title: Adolph Esmit

abstract: Adolph Esmit was a Danish colonial administrator and slave trader who served as governor of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies from 1683 to 1684, and again from 1687 to 1688. He was born in Holstein. His older brother Nicolai Esmit preceded him as governor of St. Thomas.

text:
# Adolph Esmit

**Adolph Esmit** was a Danish colonial administrator and slave trader who served as governor of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies from 1683 to 1684, and again from 1687 to 1688. He was born in Holstein. His older brother Nicolai Esmit preceded him as governor of St. Thomas.

## Biography

When Adolph's brother's was proclaimed governor in 1679, Adolph was in Courland, but he quickly went to the West Indies, where he captained a slave ship. When there, Esmit led a faction of planters in opposition of his brother, and deposed him in the fall of 1682. Westergaard describes him as "shifty, shrewd, vain, and at times boastful, and an exceedingly exasperating neighbor to deal with." Meanwhile, his (likely English) wife Charity Esmit was in Copenhagen, securing the official proclamation of his inauguration as governor in 1683.

During his rule, St. Thomas gained a reputation of being a haven for pirates such as George Bond. This was due in part to that when the fact that a sloop owned by a Briton was seized in the harbor of St. Thomas reached Governor Stapleton of Nevis, he attempted having the sloop restored to its owner. He also required the delivery of seven white servants who had run away. Esmit was evasive, saying it was a free port. and Stapleton sent his deputy, Thomas Biss, who said "Sir, if your port is free, why did you seize the sloop? If some rogues have freedom here, why not all?" Esmit later offered to return the sloop, even after having sold it on auction.

Likewise, French pirate Jean Hamlin, being pursued by Jamaican governor Thomas Lynch's men, arrived on St. Thomas in the spring of 1682. Under the protection of Esmit, Hamlin made the island his base and proceeded to rob several English vessels. When Stapleton's men encountered Hamlin's ship in the harbor of St. Thomas, they set it on fire. Although Esmit complained, claiming that the ship had been seized for the Danish Crown, he secretly sold Hamlin a sloop and let him escape the English.

Upon Esmit's arrival in Denmark, he was able to convince Danish West India Company that he could help them locate a sunken Spanish silver transport, and thus avoided the consequences of his rule. He was proclaimed governor again in 1687.

When it turned out that he would not be able to fulfill on his promises, and the citizens would not accept him as their governor, he was brought to Denmark again in 1688. Once there, Esmit managed to evade the impending trial by leaving for Courland.

## Bibliography

* Waldemar Westergaard, *The Danish West Indies under Company Rule (1671 - 1754)* (MacMillan, New York, 1917)
* *C. F. Bricka* (editor), Dansk biografisk Lexikon, first edition, 19 volumes, 1887–1905, Vol. IV. Online edition available: https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/ (page 599. Numbered as 601 in the online edition).
* Philip Gosse, *The Pirates' Who's Who* (Plain Label Books). Online edition available
* C.h. Haring, *The Buccaneers in the West Indies* (Plain Label Books). Online edition available

## InfoBox

| Adolph Esmit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Governor of The Danish West Indies | |
| **In office**
1683–1684 | |
| Preceded by | Nicolai Esmit |
| Succeeded by | Gabriel Milan |
| Governor of The Danish West Indies | |
| **In office**
1687–1688 | |
| Preceded by | Christopher Heins |
| Succeeded by | Christopher Heins |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | unknown
Probably Holstein |
| Died | unknown
Courland |
|  | |


title: Dichomeris argentaria

abstract: Dichomeris argentaria is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The wingspan is 13–14 mm. The forewings are light yellow ochreous with the costal edge slenderly suffused with dark fuscous from the base almost to the apex, beneath this with a faint pale iridescent-silvery streak to two-thirds. A similar slender silvery streak is found along the fold from the base to one-fourth, and two silvery streaks from the costa before and beyond the middle converging towards the dorsum beyond the middle. The dorsal area beneath the fold is deep ferruginous, paler towards the base, and the dorsum suffused with dark fuscous on the posterior half. There is a dark brown trapezoidal blotch resting on the dorsum and reaching halfway across the wing, its upper edge excavated, the corners of this excavation marked with two black dots. There is also a slender dark grey terminal fascia crossed by four black marks. The hindwings are grey, rather darker posteriorly.

text:
# Dichomeris argentaria

***Dichomeris argentaria*** is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

The wingspan is 13–14 mm. The forewings are light yellow ochreous with the costal edge slenderly suffused with dark fuscous from the base almost to the apex, beneath this with a faint pale iridescent-silvery streak to two-thirds. A similar slender silvery streak is found along the fold from the base to one-fourth, and two silvery streaks from the costa before and beyond the middle converging towards the dorsum beyond the middle. The dorsal area beneath the fold is deep ferruginous, paler towards the base, and the dorsum suffused with dark fuscous on the posterior half. There is a dark brown trapezoidal blotch resting on the dorsum and reaching halfway across the wing, its upper edge excavated, the corners of this excavation marked with two black dots. There is also a slender dark grey terminal fascia crossed by four black marks. The hindwings are grey, rather darker posteriorly.

## InfoBox

| *Dichomeris argentaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Dichomeris* |
| Species: | ***D. argentaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dichomeris argentaria***<br>Meyrick, 1913 | |
|


title: Dharma Vardhiny Sabha

abstract: Dharma Vardhiny Sabha is a great ancient council conducted by the emperors of the post-Vedic age to debate matters of importance for the wellbeing of humanity and the planet earth. This tradition was observed and upheld by King Rama of the Solar dynasty and by King Yudhishthira of the Kuru dynasty.

text:
# Dharma Vardhiny Sabha

**Dharma Vardhiny Sabha** is a great ancient council conducted by the emperors of the post-Vedic age to debate matters of importance for the wellbeing of humanity and the planet earth. This tradition was observed and upheld by King Rama of the Solar dynasty and by King Yudhishthira of the Kuru dynasty.

## Etymology

### Dharma

Dharma is a concept in the Sanatana Dharma tradition and has multiple meanings. It has been used in ancient Vedic texts and also the epic Ramayana where the protagonist Rama is said to Dharma manifest in human form. It is also said to have slight changes in each of the four yugas namely –

1. Satya Yuga
2. Treta Yuga
3. Dvapara Yuga and
4. Kali Yuga

### Vardhiny

Vardhanam is a samskrit word which means to increase or to escalate.

### Sabha

Sabha is a Sanskrit term which stands for an assembly or a council.

## Definition

Dharma Vardhiny Sabha means a council to increase the awareness of the established Dharma. Thus, any council that propagates and increases the awareness among people of the established dharma is known as the Dharma Vardhiny Sabha.


title: Adaina gentilis

abstract: Adaina gentilis is a moth in the family Pterophoridae. It is known from South Africa.

text:
# Adaina gentilis

***Adaina gentilis*** is a moth in the family Pterophoridae. It is known from South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Adaina gentilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Adaina* |
| Species: | ***A. gentilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Adaina gentilis***<br>Meyrick, 1911 | |
|


title: Adaina hodias

abstract: Adaina hodias is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in Brazil, Costa Rica, Venezuela (Mérida), Ecuador and Mexico. The wingspan is 13–14 millimetres (0.51–0.55 in). Adults are on wing in February, April, July, August, October and December.

text:
# Adaina hodias

***Adaina hodias*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in Brazil (Mato Grosso, São Paulo), Costa Rica, Venezuela (Mérida), Ecuador and Mexico.

The wingspan is 13–14 millimetres (0.51–0.55 in).

Adults are on wing in February, April, July, August, October and December.

## InfoBox

| *Adaina hodias* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Adaina* |
| Species: | ***A. hodias*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Adaina hodias***<br>(Meyrick, 1908) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Marasmarcha hodias* Meyrick, 1908 | |


title: Dickdellia labioflecta

abstract: Dickdellia labioflecta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Zerotulidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

text:
# Dickdellia labioflecta

***Dickdellia labioflecta*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Zerotulidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 5 mm and 7.5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the South Shetlands and in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

* Warén A. & Hain S. (1996) Description of Zerotulidae fam. nov. (Littorinoidea), with comments on an Antarctic littorinid gastropod. The Veliger 39(4): 277–334.
* Engl, W. (2012). Shells of Antarctica. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 402 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Dickdellia labioflecta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Littorinoidea |
| Family: | Zerotulidae |
| Genus: | *Dickdellia* |
| Species: | ***D. labioflecta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dickdellia labioflecta***
(Dell, 1990) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Corneolitorina labioflecta* (Dell, 1990) * *Laevilitorina labioflecta* Dell, 1990 (original combination) | |


title: DiMassimo Goldstein

abstract: DiMassimo Goldstein is an American marketing, advertising and design agency founded in May 1996 in New York City. The firm has more than 50 employees.

text:
# DiMassimo Goldstein

**DiMassimo Goldstein** is an American marketing, advertising and design agency founded in May 1996 in New York City. The firm has more than 50 employees.

## History

DiMassimo Goldstein was founded in 1996 by Mark DiMassimo, a former creative director/vice president at Kirshenbaum & Bond. DiMassimo also previously worked at J. Walter Thompson, BBDO, and Chapman Direct Advertising. The firm’s original name was DiMassimo Inc. and opened with estimated billings of $15–20 million USD. In 2007, Lee Goldstein became an owner and the name was changed to DiMassimo Goldstein.

In 2012, DiMassimo Goldstein was featured on AMC’s reality series *The Pitch*, where it competed for the account of the women’s clothing and accessory brand C. Wonder.

Currently, DiMassimo is Founder/Creative Chief, Goldstein is co-CEO, Lesley Bielby, who rejoined the agency in 2021 is Co-CEO and CS0. As of 2018, the company's clients include Weight Watchers, the Bronx Zoo, Jackson Hewitt, Ally, Proactiv, and The Partnership for Drug-Free Kids.

## Notable campaigns

The company's stated focus is "behavior change marketing," which entails working with clients whose products or services are chiefly focused on helping customers change their behavior. This practice is centered around the agency's proprietary ethos of "Inspiring Action"

• In 2002, the firm created seatback cards for the fitness chain Crunch Fitness and the airline JetBlue, titled “Airplane Yoga” and “Flying Pilates”, designed to illustrate relaxing or strengthening poses that could be done while in an economy class seat.

• In 2007, DiMassimo co-founded "Tappening", a social marketing effort to promote the use of tap water and reduce the environmental impact of single-use plastic water bottles. In 2010, the agency launched "Offlining" to encourage people to occasionally disengage from digital distractions. In 2017, the agency released its first list of "Behavior Change Marketers of the Year."

• In 2014, the firm was the first ad agency to accept the virtual currency of Bitcoin as a method of payment for its services.

• In 2015, the firm ran a rebranding campaign for Weight Watchers, deemphasizing the counting of calories in favor of the company's newly introduced "Freestyle" program, which aims to identify the overall healthfulness of foods through a points program. By the end of DiMassimo Goldstein's relationship with Weight Watchers, the company had experienced 10 consecutive quarters of membership growth.

• A 2016 campaign for Sallie Mae (“Let’s Make College Happen”) was designed to show the positive effect of scholarships on four young people who would not have been able to afford college otherwise. Ads in 2017 for the Bronx Zoo highlighted a Halloween event at the zoo.

• This year, DiMassimo Goldstein ran a creative campaign for Shutterstock that featured digital commercials that parody pop culture using the company's library of stock footage. Some notable subjects of these ads: Fyre Festival, Stranger Things, Game of Thrones and the 50th Anniversary of the Moon Landing

## Awards and recognition

DiMassimo Goldstein was on the "Inc. 5000" list of the fastest growing companies in the United States, published by *Inc.* magazine, for the years 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. In 2014, the firm was awarded *Advertising Age* magazine's "Small Agency of the Year" for the Northeast region. *Fast Company* magazine included the company in its list of "Foremost World-Changing Agencies" in 2009.

1. "LinkedIn profile Mark DiMassimo". *LinkedIn*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
2. "DiMassimo Shop Changes Name". *Adweek*. April 11, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
3. DiMassimo Goldstein Vimeo Channel (2013). "Digo on "The Pitch"". *Vimeo*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
4. Schultz, E.J. (April 9, 2015). "Weight Watchers Taps DiMassimo Goldstein for Next Campaign". *Ad Age*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
5. Oster, Erik (October 3, 2017). "DiMassimo Goldstein Debuts First Work for Bronx Zoo". *Ad Week*. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
6. "Ad Age Look Book DiMassimo Goldstein". *Ad Age*. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
7. DiMassimo, Mark (Dec 13, 2017). "The Behavior Change Manifesto". *DiMassimo Goldstein*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
8. "Crunch, JetBlue Partner for In-Flight Yoga". *Ad Age*. May 29, 2002. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
9. Clifford, Stephanie (July 28, 2009). "An Environmental Group's Campaign of Wry Lies Against Bottled Water". *The New York Times*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
10. "DiMassimo Goldstein Offlining". *DiMassimo Goldstein*. February 12, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
11. Ansari, Saffiya (April 6, 2017). "Twitter users mock controversial Pepsi ad with Arab Spring jokes". *Arab News*.
12. Nieman, James (December 23, 2017). "Behavior Change Marketers of The Year: 2017". *DiMassimo Goldstein blog*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
13. Roethig, Benjamin (February 10, 2014). "DiMassimo Goldstein is the First Advertising Agency to Accept Bitcoin as Payment". *Geek Beat*. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
14. "How Weight Watchers' Freestyle Works". *Weight Watchers*. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
15. Raphael, Rina (December 4, 2017). "How Weight Watchers Transformed Itself Into a Lifestyle Brand". *Fast Company*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
16. "Sallie Mae's 'Make College Happen Challenge' to Reward Students Planning for College". *Sallie Mae*. October 15, 2015.
17. "DiGo and Shutterstock add a Wood Pencil to the Fyre!". 29 May 2019.
18. "DiMassimo Goldstein profile Inc. 5000". *Inc*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
19. "Small Agency, Northeast, Gold: DiMassimo Goldstein". *Ad Age*. 28 July 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
20. Arena, Christine (July 29, 2009). "Foremost World-Changing Agencies". *Fast Company*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.


title: Dichomeris gansuensis

abstract: Dichomeris gansuensis is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hou-Hun Li and Zhe-Min Zheng in 1996. It is found in Gansu, China.

text:
# Dichomeris gansuensis

***Dichomeris gansuensis*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hou-Hun Li and Zhe-Min Zheng in 1996. It is found in Gansu, China.

## InfoBox

| *Dichomeris gansuensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Dichomeris* |
| Species: | ***D. gansuensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dichomeris gansuensis***<br>H.-H. Li & Z.-M. Zheng, 1996 | |
|


title: Admiral (waterman's boat)

abstract: The Admiral was a waterman's boat built in the Australian state of Tasmania. It was used to ferry people and goods in and around the town of Hobart on the Derwent River before any bridges were built.

text:
# Admiral (waterman's boat)

The ***Admiral*** was a waterman's boat built in the Australian state of Tasmania. It was used to ferry people and goods in and around the town of Hobart on the Derwent River before any bridges were built.

## Construction and early use

The *Admiral* was constructed and launched in 1865 by waterman and boat-builder Thomas Morland. It was subsequently sold to waterman Charles Dillon.

The eight-oared boat was 8 and half meters (28 ft) long constructed of carvel-planked Huon Pine and a Blue Gum keel.

During its early life, in addition to regular river operations, it also participated in many Hobart Regattas, often carrying dignitaries like Premier of Tasmania Richard Dry and at least three Governors of Tasmania, Thomas Gore Browne, Charles Du Cane and Frederick Weld

In 1885 the *Admiral* was on a trip ferrying the Mayor and Alderman to a visiting French warship, the 'Maigon'. The sudden rounding of the pier by the steamer 'Result' ended with the Admiral ramming the 'Result' at "full-tilt"

In 1888 the *Admiral*'s hull was extended by Morland and Dillon and a steam engine was fitted by a Mr Patterson, engineer of Collins St.

## Fishing vessels *Myra* and *Nullia*

In around 1907 the Admiral was renamed *Myra* and served as a fishing vessel for the next seventy years. In the early 1970s the boat was renamed the *Nullia* and fitted with a diesel engine, by the late 1970s it was almost demolished after a failed clipper-bow conversion in Kettering. It was rescued from being burned by Allister Martin of the Vintage Boat Club of Tasmania. It was then restored by Bruce Hills and again named the 'Myra'. In 1986 it was sold to an owner in Sydney. Information is then sparse about its life until 2006.

## Restoration

In 2006 the Admiral was found as a derelict in a boatyard in New South Wales by John and Susan Dikeman.

From its rediscovery until 2009 the *Admiral* was restored to seaworthy operation by a team (whimsically known as the 'Admiralty') instigated by Bern Cuthbertson AO. The boat was disassembled and the original Huon pine planks, nails and rivets saved. The original blue gum keel was rotten and had to be replaced with a new keel made from laminated Celery Top pine planks. The planks were cleaned of old paint and tar and the boat reassembled from these with the addition of new sections made with steamed Houn pine.

## Retirement

In 2020, the *Admiral* was retired and is on display at the Bass And Flinders Maritime Museum in George Town, Tasmania. The Admiral's official welcome to the museum was delayed by COVID-19 precautions and a ceremony was held in 2021.


title: Adriaan Roland Holst

abstract: Adriaan Roland Holst was a Dutch writer, nicknamed the "Prince of Dutch Poets". He was the second winner, in 1948, of the Constantijn Huygens Prize. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Holst was the nephew of painter Richard Roland Holst and writer Henriette Roland Holst. His extensive oeuvre is characterized by its own solemn style and rich symbolism.

text:
# Adriaan Roland Holst

**Adriaan Roland Holst** (Amsterdam, 23 May 1888  Bergen, North Holland, 5 August 1976) was a Dutch writer, nicknamed the "Prince of Dutch Poets". He was the second winner, in 1948, of the Constantijn Huygens Prize. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Holst was the nephew of painter Richard Roland Holst and writer Henriette Roland Holst. His extensive oeuvre is characterized by its own solemn style and rich symbolism.

## Family

The artist Richard Roland Holst was a brother of his father and his wife Henriette Roland Holst-van der Schalk, the poet, writer and socialist was his aunt. Adriaan Roland Holst was called 'Jany' by friends and family. Throughout their lives all three kept in close contact.

## Biography

Adriaan Roland Holst grew up in the Gooi region. He went to the high school 'Hilversum HBS' (the school is now named after him and called the A. Roland Holst College) and studied Celtic Arts in Oxford from 1908 to 1911. Already at the age of twenty, he managed to publish poems in the literary magazine "De XXste Eeuw". In 1911, his debut appeared in book form, the bundle "Verzen". In his next bundles "The confession of silence" ("De belijdenis van de stilte") and "Beyond the roads" ("Voorbij de wegen") his own voice has already reached maturity. The verses reveal a romantic desire, from mythology and lofty solitude. "Deirdre and the sons of Usnach" ("Deirdre en de zonen van Usnach", 1920), which appeared in the bibliophile series Palladium, is a poetic story in a Celtic world. It is still widely read. In 1918, Roland Holst went to live in Bergen, where his house is now inhabited by various writers and poets in rotation. He had many literary friends, such as Menno ter Braak, J. C. Bloem, E. du Perron, J. Slauerhoff, M. Vasalis and Victor E. van Vriesland.

## Works

* 1911 – *Verzen*
* 1913 – *De belijdenis van de stilte*
* 1920 – *Deirdre en de zonen van Usnach*
* 1920 – *Voorbij de wegen*
* 1925 – *De afspraak*
* 1925 – *De wilde kim*
* 1926 – *Ex tenebris mundi: gedichten*
* 1926 – *Over den dichter Leopold*
* 1928 – *Het Elysisch verlangen (gevolgd door De zeetocht van Ban)*
* 1928 – *Shelley, een afscheid*
* 1932 – *Tusschen vuur en maan*
* 1936 – *De pooltocht der verbeelding*
* 1936 – *Voorteekens*
* 1937 – *Een winter aan zee*
* 1938 – *Uit zelfbehoud*
* 1940 – *In memoriam Charles Edgar du Perron en Menno ter Braak*
* 1940 – *Onderweg*
* 1943 – *Voor West-Europa*
* 1945 – *Een winterdageraad*
* 1945 – *Eigen achtergronden*
* 1946 – *In memoriam Herman Gorter*
* 1946 – *Sirenische kunst*
* 1947 – *De twee planeten*
* 1947 – *Tegen de wereld*
* 1948 – *In ballingschap*
* 1948 – *Van erts tot arend*
* 1950 – *Swordplay wordplay*
* 1951 – *De dood van Cuchulainn van Murhevna*
* 1951 – *Woest en moe*
* 1957 – *Bezielde dorpen*
* 1958 – *In gevaar*
* 1960 – *Omtrent de grens*
* 1962 – *Onder koude wolken*
* 1966 – *Aan prinses Beatrix*
* 1967 – *Kort*
* 1967 – *Uitersten*
* 1968 – *Vuur in sneeuw*
* 1970 – *Met losse teugel*
* 1971 – *Verzamelde gedichten*
* 1975 – *In den verleden tijd*

## InfoBox

| Adriaan Roland Holst | |
| --- | --- |
| Adriaan Roland Holst, 1904 | |


title: Adolf Frey (footballer)

abstract: Adolf Frey was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel during the 1930s. He played forward. Frey joined Basel's first team in 1931. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 6 September 1931 as Basel were defeated Lugano. He scored his first goal for his club on 7 May 1933 in the away game as Basel were defeated 6–3 by Biel-Bienne. Between the years 1931 and 1934 Frey played a total of seven games for Basel scoring a total of three goals. Four of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and three were friendly games. He scored one goal in the domestic league and the other two were scored during the test games.

text:
# Adolf Frey (footballer)

**Adolf Frey** was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel during the 1930s. He played forward.

Frey joined Basel's first team in 1931. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 6 September 1931 as Basel were defeated Lugano. He scored his first goal for his club on 7 May 1933 in the away game as Basel were defeated 6–3 by Biel-Bienne.

Between the years 1931 and 1934 Frey played a total of seven games for Basel scoring a total of three goals. Four of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and three were friendly games. He scored one goal in the domestic league and the other two were scored during the test games.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Adolf Frey
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Adolf Frey | | |
| Date of birth | Switzerland | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1931–1934 | FC Basel | 4 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Adib Sabir

abstract: Shihabuddin Sharaful-udaba Sabir known as Adib Sabir, was a 12th-century Persian poet. Originating from Termedh, he was employed in the court of Sultan Sanjar. He is said to have also been used by the Sultan as a spy against the Sultan's enemies, who eventually drowned him in the Oxus in 1143 AD. His Persian poetry writings are fluent and refined in style.

text:
# Adib Sabir

**Shihabuddin Sharaful-udaba Sabir** (Persian: شهاب‌الدین شرف‌الادبا صابر) known as **Adib Sabir** (ادیب صابر), was a 12th-century Persian poet. Originating from Termedh, he was employed in the court of Sultan Sanjar.

He is said to have also been used by the Sultan as a spy against the Sultan's enemies, who eventually drowned him in the Oxus in 1143 AD.

His Persian poetry writings are fluent and refined in style.

## Sources

* Jan Rypka, *History of Iranian Literature*. Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K


title: Adrian Stoop

abstract: Adrian Stoop was an English rugby union player of Dutch descent. He played 182 times for Harlequins between 1901 and 1939, and won 15 caps for England. He was president of the Harlequins 1920–1949. The club's ground, The Stoop, is named in his memory. His association with Harlequins lasted from his debut against Oxford University in November 1901 until 1950 when he ended his 30-year stint as president of the club. He played his last game in Quins colours in 1939, at the age of 56. He made 182 appearances in total, captained the side 143 times and scored 86 tries, being club captain for 8 consecutive seasons from 1906/07 to 1913/14. Stoop was born on 27 March 1883 in Cromwell Road, London. His father was Dutch and his mother was half Scottish/half Irish. He went to Dover College in 1896 and on to Rugby School in 1898, where he played for the school team, and then to Oxford University, where he was captain of the rugby team in 1904. It was whilst he was still at Rugby school that he was asked to join Harlequins. He had also been approached by Blackheath, who at the time were a bigger name than Quins, but he decided to accept the offer from Quins. In 1905, Stoop made his debut for England against Scotland and it was also against Scotland that he earned the last of his 15 caps in 1912. During this time he captained the national side twice, including the first ever international played at Twickenham in 1910. Had it not been for a broken collarbone in 1907 he would have added to his international appearances. Stoop is widely credited with revolutionising back play. Previously, the two half backs were designated as "left and right", but Stoop incorporated ideas already being used in Wales and New Zealand to introduce the concept of the Scrum Half and Fly Half. He used these ideas to great success for both Harlequins and England. As well as being club captain from 1906 to 1914, Stoop was secretary from 1905 to 1914 and from 1920 to 1938 as well as president from 1920 to 1950. He was also president of the RFU in 1932 and was a member of the selection committee. In addition to Quins and England he also represented Oxford University, Surrey and The Barbarians. He was keen beekeeper and ornithologist. He died on 27 November 1957, aged 74. He is buried at Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, where he had lived for many years.

text:
# Adrian Stoop

**Adrian Stoop** (27 March 1883 – 27 November 1957) was an English rugby union player of Dutch descent.

He played 182 times for Harlequins between 1901 and 1939, and won 15 caps for England.

He was president of the Harlequins 1920–1949. The club's ground, The Stoop, is named in his memory.

His association with Harlequins lasted from his debut against Oxford University in November 1901 until 1950 when he ended his 30-year stint as president of the club. He played his last game in Quins colours in 1939, at the age of 56. He made 182 appearances in total, captained the side 143 times and scored 86 tries, being club captain for 8 consecutive seasons from 1906/07 to 1913/14.

Stoop was born on 27 March 1883 in Cromwell Road, London. His father was Dutch and his mother was half Scottish/half Irish. He went to Dover College in 1896 and on to Rugby School in 1898, where he played for the school team, and then to Oxford University, where he was captain of the rugby team in 1904.

It was whilst he was still at Rugby school that he was asked to join Harlequins. He had also been approached by Blackheath, who at the time were a bigger name than Quins, but he decided to accept the offer from Quins.

In 1905, Stoop made his debut for England against Scotland and it was also against Scotland that he earned the last of his 15 caps in 1912. During this time he captained the national side twice, including the first ever international played at Twickenham in 1910. Had it not been for a broken collarbone in 1907 he would have added to his international appearances.

Stoop is widely credited with revolutionising back play. Previously, the two half backs were designated as "left and right", but Stoop incorporated ideas already being used in Wales and New Zealand to introduce the concept of the Scrum Half and Fly Half. He used these ideas to great success for both Harlequins and England.

As well as being club captain from 1906 to 1914, Stoop was secretary from 1905 to 1914 and from 1920 to 1938 as well as president from 1920 to 1950. He was also president of the RFU in 1932 and was a member of the selection committee. In addition to Quins and England he also represented Oxford University, Surrey and The Barbarians.

He was keen beekeeper and ornithologist.

He died on 27 November 1957, aged 74. He is buried at Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, where he had lived for many years.

* *Immortal Harlequin: The Story of Adrian Stoop* by Ian Cooper (2004) ISBN 0-7524-3180-3

## InfoBox

Adrian Dura Stoop
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Adrian Dura Stoop |
| Date of birth | (1883-03-27)27 March 1883 |
| Place of birth | Kensington, England |
| Date of death | 27 November 1957(1957-11-27) (aged 74) |
| Place of death | Aldershot, England |
| School | Dover College
Rugby School |
| University | University of Oxford |
| Notable relative(s) | Adriaan Stoop (uncle) |
| Spouse | Audrey Deline Needham  (m. 1918) |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) |
| Awards | Military Cross |
|  | |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Oxford University RFC
Harlequin F.C.
Barbarian F.C.   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1905-1912 England  15  (6) | |


title: Adina Rognean

abstract: Adina-Gina Rognean is a Romanian footballer who plays as a forward and has appeared for the Romania women's national team.

text:
# Adina Rognean

**Adina-Gina Rognean** (born 28 May 1994) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a forward and has appeared for the Romania women's national team.

## Career

Rognean has been capped for the Romania national team, appearing for the team during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying cycle.

## InfoBox

Adina-Gina Rognean
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1994-05-28) 28 May 1994 | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | CS Gloria 2018 Bistrița-Năsăud | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Romania |  |  |
| ‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 19:47, 30 August 2019 (UTC) | | | |


title: Die Aktion

abstract: Die Aktion was a German literary and political magazine, edited by Franz Pfemfert and published between 1911 and 1932 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf; it promoted literary Expressionism and stood for left-wing politics. To begin with, Die Aktion was published weekly, after 1919 fortnightly, and only sporadically beginning from 1926. Publication of Die Aktion was resumed in 1981 by the Edition Nautilus publishing house. Issues appear irregularly.

text:
# Die Aktion

***Die Aktion*** ("The Action") was a German literary and political magazine, edited by Franz Pfemfert and published between 1911 and 1932 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf; it promoted literary Expressionism and stood for left-wing politics. To begin with, *Die Aktion* was published weekly, after 1919 fortnightly, and only sporadically beginning from 1926.

Publication of *Die Aktion* was resumed in 1981 by the Edition Nautilus publishing house. Issues appear irregularly.

## History

### Beginnings

In 1904, Franz Pfemfert became an editor of the anarchist magazine *Der Kampf*, under the direction of Senna Hoy. There he came into contact with many modern writers and artists, as well as with political opposition groups. One of his early collaborators was Herwarth Walden, future editor of *Der Sturm*.

After leaving his position at *Der Kampf*, Pfemfert worked for the magazines *Das Blaubuch* and *Demokrat* (becoming the latter's co-editor in 1910). In the radical left-wing *Demokrat* magazine, which he co-edited with Georg Zepler (1859–1925), he published texts by numerous writers who would later become contributors to *Die Aktion*. In early 1911 Pfemfert's arrangement with Zepler ended when Zepler, without consulting Pfemfert, dropped a planned article by Kurt Hiller from the list of scheduled contributions. Pfemfert decided that he needed his own magazine; thus was born *Die Aktion*.

### 1911–1914: Expressionism and Internationalism

The first issue of *Die Aktion* was published 2 February 1911, with the subheading "Magazine for liberal politics and literature". In 1912 the subheading became "Weekly periodical for politics, literature and art". Pfemfert was the founding editor of the magazine.

Through Pfemfert's contact with Hiller and Hiller's friends in *Der Neue Club*, who organized evenings of readings with Expressionist artists under the heading "neo-dramatic club", *Die Aktion* quickly became the leading medium of the new movement. As Pfemfert succeeded in making many writers famous over short periods of time, and formed relations with such publishing houses as Ernst Rowohlt and Samuel Fischer, he received a steady influx of quality contributions (despite the fact that he would not pay any royalties to the writers).

From 1913, several special issues were published which were devoted to poetry, including one issue which was devoted solely to the works of Georg Heym (who had died at age 24 in early 1912). After 1914 the rate of artwork increased  the period is noted for its especially expressive woodcuts published.

In the first issue, Pfemfert outlined the aim of *Die Aktion*:

"*Die Aktion* speaks up for the ideas of the large German left-wing parties, without attaching itself to any particular political party. *Die Aktion* wants to encourage the impressive thoughts of an ‘Organizing of intelligence’, and to help recapture the brilliance of the long frowned-upon words ‘cultural war’. In the areas of art and literature, *Die Aktion* is looking to create a counterbalance between the sorry habits of the pseudo-liberal press to simply value new movements from a business standpoint to hush them up."

Pfemfert also used the magazine in campaigns such as the freeing of Austrian sex psychologist Otto Gross, who had been arrested and committed by his own father.

### 1914–1918: opposition during the war

The outbreak of war in 1914 worsened the situation, with stricter censorship. Pfemfert decided to publish only those contributions that were purely literary in nature, in order to avoid a complete ban of the magazine. He succeeded against the odds, as *Die Aktion* never actually stopped the flow of anti-war messages (including virulent articles that had already been featured in other magazines, such as "I Cut Time", and a column of letters to the editor which allowed sharp criticism of artists and intellectuals who were supporting the war). Pfemfert also continued to publish literary articles with veiled antimilitaristic themes, such as poems from the front (including works by Oskar Kanehl and Wilhelm Klemm, who painted a stark picture of trench warfare). Moreover, several issues were entirely dedicated to literature from "enemy countries". From 1915, Pfemfert was involved in the clandestine Antinational Socialist Party.

### 1918–1925: Weekly periodical for revolutionary socialism

Declaring himself disappointed with Expressionism, Pfemfert abandoned his advocacy of the movement (arguing that many writers had become too saturated, and that they only were interested in contracts with large publishing houses  which he understood as a betrayal). He felt that the once rebellious phase of expressionism was finally over, and, in reaction, he only published political texts in *Die Aktion*. Immediately following the outbreak of the German Revolution, *Die Aktion* was declared the official organ of the Antinational Socialist Party and advocated social revolution and support for the Russian Revolution. The magazine published a heterogeneous range of writers from Lenin and prominent Bolsheviks, to anarchists like Bakunin. (See below)

Even by the end of 1918, *Die Aktion* had published an appeal by the Spartacist League, and following the founding of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), Pfemfert made his magazine the party voice. To that end, he gave *Die Aktion* a new subheading, that of *Weekly periodical for revolutionary socialism*. When the KPD changed its policies in October 1919, and began to exclude Syndicalists, Pfemfert tried once again to align *Die Aktion* with the Left Communist opposition. From 1920 however, he supported the Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD), a Council Communist organization. In the mid-1920s he moved closer to the Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD), the Anarcho-Syndicalist of Rudolf Rocker, and published several of Rocker's texts in his magazine. However, it had become apparent by then that the revolutionary cause had lost its momentum.

### 1926–1932: End

Another factor was hyperinflation before the adoption of the *Rentenmark*.

In 1929 the subheading was changed to *Magazine for revolutionary communism*, but by then *Die Aktion* was almost non-existent. In order to save space, texts were eventually printed in smaller and smaller font; in 1929 there were three issues, in 1930 one, in 1931 two, and in August 1932 the very last issue. Alongside economic and political reasons, Pfemfert's worsening health during the late 1920s contributed to the outcome.

## Image

*Die Aktion* was in the quarto format, with double-line spacing. In the beginning, the magazine was in Blackletter, but was changed to Antiqua in 1912 (more in line with its modernist tone).

Most issues were 14 pages long. The magazine was usually headed by Pfemfert's political editorials. Early on, these were printed on the title page, before it was changed to a cover that often featured an Expressionist artwork alongside the magazine's contents.

## Circulation and financing

The economic base of *Die Aktion* was always unstable, despite its initial success among the intelligentsia. At its peak, 7,000 copies were sold. The price started at 10 pfennig, rising to 30 at the outbreak of World War I, then 40, and climbing to 80 pfennig by 1918.

To attract more revenue, a luxury edition was printed on deckle edged paper with a circulation of 100 copies, and sold at four-times the usual price. This came about as Pfemfert wanted to remain independent, printing no advertisements, but also to regularly attend events such as balls, readings and lecture evenings. He turned down contributions from third parties, such as from Paul Cassirer, who made him such an offer during the war.

From 1916, *Aktion* books were published on the side, and, in 1917, Pfemfert founded *Aktions-Buch-und-Kunsthandlung* ("Aktion's book and art dealers"), which was run by Pfemfert's wife, Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert. Based in Kaiserallee 222 (today Bundesallee) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, it also helped to increase revenue.

## Editing and editorial office

At the start, Kurt Hiller and Anarchist Anselm Ruest worked with Pfemfert on the magazine; Ruest left in 1912, and Hiller in 1913. From 1918 to 1929, the poet Oskar Kanehl was Pfemfert's most important collaborator, and Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert regularly participated in working on the magazine. At least for a short time, there was also a secretary, Lisa Pasedag.

In 1951, Margarete Buber-Neumann became its editor.

## Published artists and writers

Caption text
| Art | Literature | | Politics |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |

See *Die Aktion* on the German language Wikisource for full list of articles.

* *"Die Aktion"* (reprint of the magazine 1911–1932, all issues in 15 volumes; with introduction and commentary from Paul Raabe), Kraus Reprint, Millwood, New York, 1983
* Ursula W. Baumeister: Die Aktion 1911–1932. Journalistic opposition and literary activism of the magazine in restricted context. Erlangen, Jena 1996
* Franz Pfemfert. I set this magazine against these times, ed. by Wolfgang Haug, Darmstadt and Neuwied, 195, p. 21
* "Franz Pfemfert. In memory of a revolutionary intellectual", in *Die Aktion*, Issue 209, August 2004, Ed.: Lutz Schulenburg, Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 2004. ISSN 0516-334X
* *Pfemfert. Memories and invoices. Texts and letters*, Ed.: Lisbeth Exner/Herbert Kapfer. Belleville Publishing, Munich 1999
* Peter Lothar, "Literary intelligence and class war", in *Die Aktion, 1911-1932*, Cologne, 1972
* Paul Raabe, *I cut time - Expressionism and politics in Frank Pfemfert’s "Aktion" 1911-18*, Munich, 1964
* Julijana Ranc, *Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert. A counterlife*, Edition Nautilus, Hamburg 2004


title: Diezel

abstract: Diezel Amplification GmbH is a company based in Bad Steben, Germany, founded by Peter Diezel and Peter Stapfer, that builds high-end guitar amplifiers. The company was established in 1992.

text:
# Diezel

**Diezel Amplification GmbH** is a company based in Bad Steben, Germany, founded by Peter Diezel and Peter Stapfer, that builds high-end guitar amplifiers. The company was established in 1992.

## Current amplifier models

| Model | Preamp | Poweramp | Loops | Dimensions | Mass | Form factor(s) | Output |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| VH-X | 4-channel, 99 storable presets, 10 assignable DFX | Mono, 4 tubes | 3: 1 switchable pre-loop, 2 switchable fx loops | 23.5 x 11.5 x 11.5 in | 53 lb (24 kg) | Head | 100W |
| VH4 | 4-channel | Mono, 4tubes | 4 channel inserts, serial and parallel master loops | 29×11×11in
74×28×28cm | 50lb (23kg) | Head | 90 — 160W |
| VH4S | 4-channel | Stereo, 4tubes | 4 channel inserts, serial and parallel master loops | 29×11×11in
74×28×28cm | 50lb (23kg) | Head | 2×50W |
| VH2 | 2-channel | Mono, 4 tubes | series; non midi switchable | 29×11×11in
74×28×28cm | 51lb (23kg) | Head | 100W |
| Herbert | 3-channel | Mono, 6tubes | 1 parallel, 1 insert loops, 1 switchable insert loop | 29×11×11in
74×28×28cm | 60lb (27kg) | Head | 180W |
| Hagen | 4-channel | Mono, 4tubes | 1 parallel, 1 insert loops, 1 switchable insert loop | 29×11×11in
74×28×28cm | 53lb (24kg) | Head | 100W |
| D-Moll | 2,5-channel (channels 2 and 3 share the tone stack) | Mono, 4tubes | series and parallel; both sends are midi switchable | 23×12×11in
59×29,5×27cm | 51lb (23kg) | Head | 100W |
| Lil Fokker | 2-channel; non midi switchable | Mono, 4tubes | series; non midi switchable | 29×11×11in
74×28×28cm | 51lb (23kg) | Head | 100W |
| Schmidt | 3ECC83, 1ECC81 2-channel class A with boost | Mono, 2tubes | TBA serial and parallel loop, switchable reverb for both channels | 20×12×12in
50×30×31cm | 48,5lb (22kg) | Head | 15-30W |
| Lucy (bass amp) | TBA | up to 8EL34 500 Watts RMS | TBA parallel and serial loop | TBA | TBA | Head | TBA |

* 6L6, EL34, 5881, 6550, KT66, KT88, etc. can be used.

## Out of production amplifier models

| Model | Preamp | Poweramp | Loops | Dimensions | Mass | Form factor(s) | Output |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Einstein | 2-channel | Mono, 2or4tubes | 1 parallel, 1 serial | Combo: 59×45×30cm Head: 59×25×30cm | Combo: (31kg) Head: 50W (19kg), 100W (21kg) | Head
Combo | 50W,100W
50W |

## Cabinets

Diezel offers 4x12 and 2x12 cabinets in front or rear loaded configurations. The front loaded cabinets come standard with V30 or G12K100 speakers while the rear loaded cabinets come standard with a Hemp cone speaker. All cabinets are now made in Germany with black grill cloth.

## Bands and artists

The following bands and artists use or have used Diezel Amps: Killswitch Engage, Adam Jones of Tool, Matthew Bellamy of Muse, Metallica, Dave Meniketti of Y&T, Billy Corgan, Nine Inch Nails, Guns N' Roses, Slipknot, Ian D'Sa of Billy Talent, Brent Hinds and Bill Kelliher of Mastodon, Korn, Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit, Mike Mushok of Staind, Greg O'Shea of The Prophecy, Within Temptation, Neal Schon, Buckethead, Dir En Grey, Ayabie, George Lynch, Godsmack, Mark Tremonti, Genghis Tron, Shinedown, Myles Kennedy of Alter Bridge, Miles Holmwood of Stereos, Weezer, Dave Cee of The Meese Commission, Warren DeMartini, The Arusha Accord, Tadashi, Steve Robello of Dublin Death Patrol and Barry Stock of Three Days Grace.

## InfoBox

Diezel Amplification GmbH
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Amplification |
| Founded | Bad Steben, Germany (1992 (1992)) |
| Founder | Peter Diezel and Peter Stapfer |
| Headquarters | Bad Steben, Germany |
| Key people | Peter Diezel and Peter Stapfer |
| Products | guitar amplifiers |
| Website | diezelamplification.com |


title: Diezmo

abstract: The diezmo was a compulsory ecclesiastical tithe collected in Spain and its empire from the Middle Ages until the reign of Isabel II in the mid-19th century.

text:
# Diezmo

The ***diezmo*** was a compulsory ecclesiastical tithe collected in Spain and its empire from the Middle Ages until the reign of Isabel II in the mid-19th century.

## History

The obligatory tithe was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula in Aragón and Catalonia when they were frontier regions of the Carolingian Empire. It was a compulsory payment to the Catholic Church of one tenth of the fruits of agriculture or animal husbandry. There were two categories of tithes, one category for general products such as cereals, wine, oil, cattle, sheep, etc. and another category that included more specific assets such as poultry, vegetables, honey.

The taxes were paid to a "collector" and distributed among the parishes, abbots and bishops. To facilitate the process, neighbors could designate a *dezmero* who would physically transport the products from the households of the contributors.

In theory, at least, the *diezmo* was divided into three equal portions (*tercios*, "thirds"): one for the construction of churches, one to cover the costs of the clergy, and one to cover the needs of the abbeys, convents, and monasteries. In practice, the *diezmo* did not always retain its original purpose of subsidizing the Church. Feudal lords who were patrons of a monastery or church would gain the benefit of the tithe, or they might outright buy the right to the tithe from the Church, becoming, effectively, tax farmers.

Despite the name, the *diezmo* was not always exactly ten percent. The actual amount differed in different places and times. Nor was it extended to all products of agriculture and husbandry, which led to market distortions as farmers shifted to whatever was not taxed. The most efficacious measure against fraud was excommunication, which would remain in place until one's debt was paid.

In the Middle Ages, monarchs managed to participate in the benefit of the *diezmo*. Ferdinand III of Castile proposed to Pope Innocent IV the possibility that the royal treasury would receive the third of the *diezmo* destined for the construction of churches, in order to pay the costs of the siege of Seville. A share of two ninths was granted in 1247; Seville was captured in 1248. Once this first participation was agreed to, the royal share came and went for some years. Beginning in 1340, a portion of the *diezmo* was repeatedly assigned to the State, under the designation of *tercias reales* ("royal thirds"). This became permanent in 1494.

Philip II of Spain gained a new concession, *el excusado* ("the excused \[portion\]"), that reserved for the monarch the portion of the *diezmo* obtained by the leading *dezmero* in each parish. The reason invoked was Spain's wars against "infidels and "heretics".

The *diezmo* was greatly reduced during the *Trienio liberal* of 1821–1823 (a decree of 29 June 1821 cut it by half) but restored in full force by the absolutist government that followed. In 1837 the permanent Spanish *diezmo* was suppressed, although it was extended year by year in order to pay the costs of the First Carlist War. In 1841, the *diezmo* was abolished and a lesser tax to support religion and clergy was established.

## Spanish America

In the American portions of the Spanish Empire, the *diezmo* was collected directly by civil functionaries for the Crown, on the condition that they would erect, subsidize, and maintain churches. This tax constituted roughly ten percent of the Spanish Crown's income and was collected from owners of ranches and rural buildings. In general, the Indians who made up the vast majority of the population in colonial Spanish America were exempted from paying tithes on such native crops as maize and potatoes that they raised for their own subsistence. After some debate, Indians in colonial Spanish America were forced to pay tithes on their production of European agricultural products, including wheat, silk, cows, pigs, and sheep.

When various Latin American countries gained their independence from Spain in the 19th century, their governments took over the tax, which was considered an abuse by the Creole landowners. The tithe was abolished in several countries, including Mexico, soon after independence, around the time of the presidency of Santa Anna.

## Other Spanish taxes called *diezmo*

Unlike the English word *tithe*, the Spanish word *diezmo* can refer to the tenth part of anything. Consequently, the term *diezmo*—usually *diezmo del rey* ("king's tenth")—was applied to various tariffs as well as to the Church's tithe. The *diezmo y media* ("tenth and a half") or *diezmo de lo morisco* ("Moorish tenth") applied to trade with the Emirate of Granada. The *diezmos de la mar* ("tenths of the sea") applied to maritime trade between Galicia and northern Europe. The term was also applied at times to other taxes such as the *diezmo de aceite* ("tenth of oil").

* Schwaller, John Frederick (February 22, 2011), *The History of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From Conquest to Revolution and Beyond*, NYU Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-4003-3


title: Didier Ahadsi

abstract: Didier Amevi Ahadsi is a Togolese Ewe self-taught sculptor. His work is shown is various museums and art galleries worldwide. His inspiration ranges from voodoo religious practices, African traditions, modern influences, to a series of personal stories of daily life.

text:
# Didier Ahadsi

**Didier Amevi Ahadsi** (born 1970) is a Togolese Ewe self-taught sculptor. His work is shown is various museums and art galleries worldwide. His inspiration ranges from voodoo religious practices, African traditions, modern influences, to a series of personal stories of daily life.

## Biography

Didier Ahadsi was born in Vogan, Togo. He belongs to the African ethnic group of Ewe people and he grew up with three half-brothers and four half-sisters. His environment was influenced by agriculture, voodoo, and Christian religion.

As a young man Ahadsi started to work as a panel beater and welder. He repaired autobodies and later he combined his professional skills with his creativity and created metal figurines showing contemporary scenes of daily life in his living area in Lomé. With his work Ahadsi produced satirical, macabre, provocative and erotic scenes. Ahadsi is inspired by African traditions, like voodoo religious and he also does contract work.

He has been written about by art historian and curator, Kathrin Langenohl.

## Exhibitions

* Bwoom Contemporary
* Hannover Gallery
* Indigo Arts Gallery
* Rautenstrauch Joest Museum
* 2007, "Togo Direkt. Didier A. Ahadsi - Contemporary Art from Africa", Armory Ethnological Collection, Lübeck, Germany
* 2013–2014, Museum der Völker
* 2015, "Africa’s Top Models", Museum am Rothenbaum, Hamburg, Germany

## Literature

* A4: Magazin für aussereuropäische Kunst und Kultur. no. 1, 2007, pages 98–101, xii. Schwaz, Tirol: Haus der Völker Kulturverein, Museum für Kunst und Ethnografie


title: Adventure (novel)

abstract: Adventure is a novel by Jack London released in 1911 by The Macmillan Company.

text:
# Adventure (novel)

***Adventure*** is a novel by Jack London released in 1911 by The Macmillan Company.

## Overview

The novel explores the themes of domination of one people over the others, the differences between races and the strength of the human spirit, strengthened in a struggle with the nature and society.

## InfoBox

Adventure
| Hardcover first edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jack London |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Publisher | The Macmillan Company |
| Publication date | 1911 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 405 pp. |
| OCLC | 49295328 |


title: Adventure (role-playing games)

abstract: An adventure is a playable scenario in a tabletop role-playing game. These can be constructed by gamemasters for their players, and are also released by game publishers as pre-made adventure modules. Different types of designs exist, including linear adventures, where players move between scenes in a predetermined order; non-linear adventures, where scenes can go in multiple directions; and solo adventures, which are played alone, without a game group.

text:
# Adventure (role-playing games)

An **adventure** is a playable scenario in a tabletop role-playing game. These can be constructed by gamemasters for their players, and are also released by game publishers as pre-made **adventure modules**. Different types of designs exist, including linear adventures, where players move between scenes in a predetermined order; non-linear adventures, where scenes can go in multiple directions; and **solo adventures**, which are played alone, without a game group.

## Overview

An adventure is a playable scenario in a tabletop role-playing game which a gamemaster leads the players and their characters through. Various types of designs exist, including linear adventures, where players need to progress through each predetermined scene in turn; and non-linear adventures, where each situation can lead in multiple directions. The former is more restrictive, but is easier to manage, whereas the latter is more open-ended but more demanding for the gamemaster. A series of adventures played in succession are collectively called a campaign. Adventures meant to be played alone, without a game group, are called solo adventures.

Adventures can be created by gamemasters, but are also released by game publishers in the form of modular, supplementary books for role-playing games, sometimes combined with additional game mechanics or background information on the game's setting. Pre-written adventure modules have the advantage of being easier to run for new gamemasters, especially linear ones. Still, it is most common for groups to play adventures they have made up themselves, and even when playing published adventures, it is common for alterations to be made.

## History

Published adventure modules began in 1975 with Dave Arneson's *The Temple of the Frog*, released for the *Dungeons & Dragons* setting Blackmoor, and have since then become commonplace in the role-playing game industry; White Wolf Publishing, a major role-playing game publisher in the 1990s and 2000s, stood out by rarely publishing adventure modules, preferring to let gamemasters construct their own adventures. Solo adventures rose in popularity in 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic preventing people from playing role-playing games together in person.

1. Allison, Peter Ray (2020-02-06). "Shedding light on World of Darkness, the gothic-punk universe of RPG Vampire: The Masquerade". *Dicebreaker*. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
2. "Glossaire" \[Glossary\]. *Casus Belli Hors Série* (in French). No. 25, *Manuel Pratique du Jeu de Rôle*. Excelsior Publications. May 1999. p. 6.
3. "New Solo Adventure Released for Call of Cthulhu". *Tabletop Gaming*. Warners Group Publications. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
4. Baker, Eric T. (August 2000). "Games". *Realms of Fantasy*. No. 6. Sovereign Media. pp. 74–79.
5. Heller, Emily (2019-02-21). "A beginner's guide to playing Dungeons and Dragons". *Polygon*. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 2020-12-15. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
6. Beatie, Scott (2007-10-01). "Voicing the Shadow—Rule-playing and Roleplaying in Wraith: The Oblivion". *Law, Culture and the Humanities*. **3** (3): 477–492. doi:10.1177/1743872107081432.
7. Appelcline, Shannon (2014). *Designers & Dragons: The '70s* (2nd ed.). Evil Hat Productions. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-61317-075-5.
8. Appelcline, Shannon (2014). *Designers & Dragons: The '90s* (2nd ed.). Evil Hat Productions. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-613170-84-7.


title: Aerophile

abstract: Aerophile SAS is a French company specialized in building and operating tethered helium balloons. Formed in 1993 the tethered gas balloons operate as tourist attractions around the world. The company has sold more than 60 balloons in 30 countries.

text:
# Aerophile

**Aerophile SAS** is a French company specialized in building and operating tethered helium balloons. Formed in 1993 the tethered gas balloons operate as tourist attractions around the world. The company has sold more than 60 balloons in 30 countries.

## History

Aerophile was founded in 1993 by two 25-year-old French engineers from the École Polytechnique, Mathieu Gobbi and Jerome Giacomoni. In 1994, they installed their first large tethered balloon in Chantilly, France) and in 1998, Aerophile celebrated its first flight to an altitude of 300 metres (980 ft). In 1999, the company launched the large Paris Balloon and improved it in 2008 by adding a lighting system.

In 2000, the company created a mobile tethered balloon approved to carry two people to a height of 90 metres (300 ft): the Aero2.

In 2002 they operated the first modern tethered gas ballon on a water-based platform at Neuchâtel.

In 2005 the company installed a large PanoraMagique balloon, operated by a subsidiary Aerotourism, at Disneyland Paris, it was the first 8-point Aero30NG balloon.

In 2007, they set up and opened the first Aerophare in Evry 2 (France), an attraction with an air-filled captive balloon within a 54 metres (177 ft) tower. Aerophare is a novel adaptation of a tethered balloon operating in an enclosed tower.

An Aerophile ballon holds the record for carrying 30 passengers in a gas balloon.

The company currently runs six Aero30NG : Paris Balloon, one at Disneyland Paris, one in Walt Disney World Resort, one in the Orange County Great Park, one in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and one Aerobar, the latest creation, at Futuroscope.

### Subsidiaries

The **Aerogroupe company** has several subsidiaries :

## Balloons

The Aero30NG is a tethered balloon that is 22.5 meters (74 ft) in diameter. It can take up to 30 people at a time in its nacelle, rising up to 300 meters (980 ft). Its winch system ensures a climb speed of 0.8 metres per second (2.6 ft/s), and its patented platform optimizes landings. This balloon has been installed over five continents in the following countries:

This model has also been adapted to allow parachute jumps as part of military training in Yemen.

The Aero2 is a charged helium balloon of 9 meters (30 ft) in diameter that offers a view for two passengers to around 90 metres (300 ft) above ground. The moored balloon can be seen from as far away as 10 kilometers (6.2 mi). This balloon has been used as a marketing tool for Danao Tour in 2002 and also by Fortis and other companies throughout France.

The Aerophare is a balloon operating within a 54 metres (177 ft) tower structure. The structure allows it to operate worse weather than a conventional tethered balloon.

The Aerobar is an aerial bar. This new concept allows 15 individuals to rise up to 120 feet (37 m) in the sky while enjoying their favorite drink. Visitors experience triple emotions: the chills of seeing the ground away from their feet; great views while discovering the scenery and the canopy of heaven meeting the earth in a full 360° circle; and the conviviality with the other passengers that share a drink aboard this aerial bar.

The first Aerobar was installed at Futuroscope, the second largest theme park in France.

The Little Prince Park is located in Ungersheim in the Alsace region. The park gets its name from the French novel *The Little Prince*. A total of 31 attractions are based loosely on the theme of flight.

## InfoBox

Aerophile SAS
|
|  |
| Company type | Public limited company |
| Industry | Development and operation of tethered helium balloons |
| Founded | 1993 |
| Founders | Jérôme Giacomoni Matthieu Gobbi |
| Headquarters | Paris, France |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Jérôme Giacomoni, Matthieu Gobbi |
| Products | Tethered helium balloons |
| Website | http://www.aerophile.com/ |


title: Adz Hunter

abstract: Adam "Adz" Hunter is an Australian actor. He is best known for his work on the long-running Australian soap opera Neighbours, in which he appeared in the dual role of triplet brothers Robert and Cameron Robinson in 2006. He had previously appeared in Neighbours in the guest role of Anthony Johnson in 2005. A split-screen technique was used when Robert and Cameron were required to appear on-screen together, which meant that for these scenes Hunter had to act to empty space. His first stint ended in February 2007, when Robert gave evidence at Max Hoyland's trial. His character then made an appearance in its spinoff Neighbours vs Time Travel in 2017. In 2019, he returned as part of a storyline introducing his character's daughter (Harlow) to the show. In 2010 a campaign for Ford Fiesta took him to five countries across Europe and Africa where he shot scenes on mountain tops, in snow and underwater. Hunter has also guest starred on Yes, Dear.

text:
# Adz Hunter

**Adam "Adz" Hunter** (born 29 January 1982) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his work on the long-running Australian soap opera *Neighbours*, in which he appeared in the dual role of triplet brothers Robert and Cameron Robinson in 2006. He had previously appeared in *Neighbours* in the guest role of Anthony Johnson in 2005. A split-screen technique was used when Robert and Cameron were required to appear on-screen together, which meant that for these scenes Hunter had to act to empty space. His first stint ended in February 2007, when Robert gave evidence at Max Hoyland's trial. His character then made an appearance in its spinoff *Neighbours vs Time Travel* in 2017. In 2019, he returned as part of a storyline introducing his character's daughter (Harlow) to the show. In 2010 a campaign for Ford Fiesta took him to five countries across Europe and Africa where he shot scenes on mountain tops, in snow and underwater. Hunter has also guest starred on *Yes, Dear*.

1. "Neighbours is bringing out a time-travel spin-off series". *Now To Love*. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

## InfoBox

| Adz Hunter | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Adam Hunter
(1982-01-29) 29 January 1982
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Other names | Adam Hunter |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2003–present |


title: Dick Johnson (rugby league)

abstract: A.C. "Dick" Johnson (1916–1984) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played for Newtown, South Sydney, Western Suburbs and Canterbury-Bankstown as a fullback.

text:
# Dick Johnson (rugby league)

**A.C.** "**Dick**" **Johnson** (1916–1984) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played for Newtown, South Sydney, Western Suburbs and Canterbury-Bankstown as a fullback.

## Background

Johnson was from Currabubula near Quirindi, New South Wales.

## Playing career

Johnson made his first grade debut for Newtown in 1934. In 1939, Johnson played for Souths in the 1939 grand final defeat against Balmain.

In 1943, Johnson made the move to Western Suburbs and played there for two seasons. In 1946, Johnson joined Canterbury and played for the club in the 1947 grand final defeat against Balmain.

Johnson also represented New South Wales on 11 occasions between 1938 and 1945.

## InfoBox

Dick Johnson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Allan Carlyle Johnson |
| Born | 1 January 1916
Currabubula, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 14 April 1984(1984-04-14) (aged 68)
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Fullback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1934 Newtown 7 0 0 0 0  1938–39 South Sydney 29 2 1 0 8  1943–45 Western Suburbs 16 0 8 0 16  1946–48 Canterbury-Bankstown 38 1 2 0 7  Total 90 3 11 0 31  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1938–45 New South Wales 11 1 0 0 3  1945 NSW City 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: As of 22 February 2019 | |


title: Digitaria jubata

abstract: Digitaria jubata is a species of annual grass in the genus of Digitaria, native to Myanmar, south-central China, and Assam, India.

text:
# Digitaria jubata

***Digitaria jubata*** is a species of annual grass in the genus of *Digitaria*, native to Myanmar, south-central China, and Assam, India.

## Description

*Digitaria jubata* grows from 80 to 110 cm (31 to 43 in) tall.

## InfoBox

| *Digitaria jubata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Genus: | *Digitaria* |
| Species: | ***D. jubata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Digitaria jubata***<br>(Griseb.) Henrard | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Paspalum jubatum* Griseb. * *Digitaria jubata var. brevigluma* H.Peng ex Li S.Wang | |


title: Anacardium othonianum

abstract: Anacardium othonianum is a tree native from the tropical savanna (cerrado) region of Brazil, whose fruit is similar to that of the common cashew tree of the Brazilian Northeast. It is locally known by the Tupi-derived name cajuí, and by the Portuguese names caju-de-árvore-do-cerrado, caju-vermelho-de-goiás, cajuzinho-do-cerrado or just cajuzinho. The species name honors Brazilian botanist Othon Xavier de Brito Machado.

text:
# Anacardium othonianum

***Anacardium othonianum*** is a tree native from the tropical savanna (*cerrado*) region of Brazil, whose fruit is similar to (but smaller than) that of the common cashew tree (*A. occidentale*) of the Brazilian Northeast. It is locally known by the Tupi-derived name ***cajuí***, and by the Portuguese names ***caju-de-árvore-do-cerrado*** ("tree cashew of the cerrado"), ***caju-vermelho-de-goiás*** ("red cashew from Goiás"), ***cajuzinho-do-cerrado*** or just ***cajuzinho*** ("little cashew").

The species name honors Brazilian botanist Othon Xavier de Brito Machado.

## Description and habitat

The tree grows wild in the central region of Brazil, mostly in the state of Goiás.

In the wild, the adult tree ranges from 2 to 6 metres (3 m on average), and produces from 200 to 600 fruits every season. The bark is dark and fissured. The leaves (which are reddish when young) are smooth and obovate, measuring about 15 by 10 cm, with 4 to 8 mm long stalks.

The small pink flowers (4 to 8 mm) are gathered in panicles about 20 cm wide, and are pollinated by bees and wasps. The pear-shaped edible "fruit" — technically a pseudofruit, an achene that develops from the flower stalk — is light red when mature, 2 to 3 cm wide by 2 to 4 cm long weighing between 5 and 10 grams.

As in the common cashew, the true fruit is a kidney-shaped drupe, 15 to 20 mm long and 12 to 15 mm wide, that hangs from the base of the achene: it encloses a single seed covered by a hard capsule, which may be green gray, or dark brown. The fruit's skin contains a strongly irritating oil composed mostly of anacardic acid, cardol, cardanol and other aromatic compounds.

The tree is found at altitudes between 380m and 1100m, mostly above 780m; it prefers acidic soils (pH 4,5-6,5) and tolerates droughts and poor soils. It is easily propagated from seeds. It flowers between June and October; fruits mature in September and October, and can be harvested two or three years after planting.

## Uses

The tree is not grown commercially yet, but is commonly found in farms and the wild. The pseudofruits are eaten locally; they are rich in vitamin C and soluble and insoluble fiber. They are said to be tastier than those of the common cashew, for being sweeter and free from astringency. Because of their short shelf life (about 10 days when refrigerated) their consumption is mostly confined to the cerrado region. They are also used for juices, sherbets, candied fruit, jams, and preserves, mostly by local cottage industries.

The toasted nut is edible and similar to the common cashew nut. Its fatty fraction consists mostly of esters of the oleic (60%) and linoleic (21%) acids.

The tea from its bark or leaves is used in the local folk medicine against diarrhea and as gargle for throat infections. The resin can be used as expectorant. The root is used as a purgative.

## InfoBox

| *Anacardium othonianum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | *Anacardium* |
| Species: | ***A. othonianum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anacardium othonianum***<br>Rizzini | |
|


title: Angels of Flight Canada

abstract: Angels of Flight Canada is a Canadian owned and operated air and ground ambulance service based in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. It transports patients to and from 104 different countries.

text:
# Angels of Flight Canada

**Angels of Flight Canada** is a Canadian owned and operated air and ground ambulance service based in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. It transports patients to and from 104 different countries.

## History

Angels of Flight Canada was established in 1988 by Gail Courneyea, a critical care registered nurse at the Peterborough Civic Hospital for 16 years. In 1986, Courneyea was asked to accompany a patient on an air ambulance. She felt very uncomfortable during the 20-minute flight as she was working in a foreign environment and had a fear of flying. Determined to overcome her fears, Courneyea received a certificate in aeromedical care and her private pilot's licence in the United States in 1987. She founded Angels of Flight Canada Inc. in 1988 since provincial health insurance does not cover travel outside a province, and no employment as a flight nurse existed in Canada at the time.

### Air medical transport

Since its inception, Angels of Flight Canada has employed aeromedical trained RNs, paramedics and physicians and has successfully transported thousands of patients on private and commercial planes. Clients are referred from private inquiries, hospitals, insurance companies and government departments, such as Canada Border Services Agency and Canadian Foreign Affairs.

### HALO membership

On January 24 2015, Angels Of Flight released a new type of membership that bridges the gap left by travel insurers. With 26 years experience in Air Ambulance service, it was suiting to have a proactive card that stores all your vital information in times of crisis. A one of kind travel medical information card that connects your information with medical professionals worldwide in case of illness or injury.

### Education and consulting

In 1993, an education division, Exodus Academy, was established to provide aeromedical education programs to health care and aviation professionals. In 2007, the Exodus Academy held the Challenges of In-Flight Safety conference. In May 2010, an online training program, Exodus Air and Medical Studies, was initiated to make aeromedical training more readily accessible.

### Global Angel charitable organization

Following the loss of her daughter to leukemia, Courneyea founded a registered charity in 2007 known as Global Angel. The mandate of the charity is to provide assistance for medical transport to those in need of treatment, repatriation, and benevolent needs regardless of financial status. Global Angel assists patients through corporate and private donations and utilizes various media outlets and fundraising efforts. Since its inception, Global Angel has assisted numerous patients, many of whom were suffering from terminal illnesses and wanted to be home with family in their final days. In January 2010, Global Angel and Angels of Flight Canada assisted Canadian Medical Assistance Teams (CMAT) and other medical relief organizations mobilize their teams to earthquake-stricken Haiti.

### Medical tourism

In November 2010, the Angels Global Healthcare division was started to meet the needs of an increasing number of patients seeking private and global healthcare options. Angels Global Healthcare representatives attended the 3rd World Medical Tourism & Global Healthcare Congress in Los Angeles in September 2010. In December 2010, Angels Global Healthcare was certified by the Medical Tourism Association as a medical tourism facilitator company.

## Awards and certification

Gail Courneyea has won numerous awards for her work with Angels of Flight Canada, including 1993 Woman of the Year by the Peterborough YWCA, 2003 Women in Business by *The Examiner*, and 2017 Premier's Award in Health Sciences by Seneca Polytechnic. It is ISO 9001-2008 certified through NFS and maintains an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau.


title: African striped ground squirrel

abstract: The striped ground squirrel is a species of squirrel native to Africa. It was first described by Geoffroy in 1803, but the binomial authority is sometimes incorrectly cited as "Desmarest, 1817". There are six subspecies. It is a moderately large ground squirrel with sandy-brown or dark-brown fur with a white lateral stripe and whitish underparts. Adults live alone or in pairs in a simple burrow with a central nest, foraging, mostly on the ground, for seeds, nuts and roots, and caching excess food under stones. This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

text:
# African striped ground squirrel

The **striped ground squirrel** (***Euxerus erythropus***) is a species of squirrel native to Africa. It was first described by Geoffroy in 1803, but the binomial authority is sometimes incorrectly cited as "Desmarest, 1817". There are six subspecies. It is a moderately large ground squirrel with sandy-brown or dark-brown fur with a white lateral stripe and whitish underparts. Adults live alone or in pairs in a simple burrow with a central nest, foraging, mostly on the ground, for seeds, nuts and roots, and caching excess food under stones. This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

## Description

Striped ground squirrels are moderately large ground squirrels, ranging from 22 to 29 centimetres (8.7 to 11.4 in) in length, with a tail that, at 19 to 26 centimetres (7.5 to 10.2 in), is nearly as long as the body. Adults weigh between 0.5 and 1 kilogram (1.1 and 2.2 lb). They have a coat of short, bristly fur, and are pale sandy to dark brown across most of the body, with whitish, nearly hairless, underparts. A narrow stripe of pure white fur runs down the flanks from the shoulders to the hips. The tail has hairs much longer than those on the body, which fan out to the sides, and are multi-coloured along their length, presenting a grizzled appearance. The ears are small, and the muzzle long, with a projecting, almost pointed, nose. The limbs are pale, with large feet and long, straight, claws. They can be distinguished from the otherwise similar Cape and mountain ground squirrels by the fact that female striped ground squirrels possess three pairs of teats, rather than just two.

## Distribution and habitat

Striped ground squirrels are found across Africa south of the Sahara and north of the tropical rainforest. They are found from the Atlantic coast in the west to Ethiopia and Kenya in the east, being absent in the Horn of Africa. They inhabit open or disturbed forests and savannah country, often near cultivated land, and, at the extremes of their range, coastal scrubland and semidesert regions. Fossils attributed to the species have been identified from Pliocene Ethiopia.

Six subspecies are currently recognised:

## Biology and behaviour

Striped ground squirrels are diurnal herbivores, and spend almost their entire lives on the ground, although are capable of climbing into bushes to reach food. They eat a range of seeds, nuts, and roots, and can be an agricultural pest, eating crops such as cassava, yams, cotton bolls, peanuts, and sweet potatoes. They may occasionally supplement their diet with eggs, insects, and other small animals. Their predators include servals, jackals, birds of prey, and common puff adders.

They forage throughout home ranges of about 12 hectares (30 acres) in semi-arid terrain, but their ranges overlap and they make frequent forays into surrounding areas in search of food. They mark their territories using scent glands on their cheeks, which they rub onto stones and tree trunks, although they do not appear to defend them from intruders.

The squirrels spend the night in burrows, which they dig with their large claws. Their burrows are usually simple in structure, with a central nest less than a metre below the surface, a single entrance tunnel, and a few blind-ending tunnels that almost reach the surface. The latter are used as escape routes, allowing the squirrel to rapidly break through to the surface; the main entrance tunnel is often also blocked with a temporary pile of dirt at night. Burrows may also contain caches of food, although these are more commonly located some distance away and concealed beneath stones or dead leaves. They also bury their urine, but not their dung.

Striped ground squirrels live alone, or in pairs, and greet other members of their species by sniffing each other nose-to-nose. They move with a jumping gait, frequently pausing to sniff or look around, and making longer leaps when they need to move more quickly. They normally hold their tail horizontally when moving, or upright when still, and can fluff it up into a "bottle-brush" when alarmed. They can make a chattering sound, similar to that of other squirrels.

Courtship consists of chasing behaviour, and litters are of two to six young. They can live for up to six years in captivity.

## Status

The striped ground squirrel is a common species throughout most of its wide range. It is an adaptable species and no particular threats have been identified, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

## InfoBox

| Striped ground squirrel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Sciuridae |
| Tribe: | Xerini |
| Genus: | *Euxerus*
Thomas, 1909 |
| Species: | ***E. erythropus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euxerus erythropus***
E. Geoffroy, 1817 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Xerus erythropus* | |


abstract: The 1960–61 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey team represented University of Denver in college ice hockey. In its 5th year under head coach Murray Armstrong the team compiled a 30–1–1 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the third time in four years. The Pioneers defeated St. Lawrence 12–2 in the championship game at the DU Arena in Denver, Colorado. Denver set a record for the most wins by a team in one season, breaking the previous high of 27 they had earned the previous year.

text:
# 1960–61 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey season

The **1960–61 Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey team** represented University of Denver in college ice hockey. In its 5th year under head coach Murray Armstrong the team compiled a 30–1–1 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the third time in four years. The Pioneers defeated St. Lawrence 12–2 in the championship game at the DU Arena in Denver, Colorado. Denver set a record for the most wins by a team in one season, breaking the previous high of 27 they had earned the previous year.

## Season

Denver's program was riding high after winning the NCAA tournament the year before as well as having the first player in program history earn an NHL contract following the championship. Head coach Murray Armstrong was not willing to rest on his laurels, however. After the team's first national title in 1958 the program was shut out of the tournament the following year and, not wanting to see a repeat performance, Armstrong watched his team get off to a fast start with three wins at home before embarking on a brief but arduous road trip.

Their first stop was in North Dakota where they easily took two games from a weak Fighting Sioux squad before heading to Houghton to face a tough Michigan Tech team that given them fits the year before. The Huskies took the first game, holding Denver to a season-low 2 goals, but the Pioneers evened the score the next night with a 5–2 win.

Two days later Denver was back home where they would remain for essentially the next two months. Denver playing too many of their games at home was the main cause of their missing the 1959 tournament despite having the best record in the country. Even with that recent history the Pioneers had skewed an already home-favored schedule for 1961 with 20 games at home and only 8 on the road. They were able to do this in part because they now belonged to the WCHA rather than being an Independent program and as a result they would only have to be one of the two best squads in the 7-team conference to have home-ice in the playoffs.

With all of these advantages built into their schedule Denver took full advantage and ran roughshod over their opponents. After sweeping four games in 5 days against Michigan State and Michigan (though they got a scare with an overtime win in the final match), Denver welcomed the Huskies for a rematch at the end of December and took both games to place themselves firmly atop the conference standings. After a series against a Canadian senior team that provided Denver with its only tie of the season, the Pioneers dominated North Dakota in two games before welcoming the US National Team. Though Team USA had just won the gold medal most of the players from that squad were no longer on the team and the perceptibly weaker group was easily defeated in both games.

After their first of two home-and-home meetings with in-state rival Colorado College, Denver hosted the Warroad Lakers for a three-game series and totally dominated the visitors by scoring 9 goals in each game. In mid-February Denver finally left Colorado for two games against a strong Michigan squad and took both contests before ending their regular season with a second series against the CC Tigers.

The one team from the WCHA that they did not face during the season was Minnesota. This was due to the on-going feud between the two programs over recruiting practices. Both teams were able to benefit from this since the two teams were the strongest in the WCHA and finished in the top two of the conference. Denver won their second consecutive WCHA title with their 17–1 conference record and played Michigan Tech at home in the WCHA tournament. For the first game of the total-goal series Denver dominated the Huskies, winning 9–1 and followed that up with an equally impressive 8–2 victory the following night. Denver's 17–3 victory was the widest margin for any 2-game series in the history of the WCHA tournament as well as being tied for the most goals scored by one team in a two-game series.

Denver received the top western seed while WCHA co-champion Minnesota was afforded the #2 seed. Partially due to Denver and Minnesota having not played against one another all season the NCAA took the unprecedented step of placing both WCHA teams in the same semifinal game. This was the first time two teams from the same conference or region would play in an opening round of the NCAA tournament, an occurrence that would not happen again until 2008. Despite their being the top two teams from the WCHA from the drop of the puck it was obvious that Denver was far superior to the Golden Gophers. Minnesota did well to hold the Pioneers to six goals in their 6–1 victory that sent Denver back to the title game. In the championship match Denver faced Tri-State League champion St. Lawrence and were heavily favored to repeat as national champions. Despite that it was the Saints who scored first, less than 90 seconds into the contest. Denver was able to tie the score less than two minutes later and then built a two-goal lead before the Larries cut the lead to one with just under seven to play in the first period. After the second goal against Denver clamped down on the Saints' attack and controlled the rest of the game. In the final 45 minutes of play Denver scored the final 9 goals of the game (an NCAA tournament record) to win by an astounding 10-goal margin (also a record). Team captain Bill Masterton scored a hat trick with two assists and was named the tournament MOP. Denver's thoroughly dominating performance in the two games got five members of the team onto the All-Tournament first team (tied for the most in NCAA history): Marty Howe, Grant Munro, Trent Beatty, Bill Masterton and Jerry Walker with only Minnesota's Mike Larson stopping their bid for a sweep. Additionally George Kirkwood and George Konik made the second team.

The 1961 Denver team set several new NCAA records, including most wins by a program with 30. Their 30–1–1 record was the second best winning percentage (.953) for an NCAA champion at the time and currently sits at 4th-best in history (behind only 1949 Boston College, 1970 Cornell and 1993 Maine as of 2018) Denver also scored at one of the highest goals per game pace in NCAA history with a whopping 7.56. Additionally they were the best defensive team to that point, allowing only 59 goals against in 32 contests for a team goals against average of 1.84. Denver's average margin of victory of 5.72 goals was the second-largest average in NCAA history at the time and still stands as the largest ever for a championship team. Jerry Walker's 85 points that season were a record for any WCHA player and were not beaten until the conference expanded to many more games in the mid-1970s while his WCHA-record 56 goals still stands as of 2018. George Kirkwood set an NCAA record for wins in a season with 30 and finished with a then-record career winning percentage of .894 which was broken by future Hall-of-Famer Ken Dryden.

Denver's unparalleled performance throughout the season caused the WCHA voters to name 5 players to the All-WCHA First Team: George Kirkwood, George Konik, Marty Howe, Bill Masterton and Jerry Walker while a record 5 Pioneers appeared on AHCA All-American West Team with Grant Munro being selected rather than Konik.

The 1960-61 Denver team is commonly regarded as the best in the history of the program and one of the greatest teams in NCAA history.

## Standings

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conference | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | PCT | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Denver†\* | 18 | 17 | 1 | 0 | **.944** | 127 | 31 |  | 32 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 242 | 59 |
| Minnesota* | 20 | 14 | 6 | 0 | **.700** | 100 | 68 |  | 29 | 17 | 11 | 1 | 126 | 111 |
| Michigan | 24 | 15 | 8 | 1 | **.646** | 97 | 79 |  | 28 | 16 | 10 | 2 | 108 | 89 |
| Michigan Tech | 24 | 13 | 11 | 0 | **.542** | 92 | 58 |  | 29 | 16 | 13 | 0 | 132 | 78 |
| North Dakota | 24 | 7 | 16 | 0 | **.313** | 81 | 133 |  | 29 | 9 | 19 | 1 | 100 | 151 |
| Michigan State | 20 | 5 | 15 | 0 | **.250** | 55 | 90 |  | 27 | 11 | 16 | 0 | 121 | 115 |
| Colorado College | 22 | 4 | 18 | 0 | **.182** | 68 | 161 |  | 24 | 4 | 20 | 0 | 76 | 175 |
| Championship: Minnesota, Denver
indicates conference regular season champion
* indicates conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Exhibition** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| November 26 | vs. DU Hilltoppers* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 10–3 |  |
| **Regular Season** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 2 | at Regina Capitals* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 10–2 | 1–0 |
| December 3 | at Regina Capitals* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 2–0 | 2–0 |
| December 9 | vs. Colorado College* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 8–4 | 3–0 |
| December 12 | at North Dakota | Winter Sports BuildingGrand Forks, North Dakota | **W** 7–2 | 4–0 (1–0) |
| December 13 | at North Dakota | Winter Sports BuildingGrand Forks, North Dakota | **W** 5–1 | 5–0 (2–0) |
| December 16 | at Michigan Tech | Dee StadiumHoughton, Michigan | **L** 2–3 | 5–1 (2–1) |
| December 17 | at Michigan Tech | Dee StadiumHoughton, Michigan | **W** 5–2 | 6–1 (3–1) |
| December 19 | vs. Michigan State | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 10–2 | 7–1 (4–1) |
| December 20 | vs. Michigan State | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 9–0 | 8–1 (5–1) |
| December 22 | vs. Michigan | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 8–1 | 9–1 (6–1) |
| December 23 | vs. Michigan | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 4–3 OT | 10–1 (7–1) |
| December 26 | vs. Michigan Tech | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 5–1 | 11–1 (8–1) |
| December 27 | vs. Michigan Tech | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 2–0 | 12–1 (9–1) |
| January 4 | vs. Moose Jaw Pla-Mors* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 5–2 | 13–1 (9–1) |
| January 6 | vs. Moose Jaw Pla-Mors* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **T** 3–3 OT | 13–1–1 (9–1) |
| January 13 | vs. North Dakota | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 15–1 | 14–1–1 (10–1) |
| January 14 | vs. North Dakota | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 6–2 | 15–1–1 (11–1) |
| January 27 | vs. US National Team* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 10–0 | 16–1–1 (11–1) |
| January 28 | vs. US National Team* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 6–2 | 17–1–1 (11–1) |
| February 3 | vs. Colorado College | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 11–1 | 18–1–1 (12–1) |
| February 4 | at Colorado College | Broadmoor World ArenaColorado Springs, Colorado | **W** 7–5 | 19–1–1 (13–1) |
| February 8 | vs. Warroad Lakers* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 9–1 | 20–1–1 (13–1) |
| February 10 | vs. Warroad Lakers* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 9–2 | 21–1–1 (13–1) |
| February 11 | vs. Warroad Lakers* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 9–2 | 22–1–1 (13–1) |
| February 17 | at Michigan | Weinberg ColiseumAnn Arbor, Michigan | **W** 8–1 | 23–1–1 (14–1) |
| February 18 | at Michigan | Weinberg ColiseumAnn Arbor, Michigan | **W** 4–2 | 24–1–1 (15–1) |
| March 3 | vs. Colorado College | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado | **W** 8–1 | 25–1–1 (16–1) |
| March 4 | at Colorado College | Broadmoor World ArenaColorado Springs, Colorado | **W** 13–3 | 26–1–1 (17–1) |
| **WCHA Tournament** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 10 | vs. Michigan Tech* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado (WCHA Final Game 1) | **W** 9–1 | 27–1–1 (17–1) |
| March 11 | vs. Michigan Tech* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado (WCHA Final Game 2) | **W** 8–2 | 28–1–1 (17–1) |
| **NCAA Tournament** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 17 | vs. Minnesota* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado (National Semifinal) | **W** 6–1 | 29–1–1 (17–1) |
| March 18 | vs. St. Lawrence* | DU ArenaDenver, Colorado (National championship) | **W** 12–2 | 30–1–1 (17–1) |
| \*Non-conference game.
Source: | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Roster and scoring statistics

| No. | Name | Year | Position | Hometown | S/P/C | Games | Goals | Assists | Points | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | George Kirkwood | Junior |  | Edmonton, AB |  | 32 |  |  |  |  |
| 2 | George Konik | Senior |  | Flin Flon, MB |  | 27 | 12 | 19 | **31** | 40 |
| 3 | Jack Wilson | Sophomore |  | Big River, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 4 | Norb Kemp | Senior |  | Regina, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5 | Marty Howe | Senior |  | Regina, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 6 | Grant Munro | Senior |  | Regina, SK |  | 32 | 11 | 16 | **27** | 38 |
| 7 | Terry Lomnes | Senior | LW | Camrose, AB |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 8 | Ken Williamson | Junior |  | Winnipeg, MB |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 9 | Bill Masterton | Senior |  | Winnipeg, MB |  | 32 | 24 | 56 | **80** | 4 |
| 10 | Marshall Johnston | Sophomore |  | Birch Hills, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11 | Jerry Walker | Senior |  | Regina, SK |  | 32 | 56 | 29 | **85** |  |
| 12 | Paul Josephson | Senior |  | Saskatoon, SK |  |  |  |  | **33** |  |
| 13 | John Art | Sophomore | /RW | Regina, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 14 | Gerald Duffus | Sophomore | LW | Saskatoon, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | Max Geisthardt | Senior | LW | Regina, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | Trent Beatty | Junior | RW | Kerrobert, SK |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 17 | Gregory Lacomy | Sophomore |  | Winnipeg, MB |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 18 | Dick Jacob | Junior |  | Crescent City, CA |  | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 19 | Paul DiNapoli | Junior |  | Belmont, MA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|
| Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Goaltending statistics

| No. | Name | Games | Minutes | Wins | Losses | Ties | Goals Against | Saves | Shut Outs | SV % | GAA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | George Kirkwood | 32 |  | 30 | 1 | 1 |  |  | 4 | .910 | **1.84** |
| 4 | Norb Kemp |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 20 | Paul DiNapoli |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total |  | 32 |  | 30 | 1 | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  |

## 1961 championship game

### W1 Denver vs. E1 St. Lawrence

| March 18 | **Denver** |  | **12 – 2** |  | St. Lawrence | University of Denver Arena | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Scoring summary | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Period | Team | Goal | Assist(s) | Time | Score |
| **1st** | **SLU** | John Mason | R. Mason and Corby | 1:22 | 1–0 SLU |
| | **DEN** | Bill Masterton | Beatty and Walker | 3:19 | 1–1 |
| | **DEN** | Trent Beatty | Masterton and Munro | 7:21 | 2–1 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Jerry Walker*GW* | Beatty | 12:09 | 3–1 DEN |
| | **SLU** | Buster Dower | Slater | 13:14 | 3–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Jerry Duffus | Williamson and Art | 14:51 | 4–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Bill Masterton | Walker and Munro | 15:49 | 5–2 DEN |
| **2nd** | **DEN** | Trent Beatty | Masterton and Walker | 25:33 | 6–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Grant Munro | Lomnes | 26:57 | 7–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | George Konik*PP* | Josephson and Wilson | 31:31 | 8–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Ken Williamson*PP* | Art and Wilson | 37:47 | 9–2 DEN |
| **3rd** | **DEN** | Bill Masterton*PP* | Konik | 50:46 | 10–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Grant Munro*PP* | Josephson | 52:15 | 11–2 DEN |
| | **DEN** | Terry Lomnes | unassisted | 56:57 | 12–2 DEN |
|

## InfoBox

| 1960–61 Denver Pioneers
men's ice hockey season | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| **National champion**
WCHA, champion
WCHA Tournament, co-champion
NCAA Tournament, champion | |
|  | |
| Conference | **1st** WCHA |
| Home ice | DU Arena |
| Record | |
| Overall | 30–1–1 |
| Conference | 17–1–0 |
| Home | 21–0–1 |
| Road | 7–1–0 |
| Neutral | 2–0–0 |
| Coaches and captains | |
| Head coach | Murray Armstrong |
| Captain(s) | Bill Masterton |
| **Denver Pioneers men's ice hockey seasons**
« 1959–60 1961–62 » | |