title: Arley Betancourth

abstract: Arley Betancourth is a Colombian former footballer who played as a forward. He made nine appearances for the Colombia national team from 1994 to 1999. He was also part of Colombia's squad for the 1999 Copa América tournament.

text:
# Arley Betancourth

**Arley Betancourth** (born 4 March 1975) is a Colombian former footballer who played as a forward. He made nine appearances for the Colombia national team from 1994 to 1999. He was also part of Colombia's squad for the 1999 Copa América tournament.

## InfoBox

Arley Betancourth
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Arley Betancourth Velásquez | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-03-04) 4 March 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | El Cerrito, Colombia | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1999 | Deportivo Cali |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | Lanús |  |  |
| 2000–2001 | América de Cali |  |  |
| 2001–2002 | Lanús |  |  |
| 2002–2003 | Maracaibo |  |  |
| 2004 | Deportivo Pereira |  |  |
| 2004 | Deportes Quindío |  |  |
| 2005 | Universidad Catolica del Ecuador |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1994–1999 | Colombia | 9 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Arley Dinas

abstract: José Arley Dinas Rodríguez, or simply known as Arley Dinas is a former Colombian football player.

text:
# Arley Dinas

**José Arley Dinas Rodríguez**, or simply known as **Arley Dinas** (born May 16, 1974) is a former Colombian football player.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | League Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | | | League | | Emperor's Cup | | J.League Cup | | Total | |
| 2001 | Shonan Bellmare | J2 League | 18 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 1 |
| Total | | | 18 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 1 |

## National team statistics

| Colombia national team | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1995 | 2 | 0 |
| 1996 | 0 | 0 |
| 1997 | 0 | 0 |
| 1998 | 0 | 0 |
| 1999 | 1 | 0 |
| 2000 | 13 | 0 |
| 2001 | 5 | 0 |
| 2002 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | 3 | 0 |
| 2004 | 5 | 0 |
| Total | 29 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Arley Dinas
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | José Arley Dinas Rodríguez | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-05-16) May 16, 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Caloto, Colombia | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–1997 | América de Cali |  |  |
| 1998–2000 | Deportes Tolima |  |  |
| 2001 | Deportivo Cali | 13 | (0) |
| 2001 | Shonan Bellmare | 18 | (1) |
| 2002 | Millonarios |  |  |
| 2002–2003 | Boca Juniors | 0 | (0) |
| 2003–2005 | Deportes Tolima |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1995–2004 | Colombia | 29 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Arley, Warwickshire

abstract: Arley is a civil parish in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire, England. The parish includes two settlements, New Arley and Old Arley. Old Arley is to the west of the Bourne Brook and the Birmingham to Peterborough Line, and New Arley is to the east. Nearby places are Ansley and Astley. Old Arley contains the medieval church of St Wilfred's, and a nearby Methodist church. New Arley contains St Michael's Church of England and St Joseph's Catholic Church. The two Anglican churches form one ecclesiastical parish, and St Joseph's is run from St Anne's.

text:
# Arley, Warwickshire

**Arley** is a civil parish in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire, England. The parish includes two settlements, New Arley and Old Arley. Old Arley is to the west of the Bourne Brook and the Birmingham to Peterborough Line, and New Arley is to the east. Nearby places are Ansley and Astley. Old Arley contains the medieval church of St Wilfred's, and a nearby Methodist church. New Arley contains St Michael's Church of England and St Joseph's Catholic Church. The two Anglican churches form one ecclesiastical parish, and St Joseph's is run from St Anne's.

## Collieries

### Arley Colliery

Arley's mining industry ended in 1968. The village once had an eponymous colliery running beneath part of its central area which employed 1,734 men when it was finally closed on 30 March 1968, by the National Coal Board. It had then been in operation for sixty-six years and had once been owned and operated by the Arley Colliery Company Ltd. Production began at the pit on 1 January 1901 and the first coal was extracted from the mine in 1902. The mine was considered no longer economically viable by the NCB led by Lord Robens, officially of the Labour Party, in 1968, due to its relatively high costs and despite the cited fact that one hundred years of coal remained beneath. As production increased the colliery expanded and with this the population within the parish increased. This led to a need for new housing in the area. Between 1920 and 1955 six hundred houses were built on land which had been the Fir Tree Farm, this became New Arley.

### Daw Mill, Kingsbury and Dexter Collieries

The two shafts that served Daw Mill were first sunk between 1956 and 1959, and 1969 and 1971 respectively. Daw Mill was a natural extension of the former collieries, Kingsbury Colliery and Dexter Colliery. On 7 March 2013 the owner, UK Coal, announced the Daw Mill mine towards the edge of the parish would be closed following a major fire - it was the last remaining colliery in the West Midlands.

## Demography

The usual number of residents in the civil parish which includes the slightly larger village of New Arley, was 2,853.

### Industries of Work

The working population worked as set out below in the official industry categorisations in 2011:

| Sector | % in Arley | Midlands | UK |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.8% |
| B Mining and Quarrying | 1.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| C Manufacturing | 11.3% | 12.3% | 8.8% |
| C10-1Manufacturing; Food, Beverages and Tobacco | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.2% |
| C13-15 Manufacturing; Textiles, Wearing Apparel and Leather and Related Products | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
| C16,17 Manufacturing; Wood, Paper and Paper Products | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
| C19-2Manufacturing; Chemicals, Chemical Products, Rubber and Plastic | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.1% |
| C23-25 Manufacturing; Low Tech | 2.2% | 2.9% | 1.5% |
| C26-30 Manufacturing; High Tech | 6.4% | 4.0% | 2.3% |
| C18, 31, 3Manufacturing; Other | 1.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% |
| D Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.6% |
| E Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.7% |
| F Construction | 6.8% | 7.5% | 7.7% |
| G Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles | 14.1% | 17.1% | 15.9% |
| H Transport and Storage | 6.4% | 5.2% | 5.0% |
| I Accommodation and Food Service Activities | 5.3% | 5.2% | 5.6% |
| J Information and Communication | 2.6% | 2.9% | 4.1% |
| K Financial and Insurance Activities | 2.3% | 3.1% | 4.4% |
| L Real Estate Activities | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.5% |
| M Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities | 4.3% | 5.1% | 6.7% |
| N Administrative and Support Service Activities | 4.9% | 4.7% | 4.9% |
| O Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory Social Security | 3.6% | 5.3% | 5.9% |
| P Education | 9.1% | 10.2% | 9.9% |
| Q Human Health and Social Work Activities | 9.5% | 12.9% | 12.4% |
| R,S Arts, Entertainment and Recreation; Other Service Activities | 3.6% | 4.5% | 4.8% |

### Nationality

The ward is relatively representative of the nation as a whole in terms of national identity: Those who replied that there were no people in the household with English as their main language formed a proportion of the population 3.6% lower than the national average.

| Percentage of Usual Residents who stated in 2011 they had a non-British identity only | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| in Arley | North Warwickshire | Midlands | England |
| 1.5 | 1.6 | 6.2 | 8.3 |
|

### Economic Status

The proportions of those retired, unemployed and who were students in 2011 were extremely close to the national averages, with a slightly higher degree of the retired and lower degree of students, whereas those in the economically inactive (other) category were fewer:

| Category | Arley | North Warwickshire | Midlands | England |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Retired** | 14.5 | 15.5 | 14.4 | 13.7 |
| **Unemployed** | 4.5 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 4.4 |
| **Full-time Student** | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| **Economically inactive: other** | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| **Economically inactive: looking after home or family** | 4.4 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 4.4 |

### Religion

| Category | % in Arley | Midlands | England |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Christian | 64.5 | 60.2 | 49.4 |
| None | 25.9 | 22.0 | 24.7 |
| Not Stated | 8.4 | 6.6 | 7.2 |
| Other | 0.49 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Hindu | 0.32 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Buddhist | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| Sikh | 0.32 | 2.4 | 0.8 |
| Muslim | 0.04 | 6.7 | 5.0 |
| Jewish | 0 | 0.1 | 0.5 |

1. "Arley Parish Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 8 December 2016.
2. Arley Colliery retrieved 9 April 2013
3. Closure of Colliery Archived 2010-09-20 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 9 April 2013
4. "2011 Census". Archived from the original on 11 February 2003. Retrieved 17 July 2018.

52°30′47″N 1°35′02″W / 52.513°N 1.584°W / 52.513; -1.584


title: 1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season

abstract: The 1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season was an above average tropical cyclone season, with eleven tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The first tropical cyclone of the season was first noted on November 13, 1991, while the last tropical cyclone dissipated on May 2, 1992. During the season at least 21 people were killed by tropical cyclones, while Tropical Cyclones Cliff and Innis were the only tropical cyclones not to cause any damage to any country in the Southern Pacific. During the season, tropical cyclones were monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWC) in Nadi, Fiji, and in Wellington, New Zealand. Whilst tropical cyclones that moved or formed to the west of 160°E were monitored as a part of the Australian region by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Both the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Naval Western Oceanography Center (NWOC) issued unofficial warnings within the southern Pacific. The JTWC issued warnings between 160°E and the International Date Line whilst the NWOC issued warnings for tropical cyclones forming between the International Date Line and the coasts of the Americas. Both the JTWC and the NWOC designated tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix with numbers assigned in order to tropical cyclones developing within the whole of the South Pacific. The FMS and MetService both use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and measure windspeeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC and the NWOC measured sustained winds over a period of one minute which are compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.

text:
# 1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season

The **1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season** was an above average tropical cyclone season, with eleven tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The first tropical cyclone of the season was first noted on November 13, 1991, while the last tropical cyclone dissipated on May 2, 1992. During the season at least 21 people were killed by tropical cyclones, while Tropical Cyclones Cliff and Innis were the only tropical cyclones not to cause any damage to any country in the Southern Pacific.

During the season, tropical cyclones were monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWC) in Nadi, Fiji, and in Wellington, New Zealand. Whilst tropical cyclones that moved or formed to the west of 160°E were monitored as a part of the Australian region by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Both the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Naval Western Oceanography Center (NWOC) issued unofficial warnings within the southern Pacific. The JTWC issued warnings between 160°E and the International Date Line whilst the NWOC issued warnings for tropical cyclones forming between the International Date Line and the coasts of the Americas. Both the JTWC and the NWOC designated tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix with numbers assigned in order to tropical cyclones developing within the whole of the South Pacific. The FMS and MetService both use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and measure windspeeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC and the NWOC measured sustained winds over a period of one minute which are compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.

## Seasonal summary

During the season, a significant increase in the amount of tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin was observed, with eleven tropical cyclones occurring within the basin during the season compared to three during the previous season. This increase was attributed to a mature El Niño episode, that had started developing towards the end of the previous season. During the season the major areas of tropical cyclogenesis were shifted eastwards, from their mean position towards the more central parts of Pacific.

The first tropical cyclone of the season was first noted as a tropical depression on November 13, before it was named Tia during November 16, after it had become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. Over the next day the system rapidly intensified into a category 3 severe tropical cyclone and affected the Solomon Islands of Tikopia and Anuta while near its peak intensity. Tia subsequently started to weaken during November 19, as it became the first of six tropical cyclones to affect Vanuatu during the season.

After Severe Tropical Cyclone's Val and Wasa-Arthur, the South Pacific Convergence Zone gradually moved back to its near-normal position between the Samoan Islands, Southern Cook Islands and French Polynesia's Austral Islands.

The names: Tia, Val, Wasa, Betsy, Esau and Fran were later retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists. On July 1, 1992, the New Zealand Meteorological Service was split in two and became the Meteorological Service of New Zealand and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.

## Systems

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Tia

| Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | November 13 – November 21 |
| Peak intensity | 140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
960 hPa (mbar) |

On November 13, the FMS started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, to the northeast of the Solomon Islands. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed further within an area of light winds in the upper troposphere, before the JTWC initiated advisories and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 03P early on November 15. During that day the system's upper-level outflow characteristics became more favourable for further development, before the FMS named the system Tia early the next day after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone. Later that day because of a developing northerly steering current, the system slowed down and undertook a small anticlockwise loop before starting to move towards the southwest and rapidly intensify. After rapidly intensifying throughout November 16 and 17, Tia passed within 55 km (35 mi) of Anuta Island at around 1800 UTC on November 17, before passing near Tikopia Island six hours later. As Tia moved near Tikopia, the FMS reported that the system had reached its peak intensity as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 140 km/h (85 mph). During November 18, Tia started to gradually weaken under the influence of cooler sea surface temperatures and strengthening vertical windshear, while it moved southwards under the influence of a strengthening upper level northerly wind flow. Over the next 24 hours, the system continued to move southwards and passed within 150 km (95 mi) of Vanuatu's Banks Islands, while gradually weakening further. Tia subsequently degenerated into a tropical depression during November 20, before it was last noted during the next day, as it crossed a part of its former track where it had been producing hurricane-force windspeeds a few days earlier.

Apart from extensive damage on the Solomon Islands of Anuta and Tikopia which directly lay in Tia's path, the overall effect of the cyclone was minimal. More than 1000 people were left homeless on Tikopia, after 90% of all dwellings were completely destroyed while the remaining 10% had either walls destroyed or roofs blown off. The cyclone also destroyed seven of the eight church buildings and all but one of the classroom buildings belonging to the two primary schools while food crops were completely destroyed with all coconut trees either blown down or uprooted. High seas and waves caused extensive damage to the coasts and flooded low-lying areas, salinating food crops such as taro and destroyed the water supply system on the island. As a result, Tikopia was declared a disaster area by the Solomon Islands National Disaster Council. Sustained windspeeds of 133 km/h (85 mph), wind gusts of 133 km/h (85 mph) and a minimum pressure of 987.9 hPa (30 inHg) were all reported by the automatic weather station on Anuta. Within Vanuatu the damage was mainly confined to fruit trees within the Banks and Torres Island Groups, while minor damage was reported to some old houses on Ambae, Epi and Tongoa Islands. On the Bank island of Mota, one man was slightly injured by flying corrugated iron while a church building was flattened.

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Wasa–Arthur

| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | December 3 – December 16 |
| Peak intensity | 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min);
940 hPa (mbar) |

On December 3, the FMS started to monitor a shallow tropical depression was embedded within a monsoon trough of low pressure over the Northern Cook Islands. Over the next couple of days, the system gradually developed further as it moved south-westwards, before the NWOC and the FMS reported that the depression had developed into Tropical Cyclone Wasa during December 5. After it had been named, Wasa slowed down and made a small cyclonic loop as it continued to intensify and became a category 3 severe tropical cyclone during December 7.

Early on December 8, the NWOC reported that Wasa had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 195 km/h (120 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the SSHWS. The next day, the FMS estimated peak 10-minute winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), making Wasa a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone. Over the next few days, the system weakened into a tropical depression after passing through the Society and Austral Islands. The NWOC issued their final advisory on Wasa on December 13, as the system turned northeastward to warmer waters. Later that day, Wasa became sufficiently organized to be reclassified as a category 1 tropical cyclone by the FMS, who renamed it Arthur. Over the next 24 hours, Arthur passed about 80 mi (130 km) north-northwest of Mururoa, which reported winds of 70 km/h (45 mph). On December 14, the FMS reported that Wasa-Arthur had reached its secondary peak intensity of 130 km/h (80 mph). The cyclone maintained this intensity while moving eastward through the uninhabited Acteon Group of islands and other atolls. On December 15, the NWOC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 08P, with peak 1-minute winds of 85 km/h (55 mph). On December 16, the system gradually weakened into a shallow depression, and both the FMS and the NWOC issued their final advisories on Wasa-Arthur.

On December 9, ahead of Cyclone Wasa affecting French Polynesia, the High Commissioner Jean Montpezat declared a state of maximum alert which closed schools and banned navigation. On December 12, tourists on the island of Bora Bora were evacuated to a local church, after the system had swept high seas into tourist bungalows. Overall Cyclone Wasa-Arthur caused an estimated US$60 million in damage within the six Leeward Islands, the two Windward Islands of Tahiti and Moorea and several of the Austral Islands with the majority of the damage done between December 9 – 12. The system destroyed 367 homes, damaged 855 other homes, destroyed or damaged a variety of crops and damaged several public buildings, hotels, roads and power installations, with the worst affected islands were Bora Bora and Tubuai. On Rurutu island, Moerai harbour was destroyed by a cyclonic swell generated by the system, while the local school and police station were destroyed by high waves. A woman and her child were killed while asleep after torrential rainfall from the system caused a mudslide on the island of Moorea, during a night of torrential rain the day after Wasa had made its closest approach to the island.

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Val

| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | December 4 – December 17 |
| Peak intensity | 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min);
940 hPa (mbar) |

Early on December 4, the FMS started to monitor a small tropical depression, that had developed along the Intertropical Convergence Zone just to the southeast of Tuvalu. During that day the system moved towards the northeast and steadily developed further with the FMS naming it Val early the next day, after it had become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale. During that day the NWOC designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 06P and started to issue advisories, while Val started to move towards the south-southeast after the upper level north-westerly steering winds had increased. Over the next two days the system gradually intensified as it moved south-eastwards towards Western Samoa before the FMS reported late on December 7, that Val had peaked as a category 4 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of about 165 km/h (105 mph). The system subsequently made landfall later that day on the Western Samoan island of Savaii, before the NWOC reported that the cyclone had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of about 230 km/h (145 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHS. After Val had passed over the island weakening upper-level winds and caused the system to slow down, before it started to move erratically and made a sharp clockwise loop which almost brought it over Savaii for a second time.

The cyclone lasted for five days in American Samoa and was designated by the United States Government as a major disaster on December 13, 1991. Western Samoa suffered more damage than American Samoa. The cyclone devastated the islands with 150-mile-per-hour (240 km/h) winds and 50-foot (15 m) waves. The overall damages caused by Cyclone Val in American Samoa have been variously assessed. One estimate put the damages at $50 million in American Samoa and $200 million in Western Samoa due to damage to electrical, water, and telephone connections and destruction of various government buildings, schools, and houses.

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Betsy

| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | January 4 – January 15 |
| Peak intensity | 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min);
940 hPa (mbar) |

### Tropical Cyclone Cliff

| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | February 4 – February 9 |
| Peak intensity | 100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar) |

An area of low pressure developed within the monsoon convergence zone during February 4, to the north of the Society Islands. Over the next couple of days, the system gradually consolidated as it moved eastwards and was subsequently named Cliff by the FMS, during February 6, after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone.

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Daman

| Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | February 11 – February 19 |
| Peak intensity | 130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar) |

On February 11, the FMS started to monitor a shallow tropical depression that had developed within the monsoon trough to the south of Tokelau. Over the next few days the system moved towards the west-southwest under the influence of an easterly steering flow, before the system started to accelerate and passed through the islands of Tuvalu during February 14.

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Esau

| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | February 24 – March 7 |
| Peak intensity | 195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min);
925 hPa (mbar) |

On February 24, a shallow tropical depression developed within the monsoon trough of low pressure, about 370 km (230 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next day the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further, before it passed over northern Vanuatu between February 25–27. During February 26, the JTWC and the FMS reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone, with the latter naming it as Easu, while it was located to the east of Espiritu Santo in Vanuatu. Throughout that day as Esau intensified further, it moved south-westwards and away from the islands of Vanuatu. Esau subsequently accelerated westwards to the north of an intense subtropical ridge of high pressure and gradually intensified further as it moved into an area of decreasing vertical windshear. During February 28, the FMS subsequently reported that the system had peaked as a category 4 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 185 km/h (115 mph). The system subsequently moved into the Australian region and brought gale-force winds to the Solomon Islands during February 29. The JTWC also reported that Esau had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 240 km/h (150 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane. Over the next few days the system moved south-eastwards and back into the South Pacific basin, under the influence of a northwest steering flow and threatened the southern islands of Vanuatu. The system subsequently came to within 450 km (280 mi) of southern Vanuatu before turning southwards and threatening the French overseas territory of New Caledonia. The system made landfall on the French territory of New Caledonia during March 4, as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone. As a result of passing over the mountainous island nation and increasing vertical wind shear, the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the cooler waters of the Tasman Sea. The extratropical remnants of Cyclone Esau subsequently made landfall on New Zealand's North Island during March 8, before they were last noted during the next day over the South Pacific Ocean.

The system caused minimal damage and one death as it affected the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and New Zealand. There was no damage reported in Vanuatu, despite the system being considered to be as powerful and potentially damaging as Cyclone Uma. Within the Solomon Islands several banana, coconut and pawpaw trees were knocked down as the system produced gale-force winds on the islands, while various taro gardens and food crops were flooded and destroyed. Within the French territory of New Caledonia, extensive flooding was reported in the territory, while power and communications were knocked out over the island. A hail and a tornado were reported on March 8, as the system's remnants made landfall on New Zealand's North Island in the Taranaki and Hawkes Bay area.

### Severe Tropical Cyclone Fran

| Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | March 4 – March 11 (exited basin) |
| Peak intensity | 205 km/h (125 mph) (10-min);
920 hPa (mbar) |

The origins of Fran were from a low that was first identified by meteorologists on 4 March. Fran slowly became organized and by 1800 UTC 5 March, the system had developed gale-force winds. Moving in a general west-southwest direction, Fran passed between the Wallis and Futuna Islands while attaining cyclone intensity. The storm began to rapidly intensify and soon crossed the International Dateline. Meanwhile, Fran developed hurricane-force winds. During the ensuing 24 hours, the cyclone tracked across waters to the north of Fiji and towards the central islands of Vanuatu. Shortly before doing so, Fran peaked in intensity.

After weakening slightly due to land interaction, the cyclone slowly re-intensified. Cyclone Fran passed north of New Caledonia around 0000 UTC 10 March, only to turn towards the west and attained its secondary peak of 145 km/h (90 mph). The cyclone had slowed by this stage and it subsequently assumed a somewhat erratic southwest track towards the coast. Over the subsequent next three days, Fran weakened as it became less organized. The cyclone finally crossed the Queensland coast near The Town of 1770 at 1700 UTC 15 March. Fran subsequently moved inland and weakened to a tropical depression before re-curving to the southeast and moving back over water. The remnants of Fran tracked over Norfolk Island before ultimately being merged by a trough north of New Zealand.

On the Wallis Islands and the Futuna Islands, damage to trees, telephone and power lines were experienced. Meanwhile, several boats sunk and buildings lost roofs. Vanuatu felt the worst of the storms impact in the South Pacific. In Erromango, homes were destroyed, considerable crop damage occurred and a storm surge was reported. On Efate, over 130 houses lost their respective roofs. Considerable amounts of rainfall was also reported, peaking on Wallis Island with 540 mm (21 in) of rain.

In preparation of the storm, officials closed beaches along the Sunshine and Gold Coasts. In addition, train services from Brisbane were cancelled. Across Queensland, coastal towns were flooded, uprooting trees and knocking out power. Several roofs were torn off of homes and some flooding was reported. Winds and flooding caused minor property damage, but considerable crop losses along were reported the coast, with the worst effects in Bundaberg. A total of 40 houses were uproofed throughout Bundaberg. In Burnett Heads, 3 yachts were damaged. Heavy swells caused damage on Heron Island and severe erosion on the Gold and Sunshine Coasts. Overall, 2,624 insurance claims were made because of property damage. Total damage from the system was 8–10 million (1992 AUD), while insurance losses were estimated at $2.5 million (1992 AUD).

### Tropical Cyclone Gene

| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | March 15 – March 19 |
| Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar) |

During March 13, a tropical depression developed within a broad area of low pressure, about 215 km (135 mi) to the northwest of Mata-Utu in the island nation of Wallis and Futuna. Over the next couple of days, the depression moved eastwards towards the northern Cook Islands, before a second circulation developed and consolidated within the broad area of low pressure during March 15. The second circulation was subsequently classified as Tropical Cyclone 26P by the NWOC later that day, before the FMS named it Gene during March 16, after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone.

### Tropical Cyclone Hettie

| Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | March 24 – March 29 |
| Peak intensity | 85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
987 hPa (mbar) |

During March 24, the FMS reported that a tropical depression had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone and a favourable environment for further development, to the north of the Tuamotu Islands in French Polynesia. During that day, the system gradually developed further with its convective cloud signature improving, as it moved slowly south-eastwards under the influence of a northerly environmental steering flow. During the following day, the NPMOC and the FMS reported that the depression had developed into a tropical cyclone, with the latter naming it as Hettie after gale-force wind speeds had wrapped around the system's centre. After being named, Hettie gradually intensified further as it moved south-eastwards and passed in between Tahiti, Hereheretue and Nukutepipi during March 26. During March 27, the FMS reported that the system had peaked with estimated 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 85 km/h (50 mph), while it was located about 150 km (95 mi) to the southwest of Hereheretue. This was followed by the NPMOC later that day, who estimated that Hettie had peaked with 1-minute peak sustained windspeeds of 100 km/h (65 mph).

After it had peaked in intensity, Hettie started to weaken and transition into an extratropical cyclone, under the influence of stronger vertical windshear and cooler sea surface temperatures. The system was subsequently declared an extratropical cyclone during March 29, before its remnants were absorbed by a frontal system. As Hettie moved through French Polynesia, it did not directly impact any island or atoll within the arhipeliagoatoll, however, the meteorological station on the atoll of Hereheretue reported sustained winds of 76 km/h (47 mph), wind gusts of over 100 km/h (62 mph) and a northeasterly swell of about 4 metres (13 ft). There were no deaths associated with Hettie, while some minor damage to crops and property was reported in Hereheretue. During March 26, the French Polynesian authorities seized a boat of Greenpeace activists, after it had come to within 22 km (14 mi) of the French nuclear-test atoll: Mururoa. It was subsequently claimed that the ship was subsequently towed to the French atoll of Fangataufa to ride out Hettie. However, this was disputed by Greenpeace who claimed that the ship was held at Fangataufa to prevent them setting up a site on the atoll, in order to take samples of the radioactive pollution of the environment.

### Tropical Cyclone Innis

| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| --- | --- |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
|  | |
| Duration | April 23 – May 2 |
| Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar) |

On April 23, the FMS started to monitor a depression that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, between Tokelau and the Cook Islands and was slowly deepening under the influence of a strong upper-level ridge of high pressure. The system subsequently moved westwards and was over the western part of Tokelau by April 25, before it started to accelerate westwards under the influence of an intensifying anticyclone that was located near New Zealand. Over the next couple of days the depression moved westwards and passed over southern Tuvalu during April 27, before the system slowed down while it was located about 555 km (345 mi) to the east of the Solomon Island: Anuta. During April 28, the JTWC and FMS reported that the system had developed into a tropical cyclone, with the latter naming it as Innis. After it had been named Innis continued to intensify further and acquired a symmetrical cloud signature during March 29, before the JTWC reported that the system had peaked with 1-minute maximum sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph).

Early the next day, the FMS reported that Innis had reached its peak 10-minute maximum sustained wind speeds of about 95 km/h (60 mph) which made it a category 2 tropical cyclone, while the system was located about 110 km (70 mi) to the east of Tikopia in the eastern Solomon Islands. As it peaked in intensity, an amplifying upper-level trough in the Coral Sea produced north-easterly to north-westerly upper-level winds in the vicinity of Innis, which caused the system to turn towards the south and then southeast. The trough of low pressure also increased vertical windshear over Innis, which meant that the system started to rapidly weaken during April 30, as it passed about 100 km (60 mi) to the east of Pentecost, Ambryn and Epi Islands. By early on May 1, Innis had lost its cloud structure and as a result, the FMS reported that it was no longer classifiable as a tropical cyclone and downgraded it to a depression. Despite some gale-force winds possibly occurring in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, there were no reports of any deaths or damage associated with Innis.

### Other systems

On January 17, the NWOC initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone 13P, which had developed to the south of one of the Cook Islands, Manihiki. The system subsequently moved south-eastwards through the Cook Islands and peaked with 1-minute wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph) before it transitioned into an extra-tropical cyclone during the next day. During April 7, the FMS started to monitor a tropical depression that had developed about 620 km (385 mi) to the northeast of Nouméa, New Caledonia. Over the next day the system moved south-eastwards and was absorbed into a frontal system during the next day.

## Season effects

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific basin during the 1991–92 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damages. For most storms the data is taken from RSMC Nadi's and or TCWC Wellington's archives, however, data for 13P has been taken from the JTWC/NPMOC archives as opposed to RSMC Nadi's or TCWC Wellington's, and thus the winds are over 1-minute as opposed to 10-minutes and compared to the SSHWS. The impacts listed for Severe Tropical Cyclone's Daman and Fran include the impacts, they caused to Australia while they were in the Australian region.

1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season
| Name | Dates active | Peak intensity | | | Areas affected | Damage
(US$) | Deaths | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Category | Wind speed | Pressure | | | | |
| Tia | November 12 – 21 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | Minimal | None |  |
| Val | December 4 – 17 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Tuvalu, Tokelau, Cook Islands
Wallis and Futuna, Tonga
Samoa, American Samoa | $300 million | 16 |  |
| Wasa-Arthur | December 3 – 18 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | French Polynesia | $60 million | 2 |  |
| Betsy | January 4 – 15 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Vanuatu | Unknown | 2 |  |
| 13P | January 16 – 18 | Tropical depression | Not Specified | Not Specified | None | None | None |  |
| Cliff | February 5 – 9 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | French Polynesia | Unknown | Unknown |  |
| Daman | February 11 – 19 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Tokelau, Fiji, Vanuatu
New Zealand | Unknown | Unknown |  |
| Esau | February 24 – March 7 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 195 km/h (120 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, New Zealand | Unknown | Unknown |  |
| Fran | March 4 – 17 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, Australia | Unknown | Unknown |  |
| Gene | March 15 – 19 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Cook Islands | Unknown | Unknown |  |
| Hettie | March 23 – 29 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) | French Polynesia | Minimal | None |  |
| Unnamed | April 7 – 8 | Tropical depression | Not Specified | Not Specified | None | None | None |  |
| Innis | April 23 – May 2 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Tokelau, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | None | None |  |
| Season aggregates | | | | | | | | |
| 13 systems | November 12, 1991 – May 2, 1992 |  | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) |  | $360 million | 20 |  |

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15. Fiji Meteorological Service (1992). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). "Hurricane Alley: Cyclones of the Southeast Pacific Ocean 1990–1991: Tropical Cyclone Arthur December 14 – 17, 1991". *Mariners Weather Log*. **36** (4: Fall 1992): 56. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094179. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
16. Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Western Oceanography Center (1993). 4. Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (1992 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. pp. 183–190. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
17. Naval Western Oceanography Center; Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 17, 2002). "JTWC best track analysis: Tropical Cyclone 08P (Arthur)". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
18. "Hurricane Wasa approaches Tahiti". Agence France Presse. December 9, 1991.   via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
19. "Alerte rouge à Tahiti". Agence France Presse. December 11, 1991.   via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
20. Prince, Al (1992). "Havoc in French Polynesia". *Pacific Islands Monthly*. **62**: 39. ISSN 0030-8722.
21. O'Callaghan, Mary-Louise (December 13, 1991). "Cyclone Val devastates Western Samoa". *The Age*. p. 11. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
22. Etienne, Samuel (January 2012). "Marine inundation hazards in French Polynesia: geomorphic impacts of Tropical Cyclone Oli in February 2010". In Terry, James P; Goff, James R (eds.). *Natural Hazards in the Asia-Pacific Region: Recent Advances and Emerging Concepts*. Vol. 361. London: The Geological Society. pp. 21–39. Bibcode:2012GSLSP.361...21E. doi:10.1144/SP361.4. ISBN 978-1862393394. S2CID 140610552.
23. Perdriau, Philippe (December 14, 1991). "Cyclone batters Tubuai Islands". Agence France Presse.   via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
24. O'Callaghan, Mary-Louise (December 14, 1991). "Samoa devastated by cyclone". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. p. 15. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
25. Pandaram, Sudha (1992). Tropical Cyclone Val, December 4 \- 13, 1991 (Tropical Cyclone Report 91/2). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 2013-04-28. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
26. "1991 Severe Tropical Cyclone Val (1991338S08181)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
27. Fiji Meteorological Service (1992). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). "Hurricane Alley: Cyclones of the Southeast Pacific Ocean 1990–1991: Tropical Cyclone Val, December 4 \- 13, 1991". *Mariners Weather Log*. **36** (4: Fall 1992): 56. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094179. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
28. "American Samoa Cyclone Val". FEMA.gov. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
29. "American Samoa Cyclone Val Major Disaster Declared December 13, 1991". US Department of Homeland Security:FEMA. Archived from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
30. "Cyclone Wreaks Ruin in Samoa". The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. December 21, 1991. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
31. "Effect of Cyclone Val on areas proposed for inclusion in the National Park of American Samoa" (PDF). *A report to the U.S. National Park Service*. Botany.hawaii.edu. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
32. "Representing An Entire Country: American Samoa Government v. Affiliated FM Insurance". Shernoff. Archived from the original on August 24, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
33. Tropical Cyclone Daman (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
34. Tropical Cyclone Esau, February 24 \- March 7 (Tropical Cyclone Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 2013-04-22. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
35. "1992 Tropical Cyclone Easu (1992055S13169)". The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
36. Lorrey, Andrew M; Griffiths, Georgina; Fauchereau, Nicolas; Diamond, Howard J; Chappella, Petra R; Renwick, James (2013). "An ex-tropical cyclone climatology for Auckland, New Zealand". *International Journal of Climatology*. **34** (4): 1157–1168. Bibcode:2014IJCli..34.1157L. doi:10.1002/joc.3753. S2CID 131397337.
37. "Cyclone Esau hits Solomons". *The Canberra Times*. National Library of Australia. March 3, 1992. p. 5. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
38. "Cyclone Esau hits Solomon Islands". Xinhua General News Service. March 3, 1992.   via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
39. Cyclone Causes Two Deaths in New Caledonia (Pacific Magazine). Vol. 17. Pacific Magazine Corporation. 1992. p. 129.
40. "Earthweek: A diary of the planet: For the week ending March 6, 1992". *The Sunday Gazette*. March 8, 1992. p. 20. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
41. March 1992 Auckland Hail and Tornado (NZ Historic Weather Events Catalog). National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
42. "Tropical Cyclone Fran". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
43. "Cyclone batters Queensland". *New Straits Times*. March 16, 1992. p. 14. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
44. "Australian cyclone floods coastal towns". *Toledo Blade*. March 16, 1992. p. 2. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
45. "Cyclone slams Australian coast". *Eugene Register-Guard*. March 16, 1992. p. 2. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
46. "Tropical Storms". *The Milwaukee Journal*. March 22, 1992. p. 51. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
47. "TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS ALONG THE AUSTRALIAN EAST COAST FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL 1858 TO 2000" (PDF). Australia Severe Weather. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
48. Laurent, Victoire; Varney, Patrick (2014). *Historique des Cyclones de Polynesie Francaise* \[*History of Cyclones in French Polynesia*\] (in French). Meteo France. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-2-9522946-1-4.
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50. "French navy tows Warrior II away". *The Canberra Times*. 28 March 1992. p. 11. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
51. "Greenpeace flagship leaves nuclear-test atoll". *The Canberra Times*. 30 March 1992. p. 14. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
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## InfoBox

| 1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season | |
| --- | --- |
| Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | November 13, 1991 |
| Last system dissipated | May 2, 1992 |
| Strongest storm | |
|  | |
| Name | Fran |
| Maximum winds | 205 km/h (125 mph)
(*10-minute sustained*) |
| Lowest pressure | 920 hPa (mbar) |
|  | |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 14 |
| Tropical cyclones | 11 |
| Severe tropical cyclones | 7 |
| Total fatalities | 21 |
| Total damage | ≥ $360 million (1992 USD) |
| Related articles | |
|  | |
|


title: Arnold Motorsports

abstract: Arnold Motorsports was a NASCAR Nextel Cup Series team operated by Don Arnold, owner of Arnold Development Companies and Arnold & Arnold Real Estate. 1983 Winston Cup champion Bobby Allison was the Vice President of operations and also served a consultant. From 2004 to 2005, the team formed a partnership with then-Craftsman Truck Series team Germain Racing as Germain-Arnold Racing, although Germain fielded Toyota Tundras in the Truck Series while the Cup Series team fielded Dodges.

text:
# Arnold Motorsports

**Arnold Motorsports** was a NASCAR Nextel Cup Series team operated by Don Arnold, owner of Arnold Development Companies and Arnold & Arnold Real Estate. 1983 Winston Cup champion Bobby Allison was the Vice President of operations and also served a consultant. From 2004 to 2005, the team formed a partnership with then-Craftsman Truck Series team Germain Racing as **Germain-Arnold Racing**, although Germain fielded Toyota Tundras in the Truck Series while the Cup Series team fielded Dodges.

## History

Arnold Motorsports was formed in 2003 after the purchase of the race shop and equipment of Melling Racing. The team debuted as the No.79 Arnold Development Companies Dodge, with Pro Cup Series driver Billy Bigley Jr. driving. The team originally planned to run 34 races, but eventually scaled back its plans. After Bigley failed to qualify for the three events he attempted, he was released. Derrike Cope attempted the season finale at Homestead, but also failed to qualify.

The team returned full-time in 2004 with Derrike Cope at the wheel. Cope co-owned the team and merged his Quest Motor Racing team with Arnold's. The team briefly received sponsorship from Redneckjunk.com (unrelated to a RacingJunk.com that sponsored Carl Long during this same time frame), but was forced to remove its decals by NASCAR because the sanctioning body didn't believe it "projected the proper image of \[the\] sport." After twelve starts, Cope was replaced by Mike Wallace at Dover. Wallace, along with P. J. Jones, Jeff Fuller and Todd Bodine, finished out the year.

In 2005 Jimmy Spencer drove the car in what was a limited schedule due to lack of sponsorship. The team announced Allied Buildings as the sponsor for the rest of 2005 and all of 2006 at the Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Arnold also owned a share of a Craftsman Truck Series team with Germain Motor Company as the No.30 Toyota. But Arnold sold the interest in that team to focus on Cup. The team's only attempt in 2006 came at the Daytona 500 with Larry Foyt as driver, but the team missed the race. In May 2006, the team announced it was shutting down. The shop later housed Spraker Racing in the ARCA Re/MAX Series. Team founder Don Arnold died in December 2015.

## In other media

The team's 50 car is featured in the video game *NASCAR 2005: Chase for the Cup* driven by Cope, and in *NASCAR 2006: Total Team Control* driven by Jimmy Spencer. Germain Racing's truck series cars in the latter game were listed under Arnold Motorsports.

## Motorsports career results

### NASCAR

(key) (**Bold** – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. *Italics* – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Car No. 50 results

| NASCAR Nextel Cup Series results | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Driver | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | Owners | Pts |
| 2003 | Billy Bigley | 79 | Dodge | DAY | CAR | LVS | ATL | DAR | BRI | TEX | TAL | MAR | CAL | RCH | CLT | DOV | POC | MCH | SON | DAY | CHI | NHA | POC | IND
DNQ | GLN | MCH | BRI
DNQ | DAR | RCH
DNQ | NHA | DOV
DNQ | TAL | KAN | CLT | MAR | ATL
DNQ | PHO | CAR |  | 58th | 147 |
| | Derrike Cope | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HOM
DNQ |
| | 2004 | 50 | | DAY
30 | CAR
30 | LVS
33 | ATL
38 | DAR
25 | BRI
26 | TEX
37 | MAR
33 | TAL
38 | CAL
31 | RCH
29 | CLT
34 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 37th | 1958 |
| | | | | Mike Wallace |  | | | | | | | | | | | | DOV
35 |  | | | DAY
41 |  | NHA
32 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | P. J. Jones |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | POC
22 | MCH
25 | SON
39 |  | CHI
39 |  | POC
43 |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Todd Bodine |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IND
41 | GLN
41 | MCH
43 | BRI
23 |  | RCH
43 | NHA
23 |  | | KAN
39 |  | MAR
43 | ATL
39 | PHO
43 | DAR
39 | HOM
DNQ |
| | | | | Jeff Fuller |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CAL
43 |  | | DOV
43 | TAL |  | CLT
42 |  | | | | |
| 2005 | | Jimmy Spencer | | DAY | CAL | LVS | ATL
29 | BRI
21 | MAR | TEX | PHO | TAL | DAR | RCH | CLT
42 | DOV | POC | MCH | SON | DAY | CHI | NHA | POC | IND
DNQ |  | | BRI
28 | CAL | RCH
36 | NHA
39 | DOV | TAL | KAN | CLT
DNQ | MAR | ATL
DNQ | TEX
39 | PHO
36 | HOM
31 | 47th | 674 |
| | | | | Jorge Goeters |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GLN
35 | MCH |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2006 | | Larry Foyt | | DAY
DNQ | CAL | LVS | ATL | BRI | MAR | TEX | PHO | TAL | RCH | DAR | CLT | DOV | POC | MCH | SON | DAY | CHI | NHA | POC | IND | GLN | MCH | BRI | CAL | RCH | NHA | DOV | KAN | TAL | CLT | MAR | ATL | TEX | PHO | HOM | 74th | 10 |

## InfoBox

Arnold Motorsports
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Don Arnold |
| Base | Concord, North Carolina |
| Series | Nextel Cup Series |
| Race drivers | Derrike Cope, P. J. Jones, Todd Bodine, Jimmy Spencer, Jorge Goeters |
| Sponsors | Arnold Development Companies, Allied Steel Buildings, U.S. Micro Corporation, Thrifty Rent A Car, Melling |
| Manufacturer | Dodge |
| Opened | 2003 |
| Closed | 2006 |
| Career | |
| Drivers' Championships | 0 |
| Race victories | 0 |


title: 1912 Bolton by-election

abstract: The 1912 Bolton by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Bolton in Lancashire on 23 November 1912. Bolton returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

text:
# 1912 Bolton by-election

The **1912 Bolton by-election** was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Bolton in Lancashire on 23 November 1912. Bolton returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

## Vacancy

George Harwood had been Liberal MP for the seat of Bolton since the 1895 general election. In 1912, the seat became vacant when he died on 7 November 1912 at the age of 67.

## Electoral history

At the previous general election in December 1910, the two members elected were George Harwood for the Liberals and A. H. Gill for the Labour Party. There had been an arrangement between the Labour and Liberal parties in this seat since the time of the 1906 election when Gill was first returned.

General election December 1910: Bolton Electorate 21,341
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **YGeorge Harwood** | **10,358** | **35.5** | **+4.0** |
|  | **Labour** | **YAlfred Henry Gill** | **10,108** | **34.7** | **+4.2** |
|  | Conservative | G Hesketh | 8,697 | 29.8 | −8.2 |
| Majority | | | 1,661 | 5.7 | −6.6 |
| Majority | | | 1,411 | 4.9 | −6.4 |
| Turnout | | | 29,163 | 89.3 | −4.5 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +6.1 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | +6.2 |  |

## Candidates

* Bolton Liberals chose 61-year-old Thomas Taylor as their candidate to defend the seat. Taylor was born in Bolton, the son of a corn merchant and was educated at the Bolton Church Institute. He was apprenticed at the age of 15 years to a firm of cotton manufacturers - the staple industry of Bolton. He worked his way up through the ranks to become manager of the Albert, then of the Cobden Mill and later joined the Board of the company. In 1894 he resigned and set up his own company at the Saville Mill. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace in Bolton in 1906 and was a member of the local Schools Board, as well as being an Examiner for Cotton Weaving for the City and Guilds in London.
* The Unionists changed their candidate and fielded Arthur Brooks, who had not contested a parliamentary election before. He was a retired schoolmaster from nearby Burnley but had moved to Bolton and had been elected to Bolton Town Council.
* The Labour Party agreed not to stand a candidate in the by-election.
* There was talk of two Socialist candidates standing. Thomas William Stewart, a member of the Free Thought Socialist League and a lecturer backed by wealthy London friends announced his candidature. Then another Socialist, Bolton resident Joseph Leach, the National Secretary of the Industrial Socialist Party, announced he was standing. However, neither could gain the support of any significant Socialist branches in the Bolton area.

## Campaign

Polling Day was set for 23 November, just 16 days after the death of Harwood. The Bolton Trades Council gave support to the Liberal Taylor's candidacy, with a manifesto issued warning of a "Tory conspiracy to smash the trade unions". The Welsh Church Bill featured in the campaign with Brooks pledging himself to oppose it, hoping this might gain him some Church of England support. The dominant issue of the campaign was the Unionist policy of Tariff Reform which had never been popular among those involved in the Lancashire cotton industry. This helped the Liberal Taylor, who was an advocate of Free Trade and against the Unionist Brooks, who supported protectionism.

## Result

There was an unexpectedly heavy turnout of about 90%. The result of the poll was declared shortly after ten o'clock.

Bolton by-election, 1912 Electorate
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Thomas Taylor** | **10,011** | **53.1** | **+17.6** |
|  | Unionist | Arthur Brooks | 8,835 | 46.9 | +17.1 |
| Majority | | | 1,176 | 6.2 | +0.5 |
| Turnout | | | 18,846 | circa 90.0 | −0.4 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Despite the slight decrease in Liberal vote and majority, the local Liberals seemed genuinely pleased at retaining a four figure majority. Taylor put his victory down to "the unalterable determination of the working people of Lancashire to have nothing to do with Tariff Reform", which he predicted would raise the price of food and "bring starvation again into \[working class\] homes". After the poll, *The Times* tried to undermine the Liberal victory and explain away the Unionist defeat by stating; “It is probable that this (Trades Council) manifesto had the effect of turning the full tide of the labour vote in favour of the Liberal candidate. And the labour vote decided the election.” Even the defeated Brooks agreed that the labour vote went solidly to the Liberals because of their “distorted” version of Tariff Reform.

## Aftermath

Two months later the Unionists decided to drop their tariff reform policies. Taylor sat as MP until resigning shortly before his death in 1916. The Liberals won the 1916 Bolton by-election. Brooks did not stand for parliament again.


title: 1993 Rome municipal election

abstract: Municipal elections were held in Rome on 21 November and 5 December 1993 to elect the Mayor of Rome and 60 members of the City Council. For the first time under a new local electoral law, enacted on 25 March 1993, citizens could vote to directly elect the Mayor. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held between the top two candidates – Francesco Rutelli, a former radical deputy at that time one of the most prominent figure of the environmentalist Federation of the Greens (FdV) and Gianfranco Fini, Giorgio Almirante's pupil and national leader of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) – which Rutelli finally won.

text:
# 1993 Rome municipal election

**Municipal elections** were held in Rome on 21 November and 5 December 1993 to elect the Mayor of Rome and 60 members of the City Council.

For the first time under a new local electoral law, enacted on 25 March 1993, citizens could vote to directly elect the Mayor.

As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a runoff was held between the top two candidates – Francesco Rutelli, a former radical deputy at that time one of the most prominent figure of the environmentalist Federation of the Greens (FdV) and Gianfranco Fini, Giorgio Almirante's pupil and national leader of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) – which Rutelli finally won.

## Background

With the Law of 25 March 1993, n. 81 was introduced the direct election of Mayor. In this way the form of government of the city, previously attributed to a parliamentary model, was neared at semi-presidential system. The same law fixed four years term of office for Mayor, later extended to five years.

The first direct-election of the Mayor of Rome took place in a period of changes for the Italian politics: the scandal called Tangentopoli, which highlighted pervasive corruption in the Italian political system, exposed in the 1992 *Mani Pulite* investigations, led to the collapse of the dominant Christian Democracy party and of its allies in the municipal politics.

### Mayoral election

For the first time a leftist coalition, composed by the former-communist Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and some other progressives party, took part in the election, presenting Francesco Rutelli as its mayoral candidate. Rutelli was a young politician who had been a member of the Italian Radicals then a member of the newborn Federation of the Greens.

The main opposition to Rutelli's coalition was represented by the neo-fascist candidate Gianfranco Fini. Fini was a young politician considered the inheritor of Giorgio Almirante's political knowledge in the Italian Social Movement (MSI). Fini and his party were quite popular in Rome: their popularity, originated from the Fascist regime, was increased by the political scandal which had invested the historical Christian Democracy (DC) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI). However Fini's popularity continued after the 1993 election, since all the candidates supported by the center-right coalition in the future elections would have been members of neo-fascist party National Alliance (AN).

Although the political crisis, Christian Democracy (DC) presented its candidate, Carmelo Caruso, who was supported also by the weak Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI).

Many other candidates took part in the election, all of them from very small parties, civic lists or associations. The most famous of this small party was the so-called Love Party, which was in favor of sexuality in a libertarian sense and for this reason decided to present as candidate for Mayor the famous *pornstars* Moana Pozzi.

The election was distinguished by the active involvement of an unprecedented numbers of Italian nobles as either candidates or supporters, including members of the Barberini, Orsini, Chigi, and Borghese families.

## Voting System

The voting system is used for all mayoral elections in Italy, in the city with a population higher than 15,000 inhabitants. Under this system voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. This gives a result whereby the winning candidate may be able to claim majority support, although it is not guaranteed.

The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.

## Parties and candidates

This is a list of the major parties (and their respective leaders) which participated in the election.

| Political party or alliance | | Constituent lists | | Candidate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Italian Social Movement | | | Gianfranco Fini |
|  | Progressives |  | Democratic Party of the Left | Francesco Rutelli |
| | |  | Federation of the Greens | |
| | |  | Democratic Alliance | |
| | |  | Pannella List | |
|  | Centrist coalition |  | Christian Democracy | Carmelo Caruso |
| | |  | Union of the Centre | |
| | |  | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | |
|  | Communist Refoundation Party | | | Renato Nicolini |
|  | Lay and Reformist Alliance | | | Vittorio Ripa di Meana |
|

## Results

Summary of the 1993 Rome City Council and Mayoral election results
|  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidates | | 1st round | | 2nd round | | Leader's
seat | Parties | | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Votes | % | Votes | % || | | | |
|  | **Francesco Rutelli** | **684,529** | **39.55** | **955,859** | **53.11** |  |  | Democratic Party of the Left | 233,924 | 18.17 | 18 |
| | | | | | | | | Federation of the Greens | 136,753 | 10.62 | 10 |
| | | | | | | | | Alliance for Rome | 63,271 | 4.91 | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | Pannella List | 45,082 | 3.50 | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *479,030* | *37.21* | ***36*** |
|  | Gianfranco Fini | 619,309 | 35.78 | 844,030 | 46.89 |  |  | Italian Social Movement | 399,594 | 31.04 | 13 |
| | | | | | | | | Together for Rome | 30,684 | 2.38 |  |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *430,278* | *33.42* | ***13*** |
|  | Carmelo Caruso | 197,801 | 11.43 |  |  |  |  | Christian Democracy | 154,552 | 12.00 | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | Union of the Centre | 14,392 | 1.12 |  |
| | | | | | | | | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 11,333 | 0.88 |  |
| | | | | | | | | Civilization and Progress | 3,160 | 0.25 |  |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *183,437* | *14.25* | ***5*** |
|  | Renato Nicolini | 143,364 | 8.28 |  |  |  |  | Communist Refoundation Party | 90,461 | 7.03 | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | Freeing Rome | 12,798 | 0.99 |  |
| | | | | | | | | *Total* | *103,259* | *8.02* | ***2*** |
|  | Vittorio Ripa di Meana | 26,064 | 1.51 |  |  |  |  | Reformist Lay Alliance (PSIPRI) | 30,818 | 2.39 |  |
|  | Maria Ida Germontani | 11,770 | 0.68 |  |  |  |  | Federal Italy League | 13,726 | 1.07 |  |
|  | Antonio Pappalardo | 9,527 | 0.55 |  |  |  |  | Solidarity and Democracy | 9,557 | 0.74 |  |
|  | Laura Scalabrini | 9,164 | 0.53 |  |  |  |  | Federalist Greens | 10,531 | 0.82 |  |
|  | Moana Pozzi | 8,977 | 0.52 |  |  |  |  | Love Party | 7,228 | 0.56 |  |
|  | Giulio Savelli | 4,198 | 0.24 |  |  |  |  | Independent Movement for Rome | 3,373 | 0.26 |  |
|  | Federica Rossi Gasparrini | 4,075 | 0.24 |  |  |  |  | New Italy | 4,685 | 0.36 |  |
|  | Gabriella Carlizzi | 3,998 | 0.23 |  |  |  |  | Christian Party of Democracy | 3,409 | 0.26 |  |
|  | Mirella Cece | 2,002 | 0.12 |  |  |  |  | European Liberal Christian Movement | 2,096 | 0.16 |  |
|  | Rosario Caccamo | 1,948 | 0.11 |  |  |  |  | People's Movement for Man
and the Environment | 1,861 | 0.14 |  |
|  | Carlo Olivieri | 1,590 | 0.09 |  |  |  |  | Humanist Alliance | 1,485 | 0.12 |  |
|  | Pier Vittorio Fiorelli | 1,519 | 0.09 |  |  |  |  | Rights and Duties | 1,859 | 0.14 |  |
|  | Rosanna Bartolomei | 882 | 0.05 |  |  |  |  | Corporatist Democracy | 896 | 0.07 |  |
|
| **Total** | | **1,730,717** | **100.00** | **1,799,889** | **100.00** | **4** |  | | **1,287,528** | **100.00** | **56** |
| Eligible voters | | 2,317,077 | 100.00 | 2,317,077 | 100.00 |  | | | | | |
| Did not vote | | 492,536 | 21.26 | 466,787 | 20.15 | |
| Voted | | 1,824,541 | 78.74 | 1,850,290 | 79.85 | |
| Blank or invalid ballots | | 93,824 | 5.14 | 50,401 | 2.72 | |
| Total valid votes | | 1,730,717 | 94.86 | 1,799,889 | 97.28 | |
| Source: Ministry of the Interior | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1993 Rome municipal election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 78.7%  1.6 pp (first round)
79.9%  1.2 pp (second round) |
|  | |
| Mayoral election | |
| Candidate Francesco Rutelli Gianfranco Fini  Party FdV MSI  Alliance Progressives   1st Round vote **684,529** 619,309  Percentage **39.6%** 35.8%  2nd Round vote **955,859** 844,030  Percentage **53.1%** 46.9% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Aldo Camporota
*(Special commissioner)*
 **Elected mayor**
Francesco Rutelli
FdV | |
| City Council election | |
| ---  All 60 seats in City Council
31 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  Progressives Francesco Rutelli 37.21 36   Social Movement Gianfranco Fini 33.42 14   Centrist coalition Carmelo Caruso 14.25 6   Communist Refoundation Renato Nicolini 8.02 3   Others   1    This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Arlington Stadium, Hailsham

abstract: Arlington Stadium is a sports stadium on Arlington Road West, Hailsham, East Sussex. The stadium is mainly used for Stock car racing and was formerly used for motorcycle speedway as the home track for the Eastbourne Eagles.

text:
# Arlington Stadium, Hailsham

**Arlington Stadium** is a sports stadium on Arlington Road West, Hailsham, East Sussex. The stadium is mainly used for Stock car racing and was formerly used for motorcycle speedway as the home track for the Eastbourne Eagles.

## History

In 1938, several midget car race meetings (nicknamed doodle bugs) took place around the track.

In 2023, it was announced that the venue would not be available for speedway in the future.

## InfoBox

Arlington Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Arlington Road West, Hailsham, East Sussex, BN27 3RD |
| Coordinates | 50°51′29″N 0°13′40″E / 50.85806°N 0.22778°E / 50.85806; 0.22778 50°51′29″N 0°13′40″E / 50.85805°N 0.22777°E / 50.85805; 0.22777 |
| Major events | Stock car racing<br>formerly Speedway |
| Oval | |


title: Arlington Station, California

abstract: Arlington Station is a former unincorporated community, now annexed to Riverside in Riverside County, California. It lies at an elevation of 817 feet. Arlington Station is located on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of downtown Riverside.

text:
# Arlington Station, California

**Arlington Station** (formerly, **Arlington**) is a former unincorporated community, now annexed to Riverside in Riverside County, California. It lies at an elevation of 817 feet (249 m). Arlington Station is located on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of downtown Riverside.

## InfoBox

| Arlington Station | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Riverside<br>Former unincorporated community | |
| Arlington StationLocation in California | |
| Coordinates: 33°54′51″N 117°26′28″W / 33.91417°N 117.44111°W / 33.91417; -117.44111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Riverside County |
| City | Riverside |
| Elevation | 249 m (817 ft) |


title: 1996 EA Generali Open – Doubles

text:
# 1996 EA Generali Open – Doubles

Francisco Montana and Greg Van Emburgh were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Montana with Donald Johnson and Van Emburgh with Shelby Cannon.

Johnson and Montana lost in the second round to Jeff Belloli and Vojtěch Flégl.

Cannon and Van Emburgh lost in the quarterfinals to Libor Pimek and Byron Talbot.

Pimek and Talbot won in the final 7–6, 6–3 against David Adams and Menno Oosting.

## Seeds

Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. All eight seeded teams received byes to the second round.

1. **Libor Pimek** /  **Byron Talbot (champions)**
2. David Rikl /  Javier Sánchez *(second round)*
3. Trevor Kronemann /  David Macpherson *(second round)*
4. David Adams /  Menno Oosting *(final)*
5. John-Laffnie de Jager /  Sjeng Schalken *(semifinals)*
6. Donald Johnson /  Francisco Montana *(second round)*
7. Joshua Eagle /  Andrew Florent *(second round)*
8. Shelby Cannon /  Greg Van Emburgh *(quarterfinals)*

## Draw

### Key

### Final

### Top half

### Bottom half

## InfoBox

| Doubles | |
| --- | --- |
| 1996 EA Generali Open | |
| 1995 Champions | Francisco Montana
Greg Van Emburgh |
| Champions | Libor Pimek
Byron Talbot |
| Runners-up | David Adams
Menno Oosting |
| Score | 7–6, 6–3 |
| Draw | 24 |
| Seeds | 8 |


title: Endoclita yunnanensis

abstract: Endoclita yunnanensis is a species of moth from the family Hepialidae. It is found in Yunnan, China.

text:
# Endoclita yunnanensis

***Endoclita yunnanensis*** is a species of moth from the family Hepialidae. It is found in Yunnan, China.

## InfoBox

| *Endoclita yunnanensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hepialidae |
| Genus: | *Endoclita* |
| Species: | ***E. yunnanensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endoclita yunnanensis***<br>(Chu and Wang, 1985) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Phassus yunnanensis* Chu and Wang, 1985 | |


abstract: Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal is a historic Erie Canal lock located at St. Johnsville in Montgomery County, New York. It was built in 1824 and enlarged in 1840. The south lock was enlarged in 1888. It is built entirely of large cut limestone blocks mortared with hydraulic cement. Lock 33 fell into disuse after the opening of the New York State Barge Canal in 1918. Since 1997, it has been reclaimed and restored by local volunteers. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

text:
# Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal

**Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal** is a historic Erie Canal lock located at St. Johnsville in Montgomery County, New York. It was built in 1824 and enlarged in 1840. The south lock was enlarged in 1888. It is built entirely of large cut limestone blocks mortared with hydraulic cement. Lock 33 fell into disuse after the opening of the New York State Barge Canal in 1918. Since 1997, it has been reclaimed and restored by local volunteers.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Towpath Rd., St. Johnsville, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°59′26″N 74°40′2″W / 42.99056°N 74.66722°W / 42.99056; -74.66722 |
| Area | 4.3 acres (1.7 ha) |
| Built | 1824 |
| NRHP reference No. | 02000315 |
| Added to NRHP | April 1, 2002 |


title: Enlace Nicaragua

abstract: Enlace Nicaragua is a Christian television channel in Nicaragua, part of the international Enlace TBN network. It broadcasts on UHF channel 21.

text:
# Enlace Nicaragua

**Enlace Nicaragua** is a Christian television channel in Nicaragua, part of the international Enlace TBN network (Trinity Broadcasting Network). It broadcasts on UHF channel 21.

## History

Enlace Nicaragua began its broadcasts in 1988 with a low-power transmitter providing it a coverage radius of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). In 1991, the network began transmitting from Las Nubes, a high mountain 27 kilometres (17 mi) south of the capital of Managua. It was Nicaragua's first UHF television station. The new station soon built studios to begin national program production, as well as a series of repeaters to give it national coverage.

In 2001, the network moved to a new studio location, which has since been expanded with a 500-seat auditorium and a new administration building.

A 2010 press release from the opposition Cambio Cristiano Democrático party described the then-director of Enlace Nicaragua, Guillermo Osorno, as having "sold out" to Daniel Ortega's government, calling on the public to stop giving to Enlace's telethons.

On November 9, 2021, Telcor visited the facilities of Enlace Nicaragua (branded at time of closure as **TV21**) for an act of "routine inspection" and arbitrarily cancelling the channel's terrestrial television license. Reverend Guillermo Osorno said that the shutdown of the channel was unjustified since most of the programs broadcast by the channel were spiritual and not political.

## InfoBox

Canal 21 Nicaragua
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Nicaragua |
| Headquarters | Managua |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Spanish |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Trinity Broadcasting de Nicaragua Enlace Canal 21, S.A. |
| History | |
| Launched | 1991 (1991) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.enlace.org/nicaragua/ |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| Analog UHF | Channel 21 |
|  | |


title: Enlaces

abstract: Enlaces is a Chilean educational program designed to create a structural change in Chilean education in order to prepare youth, along with their parents and guardians, to participate in the emergent society of knowledge, and to create networks of communication that help integrate them with the world. Enlaces was started in 1992 by Chile's Ministry of Education.

text:
# Enlaces

**Enlaces** is a Chilean educational program designed to create a structural change in Chilean education in order to prepare youth, along with their parents and guardians, to participate in the emergent society of knowledge, and to create networks of communication that help integrate them with the world. Enlaces was started in 1992 by Chile's Ministry of Education.

## Test phase

The testing phase of this program began in 12 schools in Santiago, the capital of Chile. After 3 years the program had extended to the Ninth Region, the Araucanía Region, (the part of the country with the largest indigenous population) with more than 100 schools participating in the program. When the government decided that this project was viable, it focused all of its efforts on the spread of this program to all the regions of the country.

## First phase

From 1995-2007 (the unofficial First Phase of the Enlaces project), the government spent more than $121 million and international cooperation from organizations such as the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in global education, infrastructure, computers, access to educational recourses, technical assistance, and teacher training. In 2003, in order to continue their efforts to connect the country, the Ministry of Education signed an agreement with local telecommunication companies to offer low-cost broadband connection for educational institutions. Sixty percent of the students in Chile have access to broadband internet because of this agreement. In 2007, the Enlaces Program had 3,372,943 students, and 95% of the students in the country have access to computer.

## Future plans

In 2007, the Chilean Ministry of Education presented ExpoEnlaces 2007 where they showcased the latest innovations in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) so that people can understand the abilities of these new technologies and their uses in the classroom. That same year, the Ministry of Education published its new objectives and projects for the coming years. Didier de Saint Pierre, the executive director of Enlaces, divided the program into two phases, the first phase, which is coming to a close, focused on infrastructure in the schools and equipping them to install the necessary programs and administration. The second phase involves developing the technological infrastructure so that it has the capacity to improve the quality of learning in Chile. Once the basic technological infrastructure is in place, the Ministry will extend the technology to the remaining schools in less developed regions, and it will implement new technologies in the more advanced regions.

Examples of the new technologies that Enlaces will implement are electronic whiteboards for math, palm pilots or pocket PCs for physics, and projectors for teaching sciences. Other new strategies will include ICT in the classroom, where they will integrate portable technology and projectors in 3,000 classrooms, benefiting 87,000 students (3% of the total number of students). The goal is to implement this program in 16,000 classrooms by 2010.

The science program is a good example of the direction in which the Enlaces program is headed. A very important aspect of this program is teaching style. Enlaces encourages the use of the HEI (hypothesis, experimentation, instruction) method. The new science classes are being developed in a multimedia format using simulations delivered via the internet.

This new program offers students many benefits. The classes that follow this methodology better prepare students for lessons and projects. When presented with an experiment, students can form a hypothesis, the teacher can demonstrate every aspect of the experiment using a computer, a projection system, and the internet, and the students can follow the other steps of the scientific method. While the use of simulations is not the exactly the same as doing the physical experiment, simulation eliminates the problem of lack of equipment and materials (such as chemicals for chemistry, and animals for dissection for biology) that many schools in Chile face.

### Adult Education

Part of the objective of the Enlaces program is to help the community through adult education. The idea was that children would bring the technology home with them, but this has not worked the way the Ministry had hoped. The majority of parents (especially those in rural areas) recognize the benefits of technology for their children, but feel that they cannot benefit personally. For adults who do want to learn more about technology, the Enlaces program offers an 18-hour digital literacy class where they learn the basic functions of a computer, how to use a word processor, how to use the internet, and how to create and use an email account.


abstract: Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal is a historic Erie Canal lock located at Rotterdam in Schenectady County, New York. It was built in 1841-1842 as part of the First Enlargement. It is built entirely of large cut limestone blocks, laid regular ashlar, and mortared with hydraulic cement. The Northeast lock chamber is 110 feet (34 m) long and 18 feet (5.5 m) wide; the Southwest lock chamber is 220 feet (67 m) long and 18 to 20 feet (6.1 m) wide; and the Center pier is 100 feet (30 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide. The Southwest lock chamber was expanded in 1889–1890. Lock 23 fell into disuse after the opening of the New York State Barge Canal in 1918. The lock chambers contain no water and the area is open as a local park. The site was reclaimed and stabilized by local volunteers starting in 1999. A replica of a board and batten locktender's hut was constructed between 2000 and 2003 by students from the Union College Department of Civil Engineering. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

text:
# Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal

**Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal** is a historic Erie Canal lock located at Rotterdam in Schenectady County, New York. It was built in 1841-1842 as part of the First Enlargement. It is built entirely of large cut limestone blocks, laid regular ashlar, and mortared with hydraulic cement. The Northeast lock chamber is 110 feet (34 m) long and 18 feet (5.5 m) wide; the Southwest lock chamber is 220 feet (67 m) long and 18 to 20 feet (6.1 m) wide; and the Center pier is 100 feet (30 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide. The Southwest lock chamber was expanded in 1889–1890. Lock 23 fell into disuse after the opening of the New York State Barge Canal in 1918. The lock chambers contain no water and the area is open as a local park. The site was reclaimed and stabilized by local volunteers starting in 1999. A replica of a board and batten locktender's hut was constructed between 2000 and 2003 by students from the Union College Department of Civil Engineering.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal, May 2010 | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Rotterdam, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°49′25″N 73°59′13″W / 42.82361°N 73.98694°W / 42.82361; -73.98694 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1841 |
| NRHP reference No. | 08000145 |
| Added to NRHP | March 6, 2008 |


title: 1994 Popeyes shooting

abstract: On April 16, 1994, three employees were shot and killed and a fourth employee was seriously injured at a Popeyes restaurant in Gadsden, Alabama. The perpetrators, Robert Bryant Melson and Cuhuatemoc Hinricky Peraita, robbed the restaurant of over $2,100, led the four employees into a freezer, and then shot all four of them. Melson was sentenced to death for the crime and Peraita received a life sentence; however, he was later sentenced to death for killing another inmate in prison. Melson was executed in 2017 and Peraita remains on death row.

text:
# 1994 Popeyes shooting

On April 16, 1994, three employees were shot and killed and a fourth employee was seriously injured at a Popeyes restaurant in Gadsden, Alabama. The perpetrators, Robert Bryant Melson (June 5, 1971 – June 8, 2017) and Cuhuatemoc Hinricky Peraita (born May 19, 1976), robbed the restaurant of over $2,100, led the four employees into a freezer, and then shot all four of them.

Melson was sentenced to death for the crime and Peraita received a life sentence; however, he was later sentenced to death for killing another inmate in prison. Melson was executed in 2017 and Peraita remains on death row.

## Shooting

On the night of April 15, 1994, Melson and Peraita entered a Popeyes restaurant in east Gadsden through the back door of the building after employee Darrell K. Collier unlocked it to allow fellow employees Nathaniel Baker and Bryant Archer to take out the trash. Upon entry, Melson and Peraita ordered Archer, Baker, Collier, and another employee, Tamika Collins, into the restaurant's office and demanded that they empty the safe. They complied, after which Melson ordered the group to get inside the restaurant's freezer. Shortly after locking them in the freezer, Melson unlocked the door and opened fire. Baker, Collier, and Collins all died of their wounds before paramedics arrived. Archer was shot four times, but he survived and was able to crawl to the restaurant's office to call 911. The killings happened shortly after midnight in the early hours of April 16.

Melson was convicted of his role in the crime, was sentenced to death on May 17, 1996, and placed on death row under Alabama Department of Corrections ID 0000Z601. Peraita was sentenced to life without parole. He killed a fellow inmate on December 11, 1999, and was given a death sentence in October 2001. Melson had two execution dates set in 2010, both of which were stayed. On April 5, 2017, Melson had an execution date set for June 8, 2017. He received a temporary stay from an appellate court on June 2, but the U.S. Supreme Court vacated the stay on June 6 without comment. At 5:45 p.m. on the night of the execution, the U.S. Supreme Court granted a temporary stay so Justice Clarence Thomas could review Melson's appeals. The stay was later lifted and the execution began at 9:55 p.m. Melson was pronounced dead at 10:27 p.m.

## InfoBox

| 1994 Popeyes shooting | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the Popeyes restaurant | |
| Location | Gadsden, Alabama, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 34°00′36″N 85°59′16″W / 34.009898°N 85.987736°W / 34.009898; -85.987736 |
| Date | April 16, 1994
c. 12:00 a.m. (CT) |
| Attack type | Mass shooting, armed robbery |
| Deaths | 3 |
| Injured | 1 |
| Perpetrators | Robert Bryant Melson
Cuhuatemoc Hinricky Peraita |


title: Armadillidium petralonense

abstract: Armadillidium petralonense is a European species of woodlouse endemic to Greece. It is a relatively medium-sized species that probably belongs to the so-called "Armadillidium fossuligerum complex".

text:
# Armadillidium petralonense

***Armadillidium petralonense*** is a European species of woodlouse endemic to Greece. It is a relatively medium-sized species that probably belongs to the so-called "*Armadillidium fossuligerum* complex".

## Taxonomy

*Armadilliidum petralonense* was described as a distinct species of Armadillidium in 2008, based on specimens collected as far back as 1960. The species is also thought to belong to the "*Armadillidium fossuligerum* complex", a group of 4 species (*A. jerenntrupi*, *A. fossuligerum* sensu lato, *A. petralonense* and *A. pieperi*) that occur in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula (mainly Greece and the adjacent areas of North Macedonia and Bulgaria). It can be separated from the first two species by the shape of the telson (pointed instead of truncate) and from the allopatric, but very similar, *A. pieperi* by the ventral shape of the ischium of the seventh pereiopod of the male (straight in *A. petralonense* vs strongly concave in *A. pieperi*).

## Description

*Armadillidium petralonense* is a medium-sized species, reaching maximum dimensions of about 15 x 7 mm. Its tergites are smooth and show a slight rugosity. The coloration of the body consists of grey tergites, decorated with small yellow spots at the attachment sites of the thoracic muscles, and yellowish-grey epimera. The frontal shield surpasses the anterior edge of the head, has a completely rounded upper margin and lacks lateral angles. The head itself has a distinct groove in the middle, immediately behind the frontal shield. The secondary antennae have rounded lobes and the second article of the flagellum is slightly longer than the first. The hind margins of the first pair of epimera are obtuse-angled. The telson is slightly longer than wide, has nearly straight sides and a broadly rounded tip.

Concerning the sexual characters of the male, the first pereiopod bears a brush of short spines and the seventh pereiopod has a ventrally straight ischium, decorated with a hair field at its apical part. The posterior lobe of the exopodite of the first pleopod is triangular and the apex of the endopodite is straight .

## Distribution

*Armadillidium petralonense* is endemic to the Greek regional units of Thessaloniki and Chalkidiki in the region of Central Macedonia. Specifically, specimens have been collected from the eastern suburb of Panorama, near the city of Thessaloniki, in the former region and from the towns of Galatista and Petralona in the latter.

## InfoBox

| *Armadillidium petralonense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Suborder: | Oniscidea |
| Family: | Armadillidiidae |
| Genus: | *Armadillidium* |
| Species: | ***A. petralonense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Armadillidium petralonense***<br>Schmalfuss, 2008 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution of *Armadillidium petralonense* (in red) | |