title: Arachnoid cyst

abstract: Arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid covered by arachnoidal cells and collagen that may develop between the surface of the brain and the cranial base or on the arachnoid membrane, one of the three meningeal layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Primary arachnoid cysts are a congenital disorder whereas secondary arachnoid cysts are the result of head injury or trauma. Most cases of primary cysts begin during infancy; however, onset may be delayed until adolescence.

text:
# Arachnoid cyst

**Arachnoid cysts** are cerebrospinal fluid covered by arachnoidal cells and collagen that may develop between the surface of the brain and the cranial base or on the arachnoid membrane, one of the three meningeal layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Primary arachnoid cysts are a congenital disorder whereas secondary arachnoid cysts are the result of head injury or trauma. Most cases of primary cysts begin during infancy; however, onset may be delayed until adolescence.

## Signs and symptoms

Patients with arachnoid cysts may never show symptoms, even in some cases where the cyst is large. Therefore, while the presence of symptoms may provoke further clinical investigation, symptoms independent of further data cannot—and should not—be interpreted as evidence of a cyst's existence, size, location, or potential functional impact on the patient.

Symptoms vary by the size and location of the cyst(s), though small cysts usually have no symptoms and are discovered only incidentally. On the other hand, a number of symptoms may result from large cysts:

* Cranial deformation or macrocephaly (enlargement of the head), particularly in children
* Cysts in the suprasellar region in children have presented as bobbing and nodding of the head called bobble-head doll syndrome.
* Cysts in the left middle cranial fossa have been associated with ADHD in a study on affected children.
* Headaches. A patient experiencing a headache does not necessarily have an arachnoid cyst.
    + In a 2002 study involving 78 patients with a migraine or tension-type headache, CT scans showed abnormalities in over a third of the patients, though arachnoid cysts only accounted for 2.6% of patients in this study.
    + A study found 18% of patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts had non-specific headaches. The cyst was in the temporal location in 75% of these cases.
* Seizures
* Hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid)
* Increased intracranial pressure
* Developmental delay
* Behavioral changes
* Nausea
* Dysdiadokinesis
* Hemiparesis (weakness or paralysis on one side of the body)
* Ataxia (lack of muscle control)
* Musical hallucination
* Pre-senile dementia, a condition often associated with Alzheimer's disease
* In elderly patients (\>80 years old) symptoms were similar to chronic subdural hematoma or normal pressure hydrocephalus:

### Location-specific symptoms

## Causes

The exact cause of arachnoid cysts is not known. Researchers believe that most cases of arachnoid cysts are developmental malformations that arise from the unexplained splitting or tearing of the arachnoid membrane.

In some cases, arachnoid cysts occurring in the middle fossa are accompanied by underdevelopment (hypoplasia) or compression of the temporal lobe. The exact role that temporal lobe abnormalities play in the development of middle fossa arachnoid cysts is unknown.

There are some cases where hereditary disorders have been connected with arachnoid cysts.

Some complications of arachnoid cysts can occur when a cyst is damaged because of minor head trauma. Trauma can cause the fluid within a cyst to leak into other areas (e.g., subarachnoid space). Blood vessels on the surface of a cyst may tear and bleed into the cyst (intracystic hemorrhage), increasing its size. If a blood vessel bleeds on the outside of a cyst, a collection of blood (hematoma) may result. In the cases of intracystic hemorrhage and hematoma, the individual may have symptoms of increased pressure within the cranium and signs of compression of nearby nerve (neural) tissue.

Some scientists debate whether arachnoid cysts are a true congenite condition or if this should be separated from secondary cysts. A recent study shows differences in communication between the arachnoid cyst and the subarachnoid space by CT cisternography. A comparison of arachnoid cyst fluid and CSF in a series of patients show differences in chemical composition.

Arachnoid cysts can also occur secondary to other disorders such as Marfan syndrome, arachnoiditis, or agenesis of the corpus callosum.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is principally by MRI. Frequently, arachnoid cysts are incidental findings on MRI scans performed for other clinical reasons. In practice, diagnosis of symptomatic arachnoid cysts requires symptoms to be present, and many with the disorder never develop symptoms.

Additional clinical assessment tools that can be useful in evaluating a patient with arachnoid cysts include the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), a brief questionnaire-based test used to assess cognition.

### Classification

Arachnoid cysts can be found on the brain or on the spine. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to the arachnoidal cistern. Spinal arachnoid cysts may be extradural, intradural, or perineural and tend to present with signs and symptoms indicative of a radiculopathy.

Arachnoid cysts may also be classified as primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired) and have been reported in humans, cats, and dogs.

Arachnoid cysts can be relatively asymptomatic or present with insidious symptoms; for this reason, diagnosis is often delayed.

## Treatment

Most arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Treatment may be necessary when symptomatic. A variety of procedures may be used to decompress (remove pressure from) the cyst.

## Prognosis

Most arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic, and do not require treatment. Where complications are present, leaving arachnoid cysts untreated may cause permanent severe neurological damage due to the progressive expansion of the cyst(s) or hemorrhage (bleeding). However, with treatment most individuals with symptomatic arachnoid cysts do well.

More specific prognoses are listed below:

* Patients with impaired preoperative cognition had postoperative improvement after surgical decompression of the cyst.
* Surgery can resolve psychiatric manifestations in selected cases.

## Epidemiology

Arachnoid cysts are seen in up to 1.1% of the population with a gender distribution of 2:1 male:female. Only 20% of these have symptoms, usually from secondary hydrocephalus.

A study that looked at 2,536 healthy young males found a prevalence of 1.7% (95% CI 1.2 to 2.3%). Only a small percentage of the detected abnormalities require urgent medical attention.

## InfoBox

| Arachnoid cyst | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| An MRI of a 25-year-old woman with left frontotemporal arachnoid cyst. | |
| Specialty | Neurosurgery |


title: 1965 Grand National

abstract: The 1965 Grand National was the 119th running of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 27 March 1965. It was won by Jay Trump, trained by Fred Winter and ridden by American amateur jockey Tommy Smith. Forty-seven horses ran; the favourite, Freddie, came a close second. The race was attended by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, whose horse Devon Loch almost won the National in 1956, and Princess Margaret.

text:
# 1965 Grand National

| 1965 Grand National in full BBC Sport | |
| --- | --- |
| Highlights of the 1965 Grand National (British Pathé) | |

> **Jay Trump on the far side, Freddie on the stand side, it's a desperate thing between these two. Freddie is still making ground. Freddie is making ground but Jay Trump is holding him. Jay Trump's still holding him and at the line he's just gonna win it. Jay Trump is the winner!**

BBC Commentator Peter O'Sullevan describes the climax of the 1965 National

The **1965 Grand National** was the 119th running of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 27 March 1965.

It was won by Jay Trump, trained by Fred Winter and ridden by American amateur jockey Tommy Smith. Forty-seven horses ran; the favourite, Freddie, came a close second. The race was attended by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, whose horse Devon Loch almost won the National in 1956, and Princess Margaret.

## Finishing order

| Position | Name | Jockey | Age | Handicap (st-lb) | SP | Distance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jay Trump | Tommy Smith | 8 | 11-5 | 100/6 |  |
| 2 | Freddie | Pat McCarron | 8 | 11-10 | 7/2 |  |
| 3 | Mr Jones | Chris Collins | 10 | 11-5 | 50/1 |  |
| 4 | Rainbow Battle | George Milburn | 9 | 10-13 | 50/1 |  |
| 5 | Vultrix | David Nicholson | 7 | 11-1 | 100/6 |  |
| 6 | L'Empereur | John Ciechanowski | 11 | 10-13 | 100/1 |  |
| 7 | The Rip | Bill Rees | 10 | 11-5 | 9/1 |  |
| 8 | Loving Record | Ben Hannon | 11 | 11-0 | 33/1 |  |
| 9 | Tant Pis | John Alder | 10 | 10-13 | 40/1 |  |
| 10 | Brown Diamond | Bill McLernon | 10 | 10-13 | 50/1 |  |
| 11 | April Rose | Piers Bengough | 10 | 10-13 | 100/1 |  |
| 12 | Culleenhouse | Terry Biddlecombe | 11 | 10-13 | 25/1 |  |
| 13 | Peacetown | Peter Pickford | 11 | 11-0 | 25/1 |  |
| 14 | Moyrath | Basil Richmond | 12 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Last to complete |

## Non-finishers

| Fence | Name | Jockey | Age | Handicap (st-lb) | Starting price | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 26 | Rondetto | Jeff King | 9 | 11-6 | 100/8 | Fell |
| 6 | Forgotten Dreams | Bobby Coonan | 11 | 11-0 | 22/1 | Fell |
| 22 | Kapeno | David Dick | 8 | 11-6 | 100/8 | Fell |
| 1 | Ayala | Stan Mellor | 11 | 10-13 | 50/1 | Fell |
| 19 | Time | Brough Scott | 10 | 10-13 | 40/1 | Fell |
| 10 | Dark Venetian | Jim Renfree | 10 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Fell |
| 4 | Red Tide | Johnny Haine | 8 | 10-13 | 33/1 | Fell |
| 24 | Pontin-Go | Johnny Lehane | 13 | 10-13 | 50/1 | Fell |
| 18 | Leedsy | Willie Robinson | 7 | 10-13 | 18/1 | Fell |
| 3 | Ronald's Boy | Gay Kindersley | 8 | 11-1 | 100/1 | Fell |
| 17 | Bold Biri | Michael Scudamore | 9 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Fell |
| 9 | Groomsman | Duke of Alburquerque | 10 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Fell |
| 28 | Blonde Warrior | David Crossley-Cooke | 13 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Baulked |
| 6 | Nedsmar | John Hudson | 11 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Fell |
| 25 | Black Spot | Johnny Gamble | 8 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Pulled up |
| 28 | Lizawake | George Hartigan | 12 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Pulled up |
| 30 | Reproduction | Robin Langley | 12 | 10-13 | 40/1 | Pulled up |
| 23 | Leslie | Peter Jones | 9 | 10-13 | 33/1 | Baulked |
| 16 | Sword Flash | Tim Ryan | 12 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Pulled up |
| 22 | Vulcano | Tommy Carberry | 7 | 10-13 | 50/1 | Pulled up |
| 28 | Quintin Bay | Pat Taaffe | 9 | 10-13 | 25/1 | Pulled up |
| 8 | Solonace | Roy Jones | 13 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Refused |
| 4 | Cutlette | Mick Roberts | 8 | 10-13 | 50/1 | Pulled up |
| 16 | Mr McTaffy | Tommy Jackson | 13 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Pulled up |
| 6 | Barleycroft | Phil Harvey | 10 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Brought down |
| 13 | Phebu | James Morrissey | 8 | 10-13 | 33/1 | Brought down |
| 6 | Ruby Glen | Steve Davenport | 10 | 10-13 | 33/1 | Brought down |
| 6 | Sizzle-On | Pat Hurley | 9 | 10/13 | 100/1 | Brought down |
| 6 | Crobeg | Macer Gifford | 12 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Brought down |
| 8 | Coleen Star | Johnny Leech | 11 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Refused |
| 22 | Ballygowan | Tony Redmond | 11 | 10-13 | 66/1 | Refused |
| 4 | Fearless Cavalier | Ray West | 14 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Refused |
| 12 | French Cottage | Bill Tellwright | 13 | 10-13 | 100/1 | Refused |

## Media coverage

David Coleman presented Grand National Grandstand on the BBC. Peter O'Sullevan, Bob Haynes and Peter Montague-Evans were the commentators - Montague-Evans doing his final National commentary.

## InfoBox

1965 Grand National
| Grand National | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Aintree Racecourse |
| Date | 27 March 1965 |
| Winning horse | Jay Trump |
| Starting price | 100/6 |
| Jockey | Tommy Smith |
| Trainer | Fred Winter |
| Owner | Mrs. Mary Stevenson |
|  | |


title: 2008 Deutschland Tour

abstract: The 2008 Deutschland Tour road cycling race took place from August 29 to September 6, 2008, in Germany and Austria. It was won by Team Columbia's Linus Gerdemann of Germany. It was the 32nd edition of the Deutschland Tour, and the last edition until the race's revival in 2018.

text:
# 2008 Deutschland Tour

The **2008 Deutschland Tour** road cycling race took place from August 29 to September 6, 2008, in Germany and Austria. It was won by Team Columbia's Linus Gerdemann of Germany. It was the 32nd edition of the Deutschland Tour, and the last edition until the race's revival in 2018.

## Stages

### Prologue Kitzbühel 3.6 km Friday, August 29

| **Prologue Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Brett Lancaster (AUS)** **Team Milram** **3' 59"**  **2**  Gustav Larsson (SWE) CSC–Saxo Bank s.t  **3**  Gerald Ciolek (GER) Team Columbia \+ 2" |  | **General Classification after the Prologue**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Brett Lancaster (AUS)** **Team Milram** **3' 59"**  **2**  Gustav Larsson (SWE) CSC–Saxo Bank s.t  **3**  Gerald Ciolek (GER) Team Columbia \+ 2" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 1 KitzbühelHochfügen 178 km Saturday, August 30

| **Stage 1 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **4h 42' 54"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 16"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 1**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **4h 46' 57"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 2 MunichHesselberg 183 km Sunday, August 31

| **Stage 2 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **David de la Fuente (ESP)** **Scott–American Beef** **3h 48' 38"**  **2**  Pietro Caucchioli (ITA) Crédit Agricole \+ 1"  **3**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 2**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **8h 35' 37"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 3 HerriedenWiesloch 214.9 km Monday, September 1

| **Stage 3 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Leonardo Bertagnolli (ITA)** **Liquigas** **5h 20' 34"**  **2**  Rigoberto Urán (COL) Caisse d'Epargne s.t.  **3**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 3**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **13h 56' 11"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 4 WieslochMainz 174 km Tuesday, September 2

| **Stage 4 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **André Greipel (GER)** **Team Columbia** **3h 59' 37"**  **2**  Robbie McEwen (AUS) Silence–Lotto s.t.  **3**  Robert Förster (GER) Gerolsteiner s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 4**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **17h 55' 48"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 5 MainzWinterberg 218.4 km Wednesday, September 3

| **Stage 5 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Gerald Ciolek (GER)** **Team Columbia** **5h 39' 35"**  **2**  Rubens Bertogliati (SUI) Scott–American Beef s.t.  **3**  Leonardo Bertagnolli (ITA) Liquigas s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 5**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **23h 35' 23"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 6 SchmallenbergNeuss 188.8 km Thursday, September 4

| **Stage 6 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Jussi Veikkanen (FIN)** **Française des Jeux** **4h 17' 22"**  **2**  Maxim Iglinsky (KAZ) Astana s.t.  **3**  Thierry Hupond (FRA) Skil–Shimano s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 6**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **27h 54' 45"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 7 NeussGeorgsmarienhütte 214.3 km Friday, September 5

| **Stage 7 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Stéphane Augé (FRA)** **Cofidis** **4h 45' 33"**  **2**  Thierry Hupond (FRA) Skil–Shimano s.t.  **3**  Mauro Da Dalto (ITA) Liquigas s.t. |  | **General Classification after stage 7**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **32h 44' 12"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 17"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 20" |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Stage 8 - September 6, 2008: \>

| **Stage 8 Result**   Cyclist Team Results  **1**  **Tony Martin (GER)** **Team Columbia** **39' 49"**  **2**  Bert Grabsch (GER) Team Columbia +34"  **3**  Gustav Larsson (SWE) CSC–Saxo Bank +48" |  | **General Classification after stage 8**   Cyclist Team Time   **1**  **Linus Gerdemann (GER)** **Team Columbia** **33h 25' 18"**  **2**  Thomas Lövkvist (SWE) Team Columbia \+ 52"  **3**  Janez Brajkovič (SLO) Astana \+ 1.34" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Jersey progress

| Stage
(Winner) | General classification
 | Points classification
 | Mountains classification
 | Young rider classification
 | Team classification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prologue
(Brett Lancaster) | Brett Lancaster | Brett Lancaster | not awarded | Gerald Ciolek | Team Milram |
| Stage 1
(Linus Gerdemann) | Linus Gerdemann | Linus Gerdemann | Daniel Musiol | Thomas Lövkvist | Astana |
| Stage 2
(David de la Fuente) | | | | | |
| Stage 3
(Leonardo Bertagnolli) | | Thomas Lövkvist | | | Caisse d'Epargne |
| Stage 4
(André Greipel) | | | | |
| Stage 5
(Gerald Ciolek) | | | | |
| Stage 6
(Jussi Veikkanen) | | Astana | | |
| Stage 7
(Stéphane Augé) | || |
| Stage 8
(Tony Martin) |

## InfoBox

| 2008 UCI ProTour, race 13 of 15 | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview of the stages | |
| Race details | |
| Dates | August 29–September 6 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 1,408.6 km (875.3 mi) |
| Results | |
| Winner  Linus Gerdemann (GER)  (Team Columbia) | |
|


title: Audubon Wetland Management District

abstract: Audubon Wetland Management District is located in the U.S. state of North Dakota and consists of 123 Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs), 8 National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs), and numerous wetland and grassland easements and over 100 separate wetland areas set aside to preserve habitat for bird, plant and mammal species. These lands contain valuable wetland and grassland habitat for waterfowl and other migratory birds, and many other species of wildlife. Scattered throughout west central and southwestern North Dakota in McLean, Ward, and Sheridan Counties, the district is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and from Audubon National Wildlife Refuge. Hundreds of lakes and marshlands in this region provide critical habitat for migratory and nesting bird species.

text:
# Audubon Wetland Management District

**Audubon Wetland Management District** is located in the U.S. state of North Dakota and consists of 123 Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs), 8 National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs), and numerous wetland and grassland easements and over 100 separate wetland areas set aside to preserve habitat for bird, plant and mammal species. These lands contain valuable wetland and grassland habitat for waterfowl and other migratory birds, and many other species of wildlife. Scattered throughout west central and southwestern North Dakota in McLean, Ward, and Sheridan Counties, the district is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and from Audubon National Wildlife Refuge. Hundreds of lakes and marshlands in this region provide critical habitat for migratory and nesting bird species.

## InfoBox

| Audubon Wetland Management District | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
| Location | North Dakota, USA |
| Nearest city | Coleharbor, ND |
| Coordinates | 47°35′26″N 101°10′23″W / 47.59056°N 101.17306°W / 47.59056; -101.17306 |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
| Website | Audubon Wetland Management District |


title: Barton's Bush

abstract: Barton's Bush, in Trentham Memorial Park, is the largest remaining area of lowland mixed podocarp/broadleaf forest in the Hutt Valley of New Zealand. Named after Richard Barton who settled in the area in 1841, it was his desire that this section of the native forest should remain whilst the city of Upper Hutt gradually took shape and land was cleared for farming and settling.

text:
# Barton's Bush

**Barton's Bush**, in Trentham Memorial Park, is the largest remaining area of lowland mixed podocarp/broadleaf forest in the Hutt Valley of New Zealand. Named after Richard Barton who settled in the area in 1841, it was his desire that this section of the native forest should remain whilst the city of Upper Hutt gradually took shape and land was cleared for farming and settling.

## History

In 1841, Richard Barton purchased 40 hectares (100 acres) of land in the upper Hutt Valley. He modeled his development of his estate on that of Trentham in England, where he had been a supervisor of the estate. This meant part of the land was cleared for farming and settlement while some of it was left as natural bush land. Over time, Barton and his wife acquired more land so that eventually his estate extended from Quinns Post to Silverstream to the west of the Main Road and on both sides of the Hutt River.

By 1924, Barton's descendants had started to clear the remaining native bush on the estate. Attempts were made to protect the remaining bush as a public reserve through discussions with the family as well as representation to the Minister of Lands. However, it was only in 1950 that £26,000 (£2,020,000 in 2012 values) were able to be raised to purchase the bush area. Of the money raised, £13,000 came from a War Memorial subsidy while the remainder was one third public subscription and one third each from the Upper Hutt Borough and Hutt County Councils.

While acquisition of Barton's Bush was intended to preserve the bush remnant as an indication of what the forest had been like before the Europeans came to New Zealand, it was far from pristine. During the 1940s the area had been logged. Based on the remaining stumps, over 100 tōtara had been felled, while the bush was also infested with the exotic pest plants Old Mans Beard (*Clematis Vitalba*) and Wandering Jew (*Tradescantia Fluminensis*), both detrimental to the forest. Since 1980 a control programme has actively removed these pest plants and supplementary plantings have encouraged native flora development.

In recent years, the bush tracks have been gravelled and lightly fenced to provide clear walking paths while protecting the forest and discouraging people and animals from wandering off the formed tracks and inadvertently damaging the natural undergrowth.

## Flora

More than 100 different species of native plants live in Barton's Bush. Most of the mature canopy trees are tawa, with some tōtara, mataī and kahikatea canopy trees also present. There is also a broad range of native undercanopy trees and other undergrowth plants. While it has been subject to some human modification, Barton's Bush still gives a good indication of the sort of lowland forest that the European settlers encountered when they first moved into the Hutt Valley.

## Further reading

* Upper Hutt City Council Information Board at Trentham Memorial Park, near the children's playground carpark, entrance off Brentwood Street.

41°07′51″S 175°01′45″E / 41.130800°S 175.029148°E / -41.130800; 175.029148


title: Everett E. Bolle

abstract: Everett E. Bolle (1919-1987) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

text:
# Everett E. Bolle

**Everett E. Bolle** (1919-1987) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

## Biography

Bolle was born August 29, 1919, in Kossuth, Wisconsin. After graduating from high school in Two Rivers, Wisconsin, Bolle took part in the University of Wisconsin-Extension program. He was a member of the Society of the Holy Name and the Knights of Columbus. He died on September 7, 1987.

## Career

Bolle was first elected to the Assembly in 1960. He was defeated for re-election in 1974 by Alan Lasee. Additionally, Bolle was Supervisor of Francis Creek, Wisconsin. He was a Democrat.


title: Erik Nitsche

abstract: Erik Nitsche was a pioneer in the design of books, annual reports, and other printed material that relied on meticulous attention to the details of page composition, the elegance of simple type presentation, and the juxtaposition of elements on a page. His hallmarks were impeccably clear design, brilliant colors, smart typography, and an adherence to particular geometric foundations.

text:
# Erik Nitsche

**Erik Nitsche** (September 7, 1908 – November 10, 1998) was a pioneer in the design of books, annual reports, and other printed material that relied on meticulous attention to the details of page composition, the elegance of simple type presentation, and the juxtaposition of elements on a page. His hallmarks were impeccably clear design, brilliant colors, smart typography, and an adherence to particular geometric foundations.

## Biography

Erik Nitsche was born in Lausanne, Switzerland on September 7, 1908, and studied at the Collège Classique of Lausanne and the Kunstgewerbeschule in Munich. Nitsche went to school at Kunstgewerbeschule, a University in Munich. After this, he got a job in Cologne before moving to Paris to pursue his art career. While there, Nitsche combined Bauhaus and rational together, which influenced many of his earlier pieces. To avoid the conflict that was escalating in Europe, he fled to the United States. to immigrating to the United States, he was a designer for *Simplicissimus, Jugend*, and *Der Querschnitt*, creating covers and illustrations*.* He moved to the United States in 1934, where he worked in Hollywood before moving to New York in 1936. In New York, he worked for major magazines including *Life, Vanity Fair, and Harper’s Bazaar* as well as advertising and promotional campaigns for Twentieth Century Fox and Universal.

In 1955, Nitsche began working with engineering company General Dynamics as art director, which he held until 1960. He designed a breakthrough series of posters, in addition to designing their corporate image, annual reports, and advertising through the development of information design systems. Nitsche designed a 420-page book on the company's history entitled *Dynamic America*, prompting him to begin designing his own books.

Nitsche was also a consultant to the Museum of Modern Art's department of design and to Standard Oil of New Jersey in the 1950s and 60s.

In the early 1960s, Nitsche moved to Geneva where he established ENI, S.A. (Erik Nitsche International) and designed two encyclopedias: *The New Illustrated Library of Science and Invention* with 12 books in the setand the History of Music with 20 books in the set. ENI folded after Nitsche's former partner established a similar company designing similar books, leaving him in debt. 1965 to 1980, Nitsche lived in Paris where he produced over 2,000 color illustrations for the five-volume encyclopedia, *L’Épopée Nationale d’un Siècle*, which covered 100 years of science and technology*.*

In 1981, he moved back to Munich, returning to the US in 1996. Nitsche died on November 10, 1998, in Danbury, Connecticut.

## General Dynamics Posters – history and influence

In the span of Nitsche's tenure with General Dynamics (1955–1960), Nitsche's main goal was to help shift the narrative around atomic energy from one of bombs and destruction to one of peace and scientific advancement.

His first series of posters was created for exhibition at the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, which was held in Geneva, Switzerland in 1955. There was a lot riding on the design of these images; General Dynamics wanted to both elevate its image as a defense supplier but also outshine its competitors present at the conference. General Electric, Union Carbide, and Westinghouse were all in attendance and better known to the public.

Nitsche created this campaign with some very important and effective design elements; clean and pared down compositions helped create a modern look, and he created the posters in several languages. English, French, Japanese, Hindi, Russian, and German were all used in the campaign; poignantly chosen to highlight the nations that were committed at the time to developing atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Typography was treated as a design element, its simplicity lending to the overall clean, modern, and positive look of the campaign. He borrowed heavily from the Modern Art movement to evoke dynamism and innovation. Nitsche was barred from depicting specific General Dynamics products - in many cases these top secret defense ships and weapons were not even shown or shared with the artist. This limitation pushed Nitsche to lean into abstraction, and he ended up creating one of the most important corporate advertising campaigns of the Twentieth Century.

*Atoms for Peace,* as this original series was coined, was a massive success and was continued by Nitsche throughout his tenure at General Dynamics. His artful portrayal of what was essentially a weapons company as a calming, forward-thinking peaceful movement heralded the Atomic Age. The design elements in these posters were co-opted by countless other companies and designers to create a style that for many encapsulates mid-1950s America. Clocks, dishes, even cities like Las Vegas were influenced by Erik Nitsche's innovative designs for General Dynamics.

1. "Erik Nitsche". *ADC • Global Awards & Club*. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
2. Heller, Steven (1998-11-29). "Erik Nitsche, 90, Modernist Graphic Designer". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
3. Clifford, John (2014). *Graphic Icons: Visionaries who Shaped Modern Graphic Design*. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780321887207.
4. Heller, Steven (2011-11-22). "Erik Nitsche, Design Auteur". *Print Magazine*. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
5. "Erik Nitsche | Biography | People | Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". *collection.cooperhewitt.org*. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
6. "From Atomic Bomb to Atomic Age: How Erik Nitsche's Campaign for General Dynamics Shaped the 1950s". *The Ross Art Group*. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
1. View & Shop Nitsche's Original General Dynamics Posters

## InfoBox

| Erik Nitsche | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1908-09-07)September 7, 1908
Lausanne, Switzerland |
| Died | November 10, 1998(1998-11-10) (aged 90)
Danbury, Connecticut |
| Education | Kunstgewerbeschule |


title: Elmstone (Barqe)

text:
# Elmstone (Barqe)

## General description

***Elmstone*** was a composite barque built in 1866 by G.S. Moore & Co at Sunderland for John Charles Buckle, Bristol.

Launched on 27 October 1866, she was assigned the official German Reg. No. 53187 and signal MJCS.

The ship's dimensions were 166 ft 6 in (50.75 m)×31 ft 5 in (9.58 m)×18 ft 6 in (5.64 m) Tonnage 645.98 under deck, 7.45 half poop, 45.02 round house, 698.45 Gross and Net Register.

## Specification

Keel 14.5 in × 15.5 in (370 mm × 390 mm) American and English Elm, Frames 3.5 in × 3.5 in × .5 in (89 mm × 89 mm × 13 mm) angle, with reverse angles to each frame; Spacing of Frames 18 in (460 mm), Floors 20.5 in × .5 in (521 mm × 13 mm), single plate keelson 14 in × 0.75 in (356 mm × 19 mm) above floors, garboard strake 10 in × 7 in (250 mm × 180 mm) American Rock elm. 5 in (130 mm) Plank, garboard to topside in elm and Dantzic oak, decks 3.5 in (89 mm) yellow pine.

The vessel has 25 diagonal plates on each side crossing each other and extending from the sheer to the bilge plates, riveted to them and to the frames they pass over. The keel plate, also the main keelson plate and angle irons, extend up the fore and after deadwoods to the main deck. The whole of the fastenings are of yellow metal to the height of one fifth of the depth of the hold below the upper side of the upper deck, above which the fastenings are of galvanized iron. the planking is fastened with 0.9 in (23 mm) screw bolts driven from outside

3 bower anchors, 1 stream anchor and 2 kedge anchors, 120 fathoms of 1.7 in (43 mm) chain and 150 fathoms of 1.5 in (38 mm) chain, also hawsers etc.

Capstan and winch, windlass, 2 metal pumps and 2 bilge pumps, rigging of wire and hem, 1 long boat and 2 others.

Coppered with Yellow metal on felt to top of wales before launching.

Fore and main lower masts and bowsprit or Iron of following sizes,

Fore lower mast, 69 ft 4 in (21.13 m) long 23 in (580 mm) diameter at deck

Main lower mast, 70 ft 2 in (21.39 m) long 23.05 in (585 mm) diameter at deck

Bowsprit, 36 ft (11 m) long 22 in (560 mm) diameter at middle.

## Owners

Registered no 20 in 1866 at Bristol

1866 -73 owned by John Charles Buckle of Bristol.

1884 -99 owned by Killick Martin & Company

1884 -99 owned by T Cossovich of Ragusa, Later registered at Trieste

1900 sold to owners in Genoa until disappeared from the register.

### Share ownership under Killick Martin & Company

Registered no 191 in 1873 at London

4th Sept 1873, Killick Martin & Company held 64 shares.

17th Sept 1873, Killick Martin & Company sold 8 shares to William Lowther Nicholson, Shipowner, 8 shares to Samual Mackenzie, shipowner, 8 shares to William Henderson, shipowner, all of london.

20th Dec 1879, Samuel Mackenzie died intestate and letters of administration dated 13th Jan 1880 were granted to Mary Mackenzie, Widow.

14th Dec 1880, Mary Mackenzie sold 8 shares to Killick Martin & company.

20th Aug 1884, Registry closed on Vessel sold to Austrians as per advice from Killick Martin & Company.

## Key events

**1866** Launched on the 27th October at the shipyard of G.S. Moore & Co., Sunderland, for John Charles Buckle, Bristol.

**1868** under captain John Tomlinson sailed from London to Otago, New Zealand in 90 days after the best passage of the season. Carrying general cargo and passengers.

**1873** Sold to Killick Martin & Company and Thomas Bragg made Captain.

**1873** sailed from London to Sydney, Australia in 109 days.before sailing onto Manila

**1874** sailed from Manila to New York, USA in 159 days carrying 700 tons dry sugar and 2000 bales of hemp.

**1875** sailed from London to Shanghai, China in 121 days.

**1876** sailed from London to Hong Kong in 149 carrying general cargo.

**1877** Clement Henderson late first mate of The Sir Jamsetjee Family, another Killick Martin & Company owned ship made Captain.

**1878** Sailed Liverpool to Manila in 119 days.

**1884** Sold In August to T. Cossovich, Ragusa. Later registered at Trieste

**1900** Sold to owners in Genoa

**1903/06** Disappears from the registers

1. MacGregor, David R. (David Roy) (1986). *The China bird : the history of Captain Killick, and the firm he founded, Killick Martin & Company* (2nd rev. ed.). London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-381-8. OCLC 15024735.
2. "Otago Daily Times". *paperspast.natlib.govt.nz*. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
3. "DEPARTURES FORFOREIGN PORTS". *Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954)*. 21 March 1874. p. 6. Retrieved 10 July 2020.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Elmstone* |
| Owner | John Charles Buckle, Bristol |
| Builder | G.S. Moore & Co, Sunderland |
| Launched | 27 October 1866 |
| United Kingdom | |
| Owner | Killick Martin & Company |
| Acquired | 4 September 1873 |
| Austria | |
| Owner | T. Cossovich, Ragusa |
| Acquired | 20 August 1884 |
| Fate | Disappeared from register |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Composite clipper |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 166.5 ft (50.7 m) |
| Beam | 31.5 ft (9.6 m) |
| Depth | 18.6 ft (5.7 m) |


title: Ernestine H. Wieder Singer

abstract: Ernestine H. Wieder Singer was an American anthropologist and archaeologist who studied the weaving and netting techniques of ancient Peruvian and other South American indigenous peoples.

text:
# Ernestine H. Wieder Singer

**Ernestine H. Wieder Singer** (21 July 1911 - 3 January 1938) was an American anthropologist and archaeologist who studied the weaving and netting techniques of ancient Peruvian and other South American indigenous peoples.

## Early life and education

Ernestine Henrietta Wieder was born July 21, 1911, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Dr. Henry S. Wieder, a physician, and Josephine M. Wieder. She later went on to study anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, earning a BS in 1933 and an MA in 1935. In 1930, Singer married David Emil Singer, a 1929 graduate of the Textile Department at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Arts. The couple separated in 1931.

While a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania, Singer studied under anthropologists John Alden Mason and Vincenzo M. Petrullo, both of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

## Research on ancient South American textiles

Singer's thesis, "Analysis and Distribution of Netting Techniques Among the South American Indians," discusses knotting techniques used by indigenous peoples in Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, British Guiana (modern day Guyana), French Guiana, and Dutch Guiana (modern day Suriname). Her thesis broadly considers knotting and netting techniques used by ancient tribes to create items such as fishing nets, carrying bags, and hairnets through first-hand study of archaeological and ethnographic materials. The thesis includes hand-illustrated figures of knotting techniques that Singer viewed while working for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, as well as her review of objects held at the Museum of the American Indian and the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Singer's early research notes while studying at the University of Pennsylvania, correspondence with scholars, and other unpublished research papers on ancient Peruvian textiles are held at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.

Singer continued research related to knotting patterns used by ancient Peruvian tribes, including examples found at Huaco Paraiso, Pachacamac, Nazca, and Trujillo. Singer's essay on technical elements of Peruvian textiles, "The Technique of Peruvian Hairnets," was published with anthropologist Harriet Newell Wardle's paper, "Belts and Girdles of the Inca's Sacrificed Women," through the Museo Nacional del Perú's *Revista del Museo nacional* magazine in 1936. Singer's paper supports findings from archaeological research in Pachacamac, Peru conducted by German archaeologist, Max Uhle, held in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology's collections.

Singer was one of five women who participated in the 1936 annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology held in Washington, D.C., on December 29, 1936. Singer's paper for the 1936 Society for American Archaeology considered archaeological textiles from Chira, Peru. Her research notes for papers given during the annual meeting are held at the American Philosophical Society Library in Philadelphia. Another publication by Singer, "The Looping Technique in Netting," was included in the academic journal *American Antiquity* in 1936.

## Later life and death

After earning her degrees, Singer worked as a research assistant for the American section of The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Singer was a member of the Society for American Archaeologists and the Philadelphia Anthropological Society. In 1937, preceding the publication of the 1938 edition of the International Directory of Anthropologists, Singer identified her research areas as concerning American Indian archaeology and ethnology.

Singer died on January 3, 1938, and was buried at Adath Jeshurun Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## South American indigenous communities in Singer's research

Singer's anthropological work on ancient textile and knotting techniques represents numerous indigenous tribes and communities across South America:


abstract: The 2008 District of Columbia Democratic presidential primary took place on February 12, 2008, nicknamed the "Potomac Primary" because Maryland and Virginia, which border the Potomac River, also held Democratic primaries that day. Fifteen delegates were up for grabs in the District of Columbia Democratic Primary, including 10 delegates from the District of Columbia's municipal subdivisions. An additional five delegates were awarded to the at-large winner, Barack Obama. These 15 delegates represented the District of Columbia at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. A total of 24 unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well. Barack Obama received the endorsements of Mayor Adrian Fenty and former Mayor Marion Barry, while he and Hillary Clinton were both endorsed by various members on the District of Columbia City Council. Barack Obama won the District of Columbia, as he did the other Potomac contests that day. He earned 12 pledged delegates to Clinton's 3.

text:
# 2008 District of Columbia Democratic presidential primary

The **2008 District of Columbia Democratic presidential primary** took place on February 12, 2008, nicknamed the "Potomac Primary" because Maryland and Virginia, which border the Potomac River, also held Democratic primaries that day. Fifteen delegates were up for grabs in the District of Columbia Democratic Primary, including 10 delegates from the District of Columbia's municipal subdivisions (five delegates for Wards 1-4, and five delegates for Wards 5-8). An additional five delegates were awarded to the at-large winner, Barack Obama. These 15 delegates represented the District of Columbia at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. A total of 24 unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Barack Obama received the endorsements of Mayor Adrian Fenty and former Mayor Marion Barry (both African Americans), while he and Hillary Clinton were both endorsed by various members on the District of Columbia City Council. Barack Obama won the District of Columbia, as he did the other Potomac contests that day. He earned 12 pledged delegates to Clinton's 3.

## Polls

## Results

| 2008 District of Columbia Democratic Presidential Primary Results | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Delegates |
|  | **Democratic** | **Barack Obama** | **93,386** | **75.31%** | **12** |
|  | Democratic | Hillary Clinton | 29,470 | 23.77% | 3 |
|  | Democratic | John Edwards | 347 | 0.28% | 0 |
|  | Democratic | Uncommitted | 339 | 0.27% | 0 |
|  | Democratic | Dennis Kucinich | 193 | 0.16% | 0 |
|  | Democratic | Bill Richardson | 145 | 0.12% | 0 |
|  | Democratic | Write-ins | 114 | 0.09% | 0 |
|
| **Totals** | | | **123,994** | **100.00%** | **15** |
| Voter turnout | | | % | |  |

## Analysis

The District of Columbia is a city with a strong population of African Americans, a voting bloc that consistently backed Barack Obama nationwide. The District also includes highly educated upper-middle class professionals who tend to be relatively progressive, another segment of the population that often backed Obama.

## InfoBox

2008 District of Columbia Democratic presidential primary
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Candidate **Barack Obama** Hillary Clinton  Home state Illinois New York  Delegate count **12** 3  Popular vote **93,386** 29,470  Percentage **75.31%** 23.77% | |
| ---  Election results by ward<br>**Obama:**      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% | |


title: Eulimella bogii

abstract: Eulimella bogii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Eulimella bogii

***Eulimella bogii*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 3.2 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations: at depths between 100 m and 550 m

* "*Eulimella bogii*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
* CLEMAM
* Encyclopedia of Life
* World Register of Marine Species

## InfoBox

| *Eulimella bogii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Eulimella* |
| Species: | ***E. bogii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eulimella bogii***<br>van Aartsen, 1995 | |
|


# 1995 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 22

The 1995 Giro d'Italia was the 78th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Perugia on 13 May, and Stage 12 occurred on 25 May with a stage from Borgo a Mozzano. The race finished in Milan on 4 June.

## Stage 12

**25 May 1995 — Borgo a Mozzano to Cento, 201 km (125 mi)**

| **Stage 12 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Ján Svorada (SVK) Lampre–Panaria 5h 04' 50"  2  Giovanni Lombardi (ITA) Polti–Granarolo–Santini s.t.  3  Giuseppe Citterio (ITA) Aki–Gipiemme s.t.  4  Mario Manzoni (ITA) Brescialat–Fago s.t.  5  Jean-Jacques Henry (FRA) Festina–Lotus s.t.  6  Johan Capiot (BEL) Refin s.t.  7  Michel Lafis (SWE) Amore & Vita–Galatron s.t.  8  Nicola Minali (ITA) Gewiss–Ballan s.t.  9  Rolf Sørensen (DEN) MG Maglificio–Technogym s.t.  10  Roberto Pelliconi (ITA) Refin s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 12**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 49h 14' 49"  2  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 08"  3  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 16"  4  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 3' 20"  5  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 5' 12"  6  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 6' 24"  7  Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 6' 48"  8  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 6' 52"  9  Alberto Elli (ITA) MG Maglificio–Technogym \+ 7' 02"  10  Davide Rebellin (ITA) MG Maglificio–Technogym \+ 7' 12" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 13

**26 May 1995 — Pieve di Cento to Rovereto, 218 km (135 mi)**

| **Stage 13 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Pascal Richard (SUI) MG Maglificio–Technogym 5h 44' 07"  2  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE s.t.  3  Vladislav Bobrik (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3"  4  Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) Navigare–Blue Storm \+ 26"  5  Mariano Piccoli (ITA) Brescialat–Fago \+ 46"  6  Davide Rebellin (ITA) MG Maglificio–Technogym \+ 1' 22"  7  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni s.t.  8  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco s.t.  9  Jens Heppner (GER) Team Telekom s.t.  10  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 13**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 55h 00' 18"  2  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 08"  3  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 16"  4  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 3' 20"  5  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 5' 12"  6  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 6' 24"  7  Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 6' 48"  8  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 6' 52"  9  Davide Rebellin (ITA) MG Maglificio–Technogym \+ 7' 12"  10  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 7' 14" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 14

**27 May 1995 — Trento to Schnals, 240 km (150 mi)**

| **Stage 14 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE 7h 32' 07"  2  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 1' 18"  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco \+ 1' 20"  4  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 1' 22"  5  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 1' 29"  6  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan s.t.  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin s.t.  8  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 1' 26"  9  Hernán Buenahora (COL) Kelme–Sureña \+ 2' 28"  10  Arsenio González (ESP) Mapei–GB–Latexco s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 14**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 62h 33' 41"  2  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 14"  3  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 29"  4  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 4' 43"  5  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 5' 25"  6  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 6' 13"  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 7' 27"  8  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 7' 50"  9  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 8' 04"  10  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 11" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 15

**28 May 1995 — Schnals to Lenzerheide, 185 km (115 mi)**

| **Stage 15 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Mariano Piccoli (ITA) Brescialat–Fago 4h 42' 09"  2  Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) Navigare–Blue Storm s.t.  3  Francesco Frattini (ITA) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 1' 23"  4  François Simon (FRA) Castorama \+ 2' 06"  5  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni s.t.  6  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini s.t.  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin s.t.  8  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 2' 18"  9  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE s.t.  10  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 15**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 67h 18' 06"  2  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 14"  3  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 29"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 5' 25"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 6' 13"  6  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 7' 25"  7  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 7' 38"  8  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 8' 04"  9  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 8' 59"  10  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 9' 34" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 16

**29 May 1995 — Lenzerheide to Treviglio, 224 km (139 mi)**

| **Stage 16 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Giuseppe Citterio (ITA) Aki–Gipiemme 5h 44' 44"  2  Roberto Pagnin (ITA) ZG Mobili–Selle Italia s.t.  3  Davide Bramati (ITA) Lampre–Panaria s.t.  4  Silvio Martinello (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco s.t.  5  François Simon (FRA) Castorama s.t.  6  Rolf Sørensen (DEN) MG Maglificio–Technogym s.t.  7  Giovanni Fidanza (ITA) Polti–Granarolo–Santini s.t.  8  Michel Lafis (SWE) Amore & Vita–Galatron s.t.  9  Marco Villa (ITA) Amore & Vita–Galatron s.t.  10  Andreas Kappes (GER) Refin s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 16**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 73h 02' 52"  2  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 14"  3  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 3' 29"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 5' 25"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 6' 13"  6  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 7' 15"  7  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 7' 38"  8  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 8' 04"  9  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 8' 59"  10  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 9' 34" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 17

**30 May 1995 — Cenate Sotto to Selvino, 43 km (27 mi) (ITT)**

| **Stage 17 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 1h 05' 39"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 1' 39"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 2' 03"  4  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 3' 11"  5  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 3' 27"  6  Zenon Jaskuła (POL) Aki–Gipiemme \+ 3' 44"  7  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 4' 08"  8  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 4' 10"  9  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 4' 37"  10  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 4' 44" |  | **General classification after Stage 17**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 74h 08' 51"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 5' 08"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 5' 17"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 35"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 10' 21"  6  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 11' 31"  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 11' 52"  8  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 12' 22"  9  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 12' 45"  10  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 13' 44" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 18

**31 May 1995 — Stradella to Sanctuary of Vicoforte, 221 km (137 mi)**

| **Stage 18 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Denis Zanette (ITA) Aki–Gipiemme 5h 30' 44"  2  Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) Navigare–Blue Storm s.t.  3  Serguei Outschakov (UKR) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 1' 11"  4  Vladimir Poulnikov (RUS) Team Telekom s.t.  5  Roberto Pelliconi (ITA) Refin s.t.  6  Lars Kristian Johnsen (NOR) TVM–Polis Direct s.t.  7  Roberto Pagnin (ITA) ZG Mobili–Selle Italia s.t.  8  Andrey Teteryuk (KAZ) Aki–Gipiemme s.t.  9  Davide Rebellin (ITA) MG Maglificio–Technogym s.t.  10  Mario Chiesa (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 18**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 79h 55' 00"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 5' 08"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 5' 17"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 35"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 10' 21"  6  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 11' 31"  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 11' 52"  8  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 12' 22"  9  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 12' 45"  10  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 13' 44" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 19

**1 June 1995 — Mondovì to Pontechianale, 129 km (80 mi)**

| **Stage 19 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Pascal Richard (SUI) MG Maglificio–Technogym 4h 01' 11"  2  Rodolfo Massi (ITA) Refin s.t.  3  Nelson Rodríguez Serna (COL) ZG Mobili–Selle Italia s.t.  4  Hernán Buenahora (COL) Kelme–Sureña \+ 10"  5  Massimo Ghirotto (ITA) ZG Mobili–Selle Italia \+ 1' 06"  6  Marcello Siboni (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 1' 08"  7  Thomas Davy (FRA) Banesto s.t.  8  Giancarlo Perini (ITA) Brescialat–Fago s.t.  9  Patrick Jonker (AUS) ONCE s.t.  10  Francesco Frattini (ITA) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 58" |  | **General classification after Stage 19**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 84h 01' 09"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 5' 08"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 5' 17"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 35"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 10' 21"  6  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 11' 31"  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 11' 52"  8  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 12' 22"  9  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 12' 45"  10  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 13' 44" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 20

**2 June 1995 — Briançon to Gressoney-Saint-Jean, 203 km (126 mi)**

| **Stage 20 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Serguei Outschakov (UKR) Polti–Granarolo–Santini 4h 59' 58"  2  Pascal Richard (SUI) MG Maglificio–Technogym \+ 5"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 8"  4  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan s.t.  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE s.t.  6  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 26"  7  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria s.t.  8  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco s.t.  9  Paolo Lanfranchi (ITA) Brescialat–Fago s.t.  10  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 20**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 89h 01' 33"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 50"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 55"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 35"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 10' 03"  6  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 11' 31"  7  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 11' 52"  8  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 12' 22"  9  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 13' 07"  10  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 13' 44" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 21

**3 June 1995 — Pont-Saint-Martin to Luino, 190 km (120 mi)**

| **Stage 21 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan 5h 04' 59"  2  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 21"  3  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 25"  4  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria s.t.  5  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan s.t.  6  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco s.t.  7  Nelson Rodríguez Serna (COL) ZG Mobili–Selle Italia s.t.  8  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE s.t.  9  Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 56"  10  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 21**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 94h 06' 57"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 13"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 55"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 23"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 10' 03"  6  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 11' 31"  7  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 13' 40"  8  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 16' 23"  9  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 18' 05"  10  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 18' 50" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 22

**4 June 1995 — Luino to Milan, 148 km (92 mi)**

| **Stage 22 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Giovanni Lombardi (ITA) Polti–Granarolo–Santini 3h 02' 53"  2  Mario Manzoni (ITA) Brescialat–Fago s.t.  3  Silvio Martinello (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco s.t.  4  Roberto Pelliconi (ITA) Refin s.t.  5  Giuseppe Citterio (ITA) Aki–Gipiemme s.t.  6  Giovanni Fidanza (ITA) Polti–Granarolo–Santini s.t.  7  Andreas Kappes (GER) Refin s.t.  8  Roberto Pagnin (ITA) ZG Mobili–Selle Italia s.t.  9  Bo Hamburger (DEN) TVM–Polis Direct s.t.  10  Bruno Thibout (FRA) Castorama s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 22**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) Mapei–GB–Latexco 97h 39' 50"  2  Evgeni Berzin (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 13"  3  Piotr Ugrumov (RUS) Gewiss–Ballan \+ 4' 55"  4  Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 9' 23"  5  Oliverio Rincón (COL) ONCE \+ 10' 03"  6  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Lampre–Panaria \+ 11' 31"  7  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Tassoni \+ 13' 40"  8  Heinz Imboden (SUI) Refin \+ 16' 23"  9  Georg Totschnig (AUT) Polti–Granarolo–Santini \+ 18' 05"  10  Francesco Casagrande (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Saeco \+ 18' 50" |
| --- | --- | --- |


title: 1996 Tejano Music Awards

abstract: The 16th Tejano Music Awards were held in 1996. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. The Tejano Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony recognizing Tejano music musicians.

text:
# 1996 Tejano Music Awards

The **16th Tejano Music Awards** were held in 1996. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. The Tejano Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony recognizing Tejano music musicians.

## Award winners

### Vocalists of The Year

### Vocal Duo Of the Year

* Emilio & Raul Navaira

### Albums of the Year

### Songs of The Year

### Entertainers of the Year

### Most Promising Band of The Year

## InfoBox

| 16th Tejano Music Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | San Antonio, Texas |
| First awarded | 1996 |
|


title: 1976 Western Championships

abstract: The 1976 Western Championships, also known as Cincinnati Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sunlite Swim and Tennis Club at Old Coney in Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States. It was the 76th edition of the tournament and was part of the Three Star category of the 1976 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix circuit. The tournament was held from July 12 through July 18, 1976. Second-seeded Roscoe Tanner won the singles title.

text:
# 1976 Western Championships

The **1976 Western Championships**, also known as Cincinnati Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sunlite Swim and Tennis Club at Old Coney in Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States. It was the 76th edition of the tournament and was part of the Three Star category of the 1976 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix circuit. The tournament was held from July 12 through July 18, 1976. Second-seeded Roscoe Tanner won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Roscoe Tanner defeated  Eddie Dibbs 7–6, 6–3

* It was Tanner's 1st singles title of the year and the 5th of his career.

### Doubles

Stan Smith /  Erik van Dillen defeated  Eddie Dibbs /  Harold Solomon 6–1, 6–1

## InfoBox

| 1976 Western Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | July 12–18 |
| Edition | 76th |
| Category | Grand Prix Circuit (Three star) |
| Draw | 64S / 32D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Cincinnati, Ohio, US |
| Venue | Old Coney |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Roscoe Tanner | |
| Doubles | |
| Stan Smith /  Erik van Dillen | |
|  | |


title: 2018 Estonian Small Cup

abstract: The 2018 Estonian Small Cup was the 9th season of the Estonian amateur football knockout tournament. The tournament began in March 2018, and the final took place in September 2018 at the A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn. Paide Linnameeskond III were the defending champions. Saue JK won the cup after beating Raasiku FC Joker 2–0 in the final.

text:
# 2018 Estonian Small Cup

The  **2018 Estonian Small Cup** was the 9th season of the Estonian amateur football knockout tournament. The tournament began in March 2018, and the final took place in September 2018 at the A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn. Paide Linnameeskond III were the defending champions.

Saue JK won the cup after beating Raasiku FC Joker 2–0 in the final.

## First Round (1/64)

The draw was made by Estonian Football Association on 9 March 2018.

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 21 March | | |
| Raplamaa JK (4) | 0–1 | **Viimsi JK II** (5) |
| 22 March | | |
| **Viimsi JK** (4) | 19–0 | FC Äksi Wolves (6) |
| 25 March | | |
| **RL. Rõngu United** (RL) | w/o | Tallinna FC Soccernet (6) |

### Byes

These teams were not drawn and secured a place in the second round without playing:

## Second Round (1/32)

The draw was made by Estonian Football Association on 2 April 2018.

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15 April | | |
| Anija JK (5) | 1–3 | **Kohtla-Järve SK Zenit** (RL) |
| 17 April | | |
| **Tallinna Depoo** (4) | 4–3 | JK Kernu Kadakas (5) |
| **FC Jõgeva Wolves** (5) | 2–1 | Tallinna JK Augur (5) |
| Tartu FC Loomaaed (6) | w/o | **Märjamaa Kompanii** (6) |
| **Raasiku FC Joker** (4) | 14–2 | FC Tallinna Wolves (RL) |
| 18 April | | |
| FC Sillamäe (5) | 0–6 | **JK Retro** (5) |
| **JK Loo** (5) | 7–3 | Maardu United II (6) |
| Tõrva JK (4) | 1–5 | **Valga FC Warrior** (5) |
| **Tartu FC Helios** (5) | 2–0 | Pärnu JK Poseidon (4) |
| **Kohila Püsivus** (5) | w/o | FC Zenit Tallinn (5) |
| **Viimsi JK** (4) | 3–0 | FC Järva-Jaani (5) |
| **Tallinna FC Ararat TTÜ** (4) | 3–1 | Viljandi JK Tulevik III (5) |
| **Tartu FC Santos II** (4) | 4–0 | FC Toompea (6) |
| **FC Kose** (5) | 2–0 | Tartu FC Helios II (6) |
| **Tallinna JK Piraaja** (4) | 8–1 | Maarjamäe FC Igiliikur (6) |
| FC Tallinn (6) | 0–7 | **Maardu United** (4) |
| Tartu JK Tammeka IV (6) | 1–5 | **Vaimastvere SK Illi** (6) |
| **Tallinna JK Legion II** (4) | 4–1 | Tallinna FC Eston Villa (5) |
| **Saue JK** (5) | 6–1 | Tallinna JK Jalgpallihaigla (6) |
| Tallinna FC Hell Hunt (5) | 2–2(a.e.t.)
(4–5 ) | **Tallinna FC Zapoos** (5) |
| 19 April | | |
| Nõmme Kalju FC III (5) | w/o | Rõngu United (RL) |
| **Viimsi JK II** (5) | 4–0 | Viimsi Lõvid (RL) |
| FC Maksatransport (RL) | 1–6 | **Pakri SK Alexela** (6) |
| **FC Elva II** (5) | 2–0 | Kohtla-Nõmme (RL) |
| 21 April | | |
| FC Vastseliina (5) | w/o | **Bro Era** (RL) |
| 24 April | | |
| Tallinna FC Reaal (6) | 0–4 | **Põhja-Tallinna JK Volta II** (5) |
| 25 April | | |
| Türi Ganvix JK (4) | 1–4 | **Põhja-Sakala** (5) |
| Pärnu JK Poseidon II(5) | 1–5 | **SK Imavere** (5) |
| Rumori Calcio Tallinn (5) | 1–7 | **Põhja-Tallinna JK Volta** (4) |
| Tallinna FC TransferWise (5) | 1–2 | **Rummu Dünamo** (5) |
| 26 April | | |
| **EMÜ SK** (5) | w/o | Taktikad Platsil (RL) |
| **Paide Linnameeskond III** (4) | 6–2 | Ambla Vallameeskond (5) |

## Third Round (1/16)

The draw was made by Estonian Football Association on 26 April 2018.

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15 May | | |
| **Tallinna FC Ararat TTÜ** (4) | 8–0 | Rummu Dünamo (5) |
| 16 May | | |
| **Tartu FC Santos II** (4) | 3–1 | SK Imavere (5) |
| **Paide Linnameeskond III** (4) | 7–3 | JK Loo (5) |
| **FC Elva II** (5) | 2–0 | Valga FC Warrior (5) |
| **JK Retro** (5) | 4–2 | FC Jõgeva Wolves (5) |
| **Saue JK** (5) | 7–2 | Vaimastvere SK Illi (6) |
| **Pakri SK Alexela** (6) | 3–2 | Viimsi JK II (5) |
| **Põhja-Tallinna JK Volta** (4) | 5–1 | Kohila Püsivus (5) |
| **Tallinna FC Zapoos** (5) | 3–1 | Tallinna JK Legion II (4) |
| 17 May | | |
| **Põhja-Sakala** (5) | 2–1 | Põhja-Tallinna JK Volta II (5) |
| Tallinna Depoo (6) | 1–3 | **Tartu FC Helios** (5) |
| Bro Era (RL) | 0–12 | **Viimsi JK** (4) |
| **Raasiku FC Joker** (4) | 5–2 | FC Kose (5) |
| Kohtla-Järve SK Zenit (RL) | 1–3 | **EMÜ SK** (5) |
| **Tallinna JK Piraaja** (4) | 6–0 | Maardu United (4) |
| Rõngu United (RL) | 0–2 | **Märjamaa Kompanii** (6) |

## Fourth Round (1/8)

The draw was made by Estonian Football Association on 23 May 2018.

| Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 June | | |
| **JK Retro** (5) | 1–0 | Tallinna JK Piraaja (4) |
| FC Elva II (5) | 0–6 | **Paide Linnameeskond III** (4) |
| 6 June | | |
| **Raasiku FC Joker** (4) | 3–3(a.e.t.)
(3–0 ) | Viimsi JK (4) |
| Tartu FC Helios (5) | 0–2 | **Saue JK** (5) |
| Tartu FC Santos II (4) | 0–3 | **Märjamaa Kompanii** (6) |
| **Tallinna FC Ararat TTÜ** (4) | 5–1 | EMÜ SK (5) |
| 14 June | | |
| Tallinna FC Zapoos (5) | 3–6(a.e.t.) | **Pakri SK Alexela** (6) |
| 20 June | | |
| Põhja-Sakala (5) | 3–3(a.e.t.)
(5–6 ) | **Põhja-Tallinna JK Volta** (4) |

## Quarter-finals

The draw was made on 15 June 2018.

| 1 August 2018 | **Pakri SK Alexela (6)** | **3–1** | Paide Linnameeskond III (4) | Paldiski |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 (UTC+3) | Meelis Reiss  10',  87',  90+5' | Report | Volodja Erdei  19' | Stadium: Alexela Arena
Attendance: 89
Referee: Kristo Värva |

| 1 August 2018 | **Raasiku FC Joker (4)** | **2–1** | Märjamaa Kompanii (6) | Raasiku |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 (UTC+3) | Rando Randjõe  5'
Janar Pragi  32' | Report | Olavi Arel Abel  65' | Stadium: Raasiku põhikooli kuntsmuruväljak
Attendance: 76
Referee: Paul Kask |

## Semi-finals

The draw was made on 2 August 2018.

## Final

The two finalist were **Saue JK**, who reached quarter-finals the previous season, and **Raasiku FC Joker**, who enjoyed third-tier football last year. Both teams are from Harju County.

## InfoBox

2018 Estonian Small Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Estonia |
| Teams | 67 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Saue JK |
| Runner-up | Raasiku FC Joker |
|  | |


title: Ernestine Gwet Bell

abstract: Ernestine Gwet-Bell is a Cameroonian gynaecologist who supervised the first successful in vitro fertilisation treatment in her country.

text:
# Ernestine Gwet Bell

**Ernestine Gwet-Bell** (born 1953) is a Cameroonian gynaecologist who supervised the first successful in vitro fertilisation treatment in her country.

## Early life

Gwet-Bell was born in 1953 in Sackbayémé. Her father was initially a Catholic priest, but converted to become a Protestant pastor; her mother was a nurse and midwife. One of six brothers and sisters, she studied medicine at the University of Paris 5. Her first job was at the Council of Baptist and Evangelical Churches Hospital in Bonabéri, which was affiliated to the church she attended; she also worked at the Laquintinie Hospital.

## Career

### Gynaecology

In 1987, Gwet-Bell opened a private practice, the Odyssey Clinic, in Douala, which as of 2020 was one of Cameroon's most respected gynaecological medical facilities. Alongside five other colleagues she founded Cameroon's first assisted fertility centre: Centre des Techniques de Pointe en Gynécologie-Obstétrique; her co-founders are: Berthe Bollo, Guy Sandjon, Monique Onomo, Nicole Akoung and Christian Pamy. In 2016, the first public IVF centre opened in Yaounde. Gwet-Bell was its director in 2020. In

In 1998, Gwet-Bell supervised the birth of the first Cameroonian child born through *in vitro* fertilization. The baby was called Thommy. In 2004, her team were able to successfully practice Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), an innovative technique designed in 1992 to fight against male sterility in the context of IVF. As of August 2007, she a'nd her team were responsible for the birth of 500 babies through *in vitro* fertilization. She is President of the Inter-African Fertility Study, Research and Application Group, as well as the union of private doctors in Cameroon.

In 2019 she chaired the organisational committee of a conference which brought together gynaecologists and neonatal specialist from across Cameroon together.

### Autism

One of her nephews has autism and in 2005 she founded Orchidée Home, which is designed to support autistic children and their parents. Two years later, in 2007, she organized the first autism congress in Cameroon.

## Selected publications

* Gwet-Bell, Ernestine; Gwet, Bea B.; Akoung, Nicole; Fiadjoe, Moïse K. (September 2018). "The 5 main challenges faced in infertility care in Cameroon". *Global Reproductive Health*. **3** (3): e16. doi:10.1097/GRH.0000000000000016. S2CID 201021120.
* Fiadjoe, Moïase Kwasivi; Bell, Ernestine Gwet; Mayenga, Jean-Marc (January 2013). "Prise en charge chirurgicale de l'infertilité : moyens et spécificités en Afrique sub saharienne" \[Surgical management: tools and specificity in Sub-Saharan Africa\]. *Reproduction Humaine et Hormones* (in French). **25** (3/4): 59–63. ProQuest 1346653007.
* Bell, Ernestine Gwet (January 2013). "Traitement médical de la femme infertile en Afrique" \[The medical treatment of infertile women in Africa\]. *Reproduction Humaine et Hormones* (in French). **25** (3/4): 50–58. ProQuest 1346653005.

## Personal life

Gwet Bell is married and has two daughters and a son.

1. jeremy, rich (2012), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.), "Gwet-Bell, Ernestine", *Dictionary of African Biography*, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, retrieved 2021-01-18
2. Diarra, Abdoulaye (2012-12-26). "Dr Ernestine Gwet Bell, à l'origine du premier bébé né in vitro de l'Afrique centrale". *INFO AFRIQUE* (in French). Retrieved 2021-01-18.
3. Kovacs, Gabor; Brinsden, Peter; DeCherney, Alan (2018-06-14). *In-Vitro Fertilization: The Pioneers' History*. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-108-42785-2.
4. "Au Cameroun, une clinique contre l'infertilité et ses stigmates". *LEFIGARO* (in French). 6 January 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
5. "L'Afrique, continent le plus touché par l'infertilité". *Le Monde.fr* (in French). 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
6. Siewe, Alex (31 January 2005). "Ernestine Gwet-Bell".
7. NSEUMI LÉA, FLORINE. "Procréation médicalement assistée: Les hommes stériles secourus".
8. Marion Obam (29 August 2007). "Cameroon: Ernestine Gwet Bell, the mechanics of embryos" . allAfrica . Retrieved on March 13, 2018
9. "Ernestine Gwet Bell". *archive.wikiwix.com*. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
10. "Improving health of women and infants : Gynecologists to meet in Douala". *www.cameroon-tribune.cm*. Retrieved 2021-01-20.

## InfoBox

| Ernestine Gwet Bell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1953<br>Sackbayémé, Cameroon |
| Citizenship | Cameroon |
| Education | University of Paris 5 |
| Occupation | Gynaecologist |
| Notable work | Enabling birth of Cameroon's first IVF baby |


title: Eucalyptus exilis

abstract: Eucalyptus exilis, commonly known as Boyagin mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has thin stems with smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven, white flowers and barrel-shaped to shortened spherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus exilis

***Eucalyptus exilis***, commonly known as **Boyagin mallee**, is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has thin stems with smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven, white flowers and barrel-shaped to shortened spherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus exilis* is a mallee with a whipstick habit, typically grows to a height of 2–6 m (6 ft 7 in – 19 ft 8 in) and has a lignotuber. The trunk and branches have a covering of smooth, whitish to pale grey over yellow bark that is shed in long thin ribbons. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are square in cross section and sessile, elliptical to egg-shaped leaves that are 50–75 mm (2.0–3.0 in) long and 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same, slightly glossy green on both sides, elliptical to lance-shaped, 35–65 mm (1.4–2.6 in) long and 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) wide on a petiole 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long.

The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of eleven on an unbranched peduncle 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped, 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide with a rounded, sometimes pointed operculum. Flowering occurs between August and October and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped to shortened spherical capsule 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long and 9–13 mm (0.35–0.51 in) wide with the valves enclosed below the level of the rim. The seeds are blackish brown, obliquely pyramidal and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long.

## Taxonomy

*Eucalyptus exilis* was first formally described by Ian Brooker and published in the journal *Nuytsia*. The specific epithet is taken from the Latin word *exilis* meaning *slender* in reference to the stems.

## Distribution

Boyagin mallee has a disjunct distribution in the wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in heathland and shrubland on lateritic ridges in sandy loamy soils. The three main populations are found near Boyagin Rock, around Bindoon and north east of Mount Lesueur.

## Conservation status

This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| Boyagin mallee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus exilis* near Boyagin Rock | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority Four — Rare Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. exilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus exilis***
Brooker | |
|


title: 2007 Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom

abstract: The 2007 Elf Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom season began at Brands Hatch on 31 March and finished after 12 races over 10 events at Thruxton on 14 October. The Championship was won by Martin Byford driving for his own Z Speed Racing team, despite not winning a race.

text:
# 2007 Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom

The **2007 Elf Renault Clio Cup United Kingdom season** began at Brands Hatch on 31 March and finished after 12 races over 10 events at Thruxton on 14 October. The Championship was won by Martin Byford driving for his own Z Speed Racing team, despite not winning a race.

## Changes for 2007

* The new Clio Cup 197 was introduced.
* A new race format was introduced which featured two qualifying heats and a final due to an over-subscribed entry.

## Race Format

After Friday testing at each event the field would be split into two groups (group A for drivers finishing the session in odd-numbered positions and group B for drivers finishing in even-numbered positions). Each group would then have separate qualifying sessions on the Saturday which set the grids for the heats. The heat races set the grid for Sunday's championship race, where the winner of the heat containing the fastest lap time of the two heats would start on pole, with the remainder of the field from that heat filling the pole side of the grid in finishing order. The drivers from the other heat would fill the other side of the grid, again, in finishing order. The last few (the number varied from circuit to circuit) finishers in each heat would fail to qualify for the championship race but would be classed as reserves should there be any non-starters.

At meetings where the entry was smaller than the maximum number of permitted starters, the race format was the same as in previous years.

## Teams and drivers

All competitors raced in Renault Clio Cup 197s.

| Team No. Drivers Rounds  Total Control Racing 1  James Williams All  6  Ben Winrow All  8  Alex MacDowall All  9  Jonathan Fildes All  JHR Developments 2  Michael Doyle 1  Jim Edwards Jr. 2-10  3  Andrew Herron All  7  Paul Rivett 9  25  Robert Lawson All  38  Steve Wood 1, 3, 5, 7-10  Richard Cannon 4  Stephen Oates 6  48  Richard Cannon 5-6, 9  Paul Rivett 8, 10  Youth 4 Human Rights with SVE 4  Niki Lanik All  PH Motorsport 5  Phil House All  Full Speed Racing 10  Ciaran Butler 1-6  11  Martin Johnston 1-9  12  Nikki Welsby 1  18  Mark Speller All  19  Ant Scragg 1-9  23  Chris Panayiotou 1-3, 5-6, 8-9  Glenn Eagling Motorsport 13  Guy Parr 1, 3-5, 7  27  Dan Eagling 1-9  Mardi Gras Motorsport 14  Ed Pead All  15  Chris Rice All  20  Jon Lanceley 1-3  33  Árón Smith All  Amery Motorsport 16  Jonathan Shepherd All  17  David Shepherd All  Momo UK 21  Sean Brown 1  Stefan Hodgetts 2-10  28  Robert Brown All  Coastal Racing 22  Carl Bradley 1-2, 4-10  Robertshaw Racing 24  Michael Doyle 2-10  26  Barry Benham 5-10  32  Alan Taylor 1-9  43  Derek Pierce 8-10  49  Chris Dymond All  Team TWC 26  Barry Benham 1-4  APO Motorsport 29  Alex Osborne All  Z Speed Racing 34  Martin Byford All  Team Pyro 36  Chris Law All  55  Mel Healey All  Booker Motorsport 41  Dean Hobson 3, 6  J & D Pierce Race Team 43  Derek Pierce 1-6  Cleland Motorsport 44  Jamie Cleland All  88  Finlay Crocker 1-5  Jamie Clarke 6  Simon Quinn 9  EPS UK with IDL Racing Services 46  Robert Gaffney All  SMC Renault/Academy Motorsport 48  Jim Edwards Sr. 1-3  Collison Racing 50  Steve Collison 1-5, 7-10  Double Six Racing 66  Andrew Bentley 1-7, 9  Team Eurotech Racing
with John Guest Speedfit 77  Andrew Jordan 1-9  Ian Curley 10  Kangaroo International/
SMC Renault/Mark Fish Motorsport 99  Jim Edwards Jr. 1 |
| --- |

## Calendar & Winners

The series supported the British Touring Car Championship at nine of the ten rounds. The series skipped the round at Knockhill and instead raced at the World Series by Renault meeting at Donington Park on 8-9 September.

| Round | | Venue | Date | Pole Position | Fastest Lap | Winning Driver | Winning Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Q1 | Brands Hatch (Indy), Kent | 31 March-1 April | Ed Pead | Ben Winrow | Ed Pead | Mardi Gras Motorsport |
| | | Q2 | Andrew Jordan | Michael Doyle | Martin Byford | Z Speed Racing |
| | | R1 | Ed Pead | Andrew Jordan | Ed Pead | Mardi Gras Motorsport |
| 2 | Q1 | Rockingham Motor Speedway, Northamptonshire | 21–22 April | Robert Lawson | Robert Lawson | Robert Lawson | JHR Developments |
| | | Q2 | Ed Pead | Stefan Hodgetts | Ben Winrow | Total Control Racing |
| | | R2 | Ben Winrow | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| 3 | Q1 | Thruxton Circuit, Hampshire | 5–6 May | Stefan Hodgetts | Ed Pead | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| | | Q2 | Robert Lawson | Martin Byford | Robert Lawson | JHR Developments |
| | | R3 | Robert Lawson | Martin Byford | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| 4 | Q1 | Croft Circuit, North Yorkshire | 2–3 June | Phil House | Robert Lawson | Jonathan Fildes | Total Control Racing |
| | | Q2 | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| | | R4 | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| 5 | Q1 | Oulton Park (Island), Cheshire | 23–24 June | Stefan Hodgetts | Jonathan Fildes | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| | | Q2 | Ed Pead | Michael Doyle | Ed Pead | Mardi Gras Motorsport |
| | | R5 | Stefan Hodgetts | Andrew Bentley | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| 6 | Q1 | Donington Park (National), Leicestershire | 14–15 July | Martin Byford | Ben Winrow | Martin Byford | Z Speed Racing |
| | | Q2 | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| | | R6 | Martin Byford | David Shepherd | Ben Winrow | Total Control Racing |
| 7 | R7 | Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit, Norfolk | 28–29 July | Michael Doyle | Andrew Jordan | Michael Doyle | Robertshaw Racing |
| | | R8 | Michael Doyle | Robert Lawson | Robert Lawson | JHR Developments |
| 8 | Q1 | Brands Hatch (Indy), Kent | 18–19 August | Martin Byford | Jonathan Fildes | Martin Byford | Z Speed Racing |
| | | Q2 | Ben Winrow | Ben Winrow | Ben Winrow | Total Control Racing |
| | | R9 | Ben Winrow | Paul Rivett | Paul Rivett | JHR Developments |
| 9 | Q1 | Donington Park (GP), Leicestershire | 8–9 September | Michael Doyle | Martin Byford | Paul Rivett | JHR Developments |
| | | Q2 | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |
| | | R10 | Paul Rivett | Michael Doyle | Paul Rivett | JHR Developments |
| 10 | R11 | Thruxton Circuit, Hampshire | 13–14 October | Robert Lawson | Robert Lawson | Jim Edwards Jr. | JHR Developments |
| | | R12 | Jim Edwards Jr. | Martin Byford | Stefan Hodgetts | Momo UK |

## Standings

Points were awarded on a 32, 28, 25, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis to the top 20 finishers in each race, with 2 bonus points for the fastest lap in each race. All scores counted towards the championship.

### Drivers' Championship

| Pos | Driver | BRH | | | ROC | | | THR | | | CRO | | | OUL | | | DON | | | SNE | | BRH | | | DON | | | THR | | Total | Pen | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | R1 | R2 | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | R1 | R2 | | | |
| 1 | Martin Byford |  | 1 | 4 | 2 |  | 5 |  | *2* | *2* |  | 2 | 4 | 2 |  | 2 | **1** |  | **8** | 9 | 3 | **1** |  | 2 | *2* |  | 3 | 2 | *2* | 284 |  | 284 |
| 2 | Stefan Hodgetts |  |  |  |  | *4* | *1* | **1** |  | 1 | ***1*** |  | ***1*** | **1** |  | **1** |  | ***1*** | 3 | 2 | Ret |  | 7 | DNS |  | ***1*** | 2 | Ret | 1 | 245 | 9 | 236 |
| 3 | Robert Lawson |  | 3 | 3 | ***1*** |  | 4 |  | **1** | **6** |  | *5* | 5 |  | 3 | 7 |  | 3 | 2 | Ret | *1* | 3 |  | 5 | 3 |  | 5 | ***Ret*** | 3 | 230 | 2 | 228 |
| 4 | Jim Edwards Jr. | 4 |  | 10 |  | 6 | 17 | 2 |  | 5 | 4 |  | 3 |  | 4 | 11 | 7 |  | 5 | Ret | 6 |  | 6 | 7 |  | 3 | 14 | 1 | **4** | 185 | 3 | 182 |
| 5 | Ben Winrow | *11* |  | 11 |  | 1 | **2** |  | 3 | 3 | 7 |  | 11 | 4 |  | 4 | *2* |  | 1 | Ret | 7 |  | ***1*** | **3** |  | 7 | 13 | Ret | DNS | 176 | 3 | 173 |
| 6 | Ed Pead | **1** |  | **1** |  | **5** | 6 | *4* |  | 9 | 2 |  | Ret |  | **1** | 3 |  | 4 | 4 | 5 | 8 |  | 3 | DNS | 4 |  | 4 | 8 | 21 | 179 | 9 | 170 |
| 7 | Michael Doyle |  | *4* | 5 |  | 2 | 19 | 5 |  | 8 |  | 4 | 6 |  | *2* | 5 | 3 |  | 13 | **1** | **2** | 2 |  | DNS | **13** |  | *9* | Ret | Ret | 156 |  | 156 |
| 8 | Chris Dymond | 5 |  | 8 |  | 3 | 3 | 6 |  | 10 |  | Ret | DNQ |  | 13 | 24 |  | 2 | Ret | 3 | Ret |  | 4 | DNS | 8 |  | 8 | 5 | 6 | 127 | 8 | 119 |
| 9 | Andrew Herron |  | 6 | 9 | 6 |  | 12 |  | 9 | 13 | 6 |  | 14 |  | 8 | 18 | 14 |  | 9 | 8 | 4 | 6 |  | DNS |  | 6 | 10 | 3 | Ret | 123 | 6 | 117 |
| 10 | Mark Speller | 2 |  | 6 |  | 7 | 7 |  | 4 | 4 |  | 6 | 7 |  | 5 | 12 |  | 14 | Ret | 17 | 12 |  | 14 | 8 | 6 |  | 11 | Ret | 24 | 118 | 2 | 116 |
| 11 | Phil House | 6 |  | 13 |  | 11 | 13 |  | 5 | 16 |  | **3** | 10 | 5 |  | 8 | 11 |  | 10 | 24 | 19 | 4 |  | 4 | 5 |  | 6 | 12 | Ret | 108 |  | 108 |
| 12 | Andrew Jordan |  | **2** | *2* | 3 |  | Ret | 3 |  | 7 | 3 |  | Ret | 6 |  | 9 |  | 8 | 7 | *4* | 5 | 11 |  | DNS | 5 |  | DNS |  |  | 118 | 12 | 106 |
| 13 | Árón Smith |  | 5 | 7 | 4 |  | 9 | 7 |  | 11 | 16 |  | Ret | 9 |  | 16 | 17 |  | 16 | 26 | 14 | 7 |  | 12 | 7 |  | 15 | 4 | 9 | 104 | 610 | 98 |
| 14 | Jonathan Fildes | Ret |  | DNQ |  | 8 | Ret | 11 |  | Ret |  | 1 | 2 | *3* |  | 6 |  | 7 | Ret | Ret | 11 | *5* |  | 6 | 9 |  | 12 | 11 | Ret | 93 | 211 | 91 |
| 15 | Paul Rivett |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | *1* | 1 |  | **1** | Ret | 5 | 86 |  | 86 |
| 16 | Dan Eagling |  | 7 | 12 | 5 |  | 10 |  | 6 | 14 | 8 |  | 9 | 8 |  | 14 | 4 |  | 6 | 7 | 18 |  | Ret | DNQ |  | Ret | DNS |  |  | 83 | 212 | 81 |
| 17 | Barry Benham | 3 |  | 14 |  | 9 | 14 |  | 8 | 23 | 10 |  | 22 | 7 |  | 15 | 5 |  | 15 | 6 | 13 | Ret |  | Ret |  | 2 | 7 | DNS | 8 | 82 | 1213 | 70 |
| 18 | David Shepherd |  | 18 | DNQ | 13 |  | 20 | 18 |  | Ret | 12 |  | 13 | 12 |  | Ret | 16 |  | *29* | 13 | 22 |  | 11 | 11 |  | 11 | 17 | 6 | 7 | 67 | 614 | 61 |
| 19 | James Williams | 9 |  | Ret |  | 12 | 11 |  | Ret | DNQ |  | 9 | 12 |  | 12 | 22 | 9 |  | Ret | 12 | 23 | 8 |  | 22 | 12 |  | 21 | 9 | 17 | 44 |  | 44 |
| 20 | Andrew Bentley |  | 11 | 21 | 9 |  | 8 | 8 |  | 18 |  | 7 | 8 |  | 9 | *10* |  | 5 | 19 | Ret | DNS |  |  | 10 |  |  | Ret |  |  | 46 | 315 | 43 |
| 21 | Alex Osborne |  | Ret | DNQ | 11 |  | 16 | 13 |  | 24 | 9 |  | Ret |  | Ret | DNQ | 10 |  | 30 | 20 | 16 | Ret |  | DNQ |  | 12 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 41 |  | 41 |
| 22 | Jamie Cleland |  | 12 | Ret | 8 |  | 22 | 14 |  | Ret |  | 11 | 21 | 16 |  | 23 | 20 |  | DNQ | 14 | 15 |  | 15 | 15 |  | 8 | 19 | 17 | 13 | 33 |  | 33 |
| 23 | Derek Pierce |  | 8 | 16 | 15 |  | 18 |  | 10 | 17 | 11 |  | 19 | Ret |  | DNQ |  | Ret | DNQ |  |  |  | 10 | 9 | 14 |  | 16 | Ret | Ret | 31 |  | 31 |
| 24 | Robert Gaffney | 8 |  | Ret |  | 18 | Ret |  | 13 | Ret |  | 16 | 17 | 14 |  | 26 | 13 |  | 18 | 18 | 17 | 13 |  | 17 | Ret |  | 25 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 2 16 | 27 |
| 25 | Ant Scragg |  | 17 | DNQ | 10 |  | 15 | 17 |  | 21 |  | 10 | Ret | 11 |  | 17 | 8 |  | 28 | 15 | Ret | 10 |  | 10 |  | Ret | 26 |  |  | 27 | 317 | 24 |
| 26 | Niki Lanik |  | 14 | 17 | 7 |  | Ret |  | 7 | 12 | 5 |  | Ret |  | Ret | DNQ |  | Ret | 12 | DSQ | 10 |  | 5 | 16 | 11 |  | Ret | Ret | 20 | 39 | 1618 | 23 |
| 27 | Chris Law |  | 10 | Ret | 14 |  | 25 | 15 |  | 22 |  | 17 | Ret | 13 |  | 21 |  | Ret | 23 | 16 | Ret |  | 12 | 14 |  | 13 | 27 | Ret | 12 | 21 |  | 21 |
| 28 | Steve Wood | 10 |  | 15 |  |  |  |  | 18 | 25 |  |  |  |  | 6 | 28 |  |  |  | Ret | 25 | 9 |  | 24 |  | 10 | Ret | 10 | 18 | 20 |  | 20 |
| 29 | Mel Healey |  | 13 | 22 | Ret |  | DNQ |  | 15 | 26 | 19 |  | 25 |  | Ret | DNQ | 15 |  | 24 | 23 | 24 | 15 |  | 18 | 17 |  | 29 | 14 | 15 | 16 |  | 16 |
| 30 | Robert Brown |  | Ret | DNQ | DSQ |  | DNQ |  | 17 | 28 | 15 |  | 16 |  | 17 | DNQ |  | 9 | 11 | Ret | Ret | 12 |  | DNS |  | Ret | Ret | Ret | 11 | 25 | 1019 | 15 |
| 31 | Chris Panayiotou | Ret |  | DNQ |  | 16 | 21 | 12 |  | 19 |  |  |  | 10 |  | 13 | 12 |  | 14 |  |  |  | 9 | Ret | 15 |  | 32 |  |  | 17 | 220 | 15 |
| 32 | Alex MacDowall |  | 9 | 18 | 12 |  | Ret | 9 |  | Ret |  | 8 | 24 |  | 7 | DSQ |  | 6 | 17 | 10 | 9 |  | 13 | 13 |  | 4 | 22 | Ret | 22 | 38 | 2521 | 13 |
| 33 | Carl Bradley | 7 |  | Ret |  | 14 | Ret |  |  |  |  | 12 | 28 | Ret |  | DNQ | 6 |  | 22 | 11 | 20 | 16 |  | 20 |  | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 12 | 222 | 10 |
| 34 | Ian Curley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | NC | 14 | 7 |  | 7 |
| 35 | Ciaran Butler | 15 |  | 19 |  | Ret | DNQ | 12 |  | Ret |  | 13 | 15 | 15 |  | Ret |  | 10 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 | 223 | 7 |
| 36 | Jonathan Shepherd | 14 |  | 24 |  | 17 | 26 | Ret |  | DNQ | 18 |  | DNQ |  | 15 | 20 |  | 13 | 21 | 21 | Ret | 14 |  | DNS |  | 14 | 33 | 16 | 23 | 9 | 324 | 6 |
| 37 | Jon Lanceley | Ret |  | DNQ |  | 10 | Ret |  | 11 | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |
| 38 | Steve Collison | 18 |  | DNQ |  | 15 | 28 | 19 |  | 27 |  | 14 | Ret | 18 |  | DNQ |  |  |  | 22 | 21 |  | 16 | 21 |  | Ret | 30 | 16 | 19 | 7 | 225 | 5 |
| 39 | Finlay Crocker | 13 |  | Ret |  | 13 | 27 |  | 14 | Ret | 13 |  | 18 |  | 16 | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |
| 40 | Chris Rice |  | 15 | 25 | Ret |  | Ret | 10 |  | 20 | Ret |  | DNQ |  | 11 | 19 |  | 12 | Ret | Ret | DNS |  | 8 | Ret |  | Ret | 24 | Ret | Ret | 3 | 226 | 1 |
| 41 | Richard Cannon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17 |  | 23 | Ret |  | DNQ |  | Ret | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 | 20 |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| 42 | Sean Brown | 12 |  | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| 43 | Jim Edwards Sr. |  | 16 | 23 | Ret |  | 24 | 16 |  | Ret |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| 44 | Martin Johnston | 16 |  | 26 |  | 19 | DNQ |  | 19 | 29 |  | 18 | 26 | 17 |  | DNQ | 19 |  | DNQ | 25 | 26 |  | 17 | 23 | 18 |  | 31 |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| 45 | Guy Parr | Ret |  | DNQ |  |  |  |  | 16 | Ret | 14 |  | 27 |  | 14 | 25 |  |  |  | Ret | DNS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| 46 | Simon Quinn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ret |  | 28 |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| NC | Jamie Clarke |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 | Ret |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| NC | Nikki Welsby | 17 |  | DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| NC | Stephen Oates |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ret | DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| NC | Dean Hobson |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 |  | DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18 |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 | 227 | -2 |
| NC | Alan Taylor |  | Ret | DNQ | Ret |  | 23 |  | 20 | DNQ |  | 15 | 20 |  | 10 | Ret |  | Ret | 27 | 19 | Ret |  | 18 | 19 | 16 |  | 23 |  |  | 5 | 1228 | -7 |
| Pos | Driver | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | R1 | R2 | QR1 | QR2 | R | QR1 | QR2 | R | R1 | R2 | Total | Pen | Pts |
| | || | |
| BRH | | | ROC | | | THR | | | CRO | | | OUL | | | DON | | | SNE | | BRH | | | DON | | | THR | |

**Notes:**

1.  \- Stefan Hodgetts was docked three points at Snetterton and six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 2.  \- Robert Lawson was docked two points at Snetterton. 3.  \- Jim Edwards Jr. was docked three points at the second Donington Park meeting. 4.  \- Ben Winrow was docked three points at the first Brands Hatch meeting. 5.  \- Ed Pead was docked three points at Rockingham, three points at the second Thruxton meeting as well as a further three point penalty. 6.  \- Chris Dymond was docked two points at the first Brands Hatch meeting and six points at Oulton Park. 7.  \- Andrew Herron was docked two points at the first Thruxton meeting, two points at Snetterton as well as a further two point penalty. 8.  \- Mark Speller was docked two points at Snetterton. 9.  \- Andrew Jordan was docked eight points at the second Brands Hatch meeting, two points at the second Donington Park meeting as well as a further two point penalty. 10.  \- Árón Smith was docked two points at Rockingham, two points at Croft as well as a further two point penalty. 11.  \- Jonathan Fildes was docked two points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 12.  \- Dan Eagling was docked two points at Snetterton. 13.  \- Barry Benham was docked two points at the first Thruxton meeting, two points at Croft, six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting as well as a further two point penalty. 14.  \- David Shepherd was docked two points at Rockingham, two points at the second Donington Park meeting as well as a further two point penalty. 15.  \- Andrew Bentley was docked three points at the first Donington Park meeting. 16.  \- Robert Gaffney was docked two points at the second Donington Park meeting. 17.  \- Ant Scragg was docked three points at the first Donington Park meeting. 18.  \- Niki Lanik was docked two points at Croft, four points at Snetterton, two points at the second Donington Park meeting as well as a further eight point penalty. 19.  \- Robert Brown was docked four points at Rockingham and six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 20.  \- Chris Panayiotou was docked two points at the first Donington Park meeting. 21.  \- Alex MacDowall was docked three points at Rockingham, six points at Oulton Park, six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting as well as a further ten point penalty. 22.  \- Carl Bradley was docked two points at the first Brands Hatch meeting. 23.  \- Ciaran Butler was docked two points at Oulton Park. 24.  \- Jonathan Shepherd was docked three points at Croft. 25.  \- Steve Collison was docked two points at the first Brands Hatch meeting. 26.  \- Chris Rice was docked two points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 27.  \- Dean Hobson was docked two points at the first Donington Park meeting. 28.  \- Alan Taylor was docked four points at the first Donington Park meeting, six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting as well as a further two point penalty.

**Notes:**

1.  \- Stefan Hodgetts was docked three points at Snetterton and six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 2.  \- Robert Lawson was docked two points at Snetterton. 3.  \- Jim Edwards Jr. was docked three points at the second Donington Park meeting. 4.  \- Ben Winrow was docked three points at the first Brands Hatch meeting. 5.  \- Ed Pead was docked three points at Rockingham, three points at the second Thruxton meeting as well as a further three point penalty. 6.  \- Chris Dymond was docked two points at the first Brands Hatch meeting and six points at Oulton Park. 7.  \- Andrew Herron was docked two points at the first Thruxton meeting, two points at Snetterton as well as a further two point penalty. 8.  \- Mark Speller was docked two points at Snetterton. 9.  \- Andrew Jordan was docked eight points at the second Brands Hatch meeting, two points at the second Donington Park meeting as well as a further two point penalty. 10.  \- Árón Smith was docked two points at Rockingham, two points at Croft as well as a further two point penalty. 11.  \- Jonathan Fildes was docked two points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 12.  \- Dan Eagling was docked two points at Snetterton. 13.  \- Barry Benham was docked two points at the first Thruxton meeting, two points at Croft, six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting as well as a further two point penalty. 14.  \- David Shepherd was docked two points at Rockingham, two points at the second Donington Park meeting as well as a further two point penalty. 15.  \- Andrew Bentley was docked three points at the first Donington Park meeting. 16.  \- Robert Gaffney was docked two points at the second Donington Park meeting. 17.  \- Ant Scragg was docked three points at the first Donington Park meeting. 18.  \- Niki Lanik was docked two points at Croft, four points at Snetterton, two points at the second Donington Park meeting as well as a further eight point penalty. 19.  \- Robert Brown was docked four points at Rockingham and six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 20.  \- Chris Panayiotou was docked two points at the first Donington Park meeting. 21.  \- Alex MacDowall was docked three points at Rockingham, six points at Oulton Park, six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting as well as a further ten point penalty. 22.  \- Carl Bradley was docked two points at the first Brands Hatch meeting. 23.  \- Ciaran Butler was docked two points at Oulton Park. 24.  \- Jonathan Shepherd was docked three points at Croft. 25.  \- Steve Collison was docked two points at the first Brands Hatch meeting. 26.  \- Chris Rice was docked two points at the second Brands Hatch meeting. 27.  \- Dean Hobson was docked two points at the first Donington Park meeting. 28.  \- Alan Taylor was docked four points at the first Donington Park meeting, six points at the second Brands Hatch meeting as well as a further two point penalty.

## Winter Cup

The Winter Cup was contested over two rounds at Donington Park on 3 November and Croft on 10 November. It was won by Niki Lanik driving for Youth 4 Human Rights with SVE.

### Teams & Drivers

| Team No. Drivers Rounds  JHR Developments 3  Andrew Herron All  48  Richard Cannon All  Youth 4 Human Rights with SVE 4  Niki Lanik All  Robertshaw Racing 7  Harry Vaulkhard All  Total Control Racing 8  Alex MacDowall All  22  Mike Robinson All  77  Jonathan Ridley-Holloway All  www.maximumsolutions.co.uk 11  Stewart Lines All  Coastal Racing 12  Carl Bradley All  Team Pyro 25  Joe Hopkins All  36  Chris Law All  Mardi Gras Motorsport 33  Árón Smith 2 |
| --- |

### Calendar & Winners

| Round | | Venue | Date | Pole Position | Fastest Lap | Winning Driver | Winning Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | R1 | Donington Park (National), Leicestershire | 3 November | Harry Vaulkhard | Harry Vaulkhard | Niki Lanik | Youth 4 Human Rights with SVE |
| | | R2 | Richard Cannon | Andrew Herron | Niki Lanik | Youth 4 Human Rights with SVE |
| 2 | R3 | Croft Circuit, North Yorkshire | 10 November | Harry Vaulkhard | Alex MacDowall | Andrew Herron | JHR Developments |
| | | R4 | Harry Vaulkhard | Harry Vaulkhard | Niki Lanik | Youth 4 Human Rights with SVE |

### Drivers' Championship

Points were awarded on the same scale as the main championship. All scores counted.

| Pos Driver DON CRO Pts  1  Niki Lanik 1 1 2 1 124  2  Andrew Herron 2 *3* 1 3 112  3  Alex MacDowall 4 2 *7* 6 86  4  Carl Bradley 5 4 4 5 84  5  Chris Law 6 6 9 9 60  6  Jonathan Ridley-Holloway 9 8 6 7 60  7  Richard Cannon 3 **Ret** 5 8 59  8  Mike Robinson 7 7 8 10 57  9  Stewart Lines 8 9 3 Ret 51  10  Joe Hopkins 10 5 11 11 51  11  Harry Vaulkhard ***Ret*** 10 **Ret** ***2*** 43  12  Árón Smith   10 4 33  Pos Driver DON CRO Pts |  |
| --- | --- |