title: Dunwich (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Dunwich was a parliamentary borough in Suffolk, one of the most notorious of all the rotten boroughs. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1296 until 1832, when the constituency was abolished by the Great Reform Act.

text:
# Dunwich (UK Parliament constituency)

**Dunwich** was a parliamentary borough in Suffolk, one of the most notorious of all the rotten boroughs. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1296 until 1832, when the constituency was abolished by the Great Reform Act.

## History

In 1296, when Dunwich was first accorded representation in Parliament, it was a flourishing port and market town about thirty miles (50 km) from Ipswich. However, by 1670 the sea had encroached upon the town, destroying the port and swallowing up all but a few houses so that nothing was left but a tiny village. The borough had once consisted of eight parishes, but all that was left was part of the parish of All Saints, Dunwich – which by 1831 had a population of 232, and only 44 houses ("and half a church", as Oldfield recorded in 1816).

In fact, this made Dunwich by no means the smallest of England's rotten boroughs, but the symbolism of two Members of Parliament representing a constituency that was essentially underwater captured the imagination and made Dunwich one of the most frequently-mentioned examples of the absurdities of the unreformed system.

The right to vote was exercised by the freemen of the borough. Originally, these freemen could vote even if they did not live in the borough, and at times this was abused as elsewhere, notably in 1670 when 500 non-resident freemen were created to swamp the resident voters. From 1709, however, by a resolution of the House of Commons, the franchise was restricted to resident freemen who were not receiving alms. By the 19th century, the maximum number of freemen had been set at 32, of whom the two "patrons", Lord Huntingfield and Snowdon Barne, could nominate eight each, so that between them they controlled half of the votes and needed only one other voter to gain control of elections.

Earlier, in the 1760s, Sir Jacob Downing had been the sole patron, but in theory he also was considered to have only influence, rather than the absolute power to dictate the choice of the Members. Unsurprisingly, in 1754 Downing was able to occupy one seat himself and sell the choice of the other member to the Duke of Newcastle (then Prime Minister) for £1,000; it is not recorded whether he needed to share some of this largesse with his co-operative voters.

Dunwich was abolished as a constituency in 1832, when what remained of the village became part of the new Eastern Suffolk county division.

## Members of Parliament

### Before 1660

| Parliament | First member | Second member |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1306 | Robert Codoun |
| 1332 | Geoffrey Cuddon |
| 1372 | Peter Cuddon I |
| 1373 | Peter Cuddon I |
| 1383 | Peter Cuddon I |
| 1386 | Peter Cuddon I | Hugh Thorpe |
| 1388 (Feb) | Augustine Knight | William Woodward |
| 1388 (Sep) | Peter Cuddon I | John Bagge |
| 1390 (Jan) | Peter Cuddon I | Robert Runton |
| 1390 (Nov) |  |
| 1391 | Robert Runton | William Havene |
| 1393 | Robert Cook | Augustine Knight |
| 1394 |  |
| 1395 | Robert Cuddon I | William Chock |
| 1397 (Jan) | Peter Helmeth | Nicholas Goodber |
| 1397 (Sep) |  |
| 1399 | Peter Cuddon II | Peter Helmeth |
| 1401 |  |
| 1402 |  |
| 1404 (Jan) |  |
| 1404 (Oct) |  |
| 1406 |  |
| 1407 |  |
| 1410 | Peter Cuddon II | William Barber |
| 1411 | Richard Griston | Thomas Clerk |
| 1413 (Feb) |  |
| 1413 (May) | Thomas Clerk | Thomas Brantham |
| 1414 (Apr) | Nicholas Barber | Philip Canon |
| 1414 (Nov) | Thomas James | Philip Canon |
| 1415 |  |
| 1416 (Mar) |  |
| 1416 (Oct) | John Luke | Philip Canon |
| 1417 |  |
| 1419 | Nicholas Barber | Philip Canon |
| 1420 | John Luke | Richard Russell |
| 1421 (May) | William Barber | Robert Cuddon II |
| 1421 (Dec) | John Luke | Nicholas Barber |
| 1467 | William Rabett |
| 1472 | William Rabett (Rabbes) |
| 1478 | Robert Brewes | Edmund Jenny |
| 1510–1523 | *No names known* |
| 1529 | Sir William Rous | Christopher Jenney |
| 1536 | ? |
| 1539 | ? |
| 1542 | Robert Browne | George Coppyn |
| 1545 | Robert Browne | Robert Coppyn |
| 1547 | Robert Coppyn | John Harrison alias Hall *died and
was repl. Nov 1548 by* Thomas Heydon |
| 1553 (Mar) | Francis Yaxley | Robert Coppyn |
| 1553 (Oct) | Robert Coppyn | Nicholas Hasborough |
| 1554 (Apr) | Robert Browne | George Jerningham |
| 1554 (Nov) | Sir Edmund Rous | Robert Coppyn |
| 1555 | George Saxmundham | Andrew Green |
| 1558 | Thomas Pycto | John Browne |
| 1558–9 | Sir Edmund Rous | Gregory Coppyn |
| 1562–3 | Robert Hare | Robert Coppyn |
| 1571 | William Humberstone | Arthur Hopton |
| 1572 | Robert Coppyn, *died
and repl.1576 by* Godfrey Foljambe | Richard Sone |
| 1584 | Walter Dunch | Anthony Wingfield |
| 1586 | Anthony Wingfield | Arthur Melles |
| 1588 | Edward Honing | Walter Dunch |
| 1593 | Henry Savile | Thomas Corbet |
| 1597 | Arthur Atye | Clipsby Gawdy |
| 1601 | John Suckling | Francis Myngate |
| 1604 | Sir Valentine Knightley
*elected to sit for Northamptonshire*
*and replaced by* Thomas Smythe | Philip Gawdy |
| 1614 | Philip Gawdy | Henry Dade |
| 1621 | Clement Coke | Thomas Bedingfield |
| 1624 | Sir John Rous | Sir Robert Brooke |
| 1625 | | Sir Robert Brooke |
| 1626 | | Thomas Bedingfield |
| 1628 | Sir Robert Brooke | Francis Winterton |
| 1629–1640 | *No Parliaments summoned* | |

### 1640–1832

| Year |  | First member | First party |  | Second member | Second party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1640 (Apr) |  | Henry Coke |  |  | Anthony Bedingfield |  |
| 1640 (Nov) |  | Henry Coke\- disabled |  |  | Anthony Bedingfield |  |
| 1645 |  | Anthony Bedingfield |  |  | Robert Brewster |  |
| 1648 (Rump) |  | Robert Brewster |  |  | *One seat only* |  |
| 1653 (Barebones) |  | *Dunwich not represented in Barebones Parliament* | | | | | |
| 1654 (1st Protectorate) |  | Robert Brewster |  |  | *One seat only* |  |
| 1656 (2nd Protectorate) |  | Francis Brewster |  |  | *One seat only* |  |
| 1658 (3rd Protectorate) |  | Robert Brewster |  |  | John Barrington |  |
| 1660 |  | Sir John Rous | Tory |  | Henry Bedingfield | Tory |
| 1661 | | | |  | Richard Coke | Tory |
| 1670 | | | |  | Sir John Pettus | Tory |
| 1671 | | | |  | William Wood | Whig |
| 1678 | | | |  | Thomas Allin | Tory |
| February 1679 | | | |  | Sir Philip Skippon | Whig |
| September 1679 | | | |  | Sir Robert Kemp, Bt | Country Party |
| 1685 |  | Roger North | Tory |  | Thomas Knyvett | Tory |
| 1689 |  | Sir Philip Skippon | Whig |  | Sir Robert Rich, Bt | Whig |
| 1691 |  | John Bence | Tory | | | |
| 1695 |  | Henry Heveningham | Whig | | | |
| 1700 | | | |  | Sir Charles Blois, Bt | Tory |
| 1701 | | | |  | Robert Kemp, Bt | Tory |
| 1705 | | | |  | John Rous |  |
| 1708 | | | |  | Robert Kemp | Tory |
| 1709 |  | Sir Richard Allin, Bt | Whig |  | Daniel Harvey | Whig |
| 1710 |  | Sir George Downing, Bt |  |  | Richard Richardson | Tory |
| 1713 | | | |  | Sir Robert Kemp, Bt | Tory |
| 1715 |  | Sir Robert Rich, Bt | Whig |  | Charles Long |  |
| March 1722 |  | Sir George Downing, Bt |  |  | Edward Vernon | Tory |
| December 1722 | | | |  | Sir John Ward | Whig |
| 1726 | | | |  | John Sambrooke |  |
| 1727 | | | |  | Thomas Wyndham |  |
| 1734 | | | |  | Sir Orlando Bridgeman, Bt | Whig |
| 1738 | | | |  | William Morden | Whig |
| 1741 | | | |  | Jacob Downing |  |
| 1747 | | | |  | Miles Barne |  |
| 1749 | | | |  | Sir Jacob Downing, Bt |  |
| 1754 | | | |  | Soame Jenyns |  |
| 1758 | | | |  | Alexander Forrester |  |
| 1761 |  | Henry Fox | Whig |  | Eliab Harvey |  |
| 1763 |  | Sir Jacob Downing, Bt |  | | | |
| 1764 |  | Miles Barne | Pittite | | | |
| 1768 | | | |  | Gerard Vanneck |  |
| 1777 | | | |  | Barne Barne | Pittite |
| 1790 | | | |  | The Lord Huntingfield | Pittite |
| 1791 | | | |  | Miles Barne | Pittite |
| 1796 | | | |  | Snowdon Barne | Pittite |
| 1812 | | | |  | Michael Barne |  |
| 1816 | | | |  | The Lord Huntingfield | Tory |
| 1819 | | | |  | William Alexander Mackinnon | Whig |
| 1820 | | | |  | George Henry Cherry |  |
| 1826 | | | |  | Andrew Arcedeckne |  |
| 1830 | | | |  | Frederick Barne |  |
| 1831 | | | |  | Earl of Brecknock | Tory |
| 1832 | | | |  | Viscount Lowther | Tory |
| 1832 | *Constituency abolished* | | | | | |

Dunwich is satirised in an episode of the British television show *Blackadder the Third* titled "Dish and Dishonesty". Named Dunny-on-the-Wold, and like Dunwich, described as being located in Suffolk, it has a population of three cows, a dachshund called Colin, and "a small hen in its late forties"; only one person lives there and he is the voter. After an obviously rigged election (in which it is revealed that Blackadder is both the constituency's returning officer and voter, after both his predecessors had died in highly suspicious "accidents"), Baldrick is made an MP having received all 16,472 of the votes cast.

## InfoBox

| Dunwich | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency
for the House of Commons | |
| 1296–1832 | |
| Seats | Two |
| Replaced by | East Suffolk |


title: Alien Nation (novel series)

abstract: Alien Nation was a science fiction novel series, based on the movie and television series of the same name. It began in March 1993 with Pocket Books publishing the series. Various books of the series were written by L. A. Graf, Peter David, K. W. Jeter, Barry B. Longyear, David Spencer, Garfield Reeves-Stevens and Judith Reeves-Stevens. All of the books follow the adventures of the Human Detective Matthew Sikes, and his Tenctonese partner George Francisco. Like the TV series, most of the books have two parallel storylines that converge at the end, and most of the novels take modern day issues and put a slightly alien twist on them.

text:
# Alien Nation (novel series)

***Alien Nation*** was a science fiction novel series, based on the movie and television series of the same name. It began in March 1993 with Pocket Books publishing the series. Various books of the series were written by L. A. Graf, Peter David, K. W. Jeter, Barry B. Longyear, David Spencer, Garfield Reeves-Stevens and Judith Reeves-Stevens. All of the books follow the adventures of the Human Detective Matthew Sikes, and his Tenctonese partner George Francisco. Like the TV series, most of the books have two parallel storylines that converge at the end, and most of the novels take modern day issues and put a slightly alien twist on them.

## Alien Nation: A Novelization

This book was written by Alan Dean Foster, and was released in 1989. It is an adaptation of the movie.

## Alien Nation #1: Day of Descent

This book was written by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, and was released in 1993. It is a prequel to both the movie and television series, in the months leading up to the arrival of the Tenctonese on Earth. Matthew Sikes, a rookie detective, is on his first murder investigation when he stumbles onto a deadly conspiracy that threatens his whole world. Light-years away, a Tenctonese slave named Stangya Soren'tzahh (later to be known as George Francisco) is swept up into his people's fight for freedom against their ruthless masters, the Overseers. The slave ship crash lands on Earth, where Matt and George unknowingly work together to prevent a disaster that could destroy both their species.

## Alien Nation #2: Dark Horizon

This book was written by K. W. Jeter, and was released in 1993. It was released prior to the production of the television movie of the same name. It was written to tie up some of the loose ends of the Alien Nation series at a time when it looked like it was never going to return to television. It recaps the events of "Green Eyes", the last episode of the series, and used the un-produced script from "Dark Horizon", the first episode of what would have been the second season.

The Tenctonese are faced with a deadly new bacteria created by a Purist group determined to rid the Earth of all Newcomers. George Francisco's wife & eldest daughter are infected with the bacteria, and as they lay close to death, a threat to the whole world appears. Someone has come from space to force the Tenctonese back into slavery, and they plan on taking all of humanity too.

## Alien Nation #3: Body and Soul

This book was written by Peter David, and was released in 1993. It was a novelization of the then-unproduced script for what would become the second two-hour television movie of the same name. As with *Dark Horizon*, the later film was somewhat different from the novel. Matt and George investigate the rumor of the birth of a half-human, half-Tenctonese child. Meanwhile, Sikes' relationship with Tenctonese woman Cathy Frankel starts to get serious.

## Alien Nation #4: The Change

This book was written by Barry B. Longyear, and was released in 1994. It was based on an unproduced script for what would have been the second television season. George Francisco undergoes a metamorphosis that could mean the beginning of a new life - or his death. George must also face a vicious killer who has sworn revenge on him and his loved ones.

## Alien Nation #5: Slag Like Me

This book was written by Barry B. Longyear, and was released in 1994. The plot concerns a journalist named Micky Cass who goes undercover as a Newcomer to expose the racism and discrimination suffered by the Tenctonese. Now Cass is missing, and Matthew Sikes must also disguise himself as a Newcomer to find him. This places Matt in the path of the worst violence the city has ever seen - and forces him to confront a hidden truth inside himself.

*Alien Nation: Slag Like Me* is an allusion to the book *Black Like Me*, a 1961 non-fiction book by Caucasian journalist John Howard Griffin, who travelled throughout the racially segregated states of the American South passing as a black man.

## Alien Nation #6: Passing Fancy

This book was written by David Spencer, and was released in 1994. The plot follows Matt who meets a mysterious woman from his past and is thrown into an investigation of a lethal Newcomer drug. He must then ask the woman he loves to risk her life for someone she's never even met. The case causes tension to mount between Matt and George as they discover that some Newcomers will do anything to assimilate into human society - even if it means their destruction.

The book *Black Like Me* is again mentioned here and is read by Sikes in order to understand.

## Alien Nation #7: Extreme Prejudice

This book was written by L.A. Graf, and was released in 1995. It sees Matt, the Franciscos' and Cathy attending a conference in Pittsburgh when a series of murders has them suspecting a Tenctonese creature is on the loose.

In a tongue-in-cheek joke by the author, a Tenctonese husband-and-wife writing team use the pen name "L.A. Graf" for the author of a series of science fiction novels.

## Alien Nation #8: Cross of Blood

This book was written by K.W. Jeter, and was released in 1995. The most radical of all of the books, "Cross of Blood" explores the possibility of Tenctonese female Cathy Frankel getting pregnant with human Matt Sikes' child. The resulting political tension and racial riots threaten to tear Los Angeles apart.

This book recalls characters and events from *Dark Horizon*.

## Sources

* Foster, Alan Dean. *Alien Nation*, Severn House Pub Ltd, 1989. ISBN 0-7278-1731-0
* Reeves-Stevens, Judith and Garfield. *Alien Nation #1: Day of Descent*, Pocket, 1993. ISBN 0-671-73599-3
* Jeter, K. W. *Alien Nation #2: Dark Horizon*, Pocket, 1993. ISBN 0-671-73600-0
* David, Peter. *Alien Nation #3: Body and Soul*, Pocket, 1993. ISBN 0-671-73601-9
* Longyear, Barry B. *Alien Nation #4: The Change*, Pocket, 1994. ISBN 0-671-73602-7
* Longyear, Barry B. *Alien Nation #5: Slag Like Me*, Pocket, 1994. ISBN 0-671-79514-7
* Spencer, David. *Alien Nation #6: Passing Fancy*, Pocket, 1994. ISBN 0-671-79517-1
* Graf, L. A. *Alien Nation #7: Extreme Prejudice*, Pocket, 1995. ISBN 0-671-79570-8
* Jeter, K. W. *Alien Nation #8: Cross of Blood*, Pocket, 1995. ISBN 0-671-87184-6


title: Alishan Post Office

abstract: The Alishan Post Office is a post office in Zhongzheng Village, Alishan Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.

text:
# Alishan Post Office

The **Alishan Post Office** (traditional Chinese: 阿里山郵局; simplified Chinese: 阿里山邮局; pinyin: *Ālǐshān Yóujú*) is a post office in Zhongzheng Village, Alishan Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.

## Geography

At an elevation of 2,274 meters above sea level, the building is the highest post office in Taiwan.

## History

The post office building was originally established on 1 April 1907 as Chiayi branch 28 post office of Chunghwa Post.

## Architecture

The post office is a 3-story building built with traditional Chinese architectural style. The building exterior walls depict Alishan cultural symbols.

## InfoBox

| Alishan Post Office | |
| --- | --- |
| 阿里山郵局 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | post office |
| Architectural style | traditional Chinese |
| Location | Alishan, Chiayi County, Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 23°30′41.2″N 120°48′16.6″E / 23.511444°N 120.804611°E / 23.511444; 120.804611 |
| Elevation | 2,274 meters |
| Opened | 1 April 1907 |
| Owner | Chunghwa Post |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 3 |
| Website | |
| Official website (in Chinese) | |


title: Alistair Walker

abstract: Alistair "Al" Walker was a racing driver from England. He participated in Formula 3, Formula 2, World Championship of Makes, and the South African Springbok Series. After his active racing career was over, he participated in some Historic Racing and restored several significant historic vehicles. In 2004 Alistair bought a WWII RAF Air Sea Rescue boat, one of few survivors of the type, in rough condition and commenced a restoration. The boat was finished in time to represent the RAF Museum in Queen Elizabeth's 2012 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant.

text:
# Alistair Walker

**Alistair "Al" Walker** (born 21 March 1944 in Dewsbury, Yorkshire  died 25 January 2021 in Dale, Pembrokeshire) was a racing driver from England. He participated in Formula 3, Formula 2, World Championship of Makes, and the South African Springbok Series. After his active racing career was over, he participated in some Historic Racing and restored several significant historic vehicles. In 2004 Alistair bought a WWII RAF Air Sea Rescue boat, one of few survivors of the type, in rough condition and commenced a restoration. The boat was finished in time to represent the RAF Museum in Queen Elizabeth's 2012 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant.

## Racing record

British F3 Championship Results
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 6 | 8 | 9 | 22 | 24 | Pos. | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1967 | Alistair Walker Racing | Brabham BT18 | Ford Cosworth MAE 1.0 L4 | BRH DNS | SNE 16th | BRH DNS | BRH DNF | OUL DNQ |  |  |

Complete European Formula Two Results
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Pos. | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | Alistair Walker Racing | Lola T100 | Ford Cosworth FVA 1.6 L4 | BAR | HOC | THR 11th | NUR 6th | PAU | JAR | ZOL 9th | PAL NC | HOC 27th | MON DNS | TUL | ZAN 13th | ENN | REI | HOC | ALB | VAL DNS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1969 | Frank Williams Racing | Tecno 69 | Ford Cosworth FVA 1.6 L4 | THR 17th | HOC 16th | PAU | NUR 13th | JAR DNS | ZOL | HOC | MON | REI | TUL | NUR | ENN | ALB | VAL | MUN |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1970 | Alistair Walker Racing | Brabham BT23C | Ford Cosworth FVA 1.6 L4 | THR 5th |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Alistair Walker Racing | Brabham BT30 | Ford Cosworth FVA 1.6 L4 |  | PAU | HOC | BAR | NUR | ZOL | PAL 7th | HOC | MON | ROU | RIC 22nd | NUR 3rd | ENN | SAL | MAN 9th | PHO | TUL 8th | IMO 12th | HOC 27th | MUN | ASH | 11th | 5 |
| 1971 | Alistair Walker Racing | Lola T100 | Ford Cosworth FVA 1.6 L4 | BOG 4th | BOG 10th | MAL | HOC | THR 7th | PAU DNS | NUR DNF | JAR | PAL DNQ | VAL | MON | ROU | IMO | MAN | KIN | BRH | TUL | ALB | HOC | VAL | VAL | 20th | 1 |

South African Springbok Championship Series
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Pos. | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1969 | Alistair Walker Racing | Ferrari 350 P4 | Ferrari 4.2 V12 | KYA 13th | CAP DNF | LOU 2nd | BUL DNF | ROY DNS |  |  |

World Championship of Makes Results
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Pos. | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | Ecurie Franchorchamps | Ferrari 512S | Ferrari 5.0 V12 | DAY | SEB | BRH | MON | TAR | SPA | NUR | LEM 5th | WAT | ZEL |  |  |

1. 1.


title: Algorithmic program debugging

abstract: Algorithmic debugging is a debugging technique that compares the results of sub-computations with what the programmer intended. The technique constructs an internal representation of all computations and sub-computations performed during the execution of a buggy program and then asks the programmer about the correctness of such computations. By asking the programmer questions or using a formal specification, the system can identify precisely where in a program a bug is located. Debugging techniques can dramatically reduce the time and effort spent on debugging.

text:
# Algorithmic program debugging

**Algorithmic debugging** (also called **declarative debugging**) is a debugging technique that compares the results of sub-computations with what the programmer intended. The technique constructs an internal representation of all computations and sub-computations performed during the execution of a buggy program and then asks the programmer about the correctness of such computations. By asking the programmer questions or using a formal specification, the system can identify precisely where in a program a bug is located. Debugging techniques can dramatically reduce the time and effort spent on debugging.

## Overview

Program debugging is an extremely common part of software development. Until the 1980s the craft of program debugging, practiced by every programmer, was without any theoretical foundation. In the early 1980s, systematic and principled approaches to program debugging were developed. In general, a bug occurs when a programmer has a specific intention regarding what the program should do, yet the program actually written exhibits a different behavior than intended in a particular case. One way of organizing the debugging process is to automate it (at least partially) via an algorithmic debugging technique. The idea of algorithmic debugging is to have a tool that guides the programmer along the debugging process interactively: It does so by asking the programmer about possible bug sources. The algorithmic debugging technique constructs an internal representation of all computations and sub-computations performed during the execution of a buggy program (an execution tree). Then, it asks the programmer about the correctness of such computations. The programmer answers "YES" when the result is correct or "NO" when the result is wrong. Some algorithmic debuggers also accept the answer "I don't know" when the programmer cannot give an answer (e.g., because the question is too complex). Thus, the answers of the programmer guide the search for the bug until it is isolated by discarding correct parts of the program. The algorithmic debugging process finds one bug at a time. In order to find different bugs, the process should be restarted again for each different bug.

## Origins, current and future directions

Algorithmic debugging was first developed by Ehud Shapiro during his PhD research at Yale University, as introduced in his PhD thesis, selected as a 1982 ACM Distinguished Dissertation. Shapiro implemented the method of algorithmic debugging in Prolog (a general purpose logic programming language) for the debugging of logic programs. In case of logic programs, the intended behavior of the program is a model (a set of simple true statements) and bugs are manifested as program incompleteness (inability to prove a true statement) or incorrectness (ability to prove a false statement). The algorithm would identify a false statement in the program and provide a counter-example to it or a missing true statement that it or its generalization should be added to the program. A method to handle non-termination was also developed. The research and development in the field of algorithmic debugging has made major improvements over the original algorithms for debugging Prolog and other and extended the ideas to other language paradigms such as functional languages and object oriented languages. Three decades since its introduction, algorithmic debugging is still an active field of computer science research and will probably remain so for decades as no panacea is in sight.


title: Drumkilly

abstract: Drumkilly is a rural community in County Cavan, Ireland. Situated in the parish of Crosserlough, Drumkilly has a church, St. Joseph's, and a school, St. Joseph's N.S., which are located beside each other in the townland of Drumkilly. Drumkilly had a Gaelic football team in the past, but since the 1950s, footballers from the area have played with Crosserlough GFC. An attempt was made in 1987 to reform the Drumkilly team, but the motion was narrowly defeated at a Cavan County Board vote.

text:
# Drumkilly

**Drumkilly** is a rural community in County Cavan, Ireland.

Situated in the parish of Crosserlough, Drumkilly has a church, St. Joseph's, and a school, St. Joseph's N.S., which are located beside each other in the townland of Drumkilly.

Drumkilly had a Gaelic football team in the past, but since the 1950s, footballers from the area have played with Crosserlough GFC. An attempt was made in 1987 to reform the Drumkilly team, but the motion was narrowly defeated at a Cavan County Board vote.

53°53′28.3″N 7°21′2.14″W / 53.891194°N 7.3505944°W / 53.891194; -7.3505944


title: Drumkeeper

abstract: A Drumkeeper is a common name for someone in an Indigenous community who has inherited a traditional sacred drum and the right to play it in ceremony, or been instructed by their Elders in how to make and play one in order to fulfill this role. These ceremonial drums can include water drums, hand drums, and larger drums used during ceremonies such as Sun Dances and sweatlodges. In Anishinaabe ceremonial communities, the water drum may be passed down from one generation to the next. Only a few elders keep these drums, and they are only used for important ceremonies. In Osage culture, a drumkeeper may be chosen every few years. This is traditionally done during the four-day I'N-Lon-Schka ceremonial dance in June.

text:
# Drumkeeper

A **Drumkeeper** is a common name for someone in an Indigenous community who has inherited a traditional sacred drum and the right to play it in ceremony, or been instructed by their Elders in how to make and play one in order to fulfill this role. These ceremonial drums can include water drums, hand drums, and larger drums used during ceremonies such as Sun Dances and sweatlodges.

In Anishinaabe ceremonial communities, the water drum may be passed down from one generation to the next. Only a few elders keep these drums, and they are only used for important ceremonies. In Osage culture, a drumkeeper may be chosen every few years. This is traditionally done during the four-day I'N-Lon-Schka ceremonial dance in June.


title: Dubňany

abstract: Dubňany is a town in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,200 inhabitants.

text:
# Dubňany

**Dubňany** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈdubɲanɪ\]) is a town in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,200 inhabitants.

## Geography

Dubňany is located about 7 kilometres (4 mi) north of Hodonín. It lies in a flat landscape of the Lower Morava Valley. The Kyjovka River flows west of the town and supplies several fishponds there. The pond Jarohněvický rybník has an area of 88.9 hectares (220 acres) and is one of the largest bodies of water in the region.

## History

The first written mention of Dubňany is from 1349. Dubňany became economically significant in the 19th century, when coal mining and glassmaking developed. It was promoted to a town in 1964.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 2,001       1880 2,449 +22.4%  1890 2,792 +14.0%  1900 3,154 +13.0%  1910 3,842 +21.8% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 4,067 +5.9%  1930 3,557 −12.5%  1950 3,924 +10.3%  1961 6,418 +63.6%  1970 6,784 +5.7% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 6,912 +1.9%  1991 6,512 −5.8%  2001 6,661 +2.3%  2011 6,208 −6.8%  2021 6,017 −3.1% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Economy

In Dubňany is one of the largest photovoltaic power stations in the Czech Republic.

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark od Dubňany is the Church of Saint Joseph from 1885.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Dubňany | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town square with the town hall | |
|  | |
| DubňanyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 48°55′1″N 17°5′24″E / 48.91694°N 17.09000°E / 48.91694; 17.09000 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Moravian |
| District | Hodonín |
| First mentioned | 1349 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Zbyněk Lysý |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.58 km2 (8.72 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 200 m (700 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 6,234 |
| Density | 280/km2 (720/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 696 03 |
| Website | www.dubnany.eu |


title: Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy

abstract: Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy, Countess of Blois, was a Breton noblewoman and a member of the House of Dreux as the eldest daughter of John I, Duke of Brittany and Blanche of Navarre. She married John I, Count of Blois. Alix was known for founding religious houses including the Monastery of La Guiche, where she was later buried. Alix, named after her paternal grandmother, Alix of Thouars, was born on 6 June 1243 at the Château de Suscinio in Sarzeau, Morbihan, Brittany. She was the eldest daughter of John I, Duke of Brittany and Blanche of Navarre, daughter of Theobald I of Navarre and Agnes of Beaujeu. Alix held the title Dame de Pontarcy in her own right. Sometime after a contract was signed on 11 December 1254, she married John I, Count of Blois of the House of Châtillon. Thereafter she was styled Countess of Blois. She brought as her dowry her titles of Pontarcy and de Brie-Comte-Robert, which had been named after her ancestor Robert I of Dreux. The marriage produced one child, a daughter Jeanne, who was heiress to her father's title and estates. In 1270, her husband was appointed Lieutenant General of France. Through Alix's marriage to John, the Château de Brie-Comte-Robert passed to the Châtillon family. Alix and John founded several religious houses including the Monastery of La Guiche near Blois in 1277. She became a widow on 28 June 1279. In 1287, the year before her own death, Alix travelled to Palestine. From there she journeyed on to Syria, where she commissioned the erection of two barbican towers at Ptolemais.

text:
# Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy

**Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy**, Countess of Blois (6 June 1243 – 2 August 1288), was a Breton noblewoman and a member of the House of Dreux as the eldest daughter of John I, Duke of Brittany and Blanche of Navarre. She married John I, Count of Blois. Alix was known for founding religious houses including the Monastery of La Guiche, where she was later buried.

Alix, named after her paternal grandmother, Alix of Thouars, was born on 6 June 1243 at the Château de Suscinio in Sarzeau, Morbihan, Brittany. She was the eldest daughter of John I, Duke of Brittany and Blanche of Navarre, daughter of Theobald I of Navarre and Agnes of Beaujeu. Alix held the title *Dame de Pontarcy* in her own right.

Sometime after a contract was signed on 11 December 1254, she married John I, Count of Blois of the House of Châtillon. Thereafter she was styled Countess of Blois. She brought as her dowry her titles of Pontarcy and de Brie-Comte-Robert, which had been named after her ancestor Robert I of Dreux. The marriage produced one child, a daughter Jeanne, who was heiress to her father's title and estates. In 1270, her husband was appointed Lieutenant General of France.

Through Alix's marriage to John, the Château de Brie-Comte-Robert passed to the Châtillon family.

Alix and John founded several religious houses including the Monastery of La Guiche near Blois in 1277. She became a widow on 28 June 1279. In 1287, the year before her own death, Alix travelled to Palestine. From there she journeyed on to Syria, where she commissioned the erection of two barbican towers at Ptolemais.

## Death

Alix died on 2 August 1288 and was buried in the Monastery of La Guiche which she had founded. Her father, Duke John had died just two years earlier. Her daughter, Jeanne, who was the *suo jure* Countess of Blois had married Peter, Count of Perche and Alençon, a son of King Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence. However, as her two sons by that marriage both died in early infancy, Alix's line became extinct upon her death.

## Sources

* Morvan, Frederic (2009). *La Chevalerie bretonne et la formation de l'armee ducale, 1260-1341* (in French). Presses Universitaires de Rennes.

## InfoBox

| Alix | |
| --- | --- |
| *Dame de Pontarcy* suo jure*
Countess of Blois* | |
| Medallion of Alix | |
| Born | 6 June 1243
Château de Suscinio, Sarzeau, Morbihan, Brittany |
| Died | 2 August 1288 (aged 45) |
| Burial | Monastery of La Guiche, Chouzy-sur-Cisse, France |
| Spouse | John I, Count of Blois |
| Issue | Jeanne, Countess of Blois |
| House | Dreux |
| Father | John I, Duke of Brittany |
| Mother | Blanche of Navarre |


title: Alix of France

abstract: Alix of France was countess consort of Blois by marriage to Theobald V, Count of Blois. She served as regent of Blois during Theobald's absence from in 1190–1191, and during the minority of their son Louis from 1191 until 1197. She was the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France.

text:
# Alix of France

**Alix of France** (July/August 1150 – 1197/1198) was countess consort of Blois by marriage to Theobald V, Count of Blois. She served as regent of Blois during Theobald's absence from in 1190–1191, and during the minority of their son Louis from 1191 until 1197. She was the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France.

## Life

Her parents' second child and daughter, Alix was named after her aunt Petronilla of Aquitaine, known as "Alix". The birth of yet another daughter instead of a desperately needed son was the final nail in the coffin of Eleanor and Louis's marriage, which was annulled on 21 March 1152, when Alix was not 2 years old. She and Marie retained their legitimacy, and custody of the girls was awarded to the king. Eleanor married Henry, Duke of Normandy, just eight weeks later on 18 May.

### Countess of Blois

In 1164, at age 14, Alix married Theobald, who had previously attempted to abduct Alix's mother to force her into a marriage with him. Her sister Marie married Theobald's brother Henry I, Count of Champagne.

Alix died in 1197/98.

## Issue

Alix and Theobald had seven children:

1. Theobald (died 1187)
2. Louis I, Count of Blois
3. Henry (died 1185)
4. Philip (died 1202)
5. Margaret, Countess of Blois (d. aft. 1230), who married (1) Otto I, Count of Burgundy; (2) Gauthier II, Seigneur of Avesnes
6. Isabelle of Chartres
7. Alix, Abbess of Fontevrault

## Sources

*
* Armstrong-Partida, Michelle (2005). "Mothers and Daughters as Lords: The Countesses of Blois and Chartres". *Medieval Prosopography*. **26**: 77–107.
* Berman, Constance Hoffman (2018). *The White Nuns: Cistercian Abbeys for Women in Medieval France*. University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Kelly, Amy Ruth (1991). *Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings*. Harvard University Press.
* Livingstone, Amy (2010). *Out of Love for My Kin: Aristocratic Family Life in the Lands of the Loire, 1000–1200*. Cornell University Press.

## InfoBox

| Alix of France | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July/August 1150 |
| Died | 1197/98 (aged 46–48) |
| Spouse | Theobald V, Count of Blois
(m. 1164, died 1191) |
| Issue
*more...* | Louis I, Count of Blois
Margaret, Countess of Blois |
| House | Capet |
| Father | Louis VII of France |
| Mother | Eleanor of Aquitaine |


title: Lung Tsun Stone Bridge

abstract: The Lung Tsun Stone Bridge was a bridge in British Hong Kong which was buried during the construction of Kai Tak Airport and which connected the Kowloon Walled City to a pier leading into Kowloon Bay.

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# Lung Tsun Stone Bridge

(Above) The Lung Tsun Stone Bridge and the Kowloon Walled City in 1875. (Below) The Lung Tsun Stone Bridge in 2010.

The **Lung Tsun Stone Bridge** (Chinese: 龍津石橋) was a bridge in British Hong Kong which was buried during the construction of Kai Tak Airport and which connected the Kowloon Walled City to a pier leading into Kowloon Bay.

## History

In middle of the nineteenth century, European merchants used Chinese junks to smuggle goods and opium to the mainland. The Viceroy of Liangguang ordered a checkpoint to be set up in the water channel between Hong Kong and Macau. Due to the replenishment need for the customs ships, the stone bridge was proposed to be built and named after a nearby river, known as the Lung Tsun River.

Gambling was allowed in Hong Kong between 1867 and 1871 but was prohibited in 1872. The casinos moved to the Kowloon Walled City. As a nearby pier, in particular, the Lung Tsun Stone Bridge become a hotspot for many of the foreign gamblers arriving in Hong Kong.

Construction on the bridge began in 1873 and was completed in 1875. The bridge was about 210 metres (690 ft) long and 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) wide and was built from granite. At the time, it was the longest and toughest stone pier in Hong Kong. It was divided into the south and the north. Due to mud deposition surrounding the pier, its length was extended to 300 metres (980 ft) with wood. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong in WWII, the bridge was completely covered up when the nearby Kai Tak Airport was expanded.

## Conservation

The bridge's remnants were first identified in April 2008. Remnants of the bridge will be preserved in-situ as part of the redevelopment plan for the Kai Tak site.

## Further reading

* Antiquities and Monuments Office, "Discovery of Longjin Bridge in Kai Tak Area", Board Paper AAB/60/2007-08, June 2008
* "Conservation Management Plan for the Site of Lung Tsun Stone Bridge" (PDF). Antiquities and Monuments Office. November 2009.
* Heritage Consultant AGC Design Ltd (August 2017). "Heritage Impact Assessment for Lung Tsun Stone Bridge Preservation Corridor at Kai Tak" (PDF). *Antiquities Advisory Board*. Architectural Services Department.

22°19′44″N 114°11′41″E / 22.32889°N 114.19472°E / 22.32889; 114.19472


title: Earvin Jose

abstract: Earvin Jose is a retired Guamanian basketball player who has represented the Guam national basketball team, and a prominent businessman in his country. He has been described as "a mainstay in Guam basketball." His playing position was that of guard.

text:
# Earvin Jose

**Earvin Jose** (born April 6, 1992) is a retired Guamanian basketball player who has represented the Guam national basketball team, and a prominent businessman in his country. He has been described as "a mainstay in Guam basketball." His playing position was that of guard.

## Professional career

Jose played for the Sushi Rockets team during Guam Basketball Association's 2016 season. In 2017, he played for the Toothfairies side. He also competed at the 2017 Summerjam Day of Champions tournament for the HVK Bulldogs basketball team, where he was the scoring leader of the tournament and led his team to the Men's varsity division title game. Jose scored 133 points in this tournament, for an average of 16 points per game, receiving the Bank of Guam award as the tournament's top scorer.

## National team career

Earvin Jose has appeared in a total of seven FIBA Asia Cup basketball tournament's qualification games and at various other tournaments representing Guam. At the Asia Cup qualifiers, he scored 5 points per game while making 50 percent of his shots from the 2 point area, 42.9 percent of his three point shots and 80 percent of his free throw shots, with 1.6 rebounds and 0.4 assists per game. The national team won six of the seven Asia Cup qualification games he played at, losing only to the New Zealand team. Jose won a gold medal as a member of the Guam men's national basketball team at the 2019 Pacific Games. Jose's highest point outpost in the latter tournament was 15 points versus the Samoan team in Guam's first game; he averaged 5.4 points, 2.4 rebounds and 0.6 assists per game in the competition.

## Businessman

Once he retired, Jose embarked in a new career as a businessman. He was named, on January 14, 2021, general manager of the Guam Brewery. He has also been nominated for various business awards: He was nominated for the 2018 Guam Young Professional of the Year award and was also a 2019 Guam Business Magazine "40 under 40" candidate.

## InfoBox

Earvin Jose
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-04-06) April 6, 1992 |
| Nationality | Guamanian |
| Listed height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Listed weight | 196 lb (89 kg) |
| Position | Guard |
| Career history | |
| ??-2016 | Sushi Rockets |
| 2017 | Toothfairies |
|  | |
| Medals      Men's basketball  Representing Guam  Pacific Games  2019 Pacific Games  Team | |


title: Efan Daniel

abstract: Efan Daniel is a Welsh rugby union player, currently playing for United Rugby Championship side Cardiff. His preferred position is hooker.

text:
# Efan Daniel

**Efan Daniel** (born 14 December 2002) is a Welsh rugby union player, currently playing for United Rugby Championship side Cardiff. His preferred position is hooker.

## Cardiff

Daniel was named in the Cardiff academy squad for the 2021–22 season. He made his debut for Cardiff in Round 11 of the 2021–22 United Rugby Championship against Leinster, coming on as a replacement.

## InfoBox

Efan Daniel
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2002-12-14) 14 December 2002 |
| Place of birth | Wales |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 97 kg (15.3 st; 214 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Hooker  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2022– Cardiff  2  (0)  Correct as of 07 June 2022  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2021 Wales U20  5  (0)  Correct as of 30 January 2022 | |


title: Akureyri disease

abstract: Akureyri disease is the name used for an outbreak of what is now recognised as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in Iceland. A disease with symptoms similar to poliomyelitis broke out in the town of Akureyri in northern Iceland in the winter of 1948–1949. The center of the epidemic was in the main secondary boarding school. The predominant symptoms were tiredness and exhaustion. Since the outbreak of the disease, those affected were often thought to have a psychiatric disorder such as hysteria. The disease was first diagnosed as poliomyelitis and the first case was reported on September 25, 1948, in Akureyri. During the third and fourth weeks of November, this epidemic evidently was different from epidemics of poliomyelitis. The epidemic lasted for more than 3 months, and the total number of reported cases was 488. This disease, also known as epidemic neuromyasthenia, has appeared in later decades in Louisville, Kentucky; Williamstown and Pittsfield, Massachusetts; Seward, Alaska; Dalston, England; and in the 1970s at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.

text:
# Akureyri disease

**Akureyri disease** (also called Iceland disease or epidemic neuromyasthenia) is the name used for an outbreak of what is now recognised as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome in Iceland. A disease with symptoms similar to poliomyelitis broke out in the town of Akureyri in northern Iceland in the winter of 1948–1949. The center of the epidemic was in the main secondary boarding school. The predominant symptoms were tiredness and exhaustion. Since the outbreak of the disease, those affected were often thought to have a psychiatric disorder such as hysteria.

The disease was first diagnosed as poliomyelitis and the first case was reported on September 25, 1948, in Akureyri. During the third and fourth weeks of November, this epidemic evidently was different from epidemics of poliomyelitis. The epidemic lasted for more than 3 months, and the total number of reported cases was 488.

This disease, also known as epidemic neuromyasthenia, has appeared in later decades in Louisville, Kentucky; Williamstown and Pittsfield, Massachusetts; Seward, Alaska; Dalston, England; and in the 1970s at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.


title: Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei

abstract: Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei (魏節閔帝), also known as Emperor Qianfei (前廢帝), at times referred to by pre-ascension title Prince of Guangling (廣陵王), personal name Yuan Gong (元恭), courtesy name Xiuye (脩業), was an emperor of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty of China. He became emperor after the clan members of the paramount general Erzhu Rong, after Erzhu Rong was killed by Emperor Xiaozhuang, overthrew Emperor Xiaozhuang. Emperor Jiemin tried to revive the Northern Wei state, but with his power curbed by the Erzhus, was not able to accomplish much. After the general Gao Huan defeated the Erzhus in 532, Emperor Jiemin was imprisoned by Gao and subsequently poisoned to death by Emperor Xiaowu, whom Gao made emperor.

text:
# Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei

**Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei** ((北)魏節閔帝) (498 – 21 June 532), also known as **Emperor Qianfei** (前廢帝), at times referred to by pre-ascension title **Prince of Guangling** (廣陵王), personal name **Yuan Gong** (元恭), courtesy name **Xiuye** (脩業), was an emperor of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty of China. He became emperor after the clan members of the paramount general Erzhu Rong, after Erzhu Rong was killed by Emperor Xiaozhuang, overthrew Emperor Xiaozhuang. Emperor Jiemin tried to revive the Northern Wei state, but with his power curbed by the Erzhus, was not able to accomplish much. After the general Gao Huan defeated the Erzhus in 532, Emperor Jiemin was imprisoned by Gao and subsequently poisoned to death by Emperor Xiaowu, whom Gao made emperor.

## Background

Yuan Gong was born in 498, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen. His father was Yuan Yu (元羽) the Prince of Guangling, a son of Emperor Xianwen and a brother of Emperor Xiaowen. His mother was Yuan Yu's concubine Lady Wang. In 501, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen's son Emperor Xuanwu, Yuan Yu died from injuries he suffered when he was attacked by his lover's husband, the low level official, Feng Junxing (馮俊興), and for reasons unclear, Yuan Gong inherited Yuan Yu's title even though he had one older brother, Yuan Xin (元欣), and neither he nor Yuan Xin was the son of Yuan Yu's wife Princess Zheng Shirong (郑始容). Yuan Gong also had one younger brother, Yuan Yongye (元永業).

Yuan Gong was described to be confident and strong-willed, and also filially pious toward his grandmother Princess Dowager Meng and his father's wife Princess Dowager Zheng (whom, under Confucian doctrines, he was required to treat as a mother). During Yuan Cha's regency over Emperor Xuanwu's son Emperor Xiaoming (i.e., sometime between 520 and 525), Yuan Gong, because of Yuan Cha's corruption and violent tendencies, pretended to be ill and unable to speak, living in the Buddhist Longhua Temple (龍花寺). During the reign of his cousin Emperor Xiaozhuang, someone made a report to Emperor Xiaozhuang that Yuan Gong was only pretending to be unable to speak, and had treasonous intent. When Yuan Gong was informed of this, he, in fear, fled to Shangluo Mountain (上洛山, in modern Shangzhou, Shaanxi), but was captured and returned to Luoyang. Interrogations and investigations, however, yielded no proof that Yuan Gong plotted treason, so he was released.

In 530, Emperor Xiaozhuang, in fear that the paramount general Erzhu Rong would seize the throne, killed Erzhu Rong. Erzhu Rong's clan members rose and declared Erzhu Rong's wife Princess Beixiang's nephew Yuan Ye the Prince of Changguang emperor. Around the new year 531, Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Zhao captured Luoyang and seized Emperor Xiaozhuang, subsequently killing him. Yuan Ye traveled toward Luoyang to take the throne. However, Erzhu Rong's cousin Erzhu Shilong was uncomfortable with Yuan Ye's lineage being distant from that of recent emperors, and wanted to find an emperor with closer imperial lineage. Erzhu Rong's nephew Erzhu Tianguang suggested Yuan Gong, and after Erzhu Shilong sent his brother Erzhu Yanbo (爾朱彥伯) to visit Yuan Gong to force him to accept and to ascertain that he was not truly unable to speak, Yuan Gong agreed, and Erzhu Shilong, when Yuan Ye arrived at Luoyang, forced him to yield the throne to Yuan Gong. Yuan Gong, after making three submissions to Yuan Ye declining the throne, took the throne as Emperor Jiemin.

## Reign

During Emperor Jiemin's reign, the Erzhu clan members controlled much of the functions of the central government, the provinces, and the military, with Erzhu Shilong controlling the central government, Erzhu Zhao controlling the northern provinces, Erzhu Tianguang controlling the western provinces, and Erzhu Zhongyuan (爾朱仲遠) controlling the southeastern provinces. Despite this, Emperor Jiemin himself tried to exert influences on policy in subtle ways, and at times he refused to following Erzhu Shilong's wishes. For example, when Erzhu Shilong had the official Xing Zicai (邢子才) author Emperor Jiemin's general pardon edict, describing the death of Erzhu Rong in detail as an extremely wrongful act by Emperor Xiaozhuang, Emperor Jiemin refused to promulgate the edict as written, but instead wrote a brief edict himself, using humble language and not getting into details. He also removed the character *huang* (皇) from his title, going from *huangdi* (皇帝) to just *di* (帝). He treated Yuan Ye with honor, creating him the Prince of Donghai. He also, in an unprecedented action, ordered that rival Liang Dynasty no longer be referred to as "false" (偽, *wei*) Liang. (Traditionally, in Chinese history, the rival states referred to each other as "false.") He posthumously honored his father Yuan Yu as emperor, but only honored his mother Lady Wang as princess dowager, perhaps out of respect to Yuan Yu's wife Princess Zheng. He also created his brother Yuan Yongye the Prince of Gaomi and his son Yuan Shu (元恕) as Prince of Bohai.

The Erzhus, however, engaged in violence and corruption, and Emperor Jiemin was unable to curb them. As a result, in succession, the generals Liu Lingzhu (劉靈助) and Gao Huan rebelled. Liu was easily defeated, but Gao, with many disaffected generals joining him, proved to be a formidable opponent, and Gao, who initially acknowledged Emperor Jiemin's position as emperor, soon had another distant member of the imperial Yuan clan, Yuan Lang, declared emperor. In late 531, with the Erzhu clan in internal dissent from rumors that Gao spread, Gao defeated Erzhu Zhao and captured the important city Yecheng.

In spring 532, Erzhu Shilong, in order to end the dissension within the Erzhu clan, requested that Emperor Jiemin marry Erzhu Zhao's daughter as his empress. Soon, the Erzhu forces, commanded by Erzhu Zhao, Erzhu Tianguang, Erzhu Zhongyuan, and Erzhu Shilong's brother Erzhu Dulü (爾朱度律), converged at Yecheng to face Gao Huan, but despite their numerical advantage, Gao defeated them. Erzhu Zhao and Erzhu Zhongyuan fled back to their headquarters, while Erzhu Tianguang and Erzhu Dulü fled back toward Luoyang. At this time, the general Husi Chun rose against the Erzhus at Luoyang, and he killed Erzhu Shilong and Erzhu Yanbo, while capturing and delivering Erzhu Tianguang and Erzhu Dulü to Gao, who executed them.

## After the defeat of the Erzhus

Emperor Jiemin tried to take initiative by sending the official Lu Bian (盧辯) to greet Gao. Gao, who was then accompanying Yuan Lang and heading toward Luoyang, considered allowing Emperor Jiemin to keep the throne, as Yuan Lang's lineage was distant from recent emperors. He sent the general Wei Lan'gen (魏蘭根) to calm the imperial officials and to observe Emperor Jiemin. After Wei returned to Gao, Wei opined that Emperor Jiemin was intelligent and decisive and would be difficult to control in the future. Gao therefore arrested Emperor Jiemin and imprisoned him at Chongxun Temple (崇訓寺). Gao instead forced Yuan Lang to yield the throne to Yuan Xiu the Prince of Pingyang, and Yuan Xiu took the throne as Emperor Xiaowu.

During Emperor Jiemin's imprisonment at Chongxun Temple, he wrote a poem that is still extant:

*A red door \[sign of an honored household\] brings disaster in the end;* *The imperial purple is not something to be accustomed to;* *Falls can be expected;* *Things change three times a year;* *And this is what fortune brings;* *It is better to study the true path.*

About 10 days after Emperor Xiaowu took the throne, he sent messengers to poison Emperor Jiemin. He did not bury Emperor Jiemin with imperial honors, but did give him a burial that was greater than ordinary for imperial princes, and ordered the imperial officials to attend the funeral.

## Family

Consorts and Issue:

* Empress, of the Erzhu clan (皇后 爾朱氏)
* Unknown
    + Yuan Zishu, Prince Pei (沛王 元子恕)

## Ancestry

|  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  | Tuoba Huang (428–451) | | | |
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## InfoBox

| Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei
北魏節閔帝 | |
| --- | --- |
| Emperor of Northern Wei | |
| Reign | 1 April 531 – 6 June 532 |
| Predecessor | Yuan Ye |
| Successor | Yuan Lang |
|  | |
| Born | 498 |
| Died | 21 June 532 |
| Names  Family name: Yuán (元)
Given name: Gōng (恭)  Era name and dates  Pǔtài (普泰): 531-532  Posthumous name  Emperor Jiemin (節閔皇帝; lit. "self-controlled and careful") | |
| House | Yuan |
| Dynasty | Northern Wei |


title: Amandine Leynaud

abstract: Amandine Suzanne Monique Leynaud is a former French professional handball player. She is openly lesbian and she and her wife Annabelle are parents to Marcel and Mila. She is currently the goalkeeping coach of the French national handball team.

text:
# Amandine Leynaud

**Amandine Suzanne Monique Leynaud** (born 2 May 1986) is a former French professional handball player. She is openly lesbian and she and her wife Annabelle are parents to Marcel and Mila. She is currently the goalkeeping coach of the French national handball team.

## Career

She competed at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 and won a silver medal in 2016, finishing fifth in 2008 and 2012. Domestically she was named the Best Goalkeeper in French Division 1 in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

At the 2008 Olympics, both Leynaud and teammate Valérie Nicolas were listed among the top goalkeepers in the competition. After Nicolas retired from the national team, Leynaud's status as the starting goalkeeper was secured. At the 2012 Olympics, Leynaud was listed third among the top ten goalkeepers of the championship with a rate of 38%.

For the 2012–13 season, Leynaud signed for Romanian top club CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea but failed to play any official match after she suffered a ligaments injury to the right ankle in August 2012, which required surgery. The team was disbanded at the end of the season due to financial difficulties. Due to her injury Leynaud also missed the 2012 European Championships.

From 2013 until 2018, she played for ŽRK Vardar. Together with them, she played in the Final Four five times in a row, finishing third three-times and reaching the final twice (in 2017 and in 2018).

In 2018, she joined the star-studded Hungarian team, Győr. Since 2020, she also served as the goalkeeper coach of the team until 2022, when she retired. One year after she has ended her career she returned to Győr because of Silje Solberg's pregnancy.

## Achievements

## Individual awards

## InfoBox

| Amandine Leynaud | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Leynaud in 2015 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Amandine Suzanne
Monique Leynaud | | |
| Born | (1986-05-02) 2 May 1986
Aubenas, France | | |
| Nationality | French | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Playing position | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2000–2003 | Aubenas Handball | | |
| 2003–2004 | Bourg-de-Péage | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2004–2012 | Metz Handball | | |
| 2012–2013 | CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea | | |
| 2013–2018 | ŽRK Vardar | | |
| 2018–2022 | Győri ETO KC | | |
| 2023 | Győri ETO KC | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2021 | France | 254 | (3) |
| Teams managed | | | |
| 2020–2022 | Győri ETO KC (player-goalkeeping coach) | | |
| 2022 | Bourg-de-Péage (goalkeeping coach) | | |
| 2022– | France (goalkeeping coach) | | |
| Medal record      Olympic Games  2020 Tokyo Team  2016 Rio de Janeiro Team  World Championship  2017 Germany   2009 China   2011 Brazil   European Championship  2018 France   2020 Denmark   2016 Sweden | | | |


title: Lydia Woodward

abstract: Lydia Woodward is an American television writer and producer. She has worked as both a writer and producer on the television series ER. She signed a deal with the Warners in 2001.

text:
# Lydia Woodward

**Lydia Woodward** is an American television writer and producer. She has worked as both a writer and producer on the television series *ER*. She signed a deal with the Warners in 2001.

## Positions held

## Awards and nominations

Woodward has won one Emmy Award and been nominated for 7 other Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.

## InfoBox

| Lydia Woodward | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Occupation | Television writer, television producer |
| Nationality | American |
| Genre | Screenwriting |
| Notable works | *ER* |


title: All About Comin' Up

abstract: All About Comin' Up is an album by Gangsta Pat.

text:
# All About Comin' Up

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

**All About Comin' Up** is an album by Gangsta Pat.

## Track listing

1. "All About Comin' Up" - 3:12
2. "Stay Away from Cali" - 4:31
3. "I'm Still the Gangsta" - 4:41
4. "Gangsta Groove" - 4:11
5. "Spend the Night" - 4:39
6. "My Neighborhood" - 3:47
7. "Gangsta Boogie" - 4:18
8. "Watookmesolong" - 4:49
9. "Fatal Attraction" - 4:06
10. "Gangstas Need Love, Too" - 6:24
11. "My Name Ain't Rover" - 3:30
12. "Dedication" - 2:00

## InfoBox

| All About Comin' Up | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gangsta Pat | |
| Released | November 16, 1992 |
| Genre | Gangsta Rap |
| Length | 49:56 |
| Label | Wrap/Ichiban |
| Producer | LeRoy McMath |
| Gangsta Pat chronology | |
| *#1 Suspect*
(1991) ***All About Comin' Up***
(1992) *Sex, Money, & Murder*
(1994) | |


title: Dubomedy

abstract: Dubomedy Arts is an arts school in the MENA region offering professional training in acting, Arabic comedy, basic circus skills, body beats, character development, Emirati language, improvisation, NYC tap dance, performance, sketch comedy, stand-up comedy, and writing. It was founded on April 1, 2008, by comedian Mina Liccione and stand-up comedian and producer Ali Al Sayed.

text:
# Dubomedy

**Dubomedy** Arts is an arts school in the MENA region offering professional training in acting, Arabic comedy, basic circus skills, body beats, character development, Emirati language, improvisation, NYC tap dance, performance, sketch comedy, stand-up comedy, and writing. It was founded on April 1, 2008, by comedian Mina Liccione and stand-up comedian and producer Ali Al Sayed.

## Ali Al Sayed

Co-founder Ali Al Sayed is a comedian in the MENA region and serves as Dubai's first local professional comedian. He has been recognized as "one of the most influential comedians in the world" by Toastmasters International Magazine and earned the nickname the “King of Laughter” from Rolling Stone ME. Al Sayed is the founder of local entertainment company Viva Arts*,* is the co-director of Dubomedy Arts, and the producer of the Dubai International Comedy Carnival in the MENA region.

## Mina Liccione

Co-founder Mina Liccione is an arts educator, choreographer, comedian, performing artist, and tap dancer.

## DIPAF

In 2010, Dubomedy launched the first international performing arts festival in the UAE titled the Dubomedy International Performing Arts Festival (DIPAF).


title: Durham Storm

abstract: The Durham Storm were a Canadian soccer team that last played in the Canadian Professional Soccer League (CPSL) in 2005. The club was founded as the Toronto Olympians in 1998 and played in Toronto, Ontario through 2001, before being renamed the Mississauga Olympians for 2002 and 2003. The team relocated to Oshawa, Ontario in Durham Region for the 2004 and 2005 seasons and was renamed Durham Storm. The team won three consecutive regular season championships from 1998 to 2000 and won the league playoffs, earning the CPSL Championship once in 1999. They also finished as regular season runners-up in 2001, and were two-time Rogers Cup finalists in 1998 and 2000. Despite the early success, the team's performance went downhill from 2002 onward, and the franchise eventually folded after the 2005 season.

text:
# Durham Storm

The **Durham Storm** were a Canadian soccer team that last played in the Canadian Professional Soccer League (CPSL) in 2005. The club was founded as the **Toronto Olympians** in 1998 and played in Toronto, Ontario through 2001, before being renamed the **Mississauga Olympians** for 2002 and 2003. The team relocated to Oshawa, Ontario in Durham Region for the 2004 and 2005 seasons and was renamed **Durham Storm**.

The team won three consecutive regular season championships from 1998 to 2000 and won the league playoffs, earning the CPSL Championship once in 1999. They also finished as regular season runners-up in 2001, and were two-time Rogers Cup finalists in 1998 and 2000.

Despite the early success, the team's performance went downhill from 2002 onward, and the franchise eventually folded after the 2005 season.

## History

### Founding CPSL member (1998)

In 1998, the Canadian Professional Soccer League was formed as a result of a merger between the Canadian National Soccer League and the stillborn Ontario Professional Soccer League with the **Toronto Olympians** entering the league as a new franchise. The Olympians were owned by Tom Michalopoulos, which as a result allowed the club to receive sponsorship money from Coffee Time which Michalopoulos founded. The organization brought in former Toronto Lynxgeneral manager and assistant coach David Gee to coach the newly franchise. Gee's roster consist of a mixture of CNSL alumni and players withUSL A-League experience. He brought in the likes of Eddy Berdusco, Dino Lopez, Loukas Papaconstantinou – former Lynx players Gong Lei, Ian Carter, Peyvand Mossavat, and the Toronto Supra's 1997 championship finalist squad players Paul Moore, Chris Handsor, and Gus Kouzmanis. The newly formed club received territorial rights in Scarborough and would call Birchmount stadium their home venue.

### League dominance (1998–01)

In their debut season in the nascent league the Scarborough side dominated the season going undefeated and posting the best goal scoring record and as well the fewest goals conceded. Kouzmanis, Berdusco, and Gong Lei each finished as the top three goalscorers for the season. Their undefeated season resulted in a double which included the regular season championship and the Open Canada Cup. The Open Canada Cup finals was played out in a two-game final which involved the Olympians and the St. Catharines Wolves. The first match resulted in a goalless draw, while the second match ended in a 3–0 victory for Toronto. In the postseason the Olympians faced the North York Astros in the semi-finals which concluded in a 5–1 victory for Toronto with goals coming from Daryl Holmes, Berdusco, John Matas, and Kouzmanis. The finals consist of battle between the first and second place teams St. Catharines and Toronto – the match finished as a 2–2 draw which led to penalties where the Wolves denied the Olympians the chance of a treble by winning the game 4–2 in a penalty shootout.

At the conclusion of the season Gus Kouzmanis was awarded the CSL Golden Boot and David Gee received the Coach of the Year at the CPSL Awards Banquet. For the 1999 season Gee signed Canadian international Elvis Thomas and Phil Caporella from the Montreal Impact. The 1999 season was a repeat of the previous year with Toronto recapturing the regular season championship once more while making history by becoming the first club in the CPSL to go undefeated two consecutive seasons. Four of Toronto's players led the scoring charts with Berdusco leading while Kouzmanis, Thomas, and Matas taking the rest of the top four positions. The club finished once more with the best offensive and defensive record in the league. The Olympians defended their Open Canada Cup title successfully by defeating Toronto Croatia by a score of 3–0. They would face Toronto Croatia again this time in the playoff final where the Olympians would mark another milestone in CPSL history by becoming the first club to win a treble within the league. The match resulted in a 2–0 victory with goals from Thomas and Handsor, the attainment established the Scarborough side as a powerhouse within the league. At the CPSL Awards Banquet the Toronto Olympians received four awards – the organization received the Fair Play Award, David Gee for a consecutive year received the Coach of the Year, Elvis Thomas received the Canadian Soccer League MVP Award and Eddy Berdusco won the CPSL Golden Boot. While Elvis Thomas made history by holding the distinction of being first CPSL player to be called up for the Canadian national soccer team, while playing in the league.

The 2000 season marked more achievements for the club by successfully defending their three consecutive regular season titles, and still maintaining the best offensive and defensive record. The Olympians would win the double once more by successfully defending the Open Canada Cup for the third consecutive season. In the finals Toronto would face St. Catharines and win the match by a score of 1–0, thus establishing a dynasty for the club. For the postseason Gee strengthen his squad with players like Darren Tilley, and Trinidad and Tobago internationals Densill Theobald and Rick Titus. In the semi-finals the team faced the Glen Shields Sun Devils and won the match 1–0 with a goal coming from Titus. The final was contested between Toronto Olympians and Toronto Croatia, where Croatia upset the Olympians by a score of 2–1. For their efforts Kouzmanis was awarded the Golden Boot for the second time in his career, Bayete Smith was given the Defender of the Year and the team was awarded the Fair Play Award. On June 20, 2001, it was reported that head coach David Gee purchased the club from Coffee Time Donuts meanwhile retaining his position as head coach and general manager. He announced plans to move the franchise to Mississauga after struggling to gain revenue from ticket sales. Throughout the season the Olympians failed to recapture any of the major trophies finishing second behind the Ottawa Wizards in the standings. In the postseason Toronto was eliminated in the semi-finals by Toronto Supra by a score 3–2. They featured in a Consolation Final match against Ottawa and won the match 5–2.

### Relocation and Durham Storm (2002–05)

In 2002, the move to Mississauga was completed and their home venue was relocated to Erin Mills Twin Arenas. Gee made several major changes to the roster replacing the majority of veterans with younger athletes. He would retain the likes of Darren Tilley, Paul Moore and Daryl Holmes, while signing promising players like Marko Bendenikovic, Kevin De Surpa, Aaron Benjamin, and Joevannie Peart. The majority of the season was spent battling for the Western Conference title between Toronto Croatia. Mississauga would receive reinforcements during the later half of the season in player loans from the Toronto Lynx – receiving Barbados international Ryan Lucas, David Diplacido, Adrian Serioux, Shawn Faria, Brian Ashton, and signing Trinidad and Tobago international Hayden Fitzwilliams. The Olympians would eventually finish second in the standings and qualified for a playoff berth. Their postseason came to a quick conclusion by being defeated by the North York Astros by a score of 3–0. At the CPSL Awards Banquet the club received the Fair Play Award, while Darren Tilley was awarded the Golden Boot and the CPSL Rookie of the Year.

The 2003 season brought further troubles for the organization as the club was forced to play all their home matches on the road. As the City of Mississauga prevented the team from using the change rooms at Erin Mills Twin Arenas due to renovations. New additions were added to the club as Gee resigned from his position as head coach and transferred the responsibilities to Darren Tilley and CPSL's 1999 Coach of the Year Tony Laferrara. The Olympians struggled on the field as they finished second last in the Western Conference failing to secure a postseason berth. The club was also eliminated from the Open Canada Cup tournament after losing 2–1 to AEK London, an amateur team; the season would mark an end of era as their status as a powerhouse within the league.

For 2004, the club was sold and relocated to the east end of the Greater Toronto Area, moving to Oshawa, Ontario to play out of the Oshawa Civic Stadium. The club would be re-branded again, taking their name from Durham Region (of which Oshawa is a part), to become **Durham Storm**. In their first season in Durham, the club would finish last in the Eastern Conference with a record of 2 wins, 1 draw and 17 losses. Followed by a disappointing season in 2005 finishing last place (6th) in the Eastern Conference, with a record of 1 win, 1 draw and 20 losses. On December 12, 2005, the club had its franchise revoked by the CPSL.

## Head coaches

| Years | Name | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998–2002 | David Gee (soccer) | England |
| 2003 | Darren Tilley and Tony Laferrara | England  Canada |
| 2004 | Derek Bean | Canada |
| 2005 | Doug Paterson | Canada |

## Achievements

## Year-by-year

| Year | League | Regular Season | Playoffs | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | CPSL | 1st, Eastern | Runner-up | As **Toronto Olympians**. |
| 1999 | CPSL | 1st, Eastern | **Champions** |  |
| 2000 | CPSL | 1st, Eastern | Runner-up |  |
| 2001 | CPSL | 2nd, Eastern | Semi Final |  |
| 2002 | CPSL | 2nd, Western | Semi Final | As **Mississauga Olympians**. |
| 2003 | CPSL | 6th, Western | *Did not qualify* |  |
| 2004 | CPSL | 6th, Eastern | *Did not qualify* | As **Durham Storm**. |
| 2005 | CPSL | 6th, Eastern | *Did not qualify* |  |

## Notable players

## InfoBox

Durham Storm
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Durham Storm Soccer Club |
| Nickname(s) | *The Storm*,
*Durham's Own* |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) (as *Toronto Olympians*) |
| Dissolved | 2005 (2005) |
| Stadium | Oshawa Civic Stadium,
Oshawa, Ontario |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Chairman | John O'Neill |
| Manager | Rob Shaufler |
| Coach | Doug Paterson |
| League | CPSL |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Due assi per un turbo

abstract: Due assi per un turbo was an Italian-Hungarian TV series portrayed in 12 one-hour episodes. It was produced by RAI from 1984-1987 and broadcast by Rai Uno in 1987. The series was created by Luciano Perugia, and was inspired by the Brazilian sitcom Carga Pesada (1979). Stelvio Massi directed most of the episodes, which were written by Tonino Valerii; the score was composed by Detto Mariani.

text:
# Due assi per un turbo

***Due assi per un turbo*** was an Italian-Hungarian TV series portrayed in 12 one-hour episodes. It was produced by RAI from 1984-1987 and broadcast by Rai Uno in 1987. The series was created by Luciano Perugia, and was inspired by the Brazilian sitcom Carga Pesada (1979).

Stelvio Massi directed most of the episodes, which were written by Tonino Valerii; the score was composed by Detto Mariani.

## Plot

The plot revolves around two truckers, Franco (Renato D'Amore) and Vanni (Christian Fremon) and their rig, an Iveco 190-42 Turbostar named *Gambero Rosso* (*Red Prawn* in English). Recurring characters are Orazio (Philippe Leroy and Giò (Alba Mottura).

The series featured some notable guest stars like Adolfo Celi, Giulio Scarpati and William Berger.

## Production

Most of the scenes were shot in South Tyrol, in Sterzing and near Bolzano, but the series was one of the first produced for the Italian television to use many foreign locations, ranging from Moscow, Tunisia, Poland and Spain.

Some of the car chases were staged by the famous stunt driver Rémy Julienne.

The first and only season was made of two different short seasons: the first, episodes 1 to 3, was shot as a pilot, and featured a different truck (an earlier model, the Iveco 190-38 Special), later changed to the titular *TurboStar* for the official production. The two short seasons were later joined and sold as one.

The name of the series was to be T.I.R., and was changed after the shooting of the first three episodes. (In Hungary, it remained so.)

FIAT was heavily involved in the production, using the serial as a product placement for the brands of the group (mostly Iveco, Fiat Auto and Alfa Romeo). AGIP made product placement in some episodes, too.

## Reception

The show was very well received, and a second season was in pre-production but was ultimately cancelled. Some of the episodes are now occasionally transmitted in RAI TV channels or at late night.

## Title

The show title is based on a pun: in Italian language *assi* means both a couple of skilled and brave men (*aces*) and the axles of a vehicle. The *turbo* of the title is the *Turbostar* truck, at the time a very popular and common model made by the Italian manufacturer Iveco.


title: Alias Jesse James

abstract: Alias Jesse James is a 1959 American Western comedy film directed by Norman Z. McLeod and starring Bob Hope and Rhonda Fleming. Based on a story by Robert St. Aubrey and Bert Lawrence, the film is about an outlaw who tries to kill an insurance agent who has been mistaken for him in order to collect on a big policy. Costumes by Edith Head.

text:
# Alias Jesse James

***Alias Jesse James*** is a 1959 American Western comedy film directed by Norman Z. McLeod and starring Bob Hope and Rhonda Fleming. Based on a story by Robert St. Aubrey and Bert Lawrence, the film is about an outlaw who tries to kill an insurance agent who has been mistaken for him in order to collect on a big policy. Costumes by Edith Head.

## Plot

Milford Farnsworth is a bumbling insurance agent who unknowingly sells a life insurance policy to the outlaw Jesse James. Farnsworth is sent out west to shield the insurance company's investment by "protecting" James.

James has his own plan: to have Farnsworth killed while the insurance man is dressed as the outlaw so that James and his soon-to-be "widow", Cora Lee Collins, can collect on the $100,000 insurance policy. Farnsworth avoids several attempts on his life while he and Collins fall in love.

After the last attempt is made on his life, Farnsworth impersonates the Justice of the Peace, who is supposed to marry James and Collins. When Farnsworth and Collins make a run for it, they end up in a gun battle with the James Gang; several Western heroes make their cameos to surreptitiously help Farnsworth.

In the end, Farnsworth is celebrated as a hero, marries Collins, and becomes president of the insurance company. He boasts to a potential client that he offers protection for every contingency. His secretary announces Mrs. Farnsworth. It is Collins, followed by their six red-headed children, the youngest a pair of twins. "Well, you can't get insurance against everything," he says to the audience. His wife whispers in his ear and, as "The end" appears on screen, Farnsworth shrugs and rolls his eyes at the audience.

## Cast

## Cameo appearances

The gunfight scene at the end of the film features a number of cameo appearances by movie and television personalities who help Farnsworth and Collins defeat the James Gang. Although none are identified by character name in the film, each actor is dressed in the costume they wear playing the iconic Western character he or she portrayed on television or film. Most repeat the cliché of blowing non-existent smoke from their gun barrels, and they speak dialogue evoking their characters.

Following the theatrical release of the film, some later versions did not include all the cameos due to myriad legal problems with the rights, but Hope's clout at the time was so great that he managed to gather a dazzling array of screen cowboys for the original. The 2007 *MGM Movie Legends* DVD release of the film includes all of the cameos. The print streamed on TCM.com in August 2023 including all of the actors listed above.

## InfoBox

| Alias Jesse James | |
| --- | --- |
| theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Norman Z. McLeod |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Story by | * Robert St. Aubrey * Bert Lawrence |
| Produced by | Jack Hope |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Lionel Lindon |
| Edited by | * Jack Bachom * Marvin Coil |
| Music by | Joseph J. Lilley (uncredited) |
| Production<br>company | Hope Enterprises |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * March 20, 1959 (1959-03-20) (US) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $1.9 million (est. US/ Canada rentals) |


title: Alison Stewart (biologist)

abstract: Alison Stewart is a New Zealand biologist who specialises in plant pathology. As of 2022 she is the CEO of the Foundation for Arable Research, based in Christchurch.

text:
# Alison Stewart (biologist)

**Alison Stewart** CNZM (born 1957) is a New Zealand biologist who specialises in plant pathology. As of 2022 she is the CEO of the Foundation for Arable Research, based in Christchurch.

## Early life and education

Stewart was born in Scotland in 1957. She completed a BSc majoring in botany in 1980 at the University of Glasgow and graduated from the University of Stirling in 1983 with a PhD in plant pathology.

## Career

Stewart moved to New Zealand where she became a senior lecturer in biological sciences at the University of Auckland in 1984. She moved to Lincoln University in 1994 and four years later she was the first woman to be promoted to professor at Lincoln University. She was the inaugural director of the Bio-Protection Research Centre, a Centre of Research Excellence.

She was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2009 Birthday Honours in recognition of her services to biology, in particular plant pathology. Her investiture was held in the ballroom at Lanarch Castle in Dunedin.

In 2011 Stewart was honoured by Lincoln University as the inaugural Distinguished Professor of Plant Pathology. Appointed Emeritus Professor on leaving the university, she joined Marrone Bio Innovations in California in April 2013. She returned to New Zealand as general manager, forest science at Scion, formerly the New Zealand Forest Research Institute. In March 2018 she became the CEO of FAR, the Foundation for Arable Research.

Her research has focused on developing bioprotection technologies and included extensive studies of *Trichoderma*.

Stewart has served as vice president of the New Zealand Plant Protection Society and the Australasian Plant Pathology Society. She has also been the Australasian councillor for the International Society of Plant Pathologists.

The standard author abbreviation Alison Stewart is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Alison StewartCNZM | |
| --- | --- |
| Stewart in 2009 | |
| Born | 1957 (age 6667)
Scotland |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | University of Glasgow |
| Alma mater | University of Stirling |
| Thesis | *Mechanisms of resistance to botrytis in onion (Allium cepa. L)* (1983) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Auckland
Lincoln University |
|  | |


title: Alison Streeter

abstract: Alison Jane Streeter MBE is a British long-distance swimmer.

text:
# Alison Streeter

**Alison Jane Streeter** MBE is a British long-distance swimmer.

## Biography

Streeter has swum across the English Channel 43 times, the most crossings done by an individual until surpassed by Chloe McCardel on 13 October 2021. She also completed seven Channel crossings in one year. Her 1988 Channel swim, from France to England, set a female record of 8 hours 48 minutes. She was the first woman to swim the Channel three ways non-stop in 1990, taking 34h40 min for the feat.

In 1988, Streeter became the first woman to swim across the North Channel, between Northern Ireland and Scotland, a feat she repeated in 1989 and 1997. She currently holds the record for the highest number of crossings.

She formerly worked as a currency trader in London, and now spends part of her life in Adelaide (Seacliff) and the summers in Dover as a Channel Swim boat pilot.

The Queen appointed Streeter a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1991 Birthday Honours for her swimming prowess and charity fundraising. To date she has raised over £100,000 for various charities.

In May 2006, she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

## British records

1984 Catalina Channel (Santa Catalina Island, California) 9 h 33 min
1987 CapriNaples 8 h 35 min
1990 Round Manhattan Island 6 h 47 min
1995 Double English Channel 20 h 55 min
1998 Toreneous Strait, Greece 7 h 42 min
1998 Yarra River St Kilda Pier and return 9 h 40 min

## World records (men and women)

1984 Round Isle of Wight 100 km 21 h 2 min
1985 Richmond, London to Gravesend, Kent (Tidal Thames) 68 km 14 h 28 min
1986 Gravesend, Kent to Richmond, London 68 km 16 h exactly
1986 Four Piers (Solent) 23 km 4 h 37 min
1988 Ireland to Scotland – 1st Woman 9 h 53 min and fastest time (men and women)
1989 Scotland to Ireland 1st Person to succeed 10 h 4 min
1997 Scotland to Ireland fastest time 10 h 2 min
1989 Round Jersey (Channel Islands) 9 h 53 min
1995 Overall record holder for number of English Channel swims – 43 crossings; men's record is 34 held by Kevin Murphy.
1998 Isles of Scilly to Cornwall 1st person 28 miles 15 h 11 min

1. "Irish Long Distance Swimming Association".
2. "No. 52563". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 14 June 1991. p. 15.
3. "ISHOF Honoree Alison Streeter". Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.

## InfoBox

Alison Streeter
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Long-distance swimming |
|  | |


title: All You Get from Love Is a Love Song

abstract: "All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" is a song composed by Steve Eaton. Previously recorded by The Righteous Brothers in 1975, it was popularized by the Carpenters in 1977. It was released to the public on May 21, 1977. Its B-side was "I Have You", a song released on the A Kind of Hush album in 1976. The song was also included on their 1977 album, Passage. In the late 1970s, this particular track appeared in a Top 10 of misheard lyrics. This was compiled by Noel Edmonds and the misheard lyric sounds like: "Because the best love songs are written with a broken arm," as opposed to the correct lyrics "Because the best love songs are written with a broken heart."

text:
# All You Get from Love Is a Love Song

"**All You Get from Love Is a Love Song**" is a song composed by Steve Eaton. Previously recorded by The Righteous Brothers in 1975, it was popularized by the Carpenters in 1977. It was released to the public on May 21, 1977. Its B-side was "I Have You", a song released on the *A Kind of Hush* album in 1976. The song was also included on their 1977 album, *Passage*.

In the late 1970s, this particular track appeared in a Top 10 of misheard lyrics (and is often on similar forums online). This was compiled by Noel Edmonds and the misheard lyric sounds like: "Because the best love songs are written with a broken *arm*," as opposed to the correct lyrics "Because the best love songs are written with a broken *heart*."

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1977) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 35 |
| US *Billboard* Easy Listening | 4 |
| US *Cashbox* Radio Active Airplay Singles | 11 |
| Canadian (*RPM*) Top Singles | 38 |
| Canadian *(RPM)* Adult Contemporary | 5 |
| Oricon (Japanese) Singles Chart | 68 |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 89 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 43 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1977) | Rank |
| --- | --- |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 29 |

## Personnel

## Music video

The music video to "All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" takes place in the A&M Studios. It starts off with the bongo drum and fades into a camera angle zooming towards Karen Carpenter. At the end of the video, the performance fades into a picture of the Carpenters' Hollywood Walk of Fame Star, which is the beginning to the video "Top of the World", performed on *The Carpenters' Very First TV Special* in 1976. It can be found on the DVD *Gold: Greatest Hits*. The tenor saxophone solo was performed by Tom Scott (also the tenor sax soloist on "Jazzman" by Carole King), who was then one of the hottest "session players" of the '70s.

## InfoBox

| "All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover to "All You Get from Love Is a Love Song" | |
| Single by Carpenters | |
| from the album  *Passage* | |
| B-side | "I Have You" |
| Released | May 2, 1977 |
| Recorded | March 1977 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:46 |
| Label | A&M
1940 |
| Songwriter(s) | Steve Eaton |
| Producer(s) | Richard Carpenter |
| Carpenters singles chronology | |
| "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
(1976) "**All You Get from Love Is a Love Song**"
(1977) "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft"
(1977) | |


title: Dutch National Jamboree

abstract: The Dutch National Jamboree is a jamboree organized by Scouting Nederland for the Scouting age groups scouts, and explorers. It is organized every four years. Though it can be characterized as a national event, the Jamboree also welcomes foreign scouts.

text:
# Dutch National Jamboree

The **Dutch National Jamboree** is a jamboree organized by Scouting Nederland for the Scouting age groups *scouts* (11–15 years old), and *explorers* (15–18 years old). It is organized every four years. Though it can be characterized as a national event, the Jamboree also welcomes foreign scouts.

## History

In 1985, a 75-year Dutch Scouting jubilee Jamboree was organised. This was not yet named National Jamboree, but can be characterized as one. The first Dutch National Jamboree took place in 2000 and was located in Dronten. Parts of the event area were also used as the location for the World Jamboree 1995 as well as the European Jamboree 1994, though the event is much smaller than its global and European equivalents. The second and third edition took place on Landgoed Velder in Boxtel and hosted around 4,000 participants. The last edition was a special Dutch scouting centenary edition. Though a 2012 edition was prepared, it was cancelled due to lack of subscribers.

## Activities

The Nationale Jamboree's program contained a lot of activities, as: hiking, canoeing, make torches, climbing, music, theater, international buffet, swopping, open stage, mountainbiking, friendship award, Scout FM, raft building, film night and a party.

## Overview

| Number | Year | Number of nationalities | Number of participants | Location | Theme |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1985 |  | 7.500 | Apeldoorn | JubJam Scouting 75 jaar |
| 1 | 2000 | 30 | 4.000 | Dronten | Absolutely Anders |
| 2 | 2004 | 33 | 4.300 | Boxtel | More 2 explore |
| 3 | 2008 | 31 | 3.800 | Boxtel | My future my fantasy |
|  | 2010 | ? | 12.600 | Roermond | JubJam Scouting 100 jaar |
| 4 | 2012 |  |  |  | Cancelled |
| 5 | 2020 | ? | ? | International Scout and Guide Center Scouting Estate Zeewolde | ? |

## InfoBox

| Dutch National Jamboree | |
| --- | --- |
| Scouting, Netherlands, Jamboree 2010 | |
|  | |
|