title: Economic development in India

abstract: The economic development in India followed socialist-inspired politicians for most of its independent history, including state-ownership of many sectors; India's per capita income increased at only around 1% annualised rate in the three decades after its independence. Since the mid-1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalisation. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy. The Indian economy is still performing well, with foreign investment and looser regulations driving significant growth in the country. In the late 2000s, India's growth reached 7.5%, which will double the average income in a decade. IMF says that if India pushed more fundamental market reforms, it could sustain the rate and even reach the government's 2011 target of 10%. States have large responsibilities over their economies. The average annual growth rates (2007–12) for Gujarat (13.86%), Uttarakhand (13.66%), Bihar (10.15%) or Jharkhand (9.85%) were higher than for West Bengal (6.24%), Maharashtra (7.84%), Odisha (7.05%), Punjab (11.78%) or Assam (5.88%). India is the fifth largest economy in the world by nominial basis and the third largest by purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates (PPP). On per capita basis, it ranks 140th in the world or 129th by PPP. The economic growth has been driven by the expansion of the services that have been growing consistently faster than other sectors. It is argued that the pattern of Indian development has been a specific one and that the country may be able to skip the intermediate industrialisation-led phase in the transformation of its economic structure. Serious concerns have been raised about the jobless nature of the economic growth. Favourable macroeconomic performance has been a necessary but not sufficient condition for the significant improvement in the human development indicators. Although the rate of poverty declined after economic reforms of 1991, the improvement in human development has been less than satisfactory. For instance, child malnutrition has continued to persist. The progress of economic changes in India is followed closely. The World Bank suggests that the most important priorities are public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, reforms in lagging states, and HIV/AIDS. For 2018, India ranked 77th in Ease of Doing Business Index. According to Index of Economic Freedom World Ranking an annual survey on economic freedom of the nations, India ranks 123rd as compared with China and Russia which ranks 138th and 144th respectively in 2014. At the turn of the century India's GDP was at around US$480 billion. As economic reforms picked up pace, India's GDP grew five-fold to reach US$2.2 trillion in 2015. India's GDP growth during January–March period of 2015 was at 7.5% compared to China's 7%, making it the fastest growing MAJOR economy. During 2014–15, India's GDP growth recovered marginally to 7.3% from 6.9% in the previous fiscal. During 2014–15, India's services sector grew by 10.1%, manufacturing sector by 7.1% & agriculture by 0.2%. Indian Economy grew at 7.6 & 7.1 in FY 2015–16 and FY 2016–17 respectively as major reforms had taken place like demonetization and implementation of GST in FY 2016–17.

text:
# Economic development in India

The **economic development in India** followed socialist-inspired politicians for most of its independent history, including state-ownership of many sectors; India's per capita income increased at only around 1% annualised rate in the three decades after its independence. Since the mid-1980s, India has slowly opened up its markets through economic liberalisation. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy. The Indian economy is still performing well, with foreign investment and looser regulations driving significant growth in the country.

In the late 2000s, India's growth reached 7.5%, which will double the average income in a decade. IMF says that if India pushed more fundamental market reforms, it could sustain the rate and even reach the government's 2011 target of 10%. States have large responsibilities over their economies. The average annual growth rates (2007–12) for Gujarat (13.86%), Uttarakhand (13.66%), Bihar (10.15%) or Jharkhand (9.85%) were higher than for West Bengal (6.24%), Maharashtra (7.84%), Odisha (7.05%), Punjab (11.78%) or Assam (5.88%). India is the fifth largest economy in the world by nominial basis and the third largest by purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates (PPP). On per capita basis, it ranks 140th in the world or 129th by PPP.

The economic growth has been driven by the expansion of the services that have been growing consistently faster than other sectors. It is argued that the pattern of Indian development has been a specific one and that the country may be able to skip the intermediate industrialisation-led phase in the transformation of its economic structure. Serious concerns have been raised about the jobless nature of the economic growth.

Favourable macroeconomic performance has been a necessary but not sufficient condition for the significant improvement in the human development indicators. Although the rate of poverty declined after economic reforms of 1991, the improvement in human development has been less than satisfactory. For instance, child malnutrition has continued to persist (46% in 2005–6).

The progress of economic changes in India is followed closely. The World Bank suggests that the most important priorities are public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, reforms in lagging states, and HIV/AIDS. For 2018, India ranked 77th in Ease of Doing Business Index. According to Index of Economic Freedom World Ranking an annual survey on economic freedom of the nations, India ranks 123rd as compared with China and Russia which ranks 138th and 144th respectively in 2014.

At the turn of the century India's GDP was at around US$480 billion. As economic reforms picked up pace, India's GDP grew five-fold to reach US$2.2 trillion in 2015 (as per IMF estimates).

India's GDP growth during January–March period of 2015 was at 7.5% compared to China's 7%, making it the fastest growing MAJOR economy. During 2014–15, India's GDP growth recovered marginally to 7.3% from 6.9% in the previous fiscal. During 2014–15, India's services sector grew by 10.1%, manufacturing sector by 7.1% & agriculture by 0.2%. Indian Economy grew at 7.6 & 7.1 in FY 2015–16 and FY 2016–17 respectively as major reforms had taken place like demonetization and implementation of GST in FY 2016–17.

## History

Prior to India's Independence, from the period of 1900 to 1947, per capita income in India had either declined or stagnated. Post-Independence, Jawaharal Nehru demonstrated his willingness to compromise socialism for the perceived benefit of the country to provide financial incentives for the expansion of private enterprise. However, after the crisis of 1957, India turned towards import substitution industrialization and introduced foreign exchange. The Nehru-Mahalanobis approach, often referred to as the Second Five Year Plan, emphasized the development of basic and heavy industries as a means of accelerating economic growth. These included steel, copper, petrochemicals, paper, coal, and oil. Mahalanobis strived for India to reach autonomy, ridding any outstanding debts. Critics disagreed with this approach, stating that World Bank's claim of Indian export prospects being low were falsified and due to India's inward-looking strategy, the growth opportunity of the world economy was missed. Nonetheless, over 1950–1965, India's acceleration of per capita income growth had increased an average of 1.7%, a value not exceeded since.

The discourse on the efficacy of the Nehru-Mahalanobis Strategy is commonly contested by economists. A criticism of the approach emphasizes the lack of resource allocation in the agriculture sector. It is argued that the misbalanced weightage towards the machine-making sector contributed to the increase in food-grain prices and thus, perpetuated poverty and malnutrition. Defenders of the strategy claim that it sought to increase agricultural output by increasing the output-capital ratio. This agreeably would have been accomplished through land-reforms, something the strategy did not address, not indicating a problem with the strategy itself.

## Agriculture

India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 18.6% of the GDP in 2005, employed 60% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the green revolution.

India is the largest producer in the world of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the world's largest cattle population (193 million). It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and inland fish. It is the third largest producer of tobacco. India accounts for 10% of the world fruit production with first rank in the production of banana and sapota, also known as chiku.

The required level of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The government has implemented various schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure. Amongst these schemes are *Construction of Rural Go downs*, *Market Research and Information Network*, and *Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardisation*.

Main problems in the agricultural sector, as listed by the World Bank, are:

* India's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity-enhancing investment.
* Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty.
* Government interventions in labour, land, and credit markets.
* Inadequate infrastructure and services.

### Research and development

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), established in 1905, was responsible for the research leading to the "Indian Green Revolution" of the 1970s. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the apex body in kundiure and related allied fields, including research and education. The Union Minister of Agriculture is the President of the ICAR. The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments, analyses data in agriculture, and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding. Prof. M. S. Swaminathan is known as "Father of the Green Revolution" and heads the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation. He is known for his advocacy of environmentally sustainable agriculture and sustainable food security.

## Industrial output

India is fifth in the world in factory output. Major clusters of manufacturing are mainly concentrated in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh due to relatively better infrastructure and quality of labor force. Manufacturing sector in addition to mining, quarrying, electricity and gas together account for 27.6% of the GDP and employ 17% of the total workforce. Economic reforms introduced after 1991 brought foreign competition, led to privatisation of certain public sector industries, opened up sectors hitherto reserved for the public sector and led to an expansion in the production of fast-moving consumer goods. India has emerged as the second largest manufacturer of mobile phones in the world with smartphone exports exceeding $10 billion in FY 2022–23. India has also emerged as the fourth largest manufacturer of automobiles behind only China, United States and Japan. India produced approximately 4.4 million cars in 2021.

Post-liberalisation, the Indian private sector, which was usually run by oligopolies of old family firms and required political connections to prosper was faced with foreign competition, including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports. It has since handled the change by squeezing costs, revamping management, focusing on designing new products and relying on low labour costs and technology. Under the Modi Government, various initiatives are taking place like Make In India campaign, to boost the Indian industries. This will help the economy to grow as budding entrepreneurs will open industries and local things will get promoted.

## Services

India is fifteenth in services output. Service industry employ English-speaking Indian workers on the supply side and on the demand side, has increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India's service exports or those looking to outsource their operations. India's IT industry, despite contributing significantly to its balance of payments, accounts for only about 1% of the total GDP or 1/50th of the total services.

During the Internet bubble that led up to 2000, heavy investments in undersea fibre-optic cables linked Asia with the rest of the world. The fall that followed the economic boom resulted in the auction of cheap fiber optic cables at one-tenth of their original price. This development resulted in widely available low-cost communications infrastructure. All of these investments and events, not to mention a swell of available talent, resulted in India becoming almost overnight the centre for outsourcing of Business process. Within this sector and events, the ITES-BPO sector has become a big employment generator especially amongst young college graduates. The number of professionals employed by IT and ITES sectors is estimated at 1.3 million as of March 2006. Also, Indian IT-ITES is estimated to have helped create an additional 3 million job opportunities through indirect, induced and in helpful manner have created employment.

## GDP growth rate

Since the economic liberalisation of 1991, India's GDP has been growing at a higher rate. The following table has been collected from public data archives with data from the World Bank:

| Year | Growth (real) (%) |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | 3.841 |
| 2001 | 4.824 |
| 2002 | 3.804 |
| 2003 | 7.86 |
| 2004 | 7.923 |
| 2005 | 7.923 |
| 2006 | 8.061 |
| 2007 | 7.661 |
| 2008 | 3.087 |
| 2009 | 7.862 |
| 2010 | 8.498 |
| 2011 | 5.241 |
| 2012 | 5.456 |
| 2013 | 6.386 |
| 2014 | 7.41 |
| 2015 | 7.996 |
| 2016 | 8.17 |
| 2017 | 7.168 |
| 2018 | 6.982 |

GDP growth rate is unequal within India. For the year 2015–16, GDP growth rates of Andhra Pradesh (10.99%), Bihar (10.27%) and Madhya Pradesh (10.16%) were higher than Maharashtra (8%), Odisha (6.16%) and Punjab (5.96%).

## Companies

47 Indian companies were listed in the Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2015. The 10 leading companies were:

| World Rank | Company | Logo | Industry | Revenue
(billion $) | Profits
(billion $) | Assets
(billion $) | Market Value
(billion $) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 142 | Reliance Industries |  | Oil & Gas Operations | 71.7 | 3.7 | 76.6 | 42.9 |
| 152 | State Bank of India |  | Banking | 40.8 | 2.3 | 400.6 | 33 |
| 183 | Oil and Natural Gas Corporation |  | Oil & Gas Operations | 28.7 | 4.4 | 59.3 | 43.7 |
| 263 | Tata Motors |  |  | 42.3 | 2.7 | 34.7 | 28.8 |
| 283 | ICICI Bank |  | Banking | 14.2 | 1.9 | 124.8 | 30 |
| 431 | NTPC |  | Utilities | 12.9 | 1.9 | 35.4 | 20.2 |
| 463 | Tata Steel |  | Materials | 32.77 | 3.08 | 31.16 | 2.46 |
| 349 | Indian Oil Corporation |  | Oil & Gas Operations | 74.3 | 1.2 | 44.7 | 14.6 |
| 485 | HDFC |  | Banking | 8.4 | 1.4 | 84.3 | 41.6 |
| 485 | TCS |  | Information Technology | 15.1 | 3.5 | 11 | 80.3 |

## India's resource consumption

### Oil

India consumes the second-largest amount of oil in the Asia-Pacific region behind China. The combination of rising oil consumption and fairly unwavering production levels leaves India highly dependent on imports to meet the consumption needs.

### Natural gas

As per the Oil and Gas Journal, India had 38 trillion cubic feet (1.1×1012 m3) of confirmed natural gas reserves in 2004.

India imports small amounts of natural gas. In 2004, India consumed about 1,089×10~~^~~9 cu ft (3.08×1010 m3) of natural gas, the first year in which the country showed net natural gas imports. During 2004, India imported 93×10~~^~~9 cu ft (2.6×109 m3) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar.

As in the oil sector, India's state-owned companies account for the bulk of natural gas production. ONGC and Oil India Ltd. (OIL) are the leading companies with respect to production volume, whilst some foreign companies take part in upstream developments in joint-ventures and production sharing contracts (**PSC**s). Reliance Industries, a privately owned Indian company, will also have a bigger role in the natural gas sector as a result of a large natural gas find in 2002 in the Krishna Godavari basin.

The Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) holds an effective control on natural gas transmission and allocation activities. In December 2006, the Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a new policy that allows foreign investors, private domestic companies, and national oil companies to hold up to 100% equity stakes in pipeline projects. Whilst GAIL's domination in natural gas transmission and allocation is not ensured by statute, it will continue to be the leading player in the sector because of its existing natural gas infrastructure.

## Issues

### Regulation and public sector

India ranked 63 on the Ease of Doing Business Index in 2020, compared with 108 for Pakistan, 31 for People's Republic of China, 131 for Nigeria, 124 for Brazil, and 73 for Indonesia.

Corruption in many forms has been one of the pervasive problems affecting India. For decades, the red tape, bureaucracy and the *Licence Raj* that had strangled private enterprise. The economic reforms of 1991 cut some of the worst regulations that had been used in corruption.

Corruption is still large. A 2005 study by Transparency International (TI) India found that more than half of those surveyed had firsthand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office. The chief economic consequences of corruption are the loss to the exchequer, an unhealthy climate for investment and an increase in the cost of government-subsidised services. The TI India study estimates the monetary value of petty corruption in 11 basic services provided by the government, like education, healthcare, judiciary, police, etc., to be around 211 billion (US$2.5 billion). India still ranks in the bottom quartile of developing nations in terms of the ease of doing business, and compared with China, the average time taken to secure the clearances for a startup or to invoke bankruptcy is much greater.

The Right to Information Act (2005) and equivalent acts in the states, that require government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action, computerisation of services and various central and state government acts that established vigilance commissions have considerably reduced corruption or at least have opened up avenues to redress grievances. The 2006 report by Transparency International puts India at 70th place and states that significant improvements were made by India in reducing corruption.

### Employment

India's labour force is growing by 2.5% every year, but employment is growing only at 2.3% a year. Official unemployment exceeds 9%. Regulation and other obstacles have discouraged the emergence of formal businesses and jobs. Almost 30% of workers are casual workers who work only when they are able to get jobs and remain unpaid for the rest of the time. Only 10% of the workforce is in regular employment. India's labour regulations are heavy even by developing country standards and analysts have urged the government to abolish them.

From the overall stock of an estimated 458 million workers, 394 million (86%) operate in the unorganised sector (of which 63% are self-employed) mostly as informal workers. There is a strong relationship between the quality of employment and social and poverty characteristics. The relative growth of informal employment was more rapid within the organised rather than the unorganised sector. This is also related to the flexibilisation of employment in the organised sector that is suggested by the increasing use of contract labour by employers in order to benefit from more flexible labour practices.

Children under 14 constitute 3.6% of the total labour force in the country. Of these children, 9 out of every 10 work in their own rural family settings. Around 85% of them are engaged in traditional agricultural activities. Less than 9% work in manufacturing, services and repairs. Child labour is a complex problem that is basically rooted in poverty. The Indian government is implementing the world's largest child labour elimination program, with primary education targeted for ~250 million. Numerous non-governmental and voluntary organisations are also involved. Special investigation cells have been set up in states to enforce existing laws banning employment of children (under 14) in hazardous industries. The allocation of the Government of India for the eradication of child labour was US$10 million in 1995–96 and US$16 million in 1996–97. The allocation for 2007 is US$21 million.

### Environmental degradation

About 1.2 billion people in developing nations lack clean, safe water because most household and industrial wastes are dumped directly into rivers and lakes without treatment. This contributes to the rapid increase in waterborne diseases in humans. Out of India's 3119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities (WHO 1992). 114 cities dump untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River. Downstream, the untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. This situation is typical of many rivers in India as well as other developing countries. Globally, but especially in developing nations like India where people cook with fuelwood and coal over open fires, about 4 billion humans suffer continuous exposure to smoke. In India, particulate concentrations in houses are reported to range from 8,300 to 15,000 μg/m3, greatly exceeding the 75 μg/m3 maximum standard for indoor particulate matter in the United States. Changes in ecosystem biological diversity, evolution of parasites, and invasion by exotic species all frequently result in disease outbreaks such as cholera which emerged in 1992 in India. The frequency of AIDS/HIV is increasing. In 1996, about 46,000 Indians out of 2.8 million (1.6% of the population) tested were found to be infected with HIV.

### Effect on women

Economic development in India has had a varying effect on women depending on their age, education, and location. Traditionally in India women's role is in the household. As girls they are raised to work for and better their family. Their work, therefore, mostly consists of household duties and is not a part of the formal economy. Because of this India consistently compares poorly to other countries as far as female employment rates. Currently India ranks 11th from the bottom in female labor participation out of the 131 countries with data available. In addition, women who do work experience discrimination; on average they make 62% of what their male counterparts make for the same position.

Since the 1990s there has been significant economic growth and expansion in India, this has had an effect on how women operate in the workforce there. Women's labor force participation has fallen from 37% in 2004–2005 to 27% in 2009–2019. So with the recent economic growth and development in India, the country has not seen an equal overall growth in jobs for women. This can be broken down further, however, because certain demographics of women in India have seen job rates decline while some have seen them rise. Informal work, which is not included in job rate percentages, has risen for poor, rural, uneducated women while their formal job rate has declined; Microcredit and social help groups have helped poor women connect and work together in the informal job sector. Women with higher education who mostly live in urban areas have seen a rise in job rates.

An example of a booming industry for educated women in India is call centers. Many Western countries outsource their call center jobs to India, and these call centers have found that women often have more success at these positions than their male counterparts. These positions give young women in India a chance at independence from their family and the traditional role which women play. There are organizations in India that were created to support women's education and women in the workforce. In 1985 the Ministry of Human Resource Development was founded to improve female literacy rates, and to support women looking to join the work force. Similarly, in 1972 SEWA, the Self Employed Women's Association, was formed by self-employed and low wage women workers to support each other and organize to advocate for their rights.


title: Echo (1799 ship)

abstract: Echo was launched at Kingston upon Hull in 1799. She quickly became a West Indiaman, sailing between Britain and Jamaica under a number of owners and masters. In 1826–1828 she made one voyage to Bengal, sailing under a licence from the British East India Company (EIC). On her return to Liverpool, she immediately sailed for Canada, and was lost on 22 May 1828 near Lubec, Maine.

text:
# Echo (1799 ship)

***Echo*** was launched at Kingston upon Hull in 1799. She quickly became a West Indiaman, sailing between Britain and Jamaica under a number of owners and masters. In 1826–1828 she made one voyage to Bengal, sailing under a licence from the British East India Company (EIC). On her return to Liverpool, she immediately sailed for Canada, and was lost on 22 May 1828 near Lubec, Maine.

## Career

*Echo* first appeared in *Lloyd's Register* (*LR*), in 1800.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1800 | W.Catlin
J.Norrill | Staniforth | London–Archangel
London–Jamaica | *LR* |
| 1801 | J.Norrie | Lyons & Co. | London–Archangel
London–Jamaica | *LR* |
| 1805 | J.Russell
William Wilson | Brown & Co.
Lyon & Co. | London–Jamaica | *LR* |
| 1808 | Smith
Shaw | Shaw & Co. | London–Jamaica | *LR*; small repairs 1807 |
| 1809 | Shaw
Smart | Shaw & Co. | London–Jamaica | *LR*; small repairs 1807 |
| 1812 | Smart
H.Linder | Shaw & Co. | London–Jamaica | *LR*; small repairs 1807 |
| 1821 | H.Linder | Shaw & Co. | London–Jamaica | *LR*; small repairs 1807 & 1821 |
| 1823 | H.Linder
Rutland
Dunlap | Shaw & Co.
Meaburn & Co. | London–Jamaica | *LR*; small repairs 1821 |
| 1824 | Dunlap | Meaburn & Co. | London–Cape of Good Hope (CGH) | *LR*; small repairs 1821; wants repair |
| 1826 | Dunlap
Thompson | Meaburn & Co. | London–Cape of Good Hope (CGH) | *LR*; small repairs 1821 & good repair 1826 |
| 1827 | Thompson | Meaburn & Co. | London–Calcutta | *LR*; small repairs 1821 & good repair 1826 |
|

In 1813 the EIC had lost its monopoly on the trade between India and Britain. British ships were then free to sail to India or the Indian Ocean under a licence from the EIC.

Captain Thompson sailed from London on 28 October 1826 under a licence from the EIC, bound for Bengal. *Echo* arrived at Bengal on 15 May 1827.

Homeward bound, she sailed from Saugor Roads on 8 November. She sailed from St Helena on 12 January 1828, and arrived at Liverpool on 27 February 1828.

| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1828 | Thompson
Mine | Meaburn & Co. | London–Calcutta | *LR*; small repairs 1821 & good repair 1826 |
|

On 19 April 1828, *Echo*, Milne, master, sailed from Liverpool for Saint John, New Brunswick.

## Fate

A letter from Lubec, Maine dated 24 May 1828, reported that *Echo* Milne, master, had wrecked on 22 May on the Boatman's Bank about 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) west of the West Quoddy Head Lighthouse. Her crew and part of her cargo were saved.

*Echo* was no longer listed in the issues for 1829 of *Lloyd's Register*, or the *Register of Shipping*.

## Citations

1. *LR* (1800), "E" supple. pages.
2. Hackman (2001), p. 271.
3. Hackman (2001), p. 247.
4. *LR* (1827), "Ships trading to India".
5. "SHIP NEWS". *Caledonian Mercury* (Edinburgh, Scotland), 30 June 1828, Issue 16671.
* Hackman, Rowan (2001). *Ships of the East India Company*. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-96-7.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | *Echo* |
| Builder | Thomas Steemson, Thorne, Hull |
| Launched | 19 October 1799 |
| Fate | Wrecked 22 May 1828 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tons burthen | 418, or 429 (bm) |
| Armament | * 1800: 2 × 9-pounder guns * 1801: 6 × 12-pounder guns + 8 × 12-pounder carronades * 1804: 10 × 9-pounder guns * 1805: 10 × 6-pounder guns |


abstract: The 1910–11 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team was the first varsity college basketball team to represent the University of North Carolina. The school created a committee to determine if the school should go forward with forming a team as there was increasing pressure from students, the student run newspaper The Tar Heel, in-state schools that fielded teams who wanted to form a state league, and the University of Tennessee inquired about scheduling a game in February 1911. Equipment was purchased and installed at Bynum Gymnasium after a period of uncertainty of where the team would play its home games. Then track-and-field head coach Nathaniel Cartmell – who had little experience with basketball – was chosen to coach as there were no funds to be allocated for hiring another coach. After choosing players for the first team, Cartmell finalized the schedule in January, which was limited as many other programs had already created their schedules before the Tar Heels made their team. North Carolina opened their season with a victory against Virginia Christian 42–21 in front of an estimated 200 spectators. The squad won their next four games, winning by double digits against two opponents and by three or less against the other two. The team traveled to Wake Forest where they lost their first game after the Baptists handily outscored the Tar Heels in the second half. The team rebounded with a win against University of Tennessee before they dropped two closely contested games against Virginia and Virginia Christian. Carolina defeated Woodberry Forest easily before they played their final game, a rematch, against Virginia. Virginia won the game after taking a lead into halftime and only being outscored by two points in the second half, despite one player from each team being ejected following an altercation where a North Carolina player bit a Virginia player on the shoulder. The team was viewed as a success and thought to have played their hardest in each game this led The Tar Heel to write that "... basketball has come to stay."

text:
# 1910–11 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team

1910–11 NCAA men's basketball independents standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Arizona |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| Augustana (Ill.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| Brigham Young |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| Dayton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| Detroit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| North Dakota Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| Seton Hall |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| St. John's (N.Y.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |
| Grinnell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 1 |  | .929 |
| Virginia Tech |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | .917 |
| Washington |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | .917 |
| Navy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | .909 |
| Wabash |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | .909 |
| North Central |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  | 2 |  | .875 |
| Cotner |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 2 |  | .867 |
| Montana State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 1 |  | .833 |
| Oberlin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 2 |  | .833 |
| Allegheny |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | .818 |
| Canisius |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 3 |  | .813 |
| New Mexico |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | .800 |
| Vanderbilt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | .800 |
| Williams |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | .800 |
| Lake Forest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  | 4 |  | .789 |
| Grove City |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 3 |  | .786 |
| CCNY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | .778 |
| Manhattan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  | 4 |  | .778 |
| Union (N.Y.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | .778 |
| Bradley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  | .769 |
| St. Lawrence |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 4 |  | .765 |
| Army |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |
| Denison |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |  | 5 |  | .750 |
| Fordham |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |
| Ole Miss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |
| Swarthmore |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |
| William & Mary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 1 |  | .750 |
| Hope |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 4 |  | .733 |
| Wesleyan (Conn.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 4 |  | .733 |
| Baylor |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | .727 |
| Carleton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | .727 |
| LSU |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 3 |  | .727 |
| Utah |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | .714 |
| Notre Dame |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | .700 |
| Wooster |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | .700 |
| Nebraska Wesleyan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  | .692 |
| Oregon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  | .692 |
| Penn State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  | .692 |
| Akron |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | .667 |
| Beloit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | .667 |
| Idaho |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | .667 |
| Marietta |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | .667 |
| Ohio State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | .667 |
| Saint Mary's (Calif.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | .667 |
| Southwestern (Kan.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |
| Virginia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 5 |  | .667 |
| Georgetown |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 |  | 7 |  | .650 |
| North Carolina |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | .636 |
| Kansas State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | .625 |
| Rhode Island State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | .625 |
| Brown |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  | .615 |
| New York University |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  | .615 |
| Geneva |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 6 |  | .600 |
| Kalamazoo |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 2 |  | .600 |
| Southern California |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |  | 8 |  | .600 |
| Millikin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 7 |  | .588 |
| Washington and Lee |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 8 |  | .579 |
| Trinity (N.C.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | .571 |
| Miami (Ohio) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | .571 |
| Santa Clara |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 6 |  | .571 |
| Springfield (Mass.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 6 |  | .571 |
| Colgate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |
| Tulane |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | .556 |
| Franklin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | .545 |
| Delaware |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  | .538 |
| Fairmount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  | .538 |
| Wake Forest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 7 |  | .533 |
| Gettysburg |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | .500 |
| Loyola (Md.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | .500 |
| Mount Union |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | .500 |
| Niagara |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 7 |  | .500 |
| Pittsburgh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | .500 |
| St. Joseph's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 6 |  | .500 |
| South Carolina |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | .500 |
| Bloomsburg |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  | .462 |
| North Dakota |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  | .462 |
| Bucknell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | .455 |
| Dartmouth |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | .455 |
| Kentucky |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 6 |  | .455 |
| Tennessee |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |
| Lehigh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | .429 |
| Ohio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | .429 |
| Butler |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 7 |  | .417 |
| Auburn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | .375 |
| Oregon Agricultural |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | .375 |
| Temple |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | .375 |
| VMI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | .375 |
| Michigan State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 9 |  | .357 |
| Syracuse |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 11 |  | .353 |
| Cincinnati |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | .333 |
| Connecticut |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | .333 |
| Mississippi A&M |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | .333 |
| Utah State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | .333 |
| Georgia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | .286 |
| Washburn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | .250 |
| Wisconsin–Stevens Point |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | .250 |
| Indiana State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | .200 |
| Texas |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | .200 |
| Trinity (Conn.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | .200 |
| Wyoming |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 4 |  | .200 |
| Oklahoma |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 5 |  | .167 |
| Washington State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 16 |  | .158 |
| New Mexico A&M |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 9 |  | .100 |
| Davidson |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 2 |  | .000 |
| Millsaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 6 |  | .000 |
| Northern Colorado |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 2 |  | .000 |
|  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1910–11 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team** (variously "North Carolina", "Carolina" or "Tar Heels") was the first varsity college basketball team to represent the University of North Carolina. The school created a committee to determine if the school should go forward with forming a team as there was increasing pressure from students, the student run newspaper *The Tar Heel*, in-state schools that fielded teams who wanted to form a state league, and the University of Tennessee inquired about scheduling a game in February 1911. Equipment was purchased and installed at Bynum Gymnasium after a period of uncertainty of where the team would play its home games. Then track-and-field head coach Nathaniel Cartmell – who had little experience with basketball – was chosen to coach as there were no funds to be allocated for hiring another coach. After choosing players for the first team, Cartmell finalized the schedule in January, which was limited as many other programs had already created their schedules before the Tar Heels made their team.

North Carolina opened their season with a victory against Virginia Christian 42–21 in front of an estimated 200 spectators. The squad won their next four games, winning by double digits against two opponents and by three or less against the other two. The team traveled to Wake Forest where they lost their first game after the Baptists handily outscored the Tar Heels in the second half. The team rebounded with a win against University of Tennessee before they dropped two closely contested games against Virginia and Virginia Christian. Carolina defeated Woodberry Forest easily before they played their final game, a rematch, against Virginia. Virginia won the game after taking a lead into halftime and only being outscored by two points in the second half, despite one player from each team being ejected following an altercation where a North Carolina player bit a Virginia player on the shoulder. The team was viewed as a success and thought to have played their hardest in each game this led *The Tar Heel* to write that "... basketball has come to stay."

## Formation

Basketball was first played at the University of North Carolina as early as 1903, but it was formally introduced in 1906 by Dr. Robert Lawson. Lawson obtained a rule book, placed peach baskets for rims and fielded a team. During the 1909–10 academic year there was a school group that played basketball and had their photo published in the school annual *The Yackety Yack*. In late 1910, students showed an eagerness to field a basketball team when the editors of *The Tar Heel* published articles in the newspapers and mentioned it would "relieve some of that January and February monotony." In addition, Wake Forest College showed interest in creating a statewide basketball league. On September 24, 1910, student Marvin Ritch who had been away from the university previously, returned, prompting *The Tar Heel* editors expressed their hope again for him to form a team and schedule games. Four days later, it was revealed that University of Tennessee had inquired about scheduling a basketball game on February 24. The following week, *The Tar Heel* commented that "Carolina will certainly have a basketball team this winter," as well as mentioning that former Olympian and current track-and-field coach Nathaniel Cartmell was interested in fielding a team. The writers continued, stating that basketball interest had waned on campus in the years prior and some had even considered cutting up the basketball area for tennis courts.

A four–person committee was formed to investigate the "advisability" of forming a basketball team at the school. The committee determined several matters including: basketball was popular in college sports, many leading Southern colleges and universities had established teams which were as popular as other varsity sports, and it would be a source of revenue. One issue was found as the team would have no were to play, but despite this, the committee suggested the school form a team at once. By the end of November, the a home court had yet to be determined, to which *The Tar Heel* editors suggested Memorial Hall since it was only used two or three times a year then. In addition, former Olympian and current track and field coach Cartmell had been named head coach. It was revealed later that there weren't funds to hire another coach, so Cartmell was approached even though knew little about basketball. On December 3, a basketball "apparatus" was ordered and upon its installation in Bynum Gymnasium and that practices would be from 7 to 9 PM. The baskets were installed on December 12 and each night after that students showed up to practice at the set time, with around 25 coming the first night. The practice that night reportedly had slick floors and backboards were "too lively."

## Roster and schedule

1910–11 North Carolina Tar Heels roster
| Name | Position | Height | Year | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Carrington | C | 63 | Sophomore | Durham, North Carolina |
| Ferdinand Duls | G | 59 | Senior | Wilmington, North Carolina |
| John Floyd | C |  |  |  |
| John Hanes | G | 60 | Freshman | Winston-Salem, North Carolina |
| Cyrus Long | G | 510 | Freshman | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| Roy McKnight | F | 60 | Freshman | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| Marvin Ritch | C, G | 61 | Sophomore | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| Junius Smith | F | 62 | Freshman | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| William "Bill" Tillett | F | 56 | Sophomore | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| William "Bill" Wakeley | F | 511 | Junior | Orange, New Jersey |
| Reference: | | | | |

| Date
time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Schedule
| Regular season | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| January 27, 1911*
 | Virginia Christian | **W** 42–21 | 1–0
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 1, 1911*
 | Durham Y.M.C.A. | **W** 60–18 | 2–0
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 3, 1911*
 | Wake Forest | **W** 31–28 | 3–0
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 8, 1911*
 | Davidson | **W** 27–25 | 4–0
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 15, 1911*
 | Charlotte Y.M.C.A. | **W** 42–28 | 5–0
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 18, 1911*
 | at Wake Forest | **L** 16–38 | 5–1
 |
Wake Forest, North Carolina |
| February 21, 1911*
 | Tennessee | **W** 40–21 | 6–1
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 24, 1911*
 | Virginia | **L** 15–18 | 6–2
 | Bynum Gymnasium
Chapel Hill, North Carolina |
| February 27, 1911*
 | at Virginia Christian | **L** 31–33 OT | 6–3
 | Lynchburg Y.M.C.A.
Lynchburg, Virginia |
| February 28, 1911*
 | at Woodberry Forest | **W** 23–11 | 7–3
 |
Orange, Virginia |
| March 1, 1911*
 | at Virginia | **L** 16–24 | 7–4
 | Fayerweather Gymnasium
Charlottesville, Virginia |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Regular season

> Don't worry about trying to be the leading scorer. Play for the team and forget yourself.

Marvin Ritch to his teammates prior to the program's first game on January 27, 1911

Coach Cartmell also had the duty of scheduling the games for the newly formed basketball team, along with serving as the referee or umpire depending on the half. The preliminary schedule was announced in mid–January and was noted to be difficult to make as most schools had their schedules already created by the point Cartmell began the process. In total there were eleven games and it was found to be a good schedule as it included "some of the best teams of this and other States." The team's first game was a home game against Virginia Christian on January 27. Before the game, captain Ritch told the team "... play for team and forget yourself." *The Tar Heel* commented that the North Carolina players looked nervous in the opening minutes and, despite this, neither team got an advantage greater than five in the first half. Entering half–time the score was 13–11 Carolina. At halftime, Cartmell cursed at the team "good and artistically" before the action resumed and Caroline opened the first five minutes of the half making five baskets to Virginia Christian's nil. Virginia Christian began to play better following, but it did not prove enough as the Tar Heels won 42–21. *The Tar Heel* wrote that the game was attended by "a number of people" which they estimated to be around 200 people, which they speculated most had not seen a basketball game contested before and stated they left happy with the experience.

The next opponent was the Durham Y.M.C.A. in a game where the referee called several fouls and the pace of the game was very slow. Carolina won handily 60–18, while 10 of the Y.M.C.A.'s points came as a result of fouls. No individual stats were recorded for the first three games of the season. The Wake Forest Anti-bonders (variously "Baptists" and "Water Babies") traveled to Chapel Hill where the two played a close game. North Carolina led the whole game, but primarily over a margin of 3 points. *The Tar Heel* wrote that the Baptists had better team chemistry, but just did not make the easy shots that received. The Baptists were led by strong performances from Turner and Dowd, but were unable to overcome the Tar Heels' advantage and lost the game 28–31. Following their third straight victory, *The Tar Heel* wrote that the players should not think they're the best in the South and that they needed to improve their passing and general teamwork. Carolina squared off against the Davidson Predestinarians next on February 8. The Tar Heels scored 15 points to Davidson's 8 in the first half; however, Davidson played much better defense in the second half and were able to score several baskets. Their efforts fell short as they lost 27–25. The Charlotte Y.M.C.A. team came to Chapel Hill for the next match–up on February 15, where the Tar Heels won the game 42–28 after being separated by four points at halftime. It was not that the team showed improved passing relative to previous outings. Ritch scored a season high 18 points, which broke the early program record set by Tillet against Davidson when he had 8 points.

Next on the schedule was a rematch against Wake Forest in the team's first away game. The Baptists and Tar Heels stayed close in the first half as the Baptists held a slight lead at 15–10 entering the half. The second half was dominated by Wake Forest as they scored 23 points to Carolina's 6, bringing the final score to 38–16 and handing the Tar Heels their program's first loss. *The Tar Heel* reported that the Carolina squad played "decidedly off color" and lacked their usual game, while *The Charlotte Observer* reported it was the "toughest game of basketball ever on the home field of Wake Forest..." Tennessee traveled to Chapel Hill for the next game, which was played in Bynum Gymnasium following a dance and the floor was "slick" and preventing the team's from playing fast. Despite this, Carolina outscored Tennessee 26–6 in the first half and maintained the lead for the remainder, closing it out 40–21. In advance of the next game against Virginia, *The Tar Heel* stressed the game's importance as it read: "... we are ready to do anything that is fair and square to beat the Old Dominion representative." The rules for the game were different than the seven Carolina had played prior, Virginia played the game under intercollegiate rules which allowed dribbling. Previously, the Tar Heels had played under the Y.M.C.A.'s rules. In addition, Virginia's players all outweighed the Tar Heels'. In front of a crowd of 400, the game remained scoreless for the first four minutes before Virginia opened the game's scoring. Virginia and Carolina entered halftime tied at 9–9 after Ritch making a foul shot and Hanes making a "difficult" shot. Virginia stretched their lead to four, at 13–9, upon the opening of the half. Carolina managed to close the gap to one, 16–15. With two minutes remaining, the North Carolina's Ritch missed a shot and the next possession saw the Haynes miss a foul shot to level the score. Virginia made one more basket before time expired, to bring the final score to 18–15.

The Tar Heels traveled to Lynchburg, Virginia for a rematch against Virginia Christian. Carolina had the advantage at the half 17–12, but the Christians rallied and in the closing seconds the score was level at 31 apiece. Virginia Christian's Stickley sunk a shot in overtime to give the Christians the win 33–31. The following day, the Tar Heels played against Woodberry Forest in what was described as a slow game where the home team Woodberry was "outclassed." After the Tar Heels' victory, coach Cartmell felt his team's performance was poor and said: "They are on a bloody slump." The final game of the season took place in at Virginia's home venue. Virginia won the first half with a score of 16–7. In the second half, Ritch bit Virginia's Bertram on the shoulder and then hit the ground. Both were subsequently ejected. Virginia's early advantage proved to be enough as the Tar Heels outscored Virginia in the second half 9–7, bringing the final score to 24–16. *The Tar Heel* wrote that North Carolina shot poorly throughout the game and thus Virginia did not have to try its best after establishing the early lead. Ritch closed the season as the leading scorer with 76 points.

## Aftermath and legacy

*The Charlotte Observer* wrote after North Carolina's loss to Wake Forest that the team was very good considering it was their first year and expected them to be one of the best in the South in a few years time. Following the team's final game, *The Tar Heel* wrote that the season was a success, the students supported the squad well, and felt that "... basketball has come to stay." The newspaper writers felt that the team fought "like snarling cats" in each game. It further stated that Virginia was one of the best teams in the South and thus their losses their did not look bad. Four of the team's members were from Charlotte and planned to play together in the summer, which *The Tar Heel* felt would make for a "well trained team next year." The *Greensboro Daily News* agreed and stated the Tar Heels performance for the season was "beyond expectations."

### Footnotes

### Citations

1. Vance Barron (February 6, 1963). "Pearsall Group Recommends 5-Part Plan For University". *The Daily Tar Heel*. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
2. Wade 1952, p. 17.
3. "Fat-men's run gone, but football is still popular". *The Daily Tar Heel*. August 19, 1985. p. 12. Retrieved October 18, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
4. Wade 1952, pp. 13 & 17.
5. Smith 2021, p. 20.
6. Lucas 2010, p. 1.
7. "Sportograms". *The Tar Heel*. September 24, 1910. p. 4. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
8. "To Have Basket Ball Team". *The Tar Heel*. October 5, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
9. "Locals". *The Tar Heel*. September 24, 1910. p. 3. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
10. "No Title". *The Tar Heel*. September 28, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
11. Powell 2005, p. 9.
12. "Basketball Resolutions". *The Tar Heel*. November 12, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
13. "No Title". *The Tar Heel*. November 30, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
14. Lucas 2010, p. 2.
15. "Basketball Apparatus Ordered". *The Tar Heel*. December 3, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
16. Lucas 2010, p. 3.
17. "Basketball Apparatus Ordered". *The Tar Heel*. December 17, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
18. Greg Cook (November 22, 1985). "An ancient tale of 1st UNC team". *The Daily Tar Heel*. p. 1. Retrieved October 18, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
19. "Basketball Season Now In Full Swing". *The Tar Heel*. February 4, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
20. "Fifth Straight Is Won Carolina 42, Charlotte 28". *The Tar Heel*. February 18, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
21. "October 15th Avenged Carolina Licks Davidson". *The Tar Heel*. February 11, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
22. "Hendersonville Resolutions". *The Tar Heel*. February 22, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
23. "In Fast Furious Mixup Virginia Bags Game". *The Tar Heel*. February 25, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
24. "Virginia Cops Second And Last Game Of Season". *The Tar Heel*. March 4, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
25. Witherington 1911, p. 111.
26. Kirschner 2018, p. 212.
27. Kirschner 2018, pp. 135–141 & 151.
28. Smith 2021, p. 24.
29. "Basketball Schedule". *The Tar Heel*. January 14, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
30. Kirschner 2018, p. 219.
31. "The State University". *Greensboro Daily News*. March 5, 1911. p. 18. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
32. Lucas 2010, p. 4.
33. "No Title". *The Tar Heel*. February 4, 1911. p. 4. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
34. Kirschner 2018, p. 95.
35. "Basketball Season Now In Full Swing". *The Tar Heel*. February 4, 1911. p. 4. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
36. "Sportograms". *The Tar Heel*. February 8, 1911. p. 4. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
37. "Wake Forest Victorious". *The Charlotte Observer*. February 19, 1911. p. 11. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
38. "Sportograms". *The Tar Heel*. February 22, 1911. p. 4. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
39. "Varsity Licks Woodberry But Loses To Christians". *The Tar Heel*. March 1, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
40. "Virginia Christian College Defeats University of North Carolina". *The Charlotte Observer*. February 28, 1911. p. 2. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
41. "No Title". *The Tar Heel*. March 4, 1911. p. 2. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
42. "Basketball Season Reviewed". *The Tar Heel*. March 4, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
43. "Basketball Season Reviewed". *The Tar Heel*. March 4, 1911. p. 4. Retrieved October 27, 2019  via Newspapers.com.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| 1910–11 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 7–4 |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Marvin Ritch |
| Home arena | Bynum Gymnasium |
|


title: Ectogenesis

abstract: Ectogenesis is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment, outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host. The term was coined by British scientist J. B. S. Haldane in 1924.

text:
# Ectogenesis

**Ectogenesis** (from the Greek *ἐκτός*, "outside", and *genesis*) is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment, outside the body in which it would normally be found, such as the growth of an embryo or fetus outside the mother's body, or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host. The term was coined by British scientist J. B. S. Haldane in 1924.

## Human embryos and fetuses

Ectogenesis of human embryos and fetuses would require an artificial uterus. An artificial uterus would have to be supplied with nutrients and oxygen from some source to nurture the fetus, as well as dispose of waste material. There would likely be a need for an interface between such a supplier, filling this function of the placenta. As a replacement organ, an artificial uterus could be used to assist women with damaged, diseased or removed uteri to allow the fetus to be conceived to term. It also has the potential to move the threshold of fetal viability to a much earlier stage of pregnancy. This would have implications for the ongoing controversy regarding human reproductive rights. Ectogenesis could also be a means by which homosexual, impotent, disabled, and single men and women could have genetic offspring without the use of surrogate pregnancy or a sperm donor, and allow women to have children without going through the pregnancy cycle.

## Synthetic embryo

In 2022, Jacob Hanna and his team at the Weizmann Institute of Science created early "embryo-like structures'" from mice stem cells. Their research was published by *Cell* on 1 August 2022. The world's first synthetic embryo does not require sperm, eggs, nor fertilization, and were grown from only embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or also from stem cells other than ESCs. The structure had an intestinal tract, early brain, and a beating heart and a placenta with a yolk sac around the embryo. The researchers said it could lead to better understanding of organ and tissue development, new sources of cells and tissues for human transplantation, although human synthetic embryos are a long ways off.

Also in August 2022, a study described how University of Cambridge, alongside the same Weizmann Institute of Science scientists, created a synthetic embryo with a brain and a beating heart by using stem cells (also some stem cells other than ESCs). No human eggs nor sperm were used. They showed natural-like development and some survived until day 8.5 where early organogenesis, including formation of foundations of a brain, occurs. Scientists hope it can be used to create synthetic human organs for transplantation.

The embryos grew *in vitro* and subsequently *ex utero* in an artificial womb published the year before by the Hanna team in *Nature*, and was used in both studies. Potential applications include "uncovering the role of different genes in birth defects or developmental disorders", gaining "direct insight into the origins of a new life", "understand\[ing\] why some pregnancies fail", and developing sources "of organs and tissues for people who need them". The term "synthetic embryo" in the title of the second study was later changed to the alternative term "embryo model".

On 6 September 2023, *Nature* published research that the Weizmann Institute team created the first complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models, using naïve ES cells expanded in special naive conditions developed by the same team in 2021. It also uses reprogrammed genetically unmodified naïve stem cells to become any type of body tissue. The embryo model (termed and abbreviated as SEM) mimics all the key structures like a "textbook image" of a human day-14 embryo.

## Bioethical considerations

The development of artificial uteri and ectogenesis raises a few bioethical and legal considerations, and also has important implications for reproductive rights and the abortion debate.

Artificial uteri may expand the range of fetal viability, raising questions about the role that fetal viability plays within abortion law. For example, within severance theory, abortion rights only include the right to remove the fetus, and do not always extend to the termination of the fetus. In the abortion debate, the death of the fetus has historically been considered an unavoidable side effect rather than the primary goal of an abortion. If transferring the fetus from a woman's womb to an artificial uterus becomes possible, then the choice to terminate a pregnancy in this way could result in a living child. Thus, the pregnancy could be aborted at any point, which respects the woman's right to bodily autonomy, without impinging on the moral status of the embryo or fetus.

There are theoretical concerns that children who develop in an artificial uterus may lack "some essential bond with their mothers that other children have", a secondary issue to woman's rights over their own body. In the 1970 book *The Dialectic of Sex*, feminist Shulamith Firestone wrote that differences in biological reproductive roles are a source of gender inequality. Firestone singled out pregnancy and childbirth, making the argument that an artificial womb would free "women from the tyranny of their reproductive biology."

## Further reading


title: Edd

abstract: Edd, or EDD may refer to:

text:
# Edd

**Edd**, or **EDD** may refer to:

## Fictional characters

## People

* Edd Byrnes (1932–2020), born Edward Byrne Breitenberger, American actor
* Edd China (born 1971), motor specialist and TV personality
* Edd Gould (1988–2012), creator of Eddsworld
* Edd Hall (born 1958), announcer on The Tonight Show
* Edd Kalehoff (born 1946), composer and musician
* Edd Kimber, winner of the first series of The Great British Bake Off
* Edd Roush (1893–1988), baseball player
* Elena Delle Donne (born 1989), American basketball player

## Science and medicine

## Technology

## Other uses


title: Arturo Sosa

abstract: Arturo Marcelino Sosa Abascal is a Venezuelan Catholic priest who serves as the 31st and present superior general of the Society of Jesus. He was elected by the Society's 36th General Congregation on 14 October 2016, succeeding Adolfo Nicolás. He is the first person born in Latin America to lead the Jesuits.

text:
# Arturo Sosa

**Arturo Marcelino Sosa Abascal** SJ (born 12 November 1948) is a Venezuelan Catholic priest who serves as the 31st and present superior general of the Society of Jesus. He was elected by the Society's 36th General Congregation on 14 October 2016, succeeding Adolfo Nicolás. He is the first person born in Latin America to lead the Jesuits.

## Early life and education

Arturo Marcelino Sosa Abascal was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on 12 November 1948, the son of Arturo Sosa, Sr. a prestigious businessman who served twice as finance minister in 1958 and 1982. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1966 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1977. He earned a licentiate in philosophy from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello in 1972, and a doctorate in political science from the Universidad Central de Venezuela in 1990.

## Priestly ministry

Sosa has held a number of positions in various universities. He was a professor and member of the Council of the foundation for the Andrés Bello Catholic University, and rector of the Catholic University of Tachira, both Jesuit universities. He was also the Chair of Contemporary Political Theory and the Department of Social Change at the Faculty of Social Sciences in Venezuela. He published a number of works, mainly about the history and politics of Venezuela. He was also coordinator of the social apostolate and director of Centro Gumilla in Venezuela, a centre of research and social action for the Jesuits in Venezuela, as well as editor-in-chief of *Revista SIC* magazine for Catholic social ethics and politics from 1976 to 1996. In 2004, he was professor of Venezuelan political thinking at the Catholic University of Tachira and was invited to Georgetown University Center for Latin American Studies as a visiting professor to give a lecture.

Between 1996 and 2004, Sosa was Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Venezuela. During the 35th General Congregation in 2008, he was appointed Counselor General by then-Superior General Adolfo Nicolás. In 2014, he joined the General Curia of the Society of Jesus in Rome as Delegate for Interprovincial Roman Houses of the Society of Jesus in Rome, which include institutions such as the Pontifical Gregorian University, the Pontifical Biblical Institute, the Pontifical Oriental Institute, the Vatican Observatory, and *La Civiltà Cattolica*.

Sosa speaks Spanish, Italian and English, and understands French.

## Superior General of the Society of Jesus

On 14 October 2016, during the thirty-sixth General Congregation of the Society of Jesus, the assembly elected Sosa as the Order's thirty-first Superior General to succeed Adolfo Nicolás. He became the first Latin American to head the Jesuits. In his first address as Superior General, he said that Jesuits should look for "alternatives to overcome poverty, inequality and oppression" and also to collaborate with others "inside and outside the Church".

In 2017, in a visit to the Jesuit mission in Cambodia, Sosa met with a group of Buddhist monks in the Buddhist-majority country. In 2018, commenting on the Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, Sosa spoke of secularization, saying "What if we try, instead, to look at secularization as a sign of the times, in the theological sense that the Second Vatican Council gave to this expression? It means looking at secularization, and the secular world that arises from it, as one of the ways the Spirit is speaking to us and guiding us in this time."

In February 2019, after guiding Jesuits and their lay collaborators through two years of discernment, Sosa announced four priorities that would guide the Society's decisions for the next decade. These were: teaching discernment through use of the Spiritual Exercises, walking with the poor in their quest for dignity and justice, accompany young people in the creation of a hope-filled future, and collaborating in the care of our Common Home. Pope Francis declared these priorities to be very much in line with those of his pontificate.

## Criticism

*The Catholic Herald* criticised Sosa for being one of over 1,000 signatories of a 1989 letter welcoming Cuban dictator Fidel Castro to Venezuela in 1989, Castro having repressed the Catholic Church in Cuba during his time in power. George Neumayr of the conservative *American Spectator* described Sosa as a "Marxist", "a Venezuelan communist, and modernist".

In February 2017, in response to Cardinal Müller's argument that permitting the reception of Communion by the remarried contradicts Jesus's words in the Bible that marriage is indissoluble and Müller's insistence that those words are unchangeable, Sosa argued for a "reflection on what Jesus really said", and described the Gospel as "relative", being "written by human beings" and "accepted by \[...\] human beings". Sosa also argued that the doctrine of the Church is in "continuous development", and "never in white and black". Sosa's remarks drew criticism in the Italian media.

The English priest and consulting editor of *The Catholic Herald* Alexander Lucie-Smith disagreed with Sosa, arguing that the Church's teaching on the indissolubility of marriage has been historically consistent, and that there was no precedent set in the Bible to interpret these words otherwise. Theologian Chad Pecknold criticised Sosa's views as "reflect\[ing\] a profound skepticism about Holy Scripture", countering that although a variety of interpretations are allowed, they must "fit with the established doctrine of the Church and do not contradict the deposit of the Faith". Contradicting Sosa's own claim that his views were "not relativism", Pecknold characterised Sosa's remarks as "historicist relativizing".

Catholic author Vittorio Messori accused Sosa of "'liquefying' the Gospel itself" by suggesting that the Gospel should be adapted according to the times on the basis that Jesus's words were not recorded verbatim or "on tape".

In June 2017, in an interview with *El Mundo*, Sosa said, "We have formed symbolic figures such as the devil to express evil. Social conditioning can also represent this figure, since there are people who act \[in an evil way\] because they are in an environment where it is difficult to act to the contrary". This was criticised as contradicting the Catechism of the Catholic Church which teaches that the Devil is a real creature. A spokesman for Sosa later argued that Sosa was not denying church teaching, saying, "to say the devil symbolizes evil is not to deny the existence of the devil." On 21 August 2019, Sosa declared in an interview that the Devil "exists as the personification of evil in different structures, but not in persons, because \[he\] is not a person, \[he\] is a way of acting evil. He is not a person like a human person. It is a way of evil to be present in human life. \[...\] Good and evil are in a permanent war in the human conscience and we have ways to point them out. We recognize God as good, fully good. Symbols are part of reality, and the devil exists as a symbolic reality, not as a personal reality." *The* *Catholic World Report* criticized these declarations, saying they were contrary to the catechism, and reminded of the controversy of the June 2017 statement of Sosa concerning the Devil.

In October 2018, in an interview with Eternal Word Television Network, Sosa argued that "the pope is not the chief of the Church, he's the Bishop of Rome". This was opposed by Chad Pecknold, Associate Professor of Theology at the Catholic University of America, who argued that it would be wrong to believe that Pope was "merely 'first among equals' ", and insisted that the pope has "supreme authority" over all bishops and the faithful.

## Publications

Sosa has authored about a dozen books on politics and on the history of Venezuela, including:

* Arturo Sosa, *La filosofía política del gomecismo: Estudio del pensamiento by Laureano Vallenilla Lanz*, Barquisimeto, Centro Gumilla,1974, 130 p. (ISBN 8439920830)
* Arturo Sosa and Eloi Lengrand, *Del garibaldismo student to the izquierda criolla: Los orígenes marxistas del proyecto de AD (1928-1935)*, Caracas, Centauro, 1981, 517 ppp. (OCLC 30449576)
* Arturo Sosa, *Ensayos sobre el pensamiento político positivista venezolano*, Caracas, Centauro,1985, 269 pp. (ISBN 9802630217)
* Arturo Sosa, *Rómulo Betancourt y el Partido del Pueblo, 1937-1941*, Caracas, Fundación Rómulo Betancourt, coll. "Vigente Tiempo" (No. 9) 1995, 617 pp. (ISBN 9806191293)

## InfoBox

| The Very Reverend
Arturo Sosa
SJ | |
| --- | --- |
| Superior General of the Society of Jesus | |
| Sosa in January 2017 | |
| Installed | 14 October 2016 |
| Predecessor | Adolfo Nicolás |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 30 July 1977 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Arturo Marcelino Sosa Abascal
(1948-11-12) 12 November 1948
Caracas, Venezuela |
| Alma mater |  |


title: Emperor Go-Kōmyō

abstract: Tsugihito, posthumously honored as Emperor Go-Kōmyō, was the 110th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Go-Kōmyō's reign spanned the years from 1643 through 1654. This 17th-century sovereign was named after the 14th-century Nanboku-chō Emperor Kōmyō and go- (後), translates as later, and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Kōmyō". The Japanese word go has also been translated to mean the second one, and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Kōmyō, the second", or as Kōmyō II".

text:
# Emperor Go-Kōmyō

**Tsugihito** (Japanese: 紹仁), posthumously honored as **Emperor Go-Kōmyō** (後光明天皇, *Go-Kōmyō-tennō*, April 20, 1633 – October 30, 1654), was the 110th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Go-Kōmyō's reign spanned the years from 1643 through 1654.

This 17th-century sovereign was named after the 14th-century Nanboku-chō Emperor Kōmyō and *go-* (後), translates as *later*, and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Kōmyō". The Japanese word *go* has also been translated to mean *the second one*, and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Kōmyō, the second", or as Kōmyō II".

## Genealogy

Before Go-Kōmyō's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his *imina*) was Tsuguhito (紹仁); and his pre-accession title was *Suga-no-miya* (素鵞宮).

He was the fourth son of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. His mother was Fujiwara no Mitsuko, the daughter of the Minister of the Left (*Sadaijin*); but he was raised as if he were the son of Tōfuku-mon'in. His predecessor, Empress Meishō, was his elder paternal half-sister.

Go-Kōmyō's Imperial family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace. His family included only one daughter and no son:

* Lady-in-waiting (*Naishi-no-Suke*) : Niwata Hideko (d. 1685; 庭田秀子), Niwata Shigehide's daughter
    + First daughter: Imperial Princess Takako (1650–1725; 孝子内親王) later Empress Dowager Reiseimon’in (礼成門院)

## Events of Go-Kōmyō's life

Tsuguhito-shinnō was granted the title of Crown Prince; and the following year, he became Emperor when Empress Meishō abdicated. His sister stepped down from the throne and the succession (*senso*) was received by the new monarch. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Kōmyō is considered to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*). The events during his lifetime shed light on his reign. The years of Go-Kōmyō's reign correspond with a period in which Tokugawa Iemitsu and Tokugawa Ietsuna were leaders at the pinnacle of the Tokugawa shogunate.

* **April 20, 1633**: The birth of an Imperial prince who will become known by the posthumous name of Go-Kōmyō*-tennō*.
* **1641** (*Kan'ei 19*): Prince Tsuguhito was named heir; and he was given the title of Crown Prince.
* **1643** (*Kan'ei 20, 29th day of the 9th month*): The empress ceded her throne to her brother by abdicating; and the succession (*senso*) was received by his younger brother.
* **November 14, 1643** (*Kan'ei 20, 3rd day of the 10th month*): Go-Kōmyō accepted the title; and he is said to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*). He was age 11. His reign is considered to have begun.
* **1645** (*Shōhō 2, 23rd day of the 4th month*): The *shōgun* was elevated to the rank of *sadaijin*.
* **1649** (*Keian 2, 20th day of the 2nd month*): There was a major earthquake in Edo.
* **1651** (*Keian 4*): Tokugawa Ietsuna was proclaimed *shōgun*.
* **1652** (*Keian 5, 5th month*): *Nihon Ōdai Ichiran* is first published in Kyoto under the patronage of the tairō Sakai Tadakatsu, lord of the Obama Domain of Wakasa Province.
* **1653** (*Jōō 2, 12th day of the 8th month*): A violent fire destroyed a large part of the imperial palace and many temples which were nearby. Shortly thereafter, several girls, aged 12–14 years, were imprisoned for arson involving this fire as well as other fires in Kyoto.
* **1654** (*Jōō 3, 6th day of the 7th month*): Ingen, a Buddhist priest who would eventually become very influential, arrived at Nagasaki from China. His intention was to reform the practice of Buddhism in Japan.
* **October 30, 1654** (*Jōō 3, 20th day of the 9th month*): The emperor died. He was buried at Sennyū-ji on the 15th day of the 10th month. There is a probability that the emperor died of smallpox.

Go-Kōmyō is among those enshrined in the imperial mausoleum, *Tsuki no wa no misasagi,* at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined are Go-Kōmyō's immediate predecessors, Emperor Go-Mizunoo and Empress Meishō. Go-Kōmyō's immediate Imperial successors are also memorialized in this *misasagi*, including Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono.

### Kugyō

*Kugyō* (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Kōmyō's reign, this apex of the *Daijō-kan* included:

## Eras of Go-Kōmyō's reign

The years of Go-Kōmyō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or *nengō*.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Emperor Go-Kōmyō
後光明天皇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Go-Kōmyō by Otagi Michitomi | |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | November 14, 1643 – October 30, 1654 |
| Enthronement | December 2, 1643 |
| Predecessor | Meishō |
| Successor | Go-Sai |
| *Shōguns* | *See list* |
|  | |
| Born | Tsuguhito (紹仁)
April 20, 1633
Tokugawa shogunate
(now Japan) |
| Died | October 30, 1654(1654-10-30) (aged 21)
Tokugawa shogunate |
| Burial | *Tsuki no wa no misasagi*, Kyoto |
| Spouse | Niwata Hideko |
| Issue | Princess Takako |
| Posthumous name  *Tsuigō*:
Emperor Go-Kōmyō (後光明院 or 後光明天皇) | |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Go-Mizunoo |
| Mother | Sono Mitsuko |


title: 1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season

abstract: The 1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season was the club's first and only season of existence, participating in the American League of Professional Football, an offseason soccer league established by National League owners to maintain brand relevance. The club was owned and affiliated by the baseball club of the same name. During the 1894 season, the Orioles played only four matches, winning all four of them. Baltimore scored 24 goals and conceded only three. All four of their matches, however, were against the Washington Senators F.C.

text:
# 1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season

The **1894 Baltimore Orioles F.C. season** was the club's first and only season of existence, participating in the American League of Professional Football, an offseason soccer league established by National League owners to maintain brand relevance. The club was owned and affiliated by the baseball club of the same name.

During the 1894 season, the Orioles played only four matches, winning all four of them. Baltimore scored 24 goals and conceded only three. All four of their matches, however, were against the Washington Senators F.C.

## Match results

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 16, 1894 | Washington Senators | A | 101 | ~1,000 | Barker (3), Little (2), Ireland (2), McKendrick (2), Gallagher |  |
|
| October 18, 1894 | Washington Senators | H | 51 | ~7,000 | Unknown |  |
|
| October 20, 1894 | Washington Senators | A | 31 | ~1,500 | Unknown |  |
|
| October 23, 1894 | Washington Senators | A | 20 | ~3,000 | Unknown |  |
|


title: Annemarie Sörensen

abstract: Annemarie Sörensen was a German singer and film actress. She played the female lead in the 1934 comedy Heinz in the Moon. She was a Protestant, but due to what was described as her uncertain racial origin she faced pressure following the Nazi takeover. In 1935 she emigrated from Germany and eventually went to live in Britain where she lived for the remainder of her life, although her attempt to break into British films failed.

text:
# Annemarie Sörensen

**Annemarie Sörensen** (19 December 1913 – December 1993) was a German singer and film actress. She played the female lead in the 1934 comedy *Heinz in the Moon*. She was a Protestant, but due to what was described as her uncertain racial origin she faced pressure following the Nazi takeover. In 1935 she emigrated from Germany and eventually went to live in Britain where she lived for the remainder of her life, although her attempt to break into British films failed.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

## InfoBox

| Annemarie Sörensen | |
| --- | --- |
| Sörensen in 1934 | |
| Born | 19 December 1913
Obergerlachsheim, Lower Silesia
German Empire |
| Died | December 1993
Reading, Berkshire
United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1931–1936 (film) |


title: 1968–69 Newport County A.F.C. season

abstract: The 1968–69 season was Newport County's seventh consecutive season in the Football League Fourth Division since relegation at the end of the 1961–62 season and their 41st overall in the Football League. They finished in the re-election places, but were re-elected.

text:
# 1968–69 Newport County A.F.C. season

The **1968–69 season** was **Newport County's** seventh consecutive season in the Football League Fourth Division since relegation at the end of the 1961–62 season and their 41st overall in the Football League. They finished in the re-election places, but were re-elected.

## Season review

### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 46 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 49 | 74 | 0.662 | 36 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 31 | 26 | 27 | 2 | 5 | 16 | 18 | 48 | 9 |

Source: rsssf.com

### Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | A | H | H | A | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | H | H | A | H | H | H | A | H | H | A | A | A | A | A |
| Result | L | D | L | D | W | L | W | W | W | L | D | L | W | L | D | D | W | D | L | D | L | D | D | L | W | L | W | D | D | L | L | D | W | D | L | W | L | D | L | L | W | L | L | L | L | L |
| Position | 21 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 |

Updated to match(es) played on 8 May 1969. Source: statto.com
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

## Fixtures and results

### Fourth Division

| Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 Aug 1968 | Grimsby Town | A | 0–3 |  | 4,746 |
| 17 Aug 1968 | Workington | H | 0–0 |  | 3,080 |
| 24 Aug 1968 | Lincoln City | A | 0–1 |  | 8,038 |
| 26 Aug 1968 | Darlington | H | 0–0 |  | 3,164 |
| 31 Aug 1968 | Southend United | H | 4–1 | Buck 2, McLelland, Hill | 2,925 |
| 7 Sep 1968 | Notts County | A | 1–3 | Hill | 3,579 |
| 14 Sep 1968 | Halifax Town | H | 2–0 | Hill, McLelland | 1,564 |
| 16 Sep 1968 | Swansea Town | H | 2–1 | McLelland, Robinson | 5,106 |
| 21 Sep 1968 | Bradford Park Avenue | A | 5–1 | Buck 5 | 3,007 |
| 28 Sep 1968 | Aldershot | H | 3–4 | McLelland, Buck, Robinson | 3,919 |
| 5 Oct 1968 | Brentford | A | 1–1 | Buck | 7,800 |
| 7 Oct 1968 | Darlington | A | 0–1 |  | 8,885 |
| 12 Oct 1968 | Colchester United | H | 1–0 | McLelland | 3,262 |
| 18 Oct 1968 | Scunthorpe United | A | 0–1 |  | 3,238 |
| 26 Oct 1968 | York City | H | 1–1 | Buck | 2,920 |
| 2 Nov 1968 | Peterborough United | A | 1–1 | McLelland | 4,792 |
| 4 Nov 1968 | Rochdale | A | 1–0 | Hill | 4,223 |
| 8 Nov 1968 | Port Vale | H | 0–0 |  | 3,137 |
| 23 Nov 1968 | Chesterfield | H | 1–2 | Buck | 1,776 |
| 30 Nov 1968 | Bradford City | A | 1–1 | Hill | 5,099 |
| 14 Dec 1968 | Colchester United | A | 1–2 | Deacy | 3,532 |
| 26 Dec 1968 | Brentford | H | 1–1 | McLaughlin | 3,750 |
| 28 Dec 1968 | York City | A | 0–0 |  | 2,787 |
| 4 Jan 1969 | Aldershot | A | 0–4 |  | 6,504 |
| 11 Jan 1969 | Peterborough United | H | 4–2 | Buck, Hill, A.Jones, Deacy | 1,649 |
| 18 Jan 1969 | Port Vale | A | 0–5 |  | 4,040 |
| 1 Feb 1969 | Exeter City | H | 2–1 | Buck, Hill | 1,427 |
| 4 Feb 1969 | Doncaster Rovers | A | 2–2 | McLelland 2 | 8,321 |
| 10 Feb 1969 | Rochdale | H | 1–1 | Wood | 2,637 |
| 15 Feb 1969 | Bradford City | H | 1–3 | Thomas | 2,104 |
| 22 Feb 1969 | Chester | A | 0–4 |  | 4,519 |
| 24 Feb 1969 | Scunthorpe United | H | 1–1 | Hill | 1,504 |
| 28 Feb 1969 | Grimsby Town | H | 2–0 | Hill, Hamilton | 1,846 |
| 3 Mar 1969 | Doncaster Rovers | H | 0–0 |  | 2,649 |
| 12 Mar 1969 | Exeter City | A | 0–2 |  | 3,264 |
| 15 Mar 1969 | Lincoln City | H | 2–1 | McLaughlin, OG | 1,688 |
| 17 Mar 1969 | Chester | H | 2–5 | McLelland, Hooper | 2,100 |
| 29 Mar 1969 | Notts County | H | 0–0 |  | 1,749 |
| 7 Apr 1969 | Swansea Town | A | 2–3 | McLelland, Thomas | 4,753 |
| 8 Apr 1969 | Wrexham | H | 0–2 |  | 1,848 |
| 12 Apr 1969 | Bradford Park Avenue | H | 1–0 | Hill | 1,192 |
| 14 Apr 1969 | Wrexham | A | 0–4 |  | 3,240 |
| 19 Apr 1969 | Halifax Town | A | 0–3 |  | 6,445 |
| 21 Apr 1969 | Chesterfield | A | 1–2 | Hill | 2,402 |
| 28 Apr 1969 | Southend United | A | 0–1 |  | 11,905 |
| 8 May 1969 | Workington | A | 2–3 | Rowland, Hamilton | 1,225 |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 16 Nov 1968 | Exeter City | A | 0–0 |  | 6,045 |
| 1r | 18 Nov 1968 | Exeter City | H | 1–3 | Buck | 6,065 |

### League Cup

| Round | Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 13 Aug 1968 | Bristol City | A | 0–2 |  | 9,778 |

### Welsh Cup

| Round | Date | Opponents | Venue | Result | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 | 14 Jan 1969 | Swansea Town | A | 0–0 |  | 5,173 |
| 5r | 21 Jan 1969 | Swansea Town | H | 0–0 |  | 3,872 |
| 5r2 | 28 Jan 1969 | Swansea Town | A | 1–2 | Cooper | 6,047 |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20 | Chesterfield | 46 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 43 | 50 | 0.860 | 41 |  |
| 21 | York City | 46 | 14 | 11 | 21 | 53 | 75 | 0.707 | 39 | Re-elected |
| 22 | Newport County | 46 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 49 | 74 | 0.662 | | 36 |
| 23 | Grimsby Town | 46 | 9 | 15 | 22 | 47 | 69 | 0.681 | | 33 |
| 24 | Bradford Park Avenue | 46 | 5 | 10 | 31 | 32 | 106 | 0.302 | | 20 |

Source: rsssf.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal average; 3) number of goals scored.

### Election

| Votes | Club | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| 47 | Grimsby Town | Re-elected to the League |
| 45 | York City | Re-elected to the League |
| 38 | Bradford Park Avenue | Re-elected to the League |
| 27 | Newport County | Re-elected to the League |
| 16 | Cambridge United | Not elected to the League |
| 11 | Wigan Athletic | Not elected to the League |
| 3 | Kettering Town | Not elected to the League |
| 2 | Cambridge City | Not elected to the League |
| 2 | Hereford United | Not elected to the League |
| 2 | Romford | Not elected to the League |
| 1 | Bedford Town | Not elected to the League |
| 1 | Chelmsford City | Not elected to the League |
| 1 | Worcester City | Not elected to the League |
| 0 | Nuneaton Borough | Not elected to the League |
| 0 | Wimbledon | Not elected to the League |

* Amber in the Blood: A History of Newport County. ISBN 978-1-874427-40-7

## InfoBox

Newport County
| 1968–69 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Leslie Graham |
| Stadium | Somerton Park |
| Fourth Division | 22nd (re-elected) |
| FA Cup | 1st round |
| League Cup | 1st round |
| Welsh Cup | 5th round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Buck (13)<br>All: Buck (14) |
| Highest home attendance | 6,065 vs Exeter City (FA Cup, 18 Nov 1968) |
| Lowest home attendance | 1,192 vs Bradford Park Avenue (2 April 1969) |
| Average home league attendance | 2,478 |
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title: Elimia macglameriana

abstract: Elimia macglameriana was a species of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. This species was endemic to the United States. It is now extinct.

text:
# Elimia macglameriana

***Elimia macglameriana*** was a species of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. This species was endemic to the United States. It is now extinct.

## InfoBox

| *Elimia macglameriana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Pleuroceridae |
| Genus: | *Elimia* |
| Species: | ***E. macglameriana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elimia macglameriana***
(Goodrich, 1936) | |
|


title: Antonella Faggi

abstract: Antonella Faggi is an Italian politician who served as Mayor of Lecco (2006–2009) and Senator since 2018.

text:
# Antonella Faggi

**Antonella Faggi** (born 20 September 1961) is an Italian politician who served as Mayor of Lecco (2006–2009) and Senator since 2018.

## InfoBox

| Antonella Faggi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Mayor of Lecco | |
| **In office**
30 May 2006  28 October 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Lorenzo Bodega |
| Succeeded by | Virginio Brivio |
| Member of the Senate | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
23 March 2018 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-09-20) 20 September 1961
Lecco, Lombardy, Italy |
| Political party | Lega Nord |
| Alma mater | University of Milan |
| Profession | entrepreneur |
|  | |


title: Embarrass River (Minnesota)

abstract: The Embarrass River is a 50.5-mile-long (81.3 km) tributary of the Saint Louis River in northern Minnesota, United States. It rises just west of the city of Babbitt and flows southwest, turning briefly south to thread a gap between the Embarrass Mountains to the east and the Mesabi Range to the west. The river flows into the Saint Louis River southeast of Eveleth. During the fur-trading days and the era of exploration, the river was part of a historic trade route from Lower Canada via Lake Superior, across the Height of Land, and down the Rainy River to Lake Winnipeg to the pays d'en haut—the fur-bearing regions of the Canadian northwest. The river was so named on account of the many obstacles in the rivers to canoeists.

text:
# Embarrass River (Minnesota)

The **Embarrass River** is a 50.5-mile-long (81.3 km) tributary of the Saint Louis River in northern Minnesota, United States. It rises just west of the city of Babbitt and flows southwest, turning briefly south to thread a gap between the Embarrass Mountains to the east and the Mesabi Range to the west. The river flows into the Saint Louis River southeast of Eveleth. During the fur-trading days and the era of exploration, the river was part of a historic trade route from Lower Canada via Lake Superior, across the Height of Land, and down the Rainy River to Lake Winnipeg to the *pays d'en haut*—the fur-bearing regions of the Canadian northwest.

The river was so named on account of the many obstacles in the rivers to canoeists.

## InfoBox

| Embarrass River | |
| --- | --- |
| Embarrass River in Winter | |
| Mouth of the Embarrass River | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | St. Louis County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Babbitt |
| coordinates | 47°41′46″N 91°59′50″W / 47.6960296°N 91.9971046°W / 47.6960296; -91.9971046 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Gilbert |
| coordinates | 47°23′32″N 92°24′52″W / 47.3921512°N 92.4143509°W / 47.3921512; -92.4143509 |
| Length | 50.5-mile-long (81.3 km) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Saint Louis River |


title: Embarrass River (Wisconsin)

abstract: The Embarrass River is a 62.0-mile-long (99.8 km) tributary of the Wolf River in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The Embarrass River has three branches. The South Branch is 35.1 miles (56.5 km) long, originates near Eland and passes by Tigerton. The 50.0-mile-long (80.5 km) Middle Branch originates in southern Langlade County, and the 34.8-mile-long (56.0 km) northern branch passes by Bowler, Tilleda and Leopolis. The Middle and South Branch converge in Caroline, and the river collects its North Branch 4 miles (6 km) east of there, then flows through Pella, where a dam is located. Below Pella, the Embarrass River passes by the village of Embarrass. The Embarrass River eventually flows into the Wolf River in the city of New London. "French voyageurs named this river the Embarrass, French for obstruction, because, while canoeing down the stream, they frequently found their passage blocked by fallen logs."

text:
# Embarrass River (Wisconsin)

The **Embarrass River** is a 62.0-mile-long (99.8 km) tributary of the Wolf River in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

The Embarrass River has three branches. The South Branch is 35.1 miles (56.5 km) long, originates near Eland and passes by Tigerton. The 50.0-mile-long (80.5 km) Middle Branch originates in southern Langlade County, and the 34.8-mile-long (56.0 km) northern branch passes by Bowler, Tilleda and Leopolis. The Middle and South Branch converge in Caroline, and the river collects its North Branch 4 miles (6 km) east of there, then flows through Pella, where a dam is located. Below Pella, the Embarrass River passes by the village of Embarrass. The Embarrass River eventually flows into the Wolf River in the city of New London. "French voyageurs named this river the Embarrass, French for obstruction, because, while canoeing down the stream, they frequently found their passage blocked by fallen logs."

## Sport

While frozen, the river is used for ice racing tracks in Tilleda and Caroline. The frozen river is also used for ice fishing.

44°23′32″N 88°44′11″W / 44.39222°N 88.73639°W / 44.39222; -88.73639


title: Elman Joel Sandoval

abstract: Elman Joel Sandoval Sabonge is a Honduran politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Olancho. In January 2013 Sandoval became subject of controversy and critics. While the Congress was discussing and approving the 2013 Budget, Sandoval was watching in his assigned laptop a F.C. Barcelona match for the 2012–13 Copa del Rey.

text:
# Elman Joel Sandoval

**Elman Joel Sandoval Sabonge** (born 27 February 1972 in Juticalpa) is a Honduran politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Olancho.

In January 2013 Sandoval became subject of controversy and critics. While the Congress was discussing and approving the 2013 Budget, Sandoval was watching in his assigned laptop a F.C. Barcelona match for the 2012–13 Copa del Rey.


title: 1986 Taça de Portugal final

abstract: The 1986 Taça de Portugal final was the final match of the 1985–86 Taça de Portugal, which was the 46th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 27 April 1986, at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Belenenses and Benfica. Benfica defeated Belenenses 2–0 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a twentieth time. In Portugal, the final was televised live on RTP. As a result of Benfica winning the Taça de Portugal, the Águias qualified for the 1986 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira where they took on 1985–86 Primeira Divisão winners Porto.

text:
# 1986 Taça de Portugal final

The **1986 Taça de Portugal final** was the final match of the 1985–86 Taça de Portugal, which was the 46th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 27 April 1986, at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Belenenses and Benfica. Benfica defeated Belenenses 2–0 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a twentieth time.

In Portugal, the final was televised live on RTP. As a result of Benfica winning the Taça de Portugal, the *Águias* qualified for the 1986 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira where they took on 1985–86 Primeira Divisão winners Porto.

## Match

### Details

| Belenenses | 02 | Benfica |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | (Report) | Nunes  35'
Águas  69' |

Estádio Nacional, OeirasReferee: Vitor Correia (Lisbon)

| GK **1**  Jorge Martins  DF **5**  Artur  DF **4**  Luís Sobrinho  DF **2**  Joaquim Murça   62'  DF **6**  Alberto Fonseca  MF **3**  Canito  MF **11**  Paulo Monteiro  MF **9**  Jaime Mercês ()  MF **8**  Vanio Kostov  FW **10**  Luís Norton de Matos   51'  FW **7**  Joel Almeida  37'   **Substitutes:**  FW **15**  Jorge Silva   62'  FW **16**  Djão   51'  **Manager:**  Henri Depireux |  | GK **1**  Manuel Bento ()  DF **3**  António Oliveira  DF **5**  Samuel Quina  DF **4**  Álvaro Magalhães  DF **2**  António Veloso  MF **10**  Shéu  MF **11**  Diamantino Miranda  MF **6**  Adelino Nunes   69'  FW **7**  Wando  FW **9**  Rui Águas  FW **8**  Michael Manniche   75'  **Substitutes:**  MF **14**  Rui Pedro   69'  MF **15**  José Luís   75'  **Manager:**  John Mortimore |
| --- | --- | --- |

| 1985–86 Taça de Portugal Winners |
| --- |
| **Benfica**
**20th Title** |

## InfoBox

1986 Taça de Portugal final
| Event | 1985–86 Taça de Portugal |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 27 April 1986 |
| Venue | Estádio Nacional, Oeiras |
| Referee | Vitor Correia (Lisbon) |
|