title: Ian Hansen

abstract: Ian Hansen is a Falkland Islander farmer and politician who served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Camp constituency after winning an uncontested by-election in 2011 which filled the seat vacated by Bill Luxton. Hansen had already served on the Legislative Assembly from 2003 until 2009. He was initially elected as a member of the Legislative Council, which was reconstituted into the Legislative Assembly with the implementation of the 2009 Constitution. From 1974–1980, Hansen worked as a shepherd at Hill Cove before moving to work on Pebble Island as a stockman. He was a founding member of the Falkland Islands Farmers Association and was chairman of the Rural Business Association from 2000 until 2003. In 2003, Hansen joined the Legislative Council as a member for Camp after winning a by-election to fill the seat left vacant by Philip Miller. He lost his seat in the 2009 general election. Hansen returned to the Legislative Assembly in 2011 after being the only candidate in a by-election to fill the seat vacated by Bill Luxton. He won re-election in 2013 and 2017. Hansen resigned from the Legislative Assembly on 19 July 2023 due to health issues. His seat was filled by Jack Ford in a by-election on 21 September 2023.

text:
# Ian Hansen

**Ian Hansen** (born 29 December 1958) is a Falkland Islander farmer and politician who served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Camp constituency after winning an uncontested by-election in 2011 which filled the seat vacated by Bill Luxton. Hansen had already served on the Legislative Assembly from 2003 until 2009. He was initially elected as a member of the Legislative Council, which was reconstituted into the Legislative Assembly with the implementation of the 2009 Constitution.

From 1974–1980, Hansen worked as a shepherd at Hill Cove before moving to work on Pebble Island as a stockman. He was a founding member of the Falkland Islands Farmers Association and was chairman of the Rural Business Association from 2000 until 2003.

In 2003, Hansen joined the Legislative Council as a member for Camp after winning a by-election to fill the seat left vacant by Philip Miller. He lost his seat in the 2009 general election. Hansen returned to the Legislative Assembly in 2011 after being the only candidate in a by-election to fill the seat vacated by Bill Luxton. He won re-election in 2013 and 2017. Hansen resigned from the Legislative Assembly on 19 July 2023 due to health issues. His seat was filled by Jack Ford in a by-election on 21 September 2023.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableIan HansenMLA | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly
for Camp | |
| **In office**
15 December 2011  19 July 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Bill Luxton |
| Succeeded by | Jack Ford |
| **In office**
6 November 2003  5 November 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Philip Harper |
| Succeeded by | Roger Edwards |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1958-12-29) December 29, 1958
Hill Cove, Falkland Islands |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Nonpartisan |
| Spouse | Susan Betts |
|  | |


abstract: Ich weiß, daß mein Erlöser lebt, TWV 1:877, BWV 160, is a church cantata composed around 1725 by Georg Philipp Telemann for Easter Sunday, formerly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach.

text:
# Ich weiß, daß mein Erlöser lebt, TWV 1:877

****Ich weiß, daß mein Erlöser lebt**** (I know that my Redeemer lives), TWV 1:877, BWV 160, is a church cantata composed around 1725 by Georg Philipp Telemann for Easter Sunday, formerly attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach.

## History

A manuscript copy from the 18th century by Bach's student Heinrich Nikolaus Gerber identified Bach as the composer of the work, and on this basis it was published as Bach's in the 19th century, and given the number 160 in the *Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis*. Other 18th-century manuscripts attributed the work to Telemann: authenticated as a work by this composer the piece was assigned the number 1:877 in the *Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis*. It is one of the works that Bach had copied out so that he could perform it as part of his employment in Leipzig.

## Structure

The piece is a solo cantata with lyrics by Erdmann Neumeister. It is scored for solo tenor voice, violin, bassoon, and basso continuo. It has five movements (all in the key of C major), alternating between arias and recitatives.

| No. | Type | Text | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Aria | **Ich weiß, daß mein Erlöser lebt** | 3/4 |
|  | Recitative | **Er lebt und ist von Todten auferstanden!** |  |
|  | Aria | **Gott Lob, Gott Lob** |  |
|  | Recitative | **So biet' ich allen Teufeln Trutz!** |  |
|  | Aria | **Nun, ich halte mich bereit** |  |
|

## Recordings


title: MBTA boat

abstract: The MBTA ferry system is a public boat service providing water transportation in Boston Harbor. It is operated by Hornblower Cruises under contract to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). In 2023, the system had a ridership of 1,260,000, or about 5,000 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2024. The system has six routes that terminate in downtown Boston. Year-round routes run to Hingham directly (F1) and via Hull (F2H), and to the Charlestown Navy Yard (F4). Seasonal routes run to Lynn (F3), Winthrop (F5), and East Boston (F6). In the 19th century, numerous steamship routes ran from Boston to various destinations in the inner harbor, North Shore, and South Shore, plus routes to elsewhere in New England and to Europe. Ferry service declined in the late 19th century and 20th century due to competition from railways, streetcars, and finally automobiles; by the 1930s, only summer routes plus the East Boston ferry remained. Year round service to Hull was reintroduced in 1963, and was then the only commuter ferry service in the country. This was followed by Hingham service in 1975, tourist-oriented Charlestown service in 1979, and Quincy service in 1996 – as well as several other short-lived routes. Most routes were either unsubsidized or state-funded; from 1986 to 2002, they gradually became subsidized by the MBTA. Service to Quincy and Hull was combined in 1998; in 2013, the Quincy terminal was replaced by Hingham. Winthrop service began in 2016 and was taken over by the MBTA in 2023. East Boston service began in 2022; Lynn service began in 2023 after several previous iterations failed. The MBTA owns some ferries, while Hornblower owns others. The ferry system has the highest on-time performance and farebox recovery ratio of MBTA service types. However, it is only a small component of MBTA service: in 2016, the three routes the funded by the MBTA carried 5,070 passengers per weekday – about 0.4% of total MBTA ridership.

text:
# MBTA boat

The **MBTA ferry** system is a public boat service providing water transportation in Boston Harbor. It is operated by Hornblower Cruises (branded as City Cruises) under contract to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). In 2023, the system had a ridership of 1,260,000, or about 5,000 per weekday as of the second quarter of 2024. The system has six routes that terminate in downtown Boston. Year-round routes run to Hingham directly (F1) and via Hull (F2H), and to the Charlestown Navy Yard (F4). Seasonal routes run to Lynn (F3), Winthrop (F5), and East Boston (F6).

In the 19th century, numerous steamship routes ran from Boston to various destinations in the inner harbor, North Shore, and South Shore, plus routes to elsewhere in New England and to Europe. Ferry service declined in the late 19th century and 20th century due to competition from railways, streetcars, and finally automobiles; by the 1930s, only summer routes plus the East Boston ferry remained. Year round service to Hull was reintroduced in 1963, and was then the only commuter ferry service in the country. This was followed by Hingham service in 1975, tourist-oriented Charlestown service in 1979, and Quincy service in 1996 – as well as several other short-lived routes. Most routes were either unsubsidized or state-funded; from 1986 to 2002, they gradually became subsidized by the MBTA. Service to Quincy and Hull was combined in 1998; in 2013, the Quincy terminal was replaced by Hingham. Winthrop service began in 2016 and was taken over by the MBTA in 2023. East Boston service began in 2022; Lynn service began in 2023 after several previous iterations failed.

The MBTA owns some ferries, while Hornblower owns others. The ferry system has the highest on-time performance and farebox recovery ratio of MBTA service types. However, it is only a small component of MBTA service: in 2016, the three routes the funded by the MBTA carried 5,070 passengers per weekday – about 0.4% of total MBTA ridership.

## Routes

The MBTA has six ferry routes: three year-round, and three that operate seasonally. One route has year-round weekend service, while three routes also have seasonal weekend service.

| Route | Boston terminal | Outer terminal | Service span | Weekday
round
trips | Weekend
round
trips | Fare | Fare zone |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| F1 | Rowes Wharf | Hingham | Year round | 18 |  | $9.75 | 6 |
| F2H | Long Wharf | Hingham via Logan Airport and Hull | Year round (weekend service seasonal) | 19 | 14–16 | $9.75 | 6 |
| F3 | Long Wharf | East Boston | Seasonal | 22 | 18 | $2.40 | 1A |
| F4 | Long Wharf | Charlestown Navy Yard | Year round | 39 | 17 | $3.70 | 1A |
| F5 | Long Wharf | Lynn Ferry Terminal | Seasonal | 5 | 5+12 | $7.00 | 2 |
| F6 | Central Wharf | Winthrop via Fan Pier, Logan Airport, and Marina Bay, Quincy | Seasonal | 6+12 |  | $6.50 | 1 |

## History

### Charlestown

Boat service between Boston and Charlestown ended in 1786 after the completion of the Charles River Bridge. The Winnisimmet Ferry to Chelsea ran until January 1917, with a brief revival starting on May 15, 1990 during early Big Dig construction. Boston Harbor Cruises (BHC) began tourist-oriented service, funded by the National Park Service, between Long Wharf and the Navy Yard in June 1979. In June 1987, this was switched to general-purpose ferry service funded by the Boston Redevelopment Authority. In October 1988, the Massachusetts Department of Public Works (DPW) began a four-year reconfiguration of the interchange between the Tobin Bridge and the Charlestown High Bridge. Charlestown ferry service was then increased, with funding from the DPW via the MBTA, and increased again in 1989. In 2004, the MBTA began directly funding the service.

Two additional routes – the F3 Lovejoy WharfBoston Navy Yard and F5 Lovejoy Wharf–World Trade Center via Moakley Courthouse – began operation in 1997 during Big Dig construction. They were discontinued on January 21, 2005 due to low ridership. The F5X Lovejoy Wharf–World Trade Center express route was not funded by the MBTA and was run until February 24, 2006. A pilot (originally scheduled for one year) of a privately funded Lovejoy Wharf–Fan Pier route, intended mostly as a private employee shuttle, began in January 2019. It is overseen by the Massachusetts Convention Center Authority on behalf of private companies in the Seaport, rather than by the MBTA. The fare for public riders was substantially reduced in April 2019.

Hornblower Cruises acquired BHC in late 2019 and rebranded it as City Cruises in 2021, with no change to MBTA ferry operations. F4 service was indefinitely suspended on March 17, 2020 due to reduced ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 22, 75% of weekday service was restored, though weekend service remained suspended. F4 service was again temporarily suspended from January 23 to May 21, 2021; weekday and weekend service resumed on May 22.

### East Boston

Ferry service to East Boston began in 1832. The North Ferry (Battery Street to Border Street) ended in 1938 after the 1934 opening of the Sumner Tunnel; the BRB&L ferry (Rowes Wharf to Jeffries Point) ended in 1940, while the South Ferry (Sargent's Wharf to Lewis Wharf) lasted until 1952. City-run service ran from a new wharf at Lewis Street to Long Wharf from 1995 to 1997; it was discontinued due to extremely low ridership (an average of 1.3 passengers per trip) as the Blue Line provided a faster and more frequent service along the same corridor.

In 2011, then-mayor Thomas Menino proposed ferry service between East Boston and Fan Pier on the South Boston Waterfront, a route without current direct transit service. In August 2012, the Federal Highway Administration awarded $1.28 million to the city for the purchase of two boats. In September 2012, the Boston Redevelopment Authority accepted the grant and agreed to rehabilitate the East Boston Marine Terminal for the ferries, which were then expected to begin operation in 2013. In August 2014, the MBTA opened bidding for providing the two boats for East Boston service. However, the grant was less than the actual cost of two boats, and plans for the service stalled.

A privately-funded Lewis Wharf–Fan Pier route began operation in September 2021. Temporary Long Wharf–Lewis Wharf ferry service was run from April 25 to May 17, 2022, during a closure of the Blue Line tunnel for maintenance. A pilot program of seasonal Long Wharf–Lewis Wharf service began on September 12, 2022, with 22 round trips on weekdays and 19 on weekends. It continued in 2023 and 2024.

### South Shore

Ferry service between Boston and Hingham began in 1832; after the South Shore Railroad began operation in 1849, ferries served largely recreational traffic rather than commuters. Service to Hull was added in 1848 (first Allerton Harbor, later Pemberton Point), and to Nantasket Beach in 1869. Service to the Hingham shipyard ended in 1898, though some service to Crow's Point lasted until 1923. Most of the Nantasket Boat Lines ferries were destroyed in a 1929 fire. The service was increasingly unprofitable to run; only summer service lasted past 1933. Hingham service ended in 1952; the last remains of Nantasket service ended in 1963. Massachusetts Bay Lines (MBL) restored year-round Pemberton Point–Boston service in March 1963 – then the only commuter ferry service in the country – followed by seasonal Nantasket service in 1964. Bay State Cruises took over the route in 1980. Paragon Park closed in 1985, and Nantasket service ended again in 1992. In 1996, Bay State Cruises sold the Hull route to Boston Harbor Cruises (BHC), who obtained an MBTA subsidy.

Renewed Rowes Wharf–Hingham service began with a single round trip on October 6, 1975. The service was initiated by Ed King, then director of the Massachusetts Port Authority. Service was run by several operators, sometimes with state funding, most of the next eight years. In March 1983, Massachusetts Bay Commuter Services began eleven subsidized round trips (reduced to eight that June). The state began subsidizing eight additional round trips by Boston Harbor Commuter Services in 1984 during Southeast Expressway reconstruction. The MBTA began subsidizing service in 1986; after 1991, only Boston Harbor Commuter Services received a subsidy. In the 1990s, expanded ferry service was proposed as an alternative to the controversial return of commuter rail service on the Greenbush Line. Boston Harbor Cruises (which had briefly operated Hingham service in 1978) took over the Hingham–Boston service in 1997.

In 1996, Water Transportation Associates (WTA), doing business as Harbor Express, began service between Fore River Shipyard in Quincy and Long Wharf via Logan Airport. Two ferries and five years of operations were funded by then-shipyard owner General Dynamics. Quincy–Logan service began on November 18, 1996, with Long Wharf service added several weeks later. In 1998, the MBTA and BHC failed to reach a subsidy agreement. MBTA-subsidized Hull stops were added to several existing WTA Boston-Hingham trips. After the original funding ran out in 2001, the state funded service for the first half of 2002. In April 2002, the MBTA bought the WTA assets (two ferries, the Quincy terminal, and the Long Wharf lease); the WTA later won the contract to run the service. The MBTA designated the Hingham–Boston service as F1 and Quincy–Boston as F2, with trips serving Hull called F2H. Attempts in 2010 and 2011 to restore summer weekend service to Nantasket failed due to high fuel costs. On July 1, 2013, BHC took over Hingham services from WTA.

Quincy service was temporarily discontinued on October 14, 2013, with boats redirected to Hingham, when a water main break added to existing structural problems with the sea wall at the Quincy wharf. In January 2014, the MBTA made the closure (and increased Hingham service) permanent after it was determined that repairs would cost $15 million for five years of additional service, or $50 million for 50 years. The damage also forced the closure of the *USS Salem* museum. Quincy proposed Squantum Point as an alternative terminal to maintain ferry service to the city. In July 2014, a neighboring shipyard purchased the Quincy site from the MBTA.

Weekend summer service on the F2H route, last operated in 1998 and 1999, was introduced on May 24, 2014. The Hingham Intermodal Center was opened in January 2017, providing a larger waiting area and ticketing facilities. On January 2, 2018, ferry service to Hingham was indefinitely suspended due to ice damage to the dock during severe cold the previous week. Service resumed on January 15 after repairs to the dock. Squantum service was added to the Winthrop route in August 2016.

Hornblower Cruises acquired BHC in late 2019 and rebranded it as City Cruises in 2021, with no change to MBTA ferry operations. F1 and F2H service was suspended on March 17, 2020 due to reduced ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic. On June 22, 75% of weekday service was restored, though weekend service remained suspended. F1 service was again temporarily suspended on January 23, 2021, with limited F2H service continuing to operate. F1 service, stops at Logan Airport, and weekend service resumed on May 22.

### North Shore

Steamboat service between Salem and Boston was run at various points between 1818 and 1931; because of competition from the Eastern Railroad, it was largely intended for recreation. Service to Winthrop was operated during several periods between 1840 and 1898; it too was largely out-competed by the Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad for the commuter market. Lynn service was operated in the 1870s, and between 1892 and 1908. Ferry service between Boston and Salem was operated during the summer of 1998 by WTA, funded by a state grant. BHC ran unsubsidized service in the summers of 1999 and 2000.

Salem service resumed on June 22, 2006, with a ferry funded largely by a $2.3 million state grant. It was operated by WTA during the summers of 2006 to 2011; BHC took over the service without subsidy in 2012. In 2009, Salem began allowing MBTA Commuter Rail passes to be used on certain peak-hour trips. The MBTA stopped subsidizing the service around 2020, and MBTA passes stopped being accepted in 2023.

Winthrop service, run by BHC under a three-year state grant, began on August 2, 2010 and lasted until 2012. A local charter operator ran some unsubsidized service in 2013. Service resumed on April 16, 2016 with a town-owned vessel operated by town employees. The Marina Bay stop (previously served by several short-lived services between 1977 and 1997) was added on August 16, 2016. The Boston terminal was at Fan Pier from April to June 2017, then Rowes Wharf (with an intermediate Fan Pier stop) for the remainder of the summer. Central Wharf became the Boston terminal in 2018. The service's high cost and low reliability has attracted criticism; it was not run for six weeks in 2019 due to mechanical issues and lack of staff. The MBTA took over operations of the Winthrop Ferry in July 2023. The lease agreement was for two years with up to three years of extensions.

The Lynn Ferry formerly operated from Lynn Ferry Terminal to Central Wharf. Service began on May 19, 2014 with three weekday round trips, as a two-year pilot program funded by the state. Fares were $3.50; MBTA Commuter Rail passes from Zone 2 or above were accepted for fares. Although the state spent $8.5 million on the terminal and $4.5 million in federal funds was secured for a larger ferry, the service was not run in summer 2016 due to lack of $700,000 in operations funding. Service resumed for June–September 2017 with funding from MassDOT, with one daily round trip timed for commuting. Fares were doubled to $7, and MBTA passes were not accepted. Due to low ridership in 2017 – just 30 daily passengers – the service was not resumed in 2018.

In May 2023, the MBTA indicated plans to resume service midyear. The Lynn Ferry resumed on June 26, 2023 as an MBTA service, intended as mitigation for a temporary closure of the Sumner Tunnel. Ten round trips were operated on weekdays, with fares temporarily equal to subway fares during the tunnel closure. Service resumed on April 29, 2024, with weekend service added.

## Operation

All MBTA-funded services are operated by Hornblower Cruises (branded as City Cruises) under contract to the MBTA. It is the most reliable mode of MBTA service, with on-time performance typically above 95%. In 2016, the MBTA-funded portion of the system carried 5,070 passengers per weekday – about 0.4% of total MBTA ridership.

Until 2017, the MBTA owned two ferries, the *Lightning* and the *Flying Cloud*, both built in 1996. They were largely replaced by the new catamarans *Champion* (named for *Champion of the Seas*) in October 2017, and *Glory* (after *Glory of the Seas*) in May 2018. The MBTA-owned ferries are used for the F2H route, while Hornblower-owned ferries are used for the F1 and F4 routes. Some F1 trips are run by Massachusetts Bay Lines, using their own boats, under subcontract to Hornblower. As of December 2019, the MBTA planned to overhaul the older catamarans in 2020–22; new double-ended ferries for route F4 were also being considered. At some point, the MBTA acquired the used catamarans *Schoodic Explorer* (a former whale watching boat and cruise ship tender used in Maine) and *Ava Pearl* (previously used for service between Rhode Island and Martha's Vineyard). The MBTA leases the Winthrop ferry boat from the town.

### Finances and averted cuts

MBTA boat services have the highest farebox recovery ratio of any MBTA service type – 55% in 2012. However, the service still operated at a $5 million annual loss to the MBTA and carried a relatively small percentage of passengers, which resulted in calls for its discontinuance or modification. In 2012, facing a substantial budget gap, the MBTA proposed substantial service cuts and fare increases. All ferry routes were to be cut, resulting in $3.7 million savings for the agency. Temporary measures were found to avoid some service cuts including the ferries; however, weekend Quincy service was eliminated and fares raised 35% in an attempt to eliminate the subsidy required. State lawmakers also then proposed that Massport take over the ferries from the MBTA.

By 2014, farebox recovery increased to 62%. In 2018, the MBTA bid operation of all three routes in a single contract; BHC was the only bidder despite the MBTA's attempts to find a competitor. The cost was originally $17.2 million for the first year with annual increases (with the MBTA keeping all fare revenue); the MBTA negotiated the cost down to $13.6 million.

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66. Ken Hocke (September 5, 2018). "Gulf Craft delivers 98' whale watchers to Maine". Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
67. Kool, Daniel (July 21, 2023). "Meet the T's very happiest passengers. (Hint: They're not on the subway.)". *The Boston Globe*. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
68. "Christening the fast ferry "Ava Pearl"". *The Providence Journal*. January 23, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
69. "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)" (PDF). *National Transit Database*. United States Federal Transit Administration. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2014.
70. "MBTA Fare and Service Changes: Join the discussion" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
71. Moskowitz, Erik (March 28, 2012). "Cash-strapped T proposes 23 percent fare increase". *Boston Globe*.
72. Moskowitz, Erik (May 11, 2012). "Massport takeover of ferry service urged: Lawmakers also propose plan for cash-strapped T". *Boston Globe*.
Template:Attached KML/MBTA BoatKML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

MBTA ferry
| The *Glory* on the F2H route in September 2018 | |
| --- | --- |
| Waterway | Boston Harbor |
| Operator | Hornblower Cruises (under contract to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority) |
| No. of lines | 6 |
| No. of terminals | 12 |
| Daily ridership | 5,000 (weekdays, Q2 2024) |
| Yearly ridership | 1,260,000 (2023) |
| Route map | |


title: Icaridin

abstract: Icaridin, also known as picaridin, is an insect repellent which can be used directly on skin or clothing. It has broad efficacy against various arthropods such as mosquitos, ticks, gnats, flies and fleas, and is almost colorless and odorless. A study performed in 2010 showed that picaridin spray and cream at the 20% concentration provided 12 hours of protection against ticks. Unlike DEET, icaridin does not dissolve plastics, synthetics or sealants, is odorless and non-greasy and presents a lower risk of toxicity when used with sunscreen, as it may reduce skin absorption of both compounds. The name picaridin was proposed as an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) to the World Health Organization (WHO), but the official name that has been approved by the WHO is icaridin. The chemical is part of the piperidine family, along with many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids such as piperine, which gives black pepper its spicy taste. Trade names include Bayrepel and Saltidin among others. The compound was developed by the German chemical company Bayer in the 1980s and was given the name Bayrepel. In 2005, Lanxess AG and its subsidiary Saltigo GmbH were spun off from Bayer and the product was renamed Saltidin in 2008. Having been sold in Europe since 1998, on 23 July 2020, icaridin was approved again by the EU Commission for use in repellent products. The approval entered into force on 1 February 2022 and is valid for ten years.

text:
# Icaridin

**Icaridin**, also known as **picaridin**, is an insect repellent which can be used directly on skin or clothing. It has broad efficacy against various arthropods such as mosquitos, ticks, gnats, flies and fleas, and is almost colorless and odorless. A study performed in 2010 showed that picaridin spray and cream at the 20% concentration provided 12 hours of protection against ticks. Unlike DEET, icaridin does not dissolve plastics, synthetics or sealants, is odorless and non-greasy and presents a lower risk of toxicity when used with sunscreen, as it may reduce skin absorption of both compounds.

The name *picaridin* was proposed as an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) to the World Health Organization (WHO), but the official name that has been approved by the WHO is *icaridin*. The chemical is part of the piperidine family, along with many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids such as piperine, which gives black pepper its spicy taste.

Trade names include **Bayrepel** and **Saltidin** among others. The compound was developed by the German chemical company Bayer in the 1980s and was given the name *Bayrepel*. In 2005, Lanxess AG and its subsidiary Saltigo GmbH were spun off from Bayer and the product was renamed *Saltidin* in 2008.

Having been sold in Europe (where it is the best-selling insect repellent) since 1998, on 23 July 2020, icaridin was approved again by the EU Commission for use in repellent products. The approval entered into force on 1 February 2022 and is valid for ten years.

## Effectiveness

Icaridin and DEET are the most effective insect repellents available. A 2018 systematic review found no consistent performance difference between icaridin and DEET in field studies and concluded that they are equally preferred mosquito repellents, noting that 50% DEET offers longer protection but is not available in some countries.

Icaridin has been reported to be as effective as DEET at a 20% concentration without the irritation associated with DEET. According to the WHO, icaridin “demonstrates excellent repellent properties comparable to, and often superior to, those of the standard DEET.”

Icaridin-based products have been evaluated by *Consumer Reports* in 2016 as among the most effective insect repellents when used at a 20% concentration. Icaridin was earlier reported to be effective by *Consumer Reports* (7% solution) and the Australian Army (20% solution). *Consumer Reports* retests in 2006 gave as result that a 7% solution of icaridin offered little or no protection against *Aedes* mosquitoes (vector of dengue fever) and a protection time of about 2.5 hours against *Culex* (vector of West Nile virus), while a 15% solution was good for about one hour against *Aedes* and 4.8 hours against *Culex*.

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends using repellents based on icaridin, DEET, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535), or oil of lemon eucalyptus (containing *p*-menthane-3,8-diol, PMD) for effective protection against mosquitoes that carry the West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis and other illnesses.

## Adverse effects

Icaridin can cause mild to moderate eye irritation on contact and is slightly toxic if ingested.

## Environmental impact

A 2018 study found that a commercial repellent product containing 20% icaridin, in what the authors described as "conservative exposure doses", is highly toxic to larval salamanders, a major predator of mosquito larvae. The study observed high larval salamander mortality occurring delayed after the four days of exposure. Because the widely used LC50 test for assessing a chemical's environmental toxicity is based on mortality within four days, the authors suggested that icaridin would be incorrectly deemed as "safe" under the test protocol. However, icaridin was also non-toxic in a 21-day reproduction test on the water flea *Daphnia magna* and a 32-day early life-stage test in zebrafish.

Since only the icaridin content of the tested repellent product is known, the observed effects cannot be readily attributed to icaridin. Furthermore, the effects of the repellent product showed no dose-response relationship, i.e., there was neither an increase of the magnitude or severity of the observed effects (mortality, tail deformation), nor did the effects occur at earlier time points. The study has been regarded as invalid by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, which has evaluated icaridin prior to its approval under the EU Biocidal Product Regulation. The reasons for rejection were the testing of a mixture of undisclosed composition, the use of a non-standard test organism, the lack of analytical verification of actual test concentrations, and the fact that the test solution was never renewed with the 25 days of study duration.

## Mechanism of action

In 2014, a potential odorant receptor for icaridin (and DEET), CquiOR136•CquiOrco, was suggested for *Culex quinquefasciatus* mosquito.

Recent crystal and solution studies showed that icaridin binds to *Anopheles gambiae* odorant binding protein 1 (AgamOBP1). The crystal structure of AgamOBP1•icaridin complex (PDB: 5EL2) revealed that icaridin binds to the DEET-binding site in two distinct orientations and also to a second binding site (sIC-binding site) located at the C-terminal region of the AgamOBP1.

Research on *Anopheles coluzzii* mosquitoes suggests icaridin does not strongly activate their olfactory receptor neurons, but instead reduces the volatility of the odorants with which it is mixed. By reducing their volatility, icaridin effectively "masks" odorants attractive to mosquitoes on the skin, preventing them from reaching the olfactory receptors to some extent.

## Chemistry

Icaridin contains two stereocenters: one where the hydroxyethyl chain attaches to the ring, and one where the *sec*-butyl attaches to the oxygen of the carbamate. The commercial material contains a mixture of all four stereoisomers.

## Commercial products

Commercial products containing icaridin include Cutter Advanced, Muskol, Repeltec, Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus, Sawyer Picaridin Insect Repellent, Off! FamilyCare, Autan, Smidge, PiActive and MOK.O.

## InfoBox

Icaridin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Butan-2-yl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate | |
| Other names * KBR 3023 * Hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate * *sec*-Butyl 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.102.177 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C12H23NO3/c1-3-10(2)16-12(15)13-8-5-4-6-11(13)7-9-14/h10-11,14H,3-9H2,1-2H3 YKey: QLHULAHOXSSASE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C12H23NO3/c1-3-10(2)16-12(15)13-8-5-4-6-11(13)7-9-14/h10-11,14H,3-9H2,1-2H3Key: QLHULAHOXSSASE-UHFFFAOYAQ | |
| SMILES * O=C(OC(C)CC)N1C(CCO)CCCC1 | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H23NO3 |
| Molar mass | 229.320 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colorless liquid |
| Odor | odorless |
| Density | 1.07 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −170 °C (−274 °F; 103 K) |
| Boiling point | 296 °C (565 °F; 569 K) |
| Solubility in water | 0.82 g/100 mL |
| Solubility | 752 g/100mL (acetone) |
| Refractive index (*n*D) | 1.4717 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Icaricia lupini

abstract: Icaricia lupini, the lupine blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from south-western Canada, south through much of mountainous and intermountain western United States and high plains to northern Mexico. The wingspan is 22–29 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August in one generation in the Sierra Nevada of eastern California. Elsewhere, there are several generations from March to July. The larvae feed on Eriogonum umbellatum and Eriogonum fasciculatum. Adults feed on flower nectar. The hairs of the caterpillars can cause skin irritation (urticaria).

text:
# Icaricia lupini

***Icaricia lupini***, the **lupine blue**, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found from south-western Canada, south through much of mountainous and intermountain western United States and high plains to northern Mexico.

The wingspan is 22–29 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August in one generation in the Sierra Nevada of eastern California. Elsewhere, there are several generations from March to July.

The larvae feed on *Eriogonum umbellatum* and *Eriogonum fasciculatum*. Adults feed on flower nectar.

The hairs of the caterpillars can cause skin irritation (urticaria).

## Subspecies

* *Icaricia lupini lupini* (California)
* *Icaricia lupini monticola* (California)
* *Icaricia lupini chlorina*
* *Icaricia lupini texanus* (Arizona)
* *Icaricia lupini argentata* (California)

Media related to **Icaricia lupini** at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Lupine blue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Icaricia* |
| Species: | ***I. lupini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Icaricia lupini***<br>(Boisduval, 1869) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lycaena lupini* Boisduval, 1869 * *Plebejus lupini* (Boisduval, 1869) * *Aricia lupini* (Boisduval, 1869) | |


title: Icarina

abstract:
Icarina is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:
  - Icarina alata
  - Icarina cottae
  - Icarina elongata

text:
# Icarina

***Icarina*** is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Icarina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Icarina cottae | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Buprestidae |
| Subfamily: | Chrysochroinae |
| Tribe: | Dicercini |
| Genus: | *Icarina*<br>Alluaud, 1896 |
|


title: I andlighetens rum

abstract: I andlighetens rum is the fourth studio album by Swedish singer-songwriter Sonja Aldén. It was released on 16 October 2013.

text:
# I andlighetens rum

***I andlighetens rum*** is the fourth studio album by Swedish singer-songwriter Sonja Aldén. It was released on 16 October 2013.

## Track listing

1. Ljuset
2. I denna stund
3. Kärlekens lov
4. I den stora sorgens famn
5. Omkring tiggar'n från Luossa
6. Om det var Gud
7. I din himmel
8. Jag ger dig min morgon (I Give You the Morning)
9. Bred dina vida vingar
10. Jag ser
11. Den gyllene staden
12. Blott en dag

## Charts

## InfoBox

| I andlighetens rum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sonja Aldén | |
| Released | 16 October 2013 (2013-10-16) |
| Label | Lionheart |
| Sonja Aldén chronology | |
| *I gränslandet*
(2012) ***I andlighetens rum***
(2013) *Jul i andlighetens rum*
(2014) | |


title: I and Thou

abstract: Ich und Du, usually translated as I and Thou, is a book by Martin Buber, published in 1923. It was first translated from German to English in 1937, with a later translation by Walter Kaufmann being published in 1970. It is Buber’s best-known work, setting forth his critique of modern objectification in relationships with others.

text:
# I and Thou

***Ich und Du***, usually translated as ***I and Thou***, is a book by Martin Buber, published in 1923. It was first translated from German to English in 1937, with a later translation by Walter Kaufmann being published in 1970. It is Buber’s best-known work, setting forth his critique of modern objectification in relationships with others.

## Premise

Buber's main proposition is that we may address existence in two ways:

1. The attitude of the "I" towards an "It", towards an object that is separate in itself, which we either use or experience.
2. The attitude of the "I" towards "Thou", in a relationship in which the other is not separated by discrete bounds.

One of the major themes of the book is that human life finds its meaningfulness in relationships. In Buber's view, all of our relationships bring us ultimately into relationship with God, who is the Eternal Thou. Martin Buber said that every time someone says Thou, they are indirectly addressing God. People can address God as Thou or as God, Buber emphasized how, "You need God in order to be, and God needs you for that which is the meaning of your life."

Buber explains that humans are defined by two word pairs: *I–It* and *I–Thou*.

The "It" of *I–It* refers to the world of experience and sensation. *I–It* describes entities as discrete objects drawn from a defined set (e.g., he, she or any other objective entity defined by what makes it measurably different from other entities). It can be said that "I" have as many distinct and different relationships with each "It" as there are "Its" in one's life. Fundamentally, "It" refers to the world as we experience it.

By contrast, the word pair *I–Thou* describes the world of relations. This is the "I" that does not objectify any "It" but rather acknowledges a living relationship. *I–Thou* relationships are sustained in the spirit and mind of an "I" for however long the feeling or idea of relationship is the dominant mode of perception. A person sitting next to a complete stranger on a park bench may enter into an "I–Thou" relationship with the stranger merely by beginning to think positively about people in general. The stranger is a person as well, and gets instantaneously drawn into a mental or spiritual relationship with the person whose positive thoughts necessarily include the stranger as a member of the set of persons about whom positive thoughts are directed. It is not necessary for the stranger to have any idea that he is being drawn into an "I–Thou" relationship for such a relationship to arise. But what is crucial to understand is the word pair "I–Thou" can refer to a relationship with a tree, the sky, or the park bench itself as much as it can refer to the relationship between two individuals. The essential character of "I–Thou" is the abandonment of the world of sensation, the melting of the between, so that the relationship with another "I" is foremost.

Buber's two notions of "I" require attachment of the word "I" to a word partner. The splitting into the individual terms "I" and "it" and "thou" is only for the purposes of analysis. Despite the separation of "I" from the "It" and "Thou" in this very sentence describing the relationship, there is to Buber's mind either an *I–Thou* or an *I–It* relationship. Every sentence that a person uses with "I" refers to the two pairs: "I–Thou" and "I–It", and likewise "I" is implicit in every sentence with "Thou" or "It". Each "It" is bounded by others and It can only exist through this attachment because for every object there is another object. The "Thou", on the other hand, has no limitations. When "Thou" is spoken, the speaker has no thing (has nothing), hence, "Thou" is abstract; yet the speaker "takes his stand in relation".

What does it mean to experience the world? One goes around the world extracting knowledge from the world in experiences betokened by "He", "She", and "It". One also has *I–Thou* relationships. Experience is all physical, but these relationships involve a great deal of spirituality. The twofold nature of the world means that our being in the world has two aspects: the aspect of experience, which is perceived as I–It, and the aspect of relation, which is perceived as I–Thou.

## Examples

Buber uses an example of a tree and presents five separate relations:

1. Looking at the tree as a picture with the color and detail through the aesthetic perception.
2. Identifying the tree as movement. The movement includes the flow of the juices through the veins of the tree, the breathing of the leaves, the roots sucking the water, the never-ending activities between the tree and earth and air, and the growth of the tree.
3. Categorizing the tree by its type; in other words, studying it.
4. Exercising the ability to look at something from a different perspective. "I can subdue its actual presence and form so sternly that I recognize it only as an expression of law".
5. Interpreting the experience of the tree in mathematical terms.

Through all of these relations, the tree is still an object that occupies time and space and still has the characteristics that make it what it is.

If "Thou" is used in the context of an encounter with a human being, the human being is not He, She, or bound by anything. You do not *experience* the human being; rather you can only relate to him or her in the sacredness of the I–Thou relation. The I–Thou relationship cannot be explained; it simply is. Nothing can intervene in the I–Thou relationship. I–Thou is not a means to some object or goal, but a definitive relationship involving the whole being of each subject.

Like the I–Thou relation, love is a subject-to-subject relationship. Love is not a relation of subject to object, but rather a relation in which both members in the relationship are subjects and share the unity of being.

The ultimate Thou is God. In the I–Thou relation there are no barriers. This enables us to relate directly to God. God is ever-present in human consciousness, manifesting in music, literature, and other forms of culture. Inevitably, Thou is addressed as It, and the I–Thou relation becomes the being of the I–Thou relation. God is now spoken to directly, not spoken about.

There is no world that disconnects one from God, a world of It alone, when I–Thou guides one's actions. "One who truly meets the world goes out also to God." God is the worldwide relation to all relations.

## Lasting impacts

Martin Buber's work of *I and Thou* has had a profound and lasting impact on modern thinking, as well as the field of psychology in particular. Figures in American history have been influenced by this work, including one of the founding fathers of modern humanistic psychology, Carl Rogers. In 1957, Rogers and Buber engaged in their famous Dialogue, where Buber's philosophy of "I and Thou" was discussed. Rogers compares his person-centered therapy and the necessary psychological contact to the I–Thou relationship; while Buber does not completely agree, pointing out that the therapist-client relationship is on somewhat unequal footing, they do concede that there are momentary, true connections made between therapist and client that are "reciprocal" and have a degree of "mutuality". Rogers expressed that in moments where clients undergo true change, there is a distinct connection and understanding between client and therapist, as in I–Thou relationships.

Buber's work also influenced the Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. The "I–Thou" relationship is quoted in his *Letter from Birmingham Jail* and his sermon, "A Testament of Hope." In that sermon, King describes the cultural and legal climate of segregation in his time as an "I–It" relationship, and that only when the divinity within the African American population is seen is the relationship transformed to "I–Thou." King says, "I cannot reach fulfillment without thou". He also mentions this unique relationship in his Letter, reiterating the "I–It" relationship inherent in segregation does reduce human beings to "things".

## English translations

The book has been translated to English twice, by Ronald Gregor Smith in 1937 and by Walter Kaufmann in 1970.

* Buber, Martin (1937). *I and Thou*. Translated by Ronald Gregor Smith. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
* Buber, Martin (1970). *I and Thou*. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684717258.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

I and Thou
| 1958 edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Martin Buber |
| Original title | *Ich und Du* |
| Translator |  |
| Language | German |
| Subject | Philosophy |
| Publication date | 1923 |
| Publication place | Germany |
| Published in English | 1937 |


title: Idrees Baig

abstract: Mirza Idrees Baig was a Pakistani cricket umpire. He stood in nine Test matches between 1955 and 1969.

text:
# Idrees Baig

**Mirza Idrees Baig** (1911  30 July 1986) (also spelled **Idris**, **Beg** and **Begh**) was a Pakistani cricket umpire. He stood in nine Test matches between 1955 and 1969.

## Playing career

Idrees Baig played seven first-class matches for Delhi in the Ranji Trophy between 1936 and 1946. (Delhi played only 11 matches in this period.) A middle-order batsman and fast-medium bowler, he scored one century, 106 in the victory over Gwalior in 1943–44, reaching his century in 155 minutes with 18 fours. His best bowling figures were 4 for 29 and 5 for 27 against United Provinces in 1936–37, but they were not enough to prevent a three-wicket loss in a low-scoring match.

## Umpiring career

Baig umpired one Ranji Trophy match in 1945–46 (a few weeks after playing in his last match) and 45 first-class matches in Pakistan between 1953–54 and 1974–75. He umpired nine Tests in Pakistan: four in Pakistan's five-match series against India in 1954–55 (the first four Tests in Pakistan), all three Tests against New Zealand in 1955–56, the single Test against Australia in 1956–57, and the First Test against New Zealand in 1969–70. He also umpired all four matches Pakistan played against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1955–56.

He was the subject of a controversial incident in Peshawar during the MCC tour of 1955–56. One evening some of the English players, fed up with what they regarded as Baig's pomposity on the field and his bias in favour of Pakistan, kidnapped him, took him back to their hotel and tipped a bucket of water over him. The incident caused outrage in Pakistan and almost led to the abandonment of the tour, but diplomacy by the MCC president, Lord Alexander, and Iskander Mirza, the president of the Board of Control for Cricket in Pakistan, smoothed things over sufficiently to allow the tour to continue. Peter Oborne, who has researched the incident, doubts if the suggestions of bias were valid. He points out, for example, that Henry Cooper, who managed the New Zealand cricket team that toured Pakistan in 1955, had singled out Baig as the best of the Pakistan umpires, calling him "first rate". Baig does seem to have been more than usually vain, however; he told the MCC team's manager that people came to his matches to watch him umpire.

Baig managed the 1957 tour of England and Wales by the Pakistan Eaglets, a two-month, 35-match tour by young players that "passed harmoniously and highly successfully".

## InfoBox

Idrees Baig
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mirza Idrees Baig |
| Born | 1911
Delhi, India |
| Died | 30 July 1986 (aged 7475)
Karachi, Pakistan |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1935-36 – 1945-46 | Delhi |
|  | |
| Umpiring information | |
| Tests umpired | 9 (1955–1969) |
| FC umpired | 46 (1946–1975) |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 7  Runs scored 292  Batting average 22.46  100s/50s 1/0  Top score 106  Balls bowled 785  Wickets 23  Bowling average 13.60  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 5/27  Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 1 September 2015 | |


title: MSrE M-24

abstract: The MSrE M-24 was a sport aircraft built in Hungary in the late 1930s. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with a wing of elliptical planform. The pilot and single passenger sat in tandem under a canopy that fully enclosed the cockpit, and the main wheels of the tailwheel undercarriage were retractable. A small series of five aircraft was produced, with the first two supplied to Egypt.

text:
# MSrE M-24

The **MSrE M-24** was a sport aircraft built in Hungary in the late 1930s. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional design with a wing of elliptical planform. The pilot and single passenger sat in tandem under a canopy that fully enclosed the cockpit, and the main wheels of the tailwheel undercarriage were retractable. A small series of five aircraft was produced, with the first two supplied to Egypt.

## Operators

Egypt

## Specifications

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one pilot
* **Capacity:** one passenger
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Hirth HM 504 , 75 kW (100 hp)

* Csanádi, Norbert (Nov–Dec 1991). "Az EMESE". *HungAvia Új Szárnyak*: 26–27.
* *The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft*. London: Aerospace Publishing.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions. ISBN 0-7106-0710-5.

## InfoBox

| M-24 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Sport aircraft |
| National origin | Hungary |
| Manufacturer | Műegyetemi Sportrepülő Egyesület |
| Designer | József Szegedy and Endre Jancsó |
| First flight | 1938 |
| Number built | 5 |


title: Idah Meacham Strobridge

abstract: Idah Meacham Strobridge was an American writer and bookbinder. Known primarily for a trio of works about the Great Basin which mix folktales, fiction, sketches, and nature writing: In Miners' Mirage-Land (1904), The Loom of the Desert (1907) and The Land of Purple Shadows (1909).

text:
# Idah Meacham Strobridge

**Idah Meacham Strobridge** (June 9, 1855 – February 8, 1932) was an American writer and bookbinder. Known primarily for a trio of works about the Great Basin which mix folktales, fiction, sketches, and nature writing: *In Miners' Mirage-Land* (1904), *The Loom of the Desert* (1907) and *The Land of Purple Shadows* (1909).

## Biography

Born in Moraga Valley, California in June 1855. She was the only daughter of Phebe and George Meacham. Idah Meacham moved as a child with her parents to Nevada in the 1860s. The family homesteaded a ranch in Lassen Meadows between Lovelock and Winnemucca (near present-day Rye Patch Reservoir in Pershing County). Her father established the Humboldt House hotel, hoping to capitalize on the newly completed Central Pacific Railroad line nearby. During her years at the Humboldt House, Idah was exposed to people from different backgrounds who later influenced the characters in her writings.

As Anthony Amaral wrote, "What she wrote about she had seen through long tenure of living in the desert during the late 1860s to the turn of the century. Even more, she deeply felt what she had seen; the desperation of emigrants facing the most miserable part of their trek to Californian the barren face of Forty Mile Desert or Black Rock Desert; the fruitless wandering of prospectors in the hills; and Chinese and Indians livings as second-place people in the egocentricity of the white man's ways."

She moved back to California to attend Mills Seminary College, now known as Mills College, in Oakland California. After completing a degree at Mills Seminary in Oakland, California, Idah married Samuel Hooker Strobridge, stepson of famed railroad builder James Harvey Strobridge. The young couple returned to Nevada and began ranching, but the life was hard on the Strobridge family. All three of their sons died at young ages. James also died, leaving Idah widowed and childless. She continued to ranch on also took up mining on her property.

During this time in her life she took up writing and taught herself bookbinding as well.

She left Nevada and moved to the Garvanaza neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. Her bungalow on 231 East Avenue 41 also housed her bindery, Artemesia Bindery, and her "Little Corner" gallery. Her residence became a popular place for writers, artists, and craftsmen. She was inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame in 1997.

## References and further reading

* Zanjani, Sally Springmeyer. *A mine of her own : women prospectors in the American West, 1850-1950*, Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
* Hirahara, Naomi; Knatz, Geraldine; and Lynxwile, J Eric. *Terminal Island : lost communities of Los Angeles Harbor*, Santa Monica, California : Angel City Press, 2015

Artists of the Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles)

## InfoBox

| Idah Meacham Strobridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1855-06-09)June 9, 1855<br>Moraga Valley, California, U.S. |
| Died | February 8, 1932(1932-02-08) (aged 76) |
| Occupation | Book seller |


title: Macalla madegassalis

abstract: Macalla madegassalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Macalla. It was described by Viette in 1960, and is known from Madagascar.

text:
# Macalla madegassalis

***Macalla madegassalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Macalla*. It was described by Viette in 1960, and is known from Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Macalla madegassalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Macalla* |
| Species: | ***M. madegassalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Macalla madegassalis***<br>Viette, 1960 | |
|


title: Idarucizumab

abstract: Idarucizumab, sold under the brand name Praxbind, is a monoclonal antibody used as a reversal agent for dabigatran. Idarucizumab was developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. One study sponsored by the manufacturer found that idarucizumab effectively reversed anticoagulation caused by dabigatran within minutes. It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2015.

text:
# Idarucizumab

**Idarucizumab**, sold under the brand name **Praxbind**, is a monoclonal antibody used as a reversal agent for dabigatran.

Idarucizumab was developed by Boehringer Ingelheim. One study sponsored by the manufacturer found that idarucizumab effectively reversed anticoagulation caused by dabigatran within minutes.

It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2015.

## Mechanism of action

Idarucizumab is a non-competitive inhibitor that forms complexes with dabigatran to counteract its anticoagulant effect within minutes of administration. It binds to dabigatran that is free or bound to thrombin, as well as dabigatran's active metabolites. Idarucizumab is specific to dabigatran and has an affinity that is around 350 times stronger compared to thrombin.

## Medical uses

A systematic review found that idarucizumab was most frequently given to patients on dabigatran who were experiencing bleeding. It was also prescribed to patients before undergoing invasive surgery. The most common dose of idarucizumab prescribed was 5 g. This is consistent with the current guidelines in the USA and Canada regarding the use and indications of idarucizumab.

A second dose of idarucizumab may be administered if bleeding is still present, or if another invasive surgery is needed after the initial 5 g dose. However, there is much less evidence on the benefits and harms of a repeated dose, and it is rarely given.

## Adverse effects

The most common minor adverse effect was headache. Other side effects include back pain, skin irritation, constipation and weakness.

A major adverse effect is thromboembolism resulting in stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and heart attack. This is especially of concern, because patients prescribed idarucizumab were already at a higher risk of thromboembolic events.

### Pregnancy

There are no human or animal studies that show the effect of idarucizumab in pregnancy and lactation. Idarucizumab, if indicated, may be taken during pregnancy, due to the benefits it provides to the patient compared to the unclear risk to the fetus.

## Society and culture

### Names

Idarucizumab is the International nonproprietary name (INN). The description was updated in 2016. Idarucizumab is the United States Adopted Name (USAN).

## InfoBox

Idarucizumab
| Monoclonal antibody | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Fab fragment |
| Source | Humanized (from mouse) |
| Target | Dabigatran |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Praxbind |
| Other names | BI-655075 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| License data |  |
| Pregnancy
category | * AU: B2 |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C2131H3299N555O671S11 |
| Molar mass | 47782.71 g·mol−1 |


title: Idas Valley Stadium

abstract: Idas Valley Stadium is a sports venue in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and an alternative home ground of Stellenbosch F.C. Stellenbosch F.C. and the local municipality worked in conjunction to get the stadium up to the required standard for the 2018–19 National First Division.

text:
# Idas Valley Stadium

**Idas Valley Stadium** is a sports venue in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and an alternative home ground of Stellenbosch F.C.

Stellenbosch F.C. and the local municipality worked in conjunction to get the stadium up to the required standard for the 2018–19 National First Division.

## InfoBox

Idas Valley Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Stellenbosch |
| Coordinates | 33°55′12″S 18°53′12″E / 33.92011°S 18.88668°E / -33.92011; 18.88668 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Tenants | |
| Stellenbosch FC | |


title: Ma'yan

abstract: Ma'yan is a non-profit organization supporting research, education, and advocacy with and on behalf of adolescent girls. Ma'yan is housed in the JCC in Manhattan.

text:
# Ma'yan

**Ma'yan** is a non-profit organization supporting research, education, and advocacy with and on behalf of adolescent girls. Ma'yan is housed in the JCC in Manhattan.

## History

Ma'yan was founded in 1993 by Barbara Dobkin and Eve Landau, as Ma'yan: The Jewish Women's Project. The organization aimed to empower women in Jewish ritual and contemporary Jewish culture.

The organization was instrumental in popularizing the feminist Passover Seder, which reconceives the passover rituals in order to celebrate women's role in the Passover story and Judaism as a whole. Ma'yan's feminist seder notably includes a cup for Miriam on the table in addition to the cup for Elijah. According to *The New York Times*, "The first Ma'yan seder was held in 1994 with 150 women and a waiting list of another 100 who could not get in. Within a few years, Ma'yan was holding them at a catering space with room for 500 people, and holding them on four consecutive nights."

A feminist passover haggadah, *The Journey Continues* published by Ma'yan, sold over 40,000 copies.

Additionally, between 1997 and 2004, Ma'yan published Journey, a tri-annual journal about women and Jewish spirituality.

## Transformation

In 2006, Ma'yan re-cast itself. The organization believed it had been successful in creating a change in the Jewish community, as demonstrated by the ubiquity of the feminist seder. "We can give it up because it became mainstream," said Ma'yan co-founder Eve Landau. Ma'yan changed its name from Ma'yan: The Jewish Women's Project to **Ma'yan: Listen for a change** and now works with adolescent girls and educators around issues of privilege, social justice, and feminism.

Jewish feminism


title: Ma, I Don't Love Her

abstract: "Ma, I Don't Love Her" is the third official single from the Clipse off their album Lord Willin'. It features Faith Evans and was produced by The Neptunes. The single was released through Arista Records and The Neptunes's Star Trak Entertainment. In 2003 "Ma, I Don't Love Her" peaked at number 86 on The Billboard Hot 100 and number 40 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks Charts.

text:
# Ma, I Don't Love Her

"**Ma, I Don't Love Her**" is the third official single from the Clipse off their album *Lord Willin'*. It features Faith Evans and was produced by The Neptunes. The single was released through Arista Records and The Neptunes's Star Trak Entertainment.

In 2003 "Ma, I Don't Love Her" peaked at number 86 on The Billboard Hot 100 and number 40 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks Charts.

## Charts

| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 38 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 86 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 40 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | December 9, 2002 | Rhythmic contemporary · urban contemporary radio | Star Trak, Arista |  |
|

## InfoBox

| "Ma, I Don't Love Her" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Clipse featuring Faith Evans | |
| from the album  *Lord Willin'* | |
| Released | December 3, 2002 |
| Recorded | 2002 |
| Genre | Hip hop, R&B |
| Length | 4:17 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Chad Hugo, Terrence Thornton, Gene Thornton, Pharrell Williams |
| Producer(s) | The Neptunes |
| Clipse singles chronology | |
| "When the Last Time"
(2002) "**Ma, I Don't Love Her**"
(2002) "Hot Damn"
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Faith Evans singles chronology | |
| "Alone in This World"
(2002) "**Ma, I Don't Love Her**"
(2002) "Someday"
(2003) | |
|  | |


title: Idu, Akwa Ibom

abstract: Idu is both a central village and the headquarters of Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria. Idu is politically segmented to belong to Uruan Central Ward 1.Weather: 27 °C, Wind S at 10 km/h, 82% Humidity weather.com Local Government Area: Uruan Ward: Uruan Central Ward 1

text:
# Idu, Akwa Ibom

**Idu** is both a central village and the headquarters of Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in Nigeria.

Idu is politically segmented to belong to Uruan Central Ward 1.Weather: 27 °C, Wind S at 10 km/h, 82% Humidity weather.com

Local Government Area: Uruan Ward: Uruan Central Ward 1

## InfoBox

| Idu | |
| --- | --- |
| Town, Village | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Akwa Ibom |
| Local Government Area | Uruan |
| Ward | Uruan Central Ward 1 |


title: 1923 in Canadian football

text:
# 1923 in Canadian football

## Canadian Football News in 1923

Calgary Tigers were renamed the 50th Battalion.

Queen's defeats Regina 54–0 as Queen's scored a record nine touchdowns on December 1.

## Regular season

### Final regular season standings

***Note:** GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points*

Manitoba Rugby Football Union
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Winnipeg Victorias** | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 176 | 20 | 8 |
| University of Manitoba Varsity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 73 | 108 | 4 |
| Winnipeg Tammany Tigers | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 42 | 163 | 0 |
|

Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Regina Rugby Club** | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 38 | 8 | 6 |
| Saskatoon Quakers | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 38 | 2 |
|

Alberta Rugby Football Union
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Edmonton Eskimos | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 9 | 4 |
| University of Alberta Varsity | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 30 | 0 |
|

These two games were actually a playoff to see who would play Calgary 50th Battalion in the finals. The results from the full season are unknown.

## League Champions

| Football Union | League Champion |
| --- | --- |
| IRFU | Hamilton Tigers |
| WCRFU | Regina Roughriders |
| CIRFU | Queen's University |
| ORFU | Hamilton Rowing Club |
| MRFU | Winnipeg Victorias |
| SRFU | Regina Roughriders |
| ARFU | Edmonton Eskimos |
|

## Grey Cup playoffs

*Note: All dates in 1923*

### ARFU Finals

| Date | Away | Home |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
**ARFU Finals Games 1 & 2**
| October 27 | **Edmonton Eskimos** 13 | Calgary 50th Battalion 7 |
| October 31 | Calgary 50th Battalion | **Edmonton Eskimos** |

* *The second game was cancelled and the Edmonton Eskimos win the ARFU championship. Game was originally scheduled for November 3 but it had to be moved up to accommodate the western playoff versus Regina. Calgary was unable to organize its players on short notice for a mid-week game in Edmonton.*

### West semifinal

| Date | Away | Home |
| --- | --- | --- |
| November 3 | Edmonton Eskimos 6 | **Regina Rugby Club 9** |

### West final

| Date | Away | Home |
| --- | --- | --- |
| November 10 | **Regina Rugby Club 11** | Winnipeg Victorias 1 |

* *Regina advances to the Grey Cup.*

### East semifinal

| Date | Away | Home |
| --- | --- | --- |
| November 17 | Hamilton Rowing Club 1 | **Hamilton Tigers 24** |

* *Hamilton Tigers advances to the East Final.*

### East final

| Date | Away | Home |
| --- | --- | --- |
| November 24 | **Queen's University 13** | Hamilton Tigers 5 |

* *Queen's advances to the Grey Cup.*

## Playoff bracket

|  | **Quarterfinals** | | |  |  | **Semifinals** | | |  |  | **Grey Cup final** | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | CIRFU | Queen's University |  |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | ||
|  |  | BYE |  |  | ||
|  | | | | |  | CIRFU | Queen's University | 13 |  | |
|  | | | | | | **EAST** | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | IRFU | Hamilton Tigers | 5 |  ||
|  | IRFU | | | | | | Hamilton Tigers | 24 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | ORFU | Hamilton Rowing Club | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | |  | CIRFU | Queen's University | 54 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | SRFU | Regina Rugby Club | 0 |  |
|  | MRFU | | | | | | Winnipeg Victorias |  |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | |  | BYE |  | |  |
|  | | | | |  | MRFU | Winnipeg Victorias | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | **WEST** | | |  |
|  | |  |  | SRFU | Regina Rugby Club | 11 |  |
|  | | | | | | | SRFU | Regina Rugby Club | 9 |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | ARFU | Edmonton Eskimos | 6 |  |

## Grey Cup Championship

| December 1 *11th Annual Grey Cup Game*: Varsity StadiumToronto, Ontario | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regina Rugby Club 0 | **Queen's University 54** |
| ***Queen's University are the 1923 Grey Cup Champions*** | | | |
|

## 1923 Toronto Globe Eastern All-Stars

***NOTE:** During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.*


title: Alacamescit, Çilimli

abstract: Alacamescit is a village in the Çilimli District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 598 (2022).

text:
# Alacamescit, Çilimli

**Alacamescit** is a village in the Çilimli District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 598 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Alacamescit | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| AlacamescitLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°51′43″N 31°05′23″E / 40.8620°N 31.0896°E / 40.8620; 31.0896 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Düzce |
| District | Çilimli |
| Population (2022) | 598 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: EDP Cernavodă Wind Farm

abstract: The EDP Cernavodă Wind Farm is located in Cernavodă, Constanța County, Romania. It has 46 individual wind turbines, each with a nominal output of around 3 MW, with a total capacity of 138 MW. This capacity is sufficient to power over 85,000 homes. The project, which involved a capital investment of approximately €200 million, was commissioned between 2010 and May 2011.

text:
# EDP Cernavodă Wind Farm

The **EDP Cernavodă Wind Farm** is located in Cernavodă, Constanța County, Romania. It has 46 individual wind turbines, each with a nominal output of around 3 MW, with a total capacity of 138 MW. This capacity is sufficient to power over 85,000 homes. The project, which involved a capital investment of approximately €200 million, was commissioned between 2010 and May 2011.

## Overview

It has 46 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 3 MW which delivers up to 138 MW of power, enough to power over 85,000 homes, which required a capital investment of approximately €200 million. The project was undertaken and commissioned between 2010 and May 2011. The substation control system is based on ABB MicroSCADA Pro technology using LON and DNP protocol communication with field equipment and IEC104 with two dispatch centres situated in Porto, Portugal and Bucharest, Romania|. The control and protection system was designed and engineered by Spanish company GEDLux Sistemas de Control. The EDP Cernavodă Wind Farm is the sister project of the EDP Peştera Wind Farm, a 90 MW wind farm which is currently operating and located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of the Cernavodă farm close to the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant and the Danube – Black Sea Canal.

The wind farm is owned by EDP Renováveis, the renewable energy branch of the Portuguese conglomerate Energias de Portugal.

## InfoBox

| EDP Cernavodă Wind Farm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | Romania |
| Location | Cernavodă, Constanța County |
| Coordinates | 44°20′16.3″N 28°2′0.8″E / 44.337861°N 28.033556°E / 44.337861; 28.033556 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 2010 |
| Owners | Energias de Portugal |
| Wind farm | |
| Type | Onshore |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 46 |
| Nameplate capacity | 138 MW |
| Annual net output | 1.6 GW·h |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: 1956 Minnesota gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1956 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1956. Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party candidate Orville Freeman defeated Republican Party of Minnesota challenger Ancher Nelsen.

text:
# 1956 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The **1956 Minnesota gubernatorial election** took place on November 6, 1956. Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party candidate Orville Freeman defeated Republican Party of Minnesota challenger Ancher Nelsen.

## Results

1956 Gubernatorial Election, Minnesota
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic (DFL)** | **Orville Freeman (incumbent)** | **731,180** | **51.41%** | **−1.31%** |
|  | Republican | Ancher Nelsen | 685,196 | 48.18% | +1.38% |
|  | Industrial Government | Rudolph Gustafson | 5,785 | 0.41% | −0.07% |
| Majority | | | 45,984 | 3.23% |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,422,161 |  |  |
|  | Democratic (DFL) **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

1956 Minnesota gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Orville Freeman** Ancher Nelsen   Party Democratic (DFL) Republican  Popular vote **731,180** 685,196  Percentage **51.41%** 48.18% | |
| ---  County results
**Freeman:**      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%
**Nelsen:**      40-50%      50-60%      60-70% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
Orville Freeman
Democratic (DFL) **Elected Governor**
Orville Freeman
Democratic (DFL) | |


title: 1861 in archaeology

abstract: Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1861.

text:
# 1861 in archaeology

Below are notable events in **archaeology** that occurred in **1861**.

## Explorations

## Excavations

## Finds

## Publications

## Events

## Births

* October 6 - Gaston Cros, French army officer and archaeologist (killed in action 1915)

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in archaeology (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In science 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 |
| *+...* |


title: Eager Lion

abstract: Eager Lion is a two-week multinational military exercise held annually in Jordan since 2010. Organized by the U.S. Department of Defense, the exercise revolves around troop deployments, chemical warfare, border security, command and control, cyber defense and battlespace management. According to one source, the exercise "amounts to an outgrowth of the annual bilateral 'Infinite Moonlight' US-Jordan exercise that stretches back to the 1990s." 18 countries participated in the exercise in 2015: Jordan, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Pakistan, the United States, Canada, Belgium, Poland, Australia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen. Eager Lion is now the largest U.S. military exercise in the Middle East, having surpassed Bright Star.

text:
# Eager Lion

**Eager Lion** is a two-week multinational military exercise held annually in Jordan since 2010. Organized by the U.S. Department of Defense, the exercise revolves around troop deployments, chemical warfare, border security, command and control, cyber defense and battlespace management. According to one source, the exercise "amounts to an outgrowth of the annual bilateral 'Infinite Moonlight' US-Jordan exercise that stretches back to the 1990s."

18 countries participated in the exercise in 2015: Jordan, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Pakistan, the United States, Canada, Belgium, Poland, Australia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen. Eager Lion is now the largest U.S. military exercise in the Middle East, having surpassed Bright Star.

## Participants

* Jordan
* United States
* United Kingdom
* United Arab Emirates
* Australia
* Greece
* Cyprus
* Iraq
* Saudi Arabia
* Qatar
* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Canada
* Poland
* France
* Italy
* Egypt
* Pakistan


title: Echinolittorina

abstract: Echinolittorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles.

text:
# Echinolittorina

***Echinolittorina*** is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles.

## Species

According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following extant species with valid names are included within the genus *Echinolittorina*:

*Echinolittorina nielseni* (Araya & Reid, 2016) is an extinct species from the Quaternary deposits. Over fifteen specimens were found in northern Chile. This species has a large shell, 15.7-22.2 mm high.

Species brought into synonymy * *Echinolittorina fernandezensis* (Rosewater, 1870): synonym of *Austrolittorina fernandezensis* (Rosewater, 1970)
* *Echinolittorina galapagiensis* (Stearns, 1892): synonym of  *Echinolittorina lemniscata* (Philippi, 1846)
* *Echinolittorina pyramidalis* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833): synonym of *Nodilittorina pyramidalis* (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
* *Echinolittorina trochoides* (Gray, 1839): synonym of *Echinolittorina pascua* (Rosewater, 1970)
* *Echinolittorina unifasciata* (Gray, 1826): synonym of *Austrolittorina unifasciata* (Gray, 1826)

* Habe & Kosuge, 1966) Reid D.G. (2007) *The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean*. Zootaxa 1420: 1-161.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Echinolittorina*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live and active individual of *Echinolittorina ziczac* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Littorinidae |
| Subfamily: | Littorininae |
| Genus: | *Echinolittorina*
Habe, 1956 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amerolittorina* Reid, 2009 * *Echinolittorina (Amerolittorina)* Reid, 2009 * *Echinolittorina (Echinolittorina)* Habe, 1956 * *Echinolittorina (Fossarilittorina)* Rosewater, 1981 * *Echinolittorina (Granulilittorina)* Habe & Kosuge, 1966 * *Echinolittorina (Lineolittorina)* Reid, 2009 * *Fossarilittorina* Rosewater, 1981 * *Granulilittorina* Habe & Kosuge, 1966 * *Lineolittorina* Reid, 2009 * *Littorina (Fossarilittorina)* Rosewater, 1981 * *Nodilittorina (Echinolittorina)* Habe, 1956 * *Nodilittorina (Fossarilittorina)* Rosewater, 1981 | |


title: Ambulyx tondanoi

abstract: Ambulyx tondanoi is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Sulawesi.

text:
# Ambulyx tondanoi

***Ambulyx tondanoi*** is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Sulawesi.

## InfoBox

| *Ambulyx tondanoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Ambulyx* |
| Species: | ***A. tondanoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ambulyx tondanoi***<br>(Clark, 1930) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oxyambulyx tondanoi* Clark, 1930 | |


title: Ambilly

abstract: Ambilly is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France.

text:
# Ambilly

**Ambilly** (French pronunciation: \[ɑ̃biji\]) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 4,337 |  |
| 1975 | 5,582 | +3.67% |
| 1982 | 5,224 | −0.94% |
| 1990 | 5,904 | +1.54% |
| 1999 | 5,808 | −0.18% |
| 2007 | 5,863 | +0.12% |
| 2012 | 6,051 | +0.63% |
| 2017 | 6,385 | +1.08% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Notable persons born in Ambilly

## InfoBox

| Ambilly | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The main road into Ambilly | |
|  | |
| Location of Ambilly | |
| AmbillyAmbilly | |
| Coordinates: 46°11′38″N 6°13′23″E / 46.194°N 6.223°E / 46.194; 6.223 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Haute-Savoie |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Julien-en-Genevois |
| Canton | Annemasse |
| Intercommunality | Annemasse - Les Voirons Agglomération |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Guillaume Mathelier |
| Area**1** | 1.25 km2 (0.48 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 6,166 |
| Density | 4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 74008 /74100 |
| Elevation | 410–435 m (1,345–1,427 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Echaskech

abstract: Echaskech are a British electronica / audio-visual act based in London. The band formed in 2004 and were originally a duo composed of Dom Hoare and Andy Gillham, who had previously worked together as a drum & bass DJ act touring with artists such as LTJ Bukem and Grooverider. Early in 2005 the music duo became a multimedia trio with the addition of visual artist Mach V, who provides visuals during live performances and whose prior work includes music festivals such as The Big Chill and a collaboration with Sounds from the Ground that exhibited at Tate Britain. Also in 2005 Echaskech performed along with Jon Hopkins at various events in London and as a result Jon introduced the band to Just Music who subsequently signed them. Echaskech's eclectic style spans across the electronic music genre, as Ian Roullier from musicOMH says, "This is where Orbital, Brian Eno, The Radiophonic Workshop, Warp's Artificial Intelligence series from the early '90s and good old tuneful, contemporary, grimy dance music collide". Shatterproof, the act's second album on Just Music was compared to The Future Sound of London's Lifeforms by the BBC's Colin Buttimer and Ben Hogwood of DMC, who commented that "The band move between a spaced-out ambience, peppered with splintered beats, to darker moments" on this release. Musically, the duo have collaborated with numerous acts including Roots Manuva, James Yuill, Max Cooper, Kraddy, Posthuman_(band) and SBTRKT with festival performances at Glade, Blissfields, Secret Garden Party, Solfest, Big Chill and Festinho. Their performance at Festinho 2010 was nominated for the UK Festival Awards Critics’ Choice Award. In November 2010, Echaskech collaborated with Traum Schallplatten artist Max Cooper on a remix of "Chaotisch Serie" for his Expressions EP. In December 2013 the single 'Form | Function' was debuted on the Lauren Laverne show BBC Radio 6 Music, and officially announced by SPIN magazine on 14 Jan 2014 as being the first single to a new album Origin to be released 24 Feb 2014 on Just Music. In 2014 Dom and Andy from Echaskech started the record label 'VLSI'. The label's name is homage to a classic rave track by Epoch 90 and also a nod to Very Large Scale Integration where thousands of transistors were combined into a single chip. The label has had releases by BUNKR, Jonathan Krisp, and Echaskech themselves. 2020 sees the release of a new studio album 'Invisible City' and a string of 'lockdown' performances during the Covid-19 pandemic. Other releases included an experimental cassette release called 'Andromeda' on Balkan Vinyl the label owned by Posthuman_(band). Dom Hoare is the nephew of computer scientist Sir Tony Hoare.

text:
# Echaskech

**Echaskech** are a British electronica / audio-visual act based in London. The band formed in 2004 and were originally a duo composed of Dom Hoare and Andy Gillham, who had previously worked together as a drum & bass DJ act touring with artists such as LTJ Bukem and Grooverider. Early in 2005 the music duo became a multimedia trio with the addition of visual artist Mach V, who provides visuals during live performances and whose prior work includes music festivals such as The Big Chill and a collaboration with Sounds from the Ground that exhibited at Tate Britain. Also in 2005 Echaskech performed along with Jon Hopkins at various events in London and as a result Jon introduced the band to Just Music who subsequently signed them.

Echaskech's eclectic style spans across the electronic music genre, as Ian Roullier from musicOMH says, "This is where Orbital, Brian Eno, The Radiophonic Workshop, Warp's Artificial Intelligence series from the early '90s and good old tuneful, contemporary, grimy dance music collide".

*Shatterproof*, the act's second album on Just Music was compared to The Future Sound of London's *Lifeforms* by the BBC's Colin Buttimer and Ben Hogwood of DMC, who commented that "The band move between a spaced-out ambience, peppered with splintered beats, to darker moments" on this release.

Musically, the duo have collaborated with numerous acts including Roots Manuva, James Yuill, Max Cooper, Kraddy, Posthuman\_(band) and SBTRKT with festival performances at Glade, Blissfields, Secret Garden Party, Solfest, Big Chill and Festinho. Their performance at Festinho 2010 was nominated for the UK Festival Awards Critics’ Choice Award.

In November 2010, Echaskech collaborated with Traum Schallplatten artist Max Cooper on a remix of "Chaotisch Serie" for his *Expressions* EP.

In December 2013 the single 'Form | Function' was debuted on the Lauren Laverne show BBC Radio 6 Music, and officially announced by SPIN magazine on 14 Jan 2014 as being the first single to a new album *Origin* to be released 24 Feb 2014 on Just Music.

In 2014 Dom and Andy from Echaskech started the record label 'VLSI'. The label's name is homage to a classic rave track by Epoch 90 and also a nod to Very Large Scale Integration where thousands of transistors were combined into a single chip. The label has had releases by BUNKR, Jonathan Krisp, and Echaskech themselves.

2020 sees the release of a new studio album 'Invisible City' and a string of 'lockdown' performances during the Covid-19 pandemic. Other releases included an experimental cassette release called 'Andromeda' on Balkan Vinyl the label owned by Posthuman\_(band).

Dom Hoare is the nephew of computer scientist Sir Tony Hoare.

## Discography

**Albums:**

* Skechbook (2007)
* Shatterproof (2009)
* Origin (2014)
* Invisible City (2020)

**Singles & EPs:**

* Popstars (2007)
* Every Touch (2008)
* The Storm Before The Calm (2009)
* Future Sex EP (2009)
* 626 - \[ASIP - Uncharted Places\] (2013)
* Form | Function EP (2014)
* Certainty of Tides EP (2017)
* Twich EP (2017)
* Andromeda (mini album) (2020)
* Rackmount (2020)
* Mirrors EP (2021)

**Remixes:**

* Chaotic Serie (2010) - *Expressions* EP, Max Cooper


title: Alwarthirunagiri

abstract:
Alwarthirunagiri is a panchayat town in Thoothukudi district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
It is next to Srivaikuntam on the Tirunelveli - Tiruchendur Highway, Tamil Nadu, southern India. It's about 31 km from Tirunelveli and 29 km from Tiruchendur, on the banks of the river Tamirabarani. Alwarthirunagiri is the birthplace of alwar saint Nammalvar. The temple is classified as a "Divya Desam", the 108 temples of Sri Narayana revered by the 12 poet saints, or Alwars.

text:
# Alwarthirunagiri

**Alwarthirunagiri** is a panchayat town in Thoothukudi district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is next to Srivaikuntam on the Tirunelveli - Tiruchendur Highway, Tamil Nadu, southern India. It's about 31 km from Tirunelveli and 29 km from Tiruchendur, on the banks of the river Tamirabarani. Alwarthirunagiri is the birthplace of alwar saint Nammalvar. The temple is classified as a "Divya Desam", the 108 temples of Sri Narayana revered by the 12 poet saints, or Alwars.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Alwarthirunagiri had a population of 9.289. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Alwarthirunagiri has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 74.4%;

As of 2001 India census, Alwarthirunagiri had a population of 8876. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Alwarthirunagiri has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 50% of the males and 50% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Nammalvar

Alwarthirunagiri is the birthplace of Nammalvar, one of the 12 Alvars of Vaishnavism. It is also one of the Nava Tirupathis of South Tamil Nadu. Known to be a Guru Kshethram, the presiding deity is Vishnu. As an infant, Nammazhwar crawled and sat in yogasana in a hole of a tamarind tree.

## Manavala Mamunigal

Alwarthirunagiri is also the birthplace of Manavala Mamunigal, a major proponent of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition in the 15th century in Tamilnadu.

## InfoBox

| Alwarthirunagiri | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| AlwarthirunagiriLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaAlwarthirunagiriAlwarthirunagiri (India) | |
| Coordinates: 8°37′N 77°56′E / 8.61°N 77.94°E / 8.61; 77.94 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thoothukudi |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 8,876 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |