title: Hysterosalpingography

abstract: Hysterosalpingography (HSG), also known as uterosalpingography, is a radiologic procedure to investigate the shape of the uterine cavity and the shape and patency of the fallopian tubes. It is a special x-ray procedure using dye to look at the womb (uterus) and fallopian tubes. In this procedure, a radio-opaque material is injected into the cervical canal, and radiographs are taken. A normal result shows the filling of the uterine cavity and the bilateral filling of the fallopian tube with the injection material. To demonstrate tubal patency, spillage of the material into the peritoneal cavity needs to be observed. Hysterosalpingography has vital role in treatment of infertility, especially in the case of fallopian tube blockage.

text:
# Hysterosalpingography

**Hysterosalpingography** (**HSG**), also known as **uterosalpingography**, is a radiologic procedure to investigate the shape of the uterine cavity and the shape and patency of the fallopian tubes. It is a special x-ray procedure using dye to look at the womb (uterus) and fallopian tubes. In this procedure, a radio-opaque material is injected into the cervical canal, and radiographs are taken. A normal result shows the filling of the uterine cavity and the bilateral filling of the fallopian tube with the injection material. To demonstrate tubal patency, spillage of the material into the peritoneal cavity needs to be observed. Hysterosalpingography has vital role in treatment of infertility, especially in the case of fallopian tube blockage.

## Uses

HSG is considered a diagnostic procedure. It is used in the workup of infertile females to assess the patency of fallopian tubes, assess the competency of the cervix or congenital abnormality of the uterus in multiple miscarriages, assess the patency of fallopian tubes after surgery or tubal ligation, or before reversal of tubal ligation. Rarely, HSG is used to assess the integrity of a Caesarean scar.

Occasionally, HSG may also have therapeutic benefits for infertility treatment. When oil-based contrast is used, rates of pregnancy increase by about 10% compared to water-based contrast. A meta-analysis revealed 3.6 times greater odds (OR = 3.6) of pregnancy with oil-based contrast compared to no hysterosalpingography. This effect is thought to be due to the flushing action of the contrast into the uterus that causes dislodgement of mucus plug, debris, or opening of mild adhesions in the fallopian tubes.

HSG is contraindicated during menstruation, suspected cancer, pregnancy, unprotected sexual intercourse during the menstrual cycle, any purulent discharge from the vagina, or if the individual was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease six months previously. For those with hypersensitivity to contrast, HSG is relatively contraindicated.

## Procedure

Either high osmolar contrast material (HOCM) or low osmolar contrast material (LOCM) can be used. 10 to 20 ml of LOCM can be used at a concentration of 270 to 300 mg/ml. The contrast media should be prewarmed to room temperature before administered into the cervix, so as to prevent spasm of fallopian tubes. 5Fr to 7Fr hysterosalpingogram balloon catheter can be used. Margolin HSG cannula is used if the cervix is narrow or stenosed. HSG appointment is usually made during the 4th to 10th days of regular menstrual cycle (follicular phase). The subject should not undergone any sexual intercourse before HSG. Anxious subjects may need painkillers or other medications. Informed consent should be taken before the procedure.

The subject lies down on table in supine position with legs flexed and abducted. Vulva is cleaned with chlorhexidine or normal saline. A speculum is inserted to the vagina with the help of sterile jelly, and the cervix is exposed. The cervical opening is identified using a bright light. The HSG catheter is then inserted into the cervical canal. Occasionally, Vulsellum forceps may be used to hold the cervical lips open. If cervical weakness is suspected, the catheter should be left inside the lower cervical canal. Air bubbles should be expelled from the syringe and the catheter, otherwise it will cause confusion of interpretations on HSG. Contrast medium is injected slowly into the uterine cavity with intermittent fluoroscopic screening. If there are no spills from bilateral fallopian tubes bilaterally, intravenous buscopan and glucagon can be given to relieve spasm of fallopian tubes. Opiates should not be given, as it may increase pain because of increased smooth muscle contractions.

The procedure involves x-rays (fluoroscopy). Images are taken to demonstrate the filling of endometrial cavity, which shows full view of the fallopian tubes demonstrating the spillage of contrast material into peritoneum, the extent of the block if no spillage is present, or a delayed view in the case of abnormal cavities (locule) within. Subject may have vaginal spotting for one to two days, accompanied with pain that may persist for up to two weeks. Some medical centres routinely give prophylactic antibiotics before subject is allowed home.

## Complications

Possible complications of the procedure include infection, allergic reactions to the materials used, intravasation of the contrast material, pain during the procedure, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Some subjects may develop vasovagal syncope during the inflation of balloon in the cervical canal.

## History

For the first HSG, Carey used collargol in 1914. Lipiodol was introduced by Sicard and Forestier in 1924, and remained a popular contrast medium for many decades. Later, water-soluble contrast material was generally preferred as it avoided the possible complication of oil embolism.

## Follow up

If the HSG indicates further investigations are warranted, a laparoscopy, assisted by hysteroscopy, may be advised to visualize the area in three dimensions, with the potential to resolve minor issues within the same procedure.

## InfoBox

| Hysterosalpingography | |
| --- | --- |
| **A normal hysterosalpingogram.** Note the catheter entering at the bottom of the screen, and the contrast medium filling the uterine cavity (small triangle in the center). | |
| Other names | Uterosalpingography |
| ICD-9-CM | 87.8 |
| MeSH | D007047 |
| MedlinePlus | 003404 |


title: Lycogala epidendrum

abstract: Lycogala epidendrum, commonly known as wolf's milk or groening's slime, is a cosmopolitan species of myxogastrid amoeba which is often mistaken for a fungus. The aethalia, or fruiting bodies, occur either scattered or in groups on damp rotten wood, especially on large logs, from June to November. These aethalia are small, pink to brown cushion-like blobs. They may ooze a pink "paste" if the outer wall is broken before maturity. When mature, the colour tends to become more brownish. When not fruiting, single celled individuals move about as very small, red amoeba-like organisms called plasmodia, masses of protoplasm that engulf bacteria, as well as fungal and plant spores, protozoa, and particles of non-living organic matter through phagocytosis.

text:
# Lycogala epidendrum

***Lycogala epidendrum***, commonly known as **wolf's milk** or **groening's slime**, is a cosmopolitan species of myxogastrid amoeba which is often mistaken for a fungus. The aethalia, or fruiting bodies, occur either scattered or in groups on damp rotten wood, especially on large logs, from June to November. These aethalia are small, pink to brown cushion-like blobs. They may ooze a pink "paste" if the outer wall is broken before maturity. When mature, the colour tends to become more brownish. When not fruiting, single celled individuals move about as very small, red amoeba-like organisms called plasmodia, masses of protoplasm that engulf bacteria, as well as fungal and plant spores, protozoa, and particles of non-living organic matter through phagocytosis (see slime mould for more information).

## Description

During the plasmodial stage, individuals are reddish in colour, but these are almost never seen. When conditions change, the individuals aggregate by means of chemical signalling to form an aethalium, or fruiting body. These appear as small cushion-like blobs measuring about 3–15 millimetres (0.12–0.59 in) in diameter. Colour is quite variable, ranging from pinkish grey to yellowish brown or greenish black, with mature individuals tending towards the darker end. They may be either round or somewhat compressed with a warted or rough texture. While immature they are filled with a pink, paste-like fluid. With maturity the fluid becomes a powdery mass of minute grey spores. The spores measure 6 to 7.5 μm and are round in shape with a netted texture and appearing ochre to lavender in colour. The pseudocapillitia, sterile elements in the spore mass, are long, flattened, branching tubes with transverse wrinkles and folds.

### Similar species

Similar species include *Hemitrichia calyculata*, *Physarum cinereum*, *Physarum nutans*, and *Trichia varia*.

## Natural products found in this species

**Staurosporine analogues**:

* Lycogarubin C (also known as chromopyrrolic acid)
* 6-hydroxystaurosporinone
* 5,6-dihydroxyarcyriaflavin A

**Antimicrobal lactones**:

Chemically, these are polypropionate lactone glycosides.

Lycogalinoside A contains a 2-deoxy-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1-4)-6-deoxy-beta-D-gulopyranosyl unit.

Lycogalinoside B contains a beta-D-olivopyranosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-fucopyranosyl unit.

## Taxonomy

This species is classified in the family Tubiferaceae, although it is accepted in the Reticulariaceae family by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

### Sources

* Stephenson, Steven L & Stempen, Henry (2000). *Myxomycetes. A Handbook of Slime Molds*. Portland : Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-439-3.

## InfoBox

| *Lycogala epidendrum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fruiting bodies of *L. epidendrum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Phylum: | Amoebozoa |
| Class: | Myxogastria |
| Order: | Liceales |
| Family: | Tubiferaceae |
| Genus: | *Lycogala* |
| Species: | ***L. epidendrum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lycogala epidendrum***<br>Linnaeus & Fries, 1829 | |
|


title: Lycogrammoides

abstract: Lycogrammoides is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Its only species is Lycogrammoides schmidti, a rare species of the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Lycogrammoides

***Lycogrammoides*** is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. Its only species is ***Lycogrammoides schmidti***, a rare species of the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

## Taxonomy

*Lycogrammoides* was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1928 by the Soviet zoologists Vladimir Soldatov and Georgiĭ Ustinovich Lindberg when they described ***Lycogrammoides schmidti***. The type locality of this species is Tauyskaya Bay, off Ol'skii Island in the northern Sea of Okhotsk at a depth of 108 m (354 ft). This genus is classified within the subfamily Lycodinae, one of 4 subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. This genus is the sister taxon to *Bothrocara*, *Bothrocarina* and *Lycodapus*, and these four genera form a clade within the subfamily Lycodinae.

## Etymology

*Lycogrammoides* means having the form of *Lycogrammus*, a synonym of *Bothrocara*. The specific name honours the Soviet ichthyologist and worker on the fishes of the Russian Far East, Peter Schmidt.

## Characteristics

*Lycogrammoides* is characterised within the Lycodinae by having 6 suborbital bones and 6, rarely 7, pores.The males have canine like teeth. The flesh is gelatinous and scales extend quite far on to the head, reaching the cheek and nose. There is a pseudobranch, a pyloric caeca, a lateral line, vomerine and palatine teeth while they lack an oral valve and pelvic fins. There are 9 fin rays in the pectoral fin. *L. schmidti* has a maximum published total length of 42 cm (17 in).

## Distribution and habitat

*Lycogrammoides* is only known from the Sea of Okhotsk's outer shelf. It is a demersal fish found at depths between 30 and 1,440 m (98 and 4,724 ft).

## InfoBox

| *Lycogrammoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Zoarcidae |
| Subfamily: | Lycodinae |
| Genus: | *Lycogrammoides*
Soldatov & Lindberg, 1928 |
| Species: | ***L. schmidti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lycogrammoides schmidti***
Soldatov & Lindberg, 1928 | |
|


title: Lásenice

abstract: Lásenice is a municipality and village in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. It lies on the Nežárka River. Lásenice lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Jindřichův Hradec, 38 km (24 mi) east of České Budějovice, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Prague.

text:
# Lásenice

**Lásenice** is a municipality and village in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. It lies on the Nežárka River.

Lásenice lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Jindřichův Hradec, 38 km (24 mi) east of České Budějovice, and 120 km (75 mi) south of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 653 |  |
| 1880 | 645 | −1.2% |
| 1890 | 657 | +1.9% |
| 1900 | 676 | +2.9% |
| 1910 | 694 | +2.7% |
| 1921 | 616 | −11.2% |
| 1930 | 604 | −1.9% |
| 1950 | 492 | −18.5% |
| 1961 | 513 | +4.3% |
| 1970 | 468 | −8.8% |
| 1980 | 475 | +1.5% |
| 1991 | 472 | −0.6% |
| 2001 | 500 | +5.9% |
| 2011 | 550 | +10.0% |
| 2021 | 540 | −1.8% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Lásenice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Chapel of Saint John of Nepomuk | |
|  | |
| LáseniceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°4′28″N 14°58′13″E / 49.07444°N 14.97028°E / 49.07444; 14.97028 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | Jindřichův Hradec |
| First mentioned | 1366 |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.41 km2 (4.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 450 m (1,480 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 579 |
| Density | 56/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 378 01 |
| Website | www.lasenice.cz |


title: Hypnoanalysis

abstract: Hypnoanalysis is the technique of using hypnosis in the practice of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. It attempts to utilize the trance state induced by hypnosis to effect a conscious understanding of a person's unconscious psychodynamics.

text:
# Hypnoanalysis

**Hypnoanalysis** is the technique of using hypnosis in the practice of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. It attempts to utilize the trance state induced by hypnosis to effect a conscious understanding of a person's unconscious psychodynamics.

## History

Hypnoanalysis is derived from the prefix *hypno*, which the French Étienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers first used to describe the hypnotic state. The term hypnoanalysis was coined by James Arthur Hadfield, who claimed that he invented the term to describe the use of hypnosis to retrieve memories, particularly among patients who have amnesia. Other authors who contributed to its development include psychoanalyst Lewis Wolberg and German psychologist Erika Fromm. Fromm is particularly noted for her collaboration with Daniel Brown and Michael Nash, which produced their works detailing the benefits of hypnoanalysis in the 1980s and 1990s.

### Freud

Hypnosis in the framework of psychotherapy was used by Freud and Breuer by 1985. Breuer discovered that hypnosis could be used, as a form of therapy, to help a hysterical patient to recall the events that caused their hysteria. Following from this, both Freud and Breuer laid down the fundamental ideologies for psychotherapy today, Cathartic Method and Mechanisms of Repression. Gruenewald (1982) commented on Freud's discoveries and stated that Freud recognised that hypnosis can be used as a way to revive memories whilst the patient is in a trance-like state. Freud's work on hypnosis assisted with his finding on the Principle of Transference. He discovered that during the process of hypnosis, there is an encounter between the past and present version of the individual undergoing hypnosis. Both Freud and Breuer carried out hypnosis treatments, by hypnotizing women, in order to have a better understanding of hypnoanalysis. However, due to the “libidinal” aspect of hypnosis, Freud's wife became jealous therefore, Freud discontinued his work on hypnoanalysis.

### World War I

The term hypno-analysis was first used by Hadfield during World War I. Before WWI, hypnosis was mainly used to revive experiences that were either repressed or forgotten (Ambrose & Newbold, 1985). However, during WWI, hypnosis began to be used in other ways for example, for patients with amnesia due to war shocks (Hadfield, 1920; Brown, 1921). Hypnosis was a frequently used treatment during the time period of the War, as many people had traumatic war experiences, the army hospitals were under a significant amount of pressure so each patient needed to be treated quickly. Brown was the first to realise that during Hypnosis, patients usually had more than one traumatic event that caused their psyche to be weakened. This made psychologists realise that the human mind repressed traumatic memories from the consciousness to prevent hysteria. When Hypnosis was used alongside understanding past traumas, catharsis would be produced, this was useful during treatment. Erickson (1937) explained that for some patients when undergoing hypnosis, they can become unconscious whilst reliving experiences that were traumatic, In 1941, Kubie discovered that during hypnosis, it is possible to alter existing memories.

### World War II

Erickson and Kubie (1941) used hypnosis as a cure for acute hysterical depression. The patient would firstly be hypnotised and given “protective suggestions” and in order to prevent guilt, the treatment would be followed up by posthypnotic amnesia. This became the procedure that future therapists began to follow. During World War II, the use of hypnosis as a treatment for war for neuroses became popular. In the neuropsychiatric clinic of the Army general hospital, Buckley (1950) noticed that 9 of 22 cases of head trauma with an “alteration of consciousness” were treated using hypnosis for a time period of 1 to 15 weeks and the treatments were successful. The use of hypnosis to cure war traumas was particularly effective as the treatment was short and the trauma took place recently during adulthood. Later on in 1949, Walkins put forward his “in-and-out” method. In order to help patients (with war shocks and traumas), Walkins would take the patient out of their hypnotic state 12-15 times within one session that lasts roughly an hour long. Walkins carried out this new method of hypnosis as it would help the patient integrate the unconscious and conscious mind.

## Use

Hypnosis is usually carried out with the help of a therapist using the technique of either mental images or verbal repetition. When undergoing hypnoanalysis, patients are usually more open to changes as they are put in a trance-like state of relaxation.

Hypnosis in modern-day is usually used to reduce a patient's stress and/or anxiety before they undergo procedures such as breast biopsy. Other conditions that use hypnosis as treatment include: pain control (pains such as cancer, childbirth, irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia), changing unhealthy behaviors such as overeating, insomnia and smoking, hot flashes associated with menopause and can be used to ease the side effects for cancer treatments such as chemotherapy.

Hypnoanalysis is often used with the intention of uncovering repressed memories in therapy patients. It can be used for direct recall or in more indirect ways that involve other therapeutic approaches such as drawing and free writing. A technique used in hypnoanalysis called the "affect bridge" differs from treatment during regular psychoanalysis. Whereas psychoanalysis may use similar ideas to connect older events, an affect bridge helps the client remember an older memory by recalling other memories that have the same associated emotion. Some patients have reported that when they regress to a memory from much earlier in life, that they feel their body returns to its correct chronological age. This can cause them to feel young and small.

### Risks

Hypnosis treatments can cause unwanted side effects, although rare, some patients experience adverse reactions to hypnosis either straight after the treatment or a few days later. Side effects when undergoing hypnosis therapy include: being anxious of the process when being induced, having trouble awakening from their dream-like state and possible time distortions. More general side effects for patients include: drowsiness, distress, headaches, dizziness and the creation of false memories. For patients with psychosis, clinical depression and hysterical disorders, using hypnosis as a form of therapy is not recommended as they may become agitated. Patients may fall asleep during treatments if they do not rest well beforehand.


title: I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me

abstract: "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me" is a song written by Diane Warren and recorded by female contemporary R&B group Exposé. It is featured on Exposé's 1992 eponymous album. It was the second single taken from the group's third studio album and was released in early 1993. The lead vocalist was Jeanette Jurado. Although the printing on the original album refers to the song as "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me," many sources place the last three words of the title in parentheses. Saxophonist Euge Groove provided the song's instrumental solo. This marks the second time he is featured on an Exposé hit, as he was also the saxophone soloist for their #1 pop song, "Seasons Change". This song has been covered by Irish pop group Bellefire as well as Filipino band MYMP and Soul Siren Nina.

text:
# I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me

"**I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me**" is a song written by Diane Warren and recorded by female contemporary R&B group Exposé. It is featured on Exposé's 1992 eponymous album. It was the second single taken from the group's third studio album and was released in early 1993. The lead vocalist was Jeanette Jurado. Although the printing on the original album refers to the song as "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me," many sources (including the cassette and CD singles that were released) place the last three words of the title in parentheses.

Saxophonist Euge Groove (who was then known as Steven Grove) provided the song's instrumental solo. This marks the second time he is featured on an Exposé hit, as he was also the saxophone soloist for their #1 pop song, "Seasons Change".

This song has been covered by Irish pop group Bellefire as well as Filipino band MYMP and Soul Siren Nina.

## Background

According to Jurado, composer Diane Warren had submitted "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me" for consideration for Exposé to record at the same time as another Warren composition "Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue" which appeared on the second Exposé album *What You Don't Know* (1989): Arista Records president Clive Davis had indicated that only one of the two songs could be recorded for the second Exposé album and although Jurado favored "I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me" the album's producer Lewis Martineé opted for "Your Baby Never Looked Good in Blue". Jurado - "I felt like we lost 'I'll Never Get Over You Getting Over Me'...and then come the third \[album\] that \[song\] was one of the songs Clive still held \[exclusively\] and I am so grateful to Diane for \[allowing\] that."

## Reception

The song peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in mid-1993. It also spent a week atop the adult contemporary chart in July of that year. It was Exposé's first top 10 pop hit since 1990's "Tell Me Why" and their last top 10 hit.

In the Billboard Year-End in 1993, the hit came in at number 23. Despite only peaking at number 8, the song is far closer to the year-end position of their number-one hit "Seasons Change", than to those of other top ten hits of theirs.

## Music video

In the song's music video, Jurado walks pensively along the beach and thinks of her ex-boyfriend, played by actor and stuntman Greg Fitzpatrick, while Ann Curless and Kelly Moneymaker stand under a section of the boardwalk a few yards away from her. In other scenes, the three ladies sit in front of a fire or they walk around the boardwalk. There are also flashback scenes with Jurado and boyfriend having fun together. The video was shot around and under the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California.

## Track listing

7" single (UK) / Cassette single (US) / Mini-CD single (JP) 1. "I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)" – 3:48
2. "Give Me All Your Love" – 5:29

CD maxi-single (US) 1. "I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)" – 3:48
2. "Seasons Change" – 4:52
3. "Let Me Be the One" – 4:20
4. "When I Looked At Him" – 5:31
5. "Give Me All Your Love" – 5:29

CD single (UK) 1. "I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)" – 3:48
2. "Seasons Change" – 4:52
3. "Let Me Be the One" – 4:20
4. "Give Me All Your Love" – 5:29

CD single (DE) 1. "I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)" – 3:48
2. "Seasons Change" – 4:52
3. "Let Me Be the One" – 4:20
4. "I Wish the Phone Would Ring" – 4:06

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Exposé | |
| from the album  *Exposé* | |
| B-side | "Give Me All Your Love" |
| Released | March 1993 |
| Recorded | 1992 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:49 |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) | Diane Warren |
| Producer(s) | Guy Roche |
| Exposé singles chronology | |
| "I Wish the Phone Would Ring"
(1992) "**I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)**"
(1993) "As Long as I Can Dream"
(1993) | |


title: IBM Open Class

abstract: IBM Open Class (IOC) is an IBM C++ product originally developed by Kevin Leong and originally known under several names in the C++ industry, including ICL, UICL, and OCL. IOC was an extensive set of C++ classes used to build CLI and GUI applications which could then be easily cross-compiled to OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and AIX. IOC also formed the basis for IBM's VisualAge for C++ graphical application builder. The non-GUI portions of IOC were available for z/OS and OS/400.

text:
# IBM Open Class

**IBM Open Class** (**IOC**) is an IBM C++ product originally developed by Kevin Leong and originally known under several names in the C++ industry, including **ICL** (IBM Class Library), **UICL** (User Interface Class Library), and **OCL** (Open Class Library).

IOC was an extensive set of C++ classes used to build CLI and GUI applications which could then be easily cross-compiled to OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and AIX. IOC also formed the basis for IBM's VisualAge for C++ graphical application builder. The non-GUI portions of IOC were available for z/OS and OS/400.

## History of IOC

The IOC was included as part of IBM's C++ compiler environment. Applications developed with IOC could be distributed with a royalty-free runtime, or could be statically linked against the IOC libraries. Initially only available for OS/2, the IOC was eventually made available for Windows, AIX, z/OS, and OS/400. Support for the OS/2 and Windows VisualAge for C++ compiler—as well as the accompanying IOC—was officially withdrawn by IBM on April 27, 2001. IOC was removed from z/OS 1.9, introduced in 2007.

* C/Set++ v2.01 for OS/2 (1993)
* VisualAge C++ for OS/2, version 3.0
* VisualAge for C++ for Windows, version 3.5
* C and C++ Compilers for OS/2, AIX, and for Windows NT, version 3.6
* C and C++ Compilers for OS/2 and Windows, version 3.65 (1998?)
* VisualAge C++ Professional for OS/2 and Windows NT, version 4.0 (1998)

## Examples

The most widely recognized example of a simple application that uses the IOC is hello world:

```
 #include <iframe.hpp>
```

```
 int main()
 {
     IFrameWindow frame ("Hello, World!");
     frame.showModally();
 }

```

Other examples of commonly used IOC classes and methods include:

```
 #include <istring.hpp>
```

```
 IString someText ("hello world");

```

```
 #include <icmdhdr.hpp>
```

```
 virtual Boolean MyHandler::command (ICommandEvent &event);

```
1. IBM's Withdrawal Announcement #901-013 (announced on January 23, 2001, effective on April 27, 2001)

* news://ibm.software.vacpp.openclass
* ISBN 0-442-01795-2 (C++ Class Library: Power GUI Programming with CSet++)
* ISBN 0-471-16482-8 (Power GUI Programming with VisualAge for C++)


title: Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)

text:
# Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)

On 17 April 2018, rebel groups in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains pocket, led by Jaysh al-Islam, reached a surrender agreement with the Syrian Army and Russia. The agreement came after 2 weeks of negotiations that began with a Syrian Army ultimatum on 3 April. Around 1,500 rebels handed over heavy weapons and equipment to the Syrian Army, and were evacuated by 124 buses in 4 convoys to Turkish-held areas in the northern Aleppo Governorate along with their families, totaling around 5,000 people. On 25 April, the last batch of rebels and their families left the eastern Qalamoun pocket, and the region came under full Syrian government control.

## Background

Rebels in the town of al-Dumayr and the rest of the eastern Qalamoun pocket have been in a state of ceasefire with government forces throughout 2016, with both sides focusing on fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. In mid-2017, however government forces launched an offensive against rebels in the Syrian Desert to the east of the pocket, following a previous rebel offensive against ISIL in the region.

In late March 2018, the Levant Liberation Army launched an attack on Syrian Army positions in the eastern Qalamoun Mountains. This came amidst the Syrian Army offensive in eastern Ghouta.

## Rebel surrender and evacuation

On 3 April 2018, rebel groups in the eastern Qalamoun pocket formed a unified military command, which met with a Russian and Air Force Intelligence Directorate officer, the latter issued an ultimatum to the rebels, demanding that they either disarm and reconcile, or leave the eastern Qalamoun pocket entirely. The rebel committee refused to leave and demanded the release of prisoners. The Levant Liberation Army stated that it was not part of the unified military command, denied any coordination with it, and rejected negotiations with Russia. On 8 April, the rebel unified command again met with Russian and Syrian Army officers, and reached a preliminary agreement.

On 17 April, the government-run Syrian Arab News Agency announced that Jaysh al-Islam and the Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo in Dumayr have surrendered, and began to hand over heavy and medium weapons to the government. 5,000 people, which included 1,500 rebel fighters and 3,000 civilians, prepared to leave. Clashes also continued in the nearby mountains. On 18 April, Shaher Juma, head of the rebel negotiations committee in Dumayr, was assassinated by unidentified gunmen.

On 19 April, the rebel unified command agreed to hand over weapons and surrender the entire eastern Qalamoun pocket, including the towns of Dumayr, Jayrud, and al-Naseriyah. Russian officers pledged to pardon people who evaded conscription in the towns. The first batch of 2,500 people, including 600 rebels, were then transported by 44 buses from Dumayr to Jarabulus. The second convoy of at least 30 buses departed in the early hours of 22 April, and included 1,200 Tahrir al-Sham and Ahrar al-Sham fighters and their families, who arrived in the Afrin District. The 3rd convoy arrived in the al-Bab area on 24 April, and the 4th and final batch of 60 buses arrived in northern Aleppo on 25 April. With this, the eastern Qalamoun Mountains came under full government control, and the flag of the Syrian Arab Republic was raised in Jayrud's main square. Along with the territory, the Syrian Arab army said that it also gained back several heavy weapons including a dozen of tanks. After further territorial sweeps on 17 May, pro-government media reported that eight more tanks were found.

## InfoBox

| Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018) | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign (Syrian Civil War) and the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War | |
|
Map of the operation | |
| Date 17–25 April 2018
(1 week and 1 day)  Location Eastern Qalamoun Mountains, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Syria  Result Decisive Syrian Army and allies victory
* Syrian Army captures the entirety of the rebel-held eastern Qalamoun pocket * Rebels surrender and evacuate from eastern Qalamoun | |
| Belligerents | |
| Syrian Arab Republic
Russia | Unified Military Command of Eastern Qalamoun
Jaysh Tahrir al-Sham
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Maj. Gen. Suheil al-Hassan
(Tiger Forces)
Col. Ghiath Dalla
(42nd Armored Brigade) | Shaher Juma
(head of rebel negotiations committee in Dumayr) |
| Units involved | |
| Syrian Armed Forces
Russian Armed Forces | Unified Military Command of Eastern Qalamoun |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | 1,500 |


# 1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice

On 25 March 2021, Venice celebrated the 1,600th anniversary of its founding.

## The foundation of Venice

The foundation of Venice is generally considered borne witness to by a manuscript of the Chronicon Altinate (11th-12th century) and, in a more recent era, by Marino Sanuto the Younger (15th-16th century) , who described the massive fire of the Rialto bridge in 1514, stating that: "Solum restò in piedi la chiexia di San Giacomo di Rialto, la qual fu la prima chiexia edificata in Venetia dil 421 a dì 25 Marzo, come in le nostre croniche si leze" ("The only building left standing was the church of San Giacomo di Rialto, which was the first church built in Venice, on March 25th 421 AD, as it is read in our chronicles").

In an Italy hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic with a total absence of tourists, with travel blocks not only between European nations but also Italian regions, the city of Venice celebrated the 1600th anniversary of its foundation with a program of events organized and promoted by local bodies and institutions, which included exhibitions, museum and city tours, conferences and seminars.

## La Fenice

On April 26, 2021, the La Fenice theater in Venice reopened to the public, after being stopped due COVID-19 pandemic, albeit with a few and distant audience, with a concert by Giuseppe Verdi. All 250 seats available in the Gallery were sold out in a very short time.

## Venice Biennale

## Venice Biennale of Architecture

## Venice Film Festival

## Venetian Arsenal

G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting and side events.
From 8 to 11 July 2021.

G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (FMCBG) will meet for the 3rdtime under the Italian G20 Presidency on Friday 9 and Saturday 10 July 2021 in Venice.
From Thursday 8 to Sunday 11 July, within the context of the G20 FMCBG Venice Meeting, a number of side events will also be held at the Venetian Arsenal.
These include the G20-OECD Global Forum on Productivity, the G20 International Tax Symposium and the International Conference on Climate.

## The feast of the Redeemer

The Feast of the Redeemer is scheduled for July 17, 2021, the religious festival established in memory of the end of the plague pandemic that hit Venice between 1575 and 1577 is accompanied by a fireworks display of particular beauty.

## The decree law to protect Venice

From 1 August 2021, large ships a reno longer be able to transit in front of Piazza San Marco and on the Giudecca canal. This was established by a decree law approved on the afternoon of 13 July 2021 by the Council of Ministers. Compensation is foreseen for companies that will be harmed by this decision. Cruise ships will be able to temporarily dock in Marghera. The decree law provides for the prohibition of navigation in Venice and in the maritime routes defined as being of cultural interest.

The navigation ban is envisaged for ships with at least one of these characteristics: - more than 25,000 gross tonnage; - more than 180 meters in length; - more than 35 meters high - production of more than 0.1% of sulfur. A guarantee fund is foreseen to a contribution to related companies and workers. Ships that do not have the aforementioned four characteristics, and which are therefore considered sustainable, will be able to continue to dock (these are cruise ships with around 200 passengers). The decree will enter into force the day after its publication in the Gazzetta Ufficiale.

## InfoBox

| 1600th Anniversary of the Foundation of Venice<br>421 - 2021 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date(s) | 25 March 2021 |
| Location(s) | Venice |
| Country | Italy |
| Activity | 235 events |
| Website | https://1600.venezia.it/en |


title: Həftəsov

abstract: Həftəsov is a village and municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan, approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Lahic. It has a population of 71.

text:
# Həftəsov

**Həftəsov** (also, **Hərtəsou**, **Hərtəsov**, **Gaftasiab**, **Gaftasiyab**, and **Gaftasov**) is a village and municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan, approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Lahic. It has a population of 71.

## InfoBox

| Həftəsov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Həftəsov | |
| Coordinates: 40°53′06″N 48°24′21″E / 40.88500°N 48.40583°E / 40.88500; 48.40583 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Ismailli |
| Population | |
| Total | 71 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: M.T.M.E.

abstract: "M.T.M.E." is the second single by American singer-songwriter Alexandra Savior. The initials of the title stand for "music to my ears". It was released on September 8, 2016, via Columbia Records as the second single from the yet-to-be released Belladonna of Sadness. An acoustic version of the song was recorded by Savior and others additional as part of the Reeperbahn Festival. A music video for the track was made. Stereogum described it as "a trippy, fast-paced blend of polychrome, hallucinatory, eerie imagery that perfectly matches the ghostly quality of the song."

text:
# M.T.M.E.

"**M.T.M.E.**" is the second single by American singer-songwriter Alexandra Savior. The initials of the title stand for "music to my ears". It was released on September 8, 2016, via Columbia Records as the second single from the yet-to-be released *Belladonna of Sadness*.

An acoustic version of the song was recorded by Savior and others additional as part of the Reeperbahn Festival. A music video for the track was made. Stereogum described it as "a trippy, fast-paced blend of polychrome, hallucinatory, eerie imagery that perfectly matches the ghostly quality of the song."

## Reception

British music paper *NME* has described the sound of "M.T.M.E." as "slinking" and after mentioning her more famous collaborators said: "... the striking and smoky vocals belong solely to Savior and ooze a burgeoning star power well beyond her tender age of 21. The year's most seductive track? Don’t bet against it." Stereogum called the song "a shadowy, rhymthic assault, with infectious bass strums and bright organ bolstering Savior's sultry, cutting vocals."

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "M.T.M.E." | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Alexandra Savior | |
| from the album  *Belladonna of Sadness* | |
| Released | September 8, 2016 |
| Length | 3:53 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Alexandra Savior singles chronology | |
| "Shades"
(2016) "**M.T.M.E.**"
(2016) "Mystery Girl"
(2016) | |


title: 1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on April 13, 1826. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former senator and Federalist Party candidate David Daggett, winning with 56.77% of the vote.

text:
# 1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election

The **1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election** was held on April 13, 1826. Incumbent governor and Toleration Party candidate Oliver Wolcott Jr. defeated former senator and Federalist Party candidate David Daggett, winning with 56.77% of the vote.

## General election

### Candidates

**Major candidates**

* Oliver Wolcott Jr., Toleration
* David Daggett, Federalist

**Minor candidates**

* David Plant, Jacksonian
* Timothy Pitkin, Federalist
* Nathan Smith, Federalist

### Results

1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Toleration** | **Oliver Wolcott Jr. (incumbent)** | **6,780** | **56.77%** |  |
|  | Federalist | David Daggett | 4,340 | 36.34% |  |
|  | Jacksonian | David Plant | 350 | 2.93% |  |
|  | Other | Others | 209 | 1.75% |  |
|  | Federalist | Timothy Pitkin | 148 | 1.24% |  |
|  | Federalist | Nathan Smith | 116 | 0.97% |  |
| Majority | | | 2,440 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Toleration **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1826 Connecticut gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Oliver Wolcott Jr.** David Daggett   Party Toleration Federalist  Popular vote **6,780** 4,340  Percentage **56.77%** 36.34% | |
| ---  **Wolcott:**      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      \>90%
**Daggett:**      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
**Plant:**      80–90%
**Smith:**      60–70% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
Oliver Wolcott Jr.
Toleration **Elected Governor**
Oliver Wolcott Jr.
Toleration | |


title: I'm Lost

abstract: "I'm Lost" is a song written by Otis René and recorded in 1944 by Benny Carter and His Orchestra. The single, with vocals by Dick Gray, went to number one on the Harlem Hit Parade and was his most successful of three entries on the Harlem Hit Parade list. Unlike his previous releases, "I'm Lost" did not cross over to the mainstream pop charts.

text:
# I'm Lost

"**I'm Lost**" is a song written by Otis René and recorded in 1944 by Benny Carter and His Orchestra. The single, with vocals by Dick Gray, went to number one on the Harlem Hit Parade and was his most successful of three entries on the Harlem Hit Parade list. Unlike his previous releases, "I'm Lost" did not cross over to the mainstream pop charts.

## Cover Versions


title: 1826 Chilean presidential election

abstract: Presidential elections were held in Chile on July 8, 1826. The National Congress of Chile voted to elect the first President of the Republic of Chile. The election was called after the resignation of General Ramón Freire from the post of supreme director on July 7, 1826. On the nights of the seventh and eighth, the Congress decided that the supreme chief of state would carry the title of President of the Republic, and that a vice president would be elected to replace him in case of illness, etc. On July 8, the Congress elected Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada as president and Agustín Eyzaguirre as vice president.

text:
# 1826 Chilean presidential election

**Presidential elections** were held in Chile on July 8, 1826. The National Congress of Chile voted to elect the first President of the Republic of Chile.

The election was called after the resignation of General Ramón Freire from the post of supreme director on July 7, 1826. On the nights of the seventh and eighth, the Congress decided that the supreme chief of state would carry the title of President of the Republic, and that a vice president would be elected to replace him in case of illness, etc.

On July 8, the Congress elected Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada as president and Agustín Eyzaguirre as vice president.

## Results

### President

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Manuel Blanco Encalada | 22 | 59.46 |
| José Miguel Infante | 15 | 40.54 |
| Total | 37 | 100.00 |
|  | | |
| Source: Chilean Election Database | | |

### Vice President

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Agustín Eyzaguirre | 20 | 57.14 |
| Francisco Antonio Pinto | 15 | 42.86 |
| Total | 35 | 100.00 |
|  | | |
| Source: Chilean Election Database | | |


title: 1510 in Ireland

abstract: Events from the year 1510 in Ireland.

text:
# 1510 in Ireland

Events from the year **1510 in Ireland**.

## Incumbent

## Events

* An Anglo-Irish army led by Gerald Mór FitzGerald, the 8th earl of Kildare, marches on Thomond, and is met and defeated at Cratloe by an army of the O'Brien, McNamara, Sil-Aedha and Clanrickard clans led by Turlough O'Brien.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1510<br>List of years in Ireland |


abstract: The 1836 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on 8 March 1836 in order to elect the Governor of New Hampshire. Former Democratic United States Senator from New Hampshire Isaac Hill defeated Whig nominee Joseph Healey and former Federalist Attorney General of New Hampshire George Sullivan.

text:
# 1836 New Hampshire gubernatorial election

The **1836 New Hampshire gubernatorial election** was held on 8 March 1836 in order to elect the Governor of New Hampshire. Former Democratic United States Senator from New Hampshire Isaac Hill defeated Whig nominee Joseph Healey and former Federalist Attorney General of New Hampshire George Sullivan.

## General election

On election day, 8 March 1836, Democratic nominee Isaac Hill won the election by a margin of 22,338 votes against his foremost opponent Whig nominee Joseph Healey, thereby retaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. Hill was sworn in as the 16th Governor of New Hampshire on 2 June 1836.

### Results

New Hampshire gubernatorial election, 1836
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Isaac Hill** | **24,904** | **81.22** |
|  | Whig | Joseph Healey | 2,566 | 8.37 |
|  |  | George Sullivan | 2,230 | 7.27 |
|  |  | Scattering | 961 | 3.14 |
| Total votes | | | **30,661** | **100.00** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1836 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Isaac Hill** Joseph Healey George Sullivan  Party Democratic Whig   Popular vote **24,904** 2,566 2,230  Percentage **81.22%** 8.37% 7.27% | |
| ---  County results
**Hill:**      50–60%      60–70%      80–90%      90-100% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
William Badger
Democratic **Elected Governor**
Isaac Hill
Democratic | |


title: IFolder

abstract: iFolder is an open-source application, developed by Novell, Inc., intended to allow cross-platform file sharing across computer networks. iFolder operates on the concept of shared folders, where a folder is marked as shared and the contents of the folder are then synchronized to other computers over a network, either directly between computers in a peer-to-peer fashion or through a server. This is intended to allow a single user to synchronize files between different computers or share files with other users. The core of the iFolder is actually a project called Simias. It is Simias which actually monitors files for changes, synchronizes these changes and controls the access permissions on folders. The actual iFolder clients are developed as separate programs that communicate with the Simias back-end.

text:
# IFolder

**iFolder** is an open-source application, developed by Novell, Inc., intended to allow cross-platform file sharing across computer networks.

iFolder operates on the concept of shared folders, where a folder is marked as shared and the contents of the folder are then synchronized to other computers over a network, either directly between computers in a peer-to-peer fashion or through a server. This is intended to allow a single user to synchronize files between different computers (for example between a work computer and a home computer) or share files with other users (for example a group of people who are collaborating on a project).

The core of the iFolder is actually a project called Simias. It is Simias which actually monitors files for changes, synchronizes these changes and controls the access permissions on folders. The actual iFolder clients (including a graphical desktop client and a web client) are developed as separate programs that communicate with the Simias back-end.

## History

Originally conceived and developed at PGSoft before the company was taken over by Novell in 2000, iFolder was announced by Novell on March 19, 2001, and released on June 29, 2001 as a software package for Windows NT/2000 and Novell NetWare 5.1 or included with the forthcoming Novell NetWare 6.0. It also included the ability to access shared files through a web browser.

iFolder Professional Edition 2, announced on March 13, 2002 and released a month later, added support for Linux and Solaris and web access support for Windows CE and Palm OS. This edition was also designed to share files between millions of users in large companies, with increased reporting features for administrators. In 2003 iFolder won a Codie award.

On March 22, 2004, after their purchase of the Linux software companies Ximian and SUSE, Novell announced that they were releasing iFolder as an open source project under the GPL license. They also announced that the open source version of iFolder would use the Mono framework in an effort to ease development.

iFolder 3.0 was released on June 22, 2005.

On March 31, 2006, Novell announced that iFolder Enterprise Server is now Open Source.

On April 2, 2009, Novell released iFolder 3.7.2 which included a Mac client for 10.4 and 10.5 as well as a Windows Vista client. In addition to the improved client lineup this version supports SSL, LDAPGroup Support, Auto-account creation, iFolder Merge, and Enhanced web access and administration. The iFolder.com website has been completely redesigned with no references to the earlier versions.

On Nov 25, 2009, Novell released iFolder 3.8

## InfoBox

iFolder
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Novell |
|  | |
| Stable release | 3.8.0.3 / July 19, 2010 (2010-07-19) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Written in | C# |
| Operating system | Linux, Windows, macOS, Solaris |
| Platform | Mono |
| Type | File sharing |
| License | GPL-2.0-only |
| Website | sourceforge.net/projects/ifolder/ |


title: Akpınar, Bartın

abstract: Akpınar is a village in the Bartın District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 575 (2021).

text:
# Akpınar, Bartın

**Akpınar** is a village in the Bartın District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 575 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Akpınar | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| AkpınarLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°39′30″N 32°23′55″E / 41.6583°N 32.3985°E / 41.6583; 32.3985 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bartın |
| District | Bartın |
| Population (2021) | 575 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


abstract: The 1906 International Cross Country Championships was held in Caerleon, Wales, at the Caerleon Racecourse on 10 March 1906. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald. Complete results, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.

text:
# 1906 International Cross Country Championships

The **1906 International Cross Country Championships** was held in Caerleon, Wales, at the Caerleon Racecourse on 10 March 1906. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.

Complete results, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.

## Medallists

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Individual** | | | | | | |
| Men
10 mi (16.1 km) | Charles Straw
England | 57:32 | George Pearce
England | 57:55 | Will Nelson
England | 58:11 |
| **Team** | | | | | | |
| Men | England | 24 | Ireland | 86 | Scotland | 106 |

## Individual race results

### Men's (10 mi / 16.1km)

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Charles Straw | England | 57:32 |
|  | George Pearce | England | 57:55 |
|  | Will Nelson | England | 58:11 |
| 4 | John Daly | Ireland | 58:30 |
| 5 | Joe Deakin | England | 58:33 |
| 6 | Jack Price | England | 59:40 |
| 7 | Sammy Welding | England | 59:41 |
| 8 | W.G. Dunkley | England | 59:45 |
| 9 | T. Hughes | Wales | 59:52 |
| 10 | Sam Stevenson | Scotland | 1:00:25 |
| 11 | John Hayes | Ireland | 1:00:27 |
| 12 | Francis Whittle | England | 1:00:40 |
| 13 | David Cather | Scotland | 1:00:41 |
| 14 | Charlie Harris | Ireland | 1:00:46 |
| 15 | Peter Russell | Scotland | 1:00:55 |
| 16 | R.E. Hughes | Scotland | 1:00:57 |
| 17 | Tommy Arthur | Wales | 1:01:08 |
| 18 | Pat Joyce | Ireland | 1:01:09 |
| 19 | Paul Kelly | Ireland | 1:01:16 |
| 20 | T. Mernagh | Ireland | 1:01:40 |
| 21 | George Butterfield | England | 1:01:51 |
| 22 | Tommy Greenall | England | 1:01:52 |
| 23 | Eddie Ace | Wales | 1:02:20 |
| 24 | Edgar Price | Wales | 1:02:26 |
| 25 | John Ranken | Scotland | 1:02:34 |
| 26 | W. Thomas | Wales | 1:02:35 |
| 27 | Thomas Robertson | Scotland | 1:02:38 |
| 28 | John Gilchrist | Scotland | 1:03:19 |
| 29 | T. Horton | Wales | 1:03:21 |
| 30 | J. Finnegan | Ireland | 1:03:27 |
| 31 | Harry Cleaver | Wales | 1:03:30 |
| 32 | William Muirden | Scotland | 1:03:41 |
| 33 | Joe Morris | Wales | 1:03:52 |
| 34 | Ernest Thomas | Wales | 1:04:03 |
| 35 | Alexander Matthews | Scotland | 1:04:03 |
| 36 | T. Bunford | Wales | 1:04:10 |
|  | James Beale | England | DNF |
|  | Billy Day | England | DNF |
|  | Tom Downing | Ireland | DNF |
|  | George Guthre | Scotland | DNF |
|  | Alex Mann | Scotland | DNF |
|  | Thomas Mulrine | Scotland | DNF |
|  | H.T. Johnstone | Wales | DNF |
|  | Eddie O'Donnell | Wales | DNF |

## Team results

### Men's

| Rank | Country | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | England | Charles Straw
George Pearce
Will Nelson
Joe Deakin
Jack Price
Sammy Welding | 24 |
| 2 | Ireland | John Daly
John Hayes
Charlie Harris
Pat Joyce
Paul Kelly
T. Mernagh | 86 |
| 3 | Scotland | Sam Stevenson
David Cather
Peter Russell
R.E. Hughes
John Ranken
Thomas Robertson | 106 |
| 4 | Wales | T. Hughes
Tommy Arthur
Eddie Ace
Edgar Price
W. Thomas
T. Horton | 128 |

## Participation

An unofficial count yields the participation of 44 athletes from 4 countries.

## InfoBox

| 1906 International Cross Country Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Organisers | ICCU |
| Edition | 4th |
| Date | 10 March |
| Host city | Caerleon, Monmouthshire, Wales |
| Venue | Caerleon Racecourse |
| Events | 1 |
| Distances | 10 mi (16.1km) |
| Participation | 44 athletes from
4 nations |
| 1905 Dublin 1907 Glasgow | |


title: Andrés Vázquez de Prada

abstract: Andres Vazquez de Prada y Vallejo was a Spanish historian, lawyer, professor, diplomat and writer.

text:
# Andrés Vázquez de Prada

**Andres Vazquez de Prada y Vallejo** (19 December 1924 in Valladolid – 27 August 2005 in Madrid) was a Spanish historian, lawyer, professor, diplomat and writer.

## Life

He studied law in Valladolid and Seville, where he was later professor of Governmental Law. In 1947, his doctoral thesis, General Theory of De Facto Governments, obtained the prize for outstanding work at the University of Madrid.

Later he focussed his professional efforts in the field of diplomacy and moved to London, where he worked in the Spanish embassy as embassy attaché while also carrying out a notable literary work. He has published several studies on important figures in the English Catholic Church, including *The dream of an old man* (1954) on John Henry Newman.

He played an active role in the start and growth of Opus Dei's apostolic work in the United Kingdom. He met Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer in the first Center of Opus Dei in Valladolid. On 28 September 1942 he requested admission as a Numerary. From 1977 on he devoted himself full-time to researching the life of St. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer which resulted in his three-volume biography of the founder of Opus Dei. In the 1990s, during the writing of this biography, he lived in Rome. After completing the work, he returned to Spain. After a long sickness he died in Madrid on 27 August 2005.

## Selected list of works

* Cardinal Newman (1954)
* Thomas More (1966)
* El scented del humor (The Meaning of Humor) (1976)
* The Founder of Opus Dei, Volume I: The Early Years, Princeton (N.J.), Scepter Publishers, 2001
* The Founder of Opus Dei, Volume II - God and Daring, New York, 2003
* The Founder of Opus Dei, Volume III: The Divine Ways on Earth, New York, 2005

## InfoBox

| Andres Vazquez de Prada y Vallejo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 19 December 1924
Valladolid, Spain |
| Died | 27 August 2005 (2005-08-28) (aged 80)
Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation(s) | diplomat, writer |


title: 1836 Project

abstract: Texas House Bill 2497 is an act of the Texas Legislature establishing the 1836 Project, an advisory committee designed to promote "patriotic education" regarding Texas history. Texas’s 1836 project is an “advisory committee designed to promote patriotic education and increase awareness of the Texas values that continue to stimulate boundless prosperity across this state” originally established by house bill 2497. “The 1836 Project: Telling the Texas Story'' also tells us that nine people make up the 1836 Project, in an attempt to represent the diversity of the state. Three members were appointed by each of the following: the speaker of the house of representatives, lieutenant governor, and governor. Individuals in the private sector with appropriate experience or subject matter expertise may be among the appointees. The bill was introduced on March 1st, 2021, passed by the house and senate in May 2021 and then executive signed in June of 2021.

text:
# 1836 Project

**Texas House Bill 2497** is an act of the Texas Legislature establishing the **1836 Project**, an advisory committee designed to promote "patriotic education" regarding Texas history.

Texas’s 1836 project is an “advisory committee designed to promote patriotic education and increase awareness of the Texas values that continue to stimulate boundless prosperity across this state” originally established by house bill 2497. “The 1836 Project: Telling the Texas Story'' also tells us that nine people make up the 1836 Project, in an attempt to represent the diversity of the state. Three members were appointed by each of the following: the speaker of the house of representatives, lieutenant governor, and governor. Individuals in the private sector with appropriate experience or subject matter expertise may be among the appointees. The bill was introduced on March 1st, 2021, passed by the house and senate in May 2021 and then executive signed in June of 2021.

## Development

House Bill 2497 was passed in May 2021, receiving support from Republicans and Democrats, and was signed into law by Texas Governor Greg Abbott. The 1836 project’s main goal shall be to “promote awareness among residents of this state of the following as they relate to the history of prosperity and democratic freedom in this state.” The committee states this is to be done by promoting awareness of the following: the indigenous peoples, the spanish and mexican heritage, Tejanos, the African-American heritage, Texas war for independence, juneteenth, annexation of Texas, the christian heritage, heritage of keeping and bearing firearms, the founding documents of the state, the founders, state civics, and the role of this state in passing the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965. House lawmakers passed the bill by a margin of 124 to 19.

The law went into effect on September 1, 2021, and will expire in 2036. The project is named after the year Texas won independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution and is funded by the Texas Education Agency. The bill is meant to promote a "patriotic education" to the state’s residents. The 1836 Project is made up of a nine-member advisory committee tasked with promoting the state’s history to Texas residents, primarily through pamphlets given to people receiving driver’s licenses. Committee members were appointed by Abbott, Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick and House Speaker Dade Phelan. The project also awards students for their knowledge of the state’s history and values through the Gubernatorial 1836 Award.

It is believed by many that Texas’s 1836 project was inspired by a few similar projects that happened in the years leading up to it. Harvey Graff’s article “Battle of the Books'' speculates that the 1836 project was enacted in order to combat the New York Times “1619 project” which is a deliberate plan to rewrite American history by systematically including people of color, whose first non-native ancestors arrived in Virginia in 1619 as slaves. The article also mentions Trump’s 1776 Project that begins the history of the United States with the Revolution, additionally, most forms of conflict, including racial and gender, are erased from history in favor of a push for freedoms that predominantly benefit a white man.

## Criticism

The project's name was criticized by some because Texas’ independence didn’t apply to all people living in Texas at the time, including slaves and indigenous groups. Critics, including Nikole Hannah-Jones, who created *The 1619 Project*, worried that the 1836 Project was created as a way to limit the teaching of critical race theory in schools and hide the country's history of racism. The project has also received criticism for promoting the "Christian heritage" of the state.

## InfoBox

| House Bill 2497 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Texas Legislature | |
| **Long title** * An Act relating to the establishment and duties of the Texas 1836 Project. | |
| Passed by | House of Representatives |
| Passed | 5 May 2021 |
| Passed by | Senate |
| Passed | 26 May 2021 |
| Signed by | Governor Greg Abbott |
| Signed | 16 June 2021 |
| Commenced | September 1, 2021 (2021-09-01) |
| Legislative history | |
| First chamber: House of Representatives | |
| Bill citation | Full Text of HB 2497 with signatures of: |
| Passed | 30 March 2021 |
| Voting summary | * **124 voted for** * **19 voted against** * 6 absent * 1 present not voting |
| Second chamber: Senate | |
| Passed | 6 May 2021 |
| Voting summary | * **22 voted for** * **9 voted against** |
| **Status:** In force | |


title: Ebenezer Mackintosh

abstract: Ebenezer Mackintosh was a shoemaker who lived in New England in the 18th and 19th centuries. He is known for his role as a leader in Boston riots protesting the Stamp Act.

text:
# Ebenezer Mackintosh

**Ebenezer Mackintosh** (June 20, 1737 – 1816) was a shoemaker who lived in New England in the 18th and 19th centuries. He is known for his role as a leader in Boston riots protesting the Stamp Act.

## Early life

Ebenezer Mackintosh was born on June 20, 1737, in Boston to impoverished parents Mary Everet and Moses Macintosh, an intermittent soldier in the 1730s and 1740s. Ebenezer lived with them until 1751 when Mary died and Moses departed Boston, leaving the 14-year-old as apprentice to his shoemaker uncle, Ichibod Jones. This gave Mackintosh few career possibilities as well as limited opportunities for social mobility; shoemakers in Boston were usually lower class. Mackintosh enlisted in the militia in 1754 and was part of the British-colonial mission to Fort Ticonderoga in 1758. In 1760, Mackintosh joined Fire Engine Company No. 9 in Boston's South End. Meanwhile, he married Elizabeth Maverick in August 1766, with whom he had two children, one of whom was named Paschal Paoli for the Corsican rebel who was at the time leading his ethnically Italian island in revolt against French rule.

## Rise to popularity and recognition

In the 1760s, Mackintosh gained notoriety as a popular leader among the poor in Boston's South End. He became head of the South End gang in the Pope's Day or Guy Fawkes Day yearly festivities, from which we can reasonably guess that he was a Puritan. Each year on November 5, Guy Fawkes Day or Pope's Day, the South End mob fought with their rival the North End mob over each other's effigies of the Pope, which were burned by the winners. In 1764, however, the fight turned especially violent; many were injured and a young boy was killed. Because of this turn of events, sheriffs and militia were called to destroy the North and South end effigy popes and stop the events. The authorities took apart the North End mob's pope, but under Mackintosh's lead the South End crowd protected theirs. The North End then rebuilt their effigy and the wild celebration continued. In response to the actions that took place that day, Mackintosh and others were arrested, but nothing came of it.

## The Stamp Act protests

Mackintosh played a key role in other riots and events in the following year related to the protests and eventual repeal of the Stamp Act in March 1766. The passing of the Stamp Act in March 1765 caused a good deal of unrest in the American colonies. The Sons of Liberty were a leading group of American dissidents at this time. The Loyal Nine, a group of nine businessmen, led the Sons of Liberty and were a link between the common people and wealthier classes. In August 1765 the Loyal Nine arranged the unification of the North and South End crowds. The group also found a mob captain among the common people to do their bidding: Ebenezer Mackintosh. The crowds were brought together by feelings of discontent and anger about economic depression and unemployment as well as the Stamp Act; only basic leadership was necessary. Mackintosh was a good choice as he was lower class and had a small government position – he had been chosen that year for the unpaid town position of sealer of leather.

On August 14, Mackintosh led a destructive wild riot of more than 3,000 in protest of the Stamp Act. The crowd invaded the house of soon-to-be stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. The crowd also destroyed, in less than 30 minutes, an office that he had built, and then used the timbers for a bonfire. Furthermore, rioters hung both an effigy of Andrew Oliver and a boot that represented the British men of power, the Earl of Bute and George Grenville. The next day Andrew Oliver resigned through letter from the position of stamp distributor. Samuel Adams was pleased with the crowd's actions and described it as "deliberately \[and\] … rationally destroying property, after trying every method to preserve it…when the men in power had rendered the destruction of that property the only means of securing the property of all."

Not long after, on August 26, Ebenezer Mackintosh led a riot that destroyed three houses, including that of lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson. Afterwards, Mackintosh had to run for his life, breaking up his possessions, including his many manuscripts, and stealing his money. He was, however, caught and arrested, but leading Whigs stopped the Suffolk County policeman Stephen Greenleaf from keeping him by swearing peace would be maintained in Boston only if Mackintosh was set free. Andrew Eliot, a witness of the events, wrote in a letter to a colleague, Thomas Hollis, in England: "The good people of Boston are very careful to distinguish between the 14th and the 26th of August. The attack on Secretary Oliver…it is supposed was under direction of some persons of character. It is certain, people in general were not displeased. The 26th of August was under a very different direction. It was a scene of riot, drunkenness, profaneness and robbery." Today there is debate about whether Mackintosh and his companions went beyond the tame protests wanted by the wealthier class. There is also speculation about the motives behind the August 26 riot and whether it was not the idea of someone other than the Loyal Nine, such as perhaps Mackintosh. Samuel Adams was, unlike with August 14, displeased by what happened on August 26, describing it as "a lawless attack upon property in a case where if there had been right there was remedy."

Later the same year, on Pope's Day, the North and South End mobs came together under "General" Mackintosh to parade. The Loyal Nine rewarded Mackintosh with a gilt uniform and a speaking trumpet for the occasion. About a month later, in December, Mackintosh led another crowd, this time that led Andrew Oliver, whom town soldiers would not defend, to an elm that would come to be known as the Liberty Tree and made him again resign his position as stamp distributor.

## Character and life after the Stamp Act protests: 1766–death

Ebenezer Mackintosh was known as a capable leader. He could supposedly lead a crowd with a whisper or gesture and could get 2,000 men to walk in two neat lines. Andrew Oliver's brother and fellow loyalist, Peter, described Mackintosh as "sensible and manly" and that for someone generally doing the dirty work for more prominent people did it "with great éclat." Upon observing the 1765 Pope's Day event, he described Mackintosh as "endowed with superior Honor." Even Thomas Hutchinson described Mackintosh in a letter to Thomas Pownall in 1766 as "a bold fellow and as likely for Massiangello \[a Sicilian revolutionary\] as you can well conceive." Yet many men who tried to lead the protest movement in 1764 and 1765 might not have liked Mackintosh because of his low social status. "We do everything in order to keep this and the first Affair Private," merchant and Loyal Nine member Henry Bass wrote to his friend Samuel P. Savage in December 1765 after Andrew Oliver's second resignation, "and are not a little pleas'd to hear that Mackintosh has the Credit of the whole Affair." Additionally, Mackintosh criticized economic superiority and mocked those with more wealth than him, those who he often took directions from, and criticized with his elaborate garb on Pope's Day 1765. Furthermore, the Sons of Liberty would have had to trust Mackintosh while he was taking directions from them with a lot of valuable information.

Despite Mackintosh's possibly strained relationship with those he listened to, he was again chosen as sealer of leather in 1766, 1767, and 1768, but not in 1769. There is also no record of him being involved in mobs in the late 1760s and 1770s protesting regulations by Britain. The following year Mackintosh spent some time in debtors' prison. By September 1774, Mackintosh had left Boston and settled in the town of Haverhill, New Hampshire. In 1777 he joined the army for two months to fight the attack on New York City led by British General John Burgoyne. Having returned to Haverhill, he served as the town's sealer of leather in 1782, 1783, and 1784. In 1784 his wife Elizabeth died. Mackintosh later married Elizabeth Chase, a widow and mother of three, and went on to have three children of his own with her. Many of his children from his two marriages moved to Ohio. When he was 65, he walked all the way to Ohio and back to see his children there.

He was poor towards the end of his life, having to sell his work to the overseer of the Haverhill poor farm in 1810 and 1811 to get by. When he died in 1816, he was buried in the local Haverhill cemetery under the name of Philip McIntosh by mistake, with the claim that he led the Boston Tea Party in 1773. Mackintosh claimed involvement in the Boston Tea Party, and although there is no direct evidence of this, researchers have opined "that he had a hand in the affair seems reasonably certain."

## Memorials

A New Hampshire historical marker (number 104) in Haverhill, New Hampshire, reads:

> Born in Boston and a veteran of the 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga. As a known participant in the Boston Tea Party, for his own and his children’s safety, he walked to North Haverhill in early 1774. He later served in the Northern Army under Gen. Gates in 1777. He was a shoemaker by trade and practiced his vocation here for the rest of his life. He is buried nearby in Horse Meadow Cemetery.

## Further reading

* Carp, Benjamin L. "Fire of Liberty: Firefighters, Urban Voluntary Culture, and the Revolutionary Movement." *The William and Mary Quarterly*, 3rd ser., 58, no. 4 (October 2001): 781–818. Accessed October 13, 2014. doi:10.2307/2674500.
* Cogliano, Francis D. "Deliverance from Luxury: Pope's Day, Conflict and Consensus in Colonial Boston, 1745-1765." *Studies in Popular Culture* 15, no. 2 (1993): 15–28. Accessed October 13, 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23413956.
* ———. "Mackintosh, Ebenezer." In *Revolution and New Nation, 1761 to 1812*, edited by Paul A. Gilje and Gary B. Nash. Revised ed. Vol. 3 of *Encyclopedia of American History*. N.p.: Facts on File, 2010. Accessed October 14, 2014. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAHIII236&SingleRecord=True.
* Crain, Caleb. "Tea and Antipathy", *The New Yorker*, December 20, 2010. Accessed October 12, 2014.
* Davidson, Philip G. "Sons of Liberty and Stamp Men." *The North Carolina Historical Review* 9, no. 1 (January 1932): 38–56. Accessed October 13, 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23514881.
* Day, Alan, and Katherine Day. "Another Look at the Boston 'Caucus.'" *Journal of American Studies* 5, no. 1 (April 1971): 19–42. Accessed October 13, 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27670624.
* Morgan, Edmund S. "Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act." *The New England Quarterly* 21, no. 4 (December 1948): 459–92. Accessed October 13, 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/361566.
* Pencak, William. "Mackintosh, Ebenezer", American National Biography Online. Last modified February 2000. Accessed October 13, 2014.


title: Amatsu Shrine

abstract: Amatsu Shrine is a Shinto shrine located in the Ichinomiya neighborhood of the city of Itoigawa, Niigata, Japan. It is one of the three shrines claiming the title of ichinomiya of the former Echigo Province. The main festivals of the shrine are held annually on April 10 and October 24.

text:
# Amatsu Shrine

**Amatsu Shrine** (天津神社, *Amatsu jinja*) is a Shinto shrine located in the Ichinomiya neighborhood of the city of Itoigawa, Niigata, Japan. It is one of the three shrines claiming the title of *ichinomiya* of the former Echigo Province. The main festivals of the shrine are held annually on April 10 and October 24.

## Enshrined *kami*

The *kami* enshrined at Amatsu Jinja are:

## History

Amatsu Jinja claims to have been founded during the reign of the semi-legendary Emperor Keikō (71 to 130 AD) in the Kofun period. Historical records state that Emperor Kōtoku (596-694 AD) had prayers said at this shrine, and its name appears in the *Engishiki* records compiled in 927 AD as the major shrine of ancient Kubiki County in Echigo, although it is by no means certain that the current Amatsu Shrine is the same shrine mentioned in these ancient records. In 1611, the Tokugawa shogunate awarded the shrine a stipend of 100 *koku* for its upkeep. After the Meiji Restoration and the establishment of State Shinto, the shrine was originally designated as a "county shrine", but was later raised in status to that of a prefectural shrine (県社).

The *Heiden* of the shrine is an *irimoya*-style 7 x 5 bay building with a thatch roof built in 1662. The *Haiden* is a gabled 3x2 bay structure with a copper roof built in 1797.

The *Bugaku* performances held during the shrine's annual festival on April 10-11 are registered as an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property of Japan.

The shrine is located a ten-minute walk from Itoigawa Station.

## Subsidiary shrine

Within the shrine grounds is the **Nunagawa Shrine** (奴奈川神社, *Nunagawa jinja*), which also appears in the *Engishiki* records. The building is a one-bay structure with a *Nagare-zukuri* roof and was built in 1798.

## InfoBox

| Amatsu Shrine | |
| --- | --- |
| 天津神社 | |
| Amatsu Shrine, July 2013 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shinto |
| Deity | Ninigi-no-Mikoto<br>Nunakawahime |
| Festival | April 10, Oct 24 |
| Type | Ichinomiya |
| Location | |
| Location | 1-3-34 Ichinomiya, Itoigawa-shi, Niigata-ken |
| Amatsu JinjaAmatsu Shrine (Japan) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 37°2′24.5″N 137°51′51.3″E / 37.040139°N 137.864250°E / 37.040139; 137.864250 |
| Glossary of Shinto | |


title: Echidnopsis dammaniana

abstract: Echidnopsis dammaniana is a succulent species in the genus Echidnopsis. The plants have angled stems and purple flowers. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia and is unusual in collections.

text:
# Echidnopsis dammaniana

***Echidnopsis dammaniana*** is a succulent species in the genus *Echidnopsis*. The plants have angled stems and purple flowers. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia and is unusual in collections.

## InfoBox

| *Echidnopsis dammaniana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Echidnopsis* |
| Species: | ***E. dammaniana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Echidnopsis dammaniana***<br>Sprenger | |
|


title: Amblyseius pascalis

abstract: Amblyseius pascalis is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Amblyseius pascalis

***Amblyseius pascalis*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Amblyseius pascalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Amblyseius* |
| Species: | ***A. pascalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amblyseius pascalis***<br>Tseng, 1983 | |
|


title: American Muscle Car

abstract:
American Muscle Car is a weekly television show on Speed, produced by Restoration Productions LLC., about muscle cars. Original release was in 2003. Each episode provides a timeline of each vehicle's history beginning with its first year of production to its most recent year of production. The show was initially designed to showcase traditional muscle cars such as the Chevrolet Camaro, Ford Mustang, and Dodge Charger. It eventually added other performance vehicles such as the Shelby Cobra and the, and even began to focus on specific eras such as the (disambiguation)|.
In 2006 season, the show's focus was expanded to include designers and engineers of muscle car era. In 2007 season, the show's focus was expanded to include vintage races, powertrain components.

text:
# American Muscle Car

**American Muscle Car** is a weekly television show on Speed, produced by Restoration Productions LLC., about muscle cars. Original release was in 2003. Each episode provides a timeline of each vehicle's history beginning with its first year of production to its most recent year of production. The show was initially designed to showcase traditional muscle cars such as the Chevrolet Camaro, Ford Mustang, and Dodge Charger. It eventually added other performance vehicles such as the Shelby Cobra and the, and even began to focus on specific eras such as the (disambiguation)|. In 2006 season, the show's focus was expanded to include designers and engineers of muscle car era.

In 2007 season, the show's focus was expanded to include vintage races, powertrain components.

## Controversies

In the episode "Bad boys: The Fastest Musclecar Engines", the show claimed that the vintage engines used were built to factory specs and tunings. This resulted in 1967 426 Hemi engine producing 820 hp and 689 lb-ft torque. However, Engine Systems Inc., the company that performed the dynamometer tests, reported that the motors were built as they would have been done in specialty dealers like Yenko, Mr. Norms, and so on. The parts used to build the replica engines came from specialty engine builders, and contained parts that did not meet factory specifications engines.

## Note

In The Episode S02E01 - Pontiac Firebird Trans Am, The full name of Trans Am is given as "Trans American Sedan Racing Series". This is incorrect. The actual name of Trans Am is the "Trans American Sedan Championship".

## Episodes

Season 1 * S01E01 - 1964 Pontiac GTO
* S01E02 - 1969 Pontiac GTO Judge
* S01E03 - 1953-62 Chevrolet Corvette
* S01E04 - 1967-69 Chevrolet Camaro SS 396
* S01E05 - 1964 Ford Fairlane Thunderbolt
* S01E06 - Ford Mustang Shelby GT-350
* S01E07 - Buick Gran Sport
* S01E08 - 1969-71 Hurst Oldsmobile 442
* S01E09 - Chevrolet Chevelle SS 396 & SS 454
* S01E10 - 1961-64 Chevrolet Impala 409
* S01E11 - Plymouth Hemi Cuda & Dodge Hemi Challenger
* S01E12 - 1968 Chevrolet Nova SS 396

Season 2 * S02E01 - Pontiac Firebird Trans Am
* S02E02 - 1959-1963 Pontiac 421 Super Duty
* S02E03 - Ford Fairlane GT
* S02E04 - 427 Cobra
* S02E05 - 1963-1967 Chevrolet Corvette
* S02E06 - Camaro Z/28
* S02E07 - Dodge Charger Daytona and Plymouth Superbird
* S02E08 - The Mopar Super Stockers
* S02E09 - American Motors AMX and Plymouth AAR 'Cuda
* S02E10 - Dodge Challenger T/A
* S02E11 - Buick Regal
* S02E12 - 1955-1957 Chevrolet Bel Air

Season 3 * S03E01 - Ford Thunderbird
* S03E02 - Ford Ranchero and Chevrolet El Camino
* S03E03 - The COPO cars
* S03E04 - 1968-2001 Corvette
* S03E05 - Chrysler 300
* S03E06 - The Dodge Ramchargers
* S03E07 - Dodge Charger
* S03E08 - Dodge Viper
* S03E09 - Boss 302 and 429 Mustangs
* S03E10 - The Saleen Mustangs
* S03E11 - The Hurst Cars
* S03E12 - The SLP Cars
* S03E13 - Dodge Dart GTS
* S03E14 - Plymouth Road Runner

## InfoBox

| *American Muscle Car* | |
| --- | --- |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Speed Channel |
| Release | 2003 (2003) |


abstract: The 1901 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held in January 1901. Incumbent Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar was re-elected to a fifth term in office. At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a resolution of the Massachusetts General Court.

text:
# 1901 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

The **1901 United States Senate election in Massachusetts** was held in January 1901. Incumbent Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar was re-elected to a fifth term in office.

At the time, Massachusetts elected United States senators by a resolution of the Massachusetts General Court.

## Background

### State legislature

At the time, the Massachusetts legislature was controlled by the Republican Party, as it had been since that party's founding, typically in dominant fashion. The Senate was composed of 31 Republicans and 9 Democrats, and the House had 179 Republicans, 58 Democrats, 2 Social Democrats, and one independent.

## Candidates

### Declared

Hoar faced no evident opposition from Republicans.

## Election

### Caucuses

In caucuses held on January 14, Republicans re-nominated Hoar unanimously.

Democrats, as a matter of party honors, nominated former Secretary of State Richard Olney after several ballots. Many Democrats praised Hoar, and there was a movement to nominate him as their candidate as well. Some argued that nominating Olney for a hopeless campaign would actual diminish his reputation and weaken his prospects for Governor or President. Martin Lomasney, though he pledged to vote for the caucus nominee, compared Hoar to the late William Ewart Gladstone.

### Election

Both houses met separately on January 15 and ratified Hoar's re-election. Hoar received some Democratic votes.

Election in the Senate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **George Frisbie Hoar (inc.)** | **29** | **78.38%** |
|  | Democratic | Richard Olney | 8 | 21.62% |
| Total votes | | | **37** | **100.00%** |

Election in the House
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **George Frisbie Hoar (inc.)** | **169** | **77.52%** |
|  | Democratic | Richard Olney | 48 | 22.02% |
|  | Social Democratic | Charles H. Bradley | 1 | 0.46% |
| Total votes | | | **218** | **100.00%** |

On January 16, the houses met in joint convention and announced Hoar's re-election.

## Aftermath

Hoar died in October 1904 after over 27 years in the Senate. Winthrop Murray Crane was appointed to fill the vacant seat, and Crane won an election for the remainder of the term in 1905.

## InfoBox

1901 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  Resolution of legislature needed to win | |
| Nominee **George Frisbie Hoar** Richard Olney   Party Republican Democratic  Senate **29** 8  Percentage **78.38%** 21.62%  House **169** 48  Percentage **77.52%** 22.02% | |
| ---  **Senator before election**
George Frisbie Hoar
Republican **Elected Senator**
George Frisbie Hoar
Republican | |


title: East Touch

abstract: East Touch is a weekly Chinese language magazine written in Cantonese style in Hong Kong. It is published every Tuesday by East Touch Publishing Limited, part of Global China Group Holdings Limited.

text:
# East Touch

***East Touch*** (Chinese: 東Touch) is a weekly Chinese language magazine written in Cantonese style in Hong Kong. It is published every Tuesday by East Touch Publishing Limited, part of Global China Group Holdings Limited.

## Content

*East Touch* is an infotainment publication targeting readers aged between 20 and 30. It covers stories of celebrities, entertainment news, fashion trends and lifestyle topics. A survey conducted by the Society for Truth and Light in Hong Kong showed that about 86.6% of the content of *East Touch* is related to information about entertainment and consumption. According to the editorial board, the magazine regards men's fashion news as its top priority, followed by women's fashion news and lifestyle reports. Entertainment news is regarded as the least important priority.

## Reporting style

The reporting style of *East Touch* follows four guiding principles established by its owners. These four reporting principles distinguish *East Touch* from other magazines targeted at trendy young people.

The magazine's competitors, namely, "Easy Finder", "East Week" and "3 Magazine" place considerably more emphasis on paparazzi-type entertainment scoops and Category IIB photos of starlets. This is confirmed by statistics provided by the Hong Kong Press Council and the Hong Kong Journalists Association which show that no complaints have been filed nor condemnations issued against *East Touch*.

## Big events

*East Touch* faced the first great challenge in its colourful history when its 42nd issue was published on 29 March 1995. The magazine was convicted and fined by the courts for publishing indecent articles about pornography, thereby falling foul of the Obscene Articles Tribunal and the Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority. The article judged indecent concerned a "Festival of Pornography", in which many sexual utilities and services were advertised without an accompanying warning that the magazine contained material which should not fall into the hands of persons under the age of 18. According to both the Tribunal and the Supreme Court, such an omission violated the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal made by the publisher in July 1996.

## Readership

To date, no official figures have been published on the magazine's circulation numbers and market penetration. According to a survey of the reading habits of 15- to 29-year-olds in Hong Kong conducted by Breakthrough, a non-profit Christian youth organisation in Hong Kong, in February 1999, however, *East Touch* lagged behind its closest competitors. In the survey, *Next Magazine*, *Easy Finder* and *East Week* ranked top three, with 32.3%, 27.4% and 24.9% respectively.

Articles in *East Touch* are written in colloquial Chinese and are often peppered with slangy Cantonese phrases and English words. The layout of the magazine is very colourful with photos, pictures and graphics taking up equal, if not more, page space than words. The magazine's layout changes frequently to maintain freshness and to avoid any 'detachment' between authors and readers. However, such oraloriented written discourse has been accused of polluting Modern Standard Chinese, and has been blamed by teachers and educators for the deteriorating language proficiency of Hong Kong's youngsters.

*East Touch* also makes frequent changes to the appearance and organisation of its contents, though the contents themselves remain largely the same. When it was first published, the magazine was unitary and was divided into four sections, namely 'First touch', 'Entertainment touch', 'Fashion & City touch' and 'Keep in touch'.

*East Touch* launched the present logo with Issue 437, which came out on 14 October 2003. This new logo, incorporating the Chinese character "East" (東)with the English words "East Touch", was chosen to reflect the magazine's very first logo. Before the present logo was launched, "East Touch" had changed the design of its logo six times.

## Sub-booklets

A number of sub-booklets were subsequently published together with the main book.

* 'Shopping G-Point' (購物G點) was first issued with the 125th issue in conjunction with 'G-Point Price'(G點價), which provided discounts for readers buying trendy clothes, sneakers and accessories.
* With the 153rd issue, 'Game Century' (Game世紀) was published. This introduced the latest computer and video games and taught readers how to become skilful players. This later changed its name to 'Electric-king'(電click王) with the 285th issue, and covered topics on a wide range of electrical appliances.
* 'Look' was first issued with the 285th issue, and focused on fashion and lifestyle topics.
* 'Sneakers'(波鞋王) was first issued with the 317th issue, and introduced trends, design, brands and the price of sneakers.
* 'Make-up Garden'(妝苑) was first issued with the 317th issue, and included make-up tips, make-up demonstrations, a new cosmetics product review and interviews with artists and models.
* 'Brands'(東Touch別注) was first issued with the 348th issue, and introduced brand products in fashion.
* 'Cat's' was first issued with the 355th issue, and mainly contained stylish pictures of the latest fashion products.
* 'OK!week'(OK一周) was first issued with the 370th issue, and reported the hottest entertainment news of the previous week.
* 'Green weekly' was first issued with the 390th issue, and focused on fashion trends.

## Sections

"East Touch" is divided into two books. The main book has five sections, namely *Begin*, *Entertainment*, *Babe*, *Knock*, and *Relax*.

* *Begin* section discusses the hottest topics from around the world during the previous week in the relaxed tone generally found in infotainment magazines.
* *Entertainment* section reports on recent local and international entertainment news. This includes interviews with celebrities, features on upcoming movies and TV series, and CD reviews.
* *Babe* section contains the latest trends in female fashion and make-up. This section includes interviews with trend-setting singers, artists, models, designers and stylists; style photos; and features on the latest fashion products. A recent addition to this section has been an interview series by popular local DJ's(茜利妹)with some local celebrities on sex-related topics.
* *Knock* section focuses on trends for men. It includes features on selected male fashion labels; style photos of the latest male fashions; reports on male trend icons, such as Quentin Tarantino, the director of "Kill Bill"; and product information on the latest sneakers in town.
* *Relax* section does not have a particular theme. It provides information on high-tech gadgets, toys and comics. A special periodical in this section is \<Green\> which features local university student life.

The sub-booklet has four sections. It focuses on the latest products and presents them in a catalogue format detailing prices and retail outlets.

* *Brand name Trends* contains information on products by selected fashion labels; columns on how to maintain brandname products; street snapshots of people with brandname products; rankings of the "hippest" brandname products; and an "Exchange forum" for readers to buy or sell second-hand brandname products.
* *Technological Trends* features the latest hi-tech gadgets together with detailed descriptions of their functions, prices and points of sale. This section also includes rankings of the hippest mobile phones and digital cameras.
* *Health Trends* contains information on diet plans, health foods and exercise plans.
* *Information Weekly* has a weekly horoscope, a comic series, a movie review, a CD review and articles by different contributors.

## Recent strategy

In recent issues, *East Touch* has followed the practice of other trend magazines by issuing a small booklets on selected high-fashion labels. These booklets focus on clothes and accessories from a particular brand, along with prices and shop details. It occasionally offers readers free gifts, a typical example being the 100 sets of block toys offered to readers with the 349th issue to celebrate Valentine's Day.

A frequent advertising technique employed by *East Touch* is its use of soft marketing. Advertisements are often presented in formats similar to the feature articles with "Information provided by clients" (資料由客戶提供) in small print at the top of the page to indicate that it is an advertisement.

## Name

The idea of naming the magazine *East Touch* came from the phase "Don't touch". According to the editorial board, the sub-booklet aimed at inspiring readers to be "rebellious", to "challenge everything", and to be concerned with the world. according to this philosophy, the first thing to do is "to touch". Thus, the Board used the word "Touch" as a part of the sub-booklet's name. The Chinese word "East"(東) is a pun of the pronunciation of the English word "Don't" in the Cantonese-accented English of the then owner Oriental Press Group Limited (東方報業集團有限公司 Pinyin: Dōngfāng Bàoyè Jítuán Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī).

## Changes to day of publication

*East Touch* was published every Tuesday for its first 303 issues. The day of publication changed to Sunday with the 304th issue. It was then, for a brief period from the 348th issue to the 354th issue, released on Wednesdays. It has again been issued on Tuesdays from the 355th issue to date.

## Reputation

Cathay Pacific Airways has chosen *East Touch* to be one of their in-flight magazines.


title: Ambitus (music)

abstract: In medieval music, ambitus (Ecclesiastical Latin: ) is a Latin term literally meaning enclos[ur]e, and in Medieval Latin means the "range" of a melodic line, most usually referring to the range of scale degrees attributed to a given mode, particularly in Gregorian chant. In Gregorian chant specifically, the ambitus is the range, or the distance between the highest and lowest note. Different chants vary widely in their ambitus. Even relatively florid chants like Alleluias may have a narrow ambitus. Earlier writers termed the modal ambitus "perfect" when it was a ninth or tenth (that is, an octave plus one or two notes, either at the top or bottom or both), but from the late fifteenth century onward "perfect ambitus" usually meant one octave, and the ambitus was called "imperfect" when it was less, and "pluperfect" when it was more than an octave. All of the church modes are distinguished in part by their ambitus. The plagal modes have the final in the middle of the ambitus, while the authentic modes generally go no more than one note below the final. Ambitus may also mean the range of a voice, of an instrument, or more generally, of an entire piece of music, and describes its pitch extremes. For example, the ambitus of the concert grand piano may be given as A0-C8, where A0 is 27.5 Hz. Unlike the terms register and tessitura, ambitus does not refer to how notes are used in a piece.

text:
# Ambitus (music)

In medieval music, **ambitus** (Ecclesiastical Latin: \['am.bi.t̪us\]) is a Latin term literally meaning *enclos\[ur\]e*, and in Medieval Latin means the "range" of a melodic line, most usually referring to the range of scale degrees attributed to a given mode, particularly in Gregorian chant. In Gregorian chant specifically, the ambitus is the range, or the distance between the highest and lowest note. Different chants vary widely in their ambitus. Even relatively florid chants like Alleluias may have a narrow ambitus. Earlier writers termed the modal ambitus "perfect" when it was a ninth or tenth (that is, an octave plus one or two notes, either at the top or bottom or both), but from the late fifteenth century onward "perfect ambitus" usually meant one octave, and the ambitus was called "imperfect" when it was less, and "pluperfect" when it was more than an octave.

All of the church modes are distinguished in part by their ambitus. The plagal modes have the final in the middle of the ambitus, while the authentic modes generally go no more than one note below the final.

Ambitus may also mean the range of a voice, of an instrument, or more generally, of an entire piece of music, and describes its pitch extremes. For example, the ambitus of the concert grand piano may be given as A0-C8, where A0 is 27.5 Hz. Unlike the terms register and tessitura, ambitus does not refer to how notes are used in a piece.

1. Powers, Harold S.; Sherr, Richard; Wierling, Frans (2001). Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). "Ambitus". *Grove Music Online*. London: Macmillan Publisher. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00744. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
2. Randel, Don Michael (2003). *The Harvard Dictionary of Music*. Don Michael Randel (4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01163-5. OCLC 52623743.