title: Atmosphere of Triton

abstract: The atmosphere of Triton is the layer of gases surrounding Triton. Like the atmospheres of Titan and Pluto, Triton's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, with smaller amounts of methane and carbon monoxide. It hosts a layer of organic haze extending up to 30 kilometers above its surface and a deck of thin bright clouds at about 4 kilometers in altitude. Due to Triton's low gravity, its atmosphere is loosely bound, extending over 800 kilometers from its surface. Triton, along with Saturn's moon Titan, is one of only two moons in the Solar System known to have significant, global atmospheres. The surface pressure is only 14 microbars, 1⁄70000 of the surface pressure on Earth. Similar to the atmosphere of Pluto, Triton's atmosphere is sensitive to seasonal changes; observations obtained in 1998 showed an increase in temperature, increasing the atmosphere's density.

text:
# Atmosphere of Triton

The **atmosphere of Triton** is the layer of gases surrounding Triton. Like the atmospheres of Titan and Pluto, Triton's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, with smaller amounts of methane and carbon monoxide. It hosts a layer of organic haze extending up to 30 kilometers above its surface and a deck of thin bright clouds at about 4 kilometers in altitude. Due to Triton's low gravity, its atmosphere is loosely bound, extending over 800 kilometers from its surface.

Triton, along with Saturn's moon Titan, is one of only two moons in the Solar System known to have significant, global atmospheres. The surface pressure is only 14 microbars (1.4 Pa or 0.0105mmHg), 170000 of the surface pressure on Earth. Similar to the atmosphere of Pluto, Triton's atmosphere is sensitive to seasonal changes; observations obtained in 1998 showed an increase in temperature, increasing the atmosphere's density.

## Composition and chemistry

Nitrogen is the main gas in Triton's atmosphere. The two other known components are methane and carbon monoxide, whose abundances are a few hundredths of a percent of that of the nitrogen. Carbon monoxide, which was first detected in 2010 by the ground-based observations, is slightly more abundant than methane. The abundance of methane relative to nitrogen increased by four to five times since 1986 due to the seasonal warming observed on Triton, which passed its southern-hemisphere solstice in 2001. Compositionally, Triton's atmosphere strongly resembles that of Pluto's atmosphere, being almost entirely nitrogen with minor contributions from other gasses.

Other possible components of the Triton's atmosphere include argon and neon. Because they were not detected in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum of Triton obtained by Voyager 2 in 1989, their abundances are unlikely to exceed a few percent. In addition to the gases mentioned above, the upper atmosphere contains significant amounts of both molecular and atomic hydrogen, which is produced by the photolysis of methane. This hydrogen quickly escapes into the space serving as a source of plasma in the magnetosphere of Neptune.

Chemistry in Triton's atmosphere
| Molecule | Production | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hydrogen (H2) | Various | Escape |
| Hydrogen (H) | Various | Escape |
| Nitrogen (N2) | Cryovolcanism?
$\ce {N + NH-\>N2 + H}$
$\ce {2N + N2-\>2N2}$ | Escape
$\ce {N+2 + H2-\>N2H+ + H}$
$\ce {NH+ + N2-\>N2H+ + N}$ |
| Nitrogen (N) | $\ce {H + NH-\>N + H2}$
 | Escape
$\ce {N + NH-\>N2 + H}$
$\ce {2N + N2-\>2N2}$
$\ce {N+ + H2-\>NH+ + H}$ |
| Methane (CH4) | Cryovolcanism? | $\ce {CH4 + h\nu-\>CH2 + 2H}$
$\ce {CH4 + h\nu-\>CH2 + H2}$
$\ce {CH4 + h\nu-\>CH + H + H2}$ |
| Carbon monoxide cations (CO+) | $\ce {N+2 + CO-\>CO+ + N2}$
$\ce {N+ + CO-\>CO+ + N}$ | $\ce {CO+ + H-\>CO + H+}$
$\ce {CO+ + e-\>C + O}$
$\ce {CO+ + H2-\>HCO+ + H}$ |
| Methylene (CH2) | $\ce {CH4 + h\nu-\>CH2 + 2H}$
$\ce {CH4 + h\nu-\>CH2 + H2}$ | $\ce {CH2 + H-\>CH + H2}$ |
| Ethylene (C2H4) | $\ce {2CH4 + h\nu-\>C2H4 + 1.5H2 + H}$
$\ce {CH + CH4-\>C2H4 + H}$ |  |
|

### Interactions with Neptune

Triton's atmosphere interacts with Neptune through Neptune's magnetosphere, with interactions complicated by Triton's retrograde orbit and Neptune's asymmetric magnetosphere. As neutral hydrogen and nitrogen escape from Triton's atmosphere, they form a large neutral cloud in orbit around Neptune called the Triton torus. The modelled rate of escape of hydrogen, both atomic and molecular, is about 7×1025 particles per second; nitrogen escape rates are inferred to be 2-3 times lower. The density of the neutral hydrogen torus is comparable, if not greater than that of the neutral hydrogen torus maintained by Titan. The ionization of neutral particles in the Triton torus and the escape of ions from Triton's atmosphere may act as the dominant source of plasma within Neptune's magnetosphere.

## Structure

Triton's atmosphere is well structured and global. The atmosphere extends up to 870 kilometers above the surface, where the exobase is located, and had a surface pressure of about 14 microbars as of 1989. This is only 1/70,000th of the surface pressure on Earth. The surface temperature was at least 35.6  (−237.6 °C) because Triton's nitrogen ice is in the warmer, hexagonal crystalline state, and the phase transition between hexagonal and cubic nitrogen ice occurs at that temperature. An upper limit in the low 40s (K) can be set from vapor pressure equilibrium with nitrogen gas in Triton's atmosphere. The most likely temperature was 38±1 K as of 1989. In the 1990s it probably increased by about 1 K due to the general global warming as Triton approached the peak of its southern hemisphere summer (see below).

Convection near Triton's surface heated by the Sun creates a troposphere (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of about 8 km. In it temperature decreases with height reaching a minimum of about 36 K at the tropopause. There is no stratosphere, defined as a layer where heating from the warmer troposphere and thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling. Higher regions include the thermosphere (8–850 km) and exosphere (above 850 km). In the thermosphere the temperature rises reaching a constant value of about 95 K above 300 km. The upper atmosphere continuously leaks into outer space due to the weak gravity of Triton. The loss rate is about 1×1025 nitrogen molecules per second, equivalent to about 0.3 kg/s.

## Weather and climate

Nitrogen ice particles form clouds in the troposphere a few kilometers above the surface of Triton. Above them a haze is present extending up to 30 km from the surface. It is believed to be composed largely of hydrocarbons and nitriles created by the action of the Sun's and stellar ultraviolet light on methane.

In 1989 Voyager 2 discovered that near the surface there are winds blowing to the east or north-east with a speed of about 5–15 m/s. Their direction was determined by observations of dark streaks located over the southern polar cap, which generally extend from the south-west to north-east. These winds are thought to be related to the sublimation of nitrogen ice from the southern cap as there was summer in the southern hemisphere in 1989. The gaseous nitrogen moves northward and is deflected by the Coriolis force to the east, forming an anticyclone near the surface. The tropospheric winds are capable of moving material of over a micrometer in size thus forming the streaks.

Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause, the winds change direction. They now flow to the west and are driven by differences in temperature between the poles and equator. These high winds may distort Triton's atmosphere making it asymmetric. An asymmetry was actually observed during star occultations by Triton in 1990s.

## Observations and exploration

### Before *Voyager 2*

Before *Voyager 2* arrived, a nitrogen and methane atmosphere with a density as much as 30% that of Earth had been suggested. This proved to be a great overestimate, similar to the early predictions of the atmospheric density of Mars. However, also like on Mars, a denser early atmosphere is postulated.

### *Voyager 2*

*Voyager 2* flew past Triton five hours after its closest approach to Neptune in mid-late August 1989. During the flyby, Voyager 2 took measurements of the atmosphere, finding methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere. Voyager 2 also captured at least two plumes erupting through the nitrogen ice of Triton, and this is the first evidence of active plumes on an icy world such as Triton. The plumes were around 100 km long and 8 km above the surface and produced dark shadows in the images from Voyager 2. Around 100 dark surface fans on the SPT are attributed to the plumes. The vapor mass flux of the plumes is estimated to be around 400 kg/s per plume. They caused large amounts of dark substrate to be thrown through the thin nitrogen ice and then into the atmosphere. The plumes captured on Triton are similar to the plumes seen on Enceladus, and the modeled ejection speeds are more consistent with a deep source.

It has been suggested that the observed plumes are not of eruptive origin, but instead are dust devils, suggested due to the observed plumes' length-to-height ratio. The proposed mechanism for the formation of dust devils is that patches of the surface without nitrogen frost would heat up more quickly than the surrounding area. Given this and Triton's low surface pressure, the atmosphere would begin to heat up due to convection, to as much as 10 K greater than the surface temperature, allowing for the creation of dust devils with wind speeds of up to 20 meters per second. This could explain the observed surface temperature of 38 K, and remove the need to come up with a heating mechanism for the geysers. However, the dust devil hypothesis is largely unconsidered today, due to questions as to why more dust devils were not observed given their proposed formation and that the observed dark streaks and fans associated with the plumes do not require dust devils to explain them, as well as the fact the model relied upon an erroneous temperature profile for the atmosphere. As a result, eruptive-based models for the plumes are generally favored today.

### Later observations

In the 1990s, observations from Earth were made of the occultation of stars by Triton's limb. These observations indicated the presence of a denser atmosphere than was inferred from Voyager 2 data. The surface pressure in the late 1990s is thought to have increased to at least 19 μbar or, possibly, even to 40 μbar. Other observations have shown an increase in temperature by 5% from 1989 to 1998. One of the scientists involved in investigation of Triton, James L. Elliot, said:

> "At least since 1989, Triton has been undergoing a period of global warming. Percentage-wise, it's a very large increase."

These observations indicate Triton has a warm southern-hemisphere summer season that only happens once every few hundred years, near solstices. Hypotheses for this warming include the sublimation of frost on Triton's surface and a decrease in ice albedo, which would allow more heat to be absorbed. Another theory argues the changes in temperature are a result of the deposition of dark, red material from geological processes on the moon. Because Triton's bond albedo is among the highest within the solar system, it is sensitive to small variations in spectral albedo.

#### Triton Watch

The *Triton Watch* program was a campaign involving astronomers to monitor changes in the atmosphere of Triton. It was launched under a grant from NASA.

### Future exploration

#### Trident

*Trident* is a proposed NASA mission that is to further study Neptune's moon Triton. The proposed launch date of *Trident* is set for October 2025, arriving at the Neptune system by 2038. Triton is a probable ocean world of very high priority because of the glimpses of activity shown from the *Voyager 2* flyby. The origin of the activity seen from Voyager is still unclear and this makes Triton very high on the list when it comes to investigating ocean planets. *Trident* would dramatically help in furthering knowledge of the atmosphere of Triton as well as the activity from the surface plumes captured in *Voyager 2*. It would also help gain knowledge on the surface level of the moon and shed light on the processes that go on there. This mission has three scientific goals it is trying to achieve, which are: if Triton has a subsurface ocean or if it has had an ocean in the past, to further understand what energy sources and sinks are at play with the resurfacing of Triton, and to investigate and study the organic constituents on Triton's surface. To find an ocean on Triton, magnetic induction techniques will be used. The presence of the saltiness of an ocean makes it conductive, which means it is detectable to magnetic induction techniques with a spacecraft in orbit. The salinity of the ocean is mostly acquired from differentiation from volatiles in rocks on the planet and it is thought that these volatiles are sodium chloride dominant. To help achieve these goals, Trident would be equipped with a plasma spectrometer, a high resolution infrared spectrometer with a spectral range up to 5μm, as well as many other instruments.

#### Neptune Odyssey mission

The Neptune Odyssey mission concept is a flagship-class orbiter equipped with atmospheric probes that is proposed to be sent into the Neptune–Triton system. This mission would launch around 2031 and would be aboard the SLS (Space Launch System) or an equivalent launch vehicle. The spacecraft would use a gravity assist from Jupiter and then cruise for 13 years to its destination in the Neptune–Triton system for its study. This mission will be trying to answer questions of: how do the interior and atmospheres of ice giants form and evolve; is Triton an ocean world; what is the cause of the plumes seen on Voyager 2; and how the geophysics of Triton can help expand the knowledge of dwarf planets such as Pluto. \[1\] Some measurements to be taken in this mission are: magnetic field, gravitational harmonics, spectroscopy, visible imager, ions and electrons, neutral mass spectrometry, and dust.

1. These values were measured in 2010; as no occultation had observed Triton's atmospheric pressure between 1997 and 2017, Lellouch and collaborators tentatively favored an assumed atmospheric pressure of 40 μbar (4 Pa). Percentages were derived by dividing the given partial pressure by an assumed atmospheric pressure of 4 Pa.
2. Saturn's moon Enceladus; Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto; and possibly Uranus's moon Titania all have atmospheres as well, but are too thin to drive weather or climate.

## InfoBox

Atmosphere of Triton
| *Voyager 2* image of Triton after closest approach, showing the haze in Triton's atmosphere weakly scattering sunlight and "extending" its thin crescent | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Height | ~870 km (exobase) |
| Average surface pressure | ~1.4 Pa (1.38×10−5 atm) (1989)
~1.9 Pa (1.88×10−5 atm) (1997)

~1.454 Pa (1.43×10−5 atm) (2022) |
| Composition | |
| Nitrogen (N
2) | \>99% |
| Methane (CH
4) | ~0.025% |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | ~0.06% |


abstract: The 1940 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 5, 1940. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Joseph F. Guffey successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating the Republican nominee, Jay Cooke. As of 2023, this is the last time that Mifflin County and Montour County voted Democratic in a Senate election. This was also the last time until 1991 that Democrats won this Senate seat, and the last until 2006 that they were elected to this seat for a full term.

text:
# 1940 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

The **1940 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania** was held on November 5, 1940. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Joseph F. Guffey successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating the Republican nominee, Jay Cooke.

As of 2023, this is the last time that Mifflin County and Montour County voted Democratic in a Senate election. This was also the last time until 1991 that Democrats won this Senate seat, and the last until 2006 that they were elected to this seat for a full term.

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

General election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Joseph F. Guffey (inc.)** | **2,069,980** | **51.79%** | **1.01** |
|  | Republican | Jay Cooke | 1,893,104 | 47.36% | 0.90 |
|  | Socialist | David H.H. Felix | 15,449 | 0.39% |  |
|  | Prohibition | H. B. Mansell | 11,113 | 0.28% | 0.40 |
|  | Communist | Carl Reeve | 4,761 | 0.12% | 0.09 |
|  | Socialist Labor | Frank Knotek | 2,503 | 0.06% | 0.10 |
|  | Write-in | | 110 | 0.00% |  |
| **Totals** | | | **3,997,020** | **100.00%** |  |

## InfoBox

1940 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Joseph F. Guffey** Jay Cooke   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **2,069,980** 1,893,104  Percentage **51.79%** 47.36% | |
| ---  County results **Guffey:**      50–60%      60–70%
**Cooke:**      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Joseph F. Guffey
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
Joseph F. Guffey
Democratic | |


title: Elmstein

abstract: Elmstein is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

text:
# Elmstein

**Elmstein** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography

### Location

Elmstein lies in the Palatinate Forest. The municipality belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Lambrecht, whose seat is in the like-named town.

### Constituent communities

Elmstein's *Ortsteile* are, besides the namesake one, Appenthal, Erlenbach, Harzofen, Helmbach, Iggelbach, Mückenwiese, Röderthal, Schafhof, Schwabenbach, Schwarzbach, Stilles Tal, Speyerbrunn and Wolfsgrube.

### Neighbouring municipalities

Clockwise from the northwest, these are Waldleiningen, Weidenthal, Esthal, an exclave of Kirrweiler, an exclave of Venningen, an exclave of Rhodt unter Rietburg, an exclave of Edesheim, an exclave of Landau in der Pfalz, Wilgartswiesen, Trippstadt and Kaiserslautern.

## History

Elmstein arose from the Castle *Elmstein*, which itself was built in the 12th century by the Counts Palatine of the Rhine. The outlying centres arose later, mostly as extension settlements for lumberjacks, as a location of a sawmill or, like Röderthal, as a mining settlement.

On 1 January 1976, a centre with 207 inhabitants was transferred from the municipality of Wilgartswiesen to Elmstein.

### Religion

In 2007, 51.5% of the inhabitants were Evangelical and 30.3% were Catholic. One peculiarity is the Free Religious Community founded in 1921, which with a roughly 5% share of the population stands as the Palatinate’s second biggest Free Religious Community. The rest practised other faiths or none.

## Politics

### Municipal council

The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:

|  | SPD | CDU | Independent | WG Herter | **Total** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 20 seats |
| 2004 | 9 | 9 | 2 | - | 20 seats |

### Coat of arms

The German blazon reads: *In Silber zwei gekreuzte rote Doppelhaken, bewinkelt von vier sechsstrahligen goldenen Sternen.*

The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Argent two cramps per cross gules, the one per fess surmounting the one per pale, between four mullets Or.

The arms were approved by the Reich governor in Bavaria (of which the Palatinate was an outlying part until after the Second World War) and date from a 1772 seal. The “forest hooks” refer to Elmstein's location in the middle of the forest (this charge is generally known as a “cramp” or “crampoon” in English heraldry, and is held to be a kind of brace for strengthening a building). It is unknown, however, what the mullets (stars) mean.

## Culture and sightseeing

### Museums

* *Waldarbeitsmuseum Elmstein* (Collection about the history of logging)

### Buildings

* *Wappenschmiede Elmstein* (historic, water-powered smithy)
* Water-powered sawmill in the Elmsteiner valley
* Geisskopf estate ruins near the Geisswiese (meadow, near Helmbach)
* Electoral Palatinate hunting lodge (Elmstein's oldest house) with:
* Wine cellar building from 1754 (the *Verbandsgemeinde’s* oldest such building)
* *Katholische Kirche Herz Mariä* (“Catholic Church of Mary’s Heart”) in Elmstein (architect Albert Boßlet, built 1950–52)
* *Katholische Kirche Mariä Heimsuchung* (“Catholic Church of the Visitation, built 1765) with historical Schlimbach organ (1887)
* Elmstein Protestant Church
* Elmstein Castle ruins
* Appenthal churchtower ruins, once part of the Pilgrimage Church of Mary, built in 1488.
* *Katholische Kirche St. Wendelinus und St. Hubertus* (“Saint Wendelin’s and Saint Hubertus’s Catholic Church”) in Speyerbrunn, built in 1931/1932
* Historical timber rafting sites near Erlenbach and in the Legelbach valley between Mückenwiese and Elmstein
* Belltower in Iggelbach, built in 1889
* Belltower in Appenthal with historical set of bells

## Economy and infrastructure

### Transport

Running from Neustadt an der Weinstraße to Elmstein is the heritage railway known as the *Kuckucksbähnel* (Little Cuckoo Railway).

The municipality can be reached on *Landesstraße* (State Road) 499 from either Johanniskreuz or Frankeneck

Moreover, there is a bus link with route 517 (Neustadt an der Weinstraße to Iggelbach). The travel time on the bus is roughly an hour.

Owing to the many motorcycle accidents in the past, the road through the Elmstein valley (Johanniskreuz–Elmstein–Lambrecht) is closed to motorcycles on weekends from April to October; only residents – not even other locals – may drive motorcycles on this stretch of highway at these times.

## Famous people

### Sons and daughters of the town

## Sources

* Elmsteiner Heimatschriften Nr.1 Februar 2000
* Elmsteiner Heimatschriften Nr.2 Juni 2000

## InfoBox

| Elmstein | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Elmstein within Bad Dürkheim district | |
| Elmstein Elmstein | |
| Coordinates: 49°21′02″N 07°56′24″E / 49.35056°N 7.94000°E / 49.35056; 7.94000 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Bad Dürkheim |
| Municipal assoc. | Lambrecht (Pfalz) |
| Subdivisions | 10 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Rene Verdaasdonk (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 75.69 km2 (29.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 225 m (738 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 4,387 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 67471 |
| Dialling codes | 06328, 06306 |
| Vehicle registration | DÜW |
| Website | www.elmstein.de |


title: Aristotelia benedenii

abstract: Aristotelia benedenii is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hendrik Weyenbergh Jr. in 1873. It was described from St. Vincente in Cape Verde. The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are dark grey, with very little black points. By flowing together, several of these points form an oblong, black spot about the tip of the wing, the hinder margin of the wing is also a little black. The sharp, lancet-form hindwing is pale grey. The fringe of the wings is also grey, in the forewings darker than in the hindwings.

text:
# Aristotelia benedenii

***Aristotelia benedenii*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hendrik Weyenbergh Jr. in 1873. It was described from St. Vincente in Cape Verde.

The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are dark grey, with very little black points. By flowing together, several of these points form an oblong, black spot about the tip of the wing, the hinder margin of the wing is also a little black. The sharp, lancet-form hindwing is pale grey. The fringe of the wings is also grey, in the forewings darker than in the hindwings.

## InfoBox

| *Aristotelia benedenii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aristotelia* |
| Species: | ***A. benedenii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aristotelia benedenii***<br>(Weyenbergh, 1873) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gelechia benedenii* Weyenbergh, 1873 | |


title: And No Birds Sang

abstract: And No Birds Sang is Canadian author Farley Mowat's autobiographical account of his military service as a junior Canadian infantry officer in the United Kingdom and Italy during World War II. The book describes Mowat's transformation from a young man hoping to share the perceived glory of his father's generation's victory in The Great War to a combat veteran struggling to cope with the seemingly unending loss of his friends. After enduring a year of training in Canada as he chafed to be sent overseas, Mowat arrived in England in July 1942. There he spent another year training, seeking adventure by unauthorized experimentation with unexploded bombs dropped by German bombers. His combat experience began with the Allied invasion of Sicily. After individually describing the deaths of his friends lost during the first six months of the Allied advance northward into Italy, e.g. at the blood Battle of Ortona, Mowat ends his story weeping by the stretcher of an unconscious friend with an enemy bullet in his head as the optimism of youth is replaced by despair.

text:
# And No Birds Sang

***And No Birds Sang*** (published in 1979, revised in 2012) is Canadian author Farley Mowat's autobiographical account of his military service as a junior Canadian infantry officer in the United Kingdom and Italy during World War II. The book describes Mowat's transformation from a young man hoping to share the perceived glory of his father's generation's victory in The Great War to a combat veteran struggling to cope with the seemingly unending loss of his friends.

After enduring a year of training in Canada as he chafed to be sent overseas, Mowat arrived in England in July 1942. There he spent another year training, seeking adventure by unauthorized experimentation with unexploded bombs dropped by German bombers. His combat experience began with the Allied invasion of Sicily. After individually describing the deaths of his friends lost during the first six months of the Allied advance northward into Italy, e.g. at the blood Battle of Ortona, Mowat ends his story weeping by the stretcher of an unconscious friend with an enemy bullet in his head as the optimism of youth is replaced by despair.

## Reception

Military historians focused on statistics and timing have criticized inaccuracies in Mowat's perception-based recollections of the events in which he was involved. Others have recognized the 35-year delay in preparing such vivid recollections for publication as evidence of slow recovery from combat stress reactions. Information available to soldiers during combat is limited and may be distorted for behavioral motivation. Combat losses over several months of fighting demoralize surviving soldiers trained to fight for their buddies.

## InfoBox

And No Birds Sang
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Farley Mowat |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Autobiography, World War II |
| Published | 1979 (rev. 2012) (Little, Brown) |
| Publication place | Canada |
| Pages | 219 |
| ISBN | 0-316-58695-1 |
| Dewey Decimal | 811.M683 |
| LC Class | 79-23231 |


title: 1911 Cincinnati Reds season

abstract: The 1911 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished sixth in the National League with a record of 70–83, 29 games behind the New York Giants.

text:
# 1911 Cincinnati Reds season

The **1911 Cincinnati Reds season** was a season in American baseball. The team finished sixth in the National League with a record of 70–83, 29 games behind the New York Giants.

## Offseason

The Reds were involved in an eight player trade with the Philadelphia Phillies on November 12, as Cincinnati traded away pitchers Fred Beebe and Jack Rowan, third baseman Hans Lobert, and outfielder Dode Paskert to Philadelphia, and received outfielder Johnny Bates, third baseman Eddie Grant, and pitchers George McQuillan and Lew Moren.

Bates batted .305 with three home runs and 61 RBI in 135 games for the Phillies in 1910, while Grant hit .268 with one home run and 67 RBI in 152 games. Grant led the National League in at bats in both 1908 and 1909. McQullan missed some time in 1910 due to injuries, however, he had a 9-6 record with a 1.60 ERA in 24 games. In 1908, McQuillan posted a 23-17 record with a 1.53 ERA in 48 games, pitching 359.2 innings, and throwing 32 complete games. Moren was 13-14 with a 3.55 ERA in 34 games with the Phillies in 1910.

On February 6, the Reds purchased outfielder Fred Beck from the Boston Rustlers. Beck hit .275 with a league leading 10 home runs and had 64 RBI in 154 games in 1910.

## Regular season

The Reds continued to make moves in the regular season, acquiring Frank Smith from the Boston Red Sox for $5000 on May 11. Smith, who split the 1910 season with the Red Sox and the Chicago White Sox and dealt with injuries, had a poor start with Boston in 1911. He had a great 1909 season with the White Sox, going 25-17 with a 1.80 ERA, and led the American League with 51 games pitched, 40 starts, 37 complete games, 365 innings pitched and struck out 177 batters.

Midway through the season, in June, the Reds purchased outfielder Armando Marsans from New Britain Perfectos of the Connecticut State League for $6000. Shortly after, on July 9, Cincinnati traded away outfielder Fred Beck to the Philadelphia Phillies for pitcher Bert Humphries. Beck struggled in his time with Cincinnati, batting only .184 with two home runs and 20 RBI in 41 games.

Offensively, the club was led by first baseman Dick Hoblitzell, who hit .289 with 11 home runs and 91 RBI in 158 games. Outfielder Bob Bescher led the National League with 81 stolen bases, and hit .275 with one home run, 45 RBI, had 102 walks, and scored a team high 106 runs. Newly acquired Johnny Bates hit a team high .292 with one home run, 61 RBI, 33 stolen bases in his first season with the club. Mike Mitchell had another solid season, batting .291 with two home runs and 84 RBI.

George Suggs led the pitching staff, as he had a 15-13 record and a 3.00 ERA in 36 games, leading Cincinnati with 260.2 innings pitched and 17 complete games. Art Fromme had a 10-12 record with a 3.46 ERA, and led the Reds by striking out 107 batters.

### Season Summary

After making some trades over the off-season, the Reds entered the 1911 season with a goal of winning the National League pennant. The club began the season with a poor 3-6 record in their first nine games, before winning eight of their next ten, to improve to 11-8, however, Cincinnati was in fourth place, five games behind the first place Philadelphia Phillies. With a four-game series against the Phillies, the Reds ended up losing three of the game, including a 21-5 blowout loss, to drop further behind them in the race for the pennant.

The Reds continued to struggle, and were 10 games under .500 in early July. The team limped their way through the 1911 season, finishing with a 70-83 record, and in sixth place in the National League, 29 games behind the New York Giants. It was the worst season by Cincinnati since a 66-87 record in 1907.

At the end of the season, the Reds replaced manager Clark Griffith.

### Season standings

National League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| New York Giants | 99 | 54 | .647 |  | 4925 | 5029 |
| Chicago Cubs | 92 | 62 | .597 |  | 4932 | 4330 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 85 | 69 | .552 | 14½ | 4829 | 3740 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 79 | 73 | .520 | 19½ | 4234 | 3739 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 75 | 74 | .503 | 22 | 3638 | 3936 |
| Cincinnati Reds | 70 | 83 | .458 | 29 | 3842 | 3241 |
| Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers | 64 | 86 | .427 | 33½ | 3142 | 3344 |
| Boston Rustlers | 44 | 107 | .291 | 54 | 1954 | 2553 |

### Record vs. opponents

| <br>Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | BR | CHC | CIN | NYG | PHI | PIT | STL |
| Boston |  | 12–10–1 | 5–17 | 4–17–1 | 7–15 | 6–16 | 3–19 | 7–13–3 |
| Brooklyn | 10–12–1 |  | 13–9 | 11–11 | 5–16–1 | 8–13–1 | 14–8 | 9–11–1 |
| Chicago | 17–5 | 9–13 |  | 14–8–1 | 11–11 | 15–7 | 10–12 | 16–6–2 |
| Cincinnati | 17–4–1 | 11–11 | 8–14–1 |  | 8–14 | 10–12 | 10–12–1 | 6–16–3 |
| New York | 15–7 | 16–5–1 | 11–11 | 14–8 |  | 12–10 | 16–6 | 15–7 |
| Philadelphia | 16–6 | 13–8–1 | 7–15 | 12–10 | 10–12 |  | 13–9 | 8–13 |
| Pittsburgh | 19–3 | 14–8 | 12–10 | 12–10–1 | 6–16 | 9–13 |  | 13–9 |
| St. Louis | 13–7–3 | 11–9–1 | 6–16–2 | 16–6–3 | 7–15 | 13–8 | 9–13 |  |

### Roster

| 1911 Cincinnati Reds | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Larry McLean | 107 | 328 | 94 | .287 | 0 | 34 |
| 1B | Dick Hoblitzell | 158 | 622 | 180 | .289 | 11 | 91 |
| 2B | Dick Egan | 153 | 558 | 139 | .249 | 1 | 56 |
| SS | Tom Downey | 111 | 360 | 94 | .261 | 0 | 36 |
| 3B | Eddie Grant | 136 | 458 | 102 | .223 | 1 | 53 |
| OF | Johnny Bates | 148 | 518 | 151 | .292 | 1 | 61 |
| OF | Bob Bescher | 153 | 599 | 165 | .275 | 1 | 45 |
| OF | Mike Mitchell | 142 | 529 | 154 | .291 | 2 | 84 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tommy Clarke | 86 | 203 | 49 | .241 | 1 | 25 |
| Jimmy Esmond | 73 | 198 | 54 | .273 | 1 | 11 |
| Armando Marsans | 58 | 138 | 36 | .261 | 0 | 11 |
| Rafael Almeida | 36 | 96 | 30 | .313 | 0 | 15 |
| Fred Beck | 41 | 87 | 16 | .184 | 2 | 20 |
| Dave Altizer | 37 | 75 | 17 | .227 | 0 | 4 |
| Hank Severeid | 37 | 56 | 17 | .304 | 0 | 10 |
| Mike Balenti | 8 | 8 | 2 | .250 | 0 | 0 |
| Hub Northen | 1 | 0 | 0 | ---- | 0 | 0 |
| Danny Mahoney | 1 | 0 | 0 | ---- | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Suggs | 36 | 260.2 | 15 | 13 | 3.00 | 91 |
| Harry Gaspar | 44 | 253.2 | 11 | 17 | 3.30 | 76 |
| Bobby Keefe | 39 | 234.1 | 12 | 13 | 2.69 | 105 |
| Art Fromme | 38 | 208.0 | 10 | 11 | 3.46 | 107 |
| Rube Benton | 6 | 44.2 | 3 | 3 | 2.01 | 28 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Frank Smith | 34 | 176.1 | 10 | 14 | 3.98 | 67 |
| George McQuillan | 19 | 77.0 | 2 | 6 | 4.68 | 28 |
| Bert Humphries | 14 | 65.0 | 4 | 3 | 2.35 | 16 |
| Ray Boyd | 7 | 44.0 | 2 | 2 | 2.66 | 20 |
| Jack Compton | 8 | 25.1 | 0 | 1 | 3.91 | 6 |
| Bill Burns | 6 | 17.2 | 1 | 0 | 3.06 | 5 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Barney Schreiber | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.40 | 5 |
| Jesse Tannehill | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.23 | 1 |
| Herb Juul | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.50 | 2 |

## InfoBox

| 1911 Cincinnati Reds | |
| --- | --- |
| League | National League |
| Ballpark | Palace of the Fans |
| City | Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Owners | Garry Herrmann |
| Managers | Clark Griffith |
|  | |


abstract: The 1947 NCAA swimming and diving championships were contested in March 1947 at the Pavilion Pool at the University of Washington in Seattle at the 11th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving among its member programs in the United States. Ohio State topped the team standings for the third consecutive year, capturing the Buckeyes' fourth national title.

text:
# 1947 NCAA swimming and diving championships

The **1947 NCAA swimming and diving championships** were contested in March 1947 at the Pavilion Pool at the University of Washington in Seattle at the 11th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving among its member programs in the United States.

Ohio State topped the team standings for the third consecutive year, capturing the Buckeyes' fourth national title.

## Team standings

* **(H)** = Hosts
* **(DC)** = Defending champions
* *Italics* = Debut appearance

|
|  |
| Rank | Team | Points |
|  | **Ohio State** **(DC)** | **66** |
|  | Michigan | 39 |
|  | Stanford | 24 |
| 4 | Michigan State | 18 |
| 5 | Yale | 14 |
| 6 | Purdue | 10 |
| 7 | Washington **(H)** | 8 |
| 8 | California | 6 |
| | *La Salle* | |
| 10 | Northwestern | 4 |
| 11 | *Hawaii* | 3 |
| | Rutgers | |
| 13 | *Nebraska* | 2 |
| 14 | Iowa State | 1 |

## Individual events

### Swimming

|
|  |
| Event | Champion | Team | Time |
| 50-yard freestyle | Richard Weinberg | Michigan | 23.3 |
| 100-yard freestyle | Richard Weinberg | Michigan | 52.2 |
| 220-yard freestyle | Bill Smith | Ohio State | 2:10.4 |
| 440-yard freestyle | Bill Smith | Ohio State | 4:45.2 |
| 1,500-meter freestyle | George Hoogerhyde | Michigan State | 19:44.2 |
| 150-yard backstroke | Harry Holiday | Michigan | 1:33.6 |
| 200-yard butterfly | Joe Verdeur | La Salle | 2:16.8 |
| 400-yard freestyle relay | William Zemer
Ted Hobert
Halo Hirose
Bill Smith | Ohio State | 3:30.0 |
| 300-yard medley relay | Harry Holiday
Robert Sohl
Richard Weinberg | Michigan | 2:54.9 |

### Diving

|
|  |
| Event | Champion | Team | Score |
| One-meter diving | Miller Anderson **(DC)** | Ohio State | 151.10 |
| Three-meter diving | Miller Anderson **(DC)** | Ohio State | 172.62 |

## InfoBox

| 1947 NCAA swimming and diving championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Host city | Seattle |
| Date(s) | March 1947 |
| Venue(s) | Pavilion Pool
University of Washington |
| Teams | 14 |
| Events | 11 |
| 1946 1948 | |


title: 2005–06 Hampton Pirates basketball team

abstract: The 2005–06 Hampton Pirates men's basketball team represented Hampton University during the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Pirates were members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and were coached by Bobby Collins, his fourth and final year as head coach. The Pirates played home games at the Hampton Convocation Center. Hampton finished the season with 16–16 record and an 10–8 MEAC record. The Pirates won the MEAC tournament to earn the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. Playing as one of two No. 16 seeds in the Midwest region, Hampton was beaten by fellow No. 16 seed Monmouth, 71–49, in the Play-in round.

text:
# 2005–06 Hampton Pirates basketball team

2005–06 MEAC men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Delaware State | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 21 |  | 14 |  | .600 |
| Coppin State | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 12 |  | 18 |  | .400 |
| Bethune–Cookman | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 15 |  | 15 |  | .500 |
| South Carolina State | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 14 |  | 16 |  | .467 |
| Hampton | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 16 |  | 16 |  | .500 |
| Florida A&M | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 14 |  | 17 |  | .452 |
| Norfolk State | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 13 |  | 18 |  | .419 |
| North Carolina A&T | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 6 |  | 23 |  | .207 |
| Howard | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 7 |  | 22 |  | .241 |
| Maryland Eastern Shore | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 7 |  | 22 |  | .241 |
| Morgan State | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 4 |  | 26 |  | .133 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2006 MEAC tournament winner
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2005–06 Hampton Pirates men's basketball team** represented Hampton University during the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Pirates were members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and were coached by Bobby Collins, his fourth and final year as head coach. The Pirates played home games at the Hampton Convocation Center.

Hampton finished the season with 16–16 record and an 10–8 MEAC record. The Pirates won the MEAC tournament to earn the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. Playing as one of two No. 16 seeds in the Midwest region, Hampton was beaten by fellow No. 16 seed Monmouth, 71–49, in the Play-in round.

## Roster

| 2005–06 Hampton Pirates men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  11 Jeff Granger 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Sr   Newark, NJ | Head coach Assistant coach(es)  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 18, 2005*
 |  | at Richmond | **L** 40–44 | 0–1
 | Robins Center
Richmond, Virginia |
| Nov 22, 2005*
 |  | William & Mary | **L** 60–70 | 0–2
 | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Nov 26, 2005*
 |  | at UNC Greensboro | **L** 72–73 | 0–3
 | Fleming Gymnasium
Greensboro, North Carolina |
| Dec 3, 2005
 |  | Norfolk State | **L** 43–57 | 0–4
(0–1) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Dec 6, 2005*
 |  | Radford | **W** 73–69 | 1–4
 | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Dec 18, 2005*
 |  | at Yale | **L** 52–71 | 1–5
 | Payne Whitney Gymnasium
New Haven, Connecticut |
| Dec 21, 2005*
 |  | at George Mason | **L** 66–79 | 1–6
 | Patriot Center
Fairfax, Virginia |
| Dec 30, 2005*
7:00 p.m. |  | VCU | **L** 44–84 | 1–7
 | Hampton Convocation Center (6,087)
Hampton, Virginia |
| Jan 4, 2006
 |  | at Bethune–Cookman | **W** 78–62 | 2–7
(1–1) | Moore Gymnasium
Daytona Beach, Florida |
| Jan 7, 2006
 |  | Maryland Eastern Shore | **W** 73–64 | 3–7
(2–1) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Jan 9, 2006
 |  | Howard | **W** 65–48 | 4–7
(3–1) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Jan 14, 2006
 |  | at Morgan State | **W** 80–47 | 5–7
(4–1) | Talmadge L. Hill Field House
Baltimore, Maryland |
| Jan 16, 2006
 |  | at Coppin State | **L** 65–72 | 5–8
(4–2) | Coppin Center
Baltimore, Maryland |
| Jan 21, 2006
 |  | Delaware State | **L** 58–61 | 5–9
(4–3) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Jan 23, 2006*
 |  | Savannah State | **W** 100–57 | 6–9
 | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Jan 28, 2006
 |  | South Carolina State | **W** 69–57 | 7–9
(5–3) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Jan 30, 2006
 |  | North Carolina A&T | **W** 77–65 | 8–9
(6–3) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Feb 4, 2006
 |  | at Maryland Eastern Shore | **W** 87–75 | 9–9
(7–3) | Hytche Athletic Center
Princess Anne, Maryland |
| Feb 6, 2006
 |  | at Howard | **W** 75–63 | 10–9
(8–3) | Burr Gymnasium
Washington, D.C. |
| Feb 11, 2006
 |  | Morgan State | **W** 81–48 | 11–9
(9–3) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Feb 13, 2006
 |  | Coppin State | **L** 72–79 | 11–10
(9–4) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Feb 16, 2006
 |  | at Norfolk State | **L** 51–52 | 11–11
(9–5) | Joseph G. Echols Memorial Hall
Norfolk, Virginia |
| Feb 18, 2006
 |  | at Delaware State | **L** 77–88 | 11–12
(9–6) | Memorial Hall
Dover, Delaware |
| Feb 20, 2006*
 |  | Longwood | **L** 66–69 | 11–13
 | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| Feb 24, 2006
 |  | at South Carolina State | **W** 69–64 | 12–13
(10–6) | SHM Memorial Center
Orangeburg, South Carolina |
| Feb 27, 2006
 |  | at North Carolina A&T | **L** 60–65 | 12–14
(10–7) | Corbett Sports Center
Greensboro, North Carolina |
| Mar 1, 2006
 |  | Florida A&M | **L** 65–73 | 12–15
(10–8) | Hampton Convocation Center
Hampton, Virginia |
| MEAC tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 8, 2006*
 | (6) | vs. (11) Morgan State
*First round* | **W** 63–51 | 13–15
 | RBC Center
Raleigh, North Carolina |
| Mar 9, 2006*
 | (6) | vs. (3) Bethune-Cookman
*Quarterfinals* | **W** 57–55 | 14–15
 | RBC Center
Raleigh, North Carolina |
| Mar 10, 2006*
 | (6) | vs. (7) Norfolk State
*Semifinals* | **W** 73–56 | 15–15
 | RBC Center
Raleigh, North Carolina |
| Mar 11, 2006*
 | (6) | vs. (1) Delaware State
*Championship game* | **W** 60–56 | 16–15
 | RBC Center
Raleigh, North Carolina |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 14, 2006*
 | (16 MSP) | vs. (16 MSP) Monmouth
*Play-in game* | **L** 49–71 | 16–16
 | UD Arena
Dayton, Ohio |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
MSP=Minneapolis.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 2005–06 Hampton Pirates basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| MEAC tournament champions | |
| NCAA tournament, first round | |
| Conference | Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference |
| Record | 16–16 (10–8 MEAC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Hampton Convocation Center |
|


title: Edmond de Mandat-Grancey

abstract: Baron Edmond de Mandat-Grancey (1842–1911), was a French journalist, writer and naval officer.

text:
# Edmond de Mandat-Grancey

Baron **Edmond de Mandat-Grancey** (the good) (1842–1911), was a French journalist, writer and naval officer.

## Life

After serving in the army, baron de Mandat-Grancey went on long travels. Starting in the 1880s he wrote a series of articles for *le Correspondant* on his trip into west Canada. He also published many works on his trip to Chicago, New York and Dakota in the United States of America, in which he put the French public on guard against what he saw as American "imperialism".

Mandat-Grancey also visited Madagascar, the French Congo and the Congo Free State (owned by king Leopold II of Belgium) as well as Greece and Ireland, writing memoirs of his trips there. At the turn of the century, the name of Mandat-Grancey would be associated with the royalism of Charles Maurras and the Action Française. He was one of the first contributors to the *Revue d'Action française* (founded by Henri Vaugeois and Maurice Pujo in 1899). He collected his articles in one volume as *Le Clergé français et le Concordat* (Paris, Perrin) in 1905.

## Works


title: 1986 Australian Swimming Championships

abstract: The 1986 Australian Swimming Championships were held at the Adelaide Aquatic Centre in Adelaide, South Australia from 27 February to 2 March. They were organised by Australian Swimming.

text:
# 1986 Australian Swimming Championships

The **1986 Australian Swimming Championships** were held at the Adelaide Aquatic Centre in Adelaide, South Australia from 27 February to 2 March. They were organised by Australian Swimming.

## Medal winners

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | Greg Fasala Nautilus (Vic) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m freestyle | Greg Fasala Nautilus (Vic) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m freestyle | Peter Dale Leander (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m freestyle | Duncan Armstrong Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 800 m freestyle | Michael McKenzieCarina Chandler (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m freestyle | Michael McKenzie Carina Chandler (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m backstroke | David Orbell Leander (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m backstroke | Thomas StachewiczBeatty Park/WAIS (WA) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m backstroke | David Orbell Leander (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m breaststroke | Brett Stocks Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m breaststroke | Brett Stocks Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m breaststroke | Lance Leech Leander (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m butterfly | Barry ArmstrongCarine/WAIS (WA) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m butterfly | Jon Sieben Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m butterfly | Jon Sieben Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 200 m individual medley | Rob Woodhouse Melbourne Aquatics (Vic) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m individual medley | Anthony McDonaldBeatty Park/WAIS (WA) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 4 × 100 m state freestyle relay | Queensland |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 200 m state freestyle relay | Queensland |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 100 m state medley relay | Queensland |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 100 m club freestyle relay | Lawrence |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 200 m club freestyle relay | Lawrence |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 100 m club medley relay | Leander |  |  |  |  |  |

**Legend:** **AR**Australian record; **ACR**Australian All Comers record

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 50 m freestyle | Angela Harris Commercial (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m freestyle | Angela Harris Commercial (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m freestyle | Susie Baumer Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m freestyle | Susie Baumer Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 800 m freestyle | Jenni Burke Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m freestyle | Julie McDonald Lawrence (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m backstroke | Kim Gasch Freeway Waterlions (Vic) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m backstroke | Georgina Parkes St Peters (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m backstroke | Georgina Parkes St Peters (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m breaststroke | Claudia Dullo Academy (NSW) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m breaststroke | Cindy-Lu Fitzpatrick Leander (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m breaststroke | Cindy-Lu Fitzpatrick Leander (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 50 m butterfly | Jacki Grant FAI St Bernadette's (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 100 m butterfly | Angela Harris Commercial (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 200 m butterfly | Karen Phillips Nowra (NSW) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 200 m individual medley | Michelle Pearson Burley-Griffin (NSW) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m individual medley | Michelle Pearson Burley-Griffin (NSW) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |
| 4 × 100 m state freestyle relay | **Queensland** |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 200 m state freestyle relay | **Queensland** |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 100 m state medley relay | Queensland |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 100 m club freestyle relay | **FAI St. Bernadette's Gold** (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 200 m club freestyle relay | **ACI Lawrence** (Qld) |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 × 100 m club medley relay | Burley Griffin |  |  |  |  |  |

**Legend:** **AR**Australian record; **ACR**Australian All Comers record