title: Amaryllidaceae

abstract: The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus Amaryllis and is commonly known as the amaryllis family. The leaves are usually linear, and the flowers are usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels on the stem. The petals and sepals are undifferentiated as tepals, which may be fused at the base into a floral tube. Some also display a corona. Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the onion subfamily (Allioideae). The family, which was originally created in 1805, now contains about 1600 species, divided into 71 genera, 17 tribes and three subfamilies, the Agapanthoideae (Agapanthus), Allioideae and Amaryllidoideae. Over time, it has seen much reorganisation and at various times was combined with the related Liliaceae. Since 2009, a very broad view has prevailed based on phylogenetics, and including a number of other former families. The family is found in tropical to subtropical areas of the world and includes many ornamental garden plants and vegetables.

text:
# Amaryllidaceae

The **Amaryllidaceae** are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus *Amaryllis* and is commonly known as the amaryllis family. The leaves are usually linear, and the flowers are usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels on the stem. The petals and sepals are undifferentiated as tepals, which may be fused at the base into a floral tube. Some also display a corona. Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the onion subfamily (Allioideae).

The family, which was originally created in 1805, now contains about 1600 species, divided into 71 genera, 17 tribes and three subfamilies, the Agapanthoideae (*Agapanthus*), Allioideae (onions, garlic and chives) and Amaryllidoideae (amaryllis, daffodils, snowdrops). Over time, it has seen much reorganisation and at various times was combined with the related Liliaceae. Since 2009, a very broad view has prevailed based on phylogenetics, and including a number of other former families.

The family is found in tropical to subtropical areas of the world and includes many ornamental garden plants and vegetables.

## Description

Vegetative*Allium cepa* **bulbs** with roots**Rhizome** of *Agapanthus**Narcissus* **shoots** emerging, with sheathed leavesFlower and **leaves** of *Agapanthus africanus* Floral morphology**Umbel** of *Allium aflatunense*Organization of an Amaryllidaceae flower (*Sternbergia lutea*) with the six non-differentiated tepals and the six stamens*Crinum moorei*, showing radial symmetry

The Amaryllidaceae are mainly terrestrial (rarely aquatic) flowering plants that are herbaceous or succulent geophytes (occasionally epiphytes) that are perennial, with the exception of four species. Most genera grow from bulbs, but a few such as *Agapanthus*, *Clivia* and *Scadoxus* develop from rhizomes (underground stems).

The leaves are simple rather fleshy and two-ranked with parallel veins. Leaf shape may be linear, strap like, oblong, elliptic, lanceolate (lance shaped) or filiform (threadlike). The leaves which are either grouped at the base or arranged alternatively on the stem may be sessile or petiolate and possess a meristem.

The flowers, which are hermaphroditic (bisexual), are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), rarely zygomorphic, pedicellate or sessile, and are typically arranged in umbels at the apex of leafless flowering stems, or scapes and associated with a filiform (thread-like) bract. The perianth (perigonium) consists of six undifferentiated tepals arranged in two whorls of three. The tepals are similar in shape and size, and may be free from each other or fused at the base (connate) to form a floral tube (hypanthium). In some genera, such as Narcissus, this may be surmounted by cup or trumpet-shaped projection, the corona (paraperigonium or false corolla). This may be reduced to a mere disc in some species.

The position of the ovary varies by subfamily. The subfamilies Agapanthoideae and Allioideae have superior ovaries, while the Amaryllidoideae have inferior ovaries. The six stamens are arranged in two whorls of three, occasionally more as in *Gethyllis* (Amaryllidoideae, 9–18).

The fruit is dry and capsule-shaped, or fleshy and berry-like.

The Allioideae produce allyl sulfide compounds which give them their characteristic smell.

## Taxonomy

Type species of Amaryllidaceae subfamilies*Agapanthus africanus* (Agapanthoideae)*Allium sativum* (Allioideae)*Amaryllis belladonna* (Amaryllidoideae)

### History

#### Pre-Darwinian

Linnaeus described the type genus *Amaryllis*, from which the family derives its name, in his *Species Plantarum* in 1753, with nine species, in the *Hexandria monogynia* (i.e. six stamens and one pistil) containing 51 genera in total in his sexual classification scheme. The name *Amaryllis* had been applied to a number of plants over the course of history.

*Hexandria monogynia* has come to be treated as either liliaceous or amaryllidaceaeous (see Taxonomy of Liliaceae) over time. From 1763, when Michel Adanson conceived of these genera as 'Liliaceae' it was included in this family, placing *Amaryllis* in Section VII, Narcissi of his scheme, in which the Liliaceae had eight sections.

With de Jussieu came the formal establishment of organising genera into families (*ordo*) in 1789. De Jussieu established the hierarchical system of taxonomy (phylogeny), placing *Amaryllis* and 15 related genera within a division of monocotyledons, a class (III) of *Stamina Perigynia* and 'order' Narcisse, divided into three subfamilies. This system also formally described the Liliaceae, which were a separate order within the *Stamina perigynia* (Lilia). The use of the term *Ordo* (order) at that time was closer to what we now understand as family, rather than order. In creating his scheme, De Jussieu used a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification, but with the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers.

The family Amaryllidaceae was formally named as 'Amaryllidées' (Amaryllideae) in 1805, by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire. In 1810 Brown proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of their ovaries (inferior) and be referred to as Amaryllideae and in 1813 de Candolle described Liliacées Juss. and Amaryllidées Brown as two quite separate families. The literature on the organisation of genera into families and higher ranks became available in the English language with Samuel Frederick Gray's *A natural arrangement of British plants* (1821). Gray used a combination of Linnaeus' sexual classification and Jussieu's natural classification to group together a number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, but did not use formal names for these higher ranks. Within the grouping, he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed. He treated groups of genera with these characteristics as separate families, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae, and Asparageae.

John Lindley (1830, 1846) was the other important British taxonomist of the early 19th century. In his first taxonomic work, *An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany* (1830), he partly followed De Jussieu by describing a subclass he called 'Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants' (preserving de Candolle's *Endogenæ phanerogamæ*) divided into two tribes, the Petaloidea and Glumaceae. He divided the former, often referred to as petaloid monocots, into 32 orders, including the Amaryllideae. He defined the latter as "Hexapetaloideous bulbous hexandrous monocotyledons, with an inferior ovarium, a six-parted perianthium with equitant sepals, and flat, spongy seeds" and included *Amaryllis*, *Phycella*, *Nerine*, *Vallota*, and *Calostemma*.

By 1846, in his final scheme Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots, introducing both an intermediate ranking (Alliances) and tribes within families. Lindley placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales, but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. This kept the Liliaceae separate from the Amaryllidaceae (Narcissales Alliance). Of these, Liliaceae was divided into eleven tribes (with 133 genera) and Amaryllidaceae into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipeae (18 genera), while large groups such Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. While of the four tribes of the Amaryllidaceae, the Amaryllideae and Narcisseae would remain as core amaryllids while the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae, but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within the Liliales.

Since then, seven of Linnaeus' *Hexandria monogynia* genera have consistently been placed in a common taxonomic unit of amaryllids, based on the inferior position of the ovaries (whether this be as an order, suborder, family, subfamily, tribe or section). Thus, much of what we now consider Amaryllidaceae remained in Liliaceae because the ovary was superior, till 1926 when John Hutchinson transferred them to Amaryllidaceae. This usage of the family entered the English language literature through the work of Samuel Frederick Gray (1821), William Herbert (1837) and John Lindley (1830, 1846). Meanwhile, Lindley had described two Chilean genera which for which he created a new family, Gilliesieae.

The number of known genera within these families continued to grow, and by the time of the Bentham and Hooker classification (1883), the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllideae) were divided into four tribes, of which only one (Amarylleae) is still included. The Liliaceae were becoming one of the largest families, and Bentham and Hooker divided it into 20 tribes, of which one was the Allieae, which as Allioideae would eventually become part of Amaryllidaceae as two of its three subfamilies. The Allieae included both Agapantheae, the third of the current subfamilies, and Lindley's Gilliesieae as two of its four subtribes. Bentham and Hooker's scheme was the last major classification using the natural approach.

#### Post-Darwinian

Although Charles Darwin's *Origin of Species* (1859) preceded Bentham and Hooker's publication, the latter project was commenced much earlier and Bentham was initially sceptical of Darwinism. The new phyletic approach changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata. The major works in the late 19th and early 20th centuries employing this approach were German, those of Eichler (1875–1886), Engler, Prantl (1886–1924), and Wettstein (1901–1935).

The Amaryllidaceae were treated similarly in the German-language literature to the manner they had been in English. August Eichler (1886) was the first phyletic taxonomist and positioned the Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae within the Liliiflorae, one of the seven orders of monocotyledons. Liliaceae included both *Allium* and *Ornithogalum* (modern Allioideae). Adolf Engler developed Eichler's ideas much further, into much more elaborate schemes that evolved over time, from his 1888 scheme, contributed by Pax to his 1903 version. In the latter, the Liliineae were a suborder of Liliiflorae, including both families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Within the Liliaceae, the core liliids were segregated in subfamily Lilioideae from the alliaceous subfamily, Allioideae. Allieae, Agapantheae, and Gilliesieae were the three tribes within this subfamily. A somewhat similar approach to Liliiflorae was adopted by Wettstein (without suborders or tribes), and with Alliodeae (*Allium*) and Lilioideae (*Ornithogalum*) as subfamilies of Liliaceae. Wettstein's Amaryllidaceae contained three subfamilies, including Amaryllidoideae and Agavoideae.

The early 20th century was marked by increasing doubts about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae. This approach was adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985) and Rahn (1998).

Another approach was that of John Hutchinson (1926), who performed the first major recircumscription of the family in over a century. He doubted Brown's dictum that the position of the ovary was the distinguishing feature that separated Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae. He treated Amaryllidaceae as bulbous plants with umbellate inflorescences, the latter characteristic being the defining feature: "an umbellate inflorescence subtended by an involucre of one or more spathaceous bracts". His work on this has been upheld by subsequent research and his definition remains valid today. Using this criterion, he removed a number of taxa (Agavaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Alstroemeriaceae) and transferred the Agapantheae, Allieae, and Gilliesieae from Liliaceae to Amaryllidaceae.

Other writers proposed reuniting Amaryllidaceae with Liliaceae. Thorne (1976) and Cronquist (1988) both included Amaryllidaceae within a broad concept of Liliaceae (although Thorne later separated them again, but keep Alliaceae as a third family). Thus 'Alliaceae' were variously included in either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or as a separate entity. This uncertainty of circumscription reflected a wider problem with the petaloid monocots in general. Over the course of time, widely differing views as to the limits of the family have been expressed, so much of the literature dealing with this family requires careful inspection to determine which sense of the Amaryllidaceae the work treats.

#### Phylogenetic era

The current phylogenetic era of understanding the taxonomic relationships of Amaryllidaceae began with the work of Fay and Chase (1996) who used the plastid gene rubisco *rbcL* to identify the close relationship between *Agapanthus*, Alliaceae, and Amaryllidaceae. *Agapanthus* had variously been included in Alliaceae or was placed in a separate family, Agapanthaceae. They relocated *Agapanthus* within Amaryllidaceae as they considered it a sister group to that family. Nevertheless, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification (1998) still considered these three separate families within Asparagales. The close relationship was confirmed in a more detailed study by Meerow (1999) who confirmed the monophyly of Amaryllidaceae, with Agapanthaceae as its sister family and Alliaceae in turn as sister to the Amaryllidaceae/Agapanthaceae clade.

In its second iteration (2003), the APG proposed simplifying the higher (core) Asparagales by reducing them to two more broadly circumscribed families, and provisionally proposed the name Alliaceae *sensu lato* (*s.l.*) to include the three sister families (Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae *sensu stricto*, *s.s.*, and Amaryllidaceae), since together they form a monophyletic group. In this respect, they were following Hutchinson's system (see above). Under this proposal, the three families became reduced to subfamilies (and by extension the subfamilies of Alliaceae *s.s.* being reduced to tribes.) At the same time, they appreciated an argument existed for making Amaryllidaceae *s.l.* the formal name of the new and larger family, a position subsequently strongly supported by Meerow and colleagues.

The 2009 version of the APG formally adopted this broad view and the conserved name Amaryllidaceae. To distinguish this broader family from the older, narrower family, it has become customary to refer to Amaryllidaceae *sensu* APG, or as used by APG, Amaryllidaceae *s.l.*. as opposed to Amaryllidaceae *s.s.*.

This phylogenetic tree (cladogram) shows the placement of Amaryllidaceae *s.l.* within the order Asparagales.

### Subdivision

As reconstituted by the APG, Amaryllidaceae *s.l.* consists of three subfamilies, Agapanthoideae, Allioideae, and Amaryllidoideae, corresponding to the three families that were subsumed into it:

Of these, one (Agapanthoideae) is monogeneric for *Agapanthus* (see Cladogram I).

Of the other two subfamilies, Allioideae was resolved into three subdivisions by the initial phylogenetic studies of Fay and Chase (1996). Since they treated Allioideae as family Alliaceae, these were subfamilies Allioideae, Tulbaghioideae, and Gilliesioideae. When family Alliaceae was reduced to subfamily Allioideae, they were reduced to tribes, namely Allieae, Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae (see Cladogram II).

Complete resolution of infrafamilial (suprageneric) relationships within subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae *s.s.*) has proven more difficult. Fay and Chase's study lacked sufficient resolution for further elucidation of this group. Historically a wide variety of infrafamilial classification systems have been proposed for the Amaryllidaceae. In the latter twentieth century there were at least six schemes, including Hutchinson (1926), Traub (1963), Dahlgren (1985), Müller-Doblies and Müller-Doblies (1996), Hickey and King (1997) and Meerow and Snijman (1998). Hutchinson was an early proponent of the larger Amaryllidaceae, transferring taxa from Liliaceae and had three tribes, Agapantheae, Allieae and Gilliesieae. Traub (who provides a brief history of the family) largely followed Hutchinson, but with four subfamilies (Allioideae, Hemerocalloideae, Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the Amaryllidoideae he then divided further into two "infrafamilies", Amarylloidinae and Pancratioidinae, an arrangement with 23 tribes in total. In Dahlgren's system, a "splitter" who favoured larger numbers of smaller families, he adopted a narrower circumscription than Traub, using only the latter's Amaryllidoideae which he treated as eight tribes. Müller-Doblies described ten tribes (and 19 subtribes). Hickey and King described ten tribes by which the family were divided, such as the Zephyrantheae. Meerow and Snijder considered thirteen tribes, one (Amaryllideae) with two subtribes (for a comparison of these schemes see Meerow et al. 1999, Table I).

The further application of molecular phylogenetics produced a complex picture that only partially related to the tribal structure considered up to that date, which had been based on morphology alone. Rather, Amaryllidaceae resolved along biogeographical lines. A predominantly South African clade identified as Amaryllideae was a sister group to the rest of the family. The two other African tribes were Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, and an Australasian tribe Calostemmateae was also identified, but a large clade could only be described as Eurasian and American, each of which were monophyletic sister clades to each other. The Eurasian clade was poorly resolved with the exception of Lycorideae (Central and East Asian). The American clade was better resolved identifying both Hippeastreae as a tribe (and Zephyranthinae as a subtribe within it). The American clade also included an Andean clade.

Further investigation of the American clade suggested the presence of two groups, the Andean clade and a further "Hippeastroid" clade, in which Griffineae was sister to the rest of the clade (Hippeastreae). Similarly, within the Andean clade, Eustephieae appeared as sister to the remaining clade, including Hymenocallideae. A new tribe, Clinantheae was also identified in this group.

The Eurasian clade was also further resolved (for historical treatment, see Table I Meerow *et al.* 2006) into four tribes, Pancratieae, Narcisseae, Galantheae and Lycorideae. This positioned Lycorideae as sister to the remaining Mediterranean tribes.

These relationships are summarised in the following cladogram:

#### Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

Publication of the third version of the APG classification and acceptance of Amaryllidaceae *s.l.* was accompanied by a listing of accepted subfamily and tribal names, since the change in rank from family to subfamily necessitated a revision of other lower ranks, as follows:

Family: Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., Expos. Fam. Nat. 1: 134. Feb–Apr 1805, *nom. cons.*

This circumscription differs from the phylogenetic descriptions of Meerow and colleagues in several respects. Griffineae is recognised as a distinct tribe within the Hippeastroid clade, and Stenomesseae is recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape (lorate-leafed and petiolate-leafed). The lorate-leafed species of the type genus of Stenomesseae, *Stemomesson*, were transferred to a new tribe, Clinantheae as sister to Hymenocallideae in the Andean clade. The remnants of *Stemomesson* then formed a distinct clade with *Eucharis* (Eucharidae) and Eucharidae renamed as Stenomesseae (see Cladogram III).

#### Genera

Plants of the World Online accepts 71 genera. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website lists 73 genera and 1,605 species within Amaryllidaceae *s.l.*, while The Plant List (2013) listed 80 genera and 2,258 species. The Asparagales fossil record is scant, and the 2018 description of Ypresian age bulbils as *Paleoallium* were the first Amaryllidaceae .

## Distribution

Amaryllidaceae are a cosmopolitan family, whose distribution is pantropical to subtropical, but infrafamilial relationships are related to geographical considerations. The tribe Amaryllideae is primarily South African, and Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae are also African, while the Calostemmateae are Australasian. Other elements are Eurasian and American, including an Andean subclade without necessarily following strictly tribal delimitations. This leads to discussions of, for instance, American Amaryllidaceae. The Eurasian clade includes Lycorideae. The American clade includes the Hippeastreae, Eustephieae and Zephyranthinae.

## Cultivation and uses

The Amaryllidaceae include many ornamental garden plants such as daffodils, snowdrops and snowflake, pot plants such as amaryllis and *Clivia*, and vegetables, such as onions, chives, leeks and garlic. A number of tropical lily-like plants are also sold, such as the belladonna lily, Amazon lily, blood lily (Cape tulip), Cornish lily (Nerine), and the Eurasian winter daffodil, *Sternbergia*.

Their economic importance lies in floriculture for cut flowers and bulbs, and commercial vegetable production.

## Bibliography

### Books

#### Historical

Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1 Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8

#### Modern

### Symposia

### Articles and theses

#### APG system

### Pharmacology

### Websites

### Databases

## InfoBox

| Amaryllidaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Amaryllis belladonna* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae<br>J.St.-Hil. *nom. cons.* |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Amaryllis*<br>L. | |
| Subfamilies | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Alliaceae* Borkh. | |


title: End of Nights

abstract: "End of Nights" is the two-part season two premiere of the science fiction television series Sanctuary. The first part originally aired on Syfy and Space in the United States and Canada respectively on October 9, 2009, while the second part aired on October 16, 2009, both occasions following Stargate Universe. It subsequently aired on ITV4 in the United Kingdom on October 6 and 13 2009. Both parts were written by Damian Kindler, and directed by Martin Wood. The episode follows from the season one finale, "Revelations", where the Cabal launch a weapon named Lazarus to turn Abnormals against Humans. The Sanctuary are able to find a cure by using a vial of rare, pure Vampire blood. However, Ashley, who was kidnapped by the Cabal and escaped, turned against her team and took the vial before working on a cure. The episodes follow the Sanctuary's search to find her, only to discover that the Cabal turned her into a super-Abnormal. The opening two-parter was met with generally mixed to positive reviews, and was viewed by around 1.8 million Americans.

text:
# End of Nights

"**End of Nights**" is the two-part season two premiere of the science fiction television series *Sanctuary*. The first part originally aired on Syfy and Space in the United States and Canada respectively on October 9, 2009, while the second part aired on October 16, 2009, both occasions following *Stargate Universe*. It subsequently aired on ITV4 in the United Kingdom on October 6 and 13 2009. Both parts were written by Damian Kindler, and directed by Martin Wood.

The episode follows from the season one finale, "Revelations", where the Cabal launch a weapon named Lazarus to turn Abnormals against Humans. The Sanctuary are able to find a cure by using a vial of rare, pure Vampire blood. However, Ashley, who was kidnapped by the Cabal and escaped, turned against her team and took the vial before working on a cure. The episodes follow the Sanctuary's search to find her, only to discover that the Cabal turned her into a super-Abnormal. The opening two-parter was met with generally mixed to positive reviews, and was viewed by around 1.8 million Americans.

## Plot

### Part 1

Six weeks since the events of "Revelations, Part 2", Helen Magnus (Amanda Tapping) and John Druitt (Christopher Heyerdahl) travel to Egypt in the search for Ashley (Emilie Ullerup), but learn that the daughter they knew is dead. However, in Montreal, Ashley teleports into an Interpol office, steals a server containing classified files, and teleports away. Meanwhile, Tesla (Jonathon Young) is able to create a cure to the Lazarus virus, though Bigfoot (Heyerdahl) refuses to take it due to the fact it was developed by Humans. Even Henry Foss (Ryan Robbins) fails to persuade him. The team find out about the break-in in Montreal, and discover that the files Ashley stole concern "Operation Montana", a British government operation to experiment on six orphans 25 years previously, to turn them into "perfect" humans, until Magnus shuts it down after she deems it a rebound of the Nazi eugenics programme. However, four of them have already been kidnapped by the Cabal. Meanwhile, The Cabal subject Ashley to tests by using the Vampire blood from Bhalasaam, where they attempt to convert her to a "Super-Abnormal".

Henry and Druitt recover the fifth Montana subject in Essex, while Magnus and Will Zimmerman (Robin Dunne) search for the sixth in Vancouver. They arrive to find that he has been taken by a group led by Kate Freelander (Agam Darshi), a con-artist with Cabal connections. She is captured by Magnus, but quickly escapes before they could learn anything from her. However, the Cabal finds out Kate was captured by the Sanctuary, and orders a hit on her. She is wounded during a firefight, but manages to flee and seek refuge in the Sanctuary. In exchange, she tells Magnus that she once visited a Cabal base in Alberta, Canada. Will, Druitt, Tesla and Magnus arrive at the warehouse to find Ashley is alive, but is now fully transformed into a seemingly indestructible Vampire hybrid, and that her original personality is destroyed. The team are able to escape before she can kill them. Magnus deduces that the Cabal are going to do the same transformation to the five kidnapped Montana subjects. In fact, the Cabal have already completed this, and declare war on the Sanctuary Network.

### Part 2

Magnus is able to make contact with Dana Whitcomb (Lynda Boyd), a high-ranking member of the Cabal. She is willing to hand over Ashley in exchange that Magnus hand over the Sanctuary Network. Refusing to give into the demand, Magnus enlists Tesla and Henry to develop a weapon capable of neutralising the hybrids' power, but wants it to be non-lethal, which Tesla finds nearly impossible unless it is completely lethal. During the time they finish a prototype, the Sanctuary bases in Tokyo, New Delhi and Moscow are destroyed by Ashley and her army. Magnus and the team realise the London Sanctuary is the next target, and they travel there to test the new prototype. However, despite the base's defenses, the hybrids break in and dispatch all the resistance they encounter, including killing Will's new love interest, Clara Griffin (Christine Chatelain) whom the hybrids were able to see when invisible. The prototype weapon is also unsuccessful, only stunning the hybrids momentarily before they overcome the effects. The team manages to drive off the hybrids with a fire elemental which forces them to retreat, but the London Sanctuary is badly damaged. With no other choice, the team and what personnel are left of the London Sanctuary evacuate to the main base in Old City.

Magnus resorts to upgrading the weapon to its intended lethal setting, which would kill Ashley in the process. Realising they may face another unwinnable battle, Kate Freelander is released. Though she tries to stay and fight, she is sent away as Magnus doesn't trust her. She would later stay and fight anyway. Magnus later visits Bigfoot, and leaves him a syringe of the Lazarus cure if he chooses to take it and save his friends. Henry maintains all the defence systems in the Sanctuary. However, the Cabal launch a virus to neutralise the EM shield, allowing the hybrids to break into the base with ease. Now with a fully functioning weapon, Magnus is able to kill three of the hybrids before she confronts Ashley, and attempts to talk her into coming back. After Bigfoot takes the cure and saves his friends, he protects Henry and Will while they restore the EM shield, which destroys the fourth hybrid when he attempts to teleport. Magnus faces off against Ashley and the final hybrid. The final hybrid attacks Magnus, but is stopped by Ashley, whose original personality (apparently buried, not destroyed) manages to regain control of her body temporarily. Ashley teleports with the final hybrid, killing it, but also herself in the process.

## Production

After the end of the first season, Damian Kindler wanted to tie up loose ends from the cliffhanger, and to settle the series into a "new groove." He considered two beginnings. One would start with the action, and the second would be the Cabal explaining their plans. Thinking the latter was too uninteresting, the former was chosen. Kindler also wanted to pick up the story line six weeks after "Revelations", since that was considered a good time to start. So the opening joined right in the middle of the hunt for Ashley. In the script, Emilie Ullerup had only one line of dialogue, though pivotal to the plot.

During the original casting call, Babz Chula's character was meant to be male, bald and German. However, Chula's audition impressed the producers enough to have her instead. Andrew Lockington was introduced as the new composer for the second season. Before filming began, the crew scouted locations in areas such as Montreal to get their understanding of the area before the episode was set there.

Like the series, "End of Nights" was filmed mostly in green screen. One scene required five actors to be in it, which was not an easy task since there was limited room on the set. In other scenes involving green screen, one side of the background was in fact real, which gave the viewer the impression of not knowing which side was visual effects, and which was not. The scene involving the tele-conversation between Will Zimmerman and Clara Griffin was filmed live. Christine Chatelain was filmed in front of a green screen twenty feet away from Robin Dunne. The scenes set in Cairo were in fact filmed in a back alley behind a Vancouver studio, which had been used several times before in the series. Visual effects were added in replacement of the green screen, for background to make the Cairo street look longer than the alley was. Another instance of inside filming for outdoor settings, were the scenes involving Ashley's conversion process. The filming location was a large, tall room. Director Martin Wood previously used the area for filming *Stargate: Continuum*. The scenes between Christopher Heyerdahl as Bigfoot and Ryan Robbins as Henry Foss were completed on one take, because Wood was impressed by the acting and the camera angles. Furthermore, Heyerdahl was to wear contact lenses to change his eye colour for Bigfoot, however, at the time of filming, Heyerdahl sustained an eye injury.

Overall, "End of Nights" produced around 1,200 visual effects shots, which exceeded half of the 2,100 visual effects done in the entire first season alone. The premiere of the second season also had a slightly different opening title sequence. Though nearly the same as the first season, the producers changed the pictures of Magnus meeting Albert Einstein, to those between her and Amelia Earhart.

## Reception

After the original broadcast, the first part was viewed by 1.85 million, among them are 946,000 in the Adult 18–49 demographic, and 1.15 million in the Adults 25–54 demographic. The viewing figures were up 18% from the first season average in the 18–49, and 7% from the 25–54 demographic. The ratings for the second part, however, dropped slightly to 1.77 million, though this still made *Sanctuary* the sixth most viewed series on Syfy the week it aired. In the United Kingdom, Part 1 was viewed by 334,000, ranking it the fourth highest viewing for the week, while Part 2 reached a slightly higher rating of 367,000, ranking it the third highest viewing for the second week.

Mark Wilson of *About.com* praised the episode for being a "harbinger of the new \[and a more\] confident Sanctuary" since the first season, as well as Martin Wood's directing of the story and Darshi's performance, but felt certain elements that didn't work well as they should, such as feeling more confined than the past episodes, and that the abnormals of the Sanctuary are barely featured. Paul Simpson of *Total Sci-Fi* rated the first part 7 out of 10, describing it as "hokum, but enjoyable hokum." Simpson also stated the scripting felt a bit sharper, though still high on melodramatic dialogue, and described the introduction of Kate Freelander allows a degree of fun. *URBMN* was mixed towards Christopher Heyerdahl's performance; stating he was uneven as Bigfoot, but excellent as Druitt, and also found Agam Darshi "surprisingly tolerable" as Freelander. Overall, the reviewer considered that while the episodes, and the series in general, bears similarities with *Primeval* and *Torchwood*, it was more the former than the latter.

Rob Vaux of *Mania.com* was overall mixed about the two episodes. He stated the first part doesn't leave much room for the newcomers to the series, but still holds a fair amount of interest, and was decently executed, and the low points remain "forgivable." Vaux praised Darshi's performance, but believed the other performers detracted her "appealine presence." Vaux believed the action sequences failed to catch hold, but improves with its character developments, stating the best moments involve Ashley's indoctrination, and Babz Chula's "creepy performance." For the second part, Vaux stated that enough of the questions have been resolved to provide adequate drama, and leaves a few plot threads to ensure the viewers tune in the next week, and it won't make the viewer regret tuning in. Vaux reacted more positively on the second part's action sequences, and Druitt's onscreen presence.

## InfoBox

| "**End of Nights**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sanctuary* episodes | |
| Episode nos. | Season 2
Episodes 1 & 2 |
| Directed by | Martin Wood |
| Written by | Damian Kindler |
| Production code | 201, 202 |
| Original air dates | October 9, 2009 (2009-10-09) (Part 1)
October 16, 2009 (2009-10-16) (Part 2) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


abstract: The 1942 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 3, 1942. Incumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, ran for re-election. Following his victory in a competitive Democratic primary, Murray advanced to the general election, where he was opposed by former United States Attorney for the District of Montana Wellington D. Rankin, the Republican nominee and brother of representative Jeannette Rankin. In a closely fought election, Murray narrowly defeated Rankin to win re-election to his third term and his second full term in the Senate.

text:
# 1942 United States Senate election in Montana

The **1942 United States Senate election in Montana** took place on November 3, 1942. Incumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, ran for re-election. Following his victory in a competitive Democratic primary, Murray advanced to the general election, where he was opposed by former United States Attorney for the District of Montana Wellington D. Rankin, the Republican nominee and brother of representative Jeannette Rankin. In a closely fought election, Murray narrowly defeated Rankin to win re-election to his third term and his second full term in the Senate.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

Democratic Party primary results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **James E. Murray (incumbent)** | **47,826** | **62.49%** |
|  | Democratic | Joseph P. Monaghan | 28,709 | 37.51% |
| Total votes | | | **76,535** | **100.00%** |

## Republican primary

### Candidates

### Results

Republican Primary results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Wellington D. Rankin** | **24,677** | **58.83%** |
|  | Republican | Charles R. Dawley | 9,267 | 22.09% |
|  | Republican | Jacob Thorkelson | 7,999 | 19.07% |
| Total votes | | | **41,943** | **100.00%** |

## General election

### Results

United States Senate election in Montana, 1942
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **James E. Murray (incumbent)** | **83,673** | **49.07%** | **−5.91%** |
|  | Republican | Wellington D. Rankin | 82,461 | 48.36% | +21.25% |
|  | Prohibition | Charles R. Miller | 2,711 | 1.59% |  |
|  | Socialist | E. H. Helterbran | 1,669 | 0.98% |  |
| Majority | | | 1,212 | 0.71% | −27.16% |
| Turnout | | | 170,514 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1942 United States Senate election in Montana
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **James E. Murray** Wellington D. Rankin   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **83,673** 82,461  Percentage **49.07%** 48.36% | |
| ---  County results
**Murray:**      40–50%      50–60%
**Rankin:**      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
James E. Murray
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
James E. Murray
Democratic | |


title: En Busca de un Ídolo 2015

abstract: En Busca de un Ídolo 2015 was a professional wrestling tournament held by the Mexican Lucha Libre promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) from May through August, 2015. The qualifier took place on May 24, 2015 to determine which eight wrestlers would compete in the main portion of the show. This is the fourth time since 2012 that CMLL has held an En Busca de un Ídolo tournament, making it the fourth overall tournament under that name. All tournament matches took place in CMLL's main building, Arena México on Tuesday and Friday shows. Like the first 2012 and 2014 version of the tournament was devised to focus on a group of younger wrestlers trying to prove themselves to both CMLL and the fans. The first round of the tournament ran from June 5 to July 21 with Guerrero Maya Jr., Boby Zavala, Esfinge and Disturbio all qualifying for the second round. The second round ran from July 31 to August 14 and the finals of the tournament took place on August 21 with Zavala winning the tournament.

text:
# En Busca de un Ídolo 2015

***En Busca de un Ídolo** 2015* ("In Search of an Idol 2015") was a professional wrestling tournament held by the Mexican *Lucha Libre* (professional wrestling) promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) from May through August, 2015. The qualifier took place on May 24, 2015 to determine which eight wrestlers would compete in the main portion of the show. This is the fourth time since 2012 that CMLL has held an *En Busca de un Ídolo* tournament, making it the fourth overall tournament under that name. All tournament matches took place in CMLL's main building, Arena México on Tuesday and Friday shows. Like the first 2012 and 2014 version of the tournament was devised to focus on a group of younger wrestlers trying to prove themselves to both CMLL and the fans. The first round of the tournament ran from June 5 to July 21 with Guerrero Maya Jr., Boby Zavala, Esfinge and Disturbio all qualifying for the second round. The second round ran from July 31 to August 14 and the finals of the tournament took place on August 21 with Zavala winning the tournament.

## Tournament Prize

The winner of the tournament will be given the opportunity to work on the 2016 *Fantastica Mania* show, an event co-promoted by CMLL and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) that takes place in Japan once a year. Additional rewards have not yet been announced, previous years winners have also received championship matches, but that has not been verified for the 2015 tournament.

## Tournament format

The tournament will be split into three rounds, in the first round all eight wrestlers will face off in a Round-robin tournament, each wrestling seven matches split between CMLL Tuesday and Friday shows in Arena Mexico. Wrestlers will earn points based on their in ring result, judging and an online poll. The top four point earners will move on to round two. Round two is another round-robin tournament between the top four point earners. At the end of the round the top two wrestlers will face off in the finals of the tournament. All matches except the finals will be one fall with a 10-minute time limit, the finals will be a

## Point system

Wrestlers can earn points in one of three ways

* 20 Points for a victory
* 10 Points for a draw
* 0 points for a loss
* Judging

* The tournament includes four judges, referee El Tirantes, wrestler Shocker, trainer Hijo del Gladiador and a fourth judge that would rotate from show to show. The judges can award up to 10 points each based on skills displayed, the way a wrestler portray their character, their personality, their charisma, and how much of a fan response they get during their matches.
* Online Poll

* The third way to earn points for the tournament is through an online poll conducted after each match on the *En Busca de un Ídolo* website. The online poll could give a wrestler a maximum of 40 additional points in the tournament each week.

## Participants

Team Negro Casas Team Virus Judges

## Tournament qualifier

On May 24, 2015, 16 wrestlers competed in a *torneo cibernetico* elimination match, competing for eight spots in the main portion of the *En Busca de un Ídolo* tournament. The 16 wrestlers were Akuma, Blue Panther Jr., Cancerbero, Canelo Casas, Delta, Disturbio, Esfinge, Flyer, El Gallo, Guerrero Maya Jr., Joker, Pegasso, Raziel, Sagrado, Stigma and Boby Zavala. In the end Blue Panther Jr., Boby Zavala, Canelo Casas, Delta, Disturbio, Esfinge and Flyer, Guerrero Maya Jr. qualified for the main portion of the tournament.

| # | Eliminated | Eliminated by | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Akuma | Joker |  |
| 2 | Raziel | Guerrero Maya Jr. |  |
| 3 | Joker | Pegasso |  |
| 4 | Cancerbero | Delta |  |
| 5 | Pegasso | Stigma |  |
| 6 | Sagrado | Boby Zavala |  |
| 7 | Stigma | Esfinge |  |
| 8 | El Gallo | Canelo Casas |  |

## Round one

During the May 27, 2015 *CMLL Informa* show it was revealed that Negro Casas would be the trainer for Blue Panther Jr, Canelo Casas, Delta and Guerrero Maya Jr. while Virus would be the trainer for Zavala, Disturbio, Esfinge and Flyer. Three out of the four wrestlers on Virus' team were already in his wrestling class, adding Disturbio to the group. During the *CMLL Informa* episode the announcers pushed the storyline that Casas might have a harder time with his team, training the son of long time rival Blue Panther, Casas' nephew and the two most experienced wrestlers in the group who may not be as open to his input as a trainer. During the first round Guerrero Maya Jr. earned 100 points from winning five matches in total during the seven-week round-robin tournament, the most of any of the participants while Flyer only earned 30 points for one victory (over Blue Panther Jr.) and a draw against Canelo Casas, the least of any participant. Guerrero Maya Jr. was also the person to get the highest accumulated score from the judges, a total of 221 points, with Delta receiving the lowest collective score a total of 132 points. The online poll had Boby Zavala as the top point earner with 221 points and Blue Panther Jr as the lowest with only 53 points in total. While Flyer scored low both in matches and with the judges the fan polls were strongly in his favor during the last four weeks that it moved him into fifth position. Blue Panther Jr., who was already the lowest ranked competitor, did not work his final match of the first round, with CMLL claiming force majeure, replacing him in the match with Hechicero who wrestled against Delta but did not get any points. His no-show did not change his rankings as he could not possibly have ended higher than seventh place. For the last week of the first round it looked as if Flyer would be in third place as long as he got decent points from the judges due to his strong poll numbers, but he was forced to pull out of the match due to a foot injury. Due to this CMLL had Guerrero Maya Jr. wrestle against Tritón. By not scoring any points from the judges at all Flyer felt to fourth position. In the end Guerrero Maya Jr., Bobby Zavala, Esfinge and Disturbio all qualified for the second round. Between rounds trainer Negro Casas will team up with Guerrero Maya Jr. and Boby Zavala to take on Virus, Esfinge and Disturbio as part of the July 24 *Super Viernes* show.

Total points standing
| Rank | Name | Match Points | Judges Points | Poll Points | Total Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Guerrero Maya Jr. | 100 | 213 | 225 | 538 |
| 2 | Bobby Zavala | 70 | 221 | 242 | 533 |
| 3 | Esfinge | 80 | 197 | 116 | 393 |
| 4 | Disturbio | 60 | 193 | 138 | 391 |
| 5 | Flyer | 30 | 135 | 219 | 384 |
| 6 | Carnelo Casas | 80 | 181 | 61 | 322 |
| 7 | Delta | 80 | 165 | 60 | 305 |
| 8 | Blue Panther Jr. | 60 | 140 | 54 | 254 |

Match results
| Round 1 | Blue Panther Jr. | Boby Zavala | Canelo Casas | Delta | Disturbio | Esfinge | Flyer | Guerrero Maya Jr. | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Blue Panther Jr. | X | Blue Panther Jr. | Casas | Delta | Blue Panther Jr | Blue Panther Jr. | Flyer | Esfinge | 60 |
| Boby Zavala | Blue Panther Jr. | X | Draw | Delta | Disturbio | Zavala | Zavala | Zavala | 70 |
| Canelo Casas | Casas | Draw | X | Casas | Casas | Esfinge | Draw | Maya Jr. | 80 |
| Delta | Delta | Delta | Casas | X | Disturbio | Delta | Delta | Maya Jr. | 80 |
| Disturbio | Blue Panther Jr. | Disturbio | Casas | Disturbio | X | Esfinge | Disturbio | Maya Jr. | 60 |
| Esfinge | Blue Panther Jr. | Zavala | Esfinge | Delta | Esfinge | X | Esfinge | Esfinge | 80 |
| Flyer | Flyer | Zavala | Draw | Delta | Disturbio | Esfinge | X | Maya Jr. | 30 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | Maya Jr. | Zavala | Maya Jr. | Maya Jr. | Maya Jr. | Esfinge | Maya Jr. | X | 100 |
| Total | 60 | 70 | 80 | 80 | 60 | 80 | 30 | 100 | X |

Online Poll Points
| Name | Wk 1 | Wk 2 | Wk 3 | Wk 4 | Wk 5 | Wk 6 | Wk 7 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bobby Zavala | 37 | 40 | 38 | 32 | 34 | 31 | 30 | 242 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 39 | 36 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 14 | 18 | 225 |
| Flyer | 18 | 26 | 17 | 40 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 179 |
| Disturbio | 34 | 13 | 21 | 18 | 23 | 21 | 8 | 138 |
| Esfinge | 40 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 2 | 8 | 17 | 116 |
| Carnelo Casas | 5 | 4 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 61 |
| Delta | 4 | 2 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 5 | 60 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 4 | 4 | 17 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 54 |

Weekly Judge's Points breakdown
| **Week 1 - June 5, 2015** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Máximo | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 33 |
| Delta | 3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 27 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 26 |
| Canelo Casas | 3 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 23 |
| **Week 1 - June 9, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | La Sombra | Total |
| Disturbio | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 22 |
| Esfinge | 4 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 20 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 18 |
| Flyer | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 17 |
| **Week 2 - June 12, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Último Guerrero | Total |
| Esfinge | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 32 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 5 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 26 |
| Disturbio | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 21 |
| Flyer | 3 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 18 |
| **Week 2 - June 16, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Volador Jr. | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 31 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 27 |
| Canelo Casas | 3 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 22 |
| Delta | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 20 |
| **Week 3 - June 19, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Valiente | Total |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 28 |
| Disturbio | 5 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 27 |
| Esfinge | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 23 |
| Delta | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 22 |
| **Week 3 - June 13, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Brazo de Plata | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 32 |
| Canelo Casas | 5 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 30 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 29 |
| Flyer | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 29 |
| **Week 4 - June 26, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Blue Panther | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 32 |
| Flyer | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 28 |
| Canelo Casas | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 27 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 5 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 18 |
| **Week 4 - June 30, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | El Felino | Atlantis | Total |
| Esfinge | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 35 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 32 |
| Disturbio | 6 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 32 |
| Delta | 5 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 22 |
| **Week 4 - July 3, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Mephisto | El Terrible | Total |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 32 |
| Delta | 6 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 27 |
| Canelo Casas | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 26 |
| Disturbio | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 22 |
| **Week 5 - July 7, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Ripper | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 33 |
| Esfinge | 2 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 21 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 20 |
| Flyer | 3 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 17 |
| **Week 6 - July 10, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Rey Bucanero | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 10 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 27 |
| Canelo Casas | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 24 |
| Delta | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 24 |
| Flyer | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 23 |
| **Week 6 - July 14, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | La Amapola | Total |
| Disturbio | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 35 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 32 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 29 |
| Esfinge | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 31 |
| **Week 7 - July 17, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Diamante Azul | Total |
| Esfinge | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 34 |
| Canelo Casas | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 29 |
| Delta | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 23 |
| Blue Panther Jr. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **Week 7 - July 21, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Atlantis | Total |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 34 |
| Disturbio | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 33 |
| Boby Zavala | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 33 |
| Flyer | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## Round two

The second round of the tournament will run over three weeks, from July 31 through August 14 as Distrubio, Esfinge, Guerrero Maya Jr. and Boby Zavala will compete to qualify for the finals of the tournament.

Total points standing
| Rank | Name | Match Points | Judges Points | Poll Points | Total Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Guerrro Maya Jr. | 40 | 58 | 80 | 178 |
| 2 | Boby Zavala | 30 | 67 | 65 | 162 |
| 3 | Esfinge | 30 | 62 | 21 | 117 |
| 4 | Disturbio | 0 | 62 | 47 | 109 |

Match results
| Round 2 | Disturbio | Esfinge | Maya Jr. | Zavala | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Disturbio | X | Esfinge | Maya Jr. | Zavala | 0 |
| Esfinge | Esfinge | X | Maya Jr. | Draw | 30 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | Maya Jr. | Maya Jr. | X | Zavala | 20 |
| Boby Zavala | Zavala | Draw | Zavala | X | 30 |
| Total | 0 | 30 | 20 | 30 | X |

Online Poll Points
| Name | Wk 1 | Wk 2 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 40 | 40 | 80 |
| Boby Zavala | 33 | 32 | 65 |
| Disturbio | 31 | 15 | 46 |
| Esfinge | 10 | 11 | 21 |

Weekly Judge's Points breakdown
| **Round 2 Week 1 - July 31, 2015** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Estrellita | Total |
| Esfinge | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 35 |
| Disturbio | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 33 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 33 |
| Boby Zavala | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 33 |
| **Round 2 Week 2 - August 7, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Valiente | La Máscara | Total |
| Boby Zavala | 7 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 34 |
| Esfinge | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 31 |
| Disturbio | 5 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 29 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 25 |
| **Round 2 Week 3 - August 14, 2015** | | | | | |
| Wrestler | Tirantes | Hijo del Gladiador | Shocker | Volador Jr. | Total |
| Disturbio | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 32 |
| Esfinge | 0 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 23 |
| Guerrero Maya Jr. | 9 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 32 |
| Boby Zavala | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 34 |

## Finals

The finals took place on August 21, 2015, and saw Boby Zavala pin Guerrero Maya Jr. to win the match and the tournament. As a result, Zavala gets to not only travel to Japan for the 2016 *Fantastica Mania* show as well as a title match of his choice in the future.

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19. "Resultados Arena México® – Martes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). June 9, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
20. "Resultados Arena Mexico Viernes Espectaculares" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 12, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
21. "Resultados Arena México® – Martes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
22. "Resultados Arena México® – Martes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
23. "Resultados Arena Mexico Viernes Espectaculares" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 10, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
24. "Resultados Arena México® – Viernes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). June 6, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
25. Valdés, Apolo (June 6, 2015). "Arrancó 'En Busca de un Ídolo'". *MedioTiempo* (in Spanish). MSN. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
26. "Resultados Arena México® – Martes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
27. "Resultados Arena Mexico Viernes Espectaculares" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
28. "Resultados Arena México® – Martes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). June 30, 2015. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
29. "Resultados Arena México® – Viernes Espectaculares". *Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre* (in Spanish). June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
30. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 12, 2015. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
31. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
32. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
33. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
34. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 10, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
35. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 17, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
36. "Resultados" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 22, 2015. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
37. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de Un Idolo" Primera Lucha entre Guerrero Maya Jr. y Canelo Casas* \[*Fourth "In Search of an Idol" tournament, first match between Guerrero Maya Jr and Canelo Casas*\] (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 6, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
38. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de Un Idolo" Segunda Lucha entre Delta y Boby Zavala* \[*Fourth "In Search of an Idol" tournament, second match between Delta and Boby Zavala*\] (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 6, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
39. *Torneo En Busca de un Idolo Flyer vs Esfinge* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 10, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
40. *Torneo En Busca de un Idolo Blue Panther Jr vs Disturbio* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 10, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
41. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Blue Panther Jr vs Esfinge* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 12, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
42. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Disturbio vs Flyer* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 12, 2015. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
43. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Delta vs Canelo Casas* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
44. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Bobby Zavala vs Guerrero Maya Jr* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
45. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Esfinge vs Delta* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
46. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Disturbio vs Guerrero Maya Jr* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
47. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Blue Panther Jr vs Boby Zavala* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 23, 2015. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
48. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Canel Casas vs Flyer* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 23, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
49. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Flyer vs Boby Zavala* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
50. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Blue Panther Jr. vs Canel Casas* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
51. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Disturbio vs Delta* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 30, 2015. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
52. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Esfinge vs Guerrero Maya Jr* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. June 30, 2015. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
53. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Delta vs Guerrero Maya Jr* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
54. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Canelo Casas vs Disturbio* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 3, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
55. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Esfinge vs Boby Zavala* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
56. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Blue Panther Jr. vs Flyer* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
57. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Delta vs Flyer* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 10, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
58. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Canelo Casas vs Boby Zavala* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 10, 2015. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
59. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Guerrero Maya Jr vs Blue Panther Jr* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
60. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Esfinge vs Disturbio* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
61. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Delta vs Hechiciero* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 17, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
62. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Esfinge vs Disturbio* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 17, 2015. Archived from the original on July 18, 2015. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
63. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Triton vs Guerrero Maya Jr* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 21, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
64. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Disturbio vs Boby Zavala* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 21, 2015. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
65. "Listos los semifinalistas de 'En Busca de un ídolo'". *MedioTiempo* (in Spanish). MSN. July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
66. "Resultados". *En Busca de Un Idolo* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
67. "Resultados Arena Mexico Viernes Espectaculares" (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 31, 2015. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
68. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Esfinge vs Disturbio* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 31, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
69. *Cuarto Torneo "En Busca de un Idolo" Gro Maya vs Boby Zavala* (in Spanish). Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre. July 31, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.

## InfoBox

| *En Busca de un Ídolo* 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| Logo of the 4th *En Busca de un Ídolo* tournament | |
| Promotion | Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre |
| Date | May 24, 2015-August 21, 2015 |
| City | Mexico City, Mexico |
| Venue | Arena México |
| Tagline(s) | *El Desafio / The Challenge* |
| Event chronology | |
| **Previous**<br>*Leyenda de Plata* **Next** <br>*Sin Salida* | |
| *En Busca de un Ídolo* chronology | |
| **Previous**<br>2014 **Next** <br> | |


title: Elizabeth Myers (author)

abstract: Elizabeth Myers (1912-1947) was a British novelist and short story writer. She is remembered in particular for her novel A Well Full of Leaves.

text:
# Elizabeth Myers (author)

**Elizabeth Myers** (1912-1947) was a British novelist and short story writer. She is remembered in particular for her novel *A Well Full of Leaves*.

## Life and work

Elizabeth Myers was born in Manchester on 23 December 1912. Both her parents were of Irish descent. Thanks to a scholarship, she attended Notre Dame High School in Manchester where she received encouragement to write. She left school at age 14. In 1931, she and her mother and sister moved to London where she worked as a secretary in Fleet Street. In 1938, she was diagnosed with tuberculosis and spent time in a TB sanatorium. She was already writing novels and publishing short stories in newspapers and magazines when she became friends with the author and poet Eleanor Farjeon, (who in 1957 edited a commemorative text dedicated to Myers), and with Arthur Waugh, father of the writer Evelyn Waugh.

In 1943, she married Littleton Charles Powys, a former head of Sherborne Preparatory School and went to live in Sherborne, Dorset. The same year, her novel *A Well Full of Leaves*, a story of the effect of an abusive mother on her children, was published. It sold well despite critical contention, was reprinted several times and has been republished by Persephone Books.

Myers died of tuberculosis at her home in Sherborne, Dorset, when she was only 34. In her short life, despite her illness, she published three very different novels: *A Well Full of Leaves*, *The Basilisk of St. James's*, and *Mrs. Christopher*. She also published short story collections including: *Lost in London and other short stories*, *The Donkey and the Stars and other short stories*, *The Public Entertainer and other stories*, *Good Beds -- men only* and *Thirty Stories*. A prolific author she published many individual short stories in newspapers and magazines and some were aired on the radio.

Myers travelled to the United States with her husband and spent six months in Arizona towards the end of her life. She worked on what would have been her fourth novel there, titled *The Governor*. The novel unfinished, Myers died soon after her return to England.

Myers died on 24 May 1947. Her literary archives are held at the Harry Ransom Center. Because of her fondness for public libraries, her husband donated many of her books to the Dorset County library.

## Further reading

* "Scraggy Little Dreamer" an essay by Anthony Glynn, *The Powys Journal*, Volume Nine, The Powys Society, 1999.
* *The Letters of Elizabeth Myers* by Elizabeth Myers, Chapman and Hall publishers, 1951.
* *Elizabeth Myers (with a sonnet by Sara Jackson)* By Eleanor Farjeon, St. Albert's Press, 1957.
* "How to Write a Short Story" by Elizabeth Myers appeared in the July 1946 issue of *Convoy*.


title: Antonio Azara

abstract: Antonio Azara was an Italian jurist and politician who served as the minister of grace and justice from August 1953 to January 1954.

text:
# Antonio Azara

**Antonio Azara** (18 January 1883 – 20 February 1967) was an Italian jurist and politician who served as the minister of grace and justice from August 1953 to January 1954.

## Early life and education

Azara was born in Tempio Pausania on 18 January 1883. He received a bachelor's degree in law specializing on family and agricultural law.

## Career

In 1907 Azara became attorney general and first president of the Supreme Court. He was also the secretary of the code reform commission. In 1932 he joined the National Fascist Party. Before his formal party membership he had been supporting National Fascist movement, ideas and doctrines through his writings and activities. As of 1945 he was a member of the scientific committee of the magazine entitled *Diritto razzista* (Italian: *Racist Law*). Following the end of the Fascist rule in Italy he justified his activities arguing that he had served not "a party", but his "country".

In 1948 he was elected senator with the Christian Democracy, keeping a seat from Palazzo Madama until 1968. In 1952 he was also appointed public prosecutor of the Supreme Court. He served as the minister of grace and justice in the Pella cabinet from August 1953 to January 1954. He also served as the vice-president of the committee on legal and administrative questions under the Council of Europe.

## Personal life and death

Azara died in Rome on 20 February 1967.

## InfoBox

| Antonio Azara | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister for Grace and Justice | |
| **In office**
August 1953  January 1954 | |
| Prime Minister | Giuseppe Pella |
| Preceded by | Guido Gonella |
| Succeeded by | Michele De Pietro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 18 January 1883
Tempio Pausania, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 20 February 1967(1967-02-20) (aged 84)
Rome, Italy |
| Political party |  |
|  | |


title: Badminton at the 1988 Summer Olympics

text:
# Badminton at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Badminton was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. There were five events: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles. Competitions took place at the Seoul National University Gymnasium on 19 September 1988.

## Qualification

The competitors were selected according to the results of the 1987 IBF World Championships.

## Medallists

| **Event** | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's singles
 | Yang Yang
China | Icuk Sugiarto
Indonesia | Park Sung-bae
South Korea |
| Men's doubles
 | Li Yongbo
and Tian Bingyi (CHN) | Lee Sang-bok
and Lee Gwang-jin (KOR) | Shuji Matsuno
and Shinji Matsuura (JPN) |
| Women's singles
 | Hwang Hye-young
South Korea | Han Aiping
China | Sumiko Kitada
Japan |
| Women's doubles
 | Kim Yun-ja
and Chung So-young (KOR) | Lin Ying
and Guan Weizhen (CHN) | Dorte Kjær
and Nettie Nielsen (DEN) |
| Mixed doubles
 | Park Joo-bong
and Chung Myung-hee (KOR) | Wang Pengren
and Shi Fangjing (CHN) | Chan Chi Choi
and Amy Chan Lim Chee (HKG) |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | South Korea | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 2 | China | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | Indonesia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Japan | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 5 | Denmark | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Hong Kong | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 |

## Participating nations

## InfoBox

| Badminton
at the Games of the XXIV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Seoul National University Gymnasium |
| Dates | 19 September 1988 |
| No. of events | 5 (2 men, 2 women, 1 mixed) |
|


title: 1984 Anchorage mayoral election

abstract: The 1984 Anchorage mayoral election was held on October 2, 1984, to elect the mayor of Anchorage, Alaska. It saw reelection of Tony Knowles. Since at least one candidate had received 40% of the vote, no runoff was needed.

text:
# 1984 Anchorage mayoral election

The **1984 Anchorage mayoral election** was held on October 2, 1984, to elect the mayor of Anchorage, Alaska. It saw reelection of Tony Knowles.

Since at least one candidate (in this instance, two candidates) had received 40% of the vote (which at least one candidate was required to obtain to avoid a runoff), no runoff was needed.

## Results

Results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan** | **Tony Knowles (incumbent)** | **32,624** | **49.4** |
|  | Nonpartisan | Tom Fink | 32,437 | 49.1 |
|  | Nonpartisan | Craig Campbell | 199 | 0.0 |
|  | Nonpartisan | Pat Sullivan | 148 | 0.0 |
|  | Nonpartisan | Homer C. Miracle | 144 | 0.0 |
|  | Nonpartisan | Aaron Belzer | 121 | 0.0 |
|  | Nonpartisan | Andrew Rich | 67 | 0.0 |
|  | Write-in | *Write-ins* | 175 | 0.0 |
| Total votes | | | **65,915** |  |

## InfoBox

1984 Anchorage mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate **Tony Knowles** Tom Fink  Popular vote **32,624** 32,437  Percentage **49.4%** 49.1% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Tony Knowles
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Tony Knowles
Democratic | |


title: Antispila cyclosema

abstract: Antispila cyclosema is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Antispila cyclosema

***Antispila cyclosema*** is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Antispila cyclosema* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Heliozelidae |
| Genus: | *Antispila* |
| Species: | ***A. cyclosema*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Antispila cyclosema***<br>Meyrick, 1921 | |
|


title: Anders Bergcrantz

abstract: Anders Bergcrantz is a Swedish jazz trumpeter and composer. Bergcrantz has recorded several albums as a leader and on many more as a sideman. He has twice been awarded the Gyllene Skivan by Sweden's Orkesterjournalen jazz magazine: in 1995 for In This Together, and again in 2007 for About Time. His influences as a trumpeter include Freddie Hubbard, Lee Morgan and Woody Shaw.

text:
# Anders Bergcrantz

**Anders Bergcrantz** (born 1961 in Malmö, Sweden) is a Swedish jazz trumpeter and composer.

Bergcrantz has recorded several albums as a leader and on many more as a sideman. He has twice been awarded the Gyllene Skivan (the Golden Record) by Sweden's *Orkesterjournalen* jazz magazine: in 1995 for *In This Together*, and again in 2007 for *About Time*. His influences as a trumpeter include Freddie Hubbard, Lee Morgan and Woody Shaw.

## Discography

### As leader

* *Touch* (Dragon, 1986 \[1987\])
* *Live at Sweet Basil* (Dragon, 1995)
* *In This Together* (Dragon, 1995)
* *C* (Dragon, 1997)
* *Twenty-Four Hours* (Dragon, 1997)
* *In This Together* (Dragon, 1999)
* *About Time* (Stunt, 2007)
* *Elevate* (Vanguard Music Boulevard, 2020)

### As sideman

**With Jan Kaspersen**

* *Space And Rhythm Jazz* (Olufsen, 1987)
* *Live in Sofie's Cellar, Vol. 1* (Olufsen, 1991)

**With Dave Liebman**

* *Guided Dream* (Dragon, 1985) – with the Tolvan Big Band (recorded in Malmo, Sweden)

**With Page One**

* *Live at Ronnie Scott's* (Storyville, 1990)

## InfoBox

| Anders Bergcrantz | |
| --- | --- |
| Anders Bergcrantz | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Anders Bergcrantz |
| Born | (1961-12-05) 5 December 1961<br>Malmö, Sweden |
| Genres | jazz |
| Instrument | trumpet |


title: Eddy Clarisse

abstract: Édouard Clarisse is a retired badminton player from Mauritius, who started playing badminton in 1987, ending his career in March 2006 at the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia. Clarisse has participated three times in the Olympic Games. He has also been African champion three times in the men's singles, also African champion in men's doubles and the team event in 2000. Clarisse counts several participations at the World Championships and in the Thomas Cup. He has a total of nine gold medals at Indian Ocean Island Games, hence two in the Men's singles. With his 10 titles as Mauritius champion in the men's singles and almost as many in men's Doubles, he remains until now the most successful badminton player of this small island in the Indian Ocean. 2005 he won the Kenya International.

text:
# Eddy Clarisse

**Édouard Clarisse** (born 27 May 1972) is a retired badminton player from Mauritius, who started playing badminton in 1987, ending his career in March 2006 at the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia.

Clarisse has participated three times in the Olympic Games (Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000). He has also been African champion three times in the men's singles (1992, 1994, 1998), also African champion in men's doubles and the team event in 2000.

Clarisse counts several participations at the World Championships and in the Thomas Cup. He has a total of nine gold medals at Indian Ocean Island Games, hence two in the Men's singles (1993 and 1998). With his 10 titles as Mauritius champion in the men's singles and almost as many in men's Doubles, he remains until now the most successful badminton player of this small island in the Indian Ocean. 2005 he won the Kenya International.

## Achievements

### All-Africa Games

*Men's doubles*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | Indoor Sports Halls National Stadium,
Abuja, Nigeria | Stephan Beeharry | Abimbola Odejoke
Dotun Akinsanya | –, –, – | **Bronze** |

### African Championships

*Men's singles*

| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Multi-Purpose Sports Hall, Bauchi, Nigeria | Ola Fagbemi | 6–15, 3–15 | **Bronze** |
|
| 1998 | Rose Hill, Mauritius | Johan Kleingeld | 15–8, 15–5 | **Gold** |
|
| 1994 | Rose Hill, Mauritius |  |  | **Gold** |
|
| 1992 | Rose Hill, Mauritius | Anton Kriel | 11–15, 15–7, 15–10 | **Gold** |

*Men's doubles*

| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Multi-Purpose Sports Hall,
Bauchi, Nigeria | Denis Constantin | Dotun Akinsanya
Abimbola Odejoke | 15–2, 15–8 | **Gold** |
|
| 1992 | Rose Hill, Mauritius | Gilles Allet | Anton Kriel
Nico Meerholz | 7–15, 1–15 | **Silver** |

### IBF International

*Men's singles*

| Year | Tournament | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | Kenya International | Agarawu Tunde | 17–14, 12–15, 12–15 | **Runner-up** |

*Mixed doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Kenya International | Amrita Sawaram | Stephan Beeharry
Shama Aboobakar | 17–16, 15–7 | **Winner** |

## InfoBox

| Eddy Clarisse | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Birth name | Édouard Clarisse |
| Country | Mauritius |
| Born | (1972-05-27) 27 May 1972
Mauritius |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 79 kg (174 lb; 12.4 st) |
| Years active | 1987-2006 |
| Medal record      Men's badminton  Representing  Mauritius  All-Africa Games  2003 Abuja  Men's doubles  2003 Abuja  Mixed team  African Championships  2000 Bauchi  Men's doubles  1998 Rose Hill  Men's singles  1994 Rose Hill  Men's singles  1992 Rose Hill  Men's singles  1992 Rose Hill  Men's doubles  2000 Bauchi  Men's singles  Africa Team Championships  2006 Rose Hill  Men's team | |
| BWF profile | |


title: East Moline Correctional Center

abstract: The East Moline Correctional Center is a minimum-security state prison for men located in East Moline, Rock Island County, Illinois, owned and operated by the Illinois Department of Corrections. The facility was opened in 1980 and has a capacity of 925 inmates, which includes the associated East Moline Work Camp. It has a population of 491 as of 6/30/2023.

text:
# East Moline Correctional Center

The **East Moline Correctional Center** is a minimum-security state prison for men located in East Moline, Rock Island County, Illinois, owned and operated by the Illinois Department of Corrections. The facility was opened in 1980 and has a capacity of 925 inmates, which includes the associated East Moline Work Camp. It has a population of 491 as of 6/30/2023.

41°31′59″N 90°25′11″W / 41.533064°N 90.419773°W / 41.533064; -90.419773

## InfoBox

East Moline Correctional Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 100 Hillcrest Road <br>East Moline, Illinois |
| Status | minimum |
| Capacity | 1452 |
| Opened | 1980 |
| Managed by | Illinois Department of Corrections |


title: 1880 Clarence colonial by-election

text:
# 1880 Clarence colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Clarence on 7 April 1880 following the resignation of Thomas Bawden.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 17 March 1880 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 2 April 1880 | Nominations |
| 7 April 1880 | Polling day |
| 20 April 1880 | Return of writ |

## Results

1880 The Clarence by-election
Wednesday 7 April
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Charles Fawcett (elected) | | 1,362 | 42.7 |
| John Purves | | 1,246 | 39.1 |
| Samuel Davison | | 679 | 18.2 |
| Total formal votes | | 3,187 | 98.5 |
| Informal votes | | 50 | 1.5 |
| Turnout | | 3,237 | 58.3 |


title: Eremobates

abstract: Eremobates is a genus of arachnids of the order Solifugae. About 2 inches long, these fast-moving arachnids have the largest jaw size to body ratio of any animal. They are not venomous, but have a remarkably powerful bite. Often hunting at night, they have poor eyesight and navigate mostly by use of a pair of pedipalps. They are solitary creatures, coming together only to mate, the male using his pedipalps to transfer seminal fluid to the female, which buries between 50 and 200 eggs in the ground. The female stays with the young until they are mature enough to hunt and defend themselves, feeding and caring for them. Species of the genus Eremobates are generally found in the western United States, and at northern end into southwestern Canada, and south into Mexico.

text:
# Eremobates

***Eremobates*** is a genus of arachnids of the order Solifugae. About 2 inches long, these fast-moving arachnids have the largest jaw size to body ratio of any animal. They are not venomous, but have a remarkably powerful bite. Often hunting at night, they have poor eyesight and navigate mostly by use of a pair of pedipalps.

They are solitary creatures, coming together only to mate, the male using his pedipalps to transfer seminal fluid to the female, which buries between 50 and 200 eggs in the ground. The female stays with the young until they are mature enough to hunt and defend themselves, feeding and caring for them.

Species of the genus *Eremobates* are generally found in the western United States, and at northern end into southwestern Canada, and south into Mexico.

## Species

As of January 2023, the World Solifugae Catalog accepts the following ninety-seven species:

1. "Genus *Eremobates* Banks 1900". *The Arachnid Order Solifugae*.
2. "*Eremobates* Banks, 1900". *World Solifugae Catalog*. Natural History Museum Bern. 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

## InfoBox

| *Eremobates* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eremobates* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Solifugae |
| Family: | Eremobatidae |
| Subfamily: | Eremobatinae |
| Genus: | *Eremobates*
Banks, 1900 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Eremobates cinerascens*
(C.L. Koch, 1842) | |
| Species | |
| 97, see text | |


abstract: Encouraging or assisting a crime is itself a crime in English criminal law, by virtue of the Serious Crime Act 2007. It is one of the inchoate offences of English law.

text:
# Encouraging or assisting a crime in English law

**Encouraging or assisting a crime** is itself a crime in English criminal law, by virtue of the Serious Crime Act 2007. It is one of the inchoate offences of English law.

## Definition

Inchoate means "just begun" or "undeveloped", and is used in English criminal law to refer to situations where, although a substantial offence has not been committed, the defendant has taken steps to commit it, or encouraged others to do so. As in all inchoate offences, the defendant "has not himself performed the *actus reus* but is sufficiently close to doing so, or persuading others to do so, for the law to find it appropriate to punish him".

### Actus reus

The offences of encouraging or assisting crime under the Serious Crime Act 2007 are inchoate offences. In each case, the *actus reus* requirement is that the defendant carry out an act capable of "encouraging or assisting" the commission of another offence. An offence is committed under section 44, if this is done with intent to do the same; under section 45 if it is done "believing that the offence will be committed and that the act will encourage or assist its commission"; or under section 46 where there are multiple possible offences being encouraged or assisted, and at least one is foreseen. In contrast to statutory crimes still reliant on incitement, there is no need for the defendant to have communicated his thoughts to anyone else. For example, the act is when a letter is posted; it is not reliant on it being received by the person being incited. Since this is very wide, the courts will have to narrow it by some criterion, probably by reference to the remoteness of the encouragement to the crime. Failing to act when under a duty to do so would also qualify.

"Encouraging" is not defined in the statute and can be considered in the same way as the previous crime of incitement. It does not matter if the encouragement or assistance has no effect. In *Invicta Plastics Ltd v Clare*, a company sold a device to detect radar traps used by the police; using such a device is illegal. The case also confirmed that there is no need for the incitement to be aimed at a specific person – addressing it to the world at large still constitutes incitement. It was advertised illustrating its use in an illegal fashion. However, in *R v James* the selling of "black boxes" solely capable of illegally tapping mains electricity sources was not found to incite a crime. In *R v Marlow* providing information on the growing of cannabis was found to constitute an offence. "Assisting" is likely to be considered similar to "aiding" in accessorial liability. Assistance can be provided indirectly, for example through a third person.

Whereas incitement can only be committed when the defendant incites the principal offender, the crime of "encouraging or assisting" includes helping an accessory. Whilst a section 44 offence can be committed in relation to other inchoate offences (including itself), sections 45 and 46 cannot. Crimes which are, in fact rather than law, impossible to commit yet  but will be  also fall under this offence.

### Mens rea

In terms of *mens rea*, any form of recklessness, including virtual certainty, is insufficient for an offence under Section 44, in part due to the existence of Section 45 and 46 which aid its interpretation. Offences under Sections 45 and 46 are only committed if the defendant believes that both the crime *will* be committed, and that the act *will* encourage or assist the offender: that they *might* do so is not enough. However, it is also possible to commit these offences if the defendant commits an act capable of encouraging or assisting the commission of a crime, intending or believing that the principal offender would carry out the "act", where that may not in itself constitute a crime. However, it is necessary that the defendant intend or be reckless to any required circumstances or consequences  for example, that death was a result. Additionally, the prosecution must show that the defendant believed that (or was reckless as to) whether the act would be done with the required *mens rea*, or that the defendant himself has the required *mens rea* for the offence. These amount to very complex provisions.

## Specific defences

There is no defence of later withdrawing from the act; however, there is one of "acting reasonably" under Section 50. This takes two forms: either that the acts themselves were reasonable; or that the defendant reasonably believed in circumstances which did not exist and acted reasonably under those circumstances. The existence of this defence has been attacked by professors of criminal law Andrew Simester and Bob Sullivan on the grounds it may be acting as a "sop" to counteract excess brevity in other sections of the act. Victims are extended the "Tyrell" defence  that one cannot aid, abet, counsel or procure an offence against oneself  although exactly when a victim is protected can be unclear.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Herring, Jonathan (2008). *Criminal Law: Text, Cases and Materials* (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923432-5.
* Simester, A. P.; Sullivan, G. R.; Spencer, J. R.; Virgo, G. (2010). *Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine* (4 ed.). Oxford: Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84113-922-7.