title: 2012 Copa Argentina Final

abstract: The 2012 Copa Argentina Final was the 185th and final match of the 2011–12 Copa Argentina, the first edition of the national cup relaunched by AFA in 2011. It was played in single match between Boca Juniors and Racing Club, on August 8, 2012 at the Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario. The winner qualified to play the 2012 Copa Sudamericana. Boca Juniors won the match 2–1 with goals by strikers Santiago Silva and Lucas Viatri, achieving their 2nd. Copa Argentina title.

text:
# 2012 Copa Argentina Final

The **2012 Copa Argentina Final** was the 185th and final match of the 2011–12 Copa Argentina, the first edition of the national cup relaunched by AFA in 2011. It was played in single match between Boca Juniors and Racing Club, on August 8, 2012 at the Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario. The winner qualified to play the 2012 Copa Sudamericana.

Boca Juniors won the match 2–1 with goals by strikers Santiago Silva and Lucas Viatri, achieving their 2nd. Copa Argentina title.

## Qualified teams

| Team | Previous finals app. |
| --- | --- |
| Boca Juniors | 1 (**1969**) |
| Racing Club | None |

**Bold** indicates winning years

### Road to the final

| Boca Juniors | | | Round | Racing | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Venue | Score |  | Opponent | Venue | Score |
|  | | | Final Round |  | | |
| Santamarina | Salta | 1–1 (4–3 ) | Round of 64 | El Porvenir | San Juan | 2–0 |
| Central Córdoba (R) | San Juan | 2–0 | Round of 32 | Patronato | Salta | 3–1 |
| Olimpo | Catamarca | 1–1 (11–10 ) | Round of 16 | Sarmiento (R) | Resistencia | 2–0 |
| Rosario Central | San Juan | 1–1 (4–2 ) | Quarterfinals | Atlético Tucumán | Catamarca | 1–0 |
| Deportivo Merlo | Catamarca | 1–1 (5–4 ) | Semifinals | River Plate | Salta | 0–0 (5–4 ) |

## Match

### Details

2011–12 Copa Argentina Final

| Boca Juniors | 2–1 | Racing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Silva  21'
Viatri  62' | Report (1)
Report (2) | Viola  68' |

Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, San JuanReferee: Pablo Lunati

| **Assistant referees:**
Hernán Maidana
Sergio Viola
**Fourth official:**
Fernando Rapallini | **Match rules** |
| --- | --- |

### Statistics

## InfoBox

2012 Copa Argentina Final
| Estadio del Bicentenario, venue | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 2011–12 Copa Argentina |
|  | |
| Date | August 8, 2012 |
| Venue | Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, San Juan |
| Referee | Pablo Lunati |
|


title: Axiom's End

abstract: Axiom's End is a 2020 science fiction novel by American writer Lindsay Ellis. Set in 2007, the novel is about a U.S. government coverup of contact with extraterrestrial life. Axiom's End entered The New York Times Best Seller list at number 7. It is Ellis's debut novel.

text:
# Axiom's End

***Axiom's End*** is a 2020 science fiction novel by American writer Lindsay Ellis. Set in 2007, the novel is about a U.S. government coverup of contact with extraterrestrial life. *Axiom's End* entered *The New York Times* Best Seller list at number 7. It is Ellis's debut novel.

## Plot

In an alternate version of the United States in 2007, famous whistleblower Nils Ortega leverages his large online following to repeatedly attack the Bush administration, alleging a series of government cover-ups. The nature of Nils's work forced him to flee the country, abandoning his family. Nils's daughter, Cora Sabino, is a young college dropout living with her mother and her two younger siblings in Southern California, where her paternal aunt Luciana, a former federal agent, also resides. Cora's family find themselves under constant supervision by agents of the U.S. government, including a high-ranking CIA official named Sol Kaplan.

Following a meteor strike not far from where they live, Cora's family is abducted by government agents while Cora flees from a monstrous alien creature that broke into their house at night. The alien eventually catches Cora, implanting a tracking and communication device into her, using her as a human puppet to launch an infiltration of the Googleplex for unknown reasons. This infiltration fails when a mysterious pulse of energy knocks out the alien controlling Cora. It is revealed that the alien came to Earth to figure out how another member of his species died while being held in captivity by the government. Cora and the alien strike a wary alliance, as Cora wants to reunite with her abducted family members while the alien needs a human interpreter. Cora names the alien Ampersand, after the government's leaked codename for the meteor. Cora contacts Luciana in an attempt to convey Ampersand to his fellow aliens, called "amygdalines," who are being held in the Cheyenne Mountain Complex. Ampersand bonds with Cora as she attempts to create translations between the amygdaline language, called "Pequod-phonemic," and English. Ampersand reveals to Cora that the majority of amygdaline "Oligarchs" voted to commit planetary genocide against an alien race, against the wishes of Ampersand and a sole few other Oligarchs. It was determined that the dissenting Oligarchs, including Ampersand, were genetically defective, causing their flight to Earth with "the Genome," a mysterious package of genetic information. Ampersand notes that, within a few centuries, the amygdaline race will likely attempt genocide against humanity as well.

Nils and his followers continue to attack the government, embroiling George W. Bush in a scandal around an alleged attempt to cover up first contact with an alien species. Amidst a public outcry, Bush resigns, and Dick Cheney is sworn in as president. Cora and Ampersand argue over cultural differences between humans and amygdalines, and Cora storms off. Meanwhile, a hostile amygdaline, Obelus, arrives at Cheyenne Mountain and attacks the facility. Cora escapes with the Genome, but Ampersand and the other amygdalines are lost. In transit, the Genome hatches from its egg, revealing itself to be a fragile, newborn amygdaline. After surviving a car crash and severe injuries, Cora leaves the Genome with Luciana and attempts to track down Ampersand. Upon meeting with Cora, Ampersand heals her wounds, makes amends, then urges her to leave him for her own safety. She begins to do so, but doubles back when she realizes that Obelus has found Ampersand and is attempting to negotiate. Eavesdropping on their conversation, Cora discovers that Ampersand and Obelus are pair-bonded. Obelus abducts Cora and the other amygdalines as insurance in exchange for Ampersand bringing Obelus the Genome. Amidst an altercation between Cora and Obelus's guards, she is badly injured. Upon waking up, she realizes that Ampersand has arrived with the Genome, but is refusing to turn it over. Ampersand telepathically instructs Cora to run while he detonates an energy pulse which knocks all the amygdalines unconscious. In an outburst of anger, Cora attempts to kill the dazed Obelus with a garden shovel. Obelus overpowers and severely wounds both Cora and the Genome before they are transported away by Ampersand. While healing Cora, Ampersand tells her that he is bonded too closely with Obelus to allow Cora to kill him. The Genome dies, and Obelus appears, having quickly tracked down Ampersand and Cora. Suspicious that Obelus is genetically defective, and prompted by a tip from Cora, Obelus's guards attack and kill Obelus. Ampersand escapes carrying the still-wounded Cora. The guards deliberate and, having killed their superior, quickly evacuate the planet. Cora sees Ampersand standing over Obelus's body before she falls unconscious.

Cora awakes in a hospital, attended to by her mother and siblings, who have been released from government custody after Nils publicizes their abduction. Luciana mentions that Cora was dropped off at the hospital by an unknown entity. That night, Ampersand appears in Cora's hospital room and, at her request, curls up next to her. Ampersand reveals that, in a moment of desperation, he pair-bonded with Cora in order to track her when she was under Obelus's arrest. Strongly affected by the revelation that they have pair-bonded, Cora asks Ampersand not to leave her. Though he agrees, he notes that, given their disparate constitutions, they will never truly know each other.

## Release

The book was released as an audiobook by Macmillan Audio, with narration by Abigail Thorn and Stephanie Willis. It was nominated for an Audie Award for Science Fiction in 2021.

## Reception

Reviewers praised *Axiom's End*'s fast pace and cultural commentary. *Pajiba* said it is "less about action than an exploration of communication across boundaries both human and deeply inhuman," and praised Ellis's handling of the book's themes, and that her "well-trained eye for the oddities and political edges of various cultural contexts comes in very handy." Ryan Britt of *Syfy Wire* said that Ellis's authorial voice serves to "demystify" the story's central concepts: "Luckily, unlike so many 'big idea' sci-fi books, it's utterly unpretentious." John Hickman of *Like the Dew* noted that the novel moves readers from a pessimistic to an optimistic astrobiology assessment of First Contact. *Kirkus Reviews* said the book "uses first contact to interrogate our tendencies toward xenophobia and prejudice and challenge our conceptions of what humanity means" and that it is "solid" but unpolished. Other critiques focused on the novel's conclusion, which balances tying up the story's events while setting up a sequel.

According to the review aggregator Book Marks, *Axiom's End* received "positive" reviews, based on 7 reviews.

## Sequels

In a video uploaded to YouTube on July 19, 2020, Ellis announced that the second and third books in the *Axiom's End* series would be released in summer 2021 and 2022. The second novel, *Truth of the Divine*, was published in October 2021. *Apostles of Mercy*, the third book, was published on June 4, 2024, the third book out of five.

## InfoBox

Axiom's End
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lindsay Ellis |
| Audio read by |  |
| Language | English |
| Series | Noumena |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Published | July 21, 2020 |
| Publisher | St. Martin's Press |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 384 |
| ISBN | 978-1250256737 |
| Followed by | *Truth of the Divine* |


title: 2009–10 HNK Hajduk Split season

abstract: The 2009–10 season was the 99th season in Hajduk Split’s history and their nineteenth in the Prva HNL. Their 2nd place finish in the 2008–09 season meant it was their 19th successive season playing in the Prva HNL.

text:
# 2009–10 HNK Hajduk Split season

The **2009–10 season** was the 99th season in **Hajduk Split**’s history and their nineteenth in the Prva HNL. Their 2nd place finish in the 2008–09 season meant it was their 19th successive season playing in the Prva HNL.

## First-team squad

*As of 7 October 2009*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  CRO Danijel Subašić  2 MF  CRO Jure Obšivač  3 MF  CRO Toni Pezo  4 DF  CRO Anthony Šerić  5 DF  CRO Jurica Buljat  6 DF  CRO Ivo Smoje  7 DF  CRO Hrvoje Vejić  8 MF  CRO Krešo Ljubičić  9 FW  CRO Ahmad Sharbini  10 MF  BIH Senijad Ibričić  11 MF  CRO Srđan Andrić *(captain)*  12 GK  CRO Vjekoslav Tomić  13 FW  CRO Ante Vukušić  14 MF  CRO Marin Tomasov  15 FW  CRO Mario Sačer  16 DF  BRA Thiaguinho *(on loan from Grêmio)* | No. Pos. Nation Player  17 DF  CRO Ivan Strinić  18 MF  CRO Mirko Oremuš  19 DF  CRO Marijan Buljat  20 MF  AUS Josip Skoko *(vice-captain)*  21 FW  CRO Ivan Rodić  22 DF  CRO Mario Maloča  23 DF  CRO Ante Aračić  24 MF  CRO Mario Tičinović  25 GK  CRO Dante Stipica  26 MF  CRO Goran Rubil  28 DF  BIH Boris Pandža  29 MF  CRO Dario Jertec  30 FW  BRA Rafael Paraíba *(on loan from Grêmio)*  50 MF  ROU Florin Cernat  90 FW  CRO Duje Čop  99 MF  CRO Anas Sharbini |
| --- | --- |

## Competitions

### Overall record

Performance by competition
| Competition | Starting round | Final position/round | First match | Last match |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prva HNL |  | Runners-up | 25 July 2009 | 13 May 2010 |
| Croatian Football Cup | First round | **Winners** | 23 September 2009 | 5 May 2010 |
| UEFA Europa League | Third qualifying round | | 30 July 2009 | 6 August 2009 |
|

Statistics by competition
| Competition | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prva HNL | 30 | 17 | 7 | 6 | 50 | 21 | +29 | 056.67 |
| Croatian Football Cup | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 19 | 6 | +13 | 075.00 |
| UEFA Europa League | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 000.00 |
| **Total** | 40 | 23 | 10 | 7 | 70 | 29 | +41 | 057.50 |

### Prva HNL

#### Classification

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dinamo Zagreb (C) | 30 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 70 | 20 | +50 | 62 | Qualification to Champions League second qualifying round |
| 2 | Hajduk Split | 30 | 17 | 7 | 6 | 50 | 21 | +29 | 58 | Qualification to Europa League third qualifying round |
| 3 | Cibalia | 30 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 46 | 20 | +26 | 57 | Qualification to Europa League second qualifying round |
| 4 | Šibenik | 30 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 34 | 37 | 3 | 50 | Qualification to Europa League first qualifying round |
| 5 | Osijek | 30 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 49 | 36 | +13 | 47 |  |

Source: Sportnet.hr
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
For deciding champions, qualification to UEFA Europa League and relegation: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head points; 3rd head-to-head goal difference; 4th head-to-head away goals scored.
(C) Champions
Notes:

#### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 30 | 17 | 7 | 6 | 50 | 21 | +29 | 58 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 30 | 8 | +22 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 13 | +7 |

Last updated: 13 May 2010.
Source: Sportnet.hr

#### Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Result | D | L | L | D | L | W | W | W | D | W | L | L | W | D | W | W | W | W | W | D | L | W | D | W | W | W | W | D | W | W |
| Position | 6 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 |

Source: Competitive matches
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

#### Results by opponent

| Team | Results | | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | 2 | |
| Cibalia | 0–0 | 2–1 | 4 |
| Croatia Sesvete | 6–0 | 5–2 | 6 |
| Dinamo Zagreb | 2–1 | 0–0 | 4 |
| Inter Zaprešić | 2–2 | 3–0 | 4 |
| Istra 1961 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 6 |
| Karlovac | 0–1 | 1–0 | 3 |
| Lokomotiva | 1–0 | 1–2 | 3 |
| Međimurje | 1–1 | 4–1 | 4 |
| Osijek | 1–1 | 1–0 | 4 |
| Rijeka | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1 |
| Šibenik | 0–1 | 1–0 | 3 |
| Slaven Belupo | 1–2 | 5–0 | 3 |
| Varteks | 3–0 | 2–0 | 6 |
| Zadar | 0–1 | 2–1 | 3 |
| NK Zagreb | 2–0 | 1–1 | 4 |

Source: 2009–10 Croatian First Football League article

## Matches

### Friendlies

#### Pre-season

| Match | Date
 | Venue
 | Opponent
 | Score
 | Attendance
 | Hajduk Scorers | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 19 Jun |  | Libya U–21 | 1 – 1 | 0 | Oremuš | HRnogomet.com |
| 2 | 25 Jun | A | Stein Allerheiligen | 3 – 2 | 600 | Tomasov, Brkljača, Vukušić | HRnogomet.com |
| 3 | 27 Jun |  | Nafta Lendava | 0 – 1 | 2,000 |  | HRnogomet.com |
| 4 | 1 Jul | N | Baku | 1 – 1 | 100 | Rafael Paraíba | HRnogomet.com |
| 5 | 3 Jul |  | Domžale | 1 – 0 | 500 | Ibričić | HRnogomet.com |
| 6 | 8 Jul |  | Ried | 2 – 1 | 2,500 | Gabrić, Ibričić | HRnogomet.com |
| 7 | 11 Jul |  | Vorwärts Steyr | 3 – 1 | 3,500 | Ibričić, Tomasov (2) | hajduk.hr |
| 8 | 22 Jul |  | Dugopolje | 2 – 0 | 5,300 | Ibričić, Cernat | hajduk.hr |

##### Trokut turnir (18 July)

| Match | Venue
 | Opponent
 | Score
 | Attendance
 | Hajduk Scorers | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Nacional | 0 – 1 | 7,000 |  | hajduk.hr |
| 2 |  | Blackburn | 1 – 0 | 8,000 | Ibričić | hajduk.hr |

#### On-season

| Match | Date
 | Venue
 | Opponent
 | Score
 | Attendance
 | Hajduk Scorers | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 11 Aug |  | RNK Split | 2 – 1 | 5,000 | Vejić, Vukušić | hajduk.hr |
| 2 | 3 Sep | A | Solin | 0 – 1 | 1,500 |  | hajduk.hr |
| 3 | 15 Sep |  | British Army | 9 – 1 | 500 | Rodić, Smoje (2), Jertec (2), Sačer, Tokić, Barač | hajduk.hr |
| 4 | 6 Oct | A | Urania Baška Voda | 0 – 0 (abd.) |  |  | hajduk.hr |
| 5 | 14 Nov |  | Poljičanin 1921 | 4 – 0 | No reports for this match | | |
| 5 | 17 Nov | A | Primorac (BnM) | 2 – 1 | 2,500 | Tomasov, Čop | hajduk.hr |

#### Mid-season

| Match | Date
 | Venue
 | Opponent
 | Score
 | Attendance
 | Hajduk Scorers | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 20 Jan | N | Málaga B | 3 – 1 |  | Vukušić, Lendrić, Ah. Sharbini | hajduk.hr |
| 2 | 23 Jan | N | Arka Gdynia | 1 – 2 | 50 | Lendrić | hajduk.hr |
| 3 | 26 Jan | N | Young Boys | 2 – 1 | 50 | Ibričić, Čop | hajduk.hr |
| 4 | 29 Jan | N | Austria Wien | 3 – 3 | 50 | Vukušić (2), Tomasov | hajduk.hr |
| 5 | 30 Jan | N | Legia Warsaw | 1 – 0 | 50 | Ah. Sharbini | hajduk.hr |
| 6 | 10 Feb |  | Junak Sinj | 3 – 2 | 1,000 | Livaja, Matas (o.g.), Tomasov | hajduk.hr |
| 7 | 13 Feb |  | Željezničar | 0 – 0 | 6,500 |  | hajduk.hr |
| 8 | 17 Feb | A | Glavice | 6 – 1 | 800 | Vukušić (4), Zulim, Jozinović | hajduk.hr |
| 9 | 18 Feb | A | Primorac (BnM) | 3 – 3 | 600 | Ah. Sharbini, Mišlov (o.g.), Ibričić | hajduk.hr |
| 10 | 21 Feb | N | Zadar | 1 – 2 | 1,500 | Tomasov | hajduk.hr |

### Prva HNL

| 25 July 2009 1 | **Osijek** | **1–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Osijek |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Jugović  56' | Report | Pranjić  87' (o.g.) | Stadium: Stadion Gradski vrt
Attendance: 5,000
Referee: Marin Mlinar (Zagreb) |

| 2 August 2009 2 | **Hajduk Split** | **0–1** | **Zadar** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Šaranović  68' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 0
Referee: Ivo Krečak (Šibenik) |

| 9 August 2009 3 | **Slaven Belupo** | **2–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Koprivnica |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Posavec  69'
Jurić  71' | Report | Ibričić  38' | Stadium: Gradski stadion
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: Alan Gerek (Zabok) |

| 15 August 2009 4 | **Hajduk Split** | **2–2** | **Inter Zaprešić** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Tičinović  31'
Ibričić  69' (pen.) | Report | Jonjić  18'
Šarić  22' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 3,500
Referee: Domagoj Vučkov (Rijeka) |

| 23 August 2009 | **Rijeka** | **2–0** | **Hajduk Split** | Rijeka |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Fernández  14' (pen.), 34' (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Kantrida
Attendance: 7,000
Referee: Damir Batinić (Osijek) |

| 29 August 2009 6 | **Hajduk Split** | **1–0** | **Lokomotiva** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Ibričić  60' (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: Danijel Trampus (Osijek) |

| 13 September 2009 7 | **Varteks** | **0–3** | **Hajduk Split** | Varaždin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Oremuš  30'
Šerić  53'
An. Sharbini  84' (pen.) | Stadium: Stadion Varteks
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: Ivan Bebek (Rijeka) |

| 19 September 2009 8 | **Hajduk Split** | **2–0** | **NK Zagreb** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) | An. Sharbini  54'
Pandža  64' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 8,000
Referee: Goran Proleta (Opuzen) |

| 27 September 2009 9 | **Cibalia** | **0–0** | **Hajduk Split** | Vinkovci |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Skoko  22' | Stadium: Stadion HNK Cibalia
Attendance: 7,000
Referee: Domagoj Vučkov (Rijeka) |

| 3 October 2009 10 | **Istra 1961** | **0–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Rijeka |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Vukušić  22' | Stadium: Stadion Kantrida
Attendance: 2,500
Referee: Draženko Kovačić (Križevci) |

| 18 October 2009 11 | **Hajduk Split** | **0–1** | **Šibenik** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Zec  43' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 5,000
Referee: Andrej Burilo (Osijek) |

| 24 October 2009 12 | **Karlovac** | **1–0** | **Hajduk Split** | Karlovac |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:45 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Redžepi  71' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Branko Čavlović-Čavlek
Attendance: 5,000
Referee: Igor Pristovnik (Zagreb) |

| 31 October 2009 13 | **Hajduk Split** | **2–1** | **Dinamo Zagreb** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 CET (UTC+01:00) | Lovren  44' (o.g.)
Strinić  48'
Pandža  54'  55' | Report | Sivonjić  45'
Sammir  90+3' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Damir Batinić (Osijek) |

| 7 November 2009 14 | **Međimurje** | **1–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Čakovec |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:30 CET (UTC+01:00) | Golubović  36' | Report | Ibričić  7' | Stadium: Stadion SRC Mladost
Attendance: 3,500
Referee: Vlado Svilokos (Sisak) |

| 21 November 2009 15 | **Hajduk Split** | **6–0** | **Croatia Sesvete** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:30 CET (UTC+01:00) | Vejić  20'
Ibričić  44', 73'
Rafael Paraíba  52'
Vukušić  76'
An. Sharbini  84' (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: Šime Bugarija (Bibinje) |

| 28 November 2009 16 | **Hajduk Split** | **1–0** | **Osijek** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CET (UTC+01:00) | Ibričić  85' (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Ivan Bebek (Rijeka) |

| 5 December 2009 17 | **Zadar** | **1–2** | **Hajduk Split** | Zadar |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:30 CET (UTC+01:00) | Mršić  71' | Report | Skočibušić  2' (o.g.)
Čop  68' | Stadium: Stadion Stanovi
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Dalibor Mlakar (Zagreb) |

| 28 February 2010 18 | **Hajduk Split** | **5–0** | **Slaven Belupo** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 CET (UTC+01:00) | Andrić  49'
Tomasov  53'
Vukušić  64'
Strinić  73'
Cernat  82' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: Dalibor Mlakar (Zagreb) |

| 6 March 2010 19 | **Inter Zaprešić** | **0–3** | **Hajduk Split** | Zaprešić |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 CET (UTC+01:00) |  | Report | Strinić  18'
Ibričić  60', 82' | Stadium: Stadion ŠRC Zaprešić
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: Draženko Kovaćić (Križevci) |

| 13 March 2010 20 | **Hajduk Split** | **1–1** | **Rijeka** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CET (UTC+01:00) | Skoko  74' | Report | Kreilach  88' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 10,000
Referee: Andrej Burilo (Osijek) |

| 20 March 2010 21 | **Lokomotiva** | **2–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 CET (UTC+01:00) | Rubil  9' (o.g.)
Bule  45' (pen.) | Report | Vukušić  16' | Stadium: Stadion Maksimir
Attendance: 1,100
Referee: Vlado Svilokos (Sisak) |

| 27 March 2010 22 | **Hajduk Split** | **2–0** | **Varteks** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 CET (UTC+01:00) | Vukušić  42'
Ibričić  52' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Bruno Marić (Daruvar) |

| 2 April 2010 23 | **NK Zagreb** | **1–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Ljubojević  84' | Report | Strinić  52' | Stadium: Stadion Kranjčevićeva
Attendance: 5,000
Referee: Alen Gerek (Zabok) |

| 10 April 2010 24 | **Hajduk Split** | **2–1** | **Cibalia** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Tičinović  66'
Vukušić  86' | Report | Kresinger  63' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Draženko Kovačić (Križevci) |

| 14 April 2010 25 | **Hajduk Split** | **1–0** | **Istra 1961** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Ibričić  78' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Marko Matoc (Zaprešić) |

| 17 April 2010 26 | **Šibenik** | **0–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Šibenik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Ibričić  53' | Stadium: Stadion Šubićevac
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Domagoj Ljubičić (Osijek) |

| 24 April 2010 27 | **Hajduk Split** | **1–0** | **Karlovac** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Ibričić  77' (pen.) | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 3,500
Referee: Domagoj Ljubičić (Osijek) |

| 1 May 2010 28 | **Dinamo Zagreb** | **0–0** | **Hajduk Split** | Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:15 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Maksimir
Attendance: 13,000
Referee: Vlado Svilokos (Sisak) |

| 8 May 2010 29 | **Hajduk Split** | **4–1** | **Međimurje** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 18:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Jozinović  45+1'
Tomasov  56'
Čop  70'
Ibričić  78' | Report | Grgić  81' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,500
Referee: Davor Grizelj (Vinkovci) |

| 13 May 2010 30 | **Croatia Sesvete** | **2–5** | **Hajduk Split** | Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Zubak  27'
Pejić  89' | Report | Ibričić  42', 78', 90+1'
Cernat  49'
Čop  87' | Stadium: Stadion Kranjčevićeva
Attendance: 800
Referee: Damir Batinić (Osijek) |

Source: HRnogomet.com

### Croatian Football Cup

| 23 September 2009 R1 | **Lipik** | **3–5** | **Hajduk Split** | Lipik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Šimunović  24', 42'
Baltić  44' | Report | Ibričić  26' (pen.), 59', 71'
Cernat  55'
Vukušić  75' | Stadium: Stadion NK Lipik
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: Domagoj Ljubičić (Osijek) |

| 28 October 2009 R2 | **Hajduk Split** | **5–1** | **Moslavina** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 CET (UTC+01:00) | Čop  19', 63', 78'
Tičinović  37'
Jertec  71' | Report | Iveković  35' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 2,500
Referee: Mario Zebec (Cestica) |

| 25 November 2009 QF | **NK Zagreb** | **0–0** | **Hajduk Split** | Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 CET (UTC+01:00) |  | Report | Vejić  59'  83' | Stadium: Stadion Kranjčevićeva
Attendance: 2,500
Referee: Ivan Bebek (Rijeka) |

| 9 December 2009 QF | **Hajduk Split** | **4–1**
(**4–1** agg.) | **NK Zagreb** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 CET (UTC+01:00) | Tičinović  39', 53'
Andrić  58'
Ibričić  74' | Report | Jurendić  69' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 4,000
Referee: Vlado Svilokos (Sisak) |

| 24 March 2010 SF | **Dinamo Zagreb** | **0–0** | **Hajduk Split** | Zagreb |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:30 CET (UTC+01:00) |  | Report | Buljat  75'  80' | Stadium: Stadion Maksimir
Attendance: 13,000
Referee: Igor Križarić (Čakovec) |

| 7 April 2010 SF | **Hajduk Split** | **1–0**
(**1–0** agg.) | **Dinamo Zagreb** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Ibričić  51' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 30,000
Referee: Andrej Burilo (Osijek) |

| 21 April 2010 Final | **Hajduk Split** | **2–1** | **Šibenik** | Split |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Tičinović  62'
Ibričić  88' | Report | Zec  65' (pen.) | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 15,000
Referee: Draženko Kovačić (Križevci) |

| 5 May 2010 Final | **Šibenik** | **0–2**
(**1–4** agg.) | **Hajduk Split** | Šibenik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Vukušić  16'
Ibričić  90+3' (pen.) | Stadium: Stadion Šubićevac
Attendance: 5,500
Referee: Domagoj Vučkov (Rijeka) |

Source: HRnogomet.com

### Europa League

#### Third qualifying round

| 30 July 2009 First leg | **Žilina** | **1–1** | **Hajduk Split** | Žilina, Slovakia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:30 CEST (UTC+02:00) | Kobylík  73' (pen.) | Report | Rafael Paraíba  52' | Stadium: Štadión pod Dubňom
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: Anastassios Kakos (Greece) |

| 6 August 2009 Second leg | **Hajduk Split** | **0–1**
(**1–2** agg.) | **Žilina** | Split, Croatia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21:00 CEST (UTC+02:00) |  | Report | Lietava  76' | Stadium: Stadion Poljud
Attendance: 25,000
Referee: Bas Nijhuis (Netherlands) |

Source: uefa.com

## Player seasonal records

*Competitive matches only. Updated to games played 13 May 2010.*

### Top scorers

| Rank | Name | League | Europe | Cup | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Senijad Ibričić | 17 |  | 7 | **24** |
| 2 | Ante Vukušić | 6 |  | 2 | **8** |
| 3 | Duje Čop | 3 |  | 3 | **6** |
| | Mario Tičinović | 2 |  | 4 | **6** |
| 5 | Ivan Strinić | 4 |  |  | **4** |
| 6 | Anas Sharbini | 3 |  |  | **3** |
| | Florin Cernat | 2 |  | 1 | **3** |
| 8 | Marin Tomasov | 2 |  |  | **2** |
| | Srđan Andrić | 1 |  | 1 | **2** |
| | Rafael Paraíba | 1 | 1 |  | **2** |
| 11 | Goran Jozinović | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| | Mirko Oremuš | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| | Boris Pandža | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| | Josip Skoko | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| | Anthony Šerić | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| | Hrvoje Vejić | 1 |  |  | **1** |
| | Dario Jertec |  |  | 1 | **1** |
|  | Own goals | 3 |  |  | **3** |
|  | **TOTALS** | **50** | **1** | **19** | **70** |

Source: Competitive matches

### Appearances and goals

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Prva HNL | | Europa League | | Croatian Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 1 | GK | CRO | Danijel Subašić | 36 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 2 | MF | CRO | Jure Obšivač | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | MF | CRO | Franko Andrijašević | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | MF | CRO | Toni Pezo | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | DF | CRO | Anthony Šerić | 16 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 5 | DF | CRO | Jurica Buljat | 17 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 6 | DF | CRO | Ivo Smoje | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 7 | DF | CRO | Hrvoje Vejić | 15 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 8 | MF | CRO | Krešo Ljubičić | 8 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 9 | FW | CRO | Ahmad Sharbini | 10 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 10 | MF | BIH | Senijad Ibričić | 38 | 24 | 29 | 17 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 7 |
| 11 | MF | CRO | Srđan Andrić | 22 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 |
| 12 | GK | CRO | Vjekoslav Tomić | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 13 | FW | CRO | Ante Vukušić | 30 | 8 | 22 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2 |
| 14 | MF | CRO | Marin Tomasov | 29 | 2 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| 15 | MF | CRO | Drago Gabrić | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 16 | DF | CRO | Goran Jozinović | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 17 | DF | CRO | Ivan Strinić | 29 | 4 | 22 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 18 | MF | CRO | Mirko Oremuš | 34 | 1 | 26 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 19 | DF | CRO | Marijan Buljat | 9 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 20 | MF | AUS | Josip Skoko | 31 | 1 | 23 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 21 | FW | CRO | Ivan Rodić | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 22 | DF | CRO | Mario Maloča | 28 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 24 | MF | CRO | Mario Tičinović | 24 | 6 | 17 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 4 |
| 25 | GK | CRO | Dante Stipica | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 26 | MF | CRO | Goran Rubil | 26 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 27 | MF | CRO | Mario Brkljača | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 27 | DF | CRO | Matej Jonjić | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 28 | DF | BIH | Boris Pandža | 27 | 1 | 19 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 29 | MF | CRO | Dario Jertec | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| 30 | FW | BRA | Rafael Paraíba | 11 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 30 | MF | CRO | Marin Ljubičić | 12 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 50 | MF | ROU | Florin Cernat | 31 | 3 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
| 90 | FW | CRO | Duje Čop | 14 | 6 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 |
| 99 | MF | CRO | Anas Sharbini | 25 | 3 | 21 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |

1. "Gledatelji po klubovima 2009-2010". *HRnogomet.com*. Retrieved 15 April 2016.

## External sources

## InfoBox

Hajduk Split
| 2009–10 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Mate Peroš
(until 7 August 2009)
Joško Svaguša
(from 8 August 2009) |
| Manager | Ante Miše
(until 2 August 2009)
Ivica Kalinić
(from 3 August
to 18 August 2009)
Edoardo Reja
(from 18 August 2009
to 9 February 2010)
Stanko Poklepović
(from 12 February 2010) |
| Prva HNL | 2nd |
| Croatian Cup | **Winners** |
| Europa League | Third qualifying round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Senijad Ibričić (17)
All: Senijad Ibričić (24) |
| Highest home attendance | 30,000 vs Dinamo Zagreb
(7 April 2010) |
| Lowest home attendance | 0 vs Zadar
(2 August 2009) |
| Average home league attendance | 4,633 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


# 1989 Florida's 18th congressional district special election

A special election to determine the member of the United States House of Representatives for Florida's 18th congressional district was held on August 29, 1989. Republican Ileana Ros-Lehtinen defeated Democrat Gerald Richman in the runoff vote, 53.14% to 46.85%. Ros-Lehtinen replaced Claude Pepper, who died in office from stomach cancer.

Changing demographics in Florida's 18th congressional district had moved the largely white district into a 40% Cuban American district. The election campaign followed this trend as the campaign was dominated by discussions of race after Republican National Chairman Lee Atwater declared that the district should become the "Cuban American seat". Democrat Gerald Richman ran a campaign with the slogan "This is an American seat" in response to Atwater's comments, and both Ros-Lehtinen and Richman appealed to their respective racial bases in the general. Ros-Lehtinen won a competitive campaign to flip the seat, and became the first Cuban American to serve in Congress.

## Background

United States Congressman Claude Pepper died in office from stomach cancer on May 30, 1989, after serving in the House for over a quarter century, opening up a special election to fill his seat. Pepper had previously served as a U.S. Senator from Florida as well and was seen as a lion of the U.S. Congress. Pepper's reputation and length of service had insulated him from the racial splits that existed in his district, and *The New York Times* noted that he had been able to bridge the gap inside of the district. The district had moved from a largely white district into a 40% Cuban American district. Florida Governor Bob Martinez announced the special election schedule the day after Pepper's burial.

## Republican primary

### Candidates

#### Declared

### Summary

Early coverage on the Republican primary named State Senator Ileana Ros-Lehtinen as the favorite to win the Republican nomination. Jeb Bush managed Ros-Lehtinen's campaign. After Pepper's death, Republican National Committee chairman Lee Atwater declared that the seat should become a "Cuban American seat" and immediately caused controversy with the comment. Challengers other than Ros-Lehtinen included: Carlos Perez, a business owner who had been highlighted in Ronald Reagan's State of the Union address; David Fleischer, an insurance broker who decided to run after Atwater's comments; and John Stembridge, a furniture store owner who claimed that Pepper "was like an adopted father to me and I felt like he was personally grooming me to take his place".

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen won the primary with more than 80% of the vote, winning every precinct and avoiding a runoff. "We're quite humbled and really flabbergasted," Ros-Lehtinen said at her surprise of winning the primary by such a wide margin.

Republican primary results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Ileana Ros-Lehtinen** | **16,873** | **82.80** |
|  | Republican | Carlos Perez | 2,251 | 11.05 |
|  | Republican | David Fleischer | 691 | 3.39 |
|  | Republican | John Stembridge | 563 | 2.76 |
| Total votes | | | **20,578** | **100** |

## Democratic primary

### Declared

### Withdrew

### Summary

The Democratic primary was much more chaotic than the Republican one. After Lee Atwater announced that the district should become a "Cuban American seat", early Democratic favorite Jack Gordon dropped out after two days, stating that he refused to run a campaign that would have to be about "stopping the Cubans". Rosario Kennedy, a Miami City Commissioner, was handicapped as the initial favorite. In a first-round upset, Gerald Richman, the former President of the Florida Bar, beat Kennedy by 146 votes. Both advanced to the runoff.

The runoff campaign was dominated by controversial discussions of race. Richman repeatedly said, "This is an American seat" in reaction to Atwater's comments. Jo Ann Pepper, Marvin Dunn, and Sonny Wright, who split the African American neighborhoods in the district, all endorsed Kennedy. *The Miami Herald* endorsed Kennedy and called Richman's campaign "naked, deliberate, bigotry". Richman easily won the runoff over Kennedy, dominating in white and Jewish neighborhoods. The results split starkly among racial lines and after Richman's win, Kennedy refused to endorse him.

Democratic primary results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gerald Richman** | **5,794** | **27.98** |
|  | **Democratic** | **Rosario Kennedy** | **5,635** | **27.21** |
|  | Democratic | Jo Ann Pepper | 5,071 | 24.49 |
|  | Democratic | Marvin Dunn | 1,713 | 8.27 |
|  | Democratic | Sonny Wright | 1,516 | 7.32 |
|  | Democratic | Bernard "Bernie" Anscher | 703 | 3.39 |
|  | Democratic | John Paul Rosser | 280 | 1.35 |
| Total votes | | | **21,868** | **100** |

Democratic runoff results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Gerald Richman** | **14,411** | **60.97** |
|  | Democratic | Rosario Kennedy | 9,226 | 39.03 |
| Total votes | | | **23,640** | **100** |

## General election

The racial themes from both primaries continued throughout the general election. Richman's campaign came under continued fire for his "This is an American seat" slogan, while Ros-Lehtinen's campaign was criticized for a Spanish language brochure which emphasized Richman's Jewish religion. Richman spent more than $300,000 of his own money on his campaign. Ros-Lehtinen called Richman and his campaign bigoted and refused to appear at any debates or events with him. A poll by *The Miami Herald* found that 28 out of every 29 Cuban American voters supported Ros-Lehtinen while 24 of every 25 Jewish voters supported Richman, regardless of normal political ideology and leanings. National Republicans came to support Ros-Lehtinen, including President George H. W. Bush who hosted a fundraiser for her campaign and appeared jointly with her.

Ros-Lehtinen won the seat with a six-point margin, 53 to 47 percent. Voter turnout matched strongly with ethnic lines. According to exit polling, approximately 60 percent of the district's Hispanic voters turned out, while only 40 percent of the Anglos and 34 percent of the African Americans did so. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen became the first Latina and the first Cuban American to serve in Congress after this victory. After the election, the Anti-Defamation League called for a "healing process" for the communities of the district and described the election as a "dark moment". Both campaigns were censured by the Fair Campaigns Practices Committee, a watchdog group, for the racially tinged campaigns they ran.

Special election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Ileana Ros-Lehtinen** | **49,638** | **53.14%** | **+53.14%** |
|  | Democratic | Gerald Richman | 43,759 | 46.85% | −53.14% |
| Total votes | | | **93,397** | **100.0%** |  |
| Majority | | | 5,874 | 6.29% |  |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | Swing | 53.14% |  |

## InfoBox

1989 Florida's 18th congressional district special election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  Florida's 18th congressional district | |
| Nominee **Ileana Ros-Lehtinen** Gerald Richman   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **49,638** 43,759  Percentage **53.14%** 46.85% | |
| ---  **U.S. Representative before election**
Claude Pepper
Democratic **Elected U.S. Representative**
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Republican | |


abstract: To begin a highly touted year, the 2007 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team traveled to Europe and played a few European teams going 4–1 against them. The Vols were hurt when sophomore forward Duke Crews was suspended. Crews suffered a 30-day suspension, and then missed both exhibition games with an ankle injury. Tennessee's first exhibition game was against the California-Pennsylvania Vulcans, winning handily, 106–46. Crews also missed about a month due to heart problems. The Vols finished 31–5, winning the SEC regular season championship, for the first time since 2000, but the Vols lost in the 3rd round of both the SEC and NCAA Tournament.

text:
# 2007–08 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team

2007–08 Southeastern Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| East | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 5 Tennessee | 14 |  | 2 |  | .875 |  |  | 31 |  | 5 |  | .861 |
| Kentucky | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |  |  | 18 |  | 13 |  | .581 |
| No. 19 Vanderbilt | 10 |  | 6 |  | .625 |  |  | 26 |  | 8 |  | .765 |
| Florida | 8 |  | 8 |  | .500 |  |  | 24 |  | 12 |  | .667 |
| South Carolina | 5 |  | 11 |  | .313 |  |  | 14 |  | 18 |  | .438 |
| Georgia | 4 |  | 12 |  | .250 |  |  | 17 |  | 17 |  | .500 |
| West | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mississippi State | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |  |  | 23 |  | 11 |  | .676 |
| Arkansas | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 23 |  | 12 |  | .657 |
| Ole Miss | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 24 |  | 11 |  | .686 |
| LSU | 6 |  | 10 |  | .375 |  |  | 13 |  | 18 |  | .419 |
| Alabama | 5 |  | 11 |  | .313 |  |  | 17 |  | 16 |  | .515 |
| Auburn | 4 |  | 12 |  | .250 |  |  | 14 |  | 16 |  | .467 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2008 SEC tournament winner
As of April 7, 2008
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

To begin a highly touted year, the **2007 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team** traveled to Europe and played a few European teams going 4–1 against them. The Vols were hurt when sophomore forward Duke Crews was suspended. Crews suffered a 30-day suspension, and then missed both exhibition games with an ankle injury. Tennessee's first exhibition game was against the California-Pennsylvania Vulcans, winning handily, 106–46. Crews also missed about a month due to heart problems. The Vols finished 31–5, winning the SEC regular season championship, for the first time since 2000, but the Vols lost in the 3rd round of both the SEC and NCAA Tournament.

## Roster

| **Name** | **Number** | **Team Position** | **Height** | **Year** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ramar Smith** | **12** | **1** | **6–1** | **Sophomore** |
| **JaJuan Smith** | **2** | **2** | **6–2** | **Senior** |
| **Chris Lofton\- C** | **5** | **3** | **6–2** | **Senior** |
| **Tyler Smith** | **1** | **4** | **6–7** | **Sophomore** |
| **Wayne Chism** | **4** | **5** | **6–9** | **Sophomore** |
| J. P. Prince | 30 | 6 | 6–7 | Sophomore |
| Jordan Howell | 15 | 7 | 6–3 | Senior |
| Brian Williams | 33 | 8 | 6–10 | Freshman |
| Duke Crews | 32 | 9 | 6–8 | Sophomore |
| Ryan Childress | 34 | 10 | 6–9 | Junior |
| Josh Tabb | 25 | 11 | 6–4 | Sophomore |
|
|

*Legend*: **C** = Team Captain

Non-Scholarship Players

Steven Pearl, Quinn Cannington, Tanner Wild, Rick Daniels-Mulholland, Justin Jackson, Brett Jackson

Coaches

Head Coach: Bruce Pearl, Associate Coach: Tony Jones, Assistant Coach: Steve Forbes, Assistant Coach: Jason Shay, Director of Basketball Operations: Ken Johnson

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibition | | | | | | | | |
| November 2*
7:30 pm | No. 7 | Cal U | **W** 106–46 |
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (–)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| November 5*
7:30 pm | No. 7 | LMU | **W** 124–61 |
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (–)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| November 9*
7:30 pm, FSN South | No. 7 | Temple | **W** 80–63 | 1–0
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (21,817)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| November 14*
7:30 pm | No. 7 | Arkansas–Monticello
*Legends Classic Regionals* | **W** 101–44 | 2–0
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (17,946)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| November 16*
7:30 pm | No. 7 | Prairie View A&M
*Legends Classic Regionals* | **W** 89–75 | 3–0
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (18,846)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| November 20*
7:30 pm, SportSouth | No. 7 | MTSU | **W** 109–40 | 4–0
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (18,592)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| November 23*
9:00 pm, Versus | No. 7 | vs. West Virginia
*Legends Classic Semifinals* | **W** 74–72 | 5–0
 | Prudential Center (5,310)
Newark, New Jersey |
| November 24*
6:00 pm, Versus | No. 7 | vs. No. 15 Texas
*Legends Classic Finals* | **L** 78–97 | 5–1
 | Prudential Center (4,327)
Newark, New Jersey |
| November 27*
7:30 pm, SportSouth | No. 11 | North Carolina A&T | **W** 93–59 | 6–1
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (17,092)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| November 30*
7:30 pm | No. 11 | Louisiana–Lafayette | **W** 98–70 | 7–1
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (19,401)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| December 4*
7:00 pm | No. 10 | at Chattanooga | **W** 76–70 | 8–1
 | McKenzie Arena (11,221)
Chattanooga, Tennessee |
| December 15*
9:30 pm, ESPNU | No. 12 | vs. Western Kentucky
*Sun Belt Classic* | **W** 88–82 | 9–1
 | Sommet Center (18,071)
Nashville, Tennessee |
| December 19*
7:30 pm, SportSouth | No. 12 | UNC Asheville | **W** 79–77 | 10–1
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (21,314)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| December 22*
2:00 pm, ESPN | No. 12 | at Xavier | **W** 82-75 | 11–1
 | Cintas Center (21,863)
Cincinnati |
| December 29*
4:00 pm, ESPN2 | No. 11 | vs. Gonzaga
*Battle in Seattle* | **W** 82–72 | 12–1
 | KeyArena (15,141)
Seattle |
| SEC regular season | | | | | | | | |
| January 9
8:00 pm, Raycom | No. 8 | Ole Miss | **W** 85–83 | 13–1 (1–0)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (21,846)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| January 12
8:00 pm, FSN South | No. 8 | at South Carolina | **W** 80–56 | 14–1 (2–0)
 | Colonial Life Arena (13,449)
Columbia, South Carolina |
| January 17
7:00 pm, ESPN | No. 6 | Vanderbilt | **W** 80–60 | 15–1 (3–0)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (20,799)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| January 19*
3:30 pm, CBS | No. 6 | Ohio State | **W** 76–63 | 16–1
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (14,057)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| January 22
9:00 pm, ESPN | No. 3 | at Kentucky | **L** 66–72 | 16–2 (3–1)
 | Rupp Arena (23,443)
Lexington, Kentucky |
| January 26
7:00 pm, FSN South | No. 3 | Georgia | **W** 85–69 | 17–2 (4–1)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (21,009)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| January 29
9:00 pm, ESPN | No. 7 | at Alabama | **W** 93–88 | 18–2 (5–1)
 | Coleman Coliseum (11,891)
Tuscaloosa, Alabama |
| February 2
7:00 pm, FSN South | No. 7 | at Mississippi State | **W** 76–71 | 19–2 (6–1)
 | Humphrey Coliseum (10,150)
Starkville, Mississippi |
| February 5
9:00 pm, ESPN | No. 7 | Florida | **W** 104–82 | 20–2 (7–1)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (20,036)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| February 9
3:00 pm, Raycom | No. 7 | at LSU | **W** 47–45 | 21–2 (8–1)
 | Pete Maravich Assembly Center (10,165)
Baton Rouge, Louisiana |
| February 13
8:00 pm | No. 3 | Arkansas | **W** 93–71 | 22–2 (9–1)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (20,008)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| February 16
3:00 pm, Raycom | No. 3 | at Georgia | **W** 74–71 | 23–2 (10–1)
 | Stegeman Coliseum (10,039)
Athens, Georgia |
| February 20
7:30 pm | No. 2 | Auburn | **W** 89–70 | 24–2 (11–1)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (20,645)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| February 23*
9:00 pm, ESPN | No. 2 | at No. 1 Memphis
*ESPN College GameDay* | **W** 66–62 | 25–2
 | FedExForum (18,389)
Memphis, Tennessee |
| February 26
9:00 pm, ESPN | No. 1 | at No. 18 Vanderbilt | **L** 69–72 | 25–3 (11–2)
 | Memorial Gymnasium (20,375)
Nashville, Tennessee |
| March 2
12:00 pm, CBS | No. 1 | Kentucky | **W** 63–60 | 26–3 (12–2)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (21,628)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| March 5
9:00 pm, Raycom | No. 4 | at Florida | **W** 89–86 | 27–3 (13–2)
 | O'Connell Center (12,046)
Gainesville, Florida |
| March 9
2:00 pm, Raycom | No. 4 | South Carolina | **W** 89–56 | 28–3 (14–2)
 | Thompson–Boling Arena (21,734)
Knoxville, Tennessee |
| SEC Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| March 14
1:00 pm, Raycom | No. 5 | vs. South Carolina
*SEC Quarterfinals* | **W** 89–87 | 29–3
 | Georgia Dome (18,020)
Atlanta |
| March 15
1:00 pm, Raycom | No. 5 | vs. Arkansas
*SEC Semifinals* | **L** 91–92 | 29–4
 | Alexander Memorial Coliseum (2,517)
Atlanta |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| March 21*
12:15 pm, CBS | (2 E)  No. 5 | vs. (15 E) American University
*First Round* | **W** 72–57 | 30–4
 | BJCC Arena (–)
Birmingham, Alabama |
| March 23*
2:30 pm, CBS | (2 E)  No. 5 | vs. (7 E) No. 11 Butler
*Second Round* | **W** 76–71 OT | 31–4
 | BJCC Arena (–)
Birmingham, Alabama |
| March 27*
9:57 pm, CBS | (2 E)  No. 5 | vs. (3 E) No. 13 Louisville
*Sweet Sixteen* | **L** 60–79 | 31–5
 | Charlotte Bobcats Arena (19,092)
Charlotte, North Carolina |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 2007–08 Tennessee Volunteers men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| SEC regular season champions | |
| NCAA tournament, Sweet Sixteen | |
| Conference | Southeastern Conference |
| Division | East |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 7 |
| AP | No. 5 |
| Record | 31–5 (14–2 SEC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | Thompson–Boling Arena |
|


title: FIA WTCC Race of Qatar

abstract: The FIA WTCC Race of Qatar was a round of the World Touring Car Championship held at the Losail International Circuit located in Lusail, Qatar. The race made its debut in the World Touring Car Championship as the 12th round of the 2015 World Touring Car Championship season.

text:
# FIA WTCC Race of Qatar

The **FIA WTCC Race of Qatar** was a round of the World Touring Car Championship held at the Losail International Circuit located in Lusail, Qatar.

The race made its debut in the World Touring Car Championship as the 12th round of the 2015 World Touring Car Championship season.

## Winners

| Year | Race | Driver | Manufacturer | Location | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Opening Race | Tom Chilton | Citroën | Losail International Circuit | Report |
| | Main Race | Esteban Guerrieri | | | Honda |
| 2016 | Opening Race | Gabriele Tarquini | | Lada | Report |
| | Main Race | Mehdi Bennani | | Citroën |
| 2015 | Race 1 | José María López | | Citroën | Report |
| | Race 2 | Yvan Muller | | Citroën |
|

## InfoBox

FIA WTCC Race of Qatar
| Losail International Circuit (2015–2017) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Race information | |
| Number of times held | 3 |
| First held | 2015 |
| Last held | 2017 |
| Most wins (drivers) | 6 different winners |
| Most wins (constructors) | Citroën (4) |
| Last race (2017) | |
| Race 1 Winner |  |
| Race 2 Winner |  |
|  | |


abstract: Parliamentary elections were held in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic on 19 June 2005. The election saw the two pro-government parties, the Democratic Party of Artsakh and Free Motherland, win a large majority of seats. The opposition criticised the conduct of the election but international election monitors generally praised the election.

text:
# 2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election

**Parliamentary elections** were held in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic on 19 June 2005. The election saw the two pro-government parties, the Democratic Party of Artsakh and Free Motherland, win a large majority of seats. The opposition criticised the conduct of the election but international election monitors generally praised the election.

## Background

Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence from Azerbaijan in 1991. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War took place between 1988 and 1994 which resulted in Nagorno-Karabakh, with Armenian support, becoming de facto independent from Azerbaijan. However it has not been internationally recognised and Azerbaijan still claims the area as part of its state. The President of Nagorno-Karabakh in 2005, Arkadi Ghukasyan, was elected in 1997 and re-elected in 2002 and had 2 years remaining on his presidential term.

2005 would be the fourth parliamentary election in Nagorno-Karabakh and was the first under a new electoral law which, among other things, introduced transparent ballot boxes. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had been in co-operation with the government until the party's only member of the government, Armen Sargsian, was sacked as Education minister in December 2004. The party then went into opposition. The opposition was expected to do well in the upcoming parliamentary elections after the leader of the opposition Movement 88 party, Eduard Aghabekian, was elected mayor of Stepanakert in August 2004 defeating a government backed candidate.

## Campaign

185 candidates from 7 parties, together with some independents, stood in the parliamentary elections. They were competing for 33 seats in the National Assembly, with two-thirds of the seats elected directly and a further third elected on a proportional basis. There was a requirement for turnout to exceed 25% in order for the election to be valid and the elected members would serve a five-year term.

The election was not recognised internationally and so the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) did not send any election monitors. However about a hundred non-governmental observers did come to monitor the election, along with a group of deputies from the Russian State Duma. The election was regarded as illegitimate by Azerbaijan and their ally Turkey. Azerbaijan said that the election was illegal until Azerbaijanis were allowed to return and that it would undermine their OSCE talks with Armenia over the area. President Ghukasyan, though, said that the election would boost the international recognition of Nagorno-Karabakh and promised that the election would be honest and transparent.

The opposition competed in the election as a coalition between the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the oldest nationalist party in Nagorno-Karabakh, and the new Movement 88 party. The opposition criticised the democratic record of the government and accused them of using their authority to intimidate and bribe voters, a charge which the government denied. Although the opposition was expected to do well, analysts said that disunity and the voters tiredness of continuous criticism could mean they would not do as well as expected.

As well as the existing government party of the president, the Democratic Party of Artsakh, a new pro-government party contested the election, Free Motherland. Free Motherland had a mainly economic focus and said that the opposition just criticised without offering solutions. Free Motherland was expected to mainly side with the government and having a second pro-government party was seen as benefiting the authorities.

## Results

The results saw a huge majority for the pro-government parties with the Democratic Party and Free Motherland both winning 10 seats. Most of the 10 independents were expected to back the government, while the opposition only won 3 seats, down from the 9 seats the Armenian Revolutionary Federation had won at the last election.

The opposition accused the government of having a system of buying votes and using threats of dismissal from work unless people voted the right way. One opposition member said with irony that the election had taken place with "fair and transparent irregularities". The opposition threatened to boycott parliament but did not call for any street protests.

Both government and opposition in Armenia praised the election and said it would strengthen the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh. The international election monitors praised the election, describing it as generally free and fair and meeting international democratic standards. One western election monitor said that many recognised states could use Nagorno-Karabakh as an example.

| Party | | District | | | Proportional | | | Total
seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats || |
|  | Free Motherland | 11,258 | 18.48 | 7 |  | | 3 | 10 | New |
|  | Democratic Party of Artsakh | 10,126 | 16.62 | 5 |  | | 5 | 10 |  |
|  | Armenian Revolutionary Federation | 9,836 | 16.15 | 0 |  | | | 0 |  |
|  | Movement 88 | 737 | 1.21 | 0 |  | | | 0 |  |
|  | Armenakan Party | 526 | 0.86 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Armenia Our Home | 311 | 0.51 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | New |
|  | Communist Party of Artsakh | 295 | 0.48 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | New |
|  | Social Justice Party | 27 | 0.04 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | New |
|  | ARFM88 |  | | |  | | 3 | 3 |  |
|  | Independents | 27,797 | 45.63 | 10 |  | | | 10 | +8 |
| Total | | 60,913 | 100.00 | 22 |  | | 11 | 33 | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 60,913 | 93.94 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 3,928 | 6.06 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Total votes | | 64,841 | 100.00 |  | 66,998 |  |  |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 87,949 | 73.73 |  | 90,094 | 74.36 |  |  | |
| Source: CEC | | | | | | | | | |

## Aftermath

The days after the election were overshadowed by the beating of an opposition candidate, Pavel Manukian, by members of the army, although it was denied that this had anything to do with the election. The first session of the new parliament took place on 30 June with the posts of speaker and deputy speaker being shared between the two pro-government parties.

## InfoBox

2005 Nagorno-Karabakh parliamentary election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  33 seats in the National Assembly
17 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  Free Motherland Arayik Harutyunyan 18.48 10 New  Democratic Party  16.62 10 −10  ARFMovement 88  17.36 3 −6  Independents  45.63 10 +8   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.  President of the National Assembly before President of the National Assembly after  Oleg Yesayan
Independent Ashot Ghulian
Democratic Party | |


title: Arthur Lambourn

abstract: Arthur Lambourn was a New Zealand rugby union player. A front rower, Lambourn represented Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1932 to 1938. He played 40 matches for the All Blacks including 10 internationals. At the time of his death in 1999, Lambourn was the third oldest living All Black. His brother was Lt-Col Albert Lambourn who was awarded the DSO for his field artillery batteries engagement in the New Zealand break-out of Minqar Qaim.

text:
# Arthur Lambourn

**Arthur Lambourn** (11 January 1910 – 24 September 1999) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A front rower, Lambourn represented Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1932 to 1938. He played 40 matches for the All Blacks including 10 internationals.

At the time of his death in 1999, Lambourn was the third oldest living All Black. His brother was Lt-Col Albert Lambourn who was awarded the DSO for his field artillery batteries engagement in the New Zealand break-out of Minqar Qaim.

## InfoBox

Artie Lambourn
| Lambourn in 1935 | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Arthur Lambourn |
| Date of birth | (1910-01-11)11 January 1910 |
| Place of birth | Maryborough, Queensland, Australia |
| Date of death | 24 September 1999(1999-09-24) (aged 89) |
| Place of death | Lower Hutt, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 83 kg (183 lb) |
| School | Petone District High School |
| Occupation(s) | Photoengraver |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Hooker, prop  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1932–39 Wellington   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1934–38 New Zealand  10  (0) | |


title: Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz

abstract: Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Seydlitz was a Prussian officer, lieutenant general, and among the greatest of the Prussian cavalry generals. He commanded one of the first Hussar squadrons of Frederick the Great's army and is credited with the development of the Prussian cavalry to its efficient level of performance in the Seven Years' War. His cavalryman father retired and then died while Seydlitz was still young. Subsequently, he was mentored by Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Seydlitz's superb horsemanship and his recklessness combined to make him a stand-out subaltern, and he emerged as a redoubtable Rittmeister in the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748) during the First and Second Silesian wars. Seydlitz became legendary throughout the Prussian Army both for his leadership and for his reckless courage. During the Seven Years' War, he came into his own as a cavalry general, known for his coup d'œil, his ability to assess at a glance the entire battlefield situation and to understand intuitively what needed to be done: he excelled at converting the King's directives into flexible tactics. At the Battle of Rossbach, his cavalry was instrumental in routing the French and Imperial armies. His cavalry subsequently played an important role in crushing the Habsburg and Imperial left flank at the Battle of Leuthen. Seydlitz was wounded in battle several times. After the Battle of Kunersdorf in August 1759, he semi-retired to recover from his wounds, charged with the protection of the city of Berlin. He was not healthy enough to campaign again until 1761. Frederick rewarded him with Order of the Black Eagle on the field after the Battle of Rossbach; he had already received the Pour le Mérite for his action at the Battle of Kolin. Although estranged from Frederick for several years, the two were reconciled during Seydlitz's final illness. Seydlitz died in 1773, and Frederick's heirs included his name on the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great in Berlin, in a place of honor.

text:
# Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz

**Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Seydlitz** (3 February 1721 – 8 November 1773) was a Prussian officer, lieutenant general, and among the greatest of the Prussian cavalry generals. He commanded one of the first Hussar squadrons of Frederick the Great's army and is credited with the development of the Prussian cavalry to its efficient level of performance in the Seven Years' War. His cavalryman father retired and then died while Seydlitz was still young. Subsequently, he was mentored by Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Seydlitz's superb horsemanship and his recklessness combined to make him a stand-out subaltern, and he emerged as a redoubtable *Rittmeister* (cavalry captain) in the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748) during the First and Second Silesian wars.

Seydlitz became legendary throughout the Prussian Army both for his leadership and for his reckless courage. During the Seven Years' War, he came into his own as a cavalry general, known for his *coup d'œil*, his ability to assess at a glance the entire battlefield situation and to understand intuitively what needed to be done: he excelled at converting the King's directives into flexible tactics. At the Battle of Rossbach, his cavalry was instrumental in routing the French and Imperial armies. His cavalry subsequently played an important role in crushing the Habsburg and Imperial left flank at the Battle of Leuthen. Seydlitz was wounded in battle several times. After the Battle of Kunersdorf in August 1759, he semi-retired to recover from his wounds, charged with the protection of the city of Berlin. He was not healthy enough to campaign again until 1761.

Frederick rewarded him with Order of the Black Eagle on the field after the Battle of Rossbach; he had already received the *Pour le Mérite* for his action at the Battle of Kolin. Although estranged from Frederick for several years, the two were reconciled during Seydlitz's final illness. Seydlitz died in 1773, and Frederick's heirs included his name on the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great in Berlin, in a place of honor.

## Early life

Seydlitz was born on 3 February 1721, in Kalkar in the Duchy of Cleves, where his father, Daniel Florian von Seydlitz, was a major of Prussian cavalry with the Cuirassier Regiment Markgraf Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Schwedt No. 5. In 1726, his father left military service and moved the family to Schwedt, where he became a forestry master in East Prussia; the senior Seydlitz died in 1728, leaving a widow and children in restricted financial circumstances. Limited schooling was available to young Seydlitz; sources differ whether he knew how to speak and write in French, the *lingua franca* of Frederick the Great's Court. One biographer, Bernhard von Poten, maintained that his German was good, and if he knew French, he preferred German and wrote it with a "fine, firm hand, unusually correct, in well-formed sentences and with apt expression," and he knew enough Latin to express himself well. His future sovereign, Frederick, always addressed him in German.

By Seydlitz's seventh year, he could ride a horse well, raced with older boys, and he was, by most accounts, a wild and high-spirited child. At the age of fourteen he went as a page to the court of the Margrave Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg-Schwedt, who had been his father's colonel. The Margrave was a grandson of the Great Elector, and a nephew to both Frederick I of Prussia and Leopold of Anhalt Dessau. Himself a reckless man, the "Mad" Margrave inspired in young Seydlitz a passion for feats of daredevil horsemanship. Seydlitz did not limit this passion to horses: the Margrave once dared him to ride a wild stag, which he did. Seydlitz became a skilled horseman, and many stories tell of his feats, the best known of which involved riding between the sails of a windmill in full swing. Seydlitz remained in his position as a page to the Margrave until King Frederick William appointed him as cornet in the Margrave's Cuirassier Regiment No. 5 (his father's old regiment) on 13 February 1740.

## Military career

Seydlitz's first months as a cornet were made difficult by the regimental colonel, who considered him a spy for the Margrave, and abused him by sending him on useless errands and generally making it clear that the cornet was no match for the colonel. Within a year of Seydlitz's commission, the old King Frederick William died and his son, Frederick II of Prussia, ascended to the throne. Frederick claimed Silesia from the Habsburg's Maria Theresa, and made a broad appeal to arms. The Margrave's regiment played an important role in the ensuing war, during which Seydlitz came to the notice of the King several times. Once, when Frederick asked the caliber of the artillery shelling the Prussian line, opinions were divided and vague. Seydlitz rode in front of the battery, halting in their line of fire. When he saw a ball hit the ground, he picked it up, wrapped it in his handkerchief and presented it to the King.

In May 1742, while stationed with his regiment in Kranowitz during the First Silesian War, the regimental colonel ordered him to take 30 men and hold a village post until infantry came to his assistance; despite heavy fire, the grudging colonel did not send reinforcements. Realizing what had happened, the brigade's general took three squadrons of heavy cavalry to relieve Seydlitz, but these were turned back by fire from the Austrian line. Subsequently, Seydlitz was forced to surrender his small unit. He entered into Austrian captivity with several of his closest comrades, including Charles de Warnery.

Frederick exchanged an Austrian captain for Cornet Seydlitz. Upon his return from captivity, Seydlitz had a choice to wait for the first lieutenancy that became available in a cuirassier regiment, or take the immediate command of a troop of hussars, as a captain. Hussars were the newest form of service in the Prussian army, and not as prestigious an assignment as cuirassiers, but Seydlitz chose the immediate promotion to a lesser unit. In 1743, the King made him a *Rittmeister* (captain) in the 4th Hussars. He entirely skipped the rank of lieutenant. With the 4th Hussars, he was stationed in the city of Trebnitz and he brought his squadron to a state of conspicuous efficiency.

In August 1744, the King entered Bohemia, took Prague, and then moved south. Lieutenant General Count Nassau led the vanguard, and Seydlitz participated with the Natzmer Hussars, commanded by Major Hans Heinrich Adam Schütz, a violent man of whose conduct of warfare Seydlitz disapproved. Seydlitz served through the Second Silesian War. On 22 May, Hans Karl von Winterfeldt, trusted by the King as a good judge of character, reported to Frederick: "Certainly, at Hohenfriedberg, on the 4 June, \[Seydlitz\] captured the Saxon general \[Georg Sigismund\] von Schlichting personally, after he had cut the reins from him." Based largely on his conduct at Hohenfriedberg and Winterfeldt's recommendation, Frederick promoted Seydlitz to major on 28 July at the unusually young age of twenty-four.

Seydlitz led his squadron at the Battle of Soor on 30 September, scouting the enemy's position before the battle, and then participating in the action. He was also present in the engagement at Katholisch-Hennersdorf on 23 November, which proved convincingly to Frederick the benefit of close support during a cavalry charge. At the successful action on 27 November, Seydlitz led 15 squadrons in an attack on the Austrian rear guard. The Austrians were dispersed and nearly destroyed.

### Development of cavalry tactics

After Frederick concluded the peace on 25 December 1748, Seydlitz returned with his squadron to Trebnitz. In the subsequent years of peace, Seydlitz developed flexible cavalry tactics. He assembled a plan on tactical form and training for the Prussian cavalry and presented it to the King. Frederick approved the procedures and Seydlitz established a rigorous training program. He would leave his own estate by jumping the gate; he required similar horsemanship from all his men, regardless of whether they were cuirassiers, hussars or dragoons. They had to be capable of galloping across broken fields, wheeling in formation, and riding in close action. Furthermore, they had to be prepared to support any movement of infantry, or to react to any action from the enemy. Under Seydlitz's direction, possibly influenced by the ideas of Frederik Sirtema van Grovestins, Prussian cavalry learned to use only their swords, as pistols or carbines could not be fired with accuracy and had to be reloaded. Frederick set up straw dummies for his troopers to shoot; their shots were woefully inaccurate, but Seydlitz's tactics demonstrated that the troopers could hit their target with a sword every time. Generally, cavalry horses were the sturdy warm-blood Trakehners, from Frederick's stud farm in Trakenhen, East Prussia.

On 21 September 1752, after a successful review in which the different cavalry forms demonstrated their competencies, the King promoted Seydlitz to lieutenant colonel and the commander-in-chief of cavalry and, on 13 October of the same year, to the commander of the Dragoon Regiment Württemberg No. 12, whose staff was at Treptow. Frederick was not satisfied with the regiment's performance, and instructed Seydlitz to "put it back into order". In 1753 Frederick appointed Seydlitz to the command of the 8th Cuirassiers. In Seydlitz's hands, this regiment soon became a model for the rest of the Prussian Army's mounted force. In 1755 Frederick promoted him to colonel.

By the start of the Seven Years' War, Seydlitz's transformed cavalry had become Frederick's pride and joy: it had unrivaled training and an *esprit de corps* bolstered by Frederick's confidence in its members, and by their confidence in Seydlitz. The King had issued orders that no Prussian cavalryman would allow himself to be attacked without a commensurate response, under penalty of being cashiered; consequently, Prussian cavalrymen were active, impetuous and aggressive. For the King, Seydlitz's cavalry became the dynamic factor in the army of the state, and would be the tool by which Frederick could challenge empires. In 1756, Seydlitz's cavalry became Frederick's weapon of choice.

## Seven Years' War

In May 1757, in defiance of the custom of holding the heavy cavalry in reserve, Seydlitz brought his regiment forward to join the advance guard at the Battle of Prague. Here he nearly lost his life attempting to ride through a marshy pool; his horse became stuck in quicksand and his troopers pulled him away. At the Prussian loss at Kolin in June 1757, he and a cavalry brigade checked the Austrian pursuit by a brilliant charge. Two days later, the King promoted him to major general and awarded him the *Pour le Mérite*. Seydlitz felt he had deserved the promotion for a long time, for he responded to Hans Joachim von Zieten's congratulations by saying, "It was high time, Excellency, if they wanted more work out of me. I am already thirty-six."

Another example of his leadership and his *coup d'œil*, the ability to see at a glance what needed to be done, occurred after the Battle of Kolin. The loss at Kolin forced the King to lift the siege at Prague. The King's brother, Augustus William, took command of the army and ordered the retreat from Prague. Seydlitz was attached to the advanced corps of Karl Christoph von Schmettau in a brigade of ten squadrons. As Seydlitz's wing entered Lusatia, near the town of Zittau, the Austrians were present in force, and Seydlitz with his squadrons were trapped in the town. Tricking the Austrians into thinking his troop was a foraging party, his cavalry burst on the Austrian cavalry before they could climb into their saddles. Seydlitz led his cavalry in an escape, in close column, and was quickly out of sight.

### Battle of Rossbach

On the morning of the Battle of Rossbach, Frederick passed over two senior generals and placed Seydlitz in command of the whole of the cavalry, much to those men's annoyance and to Seydlitz's satisfaction. At Rossbach, Seydlitz's *coup d'œil* and his understanding of the King's objectives led to battlefield success. After positioning the cavalry in two ranked lines, he watched the French army move for several minutes, while puffing on his pipe; his troopers never took their eyes off him. When he threw his pipe away, this was the signal they had waited for: the first line of massed squadrons surged forward, smashing the unprepared French in the flank. Typically, cavalry action in the mid-eighteenth century meant a single cavalry charge; the cavalry would spend the rest of the action pursuing fleeing troops. At Rossbach, though, not content with this single attack, Seydlitz called his second formation of squadrons in another charge; he then withdrew all 38 squadrons into a copse, where they regrouped under cover of the trees. Without waiting for new orders from the King, Seydlitz deployed the Prussian cavalry a third time; this proved a critical factor in the battle. As trained, Seydlitz's squadrons charged headlong into the French columns: a massive wall of horses galloping flank to flank, their riders flashing swords and maneuvering at full speed. By the end of the battle, only seven infantry battalions of Frederick's army had fired a shot; the rest of the victory had been the work of Seydlitz's 38 squadrons and Karl Friedrich von Moller's artillery.

That day, the Prussians took as trophies 72 cannons (62 percent of the French/Imperial artillery), seven flags, and 21 standards. With some 3,500 horsemen and 20 cannons, plus a portion of Prince Henry's regiment of infantry, the Prussian army had defeated the combined armies of two European powers, France and the Holy Roman Empire. The tactics at Rossbach became a landmark in the history of military art. The same night, on the field, the King awarded Seydlitz the Order of the Black Eagle, and promoted him to lieutenant general. Seydlitz had been wounded during the melée and he remained out of action for four months, nursed by a lady in Leipzig.

### Campaign 1758–59

Seydlitz rejoined the King in 1758 and on 25 August, at the Battle of Zorndorf, Seydlitz's cavalry again secured the victory. He led thirty-six squadrons into a mass of Russian cavalry mingled with infantry. This charge broke the Russian right wing and sent them running for the woods. At the Prussian debacle at Hochkirch, on 14 October 1758, he covered the Prussian retreat with 108 squadrons, and in the disaster of Kunersdorf, on 12 August 1759, he received another severe wound in a hopeless attempt to storm a hill held by the Russians; his 8th Cuirassiers was one of the few intact regiments at the end of the battle. While recuperating in Berlin, he helped organize a defense of the city during the Austro-Russian raid (October 1760). Although he was unable to prevent the Russians from briefly occupying the city, Frederick later praised Seydlitz for his conduct.

Seydlitz's health frequently kept him off the battlefield, and he did not reappear at the front until 1761. Then, he received command of a wing of Prince Henry's army, composed of troops of all arms, and many of his fellow officers expressed doubts as to his fitness for this command, as his service had been with the cavalry exclusively. Subsequently, though, at Freiberg on 29 October 1762, his direction of both his infantry and his cavalry in turn decided the outcome of the battle.

## Later life

After the Seven Years' War concluded with the Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763), Seydlitz became inspector general of the cavalry in Silesia, where eleven regiments were permanently stationed and where Frederick sent all his most promising officers to be trained. In 1767, Frederick promoted Seydlitz to general of cavalry.

Seydlitz's later years were marred by domestic unhappiness. During his convalescence in Berlin, on 18 April 1761, he had married Susannah Johanna Albertine Hacke, daughter of Hans Christoph Friedrich Graf von Hacke, and she was eventually unfaithful to him, reportedly due to the syphilis from which he had suffered for decades. He had at least one daughter, according to an early biographer, Anton König, and two according to another biographer, Robert Lawley. The oldest daughter married first to an official from Breslau, and was divorced. She married second to a Polish count, and divorced soon after. She eventually converted to Catholicism, but died in a madhouse in Brieg. The youngest lived to old age and died in poverty near Lausitz.

By the end of the decade, some misunderstanding brought an end to his formerly close friendship with the King. Seydlitz's health had been declining for years and he suffered from recurrent bouts of syphilis; in 1772, after an attack of apoplexy, he completed a couple of stays at the spa at Carlsbad to take the mineral waters. While these helped somewhat, his other activities continued without moderation, and to his detriment. A subordinate brought him two healthy Circassian beauties, whose company he enjoyed but who undoubtedly stressed his tenuous health. In August 1773, in his last illness, Frederick and Seydlitz met again at Seydlitz's home at Minkovsky near Ohlau (now Oława, Poland). The King sat beside his sickbed, horrified at Seydlitz's condition, and even persuaded him to take some of his medications, but Seydlitz would not look at him; the illness had already deformed his face. Eventually paralyzed, whether from another stroke or the underlying tertiary syphilis, Seydlitz died at Ohlau in Silesia in November 1773.

## Character

Seydlitz was generally admired for the superb *coup d'œil* that allowed him to utilize the cavalry to its full potential. His 19th-century biographer, K. A. Varnhagen von Ense, related that Seydlitz lived above all for the service, and promoted the training of his hussars before all else. According to Anton Balthasar König, who wrote in 1780–1790, Seydlitz performed best at taverns and excelled in practical jokes: one would gather that Seydlitz was a drunkard, a rake, and a savage, but another of his biographers, Bernhard von Poten, cited conflicting descriptions offered by Seydlitz's contemporaries, particularly Warnery, as more accurate. Nevertheless, there is some evidence to support König's assertion, at least of Seydlitz's excesses: Seydlitz was no doubt dependent upon his tobacco and had been since his teenage years, although he smoked a pipe rather than using snuff, as many officers did; he was indeed reckless, as his career testified; he enjoyed the company of women; and Seydlitz indeed suffered from recurring illness.

## Memorials

In 1851, Frederick William IV, Frederick's great-great nephew, included Seydlitz's name on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great in Berlin, honoring those who had helped to build the Prussian state. Seydlitz holds a position of honor as one of the four full-sized mounted figures, sharing the first tier of the plinth with the King's brother, his cousin, and Hans Joachim von Zieten. A bronze sculpture installed at Wilhelmplatz, in Berlin, was created by Anton Lulvès, a copper worker from Hamburg. SMS *Seydlitz*, representing the first generation of battlecruisers, was ordered in 1910 and commissioned in May 1913, the fourth such vessel built for the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet. The heavy cruiser *Seydlitz*, of the *Admiral Hipper* class, was launched in 1939, but never completed.

### Notes

### Citations

1. Poten, Bernhard von (1892), "Seydlitz-Kurtzbach, Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von", *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 34, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 94–101
2. König 1791, p. 2.
3. Poten 1892, pp. 94–101.
4. Lawley 1852, p. 2.
5. Duffy 1986, p. 5.
6. Chisholm 1911.
7. Lawley 1852, p. 3.
8. Duffy 1986, p. 136.
9. König 1791, pp. 2–7.
10. Lawley 1852, pp. 5–7.
11. Lawley 1852, pp. 8–10.
12. Lawley 1852, pp. 10–14.
13. Poten 1891, pp. 124–125.
14. Jarymowycz 2009.
15. Van der Aa 1862, p. 496-497.
16. Lippe-Weißenfeld 1877, pp. 325–326.
17. Lawley 1852, p. 41.
18. Lawley 1852, pp. 43–44.
19. Duffy 1986, p. 144.
20. Bodart 1908.
21. Weigley 2004, p. 185.
22. Lawley 1852, p. 186.
23. König 1791, p. 7.
24. Lawley 1852, p. 179.
25. Lawley 1852, pp. 179–178.
26. Denkmal 1851.
27. René & Peter van der Krogt. "Statues Hither and Thither: Berlin – Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz". Retrieved 19 October 2016.
28. Staff 2006, p. 22.
29. Gröner 1990, p. 65.

### Resources

## Further reading

* Bismarck, Otto von (1837). *Die kgl. preussische Reiterei unter Friedrich dem Grossen*. Karlsruhe.
* Richter, Klaus Christian (1996). *Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, ein preußischer Reitergeneral und seine Zeit*. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2449-5.
* Varnhagen von Ense, K. A. (1834). *Das Leben des Generals von Seydlitz*. Berlin.

## InfoBox

| *Generalleutnant*<br>Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Adolph Menzel, 1854 | |
| Born | (1721-02-03)3 February 1721<br>Kalkar, Duchy of Clèves, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 8 November 1773(1773-11-08) (aged 52)<br>Ohlau, Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia, Holy Roman Empire |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Prussia |
| Service/branch | Prussian Army |
| Years of service | 1739–1773 |
| Rank |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Evzen Kolar

abstract: Evzen Kolar was a Czech film producer. Born in Brno, he acted on film and television from an early age. Kolar moved to directing televised work and was also known for directing commercials. He was based in London before relocating to the United States in 1979. Kolar worked for Fireline Productions and Crossover Films Entertainment before starting his own company KPI Entertainment in 1993. He died in Los Angeles at the age of 67 in 2017. His children by Deborah, daughter of actor Robert Shaw, are musicians Rachel and Rob Kolar, of He's My Brother She's My Sister.

text:
# Evzen Kolar

**Evzen Kolar** (July 8, 1950 – July 11, 2017) was a Czech film producer. Born in Brno, he acted on film and television from an early age. Kolar moved to directing televised work and was also known for directing commercials. He was based in London before relocating to the United States in 1979. Kolar worked for Fireline Productions and Crossover Films Entertainment before starting his own company KPI Entertainment in 1993. He died in Los Angeles at the age of 67 in 2017.

His children by Deborah, daughter of actor Robert Shaw, are musicians Rachel and Rob Kolar, of He's My Brother She's My Sister.

## Selected filmography


title: FIA WTCR Race of China

abstract: The FIA WTCC Race of China is a round of the World Touring Car Championship currently held at the Shanghai International Circuit located in Shanghai, China. The 2011 round was first announced to be held at the Guangdong International Circuit, but was later moved to Tianma Circuit for an unspecified reason. For 2012 the race moved to the nearby Shanghai International Circuit. The race made its debut in the World Touring Car Championship as the 11th round of the 2011 World Touring Car Championship season.

text:
# FIA WTCR Race of China

The **FIA WTCC Race of China** is a round of the World Touring Car Championship currently held at the Shanghai International Circuit located in Shanghai, China. The 2011 round was first announced to be held at the Guangdong International Circuit, but was later moved to Tianma Circuit for an unspecified reason. For 2012 the race moved to the nearby Shanghai International Circuit.

The race made its debut in the World Touring Car Championship as the 11th round of the 2011 World Touring Car Championship season.

## Winners

| Year | Race | Driver | Manufacturer | Location | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Race 1 | Yvan Muller | Lynk & Co | Ningbo International Circuit | Report |
| | Race 2 | Norbert Michelisz | | | Hyundai |
| | Race 3 | Yvan Muller | | | Lynk & Co |
| 2018 | Race 1 | Jean-Karl Vernay | Audi | Wuhan Street Circuit | Report |
| | Race 2 | Mehdi Bennani | | | Volkswagen |
| | Race 3 | Gordon Shedden | | | Audi |
| | Race 1 | Thed Björk | Hyundai | Ningbo International Circuit | Report |
| | Race 2 | Yvan Muller | | | Hyundai |
| | Race 3 | Thed Björk | | | Hyundai |
| 2017 | Opening Race | Esteban Guerrieri | Chevrolet | Ningbo International Circuit | Report |
| | Main Race | Néstor Girolami | | | Volvo |
| 2016 | Opening Race | Thed Björk | Volvo | Shanghai International Circuit | Report |
| | Main Race | José María López | | | Citroën |
| 2015 | Race 1 | José María López | | Citroën | Report |
| | Race 2 | Yvan Muller | | Citroën |
| 2014 | Race 1 | José María López | | Citroën | Report |
| | Race 2 | Mehdi Bennani | | Honda |
| | Race 1 | Tom Chilton | Chevrolet | Goldenport Park Circuit | Report |
| | Race 2 | Robert Huff | | | Lada |
| 2013 | Race 1 | Tom Chilton | Chevrolet | Shanghai International Circuit | Report |
| | Race 2 | Tiago Monteiro | | | Honda |
| 2012 | Race 1 | Alain Menu | | Chevrolet | Report |
| | Race 2 | Robert Huff | | Chevrolet |
| 2011 | Race 1 | Alain Menu | Chevrolet | Tianma Circuit | Report |
| | Race 2 | Yvan Muller | | | Chevrolet |

## InfoBox

FIA WTCR Race of China
| Ningbo International Circuit (2017–2019) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Race information | |
| Number of times held | 8 |
| First held | 2011 |
| Last held | 2019 |
| Most wins (drivers) | José María López (3) |
| Most wins (constructors) | Chevrolet (7) |
| Last race (2019) | |
| Race 1 Winner |  |
| Race 2 Winner |  |
| Race 3 Winner |  |
|  | |


title: 1984 European Super Cup

abstract: The 1984 European Super Cup was an association football match between Italian team Juventus and English team Liverpool, which took place on 16 January 1985 at the Stadio Comunale. The match was the annual European Super Cup contested between the winners of the European Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup. This was the first European Super Cup to be played over a single leg; due to fixture congestion, only the Turin leg was played. Juventus were appearing in the Super Cup for the first time. Liverpool were appearing in the competition for the third time, they had won the competition in 1977, and lost in 1978 to Belgian team Anderlecht. Juventus won the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, beating Portuguese team Porto 2–1 in the final. Liverpool qualified by winning the 1983–84 European Cup. They beat Italian team Roma 4–2 in a penalty shootout after the final had finished 1–1. Watched by a crowd of 55,384, Juventus took the lead in the first half when Zbigniew Boniek scored in the 39th minute. Boniek scored again in the second half to give Juventus a 2–0 lead which they held on to until the end of the match to win their first Super Cup. The two clubs met later in the season in the 1985 European Cup Final, which resulted in the death of 39 spectators due to a disaster that occurred prior to kick-off. Juventus won the match 1–0.

text:
# 1984 European Super Cup

The **1984 European Super Cup** was an association football match between Italian team Juventus and English team Liverpool, which took place on 16 January 1985 at the Stadio Comunale. The match was the annual European Super Cup contested between the winners of the European Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup. This was the first European Super Cup to be played over a single leg; due to fixture congestion, only the Turin leg was played.

Juventus were appearing in the Super Cup for the first time. Liverpool were appearing in the competition for the third time, they had won the competition in 1977, and lost in 1978 to Belgian team Anderlecht. Juventus won the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, beating Portuguese team Porto 2–1 in the final. Liverpool qualified by winning the 1983–84 European Cup. They beat Italian team Roma 4–2 in a penalty shootout after the final had finished 1–1.

Watched by a crowd of 55,384, Juventus took the lead in the first half when Zbigniew Boniek scored in the 39th minute. Boniek scored again in the second half to give Juventus a 2–0 lead which they held on to until the end of the match to win their first Super Cup. The two clubs met later in the season in the 1985 European Cup Final, which resulted in the death of 39 spectators due to a disaster that occurred prior to kick-off. Juventus won the match 1–0.

## Match

### Background

The European Super Cup was founded in the early 1970s, as a means to determine the best team in Europe and serve as a challenge to Ajax, the strongest club side of its day. The proposal by Dutch journalist Anton Witkamp, a football match between the holders of the European Cup and Cup Winners' Cup, failed to receive UEFA's backing, given the recent Cup Winners' Cup winners Rangers had been banned from European competition. Witkamp nonetheless proceeded with his vision, a two-legged match played between Ajax and Rangers in January 1973. The competition was endorsed and recognised by UEFA a year later.

Juventus qualified for the Super Cup as the reigning European Cup Winners' Cup winners. They had remained unbeaten throughout the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, and beat Porto 2–1 in the final. It was Juventus' first appearance in the competition.

Liverpool had qualified for the competition as a result of winning the 1983–84 European Cup. They had beaten Roma 4–2 in a penalty shootout, after the match had finished 1–1. Liverpool were appearing in their third Super Cup. They won the competition on their first appearance in 1977, beating German team Hamburg 7–1 on aggregate. Their other appearance in 1978 resulted in a defeat to Belgian team Anderlecht.

Traditionally, the Super Cup was played over two legs, but due to both clubs experiencing fixture congestion, was played as a one-off match in Turin in January 1985. The city was chosen randomly at the suggestion of Juventus president Giampiero Boniperti and Liverpool chief executive officer Peter Robinson.

### Summary

Bad weather in Turin created doubt about whether the match could be completed. However, the referee decided to go ahead with the match. Liverpool were without striker Kenny Dalglish who was suspended. Liverpool struggled to gain a foothold in the match in the first half and were behind when Juventus scored in the 40th minute. A mishit pass by Massimo Briaschi found Zbigniew Boniek whose subsequent shot from the edge of the Liverpool penalty area beat goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar to give Juventus a 1–0 lead. Liverpool had a chance to equalise before the end of the first half, but midfielder John Wark put his shot wide of the Juventus goal. Liverpool started the second half without defender Mark Lawrenson who had injured himself during the first half, he was replaced by Gary Gillespie. Liverpool tried to level the match in the second half, but their best chances came from midfielder Ronnie Whelan whose shots from distance did not result in any goals. Juventus extended their lead late in the second half when Boniek scored again. A cross from Briaschi found Boniek, whose shot beat Grobbelaar to extend Juventus' lead to 2–0. Five minutes later, Juventus nearly extended their lead again. However, striker Paolo Rossi's shot was saved by Grobbelaar. Juventus held onto their lead to win the match 2–0 and win the Super Cup.

### Details

| Juventus | 2–0 | Liverpool |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Boniek  39', 79' | Report |  |

Stadio Comunale, TurinAttendance: 55,384Referee: Dieter Pauly (West Germany)

| GK **1**  Luciano Bodini  RB **2**  Luciano Favero  LB **3**  Antonio Cabrini  CM **4**  Massimo Bonini  CB **5**  Sergio Brio  SW **6**  Gaetano Scirea ()  RW **7**  Massimo Briaschi  CM **8**  Marco Tardelli  CF **9**  Paolo Rossi  AM **10**  Michel Platini  SS **11**  Zbigniew Boniek  **Substitutes:**  GK **12**  Stefano Tacconi  SW **13**  Nicola Caricola  CM **14**  Cesare Prandelli  CM **15**  Bruno Limido  CM **16**  Beniamino Vignola  **Manager:**  Giovanni Trapattoni | GK **1**  Bruce Grobbelaar  RB **2**  Phil Neal ()  LB **3**  Alan Kennedy  CB **4**  Mark Lawrenson   46'  RM **5**  Steve Nicol  CB **6**  Alan Hansen   CF **7**  Paul Walsh  LM **8**  Ronnie Whelan  CF **9**  Ian Rush  CM **10**  Kevin MacDonald  CM **11**  John Wark  **Substitutes:**  DF **12**  Jim Beglin  GK **13**  Bob Bolder  DF **14**  Gary Gillespie   46'  MF **15**  Sammy Lee  MF **16**  Jan Mølby  **Manager:**  Joe Fagan |
| --- | --- |

## Post-match

The two sides met again at the end of the season in the 1985 European Cup Final. However, the events of the match were overshadowed by the disaster that occurred before kick-off. Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds. English clubs were banned indefinitely from European competition, with a condition that when the ban was lifted, Liverpool would serve an extra three-year ban. The ban eventually lasted for five years with Liverpool serving an additional year, clubs returning to European competition in the 1990–91 season. Juventus won the match 1–0 to win the European Cup for the first time.

Liverpool finished second in the First Division during the 1984–85 Football League. They were thirteen points behind champions Everton. Juventus finished the 1984–85 Serie A in sixth place, seven points behind champions Hellas Verona.

1. "Club competition winners do battle". *UEFA.com*. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
2. Wilson, Jonathan (13 May 2008). "'The behaviour of the Scottish fans was shocking and ugly'". *The Observer*. London. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
3. "1983/84: Star-studded Juventus make their mark". UEFA. 1 June 1984. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
4. "Juventus". UEFA. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
5. Wilson, Paul (23 May 2013). "The great European Cup teams: Liverpool 1977–84". *The Guardian*. London. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
6. "1977: McDermott treble lifts Liverpool". UEFA. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
7. "1978: Anderlecht back on top". UEFA. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
8. Caroli, Angelo (16 January 1985). "Stasera la Supercoppa, poi quella dei Campioni per fare un bel "poker"" (in Italian). Stampa Sera. p. 13.
9. Caroli, Angelo (15 January 1985). "Supercoppa, una storia cominciata nel 1972 con il successo del Grande Ajax". *Stampa Sera* (in Italian). p. 15.
10. "Liverpool have no answer to Boniek". *The Times*. No. 62038. London. 17 January 1985. p. 20.
11. Hale & Ponting (1992, p. 189)
12. Hutchings & Nawrat (1995, p. 251)
13. "1985: Fans die in Heysel rioting". *BBC News*. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
14. Mariani, Maurizio (26 October 2000). "Italy 1984/85". Rec. Sport. Soccer. Statistics. Foundation. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

## Bibliography

* Hale, Steve; Ponting, Ivan (1992). *Liverpool In Europe*. London: Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-569-7.
* Hutchings, Steve; Nawrat, Chris (1995). *The Sunday Times Illustrated History of Football: The Post-War Years*. London: Chancellor Press. ISBN 1-85153-014-2.

## InfoBox

1984 European Super Cup
| Match programme cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | European Super Cup |
|  | |
| Date | 16 January 1985 |
| Venue | Stadio Comunale, Turin |
| Referee | Dieter Pauly (West Germany) |
| Attendance | 55,384 |
|