger Jordan, Victor Houston, Gabriel Burnett, Obadele Thompson | 40.16 |  |
| 10 | 1 | Malaysia | Tan Kok Lim, Raman Ganeshwaran, Hamberi Mahat, Watson Nyambek | 40.31 |  |
| 11 | 1 | Fiji | Aminiasi Babitu, Jone Delai, Joseph Rodan, Soloveni Nakaunicina | 40.34 | SB |
| 12 | 2 | Jamaica | Garth Robinson, Wayne Whyte, Greg Hines, Clarkson Reid | 40.40 |  |
| 13 | 2 | Namibia | Benedictus Botha, Christoffel van Wyk, Sherwin Vries, Tobias Akwenye | 41.58 |  |
| 14 | 1 | Gambia | Ousman Jatta, Momodou Colley, Adama Faye, Matarr Njie | 41.85 |  |
| 15 | 1 | Maldives | Ibrahim Manik, Abdulla Ibrahim, Naseer Ismail, Mohammed Amir | 43.67 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | England | Dwain Chambers, Marlon Devonish, Julian Golding, Darren Campbell | 38.20 | **GR** |
|  | Canada | Bradley McCuaig, Glenroy Gilbert, O'Brian Gibbons, Trevino Betty | 38.46 |  |
|  | Australia | Gavin Hunter, Darryl Wohlsen, Stephen Brimacombe, Matt Shirvington | 38.69 |  |
| 4 | Wales | Christian Malcolm, Douglas Turner, James Henthorn, Kevin Williams | 38.73 |  |
| 5 | Cameroon | Benjamin Sirimou, Claude Toukene, Dalle Delor, Serge Bengono | 39.29 |  |
| 6 | Sierra Leone | Francis Keita, Josephus Thomas, Joselyn Thomas, Sanusi Turay | 39.79 |  |
| 7 | Mauritius | Barnabe Jolicoeur, Nicholas Hogan, Stephane Buckland, Eric Milazar | 42.70 |  |
|  | Ghana | Tanko Braimah, Leonard Myles-Mills, Aziz Zakari, Eric Nkansah | DQ |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 4 x 100 metres relay
at the Commonwealth Games | |
| --- | --- |


title: 1985 Emperor's Cup final

abstract: 1985 Emperor's Cup Final was the 65th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 1986. Nissan Motors won the championship.

text:
# 1985 Emperor's Cup final

**1985 Emperor's Cup Final** was the 65th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 1986. Nissan Motors won the championship.

## Overview

Nissan Motors won their 2nd title, by defeating Fujita Industries 2–0.

## Match details

| Nissan Motors | 2–0 | Fujita Industries |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kazushi Kimura  ?'<br>Koichi Hashiratani  ?' |  |  |

National Stadium

## InfoBox

1985 Emperor's Cup Final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | January 1, 1986 |
| Venue | National Stadium, Tokyo |
|


title: 1934–35 Hong Kong First Division League

abstract: The 1934–35 Hong Kong First Division League season was the 27th since its establishment.

text:
# 1934–35 Hong Kong First Division League

The **1934–35 Hong Kong First Division League** season was the 27th since its establishment.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | South China A (C) | 24 | 18 | 4 | 2 | 70 | 30 | +40 | 40 |
| 2 | Police | 24 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 61 | 42 | +19 | 31 |
| 3 | Club de Recreio | 24 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 62 | 47 | +15 | 29 |
| 4 | HKFC | 24 | 10 | 9 | 5 | 52 | 48 | +4 | 29 |
| 5 | Royal Navy | 24 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 45 | 34 | +11 | 26 |
| 6 | South China B | 24 | 10 | 6 | 8 | 49 | 51 | 2 | 26 |
| 7 | Chinese Athletic Association | 24 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 58 | 48 | +10 | 25 |
| 8 | Fusiliers | 24 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 51 | 44 | +7 | 25 |
| 9 | Lincolnshire Regiment | 24 | 11 | 2 | 11 | 51 | 47 | +4 | 24 |
| 10 | Eastern Lancashire Regiment | 24 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 43 | 49 | 6 | 18 |
| 11 | Royal Garrison Artillery | 24 | 7 | 2 | 15 | 37 | 76 | 39 | 16 |
| 12 | St. Joseph's | 24 | 6 | 3 | 15 | 25 | 51 | 26 | 15 |
| 13 | Kowloon FC | 24 | 2 | 4 | 18 | 27 | 65 | 38 | 8 |

Source: rsssf.com
(C) Champions
Notes:

## InfoBox

Hong Kong First Division
| Season | 1934–35 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | South China A (4th title) |
| Matches played | 155 |
| Goals scored | 631 (4.07 per match) |
| 1933–34 1935–36 | |


title: Enetama Lipitoa

abstract: Enetama Lipi is a former politician from Niue. He was an Assemblyman for Namukulu when he was elected into the Niue Legislative Assembly and was appointed to the Executive Council following the 1972 election. In 1973 he served as part of the negotiating team which negotiated the terms of Niue's self-government. He became a Cabinet Minister in Robert Rex's first Government following the attainment of self-government status by Niue on 19 October 1974. The son of Nogihau and Lipitoa of Namukulu, Lipitoa graduated in 1957 from Fiji School of Medicine. He moved residence to his wife's home village of Lakepa while still holding his MP seat for Namukulu. He was elected MP for Lakepa before retiring. The Assemblyman post made vacant by Lipitoa was taken over by his older brother, Jack Willie Lipitoa, a retired technical drawing and woodwork teacher of Niue High School.

text:
# Enetama Lipitoa

**Enetama Lipi** is a former politician from Niue. He was an Assemblyman for Namukulu when he was elected into the Niue Legislative Assembly and was appointed to the Executive Council following the 1972 election. In 1973 he served as part of the negotiating team which negotiated the terms of Niue's self-government. He became a Cabinet Minister in Robert Rex's first Government following the attainment of self-government status by Niue on 19 October 1974.

The son of Nogihau and Lipitoa of Namukulu, Lipitoa graduated in 1957 from Fiji School of Medicine. He moved residence to his wife's home village of Lakepa while still holding his MP seat for Namukulu. He was elected MP for Lakepa before retiring.

The Assemblyman post made vacant by Lipitoa was taken over by his older brother, Jack Willie Lipitoa, a retired technical drawing and woodwork teacher of Niue High School.


title: 1986 Troy State Trojans football team

abstract: The 1986 Troy State Trojans football team represented Troy State University—now known as Troy University as a member of the Gulf South Conference (GSC) during the 1986 NCAA Division II football season. Led by second-year head coach Rick Rhoades, the Trojans compiled an overall record of 10–2 with a mark of 8–0 in conference play, winning the GSC title. Troy State advanced to the NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs, where they beat Virginia Union in the quarterfinals before losing to South Dakota in the semifinal. The Trojans played their home games at Veterans Memorial Stadium in Troy, Alabama.

text:
# 1986 Troy State Trojans football team

1986 Gulf South Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 3 Troy State $^ | 8 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| No. 13 Valdosta State | 7 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Mississippi College | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Delta State | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Jacksonville State | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| West Georgia | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Livingston | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| Tennessee–Martin | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| North Alabama | 1 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NCAA Division II Football Committee poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1986 Troy State Trojans football team** represented Troy State University—now known as Troy University as a member of the Gulf South Conference (GSC) during the 1986 NCAA Division II football season. Led by second-year head coach Rick Rhoades, the Trojans compiled an overall record of 10–2 with a mark of 8–0 in conference play, winning the GSC title. Troy State advanced to the NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs, where they beat Virginia Union in the quarterfinals before losing to South Dakota in the semifinal. The Trojans played their home games at Veterans Memorial Stadium in Troy, Alabama.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 6 | at West Texas State* |  |  | W 38–32 | 11,287 |
| September 13 | Nicholls State* | No. 13 |  | L 25–26 | 7,500 |
| September 27 | Livingston | No. 11 | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Troy, AL | W 28–6 | 7,500 |
| October 4 | West Georgia | No. 10 | * University Stadium * Carrollton, GA | W 34–21 | 5,000 |
| October 11 | No. 16 Valdosta State | No. 11 | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Troy, AL | W 45-10 | 7,500 |
| October 18 | at No. 6 Mississippi College | No. 10 |  | W 10–0 | 3,500 |
| October 25 | at No. 17 Delta State | No. 6 | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Troy, AL | W 31–13 | 3,000 |
| November 1 | at North Alabama | No. 5 |  | W 38–9 | 5,000 |
| November 8 | Tennessee–Martin | No. 4 | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Troy, AL | W 50–30 | 10,000 |
| November 15 | Jacksonville State | No. 3 |  | W 45–43 | 9,000 |
| November 29 | No. 5 Virginia Union* | No. 3 |  | W 31–7 |  |
| December 6 | at No. 6 South Dakota* | No. 3 |  | L 28–42 |  |
|  | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1986 Troy State Trojans football | |
| --- | --- |
| GSC champion | |
| NCAA Division II Semifinal, L 28–42 at South Dakota | |
| Conference | Gulf South Conference |
| Record | 10–2 (8–0 GSC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Willie J. Slater (1st season) |
| Offensive scheme | Wishbone |
| Defensive coordinator | Robert Maddox (2nd season) |
| Home stadium | Veterans Memorial Stadium |
|


title: Empathy in chickens

abstract: Empathy in chickens is the ability of a chicken to understand and share the feelings of another chicken. The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council's (BBSRC) Animal Welfare Initiative defines and recognizes that "...hens possess a fundamental capacity to empathise..." These empathetic responses in animals are well documented and are usually discussed along with issues related to cognition. The difference between animal cognition and animal emotion is recognized by ethicists. The specific emotional attribute of empathy in chickens has not been only investigated in terms of its existence but it has applications that have resulted in the designed reduction of stress in farm-raised poultry.

text:
# Empathy in chickens

**Empathy in chickens** is the ability of a chicken to understand and share the feelings of another chicken. The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council's (BBSRC) Animal Welfare Initiative defines and recognizes that "...hens possess a fundamental capacity to empathise..." These empathetic responses in animals are well documented and are usually discussed along with issues related to cognition. The difference between animal cognition and animal emotion is recognized by ethicists. The specific emotional attribute of empathy in chickens has not been only investigated in terms of its existence but it has applications that have resulted in the designed reduction of stress in farm-raised poultry.

## Definition

The difference between animal cognition and animal emotion is recognized by ethicists. Animal cognition covers all aspects related to the thought processes in animals. Though the topics related to cognition such as self-recognition, memory, other emotions and problem-solving have been investigated, the ability to share the emotional state of another has now been established in hens.

> "We found that adult female birds possess at least one of the essential underpinning attributes of 'empathy'; the ability to be affected by, and share, the emotional state of another."

Chickens have the basic foundations of emotional empathy. Empathy is sometimes regarded as a form of emotional intelligence and is demonstrated when hens display signs of anxiety when they observed their chicks in distressful situations. The hens have been said to "feel their chicks' pain" and to "be affected by, and share, the emotional state of another."

## Scientific evidence

A study funded by the BBSRC and published in 2011 was the first to demonstrate that chickens possess empathy and the first study to use both behavioral and physiological methods to measure these traits in birds. Chicks were exposed to a puff of air, which they find mildly distressing. During the exposure, their mother's behaviour and physiological responses were monitored non-invasively. The hens altered their behaviour by decreased preening, increased alertness, and an increased numbers of vocalisations directed to their chicks — behaviours interpreted as a demonstration of concern. Furthermore, the hens' heart rate increased and eye temperature decreased.

In a 2012 follow-up study, the same researchers repeated the air-puff procedure with hens observing familiar-but-unrelated adults rather than chicks. They found that the adult hens "actually produced slightly more alarm and warning vocalisations than the chicks in the previous study produced distress vocalisations", but that "the only response detected in the observer hens was an increase in sitting. ... There was no indication of heightened physiological arousal and the sitting posture more likely indicated that hens were in a calmer, more 'relaxed' state." They concluded that the "result clearly shows that empathic responses in hens are not facilitated by warning or alarm vocalisations". They felt that further study was warranted, perhaps with related adults, or with stimuli that prompted distress signals rather than alarm or warning signals.

## Other emotions

### Fear

Previous investigations established the indicators of an emotional response in chickens. Domestic chickens can be observed to have different states of alertness. Hens exhibit fear by increasing the time spent standing alert and increased preening. Before empathy in chickens was reported, other investigations demonstrated that hens avoid environments associated with higher preening rates and standing.

### Stress and empathy

Empathetic response by hens is preceded by the determination that hens recognize distress in their chicks. Assessing the distress of chicks and the effect of the presence of their mother has been investigated using an air-puff treatment. Each treatment chick and control were exposed to puffs of air applied to their eyes in the presence and absence of their mothers. The responses interpreted as distress in the chicks were:

* reduced temperature of the eye of the chick
* increased ground pecking
* increased preening
* increased standing (compared to normal rates of movement)

The response of the hens to the apparent distress of their chicks differed to those not exhibiting distress. When distress was recognized by a hen, her heart rate increased. This is correlated to the degree of distress exhibited by the chicks. If the hen is present, distress associated behaviours are less in the chick. Demonstrating empathy by hens toward their chicks is accompanied by the reduction of distress in the chicks.

## Applications

The specific emotional attribute of empathy in chickens has not been only investigated in terms of its existence but it has applications that have resulted in the designed reduction of stress in farm-raised poultry.

At one time, a Virginia prison was planned to be transformed into 'Chicken empathy museum' by PETA to raise awareness of the emotional, empathetic nature of chickens.

## Further reading

* Donald M. Broom; Andrew F. Fraser (2015). *Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare* (5th ed.). Oxford, OXF, GBR: CABI Publishers. pp. 42, 53, 188 (esp. 53). ISBN 978-1-78064-539-1. Retrieved 16 July 2015. \[Only source found citing Edgar et al. 2012, and Edgar et al. 2011, see p. 53, and so the sole reliable secondary source found on this subject to date.\]


title: 1986–87 Cypriot Third Division

abstract: The 1986–87 Cypriot Third Division was the 16th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. Elpida Xylofagou won their 1st title.

text:
# 1986–87 Cypriot Third Division

The **1986–87 Cypriot Third Division** was the 16th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. Elpida Xylofagou won their 1st title.

## Format

Fourteen teams participated in the 1986–87 Cypriot Third Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first two teams were promoted to 1987–88 Cypriot Second Division. The last three teams were relegated to the 1987–88 Cypriot Fourth Division.

### Point system

Teams received two points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Elpida Xylofagou | 26 | 16 | 5 | 5 | 39 | 20 | +19 | 37 | Promoted to 1987–88 Cypriot Second Division |
| 2 | Ethnikos Defteras | 26 | 14 | 8 | 4 | 38 | 16 | +22 | | 36 |
| 3 | Ethnikos Assia FC | 26 | 13 | 9 | 4 | 33 | 18 | +15 | 35 |  |
| 4 | Digenis Akritas Morphou FC | 26 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 24 | 21 | +3 | | 29 |
| 5 | Neos Aionas Trikomou | 26 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 27 | 20 | +7 | | 27 |
| 6 | AEK Katholiki | 26 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 29 | 27 | +2 | | 27 |
| 7 | AEM Morphou | 26 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 20 | 18 | +2 | | 26 |
| 8 | OXEN Peristeronas | 26 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 22 | 25 | 3 | | 24 |
| 9 | ASO Ormideia | 26 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 29 | 36 | 7 | | 24 |
| 10 | Chalkanoras Idaliou | 26 | 10 | 3 | 13 | 32 | 29 | +3 | | 23 |
| 11 | Kentro Neotitas Maroniton | 26 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 40 | 44 | 4 | | 21 |
| 12 | APEY Ypsona | 26 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 38 | 17 | 20 | Relegated to 1987–88 Cypriot Fourth Division |
| 13 | Dynamo Pervolion | 26 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 17 | 36 | 19 | | 18 |
| 14 | AEK Kythreas | 26 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 17 | 40 | 23 | | 17 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Goal differences, 3) Goal for

## Sources

* "Γ΄ κατηγορία". *Philathlos* (in Greek). 1987-06-22. p. 7.
* "Τελική Βαθμολογία". *Phileleftheros* (in Greek). 1987-05-11. p. 6.

## InfoBox

Cypriot Third Division
| Season | 1986–87 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Elpida Xylofagou<br>(1st title) |
| Promoted |  |
| Relegated |  |
| 1985–86 1987–88 | |


title: Eco-Kashrut

abstract: Eco-Kashrut, also called the Eco-Kosher movement, is a movement to extend the Kashrut system, or Jewish dietary laws, to address modern environmental, social, and ethical issues, and promote sustainability. This movement began in the 1970s among American Reconstructionist Jews, and eco-kashrut or eco-kosher approaches enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s with the work of Reconstructionist rabbi, author, and activist Arthur Waskow. A third wave of the eco-kashrut or eco-kosher movement began in the mid-2000s, spurred on in part by a series of kosher production facility scandals.

text:
# Eco-Kashrut

**Eco-Kashrut**, also called the **Eco-Kosher** movement, is a movement to extend the Kashrut system, or Jewish dietary laws, to address modern environmental, social, and ethical issues, and promote sustainability.

This movement began in the 1970s among American Reconstructionist Jews, and eco-kashrut or eco-kosher approaches enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s with the work of Reconstructionist rabbi, author, and activist Arthur Waskow. A third wave of the eco-kashrut or eco-kosher movement began in the mid-2000s, spurred on in part by a series of kosher production facility scandals.

## History

Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, a founder of the Jewish Renewal Movement, is credited with coining and developing *eco-kashrut* in the late 1970s. He articulated eco-kashrut as an evolving set of practices that extend beyond traditional kashrut by taking the human and environmental costs of food production and consumption into account when deciding what to eat or not eat.

## Contemporary movement

More recently the movement has been championed by other Kosher-keeping Jews who strive to eat only food that has been ethically and sustainably produced, and ideally, locally sourced. Eco-Kashrut also finds expression in the sharing of sustainable shabbat meals.

Eco-Kashrut is connected with Magen Tzedek ("Shield of Justice"), an additional certification for food advocated by the Rabbinical Assembly and others within the Conservative movement that aims to address health, safety, and other labor issues in food production. Amid opposition from the Orthodox movement, no products have been certified to carry the seal as of August 2017.

## Further reading

* Arthur Waskow and Rebecca T. Alpert, "Toward an Ethical Kashrut," *Reconstructionist* (March–April, 1987), pp. 9–13.
* Arthur Waskow, *Down-to-Earth Judaism: Food, Money, Sex, and the Rest of Life* (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1995).


title: Ellison Building

abstract: The Ellison Building is a historical building at the corner of Selegie Road and Bukit Timah Road in Singapore. It was erected in 1924 by Isaac Ellison, a prominent member of the Jewish community of Singapore. In August 2016, the Urban Redevelopment Authority and the Land Transport Authority announced that part of the building would be demolished and reconstructed to make way for the construction of the North-South Corridor.

text:
# Ellison Building

The **Ellison Building** is a historical building at the corner of Selegie Road and Bukit Timah Road in Singapore. It was erected in 1924 by Isaac Ellison, a prominent member of the Jewish community of Singapore. In August 2016, the Urban Redevelopment Authority and the Land Transport Authority announced that part of the building would be demolished and reconstructed to make way for the construction of the North-South Corridor.

## Description

The two-storey building comprises a row of shophouses with "varying building facades and heights". It features an "iconic" curved façade and "notable" balconies and twin cupolas, is one of three buildings in the area to feature the Star of David on its exterior. The star can be found on a pediment which also features the year "1924" on the top of the building. According to the Urban Redevelopment Authority, it serves as "historical evidence of Singapore's pre-WW2 Jewish urban community in the Mt Sophia/Selegie area." The authority also wrote that both the building and the next-door Rex Cinema "give a distinctive character to the important trunk road which leads out of the City Centre and towards the Kandang Kerbau/Serangoon Road area."

## History

The building was constructed by businessman and leader of the Jewish community in Singapore Isaac Ellison in 1924 for "commercial purposes" and to "embody the Jewish community's entrepreneurial spirit." According to Roots, which is published by the National Heritage Board, the building was "frequented by colonial governors who would sit on the roof of the building to catch races at Race Course Road held every Sunday." In the early 1960s, the Rex Cinema "utilised the Ellison Building's roof to display their lighted movie signs". In 1989, the building was put up for sale, with then-owner Steven Ellison claiming that as a result of the Control of Rent Act, which had prevented the family from increasing the building's rent, the Ellison family could no longer afford to maintain the building. It was acquired by property developer Dennis Aw.

Both the Ellison Building and the Rex Cinema were gazetted for conservation by the Urban Redevelopment Authority on 5 December 2008. This was reportedly a result of the government's plans for the construction of the North–South Corridor, which would affect both the Ellison Building and the Rex Cinema. In a November 2016 statement by Minister for National Development Desmond Lee, the buildings were conserved with the construction plans in mind and that the authorities intended to minimise the impact on the buildings. The plans were later revised such that the Rex Cinema would remain untouched.

In August 2016, the Land Transport Authority announced that three of the building's units, 235, 237, and 239 Selegie Road, would be demolished to make way for the construction of the expressway in an "exceptional course of action". The units were to be reconstructed following the completion of the corridor. However, this decision was criticised by local heritage groups such as the Singapore Heritage Society, as well as the Singaporean chapter of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, who stated that they were "deeply disturbed by the authorities' disregard for the heritage value of this building and the lack of transparency behind this decision", and that the decision "negates the critical role of heritage conservation in Singapore's national planning agenda and undermines decades of painstaking efforts by state agencies, building owners, heritage stakeholders, professionals and builders, and the progress in conservation achieved so far." The authorities later announced that they would be working with local heritage groups to "retain as much of the Ellison Building as possible." In February 2018, it was announced that the plans for the construction had been revised such that only one of the building's units would be demolished and rebuilt.

1°18′17″N 103°51′01″E / 1.3046°N 103.8503°E / 1.3046; 103.8503


title: Anaplectes

abstract: Anaplectes is a genus of African birds in the weaver family Ploceidae.

text:
# Anaplectes

***Anaplectes*** is a genus of African birds in the weaver family Ploceidae.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Anaplectes* was introduced in 1863 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach. The type species was subsequently designated by Richard Bowdler Sharpe as *Ploceus leuconotus* Müller, JW 1851, now a subspecies of the red-headed weaver (*Anaplectes rubriceps*).

The genus contains the following two species:

## InfoBox

| *Anaplectes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male red-headed weaver (*Anaplectes rubriceps*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Ploceidae |
| Genus: | *Anaplectes*
Reichenbach, 1863 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ploceus melanotis* = *Ploceus leuconotus*
Lafresnaye, 1840 | |


title: Endochironomus subtendens

abstract: Endochironomus subtendens is a species of midge in the family Chironomidae.

text:
# Endochironomus subtendens

***Endochironomus subtendens*** is a species of midge in the family Chironomidae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Endochironomus subtendens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Chironomidae |
| Tribe: | Chironomini |
| Genus: | *Endochironomus* |
| Species: | ***E. subtendens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endochironomus subtendens***<br>(Townes, 1945) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tanytarsus subtendens*  Townes, 1945 | |


title: 1961 Miami Hurricanes football team

abstract: The 1961 Miami Hurricanes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Miami as an independent during the 1961 college football season. In their 14th year under head coach Andy Gustafson, the Hurricanes compiled a 7–4 record, outscored opponents by a total of 146 to 85, and were ranked No. 19 in the final UPI poll. They defeated Penn State (25–8), Georgia (32–7), and Florida (15–6) in the regular season and lost to Syracuse (14–15) in the 1961 Liberty Bowl. The team was led on offense by quarterback George Mira, end Bill Miller, and fullback Jim Vollenweider. Miller was a consensus first-team pick on the 1961 All-America college football team. The team played its home games at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida.

text:
# 1961 Miami Hurricanes football team

1961 Southern college football independents records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Washington and Lee |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Tampa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Mississippi College |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Mississippi Southern |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Memphis State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Delta State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Howard (AL) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| South Carolina Trade |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Maryville (TN) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Sewanee |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Miles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Navy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Arlington State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Louisville |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Miami (FL) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| McMurry |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Houston |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Livingstone |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Southwestern (TN) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Emory & Henry |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Florida State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Norfolk State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Abilene Christian |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Chattanooga |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Georgetown (KY) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Arkansas State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Austin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Trinity (TX) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Millsaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 5 |  | 2 |
| Centre |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1961 Miami Hurricanes football team** was an American football team that represented the University of Miami as an independent during the 1961 college football season. In their 14th year under head coach Andy Gustafson, the Hurricanes compiled a 7–4 record, outscored opponents by a total of 146 to 85, and were ranked No. 19 in the final UPI poll. They defeated Penn State (25–8), Georgia (32–7), and Florida (15–6) in the regular season and lost to Syracuse (14–15) in the 1961 Liberty Bowl.

The team was led on offense by quarterback George Mira (896 passing yards), end Bill Miller (637 receiving yards), and fullback Jim Vollenweider (472 yards). Miller was a consensus first-team pick on the 1961 All-America college football team.

The team played its home games at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 16 | Pittsburgh |  | L 7–10 | 33,292 |  |
| September 23 | at Kentucky |  | W 14–7 | 35,000 |  |
| September 29 | No. 8 Penn State | * Orange Bowl * Miami, FL | W 25–8 | 45,657 |  |
| October 6 | Navy | * Orange Bowl * Miami, FL | L 6–17 |  |  |
| October 13 | Colorado | * Orange Bowl * Miami, FL | L 7–9 | 40,393–40,397 |  |
| October 27 | North Carolina | * Orange Bowl * Miami, FL | W 10–0 | 29,671 |  |
| November 3 | Georgia | * Orange Bowl * Miami, FL | W 32–7 | 38,210 |  |
| November 11 | at Tulane |  | W 6–0 | 15,000 |  |
| November 24 | Northwestern | * Orange Bowl * Miami, FL | W 10–6 | 46,282 |  |
| December 2 | at Florida |  | W 15–6 | 42,000 |  |
| December 16 | vs. No. 14 Syracuse |  | L 14–15 | 15,712 |  |
| * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | |

## Statistics

Miami players led the State of Florida in passing, total offense, rushing, and receiving:

* Quarterback George Mira led in passing, completing 74 of 151 passes for 896 yards. Mira also led the state in total offense with 1,075 yards.

* Miami's ends took first and second place in the state in receiving: Bill Miller with 43 receptions for 637 yards and Larry Wilson with 18 receptions for 257 yards.

* Fullback Jim Vollenweider led in rushing with 472 yards on 101 carries. Vollenweider's rushing yardage also qualified him for fifth place in the state in total offense. He also tied for fourth in the state with 18 points scored.

## Awards and honors

End Bill Miller was a consensus first-team pick on the 1961 All-America college football team, receiving first-team honors from the Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI), and the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), among others.

Miller and quarterback George Mira were unanimous picks on the 1961 all-state football team selected in a poll of 12 Florida sports writers. Guard Bob Eggert and halfback Nick Ryder were also named to the first team. Five Miami players were named to the second team: end Larry Wilson; tackle Billy Watts; guard Jerry Reynolds; center Charley Livingston; and fullback Jim Vollenweider.

## Personnel

### Players

* John Bahen (#30), halfback, 175 pounds
* John Bennett (#12), quarterback, 202 pounds
* James Bruno (#25), fullback, 188 pounds
* Dan Conners (#74), tackle, 225 pounds
* Bob Dentel (#56), center, 222 pounds
* Bill Diamond (#61), guard, 225 pounds
* Bob Eggert (#68), guard, 190 pounds
* Sam Fernandez (#46), fullback, 195 pounds
* Foster (#83), punter
* Ron Fritzsche (#23), halfback, 193 pounds
* Leo Lillimagi (#52), center, 212 pounds
* Charles Livingston (#75), center and kicker, 231 pounds
* Stan Maluty (#78), tackle, 218 pounds
* Bill Miller (#82), end, 192 pounds
* George Mira (#10), quarterback, sophomore, 176 pounds
* Jim O'Mahoney (#64), guard, 202 pounds
* Frank Reinhart (#89), end, 205 pounds
* Jerry Reynolds (#63), guard, 196 pounds
* Ben Rizzo (#81), end, 198 pounds
* Nick Ryder (#36), halfback, 190 pounds
* Joe Smerdel (#67), tackle, 215 pounds
* Nick Spinelli (#20), halfback, 176 pounds
* Jim Vollenweider (#33), fullback, 197 pounds
* Bill Watts (#77), tackle, 231 pounds
* Bobby Weaver, quarterback
* B. Wilson (#86), kicker
* Larry Wilson (#85), end, 198 pounds

### Coaches

## InfoBox

| 1961 Miami Hurricanes football | |
| --- | --- |
| Liberty Bowl, L 14–15 vs. Syracuse | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 19 |
| Record | 7–4 |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Miami Orange Bowl |
|