title: F2 (classification)

abstract: F2, also T2 and SP2, is a wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C7. Historically, it was known as 1B Complete, 1A Incomplete. People in this class are often tetraplegics. Their impairment effects the use of their hands and lower arm, and they can use a wheelchair using their own power. The process for classification into this class has a medical and functional classification process. This process is often sport specific.

text:
# F2 (classification)

**F2**, also **T2** and **SP2**, is a wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C7. Historically, it was known as 1B Complete, 1A Incomplete. People in this class are often tetraplegics. Their impairment effects the use of their hands and lower arm, and they can use a wheelchair using their own power.

The process for classification into this class has a medical and functional classification process. This process is often sport specific.

## Definition

This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C7. In the past, this class was known as 1B Complete, 1A Incomplete.

In 2002, USA Track & Field defined this class as, " These athletes have limited or no hand function. Power for pushing now comes from elbow extension, wrist extension and active chest muscles. Their head may be forced backwards (by the use of neck muscles), producing slight upper trunk movements even though they do not have use of their trunk muscles. Neurological level: C7-C8." Disabled Sports USA defined the functional definition of this class in 2003 as, "Have difficulty gripping with non-throwing arm. \[...\] These athletes may have slight function between the digits of the hand."

Recommended sports for people at C7 include archery and table tennis.

### Neurological

Disabled Sports USA defined the neurological definition of this class in 2003 as C7. People in this class are often tetraplegics level C7/C8 or higher incomplete lesion.

### Anatomical

The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. C7 is associated with elbow flexors. C8 is associated with finger flexors. Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, ""Have functional elbow flexors and extensors, wrist dorsi-flexors and palmar flexors. Have good shoulder muscle function. May have some finger flexion and extension but not functional." People with lesions at C7 have stabilization and extension of the elbow and some extension of the wrist.

### Functional

People with a lesion at C7 have an impairment that effects the use of their hands and lower arm. They can use a wheelchair using their own power, and do everyday tasks like eating, dressing, and normal physical maintenance. People in this class have a total respiratory capacity of 79% compared to people without a disability.

People with spinal injuries at T6 or higher are more likely to develop Autonomic dysreflexia (AD). It also sometimes rarely effects people with injuries at T7 and T8. The condition causes over-activity of the autonomic nervous system, and can suddenly onset when people are playing sports. Some of the symptoms include nausea, high blood pressure, a pounding headache, flushed face, profuse sweating, a lower heart rate or a nasal congestion. If left untreated, it can cause a stroke. Players in some sports like wheelchair rugby are encouraged to be particularly on guard for AD symptoms.

## Governance

In general, classification for spinal cord injuries and wheelchair sport is overseen by International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), having taken over this role following the 2005 merger of ISMWSF and ISOD. From the 1950s to the early 2000s, wheelchair sport classification was handled International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF).

Some sports have classification managed by other organizations. In the case of athletics, classification is handled by IPC Athletics. Wheelchair rugby classification has been managed by the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation since 2010. Lawn bowls is handled by International Bowls for the Disabled. Wheelchair fencing is governed by IWAS Wheelchair Fencing (IWF). The International Paralympic Committee manages classification for a number of spinal cord injury and wheelchair sports including alpine skiing, biathlon, cross country skiing, ice sledge hockey, powerlifting, shooting, swimming, and wheelchair dance.

Some sports specifically for people with disabilities, like race running, have two governing bodies that work together to allow different types of disabilities to participate. Race running is governed by both the CPISRA and IWAS, with IWAS handling sportspeople with spinal cord related disabilities.

Classification is also handled at the national level or at the national sport specific level. In the United States, this has been handled by Wheelchair Sports, USA (WSUSA) who managed wheelchair track, field, slalom, and long-distance events. For wheelchair basketball in Canada, classification is handled by Wheelchair Basketball Canada.

## History

Early on in this classes history, the class had a different name and was based on medical classification and originally intended for athletics. During the 1960s and 1970s, classification involved being examined in a supine position on an examination table, where multiple medical classifiers would often stand around the player, poke and prod their muscles with their hands and with pins. The system had no built in privacy safeguards and players being classified were not insured privacy during medical classification nor with their medical records.

During the late 1960s, people oftentimes tried to cheat classification to get in classified more favorably. The group most likely to try to cheat at classification were wheelchair basketball players with complete spinal cord injuries located at the high thoracic transection of the spine. Starting in the 1980s and going into the 1990s, this class began to be more defined around functional classification instead of a medical one.

## Sports

### Athletics

Under the IPC Athletics classification system, this class competes in F52. The class differs from T53 because T53 sportspeople have better trunk function and better function in their throwing arm. Field events open to this class have included shot put, discus and javelin. In pentathlon events in the United States, the events for this class have included Shot, Javelin, 100m, Discus, 800m. They throw from a seated position, and use a javelin that weighs .6 kilograms (1.3 lb). The shot put used by women in this class weighs less than the traditional one at 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) . In the United States, people in this class are allowed to use strapping on the non-throwing hand as a way to anchor themselves to the chair. Athletes in this class who good trunk control and mobility have an advantage over athletes in the same class who have less functional trunk control and mobility. This functional difference can cause different performance results within the same class, with discus throwers with more control in a class able to throw the discus further.

A 1999 study found for people in the F2, F3 and F4 classes in the discus, elbow flexion and shoulder horizontal abduction are equally important variables in the speed at which they release the discus. For F2, F3 and F4 discus throwers, the discus tends to be below shoulder height and the forearm level is generally above elbow height at the moment of release of the discus. F2 and F4 discus throwers have limited shoulder girdle range of motion. F2, F3 and F4 discus throwers have good sitting balance while throwing. F5, F6 and F7 discus throwers have greater angular speed of the shoulder girdle during release of the discus than the lower number classes of F2, F3 and F4. F2 and F4 discus throwers have greater average angular forearm speed than F5, F6, F7 and F8 throwers. F2 and F4 speed is caused by use of the elbow flexion to compensate for the shoulder flexion advantage of F5, F6, F7 and F8 throwers. A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F2 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle less than that of other classes. A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 1A (SP1, SP2) and 1B (SP3) in the club throw. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 1A and 1B in the club throw. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 1A and 1B in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 1A and 1B in the javelin. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between men in 1A and 1B in the shot put. It found there was little significant difference in performance in times between women in 1A and 1B in the 60 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in times between men in 1A and 1B in the 60 meters. It found there was little significant difference in performance in times between women in 1A and 1B in the slalom. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 1A, 1B and 1C in the discus. It found there was little significant difference in performance in distance between women in 1A, 1B and 1C in the club throw.

### Cycling

F2 sportspeople can participate in cycling. Competitors from this class compete in H2 provided they are a tetraplegic C7/C8 with severe athetosis/ataxia/dystonia, or a tetraplegic with impairments corresponding to a complete cervical lesion at C7/C8 or above. This classification can use an AP2 recumbent, which is a competition cycle that is reclined at 30 degrees and has a rigid frame. This classification can also use an AP3 hand cycle which is inclined at 0 degrees and is reclined on a rigid competition frame. Factoring is used in cycling to allow multiple classes and genders to compete against each other. UCI factoring for 2014 with H4 and H5 men as 100% on the factoring. Against this factoring, H3 men are 97.25% and H3 women are 85.30%. When H3 men are set at 100%, H3 women are 87.71%. When H4 and H5 women are set at 100%, H3 women are 97.25%. In track events, SP2 women in H2 have faster lap times than SP1 men in H1. SP3 men in H3 are significantly faster than SP2 women in H2.

### Swimming

Swimmers in this class compete in a number of IPC swimming classes. These include S1, S2, S3, SB3 and S4. Swimming classification is done based on a total points system, with a variety of functional and medical tests being used as part of a formula to assign a class. Part of this test involves the Adapted Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. For upper trunk extension, C8 complete are given 0 points.

With classified S1, these swimmers have no hand or wrist flexion so are unable to catch water. Because of a lack of trunk control, they are unstable in the water and have hip drag. As they have no leg and back control, their legs are normally drag in the water in a flexed position. They normally swim the backstroke using a double arm technique. They start in the water with assistance for initial propulsion. People with spinal cord injuries in S2 tend to be tetraplegics with complete lesions below C6, or tetraplegics with complete lesions below C7 who have additional paralysis in their plexus or in one arm. These S2 swimmers have no hand or wrist flexion so are unable to catch water. Because of a lack of trunk control, they are unstable in the water and have hip drag. As they have no leg mobility, their legs drag. They normally swim the backstroke as they lack head control to breathe effectively for the freestyle. They start in the water, sometimes with assistance for initial propulsion. S3 swimmers tend to have 91 to 115 points, and, for people spinal cord injuries, are tetraplegics with complete lesions below C7 or an incomplete tetraplegic below C6. These S3 swimmers have leg drag when swimming as a result of their hips staying below the surface of the water during a race. Their hand usage is such that they cannot use them effectively to catch water. Because of their disability, they normally start in the water. They make turns by pushing off with their arms. People in SB3 tend to be incomplete tetraplegics below C7, complete paraplegics around T1 - T5, or complete paraplegics at T1 - T8 with surgical rods put in their spinal column from T4 to T6. These rods impact their lumbar function and their balance. S4 swimmers tend to be tetraplegics with complete lesions below C8 but have good finger extension, or they are incomplete tetraplegics below C7. These S4 swimmers are able to use their hands and wrists to gain propulsion in the water but have some limits because of lack of full finger control. Because they have no to minimal trunk control, they have leg drag. Their starts are most frequently in the water, and they make turns and start by pushing off the wall using their hands.

For swimming with the most severe disabilities at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, floating devices and a swimming coach in the water swimming next to the Paralympic competitor were allowed. A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m breaststroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), and 1B (SP3) in the 25m breaststroke.

### Other sports

One of the sports open to people in this class is archery. People in this class compete in ARW1. This class is for people who have all four of their limbs impacted. Rowing is another option. Rowers in this class may be able to grasp the oar with their hand but have little control of their hands. In 1991, the first internationally accepted adaptive rowing classification system was established and put into use. People from this class were initially classified as Q2, for people with lesions at C7-T1. Ten-pin bowling is another sport open to people in this class, where they compete in TPB8. People in this class do not have more than 70 points for functionality, have normal arm pitch for throwing and use a wheelchair.

This class is eligible to participate in electric wheelchair hockey. The sport has one class and is open to anyone with a spinal injury above T1. Another sport open to this class is wheelchair fencing. Generally, people in this class are classified as 1B. They lack flexion in their fingers, and the weapon has to be strapped to their hand. For international IWF sanctioned competitions, classes are combined. 1A and 1B are combined, competing as Category C.

## Getting classified

Classification is often sport specific, and has two parts: a medical classification process and a functional classification process.

Medical classification for wheelchair sport can consist of medical records being sent to medical classifiers at the international sports federation. The sportsperson's physician may be asked to provide extensive medical information including medical diagnosis and any loss of function related to their condition. This includes if the condition is progressive or stable, if it is an acquired or congenital condition. It may include a request for information on any future anticipated medical care. It may also include a request for any medications the person is taking. Documentation that may be required my include x-rays, ASIA scale results, or Modified Ashworth Scale scores.

One of the standard means of assessing functional classification is the bench test, which is used in swimming, lawn bowls and wheelchair fencing. Using the Adapted Research Council (MRC) measurements, muscle strength is tested using the bench press for a variety of spinal cord related injuries with a muscle being assessed on a scale of 0 to 5. A 0 is for no muscle contraction. A 1 is for a flicker or trace of contraction in a muscle. A 2 is for active movement in a muscle with gravity eliminated. A 3 is for movement against gravity. A 4 is for active movement against gravity with some resistance. A 5 is for normal muscle movement.

Wheelchair fencing classification has 6 test for functionality during classification, along with a bench test. Each test gives 0 to 3 points. A 0 is for no function. A 1 is for minimum movement. A 2 is for fair movement but weak execution. A 3 is for normal execution. The first test is an extension of the dorsal musculature. The second test is for lateral balance of the upper limbs. The third test measures trunk extension of the lumbar muscles. The fourth test measures lateral balance while holding a weapon. The fifth test measures the trunk movement in a position between that recorded in tests one and three, and tests two and four. The sixth test measures the trunk extension involving the lumbar and dorsal muscles while leaning forward at a 45 degree angle. In addition, a bench test is required to be performed.


abstract: The 2010 East Carolina Pirates football team represented East Carolina University in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Pirates played their home games in Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium and were led by head coach Ruffin McNeill, a former Pirate football player and former Texas Tech defensive coordinator. He was in his first year as head coach. They were members of Conference USA. After winning consecutive C-USA championships, the Pirates finished the season 6–7, 5–3 in C-USA and were invited to the Military Bowl where they were defeated by Maryland 20–51.

text:
# 2010 East Carolina Pirates football team

2010 Conference USA football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| East Division | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 21 UCF x$ |  | 7 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 3 |  |
| East Carolina |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |
| Southern Miss |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  |
| Marshall |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 7 |  |
| UAB |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 8 |  |
| Memphis |  | 0 |  | 8 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 11 |  |
| West Division | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| SMU xy |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 7 |  |
| No. 24 Tulsa x |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  |
| Houston |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 7 |  |
| UTEP |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |
| Rice |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 8 |  |
| Tulane |  | 2 |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 8 |  |
| Championship: **UCF 17**, SMU 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * x  Division champion/co-champions * y  Championship game participant As of January 11, 2011
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2010 East Carolina Pirates football team** represented East Carolina University in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Pirates played their home games in Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium and were led by head coach Ruffin McNeill, a former Pirate football player and former Texas Tech defensive coordinator. He was in his first year as head coach. They were members of Conference USA. After winning consecutive C-USA championships, the Pirates finished the season 6–7, 5–3 in C-USA and were invited to the Military Bowl where they were defeated by Maryland 20–51.

## Before the season

### Recruiting

| US college sports recruiting information for 2010 recruits | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | 40 | Commit date |
| **Detric Allen**
*DB* | Norwood, NC | South Stanly HS | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 179 lb (81 kg) | 4.5 | Jul 29, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Desi Brown**
*QB* | Webster Groves, MO | Webster Groves HS | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | 189 lb (86 kg) | 4.6 | Jun 29, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Shane Carden**
*QB* | Bellaire, TX | Episcopal HS | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 205 lb (93 kg) | N/A | Feb 3, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN grade: 40 | | | | | | |
| **Dominique Davis**
*QB* | Fort Scott, KS | Fort Scott CC | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) | 200 lb (91 kg) | 4.5 | Nov 2, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Maurice Falls**
*LB* | Belmont, NC | South Point HS | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 220 lb (100 kg) | 4.5 | Aug 11, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN grade: 40 | | | | | | |
| **Anthony Garrett**
*OL* | Fort Scott, KS | Fort Scott CC | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 295 lb (134 kg) | N/A | Jan 28, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Jacob Geary**
*LB* | Hillsborough, NC | Cedar Ridge HS | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 225 lb (102 kg) | N/A | Sep 9, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Drew Gentry**
*OL* | Tallahassee, FL | North Florida Christian | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 284 lb (129 kg) | N/A | Apr 20, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Jeremy Grove**
*LB* | Ijamsville, MD | Thomas Johnson HS | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 231 lb (105 kg) | 4.8 | May 20, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Mack Helms**
*OL* | Tallahassee, FL | Leon HS | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) | 275 lb (125 kg) | N/A | Sep 9, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN grade: 40 | | | | | | |
| **Taylor Hudson**
*OL* | Mauldin, SC | Mauldin | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 290 lb (130 kg) | 5.4 | Jul 27, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Lamar Ivey**
*ATH* | Mebane, NC | Eastern Alamance HS | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 182 lb (83 kg) | 4.4 | Jan 31, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Bradley Jacobs**
*DB* | Perkinston, MS | Gulf Coast CC | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | 190 lb (86 kg) | 4.5 | Dec 18, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Derrell Johnson**
*DE* | Baltimore, MD | Wyoming Seminary | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) | 220 lb (100 kg) | N/A | Feb 3, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN grade: 40 | | | | | | |
| **Lance Lewis**
*WR* | Scooba, MS | East Mississippi CC | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 200 lb (91 kg) | N/A | Feb 5, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Damon Magazu**
*ATH* | Charlotte, NC | Providence HS | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 170 lb (77 kg) | 4.5 | Apr 21, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Alex Owah**
*RB* | Chatham, VA | Hargrave Military Academy | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | 190 lb (86 kg) | N/A | Dec 24, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Lee Pegues**
*DE* | Bennettsville, SC | Marlboro County HS | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | 243 lb (110 kg) | N/A | Aug 3, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Torian Richardson**
*WR* | Duncan, SC | Byrnes HS | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | 169 lb (77 kg) | 4.7 | Feb 4, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Crishon Rose**
*DT* | Forestville, MD | Bishop McNamara HS | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 259 lb (117 kg) | 4.8 | Jan 12, 2010 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Diavalo Simpson**
*OL* | Scooba, MS | East Mississippi CC | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | 275 lb (125 kg) | N/A | Dec 19, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Terry Williams**
*LB* | Loganville, GA | Grayson HS | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | 252 lb (114 kg) | 4.7 | Oct 22, 2009 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN: | | | | | | |
| **Overall recruiting rankings:** Scout: *110*   Rivals: *79* | | | | | | |
| * ‡ Refers to 40 yard dash * *Note*: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height, weight and 40 time. * In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.  *Sources:*
* "East Carolina 2010 Football Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010. * "Football Recruiting Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010. * "2010 Player commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010. * "Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010. * "2010 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved June 3, 2010. | | | | | | |

### Purple/Gold Spring Game

The annual Purple/Gold Spring Game was held in the spring during the PirateFest and Pigskin Pigout weekend activities on April 17 in downtown Greenville, NC. Due to the stadium expansion in the East endzone, the format of the game was changed to a modified half-field scrimmage, with both teams taking turns on offense and defense.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 5 | 2:00 pm | Tulsa |  | ESPN2 | W 51–49 | 50,010 |
| September 11 | 12:00 pm | Memphis | * Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium * Greenville, NC | WITN-TV/CSS | W 49–27 | 48,123 |
| September 18 | 1:30 pm | at Virginia Tech* |  | ESPN3 | L 27–49 | 66,233 |
| October 2 | 3:30 pm | at North Carolina* |  | ESPN3 | L 17–42 | 60,000 |
| October 9 | 7:30 pm | at Southern Miss |  | WITN-TV/CSS | W 44–43 | 32,334 |
| October 16 | 12:00 pm | NC State* |  | CBSCS | W 33–27 OT | 50,410 |
| October 23 | 4:15 pm | Marshall | * Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium * Greenville, NC (rivalry) | WITN-TV/CSS | W 37–10 | 50,145 |
| October 30 | 3:30 pm | at UCF |  | BHSN/WITN-TV | L 35–49 | 40,073 |
| November 6 | 3:30 pm | Navy* | * Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium * Greenville, NC | MASN | L 35–76 | 50,191 |
| November 11 | 8:00 pm | at UAB |  | CBSCS | W 54–42 | 14,083 |
| November 20 | 1:00 pm | at Rice |  | WITN-TV/CSS | L 38–62 | 15,262 |
| November 26 | 2:00 pm | SMU | * Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium * Greenville, NC | CBSCS | L 38–45 OT | 49,108 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | | | |

## Coaching staff

| Position | Name | Years at ECU | Alma Mater |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Head Coach: | Ruffin McNeil | 1st (2nd overall) | East Carolina '80 |
| Associate head coach/
Linebackers Coach: | John Wiley | 1st | East Texas State '84 |
| Defensive Coordinator
Secondary Coach: | Brian Mitchell | 1st | Brigham Young '90 |
| Offensive coordinator/
Quarterbacks Coach: | Lincoln Riley | 1st | Texas Tech '06 |
| Offensive Linemen Coach: | Brandon Jones | 1st | Texas Tech '06 |
| Inside Receivers Coach/recruiting coordinator | Donnie Kirkpatrick | 6th | Lenoir-Rhyne '82 |
| Running backs coach: | Clay McGuire | 1st | Texas Tech '04 |
| Outside Receivers Coach | Dennis Simmons | 1st | Brigham Young '96 |
| Defensive tackle Coach | Marc Yellock | 1st (3rd overall) | East Carolina '00 |
| Assistant coach | Thomas Roggeman | 6th | Notre Dame '85 |
| Director of Strength & Conditioning | Michael Golden | 6th | Central Connecticut State '92 |
| Director of HS Football Relations | Harold Robinson | 7th | East Carolina '72 |
| Director of football administration | Cary Godette | 1st (6th overall) | East Carolina '76 |
| Director of football operations | Reed Case | 3rd | Ohio '95 |
| Administrative Assistant to Ruffin McNeil | Ryan Mills | 7th | North Carolina '02 |
| Administrative Assistant | Jamie Benna | 2nd | East Carolina '08 |
| Administrative Assistant | Ann Coyle | 4th | East Carolina '06 |
|

## Depth chart

## Game summaries

### Tulsa

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Golden Hurricane | 7 | 9 | 13 | 20 | **49** |
| **Pirates** | 10 | 7 | 7 | 27 | **51** |

The Pirates defeated the Golden Hurricane 51–49 on a hail mary pass from Quarterback Dominique Davis to freshman receiver Justin Jones as time expired. East Carolina began the season 1–0 overall and in conference as Tulsa fell to 0–1. The two teams are now tied in the all-time series, 5–5.

### Memphis

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tigers | 3 | 7 | 7 | 10 | **27** |
| **Pirates** | 28 | 7 | 7 | 7 | **49** |

### Virginia Tech

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pirates | 10 | 14 | 3 | 0 | **27** |
| **Hokies** | 7 | 14 | 14 | 14 | **49** |

### North Carolina

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pirates | 7 | 7 | 3 | 0 | **17** |
| **Tar Heels** | 7 | 7 | 14 | 14 | **42** |

### Southern Miss

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pirates** | 0 | 17 | 21 | 6 | **44** |
| Golden Eagles | 20 | 0 | 13 | 10 | **43** |

### NC State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | OT | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wolfpack | 0 | 21 | 0 | 6 | 0 | **27** |
| **Pirates** | 21 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 | **33** |

### Marshall

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Thundering Herd | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **10** |
| **Pirates** | 7 | 13 | 10 | 7 | **37** |

### UCF

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pirates | 7 | 7 | 7 | 14 | **35** |
| **Knights** | 14 | 14 | 7 | 14 | **49** |

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Midshipmen** | 14 | 14 | 27 | 21 | **76** |
| Pirates | 14 | 7 | 7 | 7 | **35** |

### UAB

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pirates** | 7 | 17 | 3 | 27 | **54** |
| Blazers | 7 | 14 | 14 | 7 | **42** |

### Rice

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pirates | 7 | 21 | 3 | 7 | **38** |
| **Owls** | 14 | 20 | 14 | 14 | **62** |

### SMU

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | OT | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Mustangs** | 0 | 10 | 21 | 7 | 7 | **45** |
| Pirates | 14 | 0 | 3 | 21 | 0 | **38** |

## Postseason

### NFL draft picks

### Awards

* **Conference USA Most Valuable Player**: Dwayne Harris, Sr. WR
* **Conference USA Newcomer-of-the-Year**: Dominique Davis, Jr. QB
* **Rivals.com Conference USA Most Valuable Player**: - Dominique Davis, Jr. QB
* **Rivals.com Conference USA Offensive Most Valuable Player**: - Dominique Davis, Jr. QB

### Honors

#### Weekly Honors

* **Sept. 6 Conference USA Offensive Player-of-the-Week**: Dominique Davis, Jr. QB
* **Oct. 18 Conference USA Offensive Player-of-the-Week**: Dominique Davis, Jr. QB

#### Teams

* **Rivals.com First Team All-Conference USA**
    + **Dominique Davis**, Jr. QB
    + **Dwayne Harris**, Sr. WR
* **Rivals.com Second Team All-Conference USA**
    + **Lance Lewis**, Jr. WR
    + **Willie Smith**, Sr. OL
    + **Emanuel Davis**, Jr. DB
    + **Michael Barbour**, Jr. K

| 1st Team All C-USA  * **Willie Smith**, Sr. OL * **Dwayne Harris**, Sr. WR * **Dwayne Harris**, Sr. PR | 2nd Team All C-USA  * **Lance Lewis**, Jr. WR * **Emanuel Davis**, Jr. DB * **Michael Barbour**, Jr. K | C-USA Team Honorable Mentions  * **Dominique Davis**, Jr. QB * **Jonathan Williams**, Sr. RB * **Josh Smith**, Sr. DL * **Dustin Lineback**, Sr. LB | C-USA All Freshman Team  * **Grant Harner**, OL | C-USA All Academic Team  * **Matt Milner**, RS-Fr. DE |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| 2010 East Carolina Pirates football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Military Bowl, L 20–51 vs. Maryland | |
| Conference | Conference USA |
| Division | East |
| Record | 6–7 (5–3 C-USA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Lincoln Riley (1st season) |
| Offensive scheme | Air raid |
| Defensive coordinator | Brian Mitchell (1st season) |
| Base defense | 4–3 |
| Home stadium | Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium |
|


title: Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo?

abstract: Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo? is a 2013 Filipino film adaptation of Ramon Bautista's self-help book of the same name. The romantic comedy film is produced by Star Cinema and is part of its 20th Anniversary presentation. It tells the story of a brainy ugly duckling girl and her journey as she turns into someone who's worth loving. Ramon Bautista also stars in the film as a taxi driver. It is the first movie team up of Kim Chiu and Xian Lim and is directed by Joyce Bernal. This is Chiu and Lim's first movie since Ina, Kapatid, Anak ended on June 14 a month later.

text:
# Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo?

***Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo?*** (transl.*Why Your Crush Doesn't have a Crush On You?*) is a 2013 Filipino film adaptation of Ramon Bautista's self-help book of the same name. The romantic comedy film is produced by Star Cinema and is part of its 20th Anniversary presentation. It tells the story of a brainy ugly duckling girl and her journey as she turns into someone who's worth loving. Ramon Bautista also stars in the film as a taxi driver. It is the first movie team up of Kim Chiu and Xian Lim and is directed by Joyce Bernal.

This is Chiu and Lim's first movie since *Ina, Kapatid, Anak* ended on June 14 a month later.

## Synopsis

Sandy Veloso (Kim Chiu) is a modern-day ugly duckling who is obsessed with her boyfriend Edgardo (Kean Cipriano). After he breaks with her, Sandy is left to ponder why she feels unwanted.

Matters turn worse for Sandy when she is laid off by her company, under the leadership of its new bachelor CEO, Alex Prieto (Xian Lim). Realizing his mistake when employees belatedly put in a good word for Sandy, Alex hires her back, and the two start forming an unlikely friendship.

In a love story about "the ugly duckling in all of us and how we turn into someone worth loving", Alex at one point offers Sandy a make-over so she will no longer cry over a failed relationship.

## Cast

* Kim Chiu as Sandy Veloso
* Xian Lim as Francisco Alejandro "Alex" Prieto
* Kean Cipriano as Edgardo "Gardo" Salazar
* Mylene Dizon as Pamela
* Freddie Webb as Don Antonio Prieto
* EJ Jallorina as Max Veloso
* Ramon Bautista as himself / taxi driver
* Cholo Barretto as Nathan
* Ashley Robert Corbette as Ashly
* Anika Mendez as Nikky
* Cedric Lucero as Ceddy
* Jojit Lorenzo as Julius
* Cheska Iñigo as Patty Prieto
* Sarah Gaugler as Liza
* Bianca Valerio as Bianca Valerio
* Jeremiah Sird as Eric Rodney

### Special participation

## Promotion

Actors Kim Chiu and Xian Lim became guests to several ABS-CBN TV shows to promote the film. Among these are Gandang Gabi Vice and Banana Split.

### Theme song

| "Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo?" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Zia Quizon | |
| from the album  *A Little Bit Of Lovin'* | |
| Released | July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 4:11 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Jungeee Marcelo |

***Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo?***, sung by Zia Quizon and written by Jungee Marcelo, is the theme song of the movie. It premiered on July 8, 2013, on the FM radio station MOR 101.9 For Life! and was released as a single on July 17. It is also included in her second studio album, *A Little Bit of Lovin'*.

### Music video

The music video for the song was released on ABSstarcinema's YouTube channel on July 23, 2013. The video's plot features Quizon at a photo shoot session while being pursued by a man who works on set, played by Ramon Bautista, the author of the book to which the film is primarily based.

### Accolades

The song won at the 27th Awit Awards for the Awit Award for Best Song Written for Movie/TV/Stage Play on December 12, 2014.

## Critical reception

Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo? mostly received positive reviews from critics. Jerald uy of Uy.com stated that "Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo? reminds us of the stupid things we can do for love but offers it in a fresh way." The movie was given an 8.5/10 rating from both moviegoers and movie critics alike.

### Commercial performance

The film became a certified box-office success after it earned 10.5 million php on its first day. Both National and International screenings had to be extended due to high demand which showed how successful the team-up is. Nationally, the gross income reached 180 million php (not including international gross). After three weeks of its theatrical run, the film grossed over 100 million php. The movie surpassed Hollywood flicks that were released long with it. Among these films were *Despicable Me 2*, *Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters* and *The Wolverine*.

## InfoBox

| Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo? | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical movie poster | |
| Directed by | Joyce Bernal |
| Screenplay by | * Carmi Raymundo * Ramon Bautista |
| Story by | Irene Villamor |
| Based on | *Bakit Hindi Ka Crush ng Crush Mo?*
by Ramon Bautista |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Dan Villegas |
| Edited by |  |
| Music by | Carmina Cuya |
| Production
company | Star Cinema |
| Release date | * July 31, 2013 (2013-07-31) |
| Country | Philippines |
| Language |  |
| Box office | ₱102,368,727.00 (Domestic) |


title: 2010 UEC European Track Championships

abstract: The 2010 European Track Championships were the inaugural elite European Track Championships in track cycling and took place at the BGŻ Arena in Pruszków, Poland, between 5 and 7 November. All ten Olympic events and a men's madison championship were held as part of the championships. The Championships were the first European event for qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games.

text:
# 2010 UEC European Track Championships

The **2010 European Track Championships** were the inaugural elite European Track Championships in track cycling and took place at the BGŻ Arena in Pruszków, Poland, between 5 and 7 November.

All ten Olympic events (sprint, team sprint, keirin, team pursuit and omnium all for both men and women) and a men's madison championship were held as part of the championships. The Championships were the first European event for qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games.

## Events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men's events** | | | | | | |
| Sprint
 | Denis Dmitriev
Russia |  | Kévin Sireau
France |  | Jason Kenny
Great Britain |  |
| Team sprint
 | Robert Förstemann
Maximilian Levy
Stefan Nimke
Germany | 44.066 | Michaël D'Almeida
François Pervis
Kévin Sireau
France | 44.281 | Matt Crampton
Chris Hoy
Jason Kenny
Great Britain | 43.968 |
| Keirin
 | Jason Kenny
Great Britain |  | Matt Crampton
Great Britain |  | Adam Ptáčník
Czech Republic |  |
| Omnium
 | Roger Kluge
Germany |  | Tim Veldt
Netherlands |  | Rafał Ratajczyk
Poland |  |
| Team pursuit
 | Steven Burke
Ed Clancy
Jason Queally
Andy Tennant
Great Britain | 4:00.482 | Evgeny Kovalev
Ivan Kovalev
Alexei Markov
Alexander Serov
Russia | 4:04.274 | Levi Heimans
Arno van der Zwet
Tim Veldt
Sipke Zijlstra
Netherlands | 4:06.049 |
| Madison
 | Martin Bláha
Jiří Hochmann
Czech Republic |  | Kenny De Ketele
Tim Mertens
Belgium |  | Mykhaylo Radionov
Sergiy Lagkuti
Ukraine |  |
| **Women's events** | | | | | | |
| Sprint
 | Sandie Clair
France |  | Kristina Vogel
Germany |  | Simona Krupeckaitė
Lithuania |  |
| Team sprint
 | Sandie Clair
Clara Sanchez
France | 33.478 | Victoria Pendelton
Jessica Varnish
Great Britain | 33.586 | Kristina Vogel
Miriam Welte
Germany | 33.708 |
| Keirin
 | Olga Panarina
Belarus |  | Simona Krupeckaitė
Lithuania |  | Lyubov Shulika
Ukraine |  |
| Omnium
 | Leire Olaberria
Spain |  | Tatsiana Sharakova
Belarus |  | Małgorzata Wojtyra
Poland |  |
| Team pursuit
 | Katie Colclough
Wendy Houvenaghel
Laura Trott
Great Britain | 3:23.435 | Vaida Pikauskaitė
Vilija Sereikaitė
Aušrinė Trebaitė
Lithuania | 3.29.992 | Lisa Brennauer
Verena Jooss
Madeleine Sandig
Germany | 3:28.127 |

* Shaded events are non-Olympic events.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | GBR | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | FRA | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 3 | GER | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 4 | BLR | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| | RUS | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | CZE | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | ESP | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | LTU | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 9 | NED | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 10 | BEL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 11 | POL | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| | UKR | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (12 entries) | | 11 | 11 | 11 | 33 |

## Participating nations

25 nations participated.

## InfoBox

2010 UEC European Track Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Pruszków, Poland |
| Date(s) | (2010-11-05 \- 2010-11-07)5–7 November 2010 |
| Velodrome | BGŻ Arena |
| Events | 11 |
|


title: 1985 NAIA Division I football season

abstract: The 1985 NAIA Division I football season was the 30th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the 16th season of play of the NAIA's top division for football. The season was played from August to November 1985 and culminated in the 1985 NAIA Champion Bowl, played this year on December 21, 1985 at Estes Stadium in Conway, Arkansas, on the campus of the University of Central Arkansas, for the second straight year. Central Arkansas and Hillsdale played to a tie, 10–10, in the Champion Bowl and both teams were named co-national champions. It was Central Arkansas' second NAIA title and Hillsdale's first.

text:
# 1985 NAIA Division I football season

The **1985 NAIA Division I football season** was the 30th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the 16th season of play of the NAIA's top division for football.

The season was played from August to November 1985 and culminated in the **1985 NAIA Champion Bowl**, played this year on December 21, 1985 at Estes Stadium in Conway, Arkansas, on the campus of the University of Central Arkansas, for the second straight year.

Central Arkansas and Hillsdale played to a tie, 10–10, in the Champion Bowl and both teams were named co-national champions. It was Central Arkansas' second NAIA title (and second straight shared title) and Hillsdale's first.

## Conference realignment

### Conference changes

### Membership changes

| Team | 1984 conference | 1985 conference |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Central Washington | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Eastern Oregon | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Lewis & Clark | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Linfield | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Oregon Tech | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Pacific (OR) | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Pacific Lutheran | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Puget Sound | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Simon Fraser | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Southern Oregon | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Western Oregon | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Western Washington | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Whitworth | Evergreen | Columbia |
| Willamette | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |

## Conference standings

| 1985 Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 6 Central Arkansas +^  6   1   0   10   2   1  No. 7 Henderson State +^  6   1   0   9   3   0  No. 10 Arkansas–Monticello 5   2   0   7   2   0  No. 17 Ouachita Baptist 5   2   0   7   3   0  Southern Arkansas 3   4   0   5   5   0  Harding 2   5   0   5   5   0  Arkansas Tech 1   6   0   1   9   0  Arkansas–Pine Bluff 0   7   0   2   8   0   * \+  Conference co-champions * ^ – NAIA Division I playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1985 Central States Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 3 Pittsburg State $^  6   1   0   8   2   0  No. 12 Fort Hays State 5   2   0   7   2   1  Missouri Southern 4   3   0   6   4   0  Emporia State 3   4   0   6   4   0  Wayne State (NE) 3   4   0   4   6   0  Kearney State 3   4   0   3   6   0  Washburn 2   5   0   4   6   0  Missouri Western 2   5   0   3   7   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division I playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1985 Columbia Football League standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Northern Division  No. 3 Pacific Lutheran x^  6   0   0   10   1   1  No. 15 Puget Sound 4   2   0   7   2   0  Central Washington 3   3   0   5   4   0  Simon Fraser 3   3   0   4   5   0  Whitworth 3   3   0   3   6   0  Western Washington 1   4   1   2   6   1  Eastern Oregon 0   5   1   0   8   2  Southern Division  No. 5 Linfield x^  6   0   0   8   2   0  No. 8 Western Oregon *  5   1   0   8   2   0  Willamette 4   2   0   6   2   1  Southern Oregon 2   3   0   2   6   1  Oregon Tech 1   4   0   1   7   0  Lewis & Clark 1   5   0   3   6   0  Pacific (OR) 1   5   0   2   7   0   * x  Division champion/co-champions * * – NAIA Division I playoff participant
^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll for Puget Sound and Western Oregon and NAIA Division II poll for Pacific Lutheran and Linfield |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 2 Hillsdale $^  5   1   0   11   1   1  Saginaw Valley State 4   1   1   4   5   1  Ferris State 4   2   0   6   4   0  Grand Valley State 4   2   0   0   6   5  Northwood 2   3   1   3   4   2  Wayne State (MI) 1   5   0   1   8   1  Michigan Tech 0   6   0   1   9   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division I playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1985 Northern Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Minnesota Duluth $  6   0   0   8   2   0  No. 9 Moorhead State 5   1   0   8   2   0  Bemidji State 3   3   0   7   3   0  Southwest State (MN) 3   3   0   6   4   0  Minnesota Morris 3   3   0   3   7   0  Northern State 1   5   0   3   6   1  Winona State 0   6   0   2   9   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1985 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  SW Oklahoma State \+  3   1   0   5   3   1  East Central \+  3   1   0   5   4   1  Northeastern State 2   2   0   6   4   0  SE Oklahoma State 1   3   0   5   6   0  NW Oklahoma State 1   3   0   4   6   0   * \+  Conference co-champions |
| 1985 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 4 Mesa $^  7   0   0   9   2   0  No. 20 Fort Lewis 5   2   0   6   3   0  No. 19 New Mexico Highlands 4   3   0   7   3   0  Adams State 4   3   0   4   5   0  Southern Utah 2   4   1   3   5   0  Western New Mexico 2   5   0   3   7   0  Western State (CO) 2   5   0   2   7   0  Colorado Mines 1   5   1   2   5   1   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division I playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1985 South Atlantic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 11 Mars Hill $  6   1   0   8   3   0  No. 14 Elon 5   2   0   7   3   0  No. 13 Newberry 4   2   1   7   3   1  No. 18 Presbyterian 4   2   1   7   3   1  Carson–Newman 3   4   0   5   5   0  Gardner–Webb 2   5   0   6   5   0  Catawba 2   5   0   5   6   0  Lenoir–Rhyne 1   6   0   3   8   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division I poll | 1985 West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 5 Salem $^  6   1   0   8   3   0  No. 16 Fairmont State 5   2   0   7   3   0  Concord 5   2   0   6   3   1  Shepherd 5   2   0   5   5   0  West Virginia Tech 4   3   0   6   4   0  West Liberty State 2   5   0   2   8   0  Glenville State 1   6   0   2   7   0  West Virginia State 0   7   0   3   8   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division I playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll |
| 1985 NAIA Division I independents football records Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 1 Central State (OK) ^           7   2   1  Guilford          5   3   1  Cameron          3   7   1  Wofford          3   8   0  Langston          2   6   0  West Virginia Wesleyan          1   8   0   * ^ – NAIA Division I playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll |

## Conference champions

| Conference | Champion | Record |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arkansas | Central Arkansas
Henderson State | 6–1
6–1 |
| Central States | Pittsburg State | 6–1 |
| NIC | Minnesota–Duluth | 6–0 |
| Oklahoma | East Central State
Southwestern Oklahoma State | 3–1 |
| RMAC | Mesa | 7–0 |
| South Atlantic | Mars Hill | 6–1 |
| WVIAC | Salem (WV) | 6–1 |

## Postseason

|  | **Quarterfinals**
December 7, 1985
*Campus sites* | | |  |  | **Semifinals**
December 14, 1985
*Campus sites* | | |  |  | **1985 Champion Bowl**
December 21, 1985
Conway, AR | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Salem (WV) | | 15 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | **Hillsdale*** | | **18** |  | ||
|  | |  | | | **Hillsdale** (OT) | | **24** |  ||
|  | | |  | | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Mesa\* | | 21 |  ||
|  | Western Oregon | | | | | | 32 |  ||
|  | |  | | | | | | ||
|  | | **Mesa*** | | **39** |  ||
|  | |  | | | *Hillsdale* | | *10* |  |
|  | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | *Central Arkansas'** | | *10* |  |
|  | Central State (OK) | | | | | | 15 |  |  | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | **Henderson State*** | | **18** | |  |
|  | |  | | | Henderson State | | 9 |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | **Central Arkansas*** | | **21** |  |
|  | | | | **Central Arkansas** | | | | **32** |  |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | Pittsburg State* | | 22 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1985 NAIA Division I football season | |
| --- | --- |
| Regular season | August–November 1985 |
| Postseason | December 7–21, 1985 |
| National Championship | Estes Stadium
Conway, AR |
| Champions | Central Arkansas (2)
Hillsdale |
|


title: 1985 NBA Finals

abstract: The 1985 NBA World Championship Series was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1984–85 season, and the culmination of the season's playoffs. It featured the defending NBA champion and Eastern Conference playoff champion Boston Celtics against the Western Conference playoff champion Los Angeles Lakers. The Celtics were looking to repeat as NBA champions for the first time since the 1968–69 season. The Celtics had home court advantage for the second year in a row as they finished the regular season with a 63–19 record while the Lakers compiled a 62–20 record. The Lakers looked to bounce back from the previous year's painful loss to the Celtics in the championship series, and were still seeking to beat Boston for the first time ever in NBA Finals history. Also for the first time since 1955, the Finals implemented a 2–3–2 format with Games 1 and 2 in Boston while the next three games were in Los Angeles. The final two games of the series would be played in Boston, if required. This change of format came after David Stern had a conversation with Celtics legend Red Auerbach in 1984, who disliked the frequent traveling between games. The 2–3–2 format would be used until the 2013 NBA Finals, after which the 2–2–1–1–1 format returned in 2014. With the help of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Magic Johnson, the Los Angeles Lakers achieved their first NBA Finals victory over the Boston Celtics in nine meetings, four to two games. The Lakers recovered after losing in a rout in game 1, dubbed as the "Memorial Day Massacre". The series was the last time the NBA World Championship Series branding would be in use as the NBA Finals branding would replace it for 1986. The video documentary Return to Glory recaps the 1985 NBA playoffs action.

text:
# 1985 NBA Finals

The **1985 NBA World Championship Series** was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 1984–85 season, and the culmination of the season's playoffs. It featured the defending NBA champion and Eastern Conference playoff champion Boston Celtics against the Western Conference playoff champion Los Angeles Lakers.

The Celtics were looking to repeat as NBA champions for the first time since the 1968–69 season. The Celtics had home court advantage for the second year in a row as they finished the regular season with a 63–19 record while the Lakers compiled a 62–20 record. The Lakers looked to bounce back from the previous year's painful loss to the Celtics in the championship series, and were still seeking to beat Boston for the first time ever in NBA Finals history. Also for the first time since 1955, the Finals implemented a 2–3–2 format with Games 1 and 2 in Boston while the next three games were in Los Angeles. The final two games of the series would be played in Boston, if required. This change of format came after David Stern had a conversation with Celtics legend Red Auerbach in 1984, who disliked the frequent traveling between games. The 2–3–2 format would be used until the 2013 NBA Finals, after which the 2–2–1–1–1 format returned in 2014.

With the help of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Magic Johnson, the Los Angeles Lakers achieved their first NBA Finals victory over the Boston Celtics in nine meetings, four to two games. The Lakers recovered after losing in a rout in game 1, dubbed as the "Memorial Day Massacre". The series was the last time the NBA World Championship Series branding would be in use as the NBA Finals branding would replace it for 1986. The video documentary *Return to Glory* recaps the 1985 NBA playoffs action.

## Background

### Los Angeles Lakers

After losing to the Celtics in the previous year's finals, the Lakers entered the 1984–85 NBA season with a mission. Once again using the effective Showtime offense, they ran away with the Western Conference-leading 62 wins. The team as a whole underwent a slight evolution, as James Worthy supplanted Jamaal Wilkes as the starting small forward, while Byron Scott began to earn more minutes as the backup to both Magic Johnson and Michael Cooper.

In the playoffs, the Lakers eliminated the Phoenix Suns, Portland Trail Blazers and Denver Nuggets, going 11–2 in the three playoff rounds.

### Boston Celtics

The Celtics repeated with the NBA's best record by winning 63 games. For the second straight season, Larry Bird won the MVP award, while Kevin McHale won Sixth Man Award for the second year running, despite making the transition from bench cog to starter late in the season with Cedric Maxwell nursing a knee injury. Danny Ainge also emerged as the team's starting shooting guard, after the Celtics traded Gerald Henderson to the Seattle SuperSonics in the offseason.

The Celtics defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons and Philadelphia 76ers, finishing with an 11–4 record heading into the finals. By that point, Boston's classic starting five under head coach K. C. Jones was solidified, featuring Bird, McHale and Robert Parish in the frontcourt, and Ainge and Dennis Johnson in the backcourt.

### Road to the Finals

| Los Angeles Lakers (Western Conference champion) | | Boston Celtics (Eastern Conference champion) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #   Team  W   L   PCT   GB   1 **c**-Los Angeles Lakers 62 20 .756   2 **y**-Denver Nuggets 52 30 .634 10  3 **x**-Houston Rockets 48 34 .585 14  4 **x**-Dallas Mavericks 44 38 .537 18  5 **x**-Portland Trail Blazers 42 40 .512 20  6 **x**-Utah Jazz 41 41 .500 21  7 **x**-San Antonio Spurs 41 41 .500 21  8 **x**-Phoenix Suns 36 46 .439 26   9 Seattle SuperSonics 31 51 .378 31  10 Los Angeles Clippers 31 51 .378 31  11 Kansas City Kings 31 51 .378 31  12 Golden State Warriors 22 60 .268 40   1st seed in the West, 2nd best league record | Regular season | | #   Team  W   L   PCT   GB   1 **z**-Boston Celtics 63 19 .768   2 **y**-Milwaukee Bucks 59 23 .720 4  3 **x**-Philadelphia 76ers 58 24 .707 5  4 **x**-Detroit Pistons 46 36 .561 17  5 **x**-New Jersey Nets 42 40 .512 21  6 **x**-Washington Bullets 40 42 .488 23  7 **x**-Chicago Bulls 38 44 .463 25  8 **x**-Cleveland Cavaliers 36 46 .439 27   9 Atlanta Hawks 34 48 .415 29  10 New York Knicks 24 58 .293 39  11 Indiana Pacers 22 60 .268 41   1st seed in the East, best league record |
| Defeated the (8) Phoenix Suns, 3–0 | First Round | | Defeated the (8) Cleveland Cavaliers, 3–1 |
| Defeated the (5) Portland Trail Blazers, 4–1 | Conference Semifinals | | Defeated the (4) Detroit Pistons, 4–2 |
| Defeated the (2) Denver Nuggets, 4–1 | Conference Finals | | Defeated the (3) Philadelphia 76ers, 4–1 |

### Regular season series

Both teams split the two meetings, each won by the home team:

## Series summary

| Game | Date | Road team | Result | Home team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Game 1 | May 27 | Los Angeles Lakers | 114–148 (0–1) | **Boston Celtics** |
| Game 2 | May 30 | **Los Angeles Lakers** | 109–102 (1–1) | Boston Celtics |
| Game 3 | June 2 | Boston Celtics | 111–136 (1–2) | **Los Angeles Lakers** |
| Game 4 | June 5 | **Boston Celtics** | 107–105 (2–2) | Los Angeles Lakers |
| Game 5 | June 7 | Boston Celtics | 111–120 (2–3) | **Los Angeles Lakers** |
| Game 6 | June 9 | **Los Angeles Lakers** | 111–100 (4–2) | Boston Celtics |

### Game 1

| Los Angeles Lakers 114, **Boston Celtics 148** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 24–**38**, 25–**41**, **30**–29, 35–**40** | | |
| **Pts:** James Worthy 20
**Rebs:** Kurt Rambis 9
**Asts:** Magic Johnson 12 |  | **Pts:** McHale, Wedman 26 each
**Rebs:** Kevin McHale 9
**Asts:** Dennis Johnson 10 |
| ***Boston leads the series, 1–0*** | | |

The Celtics defeated the Lakers 148–114. It was dubbed the "Memorial Day Massacre" and a profound embarrassment for the Lakers team. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar had only 12 points and 3 rebounds, while Magic Johnson pulled down only one rebound. Danny Ainge of the Celtics started hot, scoring 15 points in the first quarter. Scott Wedman made all 11 shots he took from the field. Afterwards, Abdul-Jabbar apologized to his teammates for his terrible performance.

The 34-point differential set a new record for a Finals game between the Celtics and Lakers in their rivalry. This record would stand until the 2008 NBA Finals, when the Celtics defeated the Lakers, 131–92.

### Game 2

| **Los Angeles Lakers 109**, Boston Celtics 102 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **31**–26, **33**–20, 23–**29**, 22–**27** | | |
| **Pts:** Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 30
**Rebs:** Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 17
**Asts:** Magic Johnson 13 |  | **Pts:** Larry Bird 30
**Rebs:** Larry Bird 12
**Asts:** Dennis Johnson 8 |
| ***Series tied, 1–1*** | | |

The Lakers recovered from the Game 1 loss behind Abdul-Jabbar's 30 points, 17 rebounds, 3 blocks, and 8 assists. Lakers swingman Michael Cooper finished with 22 points on an 8 for 9 shooting performance, including several clutch outside jumpers down the stretch. The series was evened at 1–1.

### Game 3

| Boston Celtics 111, **Los Angeles Lakers 136** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **29**–25, 30–**40**, 26–**35**, 26–**36** | | |
| **Pts:** Kevin McHale 31
**Rebs:** Kevin McHale 10
**Asts:** Danny Ainge 10 |  | **Pts:** James Worthy 29
**Rebs:** Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 14
**Asts:** Magic Johnson 16 |
| ***Los Angeles leads the series, 2–1*** | | |

The Celtics held a 48–38 lead in the second quarter before the Lakers rallied and led, 65–59, at halftime. The Lakers pulled away in the second half and won the game 136–111. Abdul-Jabbar scored his 4,456th career point and became the league's all-time leading playoff scorer, which had previously been held by Lakers guard Jerry West. Larry Bird's shooting slump from game 2 continued. He shot a combined 17 of 42 from the field in games two and three. James Worthy led the Lakers with 29 points.

### Game 4

| **Boston Celtics 107**, Los Angeles Lakers 105 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 28–**32**, **31**–26, 23–**26**, **25**–21 | | |
| **Pts:** Kevin McHale 28
**Rebs:** Kevin McHale 12
**Asts:** Dennis Johnson 12 |  | **Pts:** Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 21
**Rebs:** Magic Johnson 11
**Asts:** Magic Johnson 12 |
| ***Series tied, 2–2*** | | |

The Celtics tied the series in the fourth game with a 107–105 win with a buzzer-beating jumper by Dennis Johnson, who scored 27 points. Kevin McHale led all players with 28 points to go along with 12 rebounds for the Celtics.

### Game 5

| Boston Celtics 111, **Los Angeles Lakers 120** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 31–**35**, 20–**29**, 30–**31**, **30**–25 | | |
| **Pts:** Robert Parish 26
**Rebs:** Kevin McHale 10
**Asts:** Dennis Johnson 17 |  | **Pts:** Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 36
**Rebs:** Kurt Rambis 9
**Asts:** Magic Johnson 17 |
| ***Los Angeles leads the series, 3–2*** | | |

In this game, the Lakers stomped out the Celtics by jumping out to a 64–51 lead and stretched it to 89–72 before the Celtics cut the deficit to 4 points, late in the 4th quarter. The Celtics would cut the lead to 4 points several times, but the Lakers answered each time. Magic Johnson made three shots, Kareem added four more shots, and Cooper hit 2 outside jumpers, and the Lakers came away with a 120–111 victory to take a 3–2 series lead.

### Game 6

| **Los Angeles Lakers 111**, Boston Celtics 100 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **28**–26, 27–**29**, **27**–18, **29**–27 | | |
| **Pts:** Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 29
**Rebs:** Johnson, Rambis 10 each
**Asts:** Magic Johnson 14 |  | **Pts:** Kevin McHale 32
**Rebs:** Kevin McHale 16
**Asts:** Danny Ainge 11 |
| ***Los Angeles wins the series, 4–2*** | | |

In the series clincher, the game was tied at halftime. The Lakers would hold the Celtics to just 18 third quarter points to pull away. Abdul-Jabbar scored 29 points and James Worthy scored 28 of his own, as Los Angeles became the first team to clinch a title at the Boston Garden. Magic Johnson dished out a game-high 14 assists. Celtics' forward Kevin McHale scored 32 points and grabbed 16 rebounds—both game-highs—before fouling out in the fourth quarter. Larry Bird's dismal shooting continued as he hit just 12 of 29 shots.

The 38-year-old Abdul-Jabbar was named MVP of the series, his second Finals MVP award and first since 1971 (back when he was known as Lew Alcindor), averaging 25.7 points, 9.0 rebounds, 5.2 assists and 1.5 blocks in six games. Worthy averaged 23.7 points for the Lakers, while Magic Johnson scored 18.3 points per game to go along with 14.0 assists and 6.8 rebounds. Los Angeles shot 51.2% as a team for the series.

McHale led Boston in scoring (26.0) and rebounding (10.7) while shooting 59.8% from the floor. Bird averaged 23.8 points and 8.8 rebounds on just 44.9% shooting. Celtics' guard Dennis Johnson led both teams in minutes played (247). Boston shot 47.6% from the floor while out-rebounding Los Angeles 259–256.

It was the first time (and only time until 2022) in NBA Finals history where the other team clinched the championship against the Celtics in Boston. It was also only the Celtics' second Finals series defeat, having previously lost to the St. Louis Hawks in 1958.

## Player statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game |  |  |

Los Angeles Lakers

Los Angeles Lakers statistics
| Player | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kareem Abdul-Jabbar | 6 | 6 | 35.5 | **.604** | .000 | .769 | **9.0** | 5.2 | 1.0 | **1.5** | **31.7** |
| Michael Cooper | 6 | 0 | 25.5 | .588 | .286 | .905 | 2.0 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 10.2 |
| Magic Johnson | 6 | 6 | **39.2** | .494 | .500 | .871 | 6.8 | **14.0** | 2.2 | 0.0 | 18.3 |
| Mitch Kupchak | 6 | 0 | 14.5 | .550 | .000 | .643 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 5.2 |
| Ronnie Lester | 2 | 0 | 3.0 | .000 | .000 | **1.000** | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Bob McAdoo | 6 | 0 | 19.5 | .379 | .000 | .714 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 8.2 |
| Mike McGee | 4 | 0 | 6.5 | .500 | **.600** | .667 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 |
| Chuck Nevitt | 1 | 0 | 2.0 | .000 | .000 | .500 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Kurt Rambis | 6 | 6 | 22.0 | .500 | .000 | .538 | 8.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 7.5 |
| Byron Scott | 6 | 6 | 34.7 | .395 | .286 | .556 | 3.7 | 2.2 | **2.5** | 0.2 | 11.2 |
| Larry Spriggs | 4 | 0 | 6.8 | .600 | .000 | .500 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 3.5 |
| James Worthy | 6 | 6 | 39.0 | .564 | .000 | .700 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 23.7 |

Boston Celtics

Boston Celtics statistics
| Player | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Danny Ainge | 6 | 6 | 33.8 | .414 | .400 | .750 | 3.0 | 7.0 | **2.0** | 0.0 | 11.0 |
| Larry Bird | 6 | 6 | 40.2 | .449 | .333 | .850 | 8.8 | 5.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 23.8 |
| Quinn Buckner | 4 | 0 | 7.8 | .545 | .000 | .000 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
| M. L. Carr | 3 | 0 | 2.7 | .375 | **1.000** | .000 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 |
| Carlos Clark | 2 | 0 | 3.5 | .500 | .000 | **1.000** | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Dennis Johnson | 6 | 6 | **41.2** | .382 | .000 | .857 | 4.3 | **9.5** | 1.7 | 0.7 | 16.0 |
| Greg Kite | 5 | 0 | 8.8 | .444 | .000 | .500 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 |
| Cedric Maxwell | 5 | 0 | 10.8 | .500 | .000 | .700 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2.6 |
| Kevin McHale | 6 | 6 | 40.0 | .598 | .000 | .727 | **10.7** | 1.3 | 0.3 | **1.8** | **26.0** |
| Robert Parish | 6 | 6 | 37.2 | .481 | .000 | .771 | 9.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | **1.8** | 17.2 |
| Scott Wedman | 6 | 0 | 17.5 | **.611** | .636 | .556 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 9.3 |
| Ray Williams | 4 | 0 | 9.3 | .500 | .000 | .000 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 3.5 |

## Television coverage

The Finals were telecast by CBS in the United States, with its coverage anchored by Brent Musburger. Dick Stockton did play-by-play with Tom Heinsohn as color analyst, working their second Finals together. Pat O'Brien worked sideline duties for both teams.

## Celebration

The Lakers were invited to a reception at the White House with President Ronald Reagan, where Kareem Abdul-Jabbar presented the President with a jersey. The following Tuesday would be declared "Laker Day" by Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley with a parade beginning at 9th in Broadway.

## Team rosters

### Los Angeles Lakers

**1984–85 Los Angeles Lakers roster**
| Players | Coaches |
| --- | --- |
| Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB From  33 Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) 225 lb (102 kg) 1947–04–16 UCLA  SG 21 Cooper, Michael 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 170 lb (77 kg) 1956–04–15 New Mexico  PG 32 Johnson, Magic 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 215 lb (98 kg) 1959–08–14 Michigan State  1 Jones, Earl 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 210 lb (95 kg) 1961–01–13 UDC  PF 25 Kupchak, Mitch 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1954–05–24 North Carolina  PG 12 Lester, Ronnie 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 175 lb (79 kg) 1959–01–01 Iowa  11 McAdoo, Bob 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 210 lb (95 kg) 1951–09–25 North Carolina  SF 40 McGee, Mike 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 190 lb (86 kg) 1959–07–29 Michigan  43 Nevitt, Chuck 7 ft 5 in (2.26 m) 217 lb (98 kg) 1959–06–13 NC State  PF 31 Rambis, Kurt 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 213 lb (97 kg) 1958–02–25 Santa Clara  SG 4 Scott, Byron 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 195 lb (88 kg) 1961–03–28 Arizona State  PF 35 Spriggs, Larry 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1959–09–08 Howard  SF 52 Wilkes, Jamaal 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 190 lb (86 kg) 1953–05–02 UCLA  SF 42 Worthy, James 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 225 lb (102 kg) 1961–02–27 North Carolina | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend * **(DP)** Unsigned draft pick * **(FA)** Free agent * **(S)** Suspended * Injured |

### Boston Celtics

**1984–85 Boston Celtics roster**
| Players | Coaches |
| --- | --- |
| Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB From  G/F 44 Ainge, Danny 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 175 lb (79 kg) 1959–03–17 BYU  33 Bird, Larry 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 220 lb (100 kg) 1956–12–07 Indiana State  28 Buckner, Quinn 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 190 lb (86 kg) 1954–08–20 Indiana  34 Carlisle, Rick 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 210 lb (95 kg) 1959–10–27 Virginia  G/F 30 Carr, M.L. 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 205 lb (93 kg) 1951–01–09 Guilford  40 Clark, Carlos 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 210 lb (95 kg) 1960–08–10 Mississippi  3 Johnson, Dennis 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1954–09–18 Pepperdine  50 Kite, Greg 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 250 lb (113 kg) 1961–08–05 BYU  31 Maxwell, Cedric 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 205 lb (93 kg) 1955–11–21 Charlotte  F/C 32 McHale, Kevin 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 210 lb (95 kg) 1957–12–19 Minnesota  00 Parish, Robert 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1953–08–30 Centenary  G/F 8 Wedman, Scott 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 215 lb (98 kg) 1952–07–29 Colorado  20 Williams, Ray 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 188 lb (85 kg) 1954–10–14 Minnesota | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend * **(DP)** Unsigned draft pick * **(FA)** Free agent * **(S)** Suspended * Injured |

## Aftermath

After appearing in and winning both the 1981 and 1984 NBA Finals, this finals championship marked the first loss for the Larry Bird-led Celtics. Boston would appear in two more NBA Finals before the decade was over winning it all the next year (against Houston), only to lose in a rematch to the Lakers in 1987. It would take another 22 years before the Celtics would make another NBA Finals appearance again (which by that time the "Big 3" of Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish had long since retired) which they won against the Kobe Bryant-led Los Angeles Lakers in 6 games.

## InfoBox

1985 NBA Finals
| Cedric Maxwell (No. 31) of the Boston Celtics vs. Magic Johnson (32) of the Los Angeles Lakers in the finals | |
| --- | --- |
| Team Coach Wins  Los Angeles Lakers Pat Riley 4  Boston Celtics K. C. Jones 2 | |
| Dates | May 27–June 9 |
| MVP | Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
(Los Angeles Lakers) |
| Hall of Famers | **Celtics:**
Larry Bird (1998)
Dennis Johnson (2010)
Kevin McHale (1999)
Robert Parish (2003)
**Lakers:**
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (1995)
Michael Cooper (2024)
Magic Johnson (2002)
Bob McAdoo (2000)
Jamaal Wilkes (2012)
James Worthy (2003)
**Coaches:**
K.C. Jones (1989, player)
Pat Riley (2008)
**Officials:**
Hugh Evans (2022)
Darell Garretson (2016)
Earl Strom (1995) |
| Eastern finals | Celtics defeated 76ers, 4–1 |
| Western finals | Lakers defeated Nuggets, 4–1 |
|


title: Arab Jibor

abstract: Arab Jibor is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq. It is a predominantly Sunni area to the immediate south-east of Baghdad that lies to the west of the Tigris River. It has an estimated population 12,00 of which 80% are Sunni. It is a fertile, rural area with many canals and difficult terrain. During the era of Saddam Hussein, many influential Sunnis, including Uday and Qusay Hussein, had weekend homes in the area. Arab Jabour was a hotbed of the Sunni insurgency, with cells that supported al-Qaeda in Iraq networks in Baghdad. These cells operated until Coalition operations during the troop surge rooted them out during Operation Marne Thunderbolt, which concluded in February 2008.

text:
# Arab Jibor

**Arab Jibor** (or **Jabour**) is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq. It is a predominantly Sunni area to the immediate south-east of Baghdad that lies to the west of the Tigris River. It has an estimated population 12,00 of which 80% are Sunni. It is a fertile, rural area with many canals and difficult terrain. During the era of Saddam Hussein, many influential Sunnis, including Uday and Qusay Hussein, had weekend homes in the area.

Arab Jabour was a hotbed of the Sunni insurgency, with cells that supported al-Qaeda in Iraq networks in Baghdad. These cells operated until Coalition operations during the troop surge rooted them out during Operation Marne Thunderbolt, which concluded in February 2008.


title: Arny Karl

abstract: Arny Karl was one of the key artists in the early stages of the California Plein-Air Revival, which started in the 1980s and continues to this day. Along with Tim Solliday and Peter Seitz Adams, Karl helped revitalize the use of pastels to paint outdoors or en plein air, as the French described regarding the practice of working directly from nature. Karl was a student of Theodore Lukits (1897–1992), who was a prominent California Impressionist and the best known Early California painter to have worked in pastel. His work has been included in a number of museum exhibitions, is represented in a number of prominent public and private collections and has been the subject of a number of curatorial essays.

text:
# Arny Karl

**Arny Karl** (birth name: Arnold Helmut Karl) (July 31, 1940 - February 15, 2000) was one of the key artists in the early stages of the California Plein-Air Revival, which started in the 1980s and continues to this day. Along with Tim Solliday (b. 1952) and Peter Seitz Adams (b. 1950), Karl helped revitalize the use of pastels to paint outdoors or en plein air, as the French described regarding the practice of working directly from nature. Karl was a student of Theodore Lukits (1897–1992), who was a prominent California Impressionist and the best known Early California painter to have worked in pastel. His work has been included in a number of museum exhibitions, is represented in a number of prominent public and private collections and has been the subject of a number of curatorial essays.

## Early life

Karl was born in South Tyrol, Italy to an Austrian father, Anton Karl (1899–1984) and an Italian mother, Rosa Maria Adami (1911–1966). His father was a minister and a writer, but it was his mother who encouraged Karl's artistic development through her own interest in design and the arts. The Karl family moved frequently, first to Milan, then to Rome and finally to Florence, where Karl grew up and, as a student, was fascinated and awed by the art of the Renaissance. Karl enjoyed the Italian countryside and was always drawn to nature as a subject. In 1961, he emigrated to the United States and settled in San Gabriel Valley, just east of Los Angeles, where his sister was living after her immigration into the United States. Initially, like many new immigrants, Karl worked at a variety of different jobs but because of his artistic talent, Karl enrolled at Pasadena City College to study commercial sign and scenic painting, which he felt would enable him to pursue a practical career that would still involve art.

## Commercial art career

To earn a living, Karl found employment in the outdoor advertising industry. In the 1960s, Los Angeles, with its tremendous urban sprawl, had a large billboard industry and large, colorful billboards towered over the streets and freeways. In that era most of the boards were still hand painted and were essentially large murals that were painted in vast studios, or on site, by artists on scaffolds. Initially, Karl was hired as a 'helper' or apprentice at Foster & Kleiser, a large Los Angeles outdoor advertising firm that is now part of Clear Channel Outdoor. He mixed paints and assisted the more experienced artists, while he learned the technique of completing vast paintings under a strict deadline. Karl quickly climbed up the union ladder and was soon painting his own large billboards for Foster & Kleiser and then for Pacific Outdoor Advertising. Like many commercial artists, he found the lack of creativity in commercial art frustrating and wanted a career as a fine artist, but realized he would need further training. Fortuitously, Bernardo "Barney" Sepulveda, a senior co-worker at Foster & Kleiser, introduced Karl to the iconoclastic figurative painter and Early California pastelist Theodore Lukits. Known as a staunch traditionalist, Lukits' own work and teaching career helped preserve the ideals and methods of the late-19th-century French ateliers and academies. Karl immediately recognized and respected Lukits' knowledge and mastery of pastel and oil landscapes, formal portraits, still lifes, and anatomical drawing and knew he had found a teacher and mentor.

## Personal life

Arny Karl was married to the teacher Lee Kietz on June 7, 1969. The couple lived in Rancho Cucamonga, beneath the San Bernardino Mountains that Karl often painted. The Karls had no children and were divorced April 15, 1982. Later, Karl had a long relationship with a woman that he referred to as his wife, Katherine "Kay" Karl, who survived him, but there does not seem to be a record of a formal marriage and there were no children from their relationship. He had a strong, masculine appearance and he was eccentric and colorful in appearance and actions. Karl usually wore paint-splattered clothing and has been described as "looking like he just emerged from the studio", which most often was the case. He could be secretive about his art work, seldom sharing his paintings with anyone except his closest artist friends, who he felt would understand them. In his later years, he was wary of outsiders and reclusive enough that few visitors ever were allowed access to his home. In spite of a generally retiring nature, he developed close friendships with a number of his co-workers in the billboard industry and several of his fellow art students. In his later years, Karl worked in a drafty studio with a complement of cats that was adjacent to his ramshackle home. He was reluctant to see doctors and this quirk contributed to his health issues. He died in a hospital in Ontario, in San Bernardino County, California, after a lengthy illness.

## Artistic education

After an introduction from the billboard painter Bernardo "Barney" Sepulveda, Arny Karl entered the Hancock Park atelier of Theodore Lukits (1897–1992), the Lukits Academy, in 1968. At that time painters like R. H. Ives Gammell (1893–1981) in Boston and Lukits in Los Angeles were two of the few fine arts teachers whose instruction was based on the ideals and techniques of the 19th century French École des Beaux-Arts. This type of instruction is now known as the "Atelier Method." The Beaux-Arts method had evolved over hundreds of years from the Renaissance through the 19th century and was brought to perhaps its highest level of refinement by Parisian masters like William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905), Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904) and Leon Bonnat (1833–1922).

Lukits, who had been teaching since 1924, was a respected California portrait, landscape and still life painter whose work was popular with the film community. He was an award-winning graduate of the Art Institute of Chicago where he had studied with a host of Parisian- and European-trained painters including Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939), Edmund H. Wuerpel (1866–1947), Edwin Blashfield (1848–1936), Karl Albert Buehr (1866–1952), Wellington J. Reynolds (1865–1949), Richard E. Miller (1875–1943), Charles Webster Hawthorne (1872–1930) and Robert Henri (1865–1929). Lukits passed on the accumulated knowledge he learned in his years at the Washington University School of Fine Arts, Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and the Art Institute of Chicago to his students, who began by "drawing from the antique" which meant doing charcoal or graphite portraits of marbles and plaster casts of ancient Roman and Greek statuary. These studies taught the students to understand "values" which are the tonal gradations of light and shadow, applicable to working under artificial lighting conditions in the studio or out of doors under the natural light of the sun or moon. Advancement in a traditional atelier is based on mastery rather than an artificial quarter or semester system, so Karl moved from working from plaster casts to simple still life set-ups only after his instructor was satisfied with his work. Eventually he began to work in color, painting still life set-ups under the colored lights that Lukits used to simulate conditions an artist would find out of doors. As the years passed under Lukits' guidance, Karl also began attending Lukits' anatomy and life drawing classes. Karl studied with Lukits for an entire decade while he supported himself in the field of commercial art and he concluded his studies in 1978.

## Plein-Air painting career

From the time he was young, Arny Karl had always loved the outdoors and when he entered the atelier of Theodore Lukits, it was the elderly painter's large collection of Plein-Air Pastels that made the deepest impression on him. While Lukits was no longer working out of doors, he explained the techniques he used in his works of the 1920s to Karl and simulated conditions of natural light in his studio for his students. By the late 1960s, Karl was working out of doors, painted in the foothills of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains. He brought his works back to the Lukits atelier for the older artist to critique and his steadily work advanced and improved. By the mid-1970s, Peter Seitz Adams (b. 1950) and Tim Solliday (b. 1952), two younger painters who were interested in working out of doors, had entered the Lukits atelier. Karl, who had already been working out of doors for a number of years, served as their early mentor, helping them learn the techniques of working directly from nature. Together the three painters worked painting the stands of Eucalyptus along the Southern California Coast, working in places like St. Malo Beach, where the Adams family had their beach house, the wetlands at Batiquitos Lagoon and Laguna Beach. Karl, Solliday and Adams also made longer sketching trips to the High Sierras, Utah, Yellowstone National Park and the Canadian Rockies. These three painters worked almost exclusively in pastel and dedicated themselves to championing that medium as a method ideally suited to capturing the rapidly changing natural conditions that an artist encountered out of doors. Karl also painted in Europe the entire year of 1971, working in the Alps, Germany, Italy and Greece. He usually worked in small sizes when he painted from nature, from 6 in × 8 in (150 mm × 200 mm) to 12 in × 16 in (300 mm × 410 mm) and then worked up larger paintings in pastel or oil in his studio. Karl held his Plein-Air pastel works closely, seldom exhibiting them or showing them to anyone except his fellow artists, a practice he learned from his teacher and mentor, Theodore Lukits. He saw the pastel work as his reference material for larger, more ambitious works and they served as a form of visual memory, so he seldom wanted to let go of them. In large part because of Karl's influence, by the late 1970s, a number of painters were working out of doors in the Plein-Air Pastel tradition that artists like Theodore Lukits and William Louis Otte (1871–1957) had established in the 1920s.

## Professional career

About the time Karl finished his academic studies with Theodore Lukits he began to exhibit his work professionally. He sold his first works to the veteran Los Angeles dealer Howard Morseburg (b. 1924), a relationship that began because of the dealer's long friendship with Thedore Lukits. These early. less mature works were done in oil, "worked up" from his pastel studies. They were brightly colored paintings depicting vivid sunrises and sunsets, broadly painted with little detail. According to Morseburg, because of the intense colors, the paintings did not sell well and after working with Karl for a number of months, the business relationship faded. Karl also began to work with Doug Jones, another veteran dealer who had the Jones Gallery in La Jolla, California. Jones encouraged Karl and purchased and sold a number of his paintings including both figurative and landscape works in oil and pastel. Both Morseburg and Jones have cited Karl's eccentricity and unreliability as an impediment to the development of his artistic career in the 1980s. Karl began working with Trailside Galeries in Scottsdale, Arizona, a large western gallery, in the mid-1980s, but because of his infrequent visits to Arizona, they were never able to sell his work steadily.

It was not until the early 1990s, when he began working with Jeffrey Morseburg, Howard Morseburg's son, that his work began to be exhibited and sold steadily. While he seldom sold his pastel studies early in his professional career, by the mid-1990s, his dealer convinced him that his most personally revealing works were the ones done from nature and that the revival of interest in California Impressionism meant that there was a much greater appreciation for Plein-Air paintings. Morseburg began to market and advertise the works of a number of "Contemporary Plein-Air Painters" with Karl's works advertised and shown along with those of Peter Seitz Adams, Tim Solliday and the aging landscape painter Richard Rackus (b. 1922). Morseburg Galleries also hosted a number of large pastel exhibitions with Karl's work featured prominently. It was from these pastel exhibitions that the collector Sean Sullivan began his collection of pastels of the western American landscape that would later form the core collection for the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art. Phoebe Faulkner, one of the premier collectors of the works of contemporary California Impressionists, also purchased many works from Morseburg's exhibitions. In the 1990s, Karl also began to paint medium-sized and large works based on his pastel studies and these works were sold by Morseburg Galleries and exhibited at Jones & Terwilliger Galleries in Carmel, California. Patricia Terwilliger of Jones & Terwilliger, was responsible for the sale of Karl's largest work, a 36 in × 45 in (910 mm × 1,140 mm) painting of the Carmel Coast to a Pacific Grove collector. With Morseburg's help, Karl began to exhibit his work with the revived and strengthened California Art Club and his Plein-Air pastels were included in the annual Gold Medal Exhibition as well as the museum shows *Treasures of the Sierra Madre* and the ecologically-themed exhibition *California Wetlands* both originating at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.

## Late career and posthumous recognition

By the late 1990s, Karl began to experience health problems and was diagnosed with an advanced case of diabetes. He had problems with his eyesight, including severe cataracts that interfered with his ability to paint and his artistic production ceased for months at a time. After learning how to treat his diabetes and having eye surgery, Karl rallied for a time and was able to paint once again. However, by 1999, Karl's health began to decline once again and he died in February 2000 from complications from congestive heart failure. Since his death, Karl's work was the subject of one solo posthumous exhibition titled The *Color of Mood, the Pastels of Arny Karl* at the Morseburg Galleries in 2005. Karl's works have also been included in a number of exhibitions in public venues. A number of Arny Karl's pastels have been donated to the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art which is located on the grounds of St. Francis University through the auspices of the Sean and Margaret Sullivan fund, the latest of which was donated in 2008. Sean Sullivan was one of the founders of the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art (SAMA) and a passionate collector of Plein-Air pastels by Californian and Western American painters, both historic painters like Theodore Lukits and contemporary artists such as Peter Seitz Adams and Gil Dellinger. Three of Karl's works were exhibited in SAMA's 1999 exhibition titled *Contemporary Romanticism: Landscapes in Pastel* and again in the 2008 Exhibition titled *From Charles Burchfield to Peter Adams* in 2008. Additional gifts to the Southern Alleghenies Museum's pastel collection are planned. One of Karl's largest works "Windswept Sierras", has been promised to the California Art Club for its permanent collection.

## Assessment and oeuvre

Arny Karl's professional career was relatively short, no more than twenty years. In that time Jeffrey Morseburg, his dealer and fellow student of Theodore Lukits, estimates that he painted about 400-500 plein-air Pastels and about 100-150 oil paintings, so his artistic oeuvre was very limited. He was famously eccentric and difficult, so relationships with dealers were seldom steady. According to Morseburg's essays, Karl's earliest pastel works from the late 1960s and early 1970s were "blocky" with bold strokes of color. As his pastel works matured, the strokes of pastels became almost imperceptible, as he began to "paint" with his fingers. Karl's pastel works of the mid-1990s consisted primarily of foothill scenes, often of California Oaks or Eucalyptus. Some of his later pastel works could be quite detailed, in spite of the artist's eye problems. *Sierra Autumn, Big Sur Overlook and Mono Lake*, all of which were shown in public exhibitions, are all examples of these detailed pastels. Karl's early works in oil were thinly painted, with little impasto and boldly colored, evidently too boldly for many collector's tastes. His later oils could be more thinly painted or thickly brushed examples of California Impressionism. Most of these works relied on imprecise brushwork and were painted in a cool palette. Scenes of the Central California Coast and the High Sierras predominated in the works of Karl's last decade. Art authorities such as Michael Tomor, former Chief Curator of the Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art or art curator Jeffrey Morseburg, describe Karl as a "romantic" or "lyrical" painter because of his "moody" subjects and curvilinear compositions. In his 1999 exhibition catalog Tomor stated that "Jeffrey Morseburg, Lukits' biographer, believes Karl to be inspired by Lukits' pastels as well as the works of Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) and J. M. W. Turner (1775-1841). His *Blue Moment* and *Pink Moments*, plein-air pastels of the Sierra Mountains, convey the sublime and awe inspiring aspects of nature." While Karl's artistic oeuvre was small, because of his influence on a number of younger painters, strident advocacy of plein-air painting and the pastel medium and presence in several important public and private collections his influence is still being felt.

## Notable works

## Museum exhibitions

* *From Charles Burchfield to Peter Adams: Watercolors and Pastels from the Permanent Collection* Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Loretto, Pennsylvania, March 21 - Sept 14, 2008; exhibited: *Pink Moment*, *Blue Moment*, *San Gabriel Peaks*
* *Contemporary Romanticism: Landscapes in Pastel*, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, Loretto, Pennsylvania, April 4 - May 30, 1999; exhibited: *Pink Moment, Blue Moment, San Gabriel Peaks*
* *Treasures of the Sierra Madre*, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, May 28 - August 30, 1998; Muckenthaller Cultural Center, Fullerton, California, September 12 - October 30, 1998
* *California Wetlands: Paintings of California Endangered Species and Protected Wetlands*, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, April 13 - September 1, 1996; exhibited: *Mono Lake*
* *86th Annual California Art Club Gold Medal Exhibition*, Arcadia, California, Spring 1996; exhibited: *Windswept Sierras*
* *88th Annual California Art Club Gold Medal Exhibition*, Arcadia, California, June 14–22, 1998; exhibited: *Sierra Autumn* and *Big Sur Overlook*

## History of professional representation

* Estate Representation, Jeffrey Morseburg, 2000–present
* Morseburg Galleries, West Hollywood & Los Angeles, California, c. 19902000
* Jones and Terwilliger Galleries. Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, c. 1994
* Trailside Galleries, Scottsdale, Arizona, c. 19821985
* Jones Gallery, La Jolla, California, c. 19801990
* Howard Morseburg Galleries, Los Angeles, California, 1980–1985

* Merrell, Eric, *Historic Artists of the California Art Club*, 2010 Online Biographies
* Rice, Ruth, Melding Two Into One, Art Exhibition Combines Pastels and Watercolors, The Tribune Democrat, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, April 8, 2008 (Article on Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art Exhibition, From Charles Burchfield to Peter Adams with Karl's works)
* Morseburg, Jeffrey, *The Color of Mood: The Pastel Landscapes of Arny Karl*, 2005 Exhibition Catalog Essay
* Dunbier, Lonnie Pierson, The Artist's Bluebook, 2005
* Morseburg, Jeffrey, Theodore Lukits: An American Orientalist, Exhibition Catalog, Pacific Asia Museum, 1998
* Bellah, Suzanne, The Pastels of Theodore Lukits, Exhibition Catalog, Carnegie Museum, Oxnard, California, 1991
* Morseburg, Jeffrey, Arny Karl, Biography for the Art Dictionary, Ask Art, 2004
* Morseburg, Jeffrey, *The Landscapes of Arny Karl, a Critical Assessment*, 2000
* Social Security Administration, California Death Index, 2000
* Tomor, Michael, *Contemporary Romanticism: Landscapes in Pastel*, Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, April 4 - May 30, 1999, Exhibition Catalog
* Zilmer, Rolf, *California Art Club 87th Annual Gold Medal Exhibition*, 1997, Exhibition Checklist
* Southwest Art, *Redbook, Artist's Price Guide*, Western American Art, 1997
* U.S. Public Records Index, Volume 2