title: Apatophysis sinica

abstract: Apatophysis sinica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, in the subgenus Apatophysis.

text:
# Apatophysis sinica

***Apatophysis sinica*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, in the subgenus *Apatophysis*.

## InfoBox

| *Apatophysis sinica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Apatophysis* |
| Species: | ***A. sinica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apatophysis sinica***<br>Semenov, 1901 | |
|


title: Apatoplaca

abstract: Apatoplaca is a fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It is monotypic, containing a single species, the rare crustose lichen Apatoplaca oblongula, found in the United States.

text:
# Apatoplaca

***Apatoplaca*** is a fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It is monotypic, containing a single species, the rare crustose lichen ***Apatoplaca oblongula***, found in the United States.

## Taxonomy

*Apatoplaca oblongula* was first formally described as new to science in 1952 by Adolf Hugo Magnusson as *Lecidea oblongula*. In 1980, Josef Poelt and Josef Hafellner described *Apatoplaca* based on this species, suggesting that the lack of septa in the spores was a difference great enough to warrant a new genus. Clifford Wetmore noted in a mid-1990s publication that he had found specimens that had spores with septa, so the main character of the new genus was invalidated and he proposed that it be considered synonymous with *Caloplaca*. However, recent summaries of fungal and lichen classification have accepted the genus, and *Apatoplaca* is accepted by Species Fungorum as of October 2023.

## Description

*Apatoplaca oblongula* has a white, crust-like thallus that is embedded within the upper surface of its rock substrate. Although it lacks a cortex and a prothallus, apothecia are numerous. They are black and flat, measuring 0.3–0.7 mm (0.012–0.028 in) in diameter. Its ascospores measure 15.5–21 by 5.5–8.5 μm, and they have either a simple septum or no septa at all.

## Habitat and distribution

A rare species, *Apatoplaca oblongula* has been recorded from Utah and Colorado, where it grows on calcareous rocks.

## InfoBox

| *Apatoplaca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Teloschistales |
| Family: | Teloschistaceae |
| Genus: | *Apatoplaca*
Poelt & Hafellner (1980) |
| Species: | ***A. oblongula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apatoplaca oblongula***
(H.Magn.) Poelt & Hafellner (1980) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Caloplaca oblongula* (H.Magn.) Wetmore (1995) * *Lecidea oblongula* H.Magn. (1952) | |


title: 1985 Pilkington Glass Championships

abstract: The 1985 Pilkington Glass Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne, United Kingdom and was part of the Category 3 tier of the 1985 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and ran from 17 June until 22 June 1985. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her fourth consecutive at the event and fifth in total.

text:
# 1985 Pilkington Glass Championships

The **1985 Pilkington Glass Championships** was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne, United Kingdom and was part of the Category 3 tier of the 1985 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and ran from 17 June until 22 June 1985. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her fourth consecutive at the event and fifth in total.

## Finals

### Singles

Martina Navratilova defeated  Helena Suková 6–4, 6–3

* It was Navratilova's 7th singles title of the year and the 106th of her career.

### Doubles

Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver defeated  Kathy Jordan /  Elizabeth Smylie 7–5, 6–4

50°45′51″N 0°17′0″E / 50.76417°N 0.28333°E / 50.76417; 0.28333

## InfoBox

| 1985 Pilkington Glass Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 17–22 June |
| Edition | 12th |
| Category | 3 |
| Draw | 64S / 32D |
| Prize money | $175,000 |
| Surface | Grass / outdoor |
| Location | Eastbourne, United Kingdom |
| Venue | Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Martina Navratilova | |
| Doubles | |
| Martina Navratilova <br>Pam Shriver | |
|  | |


title: Ellen Lipton Hollander

abstract: Ellen Frances Lipton Hollander is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

text:
# Ellen Lipton Hollander

**Ellen Frances Lipton Hollander** (born May 24, 1949) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

## Early life and education

Born Ellen Frances Lipton on May 24, 1949, in New York, New York, she received her Bachelor of Arts in 1971 from Goucher College, then attended Hofstra University School of Law during the 1971 – 1972 academic year, but received no degree. She later obtained her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1974.

## Career

Between 1974 and 1975, Hollander was a law clerk to Judge James Rogers Miller Jr. of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Hollander was in private practice as an associate in the litigation department for the law firm of Frank, Bernstein, Conaway & Goldman in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1975 to 1979. In 1979, she became an Assistant Attorney General in the civil division for the Office of the Maryland Attorney General. She was an Assistant United States Attorney in the District of Maryland from 1979 to 1983. Between 1983 and 1989, Hollander went back into private practice with Frank, Bernstein, Conaway & Goldman, where she worked her way from an associate to partner. She was a judge on the Circuit Court for Baltimore City from 1989 to 1994. She then was a judge on the Maryland Court of Special Appeals (the state's intermediate appellate court) from 1994 until she became a federal judge.

### Federal judicial service

In April 2009, Hollander wrote to Senators Barbara Mikulski and Benjamin Cardin expressing interest in her nomination to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland with respect to an anticipated vacancy. In June 2009, she submitted a written application to the merit selection committee composed of members of the Maryland Bar Association. She interviewed with the committee and became one of the persons on the short list of candidates submitted to the Senators. She was recommended by Cardin and Mikulski to President Barack Obama in December 2009. Hollander was formally nominated on April 21, 2010, and her nomination was confirmed on December 18, 2010. She received her commission on December 28, 2010. Hollander assumed senior status on January 4, 2022.

## Notable cases

In BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, a June 2019 ruling, Hollander ruled for the city of Baltimore that they could receive damages for climate liability in the city. The 4th circuit affirmed Hollander's ruling, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that more factors had to be considered. However, Sara Gross, a lawyer for Baltimore, noted that “Judge Hollander has already rejected every single one of the fossil fuel defendants’ arguments, as have federal district court judges in ten other climate damage and deception cases around the country".

## Personal

Hollander married her husband, Rich Hollander, in 1972. The couple has three children, including Baltimore Orioles broadcaster Brett Hollander.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Lipton Hollander | |
| --- | --- |
| Hollander in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 4, 2022 | |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland | |
| **In office**
December 28, 2010  January 4, 2022 | |
| Appointed by | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Andre M. Davis |
| Succeeded by | Julie Rubin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ellen Frances Lipton
(1949-05-24) May 24, 1949
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Education | Goucher College (BA)
Georgetown University (JD) |
|  | |


title: Arazan

abstract: Arazan is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2014 census, the commune had a total population of 7999 people living in 1422 households. The town was home to a significant population of Berber Jews until their departure to Israel in the mid-1960s. A synagogue preserved by the local inhabitants was restored in 2010 by Jewish philanthropist Peter Geffen and Jewish-Moroccan tour guide Raphael David Elmaleh.

text:
# Arazan

**Arazan** (Arabic: ارزان) is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2014 census, the commune had a total population of 7999 people living in 1422 households.

The town was home to a significant population of Berber Jews until their departure to Israel in the mid-1960s. A synagogue preserved by the local inhabitants was restored in 2010 by Jewish philanthropist Peter Geffen and Jewish-Moroccan tour guide Raphael David Elmaleh.

30°30′N 8°36′W / 30.500°N 8.600°W / 30.500; -8.600

## InfoBox

| Arazan ⴰⵔⴰⵣⴰⵏأَرَزَانْ | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
|  | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Suss-Massa |
| Province | Taroudant Province |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 7,999 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Ectenessidia varians

abstract: Ectenessidia varians is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

text:
# Ectenessidia varians

***Ectenessidia varians*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

## InfoBox

| *Ectenessidia varians* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Ectenessidia* |
| Species: | ***E. varians*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ectenessidia varians***<br>(Gounelle, 1909) | |
|


title: Asenath Bole Odaga

abstract: Asenath Bole Odaga was a Kenyan publisher and author of novels, plays, children's books, and other literary works. Odaga also promoted literature in Kenyan languages and the study of oral literature by writing in Luo and co-authoring a guide to oral literature for students.

text:
# Asenath Bole Odaga

**Asenath Bole Odaga** (5 July 1938 – 1 December 2014) was a Kenyan publisher and author of novels, plays, children's books, and other literary works. Odaga also promoted literature in Kenyan languages and the study of oral literature by writing in Luo and co-authoring a guide to oral literature for students.

## Biography

Born in Rarieda, Kenya, on 5 July 1938, Asenath Bole Odaga was educated at Alliance Girls High School and University of Nairobi. At the University of Nairobi, Odaga submitted a thesis for the Master of Arts degree: *Educational Values of "Sigendeni Luo": The Kenya Luo Oral Narratives*.

In 1982, Odaga founded Lake Publishers, becoming the first female publisher in Kenya. She would later open the Thu-Thinda bookstore in Kisumu. She founded the Kenya Women Literature Group in 1986, with the intention of developing works in Kenyan languages by and for women.

Odaga also wrote books for children, saying: "I thought that children should have something to read about their own background and the other children they know, real African heroes with whom they can identify" These stories often focus on the daily life of children.

Asenath Bole Odaga died in Kisumu on 1 December 2014.

### Legacy

Odaga was listed by the *Daily Nation* as one of the writers having the most impact on Kenyan society. Her work has been cited as an influence on Kenyan novelist Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor.

## Published works

* *English—Dholuo Dictionary*
* *The Villager's Son* (1971)
* *Thu tinda : stories from Kenya* (1980)
* *Yesterday's today : a study of oral literature* (1984)
* *Ogilo nungo piny kirom* (1983)
* *The Shade Changes* (1984)
* *Nyamgondho wuod ombare gi sigendini luo moko* (1985)
* *The Storm* (1985)
* *Literature for children and young people in Kenya* (1985)
* *Munde goes to the market* (1987), with Adrienne Moore
* *A bridge in time* (1987)
* *Munde and his friends* (1987)
* *Between the years* (1987)
* *Jande's ambition* (1988)
* *The silver cup* (1988)
* *The hare's blanket. And other stories* (1989), with Adrienne Moore
* *Poko nyar migumba : gi sigend luo mamoko* (1989), with
* *The diamond ring* (1989)
* *The angry flames* (1989), with Adrienne Moore
* *The secret of the monkey rock* (1989)
* *Riana* (1991)
* *A night on a tree* (1991)
* *My home* (1991)
* *The love ash, rosa and other stories* (1992)
* *Simbi nyaima* (1993)
* *Basic English-Luo words and phrases* (1993)
* *Why the hyena has a crooked neck and other stories* (1993)
* *Endless road* (1995)
* *Luo sayings* (1995)
* *Something for nothing* (2001)
* *Mogen jabare* (2003)
* *Nyangi gi Otis* (2004)
* *The Luo oral literature and educational values of its narratives* (2010)

## InfoBox

| Asenath Bole Odaga | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1938-07-05)5 July 1938
Rarieda, Kenya |
| Died | 1 December 2014(2014-12-01) (aged 77)
Kisumu, Kenya |
| Education | Alliance Girls High School |
| Alma mater | University of Nairobi |
| Occupation(s) | Author, publisher |
| Parent(s) | Blasto Akumu Aum and Patricia Abuya Abok |
| Website | www.asenathboleodaga.com/her-story |


title: Aloe nuttii

abstract: Aloe nuttii is a species of aloe native to Tanzania and neighboring countries. It is an erect perennial herb with bright green grass-like leaves, 50 cm (20 in), which produces a flower spike up to 75 cm (30 in) long with tubular flowers somewhere in the orange-red or pink region of the color spectrum. The mature flowers are cooked and used as a vegetable, often in combination with peas or pumpkin leaves.

text:
# Aloe nuttii

***Aloe nuttii*** is a species of aloe native to Tanzania and neighboring countries. It is an erect perennial herb with bright green grass-like leaves, 50 cm (20 in), which produces a flower spike up to 75 cm (30 in) long with tubular flowers somewhere in the orange-red or pink region of the color spectrum.

The mature flowers are cooked and used as a vegetable, often in combination with peas or pumpkin leaves.

## InfoBox

| *Aloe nuttii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *Aloe* |
| Species: | ***A. nuttii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aloe nuttii***<br>Baker | |
|


title: Argument from religious experience

abstract: The argument from religious experience is an argument for the existence of God. It holds that the best explanation for religious experiences is that they constitute genuine experience or perception of a divine reality. Various reasons have been offered for and against accepting this contention. Contemporary defenders of the argument are Richard Swinburne, William Alston, Alvin Plantinga, and Alister Hardy.

text:
# Argument from religious experience

The **argument from religious experience** is an argument for the existence of God. It holds that the best explanation for religious experiences is that they constitute genuine experience or perception of a divine reality. Various reasons have been offered for and against accepting this contention.

Contemporary defenders of the argument are Richard Swinburne, William Alston, Alvin Plantinga, and Alister Hardy.

## Outline

In essence, the argument's structure is as follows:

1. There are compelling reasons for believing that claims of religious experience point to and validate spiritual realities that exist in a way that transcends material manifestation;
2. According to materialism, nothing exists in a way that transcends material manifestation;
3. According to classical theism, God endows human beings with the ability to perceive – although imperfectly – religious, spiritual and/or transcendent realities through religious, spiritual and/or transcendent experience.
4. To the extent that premise 1 is accepted, therefore, theism is more plausible than materialism.

As statements 2 to 4 are generally treated as uncontroversial, discussion has tended to focus on the status of the first.

### Suggested reasons for accepting the premise

Some principal arguments that have been made in favor of the premise include:

* Very substantial numbers of ordinary people report having had such experiences, though this isn't to say that religious believers aren't ordinary. Such experiences are reported in almost all known cultures.
* These experiences often have very significant effects on people's lives, frequently inducing in them acts of extreme self-sacrifice well beyond what could be expected from evolutionary arguments.
* These experiences often seem very real to the people involved, and are quite often reported as being shared by a number of people. Although mass delusions are not inconceivable, one needs compelling reasons for invoking this as an explanation.
* Swinburne suggests that, as two basic principles of rationality, we ought to believe that things are as they seem unless and until we have evidence that they are mistaken (principle of credulity), and that those who do not have an experience of a certain type ought to believe others who say that they do in the absence of evidence of deceit or delusion (principle of testimony) and thus, although if you have a *strong* reason to disbelieve in the existence of God you will discount these experiences, in other cases such evidence should count towards the existence of God.

### Suggested reasons for disputing the premise

On the other hand, the following reasons have been offered for rejecting the premise:

* Religious experiences might be mis-firings of evolved mechanisms selected for very different reasons.
* Some religious experiences are believed to have occurred only on the basis of religious texts such as the Bible, but these texts are of disputable historical accuracy.
* It is conceivable that some claimed religious experiences are lies, possibly done for attention or acceptance.
* Argument from inconsistent revelations: Different people have had, or believed to have had, religious experiences pointing to the truth of different religions. Not all of these can be correct. Kraemer highlighted a link between arguments of religious experience and self-righteousness (perception of superiority over those who do not receive providence). In *Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion*, New Atheist author Sam Harris assigns great value to religious experiences, but denies that facts about the cosmos can rationally be inferred from them, highlighting how different religions would give incompatible interpretations of the experiences.
* It has been argued that religious experiences are hallucinations aimed at fulfilling basic psychological desires of immortality, purpose, etc. Sigmund Freud, for example, considered God to be simply a psychological "illusion" created by the mind, instead of an actual existing entity. This argument can be based upon the fact that since we know about some believers for whom this argument is correct (their reports for religious experiences are nothing more than illusions), we assume that perhaps all such reports may be illusions.

## Alternate formulations

American analytic philosophers Alvin Plantinga and William Alston developed arguments for accepting knowledge gained from religious experience based on drawing analogies with knowledge gained from sense experience. In both cases they apply their arguments to Christian religious experiences, but accept that they may equally apply to other religious experiences.

Plantinga argues that just as the knowledge gained from sense experience is regarded as properly basic despite being unsupported based on foundationalism in the mould of Descartes, religious experiences should be accepted as providing properly basic knowledge of God.

Alston argues that if sets of practices used to form beliefs produce conclusions that are coherent over time both internally and with other belief-forming practices, they should be accepted. He argues this is the only way our ordinary beliefs are justified, and that by the same criteria belief based on Christian religious experience is justified.

## Further reading


# 1911–12 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team

The 1911–12 team finished with a record of 3–8. It was the 1st and only year for head coach Frederick Beyerman. The team captain was L. Hindelang and the captain elect was Mumford. John T. Symons was the manager.

## Roster

| Number | Name | Position | Class | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Guy A. Durgan | Guard | Senior | Columbiaville, MI |
|  | L. Mumford | Guard |  |  |
|  | George P. Becker | Guard | Senior |  |
|  | Macmillan | Forward |  |  |
|  | L. Hindelang | Center |  |  |
|  | Hunt | Forward |  |  |
|  | John J. Schafer |  | Senior | Stephenson, MI |
|

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non–conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| December 13, 1911*
 |  | A.A. Crescents | **W** 32–25 | 1–0
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 6, 1912*
 |  | Albion College | **W** 33–29 | 2–0
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 11, 1912*
 |  | Battle Creek School for Physical Education | **L** 11–52 | 2–1
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 13, 1912*
 |  | at Detroit Central | **L** 23–24 | 2–2
 |
Detroit, MI |
| January 20, 1912*
 |  | at Central Michigan | **L** 19–39 | 2–3
 | Central Hall
Mount Pleasant, MI |
| January 26, 1912*
 |  | Detroit Mercy | **L** 23–58 | 2–4
 |
Detroit, MI |
| February 3, 1912*
 |  | at Battle Creek | **L** 26–48 | 2–5
 |
Battle Creek, MI |
| February 10, 1912*
 |  | Hillsdale College | **L** 25–32 | 2–6
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 19, 1912*
 |  | Alma | **L** 15–35 | 2–7
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 24, 1912*
 |  | Detroit Mercy | **L** 26–52 | 2–8
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| March 2, 1912*
 |  | Adrian College | **W** 19–17 | 3–8
 | Gymnasium
Ypsilanti, MI |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Game Notes

### January 11, 1912

Aurora has 1/13.

### January 13, 1912

Aurora has 1/20.

### January 20, 1912

EMU Media Guide has 1/20, Aurora has 2/20 and CMU shows 1/19.

### January 26, 1912

UDM has a score of 16-62.

### February 19, 1912

Aurora has game in Alma, MI.

### February 24, 1912

UDM has a score of 8-47.

### March 2, 1912

Aurora has a score of 23-21.

## InfoBox

| 1911–12 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 3–8 |
| Head coach | * Frederick Beyerman (1st season) |
| Assistant coach | John T. Symons |
| Home arena | Gymnasium |
|


abstract: The men's 100 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978.

text:
# 1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres

The **men's 100 metres** at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978.

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.

## Results

### Heats

29 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Allan Wells | Great Britain | 10.40 |  |
| 2 | Valeriy Borzov | Soviet Union | 10.50 |  |
| 3 | Joseph Arame | France | 10.59 |  |
| 4 | Lambert Micha | Belgium | 10.63 |  |
| 5 | Franco Fähndrich | Switzerland | 10.64 |  |
| 6 | Ladislav Latocha | Czechoslovakia | 10.73 |  |
| 7 | Ivaylo Karanyotov | Bulgaria | 10.78 |  |
|  | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 10.19 | CR, |
| 2 | Leszek Dunecki | Poland | 10.31 |  |
| 3 | Vladimir Ignatenko | Soviet Union | 10.38 |  |
| 4 | Dragan Zarić | Yugoslavia | 10.59 |  |
| 5 | Ronald Desruelles | Belgium | 10.60 |  |
| 6 | Stefan Nilsson | Sweden | 10.62 |  |
| 7 | Otakar Wild | Czechoslovakia | 10.73 |  |
|  | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Eugen Ray | East Germany | 10.30 |  |
| 2 | Marian Woronin | Poland | 10.50 |  |
| 3 | Stefano Curini | Italy | 10.58 |  |
| 4 | Kenth Rönn | Sweden | 10.58 |  |
| 5 | Pierrick Thessard | France | 10.79 |  |
| 6 | Gernot Massing | Austria | 10.86 |  |
| 7 | Veselin Panov | Bulgaria | 10.90 |  |
|  | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

#### Heat 4

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Petar Petrov | Bulgaria | 10.44 |  |
| 2 | Nikolay Kolesnikov | Soviet Union | 10.49 |  |
| 3 | Lambros Kefalas | Greece | 10.53 |  |
| 4 | Giovanni Grazioli | Italy | 10.55 |  |
| 5 | Alexander Thieme | East Germany | 10.55 |  |
| 6 | Zdeněk Mazur | Czechoslovakia | 10.73 |  |
| 7 | Vilmundur Vilhjálmsson | Iceland | 10.76 |  |
|  | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

### Semi-finals

30 August

#### Semi-final 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 10.26 |  |
| 2 | Vladimir Ignatenko | Soviet Union | 10.45 |  |
| 3 | Petar Petrov | Bulgaria | 10.46 |  |
| 4 | Valeriy Borzov | Soviet Union | 10.53 |  |
| 5 | Marian Woronin | Poland | 10.54 |  |
| 6 | Kenth Rönn | Sweden | 10.63 |  |
| 7 | Stefano Curini | Italy | 10.72 |  |
| 8 | Lambert Micha | Belgium | 10.74 |  |
|  | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

#### Semi-final 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Eugen Ray | East Germany | 10.30 |  |
| 2 | Leszek Dunecki | Poland | 10.38 |  |
| 3 | Allan Wells | Great Britain | 10.38 |  |
| 4 | Nikolay Kolesnikov | Soviet Union | 10.43 |  |
| 5 | Giovanni Grazioli | Italy | 10.58 |  |
| 6 | Lambros Kefalas | Greece | 10.60 |  |
| 7 | Joseph Arame | France | 10.64 |  |
| 8 | Dragan Zarić | Yugoslavia | 10.69 |  |
|  | | | Wind: -0.8 m/s | |

### Final

30 August

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 7 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 10.27 |  |
|  | 6 | Eugen Ray | East Germany | 10.36 |  |
|  | 1 | Vladimir Ignatenko | Soviet Union | 10.37 |  |
| 4 | 4 | Petar Petrov | Bulgaria | 10.41 |  |
| 5 | 8 | Leszek Dunecki | Poland | 10.43 |  |
| 6 | 3 | Allan Wells | Great Britain | 10.45 |  |
| 7 | 2 | Nikolay Kolesnikov | Soviet Union | 10.46 |  |
| 8 | 5 | Valeriy Borzov | Soviet Union | 10.55 |  |
|  | | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

## InfoBox

| Men's 100 metres <br>at the 1978 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Stadion Evžena Rošického |
| Location | Prague |
| Dates | * 29 August (heats) * 30 August (semifinals & final) |
| Competitors | 28 from 15 nations |
| Winning time | 10.27 |
| Medalists | |
| Italy  East Germany  Soviet Union | |
|


abstract: The 2007 South American Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Villavicencio, Colombia, October 10–14, 2007. The competition was organized by the Colombian Gymnastics Federation.

text:
# 2007 South American Artistic Gymnastics Championships

The **2007 South American Artistic Gymnastics Championships** were held in Villavicencio, Colombia, October 10–14, 2007. The competition was organized by the Colombian Gymnastics Federation.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men** | | | |
| Team all-around | Colombia
Jorge Hugo Giraldo
Juan Carlos Valcárcel
Fabián Meza
Deyvi Castellanos | Venezuela
Fernando Fuentes
Carlos Carbonell
Ildemaro Muñoz

 | Argentina
Juan Lompizano
Sebastian Melchiori
Sergio Erbojo
Mario Gorosito |
| Individual all-around | Jorge Hugo Giraldo (COL) | Fernando Fuentes (VEN) | Juan Lompizano (ARG) |
| Floor exercise | Ildemaro Muñoz (VEN) | Jorge Hugo Giraldo (COL) | Mario Berrios (PER) |
| Pommel horse | Jorge Hugo Giraldo (COL) | Fernando Fuentes (VEN) | Fabián Meza (COL) |
| Rings | Jorge Hugo Giraldo (COL) | Carlos Carbonell (VEN) | Mario Gorosito (ARG) |
| Vault | Ildemaro Muñoz (VEN) | Fernando Fuentes (VEN) | Mario Berrios (PER) |
| Parallel bars | Deyvi Castellanos (COL) | Jorge Hugo Giraldo (COL) | Juan Lompizano (ARG)  ---  Ildemaro Muñoz (VEN) |
| Horizontal bar | Juan Lompizano (ARG) | Deyvi Castellanos (COL) | Mario Gorosito (ARG) |
| **Women** | | | |
| Team all-around | Venezuela
Ivet Rojas
Johanny Sotillo

 | Colombia
Jessica Gil
Bibiana Vélez
Nathalia Sánchez
Gabriela Gómez | Argentina
Eugenia Ficosecco
Noelia Cuadrado
Agostina Fratantueno

 |
| Individual all-around | Bibiana Vélez (COL) | Ivet Rojas (VEN) | Johanny Sotillo (VEN) |
| Vault | Jessica Gil (COL) | Johanny Sotillo (VEN) | Martina Castro (CHI) |
| Uneven bars | Johanny Sotillo (VEN) | Ivet Rojas (VEN) | Bibiana Vélez (COL) |
| Balance beam | Johanny Sotillo (VEN) | Melany Cabrera (CHI) | Ivet Rojas (VEN) |
| Floor exercise | Simona Castro (CHI) | Jessica Gil (COL) | Bibiana Vélez (COL) |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Colombia (COL) | 7 | 5 | 3 | 15 |
| 2 | Venezuela (VEN) | 5 | 8 | 3 | 16 |
| 3 | Chile (CHI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Argentina (ARG) | 1 | 0 | 6 | 7 |
| 5 | Peru (PER) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 14 | 14 | 15 | 43 |


title: Anton Karlsson (speedway rider)

abstract: Anton Karlsson is a speedway rider from Sweden.

text:
# Anton Karlsson (speedway rider)

**Anton Karlsson** (born 20 July 2000) is a speedway rider from Sweden.

## Speedway career

Karlsson came to prominence in 2018, when he won the silver medal at the Swedish Under 21 Championship. He also helped Sweden reach the final of the 2018 Team Speedway Junior World Championship. The following year in 2019 he won a bronze at the Swedish U21 event. Karlsson also competed for Sweden in the finals of the 2018 and 2020 Team Junior European Championship.

In 2022, for the third time he helped Sweden reach the final of the 2022 Team Speedway Junior European Championship, recording a fourth-place finish and also in 2022 he rode for Griparna in the Swedish Allsvenskan.

In 2023 and 2024, he signed for Västervik in the Swedish Eliserien (the highest league in Sweden).

## InfoBox

Anton Karlsson
| Born | 20 July 2000 (2000-07-20) (age 24)<br>Västervik, Sweden |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Career history | |
| **Sweden** | |
| 2019-2023 | Griparna |
| 2017–2024 | Västervik |
| 2024 | Njudungarna |
| **Poland** | |
| 2022-2024 | Częstochowa |
|  | |


title: Aloe modesta

abstract: Aloe modesta is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae. This plant is rare and only known in Mpumalanga and northern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.

text:
# Aloe modesta

***Aloe modesta*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae. This plant is rare and only known in Mpumalanga and northern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Aloe modesta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *Aloe* |
| Species: | ***A. modesta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aloe modesta***<br>Reynolds | |
|


title: 1560 in science

abstract: The year 1560 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

text:
# 1560 in science

The year **1560 in science** and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

## Events

## Astronomy

## Biology

## Births

## Deaths

* William Shakespeare's grandfather; Richard Shakespeare died from natural causes, on 23 April.
* November 15 − Domingo de Soto, Spanish priest and philosopher.

## InfoBox

| List of years in science (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Almighty Defenders

abstract: The Almighty Defenders is a supergroup consisting of the Black Lips and The King Khan & BBQ Show formed in February 2009 in Berlin, Germany. The band was formed after The Black Lips had fled India during their 2009 tour. They had fled the country after suspicions of their arrest following acts of public indecency during a show. They decided to lie low with a mutual friend of theirs based in Berlin at the time, King Khan. In true Black Lips boozy fashion, they recorded a rough and homemade album with King Khan and his bandmate BBQ.

text:
# Almighty Defenders

The **Almighty Defenders** is a supergroup consisting of the Black Lips and The King Khan & BBQ Show formed in February 2009 in Berlin, Germany.

The band was formed after The Black Lips had fled India during their 2009 tour. They had fled the country after suspicions of their arrest following acts of public indecency during a show.

They decided to lie low with a mutual friend of theirs based in Berlin at the time, King Khan. In true Black Lips boozy fashion, they recorded a rough and homemade album with King Khan and his bandmate BBQ.

## Discography

* *The Almighty Defenders* (2009)

1. All My Loving - 3:08
2. The Ghost With The Most - 4:05
3. Bow Down And Die - 4:07
4. Cone Of Light - 3:22
5. Jihad Blues - 2:01
6. 30 Second Air Blast - 1:42
7. Death Cult Soup n' Salad - 1:20
8. I'm Coming Home - 3:12
9. Over The Horizon - 1:46
10. She Came Before Me - 3:26
11. The Great Defender - 4:58

## InfoBox

| Almighty Defenders | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Berlin, Germany |
| Genres | Doo-wop, garage rock |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, bass, drums |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Labels | Vice Records |


title: Almighty Saints

abstract: The Almighty Saints is a street gang founded in the early 1960s by Polish youth at Davis Square Park in the Back of the Yards neighborhood of Chicago, but later was largely made up of Hispanics due to the change in the community's ethnic makeup. The name "Saints" was borrowed from the TV series of the same name as evidenced by the similarities between the stickman used on the show and the street gang. The Saints have maintained the same territory since the 1960s, an uncommon occurrence in Chicago, where gangs usually lose terrain over the years. By the 1980s, the gang had become extremely violent and drug trafficking became very lucrative. In a 1998 feature article, the Chicago Tribune wrote: "In a city known for its fearsome supergangs—criminal enterprises like the Latin Kings and the Gangster Disciples—the Saints stand out as an example of the street corner gang that still hangs on in many neighborhoods."

text:
# Almighty Saints

The **Almighty Saints**  is a street gang founded in the early 1960s by Polish youth at Davis Square Park in the Back of the Yards neighborhood of Chicago, but later was largely made up of Hispanics due to the change in the community's ethnic makeup.

The name "Saints" was borrowed from the TV series of the same name as evidenced by the similarities between the stickman used on the show and the street gang.

The Saints have maintained the same territory since the 1960s, an uncommon occurrence in Chicago, where gangs usually lose terrain over the years. By the 1980s, the gang had become extremely violent and drug trafficking became very lucrative.

In a 1998 feature article, the *Chicago Tribune* wrote: "In a city known for its fearsome supergangscriminal enterprises like the Latin Kings and the Gangster Disciplesthe Saints stand out as an example of the street corner gang that still hangs on in many neighborhoods."

## People Nation

After the formation of the People Nation and Folk Nation during the 1980s, the Saints initially decided to remain renegades, refusing to align with either Nation. By the late 1980s to early 1990s, many Saint gang members were incarcerated within the prison system which led the Saints to join the People Nation for protection. They were brought into the People Nation by the Almighty Latin Kings as cousins, hence the addition of "Almighty" ... and the five-point star.

## Recent activities

In 1998, a 12-year-old boy shot two teen Gangster Disciple members in the Back of the Yards neighborhood, in the hope of joining the Almighty Saints street gang. The 12 year old was later convicted in juvenile court and sentenced to prison until his 21st birthday.

In December 2004, there was a police raid in the Saints neighborhood dubbed "Operation Broken Halo"; 25 members were arrested and detained in prison on drug dealing and weapons charges. The Saints were still very active in the Back of the Yards neighborhood.

On February 12, 2006, 23-year-old Francisco Romero, a member of the Saints, escaped from Cook County Jail along with five other inmates. He had been convicted of murder and sentenced to 45 years in prison. He was later captured.

On May 4, 2018, at approximately 3:15 a.m., 27 year old Almighty Saints gang member Ernesto "Ernie" Godinez was acting as a lookout in Chicago's Back of the Yards neighborhood when he opened fire on members of an undercover joint task force who he mistook as rival gang members, striking 28 year old ATF agent Kevin Crump. Crump and other agents were placing court-approved tracking devices on vehicles belonging to suspected gang members during a joint mission between the Chicago Police Department and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Kevin Crump and other members of the strike force were acting on information that the Almighty Saints gang in the Back of the Yards might have just received a number of guns. Crump was a member of the strike force created in June 2017 to cut down on the flow of illegal guns into Chicago and to crack down on repeat gun offenders. 20 ATF agents and a number of officers from the Chicago Police Department and the Illinois State Police were assigned to the task force. No other officers were hurt in the incident. Kevin Crump was the 4th law enforcement officer shot in the city's Back of the Yards neighborhood during that past year, the Tribune reported.

In previous incidents, two Chicago police officers were shot with a high-powered rifle while driving in an undercover van in May 2017. One officer was hit in the arm and hip, the other in the back. Another officer was shot in the leg in July 2017 while chasing down robbers in the vicinity of 46th Street and Ashland Avenue. The Back of the Yards neighborhood had become a hotbed for gang-related shootings during the past two years leading to the deaths of 50 people out of more than 140 who were shot by gang members wielding rifles across the South and Southwest sides. ATF agent Kevin Crump was not hit by rifle fire. Sources said 9 mm bullet casings, presumably from the suspect's handgun, were found by investigators. A Chicago police officer also returned fire but did not manage to hit anyone. The shooting prompted a massive manhunt for the gunman. Hundreds of officers from specialized gang and organized crime units were reassigned to take part in the search for the shooter. A $61,000 reward was offered in the case. The FBI and ATF each offered a $25,000 reward for information leading to an arrest. The U.S. Marshals Service committed $10,000 and community activist Andrew Holmes $1,000. Police and federal agents scoured the Back of the Yards neighborhood for days after the shooting executing at least eight search warrants.

On the evening of May 7, 2018, Godinez turned himself in to federal agents after his attorney arranged his surrender with authorities. According to some sources, the terms of surrender were worked out during conversations that took place over the weekend. On May 8, 2018 Godinez was charged with assault of a Federal Officer with a deadly weapon in the shooting of an ATF agent in Chicago’s Back of the Yards neighborhood as undercover law enforcement agents conducted a "covert" middle-of-the-night operation. The charges were announced by John R. Lausch Jr., United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois; Celinez Nunez, Special Agent in Charge of the Chicago Field Division of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives; and Eddie T. Johnson, Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department. On May 16, 2018, Godinez, 28, was formally indicted on a single count of assaulting an ATF agent with a deadly weapon. Assistant U.S. Attorney Nicholas Eichenseer said footage showed Godinez driving around his block in the Back of the Yards neighborhood shortly before the shooting, "essentially patrolling the neighborhood, presumably on the lookout for rival gang members." Godinez’s lawyer, Lawrence Hyman, argued that evidence against Godinez was flimsy. "Authorities had no evidence showing that Godinez even had a gun that night," he said. Hyman called allegations that Godinez shot at someone a half a block away, "an absurdity." He also suggested that the agent may have been struck by friendly fire.

On May 21, 2018 Godinez pled not guilty to charges accusing him of shooting an undercover federal agent. Prosecutors alleged that Godinez fired five rounds from the mouth of the gangway towards the agents down the block striking the victim in the face. Godinez's lawyer, Lawrence Hyman, had ridiculed the evidence in court as "flimsy", noting that the video didn’t show Godinez in possession of a gun that night. On June 17, 2019 a federal jury deliberated for less than three hours before finding Ernesto "Ernie" Godinez guilty on one count each of assaulting an agent with a deadly weapon and of discharging a firearm in furtherance of a crime. Federal prosecutors said that surveillance cameras captured Godinez leaving his house at 43rd and Wood Streets before walking down an alley toward 44th and Hermitage, he then ran back through the alley to his house after the attack. While the shooting itself was not captured, prosecutors alleged that Godinez fired five rounds from the mouth of the gangway towards the group of undercover agents. Shortly after the shooting, prosecutors said Godinez hopped into a car with his girlfriend, Victoria Jean-Baptiste and allegedly told her, "I feel good . . . f--- that flake."

In his closing argument, Assistant U.S. Attorney Nicholas Eichenseer said that cameras — as well as Godinez’s text messages with his girlfriend — showed that he had "posted up" in the neighborhood looking for rivals when several suspicious-looking men in hooded sweatshirts began circling his block in a brown Chevrolet Impala. At the time, the task force officers — including Crump — were dressed in sweatshirts with their hoods up and were driving unmarked vehicles according to Assistant U.S. Attorney Kavitha Babu. Feeling that "something was about to go down," Godinez sprinted through an alley to his home and retrieved a gun, then made his way back up the gangway knowing that it offered perfect cover, Eichenseer said. As the undercover agents walked down the street half a block away, Godinez fired off five rounds in their direction then ran back to his house and texted his girlfriend to come pick him up. When he got in the car, Godinez was sweating and out of breath. Defense attorney Lawrence Hyman used his closing argument to point out a person in a white shirt who also appeared on surveillance video. One of the ATF agents at the scene the night of the shooting testified that after the shooting started, he turned and saw "an individual with a white shirt down the block." Hyman also told jurors that Godinez had stashed his marijuana in a trap house in the gangway and ran away after the shooting began. "He did not fire a gun at all," Hyman said. However, Assistant U.S. Attorney Kavitha Babu called the idea of a mystery shooter in a white shirt a "distraction." That person appeared on the surveillance video nearly a half-hour before the shooting, she said. Five fresh bullet casings were found in the gangway, from which the shooter would have had a clear shot at the ATF agent, prosecutors said. A ShotSpotter sensor also indicated that the shots came from the gangway. Prosecutors said a bullet entered ATF agent Kevin Crump’s neck and exited between his eyes. Crump suffered permanent damage to his vision, no longer had tear ducts in his left eye, and sustained nerve damage on the left side of his face. Crump, who testified last week, needed several reconstructive surgeries including steel mesh and titanium implants to repair his injuries. Godinez faced up to 20 years in prison for the assault conviction, and a minimum of 10 additional years for the firearm conviction. On December 4, 2019, U.S. District Judge Harry Leinenweber sentenced Godinez to 16 years and 8 months in prison.

## InfoBox

Almighty Saints
| Founding location | Back of the Yards, Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| --- | --- |
| Years active | 1960s–present |
| Territory | New City, Chicago |
| Ethnicity | Hispanic-American |
| Criminal activities | Drug trafficking, murder |
| Rivals | People Nation, Folk Nation, Gangster Disciples, La Raza Nation, Gangster Two Six, Satan's Disciples, Latin Kings |


title: Alvania convexispira

abstract: Alvania convexispira is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

text:
# Alvania convexispira

***Alvania convexispira*** is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in Middle Miocene strata in Hungary.

## InfoBox

| *Alvania convexispira* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Rissooidea |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Alvania* |
| Species: | ***A. convexispira*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alvania convexispira***<br>O. Boettger, 1907 | |
|


title: 1608 Muñoz

abstract: 1608 Muñoz, provisional designation 1951 RZ, is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, in La Plata, Argentina. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after F. A. Muñoz, one of the assistant astronomers at the discovering observatory.

text:
# 1608 Muñoz

**1608 Muñoz**, provisional designation 1951 RZ, is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, in La Plata, Argentina. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after F. A. Muñoz, one of the assistant astronomers at the discovering observatory.

## Orbit and classification

*Muñoz* is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid clan and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,203 days; semi-major axis of 2.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 4 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first imaged on a precovery taken at the Lowell Observatory in November 1948, extending the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in memory of F. A. Muñoz, who was an assistant at the La Plata Observatory in the department of extra-meridian astronomy. Muñoz was involved in computational and observational work on minor planets for many years and also took an active part in site testing for the Argentine telescope, also known as the 85-inch or 2.15-meter Jorge Sahade Telescope *(also see Leoncito Astronomical Complex § Telescopes)*. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).

## Physical characteristics

Being a Florian asteroid, *Muñoz* is likely a stony, relatively bright S-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

*Muñoz* is a target of the *Photometric Survey for Asynchronous Binary Asteroids* (BinAstPhot Survey) led by astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. In September 2017, two rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations by Pravec in collaboration with Serbian astronomer Vladimir Benishek at Belgrade Observatory, who observed the asteroid over three subsequent nights at Sopot Astronomical Observatory (K90). Analysis of the bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined, nearly identical rotation period of 5.3451±0.0008 and 5.3456±0.0007 hours, respectively, with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Muñoz* measures between 6.15 and 7.8 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.265 and 0.40. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the principal body of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 7.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.7.

1. "1608 Munoz (1951 RZ)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1608) Muñoz". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 127. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1609. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.
3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1608 Munoz (1951 RZ)" (2018-02-18 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
4. "Asteroid 1608 Munoz". *Small Bodies Data Ferret*. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
5. "LCDB Data for (1608) Muñoz". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
6. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan*. **63** (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
7. Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R.; et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". *NASA Planetary Data System*: EAR-A-COMPIL-5-NEOWISEDIAM-V1.0. Bibcode:2016PDSS..247.....M. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". *The Astrophysical Journal Letters*. **759** (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. S2CID 46350317.
9. Benishek, Vladimir (January 2018). "Lightcurve and Rotation Period Determinations for 29 Asteroids". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **45** (1): 82–91. Bibcode:2018MPBu...45...82B. ISSN 1052-8091.
10. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. S2CID 118700974. (catalog)
11. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **791** (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121. S2CID 119293330.
12. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). "Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families". *Asteroids IV*. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu\_uapress\_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131. S2CID 119280014.
13. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 8 February 2019.

## InfoBox

1608 Muñoz
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | M. Itzigsohn |
| Discovery site | La Plata Obs. |
| Discovery date | 1 September 1951 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1608) Muñoz |
| Named after | F. A. Muñoz
(Argentine astronomer) |
| Alternative designations | 1951 RZ **·** 1951 RK1
1961 UD **·** 1974 HH1 |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (inner)
Flora |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 69.29 yr (25,309 d) |
| Aphelion | 2.5892 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.8381 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.2137 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1697 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 3.29 yr (1,203 d) |
| Mean anomaly | 212.24 |
| Mean motion | 0° 17m 57.48s / day |
| Inclination | 3.9436° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 356.96° |
| Argument of perihelion | 316.47° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 6.15±0.47 km
6.529±0.583 km
6.711±0.571 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 5.3456±0.0007 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.2654
0.323
0.403 |
| Spectral type | (assumed) |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.60
12.7
12.90 |
|  | |


title: E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit

abstract: E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit is a character in Albanian mythology and folklore, the dauther of Hëna and Dielli. She is the as pika e qiellit which falls everywhere from heaven on the mountains and the valleys and strikes pride and evil. In the legends she helps a hero winning a fight against a kulshedra. Her victory over the kulshedra symbolizes the supremacy of the deity of the sky over that of the underworld in the dualistic struggle between light and darkness.

text:
# E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit

**E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit** ("the Daughter of the Moon and the Sun") is a character in Albanian mythology and folklore, the dauther of Hëna ("the Moon") and Dielli ("the Sun"). She is the as *pika e qiellit* ("drop of the sky" or "lightning") which falls everywhere from heaven on the mountains and the valleys and strikes pride and evil. In the legends she helps a hero winning a fight against a kulshedra. Her victory over the kulshedra symbolizes the supremacy of the deity of the sky over that of the underworld in the dualistic struggle between light and darkness.

## Mythology

In Albanian folk beliefs the sun (*Dielli*) and the moon (*Hëna*) are personified deities. In folk tales, myths and legends the sun appears as a male figure, and the moon as a female figure. In some traditions the sun and the moon are regarded as husband and wife, and in other traditions as brother and sister. In the case of E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit the sun is her father and the moon is her mother.

E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit is described as *pika e qiellit* ("drop of the sky" or "lightning") which falls everywhere from heaven on the mountains and the valleys and strikes pride and evil. In the legends she helps a hero in his fight against a kulshedra, an earthly/chthonic deity or demon originating from darkness. In Albanian mythology the kulshedra is usually fought and defeated by the drangue, also seen as a sky and lightning deity or divine hero. The supremacy of E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit and of other similar celestial Albanian characters – such as Zjermi who is born with the Sun on his forehead – over the kulshedra, reflects the supremacy of the deity of the sky over that of the underworld in the dualistic struggle between light and darkness.

## In literature

The legend of E Bija e Hënës dhe e Diellit has also been narrated by the Albanian writer Mitrush Kuteli in the collection *Tregime të moçme shqiptare* (*"Old Albanian tales"*), published in 1965.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Dushi, Arbnora (2020). "The Sister-Brother Recognition Motif in the Albanian Folk Ballad: Meaning and Contexts within the National Culture". *Tautosakos Darbai*. **59**: 17–29. doi:10.51554/TD.2020.28363. S2CID 253540847.
* Kuteli, Mitrush (1965). *Tregime të Moçme Shqiptare*. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
* Lambertz, Maximilian (1922). *Albanische Märchen (und andere Texte zur albanischen Volkskunde)*. Wien: A. Hölder.
* Shuteriqi, Dhimitër S. (1959). *Historia e letërsisë shqipe*. Vol. 1. Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë.
* Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). *Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë* (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. ISBN 99927-938-9-9.
* West, Morris L. (2007). *Indo-European Poetry and Myth*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199280759.


title: E Centauri

abstract: E Centauri is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is a white-hued star that is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.34. The distance to this object is approximately 560 light years based on parallax, and it has an absolute magnitude of −0.97. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of +7 km/s, and it is a candidate member of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup of the Sco OB2 association. This is a late B- or early A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9.5/A0V, which indicates it is generating energy via core hydrogen fusion. It has 3.4 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 74 km/s. The star is radiating 302 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,886 K.

text:
# E Centauri

**E Centauri** is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is a white-hued star that is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.34. The distance to this object is approximately 560 light years based on parallax, and it has an absolute magnitude of −0.97. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of +7 km/s, and it is a candidate member of the Lower Centaurus Crux subgroup of the Sco OB2 association.

This is a late B- or early A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9.5/A0V, which indicates it is generating energy via core hydrogen fusion. It has 3.4 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 74 km/s. The star is radiating 302 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,886 K.

## InfoBox

E Centauri
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Centaurus |
|
| Right ascension | 12h 08m 14.70518s |
| Declination | −48° 41 33.0323 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | +5.34 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | B9.5/A0V |
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| B−V color index | −0.010±0.007 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +7.2±0.5 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −27.271 mas/yr
Dec.: −7.342 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 5.8040 ± 0.2042 mas |
| **Distance** | 560 ± 20 ly
(172 ± 6 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | −0.97 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 3.38±0.09 |
| **Radius** | 5.835 |
| **Luminosity** | 302+39
−35 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.16 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 9,886±69 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 74 km/s |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| E Cen, CD−47°7396, FK5 446, GC 16581, HD 105416, HIP 59184, HR 4620, SAO 223235 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Arctagyrta

abstract: Arctagyrta is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1901. Its single species, Arctagyrta nana, was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.

text:
# Arctagyrta

***Arctagyrta*** is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1901. Its single species, ***Arctagyrta nana***, was first described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.

## InfoBox

| *Arctagyrta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Subtribe: | Phaegopterina |
| Genus: | *Arctagyrta*
Hampson, 1901 |
| Species: | ***A. nana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arctagyrta nana***
(Walker, 1856) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agyrta nana* Walker, 1856 | |


abstract: The 1810 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on 8 December 1810 in order to elect the Governor of South Carolina. Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent member of the South Carolina Senate Henry Middleton was elected by the South Carolina General Assembly against fellow Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives Joseph Alston.

text:
# 1810 South Carolina gubernatorial election

The **1810 South Carolina gubernatorial election** was held on 8 December 1810 in order to elect the Governor of South Carolina. Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent member of the South Carolina Senate Henry Middleton was elected by the South Carolina General Assembly against fellow Democratic-Republican candidate and incumbent Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives Joseph Alston.

## General election

On election day, 8 December 1810, Democratic-Republican candidate Henry Middleton was elected by the South Carolina General Assembly by a margin of 49 votes against his opponent fellow Democratic-Republican candidate Joseph Alston, thereby retaining Democratic-Republican control over the office of Governor. Middleton was sworn in as the 43rd Governor of South Carolina on 3 January 1811.

### Results

South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1810
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic-Republican** | **Henry Middleton** | **102** | **65.81%** |
|  | Democratic-Republican | Joseph Alston | 53 | 34.19% |
| Total votes | | | **155** | **100.00%** |
|  | Democratic-Republican **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1810 South Carolina gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Henry Middleton** Joseph Alston   Party Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican  Popular vote **102** 53  Percentage **65.81%** 34.19% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
John Drayton
Democratic-Republican **Elected Governor**
Henry Middleton
Democratic-Republican | |


title: Emilia Castro de Barish

abstract:
Emilia Castro de Barish was a Costa Rican diplomat. She was the first woman to be appointed a career Ambassador in the Costa Rican diplomatic service and, for many years, she was the dean of the foreign service. Daughter of Rafael Castro Quesada, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica from 1928 to 1929, the then Ms. Castro entered the Costa Rican Foreign Service in 1948 when she was appointed to the Embassy of Costa Rica to the United States, in Washington, D.C. In 1949 she left the diplomatic service to marry Frederik I. Barish. On 20 November 1956, she was seriously injured in an airplane crash. Her husband, who was flying the aircraft, died and their two small children were also injured. De Barish re-entered the Costa Rican foreign service in May 1957 and was appointed first secretary to the Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations. On 1970 she has promoted to Minister Counselor and, on 1981, she was promoted to the rank of Ambassador. By the time she retired, on 1999, she was the diplomat who had been accredited the longest continuous time to the United Nations. Ambassador de Barish was the Rapporteaur of the United Nations Host Country Committee from 1978 to 1999; and, from 1970 to 1971, she was vice-chairman of the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly. Being an expert on International Human Rights,
she was a key promoter of the United Nations programme of action on a Culture of Peace. and she was instrumental to the establishment of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. As Keys notes:
Efforts to strengthen the UN`s implementing machinery have generally met with defeat. A prime indicator has been the fate of the Costa Rica proposal to establish a High Commissioner for Human Rights, who would act as a sort of "ombudsman" quietly taking erring governments to task and threatening publicity and public pressure if they do not improve. This proposal has been subjected to the wildest kind of distortion and ridicule. Only the most patient and devoted efforts of Emilia Castro de Barish from the Costa Rica have kept the High Commissioner proposal on the UN Agenda. Ambassador de Barish received a B.S. from the University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA. She died in August 2014 at the age of 98.

text:
# Emilia Castro de Barish

**Emilia Castro de Barish** (27 April 1916 – 17 August 2014) was a Costa Rican diplomat. She was the first woman to be appointed a career Ambassador in the Costa Rican diplomatic service and, for many years, she was the dean of the foreign service.

Daughter of Rafael Castro Quesada, Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica from 1928 to 1929, the then Ms. Castro entered the Costa Rican Foreign Service in 1948 when she was appointed to the Embassy of Costa Rica to the United States, in Washington, D.C. In 1949 she left the diplomatic service to marry Frederik I. Barish. On 20 November 1956, she was seriously injured in an airplane crash. Her husband, who was flying the aircraft, died and their two small children were also injured.

De Barish re-entered the Costa Rican foreign service in May 1957 and was appointed first secretary to the Permanent Mission of Costa Rica to the United Nations. On 1970 she has promoted to Minister Counselor and, on 1981, she was promoted to the rank of Ambassador. By the time she retired, on 1999, she was the diplomat who had been accredited the longest continuous time to the United Nations.

Ambassador de Barish was the Rapporteaur of the United Nations Host Country Committee from 1978 to 1999; and, from 1970 to 1971, she was vice-chairman of the Third (Human Rights) Committee of the United Nations General Assembly. Being an expert on International Human Rights, she was a key promoter of the United Nations programme of action on a Culture of Peace. and she was instrumental to the establishment of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. As Keys notes:

> Efforts to strengthen the UN\`s (Human Rights') implementing machinery have generally met with defeat. A prime indicator has been the fate of the Costa Rica proposal to establish a High Commissioner for Human Rights, who would act as a sort of "ombudsman" quietly taking erring governments to task and threatening publicity and public pressure if they do not improve. This proposal has been subjected to the wildest kind of distortion and ridicule. Only the most patient and devoted efforts of Emilia Castro de Barish from the Costa Rica have kept the High Commissioner proposal on the UN Agenda.

Ambassador de Barish received a B.S. from the University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA. She died in August 2014 at the age of 98.

Jorge F. Sáenz Carbonell, Biografía, Doña Emilia Castro Silva de Barish (1916-)Primera Embajadora Emérita de Costa Rica.


title: Emilia Broomé

abstract: Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé, née Lothigius, was a Swedish politician (liberal), feminist and peace activist. She was the first woman in the Swedish legislative assembly (1914).

text:
# Emilia Broomé

**Emilia Augusta Clementina Broomé**, née Lothigius (13 January 1866 – 2 June 1925), was a Swedish politician (liberal), feminist and peace activist. She was the first woman in the Swedish legislative assembly (1914).

## Life

Emilia Broomé was born on 13 October 1866 in Jönköping. raised in Jönköping, where she studied at the local girls school. She was given her professional degree at Wallinska skolan in 1883 and graduated in philosophy and medicine in Uppsala in 1884. She was thereafter employed as a teacher at Anna Whitlock's school in Stockholm.

She was the chairman of *Stockholmsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt* (the Stockholm division of the National Association for Women's Suffrage) from its foundation in 1902 until 1906. She was member of the board of directors of the Centralförbundet för Socialt Arbete (The Society for Social Welfare) from 1904 to 1925, and a member of the Stockholm Directorate of Education.

She was also chairman of Sveriges Kvinnliga Fredsförening (Women's Peace Association of Sweden) from the year she founded it in 1898 until it merged with the Swedish Peace Association in 1911, and acted as Sweden's representative at the international peace conference in The Hague in 1899.

Broomé was nominated for the Stockholm City Council in 1910 and in 1911. She was elected to the city council during the latter election and served from 1911 to 1924. She was chairman of the liberal women from 1917 to 1920.

Broomé was the first Swedish woman to have been a part of the Swedish state legislative committee (*Lagberedningen*), which prepared for new laws and in which she served as a member from 1914 to 1918. She took part in writing the reformed marriage law in 1920, in which men and women were made equal and married women were declared of legal majority; in the law of equal salary for men and women in 1921; and the law (*Behörighetslagen*) which granted women the right to all official professions in 1923.

## Sources

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Emilia Broomé | |
| --- | --- |
| Emilia Broomé in the early 20th century | |
| Born | Emilia Augusta Clementina Lothigius
(1866-01-13)13 January 1866
Jönköping, Sweden |
| Died | 2 June 1925(1925-06-02) (aged 59)
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, politician, activist |
| Known for | First woman to be member of the Swedish legislative assembly (1914–1918). |
| Spouse | Erik Ludvig Broomé  (m. 1891; died 1893) |
| Relatives | Gregori Aminoff (son-in-law) |


abstract: The 1810 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on 4 April 1810 in order to elect the governor of Rhode Island. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor James Fenner won re-election as he ran unopposed. The exact number of votes cast in this election are unknown.

text:
# 1810 Rhode Island gubernatorial election

The **1810 Rhode Island gubernatorial election** was held on 4 April 1810 in order to elect the governor of Rhode Island. Incumbent Democratic-Republican governor James Fenner won re-election as he ran unopposed. The exact number of votes cast in this election are unknown.

## General election

On election day, 4 April 1810, incumbent Democratic-Republican governor James Fenner won re-election as he ran unopposed, thereby retaining Democratic-Republican control over the office of governor. Fenner was sworn in for his fourth term on 1 May 1810.

### Results

Rhode Island gubernatorial election, 1810
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic-Republican** | **James Fenner (incumbent)** |  | **100.00** |
| Total votes | | |  | **100.00** |
|  | Democratic-Republican **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1810 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **James Fenner**    Party Democratic-Republican   Percentage **100.00%** | |
| ---  County results
**Fenner**:      90–100% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
James Fenner
Democratic-Republican **Elected Governor**
James Fenner
Democratic-Republican | |


title: Araújo (footballer, born 1977)

abstract: Clemerson de Araújo Soares, best known as Araújo is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

text:
# Araújo (footballer, born 1977)

**Clemerson de Araújo Soares**, best known as **Araújo** (born 8 August 1977) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Career

Araujo was born in Caruaru, PE, Brazil. He played for Japanese side Gamba Osaka in 2005; his 33 league goals helped Gamba to the 2005 J1 League title. 2005 was his last season in Japan. Araujo left for his homeland to sign for Cruzeiro. Two years later Araujo left for Qatar where he the 2007–08 season top scorer award.

### Al-Gharafa

Al-Gharafa, known as *Al Fuhud* (The Cheetahs) were Qatar's champions for three years in a row. Araujo was a leading star in the team's success, leading the scorers list for the entire 2008 season. On 4 March 2008, after scoring against Al Khor, he matched Gabriel Batistuta's record of 25 goals in one season. He eventually ended the season as the league's top scorer with 27 goals, a record that was broken in December 2018 by Baghdad Bounedjah. He played alongside fellow Brazilian Juninho Pernambucano. He left in 2010 for personal reasons, but in 2012 he stated he was interested in rejoining the club.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National cup | | League cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Goiás | 1997 | Série A | 5 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 | 0 |
| | 1998 | | 20 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 | 10 |
| | 1999 | Série B | 29 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29 | 5 |
| | 2000 | Série A | 24 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 | 5 |
| | | 2001 | 26 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26 | 7 |
| | | 2002 | 25 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25 | 11 |
| | | 2003 | 41 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41 | 12 |
| | Total | | 170 | 55 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 170 | 55 |
| Shimizu S-Pulse | 2004 | J1 League | 29 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 |  | | 36 | 10 |
| Gamba Osaka | 2005 | J1 League | 33 | 33 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 6 |  | | 46 | 41 |
| Cruzeiro | 2006 | Série A | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 0 |
| | 2007 | | 14 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 | 5 |
| | Total | | 15 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 | 5 |
| Al-Gharafa | 2007–08 | Stars League | 27 | 27 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 38 | 36 |
| | 2008–09 | | 27 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 39 | 31 |
| | 2009–10 | | 21 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 17 | 6 | 5 | 39 | 37 |
| | 2010–11 | | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 9 |
| | Total | | 84 | 68 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 29 | 17 | 12 | 133 | 113 |
| Career total | | | 330 | 164 | 29 | 21 | 152 | 91 | 55 | 35 | 563 | 319 |

## Honours

**Individual**

1. "Clemerson equals Batistuta's record as Gharrafa win again". footballqatar.com. 4 March 2008. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
2. "Qatar Stars League Prozone Stats: The Season So Far". Qatar Stars League. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
3. Levy, Uri (12 December 2018). "Middle East Football: Move over Messi, Bounedjah is now the world's greatest goal machine". The New Arab. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
4. QSL: Clemerson - Exclusive Interview Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

Araújo
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Clemerson de Araújo Soares | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-08-08) 8 August 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Caruaru, Brazil | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1996 | Porto-PE | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1997–2003 | Goiás | 170 | (50) |
| 2004 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 29 | (9) |
| 2005 | Gamba Osaka | 33 | (33) |
| 2006–2007 | Cruzeiro | 15 | (5) |
| 2007–2010 | Al-Gharafa | 133 | (113) |
| 2011–2012 | Fluminense | 6 | (0) |
| 2012 | Náutico (loan) | 33 | (8) |
| 2013 | Atlético Mineiro | 4 | (1) |
| 2013–2014 | Goiás | 35 | (9) |
| 2016 | Central | 14 | (4) |
| 2017 | Sete de Setembro |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1999 | Brazil U23 | 3 | (3) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Amilnedwardsia

abstract: Amilnedwardsia is a genus of extinct ungulates in the family Macraucheniidae. The type species is Amilnedwardsia brevicula which lived between 47.8 and 38.0 million years ago in modern-day Argentina.

text:
# Amilnedwardsia

***Amilnedwardsia*** is a genus of extinct ungulates in the family Macraucheniidae. The type species is ***Amilnedwardsia brevicula*** which lived between 47.8 and 38.0 million years ago in modern-day Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Amilnedwardsia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Litopterna |
| Family: | Macraucheniidae |
| Genus: | *Amilnedwardsia*
Ameghino, 1901 |
| Species: | ***A. brevicula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amilnedwardsia brevicula***
Ameghino, 1901 | |
|


title: Elizabeth Cowell

abstract: Elizabeth Cowell (1912–1998) was a British broadcaster and television announcer. She was one of the first three BBC Television Service presenters, along with Jasmine Bligh and Leslie Mitchell. She began announcing when the Television Service started in 1936 and made her debut on Monday 31 August that year at Alexandra Palace in London. This was a few months before the official launch of BBC Television on 2 November 1936. She worked as a driver for the Air Ministry early during World War II before she returned to the BBC. She returned in 1946 after its nearly seven-year hiatus due to the Second World War. Cowell was the voice of 'the Woman' on the soundtrack of Paul Rotha's documentary Land of Promise (1946). When BBC television started broadcasting again in 1946 Cowell was married to the laird of a Scottish estate and had left the BBC.

text:
# Elizabeth Cowell

**Elizabeth Cowell** (19121998) was a British broadcaster and television announcer.

She was one of the first three BBC Television Service presenters, along with Jasmine Bligh and Leslie Mitchell. She began announcing when the Television Service started in 1936 and made her debut on Monday 31 August that year at Alexandra Palace in London. This was a few months before the official launch of BBC Television on 2 November 1936.

She worked as a driver for the Air Ministry early during World War II before she returned to the BBC.

She returned in 1946 after its nearly seven-year hiatus due to the Second World War. Cowell was the voice of 'the Woman' on the soundtrack of Paul Rotha's documentary *Land of Promise* (1946).

When BBC television started broadcasting again in 1946 Cowell was married to the laird of a Scottish estate and had left the BBC.


title: 1989 Malagasy parliamentary election

text:
# 1989 Malagasy parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Madagascar on 28 May 1989. Only parties affiliated with the AREMA-dominated National Front for the Defense of the Revolution were allowed to compete in the election, and AREMA won 120 of the 137 seats.

Voter turnout was 75% of the 5,741,974 registered voters.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AREMA | 2,785,448 | 66.84 | 120 | +3 |
|  | Movement for Proletarian Power | 460,268 | 11.04 | 7 | +4 |
|  | Popular Movement for National Unity | 404,959 | 9.72 | 4 | –2 |
|  | Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar | 256,255 | 6.15 | 2 | –7 |
|  | Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar – Renewal | 175,824 | 4.22 | 3 | New |
|  | Madagascar for the Malagasy | 66,627 | 1.60 | 1 | –1 |
|  | Malagasy Christian Democratic Union | 17,974 | 0.43 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 4,167,355 | 100.00 | 137 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 4,167,355 | 97.29 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 116,154 | 2.71 |  | |
| Total votes | | 4,283,509 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 5,741,974 | 74.60 |  | |
| Source: EISA | | | | | |


abstract: The 1911–12 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team represented University of Missouri in the 1911–12 college basketball season. The team was led by first year head coach O.F. Field. The captain of the team was Joseph Parker. Missouri finished with a 5–10 record overall and a 4–9 record in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association. This was good enough for a 3rd-place finish in the regular season conference standings.

text:
# 1911–12 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team

The **1911–12 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team** represented University of Missouri in the 1911–12 college basketball season. The team was led by first year head coach O.F. Field. The captain of the team was Joseph Parker.

Missouri finished with a 5–10 record overall and a 4–9 record in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association. This was good enough for a 3rd-place finish in the regular season conference standings.

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| January 10*
 |  | Washburn | **W** 26–17 | 1–0
 |
Columbia, Missouri |
| January 17
 |  | Iowa State | **W** 25–24 | 2–0
(1–0) |
Columbia, Missouri |
| January 18
 |  | Iowa State | **W** 18–10 | 3–0
(2–0) |
Columbia, Missouri |
| January 19
 |  | at Washington University | **L** 12–29 | 3–1
(2–1) |
St. Louis, Missouri |
| January 20
 |  | at Washington University | **L** 14–31 | 3–2
(2–2) |
St. Louis, Missouri |
| February 8*
 |  | at Central Missouri | **L** 26–30 | 3–3
(2–2) |
Warrensburg, Missouri |
| February 9
 |  | at Kansas | **L** 16–27 | 3–4
(2–3) |
Lawrence, Kansas |
| February 10
 |  | at Kansas | **L** 21–31 | 3–5
(2–4) |
Lawrence, Kansas |
| February 12
 |  | Washington University | **W** 16–8 | 4–5
(3–4) |
Columbia, Missouri |
| February 13
 |  | Washington University | **L** 16–19 | 4–6
(3–5) |
Columbia, Missouri |
| February 15
 |  | at Drake | **W** 15–12 | 5–6
(4–5) |
Des Moines, Iowa |
| February 16
 |  | at Iowa State | **L** 9–27 | 5–7
(4–6) |
Ames, Iowa |
| February 17
 |  | at Iowa State | **L** 13–32 | 5–8
(4–7) |
Ames, Iowa |
| February 21
 |  | Kansas | **L** 24–39 | 5–9
(4–8) |
Columbia, Missouri |
| February 22
 |  | Kansas | **L** 26–32 | 5–10
(4–9) |
Columbia, Missouri |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from Coaches' Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Central Standard Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1911–12 Missouri Tigers men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Eight Conference |
| Record | 5–10 (4–9 MVIAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Rothwell Gymnasium |
|


title: 2008 Rally d'Italia Sardegna

abstract: The 2008 Rally d'Italia Sardegna is the sixth round of 2008 World Rally Championship season. The event began on May 16 in Olbia, Italy, and finished on May 18.

text:
# 2008 Rally d'Italia Sardegna

The **2008 Rally d'Italia Sardegna** is the sixth round of 2008 World Rally Championship season. The event began on May 16 in Olbia, Italy, and finished on May 18.

## Results

| Pos. | Driver | Co-driver | Car | Time | Difference | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WRC | | | | | | |
| 1 | Sébastien Loeb | Daniel Elena | Citroën C4 WRC | 3:57:17.2 | 0.0 | 10 |
| 2 | Mikko Hirvonen | Jarmo Lehtinen | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 3:57:27.8 | 10.6 | 8 |
| 3 | Jari-Matti Latvala | Miikka Anttila | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 3:57:32.5 | 15.3 | 6 |
| 4 | Gigi Galli | Giovanni Bernacchini | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 3:58:59.7 | 1:42.5 | 5 |
| 5 | Dani Sordo | Marc Marti | Citroën C4 WRC | 3:59:22.8 | 2:05.6 | 4 |
| 6 | Chris Atkinson | Stephane Prevot | Subaru Impreza WRC | 4:02:25.8 | 5:08.6 | 3 |
| 7 | Henning Solberg | Cato Menkerud | Ford Focus RS WRC 07 | 4:03:18.2 | 6:01.0 | 2 |
| 8 | Urmo Aava | Kuldar Sikk | Citroën C4 WRC | 4:03:38.5 | 6:21.3 | 1 |
|

## Special stages

All dates and times are CEST (UTC+2).

| Day | Stage | Time | Name | Length | Winner | Time | Rally leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1
(16 May) | SS1 | 10:23 | Monte Corvos 1 | 16.43km | Jari-Matti Latvala | 11:24.3 | Jari-Matti Latvala |
| | SS2 | 10:50 | Crastazza 1 | 33.96km | Sébastien Loeb | 23:56.1 | Sébastien Loeb |
| | SS3 | 12:07 | Terranova 1 | 15.39km | Sébastien Loeb | | 10:48.3 |
| | SS4 | 15:18 | Monte Corvos 2 | 16.43km | Gigi Galli | | 11:07.3 |
| | SS5 | 15:45 | Crastazza 2 | 33.96km | Sébastien Loeb | | 23:21.4 |
| | SS6 | 17:02 | Terranova 2 | 15.39km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 10:30.9 |
| 2
(17 May) | SS7 | 9:39 | Punta Pianedda 1 | 18.53km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 11:27.8 |
| | SS8 | 10:31 | Monte Lerno 1 | 29.31km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 19:46.3 |
| | SS9 | 11:16 | Su Filigosu 1 | 19.46km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 12:43.3 |
| | SS10 | 14:56 | Punta Pianedda 2 | 18.53km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 11:09.3 |
| | SS11 | 15.48 | Monte Lerno 2 | 29.31km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 19:19.9 |
| | SS12 | 16:33 | Su Filigosu 2 | 19.46km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 12:35.6 |
| 3
(18 May) | SS13 | 8:10 | Monte Olia 1 | 19.28km | Mikko Hirvonen | | 14:03.2 |
| | SS14 | 8:50 | Sorilis 1 | 18.66km | Sébastien Loeb | | 13:58.9 |
| | SS15 | 11:36 | Monte Olia 2 | 19.28km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 13:46.2 |
| | SS16 | 12:16 | Sorilis 2 | 18.66km | Mikko Hirvonen | | 13:45.0 |
| | SS17 | 14:10 | Liscia Ruja | 2.69km | Jari-Matti Latvala | | 1:54.8 |
|

## InfoBox

| 2008 Rally d'Italia Sardegna | |
| --- | --- |
| Round 6 of the 2008 World Rally Championship  Previous event Next event | |
| Host country | Italy |
| Rally base | Olbia, Italy |
| Dates run | May 16  18 2008 |
| Stages | 17 (344.73 km; 214.21 miles) |
| Stage surface | Gravel |
| Overall distance | 1,040.35 km (646.44 miles) |
| Statistics | |
| Crews | 57 at start, 39 at finish |
| Overall results | |
| Overall winner | Sébastien Loeb
Citroën Total World Rally Team |


abstract: 16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 333,000 copies in the US as of May 2013. It was also released under the title June Carter and Johnny Cash: Duets.

text:
# 16 Biggest Hits (Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***16 Biggest Hits*** is a 2006 Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash compilation album. It is part of a series of similar *16 Biggest Hits* albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 333,000 copies in the US as of May 2013. It was also released under the title **June Carter and Johnny Cash: Duets**.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "It Ain't Me Babe" | Bob Dylan | 3:04 |
| 2. | "Jackson" | Jerry Leiber, Billy Edd Wheeler | 2:46 |
| 3. | "Long-Legged Guitar Pickin' Man" | Marshall Grant | 2:35 |
| 4. | "Oh, What a Good Thing We Had" | June Carter Cash, Johnny Cash | 2:44 |
| 5. | "Darlin' Companion" | John Sebastian | 2:15 |
| 6. | "If I Were a Carpenter" | Tim Hardin | 3:01 |
| 7. | "'Cause I Love You" | Cash | 2:33 |
| 8. | "The Loving Gift" | Kris Kristofferson | 2:15 |
| 9. | "Help Me Make It Through the Night" | Kristofferson | 2:58 |
| 10. | "The Pine Tree" | Wheeler | 2:55 |
| 11. | "No Need to Worry" | J.S. Cooper, G.P. White | 2:51 |
| 12. | "Old Time Feeling" | Tom Jans, Will Jennings | 2:50 |
| 13. | "One Way Rider" | Rodney Crowell | 3:18 |
| 14. | "Brand New Dance" | Paul Kennerley | 3:26 |
| 15. | "Far Side Banks of Jordan" | Terry Smith | 2:42 |
| 16. | "It Takes One to Know Me" | Carlene Carter | 3:35 |

## Chart performance

*16 Biggest Hits* peaked at #26 on the U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart in 2006 and #126 on the *Billboard* 200.

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 26 |
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 126 |
|

## InfoBox

| 16 Biggest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash | |
| Released | February 21, 2006 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Legacy Recordings |
|  | |
| Johnny Cash chronology | |
| *June Carter and Johnny Cash: Duets*
(2006) ***16 Biggest Hits***
(2006) *Personal File*
(2006) | |
| June Carter Cash chronology | |
| *June Carter and Johnny Cash: Duets*
(2006) ***16 Biggest Hits***
(2006) *Early June*
(2006) | |
|  | |