title: Ehron VonAllen

abstract: Ehron VonAllen is an American singer in the electronic pop genre, record producer, recording artist and remixer, currently based in Hollywood, California. Born Aaron Christopher Allen, VonAllen began music in a small town of 4,000 in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas. VonAllen's first run in with music was a concert video by Depeche Mode entitled "101". After graduating from high school, he moved to Dallas, Texas, to pursue a music career instead of university or military, which were both seriously considered. While living in Texas, he played shows in the popular music district of Deep Ellum in downtown Dallas. Ehron VonAllen is well known in the electronic/synth pop European scene and has enjoyed a career of working with some of the biggest acts of the genre. His music is accessible to fans of many different genres, due to the fact each of his albums tends to be different from the previous ones. Most are based around a concept which dictates the style of the music, lyrics and artwork. It is widely known to his fan base that he is heavily influenced by his musical idol, Alan Wilder currently of the project Recoil. In 2010, he collaborated with Wilder remixing the track "Jezebel" for Recoil released through Mute Records as a downloadable EP entitled "Want" in support of the Recoil tour, "A Strange Hour". He is also heavily influenced by David Bowie. His instrument of choice is the synthesizer, but his main forte is in song writing, sound design, music production and editing. As quite an achievement for an independent, on September 11, 2013, he reached the 50,000 download mark for songs being purchased from all music sources on the internet since 2003, when the downloads began being tracked. Every format of his music including CD has been marketed by his own record label and media company, Hydrology Records. He commenced recording his intended next album, 'I Am Electrovert', in 2013, collaborating alongside Jay Gordon, frontman of the multi-platinum selling band Orgy, who has production credits with Linkin Park, Korn, Crazy Town and many others. However, as of December 2020, no recording has been released.

text:
# Ehron VonAllen

**Ehron VonAllen** (pronounced Aaron Von Allen) is an American singer in the electronic pop genre, record producer, recording artist and remixer, currently based in Hollywood, California. Born **Aaron Christopher Allen**, VonAllen began music in a small town of 4,000 in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas. VonAllen's first run in with music was a concert video by Depeche Mode entitled "101". After graduating from high school, he moved to Dallas, Texas, to pursue a music career instead of university or military, which were both seriously considered. While living in Texas, he played shows in the popular music district of Deep Ellum in downtown Dallas.

Ehron VonAllen is well known in the electronic/synth pop European scene and has enjoyed a career of working with some of the biggest acts of the genre. His music is accessible to fans of many different genres, due to the fact each of his albums tends to be different from the previous ones. Most are based around a concept which dictates the style of the music, lyrics and artwork. It is widely known to his fan base that he is heavily influenced by his musical idol, Alan Wilder currently of the project Recoil. In 2010, he collaborated with Wilder remixing the track "Jezebel" for Recoil released through Mute Records as a downloadable EP entitled "Want" in support of the Recoil tour, "A Strange Hour".

He is also heavily influenced by David Bowie.

His instrument of choice is the synthesizer, but his main forte is in song writing, sound design, music production and editing. As quite an achievement for an independent, on September 11, 2013, he reached the 50,000 download mark for songs being purchased from all music sources on the internet since 2003, when the downloads began being tracked. Every format of his music including CD has been marketed by his own record label and media company, Hydrology Records.

He commenced recording his intended next album, 'I Am Electrovert', in 2013, collaborating alongside Jay Gordon, frontman of the multi-platinum selling band Orgy, who has production credits with Linkin Park, Korn, Crazy Town and many others. However, as of December 2020, no recording has been released.

## Release history

### *Incarnation*, album, 2004

In 2004, his career as "Ehron VonAllen" officially began when recorded his debut album, *Incarnation*. The producer for the album, Jamison Weddle had production credits for DMX & Neils Lofgren. During this time, VonAllen had the honor of getting a sound in the Minimoog Voyager synthesizer named after him called, "Bass For E. VonAllen", thanks to the New-age recording artist and professional sound designer, Zon Vern Pyles. A quote from *Electronic Musician magazine* concerning the sound "Of all the bass Presets, In the Pocket and Bass for E.Vonallen are my favorites; both are definite blasts from the past, and certainly the most authentic Moog basses I've ever heard (because that's exactly what they are!)". After this, he had dinner with Robert Moog in Nashville, not long before Moog died, fulfilling a long time wish of wanting to meet him, considering Ehron's passion for synthesizers.

Pop star CeCe Peniston was originally going to be the guest female vocalist but due to label conflicts, R&B vocalist Morgan Hinton appeared on the songs "Insecure Armies" and "Countless Contradictions" in her place. Released on his own label Hydrology Records, a two disc version of the album, containing re-inventions of the original songs, and art layout by the photographer John Hall was manufactured. The album received mostly positive reviews; most notably in *Keyboard Magazine* by editor and book author Mark Vail calling the album "ingeniously constructed". The double album topped the sales charts at Virgin Megastores for several straight months, even reaching No. 1 in its first two weeks of release.

### *Your Only Friend*, album, 2005

### *God's Grandchild*, album, summer 2007

His third album, *God's Grandchild*, was set for a winter 2006 release date, but was delayed due to manufacturing conflicts. On July 7, 2007, the album was finally released. The album included two cover songs, "Prayers For Rain" by The Cure and "Sunday" by David Bowie. The album received mixed reviews. The original CD was discontinued in 2009 and was replaced in 2012 by a 2-disc Special Edition version with the songs being reproduced and mixed, which also included never before released songs, remixes and interviews.

### *The Sin of Nature*, album, fall 2007

Because of *God's Grandchild* delayed release, his fourth album *The Sin Of Nature* was released almost immediately after on September 4, 2007. This album proved to be his most unusual and ambitious album yet, which was said to be an album made for himself, and did not consider time constraints or worrying whether or not the songs had a hook in them. The CD has extremely heavy dark and religious overtones. While the CD is filed in record stores as "New Age" or "Christian", the release was officially labeled "Electronic".

That album's single titled, "Sin of Nature – (Wumpscut Version)", was remixed by Rudy Ratzinger of Wumpscut. An a cappella version of the title track was included.

### The Perfect Lie, album, 2008

The Perfect Lie began production on August 6, 2008 and was rescheduled several times each year between 2009 and 2012. VonAllen began the production himself but six months later, Roman Marisak of the band Professional Murder Music took over as producer. Marisak's vision for the album draws along the lines of a more numetal feel Ehron VonAllen album while still maintaining his unique pop electronic style. The production of the album moved to PMM Studios in Los Angeles in 2011. The album will have several guest vocalists including Morgan Hinton (who has worked on two previous albums of his) & Daniel Myer of Haujobb, Covenant and Architect. There will also be remixes available by Leaether Strip, Alien Skin and Incarnation's producer Jamison Weddle. Production on this album is officially on hold.

### "When Music Meant Something", 2008

A Digital Download EP called "When Music Meant Something" was released to cut down the length of time per release, due to the delays of making The Perfect Lie. The single contained a cover of "Nothing's Impossible" by Depeche Mode, another track called "Ode To Nitzer Ebb" which contained a few small samples of their previous work and an a cappella version of the title track.

### I Am Electrovert, album, 2013

New production began for an album titled I Am Electrovert. This album involves production by Ehron VonAllen and Jay Gordon, lead singer of Orgy. The album will contain all new material including remixes by prominent electronic groups including Haujobb, Orgy and Kant Kino. VonAllen recently finished filming the music video for the first single off the album entitled "Electrovert". As of December 2020, neither album nor single have been released.

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Additional information |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Incarnation* | 12-page booklet & Remix disc |
| 2005 | *Your Only Friend* | out of print |
| 2007 / re-released 2012 | *God's Grandchild* | 2 disc special edition |
| 2007 | *The Sin Of Nature* | released September 4, 2007 |
| 2008 | *The Perfect Lie* | progress unknown |
| 2013 | *I Am Electrovert* | progress unknown |

### Singles and EPs

| Year | Song | B-Sides & Info | Album source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Incarnation Radio Edits* | out of print | Incarnation |
| 2006 | *Don't Worry Anymore E.P.* | out of print | God's Grandchild |
| 2009 | *Sin Of Nature / Wumpscut Version E.P.* | 7 song EP with remixes | The Sin Of Nature |
| 2009 | *When Music Meant Something E.P.* | 8 song EP with remixes & orig. tracks | none |

### Other work

| Year | Project | Details |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *IAMX – Nightlife* | "Nightlife" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2008 | *Wumpscut – Cut To See How Much I Bleed* | "Cut To See" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2009 | *Alien Skin – Burning in My Hands* / single | "Burning in My Hands" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2009 | *Depeche ModePeace* | "Peace" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2009 | *Oral Silence – Just Trust Me* / single | "Just Trust Me" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2010 | *Architect – The Shadow Of Eve* / single | "The Shadow Of Eve" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2010 | *Professional Murder Music – All Comes Down* / single | "All Comes Down" Remix (Ehron VonAllen version) |
| 2010 | *DMX – Who We Be* | "Who We Be" (Ehron VonAllen's Industrial Mix) |
| 2010 | *Leæther Strip – My Shadow Is Your Home* / album track | "My Shadow Is Your Home" (Ehron VonAllen Mix) |
| 2010 | *Recoil – Jezebel* | "Jezebel" (Prophet Motive Mix) |
| 2010 | *Recoil – Jezebel / single* | "Jezebel" (Seductress Mix) |
| 2010 | *Real Life – Send Me An Angel* / single | "Send Me An Angel" (Ehron VonAllen Mix) |
| 2011 | *Klutæ – We Are Nothing* / album track | "We Are Nothing" (Ehron VonAllen Mix) |
| 2011 | *Leæther Strip – Reunited with My Bitterness* / album track | "Reunited with My Bitterness" (Ehron VonAllen Mix) |
| 2011 | *Brian Vassallo – Memoirs of a Lifetime* / single | "Memoirs of a Lifetime" (Ehron VonAllen Mix) |
| 2013 | *Michael Jackson – They Don't Care About Us* | "They Don't Care About Us" (Ehron VonAllen Mix) |
| 2013 | *Haujobb – Letting The Demon's Sleep* | "Letting The Demon's Sleep" (Ehron VonAllen's Electro Dubstep Mix) |
| 2015 | *Dante's Inferno – Musical Theatre* | composer, producer, script writing credits. Based on poem |

## Summary of notable collaborators, remixers and associates

## InfoBox

| Ehron VonAllen | |
| --- | --- |
| concert shot of Ehron VonAllen live. Phoenix, Arizona | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Aaron Christopher Allen |
| Born | (1980-09-27) September 27, 1980
Pocahontas, Arkansas |
| Genres | Electronica
Alternative rock |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, vocalist, songwriter, record producer |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, Synthesizer, Drum Programming |
| Years active | 1998–present |
| Labels | Hydrology, Mute, Alfa Matrix |
|  | |
| Website | Official Site
Ehron VonAllen database |


title: 1993–94 Georgian Cup

abstract: The 1993–94 Georgian Cup was the fiftieth season overall and fourth since independence of the Georgian annual football tournament.

text:
# 1993–94 Georgian Cup

The **1993–94 Georgian Cup** (also known as the *David Kipiani Cup*) was the fiftieth season overall and fourth since independence of the Georgian annual football tournament.

## First qualifying round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Iberia Tbilisi | 1–6 | **Tetri Artsivi** |
| **Duruji Kvareli** | 1–0 | Merani-Bacho Tbilisi |
| **Aragvi Dusheti** | 1–0 | Krtsanisi-Zooveti Tbilisi |
| **Meskheti Akhaltsikhe** | 4–1 | Chabukiani |
| **Meshakre Tkibuli** | 5–1 | Merani-91 Tbilisi |
| **Antsi Tbilisi** | 7–1 | Armazi Mtskheta |
| **Ulumbo Salkhino** | 1–1 (4–3 ) | Kizikhi Tsnori |
| Giganti Laituri | 0–3 | **Anako Ozurgeti** |
| **Egrisi Senaki** | 4–1 | Armazi-90 Tbilisi |
| **Kolkheti Abasha** | w/o | Napareuli |
| **Tskhinvali** | w/o | Guria-2 Lanchkhuti |

## Second qualifying round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ulumbo Salkhino | 1–4 | **Aragvi Dusheti** |
| **Antsi Tbilisi** | 7–0 | Tskhinvali |
| Anako Ozurgeti | 0–1 | **Duruji Kvareli** |

## Round of 32

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iveria Khashuri** | 8–1 | Alazani Gurjaani | 3–0 | 5–1 |
| Sapovnela Terjola | 2–4 | **Guria Lanchkhuti** | 1–2 | 1–2 |
| Egrisi Senaki | 3–5 | **Duruji Kvareli** | 3–1 | 0–4 |
| **Samtredia** | 4–1 | Torpedo Kutaisi | 1–0 | 3–1 |
| Mretebi Tbilisi | w/o | **Batumi** | 0–1 |  |
| **Samgurali Tskhaltubo** | 6–5 | Odishi Zugdidi | 3–4 | 3–1 |
| Meshakre Tkibuli | 3–4 | **Magharoeli Chiatura** | 2–0 | 1–4 |
| Shukura Kobuleti | 4–6 | **Shevardeni-1906 Tbilisi** | 4–0 | 0–6 |
| Meskheti Akhaltsikhe | 3–4 | **Dila Gori** | 2–0 | 1–4 |
| **Kolkheti-1913 Poti** | 6–2 | Kakheti Telavi | 4–1 | 2–1 |
| Kolkheti Abasha | 0–3 | **Aragvi Dusheti** | 0–0 | 0–3 |
| Antsi Tbilisi | 0–1 | **Tetri Artsivi Tbilisi** | 0–0 | 0–1 |

## Round of 16

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iveria Khashuri | 5–6 | **Metalurgi Rustavi** | 4–2 | 1–4 |
| Duruji Kvareli | 2–4 | **Guria Lanchkhuti** | 1–0 | 1–4 |
| **Batumi** | 4–2 | Samtredia | 4–1 | 0–1 |
| Aragvi Dusheti | 2–6 | **Samgurali Tskhaltubo** | 0–1 | 2–5 |
| Magharoeli Chiatura | 2–5 | **Shevardeni-1906 Tbilisi** | 0–0 | 2–5 |
| Dila Gori | 1–7 | **Kolkheti-1913 Poti** | 1–1 | 0–6 |

## Quarterfinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Metalurgi Rustavi** | 6–3 | Tetri Artsivi Tbilisi | 4–2 | 2–1 |
| Guria Lanchkhuti | 2–4 | **Batumi** | 2–0 | 0–4 |
| Dinamo Tbilisi | 12–3 | Samgurali Tskhaltubo | 11–0 | 1–3 |
| Shevardeni-1906 Tbilisi | 2–2 (3–4 ) | **Kolkheti-1913 Poti** | 1–1 | 1–1 |

## Semifinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Batumi | 1–2 | **Metalurgi Rustavi** | 1–0 | 0–2 (a.e.t.) |
| Kolkheti-1913 Poti | 0–3 | **Dinamo Tbilisi** | 0–2 | 0–1 |

## Final

| Dinamo Tbilisi | 1–0 | Metalurgi Rustavi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kavelashvili  57' |  |  |

Boris Paichadze Stadium, TbilisiAttendance: 20,000Referee: Tamaz Latsabidze (Surami)

## InfoBox

1993–94 Georgian Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Georgia |
| Teams | 43 |
| Defending champions | Dinamo Tbilisi |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Dinamo Tbilisi |
| Runner-up | Metalurgi Rustavi |
|  | |


title: 1959 Estonian SSR Football Championship

abstract: The 1959 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Ülemiste Kalev.

text:
# 1959 Estonian SSR Football Championship

The **1959 Estonian SSR Football Championship** was won by Ülemiste Kalev.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ülemiste Kalev (C) | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 55 | 14 | +41 | 30 |
| 2 | Baltic Fleet Tallinn | 18 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 59 | 17 | +42 | 26 |
| 3 | Tallinna Punane Koit | 18 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 33 | 24 | +9 | 25 |
| 4 | Narva Kalev | 18 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 28 | 29 | 1 | 20 |
| 5 | Pärnu Kalev | 18 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 36 | 29 | +7 | 19 |
| 6 | Norma | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 29 | 25 | +4 | 18 |
| 7 | Rakvere Kalev | 18 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 22 | 27 | 5 | 16 |
| 8 | Tartu Dünamo | 18 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 26 | 44 | 18 | 13 |
| 9 | Kohtla-Järve PK | 18 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 20 | 37 | 17 | 9 |
| 10 | Viljandi Kalev (R) | 18 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 11 | 73 | 62 | 4 |

Source:
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated  * "Estonia, Championship History 1921-1998". *RSSSF*.

## InfoBox

Estonian SSR Higher League
| Season | 1959 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Ülemiste Kalev<br>3rd title |
| 1958 1960 | |


title: Armond H. DeLalio

abstract: Armond Hector DeLalio was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. He was awarded the Navy Cross during World War II and later became the first Marine aviator to be designated as a helicopter pilot.

text:
# Armond H. DeLalio

**Armond Hector DeLalio** (17 July 1917 – 5 January 1952) was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. He was awarded the Navy Cross during World War II and later became the first Marine aviator to be designated as a helicopter pilot.

## Early life and career

Armond H. DeLalio was born on 17 July 1917, in Plainview, New York. DeLalio grew up on a farm and often spent his free time watching planes take off from Republic Airfield in East Farmingdale, New York.

He entered the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps while he was studying aeronautical engineering in college. DeLalio entered the Marine Corps and completed aviation training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.

## World War II

DeLalio was assigned to Marine Corps Air Station Ewa in Hawaii, and was there when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. After the attack, DeLalio earned a commendation flying a plane to Midway and was assigned to Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 241, Marine Aircraft Group 22, where he was made the third section leader.

During the Battle of Midway on 4 June 1942, Captain DeLalio attacked the Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū with his Douglas SBD-2 Dauntless dive bomber. He dove as low as 400 feet despite heavy enemy fire which damaged his plane before he released his bomb. His squadron leader, Lofton R. Henderson, was killed during this action. DeLalio was able to return to his base despite inclement weather. Early the next day, DeLalio participated in a dive bombing attack on a Japanese heavy cruiser. For his actions during the battle, DeLalio was awarded the Navy Cross in November.

Following the battle, DeLalio was assigned to the Pentagon where he oversaw the development of helicopters. In 1944, he began flying Navy helicopters at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn. From April to June 1945, Major DeLalio was the commanding officer of Marine Fighting Squadron 351 (VMF-351) during the Battle of Okinawa.

## Post-war career

On 8 August 1946, DeLalio became the first Marine to be certified as a helicopter pilot. He was the 16th Naval aviator to become a certified helicopter pilot.

On 5 January 1952, DeLalio test flew a Sikorsky HRS fitted with a rocket-assisted takeoff pod at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland. The pod malfunctioned and the helicopter caught fire before it crashed from an altitude of 75 feet (23 m). Both DeLalio and a Navy pilot, Lieutenant Commander Edward A. Arnold, were killed. DeLalio was survived by his wife and three children and was buried in Long Island National Cemetery.

## Posthumous honors

A road at Patuxent River was named for DeLalio. In 1965, an elementary school at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, was named in his honor. In 2018, a new elementary school was constructed and named for DeLalio, and the old school was subsequently demolished.

1. "New DeLalio Elementary School dedicated". *jdnews.com*. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
2. "HELICOPTER CRASH KILLS 2 NAVY PILOTS". *newspapers.com*. 6 January 1952. p. 28.
3. Colonel Dick Camp. "The Airborne Defenders of Midway". *Warfare History Network*.
4. "Armond H. Delalio". *Military Times*.
5. Charles Richard Smith (2007). *U.S. Marines in the Korean War*. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160872518.
6. "Okinawa Marine Task Organization and Command List". *ibiblio*.
7. "Early Helicopter Pilots" (PDF). *globalsecurity.org*.
8. Linda Drew (1997). "The History of Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland".

## InfoBox

| Armond Hector DeLalio | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 17 July 1917
Plainview, New York, US |
| Died | 5 January 1952(1952-01-05) (aged 34)
Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, US |
| Buried | Long Island National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Marine Corps |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Battles/wars | **World War II** |
| Awards | Navy Cross
Purple Heart (2) |


title: 1995 in Irish television

text:
# 1995 in Irish television

The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1995.

## Events

## Debuts

### RTÉ 1

### Network 2

## Changes of network affiliation

| Shows | Moved from | Moved to |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Yogi Bear* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Widget* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *The Snowman* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Batman: The Animated Series* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *Papa Beaver's Storytime* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Space Precinct* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Tiny Toon Adventures* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *The Perils of Penelope Pitstop* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *The Brady Bunch* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *Tots TV* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Jump Around* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *Casper and the Angels* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *The Girl from Tomorrow* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *The Odyssey* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *Rupert* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *Ocean Girl* | Network 2 | RTÉ 1 |
| *The Nanny* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |
| *The Animals of Farthing Wood* | RTÉ 1 | Network 2 |

## Ongoing television programmes

### 1960s

### 1970s

### 1980s

### 1990s

## Ending this year

## Deaths

* 21 September – Frank Hall, broadcaster, journalist, satirist and film censor

## InfoBox

| List of years in Irish television (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Arrondissement of Lodève

abstract: The arrondissement of Lodève is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Hérault département. Its INSEE code is 342 and its capital city is Lodève. It has 122 communes. Its population is 138,746 (2016), and its area is 2,005.0 km⁲ (774.1 sq mi). It is the northernmost of the arrondissements of the department. The main towns in the arrondissement, with more than 7,000 inhabitants in 2019, are Saint-Gély-du-Fesc, Clermont-l'Hérault and Lodève.

text:
# Arrondissement of Lodève

The **arrondissement of Lodève** is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Hérault département. Its INSEE code is 342 and its capital city is Lodève. It has 122 communes. Its population is 138,746 (2016), and its area is 2,005.0 km2 (774.1 sq mi).

It is the northernmost of the arrondissements of the department. The main towns in the arrondissement, with more than 7,000 inhabitants in 2019, are Saint-Gély-du-Fesc (10,197 inhabitants), Clermont-l'Hérault (9,029 inhabitants) and Lodève (7,477 inhabitants).

## Geography

The arrondissement of Lodève is bordered to the north by the Gard department, to the east by the arrondissement of Montpellier, to the south by the arrondissement of Béziers, and to the west by the Aveyron department.

## Composition

The communes of the arrondissement of Lodève are (with their INSEE codes):

1. Agonès (34005)
2. Aniane (34010)
3. Arboras (34011)
4. Argelliers (34012)
5. Aspiran (34013)
6. Assas (34014)
7. Aumelas (34016)
8. Bélarga (34029)
9. La Boissière (34035)
10. Le Bosc (34036)
11. Brignac (34041)
12. Brissac (34042)
13. Buzignargues (34043)
14. Cabrières (34045)
15. Campagnan (34047)
16. Canet (34051)
17. Causse-de-la-Selle (34060)
18. Le Caylar (34064)
19. Cazevieille (34066)
20. Cazilhac (34067)
21. Celles (34072)
22. Ceyras (34076)
23. Claret (34078)
24. Clermont-l'Hérault (34079)
25. Combaillaux (34082)
26. Le Cros (34091)
27. Ferrières-les-Verreries (34099)
28. Fontanès (34102)
29. Fontès (34103)
30. Fozières (34106)
31. Ganges (34111)
32. Gignac (34114)
33. Gorniès (34115)
34. Guzargues (34118)
35. Jonquières (34122)
36. Lacoste (34124)
37. Lagamas (34125)
38. Laroque (34128)
39. Lauret (34131)
40. Lauroux (34132)
41. Lavalette (34133)
42. Liausson (34137)
43. Lieuran-Cabrières (34138)
44. Lodève (34142)
45. Mas-de-Londres (34152)
46. Les Matelles (34153)
47. Mérifons (34156)
48. Montarnaud (34163)
49. Montoulieu (34171)
50. Montpeyroux (34173)
51. Moulès-et-Baucels (34174)
52. Mourèze (34175)
53. Murles (34177)
54. Nébian (34180)
55. Notre-Dame-de-Londres (34185)
56. Octon (34186)
57. Olmet-et-Villecun (34188)
58. Paulhan (34194)
59. Pégairolles-de-Buèges (34195)
60. Pégairolles-de-l'Escalette (34196)
61. Péret (34197)
62. Plaissan (34204)
63. Les Plans (34205)
64. Popian (34208)
65. Le Pouget (34210)
66. Poujols (34212)
67. Pouzols (34215)
68. Le Puech (34220)
69. Puéchabon (34221)
70. Puilacher (34222)
71. Les Rives (34230)
72. Romiguières (34231)
73. Roqueredonde (34233)
74. Rouet (34236)
75. Saint-André-de-Buèges (34238)
76. Saint-André-de-Sangonis (34239)
77. Saint-Bauzille-de-la-Sylve (34241)
78. Saint-Bauzille-de-Montmel (34242)
79. Saint-Bauzille-de-Putois (34243)
80. Saint-Clément-de-Rivière (34247)
81. Sainte-Croix-de-Quintillargues (34248)
82. Saint-Étienne-de-Gourgas (34251)
83. Saint-Félix-de-Lodez (34254)
84. Saint-Félix-de-l'Héras (34253)
85. Saint-Gély-du-Fesc (34255)
86. Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (34261)
87. Saint-Guiraud (34262)
88. Saint-Hilaire-de-Beauvoir (34263)
89. Saint-Jean-de-Buèges (34264)
90. Saint-Jean-de-Cornies (34265)
91. Saint-Jean-de-Cuculles (34266)
92. Saint-Jean-de-Fos (34267)
93. Saint-Jean-de-la-Blaquière (34268)
94. Saint-Martin-de-Londres (34274)
95. Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers (34276)
96. Saint-Maurice-Navacelles (34277)
97. Saint-Michel (34278)
98. Saint-Pargoire (34281)
99. Saint-Paul-et-Valmalle (34282)
100. Saint-Pierre-de-la-Fage (34283)
101. Saint-Privat (34286)
102. Saint-Saturnin-de-Lucian (34287)
103. Saint-Vincent-de-Barbeyrargues (34290)
104. Salasc (34292)
105. Sauteyrargues (34297)
106. Sorbs (34303)
107. Soubès (34304)
108. Soumont (34306)
109. Teyran (34309)
110. Tressan (34313)
111. Le Triadou (34314)
112. Usclas-d'Hérault (34315)
113. Usclas-du-Bosc (34316)
114. La Vacquerie-et-Saint-Martin-de-Castries (34317)
115. Vacquières (34318)
116. Vailhauquès (34320)
117. Valflaunès (34322)
118. Valmascle (34323)
119. Vendémian (34328)
120. Villeneuvette (34338)
121. Viols-en-Laval (34342)
122. Viols-le-Fort (34343)

## History

The arrondissement of Lodève was created in 1800, disbanded in 1926 and restored in 1942. In 2009 it absorbed the three cantons of Aniane, Ganges and Saint-Martin-de-Londres from the arrondissement of Montpellier. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Hérault, it gained five communes from the arrondissement of Béziers and 26 communes from the arrondissement of Montpellier, and it lost seven communes to the arrondissement of Béziers.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Lodève were, as of January 2015:

1. Aniane
2. Le Caylar
3. Clermont-l'Hérault
4. Ganges
5. Gignac
6. Lodève
7. Lunas
8. Saint-Martin-de-Londres

43°43′53″N 3°18′53″E / 43.73139°N 3.31472°E / 43.73139; 3.31472

## InfoBox

| Lodève | |
| --- | --- |
| Arrondissement | |
| Location within the region Occitanie | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Hérault |
| No. of communes | 122 |
| Subprefecture | Lodève |
| Area | 2,005.0 km2 (774.1 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 146,845 |
| Density | 73/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| INSEE code | 342 |


title: Entropic risk measure

abstract: In financial mathematics, the entropic risk measure is a risk measure which depends on the risk aversion of the user through the exponential utility function. It is a possible alternative to other risk measures as value-at-risk or expected shortfall. It is a theoretically interesting measure because it provides different risk values for different individuals whose attitudes toward risk may differ. However, in practice it would be difficult to use since quantifying the risk aversion for an individual is difficult to do. The entropic risk measure is the prime example of a convex risk measure which is not coherent. Given the connection to utility functions, it can be used in utility maximization problems.

text:
# Entropic risk measure

In financial mathematics (concerned with mathematical modeling of financial markets), the **entropic risk measure** is a risk measure which depends on the risk aversion of the user through the exponential utility function. It is a possible alternative to other risk measures as value-at-risk or expected shortfall.

It is a theoretically interesting measure because it provides different risk values for different individuals whose attitudes toward risk may differ. However, in practice it would be difficult to use since quantifying the risk aversion for an individual is difficult to do. The entropic risk measure is the prime example of a convex risk measure which is not coherent. Given the connection to utility functions, it can be used in utility maximization problems.

## Mathematical definition

The entropic risk measure with the risk aversion parameter $\theta \>0$ is defined as

$\rho ^{\mathrm {ent} }(X)={\frac {1}{\theta }\log \left(\mathbb {E} \[e^{-\theta X}\]\right)=\sup \_{Q\in {\mathcal {M}\_{1}\left\\{E^{Q}\[-X\]-{\frac {1}{\theta }H(Q|P)\right\\}\\,}}}}$

where $H(Q|P)=E\left\[{\frac {dQ}{dP}\log {\frac {dQ}{dP}\right\]}}$ is the relative entropy of *Q* \<\< *P*.

## Acceptance set

The acceptance set for the entropic risk measure is the set of payoffs with positive expected utility. That is

$$A=\\{X\in L^{p}({\mathcal {F}):E\[u(X)\]\geq 0\\}=\\{X\in L^{p}({\mathcal {F}):E\left\[e^{-\theta X}\right\]\leq 1\\}}}$$

where $u(X)$ is the exponential utility function.

## Dynamic entropic risk measure

The conditional risk measure associated with dynamic entropic risk with risk aversion parameter $\theta $ is given by

$$\rho \_{t}^{\mathrm {ent} }(X)={\frac {1}{\theta }\log \left(\mathbb {E} \[e^{-\theta X}|{\mathcal {F}\_{t}\]\right).}}$$

This is a time consistent risk measure if $\theta $ is constant through time, and can be computed efficiently using forward-backwards differential equations .


title: Entropic value at risk

abstract: In financial mathematics and stochastic optimization, the concept of risk measure is used to quantify the risk involved in a random outcome or risk position. Many risk measures have hitherto been proposed, each having certain characteristics. The entropic value at risk (EVaR) is a coherent risk measure introduced by Ahmadi-Javid, which is an upper bound for the value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR), obtained from the Chernoff inequality. The EVaR can also be represented by using the concept of relative entropy. Because of its connection with the VaR and the relative entropy, this risk measure is called "entropic value at risk". The EVaR was developed to tackle some computational inefficiencies of the CVaR. Getting inspiration from the dual representation of the EVaR, Ahmadi-Javid developed a wide class of coherent risk measures, called g-entropic risk measures. Both the CVaR and the EVaR are members of this class.

text:
# Entropic value at risk

In financial mathematics and stochastic optimization, the concept of risk measure is used to quantify the risk involved in a random outcome or risk position. Many risk measures have hitherto been proposed, each having certain characteristics. The **entropic value at risk** (**EVaR**) is a coherent risk measure introduced by Ahmadi-Javid, which is an upper bound for the value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR), obtained from the Chernoff inequality. The EVaR can also be represented by using the concept of relative entropy. Because of its connection with the VaR and the relative entropy, this risk measure is called "entropic value at risk". The EVaR was developed to tackle some computational inefficiencies of the CVaR. Getting inspiration from the dual representation of the EVaR, Ahmadi-Javid developed a wide class of coherent risk measures, called **g-entropic risk measures**. Both the CVaR and the EVaR are members of this class.

## Definition

Let $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F},P)}$ be a probability space with $\Omega $ a set of all simple events, $\mathcal {F}$ a $\sigma $-algebra of subsets of $\Omega $ and $P$ a probability measure on $\mathcal {F}$. Let $X$ be a random variable and $\mathbf {L} \_{M^{+}}$ be the set of all Borel measurable functions $X:\Omega \to \mathbb {R} $ whose moment-generating function $M\_{X}(z)$ exists for all $z\geq 0$. The entropic value at risk (EVaR) of $X\in \mathbf {L} \_{M^{+}}$ with confidence level $1-\alpha $ is defined as follows:

In finance, the random variable $X\in \mathbf {L} \_{M^{+},}$ in the above equation, is used to model the *losses* of a portfolio.

Consider the Chernoff inequality

Solving the equation $e^{-za}M\_{X}(z)=\alpha $ for $a,$ results in

$$a\_{X}(\alpha ,z):=z^{-1}\ln \left({\frac {M\_{X}(z)}{\alpha }\right).}$$

By considering the equation (), we see that

$$\text{EVaR}\_{1-\alpha }(X):=\inf \_{z\>0}\\{a\_{X}(\alpha ,z)\\},$$

which shows the relationship between the EVaR and the Chernoff inequality. It is worth noting that $a\_{X}(1,z)$ is the *entropic risk measure* or *exponential premium*, which is a concept used in finance and insurance, respectively.

Let $\mathbf {L} \_{M}$ be the set of all Borel measurable functions $X:\Omega \to \mathbb {R} $ whose moment-generating function $M\_{X}(z)$ exists for all $z$. The dual representation (or robust representation) of the EVaR is as follows:

where $X\in \mathbf {L} \_{M},$ and $\Im $ is a set of probability measures on $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F})}$ with $\Im =\\{Q\ll P:D\_{KL}(Q||P)\leq -\ln \alpha \\}$. Note that

$$D\_{KL}(Q||P):=\int {\frac {dQ}{dP}\left(\ln {\frac {dQ}{dP}\right)dP}}$$

is the relative entropy of $Q$ with respect to $P,$ also called the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The dual representation of the EVaR discloses the reason behind its naming.

## Properties

* The EVaR is a coherent risk measure.

* The moment-generating function $M\_{X}(z)$ can be represented by the EVaR: for all $X\in \mathbf {L} \_{M^{+}}$ and $z\>0$

* For $X,Y\in \mathbf {L} \_{M}$, $\text{EVaR}\_{1-\alpha }(X)={\text{EVaR}\_{1-\alpha }(Y)}$ for all $\alpha \in \]0,1\]$ if and only if $F\_{X}(b)=F\_{Y}(b)$ for all $b\in \mathbb {R} $.

* The entropic risk measure with parameter $\theta ,$ can be represented by means of the EVaR: for all $X\in \mathbf {L} \_{M^{+}}$ and $\theta \>0$

* The EVaR with confidence level $1-\alpha $ is the tightest possible upper bound that can be obtained from the Chernoff inequality for the VaR and the CVaR with confidence level $1-\alpha $;

* The following inequality holds for the EVaR:

where $\text{E}(X)$ is the expected value of $X$ and $\text{esssup}(X)$ is the essential supremum of $X$, i.e., $\inf \_{t\in \mathbb {R} }\\{t:\Pr(X\leq t)=1\\}$. So do hold $\text{EVaR}\_{0}(X)={\text{E}(X)}$ and $\lim \_{\alpha \to 0}{\text{EVaR}\_{1-\alpha }(X)={\text{esssup}(X)}}$.

## Examples

For $X\sim N(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}),$

For $X\sim U(a,b),$

Figures 1 and 2 show the comparing of the VaR, CVaR and EVaR for $N(0,1)$ and $U(0,1)$.

## Optimization

Let $\rho $ be a risk measure. Consider the optimization problem

where $\boldsymbol {w}\in {\boldsymbol {W}\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ is an $n$-dimensional real decision vector, $\boldsymbol {\psi }$ is an $m$-dimensional real random vector with a known probability distribution and the function $G({\boldsymbol {w},.):\mathbb {R} ^{m}\to \mathbb {R} }$ is a Borel measurable function for all values $\boldsymbol {w}\in {\boldsymbol {W}.}$ If $\rho ={\text{EVaR},}$ then the optimization problem (**10**) turns into:

Let $\boldsymbol {S}\_{\boldsymbol {\psi }}$ be the support of the random vector $\boldsymbol {\psi }.$ If $G(.,{\boldsymbol {s})}$ is convex for all $\boldsymbol {s}\in {\boldsymbol {S}\_{\boldsymbol {\psi }}}$, then the objective function of the problem (**11**) is also convex. If $G({\boldsymbol {w},{\boldsymbol {\psi })}}$ has the form

and $\psi \_{1},\ldots ,\psi \_{m}$ are independent random variables in $\mathbf {L} \_{M}$, then (**11**) becomes

which is computationally tractable. But for this case, if one uses the CVaR in problem (**10**), then the resulting problem becomes as follows:

It can be shown that by increasing the dimension of $\psi $, problem (**14**) is computationally intractable even for simple cases. For example, assume that $\psi \_{1},\ldots ,\psi \_{m}$ are independent discrete random variables that take $k$ distinct values. For fixed values of $\boldsymbol {w}$ and $t,$ the complexity of computing the objective function given in problem (**13**) is of order $mk$ while the computing time for the objective function of problem (**14**) is of order $k^{m}$. For illustration, assume that $k=2,m=100$ and the summation of two numbers takes $10^{-12}$ seconds. For computing the objective function of problem (**14**) one needs about $4\times 10^{10}$ years, whereas the evaluation of objective function of problem (**13**) takes about $10^{-10}$ seconds. This shows that formulation with the EVaR outperforms the formulation with the CVaR (see for more details).

## Generalization (g-entropic risk measures)

Drawing inspiration from the dual representation of the EVaR given in (), one can define a wide class of information-theoretic coherent risk measures, which are introduced in. Let $g$ be a convex proper function with $g(1)=0$ and $\beta $ be a non-negative number. The $g$-entropic risk measure with divergence level $\beta $ is defined as

where $\Im =\\{Q\ll P:H\_{g}(P,Q)\leq \beta \\}$ in which $H\_{g}(P,Q)$ is the generalized relative entropy of $Q$ with respect to $P$. A primal representation of the class of $g$-entropic risk measures can be obtained as follows:

where $g^{\*}$ is the conjugate of $g$. By considering

with $g^{\*}(x)=e^{x-1}$ and $\beta =-\ln \alpha $, the EVaR formula can be deduced. The CVaR is also a $g$-entropic risk measure, which can be obtained from (**16**) by setting

with $g^{\*}(x)={\tfrac {1}{\alpha }\max\\{0,x\\}}$ and $\beta =0$ (see for more details).

For more results on $g$-entropic risk measures see.

## Disciplined Convex Programming Framework

The disciplined convex programming framework of sample EVaR was proposed by Cajas and has the following form:

where $z$, $t$ and $u$ are variables; $K\_{\text{exp}}$ is an exponential cone; and $T$ is the number of observations. If we define $w$ as the vector of weights for $N$ assets, $r$ the matrix of returns and $\mu $ the mean vector of assets, we can posed the minimization of the expected EVaR given a level of expected portfolio return $\bar {\mu }$ as follows.

Applying the disciplined convex programming framework of EVaR to uncompounded cumulative returns distribution, Cajas proposed the **entropic drawdown at risk**(**EDaR**) optimization problem. We can posed the minimization of the expected EDaR given a level of expected return $\bar {\mu }$ as follows:

where $d$ is a variable that represent the uncompounded cumulative returns of portfolio and $R$ is the matrix of uncompounded cumulative returns of assets.

For other problems like risk parity, maximization of return/risk ratio or constraints on maximum risk levels for EVaR and EDaR, you can see for more details.

The advantage of model EVaR and EDaR using a disciplined convex programming framework, is that we can use softwares like CVXPY or MOSEK to model this portfolio optimization problems. EVaR and EDaR are implemented in the python package Riskfolio-Lib.


title: Entropic security

abstract: Entropic security is a security definition used in the field of cryptography. Modern encryption schemes are generally required to protect communications even when the attacker has substantial information about the messages being encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts either the message "Attack" or the message "Retreat", a semantically secure encryption scheme will prevent the attacker from learning which of the two messages is encrypted. However, definitions such as semantic security are too strong to achieve with certain specialized encryption schemes. Entropic security is a weaker definition that can be used in the special case where an attacker has very little information about the messages being encrypted. It is well known that certain types of encryption algorithm cannot satisfy definitions such as semantic security: for example, deterministic encryption algorithms can never be semantically secure. Entropic security definitions relax these definitions to cases where the message space has substantial entropy. Under this definition it is possible to prove security of deterministic encryption. Note that in practice entropically-secure encryption algorithms are only "secure" provided that the message distribution possesses high entropy from any reasonable adversary's perspective. This is an unrealistic assumption for a general encryption scheme, since one cannot assume that all likely users will encrypt high-entropy messages. For these schemes, stronger definitions are appropriate. However, there are special cases in which it is reasonable to require high entropy messages. For example, encryption schemes that encrypt only secret key material can be considered under an entropic security definition. A practical application of this result is the use of deterministic encryption algorithms for secure encryption of secret key material. Russell and Wang formalized a definition of entropic security for encryption. Their definition resembles the semantic security definition when message spaces have highly-entropic distribution. In one formalization, the definition implies that an adversary given the ciphertext will be unable to compute any predicate on the ciphertext with (substantially) greater probability than an adversary who does not possess the ciphertext. Dodis and Smith later proposed alternate definitions and showed equivalence.

text:
# Entropic security

**Entropic security** is a security definition used in the field of cryptography. Modern encryption schemes are generally required to protect communications even when the attacker has substantial information about the messages being encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts either the message "Attack" or the message "Retreat", a semantically secure encryption scheme will prevent the attacker from learning which of the two messages is encrypted. However, definitions such as semantic security are too strong to achieve with certain specialized encryption schemes. Entropic security is a weaker definition that can be used in the special case where an attacker has very little information about the messages being encrypted.

It is well known that certain types of encryption algorithm cannot satisfy definitions such as semantic security: for example, deterministic encryption algorithms can never be semantically secure. Entropic security definitions relax these definitions to cases where the message space has substantial entropy (from an adversary's point of view). Under this definition it is possible to prove security of deterministic encryption.

Note that in practice entropically-secure encryption algorithms are only "secure" provided that the message distribution possesses high entropy from any reasonable adversary's perspective. This is an unrealistic assumption for a general encryption scheme, since one cannot assume that all likely users will encrypt high-entropy messages. For these schemes, stronger definitions (such as semantic security or indistinguishability under adaptive chosen ciphertext attack) are appropriate. However, there are special cases in which it is reasonable to require high entropy messages. For example, encryption schemes that encrypt only secret key material (e.g., key encapsulation or Key Wrap schemes) can be considered under an entropic security definition. A practical application of this result is the use of deterministic encryption algorithms for secure encryption of secret key material.

Russell and Wang formalized a definition of *entropic security* for encryption. Their definition resembles the semantic security definition when message spaces have highly-entropic distribution. In one formalization, the definition implies that an adversary given the ciphertext will be unable to compute any predicate on the ciphertext with (substantially) greater probability than an adversary who does not possess the ciphertext. Dodis and Smith later proposed alternate definitions and showed equivalence.


title: Art in Manila

abstract: Art in Manila was an American indie rock "supergroup" consisting primarily of musicians based in the Midwestern states of Nebraska and Kansas. After originally forming with the name Art Bell, the band later changed its name. Their album Set the Woods On Fire (2007) was recorded by Joel Petersen and mixed by Andy LeMaster. At the time the album was recorded, the band consisted of Steve Bartolomei, Corey Broman, Orenda Fink, Ryan Fox, Dan McCarthy, and Adrianne Verhoeven; former members include Stefanie Drootin and Chris Senseney.

text:
# Art in Manila

**Art in Manila** was an American indie rock "supergroup" consisting primarily of musicians based in the Midwestern states of Nebraska and Kansas. After originally forming with the name Art Bell (after the American broadcaster and author), the band later changed its name. Their album *Set the Woods On Fire* (2007) was recorded by Joel Petersen (The Faint, Broken Spindles) and mixed by Andy LeMaster (Now It's Overhead). At the time the album was recorded, the band consisted of Steve Bartolomei (Mal Madrigal), Corey Broman (Dance Me Pregnant), Orenda Fink (Azure Ray), Ryan Fox (The Good Life), Dan McCarthy (McCarthy Trenching), and Adrianne Verhoeven (The Anniversary); former members include Stefanie Drootin (The Good Life) and Chris Senseney (Big Harp).

## Band members

## Discography

## InfoBox

| Art in Manila | |
| --- | --- |
| Years active | 2007 |
| Labels | Saddle Creek Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Steve Bartolomei
Corey Broman
Stefanie Drootin
Orenda Fink
Ryan Fox
Dan McCarthy
Chris Senseney
Adrianne Verhoeven |


title: Art in Medieval Scotland

text:
# Art in Medieval Scotland

In the early Middle Ages, there were distinct material cultures evident in the different federations and kingdoms within what is now Scotland. Pictish art was the only uniquely Scottish medieval style; it can be seen in the extensive survival of carved stones, particularly in the north and east of the country, which hold a variety of recurring images and patterns. It can also be seen in elaborate metal work that largely survives in buried hoards. Irish-Scots art from the kingdom of Dál Riata suggests that it was one of the places, as a crossroads between cultures, where the Insular style developed.

Insular art is the name given to the common style that developed in Britain and Ireland from the eighth century and which became highly influential in continental Europe and contributed to the development of Romanesque and Gothic styles. It can be seen in elaborate jewellery, often making extensive use of semi-precious stones, in the heavily carved high crosses found particularly in the Highlands and Islands, but distributed across the country and particularly in the highly decorated illustrated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells, which may have been begun, or wholly created at the monastic centre of Iona.

Scotland adopted the Romanesque style relatively late and retained and revived elements of its style after the Gothic style had become dominant from the thirteenth century. Much of the best Scottish artwork of the High and Late Middle Ages was either religious in nature or realised in metal and woodwork, and has not survived the impact of time and the Reformation. However, examples of sculpture are extant as part of church architecture, including evidence of elaborate church interiors. From the thirteenth century there are relatively large numbers of monumental effigies. Native craftsmanship can be seen in a variety of items. Visual illustration can be seen in the illumination of charters and occasional survivals of church paintings. Surviving copies of individual portraits are relatively crude, but more impressive are the works or artists commissioned from the continent, particularly the Netherlands.

## Early Middle Ages

### Pictish stones

About 250 Pictish stones survive and have been assigned by scholars to three classes. Class I stones are those thought to date to the period up to the seventh century and are the most numerous group. The stones are largely unshaped and include incised symbols of animals such as fish and the Pictish beast, everyday objects such as mirrors, combs and tuning forks and abstract symbols defined by names including V-rod, double disc and Z-rod. They are found between from the Firth of Forth to Shetland. The greatest concentrations are in Sutherland, around modern Inverness and Aberdeen. Good examples include the Dunrobin (Sutherland) and Aberlemno stones (Angus).

Class II stones are carefully shaped slabs dating after the arrival of Christianity in the eighth and ninth centuries, with a cross on one face and a wide range of symbols on the reverse. In smaller numbers than Class I stones, they predominate in southern Pictland, in Perth, Angus and Fife. Good examples include Glamis 2, which contains a finely executed Celtic cross on the main face with two opposing male figures, a centaur, cauldron, deer head and a triple disc symbol and Cossans, Angus, which shows a high-prowed Pictish boat with oarsmen and a figure facing forward in the prow. Class III stones are thought to overlap chronologically with Class II stones. Most are elaborately shaped and incised cross-slabs, some with figurative scenes, but lacking idiomatic Pictish symbols. They are widely distributed but predominate in the southern Pictish areas.

### Pictish metalwork

Items of metalwork have been found throughout Pictland. The earlier Picts appear to have had a considerable amount of silver available, probably from raiding further south, or the payment of subsidies to keep them from doing so. The very large hoard of late Roman hacksilver found at Traprain Law may have originated in either way. The largest hoard of early Pictish metalwork was found in 1819 at Norrie's Law in Fife, but unfortunately much was dispersed and melted down. Over ten heavy silver chains, some over 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) long, have been found from this period; the double-linked Whitecleuch Chain is one of only two that have a penannular ring, with symbol decoration including enamel, which shows how these were probably used as "choker" necklaces. The St Ninian's Isle Treasure of 28 silver and silver-gilt objects, contains perhaps the best collection of late Pictish forms, from the Christian period, when Pictish metalwork style, as with stone-carving, gradually merged with Insular, Anglo-Saxon and Viking styles.

### Irish-Scots art

Thomas Charles-Edwards has suggested that the kingdom of Dál Riata was a cross-roads between the artistic styles of the Picts and those of Ireland, with which the Scots settlers in what is now Argyll kept close contacts. This can be seen in representations found in excavations of the fortress of Dunadd, which combine Pictish and Irish elements. This included extensive evidence for the production of high status jewellery and moulds from the seventh century that indicate the production of pieces similar to the Hunterston brooch, found in Ayrshire, which may have been made in Dál Riata, but with elements that suggest Irish origins. These and other finds, including a trumpet spiral decorated hanging bowl disc and a stamped animal decoration (or pressblech), perhaps from a bucket or drinking horn, indicate the ways in which Dál Riata was one of the locations where the Insular style was developed. In the eighth and ninth centuries the Pictish elite adopted true penannular brooches with lobed terminals from Ireland. Some older Irish pseudo-penannular brooches were adapted to the Pictish style, for example the Breadalbane Brooch (British Museum). The eighth century Monymusk Reliquary has elements of Pictish and Irish style.

### Early Anglo-Saxon art

Early examples of Anglo-Saxon art are largely metalwork, particularly bracelets, clasps and jewellery, that has survived in pagan burials and in exceptional items such as the intricately carved whalebone Franks Casket, thought to have been produced in Northumbria in the early eighth century, which combines pagan, classical and Christian motifs. There is only one known pagan burial in Scotland, at Dalmeny Midlothian, which contains a necklace of beads similar to those found in mid-seventh-century southern England. Other isolated finds include a gold object from Dalmeny, shaped like a truncated pyramid, with filigree and garnet, similar to sword harness mounts found at Sutton Hoo. There is also a bun-shaped loom from Yetholm, Roxburghshire and a ring with an Anglian runic inscription. From eastern Scotland there is a seventh-century sword pommel from Culbin Sands, Moray and the Burghead drinking horn mount. After Christianisation in the seventh century artistic styles in Northumbria, which then reached to the Firth of Forth, interacted with those in Ireland and what is now Scotland to become part of the common style historians have identified as Insular or Hiberno-Saxon.

### Insular art

Insular art, or Hiberno-Saxon art, is the name given to the common style produced in Scotland, Britain and Anglo-Saxon England from the seventh century, with the combining of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon forms. Surviving examples of Insular art are found in metalwork, carving, but mainly in illuminated manuscripts. In manuscripts surfaces are highly decorated with intricate patterning, with no attempt to give an impression of depth, volume or recession. The best examples include the Book of Kells, which may have been wholly or partly created in Iona, and the Book of Durrow, which may be from Ireland or Northumbria. Carpet pages are a characteristic feature of Insular manuscripts, although historiated initials (an Insular invention), canon tables and figurative miniatures, especially Evangelist portraits, are also common. The finest era of the style was brought to an end by the disruption to monastic centres and aristocratic life of the Viking raids in the late eighth century.

Christianity discouraged the burial of grave goods so the majority of examples of insular metalwork that survive from the Christian period have been found in archaeological contexts that suggest they were rapidly hidden, lost or abandoned. There are a few exceptions, notably portable shrines ("cumdachs") for books or relics, several of which have been continuously owned, mostly by churches on the Continent—though the Monymusk Reliquary has always been in Scotland. The highest quality survivals are either secular jewellery, the largest and most elaborate pieces probably for male wearers, tableware or altarware. The finest church pieces were probably made by secular workshops, often attached to a royal household, though other pieces were made by monastic workshops. There are a number of large brooches, each of their designs is wholly individual in detail, and the workmanship is varied. Many elements of the designs can be directly related to elements used in manuscripts. Surviving stones used in decoration are semi-precious ones, with amber and rock crystal among the commonest, and some garnets. Coloured glass, enamel and millefiori glass, probably imported, are also used. None of the major insular manuscripts, like the Book of Kells, have preserved their elaborate jewelled metal covers, but documentary evidence indicates that these were as spectacular as the few remaining continental examples.

The most significant survivals in sculpture are in High crosses, large free-standing stone crosses, usually carved in relief with patterns, biblical iconography and occasionally inscriptions. The tradition may have begun in Ireland or Anglo-Saxon England and then spread to Scotland. They are found throughout the British Isles and often feature a stone ring around the intersection, forming a Celtic cross, apparently an innovation of Celtic Christianity, that may have begun at Iona. Distribution in Scotland is heaviest in the Highlands and Islands and they can be dated to the period c. 750 to 1150. All the surviving crosses are of stone, but there are indications that large numbers of wooden crosses may also have existed. In Scotland biblical iconography is less common than in Ireland, but the subject of King David is relatively frequently depicted. In the east the influence of Pictish sculpture can be seen, in areas of Viking occupation and settlement, crosses for the tenth to the twelfth centuries have distinctive Scandinavian patterns, often mixed with native styles. Important examples dated to the eighth century include St Martin's Cross on Iona, the Kildalton Cross from the Hebrides and the Anglo-Saxon Ruthwell Cross. Through the Hiberno-Scottish mission to the continent, insular art was highly influential on subsequent European Medieval art, especially the decorative elements of Romanesque and Gothic styles.

### Viking age art

Viking art avoided naturalism, favouring stylised animal motifs to create its ornamental patterns. Ribbon-interlace was important and plant motifs became fashionable in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Most Scottish artefacts come from 130 "pagan" burials in the north and west from the mid-ninth to the mid-tenth centuries. These include jewellery, weapons and occasional elaborate high status items. Amongst the most impressive of these is the Scar boat burial, on Orkney, which contained an elaborate sword, quiver with arrows, a brooch, bone comb, gaming pieces and the Scar Dragon Plaque, made from whalebone, most of which were probably made in Scandinavia. From the west, another boat burial at Kiloron Bay in Colonsay revealed a sword, shield, iron cauldron and enamelled scales, which may be Celtic in origin. A combination of Viking and Celtic styles can be seen in a penannular brooch from Pierowall in Orkney, which has a Pictish-style looped pin. It is about two inches in diameter, with traces of gilding, and probably housed a piece of amber surrounded by interweaving ribbons. After the conversion to Christianity, from the tenth to the twelfth centuries, stone crosses and cross-slabs in Viking occupied areas of the Highlands and Islands were carved with successive styles of Viking ornament. They were frequently mixed with native interlace and animal patterns. Examples include the eleventh-century cross-slab from Dóid Mhàiri on the island of Islay, where the plant motifs on either side of the cross-shaft are based upon the Ringerike style of Viking art. The most famous artistic find from modern Scotland, the Lewis Chessmen, from Uig, were probably made in Trondheim in Norway, but contain some decoration that may have been influenced by Celtic patterns.

## Late Middle Ages

### Architecture and sculpture

Architectural evidence suggests that, while the Romanesque style peaked in much of Europe in the later eleventh and early twelfth century, it was still reaching Scotland in the second half of the twelfth century and was revived in the late fifteenth century, perhaps as a reaction to the English perpendicular style that had come to dominate. Much of the best Scottish artwork of the High and Late Middle Ages was either religious in nature or realised in metal and woodwork and has not survived the impact of time and the Reformation. However, examples of sculpture are extant as part of church architecture, a small number of significant crafted items have also survived and, for the end of the period, there is evidence of painting, particularly the extensive commissioning of works in the Low Countries and France.

The interiors of churches were often more elaborate before the Reformation, with highly decorated sacrament houses, like the ones surviving at Deskford and Kinkell. The carvings at Rosslyn Chapel, created in the mid-fifteenth century, elaborately depicting the progression of the seven deadly sins, are considered some of the finest in the Gothic style. Monumental effigies began to appear in churches from the thirteenth century and they were usually fully coloured and gilded. Many were founders and patrons of churches and chapels, including members of the clergy, knights and often their wives. In contrast to England, where the fashion for stone-carved monuments gave way to brass etchings, they continued to be produced until the end of the Medieval period, with the largest group dating from the fifteenth century, including the very elaborate Douglas tombs in the town of Douglas. Sometimes the best continental artists were employed, as for Robert I's elaborate tomb in Dunfermline Abbey, which was made in his lifetime by the Parisian sculptor Thomas of Chartres, but of which only fragments now survive. The greatest group of surviving sculpture from this period are from the West Highlands, beginning in the fourteenth century on Iona under the patronage of the Lordship of the Isles and continuing until the Reformation. Common motifs were ships, swords, harps and Romanesque vine leaf tracery with Celtic elements.

### Decorative arts

Survivals from late Medieval church fittings and objects in Scotland are exceptionally rare even compared to those from comparable areas like England or Norway, probably because of the thoroughness of their destruction in the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish elite and church now participated in a culture stretching across Europe, and many objects that do survive are imported, such as Limoges enamels. It is often difficult to decide the country of creation of others, as work in international styles was produced in Scotland, along with pieces retaining more distinctive local styles.

Two secular small chests with carved whalebone panels and metal fittings illustrate some aspects of the Scottish arts. The Eglington and Fife Caskets are very similar and were probably made by the same workshop around 1500, as boxes for valuables such as jewellery or documents. The overall form of the caskets follows French examples, and the locks and metal bands are decorated in Gothic style with "simple decorations of fleurons and debased egg and dart" while the whalebone panels are carved in relief with a late form of Insular interwoven strapwork characteristic of late Medieval West Scotland.

Key examples of native craftsmanship on items include the Bute mazer, the earliest surviving drinking cup of its type, made of maple-wood and with elaborate silver-gilt ornamentation, dated to around 1320. The Savernake Horn was probably made for the earl of Moray in the fourteenth century and looted by the English in the mid-sixteenth century. A few significant reliquaries survive from West Scotland, examples of the habit of the Celtic church of treating the possessions rather than the bones of saints as relics. As in Irish examples these were partly reworked and elaborated at intervals over a long period. These are St Fillan's Crozier and its "Coigreach" or reliquary, between them with elements from each century from the eleventh to the fifteenth, the Guthrie Bell Shrine, Iona, twelfth to fifteenth century, and the Kilmichael Glassary Bell Shrine, Argyll, mid-twelfth century. The Skye Chess piece is a single elaborate piece in carved walrus ivory, with two warriors carrying heraldic shields in a framework of openwork vegetation. It is thought to be Scottish, of the mid-thirteenth century, with aspects similar to both English and Norwegian pieces.

One of the largest groups of surviving works of art are the seal matrices that appear to have entered Scottish usage with feudalism in the reign of David I, beginning at the royal court and among his Anglo-Norman vassals and then by about 1250 they began to spread to the Gaelicised areas of the country. They would be made compulsory for barons of the king in a statute of 1401 and seal matrices show very high standards of skill and artistry. Examples of items that were probably the work of continental artists include the delicate hanging lamp in St. John's Kirk in Perth, the vestments and hangings in Holyrood and the Medieval maces of the Universities of St Andrews and Glasgow.

### Illumination and painting

Manuscript illumination continued into the late Middle Ages, moving from elaborate gospels to charters, like that confirming the rights of Kelso Abbey from 1159. Very little painting from Scottish churches survives. There is only one surviving Doom painting in Scotland, at Guthrie near Arbroath, which may have been painted by the same artist as the elaborate crucifixion and other paintings at Foulis Easter, eighteen miles away. As in England, the monarchy may have had model portraits of royalty used for copies and reproductions, but the versions of native royal portraits that survive are generally crude by continental standards. Much more impressive are the works or artists imported from the continent, particularly the Netherlands, generally considered the centre of painting in the Northern Renaissance. The products of these connections included a fine portrait of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen (1488–1514); the images of St Catherine and St John brought to Dunkeld; Hugo van Der Goes's altarpiece for the Trinity College Church in Edinburgh, commissioned by James III, and the work after which the Flemish Master of James IV of Scotland is named. There are also a relatively large number of elaborate devotional books from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, usually produced in the Low Countries and France for Scottish patrons, including the prayer book commissioned by Robert Blackadder, Bishop of Glasgow, between 1484 and 1492 and the Flemish illustrated book of hours, known as the Hours of James IV of Scotland, given by James IV to Margaret Tudor and described as "perhaps the finest medieval manuscript to have been commissioned for Scottish use".


abstract: The 1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Augustus Owsley Stanley ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Republican Frederic M. Sackett. This was the first election that Republicans won this seat, and the first time that Republicans simultaneously held both Senate seats.

text:
# 1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky

The **1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky** took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator Augustus Owsley Stanley ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Republican Frederic M. Sackett.

This was the first election that Republicans won this seat, and the first time that Republicans simultaneously held both Senate seats.

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

1924 U.S. Senate election in Kentucky
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Frederic M. Sackett** | **406,121** | **51.56%** |  |
|  | Democratic | Augustus Owsley Stanley (incumbent) | 381,605 | 48.44% |  |
| Total votes | | | **787,726** | **100.00%** |  |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | Swing |  |  |

1. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives (1925). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1924" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office.

## InfoBox

1924 United States Senate election in Kentucky
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Frederic M. Sackett** Augustus Owsley Stanley   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **406,121** 381,605  Percentage **51.56%** 48.44% | |
| ---  County results
**Sackett:**      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      \>90%
**Stanley:**      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Augustus Owsley Stanley
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
Frederic M. Sackett
Democratic | |


abstract: The 1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 4, 1924. Republican U.S. Representative Thomas D. Schall defeated incumbent Farmer–Labor U.S. Senator Magnus Johnson and Democratic challenger John J. Farrell. Johnson, who was elected in the 1923 special election, had been in office for less than a year and a half when his attempt to win a full six-year term was defeated by Schall, by a narrow margin of 7,948 votes.

text:
# 1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota

The **1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota** took place on November 4, 1924. Republican U.S. Representative Thomas D. Schall defeated incumbent Farmer–Labor U.S. Senator Magnus Johnson and Democratic challenger John J. Farrell. Johnson, who was elected in the 1923 special election, had been in office for less than a year and a half when his attempt to win a full six-year term was defeated by Schall, by a narrow margin of 7,948 votes.

## Farmer–Labor primary

### Candidates

#### Declared

* Hjalmar Dantes, Resident of Orr, endorsed by the state Communist Party
* Michael Ferch, Banker and farmer from Minneapolis, Republican nominee for the 56th Senate District in 1906, Independent Progressive candidate for governor in 1924
* Magnus Johnson, Incumbent U.S. Senator since 1923

### Results

Farmer–Labor primary election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Farmer–Labor** | **Magnus Johnson (Incumbent)** | **174,343** | **88.43%** |
|  | Farmer–Labor | Michael Ferch | 15,254 | 7.74% |
|  | Farmer–Labor | Hjalmar Dantes | 7,548 | 3.83% |
| Total votes | | | **197,145** | **100.00%** |

## Republican primary

### Candidates

#### Declared

### Results

Republican primary election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Thomas D. Schall** | **81,701** | **35.46%** |
|  | Republican | Oscar Hallam | 80,491 | 34.94% |
|  | Republican | Ole Sageng | 68,198 | 29.60% |
| Total votes | | | **230,390** | **100.00%** |

## General election

### Results

General election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Thomas D. Schall** | **388,594** | **46.45%** |
|  | Farmer–Labor | Magnus Johnson (Incumbent) | 380,646 | 45.50% |
|  | Democratic | John J. Farrell | 53,709 | 6.42% |
|  | Independent | Merle Birmingham | 8,620 | 1.03% |
|  | Independent | Thomas Keefe | 4,994 | 0.60% |
| Total votes | | | **836,563** | **100.00%** |
| Majority | | | 7,948 | 0.95% |
|  | Republican **gain** from Farmer–Labor | | | |

## InfoBox

1924 United States Senate election in Minnesota
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Thomas D. Schall** Magnus Johnson John J. Farrell  Party Republican Farmer–Labor Democratic  Popular vote **388,594** 380,646 53,709  Percentage **46.45%** 45.50% 6.42% | |
| ---  County results
**Schall**:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
**Johnson**:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Magnus Johnson
Farmer–Labor **Elected U.S. Senator**
Thomas D. Schall
Republican | |


abstract: The United States Senate election of 1924 in Massachusetts was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator David I. Walsh, first elected in 1918, ran for a second term in office but was defeated by the Republican nominee incumbent Speaker of the U.S. House Frederick H. Gillett. Despite winning 13 out of 14 counties in the state, Gillett was only able to win a narrow margin of 1.7%, which was largely due to Walsh's strong performance in Suffolk County, home to the state capitol of Boston, likely being carried over by fellow Republican Calvin Coolidge's strong performance in the 1924 United States presidential election. Walsh would later go on to win a special Senate election in 1926 to the Class I seat, and served until his final defeat in 1946.

text:
# 1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

The **United States Senate election of 1924 in Massachusetts** was held on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Democratic Senator David I. Walsh, first elected in 1918, ran for a second term in office but was defeated by the Republican nominee incumbent Speaker of the U.S. House Frederick H. Gillett. Despite winning 13 out of 14 counties in the state, Gillett was only able to win a narrow margin of 1.7%, which was largely due to Walsh's strong performance in Suffolk County, home to the state capitol of Boston, likely being carried over by fellow Republican Calvin Coolidge's strong performance in the 1924 United States presidential election.

Walsh would later go on to win a special Senate election in 1926 to the Class I seat, and served until his final defeat in 1946.

## Democratic primary

### Candidates

### Results

Senator Walsh was unopposed for renomination.

1924 Democratic U.S. Senate primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **David I. Walsh (incumbent)** | **120,915** | **99.99** |
|  | Write-in | | 8 | 0.01 |
| Total votes | | | **120,923** | **100.00** |

## Republican primary

### Candidates

#### Declined

### Campaign

The early campaign was dominated by President Calvin Coolidge's efforts to recruit a candidate aligned with his own re-election campaign. Louis A. Coolidge (no relation) was the first candidate to formally announce his campaign. He spent much of the early campaign criticizing the President and other national Republicans' efforts to "interfere" in the race. President Coolidge's primary recruit was Governor Channing Cox, who had served as lieutenant governor when President Coolidge was Governor of Massachusetts.

Governor Cox announced he was not a candidate in early May, and Speaker of the House Frederick H. Gillett immediately announced his campaign after consulting with President Coolidge's advisor Frank Stearns. At the same time, U.S. Representative Frederick W. Dallinger made his informal campaign formal.

One of the dividing issues in the campaign was Prohibition. Louis Coolidge announced his outright opposition to the Eighteenth Amendment. Dallinger explicitly supported Prohibition. Gillett, who had voted against the Amendment but in favor of the Volstead Act to enforce its provisions, was considered a moderate.

### Results

1924 Republican U.S. Senate primary
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Frederick H. Gillett** | **145,879** | **45.33%** |
|  | Republican | Louis A. Coolidge | 93,680 | 29.11% |
|  | Republican | Frederick W. Dallinger | 82,251 | 25.56% |
|  | Write-in | | 16 | 0.01% |
| Total votes | | | **321,826** | **100.00** |

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

1924 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Frederick H. Gillett** | **566,188** | **50.26%** | **5.20** |
|  | Democratic | David I. Walsh (incumbent) | 547,600 | 48.61% | 2.05 |
|  | Workers | Antoinette F. Konikow | 12,716 | 1.13% | N/A |
| Total votes | | | **1,126,504** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

1924 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Frederick H. Gillett** David I. Walsh   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **566,188** 547,600  Percentage **50.26%** 48.61% | |
| ---  County results
**Gillett**:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
**Walsh**:      60–70% | |
| ---  **Senator before election**
David I. Walsh
Democratic **Elected Senator**
Frederick H. Gillett
Republican | |


title: 1991 England Challenge Cup

abstract: The 1991 England Challenge Cup was a friendly association football tournament played over the course of a week in May 1991 in England. Wembley Stadium in London and Old Trafford in Manchester were the two venues used. The three way tournament contained the national teams of England, Argentina, and the Soviet Union. England were the tournament winners.

text:
# 1991 England Challenge Cup

The **1991 England Challenge Cup** was a friendly association football tournament played over the course of a week in May 1991 in England. Wembley Stadium in London and Old Trafford in Manchester were the two venues used. The three way tournament contained the national teams of England, Argentina, and the Soviet Union. England were the tournament winners.

## Venues

## Results

*All times listed are British Summer Time (UTC+1)*

### England vs Soviet Union

| England | 3–1 | Soviet Union |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Smith  17'
Platt  44' (pen.), 88' |  | Tatarchuk  11' |

Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 23,789Referee: Emilio Soriano Aladrén (Spain)

| **ENGLAND:**   GK **1** Chris Woods (Rangers)  RB **3** Gary Stevens (Rangers)  CB **2** Paul Parker (Queen's Park Rangers)  CB **6** Mark Wright (Derby County) ()  LB **5** Tony Dorigo (Chelsea)  RW **11** Dennis Wise (Chelsea)   70'  MF **4** David Platt (Aston Villa)  MF **7** Geoff Thomas (Crystal Palace)  LW **10** John Barnes (Liverpool)  FW **9** Alan Smith (Arsenal)  FW **8** Ian Wright (Crystal Palace)   70'  **Substitutes:**  DF **13** Lee Dixon (Arsenal)  GK **12** David Seaman (Arsenal)  MF **14** Neil Webb (Manchester United)  MF **15** David Batty (Leeds United)   70'  FW **16** Peter Beardsley (Liverpool)   70'  **Manager:**  Graham Taylor | **SOVIET UNION:**   GK **1** Aleksandr Uvarov (Dynamo Moscow)  DF **2** Andrey Chernyshov (Dynamo Moscow)  DF **3** Akhrik Tsveiba (Dynamo Kiev)  DF **6** Dmitri Galiamin (CSKA Moscow)  65'  MF **8** Andrei Kanchelskis (Manchester United)  MF **7** Igor Shalimov (Spartak Moscow)   67'  MF **4** Vasili Kulkov (Spartak Moscow)  MF **11** Aleksei Mikhailichenko (Sampdoria) ()  MF **5** Dmitri Kuznetsov (CSKA Moscow)  FW **9** Igor Kolyvanov (Dynamo Moscow)  FW **10** Vladimir Tatarchuk (CSKA Moscow)   52'  **Substitutes:**  GK **12** Stanislav Cherchesov (Spartak Moscow)  MF **13** Aleksandr Mostovoi (Spartak Moscow)   52'  FW **14** Igor Korneev (CSKA Moscow)   67'  MF **15** Igor Dobrovolski (Castellón)  MF **16** Ilya Tsymbalar (Chornomorets Odessa)  **Manager:**  Anatoly Byshovets |
| --- | --- |

### Argentina vs Soviet Union

| Argentina | 1–1 | Soviet Union |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ruggeri  44' |  | Kolyvanov  49' |

Old Trafford, ManchesterAttendance: 23,743Referee: Peter Mikkelsen (Denmark)

| **ARGENTINA:**   GK **1** Sergio Goycochea (Racing Club)  RB **2** Sergio Vázquez (Ferro Carril Oeste)   CB **4** Fabián Basualdo (River Plate)  CB **6** Oscar Ruggeri (Vélez Sársfield) ()  LB **3** Carlos Enrique (River Plate)  MF **10** David Bisconti (Rosario Central)   70'  MF **8** Diego Simeone (Pisa)  MF **5** Darío Franco (Newell's Old Boys)   MF **7** Leonardo Astrada (River Plate)  FW **9** Carlos Alfaro Moreno (Independiente)  FW **11** Claudio García (Racing Club)   **Substitutes:**  GK **12** Alejandro Lanari (Rosario Central)  DF **15** Ricardo Altamirano (Independiente)  DF **13** Fernando Gamboa (Newell's Old Boys)  MF **14** Sergio Berti (River Plate)   70'  FW **16** Ariel Boldrini (Newell's Old Boys)  **Manager:**  Alfio Basile | **SOVIET UNION:**   GK **1** Stanislav Cherchesov (Spartak Moscow)  DF **2** Andrey Chernyshov (Dynamo Moscow)  72'  DF **3** Akhrik Tsveiba (Dynamo Kiev)   28'  DF **6** Dmitri Galiamin (CSKA Moscow)  MF **7** Igor Shalimov (Spartak Moscow)  MF **8** Andrei Kanchelskis (Manchester United)  MF **4** Vasili Kulkov (Spartak Moscow)  MF **11** Alexei Mikhailichenko (Sampdoria) ()  MF **5** Aleksandr Mostovoi (Spartak Moscow)   60'  FW **9** Igor Kolyvanov (Dynamo Moscow)  FW **10** Igor Dobrovolski (Castellón)  **Substitutes:**  GK **12** Aleksandr Uvarov (Dynamo Moscow)  MF **16** Dmitri Kuznetsov (CSKA Moscow)   28'  FW **15** Oleg Sergeyev (CSKA Moscow)   60'  MF **13** Vladimir Tatarchuk (CSKA Moscow)  MF **14** Igor Korneev (CSKA Moscow)  **Manager:**  Anatoly Byshovets |
| --- | --- |

Sergio Goycochea saved a penalty from Igor Dobrovolski during the first half when the score was 0–0.

### England vs Argentina

| England | 2–2 | Argentina |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lineker  15'
Platt  51' |  | García  66'
Franco  72' |

Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 44,497Referee: Zoran Petrović (Yugoslavia)

| **ENGLAND:**   GK **1** David Seaman (Arsenal)  RB **2** Lee Dixon (Arsenal)  CB **6** Mark Wright (Derby County)  CB **4** Des Walker (Nottingham Forest)  LB **3** Stuart Pearce (Nottingham Forest)  MF **8** David Batty (Leeds United)  MF **11** John Barnes (Liverpool)   63'  MF **7** David Platt (Aston Villa)  MF **5** Geoff Thomas (Crystal Palace)  FW **9** Alan Smith (Arsenal)  FW **10** Gary Lineker (Tottenham Hotspur) ()  **Substitutes:**  DF **13** Paul Parker (Queen's Park Rangers)  GK **12** Chris Woods (Rangers)  MF **14** Lee Sharpe (Manchester United)  FW **15** Peter Beardsley (Liverpool)  MF **16** Nigel Clough (Nottingham Forest)   63'  **Manager:**  Graham Taylor | **ARGENTINA:**   GK **1** Sergio Goycochea (Racing Club)  RB **4** Fabián Basualdo (River Plate)  CB **2** Sergio Vázquez (Ferro Carril Oeste)  CB **6** Oscar Ruggeri (Vélez Sársfield) ()  LB **7** Carlos Enrique (River Plate)  MF **8** Diego Simeone (Pisa)  MF **5** Darío Franco (Newell's Old Boys)  MF **3** Fernando Gamboa (Newell's Old Boys)  MF **10** Germán Martellotto (Monterrey)   60'  FW **7** Claudio García (Racing Club)  90'  FW **9** Ariel Boldrini (Newell's Old Boys)  **Substitutes:**  GK **12** Alejandro Lanari (Rosario Central)  DF **14** Ricardo Altamirano (Independiente)  DF **15** Néstor Fabbri (Racing Club)  MF **16** Gustavo Zapata (River Plate)  FW **17** Antonio Mohamed (Huracán)   60'  **Manager:**  Alfio Basile |
| --- | --- |

## Standings

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| England | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 3 | +2 | **3** |
| Argentina | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | **2** |
| Soviet Union | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | –2 | **1** |
|

| 1991 Challenge Cup |
| --- |
| **
England
first title** |

## Goalscorers

3 goals 1 goal

## InfoBox

1991 England Challenge Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Host country | England |
| Dates | 21–25 May 1991 |
| Teams | 3 (from 2 confederations) |
| Venue(s) | 2 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | England |
| Runners-up | Argentina |
| Third place | Soviet Union |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 3 |
| Goals scored | 10 (3.33 per match) |
| Attendance | 92,029 (30,676 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | David Platt
(3 goals) |


abstract: The 1949–50 network television schedule for the four major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 1949 through March 1950. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 1948–49 season. This was the first season in which all four networks offered at least some prime time programming all seven nights of the week. The schedule below reflects the fall lineup as it all settled into place throughout October 1949, before any subsequent time changes were made and additional new series appeared in November. New series are highlighted in bold. Notable debuts during the season included The Plainclothesman with its unusual camera work, the popular The Lone Ranger, The Ed Wynn Show, and the unsuccessful series The Life of Riley, one of the first sitcoms to be produced on film as opposed to live transmission. Continuing from the prior season were the highly popular variety series Toast of the Town, the critically well-received and popular anthology series Studio One, the critically panned but popular Captain Video and His Video Rangers which was one of the earliest sci-fi TV series, the well received by critics and viewers anthology series Kraft Television Theater, the popular Kukla, Fran and Ollie, and the popular in some regions drama/comedy The Goldbergs.

text:
# 1949–50 United States network television schedule

The **1949–50 network television schedule** for the four major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 1949 through March 1950. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 1948–49 season. This was the first season in which all four networks offered at least some prime time programming all seven nights of the week.

The schedule below reflects the fall lineup as it all settled into place throughout October 1949, before any subsequent time changes were made and additional new series appeared in November.

New series are highlighted in **bold**.

Notable debuts during the season included *The Plainclothesman* with its unusual camera work, the popular *The Lone Ranger* (which is one of the few 1940s television series to be given a DVD release), *The Ed Wynn Show* (a short-lived series featuring popular performers as guests and the first variety show from the West Coast), and the unsuccessful series *The Life of Riley*, one of the first sitcoms to be produced on film as opposed to live transmission. Continuing from the prior season were the highly popular variety series *Toast of the Town*, the critically well-received and popular anthology series *Studio One*, the critically panned but popular *Captain Video and His Video Rangers* which was one of the earliest sci-fi TV series, the well received by critics and viewers anthology series *Kraft Television Theater*, the popular *Kukla, Fran and Ollie*, and the popular in some regions drama/comedy *The Goldbergs* (which is also one of the few 1940s television series to be given a DVD release).

## Legend

* Light blue indicates local programming.
* Blue-gray indicates news programming.
* Light green indicates sporting events.
* Light purple indicates movies.

### Sunday

| Network | | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | | *Stained Glass Windows* | *ABC Penthouse Players* | Think Fast | ***The Little Revue*** | ***Let There Be Stars*** | | Celebrity Time | **Youth on the March** |
| CBS | Fall | *Tonight on Broadway* | This Is Show Business | Toast of the Town | | The Fred Waring Show | | (10:00) The Week in Review
(10:15) Local Programming | Local Programming |
| | | | Spring | | **Starlight Theatre** | | |
| | | | Summer | (9:00–9:15) **The Robert Q. Lewis Show** || |
| DMN | | *Front Row Center* | | ***Chicagoland Mystery Players*** | ***Cinema Varieties*** | Cross Question | | Local Programming | |
| NBC | | Leave It to the Girls | **The Aldrich Family** | *The Chesterfield Supper Club* | *Colgate Theatre* | The Philco Television Playhouse | | Garroway at Large | Local Programming |

### Monday

| Network | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | (7:00) News and Views
(7:15) Club Seven | Author Meets the Critics | ***Your Witness*** | Photoplay Time | *ABC Barn Dance* | ***Mr. Black*** | Roller Derby | |
| CBS | (7:00) *The Roar of the Rails*
(7:15) ***The Paul Arnold Show*** | (7:30) CBS Television News
(7:45) *The Sonny Kendis Show*
(7:55) *Ruthie on the Telephone* | ***The Silver Theatre*** | Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts | ***The Black Robe*** | The Goldbergs | Studio One | |
| DMN | Captain Video and His Video Rangers | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) Manhattan Spotlight | *Newsweek Views the News* | **The Al Morgan Show** | ***And Everything Nice*** | ***Wrestling From Sunnyside Gardens*** | | |
| NBC | Kukla, Fran and Ollie | (7:30) Mohawk Showroom
(7:45) Camel News Caravan | *Chevrolet Tele-Theater* | **The Voice of Firestone** | Candid Camera | ***Cities Service Band of America*** | Quiz Kids | Local Programming |

**Notes:** Beginning July 18, 1949, *The Magic Cottage* aired on DuMont Monday through Friday from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

On NBC, *The Black Robe* aired at various times on Mondays from August through October 1949.

### Tuesday

| Network | | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | | (7:00) News and Views
(7:15) Club Seven | *On Trial* | Local Programming | | ***Oboler Comedy Theater*** | Local Programming | *Tomorrow's Boxing Champions* | |
| CBS | Fall | (7:00) *Your Sports Special*
(7:15) Local Programming | (7:30) CBS Television News
(7:45) *The Sonny Kendis Show*
(7:55) *Ruthie on the Telephone* | ***Uptown Jubilee*** | | Local Programming | Suspense | (10:00) ***The Week in Sports***
(10:15) Local Programming | Local Programming |
| | | | November | *Actors Studio* | | | |
| DMN | | Captain Video and His Video Rangers | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) Manhattan Spotlight | Court of Current Issues | | ***The O'Neills*** | *Feature Theater* | | Local Programming |
| NBC | | Kukla, Fran and Ollie | 7:30 Mohawk Showroom
(7:45) Camel News Caravan | Texaco Star Theater | | Fireside Theater | ***The Life of Riley*** | The Original Amateur Hour | |

**Notes:** Beginning July 18, 1949, *The Magic Cottage* aired on DuMont Monday through Friday from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

### Wednesday

| Network | | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | Fall | (7:00) News and Views
(7:15) Club Seven | Local Programming | Actors Studio (through October) | ***Photocrime*** | Local Programming | Wrestling from the Rainbo in Chicago | | |
| | October | Local Programming | | | | |
| CBS | | (7:00) *Your Sports Special*
(7:15) ***The Paul Arnold Show*** | (7:30) *CBS Television News*
(7:45) *Earl Wrightson at Home* | Arthur Godfrey and His Friends | | *The Bigelow Show* | *International Boxing Club Bouts* | | |
| DMN | Fall | Captain Video and His Video Rangers | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) *Manhattan Spotlight** | Local Programming | | **The Plainclothesman** | **Famous Jury Trials** | Local Programming | |
| | December | | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) ***Easy Aces*** | | | |
| | Summer | | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) *Manhattan Spotlight* | | | |
| NBC | | Kukla, Fran and Ollie | (7:30) Mohawk Showroom
(7:45) Camel News Caravan | ***The Crisis*** | The Clock | Kraft Television Theater | Break the Bank | Local Programming | |

* *Manhattan Spotlight* was replaced by *Easy Aces* from December 1949 to June 1950.

**Notes:** Beginning July 18, 1949, *The Magic Cottage* aired on DuMont Monday through Friday from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

### Thursday

| Network | | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | Fall | (7:00) News and Views
(7:15) Club Seven | **The Lone Ranger** | Stop the Music | | *Crusade in Europe* | ***Starring Boris Karloff*** | Roller Derby | |
| | | | Spring | Blind Date | | |
| | | | Summer |  | Blind Date | |
| CBS | | *To the Queen's Taste* | 7:30 *CBS Television News*
(7:45) *The Sonny Kendis Show*
(7:55) *Ruthie on the Telephone* | ***The Front Page*** | ***Inside U.S.A. with Chevrolet*** | ***The Ed Wynn Show*** | Local Programming | | |
| DMN | | *Captain Video and His Video Rangers* | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) *Manhattan Spotlight* | ***Mystery Theater*** | | *The Morey Amsterdam Show* | ***Boxing From Sunnyside Gardens*** | | |
| NBC | Fall | Kukla, Fran and Ollie | (7:30) Mohawk Showroom
(7:45) Camel News Caravan | *Hollywood Premiere* | *Mary Kay and Johnny* | *Fireball Fun-For-All* | | **Martin Kane, Private Eye** | The Wayne King Show |
| | | Winter | | | *The Black Robe* | | |

**Notes:** Beginning July 18, 1949, *The Magic Cottage* aired on DuMont Monday through Friday from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

On NBC, *The Black Robe* aired from 8:00 to 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time from January to March 1950. *The Wayne King Show* was seen only on NBC's Midwest Network.

### Friday

| Network | | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | Fall | (7:00) News and Views
(7:15) Club Seven | Local Programming | ***Majority Rules*** | Blind Date | ***Auction-Aire*** | *Fun for the Money* | Roller Derby | |
| | | | Spring | | | |  |
| CBS | | (7:00) *Your Sports Special*
(7:15) ***The Paul Arnold Show*** | (7:30) CBS Television News
(7:45) *The Sonny Kendis Show*
(7:55) *Ruthie on the Telephone* | Mama | **Man Against Crime** | Ford Theatre / *54th Street Revue* | | People's Platform | ***Capitol Cloak Room*** |
| DMN | | Captain Video and His Video Rangers | (7:30) *The Vincent Lopez Show*
(7:45) *Manhattan Spotlight* | **Hands of Murder** | Broadway to Hollywood – Headline Clues | ***Fishing and Hunting Club*** | Local Programming | ***Amateur Boxing Fight Club*** | |
| NBC | | Kukla, Fran and Ollie | (7:30) Mohawk Showroom
(7:45) Camel News Caravan | Hopalong Cassidy | | **Bonny Maid Versatile Varieties** | **The Big Story** | (10:00) Gillette Cavalcade of Sports
(10:45) Greatest Fights of the Century | |

**Notes:** Beginning July 18, 1949, *The Magic Cottage* aired on DuMont Monday through Friday from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

### Saturday

| Network | | 7:00 p.m. | 7:30 p.m. | 8:00 p.m. | 8:30 p.m. | 9:00 p.m. | 9:30 p.m. | 10:00 p.m. | 10:30 p.m. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ABC | | (7:00) News and Views
(7:15) Local Programming | Hollywood Screen Test | Paul Whiteman's TV Teen Club | | Local Programming | | | |
| CBS | Fall | (6:45) Lucky Pup
(7:15) Local Programming | (7:30) *In the First Person*
(7:45) *Blues by Bargy*
(7:55) *Ruthie on the Telephone* | Local Programming | | *Premiere Playhouse* | | Local Programming | |
| | Spring | | (6:45) Lucky Pup
(7:15) *Blues by Bargy* | | (7:30) *In the First Person*
(7:55) *Ruthie on the Telephone* | |
| | Summer | | **Big Top** | | | |
| DMN | Fall | Captain Video and His Video Rangers | Local Programming | *Spin the Picture* | | Cavalcade of Stars | | **Wrestling From Marigold** | |
| | | Winter | *Dinner Date With Vincent Lopez* | | Local Programming | |
| NBC | Fall | Local Programming | (7:30) *The Nature of Things*
(7:45) Leon Pearson and the News | Meet Your Congress | *Mixed Doubles* | Who Said That? | Meet the Press | Local Programming | |
| | | | | | | November | The Black Robe | Local Programming |
| | | | | February | **Your Show of Shows** | | | The Black Robe |
| | | | | April | Local Programming |

**Notes:** In the half-hour preceding prime time, ABC aired one of the first television westerns, *The Marshal of Gunsight Pass*, with 22 live episodes between March 12 and September 30, 1950.

From January 28 to July 29, 1950, *Dinner Date With Vincent Lopez* aired Saturdays from 8 to 8:30pm ET on DuMont.

On NBC, *The Black Robe* aired from 10:00 to 10:30 p.m. on Saturday from November to December 1949 after airing at various times on Monday from August to October 1949. ***Your Show of Shows*** premiered at 9:00 p.m. ET on Saturday, February 25, 1950.

## By network

### ABC

### CBS

### DuMont

### NBC

Note: The * indicates that the program was introduced in midseason.

* Bergmann, Ted; Skutch, Ira (2002). *The DuMont Television Network: What Happened?*. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4270-X.
* Castleman, H. & Podrazik, W. (1982). *Watching TV: Four Decades of American Television*. New York: McGraw-Hill. 314 pp.
* McNeil, Alex. *Total Television*. Fourth edition. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-024916-8.
* Brooks, Tim & Marsh, Earle (1964). *The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows* (3rd ed.). New York: Ballantine. ISBN 0-345-31864-1.


title: 1854 in rail transport

text:
# 1854 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1854.

## Events

### January events

### February events

### April events

* April 30 – Opening of first railway in Brazil, running 16 km (9.9 mi) inland from Mauá on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6.0 in) gauge.

### May events

### June events

### July events

### August events

### September events

### October events

### November events

### Unknown date events

## Births

### January births

### February births

### December births

## Deaths

### February deaths