title: 1998 Argentine Grand Prix

abstract: The 1998 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Buenos Aires, on 12 April 1998. The race is the last Argentine Grand Prix. It was the third race of the 1998 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 72-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Ferrari team, from a second position start. Mika Häkkinen finished second in a McLaren, with Eddie Irvine third in the other Ferrari car.

text:
# 1998 Argentine Grand Prix

The **1998 Argentine Grand Prix** (formally the **XXI Gran Premio Marlboro Argentina**) was a Formula One motor race held at Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Buenos Aires, on 12 April 1998. The race is (to date) the last Argentine Grand Prix. It was the third race of the 1998 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 72-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Ferrari team, from a second position start. Mika Häkkinen finished second in a McLaren, with Eddie Irvine third in the other Ferrari car.

## Race summary

The two Saubers collided en route to the grid. At the start of the race, Michael Schumacher was caught out by Mika Häkkinen, while David Coulthard maintained his first place. Schumacher passed Häkkinen at the start of the second lap. On the same lap, Eddie Irvine overtook Heinz-Harald Frentzen. By lap 4, Schumacher caught up with Coulthard, and on the next lap the Scotsman took the wrong line, and Schumacher went past. The two cars touched, and Coulthard slid off the track, and rejoined in sixth place. The race then became one between Schumacher, stopping twice, and Häkkinen, on a one-stop strategy. Schumacher's plan proved to be the right one, as he emerged in front following his second stop, after Häkkinen lost time behind Heinz-Harald Frentzen. Behind Häkkinen and the two Ferraris, Jacques Villeneuve was under attack from Jean Alesi and Coulthard. When Esteban Tuero came into the pits, one of his tyres was missing. Eventually, one of the mechanics found it in the garage. Coulthard was slowed by gearbox problems and lost further ground when he tangled with Jacques Villeneuve, putting the Canadian out, while the Scot collected the solitary point for sixth place behind Häkkinen, Eddie Irvine, Alexander Wurz, and Sauber's Jean Alesi. In the lead, Schumacher collected the victory.

## Classification

### Qualifying

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Lap Time | Gap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 | David Coulthard | McLaren-Mercedes | 1:25.852 |  |
| 2 | 3 | Michael Schumacher | Ferrari | 1:26.251 | +0.399 |
| 3 | 8 | Mika Häkkinen | McLaren-Mercedes | 1:26.632 | +0.780 |
| 4 | 4 | Eddie Irvine | Ferrari | 1:26.780 | +0.928 |
| 5 | 10 | Ralf Schumacher | Jordan-Mugen-Honda | 1:26.827 | +0.975 |
| 6 | 2 | Heinz-Harald Frentzen | Williams-Mecachrome | 1:26.876 | +1.024 |
| 7 | 1 | Jacques Villeneuve | Williams-Mecachrome | 1:26.941 | +1.089 |
| 8 | 6 | Alexander Wurz | Benetton-Playlife | 1:27.196 | +1.344 |
| 9 | 9 | Damon Hill | Jordan-Mugen-Honda | 1:27.483 | +1.631 |
| 10 | 5 | Giancarlo Fisichella | Benetton-Playlife | 1:27.836 | +1.984 |
| 11 | 14 | Jean Alesi | Sauber-Petronas | 1:27.839 | +1.987 |
| 12 | 15 | Johnny Herbert | Sauber-Petronas | 1:28.016 | +2.164 |
| 13 | 21 | Toranosuke Takagi | Tyrrell-Ford | 1:28.811 | +2.959 |
| 14 | 18 | Rubens Barrichello | Stewart-Ford | 1:29.249 | +3.397 |
| 15 | 11 | Olivier Panis | Prost-Peugeot | 1:29.320 | +3.468 |
| 16 | 12 | Jarno Trulli | Prost-Peugeot | 1:29.352 | +3.500 |
| 17 | 17 | Mika Salo | Arrows | 1:29.617 | +3.765 |
| 18 | 16 | Pedro Diniz | Arrows | 1:30.022 | +4.170 |
| 19 | 22 | Shinji Nakano | Minardi-Ford | 1:30.054 | +4.202 |
| 20 | 23 | Esteban Tuero | Minardi-Ford | 1:30.158 | +4.306 |
| 21 | 20 | Ricardo Rosset | Tyrrell-Ford | 1:30.437 | +4.585 |
| 22 | 19 | Jan Magnussen | Stewart-Ford | 1:31.178 | +5.326 |
| 107% time: 1:31.862 | | | | | |
| Source: | | | | | |

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | **Michael Schumacher** | **Ferrari** | 72 | 1:48:36.175 | 2 | **10** |
| 2 | 8 | **Mika Häkkinen** | **McLaren-Mercedes** | 72 | +22.898 | 3 | **6** |
| 3 | 4 | **Eddie Irvine** | **Ferrari** | 72 | +57.745 | 4 | **4** |
| 4 | 6 | **Alexander Wurz** | **Benetton-Playlife** | 72 | +1:08.134 | 8 | **3** |
| 5 | 14 | **Jean Alesi** | **Sauber-Petronas** | 72 | +1:18.286 | 11 | **2** |
| 6 | 7 | **David Coulthard** | **McLaren-Mercedes** | 72 | +1:19.751 | 1 | **1** |
| 7 | 5 | Giancarlo Fisichella | Benetton-Playlife | 72 | +1:28.437 | 10 |  |
| 8 | 9 | Damon Hill | Jordan-Mugen-Honda | 71 | +1 Lap | 9 |  |
| 9 | 2 | Heinz-Harald Frentzen | Williams-Mecachrome | 71 | +1 Lap | 6 |  |
| 10 | 18 | Rubens Barrichello | Stewart-Ford | 70 | +2 Laps | 14 |  |
| 11 | 12 | Jarno Trulli | Prost-Peugeot | 70 | +2 Laps | 16 |  |
| 12 | 21 | Toranosuke Takagi | Tyrrell-Ford | 70 | +2 Laps | 13 |  |
| 13 | 22 | Shinji Nakano | Minardi-Ford | 69 | +3 Laps | 19 |  |
| 14 | 20 | Ricardo Rosset | Tyrrell-Ford | 68 | +4 Laps | 21 |  |
| 15 | 11 | Olivier Panis | Prost-Peugeot | 65 | Engine | 15 |  |
| Ret | 23 | Esteban Tuero | Minardi-Ford | 63 | Spun off | 20 |  |
| Ret | 1 | Jacques Villeneuve | Williams-Mecachrome | 52 | Collision | 7 |  |
| Ret | 15 | Johnny Herbert | Sauber-Petronas | 46 | Collision | 12 |  |
| Ret | 10 | Ralf Schumacher | Jordan-Mugen-Honda | 22 | Suspension | 5 |  |
| Ret | 17 | Mika Salo | Arrows | 18 | Gearbox | 17 |  |
| Ret | 19 | Jan Magnussen | Stewart-Ford | 17 | Transmission | 22 |  |
| Ret | 16 | Pedro Diniz | Arrows | 13 | Gearbox | 18 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

## Championship standings after the race

* **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

## InfoBox

| 1998 Argentine Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 3 of 16 in the 1998 Formula One World Championship  Previous race Next race | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 12 April 1998 | | |
| Official name | XXI Gran Premio Marlboro Argentina | | |
| Location | Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez<br>Buenos Aires, Argentina | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 4.259 km (2.646 miles) | | |
| Distance | 72 laps, 306.449 km (190.419 miles) | | |
| Weather | Cloudy with variable levels of dryness; temperatures reaching up to 19 °C (66 °F) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | McLaren-Mercedes |
| Time | 1:25.852 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Alexander Wurz | Benetton-Playlife |
| Time | 1:28.179 on lap 39 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Ferrari |
| Second |  | McLaren-Mercedes |
| Third |  | Ferrari |
| Lap leaders * | | | |


title: Arturo Soria (Madrid Metro)

abstract: Arturo Soria is a station on Line 4 of the Madrid Metro. It is located on the calle Arturo Soria, named for the urban planner Arturo Soria y Mata (1844–1920). It is located in fare Zone A.

text:
# Arturo Soria (Madrid Metro)

**Arturo Soria** \[aɾˈtuɾo ˈsoɾja\] is a station on Line 4 of the Madrid Metro. It is located on the calle Arturo Soria, named for the urban planner Arturo Soria y Mata (1844–1920). It is located in fare Zone A.

## InfoBox

| Arturo Soria | |
| --- | --- |
| Madrid Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Ciudad Lineal, Madrid<br>Spain |
| Coordinates | 40°27′21″N 3°39′22″W / 40.4558288°N 3.6561813°W / 40.4558288; -3.6561813 |
| Owned by | CRTM |
| Operated by | CRTM |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | No |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | A |
| History | |
| Opened | 4 January 1979 (1979-01-04) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Madrid Metro Following station  Avenida de la Paztowards Argüelles  Line 4  Esperanzatowards Pinar de Chamartín | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Arturo SoriaLocation within Madrid | |


title: Arpinia

abstract: Arpinia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.

text:
# Arpinia

***Arpinia*** is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.

## InfoBox

| *Arpinia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Pezizomycetes |
| Order: | Pezizales |
| Family: | Pyronemataceae |
| Genus: | ***Arpinia***
Berthet (1974) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Arpinia inops*
Berthet (1974) | |
| Species | |
| *Arpinia fusispora*
*Arpinia inops*
*Arpinia luteola*
*Arpinia microspora* | |


title: 1981 Atlantic hurricane season

abstract: The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season featured direct or indirect impacts from nearly all of its 12 tropical or subtropical storms. Overall, the season was fairly active, with 22 tropical depressions, 12 of which became named storms. 7 of those reached hurricane status and a further 3 intensified into major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1981, and lasted until November 30, 1981. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, tropical cyclogenesis can occur before these dates, as demonstrated with the development of two tropical depressions in April and Tropical Storm Arlene in May. At least one tropical cyclone formed in each month between April and November, with the final system, Subtropical Storm Three, becoming extratropical on November 17, 1981. Although many tropical cyclones impacted land, few caused significant damage. Tropical Depression Eight was the most devastating storm of the season, causing five fatalities and $56.2 million in damage due to flooding over southeast Texas in August. During the same month, Hurricane Dennis produced heavy rainfall across Florida's Miami metropolitan area and in parts of southeastern North Carolina, killing three people and leaving about $28.5 million in damage. Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Storm Bret, and Hurricane Katrina also resulted in fatalities. Collectively, the Atlantic tropical cyclones of this season were responsible for about $88.7 million in damage and 14 deaths.

text:
# 1981 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1981 Atlantic hurricane season** featured direct or indirect impacts from nearly all of its 12 tropical or subtropical storms. Overall, the season was fairly active, with 22 tropical depressions, 12 of which became named storms. 7 of those reached hurricane status and a further 3 intensified into major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1981, and lasted until November 30, 1981. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, tropical cyclogenesis can occur before these dates, as demonstrated with the development of two tropical depressions in April and Tropical Storm Arlene in May. At least one tropical cyclone formed in each month between April and November, with the final system, Subtropical Storm Three, becoming extratropical on November 17, 1981.

Although many tropical cyclones impacted land, few caused significant damage. Tropical Depression Eight was the most devastating storm of the season, causing five fatalities and $56.2 million in damage due to flooding over southeast Texas in August. During the same month, Hurricane Dennis produced heavy rainfall across Florida's Miami metropolitan area and in parts of southeastern North Carolina, killing three people and leaving about $28.5 million in damage. Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Storm Bret, and Hurricane Katrina also resulted in fatalities. Collectively, the Atlantic tropical cyclones of this season were responsible for about $88.7 million in damage and 14 deaths.

## Seasonal summary

The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. The season was high in activity, with 22 cyclones, 12 of which intensified into tropical or subtropical storms. Of those, seven intensified into a hurricane, while three strengthened into a major hurricane. This activity exceeded the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s 1950-2005 average of 11 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. Although most of the systems made landfall or otherwise impacted land, few caused extensive damage or fatalities. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1981 Atlantic hurricane season caused about $88.7 million in damage and 14 deaths.

Tropical cyclogenesis began early, with two tropical depression forming in April, the first of which developing on April 6. Both tropical depressions were operationally unnumbered. Tropical Storm Arlene formed on May 6. The storm made landfall in Cuba two days later, before being absorbed later by a low. Tropical Depression Two moved out of the Gulf of Mexico into eastern Texas on June 5, producing localized rainfall amounts of 12 in (300 mm) and numerous tornadoes over Louisiana before recurving across the Southeast United States. Another previously unnumbered tropical depression formed over the Bay of Campeche later that month on June 17. It made landfall in Mexico south of Tampico before dissipating about two days later. Tropical Storm Bret formed as a subtropical low in the open Atlantic Ocean north of Bermuda on June 29, and made landfall in the Delmarva Peninsula.

The last of four previously unnumbered tropical depressions developed near Andros on July 2. It made landfall in southeast Florida and later in South Carolina before dissipating on July 4. Tropical Depression Four formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July 25, moving into Mexico the next day, and causing heavy rains in west Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas when its remnants moved into the United States. Tropical Storm Cindy formed on August 2 in the open Atlantic and became an extratropical cyclone on August 5. Hurricane Dennis formed on August 7 near South America. Dennis degenerated into a depression while making landfall in the Leeward Islands, but regained storm strength while over Cuba. Dennis moved near the southeast United States coastline from Florida to Virginia, briefly becoming a hurricane. Dennis weakened into a tropical storm and was declared an extratropical cyclone on August 22.

Tropical Depression Seven formed in mid-August and tracked through the Windward Islands before dissipating near Trinidad and Tobago. Tropical Depression Eight led to a significant flooding event between San Antonio and Houston on August 30 and August 31 while recurving through Texas into Louisiana. Hurricane Emily formed on September 1 southeast of Bermuda. Emily made a cyclonic loop as a tropical storm. Emily strengthened into a hurricane out in the North Atlantic Ocean and by September 12, was no longer identifiable. Hurricane Floyd was a Category 3 hurricane that grazed Bermuda, but no damage was reported. Hurricane Gert formed September 8, strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane, and followed the same track as Floyd, dissipating near the Azores. Hurricane Harvey became the strongest storm of the season, reaching Category 4 strength. Harvey never affected land, but ships reported tropical storm-force winds. Tropical Depression Thirteen brought gusts of tropical storm force to Bermuda in mid-to-late September. Hurricane Irene also stayed out at sea, reaching Category 3 strength before becoming extratropical in early October. The extratropical remnants of Irene made landfall in France.

Tropical Depression Fifteen was small and well-organized as it crossed the tropical Atlantic before weakening as it moved through the northeast Caribbean and southwest North Atlantic during late September and early October. Tropical Storm Jose was a short-lived storm forming out in the open Atlantic in late October. Jose never affected land and dissipated on November 1 near the Azores. Hurricane Katrina formed in the Caribbean Sea, and made landfall in Cuba after reaching hurricane strength. The final storm of the season, Subtropical Storm Three, formed in the Atlantic Ocean on November 12 and moved north, making landfall in Nova Scotia and becoming extratropical soon after.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 100, which is classified as "near normal" by NOAA and is slightly higher than the 1951-2000 average of 93.2. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity.

## Systems

### Tropical Storm Arlene

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | May 6 – May 9 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
999 mbar (hPa) |

An area of thunderstorms originated in the eastern Pacific Ocean in early May, which crossed Central America into the western Caribbean, developing a low-level circulation on May 5 off the coast of Honduras. Thunderstorms were disorganized at first, although it organized sufficiently to develop into a tropical depression on May 6 near the Cayman Islands. It was a rare example of an Atlantic depression forming from a disturbance that originated in the eastern Pacific. Spiral rainbands developed around the center, and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Arlene on May 7 while moving generally northeastward, steered by a ridge to its north. Arlene attained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) before it moved ashore in eastern Cuba early on May 8. While crossing eastern Cuba, the circulation of Arlene became ill-defined, and the storm weakened into a tropical depression, with strong wind shear exposing the circulation. After an area of thunderstorms reformed, Arlene re-intensified after exiting Cuba, reaching winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) over the southeastern Bahamas, based on observations from the Hurricane Hunters. Arlene soon weakened again back to a tropical depression, and on May 9 the system was absorbed by an advancing trough. Late the next day, the combined systems reorganized and resembled having some subtropical characteristics, although it weakened further by May 11.

As Arlene was approaching its first landfall, the National Hurricane Center noted the potential for heavy rainfall in Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas; small boats in those regions were advised to remain at harbor. Meanwhile, the government of the Bahamas issued storm warnings for the central and southeastern portion of its country. There were no reports of damage or casualties from Cuba or the Bahamas, and therefore storm affects were judged to have been minimal. Early in the duration of Arlene, Cayman Brac reported 46 mph (74 km/h) winds; later, peak winds in the Bahamas reached around 35 mph (55 km/h). Arlene was the only May tropical storm on record to affect the Cuban province of Camagüey, although its passage was mostly noticed in its disruption of sugar cane production.

### Tropical Depression Two

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | June 3 – June 5 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
996 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical depression formed in the Bay of Campeche on June 3. Classified as Tropical Depression Two, the system moved north-northwest, lured by a closed upper-cyclone over the southern Great Plains. Shortly before 12:00 UTC on June 5, the depression made landfall near Matagorda, Texas, with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h). Surface observations indicate that the depression's barometric pressure at landfall ranged from 991 to 996 mbar (29.3 to 29.4 inHg). Although the depression dissipated later on June 5, its remnants quickly recurved through the Mississippi Valley, and deepened as it moved off the coast of the Mid-Atlantic states into the Atlantic on June 7.

The depression, in conjunction with an upper-level low, dropped heavy rainfall in the Greater Houston area, with a peak total of 15 in (380 mm) at Lake Anahuac. In Texas City, 1 to 6 in (25 to 152 mm) of water inside 16 homes forced the evacuation of their occupants, with at least 23 homes suffering water damage. Water also entered city hall. Some roads had roughly 18 in (460 mm) of standing water, stranding some motorists for hours. In Galveston, a tornado damaged forty homes and apartments, with severe damage to three homes and two apartment units. One business suffered major roof damage, while several cars were damaged at an auto dealership. The depression also spawned eight tornadoes in Louisiana. The most destructive tornado touched down in Rapides Parish, where it substantially damaged or destroyed thirty-eight cars at a dealership in Lecompte, severely damaged five homes and caused minor damage to four others, downed large trees, and tossed an 18-wheeler truck approximately 200 ft (61 m). Overall, the depression killed three people, two due to flooding and one from an associated tornado. At least $4 million in damage was caused by this depression.

### Tropical Storm Bret

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | June 29 – July 1 |
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
996 mbar (hPa) |

A low-pressure area initially associated with a frontal system developed into a subtropical storm on June 29 while roughly 575 mi (925 km) east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The system headed westward and transitioned into Tropical Storm Bret around 06:00 UTC on June 30. Bret attained its peak intensity six hours later with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 996 mbar (29.4 inHg). However, Bret rapidly weakened as it approached the Mid-Atlantic and deteriorated to a minimal tropical storm by the time it made landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula early on July 1. The cyclone dissipated over northern Virginia several hours later.

Rainfall amounts were light, with a narrow area of over 1 in (25 mm) of precipitation reported near its track and within the central Appalachians, while a peak total of 4.48 in (114 mm) was observed at Big Meadows, Virginia. Locally heavy rains in western Pennsylvania caused some basement and street flooding. No significant damage was reported, but one fatality occurred at Nags Head, North Carolina, due to riptides.

### Tropical Depression Four

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 25 – July 26 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1008 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical disturbance moved across the Caribbean sea between July 20 and July 24 before moving across the Yucatán peninsula. After emerging into the south-central Gulf of Mexico, the disturbance organized into a tropical depression early on July 25. The depression moved west-northwest into northeast Mexico on July 26 before its surface circulation dissipated. Heavy rains fell across western Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas when the remains of this system interacted with a stationary front across the southern Plains between July 28 and July 30.

### Tropical Storm Cindy

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 2 – August 5 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1002 mbar (hPa) |

A cold front moved offshore North Carolina on July 30. An area of disturbed weather along the tail-end of the front subsequently began to develop cyclonic banding, resulting in the formation of a subtropical depression late on August 2 about 310 mi (500 km) northwest of Bermuda. After acquiring more central dense overcast, the subtropical depression transitioned into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on the following day. Soon, the depression also intensified into Tropical Storm Cindy late on August 3 about midway between Bermuda and Nova Scotia. Cindy tracked east-northeast until becoming extratropical on August 5 as it moved over colder sea surface temperatures to the southeast of Newfoundland.

### Hurricane Dennis

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 7 – August 21 |
| Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
995 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August 5. Two days later, the wave developed into a tropical depression well south of the Cape Verde Islands. The depression intensified into a tropical storm early on August 8. However, Dennis then encountered strong wind shear, causing the storm to weaken to a tropical depression on August 11. After crossing the Windward Islands on August 12, Dennis entered the Caribbean but degenerated into a tropical wave early the following day. The wave became a tropical depression again late on August 15 while approaching Cuba. Dennis reintensified into a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on August 16, just prior to landfall near Playa Girón, Matanzas Province. The cyclone emerged into the Straits of Florida hours later, before striking the Florida Keys and then mainland Monroe County early the next day. It drifted across Florida, reaching the Atlantic near Cape Canaveral on August 19. Dennis continued to intensify and made landfall near Emerald Isle, North Carolina, but moved east-northeastward and soon tracked offshore. Late on August 20, Dennis deepened into a hurricane with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), before weakening to a tropical storm over colder waters on August 21. Dennis became extratropical northeast of Bermuda early on August 22 and persisted until being absorbed by a frontal system on August 26.

In the Caribbean, Dennis dropped heavy precipitation on some islands, including Martinique, Saint Lucia, the Virgin Islands, and the Greater Antilles. Flooding in Jamaica left at least 50 people homeless. In Florida, heavy rain fell in many areas to the east of the storm's path. Much of southeast Florida received at least 7 in (180 mm) of precipitation, while over 25.56 in (649 mm) of rain fell in Homestead. Nearly all of Dade County was flooded to the south of Kendall Drive. Many businesses and homes in cities such as Homestead and Florida City suffered water damage. However, the worst damage was incurred to crops, which experienced a loss of over $17.26 million. One death and nearly $18.5 million in damage occurred in Florida. Farther north, Dennis also caused flooding in the Carolinas, inundating many streets and causing crop damage in both states. A weather-related traffic accident in South Carolina resulted in two fatalities. Twenty families in Columbus County, North Carolina, evacuated after the Waccamaw River overran its banks. Overall, Dennis left caused three deaths and about $28.5 million in damage.

### Tropical Depression Seven

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 18 – August 21 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa) |

This system developed over the tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 18, moving westward and then southwestward towards the Windward Islands. The depression dissipated east of Trinidad and Tobago late on August 21.

### Tropical Depression Eight

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 26 – August 30 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa) |

Tropical Depression Eight developed from a tropical disturbance over the Bay of Campeche on August 26. Moving northwestward, the cyclone failed to intensify into a tropical storm before making landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas to the north of Tampico on August 28, with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h). After moving inland, the depression curved north-northwestward before degenerating into a surface low-pressure area near the Mexico–United States border on August 29. The remnants moved eastward across Texas and entered Louisiana before dissipating on September 1.

Although the system was only a surface low upon reaching Texas, a large thunderstorm complex developed near its center on August 29. This resulted in heavy rainfall across southeastern Texas, with a peak total of 21 in (530 mm) in Pine Springs in Fayette County, with much of that falling in only about six hours. One of the hardest hit areas was Lavaca County. At least 15 streets in downtown Hallettsville were flooded, damaging hundreds of cars, 150 to 200 homes, 75 businesses, and a few local government buildings. Five people were killed by floodwaters in Shiner. Throughout Lavaca County, more than 286 homes were damaged or destroyed, 17 bridges and several roads were washed out, and hundreds of head of cattle were drowned. The depression spawned 14 tornadoes, one of which caused extensive damage in the Galveston area. Overall, the depression left more than $56.2 million in damage.

### Hurricane Emily

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 1 – September 12 |
| Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min);
966 mbar (hPa) |

On September 1, a subtropical storm became Tropical Storm Emily southwest of Bermuda. Emily moved northeast, crossing the island the next day, but measured winds were below tropical storm force. The storm continued generally northeast and strengthened into a hurricane. Hurricane Emily weakened over the north Atlantic and was no longer identifiable as a weather system by September 12. Hurricane Emily caused beach erosion across the East Coast of the United States, but no other damage was reported.

### Hurricane Floyd

| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 3 – September 12 |
| Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
975 mbar (hPa) |

Floyd was first tracked as a tropical depression on September 3 when it organized east of the Leeward Islands. As the depression moved northwest, it caused heavy rain. The highest rainfall reported was 5.7 inches (140 mm) at Antigua. It strengthened into a tropical storm, then reached hurricane strength on September 7. Floyd turned to the northeast and passed just southeast of Bermuda as a weakening hurricane. As a tropical storm, Floyd moved east across the Atlantic until losing its identity on September 12.

No damages are associated with Floyd. Although Bermuda was directly affected, the island experienced the weaker half of the storm.

### Hurricane Gert

| Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 7 – September 15 |
| Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
988 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave exited western Africa on September 1, gradually developing a concentrated area of convection. Early on September 7, satellite imagery indicated that Tropical Depression Eleven formed about 400 mi (645 km) east of the Leeward Islands. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gert on the following day. The newly upgraded storm passed between Dominica and Guadeloupe and continued to intensify, making landfall on southeastern Puerto Rico with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) late on September 8. After emerging into the Atlantic, Gert weakened while passing just north of the Dominican Republic. It restrengthened while turning northward near the Bahamas, becoming a hurricane on September 10. Midday on September 11, Gert peaked with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 988 mbar (988 hPa; 29.2 inHg). The hurricane turned northeastward and weakened over cooler waters, passing about 100 mi (160 km) north of Bermuda on September 12 as a tropical storm. On September 14, Gert weakened further to tropical depression status, dissipating the next day.

While passing through the Leeward Islands, Gert dropped moderate rainfall of 5.85 in (149 mm) on St. Thomas. Winds gusted to 50 mph (80 km/h) on the island. In Puerto Rico, rainfall peaked at 6.02 in (153 mm) in the municipality of Maricao, flooding some highways. Several towns on the southside of the island lost electricity during the storm due to downed power lines. Gale warnings were issued for the Turks and Caicos Islands and later the southeastern Bahamas, and light rainfall occurred in the region, reaching 3.20 in (81 mm) on the island of San Salvador. Winds were light in Bermuda.

### Hurricane Harvey

| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 11 – September 19 |
| Peak intensity | 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
946 mbar (hPa) |

Harvey formed in the central Atlantic, reaching hurricane strength only a few hours after first becoming a named system on September 12. From its initial position several hundred miles east of the Leeward Islands, Harvey moved northwest. Its path began curving more to the north, and was considered a threat to Bermuda until the continuing curve took Harvey away from the island. Harvey's track became more easterly, and the storm weakened and became extratropical as it approached the Azores. Harvey caused no reported damage, although several ships reported experiencing tropical-storm-force winds.

### Tropical Depression Thirteen

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 23 – September 24 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
998 mbar (hPa) |

The thirteenth operationally classified tropical depression developed 275 mi (445 km) southwest of Bermuda on September 23, and was initially expected to intensify into a tropical storm. Although it failed to further intensify, Tropical Depression Thirteen brought squalls to Bermuda with winds gusts of tropical storm-force as it passed west of the island later that day. Moving northward, the system merged with a developing extratropical cyclone south of Nova Scotia on September 24.

### Hurricane Irene

| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 21 – October 2 |
| Peak intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
959 mbar (hPa) |

Satellite imagery detected a tropical disturbance off the coast of Africa on September 19. By September 23, the disturbance had developed a closed circulation and was designated as Tropical Storm Irene. The storm tracked northwest, becoming a hurricane on September 25. Irene then began to curve eastward as it gradually strengthened. On September 28, Irene strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane and reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). Irene then gradually weakened, weakening below hurricane strength on October 1. Early on October 2, Irene became extratropical while located north of the Azores. The remaining extratropical storm moved over France on October 3.

### Tropical Depression Fifteen

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 27 – October 4 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1010 mbar (hPa) |

This tropical depression formed southwest of the Cape Verde Islands on September 27, and tracked through the deep tropics before weakening as it moved over the Leeward Islands late on September 30. Heavy rains occurred at Guadeloupe as the system passed by the island. The depression then recurved to the south and east of Bermuda late on October 4.

### Tropical Storm Jose

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 29 – November 1 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
998 mbar (hPa) |

Jose was a weak and short-lived tropical storm that formed far from land on October 29. It moved generally northeast before becoming subtropical and then dissipating on November 1 near the Azores.

### Hurricane Katrina

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | November 3 – November 8 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
980 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical depression formed on November 3 in the western Caribbean Sea about 150 mi (240 km) south of the Cayman Islands. The depression moved north, reaching tropical storm strength as it moved through the Cayman Islands. Katrina continued to strengthen, reaching hurricane strength half a day before landfall in Cuba. A weakening Katrina moved across eastern Cuba on November 6. After emerging over water, the storm accelerated northeast through the Bahamas. Katrina's circulation fell apart, and the storm merged with a front on November 8.

The storm dropped heavy rainfall in the Cayman Islands and spawned a waterspout on Grand Cayman that resulted in minor damage. In Cuba, Katrina reportedly caused widespread flood damage, especially in Camagüey Province. A total of 4,641 homes were damaged to some degree, while 39 were demolished. Two deaths also occurred in Cuba. Heavy precipitation in the Bahamas caused significant crop losses on Long Island.

### Subtropical Storm Three

| Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | November 12 – November 17 |
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
978 mbar (hPa) |

A frontal low over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream organized into a subtropical storm on November 12 while 400 miles (640 km) east of Jacksonville, Florida. After moving northeastward, it turned to the northwest, threatening the northeastern United States as an intensifying subtropical storm that was gradually developing tropical characteristics. A high pressure system turned it to the northeast, and after peaking at 70 mph (110 km/h) it became extratropical near Nova Scotia on November 17. The storm produced significant beach erosion and coastal flooding.

### Other systems

Four additional tropical depressions formed during the season which were operationally thought to have not developed and thus went unnumbered. The first such system developed northeast of the Lesser Antilles on April 6. Moving slowly southwestward, the depression dissipated over the Anegada Passage about 24 hours later. A small craft advisory and special marine warning were issued by the National Weather Service office in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On April 19, another tropical depression formed over the southwestward Caribbean. The depression moved northeastward through the following day, before doubling-back to the southwest and dissipating by April 21. Another previously unnumbered tropical depression formed over the Bay of Campeche on June 17. It made landfall in Mexico south of Tampico before dissipating about two days later. A fourth unnumbered tropical depression developed near Andros on July 2. It made landfall in southeast Florida and later in South Carolina before dissipating on July 4. The depression dropped up 4 in (100 mm) of rainfall in Broward County, Florida, causing localized flooding. A waterspout-turned-tornado at Port Everglades overturned a shed and downed some power lines. Heavy precipitation also fell in South Carolina, especially in Clarendon and Sumter counties, inundating crops and flooding some cars, homes, a school, and stores in the Mayesville area.

## Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1981. Most names were used for the first time, except for *Arlene*, *Cindy*, and *Irene*, which had been previously used under the old naming convention. No names were retired following the season, thus the same list was used again for the 1987 season.

## Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1981 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1981 USD.

| Saffir–Simpson scale | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |

1981 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
| Storm
name | Dates active | Storm category
at peak intensity | Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) | Min.
press.
(mbar) | Areas affected | Damage
(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unnumbered | April 6 – April 7 | Tropical depression | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None |  |
| Unnumbered | April 19 – April 21 | Tropical depression | Unknown | Unknown | None | None | None |  |
| Arlene | May 6 – May 9 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (97 km/h) | 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) | Cuba, Bahamas | Minimal | None |  |
| Two | June 3 – June 5 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Southern United States (Texas), Midwestern United States, Maryland | $4 million | 3 |  |
| Unnumbered | June 17 – June 19 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | Unknown | None | None | None |  |
| Bret | June 29 – July 1 | Tropical storm | 70 mph (110 km/h) | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | Old South (Virginia), Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Midwestern United States | Minimal | 1 |  |
| Unnumbered | July 2 – July 4 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | Unknown | None | None | None |  |
| Four | July 25 – July 26 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) | Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arkansas, Louisiana | None | None |  |
| Cindy | August 2 – August 5 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (97 km/h) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | None | None | None |  |
| Dennis | August 7 – August 21 | Category 1 hurricane | 80 mph (130 km/h) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles (Cuba), Southeastern United States (Florida and North Carolina) | $28.5 million | 3 |  |
| Seven | August 17 – August 21 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) | None | None | None |  |
| Eight | August 26 – August 29 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) | Mexico, South Central United States, Alabama, Tennessee | $56.2 million | 5 |  |
| Emily | August 31 – September 11 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 mph (140 km/h) | 966 hPa (28.53 inHg) | East Coast of the United States | None | None |  |
| Floyd | September 3 – September 12 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 mph (185 km/h) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Leeward Islands, Bermuda | None | None |  |
| Gert | September 7 – September 15 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 mph (169 km/h) | 988 hPa (29.18 inHg) | Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Bermuda | None | None |  |
| Harvey | September 11 – September 19 | Category 4 hurricane | 130 mph (210 km/h) | 946 hPa (27.94 inHg) | None | None | None |  |
| Thirteen | September 22 – September 24 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Bermuda | None | None |  |
| Irene | September 21 – October 2 | Category 3 hurricane | 120 mph (190 km/h) | 959 hPa (28.32 inHg) | None | None | None |  |
| Fifteen | September 27 – October 4 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (56 km/h) | 1010 hPa (29.83 inHg) | Leeward Islands | None | None |  |
| Jose | October 29 – November 2 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (80 km/h) | 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) | Azores | None | None |  |
| Katrina | November 3 – November 7 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 mph (137 km/h) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands | Minimal | 2 |  |
| Three | November 12 – November 17 | Subtropical storm | 70 mph (110 km/h) | 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) | East Coast of the United States | None | None |  |
| Season aggregates | | | | | | | | |
| 22 cyclones | April 6
-November 17 |  | 135 mph (217 km/h) | 946 hPa (27.9 inHg) |  | $88.7 million | 14 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1981 Atlantic hurricane season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | April 6, 1981 |
| Last system dissipated | November 17, 1981 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Harvey |
| Maximum winds | 130 mph (215 km/h)
(*1-minute sustained*) |
| Lowest pressure | 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 22 |
| Total storms | 12 |
| Hurricanes | 7 |
| Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+) | 3 |
| Total fatalities | 14 total |
| Total damage | $88.7 million (1981 USD) |
| Related articles | |
|  | |
|


title: .bible

abstract: .bible is a delegated top-level domain (TLD), approved by ICANN as a generic TLD (gTLD).

text:
# .bible

**.bible** is a delegated top-level domain (TLD), approved by ICANN as a generic TLD (gTLD).

## Usage

According to the ICANN application for this TLD, "The goal of the .BIBLE top-level domain is to establish itself as the recognized choice for registrants who want to market and promote themselves and their websites to, and reach, the Internet-using community, for ministry, business, personal or any other purpose, through a positive association with the Bible; and, as the recognized top level domain name for Internet consumers to know which people, businesses, information sources or other online resources associate themselves with the Bible."

## Significance

Doug Birdsall, former president of the American Bible Society, described the domain as "the Bible's moment to move from Gutenberg to Google."

## InfoBox

.BIBLE
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | March 8, 2016 (general availability) |
| TLD type | Generic top-level domain (gTLD) |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | .BIBLE TLD Registry |
| Sponsor | American Bible Society |
| Intended use | Entities wishing to establish "a positive association with the Bible" |
| Registration restrictions | Acceptable Use Policy |
| Structure | Registrations at second level would be available |
| Dispute policies | DCDRP (Rules), UDRP |
| Registry website | get.bible |


abstract: 155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. Around two-thirds of its personnel were women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). After defending the West of Scotland and later London, the regiment was heavily engaged in Operation Diver against V-1 flying bombs, and later was deployed to Antwerp to carry out anti-Diver duties there in the closing stages of the war.

text:
# 155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery

**155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment** was an air defence unit of Britain's Royal Artillery formed during World War II. Around two-thirds of its personnel were women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). After defending the West of Scotland and later London, the regiment was heavily engaged in Operation Diver against V-1 flying bombs, and later was deployed to Antwerp to carry out anti-Diver duties there in the closing stages of the war.

## Organisation

By 1941, after two years of war Anti-Aircraft Command, tasked with defending the UK against air attack, was suffering a manpower shortage. In April its commander-in-chief, Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick 'Tim' Pile, proposed to overcome this by utilising the women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). The ATS was by law a non-combatant service, but it was decided that Defence Regulations permitted the employment of women in anti-aircraft (AA) roles other than actually firing the guns. They worked the radar and plotting instruments, range-finders and predictors, ran command posts and communications, and carried out many other duties. With the increasing automation of heavy AA (HAA) guns, including gun-laying, fuze-setting and ammunition loading under remote control from the predictor, the question of who actually fired the gun became blurred as the war progressed. The ATS rank and file, if not always their officers, took to the new role with enthusiasm and 'Mixed' batteries and regiments with the ATS supplying two-thirds of their personnel quickly proved a success.

By early 1942 the training regiments were turning out a regular stream of Mixed HAA batteries, which AA Command formed into regiments to take the place of the all-male units being sent to overseas theatres of war. One such new unit was **155th (Mixed) HAA Regiment**. Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 8 March 1942 at Dumbarton in Scotland, and over the next four months the following batteries were regimented with it:

* 525 (M) HAA Bty, formed on 22 January 1942 by 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry from a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks provided by 101st HAA Rgt, joined on 13 April
* 531 (M) HAA Bty, formed on 5 February by 211th HAA Training Rgt from a cadre provided by 108th HAA Rgt, joined 27 April
* 528 (M) HAA Bty, formed on 29 January by 210th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry from a cadre supplied by 110th HAA Rgt; this cadre was then transferred on 27 February to 534 (M) HAA Bty, which had been formed on 12 February; the composite battery was designated 528 and joined the regiment on 4 May
* 537 (M) HAA Bty, formed on 19 February by 211th HAA Training Rgt from a cadre supplied by 130th (M) HAA Rgt, joined 11 May
* 554 (M) HAA Bty, formed on 16 April at 206th HAA Training Rgt at Arborfield from a cadre supplied by 114th HAA Rgt, joined 6 July

## Defending Scotland

By the end of May 1942 the regiment had joined 57 AA Brigade in 12th AA Division, which was responsible for the air defence of the West of Scotland. The following month 528 (M) HAA Bty was temporarily attached to the neighbouring 63 AA Bde. The regiment transferred within 12th AA Division to the command of 42 AA Bde in August, and became unbrigaded in September.

On 22 August 1942, 554 (M) HAA Bty left the regiment to form the basis of a new 170th (M) HAA Rgt forming in 42 AA Bde at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, in Scotland. 528 (M) HAA Battery also left on 15 September 1942 to join this new regiment. On 26 October 579 (M) HAA Bty joined 155th HAA Rgt to bring it back to a strength of four batteries.

## Defending London

At the beginning of October 1942, AA Command was reorganised, the AA divisions being disbanded and replaced by larger AA Groups. By early November, 155th (M) HAA Rgt came under the command of 48 AA Bde in 1 AA Group covering the London Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ). This remained the regiment's deployment for the next two years.

A few sporadic attacks were made on London during 1943, by conventional bombers at night on 17 January, 3 March and 16 April, by daylight Fighter-bombers on 12 March, and by night again on 7 and 20 October. The *Luftwaffe* began a new bombing campaign against London in early 1944 (the Baby Blitz), when the city was subjected to 14 raids between 21 January and 18 April. By now the night fighter defences and the London IAZ were well organised and the attackers suffered heavy losses for relatively small results. On 13 February, for example, only six out of 115 aircraft reached London, the rest being driven off. Five raids in the third week of February varying in strength from 100 to 140 aircraft were met by intense AA fire from the Thames Estuary in to the IAZ and fewer than half reached the city; 13 were shot down by AA Command, 15 by the Royal Air Force, and one 'kill' was shared.

## Operation Diver

A week after Operation Overlord began on D-Day (6 June), the Germans began launching V-1 flying bombs, codenamed 'Divers', against London. V-1s (known to Londoners as 'Doodlebugs') presented AA Command's biggest challenge since The Blitz of 1940–41. Defences had been planned against this new form of attack (Operation Diver), but the missiles' small size, high speed and awkward height presented a severe problem for AA guns and the initial results were disappointing. After a fortnight AA Command changed its tactics: the HAA gun belt was moved to the coast and interlaced with Light AA guns to hit the missiles out to sea, where the gun-laying radar worked best and where a 'downed' V-1 would cause no damage. This new belt was divided into six brigade sectors under 2 AA Group, 57 AA Bde taking charge of one sector, with 155th (M) HAA Rgt under command from early August. The whole process involved the movement of hundreds of guns and vehicles and thousands of servicemen and women, but a new 8-gun site could be established in 48 hours. After moving the mobile 3.7-inch HAA guns to the coast, these were progressively replaced by the static Mark IIC model, which had power traverse that could more quickly track the fast-moving targets, accompanied by the most sophisticated Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictor (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer). These were emplaced on temporary 'Pile platforms' named after the C-in-C of AA Command. The introduction of VT Proximity fuzes also increased the 'kill rate'. The guns were constantly in action, but success rates against the 'Divers' steadily improved, until over 50 per cent of incoming missiles were destroyed by gunfire or fighter aircraft. This phase of Operation Diver ended in September after the V-1 launch sites in Northern France had been overrun by 21st Army Group. In early September 155th (M) HAA Rgt returned to 1 AA Group under the command of 37 AA Bde. 1 AA Group had to redeploy facing East to form a 'Diver Box' to intercept V-1s launched by the *Luftwaffe* from aircraft over the North Sea. In October 1944, 531 Bty was operating 5.25-inch guns – the heaviest guns in service with AA Command – with the higher personnel establishment that these guns required (8 officers, 186 male other ranks, 211 ATS).

## Antwerp 'X' deployment

Once 21st Army Group had captured Brussels and Antwerp, these cities became targets for V-1s launched from within Germany, and anti-Diver or 'X' defences had to be established. AA Command's experience had shown that the power-operated, remotely controlled Mk IIC 3.7-inch gun, with automatic fuze-setting, SCR 584 radar and Predictor No 10 were required to deal effectively with V-1s, but 21st Army Group's mobile HAA units did not have experience with this equipment. In December the first overseas deployment of Mixed HAA units began, and 155th (M) HAA Rgt was one of those selected. The war establishment of an HAA regiment on service overseas was three batteries, so 537 (M) HAA Bty left to become independent on 16 November (it disbanded on 10 December).

The regiment arrived at Antwerp in January 1945, taking over Mk IIC 3.7-inch guns on Pile platforms in bitter weather with inadequate hutting, and were immediately in action against the onslaught of V-1s. The Antwerp 'X' defences under 80 AA Bde involved an outer line of Wireless Observer Units sited 40 miles (64 km) to 50 miles (80 km) in front of the guns to give 8 minutes' warning, then Local Warning (LW) stations positioned half way, equipped with radar to begin plotting individual missiles. Finally there was an inner belt of Observation Posts (OPs), about 20,000 yards (18,000 m) in front of the guns to give visual confirmation that the tracked target was a missile. The LW stations and OPs were operated by teams from the AA regiments. Radar-controlled searchlights were deployed to assist in identification and engagement of missiles at night. The success rate of the X defences had been low at first, but after the arrival of Mk IIC guns and experienced crews from AA Command the results improved considerably, with best results in February and March 1945. The number of missiles launched at Antwerp peaked at 623 a week in February, but dropped rapidly as 21st Army Group continued its advance, and in the last week of action the AA defences destroyed 97.5 per cent of those reaching the defence belt.

The war in Europe ended on VE Day, 8 May 1945. 155th (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, together with 525, 531 and 579 Batteries, was disbanded on 25 October 1945.

## Insignia

While the male members of the regiment wore the Royal Artillery's 'gun' cap badge, the women wore the ATS cap badge, but in addition they wore the RA's 'grenade' collar badge as a special badge above the left breast pocket of the tunic. Both sexes wore the white RA lanyard on the right shoulder.

* Basil Collier, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
* J.B.M. Frederick, *Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978*, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
* Joslen, H. F. (2003) \[1960\]. *Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945*. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
* Gen Sir Frederick Pile's despatch: "The Anti-Aircraft Defence of the United Kingdom from 28th July, 1939, to 15th April, 1945" *London Gazette* 18 December 1947.
* Brig N.W. Routledge, *History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55*, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, ISBN 1-85753-099-3.
* Col J.D. Sainsbury, *The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 2: The Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment 1938–1945 and the Searchlight Battery 1937–1945; Part 3: The Post-war Units 1947–2002*, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 2003, ISBN 0-948527-06-4.

## InfoBox

| 155th (Mixed) HAA Regiment, RA | |
| --- | --- |
| Royal Artillery cap badge | |
| Active | 8 March 1942 – 25 October 1945 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | British Army |
| Role | Air defence |
| Size | Regiment (3–5 batteries) |
| Part of | Anti-Aircraft Command
21st Army Group |
| Engagements | Baby Blitz
Operation Diver
Air Defence of Antwerp |


title: 155 series

abstract: 155 series The 155 series (155系) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1959 until 1983. They were originally designed for and used on school excursion trains running between Tokyo and the "Keihanshin" Kyoto/Osaka/Kobe area via the Tokaido Main Line.

text:
# 155 series

The **155 series** (155系) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR) from 1959 until 1983. They were originally designed for and used on school excursion trains running between Tokyo and the "Keihanshin" Kyoto/Osaka/Kobe area via the Tokaido Main Line.

## Design

Initially classified "82 series", the 155 series was broadly derived from the earlier 153 series express EMU design.

### Exterior

The trains were initially painted in what was to become the standard JNR excursion train livery of "lemon yellow" and "light scarlet" selected from colour schemes proposed by 313 different junior high schools in the Tokyo and Keihanshin areas. Later sets built used "canary yellow", a slightly different shade to the original "lemon yellow" colour.

### Interior

The primary purpose of the trains was to maximize seating capacity for use on school excursions, so accommodation was arranged in fixed seating bays, with 4-seat bays on one side and 6-seat bays on the other side of the aisle, giving a seating capacity of approximately 100 per car. The trains were not air-conditioned, but featured ceiling-mounted fans.

### Bogies

The motored cars were mounted on DT21A coil-spring bogies based on the bogies used on the 101 series commuter EMUs. The non-motored trailer cars were mounted on TR62 bogies.

## Formations

The fleet consisted of two 8-car and eight 4-car sets, formed as shown below, and based at Tamachi Depot in Tokyo and Miyahara Depot in Kyoto. These initially ran as 12-car formations, later lengthened to 16-car formations.

### 8-car sets

| Designation | Tc | M' | M | T | T | M' | M | Tc |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Numbering | KuHa 155 | MoHa 154 | MoHa 155 | SaHa 155 | SaHa 155 | MoHa 154 | MoHa 155 | KuHa 155 |

* The MoHa 154 cars were each equipped with one lozenge-type pantograph.

### 4-car sets

| Designation | Tc | M' | M | Tc |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Numbering | KuHa 155 | MoHa 154 | MoHa 155 | KuHa 155 |

* The MoHa 154 cars were each equipped with one lozenge-type pantograph.

### Key

* Tc: driving trailer
* T: intermediate trailer
* M: intermediate motor with control equipment
* M': intermediate motor

## History

The 155 series sets entered service from March 1959 on school excursion services running on the Tokaido Main Line. Westbound services from Tokyo (Shinagawa Station) were named *Hinode* (ひので, "Sunrise"), and eastbound services from the Keihanshin area were named *Kibō* (きぼう, "Hope"). Trains carried headboards on the front with the name of the train. A further two 4-car sets were built in 1961, and four more 4-car sets were built between 1964 and 1965, to allow 16-car formations to be used on *Hinode* and *Kibō* services.

From March 1971, school excursions began using *Kodama* services on the Tokaido Shinkansen between Tokyo and the Keihanshin area, and the Tokaido Line *Hinode* and *Kibō* services were discontinued from October of the same year. The 155 series trains underwent refurbishment and repainting into the *Shonan* livery of orange and green from 1973, and the former Kansai area sets were transferred to Ogaki Depot in 1974 for use on "rapid" limited-stop services and charter train services. The Tamachi-based Tokyo area sets saw use on school excursions to Nikko, and winter season trains to ski resorts in the Joetsu region.

Withdrawals began in 1980, and the entire fleet was withdrawn from service by fiscal 1983. No 155 series vehicles have been preserved.

## InfoBox

| 155 series | |
| --- | --- |
| A 155 series EMU in *Shonan* orange and green livery | |
| In service | 1959–1983 |
| Manufacturer | Kisha Seizo, Nippon Sharyo |
| Constructed | 1959–1965 |
| Refurbished | 1975 |
| Number built | 48 vehicles (10 sets) |
| Number in service | None |
| Number preserved | None |
| Formation | 4/8 cars per set |
| Operators | JNR |
| Depots | Tamachi, Miyahara |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Steel |
| Doors | 2 per side |
| Maximum speed | 110 km/h (70 mph) |
| Traction system | Resistor control MT46 |
| Electric system(s) | 1,500 V DC |
| Bogies | DT21A, TR62 |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |


title: Anti-spam appliances

abstract: Anti-spam appliances are software or hardware devices integrated with on-board software that implement e-mail spam filtering and/or anti-spam for instant messaging and are deployed at the gateway or in front of the mail server. They are normally driven by an operating system optimized for spam filtering. Anti-spam appliances have existed in wide area networks and home networks since the early 2000s. The anti-spam appliances that are found in wide area networks are usually built from server hardware and are generally used by companies, corporations, ISPs, and universities, and anti-spam appliances that are found in home networks are usually built from embedded hardware and are generally used by consumers. Anti-spam technology companies that have produced anti-spam appliances for wide area networks and/or home networks include, but are not limited to Proofpoint, IronPort, Barracuda Networks, D-Link, Spam Cube, Netgear and TrustEli. Some main reasons why hardware anti-spam appliances may be selected instead of software could include, the customer's preference to buy hardware rather than software due to its ease of installation, the appliance can manage itself after it is installed, and anti-spam appliances commonly provide other security features such as anti-virus protection.

text:
# Anti-spam appliances

**Anti-spam appliances** are software or hardware devices integrated with on-board software that implement e-mail spam filtering and/or anti-spam for instant messaging (also called "spim") and are deployed at the gateway or in front of the mail server. They are normally driven by an operating system optimized for spam filtering. Anti-spam appliances have existed in wide area networks and home networks since the early 2000s.

The anti-spam appliances that are found in wide area networks are usually built from server hardware and are generally used by companies, corporations, ISPs, and universities, and anti-spam appliances that are found in home networks are usually built from embedded hardware and are generally used by consumers. Anti-spam technology companies that have produced anti-spam appliances for wide area networks and/or home networks include, but are not limited to Proofpoint, IronPort, Barracuda Networks, D-Link, Spam Cube, Netgear and TrustEli.

Some main reasons why hardware anti-spam appliances may be selected instead of software could include, the customer's preference to buy hardware rather than software due to its ease of installation, the appliance can manage itself after it is installed, and anti-spam appliances commonly provide other security features such as anti-virus protection.


title: 1973 Westminster bombing

abstract: The 1973 Westminster bombing was a car bomb that exploded on Thorney Street, off Horseferry Road, in Millbank, London on 18 December 1973. The explosion injured up to 60 people. The bomb was planted in a stolen car parked in front of the Home Office building when it exploded on Tuesday morning. Two telephone warnings were given within half an hour before the blast. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was responsible for the attack, which was assumed to have been in retaliation for the jailing of the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade members who bombed the Old Bailey earlier in the year. A day earlier, the IRA sent two parcel bombs that targeted two politicians. It was one of many IRA car bombings in Northern Ireland and England during the Troubles.

text:
# 1973 Westminster bombing

The **1973 Westminster bombing** was a car bomb that exploded on Thorney Street, off Horseferry Road, in Millbank, London on 18 December 1973. The explosion injured up to 60 people. The bomb was planted in a stolen car parked in front of the Home Office building when it exploded on Tuesday morning. Two telephone warnings were given within half an hour before the blast. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was responsible for the attack, which was assumed to have been in retaliation for the jailing of the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade members who bombed the Old Bailey earlier in the year. A day earlier, the IRA sent two parcel bombs that targeted two politicians.

It was one of many IRA car bombings in Northern Ireland and England during the Troubles.

## Aftermath

In the week following the Westminster car bomb, several more IRA bombs exploded in London. The day after the Westminster bombing on 19 December, one person was injured when an IRA letterbomb exploded at a London postal sorting office. Five days later on Christmas Eve 1973, the IRA bombed two London pubs, first the North Star public house, where six people were injured & the second at the Swiss Cottage Tavern, in which an unspecified number of people were injured. The last bombs exploded on Boxing Day 1973 when the Stage Door public house was bombed injuring one person, on the same day another bomb exploded at Sloane Square station there were no injuries in this attack.

## InfoBox

| 1973 Westminster bombing | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Troubles | |
| Thorney Street, looking south from the location of the blast | |
| Location | City of Westminster, London, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°29′38.36″N 0°7′33.94″W / 51.4939889°N 0.1260944°W / 51.4939889; -0.1260944 |
| Date | 18 December 1973 <br>08:50 (UTC) |
| Attack type | Car bomb |
| Deaths | 0 |
| Injured | 60 |
| Perpetrator | Provisional Irish Republican Army |


title: Elachista platysma

abstract: Elachista platysma is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Australia. The wingspan is 7.3–9 mm for males and 7.9–8.7 mm for females. The forewings are bluish grey and the hindwings are grey.

text:
# Elachista platysma

***Elachista platysma*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Australia.

The wingspan is 7.3–9 mm for males and 7.9–8.7 mm for females. The forewings are bluish grey and the hindwings are grey.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista platysma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. platysma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista platysma***<br>Kaila, 2011 | |
|


abstract: Group B of the 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2014 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

text:
# 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool B

**Group B** of the **2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I** was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2014 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

## Standings

|  |  | GBR | HUN | ROU | LAT | RR
W–L | Match
W–L | Set
W–L | Game
W–L | Standings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17 | Great Britain |  | 1–2 | 1–2 | **2–1** | 1–2 | 4–5 | 11–12 | 115–111 | 3 |
| 30 | Hungary | **2–1** |  | 1–2 | **2–1** | 2–1 | 5–4 | 11–12 | 98–115 | 2 |
| 34 | Romania | **2–1** | **2–1** |  | **2–1** | 3–0 | 6–3 | 14–7 | 107–73 | 1 |
| 50 | Latvia | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 |  | 0–3 | 3–6 | 8–13 | 87–108 | 4 |

## Round-robin

### Great Britain vs. Latvia

|
Great Britain
2 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
5 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Latvia
1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Heather Watson**
Jeļena Ostapenko **7**
5 **6**
1      2
 **Johanna Konta**
Diāna Marcinkēviča **6**
3 4
**6**  **7**
5    3
 Jocelyn Rae / Heather Watson
**Diāna Marcinkēviča / Jeļena Ostapenko** **6**
1 5
**7**  65
**77** | | | |

### Hungary vs. Romania

|
Hungary
1 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
5 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Romania
2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 Réka-Luca Jani
**Sorana Cîrstea** 1
**6**  0
**6**       2
 **Tímea Babos**
Simona Halep 1
**6**  **7**
5 **6**
3    3
 Tímea Babos / Réka-Luca Jani
**Irina-Camelia Begu / Monica Niculescu** **77**
65 2
**6**  0
**6** | | | |

### Great Britain vs. Romania

|
Great Britain
1 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
7 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Romania
2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Heather Watson**
Sorana Cîrstea 67
**79** **6**
1 **6**
4    2
 Johanna Konta
**Simona Halep** 1
**6**  4
**6**       3
 Jocelyn Rae / Heather Watson
**Irina-Camelia Begu / Monica Niculescu** 0
**6**  2
**6** | | | |

### Hungary vs. Latvia

|
Hungary
2 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
7 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Latvia
1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Réka-Luca Jani**
Jeļena Ostapenko **6**
0 **6**
4      2
 Tímea Babos
**Diāna Marcinkēviča** 2
**6**  4
**6**       3
 **Tímea Babos / Réka-Luca Jani**
Diāna Marcinkēviča / Jeļena Ostapenko **7**
5 3
**6**  **6**
1 | | | |

### Hungary vs. Great Britain

|
Hungary
2 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
8 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Great Britain
1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 Réka-Luca Jani
**Heather Watson** 4
**6**  1
**6**       2
 **Tímea Babos**
Johanna Konta 4
**6**  **77**
65 **6**
4    3
 **Tímea Babos / Réka-Luca Jani**
Johanna Konta / Tara Moore 5
**7**  **7**
5 **6**
3 | | | |

### Romania vs. Latvia

|
Romania
2 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
8 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Latvia
1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Irina-Camelia Begu**
Jeļena Ostapenko **6**
3 **6**
3      2
 **Monica Niculescu**
Diāna Marcinkēviča **6**
3 **6**
3      3
 Sorana Cîrstea / Simona Halep
**Dārta-Elizabete Emuliņa / Jeļena Ostapenko** **3**
2     **retired**
 | | | |


title: Erik Bagger

abstract: Erik Bagger is a Danish goldsmith, industrial designer and businessman. Bagger is best known for its glass series Grand Cru, Opera and Rosendahl.

text:
# Erik Bagger

**Erik Bagger** (born **Erik Kristian Bagger**; 21 April 1949) is a Danish goldsmith, industrial designer and businessman. Bagger is best known for its glass series Grand Cru, Opera and Rosendahl.

## Life and career

Erik Bagger was trained as a goldsmith in 1970 and his full license was given after completing his apprenticeship working at Georg Jensen. In 1998 he became self-employed with the company Erik Bagger Design A/S and sold applied arts, which was referred to as Form Function. The same year he designs the gas lamp to Louisiana Museum of Modern Art's 40th anniversary by idea of the founder Knud W. Jensen.

Erik Bagger established the design company Erik Bagger A/S with glass stemware designed for the Copenhagen Opera and Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. He sold majority shareholding of Erik Bagger A/S to a private equity fund.

Erik Bagger worked with his son, Frederik Bagger, in their joint private development company, as well as their studio, Erik Bagger Design A/S. Their partnership lasted until Frederik started his own design company in 2014.

## Furniture

Erik Bagger and his wife Caroline Bagger have begun to design a furniture collection in 2013. Erik Bagger Furniture A/S was launched by Erik Bagger with his first complete furniture collection.

In the same year, Erik and Caroline designed a stainless steel sign in honor of The Little Mermaid's 100th birthday. It tells the story of The Little Mermaid, Denmark's largest tourist attraction. The story is described in three different languages: Danish, English and Chinese.

## Media

Erik was invited to join the Danish TV series Made in Denmark, hosted by Ane Cortzen. He was a famous personality to judge the creations of the participants and declare the final winner. In the same year, he reached the third place in the Top trending of Danish businesses, according to Proff's latest search statistics.

## InfoBox

| Erik Bagger | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Erik Kristian Bagger
(1949-04-21) 21 April 1949
Frederiksberg, Denmark |
| Nationality | Danish |
| Occupation | Designer |
| Spouse(s) | Birgitte Bagger (1975–2004), Caroline Bagger (2014–2020) |
| Children | Frederik Bagger |
| Website | erikbaggerdesign.dk |


title: Askeran clash

abstract: The Askeran clash on 22—23 February 1988 in the town of Askeran was one of the starting points of Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which triggered the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The Askeran clash was followed by the Sumgait pogroms.

text:
# Askeran clash

The **Askeran clash** on 22—23 February 1988 in the town of Askeran was one of the starting points of Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which triggered the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The Askeran clash was followed by the Sumgait pogroms.

## Background and clash

On 22 February, two days after the request of Karabakh National Council to transfer the region of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, a crowd of Azerbaijanis surrounded the local Communist Party headquarters, demanding information about rumors of an Azerbaijani having been killed in Stepanakert. They were informed that no such incident had occurred, but refused to believe it. Dissatisfied with what they were told, thousands began marching toward Nagorno-Karabakh, “wreaking destruction en route.” The authorities mobilized roughly a thousand police to stop the riots; the result was a clash in the Askeran region of Nagorno-Karabakh that left two Azerbaijanis dead, 50 Armenian villagers, and an unknown number of Azerbaijanis and police injured.

On *Azerbaijani Radio*, deputy attorney general Katusev reported the fact that "two inhabitants of the Agdam district fell victim to murder", giving two Muslim surnames. These news, according to Tamara Dragadze, were announced to show the gravity of the conflict and to calm down sentiments.

The news of these clashes sparked the Sumgait pogrom against Armenian residents of the city of Sumgait on 27 February.


title: Evel Knievel Factor

abstract: Evel Knievel Factor is the second studio-album by the Finnish rock group Private Line. It was released in Finland on 1 November 2006. Two singles have been released from the album: "Broken Promised Land" on 31 May 2005, and "Sound Advice" on 28 January 2007. The b-side on the "Broken Promised Land" single is the album track "Uniform", while as b-sides to "Sound Advice" are two previously unreleased songs, "Tokyo" and "Criminal". The title is a reference to legendary American motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel.

text:
# Evel Knievel Factor

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Desibeli.net | (4/5) (in Finnish) |
| Findance.com | (8/10) (in Finnish) |
| Noise.fi | (2/5) (in Finnish) |
| Rokkizine | (3/5) (in Finnish) |
| mesta.net | (3/5) (in Finnish) |
| Imperiumi.net | (8+/10) (in Finnish) |
| Soundi.fi | (3/5) (in Finnish) |
| Vertigo.cd | (4/5) (in Finnish) |
| Whiplash.net | (9/10) (in Spanish) |
| Sleaze-metal.com | (9/10) (in German) |
| Melodic.net | (3.5/5) link (in English) |

***Evel Knievel Factor*** is the second studio-album by the Finnish rock group Private Line. It was released in Finland on 1 November 2006. Two singles have been released from the album: "Broken Promised Land" on 31 May 2005, and "Sound Advice" on 28 January 2007. The b-side on the "Broken Promised Land" single is the album track "Uniform", while as b-sides to "Sound Advice" are two previously unreleased songs, "Tokyo" and "Criminal". The title is a reference to legendary American motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel.

## Track listing

1. "(Prelude) For The Daredevils" (1:08)
2. "Evel Knievel Factor" (3:34)
3. "Broken Promised Land" (4:02)
4. "Alive" (3:50)
5. "Sound Advice" (3:42)
6. "The SINdicate" (3:46)
7. "Prozac Nation" (2:58)
8. "Uniform" (3:37)
9. "Gods Of Rewind" (4:08)
10. "Anyway" (4:18)
11. "Billion Star Hotel" (5:05)
12. "Tokyo" (3:53) (\* bonus track for the Japan release)
13. "He's A Whore" (Rick Nielsen) (\* bonus track for the Japan release. Originally recorded by Cheap Trick).

## Singles

Singles released from the *Evel Knievel Factor* album as follows:

1. "Broken Promised Land" (4:02)
2. "Uniform" (3:37)

* **Sound Advice** (31 January 2007)

1. "Sound Advice" (3:42)
2. "Tokyo" (\*previously unreleased)
3. "Criminal (Manchuria, Claude)" (\*previously unreleased. Originally recorded by Smack)

## InfoBox

| Evel Knievel Factor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Private Line | |
| Released | November 1, 2006 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 40:29 |
| Label | Bad Habits Records, Playground Scandinavia, JVC Japan |
| Producer | Sammy Aaltonen & Private Line |
| Private Line chronology | |
| *21st Century Pirates*
(2004) ***Evel Knievel Factor***
(2006) | |


title: 1923 in France

abstract: Events from the year 1923 in France.

text:
# 1923 in France

Events from the year **1923 in France**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* 11 January – Occupation of the Ruhr begins by French and Belgian troops to force Germany to pay its reparation payments.
* September – Resultant strikes called off by German government and followed by a state of emergency.
* October – Rhenish Republic is proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle).

## Arts and literature

## Sport

## Births

### January to June

### July to December

### Full date unknown

## Deaths

### Full date unknown

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1923<br>History of France    Timeline    Years |


title: .bj

abstract: .bj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Benin. It is administered by the Office of Stations and Telecommunications of Benin. Despite having no "j" in its name in any of its official languages, Benin was allocated.bj as the other possible codes.be,.bn, and.bi had already been allocated to other entities.

text:
# .bj

**.bj** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Benin. It is administered by the Office of Stations and Telecommunications of Benin. Despite having no "j" in its name in any of its official languages, Benin was allocated .bj as the other possible codes `.be`, `.bn`, and `.bi` had already been allocated to other entities.

## Structure

Registrations are possible at second level as well as a number of third level domains.

List of third level domains
| Third level domain | Intended purpose |
| --- | --- |
| .com.bj | Businesses |
| .org.bj | NGOs, non-profits and associations |
| .tourism.bj | Entities related to tourism |
| .info.bj | Printed or audiovisual media |
| .edu.bj | Primary and secondary educational institutions |
| .univ.bj | Universities |
| .assur.bj | Insurance companies |
| .net.bj | Telecommunication and network companies |
| .architectes.bj | Architects |
| .avocats.bj | Lawyers |
| .resto.bj | Restaurants |
| .restaurant.bj | Restaurants |
| .gouv.bj | Governments and related entities |
| .loisirs.bj | Hobbies and leisure |
| .agro.bj | Agriculture |
| .econo.bj | Finance and economy |
| .eco.bj | Environmental |
| .santé.bj | Health related |
| .hotels.bj | Hotels |

Alphanumeric terms made up of letters of the French alphabet from A to Z, digits from 0 to 9, and hyphens are allowed in domain names. Domain names that are composed of a single character, are composed of two letters only, or begin or end with a hyphen cannot be registered.

## InfoBox

.bj
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | 18 January 1996 |
| TLD type | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | Network Information Center – Benin |
| Sponsor | Office of Stations and Telecommunications of Benin |
| Intended use | Entities connected with  Benin |
| Actual use | Gets a little bit of use in Benin |
| Registration restrictions | Need administrative contact in Benin |
| Structure | Registrations are available directly at the second level, or at third level beneath some second-level labels |
| Registry website | www.nic.bj |


title: Asiosphegina

abstract: Asiosphegina is a subgenus of hoverflies characterized by sternite I being narrow and lanceolate, several times longer than wide or membranous, and non-pilose, as well as the postmetacoxal bridge being broad, it's posterior margin almost straight, at most with small triangular medial incision.

text:
# Asiosphegina

*Asiosphegina* is a subgenus of hoverflies characterized by sternite I being narrow and lanceolate, several times longer than wide or membranous, and non-pilose, as well as the postmetacoxal bridge being broad, it's posterior margin almost straight, at most with small triangular medial incision.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Asiosphegina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Brachyopini |
| Subtribe: | Spheginina |
| Genus: | *Sphegina* |
| Subgenus: | *Asiosphegina*
Stackelberg, 1953 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sphegina sibirica*
Stackelberg, 1953 | |


title: Asiopsocidae

abstract: Asiopsocidae is a family of Psocodea belonging to the infraorder Caeciliusetae. The family is composed of 14 known species of barklice in three genera: Asiopsocus, Notiopsocus, and Pronotiopsocus. One species from each genus has been found in the United States.

text:
# Asiopsocidae

**Asiopsocidae** is a family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera) belonging to the infraorder Caeciliusetae. The family is composed of 14 known species of barklice in three genera: *Asiopsocus*, *Notiopsocus*, and *Pronotiopsocus*. One species from each genus has been found in the United States.

* Lienhard, C. & Smithers, C. N. 2002. Psocoptera (Insecta): World Catalogue and Bibliography. Instrumenta Biodiversitatis, vol. 5. Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Genève.

Data related to Asiopsocidae at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| Asiopsocidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Psocodea |
| Suborder: | Psocomorpha |
| Infraorder: | Caeciliusetae |
| Family: | Asiopsocidae |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: 1938 Egypt Cup final

abstract: 1938 Egypt Cup Final, was the final match of 1937–38 Egypt Cup, between Zamalek SC (El-Mokhtalat) & Al-Ahly, with the game ending 1–1 meant the two sides could not be separated, so a replay was played during the following season, the replay game ends 1–0, Zamalek SC won the cup for the 4th time.

text:
# 1938 Egypt Cup final

**1938 Egypt Cup Final**, was the final match of 1937–38 Egypt Cup, between Zamalek SC (El-Mokhtalat) & Al-Ahly, with the game ending 1–1 meant the two sides could not be separated, so a replay was played during the following season, the replay game ends 1–0, Zamalek SC won the cup for the 4th time.

## Route to the final

| Zamalek | | **Round** | Al Ahly | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Result | 1937–38 Egypt Cup | Opponent | Result |
| Ittihad | 2–0 | Quarterfinals |  |  |
| Teram | 2–0 | Semifinals | Sekka | 3–2 |

## Game description

### Match details

| Zamalek | 1 – 1 (a.e.t.) | Al-Ahly |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hussein Labib  30' | Report | Hassan El-Far  87' (o.g.) |

Referee: Mohamed Foad Hafez

| **Zamalek:**   GK   Yehia Emam  RB   Ibrahim Negm El-Din  CB   Ibrahim Halim  CB   Hassan El-Far  LB   Omar Shendi  CM   Ali Shoair  CM   Hussein Labib  RW   Mahmoud Emam  AM   Abdulrahman Fawzi  LW   Mostafa Taha  CF   Zoklot  **Manager:** |  | **Ahly:**   GK   Aziz Fahmi  RB   El-Wahsh  CB   Kamel Masoud  CB   Mourad Fahmi  LB   Moustafa Elwani "El-Kassar"  CM   Hussein El-Far  CM   Hani Kamel  RW   Saleh El-Sawwaf  CM   Mahmoud Mokhtar El-Tetch  FW   Moustafa Latif  FW   Abdel Maguid El-Ashry  **Manager:** |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Replay

| Zamalek | 1 – 0 | Al-Ahly |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hussein El-Far  30' (o.g.) | Report |  |

Referee: Mohamed Foad Hafez

| **Zamalek:**   GK   Yehia Emam  RB   Ibrahim Negm El-Din  CB   Ibrahim Halim  CB   Hassan El-Far  LB   Omar Shendi  CM   Qadry Moustafa  CM   Hussein Labib  RW   Mohamed Latif  AM   Mohammed Hassan Helmy  LW   Mostafa Taha  CF   Zoklot  **Manager:** |  | **Ahly:**   GK   Hassan Zohni  RB   El-Wahsh  CB   Kamel Masoud  CB   Mourad Fahmi  LB   Moustafa Elwani "El-Kassar"  CM   Hussein El-Far  CM   Moustafa Latif  RW   Abd El-Karim Sakr  CM   Saleh El-Sawwaf  FW   Hussein Madkour  FW   Abdel Maguid El-Ashry  **Manager:** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1938 Egypt Cup Final
| Event | 1937–38 Egypt Cup |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Date | 14 May 1938 |
| Referee | Mohamed Foad Hafez |
| Replay | |
|  | |
| Date | 2 December 1938 |
| Referee | Mohamed Foad Hafez |
|


title: Ashwani Kumar Channan

abstract: Maj Gen AK Channan, PVSM, SM is a retired artillery officer of Indian Army. He served for 38 years and held various command and staff appointments in operational areas. He also served in the Direcorate of Perspective Planning at Army Headquarters and was the first ADG of Army Design Bureau.

text:
# Ashwani Kumar Channan

Maj Gen **AK Channan**, PVSM, SM is a retired artillery officer of Indian Army. He served for 38 years and held various command and staff appointments in operational areas. He also served in the Direcorate of Perspective Planning at Army Headquarters and was the first ADG of Army Design Bureau.

## Career

He is an alumnus of National Defence Academy, Khadakvasala, and National Defence College, Delhi. He is graduated from the DSSC, Wellington. and completed the HC from AWC, Mhow. He is a prolific writer.

He was GSO 1 in Counter Insurgency area and in the Directorate of PP at Army Headquarters. He served as a Colonel Adm and Colonel MS of a Div, DDG P& M Cell and was the ADG of Perspective Planning & ADB. He retired on 31 August 2020.

## Awards and decorations

During his military career of 38 years, he has been awarded Param Vishist Sewa Medal in 2020 and Sena Medal in 2015.

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| Param Vishist Seva Medal | Sena Medal |
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| Samanya Seva Medal | Special Service Medal | Operation Vijay Star | Operation Vijay Medal |
| Operation Parakram Medal | Sainya Seva Medal | High Altitude Service Medal | Videsh Seva Medal |
| 50th Anniversary of Independence Medal | 30 Years Long Service Medal | 20 Years Long Service Medal | 9 Years Long Service Medal |

## InfoBox

| Major General
Ashwani Kumar Channan
PVSM, SM | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | India |
| Service/branch | Indian Army |
| Years of service | August 1983 - August 2020 |
| Rank | Major general |
| Service number | IC-41960N |
| Unit | Regiment of Artillery |
| Awards | Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Sena Medal |


title: 1943 in television

abstract:
The year 1943 in television involved some significant events.
Below is a list of television-related events during 1943.

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# 1943 in television

The year **1943 in television** involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1943.

## Events

* May 8 – Opening of Paris Télévision – Fernsehsender Paris, a channel operated by German occupation authorities (Kurt Hinzmann, former director of Fernsehsender "Paul Nipkow") after an agreement between Telefunken and Compagnie des Compteurs, with a (German) 441-line standard. Local French programmes and Fernsehsender "Paul Nipkow" programmes are interlaced.
* June – Work is begun for the U.S. Army Air Forces to develop a remotely controlled glide bomb guided by a radio receiver and a television transmitter using a 625-line iconoscope tube. The first are completed in July and tested in August.
* December 23 – The first complete opera, *Hansel and Gretel*, is telecast, by WRGB in Schenectady.
* The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is formed. Its television network debuts in 1948.
* Germany experiments with a flying bomb guided by a television camera, created by Fernseh, using both the Superikonoscope and the Farnsworth image dissector.

## Debuts

## Television shows

| Series | Debut | Ended | Network |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Your Victory Garden* | April 18, 1943 | May 9, 1943 | Dumont |
| *The Voice of Firestone Televues* | 1943 | 1947 | NBC |

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in television (table) |
| --- |
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| In radio 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946   In film 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946   In music 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 |
| *+...* |


abstract: The 1973 Western Kentucky football team represented Western Kentucky University during the inaugural 1973 NCAA Division II football season. The team came off an 7–3 record from the prior season and was led by coach Jimmy Feix. They finished the regular season undefeated and won the Ohio Valley Conference championship. The Hilltoppers made the initial NCAA Division II Football Championship, winning their first two playoff games, including a win over Grambling in the Grantland Rice Bowl, before falling in the championship game to Louisiana Tech in the Camellia Bowl. Their rankings in the final polls were UPI 2 and AP 3. This team was one of the best in school history, set a school record for victories, and finished ranked 1st in NCAA Division II in Scoring Offense. The roster included future NFL players Virgil Livers, John Bushong, David Carter, Rick Caswell, Clarence “Jazz” Jackson, and Mike McCoy. Porter Williams and David Nollner were named to All American teams, Lonnie Schuster was named OVC Defensive Player of the Year, and Feix OVC Coach of the Year. The All OVC team included Bushong, Jackson, Charlie Johnson, McCoy, Bob Morehead, Nollner, Schuster, Aundra Skiles, and Williams. The coaching staff included future NFL coach Romeo Crennel.

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# 1973 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team

1973 Ohio Valley Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 3 Western Kentucky $^ | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 12 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Murray State | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Eastern Kentucky | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Morehead State | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| East Tennessee State | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Middle Tennessee | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Tennessee Tech | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 1 |
| Austin Peay | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
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| * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division II playoff participant Rankings from AP small college poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1973 Western Kentucky football team** represented Western Kentucky University during the inaugural 1973 NCAA Division II football season. The team came off an 7–3 record from the prior season and was led by coach Jimmy Feix. They finished the regular season undefeated and won the Ohio Valley Conference championship. The Hilltoppers made the initial NCAA Division II Football Championship, winning their first two playoff games, including a win over Grambling in the Grantland Rice Bowl, before falling in the championship game to Louisiana Tech in the Camellia Bowl. Their rankings in the final polls were UPI 2 and AP 3.

This team was one of the best in school history, set a school record for victories, and finished ranked 1st in NCAA Division II in Scoring Offense. The roster included future NFL players Virgil Livers, John Bushong, David Carter, Rick Caswell, Clarence “Jazz” Jackson, and Mike McCoy. Porter Williams and David Nollner were named to All American teams, Lonnie Schuster was named OVC Defensive Player of the Year, and Feix OVC Coach of the Year. The All OVC team included Bushong, Jackson, Charlie Johnson, McCoy, Bob Morehead, Nollner, Schuster, Aundra Skiles, and Williams. The coaching staff included future NFL coach Romeo Crennel.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 8 | at Appalachian State* |  |  | W 42–7 | 8,250 |  |
| September 22 | at Austin Peay |  |  | W 28–0 | 7,000 |  |
| September 29 | East Tennessee State |  |  | W 30–0 | 13,500 |  |
| October 6 | Western Carolina* | No. 13 | * L. T. Smith Stadium * Bowling Green, KY | W 45–7 | 13,400 |  |
| October 13 | Tennessee Tech | No. 11 | * L. T. Smith Stadium * Bowling Green, KY | W 41–0 | 13,150 |  |
| October 20 | at Eastern Kentucky | No. 6 |  | W 35–0 | 19,500 |  |
| October 27 | Morehead State | No. 5 | * L. T. Smith Stadium * Bowling Green, KY | W 34–7 | 19,250 |  |
| November 3 | at Middle Tennessee | No. 3 |  | W 42–8 | 10,000 |  |
| November 10 | at Butler* | No. 3 |  | W 48–6 | 3,425 |  |
| November 17 | Murray State | No. 3 |  | W 32–27 | 19,250 |  |
| December 1 | Lehigh | No. 2 |  | W 25–16 | 12,500 |  |
| December 8 | vs. No. 5 Grambling | No. 2 |  | W 28–20 | 15,000 |  |
| December 15 | vs. No. 3 Louisiana Tech | No. 2 |  | L 0–34 | 12,016 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1973 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football | |
| --- | --- |
| OVC champion<br>Grantland Rice Bowl Champion | |
| Camellia Bowl, L 0–34 vs. Louisiana Tech | |
| Conference | Ohio Valley Conference |
| Ranking | |
| AP | No. 3 |
| Record | 12–1 (7–0 OVC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | L. T. Smith Stadium |
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