title: 2004 Pacific hurricane season

abstract: The 2004 Pacific hurricane season was an overall below-average Pacific hurricane season in which there were 12 named tropical storms, all of which formed in the eastern Pacific basin. Of these, 6 became hurricanes, and 3 of those intensified into major hurricanes. No storms made landfall in 2004, the first such occurrence since 1991. In addition to the season's 12 named storms, there were five tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm status. One of them, Sixteen-E, made landfall in northwestern Sinaloa. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific basin. It officially ended in both basins on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when most tropical cyclones form in each respective basin. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when a majority of tropical cyclones form. The season was reflected by an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 71 units. Impact throughout the season was minimal and no deaths were recorded. In early August, the remnants of Hurricane Darby contributed to localized heavy rainfall in Hawaii, causing minor street and stream flooding; coffee and macadamia trees were damaged as well. In early September, Hurricane Howard resulted in significant flooding across the Baja California peninsula that damaged agricultural land and 393 homes. Large swells also resulted in about 1,000 lifeguard rescues in California. In mid-September, Javier, the strongest hurricane of the season, caused three fishermen to go missing and helped alleviate a multi-year drought across the Southwest United States. It produced record rainfall in the state of Wyoming. In mid- to late October, Tropical Storm Lester and Tropical Depression Sixteen-E each dumped heavy rain upon parts of Mexico, resulting in minor flood and mudslide damage.

text:
# 2004 Pacific hurricane season

The **2004 Pacific hurricane season** was an overall below-average Pacific hurricane season in which there were 12 named tropical storms, all of which formed in the eastern Pacific basin (east of 140°W and north of the equator). Of these, 6 became hurricanes, and 3 of those intensified into major hurricanes. No storms made landfall in 2004, the first such occurrence since 1991. In addition to the season's 12 named storms, there were five tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm status. One of them, Sixteen-E, made landfall in northwestern Sinaloa. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific basin (between140°W and the International Date Line, north of the equator). It officially ended in both basins on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when most tropical cyclones form in each respective basin. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when a majority of tropical cyclones form. The season was reflected by an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 71 units.

Impact throughout the season was minimal and no deaths were recorded. In early August, the remnants of Hurricane Darby contributed to localized heavy rainfall in Hawaii, causing minor street and stream flooding; coffee and macadamia trees were damaged as well. In early September, Hurricane Howard resulted in significant flooding across the Baja California peninsula that damaged agricultural land and 393 homes. Large swells also resulted in about 1,000 lifeguard rescues in California. In mid-September, Javier, the strongest hurricane of the season, caused three fishermen to go missing and helped alleviate a multi-year drought across the Southwest United States. It produced record rainfall in the state of Wyoming. In mid- to late October, Tropical Storm Lester and Tropical Depression Sixteen-E each dumped heavy rain upon parts of Mexico, resulting in minor flood and mudslide damage.

## Seasonal forecasts

**Predictions of tropical activity in the 2004 season**
| **Source** | **Date** | **Named
storms** | **Hurricanes** | **Major
hurricanes** | **Ref** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Average (1966–2003)* | | 16 | 9 | 3 |
| *Record high activity* | | 27 | 16 (tie) | 11 |
| *Record low activity* | | (tie) |  | (tie) |
| --- | | | | | |
| SMN | January 2004 | 15 | 6 | 3 |  |
| SMN | May 17, 2004 | 14 | 7 | 2 |  |
| NOAA | May 21, 2004 | 13–15 | 6-8 | 2-4 |  |
| SMN | August 2004 | 13 | 6 | 3 |  |
| --- | | | | | |
|  | **Actual activity**
 | 12 | 6 | 3 |
|

In January 2004, the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN) released their first prediction for tropical cyclone activity throughout the Northeast Pacific. Based on a Neutral El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a total of 15 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes was forecast. These values were slightly altered in May to 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, and again in August to 13 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.

On May 17, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued its seasonal forecast for the 2004 central Pacific season, predicting four or five tropical cyclones to form or cross into the basin. Likewise to the SMN, near average activity was expected largely as a result of a Neutral ENSO. The organization issued its experimental eastern Pacific outlook on May 21, highlighting a 45 percent change of below-average activity, 45 percent chance of near-average activity, and only a 10 percent chance of above-average activity in the basin. A total of 13 to 15 named storms, 6 to 8 hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes was forecast.

## Seasonal summary

Least intense Pacific hurricane seasons
| Rank | Season | ACE value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1977 | 22.3 |
| 2 | 2010 | 51.2 |
| 3 | 2007 | 51.6 |
| 4 | 1996 | 53.9 |
| 5 | 2003 | 56.6 |
| 6 | 1979 | 57.4 |
| 7 | 2004 | 71.1 |
| 8 | 1981 | 72.8 |
| 9 | 2013 | 74.8 |
| 10 | 2020 | 77.3 |

Activity was below average throughout the season. Altogether there were 12 named storms, 6 of which became hurricanes, and 3 of those intensified into major hurricanes, compared to the long-term average of 16 named storms, 9 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.

The season's first storm, Agatha, developed on May 22. No tropical cyclones developed during June, below the average of 2 named storms and 1 hurricane, and also the first time since 1969 that the month was cyclone-free. The first hurricane of the season was Celia, which briefly reached Category 1 strength on July 22. It was soon followed by Darby, the first major Hurricane of the season and the first in the Eastern Pacific since Kenna in 2002. Later, on September 14, Javier attained sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane of the season.

Overall wind energy output was reflected with an ACE index value of 71 units for the season. Although vertical wind shear was near average and ocean temperatures were slightly warmer than average south of Mexico, anomalously cool waters and drier than average air mass existed in the central portions of the eastern Pacific. Anomalously strong mid-level ridging extending from the Atlantic to northern Mexico steered a majority of the season's cyclones toward this inhospitable region and also acted to steer all the system of tropical storm intensity or stronger away from land.

## Systems

### Tropical Storm Agatha

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | May 22 – May 24 |
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
997 mbar (hPa) |

A nearly stationary trough stretched from the eastern Pacific into the eastern Caribbean Sea during mid-May. An ill-defined tropical wave crossed Central America on May 17 and interacted with the trough, eventually leading to the formation of a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on May 22. The newly formed cyclone moved northwest parallel to the coastline of Mexico while steadily organizing in a low wind shear regime, intensifying into Tropical Storm Agatha by 12:00 UTC that day and attaining peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) twelve hours later. Increasingly cool ocean temperatures and a drier air mass caused Agatha to weaken quickly thereafter, and it degenerated into a remnant low by 12:00 UTC on May 24. The post-tropical cyclone drifted aimlessly before dissipating well south of the Baja California Peninsula on May 26.

### Tropical Depression Two-E

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 2 – July 3 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa) |

A westward-moving tropical wave from Africa crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific in late June, coalescing into a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 2 well southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Steered westward by low-level flow, the depression failed to organize amid wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures, instead degenerating into a remnant low at 00:00 UTC on July 4. The post-tropical cyclone dissipated a day later.

### Tropical Depression One-C

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 5 – July 5 |
| Peak intensity | 30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa) |

An organized region of convection within the Intertropical Convergence Zone developed into a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC on July 5 while located roughly 700 mi (1,100 km) south-southeast of Johnston Atoll, becoming the farthest-south-forming central Pacific tropical cyclone since Tropical Storm Hali (1992). Steered westward, the depression failed to intensify due to its quick forward motion despite a seemingly favorable environment, and it quickly dissipated at 00:00 UTC on July 6.

### Tropical Storm Blas

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 12 – July 15 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
991 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave crossed Central America on July 8, developing into a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 12 while located about 335 mi (539 km) southwest of Zihuatanejo, Mexico; six hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Blas. Steered swiftly northwestward around a mid-level ridge over the southwestern United States, the cyclone steadily intensified and reached peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) early on July 13 as a large and robust convective canopy became evident. Blas began a steady weakening trend as it tracked over increasingly cool sea surface temperatures, weakening to a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on July 14 and degenerating into a large remnant low twelve hours later. The post-tropical cyclone decelerated and curved northeastward, dissipating well west of central Baja California early on July 19.

### Hurricane Celia

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 19 – July 25 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
981 mbar (hPa) |

A vigorous tropical wave entered the East Pacific on July 13, acquiring sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on July 19 while located about 620 mi (1,000 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula. Directed west-northwest around a subtropical ridge, the cyclone steadily intensified amongst a favorable environment, becoming Tropical Storm Celia at 12:00 UTC that same day and further strengthening into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, the season's first, at 00:00 UTC on July 22. After attaining peak winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) six hours later, an increasingly unfavorable environment began to hinder the system. Celia weakened to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC on July 22 and eventually degenerated into a remnant low at 00:00 UTC on July 26. The post-tropical cyclone dissipated about 1,740 mi (2,800 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula later that morning.

### Hurricane Darby

| Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | July 26 – August 1 |
| Peak intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
957 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical depression formed at 12:00 UTC on July 26 while positioned about 760 mi (1,220 km) south-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico from a tropical wave that entered the eastern Pacific nearly a week prior. The system quickly intensified as it curved west-northwest around a subtropical ridge, becoming Tropical Storm Darby at 00:00 UTC on July 27 and strengthening into a Category 1 hurricane early the next day. After attaining its peak as the season's first major hurricane with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h), increasing wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures begin to weaken the cyclone. It weakened to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on July 30 and further to a tropical depression a day later as it entered the jurisdiction of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. At 12:00 UTC on August 1, Darby dissipated about 850 mi (1,370 km) east of the Hawaiian Islands.

Although Darby produced no impacts to land as a tropical cyclone, its remnant moisture field combined with an upper-level trough over Hawaii to produce an unstable atmosphere. General rainfall amounts of 2–5 in (51–127 mm) were recorded across the Big Island and Oahu, with a localized peak of 9.04 in (230 mm) in Kaneohe; this led to flooding and several road closures. Minor stream flooding was observed on the southeast flank of Mount Haleakalā. A rainfall total of 3.06 in (78 mm) was recorded at the Honolulu International Airport, contributing to the wettest August on record in the city. Some coffee and macadamia nut trees were damaged.

### Tropical Depression Six-E

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 1 – August 2 |
| Peak intensity | 30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min);
1008 mbar (hPa) |

Operationally, an area of disturbed weather was thought to have coalesced into a tropical depression at 09:00 UTC on July 29 while located well southwest of the Baja California Peninsula. The depression was only expected to intensify slightly before entering cooler waters and interacting with outflow from nearby Hurricane Darby. By late that evening, however, its presentation on satellite imagery more resembled a trough, and the NHC discontinued advisories. In post-season analysis, the organization determined that the depression did not form until 06:00 UTC on August 1 but lasted 24 hours.

### Tropical Storm Estelle

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 19 – August 24 |
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
989 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave interacted with a disturbance embedded in the ITCZ in mid-August, leading to the designation of a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on August 19 while located 1,440 mi (2,320 km) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. The cyclone moved west-northwest following formation, steered around a subtropical ridge. It intensified into Tropical Storm Estelle at 06:00 UTC on August 20 and attained peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) at 12:00 UTC the next morning as it crossed into the central Pacific. Thereafter, increasing wind shear caused Estelle to a steady weakening trend. At 00:00 UTC on August 23, the cyclone decelerated to a tropical depression while turning west-southwest, and at 18:00 UTC the following day, it further degenerated into a remnant low. The post-tropical cyclone continued on a west-southwest trajectory prior to dissipating south-southeast of the Big Island at 00:00 UTC on August 26.

### Hurricane Frank

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 23 – August 26 |
| Peak intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
979 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave, the remnants of Tropical Storm Earl in the Atlantic, crossed into the eastern Pacific in mid-August and steadily organized to become a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on August 23 well south of the coastline of Mexico. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Frank six hours later as banding features and central convection increased. Steered northwest within a favorable environment, the cyclone rapidly intensified into a Category 1 hurricane by 18:00 UTC and ultimately attained peak winds of 85 mph (137 km/h) twelve hours later. Frank steadily weakened thereafter as it entered cooler ocean temperatures, degenerating into a remnant low at 06:00 UTC on August 26. The remnant low drifted southwest before diffusing into a trough well south of the Baja California Peninsula the following day.

### Tropical Depression Nine-E

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 23 – August 26 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1005 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave crossed Central America on August 15, only slowing organizing into a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on August 23 while located about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Steered north-northwest and eventually west, the cyclone failed to intensify further into a tropical storm amid cool sea surface temperatures and southerly wind shear, and it instead degenerated into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC on August 26. The post-tropical cyclone turned west-southwest before dissipating about 1,095 mi (1,762 km) east of Hilo, Hawaii early on August 28.

### Tropical Storm Georgette

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 26 – August 30 |
| Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
995 mbar (hPa) |

A westward-moving tropical wave entered the eastern Pacific in late August, acquiring sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on August 26 about 605 miles (974 km) south-southeast of the Baja California Peninsula. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Georgette six hours later as its satellite presentation improved, and it reached peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) at 12:00 UTC on August 27. Increasingly hostile upper-level winds began to impinge on the west-northwest-moving tropical cyclone shortly thereafter, ultimately causing it to degenerate into a remnant low by 18:00 UTC on August 30. The post-tropical cyclone continued its forward course until dissipating early on September 3.

### Hurricane Howard

| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | August 30 – September 5 |
| Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);
943 mbar (hPa) |

A westward-moving tropical wave from Africa entered the eastern Pacific in late August, organizing into a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on August 30 south of the coastline of Mexico. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Howard twelve hours later and further developed into a hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 1. On its northwest track, a favorable environment regime prompted the cyclone to begin a period of rapid intensification, and it attained its peak as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) at 12:00 UTC on September 2. Cooler ocean temperatures led to a steady weakening trend thereafter, and Howard degenerated into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC on September 5. The low turned southwest before dissipating over open waters on September 10.

Although the storm remained offshore, the outer bands of the storm produced significant flooding across the Baja California peninsula, which damaged agricultural land and at least 393 homes. Swells reached 18 ft (5.5 m) along the Baja California coastline and 12 ft (3.7 m) along the California coastline; about 1,000 lifeguard rescues took place in California due to the waves. Moisture from the storm enhanced rainfall in parts of Arizona, leading to minor accumulations.

### Hurricane Isis

| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 8 – September 16 |
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
987 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave, possibly responsible for the formation of Hurricane Frances in the Atlantic, entered the eastern Pacific in early September, gaining sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on September 8 about 530 miles (850 km) south of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. The system tracked west, intensifying into Tropical Storm Isis twelve hours after being designated, but weakening back to a tropical depression early on September 10, amid persistent wind shear. Upper-level winds decreased by September 12, allowing Isis to regain tropical storm intensity by 00:00 UTC, and eventually peak as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 75 mph (121 km/h), at 12:00 UTC on September 15. After conducting a clockwise loop, the hurricane entered cooler waters and began to weaken; it degenerated into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC on the next day. The low drifted southwest and then west, before dissipating well east of Hawaii on September 21.

### Hurricane Javier

| Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | September 10 – September 19 |
| Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min);
930 mbar (hPa) |

A tropical wave entered the eastern Pacific in early September, organizing into a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on September 10 south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Under light shear, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Javier at 12:00 UTC the next morning and into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on September 12. The cyclone soon began a period of rapid intensification as it alternated on a west-northwest to northwest course, ultimately peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) at 00:00 UTC on September 14 as a distinct pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery. Cooler waters, strong southwesterly shear, and an eyewall replacement cycle all weakened Javier thereafter; it fell to tropical depression intensity early on September 19 before crossing Baja California and degenerated into a remnant low at 18:00 UTC that day over the Gulf of California. The low crossed the state of Sonora before dissipating over mountainous terrain on September 20.

As a tropical cyclone, Javier produced moderate rainfall peaking at 3.14 in (80 mm) in Bacanuchi, Mexico. Three fishermen went missing offshore the coastline due to high surf. As a post-tropical cyclone, the storm's remnant moisture overspread the Southwest United States, alleviating a multi-year drought. Accumulations peaked at 7 in (180 mm) in Walnut Creek, Arizona, with lighter totals across the Four Corners and upper Midwest. The remnants of Javier produced 2 in (51 mm) of rain in Wyoming, cementing its status as the wettest tropical cyclone in the reliable record there.

### Tropical Storm Kay

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 4 – October 6 |
| Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa) |

An area of disturbed weather developed within the ITCZ well southwest of mainland Mexico, coalescing into a tropical depression at 18:00 UTC on October 4. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Kay twelve hours later, and it attained peak winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) at 12:00 UTC the next morning as suggested by satellite intensity estimates. Moderate northerly shear caused core convection to decrease as the system moved west-northwest, resulting in Kay degenerating into a remnant low at 12:00 UTC on October 6 over open ocean. The low-level swirl curved southwestward and dissipated the next day.

### Tropical Storm Lester

| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 11 – October 13 |
| Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa) |

By October 10, an area of disturbed weather was situated well to the southwest of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Later that day, a surface low pressure system developed, and convection began to organize into slightly curved bands. The disturbance continued to in this manner, and at 1800 UTC on October 11, the low level circulation had become sufficiently organized to be designated as a tropical depression. At the time, the depression consisted of a well-defined circulation, with some deep thunderstorm activity. Despite weak steering currents, the system started what was initially thought to be a westward drift, though just a few hours later was found to be towards the northwest. A small cyclone, a burst of deep convection formed at around the same time, and was said could have produced tropical storm-force winds.

Continuing its slow, northwestward track under the weal steering currents of a weak mid-level ridge to its north, and a broad cyclonic circulation to its southwest, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lester at 1800 UTC on October 12. Originally, it was unclear whether the center of circulation would remain slightly offshore, or move inland. Due to the presence of a weak upper-level anticyclone that was centered just east of the system, favorable atmospheric conditions for strengthening prevailed, and the storm reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) about 612 hours after being upgraded to a tropical storm. Early on October 13, radar imagery from Acapulco, Mexico indicated that Lester remained a small and well-organized cyclone as it passed just offshore. At the same time, light southwesterly wind shear began to develop. The interaction with land, combined with influence from the low to the southwest, started to weaken the storm, and it was downgraded to a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on October 13. By later that day, reports from an Air Force Reserve Unit Hurricane Hunter Aircraft indicated that the cyclone had degenerated into a trough on the northeastern side of the larger low to the southwest.

On October 12, in response to Lester, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm watch for the coast between Punta Maldonado to Zihuatanejo. It was upgraded to a warning later that day. It was extended to Lázaro Cárdenas on October 13. Later that day, the warning was lifted when Lester dissipated. Lester brought rains to parts of Oaxaca and Guerrero, reaching 3 to 5 inches (76 to 127 mm). The highest 24-hour total peaked at 106.5 mm (4.19 in), recorded on October 12. The storm capsized two ships, and washed two more ashore. The heavy rain caused mudslides, which buried one man in his home; he was later rescued by his family. In and around the port of Acapulco, minor flooding was reported and 42 trees toppled. Four landslides blocked four roads in Nayarit. A total of 13 families were evacuated in Rosamorada.

### Tropical Depression Sixteen-E

| Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Duration | October 25 – October 26 |
| Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa) |

On October 8, 2004, a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and progressed westward through the Atlantic Ocean. As is typical of disturbances in the late hurricane season, the wave maintained a relatively low latitude during its trek across the Atlantic. On October 18, the system emerged into the eastern Pacific Ocean. Convection developed along the wave axis, and an area of low pressure developed the next day, while situated south of Guatemala. It drifted westward uneventfully until October 23, when it became nearly stationary. Strong thunderstorms amplified and organized into banding features early on October 24. Dvorak classifications were issued on the weather feature, and over the following day it moved slowly towards the north. At 00:00 UTC on October 25, the system was designated Tropical Depression Sixteen-E about 320 mi (510 km) south-southeast of Baja California.

The depression intensified slightly, and attained its peak winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) almost immediately after forming. As such, it never attained tropical storm status; however, had it been upgraded, it would have been named Madeline. The large cyclone moved towards the north along the western edge of the Mexican subtropical ridge. Even shortly after the storm's classification, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) remarked that Sixteen-E would have little time to significantly strengthen, although noted the possibility for it to achieve minimal tropical storm status. At the time, the storm was being disrupted by wind shear, with most of its deep convective activity concentrated in the eastern half of the circulation.

At around 20:00 UTC, an area of strong convection, including cold cloud tops, developed near the center of circulation. The burst of thunderstorms may have been related to an approaching trough. Tropical Depression Sixteen-E continued moving towards the coast of Mexico, and at 00:00 UTC on October 26, it reached its lowest barometric pressure of 1004 mbar (hPa; 29.65 inHg). It crossed the southwestern Gulf of California before moving ashore between Guasave and Topolobampo. The deteriorating cyclone moved inland, and the last advisory was issued by the NHC on the storm shortly thereafter. Although the storm dissipated at 18:00 UTC, its remnants persisted as they moved across northern Mexico. The system interacted with a weather front in the southwestern United States and triggered thunderstorms there.

On October 25, a tropical storm warning was issued for the coastline of Mexico from El Roblito northward to Topolobampo. This advisory was discontinued the next day, and no additional tropical cyclone watches and warnings were posted. The storm produced areas of heavy rainfall. At Culiacan, 179.9 mm (7.08 in) of precipitation fell in a 24-hour period; 59.6 mm (2.35 in) fell at Empalme. Despite localized flooding, no damage or fatalities were reported. At the Culiacan airport, a wind gust to 81 mph (130 km/h) was reported. A possible tornado may have also touched down near there. Offshore, a ship—the *Diamond Princess*—recorded 33 mph (53 km/h) winds on two separate occasions during October 26, potentially suggesting that the storm was stronger than it was believed to be. The interaction between the depression's remnants and a frontal boundary over the southwestern United States produced strong thunderstorms and heavy precipitation in eastern New Mexico, western and central Texas, and much of Oklahoma.

### Other system

On August 14, the Japan Meteorological Agency had stated that Tropical Storm Malakas had briefly exited the West Pacific basin and entered the Central Pacific basin, as a weakening tropical depression.

## Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific east of 140°W in 2004. This is the same list used for the 1998 season. No names were retired from this list by the World Meteorological Organization following the season, and it was used again for the 2010 season.

For storms that form in the North Pacific between 140°W and the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. No named storms formed within the region in 2004. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (\*).

## Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2004 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2004 USD.

| Saffir–Simpson scale | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |

2004 Pacific hurricane season statistics
| Storm
name | Dates active | Storm category
at peak intensity | Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) | Min.
press.
(mbar) | Areas affected | Damage
(USD) | Deaths | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Agatha | May 22–24 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 997 | Revillagigedo Islands, Clarion Island, Southwestern Mexico | None | None |  |
| Two-E | July 2–3 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1007 | None | None | None |  |
| One-C | July 5 | Tropical depression | 30 (45) | 1007 | None | None | None |  |
| Blas | July 12–15 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 991 | Northwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States | None | None |  |
| Celia | July 19–25 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (140) | 981 | None | None | None |  |
| Darby | July 26 – August 1 | Category 3 hurricane | 120 (195) | 957 | None | Minimal | None |  |
| Six-E | August 1–2 | Tropical depression | 30 (45) | 1008 | None | None | None |  |
| Estelle | August 19–24 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 989 | None | None | None |  |
| Frank | August 23–26 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 (140) | 979 | Baja California Peninsula | None | None |  |
| Nine-E | August 23–26 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1005 | None | None | None |  |
| Georgette | August 26–30 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 995 | None | None | None |  |
| Howard | August 30 – September 5 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 943 | Baja California Peninsula, Western United States, California, Arizona | Minimal | None |  |
| Isis | September 8–16 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 987 | None | None | None |  |
| Javier | September 10–19 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 930 | Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States, Arizona, Texas | Minimal | 3 missing |  |
| Kay | October 4–6 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1004 | None | None | None |  |
| Lester | October 11–13 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1000 | Southwestern Mexico | None | None |  |
| Sixteen-E | October 25–26 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1004 | Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States, Texas, California | None | None |  |
| Season aggregates | | | | | | | | | | |
| 17 systems | May 22 – October 26 |  | 150 (240) | 930 |  | Minimal | None |  |

## InfoBox

| 2004 Pacific hurricane season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | May 22, 2004 |
| Last system dissipated | October 26, 2004 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Javier |
| Maximum winds | 150 mph (240 km/h)
(*1-minute sustained*) |
| Lowest pressure | 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 17, 1 unofficial |
| Total storms | 12 |
| Hurricanes | 6 |
| Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+) | 3 |
| Total fatalities | None, 3 missing |
| Total damage | None |
| Related articles | |
|  | |
|


title: Ernst August Weiß

abstract: Ernst August Weiß was a German mathematician.

text:
# Ernst August Weiß

**Ernst August Weiß** (or **Weiss**; 5 May 1900 in Strasbourg – 9 February 1942 in a Nazi field hospital near Lake Ilmen) was a German mathematician.

## Early life and education

Since 1906, he attended the Lyceum in Metz, the Luther school and (1910–1912) Schiller gymnasium in Münster, and 1912–1917 the Mommsen-Gymnasium in Berlin, where he passed the Notabitur. He volunteered for the German military engineers in World War I, participated in the attrition warfare near Reims and Soissons and was captured 26 September 1918 during the tank battle near Cheppy by American soldiers. After his release in September 1919 he studied mathematics at Leibniz University Hannover and (1920–1924) Bonn University, where he obtained a Ph.D. in March 1924 and a habilitation in May 1926. In August 1926, he married the physicist Eva Renate Bidder.

## Work in SA

Weiß joined an SA storm in Bonn in 1933, and got promoted up to an Obertruppführer. He directed the Bonn Studentenwerk. He created the Mathematical Work Camps ("Mathematische Arbeitslager") in Kronenburg "as a new form of mathematical university teaching and collaboration of professors and students", which took place 115 March 1934, 1529 October 1934, 17 February3 March 1935, 23 February7 March 1936, and 1731 October 1938. Segal (1992) examined Weiß' camps from a pedagogical point of view, "as one example of how mathematics and Nazi ideology would interact". Weiß was a permanent editor of the journal *Deutsche Mathematik*. A list of his publications is given in Blaschke (1942).

## Death

In 1941, Weiß took part in Operation Barbarossa as company commander of an engineer unit; during the Demyansk Pocket he was mortally wounded in close combat in Lukinn.

## Selected works

* Weiß, E. A. (1935). *Einführung in die Liniengeometrie und Kinematik*. Leipzig & Berlin: Teubner.
* Weiß, E. A. (1939). *Punktreihengeometrie*. Leipzig & Berlin: Teubner.


title: Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann

abstract: Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann was a German writer. He is generally agreed to be the author of the 1804 novel Nachtwachen (Nightwatches) under the pseudonym Bonaventura.

text:
# Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann

**Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann** (31 August 1777 in Braunschweig – 25 January 1831 in Braunschweig) was a German writer. He is generally agreed to be the author of the 1804 novel *Nachtwachen* (Nightwatches) under the pseudonym **Bonaventura**.

## Life

As a young boy, Klingemann developed an interest in the theatre which would last his whole life. After he completed his education at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig, he went to Jena in 1798 to study law and philosophy. There he heard lectures by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling and August Wilhelm Schlegel and became friends with Clemens Brentano. However, in 1801 he left Jena and returned to Braunschweig, where he became editor of *Zeitung für die elegante Welt* (Newspaper for the Elegant World).

In 1810 Klingemann married Elise Anschuetz, an actress. In 1818 he became the director of the Braunschweiger Theatre. Under Klingemann the Braunschweiger theatre soon acquired a good reputation. It was here that the first performance of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust (Part 1) was staged, on 19 January 1829. In the same year Klingemann accepted a professorship at his old school, the Collegium Carolinum but only one year later he was once again the director at the theatre.

In 1831 Ernst August Friedrich Klingemann died. He is buried in the Magni cemetery in Braunschweig.

## Authorship of *Nachtwachen*

The authorship of *Nachtwachen* was disputed for a long time. It has been attributed to, among others, Clemens Brentano, Friedrich Schlegel, Caroline Schelling and Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel. Jean Paul was of the opinion that Friedrich Schelling was the author, having noticed some similarities with his *Gianozzo*. Scholars today, however, are in general agreement that Bonaventura was Klingemann. The crucial evidence is a handwritten list by Klingemann found among other papers in the university library of Amsterdam by Ruth Haag.

## Works

Klingemann wrote many novels and dramas, which are written in the spirit of Romanticism and enjoyed large popularity at that time. Only his most famous, The Nightwatches of Bonaventura, has been recently translated:

* *The Nightwatches of Bonaventura*. Translated and with a new Introduction by Gerald Gillespie. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.

### Novels

* *Wildgraf Eckard von der Wölpe* (1795)
* *Die Ruinen im Schwarzwalde* (The Ruins in the Black Forest) (1797-1799)
* *Romano* (1800-1801)
* *Albano, der Lautenspieler* (1803)
* *Die Lazzaroni* (1803)
* *Nachtwachen. Von Bonaventura* (1804)

### Plays

* *Die Asseburg. Historisch-romantisches Gemählde* (1796/1797)
* *Die Maske* (The Mask) (1797)
* *Selbstgefühl* (1800)
* *Freimüthigkeiten* (1804)
* *Der Schweizerbund* (The Swiss Federation) (1804-1805)
* *Der Lazzaroni oder Der Bettler von Neapel* (The Beggar of Naples) (1806)
* *Heinrich von Wolfenschießen* (1806)
* *Columbus* (1808)
* *Heinrich der Löwe* (Heinrich the Lion) (1808)
* *Schill oder Das Deklamatorium zu Krähwinkel* (1812)
* *Moses. A dramatic Poem.*  (1812)
* *Faust* (1815)
* *Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Dramatic Play with Singing.* (1815)
* *Deutsche Treue* (German Loyalty) (1816)
* *Die Grube zur Dorothea* (1817)
* *Das Kreuz im Norden* (The Cross in the North) (1818)
* *Ahasver* (1827)
* *Melpomene (2 Dramas: The Bride of Kynast; Bianca di Sepolcro) (1830)*

## Bibliography

* Ruth Haag: "Noch einmal. Der Verfasser der 'Nachtwachen von Bonaventura'". 1804. In: *Euphorion*. Bd. 81 (1987)
* Kenneth Ralston: *The captured horizon. Heidegger and the "Nachtwachen von Bonaventura"*. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1994.


title: Escudería Telmex

abstract: Escudería Telmex is an auto racing team founded by Mexican businessman Carlos Slim in 2002. The program is designed to provide support for both veteran and up-and-coming Latin American drivers.

text:
# Escudería Telmex

**Escudería Telmex** is an auto racing team founded by Mexican businessman Carlos Slim in 2002. The program is designed to provide support for both veteran and up-and-coming Latin American drivers.

## Current drivers

| Driver | Series |
| --- | --- |
| Sergio Pérez | Formula One World Championship |
| Daniel Suárez | NASCAR Cup Series |
| Memo Rojas | FIA World Endurance Championship |
| Andrés Pérez de Lara | ARCA Menards Series
ARCA Menards Series East
ARCA Menards Series West
NASCAR Mexico |
| Santiago Ramos | FIA Formula 3 Championship |
| Benito Guerra Jr. | Nitrocross Championship |
| Enzo Fittipaldi | FIA Formula 2 Championship |
| Tatiana Calderón | IMSA SportsCar Championship |
| Sebastián Álvarez | European Le Mans Series
IMSA SportsCar Championship |
| Pietro Fittipaldi | IndyCar Series |
| Abraham Calderón | NASCAR Mexico |
| Luis Michael Dörrbecker | NASCAR Mexico |
| Max Gutiérrez | NASCAR Mexico |
| Pancho Name | Mexican Rally Championship |
| Rogelio Lopez III | NASCAR Mexico |
| Eloy Sebastian | NASCAR Mexico |
| Sebastián Montoya | FIA Formula 3 Championship |
| Ian Aguilera | TBA |
| Diego Menchaca | TBA |
| Emerson Fittipaldi Jr. | Formula Regional Middle East Championship
Eurocup-3 |
| Alex García | FIA World Endurance Championship
European Le Mans Series
Asian Le Mans Series |
| Jorge Hernández | Reto Telmex |
| Jesse Carrasquedo Jr. | Formula Regional Middle East Championship
Formula Regional European Championship |
| Manuel Roza | TBA |
| Juan Manuel Correa | FIA Formula 2 Championship |
| Rafael Villagómez | TBA |
| Caio Collet | TBA |
| Memo Rojas | TBA |
| Source: | |


title: 1963 New York state election

abstract: The 1963 New York state election was held on November 5, 1963, to elect a judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Besides, an amendment to the State Constitution proposed to allow off-track betting and was accepted.

text:
# 1963 New York state election

The **1963 New York state election** was held on November 5, 1963, to elect a judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Besides, an amendment to the State Constitution proposed to allow off-track betting and was accepted.

## Background

Judge Sydney F. Foster would reach the constitutional age limit of 70 years at the end of the year.

## Nominations

Both Democratic and the Republican state committees met on September 9, and nominated Democrat Francis Bergan, the Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division (Third Dept.), to succeed Foster.

The Liberal State Committee met on September 10, and endorsed the Democratic/Republican nominee.

## Result

Francis Bergan was elected unopposed.

**1963 state election result**
| Office | Democratic ticket | | Republican ticket | | Liberal ticket | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Judge of the Court of Appeals | **Francis Bergan** | **2,155,844** | **Francis Bergan** | **2,141,261** | **Francis Bergan** | **191,077** |
|

1. *2 PARTIES NAME JUSTICE BERGAN* in *New York Times* on September 10, 1963 (subscription required)
2. *LIBERALS NOMINATE BERGAN FOR COURT* in *New York Times* on September 11, 1963 (subscription required)

## Sources


title: Espinosa, Minas Gerais

abstract:
Espinosa is a municipality in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its population was 32,151 (2015) and its area is 1,869 km⁲. The elevation is 572 meters. The municipality contains part of the 53,264 hectares Caminho dos Gerais State Park, created in 2007.
Espinosa belongs to the IBGE microregion of Janaúba. It is connected to that city by BR-122. It is a short distance south of the boundary with the state of Bahia. The main economic activities are cattle raising, small transformation industries, and agriculture. In 2006, there were 32,000 head of cattle. The main agricultural crops were cotton, sugarcane, corn, and sorghum. In 2007 there were two financial institutions. The GDP (2005)was R$ 84,238,000. There was one hospital with 32 beds (2005). There were 1,485 automobiles in 2007, a ratio of one automobile for every 21 inhabitants. Municipal Human Development Index
  - MHDI:.657 (2000)
  - State ranking: 721 out of 853 municipalities
  - National ranking: 3,661 out of 5,138 municipalities
  - Life expectancy: 67
  - Literacy rate: 70 For the complete list see Frigoletto

text:
# Espinosa, Minas Gerais

**Espinosa** is a municipality in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its population was 32,151 (2015) and its area is 1,869 km2. The elevation is 572 meters.

The municipality contains part of the 53,264 hectares (131,620 acres) Caminho dos Gerais State Park, created in 2007. Espinosa belongs to the IBGE microregion of Janaúba. It is connected to that city by BR-122. It is a short distance south of the boundary with the state of Bahia.

The main economic activities are cattle raising, small transformation industries, and agriculture. In 2006, there were 32,000 head of cattle. The main agricultural crops were cotton, sugarcane, corn, and sorghum. In 2007 there were two financial institutions. The GDP (2005)was R$ 84,238,000. There was one hospital with 32 beds (2005). There were 1,485 automobiles in 2007, a ratio of one automobile for every 21 inhabitants.

**Municipal Human Development Index**

* MHDI: .657 (2000)
* State ranking: 721 out of 853 municipalities
* National ranking: 3,661 out of 5,138 municipalities
* Life expectancy: 67
* Literacy rate: 70 For the complete list see Frigoletto

## Climate

| Climate data for Espinosa (1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0
(87.8) | 32.0
(89.6) | 31.6
(88.9) | 31.0
(87.8) | 30.4
(86.7) | 29.1
(84.4) | 28.9
(84.0) | 30.3
(86.5) | 31.9
(89.4) | 32.6
(90.7) | 31.1
(88.0) | 30.8
(87.4) | 30.9
(87.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.4
(77.7) | 25.9
(78.6) | 25.6
(78.1) | 25.0
(77.0) | 23.8
(74.8) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.2
(72.0) | 23.5
(74.3) | 25.4
(77.7) | 26.4
(79.5) | 25.6
(78.1) | 25.3
(77.5) | 24.7
(76.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.8
(69.4) | 21.2
(70.2) | 21.1
(70.0) | 20.3
(68.5) | 18.3
(64.9) | 16.6
(61.9) | 16.3
(61.3) | 17.5
(63.5) | 19.8
(67.6) | 21.2
(70.2) | 21.3
(70.3) | 21.0
(69.8) | 19.6
(67.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 129.4
(5.09) | 80.0
(3.15) | 109.4
(4.31) | 40.5
(1.59) | 9.3
(0.37) | 1.2
(0.05) | 1.3
(0.05) | 1.8
(0.07) | 10.4
(0.41) | 48.5
(1.91) | 135.1
(5.32) | 172.7
(6.80) | 739.6
(29.12) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 50 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71.3 | 67.6 | 69.8 | 67.2 | 61.9 | 58.3 | 55.1 | 50.3 | 49.8 | 52.9 | 65.6 | 70.5 | 61.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 231.6 | 232.6 | 242.4 | 238.2 | 260.4 | 254.0 | 270.0 | 288.5 | 261.9 | 242.9 | 192.8 | 198.4 | 2,913.7 |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Espinosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Minas Gerais state | |
| EspinosaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 14°54′29″S 42°48′37″W / 14.90806°S 42.81028°W / -14.90806; -42.81028 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,869 km2 (722 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 32,151 |
| Density | 17/km2 (45/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Atimura affinis

abstract: Atimura affinis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.

text:
# Atimura affinis

***Atimura affinis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.

## InfoBox

| *Atimura affinis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Atimura* |
| Species: | ***A. affinis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Atimura affinis***<br>Breuning, 1939 | |
|


title: Atimura formosana

abstract: Atimura formosana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Matsushita in 1933.

text:
# Atimura formosana

***Atimura formosana*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Matsushita in 1933.

## InfoBox

| *Atimura formosana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Atimura* |
| Species: | ***A. formosana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Atimura formosana***<br>Matsushita, 1933 | |
|


# 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 9

The two teams in this group played against each other on a home-and-away basis. The winner qualified for the seventh FIFA World Cup held in Chile.

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spain | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | +1 | 3 | Advanced to the CAF–UEFA play-off |  |  | 1–1 |
| 2 | Wales | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |  |  | 1–2 |  |

Source: FIFA

## Matches

| Wales | 1–2 | Spain |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Woosnam  7' | Report | Rodríguez  21'<br>Di Stéfano  78' |

Cardiff, WalesAttendance: 45,000Referee: Reymaeckers (Belgium)

---

| Spain | 1–1 | Wales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Peiró  55' | Report | Allchurch  69' |

Madrid, SpainAttendance: 100,000Referee: Horn (Netherlands)


# 1962 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland election

Federal elections were held in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland on 27 April 1962. Due to a boycott by all opposition parties, the ruling United Federal Party was the only party to contest the election.

## Results

The UFP won 54 of the 57 seats, with 39 candidates returned unopposed. In the 18 contested seats, voter turnout was lower than 50%.


title: Essak Khumari

abstract: Essak Khumari (Urdu: عیسک خماری) is a village of Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan located at an altitude of 729 metres (2,392 ft). It is 8 kilometers from union council Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa essak khumari is also away around 14 kilometers from tehsil banda daud shah of karak. picture is taken by Bilal Ahmed Local resident of Essak Khumari Mahallah Mandi Khel for any reference regarding the village ups and down you may contact on given number: 0343-9797312

text:
# Essak Khumari

**Essak Khumari** **(**Urdu**: عیسک خماری)** is a village of Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan located at an altitude of 729 metres (2,392 ft). It is 8 kilometers (5 miles) from union council Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa essak khumari is also away around 14 kilometers from tehsil banda daud shah of karak.

picture is taken by Bilal Ahmed Local resident of Essak Khumari Mahallah Mandi Khel for any reference regarding the village ups and down you may contact on given number: 0343-9797312

33°19′43″N 71°02′22″E / 33.32861°N 71.03944°E / 33.32861; 71.03944


title: Attack on Jailolo

abstract: The Attack on Jailolo was a military expedition launched by the combined force of Spanish-Portuguese and Ternatean armies to oust the ruler of Jailolo. The attack failed.

text:
# Attack on Jailolo

The **Attack on Jailolo** was a military expedition launched by the combined force of Spanish-Portuguese and Ternatean armies to oust the ruler of Jailolo. The attack failed.

## Background

In 1534, the new sultan of the Sultanate of Jailolo named Katarabumi took over. He had the previous sultan poisoned and died in a Portuguese hospital in Ternate. In his proclamation, Katarabumi said he would rule Jailolo on behalf of the Portuguese king. During his reign, he began attacking Ternatean territory in Jailolo and succeeded in expelling them; he also began attacking Moro Kingdom a Christianized kingdom, which led to suspicion of the Portuguese and did not expect an emerging power.

Katarabumi's pro-Portuguese statements were just a ruse to cover up his attacks on Christian missionaries in the Moro kingdom. In 1536, He invaded the capital of the Moro kingdom, Mamuya. After a siege for a week, Katarabumi demanded the king Tioliza surrender in the next 24 hours. He also demanded the Portuguese guards surrender; the guards escaped the capital but were killed by locals. He then invaded Tolo, a village of 3,000 inhabitants supported by Portuguese soldiers, who resisted Katarabumi for a month before surrendering.

## Attack

Having done a lot of harm to the Portuguese, in late November 1545, the Portuguese captain, Fernao de Sousa de Tavora, led an expedition of 300 Portuguese. They were joined by 100 Spanish troops led by Ruy López de Villalobos, and 1,500 Ternateans led by Pati Sarang. The allied forces arrived at the fort of Jailolo and found it strongly fortified. A ditch and a wooden palisade with towers of artillery arquebusiers enclosed the city. The Allied forces launched an assault on the fort. However, the Jailoloans were prepared for the attack and repulsed them with heavy losses. The jailoloans also made repeated sorties against the enemy; the fighting lasted for two days or weeks. The Portuguese commanders were divided among themselves, and some withdrew, which made them lift the siege.

## Aftermath

The Spanish and Portuguese forces retired and returned to Ternate, where Villalobos died. De Sousa afterwards went to India, accompanied by the remainder of the Spaniards. The Jailoloans became overconfident at the victory, and Katarabumi sent caracoas to Ternate and Tidore to swindle the inhabitants. The success of Katarabumi didn't last long; in 1550, a force of 180 Portuguese and 5,000 Ternateans successfully captured Jailolo.

## InfoBox

| Attack on Jailolo | |
| --- | --- |
|
Map of Gilolo Island | |
| Date Late November 1545  Location Jailolo (town), Halmahera, Moluccas  Result  Jailolo sultanate victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Portuguese Empire
Spanish Empire
Sultanate of Ternate | Sultanate of Jailolo |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Fernao de Sousa de Tavora
Ruy López de Villalobos
Pati Sarang | Katarabumi |
| Strength | |
| 300
100
1,500 | Unknown |


title: Esquites

abstract: Esquites also known as elote en vaso, also served in the Southwestern USA is a Mexican snack or antojito. One can find them at local markets, and street vendors selling corn. The word esquites comes from the Nahuatl word ízquitl, which means "toasted corn".

text:
# Esquites

**Esquites** (or **ezquites**) (**troles** and **trolelotes** in Northeast Mexico, **chasca** in Aguascalientes, **vasolote** in Michoacán, etc.) also known as **elote en vaso** (corn in a cup), also served in the Southwestern USA is a Mexican snack or antojito. One can find them at local markets, and street vendors selling corn. The word *esquites* comes from the Nahuatl word *ízquitl*, which means "toasted corn".

## Origin

Although its true origin is not known, it is a common understanding that esquites are historically a common Mexican street food. According to Nahuatl stories, esquites are credited as being created by the deity Tlazocihuapilli of Xochimilcas, who is also credited with creating Mexican Atole and corn jelly.

There is an alternative origin story that claims that in the late 1800's, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and Empress Charlotte of Belgium created a dish referred to as "Odalisque Teeth", when they accidentally used corn flour instead of wheat. The modern day esquite is known as a Mestizo preparation because many of its fundamental ingredients (not including corn) were from Spain.

## Ingredients

Esquites are generally made from white corn kernels that have been boiled and softened in water, which typically contains salt and epazote. Sometimes the corn is also sauteed in butter and onions after it has been boiled. The white corn kernels are first boiled until soft and tender in large pots and served in plastic or styrofoam cups, hence the name in English, "corn in cup". One can additionally find them being served in corn husks. The ingredients can vary; toppings for esquites include (but are not limited to) combinations of lime juice, chili powder or hot sauce, salt, Cotija cheese, and mayonnaise. In places like Mexico City they are also topped with Mexican Chapulines or crickets.

A popular modern-day variation is to top the corn with blended Flamin' Hot Cheetos or Takis. New variations include all the same ingredients but mixed in with a chip bag of choice.


title: Amatssou

abstract: Amatssou is the ninth album by the Tuareg band Tinariwen, released on 19 May 2023. The album's title means "beyond the fear" in the Tamashek language. The album features contributions from Fats Kaplin and was produced by Daniel Lanois.

text:
# Amatssou

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Amatssou*** is the ninth album by the Tuareg band Tinariwen, released on 19 May 2023. The album's title means "beyond the fear" in the Tamashek language. The album features contributions from Fats Kaplin and was produced by Daniel Lanois.

## Background

Following the success of their previous album *Amadjar*, Tinariwen was invited by Jack White to record their next album at his studio in Nashville, Tennessee. Those plans were thwarted by the COVID-19 pandemic, when Tinariwen were unable to travel outside their home area in northern Africa. The group instead set up a mobile recording studio in Algeria's Tassili N’Ajjer National Park, with some additional recording taking place at a camp in Mauritania. Daniel Lanois produced the masters remotely at his studio in Los Angeles, California and selected some backing musicians who traveled to Tinariwen's recording locations. Contributions from percussionist Amar Chaoui were recorded in Paris, France.

With input from Lanois, the album adds elements of country rock, bluegrass, and American folk music that had not been explored by Tinariwen before, with some additional experiments in rock and psychedelic music. One reviewer compared the album's sound and attitude to outlaw country.

## Reception

The album received positive reviews from critics. Timothy Monger AllMusic called the album "compelling and strange... \[Tinariwen\] are a musical entity like no other, translating the essence of their culture through creative exploration and complementary collaborations, yet always attuned to their inner compass." Tom Taylor of *Far Out* called the album "a singular swell of music that quenches the soul’s thirst for spiritualism in these hectic times like the first sip of a cold drink after ambling to a watering hole on a hot summer’s day."

According to Holly Hazelwood of *Spectrum Culture*, "*Amatssou* is an immersive experience, beautifully plundering the sounds of everything from Southern rock to German psych-rock, the interplay between musicians beckoning you inward, ready to hit you with another fascinating blend of sounds." *Exclaim!* noted the musical variety of the album, calling it "Tinariwen's most sonically varied affair" that "seamlessly combines drawling banjo, sooty fiddle and Lanois' moody production, all while sounding wholly like themselves." The album also received a positive review from *Glide Magazine*.

Critics also noted the album's lyrical themes on the travails of oppressed peoples and the continuing challenges faced by the Tuareg people due to military hostilities and social unrest in their home region of Mali and Nigeria. *Financial Times* called *Amatssou* "an angry album full of betrayal." According to Adriane Pontecorvo of *Pop Matters*, "Tinariwen sing of martyrs, battles, unity, and hopes for the future, advocating for justice." While John Lewis of *Uncut* noted that album's lyrics reflect "an object lesson in how messy and complicated rebellion can be," David Hutcheon of *Mojo* described *Amatssou* as "An unforgettable fire \[that\] still burns in the Sahara."

## Track listing

*Amatssou* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Kek Algham" | Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni | 3:32 |
| 2. | "Tenere Den" | Touhami Ag Alhassane / Eyadou Ag Leche | 3:32 |
| 3. | "Arajghiyine" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 3:50 |
| 4. | "Imzad (Interlude)" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 1:02 |
| 5. | "Tidjit" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 5:13 |
| 6. | "Jayche Atarak" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 6:00 |
| 7. | "Imidiwan Mahitinam" | Touhami Ag Alhassane / Eyadou Ag Leche | 3:33 |
| 8. | "Ezlan" | Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni | 5:28 |
| 9. | "Anemouhagh" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 3:45 |
| 10. | "Iket Adjen" | Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Nak Idnizdjam" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 5:29 |
| 12. | "Tinde (Interlude)" | Ibrahim Ag Alhabib | 2:13 |
| Total length: | | | 47:01 |

## Personnel

* Ibrahim Ag Alhabib – lead vocal and lead guitar (tracks 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12)
* Abdallah Ag Alhousseyni – lead vocals and lead guitar (tracks 1, 8, 10), backing vocals (all tracks)
* Alhassane Ag Touhami – lead vocals and lead guitar (track 2, 7), backing vocals (all tracks)
* Eyadou Ag Leche – bass, backing vocals (all tracks)
* Elaga Ag Hamid – guitar, backing vocals (all tracks)
* Said Ag Ayad – percussion, backing vocals (all tracks)
* Wes Corbett – banjo (track 1)
* Fats Kaplin – banjo, pedal steel guitar, violin (tracks 2, 8, 9, 11)
* Daniel Lanois – pedal steel guitar, piano (tracks 3, 6)
* Machar Fatimata – vocals (tracks 4, 12)
* Amar Chaoui – percussion

## InfoBox

| Amatssou | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tinariwen | |
| Released | 19 May 2023 (2023-05-19) |
| Recorded | Mauritania; Tassili N’Ajjer National Park, Algeria |
| Genre | African blues, world |
| Length | 47:01 |
| Label | Wedge Records |
| Tinariwen chronology | |
| *Amadjar*
(2019) ***Amatssou***
(2023) | |


title: Anne Murray's Christmas Album

abstract: Anne Murray's Christmas Album is the seventh Christmas album release by Canadian Country artist Anne Murray. The disc was released in October, 2008 through Manhattan Records, and features ten previously released cuts; four new recordings completed in 2008; and a previously unissued live recording from 2001 with Diana Krall. The four newly recorded cuts are Murray's final studio recordings, as she announced her retirement from show business in 2008. As of 2024, Murray remains in full retirement with this being her last release.

text:
# Anne Murray's Christmas Album

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Anne Murray's Christmas Album*** is the seventh Christmas album release by Canadian Country artist Anne Murray.

The disc was released in October, 2008 through Manhattan Records, and features ten previously released cuts; four new recordings completed in 2008; and a previously unissued live recording from 2001 with Diana Krall. The four newly recorded cuts are Murray's final studio recordings, as she announced her retirement from show business in 2008. As of 2024, Murray remains in full retirement with this being her last release.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Joy to the World" | 2:09 |
| 2. | "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" | 3:00 |
| 3. | "Rockin' Around the Christmas TreeA" | 2:06 |
| 4. | "Away in a Manger" | 3:01 |
| 5. | "Silver Bells" | 2:44 |
| 6. | "O Come All Ye Faithful" | 4:27 |
| 7. | "Winter Wonderland" | 3:13 |
| 8. | "Jingle Bell RockA" | 2:18 |
| 9. | "White Christmas" | 3:06 |
| 10. | "O Holy Night" | 3:08 |
| 11. | "Blue ChristmasA" | 2:29 |
| 12. | "Go Tell It on the Mountain" | 2:50 |
| 13. | "Baby, It's Cold OutsideA" (featuring Michael Bublé) | 3:05 |
| 14. | "Silent Night" | 4:26 |
| 15. | "Have Yourself a Merry Little ChristmasA" (featuring Diana Krall) | 3:35 |

* A Previously unreleased.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2008) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Albums Chart | 14 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 35 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Holiday Albums | 21 |
|

## InfoBox

| Anne Murray's Christmas Album | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Anne Murray | |
| Released | October 7, 2008 |
| Recorded | 1981, 1993, 2001, June 2008 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Manhattan/EMI |
| Producer | Anne Murray
Jim Ed Norman
Steve Sexton
Tommy West |
| Anne Murray chronology | |
| *Duets: Friends & Legends*
(2007) ***Anne Murray's Christmas Album***
(2008) | |


title: Dubryk

abstract: Dubryk is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Stara Kiszewa, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Stara Kiszewa, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Kościerzyna, and 50 km (31 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Dubryk

**Dubryk** \[ˈdubrɨk\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Stara Kiszewa, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Stara Kiszewa, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Kościerzyna, and 50 km (31 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Dubryk | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Dubryk | |
| Coordinates: 53°58′46″N 18°15′37″E / 53.97944°N 18.26028°E / 53.97944; 18.26028 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kościerzyna |
| Gmina | Stara Kiszewa |


title: 1973 First Federal of Sarasota Open

abstract: The 1973 First Federal of Sarasota Open, also known as the Virginia Slims of Sarasota, was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Bath & Racquet Club in Sarasota, Florida in the United States that was part of the USLTA circuit which was in turn part of the 1973 Commercial Union Grand Prix circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from April 5 through April 8, 1973. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title and earned $5,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1973 First Federal of Sarasota Open

The **1973 First Federal of Sarasota Open**, also known as the **Virginia Slims of Sarasota**, was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Bath & Racquet Club in Sarasota, Florida in the United States that was part of the USLTA circuit which was in turn part of the 1973 Commercial Union Grand Prix circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from April 5 through April 8, 1973. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title and earned $5,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Chris Evert defeated  Evonne Goolagong 6–3, 6–2

* It was Evert's 4th singles title of the year and the 15th of her career.

### Doubles

Patti Hogan /  Sharon Walsh defeated  Martina Navratilova /  Marie Neumannová 4–6, 6–0, 6–3

## Prize money

| **Event** | **W** | F | 3rd | 4th | QF | Round of 16 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singles | $5,000 | $2,500 | $1,750 | $1,250 | $600 | $300 |

## InfoBox

| 1973 First Federal of Sarasota Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April 5–8 |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | Grand Prix (USLTA) |
| Draw | 16S / 8D |
| Prize money | $20,000 |
| Surface | Clay (green) / indoor |
| Location | Sarasota, Florida, U.S. |
| Venue | Bath & Racquet Club |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Chris Evert | |
| Doubles | |
| Patti Hogan /  Sharon Walsh | |
|  | |


title: Antonie Augustus Bruijn

abstract: Antonie Augustus Bruijn was a Dutch navy officer, naturalist and trader in naturalia from the Dutch East Indies. He was the son-in-law of Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode who from 1858 to 1861 provided lodging and assistance to Alfred Russel Wallace when he traveled through the Moluccan islands.

text:
# Antonie Augustus Bruijn

**Antonie Augustus Bruijn** (December 27, 1842 – August 11, 1890) was a Dutch navy officer, naturalist and trader in naturalia from the Dutch East Indies. He was the son-in-law of Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode who from 1858 to 1861 provided lodging and assistance to Alfred Russel Wallace when he traveled through the Moluccan islands.

## Biography

### Early years as a naval officer

Antonie Bruijn was born at Rotterdam as sixth of eight children of Pieter Alidanus Bruijn (b 1799) and Henrietta Gabrielle Maris van Oordt (b 1804). Pieter Alidanus Bruijn was a chief engineer shipbuilder for the Royal Dutch Navy (Koninklijke Marine).

Bruijn entered the service of the Royal Dutch Navy in Den Helder at early age. In 1857 he was appointed naval Cadet 3rd class and in 1861 sailed for the first time to the Dutch East Indies. In 1864 he was promoted to lieutenant 2nd class. In 1865 he was the captain commander of the national guard of the Sultan of Ternate. In 1867 he requested for absence without leave because of health reasons and on October 2, 1867, he was honorably discharged.

### Life on Ternat

In 1865 he married Adolphine Susanna Wilhelmina van Rennesse van Duivenbode (1844 Ternate -1919 Delft) in Ternate. She was the daughter of Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode. This was the man Alfred Russel Wallace called "...*Mr. Duivenbode(n), a native of Ternate from an ancient Dutch family*..." After his marriage and discharge Bruijn took over the business in naturalia in Ternate with his brothers in law.

### Bruijn's legacy

As a trader in naturalia Anton Bruijn delivered items to Hermann Schlegel (Leiden), Tommaso Salvadori (Turin), and the *Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle* in Paris. Bruijn sent in 1877 an expedition to New-Guinea (Vogelkop, the land of the Karons) to do ethnographic studies and to collect specimens of *Zaglossus bruijnii*. Further on there is little known about Bruijn's life in Ternate. Much more is known about his father in law (see above).

There are four birds species that are named after him: Waigeo brushturkey (*Aepypodius bruijnii* ), red-breasted pygmy parrot (*Micropsitta bruijnii* ), torrent-lark (*Grallina bruijni* ), and pale-billed sicklebill (*Drepanornis bruijnii* ). Further species include Mantou's riflebird and two mammal species: western long-beaked echidna (*Zaglossus bruijnii* ) and lowland brush mouse (*Pogonomelomys bruijni* ).

One lizard is named in his honor: Bruijn's forest dragon (*Hypsilurus bruijnii* ).

1. Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). *The Malay Archipelago*. Harper.
2. Bruijn AA (1877). "*Bijdrage tot de Land- en Volkenkunde van Nieuw-Guinea* ". *Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië XXXVII, 7e serie deel* **7**: 182-194.
3. Bruijn AA (1879). "*Het land der Karons* ". *Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig genootschap* **3** (1): 102-106.
4. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). *The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Bruijn", p. 41).

## Sources

* Heij, dr. C.J. (2011). *Biographical Notes of Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842-1890)*. IBP Press, Bogor. ISBN 978-979-493-294-0.


abstract: On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign following a controversy over his personal taxes. Under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a vice presidential vacancy is filled when the president nominates a candidate who is confirmed by both houses of Congress. President Richard Nixon thus had the task of selecting a vice president who could receive the majority support of both houses of Congress, which were then controlled by the Democrats. President Nixon considered selecting former Texas Governor and Treasury Secretary John Connally, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and California Governor Ronald Reagan. However, Nixon settled on House Minority Leader Gerald Ford of Michigan, a moderate Republican who was popular among the members of Congress and who was good friends with Nixon. Ford won the approval of both houses by huge margins, and was sworn in as the 40th vice president of the United States on December 6, 1973. On August 9, 1974, Ford ascended to the presidency after the Watergate scandal led to the resignation of President Nixon, becoming the only president in American history to have never been elected president or vice president.

text:
# 1973 United States vice presidential confirmation

On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew (a Republican) was forced to resign following a controversy over his personal taxes. Under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a vice presidential vacancy is filled when the president nominates a candidate who is confirmed by both houses of Congress. President Richard Nixon (a Republican) thus had the task of selecting a vice president who could receive the majority support of both houses of Congress, which were then controlled by the Democrats.

President Nixon considered selecting former Texas Governor and Treasury Secretary John Connally, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and California Governor Ronald Reagan. However, Nixon settled on House Minority Leader Gerald Ford of Michigan, a moderate Republican who was popular among the members of Congress (in both parties) and who was good friends with Nixon. Ford won the approval of both houses by huge margins, and was sworn in as the 40th vice president of the United States on December 6, 1973.

On August 9, 1974, Ford ascended to the presidency after the Watergate scandal led to the resignation of President Nixon, becoming the only president in American history to have never been elected president or vice president.

## Confirmation votes

By a vote of 92 to 3 on November 27, 1973, the Senate confirmed the nomination of Gerald Ford. The following week, on December 6, the House of Representatives gave its approval, 387 to 35.

| 1973 U.S. Senate
Vice presidential
confirmation vote: | Party | | | | Total votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  | |
| | Democratic | Republican | Conservative | Independent | |
| **Yes** | **51** | **39** | **1** | **1** | **92  (96.8%)** |
| No | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3  (3.2%) |
| Result: Confirmed | | | | | |
| Roll call vote on the nomination  Senator Party State Vote  James Abourezk D South Dakota Yea  George Aiken R Vermont Yea  James Allen D Alabama Yea  Howard Baker R Tennessee Yea  Dewey Bartlett R Oklahoma Yea  Birch Bayh D Indiana Yea  John Glenn Beall R Maryland Yea  Henry Bellmon R Oklahoma Yea  Wallace Bennett R Utah Yea  Lloyd Bentsen D Texas Yea  Alan Bible D Nevada Yea  Joe Biden D Delaware Yea  Bill Brock R Tennessee Yea  Edward Brooke R Massachusetts Yea  James L. Buckley C New York Yea  Quentin Burdick D North Dakota Yea  Harry F. Byrd I Virginia Yea  Robert Byrd D West Virginia Yea  Howard Cannon D Nevada Yea  Clifford Case R New Jersey Yea  Lawton Chiles D Florida Yea  Frank Church D Idaho Yea  Dick Clark D Iowa Yea  Marlow Cook R Kentucky Yea  Norris Cotton R New Hampshire Yea  Alan Cranston D California Yea  Carl Curtis R Nebraska Yea  Bob Dole R Kansas Yea  Pete Domenici R New Mexico Yea  Peter Dominick R Colorado Yea  Thomas Eagleton D Missouri Nay  James Eastland D Mississippi Yea  Sam Ervin D North Carolina Yea  Paul Fannin R Arizona No vote  Hiram Fong R Hawaii Yea  J. William Fulbright D Arkansas Yea  Barry Goldwater R Arizona Yea  Mike Gravel D Alaska Yea  Robert P. Griffin R Michigan Yea  Edward Gurney R Florida No vote  Clifford Hansen R Wyoming Yea  Philip Hart D Michigan Yea  Vance Hartke D Indiana Yea  Floyd Haskell D Colorado Yea  Mark Hatfield R Oregon Yea  William Hathaway D Maine Nay  Jesse Helms R North Carolina Yea  Fritz Hollings D South Carolina Yea  Roman Hruska R Nebraska Yea  Walter Dee Huddleston D Kentucky Yea  Harold Hughes D Iowa Yea  Hubert Humphrey D Minnesota Yea  Daniel Inouye D Hawaii Yea  Henry M. Jackson D Washington Yea  Jacob Javits R New York Yea  J. Bennett Johnston D Louisiana Yea  Ted Kennedy D Massachusetts Yea  Russell B. Long D Louisiana Yea  Warren Magnuson D Washington Yea  Mike Mansfield D Montana Yea  Charles Mathias R Maryland Yea  John L. McClellan D Arkansas Yea  James A. McClure R Idaho No vote  Gale McGee D Wyoming Yea  George McGovern D South Dakota No vote  Thomas J. McIntyre D New Hampshire Yea  Lee Metcalf D Montana Yea  Walter Mondale D Minnesota Yea  Joseph Montoya D New Mexico Yea  Frank Moss D Utah Yea  Edmund Muskie D Maine Yea  Gaylord Nelson D Wisconsin Nay  Sam Nunn D Georgia Yea  Bob Packwood R Oregon Yea  John Pastore D Rhode Island Yea  James B. Pearson R Kansas Yea  Claiborne Pell D Rhode Island Yea  Charles H. Percy R Illinois Yea  William Proxmire D Wisconsin Yea  Jennings Randolph D West Virginia Yea  Abraham Ribicoff D Connecticut Yea  William Roth R Delaware Yea  William Saxbe R Ohio Yea  Richard Schweiker R Pennsylvania Yea  Hugh Scott R Pennsylvania Yea  William L. Scott R Virginia Yea  John Sparkman D Alabama Yea  Robert Stafford R Vermont Yea  John C. Stennis D Mississippi Yea  Ted Stevens R Alaska Yea  Adlai Stevenson D Illinois Yea  Stuart Symington D Missouri No vote  Robert A. Taft R Ohio Yea  Herman Talmadge D Georgia Yea  Strom Thurmond R South Carolina Yea  John Tower R Texas Yea  John V. Tunney D California Yea  Lowell Weicker R Connecticut Yea  Harrison A. Williams D New Jersey Yea  Milton Young R North Dakota Yea | | | | | |

| 1973 U.S. House
Vice presidential
confirmation vote: | Party | | Total votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  | |
| | Democratic | Republican | |
| **Yes** | **199** | **188** | **387  (91.7%)** |
| No | 35 | 0 | 35  (8.3%) |
| Result: Confirmed | | | |

1. Mieczkowski, Yanek (April 22, 2005). *Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s*. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 11–13. ISBN 0813172055. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
2. Woodward, Bob (December 29, 2006). "Ford, Nixon Sustained Friendship for Decades". *Washington Post*. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
3. "To advise and consent to the nomination of Gerald R. Ford to be Vice-President of the U.S." *govtrack.us*. U.S. Senate–November 27, 1973. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
4. "To pass H.Res. 735, confirming the nomination of Gerald R. Ford to be Vice-President". *govtrack.us*. U.S. House of Representatives–December 6, 1973. Retrieved February 12, 2019.

## InfoBox

1973 United States vice presidential confirmation
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  100 and 435 members of the Senate and House
Majority of both Senate and House votes needed to win | |
| Nominee **Gerald Ford**    Party Republican   Home state Michigan   Electoral vote **92 (Senate)
387 (House)**   Percentage **96.8% (Senate)
91.7% (House)** | |
| ---  **Vote by house district**  Republican "Aye"   Democratic "Aye"   Democratic "No"   Absent/Not voting | |
| ---  **Vice President before election**
Spiro Agnew
 **Confirmed Vice President**
Gerald Ford
 | |


title: 1955 Liberian constitutional referendum

abstract: A constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 3 May 1955. The changes to the constitution would grant women in the Provinces the right to vote, grant all women the right to be elected to Parliament, and remove the section detailing that the Chief Justice would oversee any impeachment of the President or Vice-President. The changes were approved by voters.

text:
# 1955 Liberian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 3 May 1955. The changes to the constitution would grant women in the Provinces the right to vote (other women had been granted the right to vote in a 1946 referendum), grant all women the right to be elected to Parliament, and remove the section detailing that the Chief Justice would oversee any impeachment of the President or Vice-President. The changes were approved by voters.

## Constitutional change

The proposed changes would be to Chapters I and II.

| Section | Original text | New text |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chapter I
article 11
section 2 | When applied to Voters in the Provinces of the hinterland of the Republic, "possessing real estate" shall be construed to include possessing a hut on which he pays the hut tax. | When applied to Voters in the Provinces of the hinterland of the Republic, "possessing real estate" shall be construed to include possessing a hut on which he or she pays the hut tax |
| Chapter II
article 2
section 2 | No person shall be a representative who has not resided in the County or Province two whole years immediately previous to his election, and who shall not when elected be an inhabitant of the County or Province, and who does not own unencumbered real estate of not less value than one thousand dollars in the County in which he resides or who in the Provinces shall not own a hut in which he resides and for which he pays the hut tax, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-three years. | No person shall be a representative who has not resided in the County or Province two whole years immediately previous to his or her election, and who shall not when elected be an inhabitant of the County or Province, and who does not own unencumbered real estate of not less value than one thousand dollars in the County in which he or she resides or who in the Provinces shall not own a hut in which he or she resides and for which he or she pays the hut tax, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-three years. |
| Chapter II
article 5
section 2 | No person shall be a Senator, who shall not have resided three whole years immediately previous to his election in the Republic of Liberia, and who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of the county which he represents, and who not own unencumbered real estate of not less value than one thousand two hundred dollars in the County, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years. | No person shall be a Senator, who shall not have resided three whole years immediately previous to his or her election in the Republic of Liberia, and who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of the county which he or she represents, and who not own unencumbered real estate of not less value than one thousand two hundred dollars in the County, and who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years. |
| Chapter III
article 6
section 3 | When either the President or Vice President is to be tried, the Chief Justice shall preside. |  |

A two-thirds majority in the vote was necessary for the changes to be approved.


title: Edward M. Fuller & Company

abstract: Edward M. Fuller & Company was a prominent New York stock brokerage. Founded in 1914 and owned by the sole partners William Frank McGee and Edward M. Fuller, by 1922 it was the largest brokerage on the Little Board. The firm went bankrupt in 1922, resulting in a high-profile legal case and indictments against the former partners.

text:
# Edward M. Fuller & Company

**Edward M. Fuller & Company** was a prominent New York stock brokerage. Founded in 1914 and owned by the sole partners William Frank McGee and Edward M. Fuller, by 1922 it was the largest brokerage on the Little Board. The firm went bankrupt in 1922, resulting in a high-profile legal case and indictments against the former partners.

## History

### Founding and new branches

The New York City brokerage firm Edward M. Fuller & Company was founded in 1914. The firm joined as a member of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York in February 1918, and remained listed as of 1922. By 1922, it was the largest brokerage house on the Consolidated Exchange, with only two members of the firm: Edward M. Fuller and W. F. McGee. There were two offices in New York, one uptown and one at 50 Broad Street. By late June 1922, it had successful branches in Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The firm had the accounts of 1,500 to 1,800 people, with 2,100 customers in Chicago. As of June 1922, Edward M. Fuller's office remained at 50 Broad Street. That month, a woman was given a suspended sentence for threatening Fuller with a non-existent gun at his office over an alleged agreement between her, the brokerage, and Arnold Rothstein.

### Bankruptcy

In February 1922 all trading records at the Consolidated Stock Exchange were broken after months of good business. Later that month, however, several brokerages and firms within the exchange failed "without warning," shocking the industry. In mid-July a new series of unexpected failures occurred at Consolidated, including Edward M. Fuller & Company, which failed on June 27, 1922 for $6,000,000. In the bankruptcy petition filed in the U.S. District Court in New York, assets were estimated at $250,000 and liabilities at $500,000. The *New York Times,* however, reported that the Chicago outlook was that there were negligible assets to offset the customer claims totaling $1,250,000. Hays, St. John & Moore of 43 Exchange Place were hired as attorneys for the firm.

On June 27, 1922, the firm was suspended from the Consolidated Exchange, with Consolidated president William S. Silkworth attributing the suspension to "reckless and unbusinesslike methods" and a failure to meet commitments. To explain the failure, Silkworth also argued that Edward Fuller had been hit hard in Mexican Petroleum stock. However, as W. S. Silkworth's brother George Silkworth had been a partner at Fuller, accusations of insider corruption abounded. Fuller of Great Neck, New York did not comment on the failure, while his partner William F. McGee of 73rd Street was also unavailable that day. According to the *Times*, the next day employees filtered in to find no executives explaining the failure, and everything except furniture removed from the office spaces. The *Times* also repeated the rumor that the firm's private files had been broken into and circulated directly after the failure, possibly by a clerk.

### Fuller bankruptcy case

On August 2, 1922, District Attorney Banton was denied access to the books of E. M. Fuller Co. to use in pursuing a case against the firm. Albert Ottinger began working on an investigation into the Fuller bankruptcy in December 1922 out of the Anti-Fraud Bureau in New York. The Ottinger investigation began in late May.

William Silkworth testified about the bankruptcy on June 6, 1923 and on June 7 he appeared in the Criminal Courts Building. Although Assistant Attorney General William F. McKenna failed to implicate Silkworth in the Fuller bankruptcy, he did uncover irregularities in Silkworth's personal finances. The irregularities showed he had made large deposits in March 1922, some related to the Fuller account.

In mid June 1923, Edward M. Fuller pled guilty to bucketing customers orders. He appeared on June 18, 1923 before Coffin to "reveal the methods of his firm" and the names of his superiors, and the superiors of his partner W. Frank McGee. William Silkworth resigned as Consolidated president on June 21, 1923 and soon after went on a "long vacation." After examining the papers of the firm, on June 27, 1923, William M. Chadbourne, counsel for the 4,000 creditors of E.M. Fuller Co., informed United States District Attorney William Hayward and District Attorney Joab H. Banton that the firm had committed "crimes other than bucketing." Edward M. Fuller and William F. McGee were sent to jail on June 6, 1927 by General Session Judge Charles C. Nott. They both received parole from Sing Sing Prison the day before June 1, 1928. On June 19, 1928, it was reported that the Division of Licenses had refused to give McGee and Fuller licenses as realty brokers, which had been their "reported intention." The division felt the two men had lost their citizenship through their felony conviction, and that a provision of law deemed them unfit.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Edward M. Fuller & Company
| Company type | Stock brokerage |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1914 (1914) |
| Founders | William Frank McGee and Edward M. Fuller |
| Defunct | June 27, 1922 (1922-06-27) |
| Fate | Filed for bankruptcy |
| Headquarters | 50 Broad Street, Manhattan, New York City, United States |
| Key people | William Frank McGee, Edward M. Fuller |
| Products | Stockbroking |


title: Eero Medijainen

abstract: Eero Medijainen is an Estonian historian. He focuses on Estonian history in the 20th and 21st centuries and Estonian foreign politics. Since 1991 he has taught at Tartu University's Department of Contemporary History. In 2001, he was awarded the Order of the White Star, Fifth Class.

text:
# Eero Medijainen

**Eero Medijainen** (born 1 December 1959) is an Estonian historian. He focuses on Estonian history in the 20th and 21st centuries and Estonian foreign politics.

Since 1991 he has taught at Tartu University's Department of Contemporary History.

In 2001, he was awarded the Order of the White Star, Fifth Class.

## Publications

* *1939: võimalused ja valikud*. Tartu 2000
* *Ajaloo ja poliitika piiridel: mõtteid ja mõtisklusi*. Koolibri. Tallinn 2008. ISBN 9789985020234 (in volume)
* *Eesti välisministeerium ja saatkonnad 1918-1940*. Tartu 1997
* *Eesti välispoliitika Balti suund 1926-1934*. Tartu 1991
* *Entsüklopeediaga emotsioonide vastu?* \- Eesti Päevaleht, 22. mai 2007
* *Maailm prowintsionu peeglis: rahvusvahelised suhted ja Eesti välispoliitika karikatuuridel 1918-1940*. Tartu 1998
* *Optieren für Estland - eine freiwillige oder eine erzwungene Migration 1920-1923? - Estland und Russland: Aspekte der Beziehungen beider Länder*. Hamburg, 2005
* *Salaagent Sergius Riis Eestis*. - Akadeemia 2001, nr 8
* *The Republic of Estonia 1918-1940*. Tallinn 2001
* *USA de jure tunnustusest Balti riikidele*. - Akadeemia 1992, nr 10
* *Raudse eesriide lõimed: propaganda, avalik arvamus ja Baltikum 1939-1944*. SE & JS. Tallinn 2018. ISBN 9789949721610