title: Dragonslayer (band)

abstract: Dragonslayer was an English heavy metal band from Lancashire, formed in 1978 as Heavy Thunder. They are a respected band from the new wave of British heavy metal period who settled on the name Slayer in 1980, meaning they had to change their title to Dragonslayer to avoid confusion with the thrash band Slayer from Los Angeles, who released their debut album Show No Mercy worldwide on 3 December 1983. They can be described as early Power Metal, sharing classic rock influences with and fantasy-themed lyrics with other N.W.O.B.H.M. bands from the West Midlands such as Tyrant, Cynic, Grim Reaper and Arc.

text:
# Dragonslayer (band)

**Dragonslayer** was an English heavy metal band from Lancashire, formed in 1978 as Heavy Thunder. They are a respected band from the new wave of British heavy metal period who settled on the name Slayer in 1980, meaning (as with S.A. Slayer) they had to change their title to Dragonslayer to avoid confusion with the thrash band Slayer from Los Angeles, who released their debut album *Show No Mercy* worldwide on 3 December 1983. They can be described as early Power Metal, sharing classic rock influences with and fantasy-themed lyrics with other N.W.O.B.H.M. bands from the West Midlands such as Tyrant, Cynic, Grim Reaper and Arc.

## Biography

The band initially formed in 1978 as Heavy Thunder. As they started to play more heroic fantasy-themed songs, they changed their name to Slayer on moving to Rochdale, Greater Manchester in 1980, developing a good live reputation and recording a five-track demo at Cargo Studios, which was produced by Colin Richardson who would later find fame producing bands such as Fear Factory and Machine Head. In late 1983, the "I Want Your Life" EP was recorded at Cavalier Studios in Stockport. However, following the pressing and just before the single's release, Slayer from Los Angeles released their debut, so the band chose to rebrand themselves as Dragonslayer. Stickers were placed over the EP labels with their new logo, although these were thin so the original label could still be seen through.

The single was well-received, and they continued to play headline local shows, even supporting Tractor for a number of dates. The band looked for a record deal throughout 1984 and 1985, choosing to record another 7 track demo early in 1986 to keep the band pushing forward. Following this recording bassist Steve Morgan decided to leave the band and was replaced by Marc Webb, formerly of a band called Voltage. With this lineup, they recorded the track "Rock the Radio" for an Ebony Records compilation called "The Metal Collection Vol. II". They played some farewell gigs then split up in mid-1987. Strangely, the only member who kept playing in bands was guitarist Phil Odins.

In 2008 a compilation of most of their recorded material was issued by Shadow Kingdom Records. Following this successful reissue, the band started rehearsing again and posting on Facebook in 2013, announcing they were writing new songs and planning to play live again. However, after not posting for a while in 2016, they announced "the Dragon still sleeps for now".

The compilation does not feature the track 'Rock the Radio' from the 1987 Ebony Records compilation *The Metal Collection Volume II*.

## Musical style

Dragonslayer is best described as a new wave of British heavy metal band, playing proto-power metal.

## Band members

* Tony Mamwell - vocals (1978–1987)
* Phil Odins - guitars (1978–1987)
* Dave Phillips - drums (1978–1987)
* Steve Morgan - bass (1978–1986)
* Marc Webb - bass (1986–1987)

## Discography

### EPs

* *I Want Your Life* (1983)

### Compilation albums

* *The Metal Collection - Volume II* (1987) with the song "Rock the Radio"

## InfoBox

| Dragonslayer | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Lancashire, England |
| Genres | Heavy metal |
| Years active | 1978-1980 (as Heavy Thunder)
1980-1983 (as Slayer)
1983-1987
2013-2015 (as Dragonslayer) |
| Labels | Cavalier Records |
|  | |
| Members | Steve Morgan, Bass
Phil Odins, Guitars
Tony Mamwell, Vocals
Dave Phillips, Drums |


title: Alexandru Terheș

abstract: Alexandru Terheș is a Romanian footballer, who currently works for FRF. He played for Minerul Cavnic, Baia Mare, Sportul Studențesc, Brașov and Bihor Oradea. Terheş won 2 caps for Romania in 1978 against Poland in 1979 against East Germany. In 1980, he played for Romania's B team against Hungary.

text:
# Alexandru Terheș

**Alexandru Terheș** (born 25 July 1960) is a Romanian footballer, who currently works for FRF.

He played for Minerul Cavnic, Baia Mare, Sportul Studențesc, Brașov and Bihor Oradea.

Terheş won 2 caps for Romania in 1978 against Poland in 1979 against East Germany. In 1980, he played for Romania's B team against Hungary.

## Honours

FC Baia Mare

## InfoBox

Alexandru Terheș
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1960-07-25) 25 July 1960 | | |
| Place of birth | Baia Mare, Romania | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1972–1974 | Minerul Baia Mare | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1975–1976 | Minerul Cavnic | ? | (?) |
| 1976–1981 | Baia Mare | 99 | (29) |
| 1981–1987 | Sportul Studențesc | 165 | (37) |
| 1987–1988 | Brașov | 44 | (12) |
| 1989–1990 | Bihor Oradea | 34 | (8) |
| Total |  | **342** | **(86)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1977–1978 | Romania U-21 | 21 | (8) |
| 1980 | Romania B | 1 | (0) |
| 1978–1979 | Romania | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15 November 2017<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15 November 2017 | | | |


title: Alexander Petrunkevitch

abstract: Alexander Ivanovitch Petrunkevitch was a Russian arachnologist. From 1910 to 1939 he described over 130 spider species. One of his most famous essays was "The Spider and the Wasp." In it he uses effective word choices and some comic touch.

text:
# Alexander Petrunkevitch

**Alexander Ivanovitch Petrunkevitch** (Russian: Александр Иванович Петрункевич, December 22, 1875 in Plysky near Kyiv, now Ukraine  March 9, 1964 in New Haven) was a Russian arachnologist. From 1910 to 1939 he described over 130 spider species. One of his most famous essays was "The Spider and the Wasp." In it he uses effective word choices and some comic touch.

## Biography

His aristocratic father, Ivan Illitch Petrunkevitch, was a liberal member of the First Duma and founded the Constitutional Democratic Party. After finishing his studies in Moscow and in Freiburg under August Weismann, Alexander settled in Yale in 1910, becoming a full professor in 1917. Apart from describing present-day species, he was a major figure in the study of fossil arachnids, including those in amber and from the Coal Measures. He also experimented with live specimens and worked on insects.

Petrunkevitch's formulation of the principle of plural effects (every cause is potentially capable of producing several effects) and the principle of the limits of possible oscillations (the number and the nature of the effects which actually take place may vary within definite limitations only) is well known, both in biology and psychology.

Petrunkevitch was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1954 and was also a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Throughout his career he remained politically active, trying to increase awareness of problems in Russia. He was a founder, and later president, of the Federation of Russian Organizations in the United States. He was also a skilled machinist and wrote two volumes of poetry (under the pseudonym Alexandr Jan-Ruban), and translated Pushkin into the English language, and Byron into Russian. He died in 1964.

A 1917 portrait miniature of Petrunkevitch by Margaret Foote Hawley is currently owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

## Selected texts authored by Petrunkevitch

* The role of the intellectuals in the liberating movement in Russia ("Russian Revolution," Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1918, pp. 8-21);
* The Russian Revolution (The Yale Alumni Weekly, 1917);
* Russian Revolution (Yale Review, July, 1917);
* The Political Crisis in Russia (Yale Alumni Weekly, Nov. 16, 1917).
* New Erigoninae from Tennessee (Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 1925)
* New Observations on Moulting and Mating in Tarantulæ (Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 1934)

## InfoBox

| Alexander Ivanovitch Petrunkevitch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1875-12-22)22 December 1875
Plysky, Russian Empire |
| Died | 9 March 1964(1964-03-09) (aged 88)
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Known for | Description of over 130 spider species |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Arachnology, Biology |
|  | |


title: Double bubble theorem

abstract: In the mathematical theory of minimal surfaces, the double bubble theorem states that the shape that encloses and separates two given volumes and has the minimum possible surface area is a standard double bubble: three spherical surfaces meeting at angles of 120° on a common circle. The double bubble theorem was formulated and thought to be true in the 19th century, and became a "serious focus of research" by 1989, but was not proven until 2002. The proof combines multiple ingredients. Compactness of rectifiable currents shows that a solution exists. A symmetry argument proves that the solution must be a surface of revolution, and it can be further restricted to having a bounded number of smooth pieces. Jean Taylor's proof of Plateau's laws describes how these pieces must be shaped and connected to each other, and a final case analysis shows that, among surfaces of revolution connected in this way, only the standard double bubble has locally-minimal area. The double bubble theorem extends the isoperimetric inequality, according to which the minimum-perimeter enclosure of any area is a circle, and the minimum-surface-area enclosure of any single volume is a sphere. Analogous results on the optimal enclosure of two volumes generalize to weighted forms of surface energy, to Gaussian measure of surfaces, and to Euclidean spaces of any dimension.

text:
# Double bubble theorem

In the mathematical theory of minimal surfaces, the **double bubble theorem** states that the shape that encloses and separates two given volumes and has the minimum possible surface area is a *standard double bubble*: three spherical surfaces meeting at angles of 120° on a common circle. The double bubble theorem was formulated and thought to be true in the 19th century, and became a "serious focus of research" by 1989, but was not proven until 2002.

The proof combines multiple ingredients. Compactness of rectifiable currents (a generalized definition of surfaces) shows that a solution exists. A symmetry argument proves that the solution must be a surface of revolution, and it can be further restricted to having a bounded number of smooth pieces. Jean Taylor's proof of Plateau's laws describes how these pieces must be shaped and connected to each other, and a final case analysis shows that, among surfaces of revolution connected in this way, only the standard double bubble has locally-minimal area.

The double bubble theorem extends the isoperimetric inequality, according to which the minimum-perimeter enclosure of any area is a circle, and the minimum-surface-area enclosure of any single volume is a sphere. Analogous results on the optimal enclosure of two volumes generalize to weighted forms of surface energy, to Gaussian measure of surfaces, and to Euclidean spaces of any dimension.

## Statement

According to the isoperimetric inequality, the minimum-perimeter enclosure of any area is a circle, and the minimum-surface-area enclosure of any single volume is a sphere. The existence of a shape with bounded surface area that encloses two volumes is obvious: just enclose them with two separate spheres. It is less obvious that there must exist some shape that encloses two volumes and has the minimum possible surface area: it might instead be the case that a sequence of shapes converges to a minimum (or to zero) without reaching it. This problem also raises tricky definitional issues: what is meant by a shape, the surface area of a shape, and the volume that it encloses, when such things may be non-smooth or even fractal? Nevertheless, it is possible to formulate the problem of optimal enclosures rigorously using the theory of rectifiable currents, and to prove using compactness in the space of rectifiable currents that every two volumes have a minimum-area enclosure.

Plateau's laws state that any minimum area piecewise-smooth shape that encloses any volume or set of volumes must take a form commonly seen in soap bubbles in which surfaces of constant mean curvature meet in threes, forming dihedral angles of 120° ( $2\pi /3$ radians). In a *standard double bubble*, three patches of spheres meet at this angle along a shared circle. Two of these spherical surfaces form the outside boundary of the double bubble and a third one in the interior separates the two volumes from each other. In physical bubbles, the radii of the spheres are inversely proportional to the pressure differences between the volumes they separate, according to the Young–Laplace equation. This connection between pressure and radius is reflected mathematically in the fact that, for any standard double bubble, the three radii $r\_{1}$, $r\_{2}$, and $r\_{3}$ of the three spherical surfaces obey the equation $\frac {1}{r\_{1}={\frac {1}{r\_{2}+{\frac {1}{r\_{3},}}}}}$ where $r\_{1}$ is the smaller radius of the two outer bubbles. In the special case when the two volumes and two outer radii are equal, calculating the middle radius using this formula leads to a division by zero. In this case, the middle surface is instead a flat disk, which can be interpreted as a patch of an infinite-radius sphere. The double bubble theorem states that, for any two volumes, the standard double bubble is the minimum area shape that encloses them; no other set of surfaces encloses the same amount of space with less total area.

In the Euclidean plane, analogously, the minimum perimeter of a system of curves that enclose two given areas is formed by three circular arcs, with the same relation between their radii, meeting at the same angle of 120°. For two equal areas, the middle arc degenerates to a straight line segment. The three-dimensional standard double bubble can be seen as a surface of revolution of this two-dimensional double bubble. In any higher dimension, the optimal enclosure for two volumes is again formed by three patches of hyperspheres, meeting at the same 120° angle.

## History

The three-dimensional isoperimetric inequality, according to which a sphere has the minimum surface area for its volume, was formulated by Archimedes but not proven rigorously until the 19th century, by Hermann Schwarz. In the 19th century, Joseph Plateau studied the double bubble, and the truth of the double bubble theorem was assumed without proof by C. V. Boys in the 1912 edition of his book on soap bubbles. Plateau formulated Plateau's laws, describing the shape and connections between smooth pieces of surfaces in compound soap bubbles; these were proven mathematically for minimum-volume enclosures by Jean Taylor in 1976.

By 1989, the double bubble problem had become a "serious focus of research". In 1991, Joel Foisy, an undergraduate student at Williams College, was the leader of a team of undergraduates that proved the two-dimensional analogue of the double bubble conjecture. In his undergraduate thesis, Foisy was the first to provide a precise statement of the three-dimensional double bubble conjecture, but he was unable to prove it.

A proof for the restricted case of the double bubble conjecture, for two equal volumes, was announced by Joel Hass and Roger Schlafly in 1995, and published in 2000. The proof of the full conjecture by Hutchings, Morgan, Ritoré, and Ros was announced in 2000 and published in 2002. After earlier work on the four-dimensional case, the full generalization to higher dimensions was published by Reichardt in 2008, and in 2014, Lawlor published an alternative proof of the double bubble theorem generalizing both to higher dimensions and to weighted forms of surface energy. Variations of the problem considering other measures of the size of the enclosing surface, such as its Gaussian measure, have also been studied.

## Proof

A lemma of Brian White shows that the minimum area double bubble must be a surface of revolution. For, if not, one could use a similar argument to the ham sandwich theorem to find two orthogonal planes that bisect both volumes, replace surfaces in two of the four quadrants by the reflections of the surfaces in the other quadrants, and then smooth the singularities at the reflection planes, reducing the total area. Based on this lemma, Michael Hutchings was able to restrict the possible shapes of non-standard optimal double bubbles, to consist of layers of toroidal tubes.

Additionally, Hutchings showed that the number of toroids in a non-standard but minimizing double bubble could be bounded by a function of the two volumes. In particular, for two equal volumes, the only possible nonstandard double bubble consists of a single central bubble with a single toroid around its equator. Based on this simplification of the problem, Joel Hass and Roger Schlafly were able to reduce the proof of this case of the double bubble conjecture to a large computerized case analysis, taking 20 minutes on a 1995 personal computer. The eventual proof of the full double bubble conjecture also uses Hutchings' method to reduce the problem to a finite case analysis, but it avoids the use of computer calculations, and instead works by showing that all possible nonstandard double bubbles are unstable: they can be perturbed by arbitrarily small amounts to produce another surface with lower area. The perturbations needed to prove this result are a carefully chosen set of rotations. Because a surface of minimum area exists, and none of the other candidate surfaces have minimum area, the minimum-area surface can only be the standard double bubble.

John M. Sullivan has conjectured that, for any dimension $d$, the minimum enclosure of up to $d+1$ volumes (not necessarily equal) has the form of a stereographic projection of a simplex. In particular, in this case, all boundaries between bubbles would be patches of spheres. The special case of this conjecture for three bubbles in two dimensions has been proven; in this case, the three bubbles are formed by six circular arcs and straight line segments, meeting in the same combinatorial pattern as the edges of a tetrahedron. Frank Morgan called even the case of three volumes in three dimensions "inaccessible", but in 2022 a proof was announced of the three-volume case in all dimensions, and of additional partial results in higher dimensions. Numerical experiments have shown that for six or more volumes in three dimensions, some of the boundaries between bubbles may be non-spherical.

For an infinite number of equal areas in the plane, the minimum-length set of curves separating these areas is the hexagonal tiling, familiar from its use by bees to form honeycombs, and its optimality (the honeycomb conjecture) was proven by T. C. Hales in 2001. For the same problem in three dimensions, the optimal solution is not known; Lord Kelvin conjectured that it was given by a structure combinatorially equivalent to the bitruncated cubic honeycomb, but this conjecture was disproved by the discovery of the Weaire–Phelan structure, a partition of space into equal volume cells of two different shapes using a smaller average amount of surface area per cell.

Researchers have also studied the dynamics of physical processes by which pairs of bubbles coalesce into a double bubble. This topic relates to a more general topic in differential geometry of the dynamic behavior of curves and surfaces under different processes that change them continuously. For instance, the curve-shortening flow is a process in which curves in the plane move at a speed proportionally to their curvature. For two infinite regions separated by a line, with a third finite region between them, the curve-shortening flow on their boundaries (rescaled to preserve the area of the finite region) converges towards a limiting shape in the form of a degenerate double bubble: a vesica piscis along the line between the two unbounded regions.


title: Douglaston Park

abstract: Douglaston Park is a public park located in the Douglaston section of Queens, New York City. It contains a golf course named Douglaston Park Golf Course. According to The New York Times it is also the name of the surrounding residential area, one of five other distinct subsections of Douglaston. More specifically, the Douglaston Park neighborhood is the area located between Northern Boulevard and Interstate 495.

text:
# Douglaston Park

**Douglaston Park** is a public park located in the Douglaston section of Queens, New York City. It contains a golf course named **Douglaston Park Golf Course**.

According to *The New York Times* it is also the name of the surrounding residential area, one of five other distinct subsections of Douglaston. More specifically, the **Douglaston Park** neighborhood is the area located between Northern Boulevard and Interstate 495 (I-495, also known as the Long Island Expressway/LIE).

## Douglaston Park Golf Course

The country club's clubhouse, known as Douglaston Manor, is an elaborate Spanish/Mission revival structure, designed by architect Clifford C. Wendehack. The front entrance and sole parking lot at the club is available at the north end of Commonwealth Boulevard and the intersection with Marathon Parkway. It is the former location of the North Hills Country Club.

## InfoBox

Douglaston Park Golf Course
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 40°45′09″N 73°43′57″W / 40.75250°N 73.73250°W / 40.75250; -73.73250 |
| Location | Douglaston, Queens, New York City, New York, USA |
| Established | 1927 |
| Type | Public |
| Total holes | 18 |
| Website | www.golfnyc.com |
| Douglaston Park Golf Course | |
| Par | 67 |
| Length | 5,469 yards |
| Course rating | 65.5 |
| Course record | 58 by Greg Mazerolle- 2019 Quinnie Cup (5/19/2019) |
|  | |


title: Douglassville, Texas

abstract: Douglassville is a town in Cass County, Texas, United States. The population was 229 at the 2010 census, up from 175 at the 2000 census. In 2020, its population was 211.

text:
# Douglassville, Texas

**Douglassville** is a town in Cass County, Texas, United States. The population was 229 at the 2010 census, up from 175 at the 2000 census. In 2020, its population was 211.

## Geography

Douglassville is located in northern Cass County at the intersection of Texas Highways  and 77. Highway 8 leads north 10 miles (16 km) to Maud and south 13 miles (21 km) to Linden, the Cass County seat, while Highway 77 leads southeast 13 miles (21 km) to Atlanta and west 19 miles (31 km) to Naples.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Douglassville has a total area of 6.3 square miles (16.4 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 172 |  |  |
| 1970 | 282 |  | 64.0% |
| 1980 | 228 |  | −19.1% |
| 1990 | 192 |  | −15.8% |
| 2000 | 175 |  | −8.9% |
| 2010 | 229 |  | 30.9% |
| 2020 | 211 |  | −7.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 175 people, 76 households, and 52 families residing in the town. The population density was 27.7 inhabitants per square mile (10.7/km2). There were 87 housing units at an average density of 13.8 per square mile (5.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 83.43% White, 15.43% African American, 0.57% Native American, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 76 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,188, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $27,250 versus $26,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,992. About 3.7% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 3.8% of those 65 or over.

## Education

Douglassville is served by the Atlanta Independent School District. The majority of Cass County, including Atlanta ISD, is in the service area of Texarkana College.

Previously Atlanta ISD operated the Douglas School, a K-12 school. In 1970 the new Atlanta High School was to open, and Douglas School was to become a K-8 school.

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Douglassville, Texas
3. "U.S. Census website". Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Douglassville town, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
5. "2020 Race and Population Totals". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Cass County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
8. Texas Education Code, "Sec. 130.203. TEXARKANA COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA."
9. "1970-71 School Year—Atlanta Will Submit New School Mix Plan". *The Shreveport Journal*. Shreveport, Louisiana. June 6, 1969. p. C3. \- Clipping at Newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

| Douglassville, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Douglassville, Texas | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 33°11′30″N 94°21′07″W / 33.19167°N 94.35194°W / 33.19167; -94.35194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Cass |
| Government | |
| Type | Council-Manager |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.33 sq mi (16.38 km2) |
| Land | 6.33 sq mi (16.38 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 381 ft (116 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 211 |
| Density | 33/sq mi (13/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 75560 |
| Area code(s) | 903, 430 |
| FIPS code | 48-21112 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2412445 |


title: Alexánder Cruzata

abstract: Alexander Cruzata Rojas is a Cuban retired footballer.

text:
# Alexánder Cruzata

**Alexander Cruzata Rojas** (born 26 July 1974) is a Cuban retired footballer.

## Club career

Born in Cueto, Holguín Province, Cruzata played his entire career for his provincial team Holguín.

## International career

Cruzata made his international debut for Cuba in 1996 and has earned a total of 74 caps, scoring 2 goals. He represented his country in 18 FIFA World Cup qualification matches (1 goal) and played at 4 CONCACAF Gold Cup final tournaments.

His final international appearance was in a 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup group match unsuccessfully contesting Canada.

### International goals

*Scores and results list Cuba's goal tally first.*

| Number | Date | Location | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 14 May 1996 | Truman Bodden Sports Complex, George Town, Cayman Islands | Cayman Islands | 1-0 | 5-0 | 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 2 | 8 April 2001 | Bourda, Georgetown, Guyana | Guyana | 1-0 | 3-0 | 2001 Caribbean Cup qualification |

## InfoBox

Alexander Cruzata
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Alexander Cruzata Rojas | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-07-26) July 26, 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Cueto, Cuba | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–2008 | Holguín |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1996–2005 | Cuba | 74 | (2) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 January 2018 | | | |


title: Alexis Dubus

abstract: Alexis Dubus is an English alternative comedian and actor known for his French alter ego Marcel Lucont. Born in Buckinghamshire, he studied Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Warwick, where he became part of the sketch troupe Ubersausage. In 2003 he set up Falling Down With Laughter Comedy Club in London Bridge with fellow comedian Sy Thomas. The club ran until 2010. He is a board member of The Alternative Comedy Memorial Society, at which he has appeared in various guises. Dubus studied Le Jeu and Clowning at École Philippe Gaulier under master clown Philippe Gaulier. His television acting roles include Nathan Barley, Pramface (BBC3), Derek and Red Dwarf XI (Dave). As a stand-up comedian he's appeared on John Bishop's 2014 Christmas Show, Set List, Russell Howard's Good News and various stand-up shows on Comedy Central. He was also a regular on series 2 and 3 of Live at the Electric. In New Zealand he has been a panellist on Best Bits and 7 Days. He has made radio appearances on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 4 Extra Stands Up and BBC Radio 1's Phil And Alice's Comedy Lounge. He performed at the Adelaide Fringe for several years, where he stirred local debate in 2016 after saying that the festival had lost its way, making it increasingly difficult for independent producers to make money. He returned to perform in the 2018 Fringe, praising a new initiative which helped to put more money in the artists' pockets by dropping inside ticket charges, but left disappointed that the festival was still not suited to independent producers and venues, losing track of the reason for its initial inception. Dubus hosts the Comedy Cul-de-Sac podcast, in which established comedians give accounts of their worst ever experiences on stage.

text:
# Alexis Dubus

**Alexis Dubus** (born 1979) is an English alternative comedian and actor known for his French alter ego Marcel Lucont.

Born in Buckinghamshire, he studied Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Warwick, where he became part of the sketch troupe Ubersausage.

In 2003 he set up Falling Down With Laughter Comedy Club in London Bridge with fellow comedian Sy Thomas. The club ran until 2010.

He is a board member of The Alternative Comedy Memorial Society, at which he has appeared in various guises.

Dubus studied Le Jeu and Clowning at École Philippe Gaulier under master clown Philippe Gaulier.

His television acting roles include *Nathan Barley* (Channel 4), *Pramface* (BBC3), *Derek* (Channel 4) and *Red Dwarf XI* (Dave). As a stand-up comedian he's appeared on John Bishop's 2014 Christmas Show, *Set List*, *Russell Howard's Good News* and various stand-up shows on Comedy Central. He was also a regular on series 2 and 3 of *Live at the Electric*.

In New Zealand he has been a panellist on *Best Bits* and *7 Days*.

He has made radio appearances on BBC Radio 4 Extra in *4 Extra Stands Up* and BBC Radio 1's *Phil And Alice's Comedy Lounge*.

He performed at the Adelaide Fringe for several years, where he stirred local debate in 2016 after saying that the festival had lost its way, making it increasingly difficult for independent producers to make money. He returned to perform in the 2018 Fringe, praising a new initiative which helped to put more money in the artists' pockets by dropping inside ticket charges, but left disappointed that the festival was still not suited to independent producers and venues, losing track of the reason for its initial inception.

Dubus hosts the Comedy Cul-de-Sac podcast, in which established comedians give accounts of their worst ever experiences on stage.

## Bibliography

## Discography

As Marcel Lucont, he released the albums *Vive Lucont!* (2013) and  *Flâneur, Raconteur, Bon-Viveur* (2018), both featuring songs and poetry.

## Edinburgh Fringe shows

* *A R#ddy Brief History of Swearing* (2008/9). A comedy lecture on the history of curse words, which won Dubus a Three Weeks Editors' award.
* *Marcel Lucont: Sexual Metro* (2009). The debut of Dubus's long-running French character Marcel Lucont, which won the Best Comedy Individual Award at Buxton Fringe.
* *A Surprisingly Tasteful Show About Nudity* (2010). Another lecture in the vein of his Swearing show, Dubus addressed the taboo of nudity, enlisting a different Fringe performer every night to stand as a life model as the audience entered the room.
* *Marcel Lucont: Encore* (2010). Dubus's second hour performed in character, also featuring a live artist on stage, sketching audience members. The show debuted at Edinburgh Fringe and went on to play at Adelaide Fringe, Melbourne Comedy Festival, Sydney Comedy Festival and New Zealand Comedy Festival.
* *Marcel Lucont Etc. – A Chat Show* (2011). An irreverent chat show hosted by Marcel Lucont, described as "the prince of the chat-show genre" by The List.
* *Marcel Lucont: Gallic Symbol* (2012). Winner of the Amused Moose Laughter Award for Best Comedy and also the Fringe World Award for Best Comedy. Alexis toured the UK with a 90-minute version of the show.
* *Marcel Lucont A La Carte* (2013). A concept show in which, for 10 days, people could bid for Marcel to perform for an hour a day at a time and location of their choosing, selecting certain poems, songs and routines from a menu.
* *Alexis Dubus: Cars And Girls* (2013/14). A series of true travel tales, first performed as a stand-up show and then adapted into a 50-minute poem, listed in Chortle's Ten Most Memorable Shows of 2014 and receiving 5 stars from *The Scotsman*.
* *Marcel Lucont Is* (2014). A multimedia show focusing on morality, mortality and masculinity, which also became a 90-minute touring show and was nominated for Best Comedy Show at the Fringe World Awards.
* *Alexis Dubus Verses The World* (2016–18). A collection of nonsense poems, songs and one-liners, shortlisted for Best Comedy Show at the Fringe World Awards 2018.
* *Marcel Lucont's Whine List* (2016–18). An interactive show, discussing audience members' worst moments in life. It was billed as "a kind of group therapy session, but one where everyone leaves more depressed." Whine List became a 30-date UK tour in 2017 and toured for 4 months around Australia and New Zealand in 2018.
* *Marcel Lucont: No. Dix* (2019–20). A celebration of Marcel's tenth year performing, featuring a live band. It was listed as one of the top ten comedy shows at Edinburgh Fringe 2019 by The Telegraph.

## InfoBox

| Alexis Dubus | |
| --- | --- |
| Alexis Dubus | |
| Pseudonym | Marcel Lucont |
| Born | 1979 (age 4445)<br>Buckinghamshire, England |
| Medium | Stand-up, character comedy, spoken word |
| Nationality | British |
| Website | alexisdubus.com |


title: Alexis Demirdjian

abstract: Alexis Demirdjian is a Canadian attorney, currently serving as a Trial Lawyer for the Office of the Prosecutor at the ICC since 2015. He previously worked as a trial attorney at the ICTY's Office of the Prosecutor in The Hague. He was also part of the defence team of General Enver Hadzihasanovic between 2002 and 2005. He graduated from the Université du Québec à Montréal with a Masters in international law, after having completed his law degree (LL.B.) from the Université de Montréal. He is a member of the Barreau du Québec since 2003.

text:
# Alexis Demirdjian

**Alexis Demirdjian** is a Canadian attorney, currently serving as a Trial Lawyer for the Office of the Prosecutor at the ICC since 2015. He previously worked as a trial attorney at the ICTY's Office of the Prosecutor in The Hague. He was also part of the defence team of General Enver Hadzihasanovic between 2002 and 2005. He graduated from the Université du Québec à Montréal with a Masters in international law, after having completed his law degree (LL.B.) from the Université de Montréal. He is a member of the Barreau du Québec (Quebec Bar) since 2003.

## Professional experience

Throughout his career, Demirdjian has worked on several cases dealing with war crimes and crimes against humanity, in situations relating to leadership (both civilian and military authorities). In particular, in addition to working on the case of General Hadzihasavonic, he was part of the Prosecution trial team (at the ICTY) in the Vukovar 3 case (Mile Mrksic, Veselin Sljivancanin and Miroslav Radic), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Minister of Interior of the Serb Republic, Mico Stanisic, as well as his regional chief, Stojan Zupljanin) and Croatia (case of Goran Hadzic, Croatian Serb political leader). Since 2015, he's been part of the Prosecution trial team in the case of Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé at the International Criminal Court.

## Publications

Demirdjian has published articles about topics dealing with international criminal law procedure as well as on the Armenian genocide. He edited and co-authored an interdisciplinary volume called *The Armenian Genocide Legacy* for the centennial anniversary of the Armenian genocide. The book was published by Palgrave Macmillan in November 2015. At the same time, Demirdjian organized an international conference to discuss the papers contained in the book which was hosted in The Hague on 5–7 March 2015.

On the same topic, Demirdjian published an article in 2018 in the Journal of International Criminal Justice entitled "A Moving Defence: The Turkish State and the Armenian Genocide" dealing with the policy of denial of the Turkish government since the genocide of 1915 until present day.

Demirdjian has also published on the issue of State cooperation with international tribunals, converting part of his Masters thesis in an article published by the International Criminal Law Quarterly in 2010, entitled "Armless Giants: Cooperation, State Responsibility and Suggestions for the ICC Review Conference".

Demirdjian published a 2005 paper with Rodney Dixon, a member of Association of Defence Counsel of the ICTY, about plea-bargaining at the ICTY, where they noted that defense attorneys advising clients must be extremely resourceful in exploring all possible grounds for mitigation given the broad discretionary powers of the Trial Chambers. They noted that sentence reductions were unlikely due to the serious nature of the crimes brought before the Trial Chambers, adding that in most cases, the Trial Chambers would follow the recommendations of the OTP. They identified several key "mitigating circumstances" including the resources of the tribunal, protecting the interests of the victims and a genuine admission of guilt.

## Teaching

Since 2011, Demirdjian has been teaching on an annual basis international criminal law, in particular on the topic of "modes of liability" during summer course programs organized by Leiden University's The Hague campus and the Asser Institute.

As of January 2019, Demirdjian is an adjunct professor at Stockton University's School of General Studies and teaches - as part of the Masters of Arts in Holocaust and Genocide - a full semester online course entitled "Genocide, International Tribunals and Courts".

## InfoBox

| Alexis Demirdjian | |
| --- | --- |
| Demirdjian in 2019 | |


title: Alfred Ewert

abstract: Alfred Ewert, FBA was an American-born scholar of French language and literature who grew up in Canada and spent his career in England. He was Professor of the Romance Languages at the University of Oxford from 1930 to 1958.

text:
# Alfred Ewert

**Alfred Ewert**, FBA (14 July 1891 – 22 October 1969) was an American-born scholar of French language and literature who grew up in Canada and spent his career in England. He was Professor of the Romance Languages at the University of Oxford from 1930 to 1958.

## Early life, education and war service

Born in Kansas on 14 July 1891, Ewert was raised in Manitoba. He attended high school and then the Collegiate Institute in Gretna, before becoming a printer. He studied Latin in his spare time. After two years of working, he began studying at the University of Manitoba in 1909. Graduating in 1912 with a first-class degree, he then studied at St John's College, Oxford, supported by a Rhodes Scholarship. There, he studied modern languages; he received a first-class degree in German in 1914. During the First World War, he served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in France from 1915 until 1917, when he was commissioned into the Western Ontario Regiment. Demobilised in 1919, he completed another degree, this time in French, at Oxford in 1920.

## Academic career and honours

Ewert was an associate professor of French at the University of Texas at Dallas from 1920 to 1921. In 1921, he became the Taylorian Lecturer in French at the University of Oxford, serving until 1926 when he was appointed a university lecturer in French (also being a lecturer at University College from 1922). In 1930, he was appointed Professor of the Romance Languages at Oxford (in succession to E. G. R. Waters), and was elected a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. He remained in both offices until 1958. His most notable book was *The French Language* (1933), while he edited several versions of French texts: *Gui de Warewic* (2 vols., 1932–33), Béroul's *Tristan* (vol. 1 in 1939, vol. 2 in 1970), (with R. C. Johnston) Marie de France's *Fables* (1942) and *Lais* (1944). As well as being Senior Proctor at Oxford in 1943–44, Ewert launched and was general editor of the journal *French Studies* from 1947 to 1965. He gave the Zaharoff Lecture (University of Oxford, 1958) and the Hurd Memorial Lecture (Brandon University, 1967). His honours including a corresponding fellowship of the Medieval Academy of America, an honorary doctorate, the French Legion of Honour, election to the fellowship of the British Academy in 1957, and the dedication of a Festschrift: *Studies in Medieval French* (1961). Ewert died on 22 October 1969.

## Further reading

* "A Select List of the Published Writings of Alfred Ewert". *Studies in Medieval French: Presented to Alfred Ewert in Honour of his Seventieth Birthday*. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1961. pp. 328–332.
* Baker, Craig (2010). "Ewert, Alfred (July 14, 1891, Halstead, Kansas – October 22, 1969, Oxford), French Philologist". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.). *Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms, Methods, Trends*. Vol. 3. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 2283–2288. doi:10.1515/9783110215588.2283.
* Burgess, Glyn S. (2003). "Alfred Ewert (1891–1969): The First English Edition of the *Lais*". In Maréchal, Chantal (ed.). *The Reception and Transmission of the Works of Marie de France, 1774–1974*. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen. pp. 251–259. ISBN 0-7734-6599-5.
* Dean, Ruth J.; Holmes, Urban T.; Roach, William J. (1970). "Alfred Ewert". *Speculum*. **45** (3): 519–520. JSTOR 2853528.
* S\[hackleton\], R. (1970). "Alfred Ewert (1891–1969)". *French Studies*. **24** (1): 1–4. doi:10.1093/fs/XXIV.1.1.


title: Alf Tjersland

abstract: Alf Tjersland was a Norwegian engineer and businessperson. He was born in Kristiania as a son of Abraham Tjersland (1844–1922) and Thora Didrichsen. In 1931 he married Ellen Messel, née Platou, a sister of Theodor Platou, but the marriage was later dissolved. He attended middle school in 1897 and Skiensfjorden Mechanical School in 1900 before graduating from Mittweida in 1903. He also studied at the Royal Technical College in Glasgow in 1904 and at New York Trade School for plumbers in 1907. He worked in Dayton, Ohio from 1904 to 1905, then in Chicago for one year, then in St. Louis for one year. In 1906 he was elected as a member of the American Society of Heating, Ventilating Engineers. He was a chief engineer in E. Sunde & Co. from 1907 to 1911, and became a master plumber in 1912. He was the chief executive of E. Sunde & Co. from 1914. From 1922 he was also the chairman of the board. He chaired the employers' association Varme- og sanitærentreprenørenes forening from 1917 to 1918, then the Norwegian Association of Plumbing, Heating and Ventilating Contractors from 1919. From 1927 to 1928 he was an executive committee member in the Federation of Norwegian Industries, chairing its home industry group the last year. He chaired the trade group in Mekaniske Værksteders Landsforening from 1926 to 1932, and was then vice chairman for one year. He also chaired Norges Hypotekforening for Næringslivet from 1927 to 1929, was a board member of Statens metalcentral from 1917 to 1919, Selskabet for Oslo Byes Vel from 1927 and the Norwegian Fire Protection Association from 1937, deputy board member of the Polytechnic Society from 1918 to 1922 and a council member of the Norway Travel Association from 1925. From 1927 to 1929 he was a member of the Conservative Party finance and control committee. He died in 1955, and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.

text:
# Alf Tjersland

**Alf Tjersland** (6 September 1881 – 12 June 1955) was a Norwegian engineer and businessperson.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of Abraham Tjersland (1844–1922) and Thora Didrichsen. In 1931 he married Ellen Messel, née Platou, a sister of Theodor Platou, but the marriage was later dissolved.

He attended middle school in 1897 and Skiensfjorden Mechanical School in 1900 before graduating from Mittweida in 1903. He also studied at the Royal Technical College in Glasgow in 1904 and at New York Trade School for plumbers in 1907. He worked in Dayton, Ohio from 1904 to 1905, then in Chicago for one year, then in St. Louis for one year. In 1906 he was elected as a member of the American Society of Heating, Ventilating Engineers. He was a chief engineer in E. Sunde & Co. from 1907 to 1911, and became a master plumber in 1912. He was the chief executive of E. Sunde & Co. from 1914. From 1922 he was also the chairman of the board.

He chaired the employers' association *Varme- og sanitærentreprenørenes forening* from 1917 to 1918, then the Norwegian Association of Plumbing, Heating and Ventilating Contractors from 1919. From 1927 to 1928 he was an executive committee member in the Federation of Norwegian Industries, chairing its home industry group the last year. He chaired the trade group in Mekaniske Værksteders Landsforening from 1926 to 1932, and was then vice chairman for one year.

He also chaired Norges Hypotekforening for Næringslivet from 1927 to 1929, was a board member of Statens metalcentral from 1917 to 1919, Selskabet for Oslo Byes Vel from 1927 and the Norwegian Fire Protection Association from 1937, deputy board member of the Polytechnic Society from 1918 to 1922 and a council member of the Norway Travel Association from 1925. From 1927 to 1929 he was a member of the Conservative Party finance and control committee. He died in 1955, and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund.


title: Downers Grove (novel)

abstract: Downers Grove is a 1999 American coming-of-age horror novel by Michael Hornburg. Its plot centers on the last two weeks of teenage girl's life as a high school student growing up in Downers Grove, Illinois. The novel was originally published by William Morrow and Company in 1999, and reprinted in 2001 by Grove Press.

text:
# Downers Grove (novel)

***Downers Grove*** is a 1999 American coming-of-age horror novel by Michael Hornburg. Its plot centers on the last two weeks of teenage girl's life as a high school student growing up in Downers Grove, Illinois. The novel was originally published by William Morrow and Company in 1999, and reprinted in 2001 by Grove Press.

## Plot

Crystal Methedrine Swanson, known as Chrissie, is a teenager in Downers Grove, Illinois, about to graduate from high school. Her father has disappeared, while her brother has become a heroin addict, and her mother has begun dating a bizarre man. As her graduation nears, Chrissie and her close friend, Tracey, worry about a curse surrounding the high school that has led to multiple students dying each year. After nearly being raped at a party by one of the school's football players and harassed after, she worries she may become the next victim.

## Reception

*Publishers Weekly* gave the book a positive review, calling the novel "disquieting in its timeliness." Robin Henley of the *Chicago Tribune* wrote: "If the story and setting sound like territory that has been well-trod, that's because it has been, but what makes this novel a welcome addition to the canon of coming-of-age literature is the voice Hornburg has created for Chrissie. Hornburg knows the rhythms of teenage world-weariness, a self-possessed patter that often belies the terror of straddling the worlds of adulthood and childhood."

## Adaptations

The novel was adapted by Bret Easton Ellis into a film in 2015.

## InfoBox

Downers Grove
| First edition cover art | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Michael Hornburg |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Bildungsroman, horror novel |
| Published | July 21, 1999 (William Morrow)<br>April 9, 2001 (reprint; Grove Press) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 240 |
| ISBN | 978-0-688-16528-4 |
| LC Class | PS3558.O6873 D69 1999 |


title: Downes Glacier

abstract: Downes Glacier is a broad tidewater glacier on the north side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. It flows north on both sides of Cape Bidlingmaier to the north coast of Heard Island. To the east of Downes Glacier is Ealey Glacier, whose terminus is located close southeast of Cape Bidlingmaier. To the west of Downes Glacier is Challenger Glacier, whose terminus is located at the eastern side of Corinthian Bay, close west to Saddle Point. Saddle Point separates Downes Glacier from Challenger Glacier.

text:
# Downes Glacier

**Downes Glacier** (53°2′S 73°31′E / 53.033°S 73.517°E / -53.033; 73.517) is a broad tidewater glacier on the north side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. It flows north on both sides of Cape Bidlingmaier to the north coast of Heard Island. To the east of Downes Glacier is Ealey Glacier, whose terminus is located close southeast of Cape Bidlingmaier. To the west of Downes Glacier is Challenger Glacier, whose terminus is located at the eastern side of Corinthian Bay, close west to Saddle Point. Saddle Point separates Downes Glacier from Challenger Glacier.

## Discovery and naming

Surveyed by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) in 1948. Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for M.C. Downes, ANARE biologist at Heard Island in 1951 and 1963.

## Further reading

This article incorporates public domain material from "Downes Glacier". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.   53°2′S 73°31′E / 53.033°S 73.517°E / -53.033; 73.517

## InfoBox

| Downes Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Heard Island and McDonald Islands on the globe | |
| Downes Glacier | |
| Type | tidewater |
| Location | Heard Island
Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Australia |
| Coordinates | 53°2′S 73°31′E / 53.033°S 73.517°E / -53.033; 73.517 |
| Thickness | approximately 55 meters |
| Terminus | Mechanics Bay, between Saddle Point and Cape Bidlingmaier |
| Status | Retreating |
|  | |


title: Drahtseilbahn Engelberg–Hotel Terrasse

abstract: Drahtseilbahn Engelberg-Hotel Terrasse was a funicular railway in Engelberg, Switzerland. It led from the resort Engelberg at 1003 m to Hotel Terrace at 1053 m. The two-car line with passing loop had a length of 136 m and a maximum incline of 37.2%. It was one of the funiculars built at Belle Epoque hotels. The owner of Grand Hôtel Terrasse received a concession by the Swiss Federal Assembly in 1905. It had an initial duration of 80 years. It opened on 30 August 1905. The service was suspended in 1941, and from 1993 to 1998. The funicular was finally closed in 2008, when the concession expired and the installations would have required investment for renewal. Elevators and tunnels replaced it.

text:
# Drahtseilbahn Engelberg–Hotel Terrasse

**Drahtseilbahn Engelberg-Hotel Terrasse** was a funicular railway in Engelberg, Switzerland. It led from the resort Engelberg at 1003 m to *Hotel Terrace* at 1053 m. The two-car line with passing loop had a length of 136 m and a maximum incline of 37.2%. It was one of the funiculars built at Belle Epoque hotels.

The owner of *Grand Hôtel Terrasse* received a concession by the Swiss Federal Assembly in 1905. It had an initial duration of 80 years. It opened on 30 August 1905.

The service was suspended in 1941, and from 1993 to 1998.

The funicular was finally closed in 2008, when the concession expired and the installations would have required investment for renewal. Elevators and tunnels replaced it.

## Further reading

* Flückiger-Seiler, Roland (1996), "Bauten und Anlagen für die Touristen in der Belle Epoque", *Historische Hotels erhalten und betreiben, Akten der Fachtagung Luzern 14. – 16. September 1995* (in German), Luzern, pp. 39–48
* Wanner, Ruedi (2008), "Die Hotel-Standseilbahn Terrace in Engelberg verschwindet", *Eisenbahn-Amateur* (in German) (4): 195

1. Mathys, Ernst (1942), *Hundert Jahre Schweizerbahnen, historisch und technisch dargestellt, 1841-1941; Les chemins de fer suisses au cours d'un siècle, aperçu historique et technique, 1841-1941* (in German and French), Bern, pp. 22, 67, 88, 223, 254`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2. Dietler, Hermann; Weissenbach, Plazid (1917), von Röll, Victor (ed.), "Schweizerische Eisenbahnen: E. Seilbahnen mit schiefen Betriebslängen", *Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens* (in German), vol. 8, Berlin/Wien, pp. 453–454
3. *Verlust 2008: Hotelbahn Terrasse* (in German)
4. "Botschaft des Bundesrates an die Bundesversammlung, betreffend Konzession einer Drahtseilbahn vom Dorfe Engelberg nach dem Grand Hôtel Terrasse. (Vom 25. März 1905.)", *Bundesblatt* (in German), 1905/2 (14): 792–799, 29 March 1905
5. *Message du Conseil fédéral à l'Assemblée fédérale concernant la concession d'un chemin de fer funiculaire d'Engelberg au Grand Hôtel Terrasse. (Du 25 mars 1905)* (in French), vol. 1905/2
6. Wägeli, Hans G., *Schienennetz Schweiz; Réseau ferré suisse* (in German and French)
7. *Arrival*, Hotel Terrace
8. "Hotel Terrace: Standseilbahn macht zwei Liften platz", *Obwaldner Zeitung* (in German), 11 March 2008

## InfoBox

| Drahtseilbahn Engelberg-Hotel Terrasse | |
| --- | --- |
| former upper station with Engelberg in the background (2014) | |
| Overview | |
| Other name(s) | Standseilbahn Engelberg-Hotel Terrace; Hotelbahn Terrasse |
| Status | ceased operation |
| Owner | Bergbahnen Engelberg-Trübsee-Titlis AG (short: Titlis Bergbahnen, in 2008); G. Fassbind (in 1905) |
| Locale | Engelberg, Switzerland |
| Termini | * Engelberg * "Hotel Terrace" |
| Stations | 2 |
| Service | |
| Type | Funicular |
| Operator(s) | Hotel Terrace |
| Rolling stock | 2 for 12 passengers (2008); 2 for 24 passengers (1905) |
| History | |
| Opened | 30 August 1905 (1905-08-30) |
| Concession | 1905 |
| Service suspended | 1941 |
| Service suspended | 1993–1998 |
| Closed | 2008 (2008) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 136 m (446 ft) |
| Number of tracks | 1 with passing loop |
| Track gauge | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+38 in) |
| Electrification | from opening |
| Highest elevation | 1,053 m (3,455 ft) |
| Maximum incline | 37.2% |


title: Alfonso Simonetti

abstract: Alfonso Simonetti was an Italian painter of historical scenes, portraits and landscapes; best known for his works with moonlight and sunset effects.

text:
# Alfonso Simonetti

**Alfonso Simonetti** (29 December 1840 – 22 August 1892) was an Italian painter of historical scenes, portraits and landscapes; best known for his works with moonlight and sunset effects.

## Life and work

Simonetti was born in Naples, Italy, to the painter Giuseppe Simonetti (fl. 1840–1864) and his wife Vincenza, née Piccirillo. In 1859, he enrolled at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under Gabriele Smargiassi and Giuseppe Mancinelli. His debut came in 1862, at the Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts, with his depiction of the mercenary soldier, Ettore Fieramosca, at Mount Gargano. Two years later, he was awarded a scholarship to study in Florence. In 1873, he was commissioned to paint a portrait of Giuseppe Verdi.

Shortly after, he returned to Naples and, in 1877, exhibited two major works: *Without Hope, She is Dead* and *The Last Ray*. At the 1880 Exposition Artistica of Turin, he exhibited *Malaria* and *Serenade*. In honor of his former teacher, he painted a street scene of the *Via Giuseppe Mancinelli*, which was later exhibited in Paris at the Exposition Universelle (1889). He was represented at the opening of the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome by a large landscape called *Sunset* (1883). Two more landscapes were shown at the Fine Arts Exhibition in Venice (1887): *My Lord Forest* and *Harvesting Olive Trees*.

He also exhibited outside of Italy. At the Italian Exposition of London, he displayed *Forest*; *Countryside of Castrocielo*, and the historical canvas: *Gutenberg, Faust and Coeffer print the first page of the Bible*. In Melbourne, Australia, he exhibited *Costume of Castrocielo*.

Three of his major canvases are displayed at the Pinacoteca of the Museo di Capodimonte: *Winter Morning*; *Street in Castrocielo*, and the portrait *Tired*. His works may also be seen at the Galleria dell'Accademia and the Galleria d'arte moderna in Florence.

He was appointed an honorary professor at the Accademia in 1872, and was named a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy.

## Further reading

* Anna Caputi, Raffaello Causa, Raffaele Mormone (Eds.), *La Galleria dell'Accademia di Belle Arti in Napoli*, Banco di Napoli, 1971

Media related to Alfonso Simonetti at Wikimedia Commons


title: Alfonso Silva

abstract: Alfonso Silva Placeres was a football player considered one of the best in the history of Canary Islands' football. He won La liga with Atletico de Madrid in 1949 and 1950 and was in the Spain national football team which played in the 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. On 10 January 1950 he played for the Canary Islands football team against the Argentine champion San Lorenzo de Almagro which was successfully touring in Europe. The Canary Islands beat them 4–2. In 1956 he was cast out because of a disciplinary problem by coach Barrios. He was transferred to newly created team Union Deportiva Las Palmas which paid 300,000 pesetas.

text:
# Alfonso Silva

**Alfonso Silva Placeres** (19 March 1926 – 16 February 2007) was a football player considered one of the best in the history of Canary Islands' football.

He won La liga with Atletico de Madrid in 1949 and 1950 and was in the Spain national football team which played in the 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.

On 10 January 1950 he played for the Canary Islands football team against the Argentine champion San Lorenzo de Almagro which was successfully touring in Europe. The Canary Islands beat them 4–2.

In 1956 he was cast out because of a disciplinary problem by coach Barrios. He was transferred to newly created team Union Deportiva Las Palmas which paid 300,000 pesetas.

## Honours

Atlético Madrid

## InfoBox

Alfonso Silva
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Alfonso Silva Placeres | | |
| Date of birth | (1926-03-19)19 March 1926 | | |
| Place of birth | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain | | |
| Date of death | 16 February 2007(2007-02-16) (aged 80) | | |
| Place of death | Konstanz, Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1941–1945 | Real Club Victoria |  |  |
| 1946–1957 | Atletico de Madrid | 153 | (34) |
| 1957–1958 | Las Palmas | 36 | (11) |
| International career | | | |
| 1949–1951 | Spain | 5 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Alexander Earle Monteith

abstract: Alexander Earle Monteith trained as a lawyer in Edinburgh and became Sheriff of Fife in 1838. He is remembered as one of the Disruption Worthies - those church leaders who, at the Disruption of 1843, left to set up the Free Church of Scotland. Monteith was an active member of many commissions involved in reforming Aberdeen University, prisons and treatment of those then called lunatics for example. Monteith was also photographed by Hill & Adamson and by his second wife, Frances, who herself was an early pioneer of calotype photography and some of whose pictures ended up in an album by David Brewster.

text:
# Alexander Earle Monteith

**Alexander Earle Monteith** (1793 – 12 January 1861) trained as a lawyer in Edinburgh and became Sheriff of Fife in 1838. He is remembered as one of the Disruption Worthies - those church leaders who, at the Disruption of 1843, left to set up the Free Church of Scotland. Monteith was an active member of many commissions involved in reforming Aberdeen University, prisons and treatment of those then called lunatics for example. Monteith was also photographed by Hill & Adamson and by his second wife, Frances, who herself was an early pioneer of calotype photography and some of whose pictures ended up in an album by David Brewster.

## Early life and ancestry

Alexander Earle Monteith, was born in 1793, and passed advocate in Edinburgh in 1810. His father was Mr Robert Monteith of Rochsoles, whose brother, Henry Monteith of Carstairs, for some years represented the city of Glasgow in Parliament. His paternal grandfather was James Monteith of Anderson. Before he reached manhood, his father died, and he thenceforth resided with his mother and sister in Edinburgh.

He served his apprenticeship with Archibald Swinton, Esq., Writer to the Signet, in whose office Mr Conelly, Town Clerk of Anstruther, was then a clerk, and after attending the law classes, and entering upon his profession, Mr Monteith became intimate with lawyers such as Jeffrey, Cranstown, Clerk, Moncreiff, Cockburn, Murray, Fullerton, and Rutherford. His early success at the bar was great and rapid. It has been matter of surprise that with qualities so fitted apparently to command permanent success at the bar, he failed to maintain his practice. This was to a large extent attributable to a severe attack of illness, which continued throughout almost the whole of the years 1840–1841, and which withdrew him during that period from the active duties of his profession, and interrupted the prosperous career in which he seemed to have entered. In part also, however, it arose from the circumstance that he could not sufficiently submit himself to some of the factitiously conventional rules of which an advocate's devotion to his profession is tried at the Scottish bar, or rather by the Edinburgh agents. Monteith never appears to have enjoyed the favour of the Inner Council, by which the exercise of Scottish professional patronage was directed; and with the exception of the Sheriffdom of Fife, bestowed on him in 1838, while Lord Murray was Lord-Advocate, a situation far within his merits, he received no appointment from Government. His judgments were rarely appealed against, and still more rarely reversed.

## Other involvements

Although the Sheriffship of Fife was the only remunerative office ever conferred on him, he had several times an opportunity of giving his gratuitous services on subjects of public importance. He served on the Royal Commission regarding the Aberdeen Universities, and, it is understood, prepared the report which formed the foundation of the union. He served also on the Lunacy Commission, whose labours brought fully to light the evils, as they secured the overthrow of that fearful system of confinement in private houses which had previously so largely prevailed. He was likewise a member of the commission for enquiring into the working of the Forbes Mackenzie Act; and in this as in two other Commissions, he took a large share in the labour, and in the preparation of the reports presented by these Commissions and laid before Parliament. He was at the same time a member of the General Prison Board, and latterly was for some years Convener of the committee for managing the Central Prison at Perth, in which capacity he devoted himself to the working out of the system of discipline there put in operation. He had, prior to the passing of the Prisons' Act, been an active member of the Association for the Improvement of Prison Discipline in Scotland, which led the way to the passing of that act, and to the great amelioration in the state of Scottish prisons, and in their internal management.

## Church involvements

In his younger days, with other members of his family, he was an Episcopalian. He attended Dr Alison's church, and afterwards Bishop Sandford's. The first of his family who adopted evangelical views was his sister, Mrs Stothert of Cargen, who was next to him in age, and he often argued with her about her new opinions. He considered himself abler than she was, yet he felt she had often the best of the argument. At this time he went to hear Thomas Chalmers. In the sermon a character was described of great moral excellence, and as he listened, he wished his sister could be present to hear how differently Chalmers judged of human nature from the way in which she did. Presently the preacher proceeded to shew, that as rebels might be just and fair in their dealings one with another, while they were traitors to their lawful sovereign, so all he had described might consist with entire alienation of the heart from God, and entire disregard of His authority. This Mr Monteith used to refer to as his first lesson in the doctrine of the depravity of human nature. But Chalmers' sermon seems to have had a wider and a deeper influence — at least it was after it that he began the regular reading of his Bible, writing down as he read what each book or passage seemed to teach, and summing up its doctrines and lessons. In this way he went through the whole of the Scriptures, and came substantially to the views which he ever afterwards held. He left the Episcopalian Church, attaching himself to the ministry of the Rev. Dr Gordon. He later became an elder of the High Church congregation, of which his friend, Robert Gordon, was minister, and he not only gave diligent attendance at the meetings of Session, but had a district in one of the closes of the High Street in which he faithfully visited the inhabitants individually — maintained a stated prayer meeting - and assisted to keep up a school for the children. Of the higher Church Courts he was a prominent and influential member ; and in the long contest which issued in the Disruption, he was a very active member both in counsel and in debate.

## Final days

In his later years, Monteith's health began to give way, as the result of heart disease, with which he knew he was afflicted. In his journal, he more than once referred to this. In his case, the end came sooner than his friends expected. He died on 12 January 1861.

## Family

He married:

* At No. 20, Windsor-street, on the 15 July 1829, Emma (died 1831), second daughter of the late Richard Clay, Esq. of London and had issue-
    + Mary Anna
* Frances, the younger daughter of James Dunlop, who became his wife, in 1838. She was one of the pioneers of calotype photography. She died in 1898. Frances and Alexander had issue-
    + Anna Julia born 19 September 1842.

Monteith had two daughters. Alexander's nephew, James Macphail, named his younger son Earle Monteith Macphail (1861-1937). Earle was a missionary to India who became principal (1921) and vice-chancellor (1923-5) of Madras University and rose to a senior position in colonial politics, rising to become deputy chairman of the Legislative Assembly of India in 1927.

### Citations

### Sources

## External sources

## InfoBox

| Alexander Earle Monteith | |
| --- | --- |
| Alexander Earle Monteith by Hill & Adamson | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1793 |
| Died | 12 January 1861 |


title: Drymonia (plant)

abstract: Drymonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It includes 82 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.

text:
# Drymonia (plant)

***Drymonia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It includes 82 species native to the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil.

## Species

82 species are accepted.

## InfoBox

| *Drymonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Drymonia strigosa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Gesneriaceae |
| Subfamily: | Gesnerioideae |
| Genus: | *Drymonia*<br>Mart. (1831) |
|
| Species | |
| 82; see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Anisoplectus* Oerst. (1861) * *Calanthus* Oerst. ex Hanst. (1861) * *Caloplectus* Oerst. (1858) * *Erythranthus* Oerst. ex Hanst. (1861) * *Macrochlamys* Decne. (1849) * *Polythysania* Hanst. (1854) * *Saccoplectus* Oerst. (1858) | |


title: Druid Arch

abstract: Druid Arch is an iconic 150-foot tall Cedar Mesa Sandstone arch located within the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park, in San Juan County, Utah. It is situated at the head of Elephant Canyon, and precipitation runoff from Druid Arch drains north into the nearby Colorado River via Elephant Canyon. Druid Arch is one of the most popular hiking destinations in the Needles district. A 5.4 mile hike to Druid Arch starts at the Elephant Hill Trailhead, and the final quarter-mile is steep with some scrambling and one ladder. The name comes from its resemblance to the Stonehenge monument in England, which is believed to be a Druid temple. This feature's name was officially adopted in 1963 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

text:
# Druid Arch

**Druid Arch** is an iconic 150-foot tall Cedar Mesa Sandstone arch located within the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park, in San Juan County, Utah. It is situated at the head of Elephant Canyon, and precipitation runoff from Druid Arch drains north into the nearby Colorado River via Elephant Canyon. Druid Arch is one of the most popular hiking destinations in the Needles district. A 5.4 mile hike to Druid Arch starts at the Elephant Hill Trailhead, and the final quarter-mile is steep with some scrambling and one ladder. The name comes from its resemblance to the Stonehenge monument in England, which is believed to be a Druid temple. This feature's name was officially adopted in 1963 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

## Geology

This geological feature is an eroded fin composed of Cedar Mesa Sandstone, which is the remains of coastal sand dunes deposited about 245–286 million years ago, during the early Permian period. The top of the formation rises 450 feet above the canyon floor, and two keyhole openings have a height of 85 feet, and a width of 20 feet.

## Climate

Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to experience Druid Arch. According to the Köppen climate classification system, it is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone, which is defined by the coldest month having an average mean temperature below −0 °C (32 °F) and at least 50% of the total annual precipitation being received during the spring and summer. This desert climate receives less than 10 inches (250 millimeters) of annual rainfall, and snowfall is generally light during the winter.

## InfoBox

| Druid Arch | |
| --- | --- |
| Rock arch | |
| Druid Arch, east aspect | |
| Druid ArchLocation in UtahDruid ArchDruid Arch (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 38°05′18″N 109°49′59″W / 38.0883207°N 109.8331807°W / 38.0883207; -109.8331807 | |
| Location | Canyonlands National Park<br>San Juan County, Utah, U.S. |
| Age | Permian |
| Geology | Cedar Mesa Sandstone |
| Dimensions | |
| Height | 150 ft (46 m) |
| Elevation | 1,723 m (5,653 ft) |
| Topo map | USGS *Druid Arch* |


title: Drslavice (Prachatice District)

abstract: Drslavice is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Drslavice lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Prachatice, 42 km (26 mi) west of České Budějovice, and 124 km (77 mi) south of Prague.

text:
# Drslavice (Prachatice District)

**Drslavice** is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Drslavice lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Prachatice, 42 km (26 mi) west of České Budějovice, and 124 km (77 mi) south of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The villages and hamlets of Chválov, Škarez 1.díl, Švihov and Trpín are administrative parts of Drslavice.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 415 |  |
| 1880 | 422 | +1.7% |
| 1890 | 369 | −12.6% |
| 1900 | 338 | −8.4% |
| 1910 | 350 | +3.6% |
| 1921 | 356 | +1.7% |
| 1930 | 307 | −13.8% |
| 1950 | 201 | −34.5% |
| 1961 | 185 | −8.0% |
| 1970 | 136 | −26.5% |
| 1980 | 110 | −19.1% |
| 1991 | 80 | −27.3% |
| 2001 | 64 | −20.0% |
| 2011 | 91 | +42.2% |
| 2021 | 97 | +6.6% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Drslavice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Eastern part of Drslavice | |
|  | |
| DrslaviceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°1′31″N 13°55′15″E / 49.02528°N 13.92083°E / 49.02528; 13.92083 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | Prachatice |
| First mentioned | 1384 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.75 km2 (1.83 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 665 m (2,182 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 97 |
| Density | 20/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 384 21 |
| Website | obecdrslavice.cz |


title: Embassy of Russia, Tallinn

abstract: Embassy of Russia in Tallinn is the diplomatic mission of Russia in Estonia.

text:
# Embassy of Russia, Tallinn

**Embassy of Russia in Tallinn** is the diplomatic mission of Russia in Estonia.

## History

The embassy building is situated in the old medieval quarter of Tallinn Old Town. It was originally built around 1890 as a house and underwent several renovations before becoming an embassy. It was declared a cultural heritage monument in 1997.

The building was first a Soviet embassy in 1921. After WWII it was in use by the Soviet Ministry of the Interior. The Estonian Embassy in Moscow and the Russian Embassy in Tallinn have been operating since independence in 1991, but until 2004 the ownership of buildings and plots owned by embassies and the conditions for their use were unregulated and a draft agreement was made to transfer ownership of the properties. It is unknown whether the draft was signed by either party.

Following the Russian Federation's annexation of Crimea in 2014, demonstrations in support of Ukraine were held in front of the embassy to express solidarity with Ukraine and disdain for the annexation.

Diplomatic relations between the two nations soured in the prelude to and during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Estonia joined Latvia and Lithuania in expelling Russian diplomats in March 2022. In retaliation, the Russian Embassy posted on its Facebook page that Estonian diplomats would be expelled from Russia.

In April 2022, demonstrations in support of Ukraine where held again in front of the embassy in response to allegations of rape and sexual assault by Russian forces in Ukraine.

In January 2023, Russia recalled its ambassador from Estonia, reasoning that Russia-Estonia relations were being 'purposefully destroyed' by the Estonian side.

## Previous ambassadors

## InfoBox

| Embassy of Russia in Tallinn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Tallinn |
| Address | Plikk 19 Tallinn, Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°26′18.7037″N 24°44′44.0318″E / 59.438528806°N 24.745564389°E / 59.438528806; 24.745564389 |
| Ambassador | vacant |


title: 1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene

abstract: 1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene is an isomer of trinitrobenzene.

text:
# 1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene

**1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene** is an isomer of trinitrobenzene.

## InfoBox

1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 1,2,3-Trinitrobenzene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| EC Number | * 202-752-7 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C6H3N3O6/c10-7(11)4-2-1-3-5(8(12)13)6(4)9(14)15/h1-3HKey: ONOWMDPHGJEBAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * c1cc(c(c(c1)\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])\[N+\](=O)\[O-\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H3N3O6 |
| Molar mass | 213.105 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Alzoniella pyrenaica

abstract: Alzoniella pyrenaica is a species of minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

text:
# Alzoniella pyrenaica

***Alzoniella pyrenaica*** is a species of minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to France. and occurs in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

* Boeters, H.D. (1983). "Unbekannte westeuropäische Prosobranchia, 5". *Archiv für Molluskenkunde*. **114**: 18.

## InfoBox

| *Alzoniella pyrenaica* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Alzoniella* |
| Species: | ***A. pyrenaica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alzoniella pyrenaica***
(Boeters, 1983) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Alzoniella (Alzoniella) pyrenaica* (Boeters, 1983) · alternative representation * *Belgrandiella pyrenaica* Boeters, 1983 | |


title: 131st Bomb Wing

abstract: The 131st Bomb Wing is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard, stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base, Knob Noster, Missouri. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Global Strike Command. It is an associate unit of the active-duty 509th Bomb Wing, which falls under the Eighth Air Force. The 131st Bomb Wing is the only Air National Guard wing to fly the B-2 Spirit, as well as the only nuclear-capable Air National Guard bomb wing. The 110th Bomb Squadron, which is assigned to the wing's 131st Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I 110th Aero Squadron, established on 14 August 1917. Demobilized in November 1918, it was re-established on 23 June 1923 as the 110th Observation Squadron. The unit is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the Missouri Air National Guard, with over 90 years of service to the state and nation. Charles Lindbergh was a pilot of the 110th, Missouri National Guard, when he made his famous 1927 flight.

text:
# 131st Bomb Wing

The **131st Bomb Wing** is a unit of the Missouri Air National Guard, stationed at Whiteman Air Force Base, Knob Noster, Missouri. If activated to federal service, the wing is gained by the United States Air Force Global Strike Command. It is an associate unit of the active-duty 509th Bomb Wing, which falls under the Eighth Air Force.

The 131st Bomb Wing is the only Air National Guard wing to fly the B-2 Spirit, as well as the only nuclear-capable Air National Guard bomb wing.

The 110th Bomb Squadron, which is assigned to the wing's 131st Operations Group, is a descendant organization of the World War I **110th Aero Squadron**, established on 14 August 1917. Demobilized in November 1918, it was re-established on 23 June 1923 as the 110th Observation Squadron. The unit is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. It is the oldest unit in the Missouri Air National Guard, with over 90 years of service to the state and nation. Charles Lindbergh was a pilot of the 110th, Missouri National Guard, when he made his famous 1927 flight.

## Mission

The 131st Bomb Wing's mission is to train and equip skilled and proud Airmen who provide full spectrum, expeditionary, B-2 global strike combat support capabilities to geographic commanders and the US Strategic Command combatant commander. The wing also organizes, trains, and prepares a community-based force of ready Citizen-Airmen to defend and serve the people of Missouri.

## Units

* 131st Operations Group

110th Bomb Squadron * 131st Maintenance Group
* 131st Mission Support Group
* 131st Medical Group

### Tenant Units

## History

### Missouri Air National Guard

The **131st Composite Wing** was activated on 1 November 1950, when Continental Air Command converted its Air National Guard combat units under the Wing Base organization. Its combat units remained under the 131st Composite Group, while former elements of the 231st Air Service Group were assigned to the wing's 131st Air Base Group and 131st Maintenance & Supply Group.

#### Korean War activation

On 1 March 1951 the 110th was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It was initially assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC) and transferred to Bergstrom AFB, Texas. The 131st Fighter-Bomber Group was composed of the 110th Fighter Squadron, the 192d Fighter Squadron (Nevada ANG), the 178th Fighter Squadron (North Dakota ANG), and the 170th Fighter Squadron (Illinois ANG). At Berstrom, its mission was a filler replacement for the 27th Fighter-Escort Group which was deployed to Japan as part of SAC's commitment to the Korean War.

The unit was at Bergstrom until November when it was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and moved to George AFB, California. At George, the unit was scheduled to be re-equipped with F-84D Thunderjets and was programmed for deployment to Japan, however the F-84s were instead sent to France and the 131st Fighter-Bomber Wing remained in California and flew its F-51 Mustangs for the remainder of its federal service. The 110th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was released from active duty and returned to Missouri state control on 1 December 1952.

#### Tactical Air Command

Returning to Lambert Field, the 131st was re-formed as a light bombardment squadron in January 1953 and came under Tactical Air Command. It received B-26 Invaders that returned from the Korean War and trained primarily in night bombardment missions, which the aircraft specialized in while in Korea.

With the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1957 as they neared the end of their service lives, the 110th entered the "Jet Age." The 110th received its first jet aircraft in the spring of 1957 when it received some F-80 Shooting Stars, then in June 1957, it transitioned to the F-84F Thunderstreak fighter-bomber.

On 1 October 1961, as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the mobilized Missouri Air National Guard 131st Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France as the 7131st Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). When activated as the 7131st TFW, it consisted of the 110, 169 and 170 TFS, from Lambert Field, St. Louis MO, Peoria Municipal Airport, Peoria IL, and Capitol Airport, Springfield IL, respectively. The designation 7131st was used as the Wing, composed of three federalized ANG squadrons, only deployed the 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron to France. The 169th and 170th TFS rotated personnel to Toul during their period of activation due to budget restraints, however only one squadron's worth of aircraft and personnel were at Toul at any one time.

While in France, guardsmen assumed regular commitments on a training basis with the U.S. 7th Army as well as maintaining a 24-hour alert status. The 7131st exchanged both air and ground crews with the Royal Danish Air Force's 730th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Skydstrup Air Station, Denmark, during the month of May 1962. As the Berlin situation subsided, all activated ANG units were ordered to be returned to the United States and released from active duty. The 7131st TFW was inactivated in place in France on 19 July 1962, and left its aircraft and equipment to USAFE.

After returning to St. Louis, the unit was re-equipped with F-100C Super Sabres in late 1962. It trained with the F-100s for the next 17 years, and upgraded to the improved F-100D in 1971. Although not activated during the Vietnam War, many of the squadron's pilots were sent to F-100 squadrons in South Vietnam between 1968 and 1971. In 1977, Charles Lindbergh's widow gave permission to designate 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron as "Lindbergh's Own."

In 1978, the unit acquired the "home grown" McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II, the aircraft primarily associated with the Vietnam War. It again upgraded to the more advanced F-4E Phantom II in 1985, and in 1991 was again upgraded to the F-15A/B Eagle air superiority aircraft with the retirement of the F-4s. The 131st was one of the last Air National Guard units to convert to the F-15.

#### Air Combat Command

More than 500 members from the 131st Fighter Wing and the tenant units located at Lambert International Airport were called into service to battle the Great Flood of 1993. In the post-Cold War era, the unit deployed to Incirlik AB, Turkey in support of Operation Northern Watch in 1996, 1997 and 1998.

Members of the 131st returned in October 2000 from duty rotations in Southwest Asia and Europe, while other unit members were still stationed overseas. Eventually, a total of about 430 wing members were scheduled to deploy, with the majority leaving in October 2000 for Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia, in support of Operation Southern Watch. A little more than half of the deployed 131st Fighter Wing members and 12 F-15s made up the AEF-9's 110th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (EFS). The 110th EFS primarily provides air superiority for Operation Southern Watch. AEF-9 was deployed from September through November 2000. In 2004, the improved F-15C Eagle arrived, replacing the older aircraft.

On 16 March 2006, the Air Force announced that elements of the 131st Fighter Wing would become an associate unit assigned to the active duty 509th Bomb Wing. Consequently, the 131st Fighter Wing transitioned from flying and maintaining the F-15C Eagle fighter to the B-2 Spirit bomber. The final flight of the F-15C Eagle by the 131st occurred in June 2009 from Lambert International Airport in St. Louis. The unit was redesignated as the 131st Bomb Wing on 1 October 2008. The 509th and the 131st joined forces according to what is known as a "classic associate wing" structure. In a classic association, the active duty 509th retains ownership of the operational assets, including aircraft, maintenance facilities, and so on. However, each wing maintains its own chain-of-command and organizational structure, while the members of each unit perform their duties in a fully integrated manner. As a result, active duty and Air National Guard pilots and maintainers fly B-2 missions and sustain the aircraft as though they were one unit.

On the morning of Wednesday, 30 May 2007, a Missouri Air National Guard F-15 pilot ejected safely from his aircraft just before it crashed during a training mission in rural Knox county, Indiana. The plane went down just before 11 am EDT south of Vincennes, near the Illinois border, as it conducted standard training maneuvers, according to a release from the National Guard. Investigators said the plane was flying at about 20,000 feet prior to the crash. The pilot had been with the 131st Fighter Wing for 12 years and was highly experienced, officials said. The unit had most recently enforced no-fly zones in Iraq. This crash decreased the 131st's aircraft strength from 20 to 19.

On 2 November 2007, another F-15C from the 131st crashed in Mark Twain National Forest near Boss, Missouri. No property was damaged and no people on the ground were hurt, however the pilot broke an arm and a shoulder, despite ejecting from the plane. The pilot also was said to be in "shock" by the landowners who found him. After investigation, the crash was attributed to a flaw in a part of the plane's fuselage; this led to all F-15 aircraft being grounded between November and January 2008. After the accidents, the 131st's flights were reduced, which was also due to the wing's transition to flying B-2s.

In its 2005 BRAC recommendations, the Department of Defense recommended realignment of the 131st Fighter Wing. The 110th's F-15s (15 aircraft) were to be distributed to the 57th Wing, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada (nine aircraft), and 177th Fighter Wing, Atlantic City International Airport AGS, New Jersey (six aircraft). The BRAC distribution recommendation to New Jersey was later rescinded and the 177th Fighter Wing remained equipped with F-16 aircraft. Following F-15 divestment, the 131st moved to Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri and became the first Air National Guard B-2 Spirit bomb wing.

The F-15s began to leave Lambert on 15 August 2008, and by January 2009 most of the 13 remaining aircraft were in the main hangar being stripped of markings. The final two F-15Cs departed on 13 June 2009 after a closing ceremony titled "The End of an Era," which was attended by over 2,000 people. Some pilots had already begun B-2 training, while others chose to move to different units or retire early. The 131st Fighter Wing was the most experienced F-15 Fighter Wing in the United States; out of the four pilots that flew over 4,000 F-15 flight hours, three of them were from the unit.

#### Global Strike Command

The 131st Bomb Wing's transition to Air Force Global Strike Command occurred on 4 October 2008 when the 131st Bomb Wing held a ribbon-cutting ceremony at Whiteman AFB. The ceremony celebrated the first official drill for traditional guardsmen at Whiteman and the grand opening of building 3006, the 131st Bomb Wing's first headquarters there. On 16 June 2009, the last F-15 departed Lambert Field.

In August 2013, the 131st Bomb Wing was deemed fully mission-capable, meaning that it fully completed the transition to Whiteman Air Force Base.

## Lineage

* Established as the **131st Composite Wing** and allotted to the Air National Guard on 31 October 1950

Organized and received federal recognition on 1 November 1950 Redesignated **131st Fighter Wing** on 1 February 1951 Federalized and placed on active duty on 1 March 1951 Redesignated **131st Fighter-Bomber Wing** on 9 April 1951 Released from active duty and returned to Missouri state control on 1 December 1952 Redesignated **131st Bombardment Wing**, Light on 1 December 1952 Redesignated **131st Bombardment Wing**, Tactical in 1955 Redesignated **131st Tactical Fighter Wing** (Special Delivery) on 1 January 1960 Redesignated **131st Tactical Fighter Wing** on 1 January 1960 Federalized and placed on active duty on 1 October 1961 Released from active duty and returned to Missouri state control on 31 August 1962 Redesignated **131st Fighter Wing** on 15 March 1992 Redesignated **131st Bomb Wing** on 4 October 2008

### Assignments

### Components

#### Air National Guard

* 131st Composite Group (later 131st Fighter Group, Fighter-Bomber Group, Bombardment Group, Tactical Fighter Group, Operations Group), 1 November 1950 – 1 December 1952, 1 December 1952 – 1 November 1958, 1 October 1962 – 30 September 1974, 15 March 1992 – Present
* 133d Air Transport Group, 1 November 1950 – 1 March 1951 (Minnesota ANG)
* 110th Tactical Fighter Squadron (later, 110th Fighter Squadron, 110th Bomb Squadron), 1 November 1958 – 1 October 1962, 30 September 1974 – 1 January 1993
* 117th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (later 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron), 1 November 1958 – 15 October 1962 (Kansas ANG)
* 127th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 1 November 1958 – 1 October 1962 (Kansas ANG)
* 180th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 1 November 1958 – 14 April 1962 (GSU St. Joseph, MO)

### Stations

Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, 1 March 1951 George Air Force Base, California, July 1951 – 1 December 1952 Operated from Toul-Rosieres AB, France, 1 October 1961 * Lambert Field (Later Lambert-St. Louis International Airport), Missouri, August 1962

Designated Robertson Air National Guard Base, Missouri, 1991–2008

### Aircraft

### Decorations

### Notes

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| 131st Bomb Wing | |
| --- | --- |
| The B-2 "Spirit of Ohio" returns from a training mission, 27 June 2012 | |
| Active | 1950–present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Missouri |
| Branch | Air National Guard |
| Role | Strategic Bombardment |
| Part of | Missouri Air National Guard |
| Garrison/HQ | Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri |
| Motto(s) | Parati ad Agendum – "Ready for Action" |
| Engagements | World War II
Operation Northern Watch
Operation Odyssey Dawn |
| Decorations | Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Colonel Matthew D. Calhoun |
| Insignia | |
| 131st Bomb Wing emblem |  |