title: First Baptist Church of Wollaston

abstract: First Baptist Church of Wollaston is a historic Baptist church building in Wollaston, Massachusetts. Built in 1873 for a new congregation, and repeatedly enlarged, it is a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture, and one of the city's finest remaining wood-frame churches. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

text:
# First Baptist Church of Wollaston

**First Baptist Church of Wollaston** is a historic Baptist church building in Wollaston, Massachusetts. Built in 1873 for a new congregation, and repeatedly enlarged, it is a fine example of Gothic Revival architecture, and one of the city's finest remaining wood-frame churches. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## Architecture and history

The First Baptist Church of Wollaston is set on a large lot at the western corner of Prospect and Warren Avenues in Quincy's Wollaston. It is now a large asymmetrical T-shaped structure whose long side extends along Prospect, with the original 1873 church building projecting toward that street. That structure has a steeply-pitched slate gable roof, with a tower set at the near left corner. The square tower has buttressing at the corners and narrow paired lancet windows on its lower two levels, and is topped by a pyramidal spire. Extending left from the rear of this structure is a 1913 addition, designed by Boston architect Albert Hayden Wright, that adopts similar design elements, and incorporates an 1890 chapel, connecting the two buildings via a Gothic colonnade. A second addition, dating to 1956, extends to the right.

Development of the Wollaston Heights area began in 1870, and this church was one of the first major structures built in the area. It was built on land donated by the Wollaston Land Company, the area's developer. George Pinkham, one of the church congregation's founders, was the business manager of the company. The congregation was organized in 1871.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Baptist Church of Wollaston | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 187 Warren Ave.,<br>Wollaston, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°15′38″N 71°1′13″W / 42.26056°N 71.02028°W / 42.26056; -71.02028 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1873 |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| MPS | Quincy MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001380 |
| Added to NRHP | September 20, 1989 |


title: 1985 in British television

text:
# 1985 in British television

This is a list of British television related events from 1985.

## Events

### January

* 1 January
    + BBC1's New Year's Eve special *Live into 85*, broadcast from Gleneagles Hotel in Scotland, ends broadcasting in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as scheduled 40 minutes earlier than in Scotland after a series of disasters brought on by poor organisation from the production team.
    + New Year's Day highlights on BBC1 include the World War II film *The Guns of Navarone* and the Alan Ayckbourne play *Absurd Person Singular*.
    + Channel 4 airs *It Was Twenty Years Ago Today*, a theme night celebrating the 1960s.
    + *Brookside* is moved from Wednesdays to Mondays which means the soap can now be seen on Mondays and Tuesdays on Channel 4.
* 2 January – Channel 4 begins airing the acclaimed series *A Woman of Substance*, a miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Barbara Taylor Bradford. The series airs over three consecutive nights and garners the channel an audience of 13.8 million, its largest to date.
* 3–6 January – The UK's last VHF 405-line television transmitters close down with transmissions in 405-lines ending in Scotland on the 4th.
* 4 January
* 6 January – The first *Screen Two* broadcast takes place.
* 7 January – The BBC ends its experiment with afternoon broadcasting and from that afternoon *Pages from Ceefax* is shown on BBC1 between the end of lunchtime programmes and the start of children's programmes and on BBC2 Ceefax pages are shown continuously between 9am and 5:25pm apart from when *Daytime on Two* is in season and when sporting events are being shown.
* 11 January
* 17 January – Thames makes a deal with international distributors for American production company Lorimar to purchase the UK broadcasting rights for the drama *Dallas*, thus taking it from the BBC and breaking a gentlemen's agreement between the BBC and ITV not to poach each other's imported shows. Thames have paid £55,000 per episode compared to the £29,000 paid by the BBC. The deal is condemned by both the BBC and other ITV companies who fear the BBC will poach their imports in retaliation and push up prices. In response to the Thames deal, the BBC plan to delay transmission of the episodes they already have so that they will clash with the episodes being shown by Thames. Ultimately, however, pressure from several ITV companies, especially Yorkshire Television to the Independent Broadcasting Authority forces Thames to sell the series back to the BBC at a loss. The controversy leads to the resignation of Thames managing director Bryan Cowgill who feels the board have not supported him, he leaves the company on 12 July.
* 18 January – Debut of *The Practice*, a twice-weekly medical drama intended to become Granada's second soap produced for the ITV network. But viewing figures are not as healthy as had been hoped and the series first run ends in May. It returns for a second series in 1986 before being axed.
* 20 January – The American sitcom *The Cosby Show* makes its UK debut on Channel 4.
* 23 January – A debate in the House of Lords is televised for the first time.

### February

* 4 February – The American detective series *Miami Vice*, starring Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas, makes its UK debut on BBC1 with the feature-length episode *Brother's Keeper*.
* 12 February – Debut of *Television*, a 13-part Granada documentary series narrated by Ian Holm that explores the history of the medium.
* 16 February – The network television premiere of John Landis' 1981 horror comedy film *An American Werewolf in London* on BBC1, starring David Naughton, Griffin Dunne, Jenny Agutter, John Woodvine and Brian Glover, with special appearances by Frank Oz and Jim Henson from *The Muppets*.
* 18 February
    + BBC1 undergoes a major relaunch under controller Michael Grade:
        - An element of stripped and stranded programming is introduced.
        - At 5:35pm, the legendary mechanical "mirror globe" ident, in use in varying forms since 1969, is seen for the last time on regular rotation on BBC1, although the regional versions are seen for the final time an hour later. Its replacement, the COW (**C**omputer **O**riginated **W**orld), makes its debut at 7pm.
        - The first usage of the COW ident introduces the first edition of the relaunch of Terry Wogan's eponymous talk show which is now shown as a thrice-weekly live primetime programme.
    + Computer-generated graphics replace magnetic weather maps on all BBC forecasts.
* 19 February – Debut of the long-running soap opera *EastEnders* on BBC1, set in the East End of London.

### March

### April

### May

### June

* 3 June – ITV London and Southern regions begin showing *"V": The Series*, the follow-up series to the cult US sci-fi alien visitors drama. Other ITV regions air the show shortly afterwards, with ITV Midlands on 26 August; however, STV do not show it until 10 March 1986 following a repeat of the original miniseries.
* 5 June – The crime drama *Bulman*, a spin-off from *Strangers* makes its debut on ITV.
* 12 June – David Dundas who composed the Channel 4 theme, wins a legal battle to retain all rights to the music and £1000 a week in royalties.
* 21 June – Channel 4 airs *Europe in Concert*, a three-and-a-half-hour sequence of classical performances presented by Peter Sissons.
* 28 June – The end of the 1984/85 school year sees the closure of the Daytime on Two information service and when it returns in September the gaps are filled by interval captions and, for breaks of more than 10 minutes, the usual Ceefax miscellany.

### July

* 4 July
    + Debut of *Tandoori Nights*, a sitcom about rival Indian restaurants in London's Brick Lane starring Saeed Jaffrey which is Channel 4's first Asian comedy.
    + June Brown makes her *EastEnders* debut as Dot Cotton, appearing on-screen until 1993 before returning in 1997 and remaining in the soap until 2020.
* 6 July – The US sitcom *Family Ties*, starring Michael J Fox makes its UK debut on Channel 4.
* 7 July – Debut of *The Rock 'n' Roll Years* on BBC1, a series that looks at the music and events of a particular year, starting with 1956.
* 13 July – The Live Aid pop concerts are held at Wembley Stadium in London and the JFK Stadium in Philadelphia and are televised around the world. The Wembley concert is shown in its entirety on BBC2 from midday, with BBC1 showing the Philadelphia concert later this evening. Over £50 million is raised for famine relief in Ethiopia.
* 14 July – *Watchdog* launches as a stand-alone programme on BBC1, having previously been a segment within the teatime news magazine programmes *Nationwide* and *Sixty Minutes*.
* 27 July – BBC2 airs "Blues Night", an *Arena* special dedicated to the Blues and featuring artists from the genre, including Sonny Boy Williamson, B. B. King, Blind John Davis and Big Bill Broonzy.
* 30 July – Debut of the pop music culture series *No Limits* on BBC2.
* 31 July
    + The BBC announces it has pulled *At the Edge of the Troubles*, a documentary in the *Real Lives* strand in which filmmaker Vincent Hanna secured an interview with Sinn Féin's Martin McGuinness and his wife. The announcement leads to a one-day strike by members of the National Union of Journalists and the eventual overturning of the ban. A slightly edited version of the programme is shown in October. The controversy damages the Director-Generalship of Alasdair Milne who eventually resigns from the post in 1987.
    + *The War Game*, made for the BBC's *The Wednesday Play* strand in 1965 but banned from broadcast at the time, is finally shown on television as part of BBC2's *After the Bomb* season.

### August

* August – After a series of high-profile football hooliganism events and a dispute between the Football League and the broadcasters over revenue, televised league football is missing from British TV screens until the second half of the season. The Charity Shield and international games are the only matches screened.
* 1 August – The nuclear war docudrama *Threads* is repeated on BBC2 as part of the *After the Bomb* series.
* 5 August – The popular American animated series *Transformers* makes its UK debut on ITV's TV-am morning programme. Each episode is split into 5 minute segments and shown over the course of the week. It is initially broadcast during Roland Rat's weekday morning slot, before moving to TV-am's subsequent children's weekday segment *Wacaday* in October 1985, using the same format. TV-am will also go on to show the rival animated show *Gobots*, several weeks later during the weekend slot *Wide Awake Club*.
* 13 August – ITV airs the American intergalactic whodunnit *Murder in Space*. The film is shown without the ending and a competition held for viewers to identify the murderer(s). The film's concluding 30 minutes is shown a few weeks later, with a studio of contestants eliminated one by one until the winner correctly solves the mystery. There is a prize of £10,000.
* 24 August – S4C airs *Helfa Drysor*, a pilot for a Welsh-language version of Channel 4's *Treasure Hunt*, with Robin Jones and Sioned Maid taking on the roles of Kenneth Kendall and Anneka Rice. The show is not picked up for a series, making the programme a one-off special.
* 28 August – Central launches a new presentation package that sees its moon logo redesigned into a three-dimensional shape dubbed by viewers as the "Central Cake" logo.
* 30 August
    + Debut of Granada's ill-fated "continuing drama series", *Albion Market*. The series, set in a market in Salford and intended as a companion for *Coronation Street*, is panned by critics and suffers from poor ratings. It is axed a year later.
    + The weekday lunchtime *Financial Report*, broadcast on BBC1 in London and the south east, is broadcast for the final time ahead of the launch of a lunchtime regional news bulletin for viewers in the BBC South East region.
* 31 August – Scottish Television launches a new computer-generated ident.

### September

* 1 September
    + Debut of the drama series *Howards' Way* on BBC1.
    + Ealing Cable launches Home Video Channel which shows low-budget movies devoted to horror, action/adventure, science fiction and erotica; subsequently rolled out to other cable operators by sending tapes and a copy of the programme schedule so that can be played out locally.
* 2 September
* 3 September
    + BBC1's *EastEnders* moves from 7pm to 7:30pm to avoid clashing with ITV's *Emmerdale Farm* which airs in the 7pm timeslot on Tuesdays and Thursdays in many ITV regions.
    + Debut of the game show *Telly Addicts* on BBC1, presented by Noel Edmonds.
    + Debut of the game show *Crosswits* on ITV, presented by Barry Cryer and later Tom O'Connor.
* 6 September – Channel 4 screen Martin Scorsese's Oscar winning 1980 Boxing drama *Raging Bull*, starring Robert De Niro.
* 7 September – The American sci-fi adventure series *Otherworld* makes its UK debut in the HTV region. The series is aired by the Anglia, Border, Central, Grampian and Granada regions from 2 November with most other companies starting to show it in 1986, the exception being Thames/LWT which never airs it.
* 8 September – BBC1 'closes down' on Sunday mornings for the final time, albeit since 1983 with broadcasts of *Pages from Ceefax*, as from next year repeats are shown during the adult educational Sunday morning slot's annual Summer break.
* 9 September – Children's BBC is launched on BBC1 with Phillip Schofield presenting from "The Broom Cupboard".
* 10 September – ITV airs the Wales vs Scotland World Cup qualifier from Cardiff's Ninian Park. The match, played against the backdrop of escalating football hooliganism is notable for the death of Scotland manager Jock Stein who collapses shortly before Scotland secure their place in the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
* 15 September – ITV airs *Murder in Space: The Solution* in which the puzzle of the sci-fi murder mystery is finally solved, hosted by Anneka Rice and Roger Cook (the latter making his debut for ITV).
* 17 September – Screensport covers, and sponsors, the Football League Super Cup, a competition designed to compensate clubs banned from European competition following the Heysel Stadium disaster.
* 22 September – Channel 4 celebrates 30 years of ITV with an evening of classic programmes from them.
* 26 September - *Mooncat and Co* (formerly known as *Get Up and Go!*) is broadcast for the final time.
* 27 September – *EastEnders* begins airing on TVNZ in New Zealand, making it the first country outside the UK to air the soap.
* 28 September – After 20 years on the air, ITV's Saturday afternoon sports programme *World of Sport* is broadcast for the last time.

### October

* 1 October – ORACLE revamps its service. The pages on ITV become more news focused and more regional pages are added and the content on Channel 4 becomes more magazine focussed. The changes also see the end of duplicate pages on both channels.
* 2 October – *The Times* reports that Thames Television have paid the BBC £300,000 in compensation to make up for the additional costs it paid for new episodes of *Dallas*.
* 3 October – Roland Rat, the puppet rodent who saved an ailing TV-am in 1983, transfers to the BBC. Commenting on the move, he says, "I saved TV-am and now I'm here to save the BBC."
* 4 October – *Puddle Lane*, a television programme for preschoolers and the replacement programme for *Get Up and Go!*/*Mooncat and Co*, makes its debut on ITV.
* 5 October – The first weekend of horse racing is shown on Channel 4.
* 6 October – The final episode of the classic sitcom *Open All Hours* is broadcast on BBC1, although it will be rebooted in 2013 as *Still Open All Hours*.
* 23 October – The sitcom *Girls on Top* makes its debut on ITV, starring Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders and Ruby Wax.
* 28 October – An edition of ITV's *World in Action* series casts doubt on evidence used to convict the Birmingham Six of the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings.
* 29–30 October – Thames broadcasts its second Telethon.
* 30 October – Children's ITV show the American animated Halloween special *Garfield in Disguise*.

### November

* 4 November – BBC2 shows the first episode of the acclaimed drama, *Edge of Darkness*, in which a mourning father uncovers a conspiracy around his daughter's death. Starring Bob Peck and Joanne Whalley.
* 11 November – The 1000th episode of *Emmerdale Farm*, which airs the following day, is celebrated with a special lunch attended by Princess Michael of Kent. Not recognising any of the cast members, she later admits that she never watches the show.
* 14 November – A special edition of *Tomorrow's World* examines how effective the proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) might be at destroying any nuclear weapons launched at the United States.
* 30 November – Debut of the dating game show *Blind Date* on ITV, presented by Cilla Black.

### December

* 4 December – Due to a clash with ITV morning broadcaster TV-am for a 0900 UK time kick off, Scottish Television production *Scotsport* is screened on Channel 4 for the only time, broadcasting Australia v Scotland in a 1986 Football World Cup Qualifier.
* 6 December – BBC1 airs *John Lennon: A Journey in the Life*, an *Everyman* special marking the fifth anniversary of the murder of John Lennon. The programme includes archive footage of Lennon, dramatisations of parts of his life and contributions from some of his friends.
* 9 December – 25th anniversary of the first episode of *Coronation Street*.
* 22 December – Having been broadcast every Sunday teatime since the launch of BBC2 in 1964, *News Review* airs for the final time. It is replaced in the new year by *NewsView*, a Saturday early evening bulletin which combines the day's news with a look back at the week's news.
* 23 December – ITV show the 1980 comedy film *9 to 5*, starring Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin, and Dolly Parton.
* 24 December – The network television premiere of the 1981 Dudley Moore comedy film *Arthur* on ITV.
* 25 December
* 26 December
* 29 December – The network television premiere of Richard Attenborough's eight-time Oscar-winning 1982 biopic *Gandhi* on BBC1, starring Ben Kingsley.
* 30 December – Channel 4 celebrates Granada's 30th birthday with an evening of programmes from the 1960s, including *Bootsie and Snudge* and a compilation of *From the North*.
* 31 December – New Year's Eve highlights on BBC1 include repeat showings of the classic films *Gone with the Wind* and *The Magnificent Seven*, as well as a version of Terence Ratigan's *The Browning Version* with Ian Holm while Terry Wogan welcomes in 1986 from BBC Television Centre.

### Unknown

* London Weekend Television comes to an agreement with TVS to help to fill its schedules with domestically produced programming while not having to increase its budget. This helps TVS to get more of its programmes onto the ITV network.
* Swindon's cable service is rebranded as Swindon Cable and its news programme is renamed as part of this move and becomes *Focus on Swindon*. The channel increases the programme's frequency from twice a week to three times a week.

## Debuts

### BBC1

### BBC2

### BBC Alba

* 17 October – *Dòtaman* (1985–present)

### ITV

### Channel 4

### Sky Channel

## Channels

### New channels

| Date | Channel |
| --- | --- |
| 2 June | Mirrorvision |
| 1 September | Home Video Channel |
| 29 September | The Arts Channel |
| 30 October | Lifestyle |
| 20 December | Bravo |

### Defunct channels

| Date | Channel |
| --- | --- |
| 2 June | The Entertainment Network |

## Television shows

### Returning this year after a break of one year or longer

## Continuing television shows

### 1920s

* *BBC Wimbledon* (1927–1939, 1946–2019, 2021–present)

### 1930s

* Trooping the Colour (1937–1939, 1946–2019, 2023–present)
* The Boat Race (1938–1939, 1946–2019, 2021–present)
* *BBC Cricket* (1939, 1946–1999, 2020–2024)

### 1940s

### 1950s

### 1960s

### 1970s

### 1980s

## Ending this year

## Births

## Deaths

| Date | Name | Age | Cinematic Credibility |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 January | Basil Bartlett | 79 | actor and screenwriter |
| 12 January | Paul Luty | 52 | actor (*Coronation Street*, *Love Thy Neighbour*, *Emmerdale*, *Rosie*, *In Loving Memory*) |
| 18 January | Wilfrid Brambell | 72 | actor (Steptoe in *Steptoe and Son*) |
| 29 January | Chic Murray | 65 | actor and comedian |
| 5 February | Neil McCarthy | 52 | actor (*The Avengers*, *The Saint*, *Z-Cars*, *Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)*, *Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em*, *Only When I Laugh*, *Emmerdale*) |
| 14 February | Eva Mottley | 31 | actress (*Bergerac*, *Only Fools and Horses*, *Widows*) |
| 19 February | Dorothy Black | 85 | actress |
| 9 March | John Tudor Jones | 81 | presenter |
| 1 April | Alec Clifton-Taylor | 76 | presenter (*The Spirit of the Age*, *Six English Towns*) |
| 5 April | Arthur Negus | 82 | antiques expert |
| 14 April | Noele Gordon | 65 | actress (Meg Mortimer in *Crossroads*) |
| 21 April | John Welsh | 70 | actor (*The Duchess of Duke Street*, *Brideshead Revisited*, *Softly, Softly*) |
| 16 May | Hugh Burden | 72 | actor (*The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder*, *Sykes*, *The Avengers*) |
| 22 May | Gerald Case | 79-80 | actor |
| 1 June | Richard Greene | 66 | actor (*The Adventures of Robin Hood*) |
| 7 June | Gordon Rollings | 59 | actor and presenter (*Z-Cars*, Charlie Moffett in *Coronation Street*, *Play School*) |
| 9 June | Clifford Evans | 73 | actor (*The Avengers*, *The Saint*, *Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)*, *Codename*) |
| 24 June | Valentine Dyall | 77 | actor (*Secret Army*, *Doctor Who*) |
| 2 July | Hector Nicol | 64 | actor and comedian |
| 16 July | Elsie Wagstaff | 86 | actress |
| 18 July | Robert Raglan | 76 | actor (Colonel Pritchard in *Dad's Army*) |
| 7 August | Joanne Cole | 51 | animator (*Bod*, *Fingerbobs*, *Gran*) |
| 21 August | Maxwell Shaw | 55 | actor |
| 29 August | Patrick Barr | 77 | actor (*Doctor Who*, *Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)*) |
| 22 September | Dickie Henderson | 62 | presenter |
| 30 October | David Oxley | 64 | actor |
| 20 November | Victor Henry | 42 | actor |
| 23 November | Leslie Mitchell | 80 | announcer |
| 12 December | Barry MacKay | 79 | actor |
| 23 December | Philip Mackie | 67 | screenwriter |

## InfoBox

| List of years in British television (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Bailey Walsh

abstract: G. Bailey Walsh (1905–1962) was a politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. He served in the Navy, participated in the Nuremberg trials, served as a US District attorney, and was the head of the Republican Party of Tennessee, as well as the party's National Campaign Director.

text:
# Bailey Walsh

**G. Bailey Walsh** (1905–1962) was a politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. He served in the Navy, participated in the Nuremberg trials, served as a US District attorney, and was the head of the Republican Party of Tennessee, as well as the party's National Campaign Director.

## Early life

Walsh was born in Trenton, Tennessee, later moving to Humboldt, Tennessee, where he attended Humboldt High School. He lived much of his life in Washington, D.C., and Memphis, Tennessee. In 1945 he married Dorothy McDaniel. He died April 8, 1962.

## Career

### World War II

During World War II, he served as a lieutenant commander in the US Navy on the aircraft carrier *Essex*. He served as an attorney during the Nuremberg trials. After returning from active duty, he was named attorney for the alien property section of the Department of Justice.

Although his father had been a US district attorney for the Democratic Wilson administration, Walsh was appointed an assistant US district attorney by Republican Herbert Hoover. He served from 1929 to 1932. Walsh was a Republican from Memphis, ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for governor of Tennessee in 1938, and served as secretary of the Tennessee Republican Party in 1939. In 1940, he introduced the Republican nominee, Wendell Willkie at the Republican National Convention. In 1948, Walsh was the National Republican Campaign director. He was also an assistant attorney general for the state of Louisiana, for whom he worked on the Tidelands case, ultimately successfully arguing the case before the U.S. Supreme Court. Walsh is interred at Rose Hill Cemetery in Humboldt, Tennessee.


title: Arturo Somohano

abstract: Arturo Somohano Portela was a musical composer and director of the San Juan Symphony Orchestra, which is now named after him.

text:
# Arturo Somohano

**Arturo Somohano Portela** (September 1, 1910  March 23, 1977) was a musical composer and director of the San Juan Symphony Orchestra, which is now named after him.

## Early years

Somohano, born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, had always been musically inclined and as a young child had learned to play the piano. He loved classical music and when he learned musical composition and harmony at the Fransician Chapel, he felt inspired to write music in a classical style.

## San Juan Symphony Orchestra

Upon the outbreak of World War II, Somohano entertained U.S. Army troops by playing the piano and directing concerts at various military bases. His composition, "Canciones de las Americas" (Songs of the Americas), became an iconic anthem in the Army. After the war, Somohano returned to Puerto Rico, where he founded and directed the San Juan Symphony Orchestra and the Puerto Rico Philharmonic Orchestra. During this period, he also spearheaded the reconstruction of the Tapia Theater in San Juan, which was in a state of disrepair.

By 1958, as Somohano's reputation as a conductor grew, so did the overseas demand for his services as an orchestra conductor. He did two tours which included presentations in Spain, Germany, and the United States.

Somohano celebrated his 100th concert as director in the 1960s in Madrid, Spain. He was granted the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Spanish Parliament and was named Honorary Conductor of the Madrid Symphony Orchestra. On January 13, 1969, Somohano was sworn in as an Assembly Member of the City of San Juan.

## Published the works

| External audio | |
| --- | --- |
| You may listen to"Arturo Somohano's "*Dime*" interpreted by Rene Ramos". Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2010-10-09.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) | |

Somohano published the works of danza composers Manuel Gregorio Tavárez and Juan Morel Campos. He also wrote the forwards for three musical reviews and the musical accompaniment for five theatrical works with the collaboration of Manuel Méndez Ballester.

Amongst his compositions are:

* "Recuerdos de Ponce" (Memories of Ponce),
* "Si Tu Supieras" (If You Only Knew),
* "Palma y Olivo" (Palms and Olives),
* "Esclavo Moderno" (Modern Slave) and
* "Vagando".

He also recorded many other compositions, including:

* "Danzas de Puerto Rico" (Danzas of Puerto Rico),
* "Aquí España" (Over Here, Spain) and
* "En Mi Viejo San Juan" (In My Old San Juan).

## Legacy

Arturo Somohano died in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico on March 23, 1977. After his death, the San Juan Symphony Orchestra was renamed The Arturo Somohano Symphony Orchestra in his honor. The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico annually awards its most outstanding student with the *Arturo Somohano Medal* for Excellence in International Musical Achievement. San Juan has also honored Somohano's memory by naming a school and a plaza after him.

## InfoBox

| **Arturo Somohano Portela** | |
| --- | --- |
| Plaque at Plaza Arturo Somohano in San Juan | |
| Background information | |
| Born | September 1, 1910
San Juan, Puerto Rico |
| Died | March 23, 1977
Hato Rey, Puerto Rico |
| Genres | Classical music |
| Occupation | Director of the San Juan Symphony Orchestra |


title: Friction extrusion

abstract: Friction extrusion is a thermo-mechanical process that can be used to form fully consolidated wire, rods, tubes, or other non-circular metal shapes directly from a variety of precursor charges including metal powder, flake, machining waste or solid billet. The process imparts unique, and potentially, highly desirable microstructures to the resulting products. Friction extrusion was invented at The Welding Institute in the UK and patented in 1991. It was originally intended primarily as a method for production of homogeneous microstructures and particle distributions in metal matrix composite materials.

text:
# Friction extrusion

**Friction extrusion** is a thermo-mechanical process that can be used to form fully consolidated wire, rods, tubes, or other non-circular metal shapes directly from a variety of precursor charges including metal powder, flake, machining waste (chips or swarf) or solid billet. The process imparts unique, and potentially, highly desirable microstructures to the resulting products. Friction extrusion was invented at The Welding Institute in the UK and patented in 1991. It was originally intended primarily as a method for production of homogeneous microstructures and particle distributions in metal matrix composite materials.

## Description of the Process and Essential Process Variables

As in conventional extrusion processes, in friction extrusion, a shape change is enforced on the charge by forcing its passage through a die. However, friction extrusion differs from conventional extrusion in several key ways. Critically, in the friction extrusion process, the extrusion charge (billet or other precursor) rotates relative to the extrusion die. In addition, similar to conventional extrusion, an extrusion force is applied so as to push the charge against the die. In practice either the die or the charge may rotate or they may be counter-rotating. The relative rotary motion between the charge and the die has several significant effects on the process. First, the relative motion in the plane of rotation leads to large shear stresses, hence, plastic deformation in the layer of charge in contact with and near the die. This plastic deformation is dissipated by recovery and recrystallization processes leading to substantial heating of the deforming charge. Because of the deformation heating, friction extrusion does not generally require preheating of the charge by auxiliary means potentially resulting in a more energy efficient process. Second, the substantial level of plastic deformation in the region of relative rotary motion can promote solid state welding of powders or other finely divided precursors, such as flakes and chips, effectively consolidating the charge (friction consolidation) prior to extrusion. Scrolled features on the face of the die aid material flow into the extrusion orifice which can lead to order of magnitude reduction in extrusion force compared to conventional extrusions of equivalent cross section. Third, the combined effects of elevated temperature and large levels of deformation normally lead the extrudate to have a relatively fine, equiaxed, grain structure which results from recrystallization after the conclusion of deformation: desirable crystallographic textures may also be created by the process and formation of nanocomposite structures are also possible.

Based on the foregoing, it can be said that the essential controlled parameters in friction extrusion are typically:

1. The die rotation rate.
2. The die geometry.
3. The extrusion force normal to the die face ***or***, the rate of die advance into the charge.

The corresponding response parameters include:

1. The required torque and power.
2. The extrusion temperature.
3. The extrusion rate in force controlled extrusion or the extrusion force in rate controlled extrusion.
4. The extrudate microstructure and properties.

## Friction Extrusion Equipment

In principle, friction extrusion can be performed on any machine which can produce the required rotary and linear motions between the die and charge. Examples include machines built for friction stir welding, milling machines modified to accommodate the extrusion forces, and purpose built friction extrusion equipment such as the shear assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE™) machine at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Figures 1-3 show examples of friction extrusion equipment and extruded products. Figure 4 shows typical friction extrusion dies designed for production of wire, rod and tube. Dies are rotated in the direction which enhances material flow toward the extrusion orifice during the process.

## Strain in Friction Extrusion

In conventional extrusion, the strain imparted to the charge is loosely defined by the extrusion ratio. The extrusion ratio is simply the cross-sectional area of the extrusion billet, A0, divided by the cross sectional area of the extrudate, Af. The extrusion strain is then e=ln(A0/Af).

In friction extrusion there is an additional strain component which will arise from the shearing motion of the rotating die as it contacts the charge. The strain produced by the rotation of the die results in redundant work as it does not accomplish a shape change. In order to investigate the strain due to shearing, studies have been performed with marker materials embedded in the material to be extruded. After extrusion, these materials are detected by metallographic methods and provide insight regarding the way in which material flows during the extrusion process. Figure 5 shows an example of how the amount of shear strain changes with changing ratios of extrusion rate to die rotation rate. In the limit of very high extrusion rates, the friction extrusion process closely mimics the conventional extrusion process with respect to strain levels.

## Typical microstructure resulting from friction extrusion

Figure 6 shows the cross section and microstructure of a titanium wire produced by friction extrusion of Ti-6-4 powder. Notably, the cross section is fully consolidated and the transformed b microstructure indicates that extrusion likely occurred near 1000 °C (above the beta transus for the alloy). Figure 7 shows grain size and crystallographic orientation typical of thin walled tubing extruded from AZ91 melt spun flake. Grains are refined to less than 5 mm and orientation of the (0001) planes are off-normal due to the rotational shear component. Figure 8 shows examples of friction extruded magnesium alloy tubes. Friction consolidation has also been used to refine grain size and preferentially orient texture in functional materials such as bismuth-telluride thermoelectrics and iron-silicon magnets. Examples of the effect of friction extrusion of microstructure have been reported for AZ31, various aluminum alloys and pure copper.

## Potential of Friction Extrusion for Commercialization

1. Creep resistant steel piping.
2. Lightweight magnesium and aluminum structures.
3. Materials with enhanced thermal properties.
4. Recycling of aluminum machining waste and swarf.
5. Nanocomposite functional materials.

## Advantages and Disadvantages Relative to Conventional Extrusion

### *Advantages*

1. Potential for significantly lower power consumption and extrusion force compared to conventional extrusion due to rotational shear generating the necessary process heat and scroll features aiding material flow into the extrusion orifice.
2. Friction extrusion is capable of refining microstructure from powder/flake/chip (bottom-up) and solid billets (top-down).
3. Enables extrusion of materials, such as Mg2Si which cannot be readily extruded by conventional means.
4. As a solid-phase process, friction extrusion can be done at low temperature thereby retaining nanoscale second phases and particles present in precursor material. Enables fabrication of bulk nanocomposite materials.
5. Enables enhanced bulk properties, such as energy absorption in magnesium alloys.

### *Disadvantages*

1. Extrusion rates competitive with conventional extrusion processes have yet to be demonstrated.
2. Uniformity of microstructure and material properties are difficult to obtain in plane perpendicular to extrusion direction because the imposed strain is non-uniform.
3. Full range of process scalability has not been assessed.


title: Euphaedra bergeri

abstract: Euphaedra bergeri is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba).

text:
# Euphaedra bergeri

***Euphaedra bergeri*** is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba).

## InfoBox

| *Euphaedra bergeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Euphaedra* |
| Species: | ***E. bergeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euphaedra bergeri***<br>Hecq, 1974 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euphaedra* (*Euphaedrana*) *bergeri* | |


title: Euseius

abstract: Euseius is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

text:
# Euseius

***Euseius*** is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Euseius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Superorder: | Parasitiformes |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Subfamily: | Amblyseiinae |
| Genus: | ***Euseius***<br>De Leon, 1967 |
|


title: 1993–94 Fulham F.C. season

abstract: During the 1993–94 English football season, Fulham F.C. competed in the Division Two.

text:
# 1993–94 Fulham F.C. season

During the **1993–94 English football season**, Fulham F.C. competed in the Division Two.

## Final league table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19 | Cardiff City | 46 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 66 | 79 | 13 | 54 |  |
| 20 | Blackpool | 46 | 16 | 5 | 25 | 63 | 75 | 12 | | 53 |
| 21 | Fulham | 46 | 14 | 10 | 22 | 50 | 63 | 13 | 52 | Relegated |
| 22 | Exeter City | 46 | 11 | 12 | 23 | 52 | 83 | 31 | | 45 |
| 23 | Hartlepool United | 46 | 9 | 9 | 28 | 41 | 87 | 46 | | 36 |

Source:

## Results

*Fulham's score comes first*

### Legend

| Win | Draw | Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Football League Third Division

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 August 1993 | Hartlepool United | A | 1–0 | 2,542 |
| 21 August 1993 | Cardiff City | H | 1–3 | 5,696 |
| 28 August 1993 | Bristol Rovers | A | 1–2 | 5,261 |
| 31 August 1993 | Wrexham | H | 0–0 | 3,685 |
| 4 September 1993 | Bradford City | H | 1–1 | 4,221 |
| 11 September 1993 | Burnley | A | 1–3 | 9,021 |
| 14 September 1993 | Barnet | A | 2–0 | 3,066 |
| 18 September 1993 | York City | A | 0–1 | 3,595 |
| 25 September 1993 | Huddersfield Town | A | 0–1 | 5,616 |
| 2 October 1993 | Leyton Orient | H | 2–3 | 4,417 |
| 9 October 1993 | Bournemouth | H | 0–2 | 4,004 |
| 16 October 1994 | Hull City | A | 1–1 | 6,089 |
| 23 October 1993 | Stockport County | H | 0–1 | 3,615 |
| 30 October 1993 | Reading | A | 0–1 | 7,020 |
| 2 November 1993 | Exeter City | A | 4–6 | 2,919 |
| 6 November 1993 | Brighton & Hove Albion | H | 0–1 | 4,383 |
| 20 November 1993 | Rotherham United | A | 2–1 | 2,667 |
| 27 November 1993 | Swansea City | H | 3–1 | 3,282 |
| 11 December 1993 | Cardiff City | A | 0–1 | 5,120 |
| 17 December 1993 | Hartlepool United | H | 2–0 | 2,998 |
| 27 December 1993 | Port Vale | H | 0–0 | 5,760 |
| 28 December 1993 | Plymouth Argyle | A | 1–3 | 15,609 |
| 1 January 1994 | Brentford | H | 0–0 | 9,797 |
| 3 January 1994 | Cambridge United | A | 0–3 | 4,557 |
| 8 January 1994 | Blackpool | A | 3–2 | 3,374 |
| 15 January 1994 | Hull City | H | 0–1 | 4,407 |
| 22 January 1994 | Bournemouth | A | 3–1 | 5,464 |
| 30 February 1994 | Reading | H | 1–0 | 6,911 |
| 5 February 1994 | Stockport County | A | 4–2 | 5,488 |
| 12 February 1994 | Blackpool | H | 1–0 | 4,259 |
| 19 February 1994 | Bristol Rovers | H | 0–1 | 5,063 |
| 22 February 1994 | Wrexham | A | 0–2 | 2,094 |
| 5 March 1994 | Burnley | H | 3–2 | 4,943 |
| 12 March 1994 | York City | A | 0–2 | 3,572 |
| 15 March 1994 | Barnet | H | 3–0 | 3,326 |
| 19 March 1994 | Huddersfield Town | H | 1–1 | 3,624 |
| 26 March 1994 | Leyton Orient | A | 2–2 | 5,096 |
| 29 March 1994 | Cambridge United | H | 0–2 | 3,444 |
| 2 April 1994 | Port Vale | A | 2–2 | 7,380 |
| 4 April 1994 | Plymouth Argyle | H | 1–1 | 5,819 |
| 9 April 1994 | Brentford | A | 2–1 | 6,638 |
| 13 April 1994 | Bradford City | A | 0–0 | 5,015 |
| 16 April 1994 | Exeter City | H | 0–2 | 4,602 |
| 23 April 1994 | Brighton & Hove Albion | A | 0–2 | 10,606 |
| 30 April 1994 | Rotherham United | H | 1–0 | 5,217 |
| 7 May 1994 | Swansea City | A | 1–2 | 4,355 |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| R1 | 15 November 1993 | Yeovil Town | A | 0–1 |

### League Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| R1 1st Leg | 17 August 1993 | Colchester United | H | 2–1 | 2,820 |  |
| R1 2nd Leg | 24 August 1993 | Colchester United | A | 2–1 | 3,360 | Fulham won 4-2 on aggregate |
| R2 1st Leg | 22 September 1993 | Liverpool | H | 1–3 | 13,599 |  |
| R2 2nd Leg | 5 October 1993 | Liverpool | A | 0–5 | 12,541 | Liverpool won 8-1 on aggregate |

### Football League Trophy

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SR1 | 28 September 1993 | Brighton & Hove Albion | H | 4–1 | 1,135 |  |
| SR1 | 10 November 1993 | Reading | A | 0–1 | 2,034 |  |
| SR2 | 1 December 1993 | Bristol Rovers | A | 2–2 | 2,882 | Fulham won 4-3 on penalties |
| SQF | 11 December 1993 | Reading | H | 1–0 | 2,864 |  |
| SSF | 8 February 1994 | Wycombe Wanderers | H | 2–2 | 8,733 | Wycombe won 4-2 on penalties |

## Squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  GK  ENG Lee Harrison  GK  ENG Jim Stannard  DF  ENG Jeff Eckhardt  DF  ENG Glen Thomas  DF  ENG Robbie Herrera  DF  ENG Terry Angus  DF  ENG Simon Morgan  DF  ENG John Marshall  DF  ENG Duncan Jupp  DF  ENG Martin Pike  MF  ENG Martin Ferney | No. Pos. Nation Player  MF  ENG Julian Hails  MF  ENG Paul Kelly  MF  ENG Udo Onwere  MF  CYP Ara Bedrossian  MF  ENG Mark Cooper  MF  ENG Michael Mison  MF  ENG Peter Baah  MF  ENG Lee Tierling  FW  ENG Gary Brazil  FW  ENG Sean Farrell  FW  ENG Rob Haworth  FW  ENG Paul Mahorn *(on loan from Tottenham Hotspur)* |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Fulham
| 1993–94 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Don Mackay |
| Stadium | Craven Cottage |
| Second Division | 21st |
| FA Cup | First round |
| League Cup | Second round |
| Football League Trophy | Southern Section Semi Final |
|  | |


title: FC Shana

abstract: FC Shana is a youth development association football academy in Haiti. It is one of the largest and most successful academies in the country.

text:
# FC Shana

**FC Shana** is a youth development association football academy in Haiti. It is one of the largest and most successful academies in the country.

## History

FC Shana was originally started by the family of Haitian footballer Fabien Vorbe when he was five years old him, his cousins, and friends, but officially founded sometime around 1999. It was started to offer all levels of development and competition in football from ages 6 to 16 and also receives them from all social backgrounds and sometimes different nationalities.

## Values

Shana teaches its students discipline, stressing fair play; to play with your heart out, and to combine skill with passionate football to be victorious.

## International competition

Shana usually plays annually in Santo Domingo, the capital of neighboring Dominican Republic.

In 2009, the U17 team *won* the Cayman Classic youth football tournament that consisted of U17 teams from Cayman Islands and Jamaica. The squad had just one seventeen-year-old.

In 2013, Shana participated in the Weston Cup & Showcase, an annual tournament in Florida, which had nearly 500 teams.

Shana participated in a competition at the West Orange Sports Complex from 22–25 January 2015. The U10 team *won* the tournament, while the U14 team finished *third*.

In 2016, Shana *won* the 2016 Weston Cup & Showcase in the Boys U17 Gold tournament during February 12–15.

Shana is one of the clubs to support the 2016 NYC Cup.

## InfoBox

FC Shana
| Full name | Football Club Shana |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1999 |
| Manager | Edwige Vorbe |
| Coach | Édouard Vorbe |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Fine Arts and Flower Building, Altamont Fairground, also known as Exhibition Hall, was built in 1896 as part of the Altamont Fairgrounds in Village of Altamont, New York, near Albany. The building is the only part of the fairground that remains largely in its original configuration. It is a large one story cruciform building with a large open interior, representative of the architecture typical of agricultural fairgrounds in the late 19th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004, having been in continuous use at the fairgrounds since 1896.

text:
# Fine Arts and Flower Building, Altamont Fairground

The **Fine Arts and Flower Building, Altamont Fairground**, also known as **Exhibition Hall**, was built in 1896 as part of the Altamont Fairgrounds in Village of Altamont, New York, near Albany.

The building is the only part of the fairground that remains largely in its original configuration. It is a large one story cruciform building with a large open interior, representative of the architecture typical of agricultural fairgrounds in the late 19th century.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004, having been in continuous use at the fairgrounds since 1896.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fine Arts and Flower Building Altamont Fairground | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Altamont, New York's Fine Arts and Flower Building on a foggy day. | |
|  | |
| Location | Altamont Fairgrounds, vic. of Grand St., Village of Altamont, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°41′54″N 74°1′46″W / 42.69833°N 74.02944°W / 42.69833; -74.02944 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1896 |
| Architect | Schoonmaker, Hiram |
| NRHP reference No. | 03001518 |
| Added to NRHP | January 28, 2004 |


title: Fabyan Windmill

abstract: The Fabyan Windmill is an authentic, working Dutch windmill dating from the 1850s located in Geneva, Kane County, Illinois, just north of Batavia, Illinois, off Illinois Route 25. The five-story wooden smock mill with a stage, which stands 68 feet (21 m) tall, sits upon the onetime estate of Colonel George Fabyan, but is now part of the Kane County Forest Preserve District. In 1979, the windmill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Dutch Mill. The following year, the windmill was selected to be on a U.S. postage stamp, as part of a series of five windmills in a stamp booklet called "Windmills USA." It originally operated as a custom grinding mill.

text:
# Fabyan Windmill

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dutch Mill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Batavia, Illinois |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1860 |
| Architectural style | Dutch Smock Mill |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000843 |
| Added to NRHP | June 4, 1979 |

The **Fabyan Windmill** is an authentic, working Dutch windmill dating from the 1850s located in Geneva, Kane County, Illinois, just north of Batavia, Illinois, off Illinois Route 25. The five-story wooden smock mill with a stage, which stands 68 feet (21 m) tall, sits upon the onetime estate of Colonel George Fabyan, but is now part of the Kane County Forest Preserve District.

In 1979, the windmill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the **Dutch Mill**. The following year, the windmill was selected to be on a U.S. postage stamp, as part of a series of five windmills in a stamp booklet called "Windmills USA." It originally operated as a custom grinding mill.

## History

During the mid-19th century, the Fabyan Windmill was constructed by German craftsmen, Louis Blackhaus, and his brother-in-law Freidrick Brockmann, on a site at Meyers Road near 16th Street in York Township between Elmhurst and Oak Brook, Illinois (now Lombard, Illinois).

By the early 20th century, the windmill had fallen into a state of disrepair. In 1914, George Fabyan purchased the disused windmill for approximately $8,000 from Mrs. Fred Runge. He then had it moved to its present location in Geneva Township on the east side of the Fox River, close to Illinois Route 25 in July 1915. Fabyan spent an estimated $75,000 to have it moved, reconstructed, and restored.

The Edgar E. Belding Company of West Chicago was contracted by Fabyan to move the windmill from York Center. It was slowly dismantled piece by piece, with Roman numerals carved into the beams and braces to facilitate correct reconstruction. Some of the largest beams had to be hauled by a team of mules.

The windmill was reassembled on its present site by a Danish millwright named Rasmussen, with the assistance of John Johnson and six others from the Wilson Bros. Construction Co. After nineteen months, the relocation and reconstruction were completed. The mill was a wonder in its day, because it is thought to be the only fully automatic wind-driven mill of its type.

George Fabyan died in 1936, and his wife died two years later. The estate was then sold by the executors of the will to the Kane County Forest Preserve District for $70,500.

## Structure

The giant cypress wood beams, trimmed with black walnut, are all hand joined and doweled with wood dowels. In fact, there are no metal nails used inside the structure. Even the original gearing was handmade of hickory and maple, with all five floors containing different mechanisms.

The windmill was a functioning mill used by the Fabyans for grinding several types of grain, including corn, wheat, rye, and oats. It also served as a grain mill for Fabyan's herd of prized Jersey cattle.

At the mill's top, or cap, is a huge cogged wheel called the brake wheel, which was turned by wind blowing against the sails. The sails are covered with canvas sailcloths to help catch the wind. The sails had to be entirely reconstructed by Rasmussen and John Johnson, because they were missing when Fabyan bought the mill. The sails span 74 feet 4 inches. The brake wheel, located in the cap, rotates an upright shaft running the height of the mill. This shaft supplied power to all of the mill's operations.

There is a set of belt-driven elevators, remarkable for its time, that moved the grains from chutes to hoppers, and even from floor to floor, making the mill almost fully automatic. Most other mills required workers to hand shovel materials between operations.

During its reconstruction, the Colonel had a new foundation poured, which created a basement. In the basement, he had ovens installed whose vents and chimney extended underground beneath Route 25 to a structure that once stood on the other side. In addition to the ovens, marble slabs and cooling racks were also installed. It is thought that at one time, the windmill basement was an operating bakery. During the flour rationing of World War I, the bakery supposedly produced bread for the Fabyan family and even for their two bears, Tom and Jerry. However, the extent of use of the mill's bakery is debatable due to an inadequate oven draft.

## Significance

The wind-powered mill is a type that was rarely built in the United States, where grist mills are usually powered by water. Its wooden gears and nail-less construction techniques are of interest both technically and architecturally. The mill is also an example of an America folly, a structure built primarily to enhance the landscape or view. In this case, George Fabyan, a wealthy merchant, purchased and moved the by-then inoperative mill to beautify his estate, but maintained it as a private mill with no commercial value.

## Today

Kane County considered the windmill's demolition as early as 1990 when it became structurally unsafe for public inspection. However, local citizens began fighting to keep the mill intact. In 1997, the Forest Preserve District contracted third-generation Dutch windmill maker Lucas Verbij to fully restore the windmill for a cost of over $900,000. It made its public debut in June 2005.

> The Fabyan Windmill is the best example of an authentic Dutch windmill in the United States, actually it's a treasure and would be the most popular windmill in the Netherlands (we currently have 1000 windmills).
>
> Lucas Verbij

The grinding mechanisms to make flour have been restored and are in use today by mill volunteers who do demonstrations to the public.

Even now, the varnish from 1915 is in near perfect condition because the climate inside the mill varies little from season to season due to its superior construction, and the Roman numeral markings carved into the beams used in original reconstruction are still visible.

## InfoBox

| Fabyan Windmill | |
| --- | --- |
| Fabyan Windmill in June 2008 | |
|  | |
| Origin | |
| Mill name | Old Holland Mill
Old Dutch Mill
Dutch Windmill
Dutch Mill |
| Mill location | Geneva Township, Kane County, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°52′17″N 88°18′21″W / 41.87139°N 88.30583°W / 41.87139; -88.30583 |
| Operator(s) | Friedrich Brockmann (1875—1887)
Louis Frederick Blackhaus (1875—1877)
Herman Volberduig (1877—1885)
Fred Runge (1887—1914)
Colonel George Fabyan (1914—1939)
Kane County Forest Preserve (1939—present) |
| Year built | Between 1848 - 1880 (estimated) |


abstract: The 2020 Delaware Republican presidential primary took place on July 7, 2020, along with the New Jersey primary on the same day. Donald Trump won the primary by a wide margin. Rocky De La Fuente, the only candidate other than Trump on the ballot, won his highest share of the vote in this primary.

text:
# 2020 Delaware Republican presidential primary

The **2020 Delaware Republican presidential primary** took place on July 7, 2020, along with the New Jersey primary on the same day.

Donald Trump won the primary by a wide margin. Rocky De La Fuente, the only candidate other than Trump on the ballot, won his highest share of the vote in this primary.

## Results

2020 Delaware Republican presidential primary
| Candidate | Popular vote | | Pledged delegates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | |
| **Donald Trump** | **28,876** | **88.05** | **16** |
| Rocky De La Fuente | 3,920 | 11.95 | 0 |
| Total | 32,796 | 100% | 16 |

### Vote by county

| 2020 Delaware Republican presidential primary (results by county) | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| County | Donald Trump | | Rocky De La Fuente | | Total votes<br>cast |
| | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
| Kent | 6,237 | 91.57 | 574 | 8.43 | 6,811 |
| New Castle | 10,112 | 82.01 | 2,218 | 17.99 | 12,330 |
| Sussex | 12,527 | 91.74 | 1,128 | 8.26 | 13,655 |
| **Total** | **28,876** | **88.05** | 3,920 | 11.95 | 32,796 |

## InfoBox

2020 Delaware Republican presidential primary
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  16 pledged delegates to the Republican National Convention | |
| Candidate **Donald Trump** Rocky De La Fuente  Home state Florida California  Delegate count **16** 0  Popular vote **28,876** 3,920  Percentage **88.05%** 11.95% | |


title: Fredlanea putiapitanga

abstract: Fredlanea putiapitanga is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1999. It is known from Colombia.

text:
# Fredlanea putiapitanga

***Fredlanea putiapitanga*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1999. It is known from Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Fredlanea putiapitanga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Hemilophini |
| Genus: | *Fredlanea* |
| Species: | ***F. putiapitanga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fredlanea putiapitanga***<br>Galileo & Martins, 1999 | |
|


title: 1976 VFL season

abstract: The 1976 VFL season was the 80th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Victoria. The season featured twelve clubs, ran from 3 April until 25 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top five clubs. The premiership was won by the Hawthorn Football Club for the third time, after it defeated North Melbourne by 30 points in the 1976 VFL Grand Final.

text:
# 1976 VFL season

The **1976 VFL season** was the 80th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Victoria. The season featured twelve clubs, ran from 3 April until 25 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top five clubs.

The premiership was won by the Hawthorn Football Club for the third time, after it defeated North Melbourne by 30 points in the 1976 VFL Grand Final.

## Background

In 1976, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus two substitute players, known as the **19th man** and the **20th man**. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.

Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 22 rounds; matches 12 to 22 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 11 (except that rounds 14 and 15 were the reverse of 4 and 3 respectively).

Once the 22 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1976 VFL *Premiers* were determined by the specific format and conventions of the "McIntyre final five system".

## Home-and-away season

### Round 1

### Round 2

### Round 3

### Round 4

### Round 5

### Round 6

### Round 7

### Round 8

### Round 9

### Round 10

### Round 11

### Round 12

### Round 13

### Round 14

### Round 15

### Round 16

### Round 17

### Round 18

### Round 19

### Round 20

### Round 21

### Round 22

## Ladder

| **(P)** | Premiers |
| --- | --- |
|  | Qualified for finals |

| # | Team | P | W | L | D | PF | PA | % | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Carlton | 22 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 2245 | 1690 | 132.8 | **66** |
| 2 | Hawthorn **(P)** | 22 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 2323 | 2035 | 114.2 | **64** |
| 3 | North Melbourne | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 2041 | 1748 | 116.8 | **60** |
| 4 | Geelong | 22 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 2251 | 2166 | 103.9 | **48** |
| 5 | Footscray | 22 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 1958 | 2023 | 96.8 | **46** |
| 6 | Melbourne | 22 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2319 | 2333 | 99.4 | **44** |
| 7 | Richmond | 22 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 2192 | 2224 | 98.6 | **40** |
| 8 | South Melbourne | 22 | 9 | 13 | 0 | 2223 | 2364 | 94.0 | **36** |
| 9 | St Kilda | 22 | 9 | 13 | 0 | 2056 | 2282 | 90.1 | **36** |
| 10 | Essendon | 22 | 9 | 13 | 0 | 1987 | 2253 | 88.2 | **36** |
| 11 | Fitzroy | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 2005 | 2161 | 92.8 | **28** |
| 12 | Collingwood | 22 | 6 | 16 | 0 | 2033 | 2354 | 86.4 | **24** |

Rules for classification: 1. premiership points; 2. percentage; 3. points for
Average score: 97.1
Source: AFL Tables

## Finals series

### Finals week 1

### Finals week 2

### Preliminary final

### Grand final

## Season notes

* The VFL introduced two field umpires per match.
* John Nicholls resigned as coach of Carlton three days before the VFL season commenced. Assistant coach Ian Thorogood was promoted to coach.
* The opening round match between South Melbourne and Geelong at the Lake Oval saw the Swans set a new record for the highest losing score on record, beating Melbourne's 1940 previous record.
* The Round 1 match between Carlton and Collingwood at Princes Park saw a massive all-in brawl that involved virtually every player from both sides, with Collingwood's Phil Carman the chief target.
* In Round 10, North Melbourne's Malcolm Blight kicked a booming torpedo punt 65–70 metres out from goal after the final siren at Princes Park, which sailed through for a goal that won the match for North Melbourne. HSV Channel 7 football commentator Michael Williamson exclaimed after the match, "I have seen it all, now. I have seen it all!!" ("The Sensational Seventies -- 1976." Screened on HSV 7 Melbourne in September 1979)
* The Round 21 match between Footscray and Fitzroy at VFL Park was the first match to provide the lowest two scores of a season.
* Collingwood "won" its maiden wooden spoon after seventy-nine years, leaving Carlton as the only foundation VFL team yet to finish last. Carlton would "win" its maiden wooden spoon twenty-six years later in 2002.
* Collingwood's six wins is the most by a wooden spooner in VFL/AFL history.

## Awards

* Rogers, S. & Brown, A., *Every Game Ever Played: VFL/AFL Results 1897–1997* (Sixth Edition), Viking Books, (Ringwood), 1998. ISBN 0-670-90809-6
* Ross, J. (ed), *100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported*, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996. ISBN 0-670-86814-0

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 1976 VFL premiership season | |
| --- | --- |
| Teams | 12 |
| Premiers | Hawthorn
3rd premiership |
| Minor premiers | Carlton
13th minor premiership |
| Brownlow Medallist | Graham Moss (Essendon) |
| Coleman Medallist | Larry Donohue (Geelong) |
| Attendance | |
| Matches played | 138 |
| Total attendance | 3,288,470 (23,829 per match) |
| Highest | 110,143 |
|  | |


title: Arthrocereus melanurus

abstract: Arthrocereus melanurus is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas. It is threatened largely by habitat loss.

text:
# Arthrocereus melanurus

***Arthrocereus melanurus*** is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas. It is threatened largely by habitat loss.

## Description

*Arthrocereus melanurus* grows basally branched with multiple shoots that are up to a meter or more long. The shoots are divided at short intervals, with the individual segments being 10 to 40 cm (3.9 to 15.7 in) long and having a diameter of 2.5 to 3.5 cm (0.98 to 1.38 in). The 9 to 19 low ribs are 2 to 3 mm (0.079 to 0.118 in) high. There are numerous, unequally long, golden yellow to white thorns. The up to 15 strong upper marginal and central spines are brown. The approximately 20 lower bristle-like radial spines are between 5 and 8 mm (0.20 and 0.31 in) long. The yellow to white flowers are up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long.

### Subspecies

| Image | Name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Arthrocereus melanurus* subsp. *melanurus* | Brazil (SW. Minas Gerais). |
|  | *Arthrocereus melanurus* subsp. *magnus* N.P.Taylor & Zappi | Brazil (S. Minas Gerais) |
|  | *Arthrocereus melanurus* subsp. *odorus* (F.Ritter) N.P.Taylor & Zappi | Brazil (S. Central Minas Gerais) |
|

## Distribution

*Arthrocereus melanurus* is widespread in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais at altitudes of 700 to 1700 meters.

## Taxonomy

The first description as *Cereus melanurus* by Karl Moritz Schumann was published in 1890. The specific epithet melanurus is derived from the Greek words “μέλας” for black and “οὐρά” and refers to the appearance of the first plants collected. Lothar Diers, Pierre Josef Braun and Eddie Esteves Pereira placed the species in the genus *Arthrocereus* in 1987.\[3\] A nomenclature synonym is *Leocereus melanurus* (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose (1920).

## InfoBox

| *Arthrocereus melanurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | *Arthrocereus* |
| Species: | ***A. melanurus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arthrocereus melanurus***
(K.Schum.) L.Diers, P.J.Braun & Esteves | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cereus melanurus* K.Schum. 1876 | |


title: FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür

abstract: FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür is a Kyrgyzstani football club based in Tashkömür, Kyrgyzstan that played in the top division in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyzstan League.

text:
# FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür

**FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür** is a Kyrgyzstani football club based in Tashkömür, Kyrgyzstan that played in the top division in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyzstan League.

## History

* 19??: Founded as *FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür*.
* 2011: Renamed to *FC Tashkömür*.
* 2012: Renamed to *FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür*.

## Achievements

**Kyrgyzstan League:**

* 13th place: 1994

**Kyrgyzstan Cup:**

* quarterfinals: 2001

## Current squad

## InfoBox

Shakhtyor Tashkömür
| Full name | FC Shakhtyor Tashkömür |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Tashkömür, Kyrgyzstan |
| League | Kyrgyzstan League |
| 1994 | 13th |


title: Balili River

abstract: The Balili River, also known as the Naguilian River, is a river in the provinces of Benguet and La Union on the island of Luzon, Philippines. With a total length of 62.7 km (39.0 mi), it traverses the city of Baguio, and the municipalities of La Trinidad and Sablan before entering the province of La Union, where the midstream and downstream is called the Naguilian River. It drains into the South China Sea through the town of Bauang.

text:
# Balili River

The **Balili River**, also known as the **Naguilian River**, is a river in the provinces of Benguet and La Union on the island of Luzon, Philippines. With a total length of 62.7 km (39.0 mi), it traverses the city of Baguio, and the municipalities of La Trinidad and Sablan before entering the province of La Union, where the midstream and downstream is called the Naguilian River. It drains into the South China Sea through the town of Bauang.

## Sources

The main tributary of the river is the Sagudin River which flows along barangay Trancoville in the city of Baguio. The Sagudin River itself has 23 tributary creeks coming from the city's populated barangays, which include Santo Niño (also known as the *Slaughterhouse Compound*), New Lucban, Guisad, Honeymoon, Cabinet Hill, and Pacdal. Other tributaries include the Bolo Creek in La Trinidad.

## Course

From Baguio, the Balili River flows northward, entering the municipality of La Trinidad. It traverses the barangays of Lubas, Balili (from which the river is named), Cruz, Poblacion, and Bineng. At upstream Bineng are several mini-hydroelectric power plants operated by Hydroelectric Development Corporation (HEDCOR). Downstream Bineng at the La Trinidad-Sablan-Tublay tri-point, the river is joined by the Tuel River, and continues to flow westward until it reaches the municipality of Sablan. It crosses another HEDCOR-operated mini-hydroelectric power plant, the Ampohaw Hydro, along barangay Banengbeng. As it exits Sablan and enters Bagulin in La Union province, it is named the Naguilian River.

## Pollution

The river suffers from excessive pollution, usually blamed upon the densely populated city of Baguio, where its headwaters are formed. A study by the *City Environment and Parks Management Office* (CEPMO) of Baguio shows that half of the city's population live within the Balili watershed area, contributing the most waste. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) revealed that the quality of the Balili River water test result falls under Class C from its water classification of *Class A* in 1975, which made its waters fit for drinking after treatment. In 2014, the water test result from Balili River is still within the classification of Class C freshwater, but then, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources cannot re-classify a river downgrading its classification from "Class A" to "Class C". The river was included in the DENR's *2003 Pollution Report* as one of the 15 "biologically dead" rivers among the 94 principal river basins in the country.

## Rehabilitation efforts

Several government agencies, academe and private organizations have expressed concern in rehabilitating the river, forming the *Balili River System Revitalization Coalition* (BRSRC). The Baguio Sewerage Treatment Plant was constructed in 1986 along Sanitary Camp to filter the river before it enters La Trinidad. In 2013, the river was designated by the DENR as a "Water Quality Management Area" (WQMA) to protect and improve the water quality, pursuant to the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.

## InfoBox

| Balili River
Naguilian River | |
| --- | --- |
| Balili/Naguilian River mouthBalili River (Philippines) | |
| Etymology | Barangay Balili, La Trinidad, Benguet |
| Location | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Cordillera Administrative Region |
| Province | Benguet |
| City/municipality |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Cordillera Mountains |
| location | Baguio |
| coordinates | 16°25′29″N 120°35′36.9″E / 16.42472°N 120.593583°E / 16.42472; 120.593583 |
| elevation | 1,375 m (4,511 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | South China Sea |
| location | Bauang, La Union |
| coordinates | 16°31′21″N 120°18′27″E / 16.522511°N 120.307503°E / 16.522511; 120.307503 |
| elevation | 196 m (643 ft) |
| Length | 62.7 km (39.0 mi) |
| Basin size | 508 km2 (196 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Bagulin, La Union |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Balili River — Naguilian River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Bolo Creek |
| right |  |


title: Bait bazi

abstract: Bait Bazi is a verbal game and a genre of Urdu poetry played by composing verses of Urdu poems. The game is common among Urdu speakers in Pakistan and India. It is similar to Antakshari, the Sistanian Baas-o-Beyt, the Malayalam Aksharaslokam and, more generally, the British Crambo.

text:
# Bait bazi

**Bait Bazi** (Urdu: **بیت بازی**) is a verbal game and a genre of Urdu poetry played by composing verses of Urdu poems. The game is common among Urdu speakers in Pakistan and India. It is similar to Antakshari, the Sistanian Baas-o-Beyt, the Malayalam Aksharaslokam and, more generally, the British Crambo.

## Rules

The game starts with the first person reciting a stanza (*bait*) of a poem. Each following player has to reply with another verse starting with the last letter of the verse used by the previous player. A verse that has already been used in a game may not be repeated. The rules used by experienced players can be more stringent, such as allowing the use of only one poet's verses or of one theme.

## History

The Urdu language has a very rich poetic tradition, and the game is very popular among poetry enthusiasts particularly in Pakistan. Schools and colleges regularly organize Bait Bazi competitions. Bait Bazi competitions are also held using radio, television and now the Internet. A very popular example is the frequently played Bait Bazi of the popular television show "Tariq Aziz Show" a.k.a. "Bazm-e-Tariq Aziz" formerly known as Neelam Ghar of PTV. In this weekly entertainment show, participants, usually from various colleges, take part in the game and compete for an attractive prize. The show produces a lot of enthusiasm for young Urdu lovers because the selection of couplets is regarded as an important factor for determining the winner in case of a tie.

## Bait Bazi in Media

In the Bollywood Hindi movie Mughal-e-Azam, the song "Teri mehfil me qismat azma kar hum bhi dekhenge" is sung in a Bait Bazi competition. It is one of the best example of Bait Bazi, sung in a poetic singing competition between two groups, led by Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum.


title: 1999 Oregon State Beavers football team

abstract: The 1999 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Dennis Erickson, the Beavers compiled a 7–4 regular season record, their first winning season in 29 years. They opened with three non-conference wins, lost the first three conference games, then won four straight, but fell in the Civil War at Oregon. OSU made their first bowl game appearance in 35 years, but dropped the Oahu Bowl by six points to host Hawaii on Christmas day to finish at 7–5. Hired in January, Erickson was previously the head coach of the NFL's Seattle Seahawks for four years, preceded by six seasons at the University of Miami. Predecessor Mike Riley had left the Beavers after just two seasons for the NFL's San Diego Chargers, then returned to Corvallis in February 2003.

text:
# 1999 Oregon State Beavers football team

1999 Pacific-10 Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| Stanford $ |  | 7 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  |
| No. 19 Oregon |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  |
| Washington |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 5 |  |
| Arizona State |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  |
| Oregon State |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 5 |  |
| Arizona |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  |
| USC |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  |
| California |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  |
| UCLA |  | 2 |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  |
| Washington State |  | 1 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 9 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  BCS representative as conference champion * Cal later vacated 4 wins (3 in conference) due to NCAA sanctions. Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1999 Oregon State Beavers football team** represented Oregon State University in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Dennis Erickson, the Beavers compiled a 7–4 regular season record (4–4 in Pac-10, fifth), their first winning season in 29 years. They opened with three non-conference wins, lost the first three conference games, then won four straight, but fell in the Civil War at Oregon.

OSU made their first bowl game appearance in 35 years, but dropped the Oahu Bowl by six points to host Hawaii on Christmas day to finish at 7–5.

Hired in January, Erickson was previously the head coach of the NFL's Seattle Seahawks for four years, preceded by six seasons at the University of Miami. Predecessor Mike Riley had left the Beavers after just two seasons for the NFL's San Diego Chargers, then returned to Corvallis in February 2003.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 4 | 1:00 pm | at Nevada* |  |  | W 28–13 | 29,167 |
| September 11 | 3:30 pm | Fresno State* |  |  | W 46–23 | 30,339 |
| September 18 | 3:30 pm | No. 1 (I-AA) Georgia Southern* | * Reser Stadium * Corvallis, OR |  | W 48–41 | 27,031 |
| October 2 | 3:30 pm | at No. 16 USC |  |  | L 29–37 | 43,795 |
| October 9 | 3:30 pm | Washington | * Reser Stadium * Corvallis, OR | FSN | L 21–47 | 35,470 |
| October 16 | 2:00 pm | at Stanford |  |  | L 17–21 | 37,419 |
| October 23 | 3:30 pm | UCLA | * Reser Stadium * Corvallis, OR | FSN | W 55–7 | 33,427 |
| October 30 | 1:00 pm | at Washington State |  |  | W 27–13 | 34,240 |
| November 6 | 3:30 pm | California | * Reser Stadium * Corvallis, OR | FSN | W 17–7 | 35,520 |
| November 13 | 7:15 pm | Arizona | * Reser Stadium * Corvallis, OR | FSN | W 28–20 | 33,314 |
| November 20 | 3:30 pm | at Oregon |  | FSN | L 14–25 | 46,115 |
| December 25 | 5:30 pm | at Hawaii* |  | ESPN | L 17–23 | 40,974 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Pacific time | | | | | | |

Source:

## Game summaries

### UCLA

| 1 2 3 4 Total  UCLA 0 7 0 0 7  Oregon St 14 28 0 13 **55** |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

Oregon State's biggest margin of victory in three years (67–28 over Northern Illinois), and their highest point total to date against a Pac-10 opponent.

## Roster

| 1999 Oregon State Beavers football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  WR `81` T. J. Houshmandzadeh Jr  `50` Aaron Koch  Sr  HB `35` Ken Simonton So  QB `9` Jonathan Smith So | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  LB `34` James Allen So  DT `55` Shawn Ball Sr  LB `42` Nick Barnett Fr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  PK `41` Ryan Cesca Fr  `25` Mike Fessler Jr  PK `46` Matt Stanwood Jr | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster |

Source:

## InfoBox

| 1999 Oregon State Beavers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Oahu Bowl, L 17–23 vs. Hawaii | |
| Conference | Pacific-10 Conference |
| Record | 7–5 (4–4 Pac-10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Tim Lappano (1st season) |
| Offensive scheme | Single-back spread |
| Defensive coordinator | Willy Robinson (1st season) |
| Base defense | 4–3 |
| Home stadium | Reser Stadium |
|


title: Equal Rites

abstract: Equal Rites is a comic fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett. Published in 1987, it is the third novel in the Discworld series and the first in which the main character is not Rincewind. The title is a play on words related to the phrase "Equal Rights". The novel introduces the character of Granny Weatherwax, who reappears in several later Discworld novels. The protagonist Eskarina Smith does not return until I Shall Wear Midnight, which was published 23 years later. Pratchett based the character Esk on his daughter Rhianna Pratchett.

text:
# Equal Rites

***Equal Rites*** is a comic fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett. Published in 1987, it is the third novel in the *Discworld* series and the first in which the main character is not Rincewind. The title is a play on words related to the phrase "Equal Rights".

The novel introduces the character of Granny Weatherwax, who reappears in several later *Discworld* novels. The protagonist Eskarina Smith does not return until *I Shall Wear Midnight*, which was published 23 years later.

Pratchett based the character Esk on his daughter Rhianna Pratchett.

## Plot summary

The wizard Drum Billet knows that he will soon die and travels to a place where an eighth son of an eighth son is about to be born. This signifies that the child is destined to become a wizard; on the Discworld, the number eight has many of the magical properties that are sometimes ascribed to seven in other mythologies. Billet wants to pass his wizard's staff on to his successor.

However, the newborn child is actually a girl, Esk (full name Eskarina Smith). Since Billet notices his mistake too late, the staff passes on to her. As Esk grows up, it becomes apparent that she has uncontrollable powers, and the local witch Granny Weatherwax decides to travel with her to Unseen University in Ankh-Morpork to help her gain the knowledge required to properly manage her powers.

But a female wizard is something completely unheard of on the Discworld. Esk is unsuccessful in her first, direct, attempt to gain entry to the University, but Granny Weatherwax finds another way in; as a servant. While there, Esk witnesses the progress of an apprentice wizard named Simon, whom she had met earlier, on her way to Ankh-Morpork. Simon is a natural talent who invents a whole new way of looking at the universe that reduces it to component numbers.

Simon's magic causes a hole to be opened into the Dungeon Dimensions while he is in Esk's presence. The staff, acting to protect Esk, strikes Simon on the head, closing the hole but trapping his mind in the Dungeon Dimensions. Esk throws the staff away, believing that it attacked Simon. While attempting to rescue him, Esk ends up in the Dungeon Dimensions. The extreme cold there causes the staff, now washed out to sea, to create a huge ice sheet, causing a storm that floods the university as well as the surrounding city.

Esk and Simon discover the weakness of the creatures from the Dungeon Dimensions—if you *can* use magic, but *don't*, they become scared and weakened. With the help of Granny Weatherwax and Archchancellor Cutangle, who have retrieved the staff, they both manage to transport themselves back into the Discworld. Esk and Simon go on to develop a new kind of magic, based on the notion that the greatest power is the ability not to use all the others.

## Characters

* Granny Weatherwax
* Eskarina Smith
* Simon
* Drum Billet, dying wizard, bloody-minded apple tree and reincarnated ant
* Archchancellor Cutangle

## Reception

Dave Langford reviewed *Equal Rites* for *White Dwarf* #87, and called it "screwy and dotty" and concluded that the book was "Good fun."

J. Michael Caparula reviewed *Equal Rites* in *Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer* No. 85. Caparula commented that "While not a terribly original concept, it comes alive here amidst the fanciful farce and is treated with a sense of wonder. A think-while-you-laugh treat."

## Reviews

* Review by Pauline Morgan (1987) in *Fantasy Review*, January-February 1987
* Review by Barbara Davies (1987) in *Vector* 137
* Review by Faren Miller (1987) in *Locus*, #315 April 1987
* Review by David Langford (1987) in *Foundation*, #40 Summer 1987
* Review by Ken Brown (1987) in *Interzone*, #20 Summer 1987
* Review by Andy Sawyer (1988) in *Paperback Inferno*, #70
* Review by Greg Cox (1989) in *The New York Review of Science Fiction*, June 1989
* Review by Bruce Gillespie (1991) in *SF Commentary*, #69/70
* Review \[French\] by Marc Lemosquet (1995) in *Yellow Submarine*, #113

## InfoBox

Equal Rites
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Terry Pratchett |
| Cover artist | Josh Kirby |
| Language | English |
| Series |  |
| Subject |  |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | Victor Gollancz Ltd in association with Colin Smythe |
| Publication date | 15 January 1987 (1987-01-15) |
| ISBN | 0-575-03950-7 |
| Preceded by | *The Light Fantastic* |
| Followed by | *Mort* |


title: 1975 Summer Universiade

abstract: The 1975 Summer Universiade, also known as the VIII Summer Universiade, took place in Rome, Italy. The 1975 Universiade only featured athletics, other disciplines having been cancelled, as the original host Yugoslavia was unable to hold the event. It was therefore referred to as the World University Championships in athletics.

text:
# 1975 Summer Universiade

The **1975 Summer Universiade**, also known as the VIII Summer Universiade, took place in Rome, Italy. The 1975 Universiade only featured athletics, other disciplines having been cancelled, as the original host Yugoslavia was unable to hold the event. It was therefore referred to as the World University Championships in athletics.

## Sports

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Italy)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 7 | 5 | 11 | 23 |
| 2 | Poland (POL) | 7 | 3 | 1 | 11 |
| 3 | Italy (ITA)* | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 4 | West Germany (FRG) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 5 | Finland (FIN) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 6 | Romania (ROU) | 2 | 6 | 4 | 12 |
| 7 | United States (USA) | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
| 8 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 2 | 0 | 4 | 6 |
| 9 | Canada (CAN) | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 10 | France (FRA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 11 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 12 | Austria (AUT) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | Yugoslavia (YUG) | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 14 | Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 15 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 16 | Algeria (ALG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Nigeria (NGR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (18 entries) | | 35 | 35 | 35 | 105 |

## InfoBox

VIII Summer Universiade
VIII Universiade estiva
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Rome, Italy |
| Nations | 38 |
| Athletes | 468 |
| Events | 35 in 1 sport |
| Opening | September 18, 1975 |
| Closing | September 21, 1975 |
| Opened by | Giovanni Leone |
| Main venue | Stadio Olimpico |
|  | |


title: Arthrochilus apectus

abstract: Arthrochilus oreophilus, commonly known as the untidy elbow orchid, is a flowering plant in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) and is endemic to near the tip of Cape York in Queensland. It has two or three leaves at its base and up to seven pale green, insect-like flowers with reddish glands on its labellum.

text:
# Arthrochilus apectus

***Arthrochilus oreophilus***, commonly known as the **untidy elbow orchid**, is a flowering plant in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) and is endemic to near the tip of Cape York in Queensland. It has two or three leaves at its base and up to seven pale green, insect-like flowers with reddish glands on its labellum.

## Description

*Arthrochilus apectus* is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with an underground tuber which produces daughter tubers on the end of root-like stolons. It has two or three leaves at its base, each leaf 20–50 mm (0.8–2 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. Between three and seven insect-like flowers 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) long are borne on a flowering stem 180–260 mm (7–10 in) tall. The dorsal sepal is 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) long, about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide and the lateral sepals are 7–8.5 mm (0.28–0.33 in) long and about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide. The petals are 8–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, about 0.5 mm (0.02 in) wide. The petals and lateral sepals turn backwards against the ovary. The labellum has a purple base and is about 3.5 mm (0.1 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) on a stalk or "claw" 3.5 mm (0.1 in) long. The callus is about 3.5 mm (0.1 in) long with its central part covered with many tiny, shiny, hair-like glands and the tip is about 1 mm (0.04 in) wide with shiny black glands. Flowering occurs from November to February.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Arthrochilus apectus* was first formally described in 2004 by David Jones from a specimen collected in the Heathlands Reserve near the tip of Cape York. The description was published in *The Orchadian*. The specific epithet (*apectus*) is from the Ancient Greek word *apektos* meaning "uncombed" or "unkempt".

## Distribution and habitat

The untidy elbow orchid grows in forest on the northern part of the Cape York Peninsula.

## Ecology

As with other *Arthrochilus* orchids, *A. apectus* is pollinated by male thynnid wasps of the genus *Arthrothynnus* although the species involved is not known. It also reproduces asexually by producing new tubers.

## InfoBox

| Untidy elbow orchid | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Diurideae |
| Genus: | *Arthrochilus* |
| Species: | ***A. apectus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arthrochilus apectus***<br>D.L.Jones | |
|


title: Bahia Salinas

abstract: Bahia Salinas is a resort location in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica, by the Pacific Ocean. The closest international airport is at Liberia, about a one-hour drive away. Playa Copal is the most popular kitesurfing beach. Papaturro beach is also good for kiting; they are both sandy, with shallow water. Thanks to a tiny island and an outcropping of land, the water is flat even when it is windy. The wind direction is side on shore, which is the best to practice this sport. The wind starts when the rainy season finishes in November and it can last until June. The wind is fairly strong so the best kite sizes are 7m or 8m. The water is warm, and wetsuits are not needed. Other available activities include horseback riding, trekking, and fishing.

text:
# Bahia Salinas

**Bahia Salinas** is a resort location in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica, by the Pacific Ocean. The closest international airport is at Liberia, about a one-hour drive away.

Playa Copal is the most popular kitesurfing beach. Papaturro beach is also good for kiting; they are both sandy, with shallow water. Thanks to a tiny island and an outcropping of land, the water is flat even when it is windy. The wind direction is side on shore, which is the best to practice this sport.

The wind starts when the rainy season finishes in November and it can last until June. The wind is fairly strong (20-40 knots) so the best kite sizes are 7m or 8m. The water is warm, and wetsuits are not needed. Other available activities include horseback riding, trekking, and fishing.


title: 2003–04 United Counties League

abstract: The 2003–04 United Counties League season was the 97th in the history of the United Counties League, a football competition in England.

text:
# 2003–04 United Counties League

The **2003–04 United Counties League season** was the 97th in the history of the United Counties League, a football competition in England.

## Premier Division

The Premier Division featured 20 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs:

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spalding United | 42 | 28 | 6 | 8 | 97 | 44 | +53 | 90 | Promoted to the Northern Premier League Division One |
| 2 | Buckingham Town | 42 | 25 | 10 | 7 | 102 | 46 | +56 | 85 |  |
| 3 | Harrowby United | 42 | 24 | 9 | 9 | 85 | 56 | +29 | | 81 |
| 4 | St. Neots Town | 42 | 24 | 8 | 10 | 85 | 44 | +41 | | 80 |
| 5 | Boston Town | 42 | 24 | 7 | 11 | 67 | 43 | +24 | | 79 |
| 6 | Cogenhoe United | 42 | 23 | 9 | 10 | 86 | 38 | +48 | | 78 |
| 7 | Holbeach United | 42 | 23 | 5 | 14 | 80 | 59 | +21 | | 74 |
| 8 | Yaxley | 42 | 22 | 4 | 16 | 99 | 64 | +35 | | 70 |
| 9 | Ford Sports Daventry | 42 | 19 | 11 | 12 | 83 | 56 | +27 | | 68 |
| 10 | Stotfold | 42 | 19 | 8 | 15 | 73 | 59 | +14 | | 65 |
| 11 | Blackstones | 42 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 57 | 62 | 5 | | 58 |
| 12 | Woodford United | 42 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 61 | 53 | +8 | | 55 |
| 13 | Newport Pagnell Town | 42 | 15 | 9 | 18 | 60 | 72 | 12 | | 54 |
| 14 | Wootton Blue Cross | 42 | 14 | 10 | 18 | 59 | 61 | 2 | | 52 |
| 15 | Bourne Town | 42 | 12 | 11 | 19 | 54 | 90 | 36 | | 47 |
| 16 | Desborough Town | 42 | 13 | 7 | 22 | 56 | 88 | 32 | | 46 |
| 17 | Deeping Rangers | 42 | 12 | 9 | 21 | 48 | 78 | 30 | | 45 |
| 18 | Northampton Spencer | 42 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 47 | 75 | 28 | | 43 |
| 19 | Stewarts & Lloyds Corby | 42 | 11 | 7 | 24 | 52 | 81 | 29 | | 40 |
| 20 | Raunds Town | 42 | 7 | 12 | 23 | 55 | 94 | 39 | | 33 |
| 21 | Long Buckby | 42 | 8 | 4 | 30 | 46 | 134 | 88 | | 28 |
| 22 | Daventry Town | 42 | 5 | 7 | 30 | 40 | 95 | 55 | | 22 |

Source: fchd
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## Division One

United Counties League
Division One
| Season | 2003–04 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Potton United |
| Promoted | Potton United |
| Matches played | 306 |
| Goals scored | 1,117 (3.65 per match) |
| 2002–03 2004–05 | |

Division One featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Potton United | 34 | 25 | 5 | 4 | 99 | 25 | +74 | 80 | Promoted to the Premier Division |
| 2 | Cottingham | 34 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 80 | 31 | +49 | 76 |  |
| 3 | Eye United | 34 | 23 | 5 | 6 | 93 | 33 | +60 | | 74 |
| 4 | Thrapston Town | 34 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 86 | 30 | +56 | | 70 |
| 5 | Eynesbury Rovers | 34 | 19 | 10 | 5 | 87 | 40 | +47 | | 67 |
| 6 | Northampton Sileby Rangers | 34 | 17 | 10 | 7 | 78 | 62 | +16 | | 61 |
| 7 | Wellingborough Whitworth | 34 | 16 | 4 | 14 | 57 | 52 | +5 | | 52 |
| 8 | Northampton ON Chenecks | 34 | 15 | 5 | 14 | 72 | 82 | 10 | | 50 |
| 9 | Blisworth | 34 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 56 | 59 | 3 | | 45 |
| 10 | St Ives Town | 34 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 52 | 58 | 6 | | 43 |
| 11 | Olney Town | 34 | 11 | 6 | 17 | 52 | 69 | 17 | | 39 |
| 12 | Rothwell Corinthians | 34 | 10 | 5 | 19 | 45 | 74 | 29 | | 35 |
| 13 | Bugbrooke St Michaels | 34 | 9 | 5 | 20 | 46 | 71 | 25 | | 32 |
| 14 | Irchester United | 34 | 8 | 5 | 21 | 46 | 76 | 30 | | 29 |
| 15 | Higham Town | 34 | 6 | 9 | 19 | 52 | 93 | 41 | | 27 |
| 16 | Kempston Rovers | 34 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 48 | 87 | 39 | | 26 |
| 17 | Huntingdon Town | 34 | 5 | 10 | 19 | 36 | 66 | 30 | | 25 |
| 18 | Burton Park Wanderers | 34 | 6 | 3 | 25 | 32 | 109 | 77 | | 21 |

Source: fchd
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## InfoBox

United Counties League
Premier Division
| Season | 2003–04 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Spalding United |
| Promoted | Spalding United |
| Matches played | 462 |
| Goals scored | 1,492 (3.23 per match) |
| 2002–03 2004–05 | |


title: Balikun jerboa

abstract: The Balikun jerboa is a species of rodent in the family Dipodidae. It is found in arid areas of northwestern China and Mongolia. It eats green plants, plant roots, seeds, grasshoppers and beetles.

text:
# Balikun jerboa

The **Balikun jerboa** (*Allactaga balikunica*) is a species of rodent in the family Dipodidae. It is found in arid areas of northwestern China and Mongolia. It eats green plants, plant roots, seeds, grasshoppers and beetles.

## Description

The Balikun jerboa is a typical five-toed jerboa that grows to a head and body length of 115 to 132 mm (4.5 to 5.2 in) with a tail of 165 to 190 mm (6.5 to 7.5 in). The dorsal surface is yellowish-greyish-brown, each hair having a grey base, a yellow centre and a brown tip. The rump is darker and the flanks paler. The underparts, forelegs and inner surface of the hind legs are white. The tail is slender with a tuft of blackish hairs at the tip mostly growing sideways. It is similar in appearance to the Gobi jerboa (*Allactaga bullata*) of which it was at one time thought to be a subspecies, but the stripe of colour across the hips is slightly more reddish in colour in that species.

## Distribution and habitat

The Balikun jerboa is endemic to the Balikun region of Xinjiang province of China, its range extending into Mongolia where it occurs in the western parts of the Gobi Desert. Its habitat is bare sandy and rocky areas with sparse vegetation.

## Behaviour

The Balikun jerboa is nocturnal and lives solitarily in a burrow. It is active and is a good jumper, and feeds on plant material such as shoots, roots and grass seed as well as small insects. Little is known of its reproduction but it is thought to have two litters a year, each one consisting of one to three offspring.

## Status

The Balikun jerboa has a wide range and is presumed to have a large total population. No specific threats have been identified and there are several protected areas within its range, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Balikun jerboa | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Dipodidae |
| Genus: | *Allactaga* |
| Subgenus: | *Orientallactaga* |
| Species: | ***A. balikunica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allactaga balikunica***
Hsia & Fang, 1964 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Allactaga nataliae* Sokolov, 1981 | |


title: Bait and bleed

abstract: Bait and bleed is a military strategy described by international relations theorist John J. Mearsheimer in his book on offensive realism, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001). The aim is to induce rival states to engage in a protracted war of attrition against each other "so that they bleed each other white", while the baiter who encouraged the conflict remains on the sidelines and maintains its military strength. Mearsheimer cites as an example Russia's efforts to provoke Austria and Prussia into war with France shortly after the French Revolution, evidenced by Catherine the Great's statement to her secretary in 1791: "I am racking my brains in order to push the courts of Vienna and Berlin into French affairs.... There are reasons I cannot talk about; I want to get them involved in that business to have my hands free. I have much unfinished business, and it's necessary for them to be kept busy and out of my way."

text:
# Bait and bleed

**Bait and bleed** is a military strategy described by international relations theorist John J. Mearsheimer in his book on offensive realism, *The Tragedy of Great Power Politics* (2001). The aim is to induce rival states to engage in a protracted war of attrition against each other "so that they bleed each other white", while the baiter who encouraged the conflict remains on the sidelines and maintains its military strength.

Mearsheimer cites as an example Russia's efforts to provoke Austria and Prussia into war with France shortly after the French Revolution, evidenced by Catherine the Great's statement to her secretary in 1791: "I am racking my brains in order to push the courts of Vienna and Berlin into French affairs. ... There are reasons I cannot talk about; I want to get them involved in that business to have my hands free. I have much unfinished business, and it's necessary for them to be kept busy and out of my way."

## Bloodletting

Mearsheimer describes a similar strategy which he calls **"bloodletting"**, which does not involve incitement or baiting by a third party. When a state's rivals have already gone to war independently, the aim is to encourage the conflict to continue as long as possible to let the rival states weaken or "bleed" each other's military strength, while the bloodletting party stays out of the fighting.

This strategy is exemplified in United States senator Harry S. Truman's statement in 1941 regarding the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and its allies, Italy, Hungary, Finland, and Romania: "If we see that Germany is winning, we ought to help Russia, and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany, and that way let them kill as many as possible, although I don't want to see Hitler victorious under any circumstances."


title: 1942 Honduran legislative election

text:
# 1942 Honduran legislative election

Legislative elections were held in Honduras on 11 October 1942.

## Results

| Party | | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Party | 45 | –14 |
|  | Liberal Party | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 45 | –14 |
|  | | | |
| Source: Political Handbook of the World | | | |