title: 1926 Monegasque general election

text:
# 1926 Monegasque general election

General election were held in Monaco on 18 April 1926 to elect 12 members of the National Council. The national councilmen were elected by a 30-member Electoral College.

## Electoral College

The 30-member Electoral College consisted of nine members elected by the Communal Council and 21 members elected by voters. It also had substitute members elected by the Communal Council and six substitute members elected by voters.

### Members elected by Communal Council

The Communal Council held an election for nine members and three substitute members of the Electoral College on 20 March 1926.

### Members elected by voters

#### First round

An election of the remaining 21 Electoral College members and six substitute members was held on 21 March 1926. Only 20 candidates got a majority of votes to be elected in the first round.

|  | Candidates | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Members | **Jean Bonafède** | 489 |
| | **Joseph Bonafède** | 480 |
| | **Albert Pistonatto** | 472 |
| | **Jules Gastaud** | 322 |
| | **Charles Bernasconi** | 311 |
| | **Louis Néri** | 310 |
| | **Louis Blanchy** | 304 |
| | **Constant Auréglia** | 303 |
| | **Étienne Boéri** | 301 |
| | **Émile Barral** | 301 |
| | **Eugène Marquet Jr.** | 301 |
| | **Emmanuel Bœuf** | 300 |
| | **Henri Crovetto** | 300 |
| | **Louis Sangeorge** | 298 |
| | **Joseph Médecin** | 297 |
| | **Étienne Fautrier** | 283 |
| | **Victor Frolla** | 281 |
| | **Michel Porasso** | 279 |
| | **Eugène Projetti** | 275 |
| | **Albert Sategna** | 274 |
| | Maurice Giordano | 269 |
| | Charles Vatrican | 240 |
| | Hermenégilde Vigliani | 233 |
| | Antoine Icardi | 217 |
| | Édouard Giordano | 209 |
| | Louis Settimo | 209 |
| | Second Armita | 208 |
| | Louis Notari | 206 |
| | Lazare Gastaud | 204 |
| | Henri Bergeaud | 203 |
| | Charles Mullot | 201 |
| | Jean Vatrican | 201 |
| | René Gastaud | 200 |
| | Joseph Raimbert | 200 |
| | Laurent Jioffredy | 199 |
| | Louis Bœuf | 197 |
| | François Picco | 192 |
| | Jules Baud | 189 |
| | Philippe Fontana | 182 |
| Substitute members | **Maurice Marchisio** | 296 |
| | **François Crovetto** | 295 |
| | **Joseph Isoard** | 294 |
| | **Jules Bianchi** | 292 |
| | **Jean Campana** | 292 |
| | **Arthur Linetti** | 286 |
| | Théodore Raimbert | 201 |
| | Achille Auréglia | 200 |
| | Auguste Médecin | 200 |
| | Henri Rapaire | 199 |
| | Charles Médecin | 196 |
| | Emile Barral | 194 |
|  | | |
| Valid ballots | | 541 |
| Invalid ballots | | 18 |
| Total ballots | | **559** |
| Source: Journal de Monaco | | |

#### Second round

An election of the remaining Electoral College member was held on 28 March 1926.

| Candidates | Votes |
| --- | --- |
| **Maurice Giordano** | 217 |
| Édouard Giordano | 2 |
| Joseph Mullot | 2 |
| Célestin Allavena | 1 |
| *Other* | 1 |
|  | | |
| Valid ballots | 220 |
| Invalid ballots | 25 |
| Total ballots | **245** |
| Source: Journal de Monaco | |

## National Council

| Candidates | Votes |
| --- | --- |
| **Auguste Settimo** | 26 |
| **Joseph Crovetto** | 22 |
| **Charles Bernasconi** | 21 |
| **Victor Bonafède** | 21 |
| **Michel Fontana** | 21 |
| **Eugène Marquet** | 21 |
| **Henri Marquet** | 21 |
| **Constant Aureglia** | 18 |
| **Félix Bonaventure** | 17 |
| **Henri Crovetto** | 17 |
| **Étienne Fautrier** | 17 |
| **Étienne Boeri** | 16 |
| Orecchia | 7 |
| Dr. Marsan | 6 |
| Georges Rapaire | 3 |
| Sategna | 3 |
| Louis Aureglia | 2 |
| Joseph Médecin | 2 |
| Pierre Jioffredy | 1 |
| Notari | 1 |
| Charles Médecin | 1 |
| Paul Cioco | 1 |
| Dr. Simon | 1 |
| Source: Journal de Monaco | | | |


title: Edgar Mosa

abstract: Edgar Mosa is a Portuguese-born American jeweler and visual artist. Mosa's work has been featured internationally at the Racine Art Museum, Racine, Wisconsin, Center for Art in Wood, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands. In 2022, Mosa and his partner Joe McShea, installed Flags, Paris 2022, a site-specific installation for Loewe's Fall/Winter 2022 collection.

text:
# Edgar Mosa

**Edgar Mosa** (born 1986, Lisbon, Portugal) is a Portuguese-born American jeweler and visual artist. Mosa's work has been featured internationally at the Racine Art Museum, Racine, Wisconsin, Center for Art in Wood, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands. In 2022, Mosa and his partner Joe McShea, installed *Flags, Paris 2022*, a site-specific installation for Loewe's Fall/Winter 2022 collection.

## Early life and education

Mosa was born in Lisbon, Portugal in 1986. He trained as a goldsmith from an early age. He received his Bachelor of Design at the Gerrit Rietveld Academy and a MFA at Cranbrook Academy of Art.

## Work

Mosa exhibited jewelry and metal work in 2011 at Gallery Louise Smit in Amsterdam.

In 2014, Mosa wrote an essay, titled *A Look Into The Work Of Jean Paul Gaultier: Gender Amalgamation And The Musing Of The Maker* for the exhibition*The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk* at The Brooklyn Museum. Mosa collaborated with Hotel Particulier, a boutique gallery space, in Paris, France.

Mosa had a solo exhibition called *Indentations* at Jewelers’ Werk in 2017. Later that year, Mosa showed at Chamber gallery's group exhibition, *Domestic Appeal*, curated by Matylda Krzykowski. He exhibited *Inverted Dart Game*, an interactive game where players throw cork balls onto spikes, blurring the lines between craft, utility, and playfulness signature to his practice.

In 2018, Mosa attended the residency Palazzo Monti in Brescia, Italy.

For Jonathan Anderson's Fall/Winter 2022 Loewe Menswear collection, Mosa collaborated with husband and artistic partner Joe McShea to install over 87 flag multi-colored flags atop sandy ground for the runway show. The artist were inspired by Baroque frescoes at the 13th-century Palazzo Monti, in Brescia, Italy, during their time as artists-in-residence. The flags have been on rotating display at various locations in Spain and New York and will be fixed to Loewe stores internationally throughout 2022.

Journalist and critic Evan Moffitt recorded that the tie-dyed fabric or translucent tulle flags have been shown as ad-hoc public installations on Fire Island Pines since 2018. The flags make appearance each year in August at the BOFFO Artist Residency Performance Festival.


title: 1938 FIFA World Cup

abstract: The 1938 FIFA World Cup was the 3rd edition of the World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams. It was held in France from 4 to 19 June 1938. Italy defended its title in the final, beating Hungary 4–2. Italy's 1934 and 1938 teams hold the distinction of being the only men's national team to win the World Cup multiple times under the same coach, Vittorio Pozzo. It would be the last World Cup until 1950; the 1942 and 1946 World Cups were cancelled due to World War II.

text:
# 1938 FIFA World Cup

The **1938 FIFA World Cup** was the 3rd edition of the World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams. It was held in France from 4 to 19 June 1938. Italy defended its title in the final, beating Hungary 4–2. Italy's 1934 and 1938 teams hold the distinction of being the only men's national team to win the World Cup multiple times under the same coach, Vittorio Pozzo. It would be the last World Cup until 1950; the 1942 and 1946 World Cups were cancelled due to World War II.

## Host selection

France was chosen as host nation by FIFA in Berlin on 13 August 1936. France was chosen over Argentina and Germany in the first round of voting. The decision to hold a second consecutive tournament in Europe (after Italy in 1934) caused outrage in South America, where it was believed that the venue should alternate between the two continents. This was the last World Cup to be staged before the outbreak of the Second World War.

## Qualification

Because of anger over the decision to hold a second successive World Cup in Europe, Uruguay, Argentina, United States and Mexico refused to enter the competition. Spain meanwhile could not participate due to the ongoing Spanish Civil War.

It was the first time that the hosts, France, and the title holders, Italy, qualified automatically. Title holders were given an automatic entry into the World Cup from 1938 until 2002 (inclusive), since abolished.

Of the 14 remaining places, eleven were allocated to Europe, two to the Americas, and one to Asia. As a result, only three non-European nations took part: Brazil, Cuba and Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), the latter being the first Asian country to participate in a FIFA World Cup. This is the smallest ever number of teams from outside the host continent to compete at a FIFA World Cup.

Austria qualified for the World Cup, but after qualification was complete, the Anschluss united Austria with Germany. Austria subsequently withdrew from the tournament, with some Austrian players joining the German squad, although not including Austrian star player Matthias Sindelar, who refused to play for the unified team. Latvia was the runner-up in Austria's qualification group, but was not invited to participate; instead Austria's place remained empty, and Sweden, which would have been Austria's initial opponent, progressed directly to the second-round by default.

This tournament saw the first, and as of 2022 the only, participation in a World Cup tournament from Cuba and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). It also saw the World Cup debuts of Poland and Norway. Romania would not qualify for another World Cup until 1970, Poland and the Netherlands would not reappear at a finals tournament until 1974, and Norway would not qualify for another World Cup finals until 1994. A unified Germany team would not appear again until 1994, although Austria returned in 1954 and finished in third place.

### List of qualified teams

The following 16 teams originally qualified for the final tournament. However, 15 teams participated after Austria's withdrawal due to the Anschluss.

## Format

The knockout format from 1934 was retained. If a match was tied after 90 minutes, then 30 minutes of extra time were played. If the score was still tied after extra time, the match would be replayed. This was the last World Cup tournament that used a straight knockout format.

## Summary

Germany, France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Cuba and Brazil were seeded for the draw taking place in Paris, on 5 March 1938. Sweden was given a bye due to Austria's withdrawal.

Five of the seven first round matches required extra time to break the deadlock; two games still went to a replay. In one replay, Cuba advanced to the next round at the expense of Romania. In the other replay, Germany, which had led 1–0 in the first game against Switzerland, led 2–0 but eventually was beaten 2–4. This loss, which took place in front of a hostile, bottle-throwing crowd in Paris, was blamed by German coach Sepp Herberger on a defeatist attitude from the five Austrian players he had been forced to include; a German journalist later commented that "Germans and Austrians prefer to play against each other even when they're in the same team". Until they were knocked out in the first round in 2018, this was the only time Germany had failed to advance past the first round, and until their penalty shootout victory over France in the round of 16 of UEFA Euro 2020, this would be the last time Switzerland advanced past the first knockout game of a tournament.

Sweden advanced directly to the quarter-finals as a result of Austria's withdrawal, and they proceeded to beat Cuba 8–0. The hosts, France, were beaten by the holders, Italy, and Switzerland were seen off by Hungary. Czechoslovakia took Brazil to extra time in a notoriously feisty match in Bordeaux before succumbing in a replay; the South Americans proved too strong for the depleted Czechoslovak side (both Oldřich Nejedlý and František Plánička had suffered broken bones in the first game) and won 2–1. This was the last match to be replayed in a World Cup.

Hungary destroyed Sweden in one of the semi-finals 5–1, while Italy and Brazil had the first of their many important World Cup clashes in the other. The Brazilians were without their star player Leônidas, who was injured, and the Italians won 2–1. Brazil topped Sweden 4–2 for third place.

Rumour has it, before the finals Benito Mussolini was to have sent a telegram to the team, saying "Vincere o morire!" (literally translated as "Win or die!"). This should not have been meant as a literal threat, but instead just an encouragement to win. However, no record remains of such a telegram, and World Cup player Pietro Rava said, when interviewed in 2001, "No, no, no, that's not true. He sent a telegram wishing us well, but no never 'win or die'."

The final itself took place at the Stade Olympique de Colombes in Paris. Vittorio Pozzo's Italian side took the lead early, but Hungary equalised within two minutes. The Italians took the lead again shortly after, and by the end of the first half were leading the Hungarians 3–1. Hungary never really got back into the game. With the final score favouring the Italians 4–2, Italy became the first team to successfully defend the title and were once more crowned World Cup winners.

Because of World War II, the World Cup would not be held for next 12 years, until 1950. As a result, Italy were the reigning World Cup holders for a record 16 years, from 1934 to 1950. The Italian Vice-president of FIFA, Dr. Ottorino Barassi, hid the trophy in a shoe-box under his bed throughout the Second World War and thus saved it from falling into the hands of occupying troops.

## Venues

Eleven venues in ten cities were planned to host the tournament; of these, all hosted matches except the Stade de Gerland in Lyon, which did not due to Austria's withdrawal.

| Colombes
(Paris area) | Marseille | Paris | Bordeaux |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stade Olympique de Colombes | Stade Vélodrome | Parc des Princes | Parc Lescure |
| Capacity: **60,000** | Capacity: **48,000** | Capacity: **40,000** | Capacity: **34,694** |
|  |  |  |  |
| Strasbourg | AntibesBordeauxLe HavreLilleMarseilleColombesParisReimsStrasbourgToulouse1938 FIFA World Cup (France) | | Le Havre |
| Stade de la Meinau | | Stade Municipal |
| Capacity: **30,000** | | Capacity: **22,000** |
|  | |  |
| Reims | Toulouse | Lille | Antibes |
| Vélodrome Municipal | Stade du T.O.E.C. | Stade Victor Boucquey | Stade du Fort Carré |
| Capacity: **21,684** | Capacity: **15,000** | Capacity: **15,000** | Capacity: **7,000** |
|  |  |  |  |

## Squads

For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see *1938 FIFA World Cup squads*.

## Final tournament

### Bracket

### Round of 16

| Switzerland | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Abegglen  43' | Report | Gauchel  29' |

Parc des Princes, ParisAttendance: 27,152Referee: John Langenus (Belgium)

---

| Hungary | 6–0 | Dutch East Indies |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kohut  13'
Toldi  15'
G. Sárosi  28', 89'
Zsengellér  35', 76' | Report |  |

Vélodrome Municipal, ReimsAttendance: 9,000Referee: Roger Conrié (France)

---

| Sweden | w/o | Austria |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Stade Gerland, Lyon

---

| Cuba | 3–3 (a.e.t.) | Romania |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Socorro  44', 103'
Magriñá  69' | Report | Bindea  35'
Barátky  88'
Dobay  105' |

Stade du T.O.E.C., ToulouseAttendance: 7,000Referee: Giuseppe Scarpi (Italy)

---

| France | 3–1 | Belgium |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Veinante  1'
Nicolas  16', 69' | Report | Isemborghs  38' |

Stade Olympique de Colombes, ColombesAttendance: 30,454Referee: Hans Wüthrich (Switzerland)

---

| Italy | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Norway |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ferraris  2'
Piola  94' | Report | Brustad  83' |

Stade Vélodrome, MarseilleAttendance: 19,000Referee: Alois Beranek (Germany)

---

| Brazil | 6–5 (a.e.t.) | Poland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Leônidas  18', 93', 104'
Romeu  25'
Perácio  44', 71' | Report | Scherfke  23' (pen.)
Wilimowski  53', 59', 89', 118' |

Stade de la Meinau, StrasbourgAttendance: 13,452Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden)

---

| Czechoslovakia | 3–0 (a.e.t.) | Netherlands |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Košťálek  93'
Zeman  111'
Nejedlý  118' | Report |  |

Stade municipal, Le HavreAttendance: 11,000Referee: Lucien Leclerq (France)

#### Replays

| Switzerland | 4–2 | Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Walaschek  42'
Bickel  64'
Abegglen  75', 78' | Report | Hahnemann  8'
Lörtscher  22' (o.g.) |

Parc des Princes, ParisAttendance: 20,025Referee: Ivan Eklind (Sweden)

---

| Cuba | 2–1 | Romania |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Socorro  51'
Fernández  57' | Report | Dobay  35' |

Stade du T.O.E.C., ToulouseAttendance: 8,000Referee: Alfred Birlem (Germany)

### Quarter-finals

| Hungary | 2–0 | Switzerland |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G. Sárosi  40'
Zsengellér  89' | Report |  |

Stade Victor Boucquey, LilleAttendance: 15,000Referee: Rinaldo Barlassina (Italy)

---

| Sweden | 8–0 | Cuba |
| --- | --- | --- |
| H. Andersson  9', 81', 89'
Wetterström  22', 37', 44'
Keller  80'
Nyberg  84' | Report |  |

Stade du Fort Carré, AntibesAttendance: 7,000Referee: Augustin Krist (Czechoslovakia)

---

| Italy | 3–1 | France |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Colaussi  9'
Piola  51', 72' | Report | Heisserer  10' |

Stade Olympique de Colombes, ColombesAttendance: 58,455Referee: Louis Baert (Belgium)

---

| Brazil | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Czechoslovakia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Leônidas  30' | Report | Nejedlý  65' (pen.) |

Parc Lescure, BordeauxAttendance: 22,021Referee: Pál von Hertzka (Hungary)

#### Replay

| Brazil | 2–1 | Czechoslovakia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Leônidas  57'
Roberto  62' | Report | Kopecký  25' |

Parc Lescure, BordeauxAttendance: 18,141Referee: Georges Capdeville (France)

### Semi-finals

| Hungary | 5–1 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jacobsson  19' (o.g.)
Titkos  37'
Zsengellér  39', 85'
G. Sárosi  65' | Report | Nyberg  1' |

Parc des Princes, ParisAttendance: 20,000Referee: Lucien Leclerq (France)

---

| Italy | 2–1 | Brazil |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Colaussi  51'
Meazza  60' (pen.) | Report | Romeu  87' |

Stade Vélodrome, MarseilleAttendance: 33,000Referee: Hans Wüthrich (Switzerland)

### Third place play-off

| Brazil | 4–2 | Sweden |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Romeu  44'
Leônidas  63', 74'
Perácio  80' | Report | Jonasson  28'
Nyberg  38' |

Parc Lescure, BordeauxAttendance: 12,000Referee: John Langenus (Belgium)

### Final

| Italy | 4–2 | Hungary |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Colaussi  6', 35'
Piola  16', 82' | Report | Titkos  8'
G. Sárosi  70' |

Stade Olympique de Colombes, ParisAttendance: 45,000Referee: Georges Capdeville (France)

## Goalscorers

With seven goals, Leônidas was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 84 goals were scored by 42 players, with two of them credited as own goals.

7 goals   5 goals 4 goals 3 goals   2 goals 1 goal   1 own goal

## FIFA retrospective ranking

In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1938 tournament were as follows:

| R | Team | P | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | Italy | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 5 | +6 | 8 |
| 2 | Hungary | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 5 | +10 | 6 |
| 3 | Brazil | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 11 | +3 | 7 |
| 4 | Sweden | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 9 | +2 | 2 |
| **Eliminated in the quarter-finals** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | Czechoslovakia | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | +2 | 3 |
| 6 | Switzerland | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | Cuba | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 12 | −7 | 3 |
| 8 | France | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| **Eliminated in the round of 16** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 9 | Romania | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | -1 | 1 |
| 10 | Germany | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | –2 | 1 |
| 11 | Poland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 | −1 | 0 |
| 12 | Norway | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 0 |
| 13 | Belgium | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | −2 | 0 |
| 14 | Netherlands | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | −3 | 0 |
| 15 | Dutch East Indies | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | −6 | 0 |
| 16 | Austria | Withdrew |
|

## Footnotes

1. "Did you know Dutch East Indies, erstwhile Indonesia, were the first flagbearers of Asia in FIFA World Cup?". *FIFA.com*. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
2. Ashdown, John (22 April 2014). "World Cup: 25 stunning moments … No11: Austria's Wunderteam". *The Guardian*. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
3. "History of the World Cup Final Draw" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
4. Hesse-Lichtenberger, Ulrich (2003). *Tor!: The Story of German Football*. London: WSC Books. p. 85. ISBN 095401345X.
5. Steinberg, Jacob (27 June 2018). "Germany crashed out of the World Cup group stages and finished bottom of Group F after defeat to South Korea". *TheGuardian.com*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
6. Gehringer, Max (November 2005). "Faltaram os papéis". *A Saga da Jules Rimet* (in Portuguese). No. 3. São Paulo: Editora Abril. p. 37.
7. Martin, Simon (5 April 2018). "World Cup stunning moments: Mussolini's blackshirts' 1938 win". *TheGuardian.com*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
8. "History". *FIFAWorldCup.com*. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
9. "World Cup 1938 finals". *RSSSF*. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
10. "American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history". *FIFA.com*. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006.
11. "Mexico 1986" (PDF). FIFA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
12. "FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7" (PDF). FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.

## InfoBox

1938 FIFA World Cup
| *Coupe du Monde
France 1938* (French) | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| Tournament details | |
| Host country | France |
| Dates | 4–19 June |
| Teams | 15 (from 4 confederations) |
| Venue(s) | 10 (in 9 host cities) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Italy (2nd title) |
| Runners-up | Hungary |
| Third place | Brazil |
| Fourth place | Sweden |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 18 |
| Goals scored | 84 (4.67 per match) |
| Attendance | 374,835 (20,824 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Leônidas (7 goals) |
|


title: Abraham Aurelius

abstract: Abraham Aurelius was an English pastor of the French Protestant church in London. He was a son of John Baptist Aurelius, also a Protestant minister, probably in London, where Abraham was born. He studied at Leyden, in the Low Countries, and took his degree there in 1596. He kept up a correspondence with Gerardus Vossius. In 1613, on the occasion of the marriage of Frederick V, count palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I, he published a Latin epithalamium. He died in the beginning of 1632, whilst his Latin paraphrase on the Book of Job was in the press; the dedication of the work to Albert Joachim, Belgian ambassador at the Court of St. James, bears his signature, but the paraphrase itself is preceded by some Latin verses in praise of the deceased pastor.

text:
# Abraham Aurelius

**Abraham Aurelius** (1575 – 1632) was an English pastor of the French Protestant church in London.

He was a son of John Baptist Aurelius, also a Protestant minister, probably in London, where Abraham was born. He studied at Leyden, in the Low Countries, and took his degree there in 1596. He kept up a correspondence with Gerardus Vossius.

In 1613, on the occasion of the marriage of Frederick V, count palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I, he published a Latin epithalamium. He died in the beginning of 1632, whilst his Latin paraphrase on the *Book of Job* was in the press; the dedication of the work to Albert Joachim, Belgian ambassador at the Court of St. James, bears his signature, but the paraphrase itself is preceded by some Latin verses in praise of the deceased pastor.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Aurelius, Abraham". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

## InfoBox

| Abraham Aurelius | |
| --- | --- |
| 1631 engraving of Abraham Aurelius by Robert van Voerst | |
| Born | 1575 (1575) |
| Died | 1632 (aged 5657) |
| Occupation | Protestant minister |


title: Don Rose

abstract: Don Rose, also known as "Dr. Donald D. Rose" or just "Dr. Don," was an American radio personality on KFRC AM 610 in San Francisco, California from October 1973 to 1986. Prior to joining KFRC, Rose had been a prominent broadcaster at WQXI (AM) in Atlanta, Georgia, and WFIL in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was known for his one-liners, sound effects and philanthropy.

text:
# Don Rose

**Don Rose** (born **Donald Duane Rosenberg**; July 5, 1934 – March 30, 2005), also known as "Dr. Donald D. Rose" or just "Dr. Don," was an American radio personality on KFRC AM 610 in San Francisco, California from October 1973 to 1986. Prior to joining KFRC, Rose had been a prominent broadcaster at WQXI (AM) in Atlanta, Georgia, and WFIL in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was known for his one-liners, sound effects and philanthropy.

## Early years

Rose was born Donald Duane Rosenberg in North Platte, Nebraska, and got his first experience in broadcasting at age 15 while reporting on his trip to the 1950 Boy Scout National Jamboree in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for KODY in his hometown. He began his career in 1955 at KWBE in Beatrice, Nebraska, while majoring in accounting at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He moved to KLMS/Lincoln shortly thereafter, and then was hired by KOIL/Omaha, a job that appeared to be so promising that he dropped out of college in his senior year. However, he was fired by that station four weeks later.

His next job, at KTSA/San Antonio, also lasted only four weeks. Returning to Nebraska, he held an announcing position at KRNY/Kearney for about 15 months before being terminated again. His next employer, the Union Pacific Railroad, offered only manual labor — pounding spikes into the railbed — but he continued to pursue work in radio, and acquired a job at KTUL/Tulsa.

His next broadcasting position was in KWMT/Fort Dodge, Iowa, where he first complemented his jokes with cowbells and other barnyard sounds. His stay in Fort Dodge was fairly brief, but there he met his future wife, Kae, to whom he remained married for the next 45 years.

From Iowa he went on to WEBC/Duluth, Minnesota, followed by his first taste of big-market success, as morning host at WQXI/Atlanta ("Quixie In Dixie"), his fame made ever-lasting by his inclusion as the 1967 entry in the popular series of "Cruisin’" LP records. Originally hired for the nine-to-noon slot, he was shifted to morning drive shortly after his arrival, and soon became the number-one radio personality in town.

## Broadcasting career

With Rose as morning anchor, KFRC was voted "Station of the Year" four times by *Billboard Magazine.* He was considered by many to be the king of radio in the Bay Area during the final decade of AM's musical hegemony. He was named by *Billboard Magazine* as Disc Jockey of the Year on both the East Coast (while with WFIL Philadelphia) and on the West Coast (while with KFRC San Francisco). One of Rose's characteristic "sound bite" mannerisms when he was at KFRC was to state the words "that's right" in a continuous fashion that was intended to sound "crazy" or funny, which also served to represent the overall morning zoo radio format, style and "feel" of his show. Another sound bite that was used often was from a sexy female voice saying, "Oh, Dr. Don, you son of a BEEP."

"I'm married to radio," he told *The Chronicle* (San Francisco) in 1975, "and I'm thinking about suing it for nonsupport. I would describe my show as therapy, for myself."

During the 1980s, Jane Dornacker worked with him doing traffic. One of his running gags was feeding the dog Roscoe. This would involve Rose telling about what he and his wife Kae ate for dinner the night before, and then Roscoe would eat the "leftovers."

In addition to his radio broadcasting work, he hosted cartoon shows on Field Communications television stations in Chicago (WFLD 32), Detroit (WKBD 50), Philadelphia (WKBS 48) and San Francisco (KBHK 44) for over a decade. Dr. Don Rose raised a total of over $10 million by hosting March of Dimes Superwalks for 20 years. As well, he emceed many golf tourneys, including his own, with proceeds going toward Special Olympics and special education.

Despite his cheerful persona, Rose suffered over three decades of debilitating pain from assorted medical problems. In 1972, he underwent a botched heart surgery, which caused chronic knee infections that required 11 more operations and led to his losing his kneecap. He broadcast his daily radio show flat on his back from his home hospital bed for months. In 1984, after a fall made the knee problems worse, he had the damaged leg amputated.

Rose had to alter his on-air act in 1986 when KFRC changed its format to big band music and its imaging to Magic 61. He left KFRC permanently by the end of the year.

His departure from KFRC was followed by a short stint at KKIS/Concord-Walnut Creek beginning in 1987, where his son, Jay, was chief engineer. After a failed attempt at buying the station, Dr. Don moved to mornings at San Francisco's K101 (KIOI); four months later, he suffered a heart attack while on the air. He did not return to broadcasting on a full-time basis.

## Death and legacy

Rose died in his sleep on March 30, 2005, due to complications from pneumonia at the age of 70. He was married for 45 years to his wife Kae, with whom he had five children.

In 2006, Dr. Don Rose was elected to the Bay Area Radio Hall of Fame as a member of the first class to be inducted.

The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia  inducted Rose posthumously into their Hall of Fame in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Donald Duane Rosenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 5, 1934
North Platte, Nebraska |
| Died | March 30, 2005 (age 70)
Concord, California |
| Other names | Dr. Don Rose |
| Occupation | Disk jockey |
| Known for | Morning disk jockey at radio station KFRC in San Francisco, California |
| Children | Daniel
Kelly
John
James
Dave |


title: Eishan Ensemble

abstract: Eishan Ensemble are an Australian world/jazz band. Formed and led by the Persian-Australian composer and tar player Hamed Sadeghi, they are known for blending Persian classical music with jazz through original compositions by Sadeghi. The core members of Eishan Ensemble are Michael Avgenicos on saxophone, Pedram Layegh on guitar, Adem Yilmaz on drums, Maximillian Alduca on double bass and Hamed Sadeghi on tar. The band has toured nationally and internationally since it was formed. They released their debut album, Nim Dong in 2018; their second album, Afternoon Tea At Six, at Sydney Festival 2021; their third album, Project Masnavi, was also released in 2021 and was launched at the Sydney Opera House.

text:
# Eishan Ensemble

**Eishan Ensemble** are an Australian world/jazz band. Formed and led by the Persian-Australian composer and tar player Hamed Sadeghi, they are known for blending Persian classical music with jazz through original compositions by Sadeghi.

The core members of Eishan Ensemble are Michael Avgenicos on saxophone, Pedram Layegh on guitar, Adem Yilmaz on drums, Maximillian Alduca on double bass and Hamed Sadeghi on tar. The band has toured nationally and internationally since it was formed.

They released their debut album, *Nim Dong* in 2018; their second album, *Afternoon Tea At Six*, at Sydney Festival 2021; their third album, *Project Masnavi*, was also released in 2021 and was launched at the Sydney Opera House.

## Members

* Hamed Sadeghi (tar)
* Michael Avgenicos (alto and tenor saxophones, clarinet)
* Pedram Layegh (guitar)
* Adem Yilmaz (percussions)
* Maximillian Alduca (double bass)

### Collaborators

* Sonya Holowell (vocal, on Afternoon Tea At Six)
* Adnan Barake (oud, on Afternoon Tea At Six)
* Marcello Maio (accordion, on Project Masnavi)
* Alex Inman-Hislop (drums, on Project Masnavi)
* Elsen Price (double bass, on Nim Dong and Afternoon Tea At Six)

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Nim Dong* | * Released: 28 June 2018 * Label: Art As Catharsis Records |
| *Afternoon Tea at Six* <br>(featuring Hamed Sadeghi) | * Released: 15 May 2020 * Label: Art As Catharsis Records |
| *Project Masnavi* | * Released: 7 May 2021 * Label: Earshifts Music |

## Awards and nominations

### ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *Project Masnavi* | Best World Music Album | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Eishan Ensemble | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Sydney, NSW, Australia |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2016 – present |
| Labels | * Art As Catharsis Records * Earshift Music |
|  | |
| Members | * Hamed Sadeghi * Michael Avgenicos * Pedram Layegh * Adem Yilmaz * Maximillian Alduca |
|  | |
| Website | www.EishanEnsemble.com |


title: 1964 Sugar Bowl

abstract: The 1964 Sugar Bowl was the thirtieth edition of the college football bowl game, played at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Wednesday, January 1. Part of the 1963–64 bowl game season, it matched the seventh-ranked Ole Miss Rebels and the #8 Alabama Crimson Tide, both of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), although the two teams had not met in years. The matchup was the first between the flagship universities of these neighboring states in almost two decades (1944), and only the second in over thirty years. In a defensive struggle, Alabama upset the Rebels 12–7 without scoring a touchdown. New Orleans received a rare substantial snowfall of 3.6 inches (9 cm) the previous day, and cleared snow lay in large banks around the edges of the field.

text:
# 1964 Sugar Bowl

The **1964 Sugar Bowl** was the thirtieth edition of the college football bowl game, played at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Wednesday, January 1. Part of the 1963–64 bowl game season, it matched the seventh-ranked Ole Miss Rebels and the #8 Alabama Crimson Tide, both of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), although the two teams had not met in years.

The matchup was the first between the flagship universities of these neighboring states in almost two decades (1944), and only the second in over thirty years. In a defensive struggle, Alabama upset the Rebels 12–7 without scoring a touchdown.

New Orleans received a rare substantial snowfall of 3.6 inches (9 cm) the previous day, and cleared snow lay in large banks around the edges of the field.

## Teams

### Alabama

This was Bear Bryant's sixth season as head coach at Alabama. The Crimson Tide lost to Florida and long-time rival Auburn en route to an 8–2 regular season. Originally wanting to pit Navy against Ole Miss, the Sugar Bowl extended the invitation to Alabama with two weeks remaining in the regular season. This was their seventeenth bowl appearance and the fourth in the Sugar Bowl.

On December 9, several days prior to the regular season finale against Miami, junior quarterback Joe Namath was suspended for the remainder of the season by Bryant. Sophomore Steve Sloan started at quarterback for the Crimson Tide in the final two games.

### Mississippi

The 1963 squad was Johnny Vaught's seventeenth as head coach at Ole Miss. The Rebels did not lose a regular season game, but tied Memphis State and long-time rival Mississippi State en route to a 7–0–2 record. This was their twelfth bowl appearance and the seventh in the Sugar Bowl.

## Game summary

The Sugar Bowl kicked off at 1 pm CST, as did the Cotton and Orange Bowls. The temperature was 40 °F (4 °C).

The game was a defensive slugfest. The teams combined for 17 fumbles, 11 by the Rebels, both all-time bowl game records. There was also a total of thirteen combined turnovers and nine punts. Alabama scored its first points on a 31-yard field goal by Tim Davis. In the second quarter, Davis kicked field goals of 46 and 22-yards to give Alabama a 9–0 lead at halftime.

In the third quarter, Davis had a 48-yard field goal to extend the Alabama lead to 12–0. Early in the fourth quarter, Ole Miss scored the only touchdown of the game when Perry Lee Dunn threw a five-yard touchdown pass to Larry Smith. Alabama then held their lead and won the game 12–7. For his four field goal performance, Tim Davis was named the Sugar Bowl MVP.

### Scoring

| Scoring summary |
| --- |
| Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score  Plays Yards TOP Alabama Ole Miss  1 1:16  71  Alabama 31-yard field goal by Tim Davis 3 0  2 13:57 4 1  Alabama 46-yard field goal by Davis 6 0  2 0:13    Alabama 22-yard field goal by Davis 9 0  3 1:18    Alabama 48-yard field goal by Davis 12 0  4 11:57 10 74  Ole Miss Larry Smith 5-yard touchdown reception from Perry Lee Dunn, Billy Irwin kick good 12 7  "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 12 7 |

## Statistics

| Statistics | Alabama | Ole Miss |
| --- | --- | --- |
| First downs | 14 | 9 |
| Rushing | 58–165 | 27–77 |
| Passing | 3–11–1 | 11–21–3 |
| Passing yards | 29 | 171 |
| Total offense | 69–194 | 48–248 |
| Punts–avg. | 5–36.8 | 4–44.0 |
| Fumbles–lost | 6–3 | 11–6 |
| Turnovers | 4 | 9 |
| Penalties–yards | 3–15 | 5–45 |

Source:

## InfoBox

| 1964 Sugar Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| 30th edition | |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Alabama** 3 6 3 0 12  **Ole Miss** 0 0 0 7 7 | |
| Date | January 1, 1964 |
| Season | 1963 |
| Stadium | Tulane Stadium |
| Location | New Orleans, Louisiana |
| MVP | Tim Davis (Alabama PK) |
| Favorite | Ole Miss by 7½ points |
| Referee | E.D. Cavette (SEC) |
| Attendance | 80,785 |
| United States TV coverage | |
| Network | NBC |
| Announcers | Ray Scott, Frankie Albert |
|


title: 1967 National 500

abstract: The 1967 National 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series stock car race that was held on October 15, 1967, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.

text:
# 1967 National 500

The **1967 National 500** was a NASCAR Grand National Series stock car race that was held on October 15, 1967, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina.

The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.

## Race report

The race was held on a dry circuit; with no precipitation recorded around the speedway.

Sixty thousand live spectators attended the event where Buddy Baker managed to defeat Bobby Isaac by more than one lap; becoming the 100th different driver to win what is now known as a NASCAR Cup Series race. Nine cautions were handed out by NASCAR officials for 64 laps. The race took three hours and fifty minutes to fully complete. Cale Yarborough achieved the pole position with a qualifying speed of 130.317 miles per hour (209.725 km/h). In reality, the speeds in the race actually approached 130.317 miles per hour (209.725 km/h). Whitey Gerken finished in last place due to a crash on lap 2 out of the 334 laps raced on a paved track spanning 1.500 miles (2.414 km). All 44 of the drivers on the racing grid were American-born males. Future three time Formula One Champion Jackie Stewart entered but he failed to qualify.

Richard Petty 10-race winning streak ended at this race. Bobby Wawak made his best career finish as an owner with one of his vehicles finishing in seventh place. The qualifying speeds recorded for the race were an average for a 4-lap qualifying run. J.T. Putney raced his way into this one by winning the last chance qualifying race. He then finished 11th in the main event with Henley Gray, another driver who raced in, taking 12th.

LeeRoy Yarbrough was scheduled to drive in Junior Johnson's No. 26 vehicle but the car was wrecked in practice due to a fire extinguisher going off automatically. 22 lead changes were made amongst seven different leaders.

Notable crew chiefs on attendance for the race were Harry Hyde, Dale Inman, Jake Elder among others.

Don Schissler and Dub Simpson made their NASCAR debuts here. The total prize purse for this race was $87,005 ($795,028 when adjusted for inflation). Buddy Baker received $18,950 in winnings ($173,160 when adjusted for inflation) while last-place finisher Whitey Gerken walked away with only $625 ($5,711 when adjusted for inflation).

### Qualifying

Note: The speeds shown are an average for a 4-lap qualifying run.

The first 37 spots in the field were set via qualifying. The final 7 spots were filled by the top 7 finishers in a 20-lap qualifying race.

| Grid | No. | Driver | Manufacturer | Qualifying time | Speed | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 21 | Cale Yarborough | '67 Ford | 2:19.470 | 154.872 | Wood Brothers |
| 2 | 27 | A.J. Foyt | '67 Ford | 2:19.960 | 154.329 | Banjo Matthews |
| 3 | 99 | Paul Goldsmith | '67 Plymouth | 2:20.070 | 154.208 | Ray Nichels |
| 4 | 3 | Buddy Baker | '67 Dodge | 2:20.200 | 154.065 | Ray Fox |
| 5 | 43 | Richard Petty | '67 Plymouth | 2:20.490 | 153.747 | Petty Enterprises |
| 6 | 6 | Darel Dieringer | '67 Dodge | 2:20.941 | 153.256 | Cotton Owens |
| 7 | 17 | David Pearson | '67 Ford | 2:21.101 | 153.082 | Holman-Moody |
| 8 | 29 | Dick Hutcherson | '67 Ford | 2:21.640 | 152.499 | Bondy Long |
| 9 | 72 | Charlie Glotzbach | '65 Dodge | 2:22.370 | 151.717 | Nord Krauskopf |
| 10 | 48 | James Hylton | '65 Dodge | 2:22.321 | 151.770 | Bud Hartje |

## Finishing order

Section reference:

1. Buddy Baker
2. Bobby Isaac
3. Dick Hutcherson
4. Charlie Glotzbach
5. G.C. Spencer
6. Don White
7. Bobby Wawak
8. Neil Castles
9. Buddy Arrington
10. Cale Yarborough\*
11. J.T. Putney
12. Henley Gray
13. Bobby Allison*
14. Frank Warren
15. Donnie Allison*
16. John Sears*
17. Wayne Smith
18. Richard Petty*
19. Darel Dieringer*
20. Sonny Hutchins*
21. Roy Tyner
22. A. J. Foyt*
23. Clyde Lynn*
24. David Pearson*
25. Jim Paschal*
26. Jack Bowsher*
27. Mario Andretti*
28. Wendell Scott*
29. Bud Moore*
30. Elmo Langley*
31. Red Farmer*
32. Larry Manning*
33. Dub Simpson*
34. Curtis Turner*
35. E.J. Trivette*
36. Friday Hassler*
37. Larry Hess*
38. Paul Goldsmith*
39. Bob Cooper*
40. Don Schissler*
41. Bobby Mausgrover*
42. Gordon Johncock*
43. James Hylton*
44. Whitey Gerken*

** Driver failed to finish race*

## Failed to qualify

Section reference:

| Name | Number | Car manufacturer |
| --- | --- | --- |
| LeeRoy Yarbrough | 26 | Ford |
| Jackie Stewart | 5 | Dodge |
| Frog Fagan | 75 | Ford |
| Bill Seifert | 45 | Ford |
| Don Biederman | 94 | Chevrolet |
| Ken Spikes | 62 | Pontiac |
|

## InfoBox

1967 National 500
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 47 of 49 in the 1967 NASCAR Grand National Series season | | | |
| Charlie Glotzbach (72) avoided this incident and finished fourth. | | | |
| Date | October 15, 1967 (1967-October-15) | | |
| Official name | National 500 | | |
| Location | Charlotte Motor Speedway, Concord, North Carolina | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>1.500 mi (2.414 km) | | |
| Distance | 334 laps, 501 mi (804 km) | | |
| Weather | Temperatures of 77 °F (25 °C); wind speeds of 8.9 miles per hour (14.3 km/h) | | |
| Average speed | 130.317 miles per hour (209.725 km/h) | | |
| Attendance | 60,000 | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Wood Brothers |
| Time | 139.470 | | |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Buddy Baker | Ray Fox |
| Laps | 160 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 3 | Buddy Baker | Ray Fox |


title: 1960 Papua New Guinean general election

text:
# 1960 Papua New Guinean general election

General elections were held in Papua and New Guinea on 27 August 1960.

## Electoral system

The 29-member Legislative Council consisted of the Administrator, 16 civil servants, nine members appointed by the Administrator (three representatives of the indigenous population, three representing European settlers and three representing missionaries) and three elected Europeans. The Chinese community were also given the right to vote alongside Europeans.

The three elected members were elected from three single-member constituencies, New Guinea Islands, New Guinea Mainland and Papua by preferential voting.

## Campaign

Two of the three seats were uncontested, with Craig Kirke, a Port Moresby solicitor and anti-income tax activist running unopposed in Papua and former MLC Don Barrett, a planter, the sole candidate in New Guinea Islands. The New Guinea Mainland seat was contested by former MLC Sydney Barker (a dentist and miner from Wau), Paul Hymna (an accountant from Lae), Lloyd Hurrell (a farmer in Wau) and Keith Watkins (a trader from Lae).

## Results

In the sole contested constituency, voter turnout was around 38%.

| Constituency | Candidate | Votes | % | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New Guinea Islands | Don Barrett | Unopposed | | Elected |
| New Guinea Mainland | Lloyd Hurrell | 304 |  | Elected |
| | Paul Hyman | 109 |  |  |
| | Sydney Barker |  |  |  |
| | Keith Watkins |  |  |  |
| Papua | Craig Kirke | Unopposed | | Elected |
| Invalid/blank votes | |  |  |  |
| **Total** | |  |  |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 1,313 |  |  |
| Source: Pacific Islands Monthly | | | | |

### Appointed members

Reuben Taureka was appointed as an official member, replacing the Director of Native Affairs, becoming the first official indigenous member.

| Position | | Member |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representatives of Europeans | | Robert Bunting |
| | Basil Fairfax-Ross |
| | John Hohnen |
| Representatives of Natives | | Mahuru Rarua-Rarua |
| | Pita Simogun |
| | John Vuia |
| Representatives of Missionaries | | James Dwyer |
| | Philip Strong |
| | David Eric Ure |


title: Efax (software)

abstract: efax is an integrated fax program for Unix-like computer systems, produced by Casas Communications Engineering since 1993. The software allows users to send and receive faxes using a computer, fax modem, and telephone line. It is command-line based, but there are several graphical user interfaces available. efax is open-source and free software, licensed under the GPL. It is included in several major Linux distributions, including Debian, Red Hat, Mandriva, and others. There is also a BSD version, and it forms part of the Apple Mac OS X Darwin system.

text:
# Efax (software)

**efax** is an integrated fax program for Unix-like computer systems, produced by Casas Communications Engineering since 1993.

The software allows users to send and receive faxes using a computer, fax modem, and telephone line. It is command-line based, but there are several graphical user interfaces available.

efax is open-source and free software, licensed under the GPL. It is included in several major Linux distributions, including Debian, Red Hat, Mandriva, and others. There is also a BSD version, and it forms part of the Apple Mac OS X Darwin system.

## InfoBox

efax
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stable release | 1.0.1b / 6 April 2002 |
|  | |
| Operating system | Unix-like |
| Type | Integrated fax program |
| License | GPL |
| Website | http://www.cce.com/efax |


title: Efbe's Hidalgo At Goodspice

abstract: Ch. Efbe's Hidalgo At Goodspice, also known as Charmin, was a male Sealyham Terrier who was the Best in Show at the American Kennel Club National Championship in 2007, World Dog Show in 2008, and Crufts in 2009. He also won the Terrier Group at the Westminster Kennel Club dog show in 2008.

text:
# Efbe's Hidalgo At Goodspice

**Ch. Efbe's Hidalgo At Goodspice** (May 19, 2004– October 17, 2018), also known as **Charmin**, was a male Sealyham Terrier who was the Best in Show at the American Kennel Club National Championship in 2007, World Dog Show in 2008, and Crufts in 2009. He also won the Terrier Group at the Westminster Kennel Club dog show in 2008.

## Early life

Charmin was bred in Canada by France Bergeron, a Canadian Kennel Club life member from Quebec, Canada. His owner/handler Margery Good described him as being "squeezeably soft" when he was a puppy, which brought him his "Charmin" nickname which co-owner Judith Carter gave him.

Charmin's owner for his big wins included Sandra Middlebrooks who is the owner of the 2011 Westminster Kennel Club Best in Show winning Pekingese.

When at home he was treated like any other house pet, and enjoyed playing with Babs, Margery's assistant's Parson Russell Terrier. When he could, he slept in the same bed as Margery in hotels, but because at home the bed was too high, he either slept on the floor next to the bed or next to the toilet. "He's figured out that's the first place I go after I get up", explained his owner.

## Show histories

### Westminster

In 2006, Charmin won an "Award of Merit" at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Ch. Stonebroke Right On The Money aka "Ben Low" won "Best of Breed", and Ch. Dubwyre The Charmed One won "Best of Opposite Sex". Both Charmin and Ben Low would repeat these results in 2007, with Ch. Hotspice Siamese Wild Orchid taking "Best of Opposite Sex".

In 2008, Charmin won "Best of Breed" before going on to take the Terrier Group with Ch. Roundtown Mercedes Of Maryscot, a Scottish Terrier, placing second, and Ch. Max-Well's Viper, a Norfolk Terrier, placing third. Charmin retained the "Best in Breed" title in 2009 but placed second overall in the Terrier Group, losing out to Ch. Roundtown Mercedes Of Maryscot. The Scottish Terrier would go on to win Best in Show at Westminster in 2010, Charmin was not entered, but another Efbe dog from an earlier litter of the same parents won Best of Breed. Charmin returned to Westminster in 2011, taking the breed group, with his daughter Ch. Goodspice Brawny Brehannon also winning an award of merit.

### World Dog Show

Charmin was entered in the Fédération Cynologique Internationale's World Dog Show 2008, held in Stockholm, Sweden. Although Sweden fielded most of the breed and group winners, Charmin won the title of "Best in Show", with 2007 Swedish Champion Ch. Northgates As You Like It, a Pharaoh Hound, placing "Reserve Best in Show".

### American Kennel Club National Show

At the 2007 AKC/Eukanuba National Championship, Charmin was awarded the title of "Best in Show", taking home a prize of US$50,000 for his owner, and a lifetime supply of dog food for himself.

Because of the win at the World Dog Show, Charmin qualified to compete in the 2008 Eukanuba World Challenge, where he finished as the runner-up.

### Crufts

Competing against more than 22,000 other dogs, Charmin won the Terrier Group, and then "Best in Show" at Crufts 2009, the Kennel Club's premier dog show in Birmingham, England. This victory highlighted the Sealyham Terrier breed in the UK which is in danger of becoming extinct. Only 43 were born in the UK during 2008, placing them in the top three of the Kennel Club's most-endangered list. In comparison, 45,233 Labrador Retrievers were born during the same period. Unusually however, following the broadcast of Pedigree Dogs Exposed, the BBC announced that it would not televise Crufts for the first time in 42 years. This meant that Charmin's victory was only seen online.

## InfoBox

Ch. Efbe's Hidalgo At Goodspice
| Charmin with the best in show trophy at Crufts. | |
| --- | --- |
| Other name(s) | Charmin |
| Species | *Canis lupus familiaris* |
| Breed | Sealyham Terrier |
| Sex | Male |
| Born | (2004-05-19)May 19, 2004 |
| Died | October 17, 2018(2018-10-17) (aged 14) |
| Occupation | Show dog |
| Title | Best In Show at Crufts (2009)
Best in Show at World Dog Show 2008
Best in Show at AKC/Eukanuba National Championship 2007 |
| Predecessor | Crufts  Ch. Jafrak Philippe Olivier (Giant Schnauzer) |
| Successor | Crufts  Sh Ch/Aust Ch. Hungargunn Bear It'n Mind |
| Owner | Judith Carter/Margery Good |
| Parent(s) | Ch. Goodspice Pass The Pepper (sire)
Ch. Efbe's Esmeralda (dam) |


title: 1967 European Cup Winners' Cup final

abstract: The 1967 European Cup Winners' Cup Final was a football match contested between Bayern Munich of West Germany and Rangers of Scotland. The match took place at the Städtisches Stadion in Nuremberg, West Germany on 31 May 1967 in front of a crowd of 69,480. It was the final match of the 1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup competition and the seventh European Cup Winners' Cup final. The competition was one of three football competitions that was run by UEFA at that time. Both teams had to go through four qualifying rounds before reaching the final. The final finished 0–0 over 90 minutes. Rangers had a goal disallowed during regulation time. In extra time, Bayern scored through Franz Roth and the match ended 1–0. It was Bayern's first European trophy.

text:
# 1967 European Cup Winners' Cup final

The **1967 European Cup Winners' Cup Final** was a football match contested between Bayern Munich of West Germany and Rangers of Scotland. The match took place at the Städtisches Stadion in Nuremberg, West Germany on 31 May 1967 in front of a crowd of 69,480. It was the final match of the 1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup competition and the seventh European Cup Winners' Cup final. The competition was one of three football competitions that was run by UEFA at that time. Both teams had to go through four qualifying rounds before reaching the final.

The final finished 0–0 over 90 minutes. Rangers had a goal disallowed during regulation time. In extra time, Bayern scored through Franz Roth and the match ended 1–0. It was Bayern's first European trophy.

## Route to the final

| Bayern Munich | | | |  | Rangers | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |  | Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Tatran Prešov | 4–3 | 1–1 (A) | 3–2 (H) | First round | Glentoran | 5–1 | 1–1 (A) | 4–0 (H) |
| Shamrock Rovers | 4–3 | 1–1 (A) | 3–2 (H) | Second round | Borussia Dortmund | 2–1 | 2–1 (H) | 0–0 (A) |
| Rapid Wien | 2–1 | 0–1 (A) | 2–0 (aet) (H) | Quarter-finals | Real Zaragoza | 2–2 () | 2–0 (H) | 0–2 (aet) (A) |
| Standard Liège | 5–1 | 2–0 (H) | 3–1 (A) | Semi-finals | Slavia Sofia | 2–0 | 1–0 (A) | 1–0 (H) |

### Rangers

Rangers began their campaign by defeating Glentoran 5-1 on aggregate and were then drawn to play the defending champions Borussia Dortmund in the second round. Rangers won the tie 2-1 on aggregate. In the quarter-final Rangers defeated Real Zaragoza from Spain on the toss of a coin after the tie was drawn 2-2 after both legs and extra time had been played. Rangers reached their second European final after beating Slavia Sofia 2-0 on aggregate in the semi-final.

### Bayern Munich

Bayern Munich defeated TJ Tatran Presov and Shamrock Rovers 4-3 on aggregate in the first and second rounds. Munich won 2-1 after extra time against Rapid Wien in the quarter-final before winning the semi-final against Standard liege 5-1 on aggregate to reach the final in Nuremberg.

## Match

### Background

This was the first European final Bayern Munich had contested and it was played in Nuremberg, Germany. Although several thousand Scots travelled for the match Bayern had the home support advantage. Bayern Munich's team contained arguably some of the best German footballers of all time including Sepp Maier, Franz Beckenbauer and Gerd Müller.

Rangers were the first British club to play in a European final in 1961. Six days before the 1967 final Rangers rivals Celtic had won the European Cup in Lisbon and it was the first time two teams from the same city had contested the two main European finals. This achievement put additional pressure on Rangers. Rangers striker Alex Willoughby was left out of the team in favour of defender Roger Hynd, who had been promoted to the first team on account of his goalscoring feats in Rangers' second XI. Willoughby had been a prolific scorer for Rangers in the preceding months. Rangers' cause was not helped by their chairman John Lawrence describing Rangers' forward line as 'makeshift' (it included three half-backs).

### Summary

Both teams strength lay in their defence. Rangers dominated the first half while Bayern played stronger in the second. Roger Hynd who was traditionally a central defender played as a striker for Rangers and had a goal disallowed during the 90 minutes. Hynd also missed a good chance after being set up by Dave Smith. The match was goalless after 90 minutes and went into extra time. Bayern scored the only goal of the game when Franz Roth took advantage of hesitancy in the Rangers defence and lobbed Norrie Martin.

### Match details

| Bayern Munich | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Rangers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Roth  109' | Report |  |

Städtisches Stadion, NurembergAttendance: 69,480Referee: Concetto Lo Bello (Italy)

| GK **1**  Sepp Maier  CB **2**  Peter Kupferschmidt  LB **3**  Werner Olk ()  MF **4**  Franz Roth  CB **5**  Franz Beckenbauer  RB **6**  Hans Nowak  RW **7**  Rudolf Nafziger  CF **8**  Rainer Ohlhauser  CF **9**  Gerd Müller  MF **10**  Dieter Koulmann  LW **11**  Dieter Brenninger  **Manager:**  Zlatko Čajkovski |  | GK **1**  Norrie Martin  RB **2**  Kai Johansen  LB **3**  David Provan  CB **4**  Sandy Jardine  CB **5**  Ronnie McKinnon  CM **6**  John Greig ()  RM **7**  Willie Henderson  CM **8**  Dave Smith  FW **9**  Roger Hynd  FW **10**  Alex Smith  LM **11**  Willie Johnston  **Manager:**  Scot Symon |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1967 European Cup Winners' Cup final
| Match programme cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1966–67 European Cup Winners' Cup |
|  | |
| After extra time | |
| Date | 31 May 1967 |
| Venue | Städtisches Stadion, Nuremberg |
| Referee | Concetto Lo Bello (Italy) |
| Attendance | 69,480 |
|


title: Angel Devoid: Face of the Enemy

abstract: Angel Devoid: Face of the Enemy is a 1996 FMV-based tech noir graphic adventure game developed by Electric Dreams Inc. and released by Mindscape for MS-DOS and Mac OS. A Japanese language version of the game was released under the title DeathMask for Sega Saturn and PlayStation. This first-person video game is set in a dark, futuristic cyberpunk-influenced world. Most of the characters that can be interacted with are played by live video game actors superimposed over a digital scenery; the cast includes Joseph Pilato and Eric Anderson. The player character is a police detective, who wears the face of an infamous criminal terrorist named Angel Devoid. Wandering around the fictional Neo-City, the player meets Devoid's acquaintances and has to survive against death hazards, including Devoid's past adversaries.

text:
# Angel Devoid: Face of the Enemy

***Angel Devoid: Face of the Enemy*** is a 1996 FMV-based tech noir graphic adventure game developed by Electric Dreams Inc. and released by Mindscape for MS-DOS and Mac OS. A Japanese language version of the game was released under the title ***DeathMask*** for Sega Saturn and PlayStation.

This first-person video game is set in a dark, futuristic cyberpunk-influenced world. Most of the characters that can be interacted with are played by live video game actors superimposed over a digital scenery; the cast includes Joseph Pilato and Eric Anderson.

The player character is a police detective, who wears the face of an infamous criminal terrorist named Angel Devoid. Wandering around the fictional Neo-City, the player meets Devoid's acquaintances and has to survive against death hazards, including Devoid's past adversaries.

## Synopsis

### Setting

In the future explained in the game documentation, humanity has suffered from floods due to the melting of polar ice caps. An emergency coalition known as the Aggregate World Government begun the Colonization of Mars for resources. Meanwhile, the United States of America emerged once more as a superpower, spearheading in science and technology; the sudden influx of wealth resulted to inflation and catastrophic bank failures, and the outlawing of credit-based economy. Humanity also had developed the technology of human cloning for purposes like the creation of genetically engineered soldiers for the Death Companies of the Martian colony, but abuse of the technology, including morally questionable use of the clones, resulted to the criminalisation of the technology and the establishment of DNA Laws. A prominent company mentioned in the game manual and the game dialogues is "Feradyne Corporation", which switched to robotics after the laws were passed.

The game is set in or around March 3032 and in the aftermath of the Martian Conflict which started when the Martian colonists wished for independence and started an embargo. The Lunar Project Conglomerate, in order to preserve the interests of the Moon colonists, responded with sending a robotic army against the rebels, who eventually were forced to flee to Earth. Most were forced to surrender and be tried, as they were suffering from reactive arthritis, a disease released from biological weapons during the conflict, and the required Egesis IV drug was legally administered only from the Terran government.

Angel Devoid, a commando genetically engineered by Feradyne who led the Martian resistance, was court-martialed along with other rebels. Acquitted on all charges, he worked his way to the position of Chief of Paradise City Police Department. During his service his office was rigged with a bomb, which severely injured Detective Jake Hard, who underwent heavy reconstruction and lost some of his memory. Devoid was the alleged perpetrator and Hard held him responsible for his damage, although Devoid himself accused Mayor James Waterford for wanting to get rid of him. Eventually Devoid was forced to resign for an alleged police brutality scandal, and during the relevant press-conference he assassinated the Mayor. After threatening those who wanted to get rid of him, he disappeared in the underground of the Neo-City where he became a notorious criminal, performing terrorist acts against corporations involved in the Mars conflict.

### Plot

As the game starts, the player character Jake Hard is pursuing his archnemesis Angel Devoid who has been spotted near Neo-City, until his flying patrol car is damaged and himself falls severely injured. He wakes up in a hospital after having had a facial reconstruction surgery, only to find himself having the face of Angel Devoid, and unable to speak as his vocal cords are damaged. His first task is to escape the hospital before the Police arrives. Early in the beginning, he meets his ex-colleague Lorraine Ruger, who has been blinded and recognises Hard from his gait, and supplies him with a Plasma Pistol.

The player travels around regions of Neo-City, meets several characters who pass him for Devoid, but also tries to survive as his archnemesis is wanted by bounty hunters, a figure only referred to as "the Yak", and the "Death Tribes" (underground groups whose members maintain neotribalistic customs in the urban scenery). As many of the characters are hostile, the player occasionally has to resolve to quickly using the pistol against them in order to avoid the game over.

As the game progresses, the player obtains wetware computer chips belonging to Devoid; he learns that he was involved in the theft of a highly explosive material known as Trixilite, which he has linked to the thermo-furnaces of Paradise City, intending to destroy both cities.

In the end, the player accesses an underground complex where he meets the original Angel Devoid inside a life support device. It is revealed that Angel Devoid employed clones for his deeds, and the player is actually the last of them, leaving open to interpretation how much of the protagonist's backstory is true. The player then is faced with several choices that will trigger three alternate endings; these range from either killing Devoid and being hailed as a hero while the citizens continue to live their own dystopia; to escaping on a space shuttle before the cities explode, and seek a new life on Mars.

## Gameplay

*Angel Devoid* is played like other first-person point-and-click adventure games of the era. The gameplay has been compared to that of *The 11th Hour*. The graphics window displays what the player character is supposed to see. The mouse cursor changes into arrows showing wherever the protagonist can head to, followed by a brief animation of the environment "passing by" as the character walks towards a direction.

The cursor also is used to interact with some objects. An option on the interface allows the player to examine an object, although the cases this can be done are very few.

A small interface at the bottom provides some options, such as the inventory with the items the protagonist has collected, typically the weapon and several access cards. There is also an interface which gives access to the in-game I-Net database with background information on the characters the player has met.

Whenever the player interacts with a character, there are three attitudes available towards him, represented by three human skulls, from demonic (intimidating, aggressive) to neutral to angelic (friendly, polite). Each case demands its own attitude, as some characters would be cooperative only to one.

The player can encounter fatalities which directly result in death and the end of the game. Uncommon for an adventure game, there is also a health bar with three points representing the minor fatalities the player can suffer in some cases during the whole duration of the game; such as touching a rotating ventilation fan. Losing all three of them also results in a game over.

## Development

*Angel Devoid* takes place in a 3d pre-rendered environment which features live-action actors and footage, both during cinematic cutscenes and sometimes within the virtual environments. *Angel Devoid* was made when such games were at the peak of their popularity. Actor Joseph Pilato portrays Mayor Waterford during the flashback scene of the assassination by Angel Devoid, and also a semi-demented Neurologist at the Neo-City Clinic.

Interaction with the characters consists of lengthy monologues by the actors, as the game character is actually a silent protagonist; a technique used to allow the players to immerse themselves better in the position of the character.

Like in other games of the era, the videos are interlaced to employ the SVGA capabilities.

The dark "neo-gothic" visual aesthetics of the game have been likened tο Ridley Scott's *Blade Runner*.

## Reception

*Angel Devoid* received mostly mixed reviews. It holds an aggregated 55% score on GameRankings, based on reviews from various professional critics.

In a contemporary review, GameSpot praised the game for its striking visuals and atmosphere, which compensated for its poor scriptwriting and live action performances. *Entertainment Weekly* noted that *Angel Devoid* suffered from the usual inadequacies of interactive movie-based games featuring live actors, that is lacking "a good script and \[...\] a sense of humor".

*Coming Soon Magazine* received the game more positively. Noting it was the first venture of Mindscape into the adventure genre, the reviewer acknowledged the game as "a decisive step in the right direction" and praised its "spectacular graphics" and "well-conceived scenario"; despite several imperfections, like the limited interaction and small duration.

## Reviews

## InfoBox

| Angel Devoid:<br>Face of the Enemy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Electric Dreams Inc. |
| Publisher(s) | Mindscape |
| Designer(s) | Anthony Gomez |
| Platform(s) | MS-DOS, Macintosh, PlayStation, Sega Saturn |
| Release | **Windows****PlayStation*** JP: 9 February 1996 **Sega Saturn** |
| Genre(s) | Adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Angel Down

abstract: Angel Down is the third solo release and the first studio album by heavy metal singer Sebastian Bach. Released on November 20, 2007, it is the first release to feature all original studio recorded material. It is also Bach's first release since his 2001 release Bach 2: Basics. The album gained attention due to Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose's guest appearance on three tracks and Bach's appearance on MTV's Celebrity Rap Superstar. The front cover art of the album is David Lees's photo for Life magazine of the 1966 Florence flood.

text:
# Angel Down

***Angel Down*** is the third solo release and the first studio album by heavy metal singer Sebastian Bach. Released on November 20, 2007, it is the first release to feature all original studio recorded material. It is also Bach's first release since his 2001 release *Bach 2: Basics*. The album gained attention due to Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose's guest appearance on three tracks and Bach's appearance on MTV's *Celebrity Rap Superstar*. The front cover art of the album is David Lees's photo for *Life* magazine of the 1966 Florence flood.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| About.com |  |
| AllMusic |  |
| Artistdirect |  |
| *Cash Box* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| Sputnikmusic |  |

In an exclusive preview of the album, Paul Cashmere of *Undercover* described *Angel Down* as "The metal album of the year, if not the 21st Century so far."

On October 27, 2007, "Back in the Saddle" was played on the Texas radio station Q94.5. According to the station, the phones rang off the hook when the single was played and it became the station's No. 1 most requested track and also charted at number 4 in Finland, however the album only debuted at No. 191 on the Billboard Top 200 chart, selling 6,400 copies in its first week.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Angel Down" | Adam Albright, Sebastian Bach | 3:48 |
| 2. | "You Don't Understand" | Bach, Roy Z | 3:06 |
| 3. | "Back in the Saddle" (Aerosmith cover featuring Axl Rose) | Steven Tyler, Joe Perry | 4:19 |
| 4. | "(Love Is) a Bitchslap" (featuring Axl Rose) | Bach, Z | 3:08 |
| 5. | "Stuck Inside" (featuring Axl Rose) | Rose, Johnny Chromatic | 2:57 |
| 6. | "American Metalhead" (Painmuseum cover) | Mike Chlasciak | 4:02 |
| 7. | "Negative Light" | Bach, Chlasciak, Steve DiGiorgio | 4:33 |
| 8. | "Live & Die" (Painmuseum cover) | Chlasciak, Tim Clayborne | 3:53 |
| 9. | "By Your Side" | Bach, Z | 5:27 |
| 10. | "Our Love Is a Lie" | Bach, Chlasciak, Z | 3:20 |
| 11. | "Take You Down with Me" | Bach, DiGiorgio | 4:37 |
| 12. | "Stabbin' Daggers" | Bach, Chromatic, Bobby Jarzombek | 3:41 |
| 13. | "You Bring Me Down" | Ralph Santolla | 3:16 |
| 14. | "Falling into You" | Bach, Desmond Child | 4:21 |

## DVD (limited edition)

The *Angel Down* DVD is included on the limited edition of the album and features a documentary titled "Roadrage" made by Sebastian Bach himself and features a close look at the making of the album and backstage vision with the Trailer Park Boys.

The DVD also includes six live performances and a music video.

1. "American Metalhead"
2. "Stuck Inside"
3. "(Love Is) a Bitchslap"
4. "You Don't Understand"
5. "By Your Side"
6. "By Your Side (Acoustic)" (bonus)
7. "(Love Is) a Bitchslap" (music video)

## Personnel

### Additional personnel

* Axl Rose – vocals on "Back in the Saddle"; backup vocals on "(Love Is) a Bitchslap" and "Stuck Inside"; writing credits on "Stuck Inside"
* Adam Albright – guitar on "Angel Down"
* Ed Ross – piano and strings on "By Your Side" and "Falling into You"
* Roy Z – guitar tracks 2, 4, 9, 10

## Chart positions

| Chart | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Billboard Top 200 | 191 |
| Billboard Heatseekers Chart | 1 |

## Trivia

Bach also has the album cover tattooed on his arm. The tattoo was done by Kat Von D. He was a celebrity guest on her show *LA Ink*.

## InfoBox

| Angel Down | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sebastian Bach | |
| Released | November 20, 2007 |
| Recorded | 2007, Sound City Studios (Hollywood, California) |
| Genre | Heavy metal, hard rock |
| Length | 54:28 |
| Label | Merovingian
Get Off My Bach
Caroline
EMI |
| Producer | Roy Z |
| Sebastian Bach chronology | |
| *Bach 2: Basics*
(2001) ***Angel Down***
(2007) *Kicking & Screaming*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Angel Down* | |
| 1. "Back in the Saddle" (Aerosmith cover; feat. Axl Rose)"
Released: 2007 2. "(Love Is) a Bitchslap" (feat. Axl Rose)"
Released: 2007 3. "By Your Side"
Released: 2008 4. "You Don't Understand"
Released: 2008 5. "Falling into You"
Released: 2008 | |
|  | |


title: El Alamein Fountain

abstract: The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is a heritage-listed fountain and war memorial located at Macleay Street in the inner Sydney locale of Kings Cross in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the Australian architects Robert Woodward and Phill Taranto as employed by architectural firm Woodward and Woodward. The fountain was built from 1959 to 1961. It is also known as El Alamein Fountain, Fitzroy Gardens Group, Kings Cross Fountain and King's Cross Fountain. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 14 January 2011. The El Alamein Fountain was commissioned as a memorial to soldiers who died in 1942 during World War II in two battles at El Alamein, Egypt.

text:
# El Alamein Fountain

The **El Alamein Memorial Fountain** is a heritage-listed fountain and war memorial located at Macleay Street in the inner Sydney locale of Kings Cross in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by the Australian architects Robert Woodward and Phill Taranto as employed by architectural firm Woodward and Woodward. The fountain was built from 1959 to 1961. It is also known as **El Alamein Fountain**, **Fitzroy Gardens Group**, **Kings Cross Fountain** and **King's Cross Fountain**. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 14 January 2011. The El Alamein Fountain was commissioned as a memorial to soldiers who died in 1942 during World War II in two battles at El Alamein, Egypt.

## War memorial

The Australian 9th Division fought in both the first (July 1942) and second (November 1942) battles of El Alamein during World War II. Both were important for the course of the war. They halted the advance of Axis forces into Egypt and routed them, and are considered a turning point in the Western Desert Campaign. The El Alamein Fountain in Sydney commemorates the Australian army's roles in the North Africa campaign in general, and the two El Alamein battles in particular.

### Competition for the El Alamein Memorial Fountain

Woodward & Taranto won the main prize of 500 in 1959 in the City Council fountains competition. The competition had been organised by the Sydney Fountains Committee, which was established in September 1958. Its aim was to put fountains in public places in Sydney to enhance their natural beauty and to commemorate families, individuals and organisations. A Designs Committee was responsible for the design competitions for fountains in a number of selected sites, such as the Fitzroy Gardens in Kings Cross, Moore Park, Customs House Square, and Macquarie Place. The competition for the Fitzroy Gardens fountain was assessed by a panel of architects (Max Collard, President of the RAIA (NSW Chapter), and Professor Leslie Wilkinson), sculptors (Douglas Annand), and the City Council.

The Committee's design brief for the fountain was: "The fountain shall cost not more than 10,000 complete. Whilst the fountain is not to be a war memorial in the generally accepted sense, it is nevertheless contemplated that Fitzroy Gardens will become a local assembly point on Anzac Day and the fountain will be known as a war memorial fountain." This association between the park and a war memorial began in October 1957 when the Kings Cross Sub-Branch of the Returned Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen's Imperial League of Australia approached the Council about the possibility of changing the name of the park to El Alamein Park. In December 1958 the Council resolved to hold a public competition for designs for a fountain to be provided in Fitzroy Gardens that may also serve as a memorial.

The *Australasian Post* explained further: 'The plan for the fountain was suggested by the King's Cross RSL, when they asked that a place be set aside for memorial services "because older servicemen are finding it very difficult to get to and from the Memorial gates opposite the wharves in Woolloomooloo".

### The designer

Robert (Bob) Woodward (1923–2010) together with Phill Taranto was commissioned to build the fountain in 1959. Woodward, himself an Army veteran, was 36 at the time and had studied architecture at Sydney University, and worked in Finland. The structure was completed in 1961 and officially opened by Harry Jensen, Lord Mayor of Sydney. The fountain made such a name for Woodward and the firm that he went on to design many others, and his fountains are his best-known works.

### The design

Woodward's Modernist design has been variously described as looking like a blown thistle, or dandelion. The sculpture is made of bronze with brass pipes. The small-nozzled spray heads make the sphere-shaped spray very fine, and sensitive to air movement. The fountain sits on a hexagonal base, where the water cascades down three levels. It is illuminated at night.

#### Reception of the fountain since completion

Tom Heath's appraisal of El Alamein in 1962 captured the excitement of the moment:

> 'El Alamein fountain at Kings Cross has fulfilled beyond expectation the promise of the original design. Surely no one can pass this dandelion of water gleaming in the sun or glowing with its own internal light at night and resist its fascination. The bold formality of the sphere catches one's attention immediately, yet this first impression of simplicity gives way at once to a fascinating complexity. The sphere is not a sphere but a mass of saucer shaped facets. The facets are not saucer-shaped but complex curves deformed by wind and gravity. There are transparencies, reflections and rainbow effects in the curtain of spray. By the time one has observed this much, one is obstructing the traffic and being regarded with contempt by old men who have been studying it all comfortably from benches for hours'.

El Alamein Fountain won the inaugural RAIA NSW Chapter Civic Design Award in 1964. Woodward explained 'We had nominated it for design awards but it was considered not to be architecture and so it didn't get an award. \[The NSW Institute of Architects\] then instigated a new award, the Civic Design Award, because of the El Alamein Fountain'.

' "A fountain of great beauty", said the Judges, in presenting the new NSW Chapter of the RAIA Civic Design Award to architects Woodward, Tarantino and Wallace for the breathtaking El Alamein Fountain at King's Cross, Sydney. The jury considered there could hardly be a more appropriate recipient of this first Civic Design Award'.

An article in the popular magazine *Australasian Post* in 1967 stated:

> 'It is probably one of the most beautiful man-made things in the land. . . Since Sydney's beautiful King's Cross fountain was first turned on, little over six years ago, people from all parts of the world have asked, "Who dreamed it up?" And they're still asking. The designer is an Australian, Mr Robert Raymond Woodward, and the fountain has made him famous. Today he is recognized as the world's top fountain designer. Last month he came back from San Francisco, where he supervised the installation of a fountain built to his own design. Night and day, people come to take pictures of his King's Cross fountain. . . Everybody seems to know about the fountain and it is now a recognised easy-to-find meeting place because "anybody will tell you where it is". Mr C.S. Garth, Sydney's Director of Parks, said, 'We knew the fountain was original, that it was unique. We knew it would create a lot of interest. But I don't think anyone realised just how much interest it would create. Overseas visitors come here, take color pictures, and take them home, Now everyone seems to want a fountain like ours'. . . Mr Garth said the original cost of the fountain was $32,028 and the annual maintenance bill was about $3248. Cost of electricity to operate the floodlights and water-circulating mechanism absorbs $3048 of the maintenance allotment.'

Freeland's Architecture in Australia, 1967 stated:

> 'Fountains were particularly popular and prestigious because of their patent luxury after nearly sixty years when circumstances had demanded a practical return for any money spent. Only one of the many fountains erected throughout Australia was really successful - and it could hardly have been more so. The El Alamein fountain designed by Woodward and Taranto and erected at Kings Cross in Sydney in 1961 is a splendid sculpture in water. Its ephemeral ever-changing ever-remaining lightness dances tantalizingly in the sunshine or turns the reflections of gaudy neon lights into jewels at night. Its poetry was a sculptural breakthrough not only in Australia but in the world'.

Carol Henty wrote for *The Bulletin* in 1978:

> 'It is to Sydney what Eros is to London. The inner city heads for it on New Year's Eve. Pranksters have dyed it green, put soap bubbles through it and bathed nude in it. It's sometimes called the dandelion. Or the puff ball. Or the porcupine. Officially it's the El Alamein Fountain in Fitzroy Gardens, Kings Cross - the first fountain designed by Sydney's Bob Woodward, opened 18 years ago but with a touch of magic that's still potent. At last count 72 American companies were manufacturing it in seven different sizes and exporting it worldwide, making it probably the world's most copied fountain'.

In an interview with Woodward in 1996, architectural historians Paul Alan Johnson and Susan Lorne Johnson stated, 'Australians really seem to have taken the fountain to their hearts... Australians don't usually seem to be overly enthusiastic about their sculpture or their architecture... The fountain is now an icon in Australia and internationally admired'. 'The El Alamein Fountain represents an important technological innovation in fountain design, and has been much replicated throughout the world.'

### Cultural impact

The fountain won Woodward the New South Wales Institute of Architects Civic Design Award in 1964. Over the years, its iconic shape has made it a well-known landmark that has been imitated by other builders.

As the focal point of the Kings Cross area, the fountain often serves as a meeting place.

## Description

'This fountain has a globe-like shape, with a diameter of 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) and comprises 211 radially arranged "stalks" fitted to a hollow metal globe, itself placed on top of a brass pipe column with a length of 10 ft (3.05 m) and a diameter of 4 in. (10 cm). The central globe is made of cast brass \[in fact bronze, according to CMP\] and its diameter measures 46 cm. Each stalk consists of a tube 1.5 inch \[2 cm\] thick at the base and reducing to 0.5 inch \[0.8 cm\] at the outer end. A specially constructed nozzle has been fitted to each of these extremities. . . \[There are\] three terraced pools made of concrete and covered with white mosaic glass tiles. The perimeter coping is faced with quartzite and the two upper pools' spillways are formed by bronze dentils. The water is pumped through the line strainer - at a rate of 500 gallons (2,270 litres) per minute and a pressure of 22 lb. \[10 kg\] per square inch - up to the central sphere where it emerges from each of the 211 nozzles as a thin 18 inch \[45 cm\] disc of water. These disks of water merge and create the impression of a huge thistledown \[or dandelion\]. The water from the nozzles falls first to the top pool and then runs between the spillway dentils from pool to pool. Through nine glory hole outlets and underground pipes the water returns into the screening baskets and back to the tanks so that it can circulate again.'. The glory holes compensate almost exactly for the consecutive reduction in weir length from pool to pool. Each glory hole drains the equivalent of ~32 troughs. This means that the weirs draining the pools and all 9 glory holes have identical flow.

The fountain sits above the top pool of a series of four pools, set among cobblestone paving near the south-western edge of Fitzroy Gardens. As the land is sloping gently eastward, its design responds to the site, with successive pools lower down this slope towards the east. The top pool in which the fountain apparatus is mounted is hexagonal in form. Lower pools reflect this form but are larger, with expanded dimensions. A series of spillway dentils in bronze direct water down from pool to pool through a fine series of "teeth" which make a very precise noise, helping dull traffic noise.

### Plaques

Below ground to its immediate north-east is the fountain's pump room, which houses its operative mechanisms. Also to the north east of the fountain is a plinth with two plaques which read:

'THE EL ALAMEIN MEMORIAL FOUNTAIN THIS FOUNTAIN WAS ERECTED IN COMMEMORIATION OF THE DEEDS OF THE NINTH DIVISION, AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCES IN WORLD WAR II BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF SYDNEY AND PLACED IN OPERATION BY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD MAYOR OF SYDNEY ALDERMAN H.F. JENSEN ON 18.11.61 E.W. ADAMS TOWN CLERK'

'THIS FOUNTAIN WAS DESIGNED BY AND CONSTRUCTED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF WOODWARD & TARANTO ARCHITECTS'

The complete fountain head above the waterline and stalks were originally manufactured by Eric L. Williams under the supervision of Robert Woodward.

### Lighting installation

At night, this lighted fountain makes the impression of a display of fireworks bursting asunder. The light emanates from six reflector lamps of 500 W, mounted under the water-level of the upper basin. These lamps are placed around the main delivery pipe, in a circle with a diameter of some 1.20 m. Each lamp is mounted in a metal cylinder with a clear Pyrex glass cover and a bronze-coloured spun metal shielding ring which projects several inches above the water level. For maintenance purposes the cylinders can be reached from the equipment room under the central pool. This room houses a 25 h.p. electric motor, a 3-inch pump, a 3-inch strainer, switchboards and a set of three stainless steel screening baskets. Below the floor is a concrete tank of 3,000 gallons (ca 13 cu. m.). The operation of the fountain is controlled by a time switch.'

### Other site observations

Two "London / hybrid" plane, Platanus x acerifolia (syn. P. x hispanica) trees dating from the time when the fountain was completed are considered to be of significance.

The curtilage for the SHR listing is in the shape of a triangle with its three corners enclosing the three main viewing cones towards the fountain, from Darlinghurst Road, from Macleay Street north and from the Police Station. Within this curtilage are many non-significant or intrusive urban design elements including: roads and traffic signals; a Telstra telephone booth; a glass enclosed bus shelter; a tourist sign-post showing directions / distance to numerous world cities; a light post with multiple circular lights; a large bronze sculpture "Angled Wheels of Fortune" designed and donated by property developer Dennis Wolanski in 1988; a cafe with large awnings and cafe furniture; and a significant amount of recently planted vegetation. Although worthwhile in their own right, many of these elements interfere with views towards the fountain and should be repositioned when possible.

## Heritage listing

As at 28 October 2010, The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State significance as a spectacular fountain and outstanding work of modernist design in water which has been copied all over the world. Throughout the decades of the 1960s and 1970s it was an icon of Sydney, rivalling the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House for the frequency with which it was represented in tourism imagery. Aesthetically it is rare in NSW as a local adaptation of the organic school of Scandinavian architectural design and as an example of the application of modernist design technology to fountain design.

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State significance as a war memorial to the Australian soldiers of the 9th Division who fought near the Egyptian town of El Alamein in two battles which helped turn the course of World War II towards victory for the Allies. It is also of State significance for its associations with its designer Bob Woodward, a World War II veteran whose career was consequently shifted into national and international prominence as a fountain designer largely because of its popular and critical success. It is rare as a war memorial in NSW which commemorates a battle rather than the loss of individual members of the armed forces. It is also unusual because its beauty as a fountain has historically almost overwhelmed its solemn function a war memorial.

El Alamein Memorial Fountain was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 14 January 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State historical heritage significance as a war memorial to the battles fought by Australian soldiers near the Egyptian town of El Alamein which helped turn the course of World War II towards victory for the Allies. The Australians paid a fearful price for their involvement, suffering almost 6,000 casualties between July and November 1942.

**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State significance for its historical associations with the Australian soldiers of the 9th Division who fought near the Egyptian town of El Alamein in two battles which helped turn the course of World War II. It is also of State significance for its associations with its designer Bob Woodward, a World War II veteran whose career as a fountain designer was consequently reoriented into national and international prominence largely because of its popular and critical success.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State aesthetic significance as a spectacular fountain and outstanding work of modernist design in water which has been copied all over the world. It was described by architectural historian Max Freeland as "a splendid sculpture in water. Its ephemeral ever-changing ever-remaining lightness dances tantalizingly in the sunshine or turns the reflections of gaudy neon lights into jewels at night. Its poetry was a sculptural breakthrough not only in Australia but in the world". Throughout the decades of the 1960s and 1970s it was an icon of Sydney, rivalling the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House for the frequency with which it was represented in tourism imagery. Described as "an important technological innovation in fountain design" (, the NSW chapter of the Institute of Architects created a new design category for it, the "Civic Design Award" of which it became the inaugural winner in 1964.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State significance for its rarity as a war memorial in NSW which commemorates a battle rather than the loss of individual members of the armed forces. It is also unusual because its beauty as a fountain has historically almost overwhelmed its solemn function as a war memorial.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

The El Alamein Memorial Fountain is of State significance as an example of internationally outstanding fountain design and representative of excellence in Australian modernist design of the mid twentieth century.

## Similar fountains

A similar fountain can be found in Szczytna, in south-western Poland.

A similar fountain can be found in Houston, Texas. The Gus S. Wortham Memorial Fountain was inspired by the El Alamein Fountain.

Minneapolis, Minnesota’s Berger Fountain (1971) is a copy, funded by Ben Berger, a former parks commissioner who saw the original. This copy was built by Woodward in Australia and shipped to Minnesota, where it was installed on a base (1974-75) that he approved.

Tupperware Brands' world headquarters in Kissimmee, Florida, has a replica of the fountain (1970) dedicated to the millions of independent sellers around the world.

Nuneaton in the UK has a similar fountain called the Dandelion Fountain, voted 'UK Roundabout of the Year'.

There is a similar fountain in Oslo, Norway.

### Bibliography

* Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (2010). "Profile on Robert Woodward".
* Henty, Carol (1978). *Bob Woodward, an artist of the first water*.
* City of Sydney (2010). "City of Sydney - History of Parks - Fitzroy Gardens".
* Hazel De Berg (1972). *Oral history interview recorded with Robert Woodward, 22 March 1972*.
* Heath, Tom (1962). *'Three Fountains, Architecture Australia March 1962*.
* John Oultram Heritage & Design (2010). *"Fitzroy Gardens & Lawrence Hargrave Reserve Heritage Assessment" for Hill Thalis*.
* Johnson, Paul-Alan and Susan Lorne-Johnson (1996). *Robert Woodward, transcription of oral history interview, ' Architects of the Middle Third'*.
* Hughes, Joy (2002). *MacLeay, Alexander (and sons) entry in the 'Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'*.
* Freeland, Max (1968). *Architecture in Australia*.
* Pearson, Matt (2012). *Kings Cross: Fountain Springs to Life - restoration work a family affair*.
* Potts, Rosemary (2010). "The Little Mouse That Roared', in Branch Cuttings, newsletter issue #".
* Wise, Laura (2013). *'Everything old is new again - case studies in restoring and adapting Sydney's modernist architecture'*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from El Alamein Memorial Fountain, entry number 1847 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 14 October 2018.

## InfoBox

| El Alamein Memorial Fountain | |
| --- | --- |
| El Alamein Memorial Fountain | |
| Location | Macleay Street, Kings Cross, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°52′22″S 151°13′30″E / 33.8729°S 151.2250°E / -33.8729; 151.2250 |
| Built | 19591961 |
| Architect |  |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | El Alamein Memorial Fountain; Fitzroy Gardens Group; Kings Cross Fountain; King's Cross Fountain |
| Type | State heritage (built) |
| Designated | 14 January 2011 |
| Reference no. | 1847 |
| Type | War Memorial |
| Category | Monuments and Memorials |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of El Alamein Memorial Fountain in Sydney | |


title: Eden Wood

abstract: Eden Wood is an American actress and reality television star. She is known for her role as Darla in The Little Rascals Save the Day, and her many appearances on the reality television show Toddlers & Tiaras.

text:
# Eden Wood

**Eden Wood** (born February 18, 2005) is an American actress and reality television star. She is known for her role as Darla in *The Little Rascals Save the Day*, and her many appearances on the reality television show *Toddlers & Tiaras*.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Jimmy Paul: The Pug Tooth Fairy* | Pinky |  |
| 2012 | The Eric Andre Show | Self | S01E08 |
| 2014 | *The Little Rascals Save the Day* | Darla | Direct-to-video |
| 2018 | *Generation Wealth* | Self |  |
| TBA | *Appearances Can Be Deceptive* | Emily | Completed |
| | | | Short film |
| | *Eight* | Taylor |
| | | Filming |

## Personal life

Wood is an only child. Her mother, Mickie Wood, had her at age 40 and appeared on screen with her in *Toddlers & Tiaras*.

## InfoBox

| Eden Wood | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2005-02-18) February 18, 2005<br>Arkansas |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2009 - Present |


title: Ancylosis dumetella

abstract: Ancylosis dumetella is a species of snout moth in the genus Ancylosis. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887, and is known from Algeria, Iran, Turkey, as well as Siberia.

text:
# Ancylosis dumetella

***Ancylosis dumetella*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Ancylosis*. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887, and is known from Algeria, Iran, Turkey, as well as Siberia.

## InfoBox

| *Ancylosis dumetella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Ancylosis* |
| Species: | ***A. dumetella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ancylosis dumetella***<br>(Ragonot, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Heterographis dumetella* Ragonot, 1887 * *Staudingeria albinotella* Ragonot, 1887 | |


title: Englishtown Ferry

abstract: The Englishtown Ferry is a cable ferry carrying Nova Scotia Route 312 across the mouth of St. Ann's Bay. The ferry route runs 24 hours a day, on demand, and takes only a few minutes to cross the 125-metre-wide (410 ft) channel. On 25 March 2013, an 81-year-old man was killed after driving his car off the end of the ferry during boarding and plunging into the cold, swiftly-moving waters. In 2014, the province of Nova Scotia, operator of the ferry, announced that it was investigating the economic implications of replacing the ferry with a bridge.

text:
# Englishtown Ferry

The **Englishtown Ferry** is a cable ferry carrying Nova Scotia Route 312 across the mouth of St. Ann's Bay. The ferry route runs 24 hours a day, on demand, and takes only a few minutes to cross the 125-metre-wide (410 ft) channel. On 25 March 2013, an 81-year-old man was killed after driving his car off the end of the ferry during boarding and plunging into the cold, swiftly-moving waters.

In 2014, the province of Nova Scotia, operator of the ferry, announced that it was investigating the economic implications of replacing the ferry with a bridge.

## InfoBox

Englishtown Ferry
| The Torquil MacLean (Englishtown Ferry), approaching Englishtown, with the Jersey Cove terminal in the background. | |
| --- | --- |
| Locale | Englishtown, Nova Scotia |
| Waterway | St. Ann's Bay |
| Transit type | Diesel / Hydraulic Cable Ferry |
| Route | Nova Scotia Route 312 |
| Carries | Motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians |
| Terminals | 2 |
| Operator | Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal (Nova Scotia) |
| Travel time | ~3 minutes |
| Frequency | 50/50 |
| No. of vessels | 1 (*Torquil MacLean*) |
| Daily vehicles | up to 600 |