title: Bearwallow Creek

abstract: Bearwallow Creek is a 4.3-mile-long (6.9 km) tributary stream of Tearcoat Creek, itself a tributary of the North River, making it a part of the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Bearwallow Creek is located in Hampshire County, West Virginia. It rises on Chestnut Oak Ridge, from which it flows southwest along the ridge's eastern flanks and then begins its course southeast along Bear Wallow Hollow Road and U.S. Route 50 until its confluence with Tearcoat Creek at Pleasant Dale.

text:
# Bearwallow Creek

**Bearwallow Creek** is a 4.3-mile-long (6.9 km) tributary stream of Tearcoat Creek, itself a tributary of the North River, making it a part of the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Bearwallow Creek is located in Hampshire County, West Virginia. It rises on Chestnut Oak Ridge, from which it flows southwest along the ridge's eastern flanks and then begins its course southeast along Bear Wallow Hollow Road (County Route 50/14) and U.S. Route 50 until its confluence with Tearcoat Creek at Pleasant Dale.

39°18′41″N 78°37′29″W / 39.31139°N 78.62472°W / 39.31139; -78.62472


title: Francis Stock

abstract: Francis Edgar Stock CBE was a British academic and academic administrator. He was educated at Colfe's Grammar School, King's College London and the University of Edinburgh. He was a lecturer at the University of Liverpool from 1946 to 1948 then Professor of Surgery at the University of Hong Kong from 1948 to 1963. He was Commodore of Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club from 1957 to 1963. He then returned to the University of Liverpool where he was Professor of Surgery from 1964 to 1970. He then served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Natal from 1970 to 1977. He was made a CBE in 1977.

text:
# Francis Stock

**Francis Edgar Stock** CBE (5 July 1914  26 September 1997) was a British academic and academic administrator.

He was educated at Colfe's Grammar School, King's College London (AKC; Jelf Medal) and the University of Edinburgh. He was a lecturer at the University of Liverpool from 1946 to 1948 then Professor of Surgery at the University of Hong Kong from 1948 to 1963. He was Commodore of Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club from 1957 to 1963. He then returned to the University of Liverpool where he was Professor of Surgery from 1964 to 1970. He then served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Natal from 1970 to 1977. He was made a CBE in 1977.


abstract: The women's 400 metres at the 2012 European Athletics Championships were held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 27, 28 and 29 June.

text:
# 2012 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres

The **women's 400 metres** at the 2012 European Athletics Championships were held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 27, 28 and 29 June.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Moa Hjelmer
*Sweden* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Ksenia Zadorina
*Russia* |
| **Bronze** | Ilona Vusovich
*Belarus* |

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 2012 European Athletics Championships | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **World record** | Marita Koch (GDR) | **47.60** | Canberra, Australia | 6 October 1985 |
| **European record** | Marita Koch (GDR) | **47.60** | Canberra, Australia | 6 October 1985 |
| **Championship record** | Marita Koch (GDR) | **48.16** | Athens, Greece | 8 September 1982 |
| **World Leading** | Sanya Richards-Ross (USA) | **49.28** | Eugene, United States | 24 June 2012 |
| **European Leading** | Antonina Krivoshapka (RUS) | **49.43** | Krasnodar, Russia | 8 June 2012 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 27 June 2012 | **17:50** | **Round 1** |
| 28 June 2012 | **17:15** | **Semifinals** |
| 29 June 2012 | **22:25** | **Final** |

## Results

### Round 1

First 3 in each heat (Q) and 4 best performers (q) advance to the Semifinals.

| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 | 3 | Ilona Vusovich | Belarus | 51.98 | Q |
| 2 | 4 | 4 | Muriel Hurtis | France | 52.11 | Q, SB |
| 3 | 1 | 4 | Ksenia Zadorina | Russia | 52.18 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | 2 | Moa Hjelmer | Sweden | 52.33 | Q |
| 5 | 3 | 2 | Marie Gayot | France | 52.46 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | 6 | Olha Zemlyak | Ukraine | 52.48 | Q |
| 7 | 3 | 8 | Lee McConnell | Great Britain | 52.58 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | 8 | Esther Cremer | Germany | 52.76 | Q |
| 9 | 2 | 2 | Agnė Šerkšnienė | Lithuania | 52.89 | Q |
| 10 | 2 | 5 | Libania Grenot | Italy | 53.09 | q |
| DQ | 3 | 3 | Pınar Saka | Turkey | ~~53.13~~ | Q, Doping |
| 11 | 4 | 7 | Jitka Bartoničková | Czech Republic | 53.15 | Q |
| 12 | 1 | 8 | Darya Prystupa | Ukraine | 53.16 | Q |
| 13 | 2 | 3 | Agata Bednarek | Poland | 53.22 | q |
| 14 | 1 | 1 | Aauri Bokesa | Spain | 53.23 | q |
| 15 | 3 | 4 | Maria Enrica Spacca | Italy | 53.26 | q |
| 16 | 2 | 7 | Sanda Belgyan | Romania | 53.32 |  |
| 17 | 3 | 1 | Olessa Cojuhari | Moldova | 53.52 |  |
| 18 | 3 | 5 | Justyna Święty | Poland | 53.68 |  |
| 19 | 1 | 7 | Magdalena Gorzkowska | Poland | 53.74 |  |
| 20 | 4 | 6 | Chiara Bazzoni | Italy | 53.92 |  |
| DQ | 2 | 4 | Meliz Redif | Turkey | ~~53.99~~ | Doping |
| 21 | 3 | 6 | Adelina Pastor | Romania | 54.35 |  |
| 22 | 1 | 3 | Kelly Massey | Great Britain | 54.44 |  |
| 23 | 4 | 8 | Ella Räsänen | Finland | 54.52 | SB |
| 24 | 4 | 2 | Josefin Magnusson | Sweden | 55.01 |  |
| 25 | 1 | 5 | Anita Banović | Croatia | 55.50 |  |
| 26 | 1 | 6 | Birsen Engen | Turkey | 55.82 |  |
|  | 4 | 1 | Nicola Sanders | Great Britain | DNS |  |
|  | 3 | 7 | Maris Mägi | Estonia | DQ |  |
|  | 4 | 5 | Joanne Cuddihy | Ireland | DQ |  |

### Semifinals

First 3 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the Final.

| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | 4 | Ksenia Zadorina | Russia | 51.35 | Q, SB |
| 2 | 1 | 3 | Moa Hjelmer | Sweden | 51.40 | Q, **NR** |
| 3 | 1 | 6 | Lee McConnell | Great Britain | 51.98 | Q, SB |
| 4 | 2 | 2 | Libania Grenot | Italy | 52.02 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | 5 | Olha Zemlyak | Ukraine | 52.10 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | 4 | Ilona Vusovich | Belarus | 52.10 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | 3 | Muriel Hurtis | France | 52.13 | q |
| 8 | 1 | 8 | Darya Prystupa | Ukraine | 52.15 | q |
| 9 | 1 | 5 | Marie Gayot | France | 52.17 |  |
| 10 | 1 | 1 | Aauri Lorena Bokesa | Spain | 52.47 | PB |
| 11 | 2 | 6 | Esther Cremer | Germany | 52.77 |  |
| 12 | 2 | 7 | Jitka Bartoničková | Czech Republic | 52.78 |  |
| DQ | 1 | 7 | Pınar Saka | Turkey | ~~52.84~~ | Doping |
| 13 | 1 | 2 | Maria Enrica Spacca | Italy | 53.02 |  |
| 14 | 2 | 8 | Agnė Šerkšnienė | Lithuania | 53.07 |  |
|  | 2 | 1 | Agata Bednarek | Poland | DQ |  |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 6 | Moa Hjelmer | Sweden | 51.13 | **NR** |
|  | 4 | Ksenia Zadorina | Russia | 51.26 | SB |
|  | 7 | Ilona Vusovich | Belarus | 51.94 |  |
| 4 | 5 | Olha Zemlyak | Ukraine | 52.01 |  |
| 5 | 8 | Lee McConnell | Great Britain | 52.20 |  |
| 6 | 3 | Libania Grenot | Italy | 52.57 |  |
| 7 | 1 | Darya Prystupa | Ukraine | 53.03 |  |
| 8 | 2 | Muriel Hurtis | France | 54.50 |  |

## InfoBox

| Women's 400 metres
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


abstract: The men's sabre was a competition in fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. A total of 39 men from 21 nations competed in this event. Nations had been limited to three fencers each since 1928. Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 14. The event was won by Aldo Montano of Italy, the nation's first victory in the men's sabre since 1920. Montano accomplished what his grandfather and father, both world champions in the individual event and Olympic medalists in the team competition, had not been able to: Olympic gold in the individual event. Zsolt Nemcsik of Hungary took silver while Vladislav Tretiak earned Ukraine's first medal in the event with his bronze. France's five-Games medal streak ended.

text:
# Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre

The men's sabre was a competition in fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. A total of 39 men from 21 nations competed in this event. Nations had been limited to three fencers each since 1928. Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 14. The event was won by Aldo Montano of Italy, the nation's first victory in the men's sabre since 1920 (and second overall). Montano accomplished what his grandfather (Aldo Montano) and father (Mario Aldo Montano), both world champions in the individual event and Olympic medalists in the team competition, had not been able to: Olympic gold in the individual event. Zsolt Nemcsik of Hungary took silver while Vladislav Tretiak earned Ukraine's first medal in the event with his bronze. France's five-Games medal streak ended.

## Background

This was the 25th appearance of the event, which is the only fencing event to have been held at every Summer Olympics. Four of the quarterfinalists from 2000 returned: gold medalist Mihai Covaliu of Romania, bronze medalist Wiradech Kothny of Germany, fourth-place finisher Domonkos Ferjancsik of Hungary, and fifth-place finisher (and 1996 bronze medalist) Damien Touya of France. The favorites were Russia's Stanislav Pozdnyakov (1996 gold medalist and 1997, 2001, and 2002 world champion) and Ukraine's Volodymyr Lukashenko (2003 world champion).

The Republic of the Congo made its debut in the men's sabre. Italy made its 23rd appearance in the event, most of any nation, having missed the inaugural 1896 event and the 1904 Games.

## Competition format

The 1996 tournament had vastly simplified the competition format into a single-elimination bracket, with a bronze medal match. The 2004 tournament continued to use that format. Bouts were to 15 touches. Standard sabre rules regarding target area, striking, and priority were used.

## Schedule

All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saturday, 14 August 2004 | **10:00**
**10:40**
**12:00**
**12:50**
**18:30**
**19:20** | **Preliminary round**
**Round of 32**
**Round of 16**
**Quarterfinals**
**Semifinals**
**Finals** |

## Results

### Preliminary round

As there were more than 32 entrants in this event, seven first round matches were held to reduce the field to 32 fencers.

| **Agresta (BRA)** | 15—14 | Rebai (TUN) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Huang (CHN)** | 15—6 | Bernaoui (ALG) |
| **Zhou (CHN)** | 15—10 | Dourakos (GRE) |
| **Maya (CUB)** | 15—13 | Kembe (CGO) |
| **Manetas (GRE)** | 15—10 | Bernaoui (ALG) |
| **Chen (CHN)** | 15—3 | Reda (ALG) |
| **Nagara (JPN)** | 15—8 | Basmatzian (GRE) |

### Main tournament bracket

The remaining field of 32 fencers competed in a single-elimination tournament to determine the medal winners. Semifinal losers proceeded to a bronze medal match.

|  | Round of 32 | | |  |  | Round of 16 | | |  |  | Quarterfinals | | |  |  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Gold medal final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Montano (ITA)** | | **15** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | Manetas (GRE) | | 12 |  |  | **Montano (ITA)** | | **15** |  | || |
|  | **Smart (USA)** | | **15** |  |  | Smart (USA) | | 7 |  | || |
|  | Touya (FRA) | | 11 |  |  |  | | |  |  | **Montano (ITA)** | | **15** |  | ||
|  | **Sharikov (RUS)** | | **15** |  |  | |  |  | Sharikov (RUS) | | 13 |  || |
|  | Maya (CUB) | | 9 |  |  | **Sharikov (RUS)** | | **15** |  |  |  | | |  | ||
|  | **Pillet (FRA)** | | **15** |  |  | Pillet (FRA) | | 11 |  | | || | |
|  | Oh (KOR) | | 13 |  |  | | | | | | |  | **Montano (ITA)** | | | **15** |  ||
|  | **Lapkes (BLR)** | | **15** |  |  | | | | |  | |  |  | Lapkes (BLR) | | 6 |  ||
|  | Chen (CHN) | | 9 |  |  | **Lapkes (BLR)** | | **15** |  | | |  |  | | |  ||
|  | **Kaliuzhniy (UKR)** | | **15** |  |  | Kaliuzhniy (UKR) | | 9 |  | | || |
|  | Dyachenko (RUS) | | 10 |  |  |  | | |  | | |  | **Lapkes (BLR)** | | | **15** |  ||
|  | **Pozdnyakov (RUS)** | | **15** |  |  | |  |  | Pozdnyakov (RUS) | | | | 9 | |  ||
|  | Nagara (JPN) | | 9 |  |  | **Pozdnyakov (RUS)** | | **15** |  | | |  | | | | | ||
|  | **Lee (USA)** | | **15** |  |  | Lee (USA) | | 9 |  | | || |
|  | Pastore (ITA) | | 9 |  |  | | | | | | |  | **Montano (ITA)** | | | **15** |  |
|  | **Nemcsik (HUN)** | | **15** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | | |  |  |  | Nemcsik (HUN) | | 14 |  |
|  | Huang (CHN) | | 12 |  |  | **Nemcsik (HUN)** | | **15** |  | | || |
|  | **Ferjancsik (HUN)** | | **15** |  |  | Ferjancsik (HUN) | | 11 |  | | || |
|  | Boulos (CAN) | | 8 |  |  |  | | |  |  | | **Nemcsik (HUN)** | | **15** | | |  |
|  | **Covaliu (ROU)** | | **15** |  |  | |  |  | Covaliu (ROU) | | | 14 |  || |
|  | Zhou (CHN) | | 10 |  |  | **Covaliu (ROU)** | | **15** |  |  | |  | | | | |  |
|  | **Sznajder (POL)** | | **15** |  |  | Sznajder (POL) | | 9 |  | | || | |
|  | Touya (FRA) | | 14 |  |  | | | | | | |  | **Nemcsik (HUN)** | | | **15** |  |
|  | **Tretiak (UKR)** | | **15** |  |  | | | | |  | |  |  | Tretiak (UKR) | | 11 |  |
|  | Lengyel (HUN) | | 12 |  |  | **Tretiak (UKR)** | | **15** |  | | |  | | | | |  | Bronze medal final | | |
|  | **Tarantino (ITA)** | | **15** |  |  | Tarantino (ITA) | | 8 |  | | |
|  | Rogers (USA) | | 3 |  |  |  | | |  | |  | **Tretiak (UKR)** | | **15** |  |  | **Tretiak (UKR)** | | **15** |
|  | **Lukashenko (UKR)** | | **15** |  |  | |  |  | Lukashenko (UKR) | | | 12 |  |  | Lapkes (BLR) | | 11 |
|  | Agresta (BRA) | | 14 |  |  | **Lukashenko (UKR)** | | **15** |  | |  | | | | |
|  | **Kothny (THA)** | | **15** |  |  | Kothny (THA) | | 11 |  | |
|  | Medina (ESP) | | 13 |  |  | | | | | |

## Final classification

| Rank | Fencer | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Aldo Montano | Italy |
|  | Zsolt Nemcsik | Hungary |
|  | Vladyslav Tretiak | Ukraine |
| 4 | Dmitry Lapkes | Belarus |
| 5 | Volodymyr Lukashenko | Ukraine |
| 6 | Stanislav Pozdnyakov | Russia |
| 7 | Mihai Covaliu | Romania |
| 8 | Sergey Sharikov | Russia |
| 9 | Luigi Tarantino | Italy |
| 10 | Domonkos Ferjancsik | Hungary |
| 11 | Julien Pillet | France |
| 12 | Ivan Lee | United States |
| 13 | Wiradech Kothny | Thailand |
| 14 | Rafał Sznajder | Poland |
| 15 | Keeth Smart | United States |
| 16 | Volodymyr Kaliuzhniy | Ukraine |
| 17 | Aleksey Dyachenko | Russia |
| 18 | Balázs Lengyel | Hungary |
| 19 | Gaël Touya | France |
| 20 | Damien Touya | France |
| 21 | Fernando Medina | Spain |
| 22 | Gianpiero Pastore | Italy |
| 23 | O Eun-Seok | South Korea |
| 24 | Michel Boulos | Canada |
| 25 | Jason Rogers | United States |
| 26 | Chen Feng | China |
| 27 | Huang Yaojiang | China |
| 28 | Kostas Manetas | Greece |
| 29 | Cándido Maya | Cuba |
| 30 | Zhou Hanming | China |
| 31 | Masashi Nagara | Japan |
| 32 | Renzo Agresta | Brazil |
| 33 | Mohamed Rebai | Tunisia |
| 34 | Marios Basmatzian | Greece |
| 35 | Jason Dourakos | Greece |
| 36 | Sorel-Arthur Kembe | Republic of the Congo |
| 37 | Raouf Salim Bernaoui | Algeria |
| 38 | Reda Ben Chehima | Algeria |
| 39 | Nassim Islam Bernaoui | Algeria |

## InfoBox

| Men's sabre
at the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Aldo Montano (2015) | |
| Venue | Helliniko Olympic Complex |
| Date | August 14 |
| Competitors | 39 from 21 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Aldo Montano  Italy  Zsolt Nemcsik  Hungary  Vladislav Tretiak  Ukraine | |
|


title: Atmosphere of Pluto

abstract: The atmosphere of Pluto is the layer of gasses that surround the dwarf planet Pluto. It consists mainly of nitrogen (N2), with minor amounts of methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which are vaporized from surface ices on Pluto's surface. It contains layered haze, probably consisting of heavier compounds which form from these gases due to high-energy radiation. The atmosphere of Pluto is notable for its strong and not completely understood seasonal changes caused by peculiarities of the orbital and axial rotation of Pluto. The surface pressure of the atmosphere of Pluto, measured by New Horizons in 2015, is about 1 Pa (10 μbar), roughly 1/100,000 of Earth's atmospheric pressure. The temperature on the surface is 40 to 60 K (−230 to −210 °C), but it quickly rises with altitude due to a methane-generated greenhouse effect. Near the altitude of 30 km it reaches 110 K (−163 °C), where it then slowly decreases afterwards with height. Pluto is the only trans-Neptunian object with a known atmosphere. Its closest analog is the atmosphere of Triton, although in some aspects it resembles even the atmosphere of Mars. The atmosphere of Pluto has been studied since the 1980s by way of earth-based observation of occultations of stars by Pluto and spectroscopy. In 2015, it was studied from a close distance by the spacecraft New Horizons.

text:
# Atmosphere of Pluto

The **atmosphere of Pluto** is the layer of gasses that surround the dwarf planet Pluto. It consists mainly of nitrogen (N2), with minor amounts of methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which are vaporized from surface ices on Pluto's surface. It contains layered haze, probably consisting of heavier compounds which form from these gases due to high-energy radiation. The atmosphere of Pluto is notable for its strong and not completely understood seasonal changes caused by peculiarities of the orbital and axial rotation of Pluto.

The surface pressure of the atmosphere of Pluto, measured by *New Horizons* in 2015, is about 1 Pa (10 μbar), roughly 1/100,000 of Earth's atmospheric pressure. The temperature on the surface is 40 to 60 K (−230 to −210 °C), but it quickly rises with altitude due to a methane-generated greenhouse effect. Near the altitude of 30 km it reaches 110 K (−163 °C), where it then slowly decreases afterwards with height.

Pluto is the only trans-Neptunian object with a known atmosphere. Its closest analog is the atmosphere of Triton, although in some aspects it resembles even the atmosphere of Mars.

The atmosphere of Pluto has been studied since the 1980s by way of earth-based observation of occultations of stars by Pluto and spectroscopy. In 2015, it was studied from a close distance by the spacecraft *New Horizons*.

## Composition

The main component of the atmosphere of Pluto is nitrogen. The methane content, according to measurements by *New Horizons*, is 0.25%. For carbon monoxide, estimates are around 0.0515%. Under the influence of high-energy cosmic radiation, these gases react to form more complex compounds (not volatile at Pluto's surface temperatures), including ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), heavier hydrocarbons and nitriles and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (the amount of ethylene is about 0.0001%, and the amount of acetylene is about 0.0003%). These compounds slowly precipitate on the surface. They probably also include tholins, which are responsible for the brown color of Pluto (like some other bodies in the outer solar system).

The most volatile compound of the atmosphere of Pluto is nitrogen, the second is carbon monoxide and the third is methane. The indicator of volatility is saturated vapor pressure (sublimation pressure). At temperature 40 K (close to minimum value for surface of Pluto) it is about 10 Pa for nitrogen, 1 Pa for carbon monoxide and 0.001 Pa for methane. It quickly increases with temperature, and at 60 K (close to the maximum value) approaches to 10 000 Pa, 3000 Pa and 10 Pa respectively. For heavier-than-methane hydrocarbons, water, ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, this pressure remains negligibly low (about 10−5 Pa or still lower), which indicates absence of volatility at Pluto's conditions (at least in cold lower atmosphere).

Methane and carbon monoxide, due to their lower abundance and volatility, could be expected to demonstrate stronger deviations from pressure equilibrium with surface ices and bigger temporal and spatial variations of concentration. But actually the concentration of, at least, methane, does not depend noticeably on height (at least, in the lower 20–30 km), longitude or time. But temperature dependence of the volatilities of methane and nitrogen suggest that the concentration of methane will decrease as Pluto moves further from the Sun. It is notable that the observed concentration of methane is 2 orders of magnitude higher than expected from Raoult's law on the basis of its concentration in surface ice and the ratio of the sublimation pressures of methane and nitrogen. Reasons of this discrepancy are unknown. It could be due to the existence of separate patches of relatively clean methane ice, or due to an increased methane content in the uppermost layer of usual mixed ice.

Seasonal and orbital changes of insolation result in migration of surface ices: they sublimate in some places and condensate in others. According to some estimates, this causes meter-sized changes of their thickness. This, alongside changes in viewing geometry, results in appreciable changes of the brightness and color of Pluto.

Methane and carbon monoxide, despite their low abundance, are significant for the thermal structure of the atmosphere: methane is a strong heating agent and carbon monoxide is a cooling one (although the degree of cooling contributed by carbon monoxide is not completely clear).

## Haze

*New Horizons* discovered in the atmosphere of Pluto a multi-layered haze, which covers the entirety of the dwarf planet and reaches altitudes over 200 km. The best images show about 20 layers of the haze. Horizontal extent of the layers is no less than 1000 km. The thickness of the layers varies from 1 to \>10 km, and vertical distance between them is about 10 km. In northern regions the haze is 2-3 times denser than near the equator.

Despite the very low density of the atmosphere, the haze is rather appreciable: it even scatters enough light to allow photographing some details of Pluto's night side. Long shadows from mountains are seen on the haze. Its normal optical depth is estimated as 0.004 or 0.013 (thus, it diminishes the intensity of a vertical beam of light by $1-e^{-0.004}\approx 0.4\\%$ or $1-e^{-0.013}\approx 1.3\\%$; for grazing light the effect is much stronger). Scale height of the haze is 45–55 km; it approximately coincides with scale height of pressure in the middle atmosphere. At the heights of 100–200 km it diminishes to 30 km.

Size of the haze particles is unclear. Its blue color points to a particle radius near 10 nm, but the ratio of brightnesses at different phase angles indicates a radius exceeding 100 nm. This can be explained by aggregation of small (tens of nm) particles into larger (hundreds of nm) clusters.

The haze probably consists of particles of non-volatile compounds, which are synthesized from atmospheric gases under influence of cosmic high-energy radiation. The layers show the presence of atmospheric waves (presence of which is also suggested by observations of occultations), and such waves can be created by wind blowing over Pluto's rough surface.

The haze is the most probable reason for a kink in the curve of light intensity vs. time obtained by *New Horizons* during the flight through Pluto's shadow (see image on right) – below altitude 150 km the atmosphere attenuates light much stronger than above. A similar kink was observed during stellar occultation in 1988. Firstly it was also interpreted as weakening of light by haze, but now it is thought to be mainly a result of strong inverse temperature gradient in lower atmosphere. During later occultations (when the atmosphere of Pluto was already ≥2 times denser) this kink was absent.

More evidence of the haze was obtained in 2002 due to a new occultation. The stellar light which managed to reach Earth during the occultation (due to refraction in Pluto's atmosphere), demonstrated an increase of intensity with wavelength. This was interpreted as a reliable evidence of light scattering by aerosols (similar to the reddening of rising Sun). However, this feature was absent during later occultations (including 29 June 2015), and on 14 July 2015, *New Horizons* found the haze to be blue.

In the final batch of images received from *New Horizons*, a number of potential clouds were observed.

## Structure

Pluto has no or almost no troposphere; observations by *New Horizons* suggest only a thin tropospheric boundary layer. Its thickness in the place of measurement was 4 km, and the temperature was 37±3 K. The layer is not continuous.

Above it lays a layer with fast increase of temperature with height, the stratosphere. The temperature gradient is estimated to be 2.2, 3–15 or 5.5 degrees per km. It is a result of greenhouse effect, caused by methane. The mean temperature of the surface is 42±4 K (measured in 2005), and the mean value for the whole atmosphere is 90+25
18 K (2008).

At height 20–40 km the temperature reaches its maximum (100–110 K; stratopause) and then slowly decreases (about 0.2 K/km; mesosphere). Causes of this decrease are unclear; it could be related to the cooling effect of carbon monoxide, or hydrogen cyanide, or other reasons. Above 200 km the temperature reaches approximately 80 K and then remains constant.

The temperature of the upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes. In 1988, 2002 and 2006 it was approximately constant and equal to 100 K (with uncertainty about 10 K), despite a twofold increase in pressure. Dependence on latitude or morning/evening conditions is also absent: temperature is the same above every part of the surface. It is consistent with theoretical data, which predict fast mixing of the atmosphere. But there is evidence for small vertical heterogeneities in temperature. They reveal themselves in sharp and brief spikes of brightness during stellar occultations. Amplitude of these heterogeneities is estimated to be 0.5–0.8 K on the scale of a few km. They can be caused by atmospheric gravity waves or turbulence, which can be related to convection or wind.

Interaction with the atmosphere significantly influences the temperature of the surface. Calculations show that the atmosphere, despite its very low pressure, can significantly diminish diurnal variations in temperature. But there still remain temperature variations of about 20 K – partly because of cooling of the surface due to sublimation of ices.

## Pressure

The pressure of the atmosphere of Pluto is very low and strongly time-dependent. Observations of stellar occultations by Pluto show that it increased about 3 times between 1988 and 2015, even though Pluto has been moving away from the Sun since 1989. This is probably caused by Pluto's north pole coming into sunlight in 1987, which intensified evaporation of nitrogen from the northern hemisphere, whereas its southern pole is still too warm for condensation of nitrogen. Absolute values of surface pressure are difficult to obtain from occultation data, because this data does not usually reach the lowest layers of the atmosphere. So, surface pressure has to be extrapolated, and this is somewhat ambiguous due to the height dependence of temperature and, consequently, pressure not being completely clear. The radius of Pluto must also be known, but it was poorly constrained before 2015. So, precise values of Pluto's surface pressure were impossible to calculate in previous times. For some occultations since 1988, pressure was calculated for a reference level of 1275 km from the center of Pluto (which later turned out to be 88±4 km from the surface).

Curves of pressure vs. distance from the center, obtained from occultations in 1988 and 2002, in combination with the now known radius of Pluto (1187±4 km) give values of about 0.4 Pa for 1988 and 1.0 Pa for 2002. Spectral data provided values 0.94 Pa in 2008 and 1.23 Pa in 2012 for the distance from the center 1188 km (1±4 km from the surface). An occultation on 4 May 2013 gave data almost precisely for the surface level (1190 km from the center, or 3±4 km from the surface): 1.13±0.007 Pa. An occultation on 29/30 June 2015, just 2 weeks before *New Horizons* encounter, provided a surface pressure of 1.3±0.1 Pa.

The first direct and reliable data about the lowermost layers of the atmosphere of Pluto were obtained by *New Horizons* on 14 July 2015 from radio-occultation measurements. The surface pressure was estimated to be 1 Pa (1.1±0.1 at entry of the spacecraft behind Pluto and 1.0±0.1 at the exit). This is consistent with occultation data from previous years, although some of the previous calculations based on this data gave about 2 times higher results.

The stellar occultation 17 July 2019 have shown the Pluto's atmospheric pressure have dropped about 30% from maximal values in 2015, reaching 0.967+0.053
0.034 Pa. 6 June 2020 further pressure decline to 0.91±0.03 Pa was measured.

The scale height of pressure in Pluto's atmosphere varies significantly with height (in other words, the height dependence of the pressure deviates from exponential). This is caused by strong height variations of temperature. For the lowermost layer of the atmosphere the scale height is about 17–19 km, and for heights 30–100 km 50–70 km.

## Seasonal changes

Due to orbital eccentricity, in the aphelion Pluto receives 2.8 times less heat than in perihelion. It should cause strong changes in its atmosphere, although details of these processes are not clear. Firstly it was thought that in aphelion the atmosphere must largely freeze out and fall on the surface (this is suggested by strong temperature dependence of sublimation pressure of its compounds), but more elaborated models predict that Pluto has a significant atmosphere year-round.

Pluto's last passage through its perihelion was on 5 September 1989. As of 2015, it is moving away from the Sun and its overall surface illumination is decreasing. However, the situation is complicated by its big axial tilt (122.5°), which results in long polar days and nights on large parts of its surface. Shortly before the perihelion, on 16 December 1987, Pluto underwent equinox, and its north pole came out of the polar night, which had lasted 124 Earth years.

Data, existing as of 2014, allowed the scientists to build a model of seasonal changes in Pluto's atmosphere. During the previous aphelion (1865) significant quantity of volatile ices were present in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Approximately at the same time, the equinox occurred and the southern hemisphere became tilted towards the Sun. Local ices began to migrate to the northern hemisphere, and around 1900 the southern Hemisphere became largely devoid of ices. After the following equinox (1987), the southern hemisphere turned away from the Sun. Nonetheless, its surface was already substantially heated, and its big thermal inertia (provided by non-volatile water ice) greatly slowed down its cooling. That is why gases, which now intensively evaporate from northern hemisphere, cannot quickly condense in the southern, and keep accumulating in the atmosphere, increasing its pressure. Around 2035–2050, the southern hemisphere will cool enough to permit intensive condensation of the gases, and they will migrate there from the northern hemisphere, where is polar day. It will last till equinox near aphelion (about 2113). The northern hemisphere will not lose its volatile ices completely, and their evaporation will supply the atmosphere even at the aphelion. The overall change of atmospheric pressure in this model is about 4 times; the minimum was reached near 1970–1980, and the maximum will be near 2030. The full temperature range is only several degrees.

In July 2019, an occultation by Pluto showed that its atmospheric pressure, against expectations, had fallen by 20% since 2016. In 2021, astronomers at the Southwest Research Institute confirmed the result using data from an occultation in 2018, which showed that light was appearing less gradually from behind Pluto's disc, indicating a thinning atmosphere.

## Escape

Early data suggested that Pluto's atmosphere loses 1027–1028 molecules (50–500 kg) of nitrogen per second, an amount corresponding to the loss of a surface layer of volatile ices several hundred meters or several kilometers thick during the lifetime of the Solar System. However, subsequent data from *New Horizons* revealed that this figure was overestimated by at least four orders of magnitude; Pluto's atmosphere is currently losing only 1×1023 molecules of nitrogen and 5×1025 molecules of methane every second. This presumes a loss of several centimeters of nitrogen ice and several dozen meters of methane ice during the lifetime of the Solar System.

Molecules with high enough velocity, which escape into outer space, are ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation. As the solar wind encounters the obstacle formed by the ions, it is slowed and diverted, possibly forming a shock wave upstream of Pluto. The ions are "picked up" by the solar wind and carried in its flow past the dwarf planet to form an ion or plasma tail. The Solar Wind around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on the *New Horizons* spacecraft made the first measurements of this region of low-energy atmospheric ions shortly after its closest approach on 14 July 2015. Such measurements will enable the SWAP team to determine the rate at which Pluto loses its atmosphere and, in turn, will yield insight into the evolution of the Pluto's atmosphere and surface.

The reddish-brown cap of the north pole of Charon, the largest of Pluto's moons (Mordor Macula), may be composed of tholins, organic macromolecules produced from methane, nitrogen and other gases released from the atmosphere of Pluto and transferred over about 19,000 km (12,000 mi) distance to the orbiting moon. Models show that Charon can receive about 2.5% of gases lost by Pluto.

## History of study

As early as the 1940s, Gerard Kuiper searched for evidence of the atmosphere in the spectrum of Pluto, without success. In the 1970s, some astronomers forwarded the hypothesis of a thick atmosphere and even oceans of neon: according to some views of those times, all other gases that are abundant in the Solar System would either freeze or escape. However, this hypothesis was based on a heavily overestimated mass of Pluto. No observational data about its atmosphere and chemical composition existed at the time.

The first strong, though indirect evidence of the atmosphere appeared in 1976. Infrared photometry by the 4-meter Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope revealed methane ice on Pluto's surface, which must sublimate significantly at Plutonian temperatures.

Existence of the atmosphere of Pluto was proven via stellar occultation. If a star is occulted by a body without an atmosphere, its light disappears sharply, but occultations by Pluto show a gradual decrease. This is mainly due to atmospheric refraction (not absorption or scattering). The first such observations were made on 19 August 1985 by Noah Brosch and Haim Mendelson of the Wise Observatory in Israel. But quality of the data was rather low due to unfavorable observational conditions (in addition, the detailed description was published only 10 years later). On 9 June 1988 the existence of the atmosphere was convincingly proven by occultation observations from eight sites (the best data were obtained by the Kuiper Airborne Observatory). Scale height of the atmosphere was measured, making it possible to calculate the ratio of the temperature to the mean molecular mass. The temperature and pressure themselves were impossible to calculate at the time due to an absence of data on the chemical composition of the atmosphere and a large uncertainty in the radius and mass of Pluto.

The question of composition was answered in 1992 via infrared spectra of Pluto by the 3.8-meter United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. The surface of Pluto turned out to be covered mainly by nitrogen ice. Since nitrogen is, in addition, more volatile than methane, this observation implied a prevalence of nitrogen also in the atmosphere (although gaseous nitrogen was not seen in the spectrum). Furthermore, a small admixture of frozen carbon monoxide was discovered. The same year observations by the 3.0-meter NASA Infrared Telescope Facility revealed the first conclusive evidence of gaseous methane.

Understanding the state of the atmosphere requires knowing the surface temperature. Best estimates are derived from measurements of thermal emission of Pluto. The first values, calculated in 1987 from observations by IRAS, were about 55–60 K, with subsequent studies suggesting 30–40 K. In 2005, observations by the Submillimeter Array succeeded in distinguishing the emissions of Pluto and Charon, and the average temperature of Pluto's surface was measured to be 42±4 K (−231±4 °C). It was approximately 10 K colder than expected; the difference may be due to cooling from the sublimation of nitrogen ice,. Further research revealed that the temperature is strongly different in different regions: from 40 to 55–60 K.

Around the year 2000, Pluto entered star-rich fields of the Milky Way, where it will reside until the 2020s. The first stellar occultations after 1988 were on 20 July and 21 August 2002 by teams led by Bruno Sicardy of the Paris Observatory and James L. Elliot of MIT. Atmospheric pressure turned out to be about 2 times higher than in 1988. The next occultation observed was on 12 June 2006, with later ones occurring more frequently. Processing of these data shows that the pressure continues to increase. An occultation of an exceptionally bright star, about 10 times brighter than the Sun itself, was observed on 29/30 June 2015 – only 2 weeks before the *New Horizons* encounter.

On 14 July 2015 the *New Horizons* spacecraft made the first explorations of the atmosphere of Pluto from close distance, including radio occultation measurements and observations of weakening of solar radiation during flight through Pluto's shadow. It provided the first direct measurements of parameters of the lower atmosphere. The surface pressure turned out to be 1.0–1.1 Pa.

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## InfoBox

Atmosphere of Pluto
| Departure shot of Pluto by *New Horizons*, showing Pluto's atmosphere backlit by the Sun. The blue color is close to what a human eye would have seen, and is caused by layers of haze in the atmosphere | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Height | ~1 700 km (exobase) |
| Average surface pressure | 1.0 Pa (9.87×10−6 atm) (2015)
0.91 Pa (8.98×10−6 atm) (2020) |
| Composition | |
| Nitrogen (N
2) | \>99% |
| Methane (CH
4) | 0.25% |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | ~0.0515% |
| Acetylene (C
2H
2) | 0.0003% |
| Ethylene (C
2H
4) | 0.0001% |
| Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) | 10-5-10-6% |


title: 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup final

abstract: The 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup final was the final match of the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, the 7th edition of CONCACAF's competition for men's national football teams. The match was played at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City on 27 July 2003, and was contested by Brazil and Mexico. A rematch of the 1996 final, it was contested by the winners of the semi-finals, Mexico and Brazil. Both teams met in the group stage at the start of the competition, with Mexico beating Brazil 1–0. Both teams progressed to the knockout stage, reaching the final where Mexico would beat Brazil 1–0 again with a late golden goal from Daniel Osorno.

text:
# 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup final

The **2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup final** was the final match of the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup, the 7th edition of CONCACAF's competition for men's national football teams. The match was played at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City on 27 July 2003, and was contested by Brazil and Mexico. A rematch of the 1996 final, it was contested by the winners of the semi-finals, Mexico and Brazil. Both teams met in the group stage at the start of the competition, with Mexico beating Brazil 1–0. Both teams progressed to the knockout stage, reaching the final where Mexico would beat Brazil 1–0 again with a late golden goal from Daniel Osorno.

## Route to the final

| Mexico | | Round | Brazil | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponents | Result | Group stage | Opponents | Result |
| Brazil | 1–0 | Match 1 | Mexico | 0–1 |
| Honduras | 0–0 | Match 2 | Honduras | 2–1 |
| **Group A winners**    Pos Team Pld Pts  1  Mexico 2 4  2  Brazil 2 3  3  Honduras 2 1   Source: | | Final standings | **Group A runners-up**    Pos Team Pld Pts  1  Mexico 2 4  2  Brazil 2 3  3  Honduras 2 1   Source: | |
| Opponents | Result | Knockout stage | Opponents | Result |
| Jamaica | 5–0 | Quarter-finals | Colombia | 2–0 |
| Costa Rica | 2–0 | Semi-finals | United States | 2–1 (ASDET) |

## Match

### Details

| Mexico | 1–0 (a.e.t./g.g.) | Brazil |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio Azteca, Mexico CityAttendance: 80,000Referee: Mauricio Navarro (Canada)

## InfoBox

2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup final
| The Estadio Azteca hosted the final | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup |
|  | |
| After golden goal extra time | |
| Date | 27 July 2003 (2003-07-27) |
| Venue | Estadio Azteca, Mexico City |
| Referee | Mauricio Navarro (Canada) |
| Attendance | 85,000 |
|


# 2007 Georgia's 24th state senate district special election

A special election was held in Georgia's 24th state senate district on June 19, 2007, to replace State Senator Jim Whitehead, who resigned from the seat to run for US Congress in Georgia's 10th congressional district's special election. Four candidates qualified for the election. The election was won by Bill Jackson who received over 62% of the vote.

## Results

Georgia's 24th state senate district special election, 2007
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | Bill Jackson | 11,567 | 62.6% |  |
|  | Republican | Brett McGuire | 3,170 | 17.2% |  |
|  | Democratic | Scott Nichols | 3,063 | 16.6% |  |
|  | Republican | Lee Benedict | 682 | 3.7% |  |


title: Barry McKenzie Holds His Own

abstract: Barry McKenzie Holds His Own is a 1974 Australian comedy film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Barry Crocker, Barry Humphries and Donald Pleasence. It was written by Beresford and Humphries. It was a sequel to the 1972 Australian comedy film The Adventures of Barry McKenzie. The then Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam, along with his wife Margaret Whitlam, made cameo appearances as themselves. Barry Humphries contended that Barry McKenzie was an inspiration for the later film Crocodile Dundee.

text:
# Barry McKenzie Holds His Own

***Barry McKenzie Holds His Own*** is a 1974 Australian comedy film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Barry Crocker, Barry Humphries and Donald Pleasence. It was written by Beresford and Humphries.

It was a sequel to the 1972 Australian comedy film *The Adventures of Barry McKenzie*.

The then Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam, along with his wife Margaret Whitlam, made cameo appearances as themselves.

Barry Humphries contended that *Barry McKenzie* was an inspiration for the later film *Crocodile Dundee*.

## Plot

The film continues directly where *The Adventures of Barry McKenzie* ended with Barry McKenzie and his aunt Edna returning home to Australia from England.

During the flight two henchmen of Count Plasma (a Dracula-type Minister of Culture from the People's Republic of Transylvania) mistake Edna for the Queen of the United Kingdom and kidnap her during their brief stopover in Paris, believing that she will draw tourists to their country.

It is then up to Barry, his identical twin brother the Reverend Kevin McKenzie, his Parisian expatriate Aussie friend "Col the Frog" and his other expatriate mates in France and England to head a team of Australian agents to be parachuted into Transylvania and rescue Edna.

Barry and Edna return home to Australia and are greeted by Gough Whitlam and his wife. Whitlam makes Edna a dame.

## Cast

## Production

Bruce Beresford wanted to make a film of the 1910 novel *The Getting of Wisdom* by Henry Handel Richardson but was unable to raise finance. *Barry McKenzie Holds His Own* was entirely funded by Reg Grundy. Shooting began in February 1974. Most of the film was shot on location in England, Wales and Paris, with some studio scenes shot in London. Edna's home movie footage was shot at Palm Beach, Sydney, in December 1973. British unions constantly objected to Australian cast and crew working in Britain.

## Reception

### Box office

*Barry McKenzie Holds His Own* grossed $1,407,000 at the box office in Australia.

### Critical

*The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "Barry McKenzie is basically the Englishman, Irishman and Scotsman joke extended to include every possible racial and sexual stereotype, in every permutation of cultural collision and with all mythical characteristics reduced to their lowest common denominator. The strength of this version of the joke is the grotesque wealth of the argot which Humphries has invented for his colonial Candide, a slang so relentless in its vulgarity that it is impossible now to judge to what extent he invented or merely recreated it. ... The humour is diverted sufficiently from McKenzie's sexual quest to allow satire to emerge more strongly than in the first film. The introduction by the Minister of Culture (Humphries himself), and the Monty Pythonish Migration Game in which possible English emigrants are quizzed to see if they have suitably pro-Aussie, anti-Pommie attitudes, display a sharpness not found in *The Adventures of Barry McKenzie* and suggest that there is still room for development and improvement if the series proves to be a continuing one."

*Filmink* wrote that "while the first film used a plot with at least some origins in true experience (i.e. an Aussie abroad in London), the second one used a plot based on the movies (i.e vampire films) and dealt with things that didn’t really have resonance with Australia (e.g., Transylvania). If Bazza 2 focused on, say, Bazza backpacking through Europe, I think it would’ve been just as big a hit."

## InfoBox

| Barry McKenzie Holds His Own | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Bruce Beresford |
| Written by | Bruce Beresford
Barry Humphries |
| Produced by | Bruce Beresford |
| Starring | Barry Crocker
Barry Humphries
Donald Pleasence
Dick Bentley |
| Cinematography | Don McAlpine |
| Edited by | William Anderson |
| Music by | Peter Best |
| Production
company | Reg Grundy Productions |
| Distributed by | Roadshow (Australia) |
| Release date | * 12 December 1974 (1974-12-12) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |
| Budget | A$450,000 |
| Box office | A$1,407,000 (Australia) |


title: Beatrice City Library

abstract: The Beatrice City Library, at 220 N. 5th St. in Beatrice, Nebraska, was built in 1902-03 and was opened on January 1, 1904. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Designed by architect George A. Berlinghof, who was then based in Beatrice, it is Beaux Arts in style. The library's creation was the culmination of effort by the Beatrice Literary Club, founded in 1890, which built upon efforts by the local Woman's Christian Temperance Union group which established a circulating library.

text:
# Beatrice City Library

The **Beatrice City Library**, at 220 N. 5th St. in Beatrice, Nebraska, was built in 1902-03 and was opened on January 1, 1904. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Designed by architect George A. Berlinghof, who was then based in Beatrice, it is Beaux Arts in style.

The library's creation was the culmination of effort by the Beatrice Literary Club, founded in 1890, which built upon efforts by the local Woman's Christian Temperance Union group which established a circulating library.

Media related to Beatrice, Nebraska Carnegie library at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Beatrice City Library | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 220 N. 5th St., Beatrice, Nebraska |
| Coordinates | 40°16′04″N 96°44′53″W / 40.26778°N 96.74806°W / 40.26778; -96.74806 (Beatrice City Library) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1902-03 |
| Architect | George A. Berlinghof |
| Architectural style | Beaux Arts |
| NRHP reference No. | 76001131 |
| Added to NRHP | July 12, 1976 |


title: Francis Dufour

abstract: Francis Dufour was a Canadian Quebec politician. He served as the member for Jonquière in the National Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Parti Québécois from 1985 until 1996, when he relinquished his seat to allow Lucien Bouchard, the Premier of Quebec, a seat in the assembly.

text:
# Francis Dufour

**Francis Dufour** (March 28, 1929  May 25, 2020) was a Canadian Quebec politician. He served as the member for Jonquière in the National Assembly of Quebec as a member of the Parti Québécois from 1985 until 1996, when he relinquished his seat to allow Lucien Bouchard, the Premier of Quebec, a seat in the assembly.

## Biography

Dufour was a clerk at the Arvida Municipal Treasury in 1947. He worked for Alcan from 1948 to 1975, and served as the director of its employees' union from 1955 to 1963.

## Political career

Dufour was elected a councillor of Arvida from 1960 until 1964. He was elected mayor in 1967 and served in that position until 1975.

During that time Dufour ran in the 1973 Quebec election for the Parti Québécois in Jonquière and lost to incumbent Gérald Harvey.

When Arvida was amalgamated into Jonquière, he ran for and was elected to the position of its mayor. Dufour served as President of the Union of Quebec Municipalities from 1982 until 1984.

Dufour ran again for Jonquière in 1985 and won. He was re-elected in 1989 and 1994.

He served primarily as a backbencher during his time in the legislature. He resigned on January 15, 1996 to let Lucien Bouchard, Premier of Quebec have a seat in the legislature.

## Electoral record

### Provincial

| 1994 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Parti Québécois | Francis Dufour | 22,598 | 69.64 |
|  | Liberal | Stéphane Dallaire | 8,703 | 26.74 |
|  | Natural Law | Sylvie Francoeur | 1,248 | 3.83 |
| Total valid votes | | | 32,549 | 97.01 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 1,002 | 2.99 |
| 33,551 | | | 80.03 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 41,921 |  |

| 1989 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Parti Québécois | Francis Dufour | 17,294 | 56.05 |
|  | Liberal | Aline St-Amand | 11,789 | 38.21 |
|  | New Democratic | Maurice Bilodeau | 1,774 | 5.75 |
| Total valid votes | | | 30,857 | 97.63 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 750 | 2.37 |
| 31,607 | | | 76.16 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 41,502 |  |

| 1985 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Parti Québécois | Francis Dufour | 17,741 | 52.51 |
|  | Liberal | Aline St-Amand | 14,130 | 41.82 |
|  | New Democratic | Maurice Bilodeau | 1,784 | 5.28 |
|  | Christian Socialist | Jean-Pierre Rannou | 132 | 0.39 |
| Total valid votes | | | 33,787 | 98.70 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 444 | 1.30 |
| 34,231 | | | 79.86 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 42,864 |  |

| 1973 Quebec general election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
|  | Liberal | Gérald Harvey | 16,985 | 53.71 |
|  | Parti Québécois | Francis Dufour | 12,850 | 40.63 |
|  | Union Nationale | Lucien Audet | 897 | 2.84 |
|  | Parti créditiste | Albert Bouchard | 892 | 2.82 |
| Total valid votes | | | 31,624 | 98.42 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 507 | 1.58 |
| 32,131 | | | 84.30 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 38,117 |  |

## InfoBox

| Francis Dufour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly of Quebec for Jonquière | |
| **In office**
December 2, 1985  January 15, 1996 | |
| Preceded by | Aline St-Amand |
| Succeeded by | Lucien Bouchard |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1929-03-28)March 28, 1929
Kénogami, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | May 25, 2020(2020-05-25) (aged 91)
Jonquière, Quebec, Canada |
| Political party | Parti Québécois |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Felwine Sarr

abstract: Felwine Sarr is a Senegalese academic, musician and writer of novels and cultural essays, born in Sine Saloum, Niodior Arrondissement. He studied economics and taught this subject at the Gaston Berger University (Senegal) until his move in 2020 as Anne-Marie Bryan Distinguished Professor in the Department of Romance Studies at Duke University in the United States.

text:
# Felwine Sarr

**Felwine Sarr** (born 11 September 1972) is a Senegalese academic, musician and writer of novels and cultural essays, born in Sine Saloum, Niodior Arrondissement. He studied economics and taught this subject at the Gaston Berger University (Senegal) until his move in 2020 as Anne-Marie Bryan Distinguished Professor in the Department of Romance Studies at Duke University in the United States.

## Biography

Born on 11 September 1972, Felwine Sarr conducted his primary and secondary education in Senegal, and then went to France where he obtained an agrégation in economics. In 2011, he became dean of the economics and management faculty of the University Gaston Berger of Saint-Louis, Senegal, and head of the new faculty of Civilizations, Religions, Arts and Communication (CRAC) of the same university, for which he also was in charge of the implementation.

His lectures and academic research focus on postcolonial theory, economic policies, development, economy, econometrics, epistemology and the history of religious ideas. Further, he has been vice-chairman of the Board of Directors of OSIWA (Open Society Initiative for West Africa) since 2014 and is also the editor of the *Journal of African Transformation*.

## Publications and musical career

Apart from being an academic, Sarr is also a writer and was awarded the Grand Prix of Literary Associations in 2016 (Research Category) for his essay entitled *Afrotopia* (Philippe Rey, 2016). In this essay, he argues for a conceptual decolonization of knowledge and a reappropriation of the metaphors of their own future by Africans. In a presentation of the English translation of this work, Duke University's Trinity College of Arts and Sciences commented as follows: "Sarr elaborates Africa's unique philosophies and notions of communal value and economy deeply rooted in its ancient traditions and landscape". Further, Sarr has published the novels *Dahij* (2009), *105 Rue Carnot* (2011), and *Médiations Africaines* (2012).

As a musician, he has published three musical compositions: *Civilisation ou Barbarie* (2000), *Les Mots du Récit* (2005), and *Bassai* (2007). With the writers Boubacar Boris Diop and Nafissatou Dia, he cofounded the publishing house Jimsaan. Since 2014, he has been vice-president of the board of directors at OSIWA (Open Society Initiative for West Africa). Felwine Sarr is also editor of the *Journal of African Transformation* (CODESRIA-UNECA). In October 2016, Sarr and Cameroonian philosopher Achille Mbembe founded Ateliers de la Pensée (Workshops of Thought), which have brought together intellectuals and artists from Africa and its diaspora in Dakar and Saint-Louis to discuss contemporary problems from an African perspective.

In 2018, Sarr and French art historian Bénédicte Savoy were asked by the president of France, Emmanuel Macron, to investigate the state of African cultural heritage in French state-owned museums. Their *Report on the restitution of African cultural heritage* (in French: *Rapport sur la restitution du patrimoine culturel africain*) was presented to Macron in November 2018 and published online in an official French version and an English translation.

## Awards and recognitions

* 2010, Abdoulaye Fadiga prize for research in economics.
* 2016, Grand Prix of Literary Associations (Research Category).
* 2018, *Nicolás Guillén Outstanding Achievement for Philosophical Literature Award* of the Caribbean Philosophical Association
* 2020, Third place in the annual ranking of the "Most influential People in the international Art World", established by *ArtReview* magazine.
* 2021, *Time* magazine listed him and Bénédicte Savoy among the 100 Most Influential People.

## Bibliography

### Novels

* *Lieux qu'habitent mes rêves*. Paris: Gallimard. 2022.
* *La Saveur des derniers mètres*. Paris: Philippe Rey. 2021.
* *Traces*. Arles: Actes Sud. 2022.
* *Dahij*. Paris: Gallimard. 2009. ISBN 9782070122677. OCLC 470774663.
* *105 Rue Carnot*. Montreal: Mémoire d'Encrier. 2011. ISBN 9782923713571. OCLC 816317015.
* *Méditations Africaines*. Montreal: Mémoire d'Encrier. 2012. ISBN 9782923713731. OCLC 833590511.

### Nonfiction

## Discography

* 2000: *Civilisation ou barbarie*
* 2005: *Les mots du récit*
* 2007: *Bassaï*


abstract: These are the results of the men's foil team competition in fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. A total of 30 men from eight nations competed in this event. Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 21.

text:
# Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil

These are the results of the **men's foil team** competition in **fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics** in Athens. A total of 30 men from eight nations competed in this event. Competition took place in the Fencing Hall at the Helliniko Olympic Complex on August 21.

## Tournament results

The team competition was a single-elimination tournament among the eight teams. Quarterfinal losers continued to play classification matches to determine final placement from first to eighth. Each team match consisted of a set of nine individual matches, comprising a full round-robin schedule among the three fencers on each team.

### Brackets

### Quarterfinals

| **Italy** | **45 – 20** | **Egypt** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 1 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Simone Vanni | 5 – 1 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 0 | Mostafa Anwar |
| Simone Vanni | 5 – 4 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 2 | Mostafa Anwar |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 4 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |
| Simone Vanni | 5 – 4 | Mostafa Anwar |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 0 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 4 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |

| **Russia** | **45 – 38** | **France** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Youri Moltchan | 2 – 5 | Loïc Attely |
| Ruslan Nasibulin | 2 – 5 | Brice Guyart |
| Renal Ganeev | 3 – 3 | Erwann Le Péchoux |
| Ruslan Nasibulin | 4 – 6 | Erwann Le Péchoux |
| Youri Moltchan | 12 – 6 | Loïc Attely |
| Renal Ganeev | 7 – 2 | Brice Guyart |
| Ruslan Nasibulin | 2 – 5 | Erwann Le Péchoux |
| Renal Ganeev | 8 – 5 | Loïc Attely |
| Youri Moltchan | 5 – 1 | Brice Guyart |

| **China** | **45 – 36** | **South Korea** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dong Zhaozhi | 5 – 4 | Ha Chang-duk |
| Wang Haibin | 5 – 1 | Park Hee-kyung |
| Wu Hanxiong | 2 – 3 | Choi Byung-chul |
| Dong Zhaozhi | 4 – 4 | Park Hee-kyung |
| Wu Hanxiong | 9 – 4 | Ha Chang-duk |
| Wang Haibin | 4 – 8 | Choi Byung-chul |
| Wu Hanxiong | 6 – 4 | Park Hee-kyung |
| Dong Zhaozhi | 3 – 3 | Choi Byung-chul |
| Wang Haibin | 7 – 5 | Ha Chang-duk |

| **United States** | **45 – 43** | **Germany** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dan Kellner | 5 – 2 | Peter Joppich |
| Jonathan Tiomkin | 5 – 6 | André Weßels |
| Jedediah Dupree | 5 – 2 | Ralf Bißdorf |
| Jonathan Tiomkin | 5 – 1 | Peter Joppich |
| Dan Kellner | 5 – 8 | Ralf Bißdorf |
| Jedediah Dupree | 5 – 3 | André Weßels |
| Jonathan Tiomkin | 5 – 4 | Ralf Bißdorf |
| Jedediah Dupree | 4 – 14 | Peter Joppich |
| Dan Kellner | 6 – 3 | André Weßels |

### Semifinals

| **Italy** | **45 – 27** | **Russia** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 2 | Youri Moltchan |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 4 – 8 | Renal Ganeev |
| Simone Vanni | 6 – 2 | Ruslan Nasibulin |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 4 | Renal Ganeev |
| Simone Vanni | 5 – 0 | Youri Moltchan |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 3 | Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov |
| Simone Vanni | 5 – 3 | Renal Ganeev |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 3 | Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 2 | Youri Moltchan |

| **China** | **45 – 35** | **United States** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dong Zhaozhi | 5 – 3 | Dan Kellner |
| Wang Haibin | 3 – 7 | Jonathan Tiomkin |
| Wu Hanxiong | 7 – 4 | Jedediah Dupree |
| Dong Zhaozhi | 5 – 3 | Jonathan Tiomkin |
| Wu Hanxiong | 5 – 4 | Dan Kellner |
| Wang Haibin | 5 – 4 | Jedediah Dupree |
| Wu Hanxiong | 5 – 7 | Jonathan Tiomkin |
| Dong Zhaozhi | 5 – 0 | Jedediah Dupree |
| Wang Haibin | 5 – 3 | Dan Kellner |

### Classification matches

| **France** | **45 – 32** | **Egypt** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Loïc Attely | 5 – 2 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Jean-Noël Ferrari | 5 – 5 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |
| Brice Guyart | 5 – 6 | Tarek Madgy |
| Jean-Noël Ferrari | 5 – 1 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Loïc Attely | 5 – 1 | Tarek Madgy |
| Brice Guyart | 5 – 7 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |
| Jean-Noël Ferrari | 5 – 1 | Tarek Madgy |
| Brice Guyart | 5 – 5 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Loïc Attely | 5 – 4 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |

| **Germany** | **45 – 40** | **South Korea** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ralf Bißdorf | 3 – 5 | Choi Byung-chul |
| Peter Joppich | 7 – 2 | Park Hee-kyung |
| André Weßels | 5 – 6 | Ha Chang-duk |
| Ralf Bißdorf | 5 – 4 | Park Hee-kyung |
| André Weßels | 5 – 2 | Choi Byung-chul |
| Peter Joppich | 5 – 5 | Ha Chang-duk |
| André Weßels | 5 – 0 | Park Hee-kyung |
| Ralf Bißdorf | 5 – 12 | Ha Chang-duk |
| Peter Joppich | 5 – 4 | Choi Byung-chul |

### Seventh place match

| **South Korea** | **45 – 35** | **Egypt** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Choi Byung-chul | 5 – 3 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Ha Chang-duk | 5 – 4 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |
| Kim Woon-Sung | 5 – 1 | Tarek Madgy |
| Ha Chang-duk | 5 – 5 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Choi Byung-chul | 5 – 4 | Tarek Madgy |
| Kim Woon-Sung | 5 – 3 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |
| Ha Chang-duk | 5 – 3 | Tarek Madgy |
| Kim Woon-Sung | 5 – 3 | Mostafa Nagaty |
| Choi Byung-chul | 5 – 9 | Tamer Mohamed Tahoun |

### Fifth place match

| **France** | **45 – 38** | **Germany** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Loïc Attely | 5 – 2 | André Weßels |
| Jean-Noël Ferrari | 5 – 1 | Peter Joppich |
| Brice Guyart | 5 – 4 | Simon Senft |
| Jean-Noël Ferrari | 5 – 8 | André Weßels |
| Loïc Attely | 5 – 3 | Simon Senft |
| Brice Guyart | 5 – 4 | Peter Joppich |
| Jean-Noël Ferrari | 5 – 7 | Simon Senft |
| Brice Guyart | 5 – 4 | André Weßels |
| Loïc Attely | 5 – 5 | Peter Joppich |

### Bronze medal match

| **Russia** | **45 – 38** | **United States** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Renal Ganeev | 4 – 5 | Dan Kellner |
| Youri Moltchan | 4 – 5 | Jonathan Tiomkin |
| Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov | 7 – 3 | Jedediah Dupree |
| Renal Ganeev | 4 – 7 | Jonathan Tiomkin |
| Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov | 6 – 4 | Dan Kellner |
| Youri Moltchan | 5 – 5 | Jedediah Dupree |
| Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov | 5 – 3 | Jonathan Tiomkin |
| Renal Ganeev | 5 – 5 | Jedediah Dupree |
| Youri Moltchan | 5 – 1 | Dan Kellner |

### Gold medal match

| **Italy** | **45 – 42** | **China** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 2 – 5 | Ye Chong |
| Simone Vanni | 8 – 2 | Dong Zhaozhi |
| Andrea Cassarà | 3 – 8 | Wu Hanxiong |
| Simone Vanni | 7 – 3 | Ye Chong |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 2 | Wu Hanxiong |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 3 | Dong Zhaozhi |
| Simone Vanni | 5 – 7 | Wu Hanxiong |
| Andrea Cassarà | 5 – 4 | Ye Chong |
| Salvatore Sanzo | 5 – 8 | Dong Zhaozhi |

## InfoBox

| Men's team foil
at the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Helliniko Olympic Complex |
| Date | August 21 |
| Medalists | |
| Andrea Cassarà
Salvatore Sanzo
Simone Vanni  Italy  Dong Zhaozhi
Wang Haibin
Wu Hanxiong
Ye Chong  China  Renal Ganeev
Youri Moltchan
Rouslan Nassiboulline
Vyacheslav Pozdnyakov  Russia | |
|


title: Erquery

abstract: Erquery is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

text:
# Erquery

**Erquery** (French pronunciation: \[ɛʁkəʁi\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.

## InfoBox

| Erquery | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Church of Our Lady of Erquery | |
|  | |
| Location of Erquery | |
| ErqueryErquery | |
| Coordinates: 49°24′34″N 2°27′30″E / 49.4094°N 2.4583°E / 49.4094; 2.4583 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Clermont |
| Canton | Clermont |
| Intercommunality | Clermontois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Stéphane Lecomte |
| Area**1** | 5.91 km2 (2.28 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 595 |
| Density | 100/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60215 /60600 |
| Elevation | 57–135 m (187–443 ft)
(avg. 100 m or 330 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Eucalanus bungii

abstract: Eucalanus bungii is a copepod found in the north Pacific and surrounding waters.

text:
# Eucalanus bungii

***Eucalanus bungii*** is a copepod found in the north Pacific and surrounding waters.

## Description

*E. bungii* females generally range from about 5.5 to 8 millimetres (0.22 to 0.31 in) in length. Males are usually between about 4.8 and 6.2 millimetres (0.19 and 0.24 in). Separation of males from females is possible in stage IV copepodites and older individuals.

## Distribution

*E. bungii* is found in the north Pacific, and is considered to be an expatriate to Arctic waters.

## Ecology

### Life cycle and reproduction

There are two peaks of reproduction in *E. bungii*. At Station P, these peaks were observed to occur in early May and early June. At Site H, off of the east coast of Hokkaido, on the other hand, reproduction occurred from April to June or July, and in August. Spawning occurs at night, when the females migrate to the mixed layer. Nauplii through stage II copepodites are found almost exclusively in the top 250 metres (820 ft) of depth, and they are particularly abundant above the thermocline. During the peak of their abundance, stage III through V copepodites and stage VI female copepodites are found above the thermocline. Stage VI male copepodites, on the other hand, are primarily found between 250 and 500 metres (820 and 1,640 ft) when they peak in abundance.

It has been proposed that at Site H, the young spawned earlier in the year enter diapause as stage IV copepodites, and thus have an annual lifecycle, and those spawned later enter diapause as stage III copepodites, and then enter diapause again as stage V copepodites, rendering their life cycle biennial. At Station P, the life cycle of *E. bungii* seems to be biennial, with stage III or IV copepodites entering diapause in their first summer, and then entering diapause again, usually as stage V copepodites, their second summer. Diapause occurs at depths mainly from 250 to 500 metres (820 to 1,640 ft). It was found that at Site H, stage IV copepodites are generally found at this depth in diapause, whereas other copepodites in diapause were found to depths of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). At Site H, diapause occurs from August to March.

## InfoBox

| *Eucalanus bungii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Maxillopoda |
| Subclass: | Copepoda |
| Order: | Calanoida |
| Family: | Eucalanidae |
| Genus: | *Eucalanus* |
| Species: | ***E. bungii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalanus bungii***<br>Giesbrecht, 1893 | |
|


title: Barry McKinnon

abstract: Barry Benjamin McKinnon was a Canadian poet. Born in Calgary, Alberta, he taught English and Creative Writing at the College of New Caledonia in Prince George, British Columbia, one of the original 19 faculty appointed by the College in 1969. McKinnon died from multiple organ failure on October 30, 2023.

text:
# Barry McKinnon

**Barry Benjamin McKinnon** (1944 – October 30, 2023) was a Canadian poet.

Born in Calgary, Alberta, he taught English and Creative Writing at the College of New Caledonia in Prince George, British Columbia, one of the original 19 faculty appointed by the College in 1969. McKinnon died from multiple organ failure on October 30, 2023.

## Bibliography

* *The Golden Daybreak Hair*. Toronto, ON: Aliquondo Press, 1967.
* *The Carcasses of Spring*. Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks, 1971.
* *I Wanted to Say Something*. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1975.
* *Death of a Lyric Poet*. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1975.
* *Songs & Speeches*. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1976.
* *Sex at Thirty One*. Prince George, BC: Caledonia Writing Series, 1977.
* *The The. (Fragments)*. Prince George, BC: Repository /Gorse Press, 1979.
* *The The*. Toronto, ON: Coach House Press, 1980. (Nominated for the 1981 Governor General's Award)
* *Thoughts/Sketches*. North Vancouver, BC: Tatlow/Gorse, 1985.
* *I Wanted to Say Something*. Red Deer, AB: Red Deer College Press, 1990.
* *Pulplog*. Prince George, BC: Caitlin Press, 1991.
* *Four Realities: poets from northern BC*. Prince George, BC: Caitlin Press, 1992.
* *Arrythmia*. Prince George, BC: Gorse Press, 1994.
* *The Centre*. Prince George, BC: Caitlin Press, 1995.

## Awards


title: Fanningstown

abstract: Fanningstown is a townland in the parish of Fedamore, in County Limerick, Ireland. Neighbouring townlands include Garryellen to the west, Carnane, Arywee and Williamstown to the east, Friarstown North to the north, and Gortgarralt to the south. It has an area of approximately 425 hectares. It is located 11.7 km (7.3 mi) distance by road from Limerick city centre, in a southern direction. The name is a direct translation from the Irish language "Baile an Fhainínigh". Residents of Fanningstown entitled to vote may do so for candidates in the Adare Local Electoral Area for local elections, the Limerick County for general elections, South constituency for European Parliament elections. The polling station for these elections is in Fedamore National School.

text:
# Fanningstown

**Fanningstown** is a townland in the parish of Fedamore, in County Limerick, Ireland.

Neighbouring townlands include Garryellen to the west, Carnane, Arywee and Williamstown to the east, Friarstown North to the north, and Gortgarralt to the south.

It has an area of approximately 425 hectares (1,050 acres). It is located 11.7 km (7.3 mi) distance by road from Limerick city centre, in a southern direction.

The name is a direct translation from the Irish language "Baile an Fhainínigh".

Residents of Fanningstown entitled to vote may do so for candidates in the Adare Local Electoral Area for local elections, the Limerick County for general elections, South constituency for European Parliament elections. The polling station for these elections is in Fedamore National School.

## InfoBox

| Fanningstown Baile an Fhainínigh | |
| --- | --- |
| Townland | |
| FanningstownLocation in Ireland | |
| Coordinates: 52°34′09″N 8°36′33″W / 52.56917°N 8.60917°W / 52.56917; -8.60917 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Munster |
| County | County Limerick |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.25 km2 (1.64 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) |


title: 215 BC

abstract: Year 215 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus/Marcellus/Verrucosus and Gracchus. The denomination 215 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

text:
# 215 BC

215 BC in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 215 BC
*CCXV BC* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 539 |
| Ancient Egypt era | XXXIII dynasty, 109 |
| *\- Pharaoh* | Ptolemy IV Philopator, 7 |
| Ancient Greek era | 141st Olympiad, year 2 |
| Assyrian calendar | 4536 |
| Balinese saka calendar | *N/A* |
| Bengali calendar | −807 |
| Berber calendar | 736 |
| Buddhist calendar | 330 |
| Burmese calendar | −852 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5294–5295 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙酉年 (Wood Rooster)
2483 or 2276
*to*
丙戌年 (Fire Dog)
2484 or 2277 |
| Coptic calendar | −498 – −497 |
| Discordian calendar | 952 |
| Ethiopian calendar | −222 – −221 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3546–3547 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | −158 – −157 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | *N/A* |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 2886–2887 |
| Holocene calendar | 9786 |
| Iranian calendar | 836 BP – 835 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 862 BH – 861 BH |
| Javanese calendar | *N/A* |
| Julian calendar | *N/A* |
| Korean calendar | 2119 |
| Minguo calendar | 2126 before ROC
民前2126年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1682 |
| Seleucid era | 97/98 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 328–329 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴木鸡年
(female Wood-Rooster)
−88 or −469 or −1241
*to*
阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
−87 or −468 or −1240 |

Year **215 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Albinus/Marcellus/Verrucosus and Gracchus** (or, less frequently, **year 539 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 215 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

### By place

#### Sardinia

* A Carthaginian invasion fleet bound for Sardinia is delayed by bad weather giving the Romans the time to organize an intervention; the Roman general Titus Manlius Torquatus, one of it original conquerors, is sent to Sardinia with an army.
* Battle of Decimomannu, the Romans led by Torquatus defeat a combined Sardinian/Carthaginian army ending the Sardinian rebellion and driving off the Carthaginians.
* On its return journey the Carthaginian invasion fleet is harassed by Roman squadrons operating from Sicily.

#### Spain

#### Roman Republic

#### Greece

* Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal negotiate an alliance under which they pledge mutual support and defence. Specifically, they agree to support each other against Rome, and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include Philip and that Rome would be forced to give up control of Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnus, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini and Atintania and to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all his lands currently controlled by Rome.

#### Seleucid Empire

#### China

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 1st millennium BC |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Francis Duffy (bishop)

abstract: Francis Duffy KC*HS is an Irish Roman Catholic prelate who has served as Archbishop of Tuam since 2022.

text:
# Francis Duffy (bishop)

| Styles of
**Francis Duffy** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Grace |
| Religious style | Archbishop |

**Francis Duffy** KC\*HS (born 21 April 1958) is an Irish Roman Catholic prelate who has served as Archbishop of Tuam since 2022.

## Early life and education

Duffy was born in Bawnboy, County Cavan, on 21 April 1958, the son of Frank Duffy and his wife Mary Catherine (née Dolan). He attended primary school at Munlough National School, Bawnboy, and secondary school at St Patrick's College, Cavan, before studying for the priesthood at St Patrick's College, Maynooth, completing a Bachelor of Philosophy and a Bachelor of Divinity.

Duffy was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Kilmore on 20 June 1982.

## Presbyteral ministry

In 1983, Duffy completed a higher diploma in education, and was appointed to teach history, religion and Irish at St Patrick's College, Cavan, where he taught history, religion and Irish. He left the school in 1994 to undertake further study and completed both a Master of Arts in history from the National University of Ireland Maynooth and a Master of Education from Trinity College Dublin.

In 1996 he was appointed principal of Fatima and Felim's Secondary School, Ballinamore.

Duffy was appointed diocesan secretary, financial administrator and chancellor in 2008, as well as communications officer and archivist. He was subsequently appointed resident priest in Laragh the following year, during which time he also completed a doctorate in education.

## Episcopal ministry

### Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise

Duffy was appointed Bishop-elect of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise by Pope Francis on 17 July 2013.

He was consecrated by the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, Seán Brady, on 6 October in St Mary's Pro-Cathedral, Athlone.

### Archbishop of Tuam

Duffy was appointed Archbishop-elect of Tuam by Pope Francis on 10 November 2021.

He was installed on 9 January 2022 in the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Tuam.

In 2023 Archbishop Duffy was invested as a Knight Grand Officer in the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem.

### Apostolic Administrator of Killala

In response to a wider reorganisation of diocesan church leadership in the ecclesiastical province of Tuam, and following the retirement of John Fleming as Bishop of Killala, Duffy was appointed apostolic administrator *sede vacante* of Killala on 10 April 2024.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend, Dr.
Francis Duffy
D.Ed | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Tuam | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Tuam |
| Appointed | 10 November 2021 |
| Installed | 9 January 2022 |
| Predecessor | Michael Neary |
| Other post(s) | Apostolic administrator of Killala
General Secretary of the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise
Diocesan Secretary, Financial Administrator, Chancellor, Communications Officer and Archivist of the Diocese of Kilmore
Principal of Fatima and Felim's Secondary School
Teacher at St Patrick's College, Cavan |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 20 June 1982
by Francis McKiernan |
| Consecration | 6 October 2013
by Seán Brady |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1958-04-21) 21 April 1958
Bawnboy, County Cavan, Ireland |
| Parents | Frank and Mary Catherine Duffy |
| Alma mater | Trinity College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Maynooth |
| Motto | *Veni ut vitam habeant*
(I have come that they may have life) |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: 2000 in Ecuadorian football

abstract: The 2000 season is the 78th season of competitive football in Ecuador.

text:
# 2000 in Ecuadorian football

The **2000 season** is the 78th season of competitive football in Ecuador.

## National leagues

### Serie A

### Serie B

### Segunda

## Clubs in international competitions

| Team | 2000 Copa Libertadores | 2000 Copa Merconorte |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Barcelona | N/A | Eliminated in the First Stage |
| El Nacional | Eliminated in the Round of 16 | Eliminated in the First Stage |
| Emelec | Eliminated in the First Stage | Eliminated in the Semifinals |
| LDU Quito | Eliminated in the First Stage | N/A |

## National teams

### Senior team

The Ecuador national team played in sixteen matches in 2000: ten FIFA World Cup qualifiers and six friendlies.

#### 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers

Qualification for the 2002 FIFA World Cup began in 2000.

| Ecuador | 2  0 | Venezuela |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Delgado  18'
Aguinaga  57' | (Report) |  |

Estadio de Liga Deportiva Universitaria, QuitoAttendance: 37,288Referee: Eduardo Gamboa (Chile)

---

| Brazil | 3  2 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rivaldo  18', 51'
Zago  43' | (Report) | Aguinaga  12'
de la Cruz  75' |

Estádio do Morumbi, São PauloAttendance: 64,738Referee: Henry Cervantes (Colombia)

---

| Paraguay | 3  1 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Toledo  10'
Brizuela  42', 63' | (Report) | Graziani  87' |

Estadio Defensores del Chaco, AsunciónAttendance: 22,000Referee: Gustavo Gallesio Graco (Uruguay)

---

| Ecuador | 2  1 | Peru |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chalá  14'
Hurtado  51' | (Report) | Pajuelo  73' |

Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, QuitoAttendance: 40,167Referee: Carlos Eugênio Simon (Brazil)

---

| Argentina | 2  0 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Crespo  29'
C. López  49' | (Report) |  |

River Plate Stadium, Buenos AiresAttendance: 44,199Referee: Daniel Bello (Uruguay)

---

| Ecuador | 0  0 | Colombia |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | (Report) |  |

Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, QuitoAttendance: 37,617Referee: Ubaldo Aquino (Paraguay)

---

| Ecuador | 2  0 | Bolivia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Delgado  17', 59' | (Report) |  |

Estadio de Liga Deportiva Universitaria, QuitoAttendance: 25,000Referee: Luis Solórzano (Venezuela)

---

| Uruguay | 4  0 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Magallanes  15'
Silva  37'
Olivera  50'
Cedres  86' | (Report) |  |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoAttendance: 62,000Referee: Henry Cervantes (Colombia)

#### Friendlies

| Iran | 2  1 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Daei  26'
Mousavi  70' |  | Cubero  87' |

LA Memorial Coliseum, Los AngelesAttendance: 34,289Referee: Ricardo Valenzuela (United States)

---

| Honduras | 1  1 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Martínez  90' |  | Graziani  10' |

Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro SulaAttendance: 12,000Referee: Evaristo Soriano (Honduras)

---

| Ecuador | 1  3 | Honduras |
| --- | --- | --- |
| E. Hurtado  24' |  | Cárcamo  54', 63'
Velásquez  90' |

La Casa Blanca, QuitoAttendance: 1,000Referee: Segundo Díaz (Ecuador)

---

| Ecuador | 5  0 | Panama |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Delgado  22', 34'
Kaviedes  25', 44', 55' |  |  |

Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, QuitoAttendance: 2,000Referee: Luis Vasco (Ecuador)

---

| Panama | 0  0 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama CityReferee: Hugo León Guajardo (Mexico)

---

| Mexico | 2  0 | Ecuador |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Borgetti  10'
Ruiz  59' |  |  |

Qualcomm Stadium, San DiegoReferee: Kevin Stott (United States)  1. Ecuador fielded its Olympic team, but the match is a full FIFA international.

## InfoBox

Football in Ecuador
| Season | 2000 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: 2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor

abstract: The 2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sibamac Arena in Bratislava, Slovakia that was part of the Tier IV category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 23 October until 29 October 2000. Wildcard Dája Bedáňová won the singles title.

text:
# 2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor

The **2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor** was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sibamac Arena in Bratislava, Slovakia that was part of the Tier IV category of the 2000 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 23 October until 29 October 2000. Wildcard Dája Bedáňová won the singles title.

## Champions

### Singles

Dája Bedáňová defeated  Miriam Oremans, 6–1, 5–7, 6–3

* It was Bedáňová's only singles title of her career.

### Doubles

Karina Habšudová /  Daniela Hantuchová defeated  Petra Mandula /  Patricia Wartusch, walkover

## InfoBox

| 2000 EuroTel Slovak Indoor | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 23–29 October |
| Edition | 2nd |
| Category | WTA Tier IV |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | 110,000 |
| Surface | Hard / indoor |
| Location | Bratislava, Slovakia |
| Venue | Sibamac Arena |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Dája Bedáňová | |
| Doubles | |
| Karina Habšudová <br>Daniela Hantuchová | |
|  | |