title: Baddow House

abstract: Baddow House is a heritage-listed detached house at 366 Queen Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Willoughby Powell and built in 1883 by F Kinne. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

text:
# Baddow House

**Baddow House** is a heritage-listed detached house at 366 Queen Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Willoughby Powell and built in 1883 by F Kinne. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

## History

Baddow House is a large brick residence constructed in 1883 for Edgar Thomas Aldridge and his family. It was designed by (at the time) Maryborough architect Willoughby Powell and constructed by local builder Fritz Kinne on high riverside land adjacent to the original site of Maryborough.

The original town of Maryborough, originally and unofficially called Wide Bay Village, was established on the Mary River approximately eight kilometres upstream from the current town centre. In August or September 1847 George Furber built a wharf and store on the southern bank of what was then generally called Wide Bay River. It operated as a reception centre for squatters running sheep in the area and primarily provided transport for wool. The river was officially named Mary River on 7 September 1847 by Governor Sir Charles Fitz Roy and the first shipment of wool was dispatched from the wharf in December 1847.

Edgar Aldridge was born in either Great Baddow or Little Baddow in Essex, England. It is believed that Aldridge named the house after his birthplace. He immigrated to Australia. Well born and educated, he became a hotel keeper on the Macleay River near Kempsey, New South Wales from about 1843 and began a variety of business pursuits. In June 1849 he married widow Maria Sarah Slater (nee Steele), a former convict. She had a child, Frederick Slater, from her previous marriage and Edgar and Maria had two children, Maria Rachael and Harry Edgar. In late 1849 the family moved to Maryborough. Edgar had visited the previous year to establish his businesses.

The Aldridges settled on the northern bank almost opposite Furber's wharf, establishing a store, wharves for timber and wool trading, and the settlement's first hotel, the Bush Inn. Other settlers arrived and chose to settle near Aldridge. Furber then relocated his operations to the more popular northern bank.

The first years of settlement were extraordinarily troubled with deadly conflict between Europeans and Aborigines. This situation discouraged settlement. Aldridge petitioned the New South Wales government to send extra troopers in order to encourage settlement. The struggling settlement was officially named Maryborough on 23 January 1849.

In 1850 Surveyor Hugh Roland Labatt arrived in Maryborough with instructions to "examine the River Mary ... to suggest ... the best site or sites for the laying out of the town, having regard to the convenience of shipping on one hand and internal communication on the other ... also ... point out the spots desirable as reserves for public building, church, quay and for places for public recreation". The site recommended by Labatt was not where settlement was already established but further east, a decision not well received by the existing settlers who had invested time and money into the original township. Immediately, a government wharf was established at the new location able to service larger ships than was previously possible, effectively ending further development of the old town. Over the following decade the town relocated to its current location where it quickly thrived. The old town was abandoned and most of the buildings removed by 1856.

The Aldridges lived in their Bush Inn upon settling in Maryborough. Another child, Joey Edgar Aldridge was born in 1850 but died in 1851. At 1852 land sales of the new township, Edgar purchased many allotments in the new town and re-established his businesses there. In 1854 he purchased land at the old town including five allotments covering over 18,200 sqm. This land included part of a creek and the end of a spur of high land to the south. Aldridge built a timber slab house here. The land overlooked the nearby wharves and Aldridge's store and inn which soon ceased operation. The Aldridges cultivated extensive and productive gardens including experimental exotic species such as sugar cane, the first grown in the area. This established the viability of what would become an important and profitable crop for Maryborough. By 1863 the area was being called Baddow, presumably after the Aldridge house, but Aldridge letters and diaries call the area West Maryborough or The Old Town. The Aldridge finances improved rapidly with speculative land purchases and successful business ventures and in 1860 Edgar retired from business with management passing to his son Harry. Edgar held the position of Alderman of Maryborough from 1861 to 1864 and 1865 to 1866.

The 1880s were prosperous for the colony of Queensland as migration and capital investment created unprecedented growth. Maryborough's growth was based on its role as the main port and centre for an extensive pastoral industry in the Wide Bay district, a sugar industry in the immediate vicinity of Maryborough, the Gympie goldfields, a timber industry in and around the main waterways, coal mining at Burrum and manufacturing industries such as Walker's foundry. Maryborough's dominance as a regional centre was also strengthened by its role as the terminus for the railway line south to Gympie which was completed in 1881. Many significant buildings were constructed in the late 1870s and 1880s in Maryborough including: Maryborough Court House (1877), Bank of New South Wales (1877), St Paul's Church of England (1879), Maryborough Railway Station (1880), Maryborough Boys Grammar School (1881), Criterion Hotel (1883), Maryborough Mortuary Chapel (1884), Maryborough Base Hospital (1888), and the Maryborough School of Arts (1888).

During Maryborough's prosperous period of the late 1870s and 1880s wealthy residents constructed fine, architect-designed suburban villas. During this period, the middle-class home was a stage for social ritual and was an outward manifestation of the occupant's status in the community. The middle-class desired to emulate the lifestyle of the English gentry. Suburban villas were often built on the fringes of established urban areas throughout the colony, remote from the town centres. They are characterised by a semi-rural grandeur brought about by an elaborate and substantial detached house of a Classical style surrounded by a large restful garden. In Maryborough these included: villa for John Vivian Williams, Churchill Street (1879), Doon Villa (c.1882), Riversleigh, corner North and Elizabeth Streets (1882), villa for JE Brown, Woodstock Street (1882), villa for Robert Hart (1883), and Philadelphia Villa, corner Lennox and North Streets (1884).

Construction of Baddow House was begun in 1883. It cost approximately 6600 and replaced the previous Aldridge house except for the detached kitchen which was retained for use in the new house. It was designed by architect Willoughby Powell (c.1848-1920) who came to Maryborough in 1882 to capitalise on the building boom in the growing town. Powell was born in Cheltenham, England where he trained as an architect before immigrating to Queensland in 1872. He worked for Brisbane architect Richard Gailey before joining the Queensland Public Works Department in 1874. Powell won a competition for the design of the Toowoomba Grammar School (1875) and left the Department of Public Works to supervise its construction. Other examples of Powell's work include Warwick Town Hall (1888) and Toowoomba City Hall (1900). Baddow House for 'Maryborough's wealthiest resident' was one of his first works completed during his three-year stay in Maryborough. He completed at least 14 projects including two other villas in the town as well as shops, hotels, a mortuary chapel, and a parsonage. Baddow House was built by local builder Carl Friedrich "Fritz" Kinne (1844-1929), a German immigrant who arrived in Maryborough in 1871. Kinne was responsible for constructing many Maryborough buildings, including the extensions for St Mary's Roman Catholic Church for architect FDG Stanley in 1884, and was later elected Alderman (1890–98) and the Mayor of Maryborough (1895).

Maria Aldridge's health began to decline in the early 1880s and Aldridge diaries suggest she spent the majority of her last years at another Aldridge property at Booral, by the sea. She died at Booral 17 March 1886. Edgar paid for the construction of memorials to her within Maryborough - St Thomas's Church of England and a large free-standing bell tower for St Paul's Church of England - that were completed in 1887.

Edgar died 18 May 1888 in Baddow House. He was not a wealthy man by this time and when the house passed to his son Harry, who lived there with his wife Lappy and their children until his death 4 February 1910, in 1912 the Bank of New South Wales foreclosed on the property and disposed of it by auction. Lappy Aldridge and her children moved to the Booral property.

After the Aldridges, the house passed through many hands. First, it was transferred to Hugh Biddles in 1913. After his death in 1939, it was transferred to Ethel Stiler in 1942. Under her ownership the verandahs were removed and the grounds were cleared of gardens. During the clearing of the gardens, a Canary Island Date Palm that survived from the Aldridge years was damaged in a rubbish fire. A photo taken during the latter years of the Stiler's ownership clearly shows the burnt stump has a regrowth shoot. Around this time the house is thought to have been used briefly as a girls' boarding house for St Mary's Catholic School, Maryborough. Baddow House was transferred to the Crown in 1950 with the intention of use as a migrant hostel. This never occurred and the house remained empty and unused and was greatly vandalised. In 1954 the Boy Scouts Association of Queensland used Baddow House as their meeting hall. By this time the kitchen that had been retained from the previous house had been demolished, although the cellar under it survived. During the occupation by the Scouts some repair of the vandalism was undertaken by caretakers. Allotments 1 and 2, upon which the house stands, were purchased in 1967 by Donald and Daphne Scott. The remainder of the estate land continues to be in Crown ownership and is part of the parkland reserved for the Old Maryborough Town Site. It was then purchased by John and Lois Hastings in 1973, John Stevens in 1981, Tony Nioa in April 1986, and then by Barrie and Janice Christison in November 1986. The Christisons used the upper floor as their residence and opened the lower floor as a museum, displaying historical paraphernalia. In 1988 buried bricks were uncovered while building a car park. These were considered to be from the cellar now buried and filled with earth. The opening of the house as a museum was well-published, popular, and successful. In this period when Maryborough was generally promoting itself as a "Heritage City" the house gained a high profile within the local community which continues today.

In 2003 the house was purchased by Ian Russell and Anne De Lisle. The house underwent a substantial renovation during the following three years. Local architect, Marion Graham, managed the project which included concrete underpinning, repair of rendering internally and externally, rebuilding of verandahs, and the construction of a one- storey wing to the south corner containing kitchen, garage, study, and bathroom. With reconstruction, the interior is a combination of new and original fabric. This work included recovery, repair, and rehanging of the large folding cedar doors in the ground floor reception rooms; rebuilding fireplace surrounds; repair or replacement of cedar joinery, doors and windows rehung or replaced; floors and ceilings repaired with some replacements of boards; and the whole interior plastered and painted. The reconstruction of the verandah was done to the dimensions and character of the original. The gardens were extensively redeveloped and planted. Much of the renovation was done by local tradespeople. The book "A Grand Passion: A memoir" by owner Anne De Lisle published in 2007 documents this period and the work undertaken and has raised the public profile of the house significantly.

Baddow House remains a private residence in 2011. Highly regarded by the local community, it is occasionally used as a venue for fundraising events.

## Description

Baddow House is a large, two-storey Neo-Georgian residence with an extensive garden on the northern end of a ridge beside the Mary River, Maryborough. It is one of the largest residences in Maryborough. On two equal lots totalling 7,284 square metres (78,400 sq ft), the land is bound on the north- western and south-western sides by treed parkland, on the north- eastern side by an unformed road reserve for Queen Street, and on the south-eastern side by Russell Street. The front of the house faces north-east to the road reserve and views to the Mary River are to the west.

The building is of brick construction rendered and scored to resemble ashlar coursing. It has a hipped roof clad with corrugated metal sheets and a timber verandah with twin steel posts and decorative cast iron balustrade that wraps around the north-east, north-west, and south-west sides on both levels. The building, sitting within an established garden of lawns, trees, and garden beds, is in a Neo- Georgian style and the principal elevations are symmetrically composed. The house roof has three large, cement-rendered chimneys with mouldings and conical metal roof ventilators.

The north-eastern (front) elevation is viewed from the reserve of Queen Street below. A wide, central, cement-rendered stair leads from the garden onto the verandah. Flanking the entrance doorway and projecting onto the verandah are two octagonal bay windows rising across both levels with separate hipped roofs. Entrance is through a large round arched opening fitted with a panelled door surrounded by sidelight and a fanlight. The windows are large square headed openings fitted with double-hung, timber framed sashes.

The verandah is a reconstruction; has a timber floor, decorative cast-metal balustrade, frieze, and brackets; timber handrail; and panels of timber lattice screening the corners of the upper level. Under its own roof, the verandah wraps around to the symmetrical north-western elevation composed of three large windows and continues around onto the south-western elevation composed of one octagonal bay window and a secondary entrance via a central square-headed opening fitted with a panelled and glazed door surrounded by sidelights and a fanlight. The rear, south-eastern elevation, visible from Russell Street, has a central back door and a projecting service block at the eastern end containing laundry (ground floor) and bathroom (first floor). The laundry has large timber fixed louvred windows and the bathroom has small square-headed windows. The service block has a parapet roof that conceals a roof level water tank that supplied the rooms below. This tank was filled by a hand pump mounted externally on the wall at ground level which is connected to the underground beehive tanks nearby. The verandah on the upper level returns along the rear facade at the western end but it is narrower. Abutting the southern corner of the rear is a one-storey extension with hipped roofs and a large awning. This extension is designed to imitate traditional detail but is not of cultural heritage significance.

The plan of the two-storey part of the house is repeated on the two levels. A central, T-shaped hall provides access to the five main rooms and a decorative timber switch back stair with decorative turned balustrade and carved newel post finial provides vertical circulation. Generally, the interior walls are plaster with timber skirtings, timber architraves, and plaster cornices, all moulded. The floors and ceilings are timber boards. Internal doors are timber with four panels with bolection moulding and glazed horizontal-pivoting fanlights. The six fireplaces have moulded timber mantelpieces and metal fire surrounds and either a metal grate or stove. A timber partition of horizontal beaded boards divides the northern rooms on the upper level and this wall in the lower level contains large folding door with six panels with bolection moulding and matching timber panelling above the opening. The ceilings on the ground floor rooms are 4.2 metres (14 ft) high with those of the first floor being 3.7 metres (12 ft) high. The house contains cedar joinery throughout. The house contains much furniture and paintings brought into the house by the current owners. An octagonal side table and two framed paintings are in the dining room and may have been owned by the Aldridges. The Aldridge Collection is held by the Maryborough Military and Colonial Museum and contains domestic items donated to the museum by a member of the Aldridge family. It may give providence for the side table and paintings and also evidence of the domestic history of Baddow House.

During World War II, the iron lacework was removed from the verandahs to contribute to the war effort.

The garden shows evidence of past landscaping including terracing for a past driveway and decorative cast-iron fence posts with chain link fence. There are two large brick underground "beehive" water tanks in the grounds near the house. One is near the south-east side of the house and is 5.2 metres (17 ft) in width and of a similar depth. The other is further down the bank in front of the house and is of a similar construction. A Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis) is planted near the front (northern) steps. Nothing of the other vegetation on the site is of cultural heritage significance.

Archaeological evidence may survive in the grounds or under the house that may provide information pertaining to the 1850s to 1880s occupation of the site by the first settlers in Maryborough or of earlier landscaping elements of the house.

## Heritage listing

Baddow House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Baddow House, Maryborough (1883) provides evidence of the development of regional Queensland during the economic boom of the 1870s and 1880s when Maryborough, already a busy port, became a major regional town and agricultural, pastoral, industrial, and commercial centre for Queensland.

The place, combined with surviving documentary and photographic evidence, contributes to our understanding of the way of life of wealthy families in the establishment and development of major regional towns.

**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.**

Baddow House has the potential to reveal further information about domestic life of wealthy regional Queenslanders in the 1880s through an examination of the existing fabric in combination with documentary evidence. In particular, the examination of the water reticulation system, including beehive water tanks, hand pump, and rooftop tank, which is a rare and early hydraulic system, may provide further information regarding the technical accomplishments in providing domestic services that were sophisticated for the time.

Baddow House has the potential to contribute to our understanding of the effects of the 1870s-1880s economic boom on an important early regional Queensland community. Baddow House has potential to contain important subsurface archaeological features and deposits from the 1850s to the early 20th century. This may include evidence associated with the second Baddow House (c.1854-c.1883), the construction and design of the extant house and early gardens, and its ownership by two generations of the Aldridge family. Archaeological investigations of Baddow House may inform on consumption choices and patterns of the Aldridge family before, during and after the 1870s-1880s boom period. These investigations may provide an important insight into the perceptions of class and taste over an extended time and in a period of important social and economic change in Maryborough.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.**

Baddow House is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, architect-designed Queensland suburban villa of the late 19th century. These characteristics include: the form (detached, two-storeyed); structural materials (brick); planning of both the house (public rooms downstairs, attached rear service rooms, bedrooms on the upper floor, and verandahs) and the grounds (siting of the house overlooking the river amongst landscaped gardens); and decorative detailing and finishes (including external render, internal plaster, ornate cedar joinery, panelled doors, stained glass). The place evokes a strong sense of grace, genteel languor, tranquillity and seclusion through its setting - a characteristic of the original design which rarely survives at other suburban villas in Queensland.

It is a fine example of the work of Queensland architect, Willoughby Powell and of Maryborough builder Fritz Kinne, both skilled professionals, prominent and successful within their fields.

## Sources

* Matthews, Tony (1995). *River of dreams : a history of Maryborough and district*. Maryborough: Maryborough City Council. ISBN 978-0959946932.
* De Lisle, Anne (2007). *A grand passion*. Sydney: Bantam. ISBN 978-1863256445.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Baddow House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Baddow House | |
| --- | --- |
| Baddow House, 2009 | |
| Location | 366 Queen Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 25°31′37″S 152°40′22″E / 25.5269°S 152.6728°E / -25.5269; 152.6728 |
| Design period | 1870s–1890s (late 19th century) |
| Built | 1883 |
| Architect | Willoughby Powell |
| Architectural style(s) | Georgian |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Baddow House |
| Type | state heritage (built, landscape) |
| Designated | 21 October 1992 |
| Reference no. | 600690 |
| Significant period | 1880s (fabric)<br>1880s–1900s (historical) |
| Significant components | garden/grounds, tank – water (underground), terracing, residential accommodation – main house |
| Builders | F Kinne |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Baddow House in Queensland | |


title: 1981 Benson & Hedges Cup

abstract: The 1981 Benson & Hedges Cup was the tenth edition of cricket's Benson & Hedges Cup. The competition was won by Somerset County Cricket Club.

text:
# 1981 Benson & Hedges Cup

The **1981 Benson & Hedges Cup** was the tenth edition of cricket's Benson & Hedges Cup.

The competition was won by Somerset County Cricket Club.

## Fixtures and results

### Group stage

#### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | L | NR | A | Pts | BowSR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nottinghamshire | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 35.472 |
| Leicestershire | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 40.952 |
| Northamptonshire | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 34.095 |
| Gloucestershire | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 38.480 |
| Worcestershire | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69.722 |

#### Group B

| Team | Pld | W | L | NR | A | Pts | BowSR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yorkshire | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 34.500 |
| Warwickshire | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 34.900 |
| Derbyshire | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 36.731 |
| Lancashire | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 46.900 |
| Scotland | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 61.500 |

#### Group C

| Team | Pld | W | L | NR | A | Pts | BowSR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kent | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 29.824 |
| Somerset | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 41.094 |
| Essex | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 37.871 |
| Glamorgan | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 26.875 |
| Oxford and Cambridge Universities | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 72.000 |

#### Group D

| Team | Pld | W | L | NR | A | Pts | BowSR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sussex | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 29.259 |
| Surrey | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 36.889 |
| Minor Counties | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 31.600 |
| Middlesex | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 36.333 |
| Hampshire | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 40.958 |

### Quarter-finals

* No play on scheduled day or first reserve day. The match was moved from Canterbury to The Oval on the third day as the former was waterlogged
* Reserve day used. Sussex were 84/5 (28 overs) at the close of the first day's play

### Semi-finals

### Final

CricketArchive - 1981 Benson & Hedges Cup

Benson & Hedges Cup

## InfoBox

1981 Benson & Hedges Cup
| Administrator(s) | Test and County Cricket Board |
| --- | --- |
| Cricket format | Limited overs cricket(55 overs per innings) |
| Champions | Somerset (1st title) |
| Participants | 20 |
| Matches | 47 |
| Most runs | **313** Chris Balderstone (Leicestershire) |
| Most wickets | **16** Joel Garner (Somerset) |
|


title: 2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors

abstract: The 2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 39th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors, and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, from 20 October through 26 October 2008. The singles field was led by ATP No. 2, Olympic doubles gold medalist, US Open, Estoril and Halle titlist, two-time Basel defending champion Roger Federer, Buenos Aires and Stockholm winner David Nalbandian, and Stuttgart, Kitzbühel, Los Angeles and Washington titlist Juan Martín del Potro. Also lined up were Delray Beach and Houston runner-up James Blake, Doha and Rome Masters finalist Stanislas Wawrinka, Igor Andreev, Tomáš Berdych and Mardy Fish. First-seeded and defending champion Roger Federer won the singles title.

text:
# 2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors

The **2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 39th edition of the event known that year as the Davidoff Swiss Indoors, and was part of the International Series of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, from 20 October through 26 October 2008.

The singles field was led by ATP No. 2, Olympic doubles gold medalist, US Open, Estoril and Halle titlist, two-time Basel defending champion Roger Federer, Buenos Aires and Stockholm winner David Nalbandian, and Stuttgart, Kitzbühel, Los Angeles and Washington titlist Juan Martín del Potro. Also lined up were Delray Beach and Houston runner-up James Blake, Doha and Rome Masters finalist Stanislas Wawrinka, Igor Andreev, Tomáš Berdych and Mardy Fish.

First-seeded and defending champion Roger Federer won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Roger Federer defeated  David Nalbandian, 6–3, 6–4

* It was Roger Federer's 4th title of the year, and his 57th overall. It was his 3rd consecutive title at the event.

### Doubles

Mahesh Bhupathi /  Mark Knowles defeated  Christopher Kas /  Philipp Kohlschreiber, 6–3, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 2008 Davidoff Swiss Indoors | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 20–26 October |
| Edition | 39th |
| Category | International Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | €870,000 |
| Surface | Hard / indoors |
| Location | Basel, Switzerland |
| Venue | St. Jakobshalle |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Roger Federer | |
| Doubles | |
| Mahesh Bhupathi /  Mark Knowles | |
|  | |


abstract: These are the results of the Men's 800 metres event at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, Greece on 4–8 August.

text:
# 1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres

These are the results of the **Men's 800 metres event** at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, Greece on 4–8 August.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Wilson Kipketer
*Denmark (DEN)* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Norberto Téllez
*Cuba (CUB)* |
| **Bronze** | Rich Kenah
*United States (USA)* |

## Results

### Heats

First 4 of each Heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the quarterfinals.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Wilson Kipketer | Denmark | 1:46.34 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Hezekiel Sepeng | South Africa | 1:46.42 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Norberto Téllez | Cuba | 1:46.44 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Panagiotis Stroubakos | Greece | 1:46.49 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Andrea Longo | Italy | 1:46.79 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Einārs Tupurītis | Latvia | 1:46.96 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Mario Vernon-Watson | Jamaica | 1:46.96 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Savieri Ngidhi | Zimbabwe | 1:46.97 | q |
| 9 | 7 | Mark Everett | United States | 1:47.10 | Q |
| 10 | 4 | Patrick Konchellah | Kenya | 1:47.15 | Q |
| 10 | 7 | Benson Koech | Kenya | 1:47.15 | Q |
| 12 | 3 | Marko Koers | Netherlands | 1:47.17 | Q |
| 13 | 3 | Rich Kenah | United States | 1:47.25 | Q |
| 14 | 1 | Tor Oivind Odegard | Norway | 1:47.33 | Q |
| 14 | 4 | David Matthews | Ireland | 1:47.33 | Q |
| 14 | 7 | Benyounes Lahlou | Morocco | 1:47.33 | Q |
| 17 | 7 | Babiker Mohammed Yagoub | Sudan | 1:47.34 | Q |
| 18 | 3 | André Bucher | Switzerland | 1:47.44 | Q |
| 19 | 7 | Kennedy Osei | Ghana | 1:47.45 | q |
| 20 | 2 | Ivan Komar | Belarus | 1:47.53 | q |
| 20 | 3 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:47.53 | Q |
| 22 | 4 | Marius Van Heerden | South Africa | 1:47.56 | Q |
| 23 | 5 | Vebjørn Rodal | Norway | 1:47.58 | Q |
| 24 | 4 | Nathan Kahan | Belgium | 1:47.62 | Q |
| 25 | 7 | José Manuel Cerezo | Spain | 1:47.68 | q |
| 26 | 5 | Arthemon Hatungimana | Burundi | 1:47.73 | Q |
| 27 | 1 | Jean-Marc Destine | Haiti | 1:47.76 |  |
| 28 | 3 | Michael Wildner | Austria | 1:47.77 |  |
| 29 | 1 | Joseph Rakotoarimanana | Madagascar | 1:47.86 |  |
| 30 | 5 | Andrew Hart | Great Britain | 1:47.98 | Q |
| 31 | 5 | Hendrik Mokganyetsi | South Africa | 1:48.10 | Q |
| 32 | 3 | Sergey Kozhevnikov | Russia | 1:48.11 |  |
| 33 | 5 | Pavel Soukup | Czech Republic | 1:48.16 |  |
| 34 | 7 | Tim Rogge | Belgium | 1:48.38 |  |
| 35 | 4 | Viktors Lācis | Latvia | 1:48.65 |  |
| 36 | 5 | Mark Tonks | New Zealand | 1:48.85 |  |
| 37 | 1 | Mark Sesay | Great Britain | 1:49.00 |  |
| 38 | 6 | Patrick Ndururi | Kenya | 1:49.51 | Q |
| 39 | 6 | Lukáš Vydra | Czech Republic | 1:50.08 | Q |
| 40 | 2 | Ali Khazaal | Lebanon | 1:50.66 |  |
| 41 | 7 | Alex Morgan | Jamaica | 1:50.83 |  |
| 42 | 2 | Vančo Stojanov | Macedonia | 1:52.65 |  |
| 43 | 3 | Mohamed Haidara | Bahrain | 1:53.56 |  |
| 44 | 5 | Terap Adoum Yaya | Chad | 1:54.01 |  |
| 45 | 6 | Adem Hecini | Algeria | 1:55.25 | Q |
| 46 | 5 | Manlio Molinari | San Marino | 1:55.89 |  |
| 47 | 1 | Chérif Baba Aidara | Mauritania | 1:56.85 |  |
| 48 | 6 | Brandon Rock | United States | 1:58.05 | Q |
| 49 | 4 | Liam Byrne | Gibraltar | 2:00.18 |  |
| 50 | 6 | Cuthbert Modeste | Saint Lucia | 2:01.24 |  |
|  | 3 | Giuseppe D'Urso | Italy | DNF |  |
|  | 4 | Mahjoub Haida | Morocco | DNF |  |
|  | 6 | Paul Walker | Great Britain | DNF |  |
|  | 4 | Julius Achon | Uganda | DNS |  |
|  | 6 | Mahdi Moullai | Iran | DNS |  |
|  | 6 | Graham Hood | Canada | DNS |  |

### Quarterfinals

First 3 of each Heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Norberto Téllez | Cuba | 1:44.82 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Hezekiel Sepeng | South Africa | 1:44.91 | Q, SB |
| 3 | 2 | Mark Everett | United States | 1:44.95 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Adem Hecini | Algeria | 1:45.19 | q, SB |
| 5 | 2 | André Bucher | Switzerland | 1:45.33 | q, PB |
| 6 | 2 | Tor Oivind Odegard | Norway | 1:45.42 | q, PB |
| 7 | 4 | Wilson Kipketer | Denmark | 1:45.54 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Babiker Mohammed Yagoub | Sudan | 1:45.73 | q, PB |
| 9 | 4 | Panagiotis Stroubakos | Greece | 1:45.94 | Q |
| 10 | 4 | Kennedy Osei | Ghana | 1:46.00 | Q |
| 11 | 3 | Vebjørn Rodal | Norway | 1:46.43 | Q |
| 12 | 3 | Patrick Konchellah | Kenya | 1:46.43 | Q |
| 13 | 4 | Hendrik Mokganyetsi | South Africa | 1:46.45 |  |
| 14 | 3 | Rich Kenah | United States | 1:46.48 | Q |
| 15 | 1 | Marko Koers | Netherlands | 1:46.52 | Q |
| 16 | 1 | Patrick Ndururi | Kenya | 1:46.56 | Q |
| 17 | 4 | Andrea Longo | Italy | 1:46.60 |  |
| 18 | 1 | Benyounes Lahlou | Morocco | 1:46.63 | Q |
| 19 | 3 | Arthemon Hatungimana | Burundi | 1:46.64 |  |
| 20 | 2 | David Matthews | Ireland | 1:46.66 |  |
| 21 | 1 | Savieri Ngidhi | Zimbabwe | 1:46.92 |  |
| 22 | 3 | Einārs Tupurītis | Latvia | 1:46.97 |  |
| 23 | 4 | Brandon Rock | United States | 1:47.13 |  |
| 24 | 3 | Marius Van Heerden | South Africa | 1:47.20 |  |
| 25 | 3 | José Luíz Barbosa | Brazil | 1:47.30 |  |
| 26 | 1 | Lukáš Vydra | Czech Republic | 1:47.56 |  |
| 27 | 3 | Andrew Hart | Great Britain | 1:48.03 |  |
| 28 | 1 | Nathan Kahan | Belgium | 1:48.66 |  |
| 29 | 4 | José Manuel Cerezo | Spain | 1:48.90 |  |
| 30 | 1 | Mario Vernon-Watson | Jamaica | 1:49.52 |  |
| 31 | 1 | Ivan Komar | Belarus | 1:50.17 |  |
|  | 4 | Benson Koech | Kenya | DNS |  |

### Semifinals

First 4 of each Semifinal qualified directly (Q) for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Patrick Konchellah | Kenya | 1:45.07 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Norberto Téllez | Cuba | 1:45.37 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Vebjørn Rodal | Norway | 1:45.41 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Mark Everett | United States | 1:45.94 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Adem Hecini | Algeria | 1:46.02 |  |
| 6 | 1 | Mohammed Yagoub Babiker | Sudan | 1:46.09 |  |
| 7 | 2 | Wilson Kipketer | Denmark | 1:46.14 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Rich Kenah | United States | 1:46.37 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Benyounes Lahlou | Morocco | 1:46.42 |  |
| 10 | 2 | Patrick Ndururi | Kenya | 1:46.50 | Q |
| 11 | 2 | Marko Koers | Netherlands | 1:46.62 | Q |
| 12 | 2 | Kennedy Osei | Ghana | 1:46.78 |  |
| 13 | 1 | Panagiotis Stroubakos | Greece | 1:46.81 |  |
| 14 | 2 | André Bucher | Switzerland | 1:46.88 |  |
| 15 | 2 | Hezekiel Sepeng | South Africa | 1:47.00 |  |
| 16 | 2 | Tor Oivind Odegard | Norway | 1:47.83 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wilson Kipketer | Denmark | 1:43.38 |  |
|  | Norberto Téllez | Cuba | 1:44.00 | SB |
|  | Rich Kenah | United States | 1:44.25 | PB |
| 4 | Patrick Konchellah | Kenya | 1:44.26 |  |
| 5 | Vebjørn Rodal | Norway | 1:44.53 |  |
| 6 | Marko Koers | Netherlands | 1:44.85 |  |
| 7 | Patrick Ndururi | Kenya | 1:45.24 |  |
| 8 | Mark Everett | United States | 1:49.02 |  |


title: Arvid Ojasti

abstract: Arvid (Arvi) Edvard Ojasti was a Finnish chief detective of the ValPo. In July 1941, during the Continuation War, Ojasti, who worked as a superior in ValPo's Rovaniemi department, was ordered to join a 12-man Finnish group assisting German SS-Untersturmführer Wilhelm Laqua, the commander of Einsatzkommando Finnland, in Kirkenes, Norway. He was involved in the transfer of prisoners of war and executions. In the fall of 1941, men from the Finnish group worked in Nazi concentration camps in Norway. Some of them also moved with the Germans to the Soviet side in Karelia, where they supervised the local population and hunted for communists. At the end of the Continuation War and Finland switched sides, Ojasti joined the pro-German movement, and was transferred to the service of the German security police under Laqua. After the end of the war, Ojasti fled to Norway, then Sweden, and finally Venezuela, where many other Finnish Nazis wanted for war crimes had moved to exile. Ojasti also assisted with the trade-ins of wartime loot. He traded with fellow fugitive Aarne Kauhanen. Ojasti became a farmer, before working as a biology professor at the University of Caracas. In December 1963, he was shot and killed under unclear circumstances by a military patrol at roadblock in the city of Maturín.

text:
# Arvid Ojasti

**Arvid (Arvi) Edvard Ojasti** (born **Arvid Fagerström**; 18 June 1903 – 6 December 1963) was a Finnish chief detective of the ValPo.

In July 1941, during the Continuation War, Ojasti, who worked as a superior in ValPo's Rovaniemi department, was ordered to join a 12-man Finnish group assisting German SS-Untersturmführer Wilhelm Laqua, the commander of Einsatzkommando Finnland, in Kirkenes, Norway. He was involved in the transfer of prisoners of war and executions. In the fall of 1941, men from the Finnish group worked in Nazi concentration camps in Norway. Some of them also moved with the Germans to the Soviet side in Karelia, where they supervised the local population and hunted for communists. At the end of the Continuation War and Finland switched sides, Ojasti joined the pro-German movement, and was transferred to the service of the German security police under Laqua.

After the end of the war, Ojasti fled to Norway, then Sweden, and finally Venezuela, where many other Finnish Nazis wanted for war crimes had moved to exile. Ojasti also assisted with the trade-ins of wartime loot. He traded with fellow fugitive Aarne Kauhanen. Ojasti became a farmer, before working as a biology professor at the University of Caracas. In December 1963, he was shot and killed under unclear circumstances by a military patrol at roadblock in the city of Maturín.

## InfoBox

| Arvid Ojasti | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Arvid Edvard Fagerström |
| Nickname(s) | Arvi |
| Born | 18 June 1903
Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire |
| Died | 6 December 1963(1963-12-06) (aged 60)
Maturín, Monagas, Venezuela |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
|  | |
| Allegiance | Finland |
| Service/branch | State Police |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Asura brunneofasciata

abstract: Asura brunneofasciata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Asura brunneofasciata

***Asura brunneofasciata*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Asura brunneofasciata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Asura* |
| Species: | ***A. brunneofasciata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asura brunneofasciata***<br>Bethune-Baker, 1904 | |
|


# 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Wheelchair men's doubles

Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink defeated Stéphane Houdet and Michaël Jérémiasz in the final, 7–5, 6–2 to win the gentlemen's doubles wheelchair tennis title at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships. With the win, Scheffers completed the career Grand Slam.

Robin Ammerlaan and Stefan Olsson were the defending champions, but were defeated by Scheffers and Vink in the semifinals.

## Seeds

1. **Maikel Scheffers** /  **Ronald Vink (champions)**
2. Tom Egberink /  Shingo Kunieda *(semifinals, fourth place)*

## Draw

### Key

### Finals

|  | Semifinals | | | | |  |  | Final | | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Maikel Scheffers**
**Ronald Vink** | **6** | **6** |  |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  |  | Robin Ammerlaan
Stefan Olsson | 0 | 3 |  |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | 1 | **Maikel Scheffers**
**Ronald Vink** | **7** | **6** |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  |  | Stéphane Houdet
Michaël Jeremiasz | 5 | 2 |  |  |
|  |  | | | | | | | | **Stéphane Houdet**
**Michaël Jeremiasz** | 64 | **77** | **6** |  |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | 2/WC | Tom Egberink
Shingo Kunieda | **77** | 61 | 4 |  |  | Third place | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |  |  | **Robin Ammerlaan**
**Stefan Olsson** | **6** | **6** |  |
|  | | | | | | || | | | |
|  | | | | | | |  | 2/WC | Tom Egberink
Shingo Kunieda | 3 | 3 |  |

* Draw
* "Wimbledon 2011". *itftennis.com*. International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 27 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| Wheelchair men's doubles | |
| --- | --- |
| 2011 Wimbledon Championships | |
| Champions | Maikel Scheffers
Ronald Vink |
| Runners-up | Stéphane Houdet
Michaël Jérémiasz |
| Score | 7-5, 6–2 |


title: Finnish mythology

abstract: Finnish mythology commonly refers of the folklore of Finnish paganism, of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people. It has many shared features with Estonian and other Finnic mythologies, but also with neighbouring Baltic, Slavic and, to a lesser extent, Norse mythologies. Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century. Of the animals, the most sacred was the bear, whose real name was never uttered out loud, which was thought to be unfavorable to the hunt. The bear was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers, and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions: mesikämmen ("mead-paw"), otso, kontio, metsän kultaomena. It was not strictly seen as a god.

text:
# Finnish mythology

**Finnish mythology** commonly refers of the folklore of Finnish paganism, of which a modern revival is practiced by a small percentage of the Finnish people. It has many shared features with Estonian and other Finnic mythologies, but also with neighbouring Baltic, Slavic and, to a lesser extent, Norse mythologies.

Finnish mythology survived within an oral tradition of mythical poem-singing and folklore well into the 19th century.

Of the animals, the most sacred was the bear, whose real name was never uttered out loud, which was thought to be unfavorable to the hunt. The bear ("karhu" in Finnish) was seen as the embodiment of the forefathers, and for this reason it was called by many circumlocutions: *mesikämmen* ("mead-paw"), *otso* ("browed one"), *kontio* ("dweller of the land"), *metsän kultaomena* ("the golden apple of the forest"). It was not strictly seen as a god.

## History of study

The first historical mention of Finnish folk religion was by the bishop and Lutheran reformer Mikael Agricola (1510–1555) in the preface to his 1551 Finnish translation of the Psalms. Agricola supplied a list of purported deities of the Häme (in Swedish, Tavastia) and Karjala (Karelia). It detailed twelve deities in each region with their supposed functions briefly set out in verse form. (Some commentators state that only eleven deities were listed for Häme, not counting Agricola's mention of *Piru*, the Devil). Due to the lists, Agricola is considered to be the father of the study of Finnish religious history and mythology. Later scholars and students commonly quoted Agricola's lists as a historical source; only in the late eighteenth century did scholars begin to critically re-examine Agricola's work, finding that most of the figures on his list were not gods, but local guardian spirits, figures from folk mythology or explanatory legends, cultural heroes, Christian saints under alternative names, and, in one case, a harvest-time festival.

Cristfried Ganander's *Mythologia Fennica*, published in 1789, was the first truly scholarly foray into Finnish mythology. In the 19th century, research into Finnish folklore intensified. Scholars like Elias Lönnrot, J.F. Cajan, M.A. Castrén, and D.E.D. Europaeus travelled around Finland writing down folk poetry sung by runo (poem) singers, many of whom were *tietäjät* (traditional ritual specialists). The genres they collected included material like the *synnyt*, which give mythical accounts of the origins of many natural phenomena. From this material Lönnrot edited the Kalevala as well as the Kanteletar. The wealth of folk poetry collected in the 19th century often deals with pre-Christian pagan themes, and has allowed scholars to study Finnish mythology in more detail.

## The origins and the structure of the world

The world was believed to have been formed out of a bird's egg or eggs. The species of the bird and the number of eggs varies between traditions. In the Kalevala the bird is a pochard that lays seven eggs (six of gold and one of iron). Examples from other stories include a swallow, a loon, and a mythical giant eagle, *kokko*. The sky was believed to be the upper cover of the egg; alternately it was seen as a tent, which was supported by a column at the north pole, below the north star.

The movement of the stars was explained to be caused by the sky-dome's rotation around the North Star and itself. A great whirl was caused at the north pole by the rotation of a column of sky. Through this whirl, souls could exit the world to the land of dead, Tuonela.

Earth was believed to be flat. At the edges of Earth was Lintukoto, "the home of the birds", a warm region in which birds lived during the winter. The Milky Way is called Linnunrata, "the path of the birds", because the birds were believed to move along it to Lintukoto and back. In Modern Finnish usage, the word *lintukoto* means an imaginary happy, warm, and peaceful paradise-like place.

Birds also had other significance. Birds brought a human's soul to the body at the moment of birth, and took it away at the moment of death. In some areas, it was necessary to have a wooden bird-figure nearby to prevent the soul from escaping during sleep. This Sielulintu, "the soul-bird", protected the soul from being lost in the paths of dreams.

Waterfowl are very common in tales, and also in stone paintings and carvings, indicating their great significance in the beliefs of ancient Finns.

## Tuonela, the land of the dead

Tuonela was the land of dead: an underground home or city for all dead people, without moral judgement. It was a dark and lifeless place, where everybody slept forever. A sufficiently brave shaman could travel to Tuonela in trance to ask for the forefathers' guidance. This required crossing the dark river of Tuonela. If the shaman had a proper reason, a boat would come to take them over. Many times, a shaman's soul would have to trick the guards of Tuonela into thinking that they were actually dead.

## Ukko, the God of sky and thunder

Ukko ("old man") was a god of the sky, weather, and the crops. The Finnish word for thunder, "ukkonen" (little Ukko) or "ukonilma" (Ukko's weather), is derived from his name. In the Kalevala he is also called "ylijumala" (overgod, Supreme God). He makes all his appearances in myths solely by natural effects.

Ukko's origins are probably in Baltic Perkons and the older Finnish sky god Ilmarinen. While Ukko took Ilmarinen's position as the Sky God, Ilmarinen's destiny was to turn into a smith-hero, or the god of the rock. In the epic poetry of the Kalevala, Ilmarinen is credited with forging the stars on the dome of the sky and the magic mill of plenty, the Sampo.

Ukko's weapon was a hammer, axe or sword, by which he struck lightning. While Ukko and his wife Akka ("old woman") mated, there was a thunderstorm. He created thunderstorms by riding his chariot over the clouds. The original weapon of Ukko was probably the boat-shaped stone axe of battle axe culture. Ukko's hammer Vasara (lit. "hammer") probably originally meant the same thing as the boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned in the metal ages, the origins of stone weapons became a mystery. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko left behind after a lightning strike. Shamans collected and held stone axes because they were believed to hold supernatural powers.

## Heroes, gods and spirits

* Ahti (or *Ahto*), god of the depths, giver of fish.
* Ajatar (sometimes *Ajattara*), an evil forest spirit.
* Akka ("old lady"), female spirit, feminine counterpart of "Ukko".
* Äkräs, the god of fertility and the protector of plants, especially the turnip.
* Antero Vipunen, deceased giant, protector of deep knowledge and magic.
* Etiäinen
* Hiisi, demon, originally meaning a sacred grove, later a mean goblin.
* Iku-Turso, a malevolent sea monster; probably same as Tursas.
* Ilmarinen, the great smith, maker of heaven. Designed the Sampo mill of fortune. Originally a male spirit of air.
* Ilmatar, female spirit of air; the daughter of primeval substance of creative spirit. Mother of Väinämöinen in *Kalevala*.
* Jumala, a generic name for a major deity. Originally the name given by the Finns to the sky, the sky-god, and the supreme god. Later *taivas* and Ukko were used as the names for the sky and the sky-god. The word means god and was later used for the Christian God. The origin of the word is unknown – some possible explanations are derivation from Jomali, the supreme deity of the Permians and origination from the Estonian word *jume*.
* Kalevanpoika (son/man of *Kaleva*), a giant hero who can cut down forests and mow down huge meadows, identical with Estonian national epic hero Kalevipoeg.
* Kave, ancient god of sky, later the deity of the lunar cycle. Father of Väinämöinen. Also Kaleva.
* Kullervo, tragic antihero. Model for Túrin Turambar in Tolkien's *Silmarillion*.
* Kuutar, goddess of the Moon.
* Lemminkäinen (*Ahti Saarelainen*, *Kaukomieli*), a brash hero.
* Lempo, became synonymous with a demon in the Christian era.
* Lalli, Finn who slew St. Henry of Uppsala on the ice of Lake Köyliö, according to a legend.
* Louhi, the matriarch of Pohjola, hostess of the Underworld.
* Loviatar, the blind daughter of Tuoni and the mother of Nine diseases.
* Luonnotar, spirit of nature, feminine creator.
* Menninkäinen, a fairy spirit, gnome, leprechaun of some sort.
* Metsänväki, spirit of forest, forest creature.
* Mielikki, wife of Tapio, the goddess of the forest.
* Nyyrikki, the god of hunting, son of Tapio.
* Näkki, the fearsome spirit of pools, wells and bridges (A spiteful and beautiful womanlike creature with woman's body and fish's behind who flatters men into water in Estonian mythology). Same as Nix.
* Otso, the spirit of bear (one of many circumlocutory epithets).
* Päivätär, the goddess of the Sun
* Pekko (or *Pellon Pekko*), the god of crops, especially barley and brewing.
* Perkele, the Devil. Originally a god of thunder, Perkele was demonized with the introduction of the Christian religion. Related to Baltic Perkunas and Germanic Thor.
* Pellervo (or *Sampsa Pellervoinen*), the god of harvest.
* Pihatonttu, tutelary of the yard.
* Piru, spirit, demon. Probably later loan word related to "spirit".
* Rahko, the Karelian god of time; *Rahko tars the moon* describes the phases of the moon.
* Surma, the personification of a violent death.
* Saunatonttu, tutelary of the sauna.
* Tapio, the god of the forest.
* Tellervo, the goddess of the forest, daughter of Tapio and Mielikki.
* Tonttu, generally benign tutelary. Originally, a patron of cultivated land, keeper of lot.
* Tuonetar, name referring to both the mistress and the daughter of Tuoni.
* Tuoni, the personification of Death.
* Tursas, the Tavastian god of war. May be the same as the Germanic Týr.
* Tuulikki, daughter of Tapio and Mielikki, goddess of animals.
* Ukko ("old man") the god of the sky and thunder, related to Thor (Estonian Taara).
* Vellamo, the wife of Ahti, goddess of the sea, lakes and storms. A current image of Vellamo can be seen on the coat of arms of Päijät-häme.
* Vedenemo ("mother of waters") the Karelian Goddess of water of the Karelia region resembles a mermaid, with the body of a fish and the torso and head of a human woman. Like a Greek siren, she sings and seduces humans into the murky depths. Fishermen used to offer their first catch to appease Vedenemo, and spotting her was regarded as an extremely bad omen.
* Väinämöinen, the old and wise man, who possessed a potent, magical voice. Also related to Estonian Vanemuine. The central character in Finnish folklore and he is the main character in the *Kalevala*.

## Places

* Kyöpelinvuori (*Raatikko*); where women who die as virgins go, and later a place where witches meet at Easter.
* Tuonela; (also *Manala, Pohjola*) abode of the dead, Underworld.
* Väinölä (also known as the Land of Kalevala)
* Pohjola
* Aarnivalkea, an eternal flame marking the spot of buried treasure
* Lintukoto, a mythical place where migratory birds were believed to live in wintertime, the word is used as a metaphor for a happy place in Finnish.

## Animals

* Brown bear; the bear was considered the most sacred of animals in Finnish mythology, only referred to by euphemisms (see taboo and noa-name). The killing of a bear was followed by a great feast in honour of the bear (*peijaiset*), where a substantial part of the celebrations consisted of convincing the bear's spirit that it had died accidentally and hadn't been murdered. Afterwards, the bear's skull was hung high upon a pine tree so its spirit could re-enter the heavens. *Kalevala on the bear.*
* Swan of Tuonela; (*Tuonelan joutsen*).
* Elk of Hiisi; (*Hiiden hirvi*).

## Artifacts

* The Sampo, a magical artifact that brought good fortune to its holder. According to Lönnrot's interpretation in the Kalevala, it was a mill that made flour, salt, and gold out of thin air.
* Väinämöinen's magic kantele which he made from the jaws of a huge pike and a young lady's hair.
* Väinämöinen's great sword, which shines like the sun and is extraordinarily sharp.

* Honko, Lauri, Senni Timonen, Michael Branch, and Keith Bosley. (1994). *The Great Bear: A Thematic Anthology of Oral Poetry in the Finno-Ugrian Languages*. New York: Oxford University Press. Originally published 1993 by the Finnish Literature Society.
* Holmberg, Uno. (1964). *Finno-Ugric, Siberian*. The Mythology of All Races, Vol. IV (ed. by John Arnott MacCullough). New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1964. Originally published 1927 by Marshall Jones, Boston.
* Pentikäinen, Juha Y. (1999). *Kalevala Mythology*, expanded ed. Translated by Ritva Poom. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
* Kuusi, Matti, Keith Bosley, and Michael Branch. (1977). *Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic*. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
* Pentikäinen, Juha. (2002). "Kalevala: the Finnish national epic" ThisisFINLAND
* Talve, Ilmar. (1997). Finnish Folk Culture. Studia Fennica, Ethnologica 4. Translated by Susan Sinisalo. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
* Virtanen, Leea and Dubois, Thomas. (2000). *Finnish Folklore*. Studia Fennica, Folklorista 9. Translated by Thomas Dubois. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society in association with University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

## Further reading

* Stark-Arola, Laura (2002). *Myth and mentality: studies in folklore and popular thought*. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society. ISBN 978-951-746-371-3.
* Valk, Ülo (2000), “Ex Ovo Omnia: Where Does the Balto-Finnic Cosmogony Originate? The Etiology of an Etiology”, Oral Tradition 15: 145-158.


title: Avron station

abstract: Avron is a station on Line 2 of the Paris Métro, on the border of the 11th and 20th arrondissements.

text:
# Avron station

**Avron** (French pronunciation: \[avʁɔ̃\]) is a station on Line 2 of the Paris Métro, on the border of the 11th and 20th arrondissements.

## Location

The station is located under Boulevard de Charonne, at the intersection with Rue d'Avron and Rue de Montreuil. Oriented approximately along a north–south axis, it is located between the Alexandre Dumas metro station and the eastern terminus of Nation.

## History

The station was opened on 2 April 1903 when the line was extended from *Bagnolet* (now called Alexandre Dumas) to Nation. It is named after the *Rue d'Avron*, which is named after a small nearby plateau that served an important role in the defence of Paris during the Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War.

It was the location of the *Barrière de Montreuil*, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

As part of the RATP *Renouveau du métro* renovation program, the entire station was renovated by 9 December 2005.

On 16 July 2018, part of the nameplates of the station were temporarily replaced to celebrate the victory of the French football team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, as in five other stations. Avron is humorously renamed *Nous Avron gagné* as a play on words.

In 2019, 1,871,024 travelers entered this station which places it in 256th position for metro stations for its attendance out of 302.

## Passenger services

### Access

The station has a single entrance called *Boulevard de Charonne*, leading to the central median of this boulevard, opposite no. 35. Made up of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with a Guimard entrance, which is subject to a decree as a historical monument on 29 May 1978.

### Station layout

| **B1** | Mezzanine for platform connection |
| --- | --- |

| **Platform level** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Platform **1** | toward Porte Dauphine (Alexandre Dumas) |
| | Platform **2** | toward Nation (Terminus) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |

### Platforms

Avron is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is in the style used for the majority of the metro stations. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, the tunnel exits and the outlets of the corridors, while the lighting is provided by two white lighting tubes. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enamelled plates. The *Motte* style seats are dark blue.

### Bus connections

The station is served by line 57 of the RATP Bus Network.

## Sources

* Roland, Gérard (2003). *Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram.* Éditions Bonneton.

## InfoBox

| Avron | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 35, Boul. de Charonne
11th arrondissement of Paris
Île-de-France
France |
| Coordinates | 48°51′07″N 2°23′52″E / 48.85194°N 2.397863°E / 48.85194; 2.397863 |
| Owned by | RATP |
| Operated by | RATP |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 2 April 1903 (1903-04-02) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Paris Métro Following station  Alexandre Dumastowards Porte Dauphine  Line 2  NationTerminus | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  AvronLocation within Paris | |


abstract: The 1983 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 83rd staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897. Ballyduff Upper were the defending champions. On 9 October 1983, Mount Sion won the championship after a 5–11 to 2–06 defeat of Ballyduff Upper in the final. This was their 26th championship title overall and their first title since 1981.

text:
# 1983 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship

The **1983 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship** was the 83rd staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.

Ballyduff Upper were the defending champions.

On 9 October 1983, Mount Sion won the championship after a 5–11 to 2–06 defeat of Ballyduff Upper in the final. This was their 26th championship title overall and their first title since 1981.

## InfoBox

1983 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
| Champions | Mount Sion (26th title) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Ballyduff Upper |
| 1982 (Previous) (Next) 1984 | |


title: Euchromius ramburiellus

abstract: Euchromius ramburiellus is a species of moth in the family Crambidae described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1836. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan and Israel. The wingspan is about 17.5 mm.

text:
# Euchromius ramburiellus

***Euchromius ramburiellus*** is a species of moth in the family Crambidae described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1836. It is found in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, North Africa (including Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco), Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan and Israel.

The wingspan is about 17.5 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Euchromius ramburiellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Euchromiini |
| Genus: | *Euchromius* |
| Species: | ***E. ramburiellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euchromius ramburiellus***<br>(Duponchel, 1836) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crambus ramburiellus* Duponchel, 1836 * *Crambus zonellus* Zeller, 1847 * *Eromene islamella* Amsel, 1949 * *Eromene ramburiella* var. *luteella* Caradja, 1910 | |


title: Eoghan Quigg

abstract: Eoghan Karl Christopher Quigg is a singer from Northern Ireland, who was the last contestant eliminated in the fifth series of the music talent contest The X Factor in 2008. As a result of his X Factor success, Quigg was due to be signed by Simon Cowell, X Factor creator/producer and owner and CEO of Syco Records, but was instead signed to RCA after Cowell pulled out. Quigg released an eponymous studio album in 2009, which was critically panned. Quigg competed in the Irish national selection for the chance to represent Ireland in 2014 at the Eurovision Song Contest but finished second.

text:
# Eoghan Quigg

**Eoghan Karl Christopher Quigg** (/ˈɪn/; born 12 July 1992) is a singer from Northern Ireland, who was the last contestant eliminated in the fifth series of the music talent contest *The X Factor* in 2008.

As a result of his *X Factor* success, Quigg was due to be signed by Simon Cowell, *X Factor* creator/producer and owner and CEO of Syco Records, but was instead signed to RCA after Cowell pulled out. Quigg released an eponymous studio album in 2009, which was critically panned. Quigg competed in the Irish national selection for the chance to represent Ireland in 2014 at the Eurovision Song Contest but finished second.

## Early life

Eoghan Karl Christopher Quigg was born on 12 July 1992 and grew up in Dungiven, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Singing along to Disney cartoons since the age of two, Quigg found his voice when he was in class and told to stand up and sing as a punishment. To the teacher's surprise he sang well, which led to his becoming a choir boy. From then on he sang lead roles in school musicals, such as *Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat*.

## Career

### Singing career

#### 2007–2008: *The X Factor*

In 2008, Quigg auditioned for the talent show *The X Factor* in front of judges Simon Cowell, Dannii Minogue, Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole. Quigg got past the "judges' houses" stage of the competition, and made it to the live shows in Cowell's 14–24 boys group, along with Scott Bruton and Austin Drage. On the first live show, Quigg sang "Imagine" and was highly praised by the judges. On the second live show (Michael Jackson week) he sang "Ben" which was also praised. On Big Band week Quigg sang "L-O-V-E" and received a standing ovation from the judges and the crowd. After the eliminations of Bruton and Drage in weeks 3 and 4 respectively, Quigg became Cowell's last remaining act in the competition. He made it to the semi-finals and after performances of "Year 3000" and "Does Your Mother Know" was voted through to the final.

Quigg eventually became the last contestant eliminated, with Alexandra Burke the winner, and JLS runners-up.

##### Performances on *The X Factor*

| Week | Song choice | Theme | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Week 1 | "Imagine" | Number One Songs in UK and US | **1st** |
| Week 2 | "Ben" | Songs by Michael Jackson or The Jackson 5 | **1st** |
| Week 3 | "L-O-V-E" | Big Band | **1st** |
| Week 4 | "Could It Be Magic" | Disco | **1st** |
| Week 5 | "Anytime You Need a Friend" | Songs by Mariah Carey | **1st** |
| Week 6 | "One More Try" | Best of British | **2nd** |
| Week 7 | "Never Forget" | Songs by Take That | **1st** |
| Quarter-final | "Sometimes" | Songs by Britney Spears | **3rd** |
| | "We're All in This Together" | American Classics | |
| Semi-final | "Year 3000" | Mentor's Choice | **3rd** |
| | "Does Your Mother Know" | Contestant's Choice | |
| Final | "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" | Christmas Song | **Eliminated** |
| | "Picture of You" (with Boyzone) | Celebrity Duet | |
| | "We're All in This Together" | Contestant's Favourite | |

#### 2008–09: Post *X Factor*

Quigg appeared at the Cheerios Childline Concert at the Dublin O2 in Dublin on 16 December 2008, among acts including Enrique Iglesias, Anastacia and Irish boy band Boyzone. In December he also appeared on *The Late Late Show* where it was announced that Boyzone had invited him on their UK and Ireland Better Tour. On 15 January 2009 it was announced that Quigg had landed a record deal with Syco's parent company Sony BMG. He later signed to RCA Records.

#### 2009: Studio album

Quigg released his only album, titled *Eoghan Quigg*, on 6 April 2009. "28,000 Friends", its sole single, peaked at no. 96 in the UK Singles Chart. The album charted at number 14 and spent 3 weeks in the top 100. It debuted at Number 1 on the Irish Albums Chart, and left the charts eight weeks later. The album met with what Matthew McCreary in *The Independent* described as a critical "savaging". Many reviewers, including Peter Robinson of *The Guardian*, called it the worst record ever made. Criticism was directed at its lack of original material, low production values and poor singing performance from Quigg. Following disappointing album sales, Quigg was dropped by RCA Records.

#### 2014: Eurovision Song Contest

In February 2014, Quigg was announced by RTÉ as one of the five acts that would compete to represent Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, with the song "The Movie Song". He finished second in the contest.

### Television

Quigg played a minor role in the BBC sitcom *Dani's House*, playing himself. He appeared as a guest on 22 December 2009 edition of *Alan Carr: Chatty Man* and featured as a guest on *Harry Hill's TV Burp* on 19 February 2011.

### Radio

In April 2017, Quigg began presenting on Q Radio Mid Ulster. The following year, he interviewed his fellow 2008 *X Factor* finalist, Alexandra Burke.

### Football

He began an amateur football career in 2015, signing for Coagh United F.C. He later joined Portstewart F.C. in the Northern Ireland Intermediate League.

## Personal life

Quigg lives in Derry with his girlfriend Amy Campbell, whom he began dating in 2015. They have a daughter, Emmy Belle, who was born in April 2021. Quigg also plays an active part in the lives of Cooper and Milla, Campbell's two children from a previous relationship. In October 2022, the couple announced that they were expecting their second child (and Campbell's fourth overall).

He had a hair transplant in 2020, travelling to Turkey to get the procedure done.

Quigg has maintained his singing career as a member of a wedding band called The Housem8s.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details | Chart Position | | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | IRE
 | |
| *Eoghan Quigg* | * Released: 6 April 2009 * Label: RCA, Sony BMG * Formats: CD, Digital Download | 14 | 1 | * UK: 25,000+ * Ireland: 7,000+ * World: 35,000+ |

### Singles

#### As lead artist

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | IRE
 | |
| 2009 | "28,000 Friends" | 96 | 32 | *Eoghan Quigg* |
| 2014 | "The Movie Song" |  | 33 | *Non-album single* |
| "—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

| Year | Title | Peak chart positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | IRE
 | |
| 2008 | "Hero"
(with *The X Factor* finalists) | 1 | 1 | *Charity Single* |
|

## InfoBox

| Eoghan Quigg | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Eoghan Karl Christopher Quigg |
| Born | (1992-07-12) 12 July 1992
Dungiven, Londonderry, Northern Ireland |
| Genres | Pop |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | RCA (2008–2010)
Sony BMG (2008–2010) |
|  | |
| Website | Twitter Account |


title: Eos Chasma

abstract:
Eos Chasma is a chasma in the southern part of the Valles Marineris canyon system of the Coprates quadrangle and the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangles of the planet Mars. Eos Chasma’s western floor is mainly composed of an etched massive material composed of either volcanic or eolian deposits later eroded by the Martian wind. The eastern end of the Eos chasma has a large area of streamlined bars and longitudinal striations. This is interpreted to be stream-carved plateau deposits and material transported and deposited by flowing fluid. Ganges Chasma is an offshoot of Eos Chasma. MRO discovered sulfate, hydrated sulfate, and iron oxides in Eos Chasma. According to an analysis by Vicky Hamilton of the University of Hawaii, Eos Chasma may be the source of the ALH84001 meteorite, which some believe to be evidence of past life on Mars.
However, the analysis was not conclusive, in part because it was limited to parts of Mars not obscured by dust.

text:
# Eos Chasma

**Eos Chasma** is a chasma in the southern part of the Valles Marineris canyon system of the Coprates quadrangle and the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangles of the planet Mars.

Eos Chasma’s western floor is mainly composed of an etched massive material composed of either volcanic or eolian deposits later eroded by the Martian wind. The eastern end of the Eos chasma has a large area of streamlined bars and longitudinal striations. This is interpreted to be stream-carved plateau deposits and material transported and deposited by flowing fluid. Ganges Chasma is an offshoot of Eos Chasma. MRO discovered sulfate, hydrated sulfate, and iron oxides in Eos Chasma.

According to an analysis by Vicky Hamilton of the University of Hawaii, Eos Chasma may be the source of the ALH84001 meteorite, which some believe to be evidence of past life on Mars. However, the analysis was not conclusive, in part because it was limited to parts of Mars not obscured by dust.

## InfoBox

Eos Chasma
| The eastern portion of Eos Chasma | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 12°06′S 39°42′W / 12.1°S 39.7°W / -12.1; -39.7 |
| Length | 1,413 km |


title: Asura calamaria

abstract: Asura calamaria is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in from the north-eastern Himalayas to Sundaland, including Myanmar. The habitat consists of disturbed forests, including disturbed alluvial forests and remnants of primary montane forests. The larvae have been recorded defoliating Bougainvillea species.

text:
# Asura calamaria

***Asura calamaria*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in from the north-eastern Himalayas to Sundaland, including Myanmar. The habitat consists of disturbed forests, including disturbed alluvial forests and remnants of primary montane forests.

The larvae have been recorded defoliating *Bougainvillea* species.

## InfoBox

| *Asura calamaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Asura* |
| Species: | ***A. calamaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asura calamaria***<br>(Moore, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Setina calamaria* Moore, 1888 * *Miltochrista celidopa* Meyrick, 1894 * *Asura celipodoa* Seitz, 1910 * *Asura mediopuncta* Rothschild, 1913 * *Setina punctata* Elwes, 1890 * *Lyclene calamaria* Moore, 1888 | |


title: Bajazet (opera)

abstract: Bajazet is an Italian opera in 3 acts composed by Antonio Vivaldi in 1735. Its libretto was written by Agostino Piovene. It was premiered in Verona, during the Carnival season of that year. It includes a three-movement sinfonia as an introduction. The story is about the fate of Bajazet after being captured by Tamerlane. The famous aria "Sposa son disprezzata" is from this opera.

text:
# Bajazet (opera)

***Bajazet*** (Italian pronunciation: \[baʒaˈzɛ\]; also called *Il Tamerlano*) (RV 703) is an Italian opera in 3 acts composed by Antonio Vivaldi in 1735. Its libretto was written by Agostino Piovene. It was premiered in Verona, during the Carnival season of that year. It includes a three-movement sinfonia as an introduction. The story is about the fate of Bajazet (known as Bayezid I) after being captured by Tamerlane (Timur Lenk). The famous aria "Sposa son disprezzata" is from this opera.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tamerlano, *the emperor of the Uzbek Turks* | mezzo-soprano (en travesti) | Maria Maddalena Pieri |
| Bajazet, *the emperor of the Ottoman Turks, now a prisoner to Tamerlano* | baritone | Marc'Antonio Mareschi |
| Asteria, *daughter of Bajazet, in love with Andronicus* | contralto | Anna Girò |
| Andronicus, *a prince from Greece, ally of Tamerlane* | contralto castrato | Pietro Moriggi |
| Irene, *princess of Tresbisond, promised in marriage to Tamerlane* | contralto | Margherita Giacomazzi |
| Idaspe, *friend of Andronicus* | soprano castrato | Giovanni Manzoli |
|

## Synopsis

**Act I**. *In garden of occupied capital of Bursa, where Tamerlane resides following the defeat of the Turks*.

Scene 1 (Bajazet & Andronicus): Awaiting death, Bajazet tells Andronicus that if he weds Asteria he must hate Tamerlane. Scene 2 (Andronicus & Idaspe). Andronicus tells Idaspe to watch Bajazet for Asteria’s sake. Idaspe warns him that Greece has already turned the Empire over to Tamerlane and that Asteria’s beauty will fade, but Andronicus could be crowned Byzantine emperor. Scene 3 (Tamerlane & Andronicus): Tamerlane grants to Andronicus the Byzantine Empire and discloses that he is in love with Asteria. He asks Andronicus to ask her hand from Bajazet and tells him that he should marry Irene (who is betrothed to Tamerlane). Scene 4 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus considers: He is not ungrateful to Tamerlane but wishes to have Asteria. *Royal apartments for Bajazet and Asteria, guarded*. Scene 5 (Asteria): Asteria considers her dilemma—she loves Andronicus but believes he is interested only in imperial ambition. Scene 6 (Tamerlane & Asteria); Tamerlane tells Asteria of his love and threatens her with her father’s life. He tells her that Andronicus will wed Irene and sings love aria before leaving. Scene 7 (Andronicus, Bajazet & Asteria): Asteria reproaches Andronicus in front of her father. Andronicus begins to explain himself but Bajazet tells him that he speaks for his daughter in saying that she will refuse to marry Tamerlane and Bajazet will forfeit his head. Scene 8 (Asteria & Andronicus): Asteria remains angry with Andronicus and tells him to carry out her father’s orders but not to speak for her. After he leaves, she wonders how she can continue to love one who is untrue to her. Scene 9 (Irene, Andronicus & Idaspe): Irene wants to know why her proposed husband is not there to greet her. Idaspe explains that he loves another. Andronicus proposes that she go to him as Irene’s messenger. \[Tamerlane does not know what she looks like.\] She agrees to fight for her rights. Scene 10 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus admits to himself that Irene is pretty and her kingdom adds to her beauty, but he is sad for Asteria. He sings aria in which he recognizes that if one does not die of grief in these circumstances it is because “either the power of death is weak; or grief is powerless.”

**Act 2**. *Open countryside with Tamerlane’s pavilions which open to show Tamerlane and Andronicus seated*.

Scene 1 (Tamerlane, Andronicus, Idaspe): Tamerlane tells Andronicus that he learned of Asteria’s consent through her maid and that today both Tamerlane’s marriage to Asteria and Andronicus’s to Irene will take place. Scene 2 (Andronicus & Idaspe): Andronicus tells Idaspe that he plans to reprove Asteria, relinquish Irene and her realm to Tamerlane, make full restitution, and offer Asteria his life and fortune. Idapse goes to inform Bajazet of Asteria’s decision. Scene 3 (Andronicus & Asteria): Asreria berates Andronicus for not opposing Tamerlane’s offer to her. Andronicus says that he will lay down his life if that is what she wishes. She tells him it is too late, Tamerlane calls. Scene 4 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus despairs that he has lost Asteria and will lose his life. He decides to see Bajazet. *Pavilion opens to reveal Tamerlane and Asteria on cushions*. Scene 5 (Tamerlane, Asteria, Idaspe & later Irene): Idaspe announces a messenger from Irene, and Irene enters pretending to be that messenger. Tamerlane has Asteria tell her of her decision to accept Tamerlane. Irene protests and Tamerlane admits his guilt (of faithlessness) but instructs her to tell Irene that she will obtain a new husband and a kingdom that day. Scene 6 (Asteria, Irene, & Idaspe): Asteria informs Irene’s “messenger” that she intends to displease Tamerlane and Irene might have him back. Scene 7 (Irene & Idaspe): Irene marvels at the resolve of Asteria and says that she loves Tamerlane, despite his unfaithfulness. Scene 8 (Andronicus & Bajazet): Andronicus informs Bajazet that he saw Asteria accept the throne. Bajazet accuses Andronicus of not fighting hard enough for her. They go to see her, while Bajazet sings of his desperation. *Military camp with Tamerlane and Asteria sitting in view of the army*. Scene 9 (Tamerlane, Asteria, later Andronicus, Bajazet & Irene): Asteria complies with Tamerlane’s request that she retire to the royal quarters (with aside that she has a plan). Bajazet arrives seeking his daughter and tells Tamerlane that the blood of an Ottoman sultan will not mingle with a peasant’s. Irene (still as messenger) arrives to challenge Asteria. Tamerlane says that if she can make Asteria renounce the throne, will be Irene’s. Bajazet gives lengthy denunciation of Asteria. Then Asteria renounces the throne and reveals she was going to stab Tamerlane in bed. Tamerlane calls on guards to take Asteria and Bajazet upon whom he will exact vengeance. Tamerlane, Bajazet, Asteria and Irene sing quartet about faithlessness, cruelty mercy and death.

**Act 3**. *Garden on the banks of the River Euphrates*.

Scene 1 (Asteria & Bajazet): Bajazet shares with his daughter poison to be used when Tamerlane begins his vengeance on them. Scene 2 (Tamerlane, Andronicus & Asteria (aside at first)): Tamerlane tells Andronicus that he will forgive Asteria if she relents. Andronicus begins to plead but Asteria enters and misunderstands his intention. Andronicus is forced to declare his love in front of Tamerlane, who in fury orders Bajazet beheaded and ASteria wedded to the meanest slave. Scene 3 (Bajazet and the foregoing): Bajazet enters and orders his daughter to arise; she is not to bow to Tamerlane. Tamerlane becomes enraged and orders both Asteria and Bajazet to the dining hall and invites Andronicus should he wish to watch. Tamerlane sings an aria of his “hate, fury and poison for Asteria. Scene 4 (Andronicus alone): Andronicus decides to give up his throne for Asteria, realizing that he cannot escape from “love and pity, anger and cruelty.” *Dining hall with entire guard*. Scene 5 (Tamerlane, Bajzset, Andronicus, later Irene): Tamerlane informs Bajazet that he has been brought from his cell to watch. He then summons Asteria. Scene 6 (Asteria and the foregoing): Tamerlane orders Asteria to serve him a drink. She secretly fills it with the poison Bajazet gave her. and offers it to Tamerlane. Scene 7 (Irene with the foregoing): Irene warns Tamerlane not to take the drink, telling him that him that Asteria has poisoned it. Asteria takes the cup to drink it but Andronicus snatches it from her hand. Asteria rushes out. Tamerlane orders the guard to take her to be turned over to the mob. Bajazet promises he will come with a thousand furies to tear out Tamerlane’s heart. Scene 8 (Bajazet leaves, the rest remain): Irene asks Tamerlane what will become of her. Tamerlane says that she will be his bride. Irene agrees to forgive his past insults to her. Scene 9 (Idaspe and the foregoing): Idaspe advises Tamerlane that Bajazet has taken poison and is on the verge of death. Tamerlane offers Andronicus his friendship, but not Asteria. Scene 10 (Asteria and the foregoing): Asteria arrives and announces that “he is indeed dead, you tyrant.” Her Ottoman hatred for Tamerlane has not died, however. She begs for the means to kill herself so she can join her father and sings “Stab me, beat me, kill me, fell me.” Final Scene (Asteria leaves, but others remain): Irene and Andronicus ask Tamerlanne to have mercy on Asteria. Tamerlane says that the death of Bajazet has softened his heart. All sing of the coming peace and hope for the loss of hate among “a thousand amorous flames.”

## Sinfonia

* Allegro
* Andante Molto
* Allegro

## Music

| Act | Scene | Recitative/Aria | Characters |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Act 1 | Scene 1 | Recitative: *Prence Lo so: vi devo* | Bajazet, Andronico |
| | | Aria: *Del destin non dee lagnarsi* | Bajazet |
| | Scene 2 | Recitative: *Non si perda di vista* | Andronico, Idaspe |
| | Aria: *Nasce rosa lusinghiera* | Idaspe |
| | Scene 3 | Recitative: *Principe, or ora i greci* | Tamerlano, Andronico |
| | Aria: *In si torbida procella* | Tamerlano |
| | Scene 4 | Recitative: *Il Tartaro ama Asteria* | Andronico |
| | Aria: *Quel ciglio vezzosetto* | Andronico |
| | Scene 5-6 | Recitative: *Or sì, fiero destino* | Asteria, Tamerlano |
| | Aria: *Vedeste mai sul prato* | Tamerlano |
| | Scene 7-8 | Recitative: *Non ascolto più nulla* | Bajazet, Asteria, Andronico |
| | Aria: *Amare un'alma ingrata* | Asteria |
| | Scene 9 | Recitative: *Così la sposa il Tamerlano accoglie?* | Irene, Andronico, Idaspe |
| | Aria: *Qual guerriero in campo armato* | Irene |
| | Scene 10 | Recitative: *È bella Irene* | Andronico |
| | Aria: *Non ho nel sen constanza* | Andronico |
| Act 2 | Scene 1 | Recitative: *Amico, tengo un testimon fedele* | Tamerlano, Andronico |
| | Scene 2 | Recitative: *Sarete or ostinato* | Idaspe, Andronico |
| | Aria: *Anche il mar par che sommerga* | Idaspe |
| | Scene 3 | Recitative: *Gloria, sdegno ed amore* | Asteria, Andronico |
| | Aria: *Stringi le mie catene* | Asteria |
| | Scene 4 | Recitative: *Ah, disperato Andronico!* | Andronico |
| | Aria: *La sorte mia spietata* | Andronico |
| | Scene 5 | Recitative: *Signor, vergine illustre* | Idaspe, Tamerlano, Irene, Asteria |
| | Aria: *Cruda sorte, avverso fato!* | Tamerlano |
| | Scene 6 | Recitative: *Senti, chiunque tu sia* | Asteria, Irene |
| | Aria: *La cervetta timidetta* | Asteria |
| | Scene 7 | Recitative: *Gran cose espone Asteria* | Irene, Idaspe |
| | Aria: *Sposa, son disprezzata* | Irene |
| | Scene 8 | Recitative: *Dov'è mia figlia, Andronico?* | Bajazet, Andronico |
| | Aria: *Dov'è la figla?* | Bajazet |
| | Scene 9 | Recitative: *Asteria, siamo al soglio...*; Accompagnato: *Odi, perfida* | Tamerlano, Asteria, Bajazet, Irene, Andronico |
| | Quartet: *Sì crudel! questo è l'amore* | Irene, Bajazet, Asteria, Tamerlano |
| Act 3 | Scene 1 | Recitative: *Figlia, siam rei* | Bajazet, Asteria |
| | | Aria: *Veder parmi, or che nel fondo* | Bajazet |
| | Scene 2-3 | Recitative: *Andronico, il mio amore* | Tamerlano, Andronico, Asteria, Bajazet |
| | Aria: *Barbaro traditor* | Tamerlano |
| | Scene 4 | Recitative: *Lascerò di regnare* | Andronico |
| | Aria: *Spesso tra vaghe rose* | Andronico |
| | Scene 5-7 | Recitative: *Eccoti, Bajazette* | Tamerlano, Asteria, Andronico, Bajazet, Irene |
| | Arioso: *Verrò crudel, spietato* | Bajazet |
| | Scene 8 | Recitative: *Signor, fra tante cure* | Irene, Tamerlano |
| | Aria: *Son tortorella* | Irene |
| | Scene 9 | Recitative: *Signore, Bajazette* | Idaspe, Tamerlano, Andronico |
| | Scene 10 | Accompagnato: *È morto, sì, tiranno* | Asteria |
| | Aria: *Svena, uccidi, abbatti, atterra* | Asteria |
| | Final Scene | Recitative: *Deh, tu cauto la segui* | Andronico, Irene, Tamerlano |
| | Chorus: *Coronata di gigli e rose* | All (except Bajazet, who's dead, of course) |

## Origin of arias

*Bajazet* is a pasticcio. It was a common practice during Vivaldi's time for composers to borrow and adapt arias from other composers with their own works for an opera. Vivaldi himself composed the arias for the good characters (Bajazet, Asteria and Idaspe) and mostly used existing arias from other composers for the villains (Tamerlano, Irene, Andronico) in this opera. Some of the arias are reused from previous Vivaldi operas. The table below lists the origin of some of the arias used in *Bajazet*.

| Aria | Composer | Original opera | Original aria |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Del destin non dee lagnarsi* | Antonio Vivaldi | L'Olimpiade | *Del destin non vi lagnate* |
| *Nasce rosa lusinghiera* | Antonio Vivaldi | Giustino, also in Farnace | *Senti l'aura lusinghiera* /
*Scherza l'aura lusinghiera* |
| *In sì torbida procella* | Geminiano Giacomelli | Alessandro Severo | *In sì torbida procella (Giulia's aria, scene 12, act II)* |
| *Vedeste mai sul prato* | Johann Adolph Hasse | Siroe re di Persia |  |
| *Qual guerriero in campo armato* | Riccardo Broschi | Idaspe |  |
| *Non ho nel sen costanza* | Geminiano Giacomelli | Adriano in Siria |  |
| *Anche il mar par che sommerga* | Antonio Vivaldi | Semiramide |  |
| *Stringi le mie catene* | Antonio Vivaldi | Griselda |  |
| *La sorte mia spietata* | Johann Adolph Hasse | Siroe re di Persia | *La sorte mia tiranna* |
| *La cervetta timidetta* | Antonio Vivaldi | Semiramide |  |
| *Dov'è la figlia?* | Antonio Vivaldi | Motezuma |  |
| *Sposa, son disprezzata* | Geminiano Giacomelli | Merope | *Sposa, non mi conosci (Epidite's aria, scene 7, act III)* |
| *Qual fufore, qual affanno* | Antonio Vivaldi | Orlando furioso | *Nel profondo cieco mondo* |
| *Sì crudel! questo è l'amore* (quartet) | Antonio Vivaldi | Farnace | *Io crudel? giusto rigore* |
| *Veder parmi, or che nel fondo* | Antonio Vivaldi | Farnace | *Roma Invitta ma clemente* |
| *Spesso tra vaghe rose* | Johann Adolph Hasse | Siroe re di Persia |  |
| *Coronata di gigli e di rose* | Antonio Vivaldi | Farnace |  |

## Recordings

Milan 1727, when it was performed to mark the birthday of Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbüttelVerona 1735, when it was performed at the Teatro Filarmonico.Venice 1765, when it was performed at the Vendramini Theatre on Ascension Day.Title pages of three editions of the libretto of *Bajazet* (*Il Tamerlano*).

The first complete recording of this opera was released by Virgin Classics on 10 May 2005. Fabio Biondi conducts Europa Galante in Brussels for this recording. The singers are:

This recording received the award for Best Opera by Midem Classical Awards 2006 and shortlisted for the 48th Annual Grammy Awards 2006. Before this release, excerpts from this opera had been performed by other singers such as Cecilia Bartoli.

Pinchgut Opera's 2015 production of the opera was recorded live and broadcast on ABC Classic FM.

A recording of the complete opera was released in 2020 on Naïve Classiques, featuring Bruno Taddia as Bajazet and Filippo Mineccia as Tamerlano. The orchestra is Accademia Bizantina. All conducted by Ottavio Dantone.

**Notes**

**Sources**

* Delaméa, Frédéric (2005), "The Noble Death-Pangs of Vivaldian Opera", in *Vivaldi: Bajazet* \[CD liner notes\]. Virgin Classics

Piovene, Agostino (1742). *Bajazet. Libretto*. n.l.: n.p.

## InfoBox

| Bajazet | |
| --- | --- |
| Opera by Antonio Vivaldi | |
| Portrait of Vivaldi, 1725 | |
| Librettist | Agostino Piovene |
| Language | Italian |
| Based on | Life of Beyazid I |
| Premiere | 1735 (1735)
Teatro Filarmonico, Verona |


title: Fred Morgan (recorder maker)

abstract: Frederick G. Morgan was an Australian recorder maker.

text:
# Fred Morgan (recorder maker)

**Frederick G. Morgan** (8 April 1940 - 16 April 1999) was an Australian recorder maker.

## Life and career

Morgan first played recorder at age 12 in the family's home in Mentone, Victoria, Australia. After studying commercial art at Melbourne Technical College in 1959, he went to work at the Pan Recorder factory where he became enamored with the recorder.

The Frederick Morgan Recorder Consort performed between 1964 and 1969, often accompanied on keyboard by his first wife, Jan. He appeared in the Melbourne Bach Festival, with the Tudor Choristers and the Melbourne Chorale. With Carl Dolmetsch and the Paul McDermott String Quartet, he performed Bach's Fourth Brandenburg Concerto in 1966 at Wilson Hall, Melbourne University. He continued to perform into 1970s with his second wife Ann Murphy, a harpsichordist.

He won a Churchill Fellowship to study Recorder Manufacture and Usage in Europe in 1970. There he studied instruments in museums and private collections and met the recorder virtuoso Frans Brüggen, who purchased a Morgan recorder in 1973. When Frans toured Australia with his Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century in 1985, they performed on original instruments from the 17th and 18th centuries, except for Frans who performed on his Morgan recorder.

Morgan set up a workshop in Amsterdam in 1978, but returned to Daylesford, Victoria in 1980. His instruments became much sought after and treasured by performers around the world. He is particularly noted for his role in developing the Ganassi recorder, and documenting the 17th century recorders found in the Rosenborg Castle in Denmark.

Morgan died in a car accident in 1999, but his workshop continues to produce partially finished bodies to be finished by other recorder makers, including Nikolaj Ronimus and Jacqueline Sorel. Mollenhauer has licensed the name to be used with their Morgan Denner series of altos.

* Atherton, Michael, *Australian made Australian played - handcrafted musical instruments from didjeridu to synthesiser*, 1990, New South Wales University Press, Kensington

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Fred Morgan | |
| --- | --- |
| Ganassi type alto recorder by Morgan | |
| Born | (1940-04-08)8 April 1940 |
| Died | 16 April 1999(1999-04-16) (aged 59) |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation | Recorder maker |
| Spouse(s) | Jan Morgan (nee Wright), Ann Murphy |
| Children | Sally, Ben and Finn |
| Parent(s) | Frank and Violet Morgan |


title: 2015 WhatsOnStage Awards

text:
# 2015 WhatsOnStage Awards

The WhatsOnStage Awards, founded in 2001 as the Theatregoers' Choice Awards, are a fan-driven set of awards organised by the theatre website WhatsOnStage.com, based on a popular vote recognising performers and productions of English theatre, with an emphasis on London's West End theatre.

The 2015 Whatsonstage Award winners and nominees were:

| Best New Play | Best New Musical |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| Best Play Revival | Best Musical Revival |
|  |  |
| Best Actor in a Play | Best Actress in a Play |
|  |  |
| Best Actor in a Musical | Best Actress in a Musical |
|  |  |
| Best Supporting Actor in a Play | Best Supporting Actress in a Play |
|  |  |
| Best Supporting Actor in a Musical | Best Supporting Actress in a Musical |
|  |  |
| Best Direction | Best Choreography |
|  |  |
| Best Set Design | Best Lighting Design |
|  |  |
| Best Off-West End Production | Best Regional Production |
|  |  |
| Best Takeover In A Role | Best West End Show |
|  |  |


title: Aventi Technology

abstract: Aventi Technology is a Norwegian private company headquartered at Økern in Oslo, Norway. The company specialises in industrial automation and is active in the Road traffic, Energy and environment, as well as Oil and gas sectors.

text:
# Aventi Technology

**Aventi Technology** is a Norwegian private company headquartered at Økern in Oslo, Norway. The company specialises in industrial automation and is active in the Road traffic, Energy and environment, as well as Oil and gas sectors.

## Projects

Aventi is an active bidder to contracts issued by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration or subcontractors thereof, including automation solutions for the Bjørvika Tunnel and Festning Tunnel projects as well as road development and upgrade work, e.g. the Boksrud-Minnesund connection on E6.

## InfoBox

Aventi Technology AS
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Industrial automation |
| Founded | Oslo, Norway (1986 (1986)) |
| Founder | Terje Hundere |
| Headquarters | Økern<br>Oslo, Norway |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Terje Hundere (General Manager) |
| Number of employees | 20 |
| Website | www.aventi.no |


title: FLWM

abstract: The Fast Light Window Manager is an X window manager that is based on FLTK. FLWM is the default window manager for Tiny Core Linux. FLWM was influenced by WM2.

text:
# FLWM

The **Fast Light Window Manager** is an X window manager that is based on FLTK. FLWM is the default window manager for Tiny Core Linux. FLWM was influenced by WM2.

## Features

Features of the FLWM window manager include:

* Small (amd64: 43.8 kB Package Size, 118.0 kB Installed Size, i386: 45.3 kB Package Size, 121.0 kB Installed Size)
* Window decorations include borders and a vertical titlebar
* sloppy focus with click to focus (no autoraise)
* Multiple desktops
* Desktop switching via menu or by using the keyboard
* No support for themes. Colors are customizable via command line arguments.

## InfoBox

Fast Light Window Manager
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Bill Spitzak |
| Initial release | 1998 (1998) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.02  / 30 June 2006 |
|  | |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Unix-like |
| Platform | Linux |
| Size | i386: 43.6 kB package, 156.0 kB installed,<br>ia64: 58.1 kB package, 216.0 kB installed |
| Type | Stacking window manager |
| License | GPL-2.0-or-later |
| Website | flwm.sourceforge.net |


title: Euchromius saltalis

abstract: Euchromius saltalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hahn William Capps in 1966. It is found in Argentina.

text:
# Euchromius saltalis

***Euchromius saltalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hahn William Capps in 1966. It is found in Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Euchromius saltalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Euchromiini |
| Genus: | *Euchromius* |
| Species: | ***E. saltalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euchromius saltalis***<br>Capps, 1966 | |
|


abstract: The 1999 Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers football team was an American football team that represented the Northwestern Oklahoma State University as an independent during the 1999 NAIA football season. In their third season under head coach Tim Albin, the Rangers compiled a perfect 13–0 record and won the NAIA national championship. In the NAIA National Championship Game, the Rangers faced Georgetown (Kentucky), falling by a 20-0 score at halftime, then coming back for a 34-26 victory. Rangers quarterback Al Hunt tallied 129 rushing yards and 140 passing yards and was named Offensive Player of the Game. Linebacker Daryl Richardson was selected as the Defensive Player of the Game. It was the first national title in Northwestern Oklahoma State program history. After the season, coach Albin was honored as the NAIA coach of the year by American Football Coach magazine. The team's perfect season extended the school's winning streak to 18 games, dating back to September 1998.

text:
# 1999 Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers football team

1999 NAIA independents football records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 1 NW Oklahoma State ^ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 0 |  |
| No. 7 Azusa Pacific ^ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  |
| Southern Oregon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  |
| Virginia–Wise |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  |
| Peru State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * ^ – NAIA playoff participant | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1999 Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers football team** was an American football team that represented the Northwestern Oklahoma State University as an independent during the 1999 NAIA football season. In their third season under head coach Tim Albin, the Rangers compiled a perfect 13–0 record and won the NAIA national championship.

In the NAIA National Championship Game, the Rangers faced Georgetown (Kentucky), falling by a 20-0 score at halftime, then coming back for a 34-26 victory. Rangers quarterback Al Hunt tallied 129 rushing yards and 140 passing yards and was named Offensive Player of the Game. Linebacker Daryl Richardson was selected as the Defensive Player of the Game. It was the first national title in Northwestern Oklahoma State program history.

After the season, coach Albin was honored as the NAIA coach of the year by *American Football Coach* magazine.

The team's perfect season extended the school's winning streak to 18 games, dating back to September 1998.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 24 | Lambuth | Alva, OK | W 39–15 |  |  |
| October 2 | Fort Hays State |  | W 35–7 |  |  |
| November 13 | Wayne State (NE) | * Ranger Field * Alva, OK | W 71–30 | 3,150 |  |
| November 20 | Southwestern (KS) | (NAIA first round) | W 44–10 |  |  |
| November 27 | Lambuth | (NAIA quarterfinal) | W 56–13 |  |  |
| December 4 | Mary (ND) | (NAIA semifinal) | W 21–6 |  |  |
| December 18 | vs. Georgetown (KY) |  | W 34–26 | 6,500 (est) |  |

## InfoBox

| 1999 Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers football | |
| --- | --- |
| NAIA national champion | |
| NAIA National Championship Game, W 34-26 vs Georgetown (KY) | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 13–0 |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Garin Higgins (3rd season) |
|