abstract: The 1955 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 61st staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. Cappamore were the defending champions. Ahane won the championship after a 2–05 to 0–05 defeat of Geraldines in the final. It was their 16th championship and first title since 1948.

text:
# 1955 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship

The **1955 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship** was the 61st staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887.

Cappamore were the defending champions.

Ahane won the championship after a 2–05 to 0–05 defeat of Geraldines in the final. It was their 16th championship and first title since 1948.

## InfoBox

1955 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
| Champions | Ahane (16th title) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Geraldines |
| 1954 (Previous) (Next) 1956 | |


title: 1955 Liberian general election

text:
# 1955 Liberian general election

General elections were held in Liberia in May 1955. For the first time since 1931 there was more than one candidate in the presidential election. However, William Tubman of the True Whig Party was easily re-elected, winning over 99.5% of the vote.

## Results

| Party | | Presidential candidate | Votes | % | Seats | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | House | | | | Senate |
|  | True Whig Party | William Tubman | 244,873 | 99.51 | 29 | 10 |
|  | Independent True Whig Party | Edwin Barclay | 1,182 | 0.48 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Independent Presidential Party | William O. Davies-Bright | 16 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | | 246,071 | 100.00 | 29 | 10 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Source: Sternberger *et al*., Nohlen *et al*. | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1955 Liberian general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Presidential election | |
| Nominee **William Tubman** Edwin Barclay   Party TWP ITWP  Popular vote 244,873 1,182  Percentage 99.51% 0.48% | |
| ---  **President before election**
William Tubman
TWP **Elected President**
William Tubman
TWP | |
|  | |


title: Early Spring Story

abstract: Early Spring Story is a 1985 Japanese film directed by Shinichirō Sawai.

text:
# Early Spring Story

***Early Spring Story*** (早春物語, *Sōshun Monogatari*) is a 1985 Japanese film directed by Shinichirō Sawai.

## Plot summary

17-year-old Hitomi Okino's mother died four years ago, and her father has remarried, causing Hitomi to worry that her father is throwing away all memory of her mother. During spring vacation, Hitomi is taking pictures for her school's photography club when she encounters a middle-aged man named Kajikawa, whose car is blocking the shot she was hoping to take. She later meets him again during a traffic jam while on her bicycle, and as they have dinner introduces herself as a 20-year-old college student. A few days later, she makes her way all the way to Tokyo and his workplace, and tags along with him to an evening party.

On the anniversary of her mother's death, Hitomi discovers Kajikawa in an old photo of her mother's of a group hiking, and finds out that her mother and Kajikawa were once lovers, but that Kajikawa was the one who broke off the relationship. When Hitomi next encounters Kajikawa, she invites herself along for a drive to the location where that picture had been taken and tries to subtly question him about his memories of the place, to no avail. Later, over dinner, she drinks too much and tries to clumsily seduce him. Instead, he drives her back home, realizing that she's never kissed anyone before. Hitomi, determined to find out about her mother, slips the photo into his briefcase. She also finds out from her father that theirs was an arranged marriage.

During a meeting at work, Kajikawa receives a call from Hitomi, asking if he's seen the photo, which he hasn't. He pulls it out, realizes what it is, and meets her later in a cafe where she finally tells him that she's the daughter of that woman, and that her mother has died. Kajikawa talks of their past relationship and refuses to apologize for either his actions or his moving forward with his life.

Later, Hitomi sees Kajikawa heading into a hotel with another woman and follows them into the elevator. The other woman realizes immediately that Hitomi and Kajikawa have some kind of relationship, and forces the two together. In the hotel, Hitomi attempts to seduce Kajikawa again, saying she'll be just like her mother was, but Kajikawa refuses her and tells her to leave, locking himself in the bathroom. When Hitomi doesn't, and lays down in the hotel bed, Kajikawa begins pulling the covers off, which frightens her. Hitomi runs into the bathroom, Kajikawa throws her clothes at her, and the two leave the hotel in his car. Hitomi, calmer, keeps insisting that they stop at various love hotels, and when Kajikawa doesn't, grabs the steering wheel, causing an accident.

In the hospital, her minor injuries patched up, Hitomi asks Kajikawa to kiss her, not in place of her mother but as herself. He does, and the kiss turns passionate. Kajikawa meets with Hitomi's father to both tell him about their relationship and to return the photograph. Hitomi's father tells Kajikawa that he was the man Hitomi's father could never forget.

A subplot involving the relationship between one of Hitomi's classmates and a teacher at their school ends when that student commits suicide. At the funeral, Hitomi and Kajikawa talk again. Kajikawa has quit his job and will be returning to America, where he's been invited to join a friend's company.

Hitomi turns up at the last minute to see Kajikawa off at the airport, something her mother did not do. Kajikawa confesses that he has fallen in love with her. Hitomi says thank you, and goodbye, then walks away through the airport.

Over a still shot of the photo Hitomi took during her first encounter with Kajikawa, Hitomi can be heard talking to the same friend she was speaking to when the film opened. The friend says that she's a woman now she has experience, to which Hitomi counters that experience doesn't make a woman, that it is the pain of love, and that she herself is now a woman who has made a past for herself.

## Awards and nominations

**9th Japan Academy Prize**

**7th Yokohama Film Festival**

## InfoBox

| Early Spring Story | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| **Kanji** | 早春物語 |
| **Kana** | *Sōshun Monogatari* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Shinichirō Sawai |
| Starring | Tomoyo Harada |
| Music by | Joe Hisaishi |
| Release date | * September 14, 1985 (1985-09-14) |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: 2001–02 FA Women's Premier League Cup

abstract: The 2001–02 FA Women's Premier League Cup was the 11th staging of the FA Women's Premier League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 36 women's football clubs. The tournament was won by Fulham L.F.C., who beat Birmingham City W.F.C. 7–1 in the final.

text:
# 2001–02 FA Women's Premier League Cup

The  **2001–02 FA Women's Premier League Cup** was the 11th staging of the FA Women's Premier League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 36 women's football clubs.

The tournament was won by Fulham L.F.C., who beat Birmingham City W.F.C. 7–1 in the final.

## InfoBox

2001–02 Women's National League Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | England |
| Defending champions | Arsenal |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Fulham |
| Runner-up | Birmingham City |
|  | |


abstract: The 1958 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State College—now known as California State University, Sacramento—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1958 college football season. Led by second-year head coach John W. Baker, Sacramento State compiled an overall record of 3–6 with a mark of 1–4 in conference play, placing last out of six teams in the FWC. The team finished with the first winning record in its four years of existence. For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 164 to 146. The Hornets played home games at Grant Stadium in Sacramento, California.

text:
# 1958 Sacramento State Hornets football team

1958 Far Western Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| San Francisco State $ | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Humboldt State | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Cal Aggies | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Chico State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Nevada | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Sacramento State | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1958 Sacramento State Hornets football team** represented Sacramento State College—now known as California State University, Sacramento—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1958 college football season. Led by second-year head coach John W. Baker, Sacramento State compiled an overall record of 3–6 with a mark of 1–4 in conference play, placing last out of six teams in the FWC. The team finished with the first winning record in its four years of existence. For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 164 to 146. The Hornets played home games at Grant Stadium in Sacramento, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 20 |  | at Los Angeles State* |  | L 6–8 | 1,500 |  |
| September 27 | 8:00 p.m. | Long Beach State* |  | W 26–14 |  |  |
| October 4 |  | Whittier* | * Grant Stadium * Sacramento, CA | W 20–18 |  |  |
| October 11 | 8:00 p.m. | Humboldt State | * Grant Stadium * Sacramento, CA | L 0–9 | 2,700 |  |
| October 18 |  | Chico State | * Grant Stadium * Sacramento, CA | W 14–6 | 3,500 |  |
| October 25 |  | at Nevada |  | L 24–40 | 2,300 |  |
| November 1 |  | at Pomona* |  | L 24–27 |  |  |
| November 8 |  | at San Francisco State |  | L 18–20 | 4,500 |  |
| November 15 | 8:00 p.m. | Cal Aggies | * Grant Stadium * Sacramento, CA (rivalry) | L 14–22 |  |  |
|  | | | | | | |

## Team players in the NFL

The following Sacramento State players were selected in the 1959 NFL draft.

| **Player** | **Position** | **Round** | **Overall** | **NFL team** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dan Chamberlain | End, halfback | 25 | 293 | Detroit Lions |

1. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
2. Smolich, Marco (September 27, 1958). "Hornets Will Face Long Beach Tonight In '58 Home Debut". *The Sacramento Bee*. Sacramento, California. p. D2. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
3. Smolich, Marco (September 29, 1958). "Free Wheeling SSC Take To Air In 26-14 Win Over Long Beach". *The Sacramento Bee*. Sacramento, California. p. C4. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
4. "'Weird' Play Stops Poet; Sacramento State Wins, 20-18". *The Whittier News*. Whittier, California. October 6, 1958. p. 12. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
5. "No. 1 (continued)". *The Whittier News*. Whittier, California. October 6, 1958. p. 13. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
6. Terbush, Don (October 11, 1958). "'Weird' Play Stops Poet; Sacramento State Wins, 20-18". *Humboldt Standard*. Whittier, California. p. 9. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
7. "HSC Wins, Cal Aggies Next Foe". *Humboldt Standard*. Whittier, California. October 11, 1958. p. 9. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
8. Booth, Eddie (October 11, 1958). "Hornets Measure Wildcats, 14-6". *Chico Enterprise-Record*. Whittier, California. p. 9. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
9. "Mackay Stadium". University of Nevada, Reno. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
10. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
11. "Pomona Wins, 27-24". *Los Angeles Times*. Los Angeles, California. November 2, 1958. p. 89. Retrieved April 24, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
12. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
13. Smolich, Marco (November 15, 1958). "SSC Hopes To Escape League Cellar Tonight". *The Sacramento Bee*. Sacramento, California. p. D1. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
14. Smolich, Marco (November 17, 1958). "Mustangs Kick SSC Squad Into FWC Cellar In 22 To 14 Victory". *The Sacramento Bee*. Sacramento, California. p. C2. Retrieved May 8, 2022  via Newspapers.com .
15. "1959 NFL Draft". Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
16. "Sacramento St. Players/Alumni". Retrieved April 3, 2017.
17. "Draft History: Sacramento State". Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.

## InfoBox

| 1958 Sacramento State Hornets football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Far Western Conference |
| Record | 3–6 (1–4 FWC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Grant Stadium |
|


title: 1930–31 Port Vale F.C. season

text:
# 1930–31 Port Vale F.C. season

The 1930–31 season was Port Vale's 25th season of football in the English Football League, and their 34th in the Second Division following their promotion from the Third Division North the previous season. They finished fifth with 47 points, making it the most successful season in the club's history in terms of league position. They were seven points short of promotion to the top flight and seventeen points clear of relegation.

## Overview

### Second Division

The pre-season saw the arrival of goalscoring forward Harry Roberts from Lincoln City; big goalkeeper Arthur Slater from Clapton Orient; and young outside-left Clarence Spencer from Birmingham F.C.

The season started with a stylish 5–2 victory over Barnsley in front of a disappointingly low attendance of under 10,000. Two defeats followed, and Albert Pynegar put in a transfer request after being dropped from the first team. Bob Connelly picked up an injury and so Jack Round was signed from Bolton Wanderers. On 20 September they travelled to Goodison Park to triumph over previously undefeated league leaders Everton 3–2 in front of 27,142 spectators. Two days later, they tore Bradford Park Avenue apart 8–2, with a four-goal haul from Sam Jennings. On 4 October they travelled to Home Park, where they lost 2–1 to Plymouth Argyle; later in the day a horrific tragedy almost killed many of the Vale players – they had hired a speedboat at Devon resort which burst into flames whilst at sea, fortunately the pilot managed to extinguish the flames and returned them safely to harbour.

Pynegar left the club in October following rumours of a rift with teammate Jennings. He signed with Chesterfield of the Third Division North. Bert Fishwick was a more than able deputy. The defensive duo of Jimmy Oakes and Shino Shenton also proved formidable at the back. On 29 November promotion dreams took a knock at White Hart Lane, Spurs picking up a 5–0 win. Despite competing at the top end of the table The Old Recreation Ground rarely saw much more than 10,000 spectators. In December, reserve half-back George Whitcombe was sold to Notts County for 'a substantial amount', the money went towards ground improvements. The following month £10,000 worth of mortgage debenture bonds were released to the same ends. The Football Association would reject the club's ground improvement scheme without giving a reason.

As the season entered its final stretch, top scorer Jennings was dropped from the squad. No adequate replacement was found until Stewart Littlewood was re-signed from Oldham Athletic, with Fishwick sold to Tranmere Rovers to meet Oldham's demands. In early April, the "Valiants" beat high-flying West Bromwich Albion and Tottenham Hotspur, thereby keeping hopes of promotion high. West Brom won the return leg at The Hawthorns to put daylight between the two clubs. In late April, Vale travelled to the Netherlands for a short tour, beating Dutch Southern XI 5–1 and Zwaluwen 2–0.

They finished fifth with 47 points, making it the most successful season in the club's history regarding league position. They were seven points short of second placed West Bromwich Albion. Only 61 goals were conceded, a record bettered only by West Brom and Spurs. However, the 67 goals scored tally was almost half that of champions Everton. Sam Jennings finished with 17 goals, and Phil Griffiths and Harry Roberts were the only other major contributors. The ground improvements paid for were 3,500 seats on the Bryan Street stand, with a covered terrace.

### Finances

On the financial side, an £800 loss was made, with the weather blamed for an average gate figure of 10,537. Numerous players were released, including Billy Briscoe, Frank Watkin, and Jack Maddock. Harry Roberts was also sold to Millwall. Meanwhile, Stewart Littlewood was also selected by the FA for a summer tour of Canada.

### Cup competitions

In the FA Cup, Vale overcame amateur side Corinthians 3–1 in the Third Round but then found themselves eliminated by First Division Birmingham at St Andrew's in the Fourth Round. The 44,119 attendance raised £2,763 for the club.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Everton (C, P) | 42 | 28 | 5 | 9 | 121 | 66 | 1.833 | 61 | Promotion to the First Division |
| 2 | West Bromwich Albion (P) | 42 | 22 | 10 | 10 | 83 | 49 | 1.694 | | 54 |
| 3 | Tottenham Hotspur | 42 | 22 | 7 | 13 | 88 | 55 | 1.600 | 51 |  |
| 4 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | 42 | 21 | 5 | 16 | 84 | 67 | 1.254 | | 47 |
| 5 | Port Vale | 42 | 21 | 5 | 16 | 67 | 61 | 1.098 | | 47 |
| 6 | Bradford Park Avenue | 42 | 18 | 10 | 14 | 97 | 66 | 1.470 | | 46 |
| 7 | Preston North End | 42 | 17 | 11 | 14 | 83 | 64 | 1.297 | | 45 |
| 8 | Burnley | 42 | 17 | 11 | 14 | 81 | 77 | 1.052 | | 45 |
| 9 | Southampton | 42 | 19 | 6 | 17 | 74 | 62 | 1.194 | | 44 |
| 10 | Bradford City | 42 | 17 | 10 | 15 | 61 | 63 | 0.968 | | 44 |
| 11 | Stoke City | 42 | 17 | 10 | 15 | 64 | 71 | 0.901 | | 44 |
| 12 | Oldham Athletic | 42 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 61 | 72 | 0.847 | | 42 |
| 13 | Bury | 42 | 19 | 3 | 20 | 75 | 82 | 0.915 | | 41 |
| 14 | Millwall | 42 | 16 | 7 | 19 | 71 | 80 | 0.888 | | 39 |
| 15 | Charlton Athletic | 42 | 15 | 9 | 18 | 59 | 86 | 0.686 | | 39 |
| 16 | Bristol City | 42 | 15 | 8 | 19 | 54 | 82 | 0.659 | | 38 |
| 17 | Nottingham Forest | 42 | 14 | 9 | 19 | 80 | 85 | 0.941 | | 37 |
| 18 | Plymouth Argyle | 42 | 14 | 8 | 20 | 76 | 84 | 0.905 | | 36 |
| 19 | Barnsley | 42 | 13 | 9 | 20 | 59 | 79 | 0.747 | | 35 |
| 20 | Swansea Town | 42 | 12 | 10 | 20 | 51 | 74 | 0.689 | | 34 |
| 21 | Reading (R) | 42 | 12 | 6 | 24 | 72 | 96 | 0.750 | 30 | Relegation to the Third Division South |
| 22 | Cardiff City (R) | 42 | 8 | 9 | 25 | 47 | 87 | 0.540 | | 25 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

## Results

*Port Vale's score comes first*

### Football League Second Division

#### Results by matchday

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | H | A | A | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | A | H |
| Result | W | L | D | L | W | W | W | L | L | W | W | L | D | W | W | W | L | W | L | W | D | L | L | W | L | L | W | W | L | W | W | L | L | D | W | W | W | L | L | D | W | W |
| Position | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 |

Source: Statto
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

#### Matches

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 30 August 1930 | Barnsley | H | 5–2 | 9,853 | Pynegar (2), Jennings (2), Griffiths |
| 3 September 1930 | Bradford City | A | 1–2 | 16,000 | Jennings |
| 6 September 1930 | Bristol City | A | 1–1 | 13,206 | Jennings |
| 8 September 1930 | Bradford Park Avenue | A | 1–5 | 10,296 | Anstiss |
| 13 September 1930 | Cardiff City | H | 2–0 | 9,693 | Griffiths, Baxter |
| 20 September 1930 | Everton | A | 3–2 | 27,142 | Baxter, Pynegar, Anstiss |
| 22 September 1930 | Bradford Park Avenue | H | 8–2 | 8,621 | Jennings (4), Anstiss (2), Griffiths, o.g. |
| 27 September 1930 | Bury | H | 0–1 | 12,906 |  |
| 4 October 1930 | Plymouth Argyle | A | 1–2 | 20,243 | Griffiths |
| 11 October 1930 | Swansea Town | H | 2–0 | 10,970 | Jennings, Griffiths |
| 18 October 1930 | Reading | A | 3–0 | 10,927 | Anstiss, Spencer, Jones |
| 25 October 1930 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | H | 0–1 | 9,578 |  |
| 1 November 1930 | Oldham Athletic | A | 3–3 | 11,625 | Fishwick, Marshall, Griffiths |
| 8 November 1930 | Nottingham Forest | H | 3–2 | 9,753 | Jennings, Fishwick, Griffiths |
| 15 November 1930 | Burnley | A | 2–1 | 12,277 | Fishwick (2) |
| 22 November 1930 | Preston North End | H | 1–0 | 10,086 | Jennings |
| 29 November 1930 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 0–5 | 23,609 |  |
| 6 December 1930 | Southampton | H | 1–0 | 8,828 | Jennings |
| 13 December 1930 | Stoke City | A | 0–1 | 26,609 |  |
| 20 December 1930 | Millwall | H | 3–2 | 8,448 | Roberts, Jennings, Round (pen) |
| 25 December 1930 | Charlton Athletic | H | 1–1 | 15,827 | Roberts |
| 26 December 1930 | Charlton Athletic | A | 1–3 | 4,768 | Anstiss |
| 27 December 1930 | Barnsley | A | 2–5 | 6,469 | Jennings, Roberts |
| 3 January 1931 | Bristol City | H | 1–0 | 7,411 | Griffiths |
| 17 January 1931 | Cardiff City | A | 1–2 | 10,455 | Roberts |
| 26 January 1931 | Everton | H | 1–3 | 9,028 | Roberts |
| 31 January 1931 | Bury | A | 3–0 | 3,430 | Jennings, Roberts, Henshall |
| 7 February 1931 | Plymouth Argyle | H | 2–1 | 10,236 | Jennings, Roberts |
| 14 February 1931 | Swansea Town | A | 1–2 | 8,602 | Henshall |
| 21 February 1931 | Reading | H | 2–1 | 8,474 | Roberts, Chell |
| 7 March 1931 | Oldham Athletic | H | 2–0 | 7,720 | Marshall, Oakes |
| 11 March 1931 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | A | 0–3 | 4,243 |  |
| 14 March 1931 | Nottingham Forest | A | 0–1 | 9,281 |  |
| 21 March 1931 | Burnley | H | 0–0 | 9,185 |  |
| 28 March 1931 | Preston North End | A | 3–1 | 7,696 | Griffiths (2), Littlewood |
| 3 April 1931 | West Bromwich Albion | H | 1–0 | 18,043 | Littlewood |
| 4 April 1931 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 3–0 | 14,290 | Griffiths (2), Round (pen) |
| 6 April 1931 | West Bromwich Albion | A | 1–4 | 23,879 | Griffiths |
| 11 April 1931 | Southampton | A | 0–2 | 9,452 |  |
| 18 April 1931 | Stoke City | H | 0–0 | 13,403 |  |
| 25 April 1931 | Millwall | A | 1–0 | 8,188 | Roberts |
| 2 May 1931 | Bradford City | H | 1–0 | 5,570 | Rowbotham |

### FA Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Goalscorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| R1 | 10 January 1931 | Corinthians | A | 3–1 | 12,832 | Roberts (2), Jennings |
| R2 | 24 January 1931 | Birmingham | A | 0–2 | 44,119 |  |

## Player statistics

### Appearances and goals

| Pos. | Name | Football League | | FA Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| GK | Ben Davies | 28 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| GK | Arthur Slater | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| DF | Jimmy Oakes | 39 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 41 | 1 |
| DF | Jack Maddock | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| DF | Billy Wootton | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| DF | George Shenton | 40 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 42 | 0 |
| DF | William Cope | 35 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 37 | 0 |
| MF | Bob Connelly | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Roger Jones | 40 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 42 | 1 |
| MF | Jack Simms | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Phil Griffiths | 37 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 39 | 13 |
| MF | Bert Fishwick | 11 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 |
| MF | Tom Baxter | 15 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 2 |
| MF | Dennis Izon | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| MF | Clarence Spencer | 11 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 1 |
| MF | Jack Round | 38 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 40 | 2 |
| MF | James Henshall | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 2 |
| MF | George Whitcombe | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| MF | Jack Sherlock | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| FW | Harry Anstiss | 15 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 6 |
| FW | Albert Pynegar | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 |
| FW | Harry Marshall | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2 |
| FW | Sam Jennings | 31 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 17 |
| FW | Harry Roberts | 24 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 26 | 11 |
| FW | Harry Rowbotham | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| FW | Joseph Chell | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| FW | Stewart Littlewood | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 |
|

### Top scorers

| Place | Position | Nation | Name | Second Division | FA Cup | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | FW | England | Sam Jennings | 16 | 1 | 17 |
| 2 | MF | Wales | Phil Griffiths | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 3 | FW | England | Harry Roberts | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 4 | FW | England | Harry Anstiss | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 5 | MF | England | Bert Fishwick | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | FW | England | Albert Pynegar | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 7 | MF | England | Tom Baxter | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  | FW | England | Harry Marshall | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  | MF | England | Jack Round | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  | FW | England | Stewart Littlewood | 2 | 0 | 2 |
|  | MF | England | James Henshall | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 12 | DF | England | Jimmy Oakes | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  | MF | England | Roger Jones | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  | MF | England | Clarence Spencer | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  | FW | England | Harry Rowbotham | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  | FW | England | Joseph Chell | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  |  |  | Own goals | 1 | 0 | 1 |
|  | | | **TOTALS** | **67** | **3** | **70** |

## Transfers

### Transfers in

| Date from | Position | Nationality | Name | From | Fee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| June 1930 | FW |  | Harry Roberts | Lincoln City | £100 |  |
| June 1930 | GK |  | Arthur Slater | Clapton Orient | Free transfer |  |
| March 1931 | FW |  | Stewart Littlewood | Oldham Athletic | Undisclosed club record |  |
| April 1931 | FW |  | Harry Rowbotham | Cheddleton Mental Hospital | Free transfer |  |

### Transfers out

| Date from | Position | Nationality | Name | To | Fee | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 1930 | FW |  | Albert Pynegar | Chesterfield | £200 |  |
| December 1930 | MF |  | George Whitcombe | Notts County | 'Substantial' |  |
| March 1931 | FW |  | Bert Fishwick | Tranmere Rovers | Undisclosed |  |
| April 1931 | FW |  | Harry Roberts | Millwall | Undisclosed |  |
| April 1931 | DF |  | Frank Watkin | Congleton Town | Free transfer |  |
| May 1931 | FW |  | Harry Anstiss | Swansea Town | Free transfer |  |
| May 1931 | FW |  | Billy Briscoe | Congleton Town | Free transfer |  |
| May 1931 | MF |  | Phil Griffiths | Everton | £6,000 |  |
| May 1931 | MF |  | Jack Simms | Swansea Town | Free transfer |  |
| July 1931 | DF |  | Jack Maddock | Crewe Alexandra | Free transfer |  |
| August 1931 | FW |  | Henry O'Grady | Southampton | Free transfer |  |

Specific General

## InfoBox

Port Vale
| 1930–31 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Frank Huntbach |
| Manager | Tom Morgan |
| Stadium | The Old Recreation Ground |
| Football League Second Division | 5th (47 Points) |
| FA Cup | Fourth Round
(knocked out by Birmingham) |
| Top goalscorer | League: Sam Jennings (16)
All: Sam Jennings (17) |
| Highest home attendance | 18,043 vs. West Bromwich Albion, 3 April 1931 |
| Lowest home attendance | 5,570 vs. Bradford City, 2 May 1931 |
| Average home league attendance | 10,445 |
| Biggest win | 8–2 vs. Bradford Park Avenue, 22 September 1930 |
| Biggest defeat | 0–5 vs. Tottenham Hotspur, 29 November 1930 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Apiosordaria

abstract: Apiosordaria is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.

text:
# Apiosordaria

***Apiosordaria*** is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.

## InfoBox

| *Apiosordaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Subdivision: | Pezizomycotina |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Sordariales |
| Family: | Lasiosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | ***Apiosordaria***
Arx & W. Gams |
|
| Type species | |
| *Apiosordaria verruculosa*
(C.N. Jensen) Arx & W. Gams | |


title: Dolichoderus spinicollis

abstract: Dolichoderus spinicollis is a species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Pierre André Latreille in 1817, the species is endemic to Brazil and Venezuela.

text:
# Dolichoderus spinicollis

***Dolichoderus spinicollis*** is a species of ant in the genus *Dolichoderus*. Described by Pierre André Latreille in 1817, the species is endemic to Brazil and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Dolichoderus spinicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Dolichoderinae |
| Genus: | *Dolichoderus* |
| Species: | ***D. spinicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dolichoderus spinicollis***<br>(Latreille, 1817) | |
|


title: 1970 Algerian Cup final

abstract: The 1970 Algerian Cup Final was the 7th final of the Algerian Cup. The final took place on June 28, 1970, at Stade communal de Bologhine in Bologhine with kick-off at 15:00. CR Belcourt beat USM Alger 4-1 to win their third Algerian Cup.

text:
# 1970 Algerian Cup final

The **1970 Algerian Cup Final** was the 7th final of the Algerian Cup. The final took place on June 28, 1970, at Stade communal de Bologhine in Bologhine with kick-off at 15:00. CR Belcourt beat USM Alger 4-1 to win their third Algerian Cup.

## Pre-match

### Details

| CR Belcourt | 1 - 1 (a.e.t.) | USM Alger |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kalem  5' | Report
(in French) | 54' Tchalabi |

Stade 20 Août 1955, Algiers

| GK **1**  Mohamed Abrouk  DF   Slimani  DF   Meziane  DF   Moha  DF   S.A. Amar  Hamiti  FW **10**  Hacène Lalmas  Djilali Selmi  Messahel   ?'  FW   Mokhtar Khalem  FW   Hassan Achour  **Substitutes :**   Boudjenoune    **Manager :**  Hacène Lalmas |  | GK **1**  Sid Ahmed Zebaïri  DF   Abdelhamid Berrahma  DF   Abdelkader Saadi  DF   Boubekeur Belbekri  DF   Rachid Debah  MF   Réda Abdouche  MF   Ahmed Zitoun  MF   Lakhdar Guitoun   ?'  FW   Kamel Tchalabi  FW   Abderrahmane Meziani  FW   Mouldi Aïssaoui  **Substitutes :**   FW   Hamid Bernaoui    **Manager :**  Ahmed Bellamine |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Replay

| CR Belcourt | 4 - 1 | USM Alger |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kalem  32', 60'
Lalmas  75', 78' | Report
(in French) | 39' Zitoune |

Stade communal de Bologhine, Bologhine

| GK **1**  Mohamed Abrouk  DF   Slimani  DF   Meziane  DF   Moha  Hamiti  Tikouk  FW **10**  Hacène Lalmas  Djilali Selmi  Boudjenoune   ?'  FW   Mokhtar Khalem  FW   Hassan Achour  **Substitutes :**   Messahel    **Manager :**  Hacène Lalmas |  | GK **1**  Sid Ahmed Zebaïri  DF   Abdelhamid Berrahma  DF   Abdelkader Saadi  DF   Boubekeur Belbekri  DF   Rachid Debah  MF   Réda Abdouche  FW   Hamid Bernaoui  MF   Lakhdar Guitoun  MF   Ahmed Zitoun   ?'  FW   Abderrahmane Meziani  FW   Mouldi Aïssaoui  **Substitutes :**   DF   Saïd Allik    **Manager :**  Ahmed Bellamine |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1970 Algerian Cup Final
|
20 August 1955 Stadium hosted the first match
Omar Hamadi Stadium hosted the second match | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1969–70 Algerian Cup |
|  | |
| Algerian Cup Final | |
|  | |
| Date | 20 June 1970 |
| Venue | Stade 20 Août 1955, Algiers |
| Attendance | , |
| Replay | |
|  | |
| Date | 28 June 1970 |
| Venue | Stade communal de Bologhine, Bologhine |
| Attendance | , |
|


title: Distance of closest approach

abstract: The distance of closest approach of two objects is the distance between their centers when they are externally tangent. The objects may be geometric shapes or physical particles with well-defined boundaries. The distance of closest approach is sometimes referred to as the contact distance. For the simplest objects, spheres, the distance of closest approach is simply the sum of their radii. For non-spherical objects, the distance of closest approach is a function of the orientation of the objects, and its calculation can be difficult. The maximum packing density of hard particles, an important problem of ongoing interest, depends on their distance of closest approach. The interactions of particles typically depend on their separation, and the distance of closest approach plays an important role in determining the behavior of condensed matter systems.

text:
# Distance of closest approach

The **distance of closest approach** of two objects is the distance between their centers when they are externally tangent. The objects may be geometric shapes or physical particles with well-defined boundaries. The distance of closest approach is sometimes referred to as the contact distance.

For the simplest objects, spheres, the distance of closest approach is simply the sum of their radii. For non-spherical objects, the distance of closest approach is a function of the orientation of the objects, and its calculation can be difficult. The maximum packing density of hard particles, an important problem of ongoing interest, depends on their distance of closest approach.

The interactions of particles typically depend on their separation, and the distance of closest approach plays an important role in determining the behavior of condensed matter systems.

## Excluded volume

The excluded volume of particles (the volume excluded to the centers of other particles due to the presence of one) is a key parameter in such descriptions,; the distance of closest approach is required to calculate the excluded volume. The excluded volume for identical spheres is just four times the volume of one sphere. For other anisotropic objects, the excluded volume depends on orientation, and its calculation can be surprising difficult. The simplest shapes after spheres are ellipses and ellipsoids; these have received considerable attention, yet their excluded volume is not known. Vieillard Baron was able to provide an overlap criterion for two ellipses. His results were useful for computer simulations of hard particle systems and for packing problems using Monte Carlo simulations.

The one anisotropic shape whose excluded volume can be expressed analytically is the spherocylinder; the solution of this problem is a classic work by Onsager. The problem was tackled by considering the distance between two line segments, which are the center lines of the capped cylinders. Results for other shapes are not readily available. The orientation dependence of the distance of closest approach has surprising consequences. Systems of hard particles, whose interactions are only entropic, can become ordered. Hard spherocylinders form not only orientationally ordered nematic, but also positionally ordered smectic phases. Here, the system gives up some (orientational and even positional) disorder to gain disorder and entropy elsewhere.

## Case of two ellipses

Vieillard Baron first investigated this problem, and although he did not obtain a result for the distance of closest approaches, he derived the overlap criterion for two ellipses. His final results were useful for the study of the phase behavior of hard particles and for the packing problem using Monte Carlo simulations. Although overlap criteria have been developed, analytic solutions for the distance of closest approach and the location of the point of contact have only recently become available. The details of the calculations are provided in Ref. The Fortran 90 subroutine is provided in Ref.

The procedure consists of three steps:

1. Transformation of the two tangent ellipses $E\_{1}$ and $E\_{2}$, whose centers are joined by the vector $d$, into a circle $C\_{1}'$ and an ellipse $E\_{2}'$, whose centers are joined by the vector $d'$. The circle $C\_{1}'$ and the ellipse $E\_{2}'$ remain tangent after the transformation.
2. Determination of the distance $d'$ of closest approach of $C\_{1}'$ and $E\_{2}'$ analytically. It requires the appropriate solution of a quartic equation. The normal $n'$ is calculated.
3. Determination of the distance $d$ of closest approach and the location of the point of contact of $E\_{1}$ and $E\_{2}$ by the inverse transformations of the vectors $d'$ and $n'$.

Input:

* lengths of the semiaxes $a\_{1},b\_{1},a\_{2},b\_{2}$,
* unit vectors $k\_{1}$, $k\_{2}$ along major axes of both ellipses, and
* unit vector $d$ joining the centers of the two ellipses.

Output:

* distance $d$ between the centers when the ellipses $E\_{1}$ and $E\_{2}$ are externally tangent, and
* location of point of contact in terms of $k\_{1}$, $k\_{2}$.

## Case of two ellipsoids

Consider two ellipsoids, each with a given shape and orientation, whose centers are on a line with given direction. We wish to determine the distance between centers when the ellipsoids are in point contact externally. This distance of closest approach is a function of the shapes of the ellipsoids and their orientation. There is no analytic solution for this problem, since solving for the distance requires the solution of a sixth order polynomial equation. Here an algorithm is developed to determine this distance, based on the analytic results for the distance of closest approach of ellipses in 2D, which can be implemented numerically. Details are given in publications. Subroutines are provided in two formats: Fortran90 and C.

The algorithm consists of three steps.

1. Constructing a plane containing the line joining the centers of the two ellipsoids, and finding the equations of the ellipses formed by the intersection of this plane and the ellipsoids.
2. Determining the distance of closest approach of the ellipses; that is the distance between the centers of the ellipses when they are in point contact externally.
3. Rotating the plane until the distance of closest approach of the ellipses is a maximum. The distance of closest approach of the ellipsoids is this maximum distance.

1. Torquato, S.; Jiao, Y. (2009). "Dense packings of the Platonic and Archimedean solids". *Nature*. **460** (7257). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 876–879. arXiv:0908.4107. doi:10.1038/nature08239. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19675649. S2CID 52819935.
2. T.L. Hill, An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics (Addison Wesley, London, 1960)
3. T.A. Witten, and P.A. Pincus, Structured Fluids (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004)
4. Forces, Growth and Form in Soft Condensed Matter: At the Interface between Physics and Biology, ed. A.T. Skjeltrop and A.V. Belushkin, (NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, 2009),
5. Donev, Aleksandar; Stillinger, Frank H.; Chaikin, P. M.; Torquato, Salvatore (2004-06-23). "Unusually Dense Crystal Packings of Ellipsoids". *Physical Review Letters*. **92** (25). American Physical Society (APS): 255506. arXiv:cond-mat/0403286. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.255506. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 15245027. S2CID 7982407.
6. Onsager, Lars (1949). "The Effects of Shape on the Interaction of Colloidal Particles". *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*. **51** (4). Wiley: 627–659. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27296.x. ISSN 0077-8923. S2CID 84562683.
7. Frenkel, Daan. (1987-09-10). "Onsager's spherocylinders revisited". *The Journal of Physical Chemistry*. **91** (19). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4912–4916. doi:10.1021/j100303a008. hdl:1874/8823. ISSN 0022-3654.
8. Vieillard‐Baron, Jacques (1972-05-15). "Phase Transitions of the Classical Hard‐Ellipse System". *The Journal of Chemical Physics*. **56** (10). AIP Publishing: 4729–4744. doi:10.1063/1.1676946. ISSN 0021-9606.
9. Perram, John W.; Wertheim, M.S. (1985). "Statistical mechanics of hard ellipsoids. I. Overlap algorithm and the contact function". *Journal of Computational Physics*. **58** (3). Elsevier BV: 409–416. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(85)90171-8. ISSN 0021-9991.
10. X. Zheng and P. Palffy-Muhoray, "Distance of closest approach of two arbitrary hard ellipses in two dimensions", electronic Liquid Crystal Communications Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, 2007
11. Zheng, Xiaoyu; Palffy-Muhoray, Peter (2007-06-26). "Distance of closest approach of two arbitrary hard ellipses in two dimensions". *Physical Review E*. **75** (6): 061709. arXiv:0911.3420. doi:10.1103/physreve.75.061709. ISSN 1539-3755. PMID 17677285. S2CID 7576313.
12. X. Zheng and P. Palffy-Muhoray, Complete version containing contact point algorithm, May 4, 2009.
13. Fortran90 subroutine for contact distance and contact point for 2D ellipses by X. Zheng and P. Palffy-Muhoray, May 2009.
14. Zheng, Xiaoyu; Iglesias, Wilder; Palffy-Muhoray, Peter (2009-05-20). "Distance of closest approach of two arbitrary hard ellipsoids". *Physical Review E*. **79** (5). American Physical Society (APS): 057702. doi:10.1103/physreve.79.057702. ISSN 1539-3755. PMID 19518604.
15. X. Zheng, W. Iglesias, P. Palffy-Muhoray, "Distance of closest approach of two arbitrary hard ellipsoids", electronic Liquid Crystal Communications, 2008
16. Fortran90 subroutine for distance of closest approach of ellipsoids
17. C subroutine for distance of closest approach of ellipsoids


title: 1818 in Russia

abstract: Events from the year 1818 in Russia

text:
# 1818 in Russia

Events from the year **1818 in Russia**

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

*
*
*
*

Media related to 1818 in Russia at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| **Years in Russia:** | 1815 1816 1817 **1818** 1819 1820 1821 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1780s 1790s 1800s **1810s** 1820s 1830s 1840s |
| **Years:** | 1815 1816 1817 **1818** 1819 1820 1821 |


title: Alonzo Sessions

abstract: Alonzo Sessions was an American politician from the U. S. state of Michigan.

text:
# Alonzo Sessions

**Alonzo Sessions** (August 4, 1810 – July 3, 1886) was an American politician from the U. S. state of Michigan.

## Biography

Sessions was born to Amasa and Pheobe (Smith) Sessions in Marcellus, New York acquired and early education and taught school. In 1831 he moved to Bennington and worked in a store as a clerk for two years receiving $10 a month and board.

In 1833, Sessions left New York and traveled to Michigan mostly on foot. After traveling all over Michigan, he wound up in White Pigeon where the U. S. land office was and entered his land. The next winter he taught school in Dayton, Ohio until 1835 when he bought a team and came through his land on the south side of the Grand River. He also built the first log cabin in the Township of Berlin and managed an 800-acre (3.2 km2) farm. In 1837 he married Celia Dexter and had thirteen children together. He served as the first supervisor of Berlin; first chairman of the board of supervisors for Ionia County; justice of the peace for eight years; and sheriff from 1841-42.

In 1856, Sessions was elected as a Republican from Ionia County (2nd district) to the Michigan House of Representatives and served from 1857-62. He co-founded and served as director and president of the First National Bank of Ionia. In 1872 he served as a Presidential Elector for Michigan casting his vote for incumbent U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant.

In 1876 and 1878, Sessions was elected as the 21st lieutenant governor of Michigan and served under Governor Charles Croswell from 1877–1881. Sessions was also a member of The Grange. He died five years after leaving office.

* Dexter, Samuel (2005) \[1914\]. "s.v. Alonzo Sessions". *The Settlement of Ionia, Mich. By Samuel Dexter : with a history of the Sessions family of the Branch of Alonzo Sessions and Celia Dexter Sessions*. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Library. pp. n/a. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
* The Political Graveyard


title: 1223

abstract: Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1223

Year **1223** (**MCCXXIII**) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

1223 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1223
*MCCXXIII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 1976 |
| Armenian calendar | 672
ԹՎ ՈՀԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5973 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1144–1145 |
| Bengali calendar | 630 |
| Berber calendar | 2173 |
| English Regnal year | 7 Hen. 3  8 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1767 |
| Burmese calendar | 585 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6731–6732 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬午年 (Water Horse)
3920 or 3713
*to*
癸未年 (Water Goat)
3921 or 3714 |
| Coptic calendar | 939–940 |
| Discordian calendar | 2389 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1215–1216 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4983–4984 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1279–1280 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1144–1145 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4323–4324 |
| Holocene calendar | 11223 |
| Igbo calendar | 223–224 |
| Iranian calendar | 601–602 |
| Islamic calendar | 619–620 |
| Japanese calendar | Jōō 2
(貞応２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1131–1132 |
| Julian calendar | 1223
*MCCXXIII* |
| Korean calendar | 3556 |
| Minguo calendar | 689 before ROC
民前689年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −245 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1765–1766 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳水马年
(male Water-Horse)
1349 or 968 or 196
*to*
阴水羊年
(female Water-Goat)
1350 or 969 or 197 |

## Events

### JanuaryMarch

### AprilJune

* April 13  Pope Honorius III issues a papal bull relaxing the strict rules that had applied to monks of the Valliscaulian Order.
* April 14  On the island of Sri Lanka, King Chodaganga Deva lands at Trincomalee on the Tamil New Year's Day (the 1st of Chittirai of Shaka era year 1145) and makes a large donation to fund the Hindu Koneswaram Temple. The event is commemorated in an inscription in the Sanskrit language in the temple.
* May 7  Henry I, Count of Schwerin, kidnaps the King of Denmark, Valdemar II and the king's 14-year-old son, Valdemar the Young, after landing with a group of soldiers on the island of Lyø, where King Valdemar had been hunting. King Valdemar will be held captive for three years until Easter Sunday of 1226, and released after payment of 44,000 silver marks and the surrendering of lands taken 20 years earlier in Holstein.
* May 15  The Russian army gathers on the island of Khortytsia, later to become a famous Cossack base, at the mouth of the Dnieper River, next to modern-day Zaporizhzhia (Ukraine). The main Polovtsian forces led by Köten Khan, join the Russians here, which consist entirely of mounted archers. Compared to this, some 20,000–25,000 Mongols assemble and build a defensive encampment on the high ground, probably on the northern slopes of the Mohila Bel'mak hills, located near the Konka River.
* May 16  Mstislav Mstislavich leads a small detachment of his own men, and some Polovtsians to the far bank of the Dnieper River – where they attack a part of the Mongol advance guard. The Mongols promptly fleeing into the steppes. Mstislavich pursues them and captures their commander named Gemyabek or Hamabek who seeks refuge behind a wooden fence surrounding a Polovtsian burial site. The captive's fate is sealed when the Polovtsians ask Mstislavich to hand him over – to execute.
* May 17  Daniel of Galicia leads a reconnaissance in force east of the Dnieper River, using a bridge of boats. He defeats a Mongol detachment, who abandons their herds and local prisoners. Following these successful sorties, the entire Russian and Polovtsian armies start a 9 day march towards the main Mongol army. Numerous carts move across the steppes, loaded with mail, heavy armour, as well as shields, protected by Russian cavalry. The Mongol forces retreat towards the Kalka River.
* May 31  Battle of the Kalka River: The Russian cavalry successfully attacks the Mongol vanguard and crosses the Kalka River in what is now Ukraine. The Polovtsian and Volhynian cavalry led by Daniel of Galicia form the Russian vanguard. Meanwhile, the army of Kiev waits on the western side of the Kalka River. The Russians fail to co-ordinate their attacks, they advance in separate formations and become divided by the Kalka River. In the afternoon, the Russian army collapses under continuous Mongol attacks.
* June 16  The Mongol General Subutai withdraws eastward after the victory at the Battle of the Kalka River, after General Jebe has died.

### JulySeptember

### OctoberDecember

### Other events, by place

#### Mongol Empire

* Spring  The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are joined by Alan, Circassian, and Don Kipchak/Cuman forces. The Mongol army crosses the Caucasus Mountains, but is trapped in the narrow mountain passes. The Mongol generals Subutai and Jebe (**the Arrow**) send an embassy to the Polovtsians and convince them to break their alliance with the Caucasian peoples. The Mongol cavalry invades the Caucasus region and devastates the local villages, seizing slaves, cattle and horses.
* The Mongol army invades Polovtsian territory and defeats the Polovtsians in a great battle near the Don River. Several Polovtsian leaders are killed – while the remainder flees westwards, across the Dnieper River, to seek support by various Russian princes. Steppe lands east of the Dnieper fall under Mongol control, Subutai and Jebe raise the wealthy city of Astrakhan on the Volga River. Subutai now parts his forces, he moves south to the Crimea (or **Tauric Peninsula**), while Jebe travels towards the Dnieper.
* Mongol forces capture the nominally Genoese trading outpost of Sudak, probably with the tacit approval of neighbouring rival Venetian outposts in the Crimea. Subutai promises to destroy any non-Venetian colonies in the area. In return, the Venetians provide Subutai with information about the kingdoms in Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Köten Khan, Cuman/Kipchak chieftain of the Polovtsians, convinces Prince Mstislav Mstislavich of Galicia to form an alliance, and informs him of his plight against the Mongols.
* February  A council of Russian princes summons at Kiev; several princes are convinced by Köten Khan to assemble an allied army to drive the Mongols back. During the first half of March, Russian princes return to their principalities and begin to raise forces for the forthcoming campaign. The alliance has a combined force of some 60,000 men, mainly cavalry. Subutai unites his army with Jebe, and sends ambassadors to the Kievan Rus' princes, to tell them to stay out of the conflict as it didn't involve them.
* April  The Russian princes lead their separate armies from different parts of Russia, to assemble 60 kilometres downriver from Kiev. There are three main groups of princes taking part in the campaign; the Kievan army is represented by Grand Prince Mstislav Romanovich (**the Old**). The second group are the Chernigov and Smolensk armies under Prince Mstislav II. The third group is the Galician-Volhynian army under Mstislav Mstislavich with his son-in-law Daniel of Galicia, leaving from northern Ukraine.
* The Mongol leaders Subutai and Jebe receive news that Jochi, who camps north of the Caspian Sea, will not be able to provide the expected reinforcements due to Jochi's reported illness or suspected refusal to obey his father Genghis Khan's orders. Subutai sends an embassy to the Russian princes, to offer peace and perhaps attempt to break the Russian alliance with the Polovtsians. But the Mongol ambassadors are executed – a task eagerly carried out by Köten Khan's followers, by the end of April.
* Late April  The Russian and Polovtsian armies march down the west bank of the Dnieper River. Within a few days of the march beginning, a second group of Mongol ambassadors appear in the Russian camp and again offer peace. When their offers are rebuffed, the ambassadors are allowed to leave unharmed. Meanwhile, Russian forces from Galicia arrive by boat or cart-loads of equipment and food, along the Black Sea coast and up the Dnieper River, screened by Mongol forces on the east bank.
* Late May  The Mongol army under Subutai and Jebe establishes a defensive position on the Kalka River. Increasing disagreements amongst the Russian princes, about the wisdom of continuing to pursue the Mongols deeper into the steppes. By the end of May, the allied forces reach the banks of the Kalka River. The Polovtsian vanguard is way ahead of the rest of the Russian army, which gives them a triumphant feeling. Meanwhile, Subutai and Jebe set up a trap against the Russian forces.
* June  Mstislav Mstislavich escapes back to the Dnieper River with the remnants of his Galician army. Mstislav Romanovich (**the Old**) surrenders and is executed. According to sources, he and other Russian nobles are slowly suffocated to death during a Mongol 'drunken feast', they are tied up and laid flat on the ground beneath what is described as a wooden 'bridge' (or platform), on which Subutai, Jebe and their officers feast. This is revenge for killing the Mongol ambassadors.
* Battle of Samara Bend: A Volga-Bulgarian army under Ghabdula Chelbir defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of Sarai (future capital of the Golden Horde), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea.
* Autumn  Mongol forces under Jochi, Subutai and Jebe attack and defeat the Qangl Turks (eastern Kipchaks or **Wild Polovtsians**), killing their ruler. During the winter, they continue eastwards across the Great Steppe. Jebe (possibly poisoned) suddenly dies of a fever near the Imil River.

#### Europe

#### Asia

* Spring  The Mongol army led by Muqali (or **Mukhali**) strikes into Shaanxi Province, attacking Chang'an while Genghis khan is invading the Khwarazmian Empire. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage Feng County. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the Yellow River.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: 1755 in science

abstract: The year 1755 in science and technology involved some significant events.

text:
# 1755 in science

The year **1755 in science** and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

## Chemistry

## Earth sciences

## Life sciences

## Mathematics

## Technology

* December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse (1709–1755), with a wooden cone, catches fire and burns to the ground; it will be rebuilt in stone.
* While serving as Postmaster General of the northern American colonies, Benjamin Franklin invents a simple odometer, attached to his horse carriage, to help analyze the best routes for delivering the mail.
* *approx. date*Thomas Mudge invents the lever escapement for timepieces.

## Awards

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in science (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: 1821 in archaeology

abstract: The year 1821 in archaeology involved some significant events.

text:
# 1821 in archaeology

The year **1821 in archaeology** involved some significant events.

## Explorations

## Excavations

## Publications

## Finds

## Awards

## Miscellaneous

* "Egyptian Hall" in London displays artifacts from Ancient Egypt brought to the United Kingdom by Giovanni Battista Belzoni. The Philae obelisk is landed in England in December.
* While not specifically the year 1821, this time period is when one of the most significant categorical discoveries of archaeology was named. Christian Thomsen, a Danish archaeologist, developed the three age system to date objects in museums. These three ages were the "Stone Age," "Bronze Age," and "Iron Age."
* While not specifically the year 1821, this time period is when one of the most significant findings regarding time and dating archaeological findings was discovered. Boucher de Perthes established a much deeper sense of time than what James Usher had previously established. Perthes determined that the world was significantly older than 4004 BC and thus gave archaeology a deeper, more realistic time frame to work with.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in archaeology (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In science 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 |
| *+...* |


abstract: The 1953 SCCA National Sports Car Championship season was the third season of the Sports Car Club of America's National Sports Car Championship. It began February 21, 1953, and ended November 8, 1953, after fifteen races. Bill Spear won the season championship.

text:
# 1953 SCCA National Sports Car Championship

The **1953 SCCA National Sports Car Championship season** was the third season of the Sports Car Club of America's National Sports Car Championship. It began February 21, 1953, and ended November 8, 1953, after fifteen races. Bill Spear won the season championship.

## Schedule

| Rnd | Race | Length | Circuit | Location | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Florida National Sports Car Races | 6 hours | MacDill Air Force Base | Tampa, Florida | February 21 |
| 2 | Lone Star National Sports Car Races | 100 mi (160 km) | Bergstrom Air Force Base | Austin, Texas | April 12 |
| 3 | Pebble Beach Sports Car Road Race | 100 mi (160 km) | Pebble Beach road circuit | Pebble Beach, California | April 19 |
| 4 | Bridgehampton Sports Car Races | 100 mi (160 km) | Bridgehampton road circuit | Bridgehampton, New York | May 23 |
| 5 | Golden Gate Sports Car Races | 100 mi (160 km) | Golden Gate Park | San Francisco, California | May 31 |
| 6 | Race To The Clouds | 2.5 mi (4.0 km) | Mount Equinox | Manchester, Vermont | June 21 |
| 7 | Offutt National Sports Car Races | 200 mi (320 km) | Offutt Air Force Base | Omaha, Nebraska | July 5 |
| 8 | Giants Despair Hillclimb | 1 mi (1.6 km) | Giants Despair hill climb | Laurel Run, Pennsylvania | July 24 |
| 9 | Ohio Sesqui-centennial National Sports Car Races | 100 mi (160 km) | Lockbourne Air Force Base | Columbus, Ohio | August 9 |
| 10 | Moffet NAS Races | 2 hours, 30 minutes | Naval Air Station Moffett | Mountain View, California | August 16 |
| 11 | Janesville National Sports Car Races | 92.5 mi (148.9 km) | Rock County Municipal Airport | Janesville, Wisconsin | August 23 |
| 12 | Thompson National Races | 15 mi (24 km) | Thompson International Speedway | Thompson, Connecticut | September 6 |
| 13 | Stead National Sports Car Races | 2 hours, 30 minutes | Stead Air Force Base | Reno, Nevada | October 18 |
| 14 | Sowega International Sports Car Races | 250 mi (400 km) | Turner Air Force Base | Albany, Georgia | October 25 |
| 15 | Orange Empire National Sports Car Races | 175 mi (282 km) | March Air Force Base | Moreno Valley, California | November 8 |

**^A**  Feature race

## Season results

*Note: Although support races counted towards the season points championship, only feature race overall winners are listed below.*

| Rnd | Circuit | Winning Team | Results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Winning Driver(s) | |
| 1 | MacDill | #4 *Cunningham* | Results |
| | John Fitch | |
| 2 | Bergstrom | #5 *Ferrari* | Results |
| | Jim Kimberly | |
| 3 | Pebble Beach | #2 Phil Hill | Results |
| | Phil Hill | |
| 4 | Bridgehampton | #1 William C. Spear | Results |
| | Bill Spear | |
| 5 | Golden Gate | #58 *Jaguar* | Results |
| | Masten Gregory | |
| 6 | Mt. Equinox | #74 *Jaguar* | Results |
| | Sherwood Johnston | |
| 7 | Offutt | #58 Masten Gregory | Results |
| | Masten Gregory | |
| 8 | Giants' Despair | #21 Delvan Lee | Results |
| | Delvan Lee | |
| 9 | Lockbourne | #11 *Ferrari* | Results |
| | Bill Spear | |
| 10 | Moffett | #30 Bill Stroppe | Results |
| | Bill Stroppe | |
| 11 | Janesville | #5 *Ferrari* | Results |
| | Jim Kimberly | |
| 12 | Thompson | #32 Briggs Cunningham | Results |
| | Phil Walters | |
| 13 | Reno | #26 Sterling Edwards | Results |
| | Sterling Edwards | |
| 14 | Turner | #90 Bill Spear | Results |
| | Bill Spear | |
| 15 | March | #15 Briggs Cunningham | Results |
| | John Fitch | |


title: Egidijus Valavičius

abstract: Egidijus Valavičius is a Lithuanian mixed martial artist from Marijampolė. A professional competitor since 2000, he has competed for PRIDE FC, Bellator, RINGS, and K-1.

text:
# Egidijus Valavičius

**Egidijus Valavičius** (born December 23, 1978) is a Lithuanian mixed martial artist from Marijampolė. A professional competitor since 2000, he has competed for PRIDE FC, Bellator, RINGS, and K-1.

## Mixed martial arts career

### Early career

Valavičius made his professional debut in August 2000 in the RINGS promotion. He fought for RINGS in his first seven fights ending with a record of 4 wins and 3 losses. One of those losses was to future PRIDE Heavyweight champion Fedor Emelianenko.

For the first 12 years of his career, he fought in Japan and Eastern European countries such as his native Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Czech Republic. Valavičius made his North American debut in Chicago, Illinois in August 2012.

### Bellator MMA

Valavičius made his debut with Bellator MMA in February 2014. He faced Atanas Djambazov at Bellator 110 and won via knockout due to a knee and punch at 48 seconds in the first round.

In the summer of 2014, Valavičius was announced as a participant in the Bellator Light Heavyweight Tournament. He faced Carlos Eduardo in the opening quarterfinals at Bellator 121 and won via split decision. He faced Liam McGeary in the semifinals at Bellator 122 and lost via TKO in the first round.

Valavičius was released from Bellator in August 2014.

## Championships and Accomplishments

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **41 matches** | **29 wins** | **12 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 17 | 3 |
| **By submission** | 7 | 5 |
| **By decision** | 5 | 4 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 29–12 | Tony Lopez | Decision (unanimous) | Sugar Creek Showdown 29: Thunderstruck | March 26, 2016 | 5 | 5:00 | Hinton, Oklahoma | Lost SWS Light Heavyweight Championship. |
| Win | 29–11 | Jeremy Horn | Verbal Submission (injury) | Sugar Creek Showdown 28: Shockwave | November 14, 2015 | 1 | 0:56 | Hinton, Oklahoma | Won SWS Light Heavyweight Championship. |
| Win | 28–11 | Yuri Gorbenko | KO (front kick) | Big Fight II in Klaipėda | December 5, 2014 | 1 | 3:55 | Klaipėda, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 27–11 | Liam McGeary | TKO (knees and punches) | Bellator 122 | July 25, 2014 | 1 | 2:10 | Temecula, California, United States | Light Heavyweight Tournament Semifinal. |
| Win | 27–10 | Carlos Eduardo | Decision (split) | Bellator 121 | June 6, 2014 | 3 | 5:00 | Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States | Light Heavyweight Tournament Quarterfinal. |
| Win | 26–10 | Atanas Djambazov | KO (knee and punch) | Bellator 110 | February 28, 2014 | 1 | 0:48 | Uncasville, Connecticut, United States |  |
| Win | 25–10 | Dan McGlasson | Decision (unanimous) | Flawless FC 3: California Love | May 18, 2013 | 3 | 5:00 | Inglewood, California, United States |  |
| Loss | 24–10 | Cully Butterfield | Decision (unanimous) | Flawless FC 2: Hated | December 15, 2012 | 3 | 5:00 | Chicago, Illinois, United States | Middleweight bout. |
| Win | 24–9 | Eric Hammerich | Submission (armbar) | Flawless FC 1: The Beginning | August 4, 2012 | 1 | 0:58 | Chicago, Illinois, United States |  |
| Win | 23–9 | Krzysztof Morzyszek | TKO (leg kick) | Bushido HERO'S World GP 2011 Lithuania | November 19, 2011 | 1 | N/A | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 22–9 | Hendrik Oschmann | TKO (punches) | Bushido HERO'S World GP 2011 Lithuania | November 19, 2011 | 1 | 0:13 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 21–9 | Sergei Sokho | Submission (triangle choke) | BUSHIDO FC 2011 IN LONDON Vol.47 | November 5, 2011 | 1 | 1:14 | London, England |  |
| Win | 20–9 | Gheorghe Drucioc | TKO (punches) | King of Kings: World Grand Prix 2011 | October 10, 2011 | 1 | N/A | Chișinău, Moldova |  |
| Win | 19–9 | Dmitriy Bulgak | KO (punch) | King of Kings: World Grand Prix 2011 | June 10, 2011 | 1 | 0:13 | Lublin, Poland |  |
| Loss | 18–9 | Malik Merad | TKO (doctor stoppage) | King of Kings: World Grand Prix 2011 | March 19, 2011 | 1 | N/A | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 18–8 | Sergy Soha | TKO (knee injury) | Hero's Lithuania 2010 | November 20, 2010 | 1 | 4:44 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 17–8 | Attila Vegh | Decision (unanimous) | HG: Heroes Gate 1 | May 5, 2010 | 2 | 5:00 | Prague, Czech Republic |  |
| Win | 17–7 | Denis Bogdanov | Submission (neck crank) | K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Vilnius | April 10, 2010 | 1 | 2:14 | Vilnius, Lithuania | Won vacant Bushido FC Heavyweight Championship. |
| Win | 16–7 | Alexander Grebenkin | TKO (doctor stoppage) | Bushido Lithuania: Hero's 2009 | November 14, 2009 | 1 | 4:20 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 15–7 | Antoni Chmielewski | Decision (unanimous) | Hell Cage Championship: Hell Cage 4 | September 20, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 | Prague, Czech Republic |  |
| Win | 14–7 | Jean-Pierre Waflard | KO (punch) | Bushido Lithuania: HERO'S 2008 | November 8, 2008 | 1 | 0:08 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 13–7 | Matteo Minonzio | KO (punches) | Bushido Lithuania: The Battle Field 2008 | March 16, 2008 | 1 | 4:56 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 12–7 | Jason Jones | Decision (majority) | HERO'S Lithuania 2007 | November 10, 2007 | 3 | 5:00 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 11–7 | Dmitry Zabolotny | Submission (armbar) | International Absolute Fighting Council: Championship Cup | December 2, 2006 | 1 | 2:15 | Moscow, Russia | Heavyweight bout. |
| Win | 11–6 | Olexandr Tsurpikov | TKO (referee stoppage) | Hero's Lithuania | November 11, 2006 | 1 | 0:41 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 10–6 | Juha Saarinen | TKO (punches) | ZST: Prestige | September 23, 2006 | 1 | 3:44 | Turku, Finland |  |
| Win | 9–6 | Boris Jonstomp | Decision (unanimous) | K-1: World Max Eastern Europe | March 10, 2006 | 3 | 5:00 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 8–6 | Jair Goncalves | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Hero's Lithuania 2005 | November 20, 2005 | 3 | 2:55 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 8–5 | Andre Fyeet | Submission (triangle choke) | RINGS Russia: CIS vs. The World | August 20, 2005 | 1 | 2:28 | Turku, Finland |  |
| Loss | 7–5 | Mikko Rupponen | TKO | Fight Festival 14 | April 9, 2005 | 1 | 3:47 | Helsinki, Finland |  |
| Win | 7–4 | Andre Fyeet | TKO (punches) | Shooto Lithuania: Bushido | November 10, 2004 | 1 | 0:45 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 6–4 | Igor Kolacin | KO (punches) | Shooto: Lithuania Gladiators | September 29, 2004 | 1 | 0:51 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 5–4 | Yasuhito Namekawa | Submission (guillotine choke) | PRIDE Bushido 2 | February 15, 2004 | 1 | 1:07 | Yokohama, Japan | Middleweight (93 kg) debut. |
| Win | 5–3 | Gela Getsadze | Submission (guillotine choke) | Shooto Lithuania: King of Bushido Stage 1 | November 14, 2003 | 1 | 1:31 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 4–3 | Fedor Emelianenko | Submission (kimura) | RINGS Lithuania: Bushido RINGS 7: Adrenalinas | April 5, 2003 | 2 | 1:11 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 4–2 | Krzysztof Gerke | TKO (corner stoppage) | RINGS Lithuania: Bushido RINGS 5: Shock | November 9, 2002 | 1 | 5:00 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Loss | 3–2 | Chris Haseman | Submission (armbar) | RINGS: World Title Series 5 | December 21, 2001 | 1 | 3:08 | Yokohama, Japan | 2001 RINGS Absolute Class Tournament Semifinals. |
| Win | 3–1 | Yasuhito Namekawa | TKO (towel) | RINGS: World Title Series 4 | October 20, 2001 | 1 | 2:18 | Yokohama, Japan | 2001 RINGS Absolute Class Tournament First Round. |
| Loss | 2–1 | Andrei Kopylov | Decision (unanimous) | RINGS: World Title Series 2 | May 8, 2001 | 2 | 5:00 | Vilnius, Lithuania |  |
| Win | 2–0 | Achmed Sagidgusenov | Submission (armbar) | RINGS Lithuania: Bushido RINGS 1 | October 24, 2000 | 2 | 4:37 | Vilnius, Lithuania | Heavyweight debut. |
| Win | 1–0 | Denis Baykov | TKO | RINGS: Russia vs. Georgia | August 16, 2000 | 1 | 18:29 | Tula, Russia |  |

## InfoBox

| Egidijus Valavičius | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1978-12-23) December 23, 1978
Marijampolė, Lithuania |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight | 205 lb (93 kg; 14 st 9 lb) |
| Division | Heavyweight
Light Heavyweight
Middleweight |
| Style | MMA, Hybrid martial arts |
| Stance | Orthodox |
| Fighting out of | Marijampole, Lithuania |
| Team | Team Gladiator
RINGS Lithuania
Flawless MMA |
| Years active | 2000–*present* |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record | |
| **Total** | 41 |
| **Wins** | 29 |
| By knockout | 17 |
| By submission | 7 |
| By decision | 5 |
| **Losses** | 12 |
| By knockout | 3 |
| By submission | 5 |
| By decision | 4 |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog | |


title: Effie Robinson

abstract: Effie Robinson was a social worker and public housing director. She was the first African American graduate from the UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare.

text:
# Effie Robinson

**Effie Robinson** (January 7, 1920 – May 23, 2003) was a social worker and public housing director. She was the first African American graduate from the UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare.

## Biography

Effie Robinson was born in Healdsburg, California, January 7, 1920. A 1943 magna cum laude graduate of San Francisco State University, Robinson was the first African American graduate from the UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare. She was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha.

Art Agnos worked as her assistant when she was appointed, in 1964 by !ayor John F. Shelley to be the San Francisco Housing Authority Director of Human Relations and Tenant Services.

In 1945 Robinson went to work for the Family Service Agency of San Francisco. Her first job was as a casework supervisor and by 1956, Robinson was appointed Executive Director.

Robinson died when she was 83 at her time in the Cow Hollow neighborhood of San Francisco.

## Awards and honors

Robinson was awarded the Daniel Koshland Jr. Award in Social Welfare in 1974 by the National Association of Social Workers.

## InfoBox

| Effie Robinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-01-07)January 7, 1920
Healdsburg, California, United States |
| Died | May 23, 2003(2003-05-23) (aged 83)
Cow Hollow neighborhood of San Francisco, California, United States |
| Education | San Francisco State University,
UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare |
| Occupation(s) | social worker, public housing director |


abstract: Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, and caused extensive damage to the New Orleans Arena. As a result, the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s New Orleans Hornets were unable to play any home games at the Arena for both the entire 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, and temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to become the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets. After playing the majority of home games for both the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City, the Hornets returned to New Orleans for the 2007–08 season. Following the success of the Hornets' tenure in the city, the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City for the 2008–09 season, where they now compete as the Oklahoma City Thunder. As for the Hornets franchise, they changed their name to the Pelicans in 2013, paving the way for a return of the Hornets name to its original home of Charlotte, North Carolina, where it replaced the Bobcats name one year later.

text:
# Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Hornets

Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005, and caused extensive damage to the New Orleans Arena. As a result, the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s New Orleans Hornets were unable to play any home games at the Arena for both the entire 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons, and temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to become the **New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets**. After playing the majority of home games for both the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City, the Hornets returned to New Orleans for the 2007–08 season.

Following the success of the Hornets' tenure in the city, the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City for the 2008–09 season, where they now compete as the Oklahoma City Thunder. As for the Hornets franchise, they changed their name to the Pelicans in 2013, paving the way for a return of the Hornets name to its original home of Charlotte, North Carolina, where it replaced the Bobcats name one year later.

## Response

Because of the extensive damage resulting from the hurricane, where the Hornets would play for the 2005–06 season came into question. Although the New Orleans Arena suffered only slight damage, the flooding surrounding the area made it impossible to use. With the training camp scheduled to begin on October 4, the team announced that the first three weeks of camp would be held at the Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, instead of their usual location, Alario Center in Westwego. Additionally the team stated that they wanted to play home games within Louisiana, at either the Pete Maravich Assembly Center or the Rivercenter in Baton Rouge. On September 3, Hornets owner George Shinn stated that the storm would not be used as a reason to permanently relocate the franchise.

By September 10, the prospect of securing a Baton Rouge location to host the Hornets was fading as a result of the facilities being utilized for hurricane related relief operations. Numerous cities inquired about hosting the franchise for the season, including Kansas City, Louisville, Nashville, Oklahoma City and San Diego. During this period, Oklahoma City announced that it was the favored choice to serve as the temporary home of the franchise, although by mid-September SMG announced that the New Orleans arena could potentially be ready for occupancy by the All-Star Game break. However, by late September the Hornets finalized a move to Oklahoma City, where 35 games would be played at the Ford Center, as well as six in Baton Rouge at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center. Additionally, it was announced that three of the games in March could be moved to New Orleans if the arena repairs were complete. At the same time, the NBA also announced the team would be referred to officially as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets, and that the deal reached with Oklahoma City would allow for the team to return for the 2006–07 season, if necessary.

## Delayed return

In order to allow for a full recovery of the New Orleans market in the wake of the storm, the NBA announced on January 31, 2006, that the Hornets would remain in Oklahoma City for the 2006–07 season and return for the 2007–08 season. The league also announced that New Orleans would play host for the 2008 All-Star Game, in addition to hosting the team for six of their 41 home games during the season.

Although guarantees by the league and organization indicated a return for 2007–08, many fans in New Orleans were still skeptical of a permanent return due to the popularity of the team in Oklahoma City. Meanwhile, the Hornets opened their season in Oklahoma City with a 26-point win over the Sacramento Kings on November 1, 2005. They played their first game in Louisiana in a loss to the Phoenix Suns on December 21, 2005, and they played the first professional sports event in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina on March 8, 2006, where they lost to the Los Angeles Lakers.

The Hornets completed the 2005–06 season by winning 38 games, tenth in the Western Conference. They became the first team since the 1974–75 Boston Celtics to play home games at four separate venues: the Ford Center in Oklahoma City, the New Orleans Arena in New Orleans, the Pete Maravich Assembly Center in Baton Rouge, and the Lloyd Noble Center in Norman, Oklahoma. The Hornets had finished last in attendance in the previous season in New Orleans, but playing in Ford Center, they averaged 18,168 fans, a 78% increase. Referring to the fan support in Oklahoma City, Hornets star Chris Paul said that "You get a feeling you're a part of something special"; mayor Mick Cornett said, "My expectations were lofty, but we've exceeded them."

All repair work on the New Orleans Arena was finished by March 2006, and a new scoreboard and video displays were added during the process. In June 2006, Shinn stated he was pleased with the ongoing recovery process in New Orleans and again reaffirmed his desire to permanently return for the 2007–08 season. However, the Hornets also announced that they were in the process of negotiating with Oklahoma City to play the 2007–08 season at the Ford Center as a contingency plan. The Hornets opened the 200607 season at New Orleans with a win over the Boston Celtics. They improved their final record from the previous season by one game, and again finished tenth in the Western Conference, three games out of the playoffs. Their attendance declined slightly compared to the previous season, and they finished 15th overall in attendance.

The Hornets made their permanent return to New Orleans on October 31, 2007, when they defeated the Sacramento Kings 109–90 to open the 2007–08 season. In the following two seasons, the Hornets averaged an attendance of 15,574. During the 2008 All-Star Game, the NBA donated $5 million towards relief work, and staged an NBA Cares program throughout the city to help rebuilding efforts.


title: Effect of health on intelligence

abstract: Health can affect intelligence in various ways. Conversely, intelligence can affect health. Health effects on intelligence have been described as being among the most important factors in the origins of human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier of the child is less effective. Such impairment may sometimes be permanent, sometimes be partially or wholly compensated for by later growth. Developed nations have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients and toxins known to influence cognitive function. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants. Comprehensive policy recommendations targeting reduction of cognitive impairment in children have been proposed. Improvements in nutrition due to public policy changes have been implicated in IQ increases in many nations, such as efforts fighting iodine deficiency in the U.S.

text:
# Effect of health on intelligence

Health can affect intelligence in various ways. Conversely, intelligence can affect health. Health effects on intelligence have been described as being among the most important factors in the origins of human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier of the child is less effective. Such impairment may sometimes be permanent, sometimes be partially or wholly compensated for by later growth.

Developed nations have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients and toxins known to influence cognitive function. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants (e.g. lead, mercury, and organochlorides). Comprehensive policy recommendations targeting reduction of cognitive impairment in children have been proposed.

Improvements in nutrition (often involving specific micronutrients) due to public policy changes have been implicated in IQ increases in many nations (as part of the overall Flynn effect), such as efforts fighting iodine deficiency in the U.S.

## Nutrition

Malnutrition may occur during several periods of growth, such as pregnancy, during breastfeeding, infancy, or childhood. It may also happen due to deficiencies of different nutrients, such as micronutrients, protein or energy. This may cause different effects.

### Timing

Some observers have argued that malnutrition during the first six months of life harms cognitive development much more than malnutrition later in life. However, a study from the Philippines argues that malnutrition in the second year of life may have a larger negative impact than malnutrition in the first year of life. While it is debatable whether or not as an infant or after two years is the worst time for malnourishment, the bottom line in these studies is that not having enough nutrients at a young age negatively effects learning.

### Intrauterine growth retardation

Undernutrition during pregnancy, and other factors, may cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), which is one cause of low birth weight. However, it has been suggested that in IUGR the brain may be selectively spared. Brain growth is usually less affected than whole body weight or length. Several studies from developed nations have found that with the exception of extreme intrauterine growth retardation also affecting brain growth, and hypoxic injury, IUGR seems to have little or no measurable effect on mental performance and behavior in adolescence or adulthood. For example, acute undernutrition for a few months during the Dutch famine of 1944 caused a decrease in mean birthweight in certain areas. This was later associated with a change in performance on IQ tests for 18–19 years old Dutch males draftees from these areas compared to control areas. The subjects were exposed to famine prenatally but not after birth. During the famine, births decreased more among those with lower socioeconomic status (SES), whereas after the famine, there was a compensatory increase in births among those with lower SES. Since SES correlates with IQ, this may have hidden an effect caused by the undernutrition.

### Breastfeeding

Studies often find higher IQ in children and adults who were breastfed. It has been proposed that omega-3 fatty acids in breast milk, known to be essential constituents of brain tissues, could at least partially account for an increase in IQ.

Recently, however, the longstanding belief that breastfeeding causes an increase in the IQ of offspring was challenged in a 2006 paper published in the *British Medical Journal*. The results indicated that mother's IQ, not breastfeeding, explained the differences in the IQ scores of offspring measured between ages 5 and 14. The results of this meta-analysis argued that prior studies had not controlled for the mother's IQ. Since mother's IQ was predictive of whether a child was breastfed, the study concluded that "breast feeding \[itself\] has little or no effect on intelligence in children." Instead, it was the mother's IQ that had a significant correlation with the IQ of her offspring, whether the offspring was breastfed or was not breastfed.

One study found that breastfeeding was linked to raised IQ (as much as 7 points when not controlling for maternal IQ) if the infants had an SNP coding for a "C" rather than G base within the FADS2 gene. Those with the "G" version showed no IQ advantage, suggesting a biochemical interaction of child's genes on the effect of breastfeeding. Other studies have failed to replicate any correlation between the *FADS2* gene, breastfeeding and IQ, while others show a negative effect on IQ when combining bottled feeding, and the "G" version of *FADS2*.

### Infancy

Two studies in Chile on 18-year-old high-school graduates found that nutritional status during the first year of life affected IQ, scholastic achievement, and brain volume.

### Micronutrients and vitamin deficiencies

Micronutrient deficiencies (e.g. in iodine and iron) influence the development of intelligence and remain a problem in the developing world. For example, iodine deficiency causes a fall, on average, of 12 IQ points. These deficiencies could technically show up in medical scans at various ages.

Policy recommendations to increase availability of micronutrient supplements have been made and justified in part by the potential to counteract intelligence-related developmental problems. For example, the Copenhagen consensus, states that lack of both iodine and iron has been implicated in impaired brain development, and this can affect enormous numbers of people: it is estimated that 2 billion people (one-third of the total global population) are affected by iodine deficiency, including 285 million 6- to 12-year-old children. In developing countries, it is estimated that 40% of children aged four and under have anaemia because of insufficient iron in their diets.

A joint statement on vitamin and mineral deficiencies says that the severity of such deficiencies "means the impairment of hundreds of millions of growing minds and the lowering of national IQs." Since the brain is not fully developed until age 25, this can be effecting people through their late teens.

Overall, studies investigating whether cognitive function in already iron-deficient children can be improved with iron supplements have produced mixed results, possibly because deficiency in critical growth periods may cause irreversible damage. However, several studies with better design have shown substantial benefits. One way to prevent iron deficiency is to give specific supplementation to children, for example as tablets. However, this is costly, distribution mechanisms are often ineffective, and compliance is low. Fortification of staple foods (cereals, flour, sugar, salt) to deliver micronutrients to children on a large scale is probably the most sustainable and affordable option, even though commitment from governments and the food industry is needed. Developed nations fortify several foods with various micronutrients.

Additional vitamin-mineral supplementation may have an effect also in the developed world. A study giving such supplementation to "working class", primarily Hispanic, 6–12-year-old children in the United States for 3 months found an average increase of 2 to 3 IQ points. Most of this can be explained by the very large increase of a subgroup of the children, presumably because these were not adequately nourished unlike the majority. The study suggests that parents of schoolchildren whose academic performance is substandard would be well advised to seek a nutritionally oriented physician for assessment of their children's nutritional status as a possible etiology.

More speculatively, other nutrients may prove important in the future. Vitamin B12 and folate may be important for cognitive function in old age. Fish oil supplement to pregnant and lactating mothers has been linked to increased cognitive ability in one study.

Another study found that pregnant women who consumed 340 grams of low-mercury containing fish with fatty acids per week have benefits that outweigh the risks for mercury poisoning. They were less likely to have children with low verbal IQ, motor coordination and behavioral problems. However, foods containing high amounts of mercury, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish, might cause mental retardation.

### Protein and energy malnutrition

One study from a developing country, Guatemala, found that poor growth during infancy, rather than low birth weight, was negatively related to adolescent performance on cognitive and achievement tests. A later related very long-term study looked at the effect of giving 6–24-month-old children in Guatemala a high protein-energy drink as a dietary supplement. A significantly positive and fairly substantial effects was found on increasing the probability of attending school and of passing the first grade, increasing the grade attained by age 13, increasing completed schooling attainment, and for adults aged 25–40 increasing IQ test scores.

### Stunting

31% of children under the age of 5 in the developing world are moderately (height-for-age is below minus 2 standard deviations) or severely stunted (below minus 3 standard deviations). The prevalence was even higher previously since the worldwide prevalence of stunting is declining by about half of a percentage point each year. A study on stunted children aged 9–24 months in Jamaica found that when aged 17–18 years they had significantly poorer scores than a non-stunted group on cognitive and educational tests and psychosocial functioning. Giving a nutritional supplementation (1 kg milk based formula each week) to these already stunted children had no significant effect on later scores, but psychosocial stimulation (weekly play sessions with mother and child) had a positive effect.

## Toxins

### Drug use

Alcohol in pregnant women may cause fetal alcohol syndrome, one of the leading known causes of intellectual disability in the Western world.

Current cannabis use was found to be significantly correlated in a dose-dependent manner with a decline in IQ scores, during the effect of the use. However, no such decline was seen in subjects who had formerly been heavy cannabis users and had stopped taking the drug. The authors concluded that cannabis does not have a long-term effect on intelligence. However this is contradicted by the long-term longitudinal study, carried out by Otago and Duke universities, which found that regular use of marijuana in teenage years affects IQ in adulthood even when the use stops. The drop in IQ was 8 points. Adults smoking marijuana had no lasting effect on IQ. Effects on fetal development are minimal when compared with the well-documented adverse effects of tobacco or alcohol use.

Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased activity, decreased attention, and diminished intellectual abilities. However, a recent study finds that maternal tobacco smoking has no direct causal effect on the child's IQ. Adjusting for maternal cognitive ability as measured by IQ and education eliminated the association between lower IQ and tobacco smoking. But another study instead looking at the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure, measured with a blood biomarker, and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents 6–16 years of age, found an inverse association between exposure and cognitive ability among children even at extremely low levels of exposure. The study controlled for sex, race, region, poverty, parent education and marital status, ferritin, and blood lead concentration.

### Industrial chemicals

Certain toxins, such as lead, mercury, toluene, and PCB are well-known causes of neuro-developmental disorders. Recognition of these risks has led to evidence-based programmes of prevention, such as elimination of lead additives in petrol. Although these prevention campaigns are highly successful, most were initiated only after substantial delays.

Policies to manage lead differ between nations, particularly between the developed and developing world. Use of leaded gasoline has been reduced or eliminated in most developed nations, and lead levels in US children have been substantially reduced by policies relating to lead reduction. Even slightly elevated lead levels around the age of 24 months are associated with intellectual and academic performance deficits at age 10 years.

Certain, at least previously, widely used organochlorides, such as dioxins, DDT, and PCB, have been associated with cognitive deficits.

A Lancet review identified 201 chemicals with the ability to cause clinical neurotoxic effects in human adults, as described in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Most of them are commonly used. Many additional chemicals have been shown to be neurotoxic in laboratory models. The article notes that children are more vulnerable and argues that new, precautionary approaches that recognise the unique vulnerability of the developing brain are needed for testing and control of chemicals in order to avoid the previous substantial before starting restrictions on usage. An appendix listed further industrial chemicals considered to be neurotoxic.

## Healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth

Healthcare during pregnancy and childbirth, access to which is often governed by policy, also influences cognitive development. Preventable causes of low intelligence in children include infectious diseases such as meningitis, parasites, and cerebral malaria, prenatal drug and alcohol exposure, newborn asphyxia, low birth weight, head injuries, and endocrine disorders. A direct policy focus on determinants of childhood cognitive ability has been urged.

## Stress

A recent theory suggests that early childhood stress may affect the developing brain and cause negative effects. Exposure to violence in childhood has been associated with lower school grades and lower IQ in children of all races. A group of largely African American urban first-grade children and their caregivers were evaluated using self-report, interview, and standardized tests, including IQ tests. The study reported that exposure to violence and trauma-related distress in young children were associated with substantial decrements in IQ and reading achievement. Exposure to violence or trauma was correlated with a 7.5-point (SD, 0.5) decrement in IQ and a 9.8-point (SD, 0.66) decrement in reading achievement.

Violence may have a negative impact on IQ, or IQ may be protective against violence. The causal mechanism and direction of causation is unknown. Neighborhood risk has been related to lower school grades for African-American adolescents in another study from 2006.

## Infectious diseases

A 2010 study by Eppig, Fincher and Thornhill found a close correlation between the infectious disease burden in a country and the average IQ of its population. The researchers found that when disease was controlled for, IQ showed no correlation with other variables such as educational and nutritional levels. Since brain development requires a very high proportion of all the body's energy in newborns and children, the researchers argue that fighting infection reduces children's IQ potential. The Eppig research may help to explain the Flynn effect, the rise in intelligence noted in rich countries. They also tested other hypotheses as well, including genetic explanations, concluding that infectious disease was "the best predictor". Christopher Hassall and Thomas Sherratt repeated the analysis, and concluded "that infectious disease may be the only really important predictor of average national IQ".

In order to mitigate the effects of education on IQ, Eppig Fincher & Thornhill repeated their analysis across the United States where standardized and compulsory education exists. The correlation between infectious disease and average IQ was confirmed, and they concluded that the "evidence suggests that infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

### Tropical infectious diseases

Malaria affects 300500 million persons each year, mostly children under age five in Africa, causing widespread anemia during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable. A 2006 systematic review found that Plasmodium falciparum infection causes cognitive deficits in both the short- and long-term. Policies aimed at malaria reduction may have cognitive benefits. It has been suggested that the future economic and educational development of Africa critically depends on the eradication of malaria.

Roundworms infect hundreds of millions of people. There is evidence that high intensities of worms in the intestines can affect mental performance, but a systematic review in 2000 and a 2009 update found that there was insufficient evidence to show that deworming treatments improve cognitive performance or school performance in children.

HIV infection in children in sub-Saharan Africa affects their motor development, but there is insufficient evidence to show a slowing of language development.

## Effects of other diseases

There are numerous diseases affecting the central nervous system which can cause cognitive impairment. Many of these are associated with aging. Some common examples include Alzheimer's disease and Multi-infarct dementia. Many diseases may be neurological or psychiatric and may primarily affect the brain. Others may affect many other organs, like HIV, Hashimoto's thyroiditis causing hypothyroidism, or cancer. According to a 2015 report in The American Scholar, an assortment of neglected tropical diseases as well as some recently identified pathogens such as Pseudo-nitzschia have also been found to erode human intelligence.

Major depression, affecting about 16% of the population on at least one occasion in their lives and the leading cause of disability in North America, may give symptoms similar to dementia. Patients treated for depression score higher on IQ tests than before treatment.

### Myopia and hyperopia

A 2008 literature review writes that studies in several nations have found a relationship between myopia and higher IQ and between myopia and school achievement. Several, but not all, studies have found hyperopia to be associated with lower IQ and school achievements. A common explanation for myopia is near-work. Regarding the relationship to IQ, several explanations have been proposed. One is that the myopic child is better adapted at reading, and reads and studies more, which increases intelligence. The reverse explanation is that the intelligent and studious child reads more which causes myopia. Another is that the myopic child has an advantage at IQ testing which is near work because of less eye strain. Still another explanation is that pleiotropic gene(s) affect the size of both brain and eyes simultaneously. A study of Chinese schoolchildren found that after controlling for age, gender, school, parental myopia, father's education, and books read per week, myopia was still associated with high nonverbal IQ. Nonverbal IQ was a more important explanation than books read per week.

## Other associations

Long working hours (55 vs. 40) was associated with decreased scores on cognitive tests in a 5-year study on midlife British civil servants.