title: André Isoir

abstract: André Jean-Marie Isoir was a French organist and pedagogue.

text:
# André Isoir

**André Jean-Marie Isoir** (20 July 1935 – 20 July 2016) was a French organist and pedagogue.

## Biography

André Isoir was born in 1935 in Saint-Dizier in Grand Est, France.

Isoir studied with Édouard Souberbielle (organ) and Germaine Mounier (piano) at the École César Franck and under Rolande Falcinelli at the Conservatoire de Paris where he won the first prizes in organ and improvisation in 1960.

Thereafter he won several international organ competitions. In 1965 he won the improvisation competition in St Albans (UK). And, in three successive years, he won the competition in Haarlem (Netherlands), earning the "Challenge Award," the only French interpreter to have achieved this distinction since the inception of the competition in 1951.

André Isoir was organist titulaire at St-Médard in Paris from 1952 to 1967 and at St. Severin in 1967. Since 1973 he has been titulaire (head organist) at the ancient Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris.

In 1974 Isoir was appointed to the organ staff at the Conservatoire d'Orsay, in 1977 promoted to the rank of National School of Music. He became a full professor in January 1978 and remained at Orsay until 1983, when he was appointed to the Conservatoire National de Region de Boulogne-Billancourt, where he taught organ until 1994.

Isoir recorded some sixty discs, notably for Calliope. His recordings have been awarded the Grand Prix du Disque in 1972, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 89 and 91 as well as the «Président de la République» prize for "Le Livre d'Or de l’Orgue Français". In February 1974 he was awarded membership of the Friends of the Organ for his "Variations sur un psaume huguenot". He has recorded the complete organ works of J. S. Bach, which remains one of the benchmark performances of Bach's organ music. His recordings of works by César Franck on the organ of the Luçon Cathedral were also highly praised.

André Isoir completed his musical culture by gaining a thorough knowledge of the organ. In his view, knowledge of the instrument contributes to a better approach to different musical styles in terms of both technology and performance.

Isoir was awarded *Chevalier des Arts et Lettres* by the National Order of Merit, best instrumental soloist of the year to 2nd Victoires de la Musique, and also "Choc de l’année 2000" from the magazine *Le Monde de la musique* for his interpretation of the Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach. Some of his most notable students have included François Espinasse, Michel Bouvard, Jean Boyer, and others.

He died on 20 July 2016, his 81st birthday, in Longpont-sur-Orge.

His son, Daniel Isoir, is a pianist who founded La Petite Symphonie. Inheriting his father's interests, Daniel Isoir has recorded Franck's piano works.

## Sources


abstract: The Electrical and Allied Workers' Trade Union of South Africa (EAWTUSA) was a trade union representing electricians in South Africa. The union was established in 1987, when the Electrical and Allied Workers' Union of South Africa, representing black workers, merged with the Electrical and Allied Trade Union of South Africa, representing "coloured" workers. The South African Electrical Workers' Association, representing white workers, also took part in the negotiations, but some of its members were strongly opposed to a merger, and it did not join. The union affiliated to the National Council of Trade Unions. The new union took part in numerous strikes, including major actions at Plessey and National Panasonic. In May 1989, the union merged with the Electronic and Electrical Workers' Union, the Engineering and Allied Workers' Union and the United Automobile and Motor Workers' Union, to form the Metal and Electrical Workers' Union of South Africa.

text:
# Electrical and Allied Workers' Trade Union of South Africa

The **Electrical and Allied Workers' Trade Union of South Africa** (EAWTUSA) was a trade union representing electricians in South Africa.

The union was established in 1987, when the Electrical and Allied Workers' Union of South Africa, representing black workers, merged with the Electrical and Allied Trade Union of South Africa, representing "coloured" workers. The South African Electrical Workers' Association, representing white workers, also took part in the negotiations, but some of its members were strongly opposed to a merger, and it did not join. The union affiliated to the National Council of Trade Unions.

The new union took part in numerous strikes, including major actions at Plessey and National Panasonic. In May 1989, the union merged with the Electronic and Electrical Workers' Union, the Engineering and Allied Workers' Union and the United Automobile and Motor Workers' Union, to form the Metal and Electrical Workers' Union of South Africa.

1. Mohamed, Shireen (1991). *Electrical and Allied Workers Trade Union of South Africa: a history* (PDF). Cape Town: Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit. ISBN 0799213152. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
2. "About us". *MEWUSA*. Retrieved 21 March 2021.


title: 1995 Iowa Barnstormers season

abstract: The 1995 Iowa Barnstormers season was the first season for the Iowa Barnstormers. They finished the 1995 Arena Football League season 7–5 and ended the season with a loss in the semifinals of the playoffs against the Orlando Predators.

text:
# 1995 Iowa Barnstormers season

The **1995 Iowa Barnstormers season** was the first season for the Iowa Barnstormers. They finished the 1995 Arena Football League season 7–5 and ended the season with a loss in the semifinals of the playoffs against the Orlando Predators.

## Schedule

### Regular season

| Week | Date | Opponent | Results | | Game site (attendance) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Final score | Team record | |
| 1 | May 12 | at Milwaukee Mustangs | **W** 69–61 | 1–0 | Bradley Center (12,297) |
| 2 | May 20 | Miami Hooters | **W** 41–29 | 2–0 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (10,628) |
| 3 | May 25 | at Connecticut Coyotes | **W** 51–18 | 3–0 | Hartford Civic Center (7,340) |
| 4 | June 3 | St. Louis Stampede | **L** 38–44 | 3–1 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (11,081) |
| 5 | June 10 | at Arizona Rattlers | **W** 62–54 | 4–1 | America West Arena (15,505) |
| 6 | June 16 | Memphis Pharaohs | **L** 54–57 (OT) | 4–2 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (10,187) |
| 7 | June 24 | San Jose SaberCats | **L** 17–33 | 4–3 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (11,411) |
| 8 | June 30 | at St. Louis Stampede | **W** 52–35 | 5–3 | Kiel Center (12,270) |
| 9 | *Bye* | | | | | | | |
| 10 | July 15 | Milwaukee Mustangs | **W** 74–35 | 6–3 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (11,411) |
| 11 | July 21 | Las Vegas Sting | **L** 34–40 | 6–4 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (11,411) |
| 12 | July 29 | at Albany Firebirds | **L** 56–73 | 6–5 | Knickerbocker Arena (12,603) |
| 13 | August 5 | at Memphis Pharaohs | **W** 45–32 | 7–5 | Pyramid Arena (12,621) |

### Playoffs

The Barnstormers were awarded the No. 5 seed in the AFL playoffs.

| Round | Date | Opponent | Results | | Game site (attendance) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Final score | Playoff record | |
| Quarterfinals | August 13 | at (4) Arizona Rattlers | **W** 56–52 | 1–0 | America West Arena (14,761) |
| Semifinals | August 19 | (6) Orlando Predators | **L** 49–56 | 1–1 | Veterans Memorial Auditorium (11,411) |

## Standings

| Team | Overall | | | Division | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Wins | Losses | Percentage | Wins | Losses | Percentage |
| **National Conference** | | | | | | |
| **Eastern Division** | | | | | | |
| Albany Firebirds | 7 | 5 | 0.583 | 3 | 1 | 0.750 |
| Charlotte Rage | 5 | 7 | 0.417 | 3 | 1 | 0.750 |
| Connecticut Coyotes | 1 | 11 | 0.083 | 0 | 4 | 0.000 |
| **Southern Division** | | | | | | |
| Tampa Bay Storm | 10 | 2 | 0.833 | 4 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Orlando Predators | 7 | 5 | 0.583 | 2 | 2 | 0.500 |
| Miami Hooters | 1 | 11 | 0.083 | 0 | 4 | 0.000 |
| **American Conference** | | | | | | |
| **Central Division** | | | | | | |
| St. Louis Stampede | 9 | 3 | 0.750 | 4 | 2 | 0.667 |
| Iowa Barnstormers | 7 | 5 | 0.583 | 4 | 2 | 0.667 |
| Memphis Pharaohs | 6 | 6 | 0.500 | 3 | 3 | 0.500 |
| Milwaukee Mustangs | 4 | 8 | 0.333 | 1 | 5 | 0.167 |
| **Western Division** | | | | | | |
| San Jose SaberCats | 8 | 4 | 0.667 | 2 | 2 | 0.500 |
| Arizona Rattlers | 7 | 5 | 0.583 | 3 | 1 | 0.750 |
| Las Vegas Sting | 6 | 6 | 0.500 | 1 | 3 | 0.250 |

* *Green indicates clinched playoff berth*
* *Blue indicates division champion*
* *Grey indicates best regular season record*

## Awards

| Position | Player | Award | All-Arena team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kicker | Mike Black | - | 1st |
| Head coach | John Gregory | Head Coach of the Year | - |
| Owner | Jim Foster | Executive of the Year | - |

## InfoBox

| 1995 Iowa Barnstormers season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | John Gregory |
| Home field | Veterans Memorial Auditorium |
| Results | |
| Record | 7–5 |
| Division place | 2nd, Central |
| Playoff finish | **W** Quarterfinals vs. Arizona<br>**L** Semifinals vs. Orlando |
|


title: Eurolimnornis

abstract: Eurolimnornis is the name given to a monotypic genus of pterosaurs from the Early Cretaceous. The only known species E. corneti probably was originally identified as a primitive but essentially modern bird, although alternative theories later suggested that it was a non-avialan theropod or pterosaur. The identification as a pterosaur was supported by a re-evaluation of the fossil remains published in 2012. The holotype and only material known to date is a distal fragment of the right humerus, which was at first ascribed to the same species as the specimen of Palaeocursornis corneti, a possible synonym also originally identified as a bird. The remains were found in Berriasian deposits at Cornet near Oradea, Romania. Eurolimnornis occurred on what was then an archipelago of volcanic and coral islands towards the east of the Piemont-Liguria Ocean. Its habitat was hilly, karstic terrain with numerous freshwater and/or brackish rivers, lakes and swamps. As this archipelago lay around 35°N latitude in a warmer, wetter climate than exists today, it was roughly similar to today's Caribbean or Indonesia.

text:
# Eurolimnornis

***Eurolimnornis*** is the name given to a monotypic genus of pterosaurs from the Early Cretaceous. The only known species *E. corneti* probably was originally identified as a primitive but essentially modern bird (or even as an early neognathe ancestral to the grebes), although alternative theories later suggested that it was a non-avialan theropod or pterosaur. The identification as a pterosaur was supported by a re-evaluation of the fossil remains published in 2012.

The holotype and only material known to date (MTCO-P 7896) is a distal fragment of the right humerus, which was at first ascribed to the same species as the specimen of *Palaeocursornis corneti*, a possible synonym also originally identified as a bird.

The remains were found in Berriasian deposits (around 143 mya) at Cornet near Oradea, Romania. *Eurolimnornis* occurred on what was then an archipelago of volcanic and coral islands towards the east of the Piemont-Liguria Ocean. Its habitat was hilly, karstic terrain with numerous freshwater and/or brackish rivers, lakes and swamps. As this archipelago lay around 35°N latitude in a warmer, wetter climate than exists today, it was roughly similar to today's Caribbean or Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Eurolimnornis*
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous,
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Order: | Pterosauria |
| Suborder: | Pterodactyloidea |
| Family: | Eurolimnornithidae
Kessler & Jurcsák, 1986 |
| Genus: | *Eurolimnornis*
Kessler & Jurcsák, 1986 |
| Species: | ***E. corneti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eurolimnornis corneti***
Kessler & Jurcsák, 1986 | |
|


abstract: Group C of the 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2014 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

text:
# 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool C

**Group C** of the **2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I** was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2014 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

## Standings

|  |  | UKR | AUT | SLO | ISR | RR
W–L | Match
W–L | Set
W–L | Game
W–L | Standings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 | Ukraine |  | **2–1** | **3–0** | **3–0** | 3–0 | 8–1 | 16–4 | 113–67 | 1 |
| 26 | Austria | 1–2 |  | **3–0** | 1–2 | 1–2 | 5–4 | 11–9 | 97-89 | 3 |
| 32 | Slovenia | 0–3 | 0–3 |  | 1–2 | 0–3 | 1–8 | 4–17 | 75–120 | 4 |
| 36 | Israel | 0–3 | **2–1** | **2–1** |  | 2–1 | 4–5 | 10–11 | 92-101 | 2 |

## Round-robin

### Ukraine vs. Israel

|
Ukraine
3 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
5 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Israel
0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Nadiia Kichenok**
Julia Glushko **6**
2 **77**
64      2
 **Elina Svitolina**
Shahar Pe'er **6**
1 **6**
4      3
 **Lyudmyla Kichenok / Olga Savchuk**
Julia Glushko / Shahar Pe'er **6**
3 **6**
1 | | | |

### Austria vs. Slovenia

|
Austria
3 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
5 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Slovenia
0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Patricia Mayr-Achleitner**
Maša Zec Peškirič **6**
2 **6**
3      2
 **Yvonne Meusburger**
Nastja Kolar **6**
2 **6**
3      3
 **Sandra Klemenschits / Tamira Paszek**
Andreja Klepač / Nastja Kolar **7**
5 **7**
5 | | | |

### Ukraine vs. Slovenia

|
Ukraine
3 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
6 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Slovenia
0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Lyudmyla Kichenok**
Dalila Jakupović 4
**6**  **6**
4 **6**
1    2
 **Elina Svitolina**
Nastja Kolar **6**
3 63
**77** **6**
3    3
 **Lyudmyla Kichenok / Olga Savchuk**
Dalila Jakupović / Andreja Klepač **6**
2 **6**
3 | | | |

### Austria vs. Israel

|
Austria
1 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
6 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Israel
2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Patricia Mayr-Achleitner**
Julia Glushko **6**
1 4
**6**  **6**
2    2
 Yvonne Meusburger
**Shahar Pe'er** 5
**7**  3
**6**       3
 Patricia Mayr-Achleitner / Tamira Paszek
**Julia Glushko / Shahar Pe'er** 4
**6**  **7**
5 3
**6** | | | |

### Ukraine vs. Austria

|
Ukraine
2 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
8 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Austria
1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 Nadiia Kichenok
**Patricia Mayr-Achleitner** 2
**6**  4
**6**       2
 **Elina Svitolina**
Yvonne Meusburger **6**
1 **6**
2      3
 **Lyudmyla Kichenok / Olga Savchuk**
Sandra Klemenschits / Patricia Mayr-Achleitner **6**
4 **6**
2 | | | |

### Slovenia vs. Israel

|
Slovenia
1 | Syma Sport and Events Centre, Budapest, Hungary
8 February 2014
Hard (indoors) | |
Israel
2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Dalila Jakupović**
Julia Glushko **6**
3 2
**6**  **6**
2    2
 Maša Zec Peškirič
**Shahar Pe'er** 1
**6**  2
**6**       3
 Andreja Klepač / Dalila Jakupović
**Julia Glushko / Shahar Pe'er** 4
**6**  5
**7** | | | |


title: 2000 Rugby League World Cup Group D

abstract: Group D of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup is one of the four groups in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.

text:
# 2000 Rugby League World Cup Group D

**Group D of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup** is one of the four groups in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ireland | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 38 | +40 | 6 | Advance to knockout stage |
| 2 | Samoa | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 57 | 58 | 1 | | 4 |
| 3 | Aotearoa Māori | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 49 | 67 | 18 | 2 |  |
| 4 | Scotland | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 34 | 55 | 21 | | 0 |

Source: Rugby League Project

## Matches

### Ireland vs Samoa

The opening match of the World Cup was accompanied by heavy rain. Samoa's Fred Petersen had to be stretchered off the field after suffering a blow to the head while making a tackle 15 minutes into the second half.

| Ireland | 30–16 | Samoa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tries: Joynt, Ricketson, Eagar, Carney, Prescott.
Goals: Prescott 5 |  | Tries: Leauma, Milford, Betham.
Goals: Geros 2. |

**Ireland**
1. Steve Prescott, 2. Brian Carney, 3. Michael Withers, 4. Michael Eagar, 5. Forster, 6. Tommy Martyn, 7. Ryan Sheridan
8. O'Connor, 9. Williams, 10. Barrie McDermott, 11. Chris Joynt, 12. Campion, 13. Luke Ricketson
Substitutes: Bretherton, Lawless, Barnhill, Southern. Coach: Steve O'Neill

**Samoa**
1. Loa Milford, 2. Brian Leauma, 3. Anthony Swann, 4. Gulavao, 5. Francis Meli, 6. Simon Geros, 7. Willie Swann
8. Puletua, 9. Monty Betham, 10. Seu Seu, 11. Solomona, 12. Fred Petersen, 13. Willie Poching
Substitutes: Tatupu, Kololo, Leafa, Faafili.

### Scotland vs Aotearoa Māori

| Scotland | 16–17 | Aotearoa Māori |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tries: Penny, Maiden, Bell
Goals: Mackay, Crowther |  | Tries: Toopi 2, Kidwell
Goals: Ngamu 2
Drop Goals: Ngamu |

**Scotland**: 1. Lee Penny, 2. Matt Daylight, 3. Graham Mackay, 4. Geoff Bell, 5. Lee Gilmour, 6. Andrew Purcell, 7. Richard Horne
8. Heckenberg, 9. Danny Russell (Captain), 10. Laughton, 11. Scott Logan, 12. Cram, 13. Adrian Vowles.
Substitutes: David Maiden, Matt Crowther, Wayne McDonald, Shaw.
Coach: Shaun McRae

**New Zealand Māori**: 1. Clinton Toopi, 2. Manuell, 3. Kohe-Love, 4. David Kidwell, 5. Sean Hoppe, 6. Gene Ngamu, 7. H. Te Rangi
8. Rauhihi, 9. Perenara, 10. Terry Hermansson, 11. Koopu, 12. Tyran Smith, 13. Tawera Nikau.
Substitutes: Martin Moana, Leuluai, Nahi, Reihana.

Sin Bin: McDonald (40). Sin Bin: Nikau (40).

### Ireland vs Scotland

| Ireland | 18–6 | Scotland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tries: Sheridan, Withers.
Goals: Prescott 5. |  | Tries: Arnold.
Goals: Crowther. |

Scotland's loose forward, Adrian Vowles was sent to the sin bin midway through the second half for repeated off-side infringements **Ireland**:
1. Steve Prescott, 2. Brian Carney, 3. Martyn, 4. Eagar, 5. Herron, 6. Michael Withers, 7. Ryan Sheridan
8. O'Connor, 9. Lawless, 10. McDermott, 11. Joynt, 12. Kevin Campion, 13. Luke Ricketson.
Substitutes: Williams, Mathiou, Barnhill, Bradbury.

**Scotland**: 1. Danny Arnold, 2. Matt Daylight, 3. Lee Gilmour, 4. Bell, 5. Matt Crowther, 6. Horne, 7. Scott Rhodes
8. Heckenberg, 9. Russell, 10. Laughton, 11. Logan, 12. Cram, 13. Adrian Vowles.
Substitutes: Maiden, Graham, McDonald, Shaw.

### Samoa vs Aotearoa Māori

| Samoa | 21–16 | Aotearoa Māori |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tries: Faafili 2, W Swann, Milford.
Goals: Poching 2. |  | Tries: Mathews, Nelson, Rauhihi.
Goals: Goodwin 2. |

### Ireland vs Aotearoa Māori

| Ireland | 30–16 | Aotearoa Māori |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

### Scotland vs Samoa

| Scotland | 12–20 | Samoa |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |


title: Elachista phascola

abstract: Elachista phascola is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Australia.

text:
# Elachista phascola

***Elachista phascola*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista phascola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. phascola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista phascola***<br>Kaila, 2011 | |
|


title: Asadata Dafora

abstract: Austin Dafora Horton, also known as Asadata Dafora, was a Sierra Leonean multidisciplinary musician. He was one of the first Africans to introduce African drumming music to the United States, beginning in the early 1930s. His artistic endeavours spanned multiple disciplines, but he is best remembered for his work in dance and music. Dafora was a multifaceted artist, talented in opera and concert singing, dancing, choreographing and composing. In 1934, Dafora created Kykunkor, a successful musical/drama production using authentic African music and dance and is considered one of the pioneers of black dance in America.

text:
# Asadata Dafora

**Austin Dafora Horton** (4 August 1890 – 4 March 1965), also known as **Asadata Dafora**, was a Sierra Leonean multidisciplinary musician. He was one of the first Africans to introduce African drumming music to the United States, beginning in the early 1930s. His artistic endeavours spanned multiple disciplines, but he is best remembered for his work in dance and music.

Dafora was a multifaceted artist, talented in opera and concert singing, dancing, choreographing and composing. In 1934, Dafora created *Kykunkor (The Witch Woman)*, a successful musical/drama production using authentic African music and dance and is considered one of the pioneers of black dance in America.

## Early years

Austin Dafora Horton was born into the Creole ethnic group on 4 August 1890 in Freetown, British Sierra Leone. He was the son of John "Johnnie" William Horton, the Freetown city treasurer, and his wife, a concert pianist. Dafora grew up in a privileged household. Some doubt surrounds his family surname. Horton may have come from his great-grandfather, Moses Pindar Horton, a liberated African slave originally from Benin. Despite Dafora's own assertion in program notes for *Kykunkor* that his great-grandfather was a freed slave, dates indicate it was in fact Dafora's grandfather \[Moses Pindar Horton\] who experienced slavery and who was repatriated to Sierra Leone. His half sister was Constance Cummings-John, a well known Creole Pan-Africanist.

Born into a prominent family, Dafora received a European education at the Wesleyan School in Freetown. However, he always maintained a keen interest in the study of indigenous African culture, especially traditions and languages, and 17 distinct African languages. As a young man, Dafora travelled to Europe and studied at several opera houses in Italy to advance his musical training, learning English. French. Spanish. German and Italian. His crossover from choral music into the medium of dance happened purely by coincidence. He claimed that he went to a performance of West African songs in a German nightclub in 1910, and overwhelmed with homesickness, he broke out into traditional African dance. His performance was so well received that the club owner contracted him to train a group of dancers to celebrate the opening of the Kiel Canal. While touring with his dance troupe, Dafora was struck by how ignorant most people were about Africa and dedicated the rest of his career to exposing people to African culture.

## Dafora arrives in New York

In 1929 Asadata Dafora journeyed to New York City to try to pursue his career as a musician. He was then 39 years old.

Despite his talent, at the start of the Great Depression creative performing careers were difficult to maintain, particularly for foreign African performers. However, his interactions with a group of African men at the National African Union soon led him back to his interests in African dance. The company he formed was called **Shogolo Oloba** (sometimes known as the Federal Theater African Dance Troupe and Asadata Dafora Horton and his African Dancers) and it strove to portray African culture in a complex and sophisticated light, not just an exotic array of mysterious spectacles. Because he strove for authenticity in his work, Dafora preferred to use native African dancers and trained them in African languages as well as performance techniques. Dafora is credited with the development of the dance-drama, a type of production that fully integrates narrative and song into dance performance. Furthermore, Dafora was the first to successfully stage African ritual in a Western style stage production. His first work, "Kykunkor" (Witch Woman), completed in 1931, was based on African folklore. It opened in 1934 and was such an overwhelming success that it had to move to a larger theatre to accommodate the audiences.

He was also the choreographer and drummer in a 1936 stage success, Orson Welles's all-black *Macbeth* performed in Harlem, on Broadway and on national tour. With his collaborator, Abdul Assen, he helped create the unique sound and feel of the Haitian "voodoo" sections of the performance. He toured with his works "Awassa Astrige/Ostrich" (1932), "Zunguru" (1940) and "Batanga" (1941). He also co-authored a radio play with Orson Welles entitled "Trangama-Fanga". Around 1950, Dafora founded the Academy of Jazz. He has also been the subject of a film by Kinsley Mbadiwe called *The Greater Tomorrow*.

## *Kykunkor*

*Kykunkor*, or *The Witch Woman*, was produced at the Little Theater on West 44th Street, New York City. In 1934, a studio on East 23rd Street named the Unity Theatre allowed for the new opera to premier in early May. Dafora's musical/drama is the story of a bridegroom who is cursed by a witch doctor named Kykunkor, and of this groom's attempts to remove the curse.

The audience consisted of only sixty people, "but after John Martin's favorable review in the New York Times on 9 May, 425 people appeared that evening, 200 of whom had to be turned away because of an overflowing theatre." (Perhaps this is not accurate. The Little Theatre had 300 seats when it was built in 1912. By 1924, it had been expanded to seat 599) Because of Martin's influential review, the show moved to larger venues and continued to show for four months to packed audiences

The cast consisted of eighteen men and women, a mix of African and African-American performers. The show was colourful and exciting, with live music and continuous, stimulating drumming, and the audience was exposed to a "visual feast of 'semi-naked black men and women, posturing, writhing, crazily whirling, dancing insanely—vitally,'..." White American audience members looked upon the performance with preconceptions about the African culture, which to them was primitive. The dancers' motions were alluding to "nature, animals, and the basic functions of living—especially sex..." At a time when American concert dance was dominated by austerity and an overwhelming emphasis on the struggle of the individual heroine, such as with Martha Graham and Humphrey-Weidman pieces, Dafora's bright, lively and exotic show was a lively and appealing alternative. The masculinity of the male dancers and the developing interest of the African culture among white modern artists and intellectuals in the US and Europe also brought much attention to *Kykunkor*.

But *Kykunkor* was more than just an exciting piece, it was an innovation. *Kykunkor* was "the first opera presented in the United States with authentic African dances and music, performed in an African tongue by a mainly African-born cast". "*Kykunkor* proved that black dancers working with material from their own heritage could be successful on the American concert stage." However, at the same time it reinforced that black dancers could only be accepted into the concert dance scene if they danced within the "primitive" genres of dance; the American and European high-art concert dance was a place for white and European artists. The critic John Martin, while praising the dance, also stated that "'Negroes cannot be expected to do dances designed for another race.'" Asadata Dafora opened the field of concert dance to the black performers, but not until later in the century would Black American dancers begin to be recognised as serious and worthy performers in American concert dance.

## Other stage work

In 1939, Dafora appeared at the Ridgeway Theatre in White Plains, New York, as "Congo Witch Doctor" in Eugene O’Neill's play, *The Emperor Jones*. The production starred Paul Robeson and cast some members of his African dance troupe, including Sakor Jar, Lamina Kor and Antiga.

## Return to Sierra Leone

In 1960, Asadata Dafora returned to Sierra Leone where he became the cultural director of the newly independent nation. His contributions to the dance world influenced many future artists, especially African American artists such as Pearl Primus, Esther Rolle and Katherine Dunham.

## Death

Dafora died in hospital at Harlem, New York, on 4 March 1965.

1. "Retired Site | PBS". *PBS*.
2. Maureen Needham, "Kykunkor, Or The Witch Woman: An African Opera in America, 1934" in Thomas F. DeFrantz's *Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance.* (England: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002),233.
3. Heard, Marcia Ethel. "Asadata Dafora : African concert dance traditions in American concert dance." UMI Dissertation Services, 1999. p. 42.
4. "Constance Cummings-John". *The Guardian*. 2 March 2000. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023.
5. Folkes, L. Julia, *Modern Bodies*. (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press)59.
6. Heard, "Asadata Dafora : African concert dance traditions in American concert dance," 61.
7. Maureen Needham, *Kykunkor*,234.
8. "The New York Public Library". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
9. Haskins, James. *Black Dance in America: A History Through Its People*, New York: Harper Trophy, 1990, p.75.
10. Needham, Maureen. *Kykunkor*, 234.
11. Heard, Marcia. "Great Performances: Free to Dance". *PBS*. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
12. Heard, "Asadata Dafora," 42.
13. Perpener, John (2001). *African-American Concert Dance*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02675-6.
14. Rippy, Marguerite. "The Death of the Auteur: Orson Welles, Asadata Dafora, and the 1936 Macbeth" in *Orson Welles in Focus*, eds. James Gilmore and Sidney Gottlieb, IU Press, 2018, p. 19
15. "The Dance Heritage Coalition: Publications". Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
16. Thorpe, Edward, *Black Dance*.
17. Maureen Needham, *Kykunkor*, 237.
18. Haskins, *Black Dance in America*, 76.
19. Julia L. Foulkes, *Modern Bodies*, 59.
20. Thorpe, *Black Dance*, 114.
21. Julia L. Foulkes, *Modern Bodies*, 60.
22. Julia L. Foulkes, *Modern Bodies*, 61.
23. Maureen Needham, *Kykunkor*, 233
24. Emery, Lynne Fauley. *Black Dance in the United States from 1619 to 1970*, (California: National Press Books, 1972), 248.
25. Thorpe, Edward, *Black Dance*, 115.
26. "Emperor Jones Playbill" ,New York Public Library Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Asadata Dafora (Horton) Papers, 1980.

## InfoBox

| Asadata Dafora | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Austin Dafora Horton |
| Born | (1890-08-04)4 August 1890
Freetown, British Sierra Leone |
| Died | 4 March 1965(1965-03-04) (aged 74)
Harlem, New York City |
| Genres | African drum music, dance music |
| Occupation(s) | Songwriter, producer, social activist |
| Years active | 1929–1960 |


title: 1998 Arab Cup Winners' Cup

abstract:
The 1998 Arab Cup Winners' Cup was the ninth edition of the Arab Cup Winners' Cup held in Beirut, Lebanon between 19 – 30 August 1998. The teams represented Arab nations from Africa and Asia.
MC Oran from Algeria won the final against Al-Jaish from Syria for consecutively the second time.

text:
# 1998 Arab Cup Winners' Cup

The **1998 Arab Cup Winners' Cup** was the ninth edition of the Arab Cup Winners' Cup held in Beirut, Lebanon between 19 – 30 August 1998. The teams represented Arab nations from Africa and Asia. MC Oran from Algeria won the final against Al-Jaish from Syria for consecutively the second time.

## Qualifying round

Al-Nejmeh (the hosts) and MC Oran (the holders) qualified automatically.

### Zone 1 (Gulf Area)

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Rayyan | 4–4 () | **Al-Qadsia** | 3–2 | 1–2 |
| **Al-Wasl** | w/o | Al-Muharraq |  |  |

*Al-Qadsia & Al-Wasl advanced to the final tournament.*

### Zone 2 (Red Sea)

Qualifying tournament held in Saudi Arabia. Al-Wehda Sana'a of Yemen withdrew from the tournament.

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Mourada | 0–0 | Al-Ismaily |
| **Al-Ta'ee** | 1–0 | Al-Ismaily |
| Al-Ta'ee | 0–2 | **Al-Mourada** |

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Mourada | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | +2 | 4 |
| Al-Ta'ee | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Al-Ismaily | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Al-Wehda Sana'a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

Source:

*Al-Mourada & Al-Ta'ee advanced to the final tournament.*

### Zone 3 (North Africa)

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Al-Nasr Benghazi** | w/o | USM Alger |  |  |

*Al-Nasr Benghazi advanced to the final tournament.*

### Zone 4 (East Region)

Qualifying tournament held in Beirut, Lebanon between 2 – 4 June 1998.

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Day 1 (2 June) | | |
| **Al-Jaish** | 1–0 | Al-Wehdat |
| **Al-Ansar** | 1–0 | Khadamat Rafah |
| Day 2 (4 June) | | |
| **Al-Jaish** | 6–2 | Khadamat Rafah |
| **Al-Ansar** | 2–0 | Al-Wehdat |
| Day 3 (6 June) | | |
| **Al-Wehdat** | 6–3 | Khadamat Rafah |
| Al-Ansar | 3–3 | Al-Jaish |

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Jaish | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 7 |
| Al-Ansar | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 3 | +3 | 7 |
| Al-Wehdat | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 3 |
| Khadamat Rafah | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 0 |

Source:

*Al-Jaish advanced to the final tournament.*

## Group stage

### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Qadsia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 5 | +3 | 7 |
| Al-Nejmeh | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 5 | +1 | 5 |
| Al-Nasr Benghazi | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 4 | +4 | 4 |
| Al-Mourada | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 0 |

Source:

| Al-Nejmeh | 2–1 | Al-Mourada |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nazha  45', 89' |  | Barsham  61' |

Camille Chamoun Stadium, BeirutAttendance: 35,000Referee: Nasser Al Hamdan (Saudi Arabia)

| Al-Nasr Benghazi | 1–2 | Al-Qadsia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Abdulsalam  65' |  | Al-Saleh  52'
Sadeq  59' |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Jamal Al Sharif (Syria)

---

| Al-Mourada | 1–3 | Al-Qadsia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Makeen  42' |  | Ah. Al-Shammari  55'
Bu Swehe  56'
Ad. Al-Shammari  73' |

Camille Chamoun Stadium, BeirutReferee: Jasem Khouri (Qatar)

| Al-Nejmeh | 1–1 | Al-Nasr Benghazi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nazha  90+2' |  | Mohammad  54' |

Camille Chamoun Stadium, BeirutAttendance: 30,000Referee: Mohamed Guezzaz (Morocco)

---

| Al-Nasr Benghazi | 6–1 | Al-Mourada |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Abdulsalam  27', 65' (pen.), 90+2'
K. Abdulsalam  42'
Taha  60'
Mansur  90+1' |  | Barsham  98' |

Camille Chamoun Stadium, BeirutReferee: Jamal Al Sharif (Syria)

| Al-Nejmeh | 3–3 | Al-Qadsia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sanamian  11', 90+1'
Shahrour  89' |  | Ad. Al-Shammari  45+1', 82'
Al-Khalidi  72' |

Camille Chamoun Stadium, BeirutAttendance: 26,000Referee: Hassan Aly Hassan (Egypt)

### Group B

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Jaish | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | +3 | 5 |
| MC Oran | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | +1 | 4 |
| Al-Wasl | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| Al-Ta'ee | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 3 |

Source:

| MC Oran | 1–2 | Al-Wasl |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mecheri  30' |  | Isa  20'
Khamees  90' (pen.) |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Taleb Ramadan (Lebanon)

| Al-Jaish | 3–0 | Al-Ta'ee |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bayazid  12', 77' (pen.)
Homsi  53' (pen.) |  |  |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Hassan Aly Hassan (Egypt)

---

| MC Oran | 0–0 | Al-Jaish |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Omar Shetawi (Jordan) ***^note**  : The UAFA announced that the match between MC Oran and Al-Jaish, which was scheduled for 22 August at 18:00 was postponed to 26 August due to poisoning of some players MC Oran.*

| Al-Wasl | 0–1 | Al-Ta'ee |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Al-Reayea  35' |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Zoubeir Nouira (Tunisia)

---

| MC Oran | 4–2 | Al-Ta'ee |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Madani  9' (o.g.)
Mecheri  10'
Belatoui  50' (pen.)
Amrane  68' |  | Abdulkareem  15' (pen.)
Mashal  17' |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Taleb Ramadan (Lebanon)

| Al-Jaish | 1–1 | Al-Wasl |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mostafa  68' (pen.) |  | Darwish  31' |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Omar Shetawi (Jordan)

## Knock-out stage

### Semi-finals

| Al-Qadsia | 1–2 (a.e.t.) | MC Oran |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saoula  47' (o.g.) |  | Amrane  37'
Zerrouki  105+1' |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Zoubeir Nouira (Tunisia)

---

| Al-Jaish | 3–1 | Al-Nejmeh |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bayazid  34'
Mostafa  55'
Hajj-Mustapha  69' |  | Abbas  17' |

Camille Chamoun Stadium, BeirutAttendance: 40,000Referee: Mohamed Guezzaz (Morocco)

### Final

| MC Oran | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Al-Jaish |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Boukessassa  53'
Gaïd  95' |  | Khalaf  11' |

Municipal Stadium, BeirutReferee: Jasem Khouiri (Qatar)

## Winners

| 1998 Arab Cup Winners' Cup |
| --- |
|
MC Oran
Second title |

## InfoBox

1998 Arab Cup Winners' Cup
| الكأس العربية للأندية الفائزة بالكؤوس 1998 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Host country | Lebanon |
| City | Beirut |
| Dates | 19 – 30 August 1998 |
| Teams | 13 (from UAFA confederations) |
| Venue(s) | 2 (in 1 host city) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | MC Oran (2nd title) |
| Runners-up | Al-Jaish |
| Third place | Al-Qadsia |
| Fourth place | Al-Nejmeh |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 15 |
| Goals scored | 50 (3.33 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Wael Nazha
Adel Al-Shammari
Said Bayazid
(3 goals each) |
|


title: Euroleon nostras

abstract: Euroleon nostras is a species of antlion found over most of Europe. The scientific name can be translated as "our European [ant] lion". Adults resemble dragonflies or damselflies and may reach up to 30 mm (1.2 in) long, with a wingspan of 70 mm (2.8 in). The larvae prey on ants and other small creatures and require dry sandy soil in which to dig their pitfall traps.

text:
# Euroleon nostras

***Euroleon nostras*** is a species of antlion found over most of Europe. The scientific name can be translated as "our European \[ant\] lion". Adults resemble dragonflies or damselflies and may reach up to 30 mm (1.2 in) long, with a wingspan of 70 mm (2.8 in). The larvae prey on ants and other small creatures and require dry sandy soil in which to dig their pitfall traps.

## Description

The larva of *E. nostras* has large jaws and a broad abdomen. When fully developed, which may take two years, it pupates under the soil, undergoes metamorphosis, emerging a month later as a much larger winged insect. The adult *E. nostras* is brown and resembles a dragonfly or damselfly in appearance. It is about 30 mm (1.2 in) long with a wingspan of about 70 mm (2.8 in). The four large translucent wings are spotted with brown.

## Distribution

*Euroleon nostras* has a widespread distribution in Europe, and has been recorded from almost all European countries, its range extending from Spain through Germany to western Russia. It is also known from Morocco in North Africa, and from Turkey, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan in Asia. It is an extremely rare insect in Britain, known only from the Minsmere area of the Suffolk coast and Holkham National Nature Reserve in Norfolk.

## Behaviour

The larva of *E. nostras* excavates a conical pit-trap in sand or loose soil and then semi-buries itself at the bottom. It is able to detect the approach of potential prey by detecting vibrations in the ground. It can locate where the prey is at any given time and can flick loose sand with its head accurately towards it. Small arthropods that inadvertently enter the trap are unable to climb out because of the loose surface and are pounced on by the ant-lion larva, which then sucks out their body fluids before tossing out the dry husk. The larvae favoured locations with dry sand under a rock overhang or other surface that prevented direct rainfall. In a research study in Slovenia, the density of the pits varied from 44 to 543 pits per square metre. Later instar larvae required more space for their larger pits. In conditions of overcrowding, cannibalism took place. In an experiment where the larvae were stocked at 1000 per square metre, about half were killed and eaten by other larvae.

Adult *E. nostras* are on the wing from June to September but are seldom seen because they are nocturnal, hiding during the day in vegetation. The short adult life is devoted to reproduction. The female hangs on a twig when mating and the male attaches himself to her by his reproductive organs and dangles below for the hour or two that mating takes. After this, the female flies to the ground, tapping it with her abdomen to find a suitable spot, and inserting her ovipositor into the sand and laying an egg. She repeats these actions about twenty times. While on the ground, she is in danger from antlion larvae.

Media related to Euroleon nostras at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Euroleon nostras* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Myrmeleontidae |
| Genus: | *Euroleon* |
| Species: | ***E. nostras*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euroleon nostras***<br>(Fourcroy, 1785) | |
|


title: Eurolines

abstract: Eurolines is a brand of intercity bus service owned by an international non-profit organisation formed under Belgian law. Using the Eurolines brand, partner bus companies operate service in Europe and Morocco.

text:
# Eurolines

**Eurolines** is a brand of intercity bus service owned by an international non-profit organisation formed under Belgian law. Using the Eurolines brand, partner bus companies operate service in Europe and Morocco.

## History

Eurolines was founded in 1985. Its forerunner was the Europabus brand network created by the Union des Services Routiers des Chemins de Fer Européens (URF), a consortium of 11 European national railway companies, in 1951.

In 2010, Lux Express left the Eurolines network.

In January 2018, National Express Coaches withdrew from the Eurolines network, instead partnering with Ouibus.

In April 2019, the Eurolines operating businesses in France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic and Spain, and the Isilines brand, all of which were formerly owned by Veolia Transport and later Transdev, were acquired by Flixbus.

In July 2020, Eurolines operators in France were placed into compulsory liquidation by a French court.

## Operators

* Bosnia-Herzegovina: Centrotrans Eurolines
* Croatia: Eurolines Autotrans by Arriva
* Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: Eurolines Lithuania
* Ireland: Bus Éireann, operator of Expressway Eurolines
* Switzerland: Autourisme Léman SA (ALSA) and Eggmann Frey AG
* Serbia: Lasta Beograd

## Accidents

* In August 2010, an Eurolines bus traveling from the Netherlands to Crespin after the driver fell asleep at the wheel, killing one person.
* In August 2013, an Ecolines bus overturned in southern France, killing two people.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Belintoustri Bova Futura | |
| Founded | 1985 (1985) |
| Headquarters | Metrologielaan/Avenue de la Métrologie 6, 1130 Brussels, Belgium |
| Service area | Europe<br>Morocco |
| Service type | Intercity bus service |
| Annual ridership | 4 million |


abstract: The 1924 United States presidential election in Minnesota took place on November 4, 1924, in Minnesota as part of the 1924 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. A rapid recovery from the depression of 1920 and 1921, despite major Republican losses during the 1922 House elections placed the Republican Party – who gained a record popular-vote majority in the 1920 election – in a secure position despite the death of President Warren G. Harding in 1923. Rises in wages and ebbing of discontent further solidified the GOP's hold on power. More critically, the Democratic Party was mortally divided between its rural Southern faction led by William Gibbs McAdoo and its white ethnic urban northeastern faction led by New York Governor Al Smith. The rural faction was supported by the revived Ku Klux Klan and was in favour of Prohibition, whereas the white ethnic faction was firmly against the anti-Catholic Klan and opposed to Prohibition. A fierce debate ensued that saw a compromise candidate, former Congressman John W. Davis of West Virginia, nominated after one hundred and three ballots in hot summer weather at Madison Square Garden. Although West Virginia was a border state whose limited African-American population had not been disenfranchised as happened in all former Confederate States, Davis did share the extreme social conservatism of Southern Democrats of his era. He supported poll taxes, opposed women's suffrage, and believed in strictly limited government with no expansion in nonmilitary fields. In the liberal, heavily Scandinavian Upper Midwest, Davis' social and economic views had practically no appeal. Although in September Davis underwent an extensive tour of the region and of the Great Plains, and campaigned to eliminate the income tax burden of the poorer classes, he received a mere 6.80 percent of the vote in Minnesota. This constitutes the second-smallest proportion of any state's popular vote received by an official on-ballot Democratic presidential nominee since the election of 1860, when the party was divided. The only smaller proportion was by Grover Cleveland in Nevada in 1892, when he received only 6.56 percent of the vote. The conservatism of Coolidge and Davis made it inevitable that aging Wisconsin maverick Robert M. La Follette would mount a third-party challenge – which La Follette had planned even before the Democratic Convention. La Follette was formally nominated on July 4 by the "Conference for Progressive Political Action" and developed a platform dedicated to eliminating child labor and American interference in Latin American political affairs, along with a formal denunciation of the Ku Klux Klan. La Follette also proposed major judicial reforms including amendments allowing congress to override judicial review and to re-enact laws declared unconstitutional. La Follette also called for election of federal judges for ten-year terms. Davis and Coolidge both spent most of their campaign attacking La Follette as a political extremist, but nonetheless opinion polls showed that La Follette was attracting large numbers of those German-American and Scandinavian-Americans who completely deserted Cox in 1920. In September some polls had La Follette winning sufficient electoral votes to give no candidate an electoral majority and force the House to make a choice, but as polling day approached newer polls suggested incumbent President Calvin Coolidge would hold the states of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nevada and Montana, which La Follette had been predicted to win in August. As it turned out, Coolidge won the state over La Follette by a margin of 81,567 votes, or 9.92 percent. Nationally, the incumbent president almost equalled Harding's landslide popular vote victory, achieving a 25.22 percent lead over Davis and 382 electoral votes.

text:
# 1924 United States presidential election in Minnesota

The **1924 United States presidential election in Minnesota** took place on November 4, 1924, in Minnesota as part of the 1924 United States presidential election. Voters chose 12 electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

A rapid recovery from the depression of 1920 and 1921, despite major Republican losses during the 1922 House elections placed the Republican Party – who gained a record popular-vote majority in the 1920 election – in a secure position despite the death of President Warren G. Harding in 1923. Rises in wages and ebbing of discontent further solidified the GOP's hold on power.

More critically, the Democratic Party was mortally divided between its rural Southern faction led by William Gibbs McAdoo and its white ethnic urban northeastern faction led by New York Governor Al Smith. The rural faction was supported by the revived Ku Klux Klan and was in favour of Prohibition, whereas the white ethnic faction was firmly against the anti-Catholic Klan and opposed to Prohibition. A fierce debate ensued that saw a compromise candidate, former Congressman John W. Davis of West Virginia, nominated after one hundred and three ballots in hot summer weather at Madison Square Garden. Although West Virginia was a border state whose limited African-American population had not been disenfranchised as happened in all former Confederate States, Davis did share the extreme social conservatism of Southern Democrats of his era. He supported poll taxes, opposed women's suffrage, and believed in strictly limited government with no expansion in nonmilitary fields.

In the liberal, heavily Scandinavian Upper Midwest, Davis' social and economic views had practically no appeal. Although in September Davis underwent an extensive tour of the region and of the Great Plains, and campaigned to eliminate the income tax burden of the poorer classes, he received a mere 6.80 percent of the vote in Minnesota. This constitutes the second-smallest proportion of any state's popular vote received by an official on-ballot Democratic presidential nominee since the election of 1860, when the party was divided. The only smaller proportion was by Grover Cleveland in Nevada in 1892, when he received only 6.56 percent of the vote.

The conservatism of Coolidge and Davis made it inevitable that aging Wisconsin maverick Robert M. La Follette would mount a third-party challenge – which La Follette had planned even before the Democratic Convention. La Follette was formally nominated on July 4 by the "Conference for Progressive Political Action" and developed a platform dedicated to eliminating child labor and American interference in Latin American political affairs, along with a formal denunciation of the Ku Klux Klan. La Follette also proposed major judicial reforms including amendments allowing congress to override judicial review and to re-enact laws declared unconstitutional. La Follette also called for election of federal judges for ten-year terms.

Davis and Coolidge both spent most of their campaign attacking La Follette as a political extremist, but nonetheless opinion polls showed that La Follette was attracting large numbers of those German-American and Scandinavian-Americans who completely deserted Cox in 1920. In September some polls had La Follette winning sufficient electoral votes to give no candidate an electoral majority and force the House to make a choice, but as polling day approached newer polls suggested incumbent President Calvin Coolidge would hold the states of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nevada and Montana, which La Follette had been predicted to win in August. As it turned out, Coolidge won the state over La Follette by a margin of 81,567 votes, or 9.92 percent. Nationally, the incumbent president almost equalled Harding's landslide popular vote victory, achieving a 25.22 percent lead over Davis and 382 electoral votes.

## Results

| 1924 United States presidential election in Minnesota | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Republican** | **Calvin Coolidge (incumbent)** | **420,759** | **51.18%** | **12** |
|  | Independent | Robert M. La Follette | 339,192 | 41.26% | 0 |
|  | Democratic | John W. Davis | 55,913 | 6.80% | 0 |
|  | Workers | William Z. Foster | 4,427 | 0.54% | 0 |
|  | Socialist Industrial | Frank T. Johns | 1,855 | 0.23% | 0 |
| **Totals** | | | **822,146** | **100.00%** | **12** |

### Results by county

| County | John Calvin Coolidge
Republican | | John William Davis
Democratic | | Robert M. La Follette
Independent | | William Z. Foster
Workers | | Frank Johns
Socialist Industrial | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Aitkin | 2,720 | 53.67% | 212 | 4.18% | 1,959 | 38.65% | 159 | 3.14% | 18 | 0.36% | 761 | 15.02% | 5,068 |
| Anoka | 3,146 | 57.15% | 458 | 8.32% | 1,883 | 34.21% | 15 | 0.27% | 3 | 0.05% | 1,263 | 22.94% | 5,505 |
| Becker | 2,936 | 45.51% | 429 | 6.65% | 2,963 | 45.92% | 93 | 1.44% | 31 | 0.48% | -27 | -0.41% | 6,452 |
| Beltrami | 2,960 | 46.22% | 323 | 5.04% | 3,053 | 47.67% | 40 | 0.62% | 28 | 0.44% | -93 | -1.45% | 6,404 |
| Benton | 1,629 | 41.90% | 572 | 14.71% | 1,644 | 42.28% | 24 | 0.62% | 19 | 0.49% | -15 | -0.38% | 3,888 |
| Big Stone | 1,524 | 46.14% | 260 | 7.87% | 1,508 | 45.66% | 8 | 0.24% | 3 | 0.09% | 16 | 0.48% | 3,303 |
| Blue Earth | 6,773 | 55.09% | 1,123 | 9.13% | 4,360 | 35.46% | 24 | 0.20% | 15 | 0.12% | 2,413 | 19.63% | 12,295 |
| Brown | 2,255 | 31.87% | 270 | 3.82% | 4,515 | 63.81% | 21 | 0.30% | 15 | 0.21% | -2,260 | -31.94% | 7,076 |
| Carlton | 3,142 | 49.76% | 303 | 4.80% | 2,552 | 40.42% | 300 | 4.75% | 17 | 0.27% | 590 | 9.34% | 6,314 |
| Carver | 2,214 | 40.20% | 358 | 6.50% | 2,907 | 52.78% | 10 | 0.18% | 19 | 0.34% | -693 | -12.58% | 5,508 |
| Cass | 2,800 | 54.13% | 270 | 5.22% | 2,052 | 39.67% | 38 | 0.73% | 13 | 0.25% | 748 | 14.46% | 5,173 |
| Chippewa | 2,140 | 42.29% | 140 | 2.77% | 2,761 | 54.57% | 14 | 0.28% | 5 | 0.10% | -621 | -12.28% | 5,060 |
| Chisago | 2,678 | 52.80% | 135 | 2.66% | 2,236 | 44.09% | 12 | 0.24% | 11 | 0.22% | 442 | 8.71% | 5,072 |
| Clay | 3,081 | 44.55% | 439 | 6.35% | 3,357 | 48.54% | 21 | 0.30% | 18 | 0.26% | -276 | -3.99% | 6,916 |
| Clearwater | 1,020 | 37.54% | 86 | 3.17% | 1,592 | 58.59% | 12 | 0.44% | 7 | 0.26% | -572 | -21.05% | 2,717 |
| Cook | 471 | 67.97% | 29 | 4.18% | 189 | 27.27% | 2 | 0.29% | 2 | 0.29% | 282 | 40.70% | 693 |
| Cottonwood | 2,722 | 56.99% | 217 | 4.54% | 1,818 | 38.07% | 13 | 0.27% | 6 | 0.13% | 904 | 18.92% | 4,776 |
| Crow Wing | 4,230 | 50.07% | 417 | 4.94% | 3,725 | 44.09% | 57 | 0.67% | 20 | 0.24% | 505 | 5.98% | 8,449 |
| Dakota | 3,931 | 42.34% | 929 | 10.01% | 4,378 | 47.16% | 28 | 0.30% | 18 | 0.19% | -447 | -4.82% | 9,284 |
| Dodge | 2,856 | 65.97% | 215 | 4.97% | 1,239 | 28.62% | 10 | 0.23% | 9 | 0.21% | 1,617 | 37.35% | 4,329 |
| Douglas | 2,424 | 39.15% | 315 | 5.09% | 3,430 | 55.39% | 14 | 0.23% | 9 | 0.15% | -1,006 | -16.24% | 6,192 |
| Faribault | 4,682 | 58.11% | 578 | 7.17% | 2,776 | 34.45% | 12 | 0.15% | 9 | 0.11% | 1,906 | 23.66% | 8,057 |
| Fillmore | 5,550 | 62.75% | 460 | 5.20% | 2,797 | 31.62% | 19 | 0.21% | 19 | 0.21% | 2,753 | 31.13% | 8,845 |
| Freeborn | 6,139 | 63.75% | 480 | 4.98% | 2,991 | 31.06% | 9 | 0.09% | 11 | 0.11% | 3,148 | 32.69% | 9,630 |
| Goodhue | 6,849 | 59.05% | 615 | 5.30% | 4,113 | 35.46% | 11 | 0.09% | 11 | 0.09% | 2,736 | 23.59% | 11,599 |
| Grant | 1,674 | 49.21% | 118 | 3.47% | 1,601 | 47.06% | 3 | 0.09% | 6 | 0.18% | 73 | 2.15% | 3,402 |
| Hennepin | 101,120 | 59.02% | 10,806 | 6.31% | 58,846 | 34.35% | 377 | 0.22% | 178 | 0.10% | 42,274 | 24.67% | 171,327 |
| Houston | 2,782 | 53.58% | 402 | 7.74% | 1,992 | 38.37% | 13 | 0.25% | 3 | 0.06% | 790 | 15.21% | 5,192 |
| Hubbard | 1,884 | 57.81% | 191 | 5.86% | 1,166 | 35.78% | 12 | 0.37% | 6 | 0.18% | 718 | 22.03% | 3,259 |
| Isanti | 1,588 | 39.54% | 79 | 1.97% | 2,332 | 58.07% | 7 | 0.17% | 10 | 0.25% | -744 | -18.53% | 4,016 |
| Itasca | 4,961 | 60.10% | 496 | 6.01% | 2,532 | 30.67% | 232 | 2.81% | 34 | 0.41% | 2,429 | 29.43% | 8,255 |
| Jackson | 2,760 | 48.96% | 407 | 7.22% | 2,446 | 43.39% | 12 | 0.21% | 12 | 0.21% | 314 | 5.57% | 5,637 |
| Kanabec | 1,507 | 47.57% | 128 | 4.04% | 1,521 | 48.01% | 4 | 0.13% | 8 | 0.25% | -14 | -0.44% | 3,168 |
| Kandiyohi | 3,222 | 40.16% | 222 | 2.77% | 4,552 | 56.74% | 15 | 0.19% | 11 | 0.14% | -1,330 | -16.58% | 8,022 |
| Kittson | 1,333 | 42.88% | 249 | 8.01% | 1,503 | 48.34% | 17 | 0.55% | 7 | 0.23% | -170 | -5.46% | 3,109 |
| Koochiching | 1,536 | 37.42% | 222 | 5.41% | 2,304 | 56.13% | 34 | 0.83% | 9 | 0.22% | -768 | -18.71% | 4,105 |
| Lac qui Parle | 2,860 | 52.26% | 106 | 1.94% | 2,481 | 45.33% | 15 | 0.27% | 11 | 0.20% | 379 | 6.93% | 5,473 |
| Lake | 1,251 | 46.63% | 60 | 2.24% | 1,319 | 49.16% | 45 | 1.68% | 8 | 0.30% | -68 | -2.53% | 2,683 |
| Lake of the Woods | 703 | 42.71% | 92 | 5.59% | 832 | 50.55% | 10 | 0.61% | 9 | 0.55% | -129 | -7.84% | 1,646 |
| Le Sueur | 2,475 | 38.19% | 1,199 | 18.50% | 2,756 | 42.52% | 23 | 0.35% | 28 | 0.43% | -281 | -4.33% | 6,481 |
| Lincoln | 1,657 | 48.03% | 252 | 7.30% | 1,511 | 43.80% | 13 | 0.38% | 17 | 0.49% | 146 | 4.23% | 3,450 |
| Lyon | 3,519 | 53.70% | 334 | 5.10% | 2,674 | 40.81% | 10 | 0.15% | 16 | 0.24% | 845 | 12.89% | 6,553 |
| McLeod | 2,841 | 44.89% | 563 | 8.90% | 2,893 | 45.78% | 16 | 0.25% | 16 | 0.25% | -52 | -0.89% | 6,329 |
| Mahnomen | 629 | 33.69% | 122 | 6.53% | 1,094 | 57.91% | 13 | 0.70% | 9 | 0.48% | -465 | -24.22% | 1,867 |
| Marshall | 2,100 | 40.03% | 290 | 5.53% | 2,812 | 53.88% | 25 | 0.48% | 19 | 0.36% | -712 | -13.85% | 5,246 |
| Martin | 4,238 | 56.24% | 751 | 9.97% | 2,529 | 33.50% | 10 | 0.13% | 7 | 0.09% | 1,709 | 22.74% | 7,535 |
| Meeker | 2,757 | 45.47% | 365 | 6.02% | 2,910 | 47.99% | 20 | 0.33% | 12 | 0.20% | -153 | -2.52% | 6,064 |
| Mille Lacs | 2,413 | 48.79% | 167 | 3.38% | 2,348 | 47.47% | 10 | 0.20% | 8 | 0.16% | 65 | 1.32% | 4,946 |
| Morrison | 3,128 | 41.63% | 769 | 10.23% | 3,546 | 47.19% | 33 | 0.44% | 38 | 0.51% | -418 | -5.56% | 7,514 |
| Mower | 5,061 | 55.69% | 564 | 6.21% | 3,436 | 37.81% | 16 | 0.18% | 11 | 0.12% | 1,625 | 17.88% | 9,088 |
| Murray | 2,034 | 45.80% | 334 | 7.52% | 2,048 | 46.12% | 12 | 0.27% | 13 | 0.29% | -14 | -0.32% | 4,441 |
| Nicollet | 2,518 | 50.05% | 287 | 5.70% | 2,208 | 43.89% | 11 | 0.22% | 7 | 0.14% | 310 | 6.16% | 5,031 |
| Nobles | 2,835 | 46.10% | 421 | 6.85% | 2,875 | 46.75% | 9 | 0.15% | 10 | 0.16% | -40 | -0.65% | 6,150 |
| Norman | 1,997 | 45.77% | 171 | 3.92% | 2,174 | 49.83% | 16 | 0.37% | 5 | 0.11% | -177 | -4.06% | 4,363 |
| Olmsted | 5,722 | 56.50% | 857 | 8.46% | 3,508 | 34.64% | 27 | 0.27% | 13 | 0.13% | 2,214 | 21.86% | 10,127 |
| Otter Tail | 7,557 | 55.45% | 568 | 4.17% | 5,346 | 39.23% | 137 | 1.01% | 21 | 0.15% | 2,211 | 16.22% | 13,629 |
| Pennington | 1,126 | 31.20% | 146 | 4.05% | 2,320 | 64.28% | 13 | 0.36% | 4 | 0.11% | -1,194 | -33.08% | 3,609 |
| Pine | 2,706 | 42.03% | 469 | 7.28% | 3,196 | 49.64% | 44 | 0.68% | 23 | 0.36% | -490 | -7.61% | 6,438 |
| Pipestone | 2,066 | 48.16% | 219 | 5.10% | 1,984 | 46.25% | 14 | 0.33% | 7 | 0.16% | 82 | 1.91% | 4,290 |
| Polk | 5,027 | 43.94% | 663 | 5.80% | 5,695 | 49.78% | 37 | 0.32% | 18 | 0.16% | -668 | -5.84% | 11,440 |
| Pope | 2,079 | 45.88% | 151 | 3.33% | 2,284 | 50.41% | 8 | 0.18% | 9 | 0.20% | -205 | -4.53% | 4,531 |
| Ramsey | 39,566 | 47.66% | 8,407 | 10.13% | 34,684 | 41.78% | 262 | 0.32% | 100 | 0.12% | 4,882 | 5.88% | 83,019 |
| Red Lake | 643 | 35.19% | 213 | 11.66% | 956 | 52.33% | 11 | 0.60% | 4 | 0.22% | -313 | -17.14% | 1,827 |
| Redwood | 3,342 | 50.66% | 443 | 6.72% | 2,778 | 42.11% | 18 | 0.27% | 16 | 0.24% | 564 | 8.55% | 6,597 |
| Renville | 3,405 | 42.66% | 641 | 8.03% | 3,898 | 48.84% | 21 | 0.26% | 16 | 0.20% | -493 | -6.18% | 7,981 |
| Rice | 5,883 | 61.26% | 1,199 | 12.49% | 2,454 | 25.55% | 35 | 0.36% | 32 | 0.33% | 3,429 | 35.71% | 9,603 |
| Rock | 2,065 | 51.98% | 261 | 6.57% | 1,637 | 41.20% | 6 | 0.15% | 4 | 0.10% | 428 | 10.78% | 3,973 |
| Roseau | 1,300 | 38.99% | 148 | 4.44% | 1,862 | 55.85% | 13 | 0.39% | 11 | 0.33% | -562 | -16.86% | 3,334 |
| Saint Louis | 37,033 | 57.31% | 2,577 | 3.99% | 23,166 | 35.85% | 1,385 | 2.14% | 462 | 0.71% | 13,867 | 21.46% | 64,623 |
| Scott | 1,324 | 29.29% | 829 | 18.34% | 2,327 | 51.48% | 24 | 0.53% | 16 | 0.35% | -1,003 | -22.19% | 4,520 |
| Sherburne | 1,961 | 63.65% | 180 | 5.84% | 925 | 30.02% | 6 | 0.19% | 9 | 0.29% | 1,036 | 33.63% | 3,081 |
| Sibley | 1,749 | 34.57% | 341 | 6.74% | 2,935 | 58.00% | 21 | 0.42% | 14 | 0.28% | -1,186 | -23.43% | 5,060 |
| Stearns | 6,469 | 37.36% | 1,354 | 7.82% | 9,385 | 54.20% | 64 | 0.37% | 42 | 0.24% | -2,916 | -16.84% | 17,314 |
| Steele | 3,598 | 59.50% | 796 | 13.16% | 1,632 | 26.99% | 13 | 0.21% | 8 | 0.13% | 1,966 | 32.51% | 6,047 |
| Stevens | 1,553 | 48.99% | 238 | 7.51% | 1,362 | 42.97% | 12 | 0.38% | 5 | 0.16% | 191 | 6.02% | 3,170 |
| Swift | 1,654 | 33.60% | 334 | 6.79% | 2,918 | 59.28% | 9 | 0.18% | 7 | 0.14% | -1,264 | -25.68% | 4,922 |
| Todd | 4,441 | 53.00% | 557 | 6.65% | 3,339 | 39.85% | 17 | 0.20% | 25 | 0.30% | 1,102 | 13.15% | 8,379 |
| Traverse | 1,002 | 39.32% | 202 | 7.93% | 1,330 | 52.20% | 9 | 0.35% | 5 | 0.20% | -328 | -12.88% | 2,548 |
| Wabasha | 2,834 | 44.93% | 644 | 10.21% | 2,811 | 44.57% | 12 | 0.19% | 6 | 0.10% | 23 | 0.36% | 6,307 |
| Wadena | 1,900 | 54.83% | 182 | 5.25% | 1,265 | 36.51% | 109 | 3.15% | 9 | 0.26% | 635 | 18.32% | 3,465 |
| Waseca | 2,081 | 37.13% | 442 | 7.89% | 3,057 | 54.54% | 11 | 0.20% | 14 | 0.25% | -976 | -17.41% | 5,605 |
| Washington | 4,482 | 52.40% | 699 | 8.17% | 3,351 | 39.18% | 12 | 0.14% | 9 | 0.11% | 1,131 | 13.22% | 8,553 |
| Watonwan | 2,297 | 53.57% | 279 | 6.51% | 1,703 | 39.72% | 5 | 0.12% | 4 | 0.09% | 594 | 13.85% | 4,288 |
| Wilkin | 1,342 | 47.17% | 245 | 8.61% | 1,250 | 43.94% | 4 | 0.14% | 4 | 0.14% | 92 | 3.23% | 2,845 |
| Winona | 5,670 | 43.53% | 1,111 | 8.53% | 6,183 | 47.47% | 15 | 0.12% | 47 | 0.36% | -513 | -3.94% | 13,026 |
| Wright | 4,349 | 47.52% | 567 | 6.20% | 4,172 | 45.59% | 41 | 0.45% | 22 | 0.24% | 177 | 1.93% | 9,151 |
| Yellow Medicine | 2,278 | 38.70% | 151 | 2.56% | 3,440 | 58.43% | 13 | 0.22% | 5 | 0.08% | -1,162 | -19.73% | 5,887 |
| Totals | 420,759 | 51.18% | 55,913 | 6.80% | 339,192 | 41.26% | 4,427 | 0.54% | 1,855 | 0.23% | 81,567 | 9.92% | 822,146 |

## Analysis

Given Davis' shocking statewide performance – not polling twenty percent in any of Minnesota's eighty-seven counties – this election would prove the last as of 2020 when Ramsey County has *not* voted Democratic, for La Follette's vote would turn to beaten Democratic nominee Smith in the following election and remain with the party for many decades.

With 41.26 percent of the popular vote, Minnesota would prove to be La Follette's third strongest state in the 1924 election in terms of popular vote percentage after Wisconsin and North Dakota.

1. Ayers, Edward; Gould, Lewis; Oshinsky, David and Soderlund, Jean; *American Passages: A History of the United States, Volume II: Since 1865*, p. 677 ISBN 0547166354
2. Grantham, Dewey; *The South in Modern America A Region at Odds*, p. 106 ISBN 1610753895
3. Paulson, Arthur C.; *Realignment and Party Revival: Understanding American Electoral Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century*, p. 51 ISBN 0275968650
4. Ranney, Joseph A.; *In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law*; p. 141 ISBN 0275989720
5. Newman, Roger K.; *The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law*, p. 153 ISBN 0300113005
6. Stark, Rodney and Christiano, Kevin J.; 'Support for the American Left, 1920-1924: The Opiate Thesis Reconsidered'; *Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion*, Vol. 31, No. 1 (March, 1992), pp. 62-75
7. Tucker, Garland; *High Tide of American Conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 Election*, p. 191 ISBN 193711029X
8. Richardson, Danny G.; *Others: "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-Party Politics in the 1920s*, p. 180 ISBN 0595481264
9. Richardson; *Others*, pp. 182-183
10. Moreno, Paul D.; *The American State from the Civil War to the New Deal: The Twilight of Constitutionalism and the Triumph of Progressivism*, p. 205 ISBN 1107067715
11. Parrish, Michael E.; *Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920-1941*, pp. 70-71 ISBN 0393311341
12. Tucker; *High Tide of American Conservatism*, p. 181
13. Tucker; *High Tide of American Conservatism*, p. 231
14. "1924 Presidential General Election Results – Minnesota". Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
15. "Popular Vote for Robert LaFollette". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
16. *Minnesota Office of the Secretary of State Elections*; The Legislative Manual for the State of Minnesota (1925), p. 318
17. Robinson, Edgar Eugene; *The Presidential Vote 1896-1932*, pp. 234-241 ISBN 9780804716963
18. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; *America Magazine* in *The National Catholic Review*; June 29, 2016
19. "1924 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

## InfoBox

1924 United States presidential election in Minnesota
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Calvin Coolidge** Robert M. La Follette John W. Davis  Party Republican Independent Democratic  Alliance  Progressive   Home state Massachusetts Wisconsin West Virginia  Running mate **Charles G. Dawes** Burton K. Wheeler Charles W. Bryan  Electoral vote **12** 0 0  Popular vote **420,759** 339,192 55,913  Percentage **51.18%** 41.26% 6.80% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Calvin Coolidge
Republican **Elected President**
Calvin Coolidge
Republican | |


title: 1989 in video games

abstract: 1989 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Phantasy Star II, Super Mario Land, Super Monaco GP, along with new titles such as Big Run, Bonk's Adventure, Final Fight, Golden Axe, Strider, Hard Drivin' and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The year also saw the release of the Sega Genesis and TurboGrafx-16 in North America, and the Game Boy worldwide along with Tetris and Super Mario Land. The year's highest-grossing arcade games in Japan were Namco's Final Lap and Sega's Tetris, while the highest-grossing arcade video games in the United States were Double Dragon, Super Off Road and Hard Drivin' among dedicated arcade cabinets and Capcom Bowling and Ninja Gaiden among arcade conversion kits. The year's best‑selling home system was the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom) for the sixth year in a row, while the year's best-selling home video games were Super Mario Bros. 3 in Japan and RoboCop in the United Kingdom.

text:
# 1989 in video games

1989 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as *Phantasy Star II*, *Super Mario Land*, *Super Monaco GP*, along with new titles such as *Big Run*, *Bonk's Adventure*, *Final Fight*, *Golden Axe*, *Strider*, *Hard Drivin'* and *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*. The year also saw the release of the Sega Genesis and TurboGrafx-16 in North America, and the Game Boy worldwide along with *Tetris* and *Super Mario Land*.

The year's highest-grossing arcade games in Japan were Namco's *Final Lap* and Sega's *Tetris*, while the highest-grossing arcade video games in the United States were *Double Dragon*, *Super Off Road* and *Hard Drivin'* among dedicated arcade cabinets and *Capcom Bowling* and *Ninja Gaiden* among arcade conversion kits. The year's bestselling home system was the Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom) for the sixth year in a row, while the year's best-selling home video games were *Super Mario Bros. 3* in Japan and *RoboCop* in the United Kingdom.

## Financial performance

### Highest-grossing arcade games

#### Japan

In Japan, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1989.

| Rank | *Gamest* | | *Game Machine* | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Title | Manufacturer | Dedicated arcade cabinet | Software conversion kit |
| 1 | *Tetris* | Sega | *Final Lap* | *Tetris* (Sega) |
| 2 | *Winning Run* | Namco | *Chase H.Q.* | *World Stadium* |
| 3 | *Super Monaco GP* | Sega | *Operation Thunderbolt* | *Truxton* |
| 4 | *Power Drift* | Sega | *Winning Run* (deluxe) | *Image Fight* |
| 5 | *Image Fight* | Irem | *Out Run* (deluxe) | *Shanghai II* |
| 6 | *Final Lap* | Namco | *Top Landing* | *Kyukyoku Tiger* (*Twin Cobra*)f |
| 7 | *Tenchi wo Kurau* | Capcom | *Power Drift* (deluxe) | *Shanghai* |
| 8 | *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* | Capcom | *Super Monaco GP* (deluxe) | *Sichuan* |
| 9 | *Turbo OutRun* | Sega | *Metal Hawk* | *Birdie Try* |
| 10 | *Chase H.Q.* | Taito | *Turbo OutRun* | *Galaga '88* |

#### Hong Kong and United Kingdom

In Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, the following titles were the top-grossing arcade games of each month.

| Month | Hong Kong (Bondeal) | | | United Kingdom | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Dedicated cabinet | Conversion kit | Ref | Title | Manufacturer | Ref |
| February | Unknown | Unknown |  | *Strider* | Capcom |  |
| March | | | | | | |
| April | | | | | | |
| November | *Hard Drivin'* | *Burning Force* |  | Unknown | |  |
| December | *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* | *Pang* |  | ||
| | | *Burning Force* |  | ||

#### United States

In the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1989.

| Rank | AMOA | | *RePlay* | | AMAA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Dedicated arcade cabinet | Conversion kit | Dedicated cabinet | Conversion kit | |
| 1 | *Double Dragon* | *Capcom Bowling* | *Super Off Road* | *Ninja Gaiden* | *Hard Drivin'* |
| 2 | *Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja*,
*Operation Thunderbolt*,
*Super Off Road*,
*John Elway's Quarterback* | *Ninja Gaiden*,
*Shinobi*,
*Tetris* (Atari)
*Cabal* | *Hard Drivin'* | *Cabal* | *Tetris* (Atari) |
| 3 | | | *Operation Thunderbolt* | *Golden Axe* | *Cabal*,
*Crime Fighters*,
*Chase H.Q.*,
*Operation Thunderbolt* |
| 4 | | | | *Chase H.Q.* | *WWF Superstars* |
| 5 | | | | *Narc* | *Capcom Bowling* |
| 6 |  | | | *S.T.U.N. Runner*,
*Super Monaco GP*,
*Turbo OutRun*,
*Big Run* | *Mechanized Attack*,
*Midnight Resistance*,
*Caliber .50* |
| 7 | | *Superman*,
*U.S. Classic* | | |
| 8 | || |
| 9 | |  | |  |
| 10 | | | *Mechanized Attack*,
*Midnight Resistance* |
| 11 | | |

### Best-selling home systems

| Rank | System(s) | Manufacturer | Type | Generation | Sales | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Japan | USA | Europe | Korea | Worldwide |
| 1 | Nintendo Entertainment System | Nintendo | Console | 8-bit | 1,520,000 | 9,200,000 | 180,000+ | 20,000 | 10,920,000+ |
| 2 | Game Boy | Nintendo | Handheld | 8-bit | 1,480,000 | 1,000,000 |  |  | 2,500,000 |
| 3 | Commodore 64 | Commodore | Computer | 8-bit |  |  |  |  | 1,250,000 |
| 4 | PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 | NEC | Console | 16-bit | 920,000 | 300,000 | Unknown | Unknown | 1,220,000+ |
| 5 | NEC UltraLite / PC-88 / PC-98 | NEC | Computer | 8-bit / 16-bit | 1,030,000 | 115,800+ | Unknown | Unknown | 1,145,800+ |
| 6 | Mega Drive / Genesis | Sega | Console | 16-bit | 600,000 | 500,000 |  |  | 1,100,000 |
| 7 | Macintosh | Apple Inc. | Computer | 16-bit |  |  |  |  | 1,100,000 |
| 8 | IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) | IBM | Computer | 16-bit | Unknown | 748,600+ | Unknown | Unknown | 748,600+ |
| 9 | Mark III / Master System | Sega | Console | 8-bit | 200,000 | Unknown | 350,000 | 130,000 | 680,000+ |
| 10 | Amiga | Commodore | Computer | 16-bit |  |  |  |  | 600,000 |

### Best-selling home video games

#### Japan

The following titles were the top ten best-selling home video games of 1989 in Japan, according to the annual *Family Computer Magazine* (*Famimaga*) charts.

| Rank | Title | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Genre(s) | Sales | Platform(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Super Mario Bros. 3* | Nintendo R&D4 | Nintendo | Platformer | \< 3,840,000 | Famicom |
| 2 | *Tetris* | BPS / Nintendo R&D1 | BPS / Nintendo | Puzzle | Unknown | FC / GB |
| 3 | *Famista '89: Kaimaku Ban!* | Namco | Namco | Sports (baseball) | Unknown | Famicom |
| 4 | *SD Gundam World Gachapon Senshi 2* | Human Entertainment | Bandai | Strategy | | |
| 5 | *Dragon Ball 3: Goku Den* | TOSE | Bandai | RPG / card battle | \< 760,000 | |
| 6 | *Mother* (*EarthBound Beginnings*) | Ape Inc. | Nintendo | RPG | \< 400,000 | |
| 7 | *Kyuukyoku Harikiri Stadium: Heisei Gannenhan* | Taito | Taito | Sports (baseball) | Unknown | |
| 8 | *Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden* | TOSE | Bandai | Action RPG | | |
| 9 | *Famista '90* | Namco | | Sports (baseball) | Unknown | |
| 10 | *Family Stadium '88* | Namco | | | | |

#### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, *RoboCop* for the ZX Spectrum was the best-selling home video game of 1989. The following titles were the best-selling home video games of each month in the United Kingdom during 1989.

| Month | Title | Developer | Publisher | Platform(s) | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| January | *Operation Wolf* | Taito | Ocean Software | Computers |  |
| February | | | | |  |
| March | | | | |  |
| April | *RoboCop* | Data East | Ocean Software | 8-bit micros |  |
| May | | | | |  |
| June | | | | |  |
| July | | | | Computers |  |
| August | | | |  |
| September | *Crazy Cars* | Titus | Titus | 8-bit micros |  |
| October | | | | Computers |  |
| November | *Paperboy* | Atari Games | Elite | 8-bit micros |  |
| December | *Chase H.Q.* | Taito | Ocean Software | Computers |  |
| 1989 | *RoboCop* | Data East | Ocean Software | ZX Spectrum |  |

#### United States

In the United States, the following titles were the best-selling home video games of each month in 1989.

| Month | Bundle | Standalone | Platform | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| January | Unknown | *Super Mario Bros. 2* | NES |  |
| February | *Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt* | | |  |
| March | Unknown | | |  |
| April | | | |  |
| May | | | |  |
| June | | | |  |
| July | | | |  |
| August | | | |  |
| September | | | |  |
| October | *Super Mario Bros./Duck Hunt* | | |  |
| November | Unknown | *Zelda II: The Adventure of Link* | NES |  |
| December | *Tetris* | | Game Boy |  |

## Top-rated games

### Major awards

#### Japan and United Kingdom

| Award | 3rd *Gamest* Awards
(Japan, December 1989) | 4th *Famitsu* Best Hit Game Awards
(Japan, February 1990) | 4th *Famimaga* Game Awards (Japan, February 1990) | | 7th Golden Joystick Awards
(UK, April 1990) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Arcade | Console | Famicom | Game Boy | 8-bit computer | 16-bit computer |
| Game of the Year | *Tetris* (Sega) | *Final Fantasy II* | | *Tetris* | *The Untouchables* | *Kick Off* |
| Critics' Choice Awards | *Gain Ground*
*Image Fight*
*Super Monaco GP*
*Winning Run* | *Idol Hakkenden* (Famicom)
*Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse* (Famicom)
*Gunhed* (PC Engine)
*Sweet Home* (Famicom)
*Far East of Eden: Ziria* (PCD)
*Dragon Ball 3: Goku Den* (Famicom)
*Pachio-kun 2* (Famicom) |  |  |  |  |
| Best Coin-Op Conversion |  |  |  |  | *Chase H.Q.* | *Hard Drivin'* |
| Best Game Design / Planning |  | *Daichi-kun Crisis: Do Natural* (PC Engine) |  |  |  |  |
| Best Playability |  |  | *Final Fantasy II* | *Tetris* |  |  |
| Best Scenario / Story |  | *Famicom Detective Club 2* (Famicom) |  |  |  |  |
| Best Production | *Strider HiryūI* (*Strider*) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Graphics | *Darius II* |  |  |  | *Myth* | *Shadow of the Beast* |
| Best Music / Sound | *Valkyrie no Densetsu* | *Mother* (*EarthBound Beginnings*) | *Final Fantasy II* | *Tetris* | *Chase H.Q.* | *Future Wars* |
| Best Game Company | Namco |  |  |  | Ocean Software | |
| Special Award | CP System |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Originality / Original Game |  |  | *Final Fantasy II* | *Tetris* | *Populous* | |
| Best Character / Character Design | Valkyrie (*Valkyrie no Densetsu*) | *Quinty* (*Mendel Palace*) | *SD Gundam World Gachapon Senshi 2* | *Pinball: 66 Hiki no Wani Daikoushin* |  |  |
| Best Group | Tetris Blocks (*Tetris*) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Action Game | *Strider HiryūI* (*Strider*) |  | *Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari* (Famicom) | |  |  |
| Best Shooting Game | *Area 88* |  | *TwinBee 3: Poko Poko Daimaō* (Famicom) | |  |  |
| Best Adventure Game |  |  | *Yūyūki* (Famicom Disk System) | |  |  |
| Best RPG |  | *Final Fantasy II* (Famicom) | | |  |  |
| Best Simulation Game |  |  | N/A | | *Carrier Command* | *M1 Tank Platoon* |
| Best Sports Game |  |  | *Famista '89: Kaimaku Ban!* (Famicom) | | N/A | |
| Best PC Leisure Product |  |  | N/A | | *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade* | |

#### United States

| Award | *Electronic Gaming Monthly*
(December 1989) | *VideoGames & Computer Entertainment*
(February 1990) | | | 2nd *Nintendo Power* Awards
(May/June 1990) | *Computer Entertainer* Awards of Excellence
(December 1989) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Console | Console | Computer | Arcade | NES | Console | Computer |
| Game of the Year | *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* (Sega Genesis) | *The Legendary Axe* (TG16) | *Populous* | *S.T.U.N. Runner* | *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* |  |  |
| | Genesis Game of the Year | *Thunder Force II* (Genesis) |  |  |  | *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* |  |
| Master System Game of the Year | *Wonder Boy III: The Dragon's Trap* |  |  |  |  | *SpellCaster* |  |
| Nintendo Game of the Year | *Ninja Gaiden* (NES) |  |  |  | *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* (NES) | |  |
| TurboGrafx Game of the Year | *The Legendary Axe* (TurboGrafx-16) | |  |  |  | *Dungeon Explorer* |  |
| Computer Entertainment
Programs of the Year |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Shadow of the Beast* (Amiga)
*Prince of Persia* (Apple II)
*Powerdrome* (Atari ST)
*Windwalker* (C64/C128)
*Budokan* (DOS)
*Cosmic Osmo* (Mac) |
| Best Coin-Op Conversion |  | *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* (Genesis) | *Arkanoid* |  |  |  |  |
| Best Multiplayer Game |  |  |  | *Crime Fighters* | *Tecmo Bowl* |  |  |
| Best Hardware | Sega Genesis |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Theme / Fun |  |  |  |  | *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* |  |  |
| Best Play Control |  |  |  |  | *Mega Man 2* |  |  |
| Most Challenge | *Phantasy Star* (Master System) |  |  |  | *Ninja Gaiden* |  |  |
| Best Graphics | *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* (Sega Genesis) | *Thunder Force II* (Genesis) | *David Wolf* |  | *Mega Man 2* |  | *Shadow of the Beast* (Amiga) |
| Best Music / Sound | | | *Fighting Street* (TurboGrafx-CD) | |  | |  |
| Developer / Software House | Sega, Konami, Acclaim, Sunsoft, Tecmo |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Character / Hero | Mega Man (*Mega Man 2*) |  |  |  | Link
(*Zelda II: The Adventure of Link*) |  |  |
| Best Sequel | *Mega Man 2* and *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* (tie) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Original / Special / Innovative |  | *A Boy and His Blob* (NES) | *Star Saga One* | *Escape from the Planet
of the Robot Monsters* |  | *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* | *Populous* |
| Best Action / Combat /
Arcade-Style Game |  | *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*
(NES) | *Hostage* | *Dynamite Duke* |  |  | *Blood Money* |
| Best Adventure / Fantasy |  | *Zelda II:
The Adventure of Link* (NES) | *Manhunter:
New York* |  |  |  | *The Third Courier* |
| Best RPG | *Ultima III: Exodus* (NES) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Simulation Game |  | *Alien Crush* (TG16) | *Vette!* |  |  |  | *Vette!* |
| Best Sports Game | *World Class Baseball*
*Tommy Lasorda Baseball*
*Baseball Simulator 1.000* | *Tommy Lasorda Baseball*
(Sega Genesis) | *Zany Golf* | *Cyberball* |  | Goal! (NES)
*Tommy Lasorda Baseball* (GEN) | *TV Sports: Football* (Amiga)
*John Madden Football* (Apple II)
*Kings of the Beach* (C64)
*Grave Yardage* (MS-DOS)
*PlayMaker Football* (Mac) |
| Best Driving Simulator |  |  |  | *Hard Drivin'* |  |  |  |
| Best Flying Game |  |  |  | *Metal Hawk* |  |  |  |
| Best Strategy / Wargame |  | *A Boy and his Blob* (NES) | *SimCity* |  |  |  | *Sands of Fire* |
| Best Action-Strategy Game |  | *Mega Man 2* (NES) | *Lords of the
Rising Sun* |  |  |  |  |
| Best Video Game Controller | Joycard Sansui SSS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Coolest Boss / Best Group | Loki (*Ghouls 'n Ghosts*)
Jagu (*The Legendary Axe*) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Movie to Game | *Batman: The Video Game* |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Best Ending in a Video Game | *Ninja Gaiden* |  |  |  | *Ninja Gaiden* |  |  |

### Critically acclaimed titles

#### *Famitsu* and *CVG* reviews

In Japan, the following 1989 video game releases entered *Famitsu* magazine's "Platinum Hall of Fame" for receiving Famitsu scores of at least 35 out of 40.

| Title | Platform | Score (out of 40) | Developer(s) | Publisher | Genre |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Makai Toushi SaGa* (*Final Fantasy Legend*) | Game Boy | 35 | Squaresoft | Squaresoft | Role-playing |
| *Ys I & II* | PC Engine CD-ROM² | 35 | Nihon Falcom / Alfa System | Hudson Soft | Action role-playing |

In the United Kingdom, the following titles were *Computer and Video Games* (*CVG*) magazine's highest-rated games of 1989.

| Home video games | | | Arcade games | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Title | Platform | Score | Rank | Title |
| *Chase H.Q.* | ZX Spectrum | 97% | 1 | *S.T.U.N. Runner* |
| *Super Mario Bros. 2* | Nintendo Entertainment System | 97% | 2 | *Super Monaco GP* |
| *Indianapolis 500: The Simulation* | PC | 96% | 3 | *Winning Run* |
| *Populous* | Amiga | 96% | 4 | *Hard Drivin'* |
| *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* | Sega Mega Drive | 96% | 5 | *Narc* |
| *F29 Retaliator* | Amiga | 96% |  |  |
| *Gunhed* (*Blazing Lazers*) | PC Engine | | | |
| *Xenon 2: Megablast* | Amiga | | | |
| *It Came from the Desert* | Amiga | 95% | | |
| *Damocles* | Atari ST | | | |
| *Tetris* | Game Boy | | | |
| *RoboCop* | ZX Spectrum | | | |

#### English-language reviews

Notable video game releases in 1989 that have accumulated overall critical acclaim from at least four contemporary English-language sources include:

| Title | Genre | Publisher | Platform | Number of reviews |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Apache 3* | Rail shooter | Data East | Arcade | 4 |
| *Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur* | Interactive fiction | Infocom | Amiga | 8 |
| *Big Run* | Racing | Jaleco | Arcade | 4 |
| *Blazing Lazers* | Shoot 'em up | Hudson Soft | TurboGrafx-16 | 4 |
| *Chase H.Q.* | Action-racing | Ocean Software | ZX Spectrum | 5 |
| *Chase HQ II: Special Criminal Investigation* | Action-racing | Taito | Arcade | 6 |
| *Crack Down* | Run & gun shooter | Sega | Arcade | 5 |
| *Dragon Breed* | Scrolling shooter | Irem | Arcade | 6 |
| *Dungeon Explorer* | Action role-playing | Hudson Soft | TurboGrafx-16 | 4 |
| *Dynasty Wars* | Beat 'em up | Capcom | Arcade | 4 |
| *F-16 Combat Pilot* | Combat flight simulation | Digital Integration | Amiga | 7 |
| | | | Atari ST | 4 |
| | | | DOS | 4 |
| *Forgotten Worlds* | Shoot 'em up | U.S. Gold | Amiga | 6 |
| | | | Commodore 64 | 5 |
| | | | ZX Spectrum | 5 |
| *Ghouls 'n Ghosts* | Platformer | Capcom | Arcade | 6 |
| | | Sega | Mega Drive/Genesis | 10 |
| | | U.S. Gold | Amiga | 4 |
| *Golden Axe* | Beat 'em up | Sega | Arcade | 6 |
| | | | Mega Drive/Genesis | 10 |
| *Hard Drivin'* | Racing simulation | Atari Games | Arcade | 5 |
| *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure* | Graphic adventure | Lucasfilm Games | DOS | 4 |
| *Interphase* | Shooter | Image Works | Atari ST | 5 |
| | | | Amiga | 9 |
| *Mechanized Attack* | Rail shooter | SNK | Arcade | 4 |
| *Midnight Resistance* | Run & gun shooter | Data East | Arcade | 4 |
| *Myth: History in the Making* | Platformer | System 3 | Commodore 64 | 4 |
| *Ninja Gaiden* (*Shadow Warriors*) | Beat 'em up | Tecmo | Arcade | 4 |
| *Ninja Gaiden* (*Shadow Warriors*) | Hack & slash | Tecmo | NES | 5 |
| *Operation Thunderbolt* | Light gun shooter | Taito | Arcade | 5 |
| *Phantasy Star II* | Role-playing | Sega | Mega Drive/Genesis | 8 |
| *Populous* | God | Electronic Arts | Amiga | 9 |
| *The Revenge of Shinobi* | Hack & slash | Sega | Mega Drive/Genesis | 10 |
| *R-Type II* | Shoot 'em up | Irem | Arcade | 6 |
| *SimCity* | City-building | Maxis | Amiga | 7 |
| *Strider* | Hack & slash | Capcom | Arcade | 5 |
| | | U.S. Gold | Amiga | 4 |
| | | Atari ST | 7 |
| *Stunt Car Racer* | Racing | MicroStyle | Amiga | 7 |
| | | | Atari ST | 7 |
| | | | Commodore 64 | 4 |
| *Super Mario Land* | Platformer | Nintendo | Game Boy | 4 |
| *Super Monaco GP* | Racing simulation | Sega | Arcade | 5 |
| *The Untouchables* | Action-adventure | Ocean Software | Amiga | 4 |
| | | | Atari ST | 4 |
| | | | ZX Spectrum | 4 |
| *Willow* | Platformer | Capcom | Arcade | 4 |
| *Winning Run* | Racing simulation | Namco | Arcade | 4 |
| *Wonder Boy III: The Dragon's Trap* | Platform-adventure | Sega | Master System | 10 |
| *Xenon 2: Megablast* | Shoot 'em up | Image Works | Amiga | 8 |
| | | | Atari ST | 7 |
| *Ys: The Vanished Omens* | Action role-playing | Sega | Master System | 7 |
| *Ys I & II* | Action role-playing | Hudson Soft | TurboGrafx-CD | 7 |

## Events

## Hardware releases

## Game releases

## Business

1. Nintendo sues Tengen over the *Tetris* video game copyrights. Tengen loses and recalls all its *Tetris* games.
2. In November, Nintendo sues Tengen over production of unlicensed Nintendo games. Tengen loses. (Tengen originally sued Nintendo on December 12, 1988, for antitrust violations.)

* Nintendo v. Camerica Ltd. Nintendo sues Camerica over patent violations of the Game Genie for the NES console. Camerica wins the suit.
* UK publisher Martech goes out of business.

## InfoBox

| List of years in video games |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Engden

abstract: Engden is a community in the district of the County of Bentheim in Lower Saxony.

text:
# Engden

**Engden** is a community in the district of the County of Bentheim in Lower Saxony.

## Geography

### Location

Engden lies between Nordhorn and Schüttorf. It belongs to the Joint Community *(Samtgemeinde)* of Schüttorf, whose administrative seat is in the like-named town.

## Politics

Engden was and is dominated by a Catholic church milieu, and as such, markedly few Engdeners opted for the NSDAP in Nazi times.

### Mayor

The honorary mayor Gerhard Theißing was elected on 9 September 2001.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Buildings

The *Katholische Kirche Abt St. Antonius* (church) was built in 1899 as a neo-Romanesque brick structure.

The Dobbe warehouse may have been built about 1800 and is said to be northwest Germany’s oldest maintained rural grain distillery building, and as such it is an important industrial monument.

The *Bügeleisen-Haus*, or Clothes Iron House, came to be because the farmers would only relinquish to the house builder a narrow, tapered lot whose odd layout has resulted in the house's having no right angles at all. Building work began on the house “about 1900”, but it was finished only after the First World War.

## Economy and infrastructure

### Transport

Autobahnen A 31 and A 30 lie 6 km from the community and are easily reached.

## Curiosity

Children from Engden go to school or kindergarten in Emsbüren, in another district.

## Further reading

* Herbert Wagner: *Militär in der Region. Dokumentation über den Artillerieschieß- und Bombenabwurfplatz Engdener Wüste/Nordhorn-Range.* Selbstverlag, Bad Bentheim 1989, ISBN 3-88683-010-1
* Herbert Wagner: *Die Gestapo war nicht allein Politische Sozialkontrolle und Staatsterror im deutsch-niederländischen Grenzgebiet 1929-1945.* LIT, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7448-6 (contains, among other things, the Catholic community’s resistance to the Nazis)

## InfoBox

| Engden | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location of Engden within County of Bentheim district | |
| Engden Engden | |
| Coordinates: 52°24′N 07°11′E / 52.400°N 7.183°E / 52.400; 7.183 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | County of Bentheim |
| Municipal assoc. | Schüttorf |
| Subdivisions | 2 centres |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gerhard Theißing (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 44.29 km2 (17.10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 29 m (95 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 414 |
| Density | 9.3/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 48465 |
| Dialling codes | 0 59 26 |
| Vehicle registration | NOH |


abstract: The 2nd National Society of Film Critics Awards, given by the National Society of Film Critics in January 1968, honored the best in film for 1967. The member critics voting for the awards were Hollis Alpert of the Saturday Review, Brendan Gill of The New Yorker, Philip T. Hartung of Commonweal, Pauline Kael of The New Yorker, Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic, Arthur Knight of Saturday Review, Joseph Morgenstern of Newsweek, Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice, Richard Schickel of Life, Wilfrid Sheed of Esquire, and John Simon of The New Leader.

text:
# 1967 National Society of Film Critics Awards

**2nd NSFC Awards**

January 1968

---

Best Picture:
**Persona**

The **2nd National Society of Film Critics Awards**, given by the National Society of Film Critics in January 1968, honored the best in film for 1967.

The member critics voting for the awards were Hollis Alpert of the *Saturday Review*, Brendan Gill of *The New Yorker*, Philip T. Hartung of *Commonweal*, Pauline Kael of *The New Yorker*, Stanley Kauffmann of *The New Republic*, Arthur Knight of *Saturday Review*, Joseph Morgenstern of *Newsweek*, Andrew Sarris of *The Village Voice*, Richard Schickel of *Life*, Wilfrid Sheed of *Esquire*, and John Simon of *The New Leader*.

## Winners

### Best Picture

2. *Bonnie and Clyde* (9 points)
3. *Closely Watched Trains* (8 points)

### Best Director

### Best Actor

2. Marcello Mastroianni  *The Stranger* (8 points)
2. Yves Montand  *The War Is Over* (8 points)

### Best Actress

2. Annie Girardot  *Live for Life* (20 points)
3. Edith Evans  *The Whisperers* (17 points)

### Best Supporting Actor

2. Jean Martin  *The Battle of Algiers* (7 points)
3. Brian Keith  *Reflections in a Golden Eye* (6 points)

### Best Supporting Actress

2. Vivien Merchant  *Accident* (10 points)
3. Ellen O'Mara  *Up the Down Staircase* (8 points)

### Best Screenplay

2. Ingmar Bergman  *Persona* (13 points)
3. Jiří Menzel and Bohumil Hrabal  *Closely Watched Trains* (10 points)

### Best Cinematography

2. Conrad L. Hall  *Cool Hand Luke* and *In Cold Blood* (9 points)
3. Sven Nykvist  *Persona* (6 points)
3. Nicolas Roeg  *Far from the Madding Crowd* (6 points)


title: Anna Folkema

abstract: Anna Folkema, was an 18th-century engraver from the Northern Netherlands.

text:
# Anna Folkema

**Anna Folkema** (22 May 1695 – 8 October 1768), was an 18th-century engraver from the Northern Netherlands.

## Biography

Folkema was born in Dokkum as the daughter of Johann Jakob Folkema, a goldsmith. She was the sister of Jacob Folkema. Their father moved the family to Amsterdam, where they ran a family business of making prints.

She died in Amsterdam.

## Selected works

* Two children drinking out of a bowl. *Folkema Anna 1748*. Line.
* Two children and a cat lying on a grassy bank. *Folkema Anna 1748*. Line.

## InfoBox

| Anna Folkema | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1695-05-22)May 22, 1695
Dokkum, Netherlands |
| Died | October 18, 1768(1768-10-18) (aged 73)
Amsterdam, Netherlands |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Known for | Engraving |


title: Engcongolweni

abstract: Engcongolweni is a village about 22 kilometres (14 mi) North-West of Mzuzu along the M1, in the Mzimba district of Malawi.

text:
# Engcongolweni

11°20′S 33°53′E / 11.333°S 33.883°E / -11.333; 33.883

**Engcongolweni** is a village about 22 kilometres (14 mi) North-West of Mzuzu along the M1, in the Mzimba district of Malawi.

## InfoBox

| Engcongolweni | |
| --- | --- |
| EngcongolweniLocation in Malawi | |
| Coordinates: 11°20′S 33°53′E / 11.333°S 33.883°E / -11.333; 33.883 | |
| Country | Malawi |
| Region | Northern Region |
| District | Mzimba District |
| Time zone | +2 |


title: Elachista plagiaula

abstract: Elachista plagiaula is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1938. E. plagiaula is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in the Mackenzie Basin in the South Island. The preferred habitat of this species is alpine snow-grass. Adults are on the wing in December and are active at dusk.

text:
# Elachista plagiaula

***Elachista plagiaula*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1938. *E. plagiaula* is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in the Mackenzie Basin in the South Island. The preferred habitat of this species is alpine snow-grass. Adults are on the wing in December and are active at dusk.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1938 and named *Thectophila plagiaula* using specimens collected at Freehold Range, Lake Ōhua by Stewart Lindsay in December. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species in his 1939 book *A supplement of the butterflies and moths of New Zealand*. In 1988 J. S. Dugdale placed this species in the genus *Elachista*. The male holotype specimen is held at the Canterbury Museum.

## Description

Meyrick described this species as follows:

> ♂. 12–15 mm. Head white, a grey median stripe. Palpi white. Thorax grey, a white stripe on each side of back. Forewings narrow-lanceolate; grey; costal area variably tinged or suffused white; a white subdorsal streak from base to tornus, leaving a narrow grey dorsal streak; cilia white, towards tornal area tinged grey. Hind-wings grey; cilia whitish-grey.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand.

## Habitat and hosts

This species inhabits alpine snow-grass.

## Behaviour

Adults are on the wing in December. They have been collected at dusk.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista plagiaula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. plagiaula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista plagiaula***<br>(Meyrick, 1938) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thectophila plagiaula* Meyrick, 1938 | |


title: 2014 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs

abstract: The World Group II play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2015 World Group, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.

text:
# 2014 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs

The **World Group II play-offs** were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2015 World Group, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.

| **Participating Teams** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
Brazil |
Japan |
Netherlands |
Romania |
|
Serbia |
Sweden |
Switzerland |
Thailand |

## Romania vs. Serbia

|
Romania
4 | Arenele BNR, Bucharest, Romania
19–20 April 2014
Clay (outdoor) | |
Serbia
1 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Sorana Cîrstea**
Ana Ivanovic 3
**6**  **6**
1 **6**
2    2
 **Simona Halep**
Bojana Jovanovski **6**
2 **6**
4      3
 Simona Halep
**Ana Ivanovic** 3
**6**  62
**77**      4
 **Sorana Cîrstea**
Bojana Jovanovski **6**
3 67
**79** **6**
3    5
 **Irina-Camelia Begu / Monica Niculescu**
Jovana Jakšić / Nina Stojanović 1
0
**retired** | | | |

## Netherlands vs. Japan

|
Netherlands
3 | Maaspoort Sports and Events, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
19–20 April 2014
Clay (indoor) | |
Japan
2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 Arantxa Rus
**Kurumi Nara** 5
**7**  **6**
2 1
**6**     2
 **Kiki Bertens**
Misaki Doi **6**
0 **77**
63      3
 **Kiki Bertens**
Kurumi Nara **77**
65 4
**6**  **9**
7    4
 **Arantxa Rus**
Misaki Doi **7**
5 **6**
3      5
 Richèl Hogenkamp / Michaëlla Krajicek
**Shuko Aoyama / Risa Ozaki** **6**
1 3
**6**  \[8\]
**\[10\]** | | | |

## Sweden vs. Thailand

|
Sweden
4 | Sparbanken Lidköping Arena, Lidköping, Sweden
19–20 April 2014
Hard (indoor) | |
Thailand
0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 **Johanna Larsson**
Noppawan Lertcheewakarn **6**
1 **6**
3      2
 **Sofia Arvidsson**
Luksika Kumkhum **6**
4 **6**
2      3
 **Johanna Larsson**
Luksika Kumkhum **6**
4 **6**
2      4
 Sofia Arvidsson
Noppawan Lertcheewakarn       **not
played**  5
 **Hilda Melander / Rebecca Peterson**
Tamarine Tanasugarn / Varatchaya Wongteanchai **6**
4 **6**
2 | | | |

## Brazil vs. Switzerland

|
Brazil
1 | Clube de Tênis Catanduva, Catanduva, Brazil
19–20 April 2014
Clay (outdoor) | |
Switzerland
4 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 2 3   1
 Teliana Pereira
**Timea Bacsinszky** 3
**6** 3
**6**       2
 Paula Cristina Gonçalves
**Belinda Bencic** 3
**6**  3
**6**       3
 **Teliana Pereira**
Belinda Bencic **6**
3 **6**
4      4
 Paula Cristina Gonçalves
**Timea Bacsinszky** 5
**7**  2
**6**       5
 Gabriela Cé / Laura Pigossi
**Belinda Bencic / Viktorija Golubic** 2
**6**  2
**6** | | | |


title: Ataxia estoloides

abstract: Ataxia estoloides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940. It is known from Brazil.

text:
# Ataxia estoloides

***Ataxia estoloides*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940. It is known from Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Ataxia estoloides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Ataxia* |
| Species: | ***A. estoloides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ataxia estoloides***<br>Breuning, 1940 | |
|