abstract: The women's 200 metres competition at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia was held at the Olympic Stadium on November 29–30. The winning margin was 0.3 seconds.

text:
# Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metres

The **women's 200 metres** competition at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia was held at the Olympic Stadium on November 29–30. The winning margin was 0.3 seconds.

## Summary

At home, Australia got three athletes into the final, led by already 100 metres champion Betty Cuthbert. Running in lane 5, with 100 metres silver medalist Christa Stubnick to her outside in lane 6, Cuthbert took an early lead making up the stagger on Stubnick more than 20 metres before the end of the turn. By the time they were all on the straightaway, she had a meter lead on Stubnick with no competition coming from the inside. She widened it to three metres by the finish. The race for bronze was more competitive as the other semi-final winner, June Foulds had opened up a metre lead over the other two Australians through the turn, but both were gaining. 50 metres out, Norma Croker caught Foulds marginally ahead, but Marlene Mathews-Willard continued to gain, opening up a meter on her compatriot by the finish, to take bronze. It was the same finish order as the 100 metres.

## Competition format

The women's 200 metres competition started with six heats, where the fastest two from each heat qualified to one of the two semifinals groups. The three fastest runners from each semifinals group advanced to the final.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing World and Olympic records were as follows.

| **World record** | Betty Cuthbert (AUS) | **23.2** | Sydney, Australia | September 16, 1956 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Olympic record** | Marjorie Jackson (AUS) | **23.4** | Helsinki, Finland | July 26, 1952 |

## Results

### Heats

**Heat 1**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Betty Cuthbert | Australia | 23.5 **Q** |
| 2 | Mae Faggs | United States | 24.9 **Q** |
| 3 | Diane Matheson | Canada | 25.7 |
| 4 | Mary Klass | Singapore | 26.3 |
| 5 | Maeve Kyle | Ireland | 26.4 |

**Heat 2**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mariya Itkina | Soviet Union | 23.5 **Q** |
| 2 | Gisela Birkemeyer | United Team of Germany | 24.4 **Q** |
| 3 | Wilma Rudolph | United States | 24.6 |
| 4 | Genowefa Minicka | Poland | 25.0 |

**Heat 3**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Christa Stubnick | United Team of Germany | 24.5 **Q** |
| 2 | Norma Croker | Australia | 24.9 **Q** |
| 3 | Giuseppina Leone | Italy | 25.6 |
| 4 | Meredith Ellis | United States | 26.3 |

**Heat 4**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | June Foulds | Great Britain | 23.8 **Q** |
| 2 | Vera Yugova | Soviet Union | 24.9 **Q** |
| 3 | Letizia Bertoni | Italy | 25.2 |
| 4 | Claudette Masdammer | Guyana | 25.4 |

**Heat 5**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Heather Armitage | Great Britain | 24.8 **Q** |
| 2 | Barbara Janiszewska | Poland | 24.8 **Q** |
| 3 | Simone Henry | France | 25.0 |
| 4 | Eleanor Haslam | Canada | 25.3 |
| 5 | Olga Kosheleva | Soviet Union | 25.3 |

**Heat 6**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Marlene Mathews-Willard | Australia | 24.0 **Q** |
| 2 | Jean Scrivens | Great Britain | 24.3 **Q** |
| 3 | Inge Fuhrmann | United Team of Germany | 24.7 |
| 4 | Micheline Fluchot | France | 24.9 |
| 5 | Maureen Rever | Canada | 26.1 |

### Semifinals

**Group 1**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Betty Cuthbert | Australia | 23.6 **Q** |
| 2 | Christa Stubnick | United Team of Germany | 23.9 **Q** |
| 3 | Norma Croker | Australia | 24.3 **Q** |
| 4 | Maria Itkina | Soviet Union | 24.3 |
| 5 | Jean Scrivens | Great Britain | 24.4 |
| 6 | Barbara Janiszewska | Poland | 25.2 |

**Group 2**

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | June Foulds | Great Britain | 24.2 **Q** |
| 2 | Marlene Mathews-Willard | Australia | 24.3 **Q** |
| 3 | Gisela Birkemeyer | United Team of Germany | 24.3 **Q** |
| 4 | Heather Armitage | Great Britain | 24.7 |
| 5 | Mae Faggs | United States | 24.8 |
| 6 | Vera Yugova | Soviet Union | 24.9 |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Country | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Betty Cuthbert | Australia | 23.4 |
|  | Christa Stubnick | United Team of Germany | 23.7 |
|  | Marlene Mathews-Willard | Australia | 23.8 |
| 4 | Norma Croker | Australia | 24.0 |
| 5 | June Foulds | Great Britain | 24.3 |
| 6 | Gisela Birkemeyer | United Team of Germany | 24.3 |

## InfoBox

| Women's 200 metres<br>at the Games of the XVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Melbourne Cricket Ground |
| Date | November 29–30 |
| Competitors | 27 from 12 nations |
| Winning time | 23.4 |
| Medalists | |
| Betty Cuthbert  Australia  Christa Stubnick  United Team of Germany  Marlene Mathews-Willard  Australia | |
|


title: 2002 New York state elections

text:
# 2002 New York state elections

New York held various elections on November 5, 2002.

## Federal

### United States House

| **2002 pre-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic-Held | 19 |
|  | Republican-Held | 12 |
|

New York lost 2 seats following congressional apportionment.

| **2002 post-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic-Held | 19 |
|  | Republican-Held | 10 |
|

## State

### Governor

George Pataki, a Republican, was re-elected to a third term.

### Attorney General

Democratic Eliot Spitzer was re-elected to a 2nd term as Attorney General.

### Comptroller

Alan Hevesi was elected to replace fellow Democrat Carl McCall, who ran unsuccessfully for governor.

### State Senate

| **2002 pre-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican-Held | 36 |
|  | Democratic-Held | 25 |
|

A district was added.

| **2002 post-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican-Held | 37 |
|  | Democratic-Held | 25 |
|

### State Assembly

| **2002 pre-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic-Held | 97 |
|  | Republican-Held | 52 |
|  | Vacant | 1 |
|

| **2002 post-election** | | **Seats**
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic-Held | 103 |
|  | Republican-Held | 47 |
|

## Local


title: 1943 in sports

abstract: - Note — many sporting events did not take place because of World War II 1943 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

text:
# 1943 in sports

*Note — many sporting events did not take place because of World War II*

**1943 in sports** describes the year's events in world sport.

## American football

## Association football

## Australian rules football

## Baseball

## Basketball

**NBL Championship**

**Events**

## Cricket

**Events**

* There is no first-class cricket in England or Australia due to World War II. A few first-class matches are played in the West Indies, South Africa and New Zealand but are not part of any official competition.

**India**

## Cycling

**Tour de France**

* not contested due to World War II

**Giro d'Italia**

* not contested due to World War II

## Figure skating

**World Figure Skating Championships**

* not contested due to World War II

## Golf

**Men's professional**

**Men's amateur**

**Women's professional**

## Horse racing

**Steeplechases**

**Hurdle races**

**Flat races**

## Ice hockey

## Motor racing

**Events**

* No major races are held anywhere worldwide due to World War II

## Rowing

**The Boat Race**

## Rugby league

## Rugby union

## Speed skating

**Speed Skating World Championships**

* not contested due to World War II

## Tennis

**Australia**

**England**

**France**

**USA**

**Davis Cup**

* 1943 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – *not contested*

## Awards

**a**  Owing to government bans on weekday sport, the Melbourne Cup was run on a Saturday from 1942 to 1944.
**b**  The 1943 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was run at Le Tremblay over 2,300 metres.


title: 110th Mahratta Light Infantry

abstract: The 110th Mahratta Light Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1797, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 5th (Travancore) Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. The regiments first saw action during the Mysore wars being involved on the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. They were then used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The regiment was involved in the Siege of Kahun next during the First Afghan War. The annexation of the Punjab was next during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Their next action was in China in the Second Opium War. They returned to Afghanistan again to participate in the Second Afghan War; their last conflict in the 19th century was the annexation of Burma in the Second Burmese War. In World War I the regiment was attached to the 6th (Poona) Division in the Mesopotamian campaign. After a string of earlier successes, the 6th Division was delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon and forced to withdraw back to Kut. The Siege of Kut began and after a lengthy siege surrendered in April 1916. After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multibattalion regiments. In 1922, the 110th Mahratta Light Infantry became the 3rd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.

text:
# 110th Mahratta Light Infantry

The **110th Mahratta Light Infantry** were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1797, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, 5th (Travancore) Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.

The regiments first saw action during the Mysore wars being involved on the Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. They were then used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The regiment was involved in the Siege of Kahun next during the First Afghan War. The annexation of the Punjab was next during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Their next action was in China in the Second Opium War. They returned to Afghanistan again to participate in the Second Afghan War; their last conflict in the 19th century was the annexation of Burma in the Second Burmese War. In World War I the regiment was attached to the 6th (Poona) Division in the Mesopotamian campaign. After a string of earlier successes, the 6th Division was delivered a setback at the Battle of Ctesiphon and forced to withdraw back to Kut. The Siege of Kut began and after a lengthy siege surrendered in April 1916.

After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multibattalion regiments. In 1922, the 110th Mahratta Light Infantry became the 3rd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.

## Predecessor names

* 2nd Battalion, 5th (Travancore) Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry - 1797
* 10th Bombay Native Infantry - 1818
* 10th Bombay Native (Light) Infantry - 1871
* 10th Regiment of Bombay (Light) Infantry - 1885
* 10th Bombay Light Infantry - 1901
* 10th Mahratta Light Infantry

## Sources

* Barthorp, Michael; Burn, Jeffrey (1979). *Indian infantry regiments 1860-1914*. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-307-0.
* Rinaldi, Richard A (2008). *Order of Battle British Army 1914*. Ravi Rikhye. ISBN 978-0-9776072-8-0.
* Sharma, Gautam (1990). *Valour and sacrifice: famous regiments of the Indian Army*. Allied Publishers. ISBN 81-7023-140-X.
* Sumner, Ian (2001). *The Indian Army 1914-1947*. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-196-6.
* Moberly, F.J. (1923). *Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign*, Imperial War Museum. ISBN 1-870423-30-5

## InfoBox

| 110th Mahratta Light Infantry | |
| --- | --- |
| Soldier of the regiment (second from left) with other Mahratta Infantry, painted in 1911. | |
| Active | 1797–1922 |
| Country | British India |
| Branch | British Indian Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Part of | Bombay Army (to 1895)
Bombay Command |
| Colors | Red; faced black |
| Engagements | Third Anglo-Mysore War
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
Beni Boo Ali campaign
First Anglo-Afghan War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Second Opium War
Second Anglo-Afghan War
Second Anglo-Burmese War
World War I |


title: 1995 Wansbeck District Council election

abstract: An election for the Wansbeck District Council was held on 4 May 1995. The Labour Party took all of the 46 seats, and therefore maintained control of the council. Turnout was 37.4%.

text:
# 1995 Wansbeck District Council election

**An election for the Wansbeck District Council** was held on 4 May 1995. The Labour Party took all of the 46 seats, and therefore maintained control of the council. Turnout was 37.4%.

## Election result

Wansbeck Local Election Result 1995
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **46** |  |  |  | **100.0** | **65.6** |  | **+11.8** |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 | 32.7 |  | -7.4 |
|  | Conservative | 0 |  |  |  | 0.0 | 1.8 |  | -4.5 |


title: 2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents

abstract: The 2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents refers to two incidents that took place during the 2014 Gaza War on 9 and 16 July. In the first incident, Israeli missiles killed nine Palestinian children and young adults while they were following the 2014 FIFA World Cup on TV; in the second, four Palestinian children were killed by Israeli naval fire while playing on a beach. The second attack was conducted in front of hotels that sheltered foreign journalists, several of whom witnessed the Israeli shelling, and at least one of whom described the targeting of the children as intentional. Several eyewitnesses have remarked that, even at a distance, it was clear that the targets of the Israeli attack were children. According to an Israeli investigation, the second was a 'tragic mistake'. But the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, reviewing the evidence, found that the Israeli military had failed in its obligations to adopt feasible measures to avoid or minimize incidental harm to civilians.

text:
# 2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents

The **2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents** refers to two incidents that took place during the 2014 Gaza War on 9 and 16 July. In the first incident, Israeli missiles killed nine Palestinian children and young adults while they were following the 2014 FIFA World Cup on TV; in the second, four Palestinian children were killed by Israeli naval fire while playing on a beach.

The second attack was conducted in front of hotels that sheltered foreign journalists, several of whom witnessed the Israeli shelling, and at least one of whom described the targeting of the children as intentional. Several eyewitnesses have remarked that, even at a distance, it was clear that the targets of the Israeli attack were children.

According to an Israeli investigation, the second was a 'tragic mistake'. But the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, reviewing the evidence, found that the Israeli military had failed in its obligations to adopt feasible measures to avoid or minimize incidental harm to civilians.

## 9 July

On 9 July, a semi-final match between Argentina and the Netherlands was broadcast as part of the 2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage. In the 48 hours since the outbreak of hostilities, Israel had launched an aerial blitz that struck over 750 locations in the Gaza Strip.

On a beach in the al-'Izbeh area of Khan Younis, roughly 30 metres from the shoreline and 200 metres from housing, around a dozen Palestinians had gathered at the Fun Time Beach café (*Waqt al-Marah*) to watch a broadcast of the game. The café, owned by the al-Sawalli family, and, according to a local PNA-employed policeman, Wael Soboh, not a military area, was a makeshift arrangement covered by cloth, umbrellas and palm leaves, furnished with plastic chairs and a converted container which served as the kitchen. The portable television was powered by a generator. All of the victims were avid soccer fans. It was customary for the two Sawalli brothers, who would be killed in the strike, to break the Ramadan fast at the café, which was also considered a safe place. The other victims also used the café's services for the iftar meal, to break their fast, though a survivor said that youths had also come to the café because it had a generator for its television, and there had been an electrical outage earlier in Khan Yunis. Palestinians like many in the Arab world, it was reported, could follow the games by courtesy of the Israeli broadcast service. The youths were aware that the Gaza Strip was being bombed, but heard no aircraft in their vicinity, and were relaxed.

Half an hour into the match, at 11:30 p.m., an Israeli missile blasted the flimsy roof of the improvised café cratering the site and killing 3 sets of brothers and a cousin, Two 15-year-olds were killed, and 3 people were wounded, including a 13-year-old boy. The missile's impact was such that it left a hole so deep seawater seeped in from underground to fill it. The body of Salim Sawalli could not be found immediately, but later the following day bulldozers managed to find his remains, bringing the death toll to 9. Gaza's emergency services spokesman Ashraf al-Qudra commented: "Israel won 9-0". A bystander Ahmed al-Aqad made a similar quip: "And the result from this match here? The Jews won 9-0,". Another 15 people were wounded.

Those killed were: Ahmed Astal (18), Suleiman Astal (16), Musa (16, a cousin of the Astals), Mohammed Ganan (24), Ibrahim Ganan (25), Hamdi Sawalli (20), Ibrahim Sawalli (28), Salim Sawalli (23, body not recovered) and Mohammed Fawana (18).

### IDF investigation

The IDF said it was investigating this incident and another bombing with substantial civilian casualties on the same night roughly three hours later in Khan Younis Refugee Camp which killed 8 members of the Al Haj family. Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman Yigal Palmor stated that Hamas was exposing Palestinians to Israeli attacks by operating "within houses and streets and neighborhoods which are populated with civilians,... exposing these civilians to retaliation and to backfire."

Israel said the incident was designed as a precision strike with the missile aimed at a single terrorist, and Peter Lerner, the IDF spokesman, said that in such operations, no warning is given. The spokesperson did not have information on the identity of the target.

### Responses to Israel's preliminary investigation

Human Rights Watch, after an investigation, cited the case as an apparent example of Israel targeting civilian structures and people in violation of the laws of war. No evidence had been provided that any in the cafe had been engaged in terrorist activities.

## 16 July

Just after 4 p.m. an offshore Israeli naval vessel fired two rounds into a beachfront area in Gaza City's harbour. The port was closed that day, after Israel had prohibited fisherman from venturing out to sea. The four friends had gone to the beach to play in a cooler area; they met some journalists there, one of whom played some football with them. One journalist also told them the area was dangerous. The first shell hit a fishermen's jetty. Several boys were playing in the area at the time. On the explosion at the jetty, they all fled but were unable to outrun the second shell, which landed in their midst and killed 4 boys aged between 9 and 11, all cousins in a family group forming part of the extensive Bakr clan. This brought the Palestinian death toll through a week of hostilities to 213, among whom 43 were children, according to Hamas; 1,600 had been wounded. Israel in the same period suffered one fatality, Dror Hanin, killed by a mortar shell near the Erez Crossing. According to survivor Hamad Bakr, the boys were playing hide-and-seek at the time. NBC News Foreign Correspondent Ayman Mohyeldin testified on his Twitter account that just a few minutes before the shelling, he came across the boys while returning to his hotel from the office, playing in a sidestreet and kicked a football with the children, who then went down to the beach to continue playing.

The killed were:

* Ismail Mohammed Bakr (9)
* Zakaria Ahed Bakr (10)
* Ahed Atef Bakr (10)
* Mohamed Ramez Bakr (11).

The injured were:

* Hamad Bakr (13) with shrapnel wounds in his chest. His father's fishing boat was located at the site.
* Muntasir (Motasem) Bakr (11) wounded in the head and legs
* Mohammad Abu Watfah (21) hit in the stomach by shrapnel.
* A fourth person, a man in his 30s, was also hit in the stomach.

Several journalists were present during the incident, and some directly observed it at approximately 200 metres distance from the Al-Deira hotel. After the jetty explosion, the four, 3 of whom were visibly children at that distance, jumped from the harbour wall and ran frantically across the open space towards the safety of the hotel, waving and shouting as they raced past beach tents, in the direction of the journalists in the hotel. Within 40 seconds, according to Peter Beaumont of *The Guardian*, a second shell, lobbed after the aim was apparently adjusted to target the fleeing survivors, exploded in their midst.

Mark Regev, spokesman for Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, commented: "The story with these four boys is a tragedy (...). Let's be clear, the Israeli military does not target civilians".

At the funeral soon afterwards, Abdel Kareem Bakr, an uncle of the victims, said: "It's a cold-blooded massacre. It's a shame they didn't identify them as kids with all of the advanced technology they claim they're using." An IDF comment stated that while it was investigating the incident, a preliminary analysis indicated that Hamas terrorist operatives had been targeted, and that the civilians were victims of "a tragic accident." NBC almost immediately ordered its reporter Ayman Mohyeldin to leave Gaza, citing security concerns given the imminence of an Israel ground invasion. He was replaced by another NBC foreign correspondent, Richard Engel.

### Israeli internal investigation and the United Nations Commission response

The Israeli internal investigation into the incident was concluded 11 months later in June 2015. After a thorough review, involving extensive interviews with IDF soldiers and officers who planned and executed the operation, analysis of many documents, video footage, and attempts to interview Gazans allegedly witnesses to the incident (who refused to be interviewed but three supplied affidavits) the official IDF result cleared itself of culpability. According to Peter Lerner, the firing targeted a Hamas Naval Police and Naval Force "compound", used exclusively by militants, and closed off from the rest of the area by a fence. It added that it had attacked a weapon-storage 'container' inside the compound a day earlier. From aerial observation operational staff had concluded Hamas figures were entering the area to conduct a military action, and authorization was given to fire a missile after one of the identified figures entered the container and after 'a civilian presence in the area' had been ruled out. The missile struck the target, and a second was fired at the fleeing figures. It concluded that, 'It should be stressed that the figures were not identified at any point during the incident, as children' The credibility of its own internal investigations, Israel maintains, renders any International Criminal Court review, as the Palestinian Authority is seeking, unnecessary. The reason why children were there was, it stated, 'unclear'.

The United Nations Commission into the 2014 conflict examined the evidence, from the IDF's own documents and independent analysis of field reports, and concluded that the IDF had failed to take the appropriate precautions stipulated by the rules of protecting civilians in a conflict. The stature of the boys was small compared to adults; no IDF soldiers, potentially exposed to danger, were in the area as the ground invasion had not yet got underway; no other persons were in imminent danger, and therefore there was no urgency in launching a strike. The IDF, it concluded, could therefore have taken more exhaustive measures to verify whether or not the targeted people were militants. Lastly, the compound was located in the centre of a city with a half a million residents, between a public beach and a fisherman's area, close to international hotels lodging journalists, facts that would not rule out the possibility civilians might in the area. The assumption was made that the targets were militants based on their presence in a particular area, a premise that 'reversed the presumption of civilian status'. The internal IDF investigation did not appear to have questioned many people who were direct witnesses to the incident.

### Response by foreign journalists present in Gaza

Journalists said what had been struck by the shelling was a small dilapidated fisherman's hut. Peter Beaumont, who was present, said the investigators made no attempt to take a statement from him personally, that no one had observed militants in the area at the time. Further, the breakwater was readily accessible through a side lane, is located on one of the busiest sectors of a public beach, and used regularly by both fishermen and sunbathers. The container did not appear to have military supplies. What is not clear, Beaumont said, is why the IDF failed to identify the figures as children playing on a beach. Writing for *The Globe and Mail*, Patrick Martin, who was also present that day, said the report's description did not tally with the fact that the "compound" described as spanning "the length of the breakwater of the Gaza City seashore" was mainly used by fishermen: fishing boats, not Hamas naval vessels, are tethered all along it, as satellite images reveal. People in the area would have most likely been fishermen, or children, not militants, he concluded. Paul Mason, who was present in the area some days later, asked why with overhead drone footage and high-resolution optical devices from ships off-shore, the IDF was unable to distinguish 10-year-olds from physically fit scuba-diving commandos preparing an attack. Why should such an attack take place in broad daylight?

### Aftermath

Photojournalist Dan Cohen paid a follow-up visit in June 2015 to the Bakr clan. They now live on the edges of the Shati Refugee Camp, The surviving son, Muntasir, regarded by his family as a "living martyr", bears shrapnel in his head, suffers severe trauma, as yet untreated, requiring treatment not available in Gaza, and is prone to violence, having attempted suicide and attacked his siblings. At the time of Cohen's visit, the family could not afford the psychiatric medicine Muntasir required. The clan is affiliated politically with Fatah, and the family says Hamas has done nothing to help them out since the incident. According to the boy's account:

> "We barely started playing when the first missile exploded right next to my cousin Ismael," he said. "We started running away and then I told them 'lets go back and get Ismael then we'll run away again.' When we did that another missile exploded right next to us. My brother and my nephew died because they let go of my hand. Two missiles exploded around me. It was foggy when we were running, I turned around and saw my nephew and brother lying on the ground."

Before the war, he intended following his father's footsteps, to become a fisherman, but now wishes to become a militant. Eight other members of the family died six months later, in an attempt to escape from the Gaza Strip and reach Europe. A cousin, Mowfaq, decided after the boys' funeral to lead his family out, since though unscathed by the conflict so far, he considered that the future held no guarantees for their safety. He and 8 of his family members, mostly children, escaped via Egypt, took a boat from Dalmietta and, close to Malta, drowned along with 500 others, when the vessel was rammed by another smuggler's launch.

## InfoBox

| 2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict | |
| Khan YunisGaza City2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents (the Gaza Strip)Khan YunisGaza City2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents (State of Palestine) | |
| Location | Khan Yunis and Gaza City, Gaza Strip |
| Date | 9 and 16 July 2014 |
| Attack type | Airstrike, naval fire |
| Deaths | 13 |
| Victims | Palestinian youth |
| Perpetrators | Israel Defense Forces |


title: 1979 Benson & Hedges Championships

abstract: The 1979 Benson & Hedges Championships, also known as the Wembley Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London, England that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 13 November until 17 November 1979. First-seeded John McEnroe won his second consecutive title at the event.

text:
# 1979 Benson & Hedges Championships

The **1979 Benson & Hedges Championships**, also known as the **Wembley Championships**, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London, England that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 13 November until 17 November 1979. First-seeded John McEnroe won his second consecutive title at the event.

## Finals

### Singles

John McEnroe defeated  Harold Solomon 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

* It was McEnroe's 10th singles title of the year and the 15th of his career.

### Doubles

John McEnroe /  Peter Fleming defeated  Tomáš Šmíd /  Stan Smith 6–3, 6–2

## InfoBox

| 1979 Benson & Hedges Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13–17 November |
| Edition | 4th |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | 175,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoors |
| Location | London, England |
| Venue | Wembley Arena |
| Attendance | 63,000 |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| John McEnroe | |
| Doubles | |
| John McEnroe /  Peter Fleming | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1979 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its second season under head coach John Mackovic, the team compiled an 8–4 record, finished in fourth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and lost to LSU in the 1979 Tangerine Bowl.

text:
# 1979 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team

1979 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| NC State $ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Clemson | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Maryland | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Wake Forest | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| No. 15 North Carolina | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Virginia | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Duke | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1979 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team** was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its second season under head coach John Mackovic, the team compiled an 8–4 record, finished in fourth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and lost to LSU in the 1979 Tangerine Bowl.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 8 | Appalachian State* |  |  | W 30–23 | 26,500 |  |
| September 15 | at No. 12 Georgia* |  |  | W 22–21 | 57,500 |  |
| September 22 | East Carolina* |  | * Groves Stadium * Winston-Salem, NC | W 23–20 | 28,751 |  |
| September 29 | at No. 16 NC State |  |  | L 14–17 | 44,800 |  |
| October 6 | at Virginia Tech* |  |  | W 19–14 | 36,600 |  |
| October 13 | at No. 14 North Carolina |  |  | W 24–19 | 50,720 |  |
| October 20 | Maryland |  | * Groves Stadium * Winston-Salem, NC | W 25–17 | 26,050 |  |
| October 27 | No. 13 Auburn* | No. 18 | * Groves Stadium * Winston-Salem, NC | W 42–38 | 34,060 |  |
| November 3 | at Clemson | No. 14 |  | L 0–31 | 59,205 |  |
| November 10 | Duke | No. 20 | * Groves Stadium * Winston-Salem, NC (rivalry) | W 17–14 | 28,300 |  |
| November 17 | at South Carolina* | No. 17 |  | L 14–35 | 56,407 |  |
| December 22 | vs. LSU |  |  | L 10–34 | 38,666 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | | | |

## Roster

| 1979 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  WR `1` Kenny Duckett Jr  QB `10` Gary Suchofield Fr  QB `14` Jay Venuto Sr  RB `21` Albert Kirby Sr  OT `57` Rich Baldinger So  OT `78` Billy Ard Jr  `59` Steve Truitt Jr  TE `82` Wayne Baumgardner So  TE `83` David Cox So | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  LB `38` Carlos Bradley Jr  `70` Syd Kitson Sr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt |

## Team leaders

| Category | Team Leader | Att/Cth | Yds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Passing | Jay Venuto | 198/363 | 2,432 |
| Rushing | James McDougald | 260 | 1,177 |
| Receiving | Wayne Baumgardner | 55 | 1,000 |

## InfoBox

| 1979 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football | |
| --- | --- |
| Tangerine Bowl, L 10–34 vs. LSU | |
| Conference | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| Record | 8–4 (3–2 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Syd Kitson, Mark Lancaster, James McDougald, James "Quick" Parker |
| Home stadium | Groves Stadium |
|


title: 1960–61 Danish 1. division season

abstract: The 1960–61 Danish 1. division season was the fourth season of ice hockey in Denmark, and the first season of the Danish 1. division. Four teams participated in the league, and KSF Copenhagen won the championship.

text:
# 1960–61 Danish 1. division season

The **1960–61 Danish 1. division season** was the fourth season of ice hockey in Denmark, and the first season of the Danish 1. division. Four teams participated in the league, and KSF Copenhagen won the championship.

## Regular season

|  | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | KSF Copenhagen | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 82 | 8 | **12** |
| 2. | Rungsted IK | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 64 | 23 | **8** |
| 3. | Esbjerg SK | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 29 | 38 | **4** |
| 4. | Silkeborg SF | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 112 | **0** |

## Relegation

* **Furesø** \- Horsens SF 22:0
* **Furesø** \- Silkeborg SF 6:1

Silkeborg SF was relegated to the 2. division, and Furesø was promoted to the 1. division for the 1961–62 season.


title: 2002 New Zealand National Soccer League

abstract: The 2002 New Zealand National Club Championship, also known, due to naming-rights sponsorship, as the Southern Trust National League was the third season of a nationwide club competition in New Zealand football. The competition was won by Miramar Rangers. The league was played mainly during autumn, with matches played from February to June, and was run in two stages. In the first stage, each team in the ten-team league played every other team home and away. In the second stage, the top four teams entered a knockout competition, with third place playing fourth place in one match and first playing second in the other, with home advantage being decided by final league position. The winners of the first against second match progressed straight through to the final; the losers of that match met the winners of the other match to decide the other finalist.

text:
# 2002 New Zealand National Soccer League

The **2002 New Zealand National Club Championship**, also known, due to naming-rights sponsorship, as the **Southern Trust National League** was the third season of a nationwide club competition in New Zealand football. The competition was won by Miramar Rangers.

The league was played mainly during autumn, with matches played from February to June, and was run in two stages. In the first stage, each team in the ten-team league played every other team home and away. In the second stage, the top four teams entered a knockout competition, with third place playing fourth place in one match and first playing second in the other, with home advantage being decided by final league position. The winners of the first against second match progressed straight through to the final; the losers of that match met the winners of the other match to decide the other finalist.

## Promotion and relegation

Ten teams took part in the 2002 league. Eight of these remained from the previous season. Christchurch City withdrew from the competition, replaced by a composite team, Canterbury United, drawing players from all of Christchurch's main clubs. Metro were relegated and withdrew from the promotion play-offs against the winners of a competition between the northern, central, and southern regional competition winners. The play-off games between the three regional champions were played at Newtown Park, Wellington during August and September 2001.

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North Shore United | 2 – 0 | Caversham |
| Wellington United | 5 – 0 | Caversham |
| Wellington United | 0 – 2 | North Shore United |

The tenth place in the 2002 league was thus gained by North Shore United.

Waitakere City finished last in 2002, and entered the play-off series with the winners of the northern, central, and southern regional leagues.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Napier City Rovers | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 50 | 27 | +23 | 42 | 2002 National Soccer League Finals |
| 2 | Miramar Rangers (C) | 18 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 51 | 22 | +29 | | 37 |
| 3 | North Shore United | 18 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 33 | 18 | +15 | | 37 |
| 4 | Tauranga City United | 18 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 36 | 18 | +18 | | 32 |
| 5 | Canterbury United | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 31 | 30 | +1 | 28 |  |
| 6 | Red Sox Manawatu | 18 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 32 | 43 | 11 | | 22 |
| 7 | Central United | 18 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 25 | 46 | 21 | | 17 |
| 8 | Dunedin Technical | 18 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 32 | 13 | | 15 |
| 9 | University-Mount Wellington | 18 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 21 | 36 | 15 | | 15 |
| 10 | Waitakere City (R) | 18 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 18 | 44 | 26 | 8 | Relegated to the 2003 Northern Zone |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Finals

### Bracket

### Play-offs

| Napier City Rovers | 0 – 3 | Miramar Rangers |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ryan, Little, George |

| North Shore United | 0 – 1 | Tauranga City United |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Derry |

| Napier City Rovers | 5 – 3 | Tauranga City United |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Smeltz 4, Birnie |  | Pilcher 2, Derry |

### Final

| Miramar Rangers | 3 – 1 | Napier City Rovers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Little, Thompson, George |  | Gearey |

Newtown Park, WellingtonReferee: Steve Sargent

## Records and statistics

Biggest winning margin * Canterbury United 0, Central United 7
* Central United 0, Tauranga City United 7

Highest aggregate score * Central United 3, Miramar Rangers 5
* Napier City Rovers 5, Tauranga City United 3

## InfoBox

New Zealand National Soccer League
| Season | 2002 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Miramar Rangers |
| 2001 2003 | |


title: 10 Song Demo

abstract: 10 Song Demo is an album by the American musician Rosanne Cash. Released in 1996, it was her first album for Capitol Records. The album's first single, "The Summer I Read Collette", is a tribute to French novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette. Its second and final single, "Western Wall", was covered by Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt on Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions.

text:
# 10 Song Demo

***10 Song Demo*** is an album by the American musician Rosanne Cash. Released in 1996, it was her first album for Capitol Records. The album's first single, "The Summer I Read Collette", is a tribute to French novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette. Its second and final single, "Western Wall", was covered by Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt on *Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions.*

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

*No Depression* wrote that "her voice and person completely dominate, and even when the literary lyrics border on being sappy or overly articulate, the sheer force of Cash’s persona makes it work." *Entertainment Weekly* determined that "unlike, say, Bruce Springsteen, she knows that bare-bones doesn’t mean tuneless ... *Demo'*s spare arrangements reinforce the sturdiness of her melodies."

## Track listing

All songs by Rosanne Cash except as indicated.

1. "Price of Temptation" – 2:12
2. "If I Were a Man" – 3:20
3. "The Summer I Read Collette" – 3:28
4. "Western Wall" – 3:00
5. "Bells & Roses" – 3:04
6. "List of Burdens" – 3:04
7. "Child of Steel" (live) – 3:36
8. "Just Don't Talk About It" (Rosanne Cash, John Leventhal) – 3:48
9. "I Want to Know" – 3:17
10. "Take My Body" – 3:52
11. "Mid-Air" (live) – 2:37

## Musicians

* Rosanne Cash: Vocals, Acoustic guitar, Piano
* Larry Campbell: Acoustic & electric guitar, Background vocals
* John Leventhal: Acoustic & electric guitar, Bass, Keyboards, Percussion
* Lincoln Schleifer: Bass, Percussion

## InfoBox

| 10 Song Demo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rosanne Cash | |
| Released | April 2, 1996 |
| Genre | Country, folk |
| Length | 35:28 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Rosanne Cash, John Leventhal |
| Rosanne Cash chronology | |
| *The Wheel*
(1993) ***10 Song Demo***
(1996) *Rules of Travel*
(2003) | |


title: Entrance Hall

abstract: The Entrance Hall is the primary and formal entrance to the White House, the official residence of the president of the United States. The room is rectilinear in shape and measures approximately 31 by 44 feet. Located on the State Floor, the room is entered from outdoors through the North Portico, which faces the North Lawn and Pennsylvania Avenue. The south side of the room opens to the Cross Hall through a screen of paired Roman Doric columns. The east wall opens to the Grand Staircase.

text:
# Entrance Hall

The **Entrance Hall** (also called the **Grand Foyer**) is the primary and formal entrance to the White House, the official residence of the president of the United States. The room is rectilinear in shape and measures approximately 31 by 44 feet. Located on the State Floor, the room is entered from outdoors through the North Portico, which faces the North Lawn and Pennsylvania Avenue. The south side of the room opens to the Cross Hall through a screen of paired Roman Doric columns. The east wall opens to the Grand Staircase.

## Hoban's 1792 and 1817 designs

Architect James Hoban's original floor plans show a similar room, but with single columns separating the Entrance Hall and Cross Hall, and with the Grand Stair entering into the Cross Hall. Mid-19th century photographs show the room as rebuilt by Hoban following the 1814 White House fire. In these photographs two Ionic columns support a series of shallow arches, and a frieze of bas-relief anthemion encircling the room. The shafts of Hoban's columns are recorded as being a blue marble.

With the north entrance to the White House used frequently in this period, it was not uncommon for cold air to push into the Entrance Hall and then pass through the spaciously separated columns into the Cross Hall beyond. To remedy the draft problem, President Martin Van Buren had floor-to-ceiling glass partitions installed between the Hoban columns.

## Changes by Walter and Brumidi

In 1853 Thomas U. Walter installed a cast iron and clear glass screen between the Entrance Hall and Cross Hall to reduce drafts, and a complexly patterned Minton encaustic tile floor. In 1869 Constantino Brumidi, the fresco painter who had recently painted *The Apotheosis of Washington* in the ceiling of the new rotunda and Senate wing of the Capitol, applied highly ornamental painted decoration to the walls and ceilings including profile portraits of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. On the ceiling Brumidi painted allegorical figures of *Union* and *Liberty.* They have survived and are displayed in the ground floor of the White House in the Palm Room.

## Tiffany and the Aesthetic Movement

In 1882 President Chester A. Arthur commissioned Louis Comfort Tiffany to replace Walter's clear glass panels in the screen and the front door with fashionable colored art glass. The patterns included American eagles, and a shield with stripes, stars, and the initials "U.S." A high example of the Aesthetic Movement, Tiffany's glass would remain into the early 20th century. A recreation of the Tiffany screen was painted by artist Peter Waddell in 2004.

## McKim's return to Neoclassicism

In 1902, soon after taking office and occupying the White House, President Theodore Roosevelt engaged architect Charles Follen McKim in the redesign of the White House. McKim reconfigured the house, adding wings, demolishing the greenhouses, and sweeping away the ornate late 19th century interiors. McKim attempted to make the White House interiors appear closer to how they had near the time of construction, during the period of the early republic. McKim's office McKim, Mead, and White researched the house's history, and where no clear documentation was available created rooms in the then popular Colonial Revival and Beaux Arts styles.

In the Entrance Hall, McKim removed the Tiffany screen, Hoban's Ionic columns, and the ornamental painting. In its place he created a far simpler neoclassical interior. On the south side of the room is a screen of single and paired Roman Doric columns. Doric pilasters are used on the east, north and west wall. A robust entablature of triglyphs, garlanded bureaucrania, ornamental cuirass, and spread Roman eagles integrate the frieze and ceiling. A simple color palette of soft ochres, gray and white contrasted dramatically with the Victorian era interior. The presidential arms were cast in bronze and installed in the center of the room's floor. Bronze torchères, still in use, and a simple lantern with a cylindrical glass chimney lit the room. McKim's new finishes though robust in form were made of plaster and stucco over wood frames hastily added to Hoban's original surfaces. While the response to McKim's interiors were positive, the Entrance Hall has been criticized for being more appropriate to a public building than a home.

## Truman reconstruction

By 1948 the White House had become physically unstable, and the house was temporarily vacated while a major reconstruction took place. The building's interior was dismantled, the furnishings and decorative items were stored, and a new steel frame was built within the exterior walls. Truman used this opportunity to reposition the entrance to the Grand Stair. Architect Lorenzo Simmons Winslow explored several options for the reorientation of the Grand Stair before convincing President Truman of the present configuration where it opens to the center of the east wall of the Entrance Hall. Except for the new stair opening, most of McKim's design was followed but now reinterpreted in light gray Joliet marble instead of warm hued Sienna stone and painted plaster. Cut into the stone casement around the opening to the Grand Staircase are the seals of the thirteen original American states. The Truman era floor is laid in a tessellated pattern of Westbury cream and Vermont marble. Truman thought it inappropriate to walk across the seal of the president that McKim had placed in the floor, and had the bronze seal moved to the ground floor above the entrance to the Diplomatic Reception Room. In place of the bronze seal in the floor, Truman had a polychrome painted plaster seal installed above the entrance to the Blue Room.

## Kennedy restoration

During the John F. Kennedy administration, the Entrance Hall (like most of the White House) underwent an extensive historic redecoration. The redecoration of the State Floor rooms, including the Entrance Hall, was overseen by American antiques autodidact Henry Francis du Pont and French interior designer Stéphane Boudin. Du Pont wanted a more historic approach to the White House, while Boudin preferred a French design aesthetic. Du Pont originally redecorated the Entrance Hall with two French pier tables, a settee, a card table, and two tables by Charles-Honoré Lannuier. Boudin had all but the pier tables removed, and his style is the one which remained over the next several decades.

## Use over time

When the White House interiors were first completed during the administration of John Adams the house was primarily entered from a temporary wooden piazza on the south. President Thomas Jefferson used the Entrance Hall as a "Cabinet of Natural History" displaying finds from the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

In the 20th century the Entrance Hall has been used for official welcomes, receiving lines, small concerts, and dancing. Actor John Travolta danced with Diana, Princess of Wales in 1985; in 1998 First Lady Hillary Clinton danced here with Czech President Václav Havel.

## Furnishings

On the west wall of the room is a gilded beech French Empire pier table (c. 1812) by cabinetmaker Pierre-Antoine Bellange purchased for the Blue Room by President James Monroe. On the pier table is an ormolu French Empire mantel clock featuring a sculpture of Minerva. This clock was manufactured by the bronzier Pierre-Philippe Thomire and also bought by Monroe, it was previously located in the Blue Room.

In the southeast and southwest corners of the Entrance Hall are crimson and gold upholstered French Empire banquettes acquired by interior designer Stéphane Boudin of Maison Jansen during the John F. Kennedy administration. The McKim era bronze torchères remain in the room. A pair of Louis XVI torchères flank the door leading to the North Portico. A pair of armchairs commissioned for the Blue Room in 1902 and based on a suite of chairs designed by Jacob-Desmalter in the Salon des Fleurs of the Château de Compiègne are placed on the North wall.

Notes Citations  1. Seale 1992, pp. 8–9.
2. Filler, Martin (March 2009). "Red, White, and Tiffany Blue". *Antiques: The Magazine*. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
3. Seale 1992, pp. 135, 142–143.
4. Scott 1995, pp. 102–103.
5. Kloss 1992, pp. 162–165.
6. Beschloss 2008, p. 138.
7. "Missing Masterpieces". *Antiques Roadshow FYI. PBS*. June 22, 2005. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
8. Truman 2003, p. 34.
9. Seale 1992, pp. 186–187.
10. Seale 1992, pp. 242–245.
11. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion 1952, p. 73.
12. Wolff & Kennedy 1962, p. 89: "President Truman thought it inappropriate for the President's Seal to be placed on the floor of the hall, where visitors would walk across it."
13. Abbott & Rice 1998, p. 56.
14. Abbott & Rice 1998, pp. 36–37.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* Abbott, James A. *A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin.* Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. ISBN 0-9646659-0-5.
* Abbott, James A. *Jansen.* Acanthus Press: 2006. ISBN 0-926494-33-3.
* Abbott, James Archer. *Jansen Furniture.* Acanathus Press: 2007. ISBN 978-0-926494-45-9.
* Clinton, Hillary Rodham. *An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History.* Simon & Schuster: 2000. ISBN 0-684-85799-5.
* Leish, Kenneth. *The White House.* Newsweek Book Division: 1972. ISBN 0-88225-020-5.
* Monkman, Betty C. *The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families.* Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN 0-7892-0624-2.
* Seale, William. *The President's House.* White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1.
* West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. *Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies.* Coward, McCann & Geoghegan: 1973. ISBN 978-069-8-10546-1.
* *The White House: An Historic Guide.* White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6.


title: Battle of Krasnobród (1672)

abstract: The Battle of Krasnobród took place on 5–6 October 1672, during the Polish-Ottoman War. It was part of Jan Sobieski’s autumn expedition, aimed at the destruction of mounted Tatar units, which plundered southeastern provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In early October 1676, Hetman Sobieski was stationed in Krasnystaw. On 5 October after finding out that several Tatar units were plundering the area of Zamość, he decided to destroy them. The main Tatar forces camped near Krasnobród, and during the night of October 5–6, Sobieski began a 52-kilometer march, which took place in a heavy rain. Early the next morning, the Tatar camp was attacked by pro-Polish Cossacks, loyal to Mykhailo Khanenko. When the news of the skirmish reached Sobieski, he decided to intervene, arriving at the site of the battle after 30 minutes. Polish forces joined the fighting, while Khanenko himself left Krasnobród and headed to Zamosc. Several Tatar units were destroyed, and some 2,500 Polish civilians captured by the invaders were freed and sent to Zamosc.

text:
# Battle of Krasnobród (1672)

The **Battle of Krasnobród** took place on 5–6 October 1672, during the Polish-Ottoman War. It was part of Jan Sobieski’s autumn expedition, aimed at the destruction of mounted Tatar units, which plundered southeastern provinces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In early October 1676, Hetman Sobieski was stationed in Krasnystaw. On 5 October after finding out that several Tatar units were plundering the area of Zamość, he decided to destroy them. The main Tatar forces camped near Krasnobród, and during the night of October 5–6, Sobieski began a 52-kilometer march, which took place in a heavy rain.

Early the next morning, the Tatar camp was attacked by pro-Polish Cossacks, loyal to Mykhailo Khanenko. When the news of the skirmish reached Sobieski, he decided to intervene, arriving at the site of the battle after 30 minutes. Polish forces joined the fighting, while Khanenko himself left Krasnobród and headed to Zamosc. Several Tatar units were destroyed, and some 2,500 Polish civilians captured by the invaders were freed and sent to Zamosc.

* "Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej". *Little Military Encyclopedia* (in Polish). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Warsaw: Publishing house of the Ministry of National Defense. 1967.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Krasnobród | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of The Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676) | |
|
Expedition of Jan Sobieski in 1672
Embossed art at the Wilanów palace in Warsaw | |
| Date 5–6 October 1672  Location Krasnobród, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth50°32′41″N 23°13′05″E / 50.544722°N 23.218056°E / 50.544722; 23.218056  Result  Polish–Lithuanian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cossacks | Crimean Khanate
Ottoman Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Jan Sobieski
Mykhailo Khanenko | Selim I Giray |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Unknown |


title: 2008 Serena Williams tennis season

text:
# 2008 Serena Williams tennis season

Serena Williams's 2008 tennis season officially began at the 2008 Australian Open. Williams finished the year ranked world no. 2, finishing in the top 5 for the first time since 2003. She also won her 9th slam at the US Open.

## Year in detail

### Australian Open and early hard court season

#### Hopman Cup

Williams made her Australian Open preparation at the Hopman Cup representing United States with Mardy Fish. Williams missed the first tie against India, where Meghann Shaughnessy took her spot. Williams competed in the tie against Czech Republic represented by Tomáš Berdych and Lucie Šafářová, she played Šafářová in singles and won in three sets, taking the first set in a bagel and the third set in the twelfth game. She then paired with Fish and won after the Czech team retired after losing the first set in a bagel. In their third tie they took on Alicia Molik and Peter Luczak of Australia. Williams won her match against Molik, with a two break lead in the first and a second set tie-break. She and Fish then took the doubles in two easy sets. Winning all their three ties it send United States to the final. In the final they faced Serbia against Jelena Janković and Novak Djokovic, Janković withdraw from the singles with an upper right leg injury, which gave USA the lead, however Fish lost to Djokovic pushing them to a decisive mixed doubles match. Williams and Fish won the doubles in a tie-break in the first and at two in the second, handing them the Hopman Cup trophy, Williams' second.

#### Australian Open

Williams came into the Australian Open with a 14-match winning streak, missing the 2006 edition and winning the 2005 and 2007 edition. Williams began her title defense facing Wild card Jarmila Gajdošová and won easily in straight sets winning both sets in three. She then took on Chinese qualifier Yuan Meng and once again came through it straight, this time dropping only four games. In the third round, she faced Victoria Azarenka, Williams won in straight sets aided by 15 aces she served in the match. In the following round, 12th seed Nicole Vaidišová was in her path in her title defense and once again Williams won in straight sets. In the final 8, Williams faltered against Jelena Janković losing in straight sets, Williams serve broke down as she was broken 7 times in the match. This ended Williams winning streak at the event at 18. This was her fourth straight loss in the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament and the first time since the 2001 Wimbledon Championship where she completed a four-in-a-row loss in the quarterfinals of a slam.

Williams also played doubles with Venus Williams, they went into the quarterfinals without dropping a set defeating the teams of Monique Adamczak and Christina Wheeler, Katarina Srebotnik and Ai Sugiyama, and Maret Ani and Meilen Tu. In the quarterfinals they faced the Chinese pair of Yan Zi and Zheng Jie, however they fell in three sets after claiming the first set.

#### Canara Bank Bangalore Open

Williams, then played at the Canara Bank Bangalore Open. Williams as the third seed received a bye in the first round. In her opening match against Tzipora Obziler, after scrapping through the first set, Williams bageled Obziler in the second set. In her next match, she took on Russia's Anastasia Rodionova and cruised through dropping only five games. In the semifinals, she took on sister Venus Williams, Serena won the first set breaking Venus twice while getting broken once herself. Venus came back to win the second set. In the decider Serena broke Venus in the seventh game and served for it in the tenth game and had a match point, but Venus came back and had a match point herself at the twelfth game, which Serena saved to push it to a tie-break. Serena came through the tie-break to advance. In the final she took on Swiss Patty Schnyder, In the first set, Williams served for the set at the tenth game with two set points, but got broken, only to break back, and closed out the set in the twelfth game. Williams was then down by a break early in the second, just to win the next five games, serving it out in the ninth game to win the title.

#### Sony Ericsson Open

Williams next scheduled event was the Sony Ericsson Open. Being seeded, Williams received a bye into the second round, where she faced Edina Gallovits and won, only dropping three games. In the third round, she took on Italian Flavia Pennetta. The first set went to a tie-break, which the Italian won. Pennetta then won the first three games of the second, Williams then made a comeback winning 12 of the last 1four games to beat the Italian in three. There was a rain delay after the fifth game, Penneta up by a break, which Williams said helped her comeback in the match. Williams overcame 60 unforced errors in the match In the round of 16, Williams faced Estonia's Kaia Kanepi and won easily in straight sets, winning both sets in three. In the final 8, she faced world no. 1 Justine Henin, in a rematch of the previous year's final. The match went on serve for the first four games, before Williams reeled in ten straight games to advance. In the semifinals, Williams took on world no. 4 Svetlana Kuznetsova. Kuznetsova took the first set breaking Williams twice while getting broken once herself. In the second set, Williams broke Kuznetsova in the 11th game and served it out in the following game to go to a decider. Williams then made the decisive break in the 8th game and closed it out in the 9th game to go through. In the final, Williams faced 3rd ranked Jelena Janković, Williams took the first set in a breadstick. In the second set Williams took the first three games and served for the match at the tenth game, but Janković came back and won the last three games to push it to a decider. Williams then won the first five games of the third set, Janković came back, before Williams could close it out in her 8th match point at the 9th game. Williams claims her fifth Miami title, tying her with Steffi Graf for most titles in the tournament.

### Clay court season and French Open

#### Family Circle Cup

Williams began her clay preparations at Family Circle Cup. As the fifth seed, Williams received a bye in the first round. In the first round she won in straight sets against Frenchwoman Gisela Dulko. In the second round, she took on Katarina Srebotnik and came back winning in three after losing the first set. In the following round, Williams faced second seed Maria Sharapova, Williams won the first set in the twelfth game and then lost the second set with a single break advantage for the Russian. Williams then cruised in the third set dropping only a game. In the final 4, Williams defeated surprise semifinalist Alizé Cornet in straight sets. In the final, Williams faced Russian Vera Zvonareva. Williams took the first set when she broke Zvonareva in the first set and the held proceedings. Zvonareva then came back in the second when she broke in the sixth game with a Williams double fault, Zvonareva took advantage and won the second set to force a decider. In the final set, Williams was broken early, just to broken back. Williams then made the decisive break in the eight game and then serve it out to win her first Charleston title.

#### Qatar Telecom German Open

Her next scheduled event was the Qatar Telecom German Open. She received a bye to advance to the second round to face Francesca Schiavone, Williams cruised pass the Italian losing five games in the process. In the following round, she took on Agnieszka Radwańska and cruised, losing only four games. In the quarterfinals, she faced Russian Dinara Safina, Williams took the first set dropping only two games, Safina came back to take the second. The third set then went to decisive tie-break which Safina won. This loss ends Williams 17 match winning streak.

#### Internazionali BNL d'Italia

Williams made her final French Open preparation at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia. After receiving a bye in the first round, Williams won easily against Alona Bondarenko losing only two games, winning the second set in a bagel. In the next round, she faced Italian wildcard Sara Errani and won in straight sets with a break advantage in each. Williams was bound to face Alizé Cornet in the quarterfinal, when she withdrew before the match with a back injury.

#### French Open

Williams was the fifth-seeded player at the French Open. She was the only former winner of this tournament in this year's draw, following the sudden retirement of four-time champion Justine Henin. Williams began her campaign for a second French Open against compatriot Ashley Harkleroad, who she beat convincingly dropping only three games. In the second round, Williams defeated wild card Mathilde Johansson, cruising through the first set and was pushed to 1two games in the second set. In the round of 32, Williams took on Katarina Srebotnik. Williams was broken early just to break back to go back on serve. Srebotnik took advantage of the error-prone Williams to break and closed it out in the tenth game. In the second set, Williams had break points in three of Srebotnik's service games but failed to break. Srebotnik then won the second in the tenth game to produce the upset.

### Wimbledon

Williams came into the Wimbledon Championships trying to win her third title in the event, having last won the title in 2003. She also was the sixth seed. In her opener she took on French Open quarterfinalist Kaia Kanepi, Kanepi had break points in the eleventh game, but Williams saved them and broke in the next game to take a set lead. Williams then took the second set, closing it out in the ninth game. In her next match, she faced Poland's Urszula Radwańska, Williams took an early two break lead, Radwańska was able to get one back, Williams hold on with the lead and closed the set in the tenth game. In the second set the pair broke each other early, but Williams took another break and sealed the win. In the third round, it was a battle of former no. 1's and former Wimbledon champions, when she took on Amélie Mauresmo. The first set the two went toe-to-toe as both struggled, but Williams outlasted Mauresmo in a tie-break. With Mauresmo struggling with her movement, Williams took advantage winning the second set with a breadstick scoreline. In the round of 16, Williams faced compatriot Bethanie Mattek-Sands, and won easily in straight winning both sets in three. In the final 8, Williams faced her second Radwańska opponent of the tournament in Agnieszka. Williams cruised, losing only four games, winning the second set with a bagel in just 51 minutes. She finished with 11 aces, including 4 in one game in the first set. In all, Williams finished with 27 winners and 6 unforced errors. In the last four, Williams took on surprise semifinalist Zheng Jie, Williams came through in straight with a drop of 8 games, edging Zheng in a second set tie-break. In the final, she faced sister Venus in their 7th slam final match, with Serena leading 5–1. Serena opened up the match breaking Venus, just to see Venus break back in the eight game and twelfth game to take the first set. They then traded breaks in the third and fourth game of the second. Venus then broke Serena in the tenth game to take the title. This was the first Grand Slam final in which the Williams sisters had played each other since 2003.

In the doubles, she and sister Venus cruised through their first four matches with wins over the teams of Tatiana Poutchek and Anastasia Rodionova, Marta Domachowska and Agnieszka Radwańska, Anabel Medina Garrigues and Virginia Ruano Pascual, and Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Sania Mirza, winning all matches in straight sets. In the semifinals, they defeated the France-Australia combination of Nathalie Dechy and Casey Dellacqua in straight sets, both in three. In the final, they faced the team of former no. 1 doubles players Lisa Raymond and Samantha Stosur, but cruised through their 6th slam title dropping only four games, 2 in each set. In the victory the pair did not drop a set all tournament long.

### Olympics and US Open Series

#### Bank of the West Classic

Williams made her preparation for the Summer Olympics and US Open at the Bank of the West Classic. Williams received a bye in the first round and faced 15-year-old qualifier Michelle Larcher de Brito. Williams took an early break lead, until Larcher de Brito won six games in a row to take a set and the first two games of the second set. Williams then came back winning 12 of the last 1five games to go through. In the last 8, unlike her opening match, she cruised pass Patty Schnyder in straight sets with a drop of four games. In the semifinal, Williams retired against surprise semifinalist and qualifier Aleksandra Wozniak while trailing by a set and break due to a left knee injury.

#### East West Bank Classic

Williams withdrew from the East West Bank Classic due to the same knee injury she retired from the previous tournament.

#### Summer Olympics

Williams came into the Summer Olympics, trying to claim her first singles gold. In her opening match she took Belarus' Olga Govortsova and was a set and on serve in the third game when the match was suspended due to rain. In the resumption the next day Williams won the four games to take the in second set in a breadstick and win. In her next match, she faced Australia's Samantha Stosur and made quick work of her opponent winning in just 44 minutes and a loss of two games, winning the second set in a bagel. In her third round match, she was pushed by France's Alizé Cornet, Williams dropped the opening, but came back to win the next two, to advance. In the last 8, Williams took on Russia's Elena Dementieva, Williams took the first set in the ninth game. Dementieva then battled back to take the second in the tenth game. In the final set, the Russian raced through the first five games, winning them all, before Williams could racked in three herself. However, Dementieva was able to close it out in the ninth game.

In the doubles, she and sister Venus Williams was one of the two teams player for the United States. It is their second Olympics as a team, having won in 2000 and missing the 2004 edition. In the first round they faced the Czech pairing of Iveta Benešová and Nicole Vaidišová, the Czech pair took the first set with a single break. The second set was tight but the Williams sisters were able to come through, breaking in the 11th game and holding serve to push it to a decider. The Williams sisters then dominated the last set with a breadstick. In their next two matches, they won in straight sets against the Japan's Ayumi Morita and Ai Sugiyama, and the Russian pairing of Elena Vesnina and Vera Zvonareva. In the semifinals they faced the Australian Open doubles champions Ukraine's Alona Bondarenko and Kateryna Bondarenko. The first set was won by the Bondarenko sisters with an advantage of a single break, the Williams sisters came back with the same scoreline in the second set and then dominated the third with a breadstick. In the battle for the Gold medal the faced Spanish French Open champions Anabel Medina Garrigues and Virginia Ruano Pascual and cruised to their second gold medal with a drop of only two games including a bagel in the first set. This is their second doubles gold and stays undefeated at the Olympics as a pair

#### US Open

Williams came into the US Open as the world no. 3, and was one of seven contenders to claim the number 1 ranking. Williams was also trying the title for the first time in six years. Williams began her tournament against Ukraine's Kateryna Bondarenko and cruised in straight set. She recorded six aces and won 92 percent of the points on her first serve. Williams, in her second round match took on Russia's Elena Vesnina and won with a double breadstick victory. In the following round, she faced 30th seed Ai Sugiyama and cruised in a 66 minutes straight sets win. In the fourth round, Williams cruised pass French wild card Séverine Brémond in straight sets winning both sets in two. In the final 8, Williams took on sister Venus Williams in their 17th meeting. In the first set Venus had the advantage serving for the set at the tenth game, however younger sister Serena came back to push it to a tie-break. Venus then had two set points in the tie-break, but Serena reeled in four straight points to win the set. In the second set, once again Venus served for the set in the ninth game and had three set points, just to see Serena save them all and save another one at the twelfth game to push to another tie-break. Venus then had another three set points in the tie-break, just to see Serena win 6 of the last 7 points to win the match. In the semifinals, Williams faced French Open finalist Dinara Safina, Safina took an early lead winning the first two games, just to see Williams come back breaking her in the fourth and eight game and served the set out in the ninth game saving two break points. Williams then cruised in the second set winning it in two. In her first final since 2002, Williams took on Jelena Janković for the title and the number 1 ranking. In the first set, Williams took control with a single break lead. The second set was a turn-around, Janković had her chances she had three set points in the Williams serve in the ninth game and served for the set in the tenth game. However, Williams came back and broke Janković in the tenth and twelfth game to win her third US Open title and ninth slam without dropping a set. Williams finished with 44 winners, offsetting her 39 unforced errors, while Janković had 15 winners and 22 unforced errors. The win also gave Williams the number 1 ranking.

### Indoors and year-end Championships

#### Porsche Tennis Grand Prix

Williams then played the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix as the world no. 1. After receiving a bye in the first round, she faced Li Na. Williams won the first set in a bagel, then lost the second set in a breadstick. The third set went to Li with a single break advantage. The loss meant that Williams will loss her number 1 ranking.

In the doubles, she and sister Venus won in straight sets against Daniela Hantuchová and Ágnes Szávay before withdrawing in their match against Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká because of a left ankle injury to Serena

#### Kremlin Cup

Williams then withdrew from the Kremlin Cup citing a continuing left ankle injury and a desire to give her body time to recover from a packed playing schedule.

#### WTA Tour Championships

Williams being the third seed was drawn with Dinara Safina, Elena Dementieva, and Venus Williams. Williams played Safina first and won comfortably in straight sets. In her second round robin match, she took on sister Venus, Serena took the first set in the twelfth game. However, from then on Serena only won a game losing the next to in a breadstick and a bagel. Handing the first bagel in the Williams sisters rivalry. Williams then pulled out with a stomach injury before her match against Dementieva and was replaced by Nadia Petrova.

## All matches

### Singles matches

| Tournament | Match | Round | Opponent | Rank | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Australian Open**
Melbourne, Australia
Grand Slam
Hard, outdoor
14–27 January 2008 | 433 | 1R | Jarmila Gajdošová | #145 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 434 | 2R | Yuan Meng | #121 | Win | 6–3, 6–1 |
| | 435 | 3R | Victoria Azarenka | #24 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 436 | 4R | Nicole Vaidišová | #12 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 437 | QF | Jelena Janković | #4 | Loss | 3–6, 4–6 |
| **Canara Bank Bangalore Open**
Bangalore, India
WTA Tier II
Hard
3–9 March 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 438 | 2R | Tzipora Obziler | #117 | Win | 7–5, 6–0 |
| | 439 | QF | Anastasia Rodionova | #86 | Win | 6–1, 6–4 |
| | 440 | SF | Venus Williams | #7 | Win | 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(7-4) |
| | 441 | F | Patty Schnyder | #12 | **Win** | 7–5, 6–3 |
| **Sony Ericsson Open**
Key Biscayne, Miami, USA
WTA Tier I
Hard
24 March - 6 April 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 442 | 2R | Edina Gallovits | #62 | Win | 6–1, 6–2 |
| | 443 | 3R | Flavia Pennetta | #34 | Win | 6–7(8–10), 6–2, 6–3 |
| | 444 | 4R | Kaia Kanepi | #61 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 445 | QF | Justine Henin | #1 | Win | 6–2, 6–0 |
| | 446 | SF | Svetlana Kuznetsova | #4 | Win | 3–6, 7–5, 6–3 |
| | 447 | F | Jelena Janković | #3 | **Win** | 6–1, 5–7, 6–3 |
| **Family Circle Cup**
Charleston, USA
WTA Tier I
Clay, Green
14–20 April 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 448 | 2R | Gisela Dulko | #48 | Win | 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 449 | 3R | Katarina Srebotnik | #31 | Win | 4–6, 6–4, 6–3 |
| | 450 | QF | Maria Sharapova | #4 | Win | 7–5, 4–6, 6–1 |
| | 451 | SF | Alizé Cornet | #40 | Win | 7–5, 6–3 |
| | 452 | F | Vera Zvonareva | #17 | **Win** | 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 |
| **Qatar Telecom German Open**
Berlin, Germany
WTA Tier I
Clay, Red
5–11 May 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 453 | 2R | Francesca Schiavone | #24 | Win | 6–2, 6–3 |
| | 454 | 3R | Agnieszka Radwańska | #15 | Win | 6–3, 6–1 |
| | 455 | QF | Dinara Safina | #17 | Loss | 6–2, 1–6, 6–7(5–7) |
| **Internazionali BNL d'Italia**
Rome, Italy
WTA Tier I
Clay, Red
12–18 May 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 456 | 2R | Alona Bondarenko | #24 | Win | 6–2, 6–0 |
| | 457 | 3R | Sara Errani | #60 | Win | 6–4, 6–3 |
| |  | QF | Alizé Cornet | #34 | Withdrew | N/A |
| **French Open**
Paris, France
Grand Slam
Clay, Red
26 May - 8 June 2008 | 458 | 1R | Ashley Harkleroad | #61 | Win | 6–2, 6–1 |
| | 459 | 2R | Mathilde Johansson | #129 | Win | 6–2, 7–5 |
| | 460 | 3R | Katarina Srebotnik | #24 | Loss | 4–6, 4–6 |
| **Wimbledon**
London, United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
23 June - 6 July 2008 | 461 | 1R | Kaia Kanepi | #36 | Win | 7–5, 6–3 |
| | 462 | 2R | Urszula Radwańska | #190 | Win | 6–4, 6–4 |
| | 463 | 3R | Amélie Mauresmo | #33 | Win | 7–6(7–5), 6–1 |
| | 464 | 4R | Bethanie Mattek-Sands | #69 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 465 | QF | Agnieszka Radwańska | #11 | Win | 6–4, 6–0 |
| | 466 | SF | Zheng Jie | #133 | Win | 6–2, 7–6(7–5) |
| | 467 | F | Venus Williams | #7 | Loss | 5–7, 4–6 |
| **Bank of the West Classic**
Stanford, United States
WTA Tier II
Hard, outdoor
14–20 July 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 468 | 2R | Michelle Larcher de Brito | #226 | Win | 4–6, 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 469 | QF | Patty Schnyder | #13 | Win | 6–3, 6–1 |
| | 470 | SF | Aleksandra Wozniak | #85 | Loss | 2–6, 1–3 ret |
| **Summer Olympics**
Beijing, China
Olympic Games
Hard, outdoor
10 – 17 August 2008 | 471 | 1R | Olga Govortsova | #48 | Win | 6–3, 6–1 |
| | 472 | 2R | Samantha Stosur | #79 | Win | 6–2, 6–0 |
| | 473 | 3R | Alizé Cornet | #18 | Win | 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
| | 474 | QF | Elena Dementieva | #7 | Loss | 6–3, 4–6, 3–6 |
| **US Open**
New York City, United States
Grand Slam
Hard, outdoor
25 August - 7 September 2008 | 475 | 1R | Kateryna Bondarenko | #46 | Win | 6–1, 6–4 |
| | 476 | 2R | Elena Vesnina | #71 | Win | 6–1, 6–1 |
| | 477 | 3R | Ai Sugiyama | #31 | Win | 6–2, 6–1 |
| | 478 | 4R | Séverine Brémond | #121 | Win | 6–2, 6–2 |
| | 479 | QF | Venus Williams | #8 | Win | 7–6(8–6), 7–6(9–7) |
| | 480 | SF | Dinara Safina | #7 | Win | 6–3, 6–2 |
| | 481 | F | Jelena Janković | #2 | **Win** | 6–4, 7–5 |
| **Porsche Tennis Grand Prix**
Stuttgart, Germany
WTA Tier II
Hard, indoors
29 September - 5 October 2008 |  | 1R | Bye | | | |
| | 482 | 2R | Li Na | #30 | Loss | 6–0, 1–6, 4–6 |
| **WTA Tour Championships**
Doha, Qatar
Year-End Championship
Hard, indoor
4–10 November 2008 | 483 | RR | Dinara Safina | #2 | Win | 6–4, 6–1 |
| | 484 | RR | Venus Williams | #8 | Loss | 7–5, 1–6, 0–6 |

### Doubles matches

| Tournament | Match | Round | Partner | Opponents | Rank | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Australian Open**
Melbourne, Australia
Grand Slam
Hard, outdoor
14–27 January 2008 | 111 | 1R | Venus Williams | Monique Adamczak
Christina Wheeler | #158
#169 | Win | 7–5, 6–1 |
| | 112 | 2R | Venus Williams | Katarina Srebotnik
Ai Sugiyama | #4
#6 | Win | 6–2, 7–6(7–2) |
| | 113 | 3R | Venus Williams | Maret Ani
Meilen Tu | #127
#32 | Win | 6–4, 6–1 |
| | 114 | QF | Venus Williams | Yan Zi
Zheng Jie | #31
#29 | Loss | 6–3, 4–6, 2–6 |
| **Canara Bank Bangalore Open**
Bangalore, India
WTA Tier II
Hard
3–9 March 2008 | 115 | 1R | Venus Williams | Andreea Ehritt-Vanc
Tamarine Tanasugarn | #84
#67 | Win | 7–6(7–5), 6–4 |
| | 116 | QF | Venus Williams | Peng Shuai
Sun Tiantian | #27
#25 | Loss | 6–5, 2–6, \[9–11\] |
| **Wimbledon**
London, United Kingdom
Grand Slam
Grass
21 June - 4 July 2008 | 117 | 1R | Venus Williams | Tatiana Poutchek
Anastasia Rodionova | #32
#45 | Win | 6–0, 6–3 |
| | 118 | 2R | Venus Williams | Marta Domachowska
Agnieszka Radwańska | #216
#48 | Win | 6–0, 6–4 |
| | 119 | 3R | Venus Williams | Anabel Medina Garrigues
Virginia Ruano Pascual | #11
#12 | Win | 6–1, 6–4 |
| | 120 | QF | Venus Williams | Bethanie Mattek-Sands
Sania Mirza | #24
#19 | Win | 6–4, 6–3 |
| | 121 | SF | Venus Williams | Nathalie Dechy
Casey Dellacqua | #21
#35 | Win | 6–3, 6–3 |
| | 122 | F | Venus Williams | Lisa Raymond
Samantha Stosur | #25
#47 | **Win** | 6–2, 6–2 |
| **Summer Olympics**
Beijing, China
Olympic Games
Hard, outdoor
10 – 17 August 2008 | 123 | 1R | Venus Williams | Iveta Benešová
Nicole Vaidišová | #23
#235 | Win | 4–6, 7–5, 6–1 |
| | 124 | 2R | Venus Williams | Ayumi Morita
Ai Sugiyama | #74
#4 | Win | 7–5, 6–2 |
| | 125 | QF | Venus Williams | Elena Vesnina
Vera Zvonareva | #21
#40 | Win | 6–4, 6–0 |
| | 126 | SF | Venus Williams | Alona Bondarenko
Kateryna Bondarenko | #14
#13 | Win | 4–6, 6–4, 6–1 |
| | 127 | G | Venus Williams | Anabel Medina Garrigues
Virginia Ruano Pascual | #12
#11 | **Win** | 6–2, 6–0 |
| **Porsche Tennis Grand Prix**
Stuttgart, Germany
WTA Tier II
Hard, indoors
29 September - 5 October 2008 | 128 | 1R | Venus Williams | Daniela Hantuchová
Ágnes Szávay | #45
#58 | Win | 6–4, 6–1 |
| |  | QF | Venus Williams | Andrea Hlaváčková
Lucie Hradecká | #96
#60 | Withdrew | N/A |

### Hopman Cup Matches

| Tournament | Round | Partner | Match | Opponents | Result | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hopman Cup**
Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Mixed Exhibition
Hard, indoor
29 December - 4 January 2008 |
| | RR | Mardy Fish | Singles | Lucie Šafářová | Win | 6–0, 2–6, 7–5 |
| | | Doubles | Lucie Šafářová
Tomáš Berdych | Win | 6–0 Ret |
| | RR | Mardy Fish | Singles | Alicia Molik | Win | 6–2, 7–6(10–8) |
| | | Doubles | Alicia Molik
Peter Luczak | Win | 6–2, 6–3 |
| | F | Mardy Fish | Singles | Jelena Janković | Win | Walkover |
| | | Doubles | Jelena Janković
Novak Djokovic | Win | 7–6(7–5), 6–2 |

## Tournament schedule

### Singles schedule

Williams' 2008 singles tournament schedule is as follows:

| Date | Championship | Location | Category | Surface | Points | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 January 2008 –
27 January 2008 | Australian Open | Melbourne (AUS) | Grand Slam | Hard | 250 | Quarterfinals
lost to Jelena Janković, 3–6, 4–6 |
| 3 March 2008 –
9 March 2008 | Canara Bank Bangalore Open | Bangalore (IND) | WTA Tier II | Hard | 275 | **Winner**
defeated Patty Schnyder, 7–5, 6–3 |
| 24 March 2008 –
6 April 2008 | Sony Ericsson Open | Miami (USA) | WTA Tier I | Hard | 500 | **Winner**
defeated Jelena Janković, 6–1, 5–7, 6–3 |
| 14 April 2008 –
20 April 2008 | Family Circle Cup | Charleston (USA) | WTA Tier I | Clay (green) | 430 | **Winner**
defeated Vera Zvonareva, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 |
| 5 May 2008 –
11 May 2008 | Qatar Telecom German Open | Berlin (GER) | WTA Tier I | Clay, Red | 110 | Quarterfinals
lost to Dinara Safina, 6–2, 1–6, 6–7(5–7) |
| 12 May 2008 –
18 May 2008 | Internazionali BNL d'Italia | Rome (ITA) | WTA Tier I | Clay, Red | 110 | Quarterfinals
withdrew before match against Alizé Cornet |
| 26 May 2008 –
8 June 2008 | French Open | Paris (FRA) | Grand Slam | Clay | 90 | Third round
lost to Katarina Srebotnik, 4–6, 4–6 |
| 23 June 2008 –
6 July 2008 | The Championships, Wimbledon | Wimbledon (GBR) | Grand Slam | Grass | 700 | Final
lost to Venus Williams, 5–7, 4–6 |
| 14 July 2008 –
20 July 2008 | Bank of the West Classic | Stanfored (USA) | WTA Tier II | Hard | 125 | Semifinals
lost to Aleksandra Wozniak 6–2, 3–1, Ret |
| 10 August 2008 –
17 August 2008 | 2008 Summer Olympics | Beijing (CHN) | Olympic Games | Hard | 90 | Quarterfinals
lost to Elena Dementieva, 6–3, 4–6, 3–6 |
| 25 August 2008 –
7 September 2008 | US Open | New York (USA) | Grand Slam | Hard | 1000 | **Winner**
defeated Jelena Janković, 6–4, 7–5 |
| 29 September 2008 –
5 October 2008 | Porsche Tennis Grand Prix | Stuttgart (GER) | WTA Tier I | Hard (i) | 1 | Second round
lost to Li Na, 6–0, 1–6, 4–6 |
| 4 November 2008 –
10 November 2008 | WTA Tour Championships | Doha (QTR) | Year End Championships | Hard (i) | 185 | Round Robin
withdrew due to a stomach injury |
| **Total year-end points** | | | | | 3866 |  |

### Doubles schedule

Williams' 2008 doubles tournament schedule is as follows:

| Date | Championship | Location | Category | Partner | Surface | Points | Outcome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 January 2008 –
27 January 2008 | Australian Open | Melbourne (AUS) | Grand Slam | Venus Williams | Hard | 250 | Quarterfinals
lost to Zi/Zheng, 6–3, 4–6, 2–6 |
| 3 March 2008 –
9 March 2008 | Canara Bank Bangalore Open | Bangalore (IND) | WTA Tier II | Venus Williams | Hard | 70 | Quarterfinals
lost to Peng/Sun, 7–5, 2–6, \[9–11\] |
| 23 June 2008 –
6 July 2008 | The Championships, Wimbledon | Wimbledon (GBR) | Grand Slam | Venus Williams | Grass | 1000 | **Winner**
defeated Raymond/Stosur, 6–2, 6–2 |
| 10 August 2008 –
17 August 2008 | 2008 Summer Olympics | Beijing (CHN) | Olympic Games | Venus Williams | Hard | 0 | **Gold Medal**
defeated Medina Garrigues/Ruano Pascual, 6–2, 6–0 |
| 29 September 2008 –
5 October 2008 | Porsche Tennis Grand Prix | Stuttgart (GER) | WTA Tier I | Venus Williams | Hard (i) | 1 | Quarterfinals
withdrew before match against Hlaváčková/Hradecká |
| **Total year-end points** | | | | | | 1395 |  |

## Yearly records

### Head-to-head matchups

*Ordered by percentage of wins*

### Finals

#### Singles: 5 (4–1)

| Legend  Grand Slam (1–1)  WTA Tier I (2–0)  WTA Tier II (1–0) | Finals by surface  Hard (3–0)  Clay (1–0)  Grass (0–1) | Finals by venue  Outdoors (4–1) |
| --- | --- | --- |

| Outcome | No. | Date | Championship | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score in the final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 29. | March 9, 2008 | Bangalore, India (1) | Hard | Patty Schnyder | 7–5, 6–3 |
| Winner | 30. | April 5, 2008 | Miami, US (5) | Hard | Jelena Janković | 6–1, 5–7, 6–3 |
| Winner | 31. | April 20, 2008 | Charleston, US (1) | Clay (green) | Vera Zvonareva | 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 |
| Runner-up | 12. | July 5, 2008 | Wimbledon, London, UK (2) | Grass | Venus Williams | 5–7, 4–6 |
| Winner | 32. | September 7, 2008 | US Open, New York City, US (3) | Hard | Jelena Janković | 6–4, 7–5 |

#### Doubles: 4 (4–0)

| Legend  Grand Slam (1–0)  Olympics (1–0) | Finals by surface  Hard (2–0) | Finals by venue  Outdoors (2–0) |
| --- | --- | --- |

| Outcome | No. | Date | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponent in the final | Score in the final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 12. | July 5, 2008 | Wimbledon, London, UK (3) | Grass | Venus Williams | Lisa Raymond
Samantha Stosur | 6–2, 6–2 |
| Winner | 13. | August 17, 2008 | Summer Olympics, Beijing, China (2) | Hard | Venus Williams | Anabel Medina Garrigues
Virginia Ruano Pascual | 6–2, 6–0 |

### Earnings

| # | Event | Prize money | Year-to-date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Australian Open | $143,135 | $143,135 |
| | Australian Open (doubles) | $23,153 | $166,288 |
| 2 | **Canara Bank Bangalore Open** | $95,500 | $261,788 |
| | Canara Bank Bangalore Open (doubles) | $2,305 | $264,093 |
| 3 | **Sony Ericsson Open** | $590,000 | $854,093 |
| 4 | **Family Circle Cup** | $196,900 | $1,050,993 |
| 5 | Qatar Telecom German Open | $26,050 | $1,077,043 |
| 6 | Internazionali BNL d'Italia | $25,650 | $1,102,693 |
| 7 | French Open | $54,773 | $1,157,466 |
| 8 | Wimbledon | $750,645 | $1,908,111 |
| | **Wimbledon (doubles)** | $230,201 | $2,138,312 |
| 9 | Bank of the West Classic | $27,300 | $2,165,612 |
| 10 | 2008 Summer Olympics | $0 | $2,165,612 |
| | **2008 Summer Olympics (doubles)** | $0 | $2,165,612 |
| 11 | **US Open** | $1,475,936 | $3,641,548 |
| 12 | Porsche Tennis Grand Prix | $8,230 | $3,649,778 |
| | Porsche Tennis Grand Prix (doubles) | $2,395 | $3,652,173 |
| 13 | **WTA Tour Championships** | $1,550,000 | $3,852,173 |
|  | | | **$3,852,173** |

Figures in United States dollars (USD) unless noted.

## InfoBox

2008 Serena Williams tennis season
| Serena Williams at the Wimbledon Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Serena Jameka Williams |
| Country | United States |
| Calendar prize money | $3,852,173 |
| Singles | |
| Season record | 44–8 (85%) |
| Calendar titles | 4 |
| Year-end ranking | 2 |
| Ranking change from previous year | 5 |
| Grand Slam & significant results | |
| Australian Open | QF |
| French Open | 3R |
| Wimbledon | F |
| US Open | **W** |
| Championships | RR |
| Olympic Games | QF |
| Doubles | |
| Season record | 16-2 (88.89%) |
| Calendar titles | 2 |
| Year-end ranking | No. 28 |
| Ranking change from previous year | NR |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| Australian Open | QF |
| French Open | A |
| Wimbledon | **W** |
| US Open | A |
| Olympic Games | **Gold Medal** |


title: Erastus Snow

abstract: Erastus Snow was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1849 until his death. Snow was a leading figure in the Mormon colonization of Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico.

text:
# Erastus Snow

**Erastus Snow** (November 9, 1818  May 27, 1888) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1849 until his death. Snow was a leading figure in the Mormon colonization of Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico.

## Early life

Snow was born on November 9, 1818, in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, to Levi Snow (1782-1841) and Lucina Streeter Snow (1785-1858).

Snow was baptized a member of the LDS Church (at that time known as the Church of Christ) when he was 14 years old, on February 3, 1833, in Charleston, Vermont. Orson Pratt was one of the missionaries who taught him. Snow's older brothers, William Snow (1806-1879), and Zerubbabel Snow had previously joined the church on May 19, 1832.

Snow moved to Kirtland, Ohio, where the church was headquartered. In Kirtland, Snow was ordained a member of the Seventy in 1836 and witnessed the dedication of the Kirtland Temple in 1837.

## Career

Snow spent much of his time on missions, primarily in Pennsylvania. He later served a mission to Salem, Massachusetts, where he baptized several converts, including Nathaniel Ashby, a man with whom he shared a duplex when they both resided in Nauvoo, Illinois.

In April 1839, at age 20, Snow successfully petitioned the jailers at Liberty Jail to move Joseph Smith (founder of the Latter Day Saint movement) and the prisoners accompanying him to a different location. He was subsequently appointed a member of the high council of the church. In 1845, Snow received his endowment in the Nauvoo Temple. Over the course of his life, Snow served a total of sixteen missions to New England, St. Louis, Arizona, southern Utah, Denmark, Scandinavia, and Mexico. Writer George M. McCune has said of Snow: "He prevailed in debates over the Book of Mormon and healed and converted many during his life".

Snow was in the first Mormon pioneer company to journey to the Salt Lake Valley. He and Orson Pratt were the first two Mormons to enter the Valley, completing the journey on July 21, 1847. In October 1848, Snow began serving in the presidency of the Salt Lake Stake.

On February 12, 1849, Snow was ordained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. On the same day, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, and Franklin D. Richards were ordained. Snow served in this capacity until his death in 1888.

At the October 1849 general conference, Snow was assigned to lead a mission to Scandinavia. He had as a companion a Danish convert, Peter O. Hansen, who had joined the church in Boston. They focused most of their efforts in Denmark, but another convert had joined them, John E. Forsgren, who preached in Sweden.

While serving as a missionary in Denmark, Snow baptized the first Icelanders to join the church, ordained them to the priesthood, and sent them to Iceland to preach. Before the end of his mission, Snow began the publication of a church periodical in Danish.

In 1853, Snow was elected to the House of Representatives in the Utah territorial legislature. Later in the 1850s, Snow served as the presiding church authority in the midwestern United States, using St. Louis, Missouri as his headquarters. While in Missouri, Snow edited the periodical *St. Louis Luminary*. He returned to the Utah Territory in 1857 and engaged in farming.

In 1860, Snow went with Orson Pratt on a mission to the Eastern states. By the time they reached the Eastern United States, Abraham Lincoln had been elected president. With the impending war, they were able to convince many church members to move to Utah Territory. Much of this migration happened in 1861, after the American Civil War had begun.

After returning to Utah in 1861, Snow was made the apostle in charge of the southern Utah Mormon settlements. He lived in St. George.

## Personal life and death

Erastus Snow had four wives, 23 sons, and 13 daughters. His son Edward H. Snow followed him into the legislature as part of the first Senate after Utah achieved statehood. One of Snow's daughters, Elizabeth, became the wife of Anthony W. Ivins and the mother of Antoine R. Ivins.

Snow died on May 27, 1888, in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, at age 69.

## Legacy

## InfoBox

| Erastus Snow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Quorum of the Twelve Apostles | |
| February 12, 1849 (1849-02-12)  May 27, 1888 (1888-05-27) | |
| Called by | Brigham Young |
|  | |
|  | |
| LDS Church Apostle | |
| February 12, 1849 (1849-02-12)  May 27, 1888 (1888-05-27) | |
| Called by | Brigham Young |
| Reason | Reorganization of First Presidency; excommunication of Lyman Wight |
| Reorganization
at end of term | Marriner W. Merrill, Anthon H. Lund, and Abraham H. Cannon ordained |
|  | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Erastus Snow
(1818-11-09)November 9, 1818
St. Johnsbury, Vermont, United States |
| Died | May 27, 1888(1888-05-27) (aged 69)
Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, United States |
| Resting place | Salt Lake City Cemetery
40°46′37.92″N 111°51′28.8″W / 40.7772000°N 111.858000°W / 40.7772000; -111.858000 |
| Spouse(s) | Artemisia Beman (married December 13, 1838)
Minerva White (married April 2, 1844)
Elizabeth Rebecca Ashby (married December 19, 1847)
Julia Josephine Spencer (married 1856) |
| Children | 36 |
| Signature |  |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ann Shoket

abstract: Ann Shoket is an American magazine writer and editor. She is the author of The Big Life and the former editor-in-chief of Seventeen magazine.

text:
# Ann Shoket

**Ann Shoket** is an American magazine writer and editor. She is the author of *The Big Life* and the former editor-in-chief of *Seventeen* magazine.

## Education

Shoket received her BA from New York University.

## Career

She is the author of *The Big Life: Embrace the Mess, Work Your Side Hustle, Find a Monumental Relationship, and Become the Badass Babe You Were Meant to Be*. She was editor-in-chief of *Seventeen* from 2007-2014. She began her career as a reporter at Steven Brill's *The American Lawyer*, then created the webzine *Tag*, an online community of artists and writers. Shoket was also senior editor with the *Parade* family of publications, and executive editor of *CosmoGIRL!* magazine. While at CosmoGIRL! she created a "CosmoGIRL! Born to Lead" patch program with The Girl Scouts and she developed a national leadership campaign with The White House Project with the goal of putting a reader in the White House by the year 2024.

She has also appeared in several episodes of the reality show series *America's Next Top Model* as a judge.


title: Entrance Island (Tasmania)

abstract: Entrance Island is a low island with an area of 6.1 ha. It lies at the entrance to Macquarie Harbour in Western Tasmania at an area known as Hell's Gates. It contains a light beacon and jetty.

text:
# Entrance Island (Tasmania)

**Entrance Island** is a low island with an area of 6.1 ha. It lies at the entrance to Macquarie Harbour in Western Tasmania at an area known as Hell's Gates. It contains a light beacon and jetty.

## Fauna

Recorded breeding seabird species are the little penguin (100 pairs) and short-tailed shearwater (1900 pairs). The metallic skink is present.

42°12′S 145°12′E / 42.200°S 145.200°E / -42.200; 145.200