title: 2015 WTA Elite Trophy

abstract: The 2015 WTA Elite Trophy was a women's tennis tournament played at the Hengqin International Tennis Center in Zhuhai, China. It was the 1st edition of the singles event and doubles competition. The tournament was contested by twelve singles players and six doubles teams. The event replaced the WTA Tournament of Champions.

text:
# 2015 WTA Elite Trophy

The **2015 WTA Elite Trophy** was a women's tennis tournament played at the Hengqin International Tennis Center in Zhuhai, China. It was the 1st edition of the singles event and doubles competition. The tournament was contested by twelve singles players and six doubles teams. The event replaced the WTA Tournament of Champions.

## Tournament

### Qualifying

WTA Elite Trophy is an invitation-only event.

#### Singles qualifying

The field will consist of the top eleven players not already qualified for the 2015 WTA Finals, plus either (a) the 12th-player not qualified for 2015 WTA Finals, or (b) a wild card. The final two alternates for the 2015 WTA Finals (Venus Williams and Carla Suárez Navarro) would have been eligible to play in WTA Elite Trophy even if they had participated in the WTA Finals.

#### Doubles qualifying

The field will consist of the top four pairs of players not already qualified for the 2015 WTA Finals, plus two wild cards. For each wild card not given out, the next highest pair of players not already qualified for the 2015 WTA Finals shall become a participant. As in the case of the singles field, the final alternate pair for the 2015 WTA Finals (Alla Kudryavtseva/Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova) are eligible to play in WTA Elite Trophy even if they subsequently participate in the WTA Finals.

### Format

The singles event features twelve players in a round robin event, split into four groups of three. Over the first four days of competition, each player meets the other two players in her group, with the winner in each group advancing to the semifinal. The winners of each semifinal meet in the championship match. The six doubles teams will be split into two round robin groups, with the winner of each advancing to the final.

#### Round robin tie-breaking methods

The final standings of each group were determined by the first of the following methods that applied:

1. Greatest number of wins.
2. Greatest number of matches played.
3. Head-to-head results
4. In case of a 3-way tie:

* Percentage of sets won
* Percentage of games won

## Prize money and points

The total prize money for the Huajin Securities 2015 WTA Elite Trophy Zhuhai 2015 WTA Finals was US$2,150,000.

| Stage | Singles | | Doubles | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Prize money | Points | Prize money | Points |
| Champion | RR1 \+ $450,000 | RR + 460 | RR1 \+ $20,000 |  |
| Runner-up | RR + $150,000 | RR + 200 | RR1 \+ $10,000 |  |
| Semifinalist | RR + $15,000 | RR |  |  |
| Round Robin win per match | $92,500 | 120 | $5,000 |  |
| Round Robin loss per match | $20,000 | 40 |  |  |
| Participation fee |  |  | 15,000 |  |
| Alternates | $10,000 |  |  |  |

* 1 RR means prize money or points won in the round robin round.

## Qualified players

### Singles

| Seeds | Players | Points | Tours |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Venus Williams | 3,091 | 17 |
| 2 | Carla Suárez Navarro | 3,030 | 24 |
| 3 | Karolína Plíšková | 2,955 | 25 |
| 4 | Roberta Vinci | 2,655 | 24 |
| 5 | Caroline Wozniacki | 2,641 | 23 |
| 6 | Sara Errani | 2,525 | 25 |
| 7 | Madison Keys | 2,495 | 18 |
| 8 | Elina Svitolina | 2,410 | 24 |
| 9 | Jelena Janković | 2,345 | 24 |
| 10 | Andrea Petkovic | 2,106 | 24 |
| 11 | Svetlana Kuznetsova | 1,847 | 19 |
| 12 | Zheng Saisai \[WC\] | 789 | 26 |

**Venus Williams** had a resurgent year in 2015. She began the year by winning the ASB Classic defeating Caroline Wozniacki in three sets. She then followed it up by reaching her first slam quarterfinal at the Australian Open since 2010 losing to Madison Keys. She also was able to reach the quarterfinals of the US Open losing to sister Serena. She won her biggest title since Dubai 2010, by claiming the Wuhan Open defeating Garbiñe Muguruza in the finals. She also was the first alternate for the 2015 WTA Finals but was not used.

**Carla Suárez Navarro** had a break through season in 2015, including breaking through the top 10 and reaching a career high of no. 8 in the world. She was able to reach three finals in the year, but losing in all of them. The first coming at the Diamond Games, where she needed to withdraw from the final against Andrea Petkovic with a neck injury. She followed it up with her biggest final to date at the Miami Open but lost to world no. 1 Serena Williams winning just two games. Her third final was at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia where she fell to Maria Sharapova in three sets. Despite strong showings at WTA events, Suárez Navarro struggled at the major events losing in the first round of three of the four slams. She also struggled in the second half of the year, going on an 8 match losing streak from mid-June to late September, and only winning 5 of her last 17 matches going into the 2015 WTA Finals. She also served as an alternate at the WTA Finals but wasn't used.

**Karolína Plíšková** had a breakthrough year in 2015, including breaking through the top 10 with a career high of number 7. She reached five finals in 2015, the most finals reached by any player. She began the year by reaching the final of the Apia International Sydney losing to Petra Kvitová. She reached her biggest final to date at the Dubai Tennis Championships but fell to Simona Halep in two tight sets. She took her lone title of 2015 at her home tournament at the Prague Open defeating compatriot Lucie Hradecká in three sets. She reached the finals of Aegon Classic and Bank of the West Classic, both losing to Angelique Kerber in three tight sets. Despite these performances at WTA events, she struggled at majors only surpassing the second round once.

**Roberta Vinci** had a slow start to the year only winning back-to-back matches twice until she reached the final of Nürnberger Versicherungscup losing to compatriot Karin Knapp in three sets. She wasn't able to carry this momentum following the final up with four first round loses. She reached the quarterfinals of Rogers Cup and followed it up with the biggest upset of the year when she ended Serena Williams dreams of a Grand Slam in New York in the semifinal. In the final she faced her compatriot Flavia Pennetta, who was in her first slam final as well, she went down in straight sets. She followed it up with a semifinal showing at the Wuhan Open losing to Venus Williams.

**Caroline Wozniacki** began the year by the reaching the final of ASB Classic but lost to Venus Williams. She followed it up with a semifinal performance at the Dubai Tennis Championships losing to Simona Halep. She won her lone title of the year at the Malaysian Open defeating Alexandra Dulgheru in three sets. She reached her third final of the year at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix losing in three sets to Angelique Kerber. This is the first year Wozniacki failed to get to the WTA Finals even as an alternate since 2008. She reached the second round of all slams except for a fourth round showing at the Wimbledon Championships.

**Sara Errani** did not begin the year well until she reached the final of the Rio Open defeating Anna Karolína Schmiedlová in the final. At the French Open, Errani was able to reach the quarterfinals for the fourth straight year losing to Serena Williams. She reached her second final of the year at the BRD Bucharest Open, once again facing Anna Karolína Schmiedlová but this time losing. She then reached the semifinal of the Rogers Cup losing to Simona Halep. She then reached the quarterfinals of the China Open losing to Timea Bacsinszky.

**Madison Keys** began 2015 well, she was able to upset Petra Kvitová in the third round, then world no. 4 her biggest win to date based on ranking. Keys eventually reached the semifinals for the first time in her career where she lost to world no. 1 Serena Williams in straight sets. She reached her second career final at the Family Circle Cup losing to Angelique Kerber in three sets. At the Wimbledon Championships, she reached the quarterfinals losing to Agnieszka Radwańska in three sets. She also reached the fourth round US Open losing once again to world no. 1 Serena Williams. She also reached a career high of No. 16.

**Elina Svitolina** had a breakthrough year proving her place as a rising star on tour. She began the year by reaching the semifinal of the Brisbane International losing to Maria Sharapova. Svitolina won the third title of her career at the Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem defeating Tímea Babos in the final. She reached her first slam quarterfinal at the French Open losing to Ana Ivanovic in straight sets. At the Western & Southern Open, Svitolina reached the semifinals by defeating Lucie Šafářová before losing to Serena Williams. She also reached a career high of No. 15.

**Jelena Janković** had inconsistent results in first half of the year except reaching the final of Indian Wells. She, however, rebounded with strong performance at Wimbledon and then went on to reach the semifinals of Cincinnati and won three titles after a strong Asian swing in Nanchang, Guangzhou and Hong Kong.

**Andrea Petkovic** had a strong season despite a certain degree of inconsistency. Highlighted by a title in Antwerp as well as semifinal showings in Miami and Charleston. She also reached the quarterfinals of Doha and Eastbourne. She found consistency at the slams reaching the third round of the last three slams.

**Svetlana Kuznetsova** had an inconsistent season finding her form momentarily within the year. Highlighted by winning the title in her home nation in Moscow and reaching the final of Madrid. She also reached the quarterfinals of Guangzhou as well as the fourth round of the US Open, Miami and Beijing.

**Zheng Saisai** heads to Zhuhai after being awarded a wildcard to play in front of her home nation. Her season was highlighted by a win of the WTA 125k title in Dalian and a semifinal performance in Shenzhen as well as quarterfinal showings at Tokyo and Guangzhou.

### Doubles

| Seeds | Players | Points | Tours |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Klaudia Jans-Ignacik /  Andreja Klepač | 1,339 | 14 |
| 2 | Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Arantxa Parra Santonja | 1,751 | 14 |
| 3 | Gabriela Dabrowski /  Alicja Rosolska | 1,415 | 20 |
| 4 | Liang Chen /  Wang Yafan \[WC\] | 963 | 7 |
| 5 | Lyudmyla Kichenok /  Nadiia Kichenok | 1,235 | 13 |
| 6 | Xu Shilin /  You Xiaodi \[WC\] | 180 | 1 |

Klaudia Jans-Ignacik and Andreja Klepač lost in the round of 16 in their first two tournaments in Sydney and Hobart together to Ana Ivanovic and Angelique Kerber and Kiki Bertens and Johanna Larsson respectively. They then reached the quarterfinals at the Australian Open, edging Jelena Janković and Arantxa Parra Santonja, upsetting sixth seed Garbiñe Muguruza and Carla Suárez Navarro and ninth seed Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká along the way before losing to fourteenth seed Chan Yung-jan and Zheng Jie in straight sets. They beat Dominika Cibulková and Kirsten Flipkens to reach the quarterfinals in Antwerp but was beaten in three sets by Barbora Krejčíková and Renata Voráčová and then they lost in straight sets to Anastasia Rodionova and Arina Rodionova in Dubai. They then reached the semifinals in Indian Wells, upsetting fourth seed Hsieh Su-wei and Flavia Pennetta, defeating Svetlana Kuznetsova and Coco Vandeweghe, Sabine Lisicki and Andrea Petkovic along the way before losing to second seed Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in straight sets. They beat Kiki Bertens and Tatjana Maria to reach the round of 16 in Miami before losing to ninth seed Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká in straight sets. They then beat Oksana Kalashnikova and Kateřina Siniaková in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals in Stuttgart before losing to Arantxa Parra Santonja and Alicja Rosolska in three sets. They lost in the round of 16 to Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová, having beaten Gabriela Dabrowski and Alicja Rosolska in the round of 32. They then suffered a five-week drought without a win, losing their first match in Rome, French Open, Eastbourne, Wimbledon to fifth seed Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová, Janette Husárová and Paula Kania, fourth seed Caroline Garcia and Katarina Srebotnik, Kimiko Date-Krumm and Francesca Schiavone respectively.

Anabel Medina Garrigues / Arantxa Parra Santonja

Gabriela Dabrowski / Alicja Rosolska

Liang Chen / Wang Yafan

Lyudmyla Kichenok / Nadiia Kichenok

Xu Shilin / You Xiaodi

## Player head-to-head

Below are the head-to-head records as they approached the tournament.

**2015 WTA Elite Trophy – Singles**

| # | Player | Williams | Suárez Navarro | Plíšková | Vinci | Wozniacki | Errani | Keys | Svitolina | Janković | Petkovic | Kuznetsova | Zheng | Overall | YTD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Venus Williams |  | 3–3 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 7–0 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 6–7 | 2–2 | 4–4 | 0–0 | 31–18 | 37–13 |
| 2 | Carla Suárez Navarro | 3–3 |  | 3–2 | 4–1 | 1–4 | 3–7 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–5 | 3–2 | 3–3 | 0–0 | 23–29 | 40–23 |
| 3 | Karolína Plíšková | 0–0 | 2–3 |  | 0–2 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 7–12 | 49–24 |
| 4 | Roberta Vinci | 0–4 | 1–4 | 2–0 |  | 2–3 | 4–6 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–5 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 0–0 | 16–27 | 31–24 |
| 5 | Caroline Wozniacki | 0–7 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 3–2 |  | 3–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 5–5 | 4–1 | 6–4 | 1–0 | 29–21 | 39–22 |
| 6 | Sara Errani | 1–3 | 7–3 | 1–0 | 6–4 | 1–3 |  | 1–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 3–2 | 1–6 | 2–0 | 27–20 | 48–26 |
| 7 | Madison Keys | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 |  | 1–0 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 6–8 | 30–17 |
| 8 | Elina Svitolina | 0–1 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 |  | 0–2 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 4–10 | 38–23 |
| 9 | Jelena Janković | 7–6 | 5–2 | 1–0 | 5–2 | 5–5 | 1–3 | 3–1 | 2–0 |  | 2–4 | 8–6 | 2–1 | 41–30 | 43–19 |
| 10 | Andrea Petkovic | 2–2 | 2–3 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 4–2 |  | 4–2 | 0–0 | 19–19 | 31–10 |
| 11 | Svetlana Kuznetsova | 4–4 | 3–3 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 4–6 | 6–1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 6–8 | 2–4 |  | 0–0 | 28–31 | 27–18 |
| 12 | Zheng Saisai | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–0 |  | 1–6 | 29–25 |

## Road to Elite Trophy

The 2 tables below are part of the tables from Road to Singapore

### Singles

#### Qualified players

Players with a  gold  rank cell have qualified.
Players with a  brown  rank cell were eligible to play but chose not to participate.

| Rank | Athlete | Grand Slam tournament | | | | Premier Mandatory | | | | Best Premier 5 | | Best other | | | | | | Total points | Tours | Titles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | **AUS** | **FRA** | **WIM** | **USO** | **INW** | **MIA** | **MAD** | **BEI** | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | | | |
| Qualified for WTA Elite Trophy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 10 | Timea Bacsinszky | R32
130 | SF
780 | QF
430 | R128
10 | QF
215 | A
0 | R64
10 | F
650 | R16
105 | R64
1 | ****W**
**280 | ****W**
**280 |
180 | QF
60 | R64
1 | R32
1 | 3133 | 17 | 2 |
| 11 | Venus Williams | QF
430 | R128
10 | R16
240 | QF
430 | A
0 | QF
215 | R64
10 | R32
10 | **W**
900 | R16
105 | **W**
280 | SF
185 | SF
110 | R16
105 | R32
60 | R64
1 | 3091 | 17 | 2 |
| 12 | Carla Suárez Navarro | R128
10 | R32
130 | R128
10 | R128
10 | QF
215 | F
650 | QF
215 | R16
120 |
585 | QF
190 |
305 | SF
185 | R16
105 | QF
100 | QF
100 | QF
100 | 3030 | 24 | 0 |
| 13 | Karolína Plíšková | R32
130 | R64
70 | R64
70 | R128
10 | R16
120 | QF
215 | R32
65 | R64
10 |
585 | QF
190 |
305 |
305 |
305 |
280 | SF
185 | SF
110 | 2955 | 25 | 1 |
| 14 | Belinda Bencic | R128
10 | R64
70 | R16
240 | R32
130 | R16
120 | R16
120 | R64
10 | R32
65 | **W**
900 | R16
105 | **W**
470 |
305 |
180 | R32
60 | R32
60 | R16
55 | 2900 | 24 | 2 |
| 15 | Roberta Vinci | R64
70 | R128
10 | R128
10 | F
1300 | R64
35 | R64
10 | R16
120 | R16
120 | SF
350 | QF
190 |
180 | R16
80 | QF
60 | QF
60 | R16
30 | R16
30 | 2655 | 24 | 0 |
| 16 | Ana Ivanovic | R128
10 | SF
780 | R64
70 | R128
10 | R32
65 | R32
65 | R16
120 | SF
390 | QF
190 | QF
190 |
305 | SF
110 | R16
105 | R16
105 | QF
100 | R16
30 | 2645 | 19 | 0 |
| 17 | Caroline Wozniacki | R64
70 | R64
70 | R16
240 | R64
70 | R32
65 | R16
120 | QF
215 | R16
120 | SF
350 | R32
1 |
305 | **W**
280 | SF
185 | SF
185 | SF
185 |
180 | 2641 | 23 | 1 |
| 18 | Sara Errani | R32
130 | QF
430 | R64
70 | R32
130 | R32
65 | R16
120 | R32
65 | QF
215 | SF
350 | R32
60 | ****W**
**280 |
180 | SF
110 | SF
110 | SF
110 | QF
100 | 2525 | 25 | 1 |
| 19 | Madison Keys | SF
780 | R32
130 | QF
430 | R16
240 | R32
65 | R64
10 | R64
10 | R16
120 | R32
60 | R32
60 |
305 | QF
60 | R32
60 | R16
55 | R16
55 | R16
55 | 2495 | 18 | 0 |
| 20 | Elina Svitolina | R32
130 | QF
430 | R64
70 | R32
130 | R16
120 | R32
65 | R32
65 | R32
65 | SF
350 | R16
105 | ****W**
**280 | SF
185 | SF
185 | SF
110 | R32
60 | R32
60 | 2410 | 24 | 1 |
| 21 | Jelena Janković | R128
10 | R128
10 | R16
240 | R128
10 | F
650 | R64
10 | A
0 | R64
10 | SF
350 | R16
105 | **W**
280 | **W**
280 | **W**
160 | SF
110 | QF
60 | QF
60 | 2345 | 24 | 3 |
| 22 | Victoria Azarenka | R16
240 | R32
130 | QF
430 | QF
430 | R32
65 | R32
65 | R16
120 | A
0 | QF
190 | R16
105 |
305 | R16
105 | R32
60 | R32
30 | R32
1 |  | 2276 | 15 | 0 |
| 23 | Ekaterina Makarova | SF
780 | R16
240 | R64
70 | R16
240 | R32
65 | R16
120 | R64
10 | A
0 | QF
190 | R16
105 | SF
110 | QF
100 | R32
60 | R16
55 | R16
55 | R16
1 | 2201 | 17 | 0 |
| 24 | Andrea Petkovic | R128
10 | R32
130 | R32
130 | R32
130 | R64
10 | SF
390 | R32
65 | R16
120 | R16
105 | R16
105 | ****W**
**470 | SF
185 | QF
100 | QF
100 | R16
55 | R64
1 | 2106 | 24 | 1 |
| 25 | Samantha Stosur | R64
70 | R32
130 | R32
130 | R16
240 | R32
65 | R32
65 | R16
120 | R32
65 | R16
60 | *R32
30* | **W**
280 | **W**
280 | SF
110 | SF
110 | R16
55 | R16
55 | 1865 | 24 | 2 |
| 26 | Svetlana Kuznetsova | R128
10 | R64
70 | R64
70 | R16
240 | R128
10 | R16
120 | F
650 | R16
120 | R16
60 | R64
1 | **W**
470 | QF
60 | R16
55 | R16
55 | R16
30 | R31
1 | 1847 | 19 | 1 |

#### Other entrants

The following player received a wildcard into the singles draw:

### Doubles

#### Qualified players

Pairs with a  gold  rank cell have qualified.
Pairs with a  brown  rank cell were eligible to play but chose not to participate.

| Rank | Athlete | Points | | | | | | | | | | | Total points | Tours | Titles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | | | |
| 11 | Alla Kudryavtseva (RUS)
Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (RUS) | QF
430 | SF
350 | SF
350 | R16
240 | R16
240 | SF
185 | R32
130 | R16
120 | R16
120 | R16
120 | R16
120 | 2,405 | 14 | 0 |
| 12 | Michaëlla Krajicek (NED)
Barbora Strýcová (CZE) | SF
780 | QF
430 | R16
240 | R32
130 | SF
185 | R16
120 | R16
105 | R16
105 | QF
100 | R32
10 | R32
10 | 2,325 | 14 | 0 |
| 13 | Chan Yung-jan (TPE)
Zheng Jie (CHN) |
1300 |
305 | R16
240 | SF
185 | SF
110 | R64
10 | R32
1 |  |  |  |  | 2,151 | 7 | 0 |
| 14 | Kiki Bertens (NED)
Johanna Larsson (SWE) | QF
430 | ****W**
**280 | ****W**
**280 | R16
240 |
180 | SF
110 | SF
110 | SF
110 | QF
60 | R64
10 | R16
1 | 1,811 | 11 | 2 |
| 15 | Anabel Medina Garrigues (ESP)
Arantxa Parra Santonja (ESP) | ****W**
**470 |
305 | R16
240 |
180 | R32
130 | R16
105 | R16
105 | R16
105 | QF
100 | R32
10 | R16
1 | 1,751 | 14 | 1 |
| 16 | Gabriela Dabrowski (CAN)
Alicja Rosolska (POL) | ****W**
**280 | R16
240 | QF
190 | QF
190 | SF
185 | R16
120 | R16
120 | QF
60 | R64
10 | R64
10 | R64
10 | 1,415 | 20 | 1 |
| 17 | Hsieh Su-wei (TPE)
Flavia Pennetta (ITA) | QF
430 | QF
430 | QF
215 | QF
190 | R16
120 | R32
10 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,395 | 6 | 0 |
| 18 | Anastasia Rodionova (AUS)
Arina Rodionova (AUS) | R16
240 | QF
215 | QF
190 |
180 | R32
130 | R32
130 | SF
110 | QF
100 | QF
60 | R32
10 | R32
10 | 1,375 | 16 | 0 |
| 19 | Klaudia Jans-Ignacik (POL)
Andreja Klepač (SLO) | QF
430 | SF
390 | R16
120 | R16
120 | QF
100 | QF
100 | SF
57 | R64
10 | R64
10 | R16
1 | R16
1 | 1,339 | 14 | 0 |
| 20 | Sara Errani (ITA)
Flavia Pennetta (ITA) | SF
780 | QF
190 | QF
190 | R16
120 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,280 | 4 | 0 |
| 21 | Lyudmyla Kichenok (UKR)
Nadiia Kichenok (UKR) | ****W**
**280 | R32
130 | R16
120 | SF
110 | SF
110 | R16
105 | QF
100 | ****W**
**80 | ****W**
**80 | QF
60 | QF
60 | 1,235 | 13 | 1 |

#### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles draw:

## Champions

### Singles

### Doubles

## InfoBox

| 2015 WTA Elite Trophy | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | November 3 – 8 |
| Edition | 1st |
| Draw | 12S/6D |
| Surface | Hard / Outdoor / Covered Court |
| Location | Zhuhai, China |
| Venue | Hengqin International Tennis Center |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Venus Williams | |
| Doubles | |
| Liang Chen /  Wang Yafan | |
|  | |


abstract:
Ashton Historic District is a national historic district located near Port Penn, New Castle County, Delaware, United States. It encompasses six contributing buildings associated with an original settler and his immediate descendants on early land grant in St. Georges Hundred. The three structures associated with the early occupation are the Robert Ashton House, the Joseph Ashton House, and the John Ashton House. The Robert Ashton House, probably the earliest of the group, is a frame, five-bay, single-pile, gambrel-roofed building with shed-roofed
dormers. The Joseph Ashton House, consists of an early-18th-century two-story, three-bay, hall-and-parlor-plan brick structure with a late-18th or early-19th century brick wing. The John Ashton House, consists of a brick, early-18th century two-story, three-bay, hall-and-parlor-plan house with a frame wing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

text:
# Ashton Historic District (Port Penn, Delaware)

**Ashton Historic District** is a national historic district located near Port Penn, New Castle County, Delaware, United States. It encompasses six contributing buildings associated with an original settler and his immediate descendants on early land grant in St. Georges Hundred. The three structures associated with the early occupation are the Robert Ashton House, the Joseph Ashton House, and the John Ashton House. The Robert Ashton House, probably the earliest of the group, is a frame, five-bay, single-pile, gambrel-roofed building with shed-roofed dormers. The Joseph Ashton House, consists of an early-18th-century two-story, three-bay, hall-and-parlor-plan brick structure with a late-18th or early-19th century brick wing. The John Ashton House, consists of a brick, early-18th century two-story, three-bay, hall-and-parlor-plan house with a frame wing.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ashton Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| John Ashton House, Ashton Historic District, December 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | North of Port Penn on Thormton Rd., near Port Penn, Delaware |
| Coordinates | 39°31′52″N 75°35′03″W / 39.53111°N 75.58417°W / 39.53111; -75.58417 |
| Area | 170 acres (69 ha) |
| Built | 1700 (1700) |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000903 |
| Added to NRHP | November 15, 1978 |


title: 1957 Glover Trophy

abstract: The 1957 Glover Trophy was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 22 April 1957 at Goodwood Circuit, England. The race was run over 42 laps of the circuit, and was won by British driver Stuart Lewis-Evans in a Connaught B Type. The Team Lotus and Cooper Car Company works entries were Formula Two cars.

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# 1957 Glover Trophy

The **1957 Glover Trophy** was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 22 April 1957 at Goodwood Circuit, England. The race was run over 42 laps of the circuit, and was won by British driver Stuart Lewis-Evans in a Connaught B Type.

The Team Lotus and Cooper Car Company works entries were Formula Two cars.

## Classification

| Pos | No. | Driver | Entrant | Constructor | Time/Retired | Grid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 | Stuart Lewis-Evans | Connaught Engineering | Connaught-Alta | 50:49.8 | 5 |
| 2 | 5 | Jack Fairman | Connaught Engineering | Connaught-Alta | \+ 6.8 s | 7 |
| 3 | 2 | Ron Flockhart | Owen Racing Organisation | BRM | 32 laps | 4 |
| 4 | 10 | Jack Brabham | Cooper Car Company | Cooper-Climax (F2) | 31 laps | 8 |
| 5 | 8 | Jim Russell | Gilby Engineering | Maserati | 31 laps | 11 |
| 6 | 6 | Tony Brooks | Vandervell Products | Vanwall | 27 laps | 2 |
| Ret | 7 | Stirling Moss | Vandervell Products | Vanwall | Throttle linkage | 1 |
| Ret | 3 | Archie Scott Brown | Connaught Engineering | Connaught-Alta | Oil pressure | 3 |
| Ret | 9 | Paul Emery | Emeryson Cars | Emeryson-Alta |  | 10 |
| Ret | 1 | Roy Salvadori | Owen Racing Organisation | BRM | Brakes | 6 |
| DNS | 14 | Cliff Allison | Team Lotus | Lotus-Climax (F2) | Transmission | (9) |
| DNA | 12 | Keith Hall | Team Lotus | Lotus-Climax (F2) |  |  |

* The Cooper Car Company had entered a second Formula Two Cooper (#11), but no driver was allocated and the car did not arrive.

* Results at www.silhouet.com

## InfoBox

| 1957 Glover Trophy | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-championship race in the 1957 Formula One season | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | April 22, 1957 | | |
| Official name | V Glover Trophy | | |
| Location | Goodwood Circuit, West Sussex | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 3.862 km (2.4 miles) | | |
| Distance | 32 laps, 123.584 km (76.8 miles) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Vanwall |
| Time | 1:28.2 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Tony Brooks | Vanwall |
| Time | 1.29.6 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Connaught-Alta |
| Second |  | Connaught-Alta |
| Third |  | BRM |


abstract: Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate/testosterone hexahydrobenzoate (EHHB/OHPC/THHB), sold under the brand name Trinestril AP, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol hexahydrobenzoate (EHHB), an estrogen, hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC), a progestogen, and testosterone hexahydrobenzoate (THHB), an androgen/anabolic steroid. It contained 3 mg EHHB, 75 mg OHPC, and 100 mg THHB and was administered by intramuscular injection once per month. The medication was marketed by 1957.

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# Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate/testosterone hexahydrobenzoate

**Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate/testosterone hexahydrobenzoate** (**EHHB/OHPC/THHB**), sold under the brand name **Trinestril AP**, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol hexahydrobenzoate (EHHB), an estrogen, hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC), a progestogen, and testosterone hexahydrobenzoate (THHB), an androgen/anabolic steroid. It contained 3 mg EHHB, 75 mg OHPC, and 100 mg THHB and was administered by intramuscular injection once per month. The medication was marketed by 1957.

## InfoBox

EHHB/OHPC/THHB
| Combination of | |
| --- | --- |
| Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate | Estrogen |
| Hydroxyprogesterone caproate | Progestogen |
| Testosterone hexahydrobenzoate | Androgen; Anabolic steroid |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Trinestril AP |
| Other names | EHHB/OHPC/THHB |
| Routes of<br>administration | Intramuscular injection |


title: Faidh El Botma

abstract: Faidh El Botma is a town and commune in Djelfa Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 26,857.

text:
# Faidh El Botma

**Faidh El Botma** is a town and commune in Djelfa Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 26,857.

34°31′40″N 3°46′55″E / 34.52778°N 3.78194°E / 34.52778; 3.78194

## InfoBox

| Faidh El Botma | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and town | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Djelfa Province |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 26,857 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Aspidoscelis costatus

abstract: Aspidoscelis costatus, also known as the western Mexico whiptail, is a species of whiptail lizard endemic to Mexico, including Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla in southern Mexico, as well as other Mexican states. Its range spans both temperate and tropical habitats, and even densely populated urban areas. Its common name, the Western Mexico Whiptail, can easily be confused with the Western Whiptail, which refers to a different lizard, Aspidoscelis tigris. A small lizard, up to only 4 inches SVL, this striped lizard has a pointed snout, a slender body, a pair of long hind legs, and an extremely long tail. Its whip-like, tapering tail, if not recently shortened from caudal autotomy, may be more than two times its SVL.  Therefore, although this dwarf lizard has a short SVL length, it can reach a total length of close to 1 foot, tail included, giving the false impression that it's a long lizard. When the lizards fight to maintain territory or compete for mates, they whip their long tails around, therefore its common name is the whiptail lizard. They are often found under low desert scrubs, rocks, or nosing around leaf litter.  Whiptails are diurnal but mostly solitary creatures, except during the breeding season, when males start accompanying females around. Aspidoscelis are not sit-and-wait ambush predators.  Instead, they are non-territorial, active "widely foraging" lizards.  They move quite frequently, and almost incessantly, in short gaits and at a frenetic pace.  Foraging is their primary activity throughout the day.   They are aseen busy probing with their snouts under leaf-litter, in crevices, scratching in the ground, or digging furiously through piles of accumulated debris. When they are on the move under plants or through leaf-litter, their jerky bouts of start-stop movement create unique crunching sounds from disturbed dry leaves. When Aspidoscelis must run away from threats, they run fast at top speeds of 18 mph (29 km/h), and appear to keep their tails behind the body in a straight line similar to a galloping crocodile, running across barren open areas to reach the cover of dense shrubs. There are limited reports about Aspidoscelis costatus,  simply because the nomenclatural changes for the genus Aspidoscelis was recommended by T.W. Reeder et al. as recent as 2002. Prior to that, this species was under the genus Cnemidophorus, in the family Teiidae.  As a matter of fact, the seminal documentations of this species, particularly of some of its subspecies, go back to as early as 1959, albeit under different taxa.   Aspidoscelis costatus has 8 subspecies, all of which are endemic to Mexico.

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# Aspidoscelis costatus

***Aspidoscelis costatus***, also known as the **western Mexico whiptail**, is a species of whiptail lizard endemic to Mexico, including Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla in southern Mexico, as well as other Mexican states. Its range spans both temperate and tropical habitats, and even densely populated urban areas. Its common name, the Western Mexico Whiptail, can easily be confused with the Western Whiptail, which refers to a different lizard, *Aspidoscelis tigris*.

A small lizard, up to only 4 inches SVL (snout to vent length), this striped lizard has a pointed snout, a slender body, a pair of long hind legs, and an extremely long tail. Its whip-like, tapering tail, if not recently shortened from caudal autotomy (self-amputation of the tail), may be more than two times its SVL. Therefore, although this dwarf lizard has a short SVL length, it can reach a total length of close to 1 foot, tail included, giving the false impression that it's a long lizard. When the lizards fight to maintain territory or compete for mates, they whip their long tails around, therefore its common name is the whiptail lizard. They are often found under low desert scrubs, rocks, or nosing around leaf litter. Whiptails are diurnal but mostly solitary creatures, except during the breeding season, when males start accompanying females around.

*Aspidoscelis* are not sit-and-wait ambush predators. Instead, they are non-territorial, active "widely foraging" lizards. They move quite frequently, and almost incessantly, in short gaits and at a frenetic pace. Foraging is their primary activity throughout the day. They are aseen busy probing with their snouts under leaf-litter, in crevices, scratching in the ground, or digging furiously through piles of accumulated debris. When they are on the move under plants or through leaf-litter, their jerky bouts of start-stop movement create unique crunching sounds from disturbed dry leaves. When *Aspidoscelis* must run away from threats, they run fast at top speeds of 18 mph (29 km/h), and appear to keep their tails behind the body in a straight line similar to a galloping crocodile, running across barren open areas to reach the cover of dense shrubs.

There are limited reports about *Aspidoscelis costatus*, simply because the nomenclatural changes for the genus *Aspidoscelis* was recommended by T.W. Reeder et al. as recent as 2002. Prior to that, this species was under the genus *Cnemidophorus*, in the family *Teiidae*. As a matter of fact, the seminal documentations of this species, particularly of some of its subspecies, go back to as early as 1959, albeit under different taxa.

*Aspidoscelis costatus* has 8 subspecies, all of which are endemic to Mexico.

## Taxonomy, history, and etymology

There are several genus of whiptail lizards in the family *Teiidae*. The genus of *Aspidoscelis* lizard was originally under the genus *Cnemidophorus* until 2002, when Reeder proposed that there are significant divergent characters, including morphological and genetic differences, for many species that warrant regrouping.

Morphological deviations between *Cnemidophorus* and *Aspidoscelis* are detailed in the Physical Description section.

Nomenclatural changes of genus unavoidably causes confusion and difficulties for researchers. To illustrate this dramatic change, the subspecies *Aspidoscelis costata zweifeli* was named *Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli* when it was first reported by Duellman et al. in 1960. In this seminal 1960 publication, Duellman states "In recognition of the important contributions to the systematics of the genus Cnemidophorus made by Dr. Richard G. Zweifel, I propose that the subspecies of *Cnemidophorus sacki* in the Tepalcatepec Valley be names as follows: Cnemidophorus sacki zweifeli, a new subspecies."

That subspecies is the nowadays *Aspidoscelis costata zweifeli*. The subspecies name of "zweifeli" is still kept to in honor of Dr. Zweifel, an American herpetologist, who contributed immensely to the documentation of the nowadays Aspidoscelis costata species. Out of the eight costata subspecies, Dr. Zweifel reported/named five of them.

## Physical description

Western Mexico Whiptails have scaly skin with stripes, bowed legs, and pointed snout. It does not have any vertebral crests (spines).

Western Mexico Whiptails are striped lizards. They have multiple straight dorsal stripes with varying color patterns on grey, brown, or black ground, often mixed with pale-hued spots, or bar-like pattern. Ventrally, the lizard has abdominal, and pelvic regions that are either cream colored, or sometimes light to medium blue, sometimes even red in the pelvic region. The gular (throat) region can have increased intensity of coloration that ranges from pink to red. These colors and pattens are subject to individual variation, ontogenetic (juvenile, adult) variation, sexual (male, female) dimorphism, and even seasonal changes.

Males progressed through stages of dorsal pattern changes from pale stripes, dark intervening fields, no spots to spots, and diverse pale configurations set in a black ground color. Females in this population (females representing all stages of color patterns) showed similar changes but did not lose striping as they grew. Ontogenetic changes in ventral color patterns were also apparent, with males becoming more colorful than females.

Morphological deviations between Cnemidophorus and Aspidoscelis refer to the fact that Aspidoscelis has (1) forked tongue structure posteriorly (2) no basal tongue sheath that lots of lizards have (3) smooth ventral scutes (enlarged scales in the belly) (4) eight rows of ventral scutes at midbody (5) no anal spurs in males (anal spurs are used by males to stimulate and position females during mating) (6) mesoptychial scales (scales in the gular/throat region of the lizard) abruptly enlarged (7) three parietal scales (enlarged scales on the crown, as often seen in snakes), and three or four supraocular scales (enlarged scales above the eyes) on each side.

Like crocodiles, Western Mexico Whiptail have nictitating membrane eyelids, also called the third eyelids, which is a translucent membrane that, when the lizard blinks, is drawn from the inner corner of the eyes across the eyeball surface, while its upper and lower eyelids remain open. This allows moistening, protection of eye surface, and a certain degree of vision while blinking.

## Distribution and habitat

Most species of whiptail lizards prefer dry climates and seek out habitats in deserts. Therefore, many species of whiptail lizards are found throughout Sonoran Desert, spanning northwestern Mexico and southern California, a region with sparse vegetation, such as sagebrush, low desert scrubs, grasslands, woodlands and pine forests.

Similarly, *Aspidoscelis costatus* prefers natural habitats such as savanna, and shrubland in brushy, broken country. But they also extend their habits into open areas of tropical low deciduous forest and thorn forest, low spiny sub-evergreen forest and medium sub-deciduous forest. spanning both temperate and tropical climates in western and southwestern Mexico. Since considerable habitat clearance has taken place for intensive agriculture or human settlements, we are starting to see urban population of *Aspidoscelis costatus*, even in densely populated cities, at least for *Aspidoscelis costatus costatus*, which is a subspecies of Western Mexico Whiptail lizard, commonly named Balsas Basin Whiptail.

One research paper suggested that global warming has affected the habitats of Western Mexico Whiptail lizard. Some climatic groups of *Aspidoscelis costatus costatus* are exhibiting reductions and others exhibiting expansions in their distribution. Redistribution to higher elevation may potentially occur in response to climate warming.

## Ecology and behavior

Western Mexico whiptail are striped lizards, which tend to be active foragers, constantly moving around than lizards with cryptic patterns. It records very high moves per minute or percent time moving values.

All whiptail lizards in the genera *Aspidoscelis* are active at body temperatures between 37 and 40 °C (99 and 104 °F).

Since they need the sunlight to heat their bodies up for activities, whiptails adjust their activity to take advantage of heat sources. Larger whiptails are present in shaded regions more so that their bodies don't overheat. Smaller whiptails can heat and cool their bodies quickly so they are more comfortable in open areas even in the summer.

*Aspidoscelis* are not sit-and-wait ambush predators. Instead, they are active foragers. They move quite frequently, and almost constantly, in short gaits and at a frenetic pace. Foraging is their primary activity throughout the day.

When they are on the move under plants or through leaf-litter, their jerky, start-stop movements create unique crunching switch sounds from disturbed dry leaves.

When Whiptails must run away from threats, they run fast at top speeds of 18 mph (29 km/h), and appear to keep theirs tail behind the body in a straight line. They do not whip their tails when they run.

## Predators

This species and virtually all *Aspidoscelis* species are preyed upon by snakes and predaceous birds. The active mode of foraging, constantly moving behavioral pattern of whiptail lizards may subject them to a high frequency of predation attempts by diurnal predators.

Such predators include owls, eagles, hawks, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, virtually all species of snakes large enough to swallow them, and even larger lizards such as collared lizards, long-nose leopard lizards.

Many species of bird of prey take whiptails for diet. It was found that whiptail lizards make up a large percentage of the food items consumed by roadrunners (a largely terrestrial, speedy running bird).

Whiptail lizards are fast runners, and will try to flee the predator. When in danger, like most lizards, whiptail lizard will drop a portion of their tail in response to an attack by a predator. This defensive strategy is called caudal autotomy, meant to distract the predator since muscles in the tail would continue contracting, causing the tail to flop and wiggle around. The lizard tail is easily broken due to fracture planes in the tail, although it will take the lizard lots of foraging to gather enough energy to regrow the tail.

The food habits of whiptails at times overlaps considerably with those of other dwarf lizards. Competition for food is minimal since whiptails prey on insects that are seasonally abundant, and foraging habitat preferences are different between different species.

## Reproduction

About one third of whiptail lizards are parthenogenic, which is asexual reproduction by development from an ovum without fertilization, essentially cloning, but with strategies to create diversities. This is not the case with Western Mexico Whiptail lizard, which is a bisexual species. They have sexual and dioecious (having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals) reproduction. Aspidoscelis costatus males, like the majority of other lizards, reproduce through cloaca, which is an orifice, sort of semicircular-shaped, located in the ventral side (underside) of the tail base of the lizard, just distal to its hindlegs. Digestive wastes like urine and feces are eliminated through cloaca. And the male reproductive organs, called hemipenes, which come in a bilateral pair, are held inverted within the cloaca when not in use. During copulation, the pair of hemipenes becomes evert, and sperm are ejaculated. Usually only one hemipenis is used at a time. Female also use cloaca for elimination of digestive waste and for reproduction. For female lizards, the cloaca is the external genital opening for the genital canal, equivalent to vagina in mammals. Copulation is performed through cloacal kiss, in which the male and female press their cloacas together as the male discharges sperm. Unlike Cnemidophorus males, Aspidoscelis costatus males do not have anal spurs, or pelvic spurs, which are vestigal limbs used by males to stimulate and position females during mating.

### Mating

Female reproductive cycle was markedly seasonal, recorded from April (end of the dry season) through August (middle of the rainy season). And this is in regardless of climate. Same timing of female reproduction period is reported for populations inhabiting different climate zones, including semi-humid warm climate to temperate-zone, to higher-elevation. Reproduction is associated with day length rather than with temperature.

*Aspidoscelis costata* lizards exhibit associated reproductive cycles (also called synchronic reproductive cycles), in which males and females reach the maximum sperm production, mating, and ovulation activities during the same period. However, male A. costatus reaches reproduction maturity at a smaller SVL length than female (about 2 inches for male versus 2.5 inches for female).

### Female/male interactions

#### Accompaniment

During mating season, a male whiptail appear to be continuously sexually active throughout the season. A male *A. costatus* would starts escorting a female whiptail around, guarding her, a behavior that is called accompaniment. However, only some females will be receptive (female receptivity is probably related to ovulation in females). Even if the female lizard is receptive, she always seems uninterested and ignores the presence of the courting male. The male *A. costata* accompanies his receptive mate for only 9 hours per day for 2–5 days, at a distance of 0.5 m or less, and practically all copulations take place during that time.

In Aspidoscelis costatus, accompaniment increases the chance of successful copulation. Accompanied females copulated 6.7 times more with consensual, accompanying males. Opportunist copulations were also observed, however it is insignificant compared to accompanying copulation partners. During copulation, males will only copulate with their accompanying partner, and successive copulations are common to maximize sperm transfer.

#### Copulation

When time comes for mating, the male A. costatus would mount the female, throw his front leg on his mate's torso, straddle her and encircling her body with his hind legs, and scramble to try to shove his tail under his partner's tail, while the female at times remains motionless, and at times appears to be trying to buck him off. Mating is performed by cloacal (see Physical Description) copulation, commonly referred to as cloacal kiss or cloacal apposition. Although everted hemipenis could hardly be seen by the observers, the pair of everted hemipenis are protruding out of the male cloaca, and one of them is intromitted (inserted) into the female's cloaca, an act called hemipenis intromission. Aspidoscelis costatus males do not have the pair of anal spurs (also called pelvic spurs) to position the females,\[9\] but simply maneuvers to circle his long tail under that of his female partner to get into a hammerlock, ventral-side to ventral-side, so that the male and female can press their cloacas together. After hemipenis intromission is achieved, and doughnut posture is adopted, the mating pair is tangled motionless much like wrestlers in a hammerlock. They remain in this position for 5~10 minutes, during which time ejaculation takes place. Sperm ejaculated is actually stored in a "sperm storage structure" (the seminal receptacle) in the female cloaca. The male then rapidly dismounts from the female.

### Mate guarding

Mate guarding can be costly for males due to the loss of energy from less food intake and increased aggressive behavior. However, the behavior persists, likely due to the gain in fitness surpassing the survival cost. During the allotted time where males follow females, they repeatedly repel approaching males, reducing the possibility of extrapair copulations, and increasing aggressive behavior and risk of injury. Aggressive behavior is observed through, approaches, lunges, pursuit of enemies, back arching, fighting, and biting. If mate guarding fails, the male companion is not displaced, but will face sperm competition. They eat fewer prey in order to accomplish this task, not because food is shared with females, but likely in order to stay close to the female, or to signal genetic fitness. This male declined ingestion rate was found not to be further affected by larger body weight, following a larger female, or fending off more aggressions. Following a larger female however resulted in increased aggression, attributed to the female's fecund.

### Oviposition

Western Mexico whiptail lizard are oviparous (producing eggs that develop and hatch outside the maternal body). Females reproductive event varies, from a single clutch up to three clutches annually, with range of clutch size of 1~5 eggs. Clutch size and size of female are positively correlated. And males tend to compete more intensely for larger, more fecund females. But in general, *Aspidoscelis* lizards, especially striped species such as *costatus*, tend to be active foragers, always in search of their prey. Due to their active foraging strategy, body shape, and escape strategies, species in the genus *Aspidoscelis* tend to show a relatively small clutch size, proportional to their body mass.

### Site selection

Expecting females dig holes (referred to as nest) in the soil, often under rocks, about 32 cm long and 14 cm wide, in which the oviposition takes place. After clutch of eggs are laid, the female whiptail would not cover the clutch with soil, which likely enable the hatchlings more freedom to leave the cavity. \[23\] The female lizard would then leave without incubation or guarding the nests. No further parental care is provided. The clutch is left to incubate under a most favorable environment, a moist and warm nest, with minimal temperature fluctuations under rocks, selected by the female lizard.\[23\]

Eggs typically take 60 to 75 days of incubation to hatch. Juveniles usually hatch during July or August.

## Relationship with humans

When human visitors approach and they feel threatened, the lizards would burst into motion, run across the arid land and disappear behind the closest low scrubs or rock. They are fast runners and hard to catch. If human hold them in their hands, the whiptail may attempt a harmless bite.

## Conservation status

In 2007, Aspidoscelis costatus are listed as "Least Concern", following IUCN criteria.

According to Wilson et al. (2013), A. costatus scores a medium environmental vulnerability score principally due to its restricted distribution, and threats from intensive agriculture or human settlements., considerable habitat clearance and environmental disturbance in localized areas for human-modified habitats.

## Subspecies

The following eight subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.

* *Aspidoscelis costatus barrancorum* (Zweifel, 1959)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus costatus* (Cope, 1878)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus griseocephalus* (Zweifel, 1959)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus huico* (Zweifel, 1959)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus mazatlanensis* (Zweifel, 1959)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus nigrigularis* (Zweifel, 1959)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus occidentalis* (Gadow, 1906)
* *Aspidoscelis costatus zweifeli* (Duellman, 1960)

*Nota bene*: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than *Aspidoscelis*.

## Etymology

The subspecific name, *zweifeli*, is in honor of American herpetologist Richard G. Zweifel.

## Further reading

* Cope ED (1878) ("1877"). "Tenth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America". *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society* **17**: 85–98. (*Cnemidophorus costatus*, new species, pp. 95–96).
* Reeder TW, Cole CJ, Dessauer HC (2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Whiptail Lizards of the Genus *Cnemidophorus* (Squamata: Teiidae): A Test of Monophyly, Reevauation of Karyotypic Evolution, and Review of Hybrid Origins". *American Museum Novitates* (3365): 1-61. (*Aspidoscelis costata*, new combination, p. 22).

## InfoBox

| *Aspidoscelis costatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
| <br>Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Teiidae |
| Genus: | *Aspidoscelis* |
| Species: | ***A. costatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspidoscelis costatus***<br>(Cope, 1878) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Elise Aun

abstract: Elise Aun was an Estonian poet and writer; one of the most notable women writers in 19th-century Estonia. Elise Rosalie Aun was born in Pikareinu, Valgjärve Parish, Põlva County in 1863. In 1882, she graduated from Räpina Parish Girls' School. After graduating, she was unable to find steady work and did different small jobs in 1880s and 1890s. In 1902, she became an outlet manager for the Christian Popular Literature Agency in Tallinn. In 1903, she married schoolteacher Friedrich Raup.

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# Elise Aun

**Elise Aun** (15 July 1863 – 2 June 1932) was an Estonian poet and writer; one of the most notable women writers in 19th-century Estonia.

Elise Rosalie Aun was born in Pikareinu, Valgjärve Parish (now, Kanepi Parish), Põlva County in 1863. In 1882, she graduated from Räpina Parish Girls' School. After graduating, she was unable to find steady work and did different small jobs in 1880s and 1890s. In 1902, she became an outlet manager for the Christian Popular Literature Agency in Tallinn. In 1903, she married schoolteacher Friedrich Raup.

## Works

* 1888 poetry collection "Kibuvitsa õied" ('Rosehip Blossoms')
* 1890 poetry collection "Laane linnuke" ('Forest Bird')
* 1890 poetry collection "Metsalilled" 'Forest Flowers'
* 1895 poetry collection "Kibuvitsa õied II" ('Rosehip Blossoms II')
* 1901 poetry collection "Kibuvitsa õied III" ('Rosehip Blossoms III')


title: Anthony (Tony) Raymond DeCorse

abstract: Anthony Raymond DeCorse was an American sculptor, painter, musician, and well known entertainer in the Buffalo, New York area. His major public sculptures include the Rust Bucket monument in the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, the Father and Son Memorial in Buffalo's Veterans Park, and the commemorative plaque in Tony Sisti Park in Buffalo. DeCorse began drawing, sculpting, and entertaining at an early age. In addition to his paintings and sculptures, he was known for his ethnic and folk music, playing the guitar, piano, and many other instruments. For his accomplishments, he was honored by Buffalo Mayor Byron W. Brown who proclaimed September 17, 2009 Tony DeCorse Day.

text:
# Anthony (Tony) Raymond DeCorse

**Anthony Raymond DeCorse** (November 16, 1922 – November 3, 2011) was an American sculptor, painter, musician, and well known entertainer in the Buffalo, New York area. His major public sculptures include the *Rust Bucket* monument in the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, the *Father and Son Memorial* in Buffalo's Veterans Park, and the commemorative plaque in Tony Sisti Park in Buffalo. DeCorse began drawing, sculpting, and entertaining at an early age. In addition to his paintings and sculptures, he was known for his ethnic and folk music, playing the guitar, piano, and many other instruments. For his accomplishments, he was honored by Buffalo Mayor Byron W. Brown who proclaimed September 17, 2009 Tony DeCorse Day.

## Early life and education

DeCorse was born in Buffalo, New York on November 16, 1922. He was named Anthony Raymond, but he was best known as "Tony" DeCorse, the name he used professionally. His father, Cresenzo Raymondo di Corso, immigrated to the United States from San Marco dei Cavoti, Italy. He was an artist and sign painter. The family name was changed to DeCorse after his father's service in World War I. His mother, Theresa (née Theresa George), was a home maker. Tony DeCorse was the first of the couple's four children. He was always artistic and won prizes in school for his art. He was also musical, learning to play the guitar and piano.

In an interview regarding his service in the Merchant Marines, Tony says his father's uncle was Antoine Bourdelle, who was an artist and an assistant to François Auguste René Rodin. DeCorse started East High School, but did not graduate. Instead, he attended the Art Institute of Buffalo on Starin Avenue where he met Buffalo artists Tony Sisti, Robert Noel Blair, James J. Vullo, and William B. Rowe, whom he also modeled for. He later studied at the Clay Club (renamed the SculptureCenter in 1944) in New York City.

## 1944–1960 Merchant marines and early career

During the early 1940s, DeCorse worked at Bell Aircraft and Curtiss-Wright Aircraft in tool and die. He was not eligible for military service because of asthma but joined the U. S. Merchant Marines in 1944. In a 2006 interview, at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, DeCorse says that he served as an assistant cook on two convoy ships in the North Atlantic, the George G. Meade and a Louis Bamberger lumber ship, and that he made four trips to Europe. He was discharged in 1945.

The experience in the Merchant Marines substantially influenced DeCorse's art, especially during the 1940s and 1950s. Paintings from this period, in dark colors with heavy lines featuring sailors and ships tossed on waves, are more realistic than his later works. However, this style and themes can be seen in his later sculptures in the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park and Veteran's Park. He had many exhibitions and briefly operated his own contemporary art gallery on Elmwood Avenue in Buffalo in 1955. The gallery's opening show exhibited paintings by Peter Busa, Robert Wiegand, Roland Wise, and Joe Orffeo, and by DeCorse himself.

In 1947 DeCorse wrote and directed the short film, *Seven Beers with Wrong Woman*, collaborating with Joe Offorio. The pantomime drama is based on the 1940 folk song about true love lost by Tommy Tucker (singer). DeCorse created the papier-mâché masks worn by the characters and he also played the "Singing Waiter". Masks illustrating characters from his songs would remain a feature of DeCorse's entertaining throughout his career. During the 1940s and 50s he played in many of the Buffalo nightclubs, such as Chez Ami and Frank's Casa Nova.

## Later career

Beginning in the 1960s, DeCorse's style became more abstract, which he variously described as “stylized realism” to “abstract expressionism.” His sculptures were primarily clay figures, especially busts, though he also produced some wood carvings. Starting in the 1980s and up until the time of his death, he created wooden collages and sculptures in bold colors that replicated the palette seen in his paintings of the same period. Some of his other works draw on figures from Greek and Roman mythology, and are quite fanciful including sculptures and paintings of mermaids, clowns, a purple cow Josephine, and centaurs. This fanciful bent and cubist elements also found expression in his caricatures. He widely exhibited both individually and in art shows. His 1989 exhibition "The Roaring Sixties" at the Carnegie Cultural Center featured some of his abstract paintings and sculptures from the 1960s, as well as more recent pieces.

DeCorse produced three pieces of public art. In 1988, DeCorse sculpted the commemorative plaque for Sisti Park at North and Franklin streets in Buffalo. DeCorse had known Tony Sisti, a well-known Buffalo artist, from the Art Institute. Sisti was a boxer as a young man and the memorial plaque depicts Sisti with a pair of boxing gloves. DeCorse's Rust Bucket monument honoring area members of the merchant marine who sailed on Liberty Ships during World War II was installed in Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park in 1996, and the Fathers and Sons memorial plaque in Veterans Park was dedicated in 1997. He also sketched and produced prototypes for a 40 foot long, 25 foot high, by 10 foot wide sculpture depicting the River Niagara, which he envisioned placed in the Niagara Gorge, Goat Island or the Buffalo waterfront. DeCorse said that the idea for the project first came to him in the 1930s after hearing Paul Robeson sing Ol’ Man River. DeCorse's plans for the monument were never realized.

Although his first instruments were the guitar and piano, DeCorse would also perform at clubs using the lute, banjo, mandolin, harp, accordion, organetto and harpsichord. Although he wrote several songs he focused on ethnic music, which is featured in his album *The Winds They Do Blow* (Fiore Records 1976). He frequently incorporated masks and props into his performances, many of which echo his fanciful sculptures and caricatures. The most widely known of his papier-mâché works was the bison costume he created for the Buffalo Bills, which would charge along the sidelines during games in the 1970s.

DeCorse continued to paint, sculpt and entertain throughout his life. In his later years he was best known as an entertainer, the Traveling Troubadour, performing Italian, Irish, and American folk songs. He was a regular at Buffalo area events such as the Italian Heritage Festival.

## Personal life

Tony met his long-time wife and companion, Jean M. Stewart in the 1960s at Fantasy Island, where Jean was working as a puppeteer. Through her Enchanted Theatre Puppets she performed puppet shows throughout western New York.

## Awards and recognition

In 2009, DeCorse was given a key to the city and honored by Buffalo Mayor Byron W. Brown, who declared September 17, 2009 as Tony DeCorse Day. The executive proclamation honors DeCorse as an accomplished artist, sculptor, musical composer and strolling troubadour, and for his public art installations in Sisti Park, Veterans Park and the Buffalo and Erie County Naval and Military Park. He is eulogized in the poem *Elegy To A Man of the Arts* by Sally Cook.


title: Fitting lemma

abstract: In mathematics, the Fitting lemma – named after the mathematician Hans Fitting – is a basic statement in abstract algebra. Suppose M is a module over some ring. If M is indecomposable and has finite length, then every endomorphism of M is either an automorphism or nilpotent. As an immediate consequence, we see that the endomorphism ring of every finite-length indecomposable module is local. A version of Fitting's lemma is often used in the representation theory of groups. This is in fact a special case of the version above, since every K-linear representation of a group G can be viewed as a module over the group algebra KG.

text:
# Fitting lemma

In mathematics, the **Fitting lemma** – named after the mathematician Hans Fitting – is a basic statement in abstract algebra. Suppose *M* is a module over some ring. If *M* is indecomposable and has finite length, then every endomorphism of *M* is either an automorphism or nilpotent.

As an immediate consequence, we see that the endomorphism ring of every finite-length indecomposable module is local.

A version of Fitting's lemma is often used in the representation theory of groups. This is in fact a special case of the version above, since every *K*-linear representation of a group *G* can be viewed as a module over the group algebra *KG*.

## Proof

To prove Fitting's lemma, we take an endomorphism *f* of *M* and consider the following two chains of submodules:

* The first is the descending chain $\mathrm {im} (f)\supseteq \mathrm {im} (f^{2})\supseteq \mathrm {im} (f^{3})\supseteq \ldots $,
* the second is the ascending chain $\mathrm {ker} (f)\subseteq \mathrm {ker} (f^{2})\subseteq \mathrm {ker} (f^{3})\subseteq \ldots $

Because $M$ has finite length, both of these chains must eventually stabilize, so there is some $n$ with $\mathrm {im} (f^{n})=\mathrm {im} (f^{n'})$ for all $n'\geq n$, and some $m$ with $\mathrm {ker} (f^{m})=\mathrm {ker} (f^{m'})$ for all $m'\geq m.$

Let now $k=\max\\{n,m\\}$, and note that by construction $\mathrm {im} (f^{2k})=\mathrm {im} (f^{k})$ and $\mathrm {ker} (f^{2k})=\mathrm {ker} (f^{k}).$

We claim that $\mathrm {ker} (f^{k})\cap \mathrm {im} (f^{k})=0$. Indeed, every $x\in \mathrm {ker} (f^{k})\cap \mathrm {im} (f^{k})$ satisfies $x=f^{k}(y)$ for some $y\in M$ but also $f^{k}(x)=0$, so that $0=f^{k}(x)=f^{k}(f^{k}(y))=f^{2k}(y)$, therefore $y\in \mathrm {ker} (f^{2k})=\mathrm {ker} (f^{k})$ and thus $x=f^{k}(y)=0.$

Moreover, $\mathrm {ker} (f^{k})+\mathrm {im} (f^{k})=M$: for every $x\in M$, there exists some $y\in M$ such that $f^{k}(x)=f^{2k}(y)$ (since $f^{k}(x)\in \mathrm {im} (f^{k})=\mathrm {im} (f^{2k})$), and thus $f^{k}(x-f^{k}(y))=f^{k}(x)-f^{2k}(y)=0$, so that $x-f^{k}(y)\in \mathrm {ker} (f^{k})$ and thus $x\in \mathrm {ker} (f^{k})+f^{k}(y)\subseteq \mathrm {ker} (f^{k})+\mathrm {im} (f^{k}).$

Consequently, $M$ is the direct sum of $\mathrm {im} (f^{k})$ and $\mathrm {ker} (f^{k})$. (This statement is also known as the *Fitting decomposition theorem*.) Because $M$ is indecomposable, one of those two summands must be equal to $M$ and the other must be the zero submodule. Depending on which of the two summands is zero, we find that $f$ is either bijective or nilpotent.

1. Jacobson 2009, A lemma before Theorem 3.7.
2. Jacobson (2009), p. 113114.
* Jacobson, Nathan (2009), *Basic algebra*, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Dover, ISBN 978-0-486-47187-7


title: Ashton Hilliard Williams

abstract: Ashton Hilliard Williams was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina.

text:
# Ashton Hilliard Williams

**Ashton Hilliard Williams** (August 15, 1891 – February 25, 1962) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina.

## Education and career

Born in Lake City, South Carolina, Williams received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of South Carolina in 1912 and a Bachelor of Laws from Georgetown Law in 1915. He was in private practice in South Carolina from 1914 to 1952. He was a member of the Lake City Council from 1916 in 1917. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1921 to 1922, and then of the South Carolina Senate from 1923 to 1926. He served on the Democratic National Executive Committee from South Carolina from 1948 to 1949.

## Federal judicial service

On June 17, 1952, Williams was nominated by President Harry S. Truman to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina vacated by Judge Julius Waties Waring. Williams was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 2, 1952, and received his commission on July 3, 1952. Williams served in that capacity until his death on February 25, 1962.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Ashton Hilliard Williams | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina | |
| **In office**
July 3, 1952  February 25, 1962 | |
| Appointed by | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Julius Waties Waring |
| Succeeded by | Charles Earl Simons Jr. |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ashton Hilliard Williams
(1891-08-15)August 15, 1891
Lake City, South Carolina |
| Died | February 25, 1962(1962-02-25) (aged 70) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | University of South Carolina (A.B.)
Georgetown Law (LL.B.) |
|  | |


title: 2004 Clásica de San Sebastián

abstract: The 2004 Clásica de San Sebastián was the 24th edition of the Clásica de San Sebastián cycle race and was held on 7 August 2004. The race started and finished in San Sebastián. The race was won by Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero of the Saunier Duval team.

text:
# 2004 Clásica de San Sebastián

The **2004 Clásica de San Sebastián** was the 24th edition of the Clásica de San Sebastián cycle race and was held on 7 August 2004. The race started and finished in San Sebastián. The race was won by Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero of the Saunier Duval team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero (ESP) Saunier Duval–Prodir 5h 18' 35"  2  Paolo Bettini (ITA) Quick-Step–Davitamon \+ 0"  3  Davide Rebellin (ITA) Gerolsteiner \+ 0"  4  Marcos-Antonio Serrano (ESP) Liberty Seguros \+ 0"  5  José Alberto Martínez (ESP) Relax–Bodysol \+ 0"  6  Ivan Basso (ITA) Team CSC \+ 6"  7  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Gerolsteiner \+ 6"  8  Rik Verbrugghe (BEL) Lotto–Domo \+ 1' 19"  9  Constantino Zaballa (ESP) Saunier Duval–Prodir \+ 1' 35"  10  Markus Zberg (SUI) Gerolsteiner \+ 1' 39" |
| --- |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

2004 Clásica de San Sebastián
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 7 August 2004 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 227 km (141.1 mi) |
| Winning time | 5h 18' 35" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Miguel Ángel Martín Perdiguero (ESP)  (Saunier Duval–Prodir)  Second  Paolo Bettini (ITA)  (Quick-Step–Davitamon)  Third  Davide Rebellin (ITA)  (Gerolsteiner) | |
|


abstract: The 1971 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics were held at the National Stadium in Kingston, Jamaica between 14–17 July.

text:
# 1971 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics

The **1971 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics** were held at the National Stadium in Kingston, Jamaica between 14–17 July.

## Medal summary

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
(wind: 0.0 m/s) | Don Quarrie
Jamaica | 10.2 **CR** | Lennox Miller
Jamaica | 10.2 | Pablo Montes
Cuba | 10.4 |
| 200 metres
(wind: 0.0 m/s) | Don Quarrie
Jamaica | 20.6 **CR** | Guillermo González
Puerto Rico | 21.3 | Pablo Montes
Cuba | 21.3 |
| 400 metres | Alfred Daley
Jamaica | 46.6 **CR** | Melesio Piña
Mexico | 47.4 | Raúl Dome
Venezuela | 47.6 |
| 800 metres | Byron Dyce
Jamaica | 1:49.7 **CR** | Leandro Civil
Cuba | 1:49.7 | Lennox Stewart
Trinidad and Tobago | 1:50.0 |
| 1500 metres | Byron Dyce
Jamaica | 3:46.8 **CR** | Antonio Colón
Puerto Rico | 3:47.5 | Carlos Martínez
Mexico | 3:48.2 |
| 5000 metres | Héctor Ortiz
Puerto Rico | 14:25.6 **CR** | Rodolfo Gómez
Mexico | 14:25.8 | Lucirio Garrido
Venezuela | 14:30.0 |
| 10,000 metres | Valentín Robles
Mexico | 31:32.0 | Victoriano López
Guatemala | 31:41.8 | Héctor Ortiz
Puerto Rico | 31:53.0 |
| Half marathon | Andrés Romero
Mexico | 1:10:24 | John Mowatt
Jamaica | 1:12:46 | Lucas Lara
Cuba | 1:12:50 |
| 110 metres hurdles
(wind: 0.0 m/s) | Juan Morales
Cuba | 13.8 **CR** | Arnaldo Bristol
Puerto Rico | 13.9 | Godfrey Murray
Jamaica | 13.9 |
| 400 metres hurdles | Juan García
Cuba | 52.1 **CR** | Francisco Dumeng
Puerto Rico | 52.3 | Fernando Montelongo
Mexico | 52.7 |
| 3000 metres steeplechase | Lucirio Garrido
Venezuela | 8:58.6 **CR** | Rigoberto Mendoza
Cuba | 8:58.8 | José Cobo
Cuba | 9:11.6 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | Jamaica
Alfred Daley
Carl Lawson
Don Quarrie
Lennox Miller | 39.2 **CR** | Puerto Rico
Arnaldo Bristol
Jorge Vizcarrondo
Guillermo González
Santiago Antonetti | 40.7 | Venezuela
Alberto Marchán
Félix Mata
Jesús Rico
Antonio González | 40.7 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | Jamaica
Leighton Priestley
Trevor Campbell
Alfred Daley
Garth Case | 3:09.0 **CR** | Cuba
Leandro Civil
Rodobaldo Díaz
Antonio Álvarez
José Triana | 3:10.1 | Trinidad and Tobago
Pat Marshall
Alfred Logie
Desmond Melville
R. Brown | 3:13.3 |
| 10,000 m track walk | Lucas Lara
Cuba | 47:20.2 **CR** | Ismael Ávila
Mexico | 47:43.8 | Raúl González
Mexico | 49:35.2 |
| High jump | Pedro Yequez
Venezuela | 1.98 | Lloyd Scott
Jamaica | 1.95 | Miguel Durañona
Cuba | 1.95 |
| Pole vault | Roberto Moré
Cuba | 4.80 **CR** | Juan Laza
Cuba | 4.40 | Guillermo González
Puerto Rico | 4.30 |
| Long jump | George Swanston
Trinidad and Tobago | 7.43 | Wilfredo Maisonave
Puerto Rico | 7.38 | Abelardo Pacheco
Cuba | 7.19 |
| Triple jump | Pedro Pérez
Cuba | 15.94 **CR** | Juan Velázquez
Cuba | 15.42 | Tim Barrett
Bahamas | 15.32 |
| Shot put | Benigno Hodelín
Cuba | 15.76 | Alfredo Leyva
Cuba | 15.33 | Jorge Marrero
Puerto Rico | 14.96 |
| Discus throw | Bárbaro Cañizares
Cuba | 55.50 **CR** | Javier Moreno
Cuba | 54.44 | Leopold Blake
Jamaica | 46.04 |
| Hammer throw | Víctor Suárez
Cuba | 56.54 | Jesús Fuentes
Cuba | 53.98 | Pedro Granell
Puerto Rico | 53.54 |
| Javelin throw | Juan Jarvis
Cuba | 77.20 **CR** | Amado Morales
Puerto Rico | 74.38 | Justo Perelló
Cuba | 71.40 |
| Decathlon | Orlando Pedroso
Cuba | 6779 **CR** | Jesús Mirabal
Cuba | 6692 | Dunstan Campbell
Grenada | 6105 |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
(wind: -2.1 m/s) | Fulgencia Romay
Cuba | 11.6 | Silvia Chivás
Cuba | 11.6 | Rosie Allwood
Jamaica | 11.9 |
| 200 metres
(wind: 0.0 m/s) | Fulgencia Romay
Cuba | 23.6 **CR** | Silvia Chivás
Cuba | 23.9 | Diva Bishop
Panama | 24.1 |
| 400 metres | Marilyn Neufville
Jamaica | 53.5 **CR** | Carmen Trustée
Cuba | 54.0 | Yvonne Saunders
Jamaica | 54.3 |
| 800 metres | Carmen Trustée
Cuba | 2:14.6 | Aurelia Pentón
Cuba | 2:15.1 | Beverly Franklin
Jamaica | 2:15.8 |
| 1500 metres | Lucía Quiroz
Mexico | 4:34.2 **CR** | Enriqueta Nava
Mexico | 4:37.5 | Melquises Fonseca
Cuba | 4:38.5 |
| 100 metres hurdles | Marlene Elejalde
Cuba | 13.7 **CR** | Lourdes Jones
Cuba | 14.0 | Carmen Smith-Brown
Jamaica | 14.1 |
| 200 metres hurdles | Lourdes Jones
Cuba | 28.0 **CR** | Raquel Martínez
Cuba | 28.2 | Enriqueta Basilio
Mexico | 29.0 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | Cuba
Silvia Chivás
Marlene Elejarde
Fulgencia Romay
Carmen Valdés | 45.4 | Jamaica
Rosie Allwood
Debbie Byfield-White
Lelieth Hodges
Marcia Swaby | 46.0 | Venezuela
Lucia Vaamonde
Adriana Marchena
Zulay Montano
Lourdes Vargas | 47.2 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | Cuba
Beatriz Castillo
Marcela Chibás
Aurelia Pentón
Carmen Trustée | 3:38.6 **CR** | Jamaica
Marilyn Neufville
Yvonne Saunders-Mondesire
Ruth Simpson
Beverly Panton | 3:41.0 | Trinidad and Tobago
Laura Pierre
Joan Porter
June Smith
Cheryl Dyette | 4:03.2 |
| High jump | Audrey Reid
Jamaica | 1.73 **CR** | Andrea Bruce
Jamaica | 1.70 | Marima Rodríguez
Cuba | 1.67 |
| Long jump | Marina Samuells
Cuba | 5.93 | Marcia Garbey
Cuba | 5.68 | Yvonne Saunders
Jamaica | 5.65 |
| Shot put | Carmen Romero
Cuba | 14.25 **CR** | Grecia Hamilton
Cuba | 14.04 | Orlanda Lynch
Suriname | 10.20 |
| Discus throw | Carmen Romero
Cuba | 55.24 **CR** | María Cristina Betancourt
Cuba | 49.38 | Orlanda Lynch
Suriname | 34.02 |
| Javelin throw | Tomasa Núñez
Cuba | 51.64 **CR** | Milagros Bayard
Cuba | 41.54 | Celina Surga
Venezuela | 37.56 |
| Pentathlon | Marlene Elejalde
Cuba | 4341 **CR** | Lucía Vaamonde
Venezuela | 4333 | Marcia Garbey
Cuba | 4122 |

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Jamaica)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cuba (CUB) | 22 | 19 | 10 | 51 |
| 2 | Jamaica (JAM)* | 9 | 6 | 7 | 22 |
| 3 | Mexico (MEX) | 3 | 4 | 4 | 11 |
| 4 | Venezuela (VEN) | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 |
| 5 | Puerto Rico (PUR) | 1 | 7 | 4 | 12 |
| 6 | Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 7 | Guatemala (GUA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Suriname (NGY) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 9 | Bahamas (BAH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Grenada (GRN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Panama (PAN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (11 entries) | | 38 | 38 | 38 | 114 |

## InfoBox

| 1971 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 14–17 July |
| Host city | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Venue | National Stadium |
| Havana 1969 Maracaibo 1973 | |


title: 1943 in British television

text:
# 1943 in British television

This is a list of British television related events from 1943.

## Events

There are no events for 1943 in British television as broadcasting had been suspended for the duration of the Second World War. This was done amid fears the signals would help German bombers. Television broadcasting resumed in 1946.

## Births

## InfoBox

| List of years in British television (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Eric Da Re

abstract: Eric Da Re is an American actor who played Leo Johnson on the TV show Twin Peaks and its prequel film, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. He has worked behind the scenes in several other films by Twin Peaks creator David Lynch. He is the son of the actor Aldo Da Re and the casting director Johanna Ray, a frequent Lynch collaborator.

text:
# Eric Da Re

**Eric Da Re** (born March 3, 1965) is an American actor who played Leo Johnson on the TV show *Twin Peaks* and its prequel film, *Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me*. He has worked behind the scenes in several other films by *Twin Peaks* creator David Lynch. He is the son of the actor Aldo Da Re (stage name Aldo Ray, who played Neil Rydholm in Bog) and the casting director Johanna Ray, a frequent Lynch collaborator.

## Biography

Da Re was born in Los Angeles, California, United States. He is the son of the actor Aldo Ray (born Aldo Da Re), and is of Italian descent on his father's side. His mother is Johanna Ray, an award-winning casting director (Blue Velvet, Mulholland Drive, Showgirls), who did casting for *Twin Peaks*.

Da Re's first role was in the TV movie *Into the Homeland* in 1987, which was directed by Lesli Linka Glatter, who would direct Da Re on *Twin Peaks*. After a few more roles in TV movies he landed the role of Leo Johnson in the 1990 cult classic *Twin Peaks*, created by David Lynch. Da Re went on to work with Lynch again as a casting assistant for *Wild at Heart* (1990), as Leo Johnson in the *Twin Peaks* prequel, *Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me* (1992) and as a property buyer for *Lost Highway* (1997).

In 1992 he was Bernie in *Critters 4*. He also had roles in the Paul Verhoeven film *Starship Troopers* (1997) and in *Ted Bundy* (2002).

He is sometimes credited as Eric Da Re, Eric DaRae or Eric Dare.

Eric attended Horace Mann elementary and Beverly Hills High School with fellow actor Nicolas Cage.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | *Into the Homeland* | Male Surfer #1 | TV movie |
| 1989 | *Silent Night, Deadly Night 3: Better Watch Out!* | Chris (as Eric Da Re) | Direct-to-video |
| 1992 | *Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me* | Leo Johnson |  |
| 1992 | *Critters 4* | Bernie |  |
| 1994 | *Dead Connection* | Anthony the Bouncer |  |
| 1995 | *The Takeover* | Venoku | Direct-to-video |
| 1995 | *Number One Fan* | Randall McSwain |  |
| 1996 | *The Disappearance of Kevin Johnson* | Apartment Manager (as Eric da Re) |  |
| 1997 | *Playing God* | Digiacomo |  |
| 1997 | *Starship Troopers* | Medic |  |
| 1997 | *The Player* |  | TV movie |
| 1998 | *Poodle Springs* | Guard | TV movie |
| 2000 | *Lured Innocence* | Bartender (as Eric DaRae) |  |
| 2001 | *Delivering Milo* | Doctor |  |
| 2002 | *Ted Bundy* | Male Partygoer (as Eric Dare) |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *The Flash* | Tyrone | Episode: "Pilot" |
| 1990–1991 | *Twin Peaks* | Leo Johnson | 24 episodes |
| 1993 | *SeaQuest DSV* | Maxwell | Episode: "To Be or Not to Be" |
| 2000 | *NieA under 7* | Nenji Yoshioka (voice only) | 13 episodes |
| 2017 | *Twin Peaks* | Leo Johnson | Episode: "Part 17" (archive footage) |
|

## InfoBox

| Eric Da Re | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-03-03) March 3, 1965<br>Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1987—2002 |
| Parents |  |


title: Eli Wilner

abstract: Eli Wilner is an American businessman specializing in American and European period frames from the 19th through the early 20th century. He is a frame dealer, collector, and restorer.

text:
# Eli Wilner

**Eli Wilner** (born 1956) is an American businessman specializing in American and European period frames from the 19th through the early 20th century. He is a frame dealer, collector, and restorer.

## Education

Wilner is a graduate of Brandeis University, where he received a BA in Fine Arts in 1976, and of Hunter College, where he received his MA in 1978.

## Professional Affiliations

Lyman Allyn Art Museum, Steering Committee Member
William Benton Museum of Art, Collections Committee Member
Metropolitan Museum of Art, The William Society and Bryant Fellow
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Art Forum, Director’s Circle, and Archives of American Art Advisory Board Member
Thomas Moran Trust, Advisory Council Member
Samuel H. Kress Foundation, Fellow

## Career

In 1983, Eli Wilner founded Eli Wilner & Company, a New York City gallery that specializes in European and American frames from the 15th century through the present. He is a leading frame dealer, restorer and collector, as well as an acknowledged and published authority on the art of framing. Wilner was honored by the Historic Charleston Foundation with the Samuel Gaillard Stoney Conservation Craftsmanship Award, for work in historic picture frame conservation. In 2024 the Bard Graduate Center selected Eli Wilner to be a recipient of the 27th Annual Iris Foundation Award, which is presented annually to honor professionals in the field of decorative arts.

Eli Wilner has framed over 10,000 paintings, including 28 paintings for The White House and *Washington Crossing the Delaware* for The Metropolitan Museum of Art. An interview with Morley Safer from CBS Sunday Morning about this project can be viewed at EliWilner.com. For over four decades, Eli Wilner has loaned hundreds of frames for the Old Master, 19th Century European and American Paintings, and Impressionist and Modern sales at Sotheby’s and Christie’s.

Since 1983, Eli Wilner & Company has published over 100 articles about the antique frame, and collaborated with curators from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Parrish Art Museum, National Academy Museum, the Columbus Museum of Art, and many more, on their exhibitions of antique frames.

In the past decade, Eli Wilner & Company has increased its Museum Frame Funding Program to provide funding to allow both large and small institutions to complete needed framing initiatives. Through this program, frame restoration projects have been completed recently for Aiken-Rhett House, American Academy of Arts and Letters, Bowdoin Museum, Clinton County Historical Society, Columbia University Libraries, Fenimore Art Museum, Georgia Museum of Art, Krannert Art Museum, Mattatuck Museum, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, RISD Museum, University of Denver Art Collections, Walpole Library, and Washington and Lee University. Replica frames have been created for the Allentown Art Museum, Amon Carter Museum, Benton Museum, Eskenazi Museum of Art, Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, Guggenheim, Mattatuck Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Milwaukee Art Museum, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, National Museum of Wildlife Art, New Britain Museum of American Art, Palm Springs Art Museum, Palmer Museum, Phillips Academy, RISD Museum, Rockwell Museum of Art, and the Whitney Western Art Museum.

Eli Wilner currently resides in Farmington, Connecticut, and commutes to New York on a regular basis.

## Publications

Antique American Frames: Identification and Price Guide
The Gilded Edge

## Books

* *The Gilded Edge Revised Edition: The Art of the Frame* (2011)
* *The Gilded Edge: The Art of the Frame* (2000)
* *Antique American Frames: Identification and Price Guide* 2nd Edition (1999) (with Mervyn Kaufman)
* *Antique American Frames: Identification and Price Guide* (1995) (with Mervyn Kaufman)
* *The Art of the Frame: American Frames of the Arts and Crafts Period* (1988)


title: Embassy of the Philippines, Singapore

abstract: The Embassy of the Philippines in Singapore is the diplomatic mission of the Philippines in Singapore. It is one of the 17 embassies and high commissions that operate within their diplomatic compound. The chancery is located at 20 Nassim Road in Tanglin, while the official residence is at 17 Victoria Park Road in Bukit Timah Planning Area.

text:
# Embassy of the Philippines, Singapore

The **Embassy of the Philippines in Singapore** is the diplomatic mission of the Philippines in Singapore. It is one of the 17 embassies and high commissions that operate within their diplomatic compound. The chancery is located at 20 Nassim Road in Tanglin, while the official residence is at 17 Victoria Park Road in Bukit Timah Planning Area.

## History

A Philippine diplomatic presence was established in Singapore in 1966, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations. Full diplomatic relations between the two countries was established in 1969.

The first Philippine diplomatic mission in Singapore was a consulate-general that opened in 1967 along Orchard Road, near the premises of the Royal Thai Embassy. In 1986, the Embassy relocated to a newly built building on Nassim Road, where it remains today.

The Philippine Embassy is temporarily located at Level 16,#12A, 13-14 Devonshire Wing, 111 Somerset Building 111 Somerset Road, Singapore 238164

## Staff

The Philippine Embassy in Singapore is headed by Ambassador Medardo G. Macaraig. As of 2014, the mission had a total of 60 staff members representing five different government departments, consisting of six consuls and vice-consuls, 26 expatriate staff hired by the Department of Foreign Affairs, 14 Singapore-based locally hired employees, and 18 representatives of different government agencies.

Among the agencies with a presence at the mission include the Department of Labor and Employment, the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Department of National Defense, the Social Security System, and the Home Development Mutual Fund (Pag-IBIG Fund). While the trade mission of the Department of Trade and Industry in Singapore is part of the Embassy, it maintains separate offices along Orchard Road.

## InfoBox

| Embassy of the Philippines, Singapore
***Pasuguan ng Pilipinas sa Singapore***
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Philippine Chancery, Singapore | |
|  | |
| Location | Tanglin, Singapore |
| Address | 20 Nassim Road
Singapore 258395 |
| Coordinates | 01°18′32.6358″N 103°49′14.1895″E / 1.309065500°N 103.820608194°E / 1.309065500; 103.820608194 |
| Ambassador | Medardo G. Macaraig |
| Website | www.philippine-embassy.org.sg |


title: Fitted carpet

abstract:
Fitted carpet, also wall-to-wall carpet, is a carpet intended to cover a floor entirely. Carpet over 4 meters in length is usually installed with the use of a power-stretcher. Fitted carpets were originally woven to the dimensions of the specific area they were covering. They were later made in smaller strips, around the time stair carpet became popular, and woven at the site of the job by the carpet fitter. These carpets were then held in place with individually nailed tacks driven through the carpet around the perimeter and occasionally small rings in the carpet which were folded over. The introduction of tack strip, "tackless strip", "gripper strip", or "Smoothedge" simplified the installation of wall-to-wall carpeting, increasing the neatness of the finish at the wall. Because gripper strips are essentially the same thickness as underlay, using gripper strips yields a level edge, whereas tacking gives an uneven edge. There are three types of carpets: the loop pile carpet, the cut carpet and the structured carpet, combining the first two.
Very popular in the sixties thanks to its colorful prints, most carpets took a decorative appearance inside houses.

text:
# Fitted carpet

**Fitted carpet**, also **wall-to-wall carpet**, is a carpet intended to cover a floor entirely. Carpet over 4 meters in length is usually installed with the use of a power-stretcher (tubed or tubeless).

Fitted carpets were originally woven to the dimensions of the specific area they were covering. They were later made in smaller strips, around the time stair carpet became popular, and woven at the site of the job by the carpet fitter. These carpets were then held in place with individually nailed tacks driven through the carpet around the perimeter and occasionally small rings in the carpet which were folded over.

The introduction of tack strip, "tackless strip", "gripper strip", or "Smoothedge" simplified the installation of wall-to-wall carpeting, increasing the neatness of the finish at the wall. Because gripper strips are essentially the same thickness as underlay, using gripper strips yields a level edge, whereas tacking gives an uneven edge.

There are three types of carpets: the loop pile carpet, the cut carpet and the structured carpet, combining the first two. Very popular in the sixties thanks to its colorful prints, most carpets took a decorative appearance inside houses.

## History

Thomas Sheraton wrote in 1806 that "since the introduction of carpets, fitted all over the floor of a room, the nicety of flooring anciently practiced in the best houses, is now laid aside". Fitted carpets, assembled from strips, had become popular by the second half of the 18th century, remaining so until the 1870s when loose carpets and varnished hardwood became the fashion.

One of the most famous carpets in history was given by Louis XVI to George Washington. It was woven for the banquet room of Mount Vernon, where it can still be admired today.

In the early twentieth century, a new manufacturing method called "tufting" revolutionized the carpeting industry. Invented in Dalton (GA), it quickly replaced the traditional method of weaving. The pile yarns are stitched through a textile backing and coated on the underside of the coating. From 1930, the mechanization of tufting favored its development. It now represents 51% of total production while it amounted to only 10% in the 1950s.

## Fabrication

### Tufted carpet

The tufted carpet is the most common manufacturing technique. It implies poking yarn tufts in a textile support close to a sewing machine. The carpet is then equipped with a folder (rewoven, jute, plastic or cotton) pasted on the back of the tuft. This technique makes possible the production of cut pile, curly or structured carpets.

### Woven carpet

The woven carpet is one of the oldest manufacturing processes. It is woven like a carpet through a traditional weaving loom. The top and the back of the carpet are made simultaneously.

### Needled carpet

From several superposed layers of fibers, the needling technique consists in hanging the fibers together through the use of special needles. The carpets obtained are very solid but intended for temporary use since they do not have the comfort of woven and tufted carpets.

### Fibers

The different fibers constitute the carpet’s velvet. They have a direct impact on the physical properties of the floor they are covering such as resistance or longevity. There are three types of fiber: natural, coming from animals (wool), vegetable (seagrass, coir, sisal) and synthetic (polyamide or polypropylene). The wool was used for weaving carpets more than five centuries B.C before being predominantly used in the raw carpets' manufacture. However, synthetic fibers are predominantly used nowadays.