title: 1958 SANFL season

abstract: The 1958 South Australian National Football League season was the 79th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.

text:
# 1958 SANFL season

The **1958 South Australian National Football League season** was the 79th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.

## Ladder

1958 SANFL Ladder
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | D | PF | PA | PP | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | North Adelaide | 18 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 1705 | 1264 | 57.43 | 30 |
| 2 | West Adelaide | 18 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 1806 | 1374 | 56.79 | 30 |
| 3 | Port Adelaide (P) | 18 | 13 | 5 | 0 | 1754 | 1203 | 59.32 | 26 |
| 4 | Norwood | 18 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 1389 | 1559 | 47.12 | 15 |
| 5 | West Torrens | 18 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 1400 | 1581 | 46.96 | 15 |
| 6 | South Adelaide | 18 | 6 | 11 | 1 | 1255 | 1531 | 45.05 | 13 |
| 7 | Glenelg | 18 | 5 | 13 | 0 | 1357 | 1661 | 44.96 | 10 |
| 8 | Sturt | 18 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 1360 | 1853 | 42.33 | 5 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) percentage; 3) number of points for.
(P) Premiers

## Grand final

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1958 SANFL Grand Final | | |  |  |
| Saturday, 27 September
(2:10 pm) | West Adelaide | def. by | Port Adelaide | Adelaide Oval (crowd: 54,282) |  |
|  | 3.0 (18)
8.3 (51)
13.6 (84)
14.8 (92) | Q1
Q2
Q3
Final | 4.3 (27)
7.5 (47)
11.8 (74)
14.10 (94) |  | |
|  | |  |  | |
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## InfoBox

| 1958 SANFL season | |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 8 |
| Premiers | Port Adelaide
19th premiership |
| Minor premiers | North Adelaide
8th minor premiership |
| Magarey Medallist | Lindsay Head
West Torrens |
| Ken Farmer Medallist | Rex Johns
Port Adelaide (55 Goals) |
| Attendance | |
| Matches played | 76 |
| Total attendance | 848,093 (11,159 per match) |
| Highest | 54,282 (Grand Final, Port Adelaide vs. West Adelaide) |
|  | |


title: Egyptian Constitution of 1956

abstract: The Constitution of 1956 was the constitution of Egypt from 1956 to 1958. It was promulgated on 19 January 1956 was implemented by referendum on 23 June, with Gamal Abdel Nasser being elected president simultaneously. It replaced a 1953 provisional constitution which in turn had replaced the Constitution of 1923 following the revolution of 1952. With the 1958 political union of Egypt and the Syrian Republic as the United Arab Republic, the 1956 Constitution was superseded by the Provisional Constitution of the United Arab Republic.

text:
# Egyptian Constitution of 1956

The **Constitution of 1956** was the constitution of Egypt from 1956 to 1958. It was promulgated on 19 January 1956 was implemented by referendum on 23 June, with Gamal Abdel Nasser being elected president simultaneously. It replaced a 1953 provisional constitution which in turn had replaced the Constitution of 1923 following the revolution of 1952. With the 1958 political union of Egypt and the Syrian Republic as the United Arab Republic, the 1956 Constitution was superseded by the Provisional Constitution of the United Arab Republic.


title: Anfin Skaaheim

abstract: Anfin Skaaheim was a Norwegian missionary leader. Skaaheim was born in Torvikbukt in the municipality of Gjemnes. He graduated as cand.theol. from the MF Norwegian School of Theology. He was appointed Secretary General for the Norwegian Christian Student and School Association from 1975 to 1987, for Det norske lutherske Indremisjonsselskap from 1987 to 2000, and for Normisjon from 2001 to 2003.

text:
# Anfin Skaaheim

**Anfin Skaaheim** (7 July 1939  27 June 2016) was a Norwegian missionary leader.

Skaaheim was born in Torvikbukt in the municipality of Gjemnes. He graduated as cand.theol. from the MF Norwegian School of Theology. He was appointed Secretary General for the Norwegian Christian Student and School Association from 1975 to 1987, for *Det norske lutherske Indremisjonsselskap* from 1987 to 2000, and for *Normisjon* from 2001 to 2003.

## InfoBox

| Anfin Skaaheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1939-07-07)7 July 1939<br>Torvikbukt, Norway |
| Died | 27 June 2016(2016-06-27) (aged 76) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation | Missionary leader |


title: El Alto, Panama

abstract: El Alto is a corregimiento in Santa Fé District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 1,318 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 2,242; its population as of 2000 was 2,060.

text:
# El Alto, Panama

**El Alto** is a corregimiento in Santa Fé District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 1,318 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 2,242; its population as of 2000 was 2,060.

8°31′00″N 81°03′00″W / 8.5167°N 81.0500°W / 8.5167; -81.0500

## InfoBox

| El Alto | |
| --- | --- |
| Corregimiento | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Veraguas |
| District | Santa Fé |
| Area | |
| Land | 85 km2 (33 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 1,318 |
| Density | 15.5/km2 (40/sq mi) |
|  | Population density calculated based on land area. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |


title: André Höhne

abstract: André Höhne is a German race walker. He finished 14th in the 20 kilometres walk at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, crossing the line with a time of 1:21:59.

text:
# André Höhne

**André Höhne** (also spelled Hoehne; born 10 March 1978 in Berlin) is a German race walker.

He finished 14th in the 20 kilometres walk at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, crossing the line with a time of 1:21:59.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Germany | | | | | |
| 1997 | World Race Walking Cup | Poděbrady, Czech Republic | 102nd | 20 km | 1:31:07 |
| | European Junior Championships | Ljubljana, Slovenia | 2nd | 10,000 m | 43:00.71 |
| 1998 | European Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 23rd | 20 km | 1:32.28 |
| 1999 | World Race Walking Cup | Mézidon-Canon, France | 26th | 20 km | 1:25:51 |
| | European U23 Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 12th | 20 km | 1:31:38 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada |  | 20 km | DNF |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 11th | 20 km | 1:21:38 |
| | World Race Walking Cup | Torino, Italy | 24th | 20 km | 1:27:17 |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | 13th | 20 km | 1:20:44 |
| 2004 | World Race Walking Cup | Naumburg, Germany | 15th | 20 km | 1:21:27 |
| | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 8th | 20 km | 1:21:56 |
| | |  | 50 km | DNF |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 4th | 20 km | 1:20:00 |
| 2006 | World Race Walking Cup | A Coruña, Spain | 16th | 20 km | 1:21:52 |
| | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 11th | 20 km | 1:24:35 |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan |  | 20 km | DNF |
| 2008 | World Race Walking Cup | Cheboksary, Russia | 7th | 50 km | 3:49:03 |
| | Olympic Games | Beijing, PR China | 25th | 20 km | 1:23:13 |
| | | 12th | 50 km | 3:49:52 |
| 2009 | European Race Walking Cup | Metz, France |  | 20 km | DQ |
| | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 14th | 20 km | 1:21:59 |
| | | 5th | 50 km | 3:43:19 |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 7th | 50 km | 3:49:29 |
| 2011 | European Race Walking Cup | Olhão, Portugal |  | 20 km | DNF |
| 2012 | World Race Walking Cup | Saransk, Russia |  | 50 km | DNF |
| | Olympic Games | London, Great Britain | 21st | 20 km | 1:22:02 |
| | | 10th | 50 km | 3:44:26 |

## InfoBox

André Höhne
| Höhne in 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1978-03-10) 10 March 1978<br>Berlin, Germany |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Germany |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | 50km Race Walk |


title: Augocoris

abstract: Augocoris is a genus of shield-backed bugs in the tribe Scutellerini, from the Americas.

text:
# Augocoris

***Augocoris*** is a genus of shield-backed bugs in the tribe Scutellerini, from the Americas.

## Species

*Biolib* includes:

1. *Augocoris ehrenbergii* Germar, 1839
2. *Augocoris gomesii* Burmeister, 1835
3. *Augocoris illustris* (Fabricius, 1781)
4. *Augocoris nigripennis* Dallas, 1851
5. *Augocoris pallidus* Herrich-Schäffer, 1836
6. *Augocoris poeyi* Uhler
7. *Augocoris rufus* Dallas
8. *Augocoris rugulosus* Herrich-Schäffer, 1838

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Augocoris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Augocoris illustris* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Scutelleridae |
| Tribe: | Scutellerini |
| Genus: | *Augocoris*<br>Burmeister, 1835 |
|


title: 12th Empire Awards

abstract: The 12th Empire Awards ceremony, presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2006 and took place on 27 March 2007. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories. The Best Newcomer was split this year into two awards, "Best Male Newcomer" and "Best Female Newcomer" awards. Other changes include Best British Film being renamed this year only to "Sky Movies Best British Film" and the Scene of the Year Award losing the "Sony Ericsson" prefix; The award was presented for the last time. No honorary awards were presented this year. As an exception to previous years, this year had no award ceremony. Casino Royale won the most awards with three including Best Film. Other winners included Hostel, Little Miss Sunshine, Mission: Impossible III, Pan's Labyrinth, Superman Returns, The Departed, The Prestige, United 93 and Volver with one.

text:
# 12th Empire Awards

The **12th Empire Awards** ceremony (also known as the **Empire Readers Awards**), presented by the British film magazine *Empire*, honored the best films of 2006 and took place on 27 March 2007. During the ceremony, Empire presented Empire Awards in 12 categories. The Best Newcomer was split this year into two awards, "Best Male Newcomer" and "Best Female Newcomer" awards. Other changes include Best British Film being renamed this year only to "Sky Movies Best British Film" and the Scene of the Year Award losing the "Sony Ericsson" prefix; The award was presented for the last time. No honorary awards were presented this year. As an exception to previous years, this year had no award ceremony.

*Casino Royale* won the most awards with three including Best Film. Other winners included *Hostel*, *Little Miss Sunshine*, *Mission: Impossible III*, *Pan's Labyrinth*, *Superman Returns*, *The Departed*, *The Prestige*, *United 93* and *Volver* with one.

## Winners and nominees

Winners are listed first and highlighted in **boldface**.

### Multiple awards

The following film received multiple awards:

| Awards | Film |
| --- | --- |
| 3 | *Casino Royale* |

### Multiple nominations

The following 15 films received multiple nominations:

| Nominations | Film |
| --- | --- |
| 6 | *The Departed* |
| 5 | *Superman Returns* |
| 4 | *Casino Royale* |
| | *Little Miss Sunshine* |
| | *Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest* |
| 3 | *Borat* |
| | *Starter for 10* |
| | *The Prestige* |
| 2 | *A Cock and Bull Story* |
| | *Brick* |
| | *Children of Men* |
| | *Mission: Impossible III* |
| | *The Queen* |
| | *X-Men: The Last Stand* |
| | *United 93* |

1. "Empire Awards 2007". Internet Movie Database. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
2. "James Bond conquers Empire Awards". *BBC News Online*. BBC. March 28, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
3. "Best Film". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
4. "Best British Film". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
5. "Best Director". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
6. "Best Actor". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
7. "Best Actress". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
8. "Best Comedy". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
9. "Best Horror". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
10. "Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
11. "Best Thriller". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
12. "Best Male Newcomer". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
13. "Best Female Newcomer". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
14. Shoard, Catherine (December 1, 2020). "Elliot Page: star of *Juno* and *X-Men* announces he is transgender". *The Guardian*. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
15. "Scene of the Year". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
16. "Scene of the Year (shortlisted)". *Empireonline.com*. Bauer Consumer Media. 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2011.

## InfoBox

| 12th Empire Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| The logo for the 12th Empire Awards | |
| Date | 27 March 2007 (2007-03-27) |
| Site | No award ceremony |
| *Empire* issue | 1. 215 (May 2007) |
| Highlights | |
| Best Film | *Casino Royale* |
| Best British Film | *United 93* |
| Most awards | *Casino Royale* (3) |
| Most nominations | *The Departed* (6) |
|


title: Duopalatinus peruanus

abstract: Duopalatinus peruanus, is a species of demersal catfish of the family Pimelodidae that is native to Amazon and Orinoco river basins in Peru. It grows to a length of 150.0 mm.

text:
# Duopalatinus peruanus

***Duopalatinus peruanus***, is a species of demersal catfish of the family Pimelodidae that is native to Amazon and Orinoco river basins in Peru.

It grows to a length of 150.0 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Duopalatinus peruanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Pimelodidae |
| Genus: | *Duopalatinus* |
| Species: | ***D. peruanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Duopalatinus peruanus***<br>Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 | |
|


abstract: The Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (Egenco) is a parastatal company whose primary purpose is to generate electric power for use in Malawi and for possible sale to neighboring countries. As of April 2018, Egenco's generation capacity was 351 megawatts (471,000 hp). In May 2021, Egenco's generation portfolio increased to 441.55 megawatts (592,130 hp), when the 19 MW Tedzani IV Hydroelectric Power Station, was brought online.

text:
# Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited

The **Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited** (Egenco) is a parastatal company whose primary purpose is to generate electric power for use in Malawi and for possible sale to neighboring countries. As of April 2018, Egenco's generation capacity was 351 megawatts (471,000 hp). In May 2021, Egenco's generation portfolio increased to 441.55 megawatts (592,130 hp), when the 19 MW Tedzani IV Hydroelectric Power Station, was brought online.

## Location

The headquarters of Egenco are in Chayamba Building, at 7 Victoria Avenue, in the city of Blantyre, the financial capital and largest city in Malawi. The geographical coordinates of Egenco headquarters are: 15°47'13.0"S, 35°00'20.0"E (Latitude:-15.786944; Longitude:35.005556).

## Overview and history

Egenco was established when the Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM), hitherto the electricity monopoly in the country, was split, with Egenco assuming the role of electricity generation, and ESCOM retaining the roles of bulk purchase, transmission and distribution. Egenco became operational on 1 January 2017.

## Operations

Egenco is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and improvement of the power stations owned by the Malawian government. These include both hydroelectric and thermal power stations.

### Operational stations

### Power stations in development

## Governance

Egenco is governed by a seven-person board of directors. As of January 2018, the following comprised the Egenco board.

1. Lloyd Muhara: Chairperson
2. Patrick Matanda: Member
3. Stuart Ligomeka: Member
4. Mary Nkando: Member
5. Gloria Chawinga: Member
6. Arthur Mandambwe: Member
7. Noel Gama: Member

15°47′13″S 35°00′20″E / 15.78694°S 35.00556°E / -15.78694; 35.00556

## InfoBox

Electricity Generation Company Malawi Limited (Egenco)
| Company type | Parastatal |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Power generation |
| Founded | 1 January 2017 |
| Products | Electricity |
| Website | Homepage |


title: Electoral reform in India

text:
# Electoral reform in India

A number of measures have been suggested to improvise and strengthen the existing electoral practices in India.

## Political parties in India

Since 1952, when the first election ended, various reforms have addressed the issue of party funding. However, the current situation is as follows:

* According to a study by the Centre for Media Studies, 30,000 crore (equivalent to 480 billion or US$5.7 billion in 2023) was projected to be spent in the 2014 general election by government, political parties, and candidates. Official spending by the Election Commission of India and the Government of India was around Rs. 7,000-8,000 crores—i.e. elections have become very expensive for political parties.
* The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) in a report published on 25 January 2017 states that the total declared income of national and regional parties between 2004-2005 and 2014-2015 stood at Rs. 11,367 crores. Total income from known donors was 16% (Rs. 1,835 crore) and total income from other known sources including membership fees, bank interest, etc. was 15% (Rs. 1,698 crore) leaving 69% (Rs. 7,833 crore) of the total income from unknown sources (contributions below Rs. 20,000 each), and thus untraceable. Comparing audited income with projected spending seems to indicate that political parties earned an additional large amount of black money.
* In a 9 May 2014 on the Lok Sabha Elections of 2014, ADR shows that out of the total 8,163 contesting candidates, 1,398 (17%) had criminal cases pending against them; 889 (11%) with serious criminal cases and 2,208 (27%) were crorepatis, i.e. capable of funding their own election campaigns. Thus, one could conclude that the reforms instituted till date have largely failed and could even be considered responsible for driving parties into a greater dependency on black money, and rich criminal elements to contest elections.

## Committees that covered political funding reform

The problem with political party funding reform is that the reformer and the reformee are one and the same. In other words, a conflict of interest is built into the system. When pressed to do something by public outrage due to a breaking scandal, a committee will be constituted to study the matter and make suggestions. If public pressure is not maintained, the committee's suggestions will either be implemented in a diluted form, or sometimes, ignored altogether. From the 1960s onwards, the committees that have been constituted have used key terms that indicate the different facets to the problem of political funding reform, which are still relevant today.

**Speed money**: Gets things done quickly and creates a “tendency to subvert integrity in the public services instead of being isolated and aberrative is growing into an organised, well-planned racket.”

**Parallel economy**: Has been referred to be operating simultaneously and competing with the 'official' economy. Property dealings have been “a significant avenue of illegal deals, with ratios of 'white' and 'black' payments being freely mentioned”.

**Delayed action**: There has been a great lag in the implementation of committee recommendations. For example, in 1964, the Santhanam Committee recommended the setting up of a Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) as the apex probity watchdog to address governmental corruption. However it achieved the status of statutory autonomous body free from any executive authority only 39 years later, when the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) Act of 2003 was legislated.

Some of the reforms undertaken are listed below and are the responses of the government of the day to both external and internal pressures to do something. They are broken up by source (who pushed for and/or made it happen) and listed chronologically within each heading to underscore the fact that different times needed different solutions. The Finance Bill 2017, largely considered a regressive bill as concerns political party funding, appears to indicate what can happen when a party comes under intense pressure to generate funds to contest an upcoming election.

**Lack of transparency (and coordination)**: The government established the Vohra committee in 1993—it unequivocally confirmed linkages between crime and politicians. The mandate of the committee was to take stock of all available information about the activities of crime syndicates or mafia which had developed links with and were being protected by government functionaries and political personalities. The report recommended the setting up of a Nodal Cell that would serve as a collection point for relevant information collected by various government agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Research And Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC), Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB), Enforcement Directorate (ED) and Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).

Section 11.1 of the Vohra committee report: "In sum, the various agencies presently in the field take care to essentially focus on their respective charter of duties, dealing with the infringement of laws relating to their organisations and consciously putting aside any information on linkages which they may come across."

The final Vohra report did not reveal any specific names of individual politicians or bureaucrats but only stated in a general manner that what was already widely known and talked about for years. All attempts via RTI to get at the minutes and file notings of the meetings that were held by the committee and would have provided real information have failed. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) declined to share the file notings of the committee meetings, terming them as “secret”.

### Committee Quotes About Political Funding

* **Wanchoo committee report, 1970** (Section 2.20): "In this connection, it has been pointed out that large funds are required to meet election expenses and it is common knowledge that these are financed to a great extent by wealthy persons with lots of black money. According to some, this is not the cause but an outlet for black money. The situation is stated to have been further aggravated by the ban imposed recently on donations by companies to political parties."
* **Dinesh Goswami committee report, 1990** (Section 1.6): "The role of money and muscle power at elections ... rapid criminalisation of politics .... increasing menace of participation of non- serious candidates; form the core of our electoral problems."
* **Vohra committee report, 1993** (Section 10.1): "The various crime Syndicates/Mafia organisations have developed significant muscle and money power and established linkages with government functionaries, political leaders and others to be able to operate with impunity".
* The Supreme Court in its judgement (20/3/1997) in connection with the murder of political activist Naina Sahni: “..have developed an extensive network of contacts with bureaucrats, government functionaries at lower levels, politicians, media personalities, strategically located persons in the non-Governmental sector and members of the judiciary”

## Reforms

The Representation of the People Act (RPA) of 1951 provided the first set of rules for the conduct of elections to the Houses of Parliament and State Legislatures. Over the years the RPA has been amended to reflect changing circumstances. Political party funding reform has been enacted via changes to the Company Law, via Money Bills, the Income Tax Law, through Supreme Court orders, etc.

### Anti Defection Law

The Anti-Defection Law was passed in 1985 through the 52nd Amendment to the Constitution. The main intent of the law was to combat “the evil of political defections” by elected politicians for the lure of office.It mainly focus on crime background of any political leader before registering his/her name for election.

### Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR)

**\[1994\]** A writ petition was filed by ADR in the Supreme Court for direction to implement the recommendations made by the Law Commission in its 170th report regarding:

* Debarring a candidate from contesting elections if charges have been framed against him/her by a Court in respect of certain offences.
* Candidates be required to furnish details of criminal cases pending against them.
* Candidates be required to provide true and correct statement of assets owned by them.

**\[2015\]** A PIL was filed by ADR to bring political parties under the Right to Information Act 2015, on the basis of the ruling by the CIC of 03/06/2013 (see below)

**\[2015\]** A PIL was filed by ADR requesting the constitution of an independent body to administer enforcement of Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (FCRA)

### Central Information Commission (CIC)

**\[1969\]** Under Section 293a of the Companies Act, 1956, companies were prohibited from making contributions to a political party or for any political purpose. The ban on company donations was not accompanied by an alternate source of funding as a substitute, e.g. state funding. This greatly increased politicians' reliance on black money to fund elections.

**\[1985\]** The Companies (Amendment) Act, 1985 permitted companies to make political contributions up to 5% of the average net profit of the last three years provided a resolution authorising such contributions is passed by the Board of Directors and the company discloses the contribution details in its Profit & Loss Account. It has been noted by some observers that companies continued to make donations to political parties in black money preferring the anonymity of this route. The cap was increased to 7.5% in 2013.

**\[2008\]** Tax filings of political parties remained confidential and were not disclosed to the public until 2008. Using the provisions of the Right to Information Act 2005, the CIC allowed disclosure of parties' income tax returns

**\[2013\]** The CIC ruled that political parties can be held to be public authorities and come within the ambit of the Right to Information Act Companies Act.

**\[2013\]** After the CIC ruling, all the political parties banded together and backed "The Right to Information (Amendment) Bill, 2013" which was introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 12, 2013, amending the original act (RTI 2005). The Amendment removes political parties from the scope of the definition of "public authorities". Thus political parties in India no longer fall under the dimensions of RTI. This amendment was met by huge protests from the civil rights societies and the general public.

### Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

**\[1993\]** A task force set up by the CII recommended that corporate contribution by companies be made tax-deductible and that shareholder confirmation of board decisions about political contribution be required. It also recommended state funding of elections with the funds to be raised either by a cess on excise duty or through contributions by industry to an elections fund pool., i.e. a tax on industry to finance campaigns. Money would be distributed according to a formula. Nothing came of this.

### Election Commission of India (ECI)

**\[1998\]** ECI Press Note, 15 January 1998: Partial state subsidy in the form of free time for seven national and 34 state parties on the state-owned television and radio networks totalling 61 hours of each of the two media. The limit of election expenditure imposed on contesting candidates is revised from time to time by the Union of India through the ECI.

**\[2011\]** Big states: Rs. 40,00,000 for Lok Sabha elections and Rs. 16,00,000 for State Assembly elections.

**\[2014\]** Big states: Rs. 70,00,000 for Lok Sabha elections and Rs. 28,00,000 for State Assembly elections. According to a study by ADR, analysis of the expenditure statements of candidates to the ECI after the poll results were announced, indicated that the average election expenditure was 49% of the limit imposed. This seems to indicate that these limits have no practical value. There is no limit on the expenditure a party can incur during its election campaigns.

### Supreme Court judgement on RPA overturned

**\[1975\]** Parliament amended the Representation of Peoples Act to nullify a Supreme Court judgement of 1974 (see Supreme Court Rulings below). Specifically, Parliament amended Explanation 1 to Section 77(1) of the RPA so that party and supporters’ expenditures not authorised by a candidate did not count while calculating their election expenses. This effectively opened a back door to unlimited spending and is a typical example of the conflict of interest inherent in parliamentary legislation in areas of self-interest.

### Income Tax Law

**\[1979\]** Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act 1978 exempted income received by a political party by voluntary contributions from any person from inclusion in the total party income. Income Tax exemption was allowed only if (a) audited accounts were maintained and (b) the party maintains a record of the names and addresses of all contributors donating Rs. 20,000 or above. This is generally considered a loophole to allow unlimited donations by simply breaking up larger donations into smaller ones....

### Supreme Court Rulings

**\[1974\]** The Supreme Court ruled in “Kanwar Lala Gupta vs Amar Nath Chawla & Ors” that party spending on behalf of a candidate should be included in calculating that candidate's election expenses in order to determine whether the election expenditure limit had been violated. This was nullified by amending the RPA in 1975.

**\[1997\]** On December 18, 1997 in Writ Petitions Nos. 340-343/93 Vineet Narain and other versus Union of India and others (aka Jain Havala Case), the Supreme Court issued directions to establish institutional and other arrangements aimed at insulating the CBI from outside influences. The judgment also declared the Single Directive null and void. The Single Directive was a set of executive instructions issued to the CBI by the Central Government prohibiting it from initiating inquiry/investigation against officers of the rank of joint secretary and above without obtaining prior permission of the government.

**\[2013\]** NOTA was introduced in India following the 2013 Supreme Court directive in the People's Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India judgment. The Court directed the Election Commission to introduce a “ None of the Above \[NOTA\] ” option into the Electronic Voting Machines. This allows voters the option of expressing their dissent against all the contestants. For instance, In Kerala, a group of women activists urged people not to elect a candidate if no woman was present in the fray. In Tamil Nadu, a youth group campaigned for NOTA as a protest vote against corruption.

### Finance Bills \[2017\]

On February 1, 2017, The Finance Bill (2017) was introduced in Lok Sabha.

#### Background

Before the bill came into effect,

(i) - a company donating to a political party could contribute up to 7.5% of the average of its net profits in the last three financial years.

(ii) - And it was required to disclose the amount of contributions made to any political parties along with the name of the political parties to which such contribution was made.

#### Amendments in the Finance Bills \[2017\]

The Finance Bill \[2017\] amends to

(i) Remove the cap limit on the companies for contributions that they could make to any political parties.

(ii) And also removing the requirement of a company to disclose the name of the political parties to which it was contributing.

The bill further adds that "contributions will have to be made only through a cheque, bank draft, electronic means, or any other scheme notified by the government to make contributions to political parties."

(iii) It introduces "Electoral Bonds" as a means to make anonymous contributions to political parties. These bonds will be issued by the State Bank of India.

### Electoral Bonds

Introduced with the Finance Bill (2017), Electoral Bonds allow donors to pay political parties with banks as an intermediary. These bonds can only be issued by the State Bank of India.

**Range of a bond** \- Rs 1000 to Rs 1 crore.

**Availability** \- 10 days each in the months of January, April, July, and October, with an additional period of 30 days specified by the central government in the year of general elections.

**Validity** \- 15 days (from the date of issue)

Any person who is a citizen of India or entities incorporated or established in India can buy electoral bonds. And then donate it to the political party of choice "anonymously". To buy and transfer these bonds, the person or entity has to provide some authentication details to the bank but the names of donors are kept confidential, even from political parties. Anonymity is intended to prevent the political victimization of the donor.

There is no limit on the quantity of bonds that can be purchased by an individual or a company. The bonds donated to political party must be encased within 15 days through its verified account, failed to so, the issuer of these bonds *i.e.*State Bank of India deposits these into Prime Minister's Relief Fund.Explained: Why is the electoral bond scheme being opposed by transparency activists?

### Criticism of Electoral Bonds

In a series of articles investigating the Electoral Bonds, Nitin Sethi with Huffpost India studied a compilation of documents collected through RTI queries by Commodore Lokesh Batra over a span of 2 years. The RTI documents went on to revel serious problems with the Electoral Bonds Scheme and its implementation. In July 2022, the amount of donations through electoral bonds crossed Rs 10,000-Crore mark as per government data.

#### Election Commission

The Election Commission expressed its opposition to Electoral Bonds during a hearing on the electoral bonds issue in the Supreme Court, citing its affidavit filled with the Law Ministry in 2017, terming it "a retrograde step". The poll panel led by senior advocate Rakesh Dwivedi during the course of the hearing expressed concern over the anonymity of donor identity and clauses that may allow for shell companies and foreign entities/companies to fund (with no cap limits) and influence Indian elections. The Election Commission argued in court that "the scheme "legalizes anonymity" but the right to vote means making an informed choice - knowing the candidate was only "half of the exercise" and citizens must know the parties which are funding the candidates."

In a letter to Law Ministry written in May 2017, Election Commission stated “In a situation where the contribution received through electoral bonds are not reported, on perusal of the contribution report of political parties, it cannot be ascertained whether the political party has taken any donation in violation of provision under Section 29(b) of the RP Act which prohibits the political parties from taking donations from government companies and foreign sources.”

#### Civil Rights Societies

The introduction of Electoral Bonds received huge criticism from the civil rights societies and even the public in general. The concept of donor "anonymity" threatens the very spirit of democracy. The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), a non-governmental organisation (NGO) argues that the additional amendments done in different Acts to pave the way for electoral bonds have "opened the floodgates to unlimited corporate donations to political parties and anonymous financing by Indian as well as foreign companies, which can have serious repercussions on Indian democracy". Opposition parties argue that this move keeps the political parties and the voters in dark, and at the same time only the ruling party has all the access to contribution records through state mechanisms like SBI and Income Tax Department.

In a statement Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR)stated that "It may also be noted that the printing of these bonds & SBI commission for facilitating the sale and purchase of the bonds is paid from the taxpayers’ money by the central government.” ADR along with Common Cause another non-profit organization has moved to Supreme Court in 2017. Court had sought response from government and EC. However till March 2021 the case has not been heard in detail.

#### RBI

An investigative article published by HuffPost India on November 18, 2019, examines a series of documents which show how the Reserve Bank of India was critical of the Electoral Bonds Schemes on multiple occasions, and how the Government of India ignored the concerns of the RBI time and time again and went ahead with its plans for the Electoral Bonds. The RBI said that the bonds would "undermine the faith in Indian banknotes and encourage money laundering."

### Switch to a proportional system

Calls for a switch from First past the post to a proportional system have been growing since 2017, in lights of several states elections whose results have shown large wins in seats by parties receiving far less than 50 % of the popular votes

## Important events in India's History of Electoral Reform

These can be summed up in the table shown below:

Table: Important Events in India's history of Electoral Reform
| Year | Committee name/Organisation | Mandate | Key Recommendations | Relevant Sections |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | Santhanam | Problem of corruption and remedial action <br> | Recommended setting up of Central Vigilance Commission (CVC). States that Article 311 of the Constitution makes it very difficult to deal effectively with corrupt public servants <br> | 2.10, 2.12, 2.14 <br> |
| 1964 | Central Vigilance Commission <br> | Santhanam committee recommended CVC should have the power to undertake inquiries where public servants are suspected to have acted in a corrupt manner. <br> | However CVC given certain power through legislation to enable undertaking enquiries unimplemented until 2003 when the CVC Act 2003 was legislated. <br> |  |
| 1970 | Wanchoo Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee <br> | Concrete and effective measures to unearth black money and prevent its proliferation, evasion and tax avoidance <br> | Recommended regulation of donations to political parties and financing of political parties by the Government according to some formula. <br> | 2.4, 2.6, 2.20 |
| 1990 | Dinesh Goswami Committee <br> | On Electoral reforms <br> | Recommended that Election Commission should lay down ceiling on maximum election expenditure instead of Central Government. Any unauthorised expenditure incurred by any person other than the candidate or his election agent should be prohibited and treated as an electoral offence (punishable with imprisonment for a period of not less than one year).<br>Recommended amendment to RPA to read as: “(1) All expenditure incurred or authorised either by the candidate or his election agent on account of or in respect of the conduct or management of the election shall be required to be included in the account of election expenditure of the candidate” (see RPA 1975 below)<br>There should be a complete ban on donations by companies.<br>Suggests that state assistance be in kind only and be extended by (1) prescribed quantity of fuel to vehicles (2) supply of additional copies of electoral rolls (3) payment of hire charges for prescribed number of microphones (4) distribution of voters' identity slips should be undertaken exclusively by electoral machinery <br> | Chapter 7 (1.2, 1.5, 2.8, 2.9, 3.2) <br> |
| 1993 | Vohra committee | Activities of crime syndicates/mafia and links between government functionaries and political personalities | Recommended creation of Nodal Cell that would serve as a collection point for relevant information collected by various government agencies like Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Research And Analysis Wing (R&AW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Central Board of Excise & Customs (CBEC), Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB), Enforcement Directorate (ED) and Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB). <br> | 11.1 <br> |
| 1997 | Supreme Court judgement <br> | In connection of murder of political activist Naina Sahni <br> | After no action was taken, the Vohra report was tabled in parliament and a Nodal Cell duly constituted. |  |

## Challenges to electoral reform

Improving the electoral process has manifold challenges:

* **Transparency and Honesty**: Provide political parties with legal ways of sourcing funds in adequate quantities. Voters should ideally have all information on political activities, including political finance, before casting their votes. In addition, parties and elected officials have a duty to serve the public interest; therefore, their “business” cannot be shrouded in secrecy 13 . Parties must also be weaned away from accepting funding from illegal sources.
* **Accountability**: This is required to mitigate the risks of conflict of interest and corruption in the political process.
* **Responsiveness to change**: Election funding reform must be constantly monitored for adverse side-effects and these must be corrected in a timely fashion. A method needs to be devised to be able to implement required re- form which is often diluted or even blocked by the political parties if it does not suit them.
* **The "arms-race" effect**: Find ways to reduce the overall cost of contesting elections for all parties and candidates while maintaining a level playing field for all.
* Criminals: Blocking the entry of criminal elements into the election process is a must. “Winnability” as the main criterion for choosing candidates must be strongly discouraged by the voters.
* **Conceptualising corruption**: Corruption needs to be conceptualised soundly else prescriptions will be flawed.
* **Rigorous implementation of the law**: Finally and most importantly, should ensure the rigorous implementation of existing laws to prosecute and disqualify politicians breaking the law, in a timely fashion. For instance, the ECI re- ported that during the Lok Sabha 2014 elections, around Rs. 300 crores of unaccounted cash, more than 17,000 kg of drugs and huge amount of liquor, arms, and other materials were seized. One does not hear of a correspondingly large number of candidates being disqualified.

## Moving forward

It is expected that electoral reforms will contribute to better participation of the citizens in electoral practices, reduce corruption and strengthen democracy in India. More than 3000 crores were spent by the government for conducting the 2014 Loksabha elections.

The article been political party funding, the challenges it faces and the reform initiatives that have been undertaken over the years to contain the political corruption that has invaded Indian democracy. N. Ram concludes succinctly in his book:

> There is no such thing as political corruption as a self-contained category. If the objective is to understand corruption in India in its pervasiveness, its omnipresence, and its multifariousness, so that something meaningful and effective can be done about it, it needs to be approached as a problem not just of politics, or the economy or society, not to mention the moral sphere- but of political economy in its profound sense.
>
> This is a long term undertaking, though necessary, if India is ever to move away from its thoroughly corrupt situation. Not all corruption is the same. Some forms of corruption are worse than others. e.g. the handover of land to mining companies disregarding the environmental consequences is different from giving money for votes. One needs to distinguish corruption that is grossly damaging from that which is less so.
>
> Since the challenge is on many fronts, it must be responded to strategically, in stages, and with an eye to weakening and undermining corruption's base rather than concentrating on its symptoms.
>
> In the short term: (a) strict implementation of existing laws to fight corruption rather than constantly creating new ones when a problem arises, and then not implementing it forcefully, (b) appeals to the judiciary to strike down regressive political finance legislation, (c) popular protests against harmful decisions taken by the government e.g. redefining coconut trees as grass to allow rampant tree felling to benefit some company, would help.


title: Arif Aziz

abstract: Arif Aziz is an artist from Azerbaijan, living and teaching in its capital, Baku. He is one of Azerbaijan's internationally known contemporary artists and serves as his country's Ambassador for Peace, People’s Artist of Azerbaijan Republic and Professor at Azerbaijani State University of Art and Culture.

text:
# Arif Aziz

**Arif Aziz** (or: Ариф Азиз; born 3 January 1943 in Baku; with full name: Aziz Arif Mokhubali / Азиз Ариф Мохубали) is an artist from Azerbaijan, living and teaching in its capital, Baku. He is one of Azerbaijan's internationally known contemporary artists and serves as his country's Ambassador for Peace, People’s Artist of Azerbaijan Republic and Professor at Azerbaijani State University of Art and Culture.

## Life

Arif Aziz was born in Baku in 1943, where he lives and works. He studied at first, between 1957 and 1962, at the Azerbaijan State University of Culture and Art. He then studied graphic design in Moscow for five years. Since the early 1970s he teaches fine arts at the country's art schools. In 2005 he took the chair of painting at Beykent University in Istanbul, Turkey, which he held until 2007. After that he became Dean of the Azerbaijan State University of Culture and Art.

Arif Aziz is married to Farida Azizova. They have three daughters. Aysel Aziz, Ayan Aziz Mammadova and Aylal Heydarova.

## Works

When Aziz initially began painting he had to follow the teachings of socialist realism, which required that he paint glorified depictions of communist values. Despite this restriction he found a way to go around the restrictions of Soviet times and painted attractions, cities, and landscapes of his homeland in a figurative art style. In his art Aziz also combines the human face with traditional ornaments from his homeland, as well as influences gathered during travels to Africa, Moscow, Paris, Turkey and India.

Aziz is credited as helping to shape a school of abstractionism that has impacted many young Azerbaijanian artists.

## Collections and public exhibitions

### Public collections

Works by Arif Aziz can be found in the following collections:

### Exhibitions (selected)

The following are selected exhibits where Aziz' work has been displayed as either a solo work or as part of a main group exhibition.

## Bibliography

* Arif Aziz: *Dance of Spirit*, (exhibition catalogue, edd. by Kunsthalle Messmer, Galerie Michael Schultz, Kunsthalle Dresden), Berlin 2015
* Arsalan Mohammed und Hans Bussert, *From Baku to Berlin*, in: SLEEK – THE VISUAL CONTEMPORARY, Spring 2015, Berlin 2015, pp. 84–91


title: 1973 SEAP Games

abstract: The 1973 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Singapore from 1 to 8 September 1973 with 16 sports featured in the games. This was the first time Singapore hosted the games. Singapore is the fourth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Burma and Malaysia. The games was opened and closed by Benjamin Sheares, the President of Singapore at the Singapore National Stadium. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Singapore and Malaysia.

text:
# 1973 SEAP Games

The **1973 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Singapore from 1 to 8 September 1973 with 16 sports featured in the games. This was the first time Singapore hosted the games. Singapore is the fourth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Burma and Malaysia. The games was opened and closed by Benjamin Sheares, the President of Singapore at the Singapore National Stadium. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Singapore and Malaysia.

## The games

### Participating nations

### Sports

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Singapore)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Thailand (THA) | 47 | 25 | 27 | 99 |
| 2 | Singapore (SIN)* | 45 | 50 | 45 | 140 |
| 3 | Malaysia (MAS) | 30 | 35 | 50 | 115 |
| 4 | Burma (BIR) | 28 | 24 | 15 | 67 |
| 5 | Khmer Republic (KHM) | 9 | 12 | 30 | 51 |
| 6 | South Vietnam (VNM) | 2 | 13 | 10 | 25 |
| 7 | Laos (LAO) | 0 | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| Totals (7 entries) | | 161 | 164 | 181 | 506 |

## Broadcasting

| Country | Official broadcasters | Television broadcast | Radio broadcast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singapore | Radio Television Singapore | RTS-5
RTS-8 | Radio Singapore English Service (90.5 FM and 630 kHz)
Radio Singapore Chinese Service (95.8 FM and 680 kHz)
Radio Singapore Tamil Service (96.8 FM and 1370 kHz) |

## InfoBox

7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Singapore |
| Nations | 7 |
| Sport | 16 |
| Opening | 1 September 1973 |
| Closing | 8 September 1973 |
| Opened by | Benjamin Sheares
President of Singapore |
| Closed by | Benjamin Sheares
President of Singapore |
| Torch lighter | C. Kunalan |
| Ceremony venue | Singapore National Stadium |
|  | |


title: 1959 Troy State Red Wave football team

abstract: The 1959 Troy State Red Wave football team represented Troy State College as a member of the Alabama Collegiate Conference (ACC) during the 1959 NAIA football season. Led by fifth-year head coach William Clipson, the Red Wave compiled an overall record of 3–5, with a mark of 1–2 in conference play.

text:
# 1959 Troy State Red Wave football team

The **1959 Troy State Red Wave football team** represented Troy State College (now known as Troy University) as a member of the Alabama Collegiate Conference (ACC) during the 1959 NAIA football season. Led by fifth-year head coach William Clipson, the Red Wave compiled an overall record of 3–5, with a mark of 1–2 in conference play.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 19 | vs. Livingston State | Monroeville, AL | W 7–6 |  |  |
| September 26 | at Tampa* |  | L 15–35 | 4,500–5,000 |  |
| October 10 | Jacksonville State |  | L 12–35 |  |  |
| October 17 | at Newberry* |  | L 6–33 | 2,000 |  |
| October 24 | Florence State | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Troy, AL | L 14–34 |  |  |
| October 31 | at Austin Peay* |  | W 13–7 |  |  |
| November 7 | Carson–Newman* | * Veterans Memorial Stadium * Troy, AL | W 21–0 |  |  |
| November 14 | vs. Howard (AL)* |  | L 19–20 |  |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1959 Troy State Red Wave football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Alabama Collegiate Conference |
| Record | 3–5 (1–2 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Veterans Memorial Stadium |
|


title: 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final

abstract: The 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final was the final of the eleventh Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It was played on 29 May and 11 June 1969 between Newcastle United of England and Újpesti Dózsa of Hungary. Newcastle won the tie 6–2 on aggregate.

text:
# 1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final

The **1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final** was the final of the eleventh Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It was played on 29 May and 11 June 1969 between Newcastle United of England and Újpesti Dózsa of Hungary. Newcastle won the tie 6–2 on aggregate.

## Route to the final

| Newcastle United | | | | Round | Újpesti Dózsa | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |  | Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Feijenoord | 4–2 | 4–0 (H) | 0–2 (A) | First round | Union Luxembourg | w/o | | |
| Sporting CP | 2–1 | 1–1 (A) | 1–0 (H) | Second round | Aris | 11–2 | 2–1 (A) | 9–1 (H) |
| Real Zaragoza | 4–4 () | 2–3 (A) | 2–1 (H) | Third round | Legia Warzawa | 3–2 | 1–0 (A) | 2–2 (H) |
| Vitória de Setúbal | 6–4 | 5–1 (H) | 1–3 (A) | Quarter-finals | Leeds United | 3–0 | 1–0 (A) | 2–0 (H) |
| Rangers | 2–0 | 0–0 (A) | 2–0 (H) | Semi-finals | Göztepe | 8–1 | 4–1 (A) | 4–0 (H) |

## Match details

### First leg

| Newcastle United | 3–0 | Újpesti Dózsa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moncur  63'  72'
Scott  83' |  |  |

St James' Park, Newcastle upon TyneAttendance: 60,000

---

### Second leg

| Újpesti Dózsa | 2–3 | Newcastle United |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bene  31'
Göröcs  44' |  | Moncur  46'
Arentoft  50'
Foggon  74' |

Megyeri úti Stadium, BudapestAttendance: 37,000

*Newcastle United win 6–2 on aggregate*

1. "Wist u dat..." *stadionfeijenoord.nl* (in Dutch). Stadion Feijenoord N.V. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. zowel Stadion Feijenoord als Feyenoord Rotterdam met een lange ij geschreven werd. Pas in 1974 besloot de voetbalclub een y te gebruiken, de lange ij gaf namelijk problemen met de uitspraak in het buitenland

## InfoBox

1969 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final
| Event | 1968–69 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| on aggregate | |
| First leg | |
|  | |
| Date | 29 May 1969 |
| Venue | St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne |
| Referee | Joseph Hannet (Belgium) |
| Attendance | 60,000 |
| Second leg | |
|  | |
| Date | 11 June 1969 |
| Venue | Megyeri úti Stadium, Budapest |
| Referee | Joseph Heymann (Switzerland) |
| Attendance | 37,000 |
|


title: 1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season

text:
# 1888–89 Burslem Port Vale F.C. season

The 1888–89 season was Burslem Port Vale's first season and only season of football in The Combination. The league was abandoned before the fixture list was completed, though Vale were in poor form regardless. They exited the FA Cup, Staffordshire Senior Cup and North Staffordshire Challenge Cup in their opening rounds and also struggled in friendlies, the low point being a 3–1 defeat to village team Oswaldtwistle Rovers at the Athletic Ground.

## Overview

### The Combination

Burslem Port Vale prepared for their first-ever league campaign by signings Lewis Ballham from Stoke and Dick Danks from Wolverhampton Wanderers. However, they lost Harry Cookson to South Shore and Bob Ramsay to Stoke. Despite being overweight, forward Billy Reynolds scored the winning goal in the season-opening victory over Birmingham St George's at the Athletic Ground. Though they lost 2–1 at home to Halliwell, they recorded 6–1 and 3–0 home victories over Gainsborough Trinity and South Shore. However, a sequence of away fixtures followed, in which they picked two points on the road all season. Their home form remained steady, though, picking up 16 of a possible 26 points at home.

### Cup competitions and friendlies

Vale's interest in the FA Cup ended early as they were beaten 3–2 at Small Heath Alliance. Their friendlies in the first part of the season were also largely disappointing, losing 4–0 to Preston North End and 8–1 to Blackburn Rovers – both strong sides – but more worryingly they were humbled 4–0 at the little-known side Witton. A 3–1 home defeat to Lancashire village team Oswaldtwistle Rovers on 12 January was embarrassing, one of the worst results in the club's short history as they proved themselves "not worthy of a club their standing" on the day. On 16 February, they fell to a 5–1 defeat at home to Potteries derby rivals Stoke in front of a season-high crowd of 5,000. They managed to beat Burton Wanderers 4–2 in the fourth round of the Staffordshire Senior Cup on 9 March, but were forced to replay the game after the visitors complained about the state of the Athletic Ground pitch; the replay was lost 3–1 as the team reverted to "the old game of a long kick and a sharp rush".

Desperate to turn around their poor form, the club signed "the best centre-forward that ever left Scotland" in 19-year-old Frank McGinnes, who had built up a formidable reputation at Halliwell. They travelled to Anfield on 20 April and recorded a 1–0 victory over Everton, but the season petered out with defeat to Leek in the semi-finals of the North Staffordshire Challenge Cup and a 7–1 thumping after fielding a weakened side at Bootle. The Combination league collapsed, but the team's poor form meant they were not invited to compete in either the new Football Alliance. The club management resolved to strengthen the team and had to be content with friendlies for the following campaign.

## Results

*Burslem Port Vale's score comes first*

### Legend

| Win | Draw | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |

### The Combination

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 September 1888 | Birmingham St George's | H | 2–1 | 3,500 | Ditchfield, Reynolds |
| 3 September 1888 | Halliwell | H | 1–2 | 3,000 | Ditchfield |
| 8 September 1888 | Gainsborough Trinity | H | 6–1 | 2,500 | Sproston (2), Ditchfield, Reynolds, Randles, Danks |
| 17 September 1888 | South Shore | H | 3–0 | 2,000 | rush, Ditchfield, Sproston |
| 29 September 1888 | Walsall Town Swifts | A | 0–1 | 2,000 |  |
| 13 October 1888 | Notts Rangers | H | 1–2 |  | rush |
| 20 October 1888 | Crewe Alexandra | A | 1–4 | 3,000 | Reynolds |
| 22 October 1888 | Leek | A | 3–5 | 3,000 |  |
| 3 November 1888 | Birmingham St George's | A | 3–3 | 200 | Danks, Ballham, Poulson |
| 10 November 1888 | Newton Heath | H | 1–1 | 1,500 | scrimmage |
| 12 November 1888 | Leek | H | 4–1 | 2,000 | Ditchfield (3), Poulson |
| 17 November 1888 | Long Eaton Rangers | A | 1–3 |  | Ditchfield |
| 24 November 1888 | Walsall Town Swifts | H | 1–2 | 2,000 | Poulson |
| 1 December 1888 | Lincoln City | H | 2–1 | 1,500 | Ballham (2) |
| 15 December 1888 | Halliwell | A | 1–5 | small | scrimmage |
| 22 December 1888 | Lincoln City | A | 0–1 | 1,500 |  |
| 24 December 1888 | Gainsborough Trinity | A | 1–1 | fair | Ballham |
| 25 December 1888 | Grimsby Town | A | 2–6 | 1,500 |  |
| 29 December 1888 | Crewe Alexandra | H | 1–3 | 2,500 | Randles |
| 5 January 1889 | Notts Rangers | A | 1–4 |  | Reynolds |
| 19 January 1889 | Newton Heath | A | 0–3 | 2,500 |  |
| 26 January 1889 | Long Eaton Rangers | H | 1–1 | moderate | McHarg |
| 2 February 1889 | Northwich Victoria | A | 1–2 |  |  |
| 11 March 1889 | Northwich Victoria | H | 1–0 | several hundred |  |
| 16 March 1889 | South Shore | A | 0–3 | not very big |  |
| 6 April 1889 | Grimsby Town | H | 2–1 | 1,500 | Ballham (2) |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2Q | 27 October 1888 | Small Heath Alliance | A | 2–3 |  | scrimmage, o.g. |

### Staffordshire Senior Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | 9 March 1889 | Burton Wanderers | H | 4–2 | 1,500 | Sproston (2), Ballham (2) |
| Replay | 23 March 1889 | Burton Wanderers | H | 1–3 | 2,000 | Elson |

### North Staffordshire Challenge Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SF | 4 May 1889 | Leek | N | 2–3 |  | Danks, Stokes |

### Friendlies

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 September 1888 | Derby St Luke's | H | 1–1 | 2,000 | rush |
| 22 September 1888 | Blackburn Park Road | H | 3–4 | 1,500 | Randles (2), Sproston |
| 24 September 1888 | Preston North End | H | 0–4 | 3,000 |  |
| 1 October 1888 | Burnley | H | 2–0 | 1,400 | Reynolds, Randles |
| 6 October 1888 | Witton | A | 0–4 |  |  |
| 15 October 1888 | Bolton Wanderers | H | 3–1 | 2,000 | o.g., Stokes, Ditchfield |
| 29 October 1888 | Blackburn Rovers | H | 1–8 | 3,000 | Ballham |
| 8 December 1888 | Rotherham Town | A | 2–3 | 3,000 | Reynolds, other |
| 10 December 1888 | Everton | H | 2–2 | 2,000 | Ballham, o.g. |
| 12 January 1889 | Oswaldtwistle Rovers | H | 1–3 | small | Ditchfield |
| 16 February 1889 | Stoke | H | 1–5 | 5,000 | Vessey |
| 2 March 1889 | Stoke | A | 2–4 |  |  |
| 30 March 1889 | Leek | A | 1–1 |  | Ditchfield |
| 15 April 1889 | Halliwell | H | 1–2 |  | Ballham |
| 20 April 1889 | Everton | A | 1–0 | 8,000 | Reynolds |
| 22 April 1889 | Witton | H | 1–2 | 2,500 | o.g. |
| 29 April 1889 | Crewe Alexandra | H | 0–0 |  |  |
| 14 May 1889 | Bootle | A | 1–7 | 1,500 | Ditchfield |

## Player statistics

### Appearances and goals

| Pos. | Name | League | | Staffordshire Cup | | Challenge Cup | | Friendlies | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| GK | Arthur Broomhall | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| GK | Joseph Mawdesley | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| GK | Meakin | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| GK | Millward | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| GK | W Morgan | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| DF | George Bateman | 18 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 34 | 0 |
| DF | E Chadwick | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| DF | T Marriott | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | G Martin | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| DF | Matthews | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | W. E. Powell | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| DF | Albert Skinner | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| DF | Udall | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Underwood | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | G Wardle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Billy Elson | 19 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 39 | 1 |
| MF | Fred Farrington | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Kirkham | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Locker | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | G McHarg | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| MF | Billy Poulson | 19 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 39 | 3 |
| MF | Jos Randles | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 27 | 5 |
| MF | Robinson | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| MF | Jack Shields | 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 40 | 0 |
| MF | Charlie Simpson | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | J.H. Sproston | 9 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 16 | 6 |
| MF | John Surtees | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| MF | H Wardle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Lewis Ballham | 16 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 3 | 31 | 11 |
| FW | Dick Danks | 15 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | z | 9 | 0 | 25 | 3 |
| FW | Jimmy Ditchfield | 18 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 4 | 38 | 12 |
| FW | Frank McGinnes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| FW | Oxley | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| FW | Ernie Payne | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| FW | Billy Reynolds | 14 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 3 | 28 | 7 |
| FW | Fred Stokes | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 2 |
| FW | Vessey | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| FW | F Wood | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

### Top scorers

| Place | Position | Nation | Name | The Combination | FA Cup | Other | **Total** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | FW | England | Jimmy Ditchfield | 8 | 0 | 4 | 12 |
| 2 | FW | England | Lewis Ballham | 6 | 0 | 5 | 11 |
| 3 | FW | England | Billy Reynolds | 4 | 0 | 3 | 7 |
| 4 | MF |  | J.H. Sproston | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| 5 | MF | England | Jos Randles | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 |
| 6 | MF | England | Billy Poulson | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
|  | FW | England | Dick Danks | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 8 | FW |  | Fred Stokes | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 9 | MF |  | G McHarg | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
|  | FW |  | Vessey | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | MF | England | Billy Elson | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  |  |  | Own goals | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
|  |  |  | Scrimmage | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
|  | | | **TOTALS** | **31** | **2** | **25** | **58** |

## Transfers

### Transfers in

| Date from | Position | Nationality | Name | From | Fee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Summer 1888 | GK |  | Arthur Broomhall | Stoke | Free transfer |  |
| Summer 1888 | DF |  | Udall |  | Free transfer |  |
| Summer 1888 | FW |  | F Wood |  | Free transfer |  |
| Autumn 1888 | FW |  | Lewis Ballham | Stoke | Free transfer |  |
| Autumn 1888 | MF |  | Fred Farrington |  | Free transfer |  |
| Autumn 1888 | DF |  | E Chadwick |  | Free transfer |  |
| September 1888 | GK |  | Joseph Mawdesley |  | Free transfer |  |
| December 1888 | MF |  | G McHarg |  | Free transfer |  |
| 1889 | DF |  | Matthews |  | Free transfer |  |
| January 1889 | GK |  | Meakin |  | Free transfer |  |
| April 1889 | MF |  | Fred Farrington | Halliwell | Free transfer |  |

### Transfers out

| Date from | Position | Nationality | Name | To | Fee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| December 1888 | DF |  | Jack Shields |  | Quit |  |
| Summer 1889 | DF |  | E Chadwick |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | GK |  | Joseph Mawdesley |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | GK |  | Meakin |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | MF |  | G McHarg | Burslem Port Vale | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | GK |  | W Morgan |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | MF |  | Robinson |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | MF |  | J.H. Sproston |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | MF |  | John Surtees |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | DF |  | Udall |  | Released |  |
| Summer 1889 | FW |  | F Wood |  | Free transfer |  |

Specific General

## InfoBox

Burslem Port Vale
| 1888–89 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadium | Athletic Ground |
| The Combination | Abandoned |
| FA Cup | Second Qualifying Round
(knocked out by Small Heath Alliance) |
| Staffordshire Senior Cup | Fourth Round
(knocked out by Burton Wanderers) |
| North Staffordshire Challenge Cup | Semi-finalists
(knocked out by Leek) |
| Top goalscorer | League: Jimmy Ditchfield (8)
All: Jimmy Ditchfield (12) |
| Highest home attendance | 5,000 vs. Stoke, 16 February 1889 |
| Average home league attendance | 2,200 |
| Biggest win | 6–1 vs. Gainsborough Trinity, 8 September 1888 |
| Biggest defeat | 1–5 and 2–6 |


title: 1976 California 500

abstract: The 1976 California 500, the seventh running of the event, was held at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California, on Sunday, September 5, 1976. The event was race number 10 of 13 in the 1976 USAC Championship Car season. The race was won by Bobby Unser, becoming the first man to win the California 500 twice. The race was also the first Indy Car race for Rick Mears.

text:
# 1976 California 500

The **1976 California 500**, the seventh running of the event, was held at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California, on Sunday, September 5, 1976. The event was race number 10 of 13 in the 1976 USAC Championship Car season. The race was won by Bobby Unser, becoming the first man to win the California 500 twice. The race was also the first Indy Car race for Rick Mears.

## Background

Ontario Motor Speedway was built using public bonds and the bond-owners were represented by the non-profit Ontario Motor Speedway Corporation. Beginning in 1973, a group led by Parnelli Jones and Tony Hulman leased Ontario Motor Speedway and promoted racing events there. 15 days after the 1975 California 500, Jones announced that the group would terminate their lease with the non-profit group. Jones said, "We have lost a lot of money and the future doesn't look any better. There is too much politics involved in the speedway. We have to answer to the non-profit board that oversees the track, to the bank that represents the bond holders, and to the City Council, which can tell us what we can and can't promote."

Moving forward, OMS Corp. eliminated the business of leasing to promoter groups and rehired Ray Smartis as General Manager on their behalf, who had worked with the track under past groups. Under his leadership, Smartis realized the track was unsustainable by using it only as a venue for large events and aimed to have the track pay their bills through small events such as swap meets, film production rentals, and concerts. The large events would help the track be profitable.

Smartis also moved the California 500 back to its original Labor Day weekend. "Running the California 500 in March proved to be a financial disaster," Smartis said in August 1975. "Considerable research had gone into the Labor Day scheduling back in 1968 when the speedway was built and that was the best possible time."

Indy cars were scheduled to return to Ontario in March with a 200-mile doubleheader paired with a USAC Stock Car race. In January 1976, the March doubleheader was canceled by the track due to a lack of sponsorship.

The move to Labor Day, once again made the California 500 the final leg in IndyCar's Triple Crown. In May, Johnny Rutherford won the Indianapolis 500. In the second Crown Jewel race, Al Unser won the Pocono 500.

Janet Guthrie entered the California 500 and attempted to become the first woman to compete in the California 500. Earlier that year, Guthrie attempted to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 and was the first woman to compete in a 500-mile Indy Car when she competed in the Pocono 500. In addition, Rick Mears and Danny Ongais made their Indy car debut at the California 500. Mears was driving a car owned by Bill Simpson while Ongais drove for Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing.

## Practice and Time Trials

Unlike in past years, practice and Time Trials were reduced to one week instead of two, with practice beginning on Sunday August 29. On the first day of practice, Bobby Unser posted the fastest speed at 185.594 mph. In Monday's practice, Johnny Rutherford was fastest with a speed of 187.153 mph. Al Loquasto crashed in turn one. Later, Al Unser spun and hit the turn one wall, impacting the concrete with the rear of the car and climbing several feet off the ground. Both crashes were blamed on high winds.

Rutherford posted the fastest speed on Tuesday at 188.957 mph. A. J. Foyt arrived at the track on Tuesday after spending time with his mother in Houston who suffered a stroke on Sunday. Foyt ran only two laps before a leaky radiator forced him back to the garage.

### Pole Day - Wednesday September 1

For the first time since 1972, qualifying was a four-lap, 10 mile average speed. The Heat Races that had been run the last three year were also canceled.

Despite having only a few hours of practice, A. J. Foyt won his third consecutive California 500 pole with an average speed of 190.416 mph. Roger McCluskey was second fastest at 189.235 mph. Tom Sneva completed the front row with a speed of 189.215 mph. Johnny Rutherford, who had been among the fastest in practice, could only produce the seventh fastest speed due to high winds on his qualifying run.

### Bump Day - Thursday September 2

Inaugural California 500 winner, Jim McElreath found himself without a ride entering the final day of qualifying. McElreath stood in his firesuit on pit road in the event that a team would have an open car for him to qualify. With one hour left in time trials, car-owner Warner Hodgdon hired McElreath to replace his driver Billy Scott who was four miles per hour slower than the time needed to make the race. With 10 minutes left in qualifying, McElreath made his run. Without any practice laps in the car, McElreath was three mph faster than Scott, but at 174.995 mph, was still one mph slower than what was needed to make the race. After a second lap was no faster, he graciously pulled off the track to allow Al Loquasto a chance to qualify before time expired. The crowd at the track gave McElreath a standing ovation for his sportsmanship. Loquasto was not fast enough to qualify.

Janet Guthrie failed to qualify for the race. Two laps of 174.757 and 173.444 were the quickest the car was capable of before the crew aborted the run.

## Race

A reported crowd of 52,466 spectators attended the California 500.

From his position on the pole, A.J. Foyt led the first 14 laps. Roger Rager brought out a caution flag when he spun on lap 14 and Foyt chose to pit under caution. On the restart, Eldon Rasmussen blew an engine and brought out the second caution to clean oil. On lap after the restart, Dick Simon stalled on track and returned the caution flag.

In an impressive Indycar debut, Danny Ongais climbed from 11th starting spot to fifth by lap 50. Exiting turn two on lap 54, Ongais suffered a broken halfshaft which sent his car into the outside wall along the backstretch. The car climbed the wall and flipped, landing upside down and sliding along the backstretch. Pancho Carter spun to avoid Ongais and impacted the outside wall. Salt Walther came upon the wreck, stopped his car, and ran over to help Ongais. Carter and Walther flipped the car over to allow Ongais to walk away from the wreck. Ongais's helmet had swirl marks on it from where it dragged along the asphalt. He was checked and released at the infield hospital where he complained of a sore head and bruised feet.

On the restart of Ongais's crash, John Mahler crashed in turn one. After six laps of green flag racing, Bill Vukovich Jr. crashed in turn one on lap 77. A.J. Foyt retired from the race on lap 77 when he lost oil pressure.

On lap 101, Gordon Johncock, Wally Dallenbach, and Johnny Rutherford entered the pits under green. Watching the two cars in front of him, Rutherford missed his pit box and had to go around the track another lap.

The race turned into a four car battle between Bobby Unser, Gordon Johncock, Wally Dallenbach, and Johnny Rutherford. After the last cycle of pit stops, Unser took the lead with 23 laps remaining.

The caution was thrown on with only seven laps remaining when beer cans were thrown on the track. This set up a four lap run to the finish with Unser followed by Rutherford and Johncock.

Unser won by 2.54 seconds and became the first man to win the California 500 twice, having previously won the 1974 California 500. By finishing second, Rutherford won the Olsonite Triple Crown championship for 500-mile races and the $1,500 prize it carried.

## InfoBox

1976 California 500
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Race 10 of 13 in the 1976 USAC Championship Car season | |
|  | |
| Date | September 5, 1976 |
| Official name | 1976 California 500 |
| Location | Ontario Motor Speedway, Ontario, California, United States |
| Course | Permanent racing facility
2.500 mi / 4.023 km |
| Distance | 200 laps
500.000 mi / 804.672 km |
| Pole position | |
| Driver | A. J. Foyt (A. J. Foyt Racing) |
| Time | 190.416 mph (306.445 km/h) |
| Podium | |
| First | Bobby Unser (Fletcher Racing) |
| Second | Johnny Rutherford (McLaren) |
| Third | Gordon Johncock (Patrick Racing) |


title: Alistair Urquhart

abstract: Alistair Urquhart was a Scottish businessman and the author of The Forgotten Highlander, an account of the six and a half years he spent as a Japanese prisoner of war during his service in the Gordon Highlanders infantry regiment during the Second World War.

text:
# Alistair Urquhart

**Alistair Urquhart** (/ˈælɪstər ˈɜːrkərt/ *AL-ist-ər UR-kərt*; 8 September 1919 – 7 October 2016) was a Scottish businessman and the author of *The Forgotten Highlander*, an account of the six and a half years he spent as a Japanese prisoner of war during his service in the Gordon Highlanders infantry regiment during the Second World War.

## Military career

Urquhart was born in Newtonhill, Aberdeenshire in 1919. He was conscripted into the British Army in 1939, at the age of 19, and served with the Gordon Highlanders stationed at Fort Canning in Singapore. He was taken prisoner when the Japanese invaded the island during the Battle of Singapore, which lasted from December 1941 to February 1942. He was sent to work on the Burma Railway, built by the Empire of Japan to support its forces in the Burma campaign and referred to as "Death Railway" because of the tens of thousands of forced labourers who died during its construction. While working on the railway Urquhart suffered malnutrition, cholera and torture at the hands of his captors.

After working on the railway and in the docks in Singapore, Urquhart was loaded into the hold of the *Kachidoki Maru*, an American passenger and cargo ship captured by the Japanese and put to use as a "hell ship" transporting hundreds of prisoners. The ship was part of a convoy bound for Japan; on the voyage prisoners endured more illness, dehydration, and instances of cannibalism. On 12 September 1944, the ship was torpedoed and sunk by the US submarine USS *Pampanito*, whose commander was unaware of its cargo of prisoners. Urquhart was burned and covered in oil when the ship went down, and swallowed some oil which caused permanent damage to his vocal cords. He floated in a single-man raft for five days without food or water before being picked up by a Japanese whaling ship and taken to Japan.

In Japan, Urquhart was sent to work in coal mines belonging to the Aso Mining Company and later a labour camp ten miles from the city of Nagasaki. He was there when the city was hit with an atomic bomb by the United States.

## Post-war

In 2010, Urquhart published *The Forgotten Highlander: My Incredible Story of Survival During the War in the Far East*, an account of his experiences. In the book he expresses anger at the lack of recognition in Japan of its role in war crimes compared to the atonement in Germany. He resided in Broughty Ferry, Dundee, for many years and died on 7 October 2016, aged 97.

## InfoBox

| Alistair Urquhart | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-09-08)8 September 1919
Newtonhill, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
| Died | 7 October 2016(2016-10-07) (aged 97)
Dundee, Scotland |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman and author |
| Known for | Japanese prisoner of war |
| Notable work | The Forgotten Highlander |


title: 1978 US Open (tennis)

abstract: The 1978 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 98th edition of the US Open and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year. The tournament was held from August 28 to September 10, 1978, and the singles titles were won by Jimmy Connors and Chris Evert. This was the first year the US Open was played at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows after having been organized at the West Side Tennis Club venue in Forest Hills since 1915. It was also the first time the tournament was played on hard courts, as opposed to much of its history on grass and a brief stint, from 1975 through 1977, on clay.

text:
# 1978 US Open (tennis)

The **1978 US Open** was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 98th edition of the US Open and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year. The tournament was held from August 28 to September 10, 1978, and the singles titles were won by Jimmy Connors and Chris Evert. This was the first year the US Open was played at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows after having been organized at the West Side Tennis Club venue in Forest Hills since 1915. It was also the first time the tournament was played on hard courts, as opposed to much of its history on grass and a brief stint, from 1975 through 1977, on clay.

## Seniors

### Men's singles

**Jimmy Connors** defeated  Björn Borg, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2

* It was Connors 5th career Grand Slam title, and his 3rd US Open title.

### Women's singles

**Chris Evert** defeated  Pam Shriver, 7–5, 6–4

* It was Evert's 8th career Grand Slam title, and her 4th (consecutive) US Open title.

### Men's doubles

**Bob Lutz** /  **Stan Smith** defeated  Marty Riessen /  Sherwood Stewart, 1–6, 7–5, 6–3

### Women's doubles

**Billie Jean King** /  **Martina Navratilova** defeated  Kerry Melville Reid /  Wendy Turnbull, 7–6, 6–4

### Mixed doubles

**Betty Stöve** /  **Frew McMillan** defeated  Billie Jean King /  Ray Ruffels, 6–3, 7-6

## Juniors

### Boys' singles

**Per Hjertquist** defeated  Stefan Simonsson, 7-6, 1-6, 7-6

### Girls' singles

**Linda Siegel** defeated  Ivanna Madruga, 6–4, 6-4

1. Harvey Araton (August 23, 2018). "The stories that would have been: the 1978 U.S. Open". *The New York Times*.
2. "ATP – 1978 US Open Men's Singles Draw". ATP.
3. "WTA – 1978 Tournaments – US Open" (PDF). WTA.
4. "ATP – 1978 US Open Men's Doubles Draw". ATP.
5. Mark Preston; E.J. Crawford & Joel Drucker. "The Greatest Achievements in US Open History". USTA.

## InfoBox

| 1978 US Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | August 28 – September 10 |
| Edition | 98th |
| Category | Grand Slam (ITF) |
| Surface | Hardcourt |
| Location | Flushing Meadows, New York City, United States |
| Venue | National Tennis Center |
| Attendance | 275,300 |
| Champions | |
| Men's singles | |
| Jimmy Connors | |
| Women's singles | |
| Chris Evert | |
| Men's doubles | |
| Bob Lutz /  Stan Smith | |
| Women's doubles | |
| Billie Jean King /  Martina Navratilova | |
| Mixed doubles | |
| Betty Stöve /  Frew McMillan | |
|  | |


title: 1959 Toronto Argonauts season

abstract: The 1959 Toronto Argonauts finished in fourth place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 4–10 record and failed to make the playoffs.

text:
# 1959 Toronto Argonauts season

The **1959 Toronto Argonauts** finished in fourth place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 4–10 record and failed to make the playoffs.

## Preseason

The Argonauts hosted an interleague exhibition game on August 5 against the NFL's Chicago Cardinals in the inaugural game at the new Exhibition Stadium. The game was the first to involve an NFL team played in Toronto. It was also the first NFL-CFL interleague exhibition match held since the establishment of the Canadian Football League in 1958. The Argos lost 55–26.

### Schedule

| Game | Date | Opponent | Results | | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Score | Record | | |
| A | Wed, Aug 5 | vs. Chicago Cardinals (NFL) | L 26–55 | 0–1 | Exhibition Stadium | 27,770 |
| B | Wed, Aug 12 | vs. Saskatchewan Roughriders | W 53–13 | 1–1 | Exhibition Stadium | 8,000 |

## Regular season

### Standings

**Interprovincial Rugby Football Union**
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hamilton Tiger-Cats** | 14 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 298 | 162 | 20 |
| **Ottawa Rough Riders** | 14 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 275 | 217 | 16 |
| **Montreal Alouettes** | 14 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 193 | 305 | 12 |
| Toronto Argonauts | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 192 | 274 | 8 |

### Schedule

| Week | Game | Date | Opponent | Results | | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Score | Record | | |
| 1 | 1 | Tue, Aug 18 | at Ottawa Rough Riders | W 21–20 | 1–0 | Landsdowne Park | 20,675 |
| 1 | 2 | Fri, Aug 21 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 7–16 | 1–1 | Exhibition Stadium | 27,554 |
| 2 | 3 | Fri, Aug 28 | at Montreal Alouettes | L 6–24 | 1–2 | Molson Stadium | 23,927 |
| 3 | 4 | Mon, Sept 7 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 3–37 | 1–3 | Civic Stadium | 24,245 |
| 4 | 5 | Sun, Sept 13 | vs. Ottawa Rough Riders | W 19–6 | 2–3 | Exhibition Stadium | 25,849 |
| 5 | 6 | Wed, Sept 16 | at Ottawa Rough Riders | L 1–28 | 2–4 | Landsdowne Park | 13,097 |
| 5 | 7 | Sun, Sept 20 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 17–34 | 2–5 | Exhibition Stadium | 27,883 |
| 6 | 8 | Sat, Sept 26 | vs. Montreal Alouettes | W 39–9 | 3–5 | Exhibition Stadium | 20,035 |
| 7 | 9 | Sat, Oct 3 | at Montreal Alouettes | W 37–14 | 4–5 | Molson Stadium | 22,152 |
| 8 | 10 | Sat, Oct 10 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 7–13 | 4–6 | Exhibition Stadium | 26,223 |
| 8 | 11 | Mon, Oct 12 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 7–20 | 4–7 | Civic Stadium | 22,068 |
| 9 | 12 | Sat, Oct 17 | vs. Montreal Alouettes | L 3–4 | 4–8 | Exhibition Stadium | 19,941 |
| 10 | 13 | Sat, Oct 24 | at Ottawa Rough Riders | L 4–18 | 4–9 | Landsdowne Park | 14,996 |
| 11 | 14 | Sat, Oct 31 | vs. Ottawa Rough Riders | L 21–31 | 4–10 | Exhibition Stadium | 19,465 |

## InfoBox

| 1959 Toronto Argonauts season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Hamp Pool<br>Steve Owen |
| Home field | Exhibition Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | **4–10** |
| Division place | **4th, IRFU** |
| Playoff finish | *did not qualify* |
|


title: 1959 Tour de Romandie

abstract: The 1959 Tour de Romandie was the 13th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 7 May to 10 May 1959. The race started and finished in Fribourg. The race was won by Kurt Gimmi.

text:
# 1959 Tour de Romandie

The **1959 Tour de Romandie** was the 13th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 7 May to 10 May 1959. The race started and finished in Fribourg. The race was won by Kurt Gimmi.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Kurt Gimmi (SUI) 23h 01' 02"  2  Rolf Graf (SUI) \+ 26"  3  Alfred Rüegg (SUI) \+ 1' 00"  4  Angelo Conterno (ITA) \+ 1' 33"  5  René Privat (FRA) \+ 1' 34"  6  Antonio Ricco (ITA) \+ 5' 19"  7  Albert Bouvet (FRA) \+ 8' 07"  8  Agostino Coletto (ITA) \+ 9' 03"  9  Jean-Claude Grèt (SUI) \+ 10' 16"  10  André Dupré (FRA) \+ 10' 20" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1959 Tour de Romandie
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 7–10 May 1959 |
| Stages | 4 |
| Distance | 825.4 km (512.9 mi) |
| Winning time | 23h 01' 02" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Kurt Gimmi (SUI)  Second  Rolf Graf (SUI)  Third  Alfred Rüegg (SUI) | |
|


title: 1964 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

abstract: The Closing Ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics took place on October 24, 1964, at the National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo, Japan. The athletes from each country entered informally, despite plans to have a formal entrance. There did not appear to be any backup plan to sort athletes into their respective countries, and as a result the athletes rushed the field, sometimes arm in arm or riding piggyback, in a disorganized and chaotic spectacle. Zambia had just declared independence from Northern Rhodesia on that day and proudly marched under a newly made placard, but other placards were nowhere to be seen. The Japanese television networks were praised for covering the event live without losing their professional demeanor. When order was restored, the officially regulated ceremony was held, overseen by IOC president Avery Brundage. The athletes stood in a circle holding lights, and the large display above the field changed to read "SAYONARA". The national anthems of Greece, Japan, and Mexico as the next Olympic host country were played. As the closing ceremony completed with fireworks, the audience sang Hotaru no Hikari. The Showa Emperor was in attendance.

text:
# 1964 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

The **Closing Ceremony** of the **1964 Summer Olympics** took place on October 24, 1964, at the National Olympic Stadium in Tokyo, Japan.

The athletes from each country entered informally, despite plans to have a formal entrance. There did not appear to be any backup plan to sort athletes into their respective countries, and as a result the athletes rushed the field, sometimes arm in arm or riding piggyback, in a disorganized and chaotic spectacle. Zambia had just declared independence from Northern Rhodesia on that day and proudly marched under a newly made placard, but other placards were nowhere to be seen. The Japanese television networks were praised for covering the event live without losing their professional demeanor.

When order was restored, the officially regulated ceremony was held, overseen by IOC president Avery Brundage. The athletes stood in a circle holding lights, and the large display above the field changed to read "SAYONARA". The national anthems of Greece, Japan, and Mexico as the next Olympic host country were played. As the closing ceremony completed with fireworks, the audience sang *Hotaru no Hikari* (the tune of Auld Lang Syne).

The Showa Emperor was in attendance.

## Anthems

## InfoBox

1964 Summer Olympics
closing ceremony
| Part of 1964 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| 1964 Summer Olympics closing ceremony | |
| Date | October 24, 1964 (1964-10-24) |
| Time | 17:00 – 17:45 JST (UTC+9) |
| Location | Tokyo, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°40′48.6″N 139°42′52.66″E / 35.680167°N 139.7146278°E / 35.680167; 139.7146278 |
| Filmed by | NHK General TV, Nippon TV, TBS, Fuji TV, Tokyo Channel 12 |


title: 1967 NHRA Winternationals

abstract: The 1967 NHRA Winternationals were a National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) drag racing event, held at Auto Club Raceway, Pomona, California on 5 February.

text:
# 1967 NHRA Winternationals

The **1967 NHRA Winternationals** (commonly known as the **Winternats**) were a National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) drag racing event, held at Auto Club Raceway, Pomona, California on 5 February.

## Events

*More Aggravation III* took home both the AA/CD (supercharged A Competition Dragster) trophy and "Best Appearing Car" award.

## Results

### Top Fuel

Top Fuel hosted a field of eight.

#### Round One

In round one, Jim Bollinger lost do Danny Ongais. Dave Beebe was defeated by Gene Goleman. Conrad "Connie" Kalitta eliminated Mike Snively. Jerry Ruth fell to "Sneaky Pete" Robinson.

#### Round Two

In the semi-final, Ongais lost to Goleman and Robinson was eliminated by Kalitta.

#### Final round

Kalitta defeated Goleman, winning US$7,500.

### Altered

The Altered class win went to William “Wild Willie” Borsch, at the wheel of the AA/FA *Winged Express*.

### Top Gas

In the Top Gas final, Kelly Brown lost to Gordon Collett, who claimed a US$3000 prize.

### Competition Eliminator

*More Aggravation III* took home the AA/CD trophy, with a best effort of 7.80 seconds at 190 mph (310 km/h), on gasoline.

### Middle Eliminator

### Little Eliminator

### Super Stock

Eddie Vasquez Jr. and his 1966 Chevy II won Super Stock Eliminator, defeating the 1965 A990 Plymouth of Ed Miller.

### Stock

Graham Douglas and Ed Forys won the 1967 Jr. Stock Eliminator, 14.42 seconds at 95.94 MPH. Defeated 1952 Oldsmobile of Keith Berg. Source: Junior Stock by Doug Boyce ISBN 978-1-934709-91-7

## InfoBox

1967 NHRA Winternationals
| National Hot Rod Association | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Auto Club Raceway |
| Location | Pomona, California |


title: 1966–67 European Cup (handball)

abstract: The 1966–67 European Cup was the eighth edition of Europe's premier club handball tournament.

text:
# 1966–67 European Cup (handball)

The **1966–67 European Cup** was the eighth edition of Europe's premier club handball tournament.

## Knockout stage

### Round 1

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| IS Göta Helsingborg | 35–**58** | **VfL Gummersbach** | 20–19 | 15–39 |
| CH Schaerbeek Brussels | 20–**46** | **HV Sittardia** | 15–25 | 05–21 |
| **Medveščak Zagreb** | **37**–16 | Union West Wien | 21–05 | 16–11 |
| BM Granollers | 40–**46** | **IK Fredensborg** | 24–19 | 16–27 |
| FC Porto | 27–**47** | **US Ivry** | 19–22 | 08–25 |

### Round 2

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **VfL Gummersbach** | **59**–30 | HV Sittardia | 30–10 | 29–20 |
| IK Fredensborg | 30–**33** | **Medveščak Zagreb** | 19–14 | 11–19 |
| **Trud Moscow** | **53**–31 | UK-51 Helsinki | 30–17 | 23–14 |
| **Budapest Honvéd** | **34**–32 | FH | 20–13 | 14–19 |
| US Ivry | 30–**40** | **HG** | 14–20 | 16–20 |
| **Dinamo București** | **39**–27 | Wybrzeże Gdańsk | 23–13 | 16–14 |
| **SC DHfK Leipzig** | **47**–23 | Grasshopper Club Zürich | 20–13 | 27–10 |
| ABC Dudelange | ??–**??** | **Dukla Prague** | 13–28 | ??–?? |

### Quarterfinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Medveščak Zagreb | 23–**28** | **VfL Gummersbach** | 13–09 | 10–19 |
| **Trud Moscow** | **36**–32 | Budapest Honvéd | 15–13 | 21–19 |
| **Dinamo București** | **40**–37 | HG | 24–16 | 16–21 |
| **Dukla Prague** | **30**–24 | SC DHfK Leipzig | 21–10 | 09–14 |

### Semifinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **VfL Gummersbach** | **32**–26 | Trud Moscow | 15–11 | 17–15 |
| **Dukla Prague** | **25**–17 | Dinamo București | 10–07 | 15–10 |

### Finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **VfL Gummersbach** | **17–**13 | Dukla Prague |

## InfoBox

European Cup
| 1966–67 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Sport | Handball |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | VfL Gummersbach |
|  | |


title: Angel Dog

abstract: Angel Dog is a 2011 family film about how a dog named Cooper, a survivor of a car accident, bonds with Jake and helps him get over a tragic loss. This film is written and directed by Robin Nations and produced and cinematography by Kevin Nations. The two are a husband and wife team that go by The Nations. The film’s score was composed and performed by singer-songwriter Peter Himmelman. The film premiered in Los Angeles, California, at the 2011 International Family Film Festival on March 19, 2011.

text:
# Angel Dog

***Angel Dog*** is a 2011 family film about how a dog named Cooper, a survivor of a car accident, bonds with Jake and helps him get over a tragic loss. This film is written and directed by Robin Nations and produced and cinematography by Kevin Nations. The two are a husband and wife team that go by The Nations. The film’s score was composed and performed by singer-songwriter Peter Himmelman.

The film premiered in Los Angeles, California, at the 2011 International Family Film Festival on March 19, 2011.

## Background

After The Nations produced and directed their second film, *Leftovers*, the husband and wife team, inspired by their love of dogs, set out to make a family dog film. *Angel Dog* marked their first push towards their mission to “bring back family movie night”.

## Premise

A dog named Cooper is the only survivor of a deadly car accident where Jake lost his wife and children. Jake dislikes dogs and vents his anger on the dog for surviving. However, a bond forms between Jake and Cooper that gives him some solace.

## Cast

* Jon Michael Davis as Jake Bryant
* Farah White as Caroline Mason
* Richard Dillard as Seth
* Mona Lee Fultz as Bobbie
* Maurice Ripke as Trey
* Ashley Hallford as Nita

## Reception

*Angel Dog* received a 5 Dove rating from The Dove Foundation, which is the foundation’s highest honor possible. Reviewer Edwin L. Carpenter stated, “*Angel Dog* is a movie which adults, along with kids, will enjoy. Don’t let the title fool you. The movie deals with something everyone can relate to: death and loss, and the subsequent grieving process. Yet “Cooper”, a stray, is a lovable dog who seems to have a mission: to help those who are lonely following a loss. Then he moves on to the next need.” Tracey Moore from Common Sense Media gave three stars from five in her review, commenting: ... "Angel Dog is a sweet, heartfelt film about loss that reinforces the value and importance of moving on, and suggests that people (and pets) may all enter our lives for a reason. It offers important positive messages about kindness, compassion, and creating the space for a person to grieve in a healthy, unrushed way. This is contrasted by showing what it's like when people don't move on, and are stuck in a lifetime of pain and unable to let go. That said, it's a heavy dose of real-world suffering .."

## InfoBox

| Angel Dog | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Robin Nations |
| Written by | Robin Nations |
| Produced by | Kevin Nations |
| Starring | Jon Michael Davis
Farah White
Richard Dillard
Mona Lee Fultz
Maurice Ripke
Ashley Hallford |
| Cinematography | Kevin Nations |
| Edited by | Kevin Nations |
| Music by | Peter Himmelman |
| Production
company | The Nations |
| Distributed by | Screen Media Films |
| Release date | * March 19, 2011 (2011-03-19) (International Family Film Festival) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |