title: 1947 Vtoraya Gruppa

abstract: The 1947 Vtoraya Gruppa of the Soviet football championship was the 8th season in the 2nd tier football competitions in the Soviet Union. The number of participating teams almost tripled compared to the last season and increased again from 26 to 67 which were split into six groups. There were created three groups for the Russian SFSR, one for the Ukrainian SSR, one group of Transcaucasian union republics and one group for the Central Asian union republics. The smaller republics of Baltics along with Belarus competed in of the groups designated for the Russian SFSR, known as the Central Group, while the Moldavian representative took part along with Ukrainian teams. In this championship participated at least one team from almost all of the union republics of the Soviet Union except for the Karelo-Finnish SSR. The Karelo-Finish teams really struggled placing dead last in preceding republican qualification tournament. Six group winners qualified for the Final Group which determined the season's winner. Lokomotiv Moscow won the championship in the Vtoraya Gruppa.

text:
# 1947 Vtoraya Gruppa

The **1947 Vtoraya Gruppa** of the Soviet football championship was the 8th season in the 2nd tier football competitions in the Soviet Union.

The number of participating teams almost tripled compared to the last season and increased again from 26 to 67 which were split into six groups. There were created three groups for the Russian SFSR, one for the Ukrainian SSR, one group of Transcaucasian union republics and one group for the Central Asian union republics. The smaller republics of Baltics along with Belarus competed in of the groups designated for the Russian SFSR, known as the Central Group, while the Moldavian representative took part along with Ukrainian teams. In this championship participated at least one team from almost all of the union republics of the Soviet Union except for the Karelo-Finnish SSR. The Karelo-Finish teams really struggled placing dead last in preceding republican qualification tournament.

Six group winners qualified for the Final Group which determined the season's winner.

Lokomotiv Moscow won the championship in the Vtoraya Gruppa.

## Teams

### Relegated teams

* none

Many teams were promoted to the league that took part in republican competitions of the 1946 season. With asterisk identified teams that did not take part in the 1946 season last year.

#### Returning teams

#### First appearance

## Qualifying stage

### Central Zone

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lokomotiv Moscow | 28 | 21 | 3 | 4 | 56 | 22 | +34 | 45 | Qualified to Final Group |
| 2 | MVO Moscow | 28 | 21 | 2 | 5 | 58 | 20 | +38 | 44 |  |
| 3 | Dynamo Riga | 28 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 70 | 38 | +32 | | 38 |
| 4 | VMS Moscow | 28 | 15 | 5 | 8 | 46 | 36 | +10 | | 35 |
| 5 | Trudovye Rezervy Moscow | 28 | 13 | 5 | 10 | 61 | 46 | +15 | | 31 |
| 6 | Burevestnik Moscow | 28 | 13 | 5 | 10 | 52 | 45 | +7 | 31 | Relegation |
| 7 | DO Leningrad | 28 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 26 | 27 | 1 | 30 |  |
| 8 | Dynamo Vilnius | 28 | 13 | 2 | 13 | 55 | 47 | +8 | | 28 |
| 9 | Metro Moscow | 28 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 32 | 41 | 9 | | 27 |
| 10 | Spartak Leningrad | 28 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 35 | 38 | 3 | | 25 |
| 11 | Kalev Tallinn | 28 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 30 | 57 | 27 | | 23 |
| 12 | Pishchevik Moscow | 28 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 37 | 45 | 8 | 22 | Relegation |
| 13 | Dzerzhynets Leningrad | 28 | 8 | 2 | 18 | 34 | 50 | 16 | | 18 |
| 14 | Sudostroitel Leningrad | 28 | 5 | 8 | 15 | 24 | 53 | 29 | 18 |  |
| 15 | DO Minsk | 28 | 1 | 3 | 24 | 15 | 66 | 51 | | 5 |

Source: rsssf.com

### Russian Zone 1

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Torpedo Gorky | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 58 | 20 | +38 | 37 | Qualified to Final Group |
| 2 | Dynamo Saratov | 22 | 12 | 4 | 6 | 54 | 41 | +13 | 28 |  |
| 3 | Zenit Izhevsk | 22 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 53 | 43 | +10 | | 25 |
| 4 | Kirkizh Plant Kovrov | 22 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 45 | 39 | +6 | | 25 |
| 5 | Torpedo Ulyanovsk | 22 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 32 | 30 | +2 | 25 | Relegation |
| 6 | Krasnoye Znamia Ivanovo | 22 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 54 | 34 | +20 | 22 |  |
| 7 | Dynamo Kazan | 22 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 34 | 30 | +4 | | 19 |
| 8 | Khimik Dzerzhynsk | 22 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 30 | 53 | 23 | | 19 |
| 9 | Kalinin Plant Kaliningrad | 22 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 38 | 45 | 7 | | 18 |
| 10 | Torpedo Yaroslavl | 22 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 24 | 37 | 13 | 17 | Relegation |
| 11 | Traktor Kuibyshev | 22 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 26 | 50 | 24 | | 17 |
| 12 | Krylia Sovetov Ufa | 22 | 4 | 4 | 14 | 34 | 60 | 26 | | 12 |

Source: rsssf.com

### Russian Zone 2

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dzerzhynets Chelyabinsk | 18 | 15 | 1 | 2 | 62 | 6 | +56 | 31 | Qualified to Final Group |
| 2 | ODO Novosibirsk | 18 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 35 | 16 | +19 | 27 |  |
| 3 | Krylia Sovetov Molotov | 18 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 43 | 24 | +19 | | 24 |
| 4 | Dynamo Chelyabinsk | 18 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 35 | 27 | +8 | | 21 |
| 5 | ODO Sverdlovsk | 18 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 33 | 20 | +13 | | 20 |
| 6 | Dzerzhynets Nizhniy Tagil | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 28 | 40 | 12 | | 18 |
| 7 | Dynamo Sverdlovsk | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 27 | 35 | 8 | | 15 |
| 8 | z-d imeni Baranova Omsk | 18 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 26 | 41 | 15 | | 14 |
| 9 | Avangard Sverdlovsk | 18 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 19 | 46 | 27 | | 9 |
| 10 | Krylia Sovetov Novosibirsk | 18 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 11 | 64 | 53 | 1 | Relegation |

Source: rsssf.com

### Ukraine

The zone was formed from the 5 teams of the 1946 Vtoraya Gruppa season competing in the Southern Zone and top-8 of the 1946 Football Championship of the Ukrainian SSR. Only instead of Spartak Kyiv, there was admitted Moldavian representative Dynamo Kishenev (possibly based on Spartak Kishenev).

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lokomotiv Kharkov (Q) | 24 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 60 | 23 | +37 | 42 | Qualified to Final Group |
| 2 | Shakhtyor Stalino | 24 | 15 | 4 | 5 | 48 | 19 | +29 | 34 |  |
| 3 | Pishchevik Odessa | 24 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 44 | 21 | +23 | | 33 |
| 4 | Stal Dnepropetrovsk | 24 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 54 | 35 | +19 | | 30 |
| 5 | ODO Kiev | 24 | 13 | 1 | 10 | 56 | 34 | +22 | | 27 |
| 6 | Spartak Lvov | 24 | 11 | 4 | 9 | 47 | 41 | +6 | | 26 |
| 7 | Spartak Kherson | 24 | 11 | 3 | 10 | 40 | 46 | 6 | | 25 |
| 8 | Spartak Uzhgorod | 24 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 42 | 41 | +1 | | 21 |
| 9 | Dzerzhynets Kharkov | 24 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 43 | 47 | 4 | | 21 |
| 10 | Sudostroitel Nikolayev | 24 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 35 | 53 | 18 | | 19 |
| 11 | Dynamo Voroshilovgrad | 24 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 32 | 55 | 23 | | 14 |
| 12 | Bolshevik Zaporozhie (R) | 24 | 5 | 1 | 18 | 26 | 72 | 46 | 11 | Relegation |
| 13 | Dynamo Kishenev | 24 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 21 | 61 | 40 | 9 |  |

Source: rsssf.com
(Q) Qualified for finals; (R) Relegated

### Caucasus Zone

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ODO Tbilisi | 14 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 16 | +19 | 21 | Qualified to Final Group |
| 2 | Dynamo Yerevan | 14 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 34 | 19 | +15 | 20 |  |
| 3 | Lokomotiv Tbilisi | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 29 | 17 | +12 | | 18 |
| 4 | Neftyanik Baku | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 28 | 21 | +7 | | 15 |
| 5 | Krylia Sovetov Tbilisi | 14 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 20 | 27 | 7 | 14 | Replaced with Spartak Tbilisi |
| 6 | Dynamo Rostov-on-Don | 14 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 19 | 20 | 1 | 13 |  |
| 7 | Dynamo Baku | 14 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 32 | 14 | | 7 |
| 8 | Spartak Yerevan | 14 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 25 | 56 | 31 | | 4 |

Source: rsssf.com

### Central Asia Zone

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dynamo Stalinabad | 16 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 42 | 12 | +30 | 25 | Qualified to Final Group |
| 2 | Dynamo Alma-Ata | 16 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 44 | 18 | +26 | 23 |  |
| 3 | Dynamo Tashkent | 16 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 28 | 13 | +15 | | 20 |
| 4 | Lokomotiv Ashkhabad | 16 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 37 | 24 | +13 | | 20 |
| 5 | Dynamo Frunze | 16 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 34 | 21 | +13 | | 20 |
| 6 | ODO Tashkent | 16 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 26 | 23 | +3 | | 16 |
| 7 | Spartak Alma-Ata | 16 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 21 | 47 | 26 | | 10 |
| 8 | Zenit Frunze | 16 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 32 | 22 | | 9 |
| 9 | Spartak Tashkent | 16 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 6 | 58 | 52 | | 1 |

Source: rsssf.com

## Final stage

The final stage was conducting in Moscow September 28 – October 14. Participants played on stadiums Dynamo and Stalinets.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lokomotiv Moscow (H, C) | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 4 | +7 | 9 | Promoted to the 1948 Pervaya Gruppa |
| 2 | Torpedo Gorky | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 3 | +3 | 7 |  |
| 3 | Lokomotiv Kharkov | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 4 | +3 | | 7 |
| 4 | Dzerzhynets Chelyabinsk | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 2 | | 3 |
| 5 | Dynamo Stalinabad | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 6 | | 3 |
| 6 | ODO Tbilisi | 5 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 5 | | 1 |

Source: rsssf.com
(C) Champions; (H) Hosts

## Number of teams by republics

| Number | Union republics | Team(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 34 | Russian SFSR | FC Lokomotiv Moscow, MVO Moscow, VMS Moscow, FC Trudovye Rezervy Moscow, FC Burevestnik Moscow, DO Leningrad, FC Metro Moscow, FC Spartak Leningrad, FC Pischevik Moscow, FC Dzerzhinets Leningrad, FC Sudostroitel Leningrad  ---  FC Torpedo Gorky, FC Dinamo Saratov, FC Zenit Izhevsk, FC Kirkizh Plant Kovrov, FC Torpedo Ulyanovsk, FC Krasnoye Znamya Ivanovo, FC Dinamo Kazan, FC Khimik Dzerzhinsk, FC Kalinin Plant Kaliningrad, FC Torpedo Yaroslavl, FC Traktor Kuibyshev, FC Krylia Sovetov Ufa, FC Dzerzhinets Chelyabinsk, ODO Novosibirsk, FC Krylia Sovetov Molotov, FC Dinamo Chelyabinsk, ODO Sverdlovsk, FC Dzerzhinets Nizhniy Tagil, FC Dinamo Sverdlovsk, FC Krylia Sovetov Omsk, FC Avangard Sverdlovsk, FC Krylia Sovetov Novosibirsk, FC Dinamo Rostov-na-Donu |
| 12 | Ukrainian SSR | FC Lokomotiv Kharkov, FC Shakhter Stalino, FC Pischevik Odessa, FC Stal Dnepropetrovsk, ODO Kiev, FC Spartak Lvov, FC Spartak Kherson, FC Spartak Uzhgorod, FC Dzerzhinets Kharkov, FC Sudostroitel Nikolaev, FC Dinamo Voroshilovgrad, FC Bolshevik Zaporozhye |
| 3 | Georgian SSR | ODO Tbilisi, FC Lokomotiv Tbilisi, FC Krylia Sovetov Tbilisi |
| 3 | Uzbek SSR | FC Dinamo Tashkent, ODO Tashkent, FC Spartak Tashkent |
| 2 | Azerbaijan SSR | FC Neftianik Baku, FC Dinamo Baku |
| 2 | Armenian SSR | FC Dinamo Yerevan, FC Spartak Yerevan |
| 2 | Kazakh SSR | FC Dinamo Alma-Ata, FC Spartak Alma-Ata |
| 2 | Kyrgyz SSR | FC Dinamo Frunze, FC Zenit Frunze |
| 1 | Latvian SSR | FC Dinamo Riga |
| 1 | Estonian SSR | FC Kalev Tallinn |
| 1 | Belarusian SSR | DO Minsk |
| 1 | Lithuanian SSR | FC Dinamo Vilnius |
| 1 | Moldavian SSR | FC Dinamo Kishinev |
| 1 | Tajik SSR | FC Dinamo Stalinabad |
| 1 | Turkmen SSR | FC Lokomotiv Ashkhabat |

## InfoBox

Vtoraya Gruppa
| Season | 1947 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | Regional groups: 16 May – 17 September<br>Final group: 28 September – 14 October |
| Champions | Lokomotiv Moscow |
| 1946 1948 | |


title: 1940s in comics

abstract:
See also:
1930s in comics,
1950s in comics and the
list of years in comics Publications: 1940 - 1941 - 1942 - 1943 - 1944 - 1945 - 1946 - 1947 - 1948 - 1949

text:
# 1940s in comics

*See also*: 1930s in comics, 1950s in comics and the list of years in comics

Publications: 1940 \- 1941 \- 1942 \- 1943 \- 1944 \- 1945 \- 1946 \- 1947 \- 1948 \- 1949

## Events

### 1940

The Justice Society of America, the first superhero team in comic book history first appear in All Star Comics #3. The team is conceived by editor Sheldon Mayer and writer Gardner Fox.

Captain America, created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, first appears in *Captain America Comics* #1, published by Timely Comics.

### 1941

Wonder Woman, created by William Moulton Marston, first appears in *All Star Comics* #8. She is among the first and most famous comic book superheroines.

Stan Lee becomes editor-in-chief at Timely Comics.

*Adventures of Captain Marvel*, a twelve-chapter film serial adapted from the popular Captain Marvel comic book character for Republic Pictures, debuts. It was the first film adaptation of a comic book superhero.

Archie Andrews, created by Bob Montana first appears in *Pep Comics* #22, published by MLJ Magazines.

Plastic Man, created by writer-artist Jack Cole, first appears in *Police Comics* #1, published by Quality Comics.

### 1942

*Crime Does Not Pay* debuts, edited and mostly written by Charles Biro and published by Lev Gleason Publications. It was the first "true crime" comic series and also the first comic in the crime comics genre. One of the most popular comics of its day, at its height the comic wo

### 1944

Charlton Comics, an American comic book publisher, publishes its first title, Yellowjacket, an anthology of superhero and horror stories, under the imprint Frank Comunale Publications. The company would begin publishing under the Charlton name in 1946.

Superboy, the adventures of Superman as a boy, first appears in *More Fun Comics* #101. The character is currently the subject of a legal battle between Time Warner, the owner of DC Comics, and the estate of Jerry Siegel. The Siegel estate claims that the original "Superboy" character published by DC Comics is an independent creation that used ideas from Jerry Siegel's original rejected pitch and was created without his consent.

### 1945

### 1946

The All-Winners Squad, the first superhero team in the Marvel Universe, first appears in *All Winners Comics* #19, published by Timely Comics.

*Sazae-san*, by Machiko Hasegawa debuts in Fukunichi Shimbun.

### 1947

*Li'l Folks*, the first comic strip by *Peanuts* creator Charles M. Schulz, debuts mainly in Schulz's hometown paper, the *St. Paul Pioneer Press*, on June 22. *Li'l Folks* can almost be regarded as an embryonic version of *Peanuts*, containing characters and themes which were to reappear in the later strip: a well-dressed young man with a fondness for Beethoven a la Schroeder, a dog with a striking resemblance to Snoopy, and even a boy named Charlie Brown.

### 1948

The Association of Comics Magazine Publishers (ACMP) forms on July 1, 1948, to regulate the content of comic books in the face of increasing public criticism. Founding members included publishers Leverett Gleason of Lev Gleason Publications, Bill Gaines of EC Comics, Harold Moore (publisher of *Famous Funnies*) and Rae Herman of Orbit Publications. Henry Schultz served as executive director.

### 1949

## Publications

### 1940

### 1941

### 1942

### 1943

### 1944

### 1945

### 1946

### 1947

### 1948

### 1949

1. See: Superhero films
2. "Newsarama: THE BATTLE FOR THE BOY". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-10-21.

## InfoBox

| 1930s . **1940s in comics** . 1950s |
| --- |
| Other topics: Anthropology . music . Sociology |


title: 1989 UCI Road World Championships

abstract: The 1989 UCI Road World Championships took place in Chambéry, France.

text:
# 1989 UCI Road World Championships

The **1989 UCI Road World Championships** took place in Chambéry, France.

## Events summary

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men's Events** | | | | | | |
| Professional Road Race
 | **Greg LeMond**
United States | 6h 45' 59" | Dimitri Konyshev
Soviet Union | s.t. | Sean Kelly
Ireland | s.t. |
| Team Time Trial | **East Germany** | - | Poland | - | Soviet Union | - |
| Amateur Road Race | **Joachim Halupczok**
Poland | - | Eric Pichon
France | - | Christophe Manin
France | - |
| **Women's Events** | | | | | | |
| Road Race | **Jeannie Longo**
France | 1h 56' 41" | Catherine Marsal
France | \+ 4' 05" | Maria Canins
Italy | s.t. |
| Team Time Trial
 | **Soviet Union**
Nadesja Kibardina
Tamara Poliakova
Laima Zilporytė
Natalya Melekhina | - | Italy | - | France | - |

## InfoBox

1989 UCI Road World Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| ChambéryChambéry | |
| Venue | Chambéry, France |
| Coordinates | 45°34′12″N 5°54′2″E / 45.57000°N 5.90056°E / 45.57000; 5.90056 |
| Events | 5 |
|


abstract: These are the official results of the Men's 5,000 metres event at the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany, held at Neckarstadion on 28 and 31 August 1986. There were a total number of 28 participating athletes, with two qualifying heats.

text:
# 1986 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres

These are the official results of the **Men's 5,000 metres** event at the **1986 European Championships** in Stuttgart, West Germany, held at Neckarstadion on 28 and 31 August 1986. There were a total number of 28 participating athletes, with two qualifying heats.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Jack Buckner
*United Kingdom* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Stefano Mei
*Italy* |
| **Bronze** | Tim Hutchings
*United Kingdom* |

## Final

This final was run mostly at a fast pace. The Italians, Britons and Portuguese tried some team tactics during the race. Italy's Salvatore Antibo led until about 500 metres, after which his famous teammate Alberto Cova took over. Both were clearly trying to help their teammate Stefano Mei, who had surprisingly defeated the defending champion Cova on the opening day, in the 10,000-metre race. Shortly after Cova had passed 1,000 metres in the lead in 2:39.04, Portugal's Fernando Couto accelerated to the front, to help his well-known teammate António Leitão, the defending Olympic bronze medalist at this distance. Couto was still leading at 2,000 metres in 5:19.72. Shortly thereafter, Cova passed Couto, who quickly drifted to the rear of the field, to join West Germany's Uwe Mönkemeyer, Czechoslovakia's Ivan Uvizl and Britain's Steve Ovett, who had apparently lost his best shape for the 1986 season. After his stunningly easy victory at the Commonwealth Games 5,000-metre race, Ovett had been considered a favourite also for the European Championships final. However, he had struggled to qualify for this final, and already during the first lap, he had drifted to the last place. After 2,300 metres, Leitão re-took the lead from Cova. Before 3,000 metres (which Leitão passed in 7:58.97), Ovett, Uvizl, Couto, Mönkemeyer and Antibo had dropped from the lead group. Exhausted, Ovett dropped out of the final altogether at 3,000 metres. The pace temporarily slowed down, with a couple of laps over 65 seconds. After 3,600 metres, Britain's Tim Hutchings went into the lead, and began to gradually improve the pace. His remaining teammate Jack Buckner followed well in contention. Surprisingly, the defending Olympic silver medalist at this distance, Switzerland's Markus Ryffel dropped out before 3,900 metres, while still in the lead group. After 3,900 metres, Belgium's Vincent Rousseau lost contact with the lead group. So tired out was the Belgian that he jogged the last 1,000 metres in over 3 minutes. Shortly after Hutchings had covered 4,000 metres in the lead, with a time of 10:42.20, Finland's Martti Vainio and Switzerland's Pierre Délèze dropped from the lead group. Before 4,300 metres, Cova also tired out, to the surprise of many spectators. Although Leitão passed Cova, he was unable to keep up with Hutchings, Buckner, Mei, and Bulgaria's Evgeni Ignatov. Buckner took the lead at 4,600 metres, with a split time of about 12:14. About 100 metres later, Ignatov dropped from the top group. Before 4,800 metres, Mei managed to pass Buckner. In the first half of the final bend, Hutchings dropped from Mei's pace, but in the second half of the bend, Buckner kicked past Mei. He widened his lead to almost 1.5 seconds, to win in a new European Championships record time of 13:10.15. Unofficially, he ran the last lap in 56.14 seconds. (See YouTube, user tommytempo1: Jack Buckner-European Athletics Championships 5,000m Final, Stuttgart 1986; tommytempo1: Steve Ovett Commonwealth 5000m 1986.)

| Rank | Final | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jack Buckner (GBR) | **13:10.15** |
|  | Stefano Mei (ITA) | **13:11.57** |
|  | Tim Hutchings (GBR) | **13:12.88** |
| 4. | Evgeni Ignatov (BUL) | **13:13.15** |
| 5. | António Leitão (POR) | **13:17.67** |
| 6. | Martti Vainio (FIN) | **13:22.67** |
| 7. | Pierre Délèze (SUI) | **13:28.80** |
| 8. | Alberto Cova (ITA) | **13:35.86** |
| 9. | Ivan Uvizl (TCH) | **13:37.26** |
| 10. | Salvatore Antibo (ITA) | **13:38.25** |
| 11. | Uwe Mönkemeyer (FRG) | **13:40.52** |
| 12. | Fernando Couto (POR) | **13:42.39** |
| 13. | Vincent Rousseau (BEL) | **13:51.69** |
|  | Steve Ovett (GBR) | **DNF** |
|  | Markus Ryffel (SUI) | **DNF** |

## Qualifying heats

| Rank | Heat 1 | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Vincent Rousseau (BEL) | **13:30.22** |
| 2. | Tim Hutchings (GBR) | **13:30.40** |
| 3. | Stefano Mei (ITA) | **13:30.63** |
| 4. | Markus Ryffel (SUI) | **13:30.83** |
| 5. | Alberto Cova (ITA) | **13:31.18** |
| 6. | Steve Ovett (GBR) | **13:31.24** |
| 7. | Martti Vainio (FIN) | **13:31.51** |
| 8. | Thomas Wessinghage (FRG) | **13:33.98** |
| 9. | Eirik Hansen (NOR) | **13:39.01** |
| 10. | Lubomír Tesáček (TCH) | **13:39.70** |
| 11. | José Manuel Albentosa (ESP) | **13:49.86** |
| 12. | Lars-Erik Nilsson (SWE) | **13:52.76** |
| 13. | Necdet Ayaz (TUR) | **14:02.08** |
|  | José Regalo (POR) | **DNF** |
|  | Filippos Filippou (CYP) | **DNF** |

| Rank | Heat 2 | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Pierre Délèze (SUI) | **13:28.61** |
| 2. | Evgeni Ignatov (BUL) | **13:28.82** |
| 3. | Jack Buckner (GBR) | **13:28.92** |
| 4. | Salvatore Antibo (ITA) | **13:29.03** |
| 5. | António Leitão (POR) | **13:29.10** |
| 6. | Uwe Mönkemeyer (FRG) | **13:29.39** |
| 7. | Fernando Couto (POR) | **13:29.63** |
| 8. | Ivan Uvizl (TCH) | **13:31.92** |
| 9. | Abel Antón (ESP) | **13:32.61** |
| 10. | Paul Donovan (IRL) | **13:37.56** |
| 11. | Jonny Danielsson (SWE) | **13:38.00** |
| 12. | Dieter Baumann (FRG) | **13:44.22** |
| 13. | Bruno Lafranchi (SUI) | **13:51.46** |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's 5000 metres
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


abstract: The Men's Individual Road Race of the 1974 UCI Road World Championships cycling event took place on August 25 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The route consisted of twenty-one laps around a circuit that contained two climbs within it, totaling to a length of 262.5 km (163.1 mi). Belgian Eddy Merckx won the race, while French riders Raymond Poulidor and Mariano Martínez finished second and third, respectively. This was Merckx's third victory in the men's road race at the UCI Road World Championships, equaling the record. In addition, he also completed the Triple Crown of Cycling, which consists of winning two Grand Tour races and the men's road race at the UCI Road World Championships in a calendar year. The day of racing was highlighted by two large solo efforts on the part of the French riders Francis Campaner and Bernard Thévenet. Campaner attacked during the race's second lap and rode solo until being joined in the tenth lap by Gerard Vianen. The two were caught in the twelfth circuit and shortly after their capture, Thévenet attacked on his own and rode on his own through most of the final lap. Merckx initiated a chase group during the seventeenth lap that managed to catch and pass Thévenet with seven kilometers remaining. The group then splintered into two groups of two, with Merckx and Poulidor riding into the finish together. Merckx took victory in the two-man sprint.

text:
# 1974 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race

The **Men's Individual Road Race** of the 1974 UCI Road World Championships cycling event took place on August 25 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The route consisted of twenty-one laps around a circuit that contained two climbs within it, totaling to a length of 262.5 km (163.1 mi). Belgian Eddy Merckx won the race, while French riders Raymond Poulidor and Mariano Martínez finished second and third, respectively. This was Merckx's third victory in the men's road race at the UCI Road World Championships, equaling the record. In addition, he also completed the Triple Crown of Cycling, which consists of winning two Grand Tour races and the men's road race at the UCI Road World Championships in a calendar year.

The day of racing was highlighted by two large solo efforts on the part of the French riders Francis Campaner and Bernard Thévenet. Campaner attacked during the race's second lap and rode solo until being joined in the tenth lap by Gerard Vianen. The two were caught in the twelfth circuit and shortly after their capture, Thévenet attacked on his own and rode on his own through most of the final lap. Merckx initiated a chase group during the seventeenth lap that managed to catch and pass Thévenet with seven kilometers remaining. The group then splintered into two groups of two, with Merckx and Poulidor riding into the finish together. Merckx took victory in the two-man sprint.

## Race route

The route for the race consisted of 21 laps that totaled for 262.5 km (163.1 mi) of racing, with each lap being 12.5 km (7.8 mi) in length. Each circuit featured two climbs within it, including a cross of Mount Royal. The route for the race navigated through the Université de Montréal campus. Several sports writers deemed the route to be difficult. The race began at 9 AM local time.

## Participants and race favorites

The race began with 70 riders from fifteen different countries, of which eighteen managed to finish the race. Reigning champion, Felice Gimondi, started the race despite sustaining injuries from a fall in the Bernocchi Cup the week beforehand. The Belgian team featured the riders Eddy Merckx, Herman Van Springel, Freddy Maertens, Patrick Sercu, and Roger De Vlaeminck, which cycling author William Fotheringham believed to be one of the best Belgian teams to race at the World Championships. Gianni Pignata of *La Stampa* believed that the race would likely be won by an Italian or a Belgian rider, but stated that Dutchman Gerrie Knetemann and Spaniard Luis Ocaña were dark-horse candidates for the victory. In particular, young Italian Francesco Moser was expected to provide race favorite Merckx with "stiff competition." *De Telegraaf* writer Charles Taylor believed that José Manuel Fuente would be the best Spanish candidate for victory since Ocaña had recently recovered from sickness and injuries from crashes in different races. Taylor stated that there was no serious Dutch contender that could challenge the favorite, Merckx.

## Race summary

The whole starting *peloton* stayed intact for the first lap which took only 18' 36" to complete. The first attack came from French rider Francis Campaner. He managed to earn a 37" advantage as he finished the second circuit and he increased that lead to 1' 19" at the conclusion of the third lap. Behind, the chasing group was led by Francesco Moser, Eddy Merckx, and Felice Gimondi. After the fourth lap, Campaner had gained thirty more seconds on the *peloton*. The gap between Campaner and the main field reached its maximum after the fifth lap — at 2' 21" — and was reduced to 1' 36" with the finishing of the sixth circuit.

The seventh lap saw a speed drop by the leading rider and the chasing *peloton*, allowing Campaner's advantage to increase back to 2' 21". The next two laps saw the gap fluctuate a little as the margin stayed around the two-minute mark. During the eleventh lap, Dutch rider Gerard Vianen attacked and managed to get within fifteen seconds of Campaner as the tenth lap ended, with the *peloton* 1' 27" behind. Vianen joined Campaner during the eleventh circuit as Merckx attacked from behind, along with Gerrie Knetemann. During the twelfth circuit, Vianen and Campaner were caught. Shortly after the re-absorption of the duo back into the *peloton*, Bernard Thévenet attacked and established a 40" advantage. Campaner retired from the race in the kilometers following being caught, while Vianen retired during the thirteenth lap.

Tino Conti and Freddy Maertens attacked on the thirteenth lap and managed to get a time gap of 25" on the *peloton*, but still trailed Thévenet by 1' 10" at the conclusion of the lap. Through the fifteenth lap, the duo was able to obtain over a minute lead on the *peloton*; however, Thévenet was still increasing his advantage over the race as a whole, with his lead reaching three minutes over the *peloton*. The field began to increase its tempo in the sixteenth lap and close the gap to the Conti-Maertens group, which prompted Maertens to wait up for the *peloton*, while Conti rode solo. On the seventeenth lap, a chase group with many race contenders – including Raymond Poulidor, Francesco Moser, Eddy Merckx, Maertens, and Herman Van Springel – formed and caught Conti. By the completion of the nineteenth lap, the chase group had shrunked to nine riders and Thévenet's lead had dropped to 2' 05". Gimondi dropped out of the race the same lap.

The penultimate circuit saw the chase group, led by Merckx, shrink to five members and Thévenet's lead dwindle to 35". The riders that remained in the chase group were Van Springel, Poulidor, Mariano Martínez, Merckx, and Giacinto Santambrogio. Van Springel was dropped by the Merckx group before Thévenet was caught and passed on the final climb of Mount Royal, with around 7 km (4.3 mi) remaining. The chase group led by Merckx broke into two groups of two, with Poulidor and Merckx riding together and Martinez and Santambrogio behind, together. The split was caused by a move made by Merckx with close to 5 km (3.1 mi) left. With two hundred meters remaining in the race, Merckx attacked and managed to open up a two-second gap between himself and Poulidor as he crossed the finish line to win the race.

## Result

Final placings (1–18)
| Rank | Rider | Country | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Eddy Merckx | Belgium | 6h 52' 22" |
|  | Raymond Poulidor | France | \+ 2" |
|  | Mariano Martínez | France | \+ 37" |
| 4 | Giacinto Santambrogio | Italy | \+ 39" |
| 5 | Bernard Thévenet | France | \+ 2' 10" |
| 6 | Herman Van Springel | Belgium | \+ 2' 19" |
| 7 | Francesco Moser | Italy | \+ 3' 11" |
| 8 | Domingo Perurena | Spain | \+ 3' 39" |
| 9 | Andrés Oliva | Spain | s.t. |
| 10 | Giovanni Battaglin | Italy | \+ 4' 18" |
| 11 | Martín Emilio Rodríguez | Colombia | \+ 10' 43" |
| 12 | Josef Fuchs | Switzerland | s.t. |
| 13 | Fabrizio Fabbri | Italy | \+ 11' 53" |
| 14 | Tino Tabak | Netherlands | s.t. |
| 15 | Gerben Karstens | Netherlands | \+ 14' 14" |
| 16 | Roland Salm | Switzerland | s.t. |
| 17 | Gösta Pettersson | Sweden | s.t. |
| 18 | Jürgen Tschan | West Germany | s.t. |

## Aftermath

With his victory in the race, Eddy Merckx became the first rider to achieve the Triple Crown of Cycling, which consists of winning two Grand Tour races and the men's road race at the UCI Road World Championships in a calendar year. Merckx had already won the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France, both of which are Grand Tours, before the World Championships and winning the men's road race allowed him to complete the Triple Crown. This feat has since been matched by only one rider, Stephen Roche, who managed to complete the Triple Crown in the 1987 season. This was also Merckx's third world title, which made him the third rider to ever be world champion three times, after Alfredo Binda and Rik Van Steenbergen. This was Merckx's final world championship victory and also the last season that he won a Grand Tour. On February 22, 1975, Merckx gave the bike that he used during the race to Pope Paul VI while visiting Vatican City.

Following the victory, Merckx told the press that he felt lucky that Bernard Thévenet was weakened from his efforts on the road. In regards to his sprint against Raymond Poulidor, Merckx stated that he feared only an external setback because "In the sprint \[he\] could not lose. Despite Thévenet missing out on a medal, Raymond Poulidor stated that the French were content with the results and worked great together. Reflecting on the race, *De Telegraaf* writer Charles Taylor stated he felt this race was "one of the finest and most sensational bicycle races in recent years." Taylor noted a poor showing by the Dutch riders, citing that only two managed to finish the race. Taylor believed that the Dutch participants competed in too many criteriums between the end of the Tour de France and the start of the World Championships, which led to them not having fresh enough legs for the race. *De Telegraaf* also reported that there were over a 100,000 spectators for the men's road race. Francesco Moser was found to have had a disappointing performance as he placed seventh on the day, in part because he was suffering from a leg cramp.

Citations Bibliography

## InfoBox

Men's Individual Road Race
| 1974 UCI Road World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Rainbow jersey | |
| Race details | |
| Dates | August 25, 1974 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 262.5 km (163.1 mi) |
| Winning time | 6h 52' 22" |
| Medalists | |
| Gold  Eddy Merckx (BEL)  (Belgium)  Silver  Raymond Poulidor (FRA)  (France)  Bronze  Mariano Martínez (FRA)  (France) | |
|


title: Euskal Hiztegi Historiko-Etimologikoa

abstract: The Euskal Hiztegi Historiko-Etimologikoa is a historical and etymological dictionary of Basque, published by the Royal Academy of the Basque language, edited by Joseba Lakarra, Julen Manterola, and Iñaki Segurola. It is the first comprehensive historical and etymological Basque dictionary.

text:
# Euskal Hiztegi Historiko-Etimologikoa

The ***Euskal Hiztegi Historiko-Etimologikoa*** (***EHHE***; English: ***Basque Historical-Etymological Dictionary***) is a historical and etymological dictionary of Basque, published by the Royal Academy of the Basque language, edited by Joseba Lakarra, Julen Manterola, and Iñaki Segurola. It is the first comprehensive historical and etymological Basque dictionary.

## InfoBox

Euskal Hiztegi Historiko-Etimologikoa
| Author | Joseba Lakarra, Julen Manterola, and Iñaki Segurola |
| --- | --- |
| Language | Basque |
| Subject | Linguistics and lexicography |
| Genre | Reference |
| Publisher | Euskaltzaindia |
| Publication date | 2019 |
| Publication place | Spain |
| ISBN | 978-84-949787-7-7 |
| OCLC | 1229150630 |


title: 1985 NAIA Division II football season

abstract: The 1985 NAIA Division II football season, as part of the 1985 college football season in the United States and the 30th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the 16th season of play of the NAIA's lower division for football. The season was played from August to November 1985 and culminated in the 1985 NAIA Division II Football National Championship, played at the Lincoln Bowl near the campus of Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. Wisconsin–La Crosse defeated Pacific Lutheran in the championship game, 24–7, to win their first NAIA national title. The Eagles won all three of their playoff games on the road.

text:
# 1985 NAIA Division II football season

The **1985 NAIA Division II football season**, as part of the 1985 college football season in the United States and the 30th season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the 16th season of play of the NAIA's lower division for football.

The season was played from August to November 1985 and culminated in the **1985 NAIA Division II Football National Championship**, played at the Lincoln Bowl near the campus of Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington.

Wisconsin–La Crosse defeated Pacific Lutheran in the championship game, 24–7, to win their first NAIA national title. The Eagles won all three of their playoff games on the road.

## Conference realignment

### Conference changes

### Membership changes

| Team | 1984 conference | 1985 conference |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lewis & Clark | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Linfield | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Pacific (OR) | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Pacific Lutheran | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |
| Willamette | Pacific Northwest | Columbia |

## Conference standings

| 1985 Columbia Football League standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Northern Division  No. 3 Pacific Lutheran x^  6   0   0   10   1   1  No. 15 Puget Sound 4   2   0   7   2   0  Central Washington 3   3   0   5   4   0  Simon Fraser 3   3   0   4   5   0  Whitworth 3   3   0   3   6   0  Western Washington 1   4   1   2   6   1  Eastern Oregon 0   5   1   0   8   2  Southern Division  No. 5 Linfield x^  6   0   0   8   2   0  No. 8 Western Oregon *  5   1   0   8   2   0  Willamette 4   2   0   6   2   1  Southern Oregon 2   3   0   2   6   1  Oregon Tech 1   4   0   1   7   0  Lewis & Clark 1   5   0   3   6   0  Pacific (OR) 1   5   0   2   7   0   * x  Division champion/co-champions * * – NAIA Division I playoff participant
^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division I poll for Puget Sound and Western Oregon and NAIA Division II poll for Pacific Lutheran and Linfield | 1985 Frontier Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 7 Carroll (MT) $^  5   1   0   8   2   0  Western Montana 4   2   0   4   5   0  Rocky Mountain 2   4   0   2   7   0  Montana Tech 1   5   0   2   8   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1985 Heart of America Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 10 Baker \+  6   1   0   7   2   0  No. 16 MidAmerica Nazarene \+  6   1   0   7   2   0  No. 19 William Jewell \+  6   1   0   7   3   0  Missouri Valley 3   4   0   4   5   0  Graceland 2   4   1   5   4   1  Tarkio 2   4   1   3   6   1  Culver–Stockton 2   5   0   2   8   0  Central Methodist 0   7   0   2   8   0   * \+  Conference co-champions Rankings from NAIA Division II poll |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 Hoosier–Buckeye Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 1 Findlay $^  6   0   0   10   1   0  No. 11 Bluffton 5   1   0   8   1   0  No. 13 Wilmington (OH) 4   2   0   7   2   0  Hanover 3   3   0   5   4   0  Manchester (IN) 1   5   0   4   5   0  Anderson (IN) 1   5   0   3   6   0  Defiance 1   5   0   1   8   0   * $  Conference champion * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1985 Illini–Badger Football Conference standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Lakeland $  4   1   0   7   2   0  Concordia (IL) 3   2   0   4   5   0  Eureka 2   3   0   4   5   0  Concordia (WI) 2   3   0   4   5   0  Northeastern Illinois 2   3   0   3   7   0  Principia 1   4   0   2   7   0   * $  Conference champion | 1985 Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 15 Southwestern (KS) $  8   1   0   8   2   0  Bethany (KS) 7   2   0   7   2   0  No. 17 Bethel (KS) 7   2   0   7   2   0  Sterling 6   3   0   7   3   0  Ottawa 5   4   0   5   5   0  St. Mary of the Plains 4   5   0   5   5   0  Friends 3   6   0   3   6   0  Tabor 2   7   0   2   7   0  Kansas Wesleyan 2   7   0   2   8   0  McPherson 1   8   0   1   8   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division II poll |
| 1985 Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 14 Midland $  5   0   0   8   2   0  Doane 4   1   0   6   3   1  Hastings 2   3   0   7   3   0  Nebraska Wesleyan 2   3   0   6   5   0  Concordia (NE) 2   3   0   4   6   0  Dana 0   5   0   1   8   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1985 North Dakota College Athletic Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 12 Minot State $  5   0   0   7   1   1  No. 18 Dickinson State 4   1   0   7   2   0  Valley City State 3   2   0   5   4   0  Jamestown 2   3   0   3   5   1  Mayville State 1   4   0   1   7   0  NDSCS–Wahpeton 0   5   0   2   7   0   * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1985 South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  South Dakota Tech $  5   1   0   6   3   0  Huron 4   2   0   6   3   0  Sioux Falls 4   2   0   6   3   1  Dakota Wesleyan 3   3   0   5   5   0  Black Hills State 2   4   0   3   7   0  Dakota State 0   6   0   0   10   0   * $  Conference champion |
| 1985 Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Austin \+  4   2   0   7   3   0  Sul Ross \+  4   2   0   5   5   0  Tarleton State 3   3   0   3   7   0  McMurry 1   5   0   1   9   0   * \+  Conference co-champions | 1985 Wisconsin State University Conference football standings Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  Wisconsin–River Falls $  6   1   1   8   1   1  No. 8 Wisconsin–La Crosse ^  5   1   2   11   1   2  Wisconsin–Stevens Point 5   2   1   8   2   1  Wisconsin–Platteville 5   3   0   5   5   0  Wisconsin–Eau Claire 3   4   1   5   4   1  Wisconsin–Whitewater 3   4   1   3   7   1  Wisconsin–Oshkosh 2   5   1   4   5   1  Wisconsin–Stout 2   6   0   3   7   0  Wisconsin–Superior 1   6   1   2   8   1   * $  Conference champion * * – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll | 1985 NAIA Division II independents football records Conf   Overall  Team W   L   T   W   L   T  No. 2 Benedictine (KS) ^           10   1   0  No. 4 Northwestern (IA) ^           9   1   1  No. 9 Azusa Pacific          7   1   1  No. 20 Loras          8   2   1  No. 6 St. Ambrose ^           8   2   1  Texas Lutheran          6   3   0  Chadron State          5   3   1  Geneva          5   4   0  Westminster (PA)          5   4   0  Oklahoma Panhandle State          5   4   1  Evangel          4   6   0  Waynesburg          4   6   0  Peru State          3   7   0  Iowa Wesleyan          2   7   0  Westmar          2   8   0  Cumberland (KY)          1   9   0   * ^ – NAIA Division II playoff participant Rankings from NAIA Division II poll |

## Conference champions

| Conference | Champion | Record |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Columbia | **Northern Division:** Pacific Lutheran
**Southern Division:** Linfield | 6–0
6–0 |
| Frontier | Carroll (MT) | 5–1 |
| Heart of America | Baker
MidAmerica Nazarene
William Jewell | 6–1 |
| Hoosier-Buckeye | Findlay | 6–0 |
| Kansas | Southwestern (KS) | 8–1 |
| Nebraska | Midland Lutheran | 5–0 |
| North Dakota | Minot State | 5–0 |
| South Dakota | South Dakota Tech | 5–1 |
| Texas | Austin
Sul Ross | 4–2 |
| WSUC | Wisconsin–River Falls | 6–1–1 |

## Postseason

|  | **Quarterfinals**
*Campus sites* | | |  |  | **Semifinals**
*Campus sites* | | |  |  | **Championship**
Tacoma, WA | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Wisconsin–La Crosse** | **24** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | ||
|  |  | Carroll (MT)* | 0 |  | ||
|  | | | | |  |  | **Wisconsin–La Crosse** (3OT) | **35** |  | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | |
|  | |  |  |  | Northwestern (IA) ‡‡ | 28 |  ||
|  |  | | | | | | **Northwestern (IA)** | **32** |  | |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | |  | Benedictine* | 22 |  ||
|  | | | | |  |  | **Wisconsin–La Crosse** | **24** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  |  | Pacific Lutheran\* | 7 |  |
|  |  | | | | | | Linfield | 12 |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | |  | **Pacific Lutheran*** | **30** | |  |
|  | | | | |  |  | **Pacific Lutheran*** | **40** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  |  | Findlay | 29 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | Saint Ambrose | 0 |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | |  | **Findlay** | **7** |  |

## InfoBox

| 1985 NAIA Division II football season | |
| --- | --- |
| Regular season | August–November 1985 |
| Postseason | November–December 1985 |
| National Championship | Lincoln Bowl
Tacoma, WA |
| Champions | Wisconsin–La Crosse |
|


title: 2015 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy

abstract: The 2015 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy was the sixth edition of the women's List-A tournament in India. It was played from 14 June to 17 June. It was played in a round robin format, with a final between the top two teams. India Blue beat India Red in the final by 18 runs.

text:
# 2015 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy

The **2015 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy** was the sixth edition of the women's List-A tournament in India. It was played from 14 June to 17 June. It was played in a round robin format, with a final between the top two teams. India Blue beat India Red in the final by 18 runs.

## Squads

| India Blue | India Red | India Green |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Source: BCCI

## Standings

| Team | Pld | W | L | T | NR | Pts | NRR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| India Red **(Q)** | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **8** | +0.806 |
| India Blue **(Q)** | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **4** | +0.220 |
| India Green | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | **0** | –1.149 |

Source: CricketArchive

## Group stage

* India Red won the toss and elected to bat.
* India Blue won the toss and elected to bat.
* India Green won the toss and elected to bat.
* Rain stopped play when India Red were 102/2; 4 overs were lost.

## Final

* India Red won the toss and elected to field.

## InfoBox

2015 Senior Women's Challenger Trophy
| Dates | 14 – 17 June 2015 |
| --- | --- |
| Administrator(s) | BCCI |
| Cricket format | 50 over |
| Tournament format(s) | Round-robin and final |
| Champions | India Blue (4th title) |
| Runners-up | India Red |
| Participants | 3 |
| Matches | 4 |
|


title: Aspergillus alabamensis

abstract: Aspergillus alabamensis is a soil fungus in the division Ascomycota first described in 2009 as a segregated taxon of A. terreus. Originally thought to be a variant of A. terreus, A. alabamensis is situated in a distinctive clade identified by genetic analysis. While A. alabamensis has been found to be morphologically similar to Aspergillus terreus by morphological studies, the two differ significantly in active metabolic pathways, with A. alabamensis producing the mycotoxins citrinin and citreoviridin but lacking mevinolin.

text:
# Aspergillus alabamensis

***Aspergillus alabamensis*** is a soil fungus in the division Ascomycota first described in 2009 as a segregated taxon of *A. terreus*. Originally thought to be a variant of *A. terreus*, *A. alabamensis* is situated in a distinctive clade identified by genetic analysis. While *A. alabamensis* has been found to be morphologically similar to *Aspergillus terreus* by morphological studies, the two differ significantly in active metabolic pathways, with *A. alabamensis* producing the mycotoxins citrinin and citreoviridin but lacking mevinolin.

## History and etymology

*Aspergillus alabamensis* was discovered by Balajee and colleagues in 2009 while investigating the cryptic lineages in *A. terreus* in a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) study of three protein-encoding genes: enolase (enoA), β-tubulin (benA), and calmodulin (calM). They chose the species epithet "*alabamensis*" to reflect their geographic origin of strains comprising the new clade with 11 of the 14 isolates originating from clinical specimens obtained from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The other three isolates were derived from soil samples collected in Argentina and Florida.

## Growth and morphology

*Aspergillus alabamensis* produces slow growing colonies that are wooly and white becoming yellow-brown to cinnamon-brown in colour with the onset of asexual sporulation. Conidiophores are colourless and smooth with densely columnar conidial heads 30–50 μm in diameter and 150–500 μm in length. The vesicles are subglobose with a diameter of 10–16 μm. The metulae attached to the vesicles are closely packed, measuring 5.5–7.5 μm long by 1.5–2.0 μm wide. Phialides attached to the apices of the metulae are 5.0–7.0 μm long by 2.0–2.5 μm wide. The conidia arising from the tips of the phialides are slightly elliptical and smooth-walled reaching a diameter of 1.8–2.4 μm. While *Aspergillus alabamensis* can grow between 25–50 °C, its optimal growth temperature is 37 °C. *A. alabamensis* can grow in vitro on a range of growth media including potato flake agar, carnation leaf agar, Czapek's yeast autolysate agar, and malt extract agar. This species is able to utilize glucose and sucrose as sources of carbon.

*A. alabamensis* has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.

## Habitat and ecology

Similar to most species of *Aspergillus*, the spores of *A. alabamensis* are readily dispersed through the air and carried across long distances in the wind. *A. alabamensis*, is ubiquitous, having been found in South America, North America and Europe. It shares similarities in both habitat and ecology with its sister species, *A. terreus*. Both are common found in soil, waste and compost. *Aspergillus alabamensis* is able to grow at water activities as low as those tolerated by *A. terreus* (e.g., aW = 0.78). Unlike closely related Aspergilli, *A. alabamensis* is uncommon in soil, occurring mainly in plant debris where its presence has been suggested to be exclusive of *Aspergillus niger* (a common saprotroph), suggesting that *A. alabamensis* may be a natural antagonist of the latter.

## Disease

*Aspergillus alabamensis* is able to cause aspergillosis, although this species is rarely differentiated from the morphologically similar *A. terreus* because morphological studies are routinely used to identify and distinguish different clinical Aspergilli. The adoption of DNA sequence-based analysis of critical genes such as β-tubulin and calmodulin is likely to expand the number of case reports of this and other cryptic agents of aspergillosis. Notwithstanding, proper identification remains difficult due to the complexity involved in the sequencing process as well as the relatively high costs associated with these advanced techniques. Recent studies have found that the crude extract of *A. alabamensis* cultures to exhibit antiisectan properties. Samples derived from a dead hardwood branch near a river in northern Florida produced dioxomorpholines which showed insect repelling activity against *Spodoptera frugiperda*. Similar to *A. terreus*, *A. alabamensis* exhibits a high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the antifungal drug amphotericin B though it is generally thought susceptible to other antifungal drugs such as voriconazole, itraconazole, and echinocandins.

There have been no reported cases of invasive aspergillosis caused by *A. alabamensis* in humans. However, given its similarity to *A. terreus*, it is likely that some case reports have been misattributed to the latter taxon. It is recommended that patients suspected to have aspergillosis to be treated with first-line therapy drugs for the disease and have treatment modified base on in vitro susceptibility testing. In cases of reported non-invasive aspergillosis caused by *A. alabamensis*, isolates are usually recovered from sputum, tracheal aspirates, ear canal, burn wounds or the cystic fibrosis lung. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible than immunocompetent people to aspergillosis.

In 2012, a case of disseminated aspergillosis in a 5-year-old female English springer spaniel was discovered suffering from vomiting (for seven days), loss of appetite and lethargy. Dissemination of the disease is rare but localized infections are common. In disseminated cases, organs which might become infected include the gallbladder, diaphragm, esophagus, and small intestine.

## InfoBox

| *Aspergillus alabamensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | *Aspergillus* |
| Species: | ***A. alabamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspergillus alabamensis***
Balajee (2009) | |
|


title: Arvid Sand

abstract: Karl Arvid Sand is a Swedish actor. Sand was cast for two short films before he got his big breakthrough in 2019. He made his debut 2017 by playing the main role in the short film Stjärnhimmel, produced by Christian Zetterberg. The year after, he was cast for the Netflix originals drama series Quicksand which premiered on 5 April 2019. He was playing the role of a close friend to the protagonist's boyfriend.

text:
# Arvid Sand

**Karl Arvid Sand** (born 16 January 1998 in Virestad) is a Swedish actor.

Sand was cast for two short films before he got his big breakthrough in 2019. He made his debut 2017 by playing the main role in the short film *Stjärnhimmel*, produced by Christian Zetterberg. The year after, he was cast for the Netflix originals drama series *Quicksand* which premiered on 5 April 2019. He was playing the role of a close friend to the protagonist's boyfriend.

## Filmography

* 2010 – *Solglimt*
* 2015 – *Jippie* as *Adam*
* 2017 – *Incestuous* as *David*
* 2017 – *When We Dreamed* as *Devin*
* 2017 – *Stjärnhimmel* as *Jacob*
* 2019 – *Quicksand* (TV series) as *Lars-Gabriel "Labbe" Sager-Crona*
* 2023 - *Ondskan*
* 2024 – *Veronika*

## InfoBox

| Arvid Sand | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1998-01-16) January 16, 1998<br>Virestad, Kronoberg, Sweden |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: 1989 Virginia elections

abstract:
In the November 1989 general election, the following offices were up for election in the United States Commonwealth of Virginia:
  - Governor
  - Lieutenant Governor
  - Attorney General
  - House of Delegates

text:
# 1989 Virginia elections

In the **November 1989 general election**, the following offices were up for election in the United States Commonwealth of Virginia:

## Governor

## Lieutenant governor

### Candidates

### Results

Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 1985
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **L. Douglas Wilder** | **685,329** | **51.84%** | **−3.61%** |
|  | Republican | John Chichester | 636,695 | 48.16% | +3.65% |
|  | Write-ins |  | 89 | 0.01% |  |
| Majority | | | 48,634 | 3.68% | −7.25% |
| Turnout | | | 1,322,113 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## Attorney General

### Candidates

Virginia Attorney General election, 1989
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mary Sue Terry** | **814,808** | **61.40%** | **+10.44%** |
|  | Republican | Buster O'Brien | 512,169 | 38.59% | −10.41% |
|  | Write-ins |  | 67 | 0.01% |  |
| Majority | | | 302,639 | 22.81% | +20.85% |
| Turnout | | | 1,322,113 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## House of Delegates

## InfoBox

1989 Virginia Attorney General election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Mary Sue Terry** Buster O'Brien   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **814,808** 512,169  Percentage **61.4%** 38.6% | |
| ---  **Terry:**      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
**O'Brien:**      50–60% | |
| ---  **Attorney General before election**
Mary Sue Terry
Democratic **Elected Attorney General**
Mary Sue Terry
Democratic | |


abstract: These are the official results of the Men's 50 km walk event at the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany, held on 31 August 1986.

text:
# 1986 European Athletics Championships – Men's 50 kilometres walk

These are the official results of the **Men's 50 km walk** event at the **1986 European Championships** in Stuttgart, West Germany, held on 31 August 1986.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Hartwig Gauder
*East Germany* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Vyacheslav Ivanenko
*Soviet Union* |
| **Bronze** | Valeriy Suntsov
*Soviet Union* |

## Abbreviations

* *All times shown are in hours:minutes:seconds*

| **DNS** | did not start |
| --- | --- |
| **NM** | no mark |
| **WR** | world record |
| **WL** | world leading |
| **AR** | area record |
| **NR** | national record |
| **PB** | personal best |
| **SB** | season best |

## Final

| Rank | Final | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hartwig Gauder (GDR) | **3:40.55** |
|  | Vyacheslav Ivanenko (URS) | **3:41.54** |
|  | Valeriy Suntsov (URS) | **3:42.38** |
| 4. | Sergey Protsyshin (URS) | **3:45.51** |
| 5. | Reima Salonen (FIN) | **3:46.14** |
| 6. | Dietmar Meisch (GDR) | **3:48.01** |
| 7. | Bo Gustafsson (SWE) | **3:50.13** |
| 8. | Pavol Szikora (TCH) | **3:51.35** |
| 9. | Jordi Llopart (ESP) | **3:52.12** |
| 10. | Erling Andersen (NOR) | **3:53.42** |
| 11. | Sandro Bellucci (ITA) | **3:54.10** |
| 12. | Grzegorz Ledzion (POL) | **3:54.16** |
| 13. | Raffaello Ducceschi (ITA) | **3:56.42** |
| 14. | Alain Lemercier (FRA) | **3:59.11** |
| 15. | Martial Fesselier (FRA) | **3:59.44** |
| 16. | Lars Ove Moen (NOR) | **4:05.01** |
| 17. | Ivo Piták (TCH) | **4:14.32** |
| 18. | Dennis Jackson (GBR) | **4:16.42** |
| 19. | Roland Nilsson (SWE) | **4:24.02** |
| 20. | Roman Mrázek (TCH) | **4:27.28** |
| 21. | Martin Toporek (AUT) | **4:33.38** |
| 22. | Thomas Pomozi (SWE) | **4:43.11** |
|  | Ronald Weigel (GDR) | **DSQ** |
|  | Les Morton (GBR) | **DSQ** |
|  | Alfons Schwarz (FRG) | **DNF** |
|  | Maurizio Damilano (ITA) | **DNF** |
|  | Manuel Alcalde (ESP) | **DNF** |
|  | José Pinto (POR) | **DNF** |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's 50 kilometres walk
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


title: Azem Galica

abstract: Azem Bejta, commonly known as Azem Galica, was an Albanian nationalist, resistance fighter and rebel who fought for the unification of Kosovo with Albania. He is known for leading the Kachak Movement against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

text:
# Azem Galica

**Azem Bejta** (10 December 1889  15 July 1924), commonly known as **Azem Galica**, was an Albanian nationalist, resistance fighter and rebel who fought for the unification of Kosovo with Albania. He is known for leading the Kachak Movement against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

## Early life

Azem Bejta was born into a poor Albanian family in the village of Galicë in the broader Drenica region. His family descended from the Kuçi tribe (*fis*). He was the son of Bejta Galica, a rebel who died fighting against the Ottoman Empire and Serbian forces. Azem began fighting the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, opposing their rule in Kosovo.

## Early activities

### Balkan Wars

Azem Galica and his Kaçak fighters resisted the Serbian invasion of Kosovo during the Balkan Wars and in the early parts of World War I.

### World War I

In the winter of 1915–1916, during World War I, Serbia was occupied by the Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary after the Central Powers won a victory in Kosovo in late November 1915 - Azem Galica began an armed resistance against the new invaders. Azem married Shote Galica that same year, and she joined his unit of fighters. From 1915-1918, Azem opposed both the Austro-Hungarian and the Bulgarian forces which had occupied Kosovo. The Austrians had executed his two brothers.

In Autumn of 1918, Azem Galica and hundreds of his men forced the surrender of an Austrian regiment between Mitrovica and Peja; Serbian Chetnik commander Kosta Pećanac arrived soon after, and the two leaders met in the villages of Pridoricë and Varagë and discussed joint operations against the Austrians. After making empty and false promises to the Albanians on behalf of King Petar, Kosta Pećanac and his men soon left for Serbia and no agreements were made. Nonetheless, on the 15th of October, 1918, Azem and his Albanians occupied Peja and captured the Austro-Hungarian barracks, which consisted of 4,000 soldiers and 70 officers. Azem was awarded two medals by a French general for his efforts.

However, after persuasion by Luigj Gurakuqi, Prenk Bib Doda and Fejzi Alizoti, as well as the opening of 300 Albanian schools, the right to fly the Albanian flag, and assurances that the Austrians would respect the customs of the country, the Albanian language, and both the Christian and Muslim religions, Azem Galica accepted the Austrian occupation.

In 1918, the Serbian Army pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo. After the war ended, Kosovo found itself included in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) on 1 December, 1918. Galica once again became an outlaw, fighting against the soldiers and police of the King and he was hunted by Serbian authorities as a fugitive.

## Kachak Movement

### Resistance against Yugoslavia (1919-1920)

By late 1918, Azem commanded a force of around 2,000 fighters. On the 29th of April, 1919, there was a confrontation near Rudnik in the Peja district between Serbian troops and Azem Galica's band of fighters in which the Serbs were forced to withdraw from Peja itself, having left 29 dead soldiers behind. Disaffected Kosovar Albanians who had rallied around Hasan Prishtina formed a 'Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo' in Shkoder in 1918, their main demand being the unification of Kosovo with Albania. On 6 May 1919, an appeal by the Kosovo Defence Committee for a general uprising resulted in a large-scale rebellion, known as the Kachak Movement, led by Azem Galica. The best known of the Kachak leaders were Bajram Curri, Hasan Prishtina and Azem. The Committee issued strict guidelines to their Kachaks, urging them to refrain from harming or mistreating local Slavs, and to refrain from burning houses or churches.

Azem and the other Kachak leaders presented a set of demands to Serbian officials: they asked the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to stop killing Albanians, to recognise the Kosovo Albanians' right to self-government, and to stop both the Yugoslav colonization program of Kosovo and the military actions of Yugoslav forces on the pretext of disarmament. They also requested that Albanian schools were opened, that the Albanian language was made an official administrative language, and that the families of the Albanian rebels were no longer interned by the authorities. The Yugoslavs responded to the attempts at communication with increased violence.

Fighting blew up in Drenica, Azem Galica's home territory. It was estimated that there were 10,000 active rebels under Azem's command at this time. By November of 1920, Yugoslav forces succeeded in suppressing a rebellion in the Drenica region, and Azem and Shote Galica fled to Shkodra.

### Resurgence of the Kachak Movement (1921-1923)

In April 1921, Azem Galica returned to Kosovo to revive the Kachak Movement. As a calculated act of provocation, the Yugoslav government had been interned the families of suspected Kachaks to camps in central Serbia during the spring of 1921, which intensified the resistance. In July 1921, the Kosova Committee submitted a document to the League of Nations in which they reported Serbian atrocities against Albanians and identified the victims. They recorded that Serbian forces killed 12,371 people in Kosovo, imprisoned 22,110 and burnt down roughly 6,000 houses.

The Neutral Zone of Junik was established in November 1921 by the authority of the League of Nations following constant border disputes between Albania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the frequent military intrusion from the Yugoslav side since 1918 into the Albanian side as well as continuous skirmishes between the Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslavian army. Azem Galica's band of Kachaks used the Neutral Zone of Junik as their base, as did most of the other Kachak bands. He was housed by Tafë Hoxha, a local in Junik.

Despite the Kachak Movement's popularity amongst Albanians, it was not only opposed by the Yugoslav government, but also by Ahmet Bej Zogu and his supporters. In 1922, Zog - who was at this time Minister of the Interior in Albania and a known opponent of the Kosova Committee, began to disarm Albanian Highlander tribes in the north of the country as well as those within the Neutral Zone of Junik. Zogu also gave orders to the relevant administrative bodies of the state to attack the Neutral Zone and to liquidate the Kachaks wherever they found them, but particularly in Junik.

In March of 1922, Bajram Curri, Hasan Prishtina and Elez Isufi led an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing Zog, who eventually became the Prime Minister of Albania on 2 December 1922. His quarrels with the leaders of the Kosovar Albanians made him a fierce opponent of the Kachak Movement, and of Kosova in particular. Zog's ascension to power resulted in the end of Albanian governmental support for Kosova, and he sentenced Azem Galica to death *in absentia* and gradually assassinated the leaders of the Kosova Committee. In January of 1923, Curri and Prishtina led another unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing Zog; in between these two unsuccessful attempts, Zogu entered into a secret agreement with the Yugoslavs, promising to destroy the Kachak bands among other things. Azem Galica and his main force of around 1,000 Kachaks were betrayed to the Yugoslavs by Zogu's regime. In 1923, Zog's forces, in coordination with the Yugoslavs, invaded the Neutral Zone of Junik; the Kachaks left the zone and moved further into Kosovo, and the area was handed to the Yugoslavs.

### Death and aftermath

Aside from their control of the Neutral Zone of Junik, the Kachak Movement succeeded in creating a "free zone" in Galica (Azem's hometown) and three nearby villages, which was called "Arberia e Vogel" (little Arberia). The Yugoslav kingdom, however, had no intention of letting this zone survive, and with superior firepower and troop numbers they moved into Drenica.

Bejta was seriously wounded in action by the Royal Yugoslav Army and later died from his wounds on 15 July 1924. His last wish was for his body not to be found by the Serbs, and thus he was buried in a deep cave somewhere in Drenica. The death of Galica dealt a mortal blow to the armed resistance against Yugoslav military presence in Kosovo, which Azem had led for the past eight years. The Yugoslavs intensified their repression of the Albanian movement in Kosovo.

After the assassination of Albanian patriot and activist Avni Rustemi on the orders of Zog, the Kosova Committee leaders once again attempted to overthrow Zog. They succeeded during the June Revolution of 1924, and the progressive nationalist government of Fan Noli was installed in Zog's place. However, with the help of the Yugoslavs, Zog managed to once again ascend to power on 24 December 1924 and proceeded to suppress the Kosova Committee and either assassinate or force its leaders into exile. These Albanian patriots were only some of the Albanian nationalist activists and figures assassinated on the orders of Zog and his regime.

Azem's wife, Shote, took control of Azem's band of Kachak fighters upon his death and continued to fight against the Yugoslav occupation of Kosovo. She fought alongside Bajram Curri in Has and Luma against Serbian troops who had supported Zog during his return to power in December of 1924, and she continued to lead the fighting in Kosovo until 1926, when she was severely wounded and decided to move to Albania. Shote died in poverty in 1927, looking after the orphans left behind by her fellow fighters who were killed during the resistance. She received no medical or social support from Zog's regime.

## Legacy

As a national hero, Galica epitomized the Albanian Kosovar resistance. In the long term, the killing of Galica and of many others stimulated and set an example of Albanian resistance against repression and inequality in Kosovo.

## InfoBox

| Azem Galica | |
| --- | --- |
| Azem Galica | |
| Born | Azem Bejta
(1889-12-10)10 December 1889
Galicë, Vushtrri, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (today Kosovo) |
| Died | 15 July 1924(1924-07-15) (aged 34)
Junik, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (today Kosovo) |
| Spouse | Shota Galica |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Provisional Government of Albania,
Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
|  | |