title: Atkinson cycle

abstract: The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density. A variation of this approach is used in some modern automobile engines. While originally seen exclusively in hybrid electric applications such as the earlier-generation Toyota Prius, later hybrids and some non-hybrid vehicles now feature engines with variable valve timing, which can run in the Atkinson cycle as a part-time operating regimen, giving good economy while running in Atkinson cycle, and conventional power density when running as a conventional, Otto cycle engine.

text:
# Atkinson cycle

The **Atkinson-cycle engine** is a type of internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density.

A variation of this approach is used in some modern automobile engines. While originally seen exclusively in hybrid electric applications such as the earlier-generation Toyota Prius, later hybrids and some non-hybrid vehicles now feature engines with variable valve timing, which can run in the Atkinson cycle as a part-time operating regimen, giving good economy while running in Atkinson cycle, and conventional power density when running as a conventional, Otto cycle engine.

## Design

Atkinson produced three different designs that had a short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke. The first Atkinson-cycle engine, the *differential engine*, used opposed pistons. The second and best-known design was the *cycle engine*, which used an over-center arm to create four piston strokes in one crankshaft revolution. The reciprocating engine had the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle in a single turn of the crankshaft, and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines. Atkinson's third and final engine, the *utilite engine*, operated much like any two-stroke engine.

The common thread throughout Atkinson's designs is that the engines have an expansion stroke that is longer than the compression stroke, and by this method the engine achieves greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine. Atkinson's engines were produced by the British Gas Engine Company and also licensed to other overseas manufacturers.

Many modern engines now use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke/longer power stroke. Miller applied this technique to the four-stroke engine, so it is sometimes referred as the Atkinson/Miller cycle, US patent 2817322 dated Dec 24, 1957. In 1888, Charon filed a French patent and displayed an engine at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. The Charon gas engine (four-stroke) used a similar cycle to Miller, but without a supercharger. It is referred to as the "Charon cycle".

Hugo Güldner argued in his 1914 book that Körting was the first firm to build a gas engine with a short compression stroke and a longer expansion phase in 1891, based on a design first proposed by Otto Köhler in 1887. This engine also had an engine-load dependent valve train which increased the intake and compression stroke with increasing engine load. On the other hand, the compression was decreasing at low and medium loads, which ultimately reduced the efficiency.

Roy Fedden at Bristol tested an arrangement in the Bristol Jupiter IV engine in 1928, with variable retard timing allowing part of the charge to be blown back into the intake manifold, in order to have sustainable reduced operation pressures during takeoff.

Modern engine designers are realizing the potential fuel-efficiency improvements the Atkinson-type cycle can provide.

## Atkinson "Differential Engine"

The first implementation of the Atkinson cycle was in 1882; unlike later versions, it was arranged as an opposed-piston engine, the Atkinson differential engine. In this, a single crankshaft was connected to two opposed pistons through a toggle-jointed linkage that had a nonlinearity; for half a revolution, one piston remained almost stationary while the other approached it and returned, and then for the next half revolution, the second-mentioned piston was almost stationary while the first approached and returned.

Thus, in each revolution, one piston provided a compression stroke and a power stroke, and then the other piston provided an exhaust stroke and a charging stroke. As the power piston remained withdrawn during exhaust and charging, it was practical to provide exhaust and charging using valves behind a port that was covered during the compression stroke and the power stroke, and so the valves did not need to resist high pressure and could be of the simpler sort used in many steam engines, or even reed valves.

## Atkinson "Cycle Engine"

The next engine designed by Atkinson in 1887 was named the "Cycle Engine" This engine used poppet valves, a cam, and an over-center arm to produce four piston strokes for every revolution of the crankshaft. The intake and compression strokes were significantly shorter than the expansion and exhaust strokes.

The "Cycle" engines were produced and sold for several years by the British Engine Company. Atkinson also licensed production to other manufacturers. Sizes ranged from a few up to 100 horsepower.

## Atkinson "Utilite Engine"

Atkinson's third design was named the "Utilite Engine". Atkinson's "Cycle" engine was efficient; however, its linkage was difficult to balance for high speed operation. Atkinson realized an improvement was needed to make his cycle more applicable as a higher-speed engine.

With this new design, Atkinson was able to eliminate the linkages and make a more conventional, well balanced engine capable of operating at speeds up to 600 rpm and capable of producing power every revolution, yet he preserved all of the efficiency of his "Cycle Engine" having a proportionally short compression stroke and a longer expansion stroke. The Utilite operates much like a standard two-stroke except that the exhaust port is located at about the middle of the stroke.

During the expansion/power stroke, a cam-operated valve (which remains closed until the piston nears the end of the stroke) prevents pressure from escaping as the piston moves past the exhaust port. The exhaust valve is opened near the bottom of the stroke; it remains open as the piston heads back toward compression, letting fresh air charge the cylinder and exhaust escape until the port is covered by the piston.

After the exhaust port is covered the piston begins to compress the remaining air in the cylinder. A small piston fuel pump injects liquid during compression. The ignition source was likely a hot tube as in Atkinson's other engines. This design resulted in a two-stroke engine with a short compression and longer expansion stroke.

The Utilite Engine tested as even more efficient than Atkinson's previous "differential" and "cycle" designs. Very few were produced, and none are known to survive. The British patent is from 1892, #2492. No US patent for the Utilite Engine is known.

## Ideal thermodynamic cycle

The ideal Atkinson cycle consists of:

## Modern Atkinson-cycle engines

In the late 20th century, the term "Atkinson cycle" began to be used to describe a modified Otto-cycle engine—in which the intake valve is held open longer than normal, allowing a reverse flow of intake air into the intake manifold. This "simulated" Atkinson cycle is most notably used in the Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine from the early Prius and the Toyota Dynamic Force engines.

The effective compression ratio is reduced—for the time the air is escaping the cylinder freely rather than being compressed—but the *expansion* ratio is unchanged (i.e., the compression ratio is smaller than the expansion ratio). The goal of the modern Atkinson cycle is to make the pressure in the combustion chamber at the end of the power stroke equal to atmospheric pressure. When this occurs, all available energy has been obtained from the combustion process. For any given portion of air, the greater expansion ratio converts more energy from heat to useful mechanical energy—meaning the engine is more efficient.

The disadvantage of the four-stroke Atkinson-cycle engine versus the more common Otto-cycle engine is reduced power density. Due to a smaller portion of the compression stroke being devoted to compressing the intake air, an Atkinson-cycle engine does not take in as much air as would a similarly designed and sized Otto-cycle engine. Four-stroke engines of this type that use the same type of intake valve motion but also utilize forced induction to make up for the loss of power density are known as Miller-cycle engines.

## Rotary Atkinson-cycle engine

The Atkinson cycle can be used in a rotary engine. In this configuration, an increase in both power and efficiency can be achieved when compared to the Otto cycle. This type of engine retains the one power phase per revolution, together with the different compression and expansion volumes of the original Atkinson cycle.

Exhaust gases are expelled from the engine by compressed-air scavenging. This modification of the Atkinson cycle allows the use of alternative fuels such as diesel and hydrogen.

Disadvantages of this design include the requirement that rotor tips seal very tightly on the outer housing wall and the mechanical losses suffered through friction between rapidly oscillating parts of irregular shape. See external links below for more information.

The Sachs KC-27 Wankel engine in the Hercules W-2000 motorcycle used the Atkinson cycle. A depression capsule opens a secondary path for the incoming charge.

## Vehicles using Atkinson-cycle engines

While a modified Otto-cycle piston engine using the Atkinson cycle provides good fuel efficiency, it is at the expense of a lower power-per-displacement as compared to a traditional four-stroke engine. If demand for more power is intermittent, the power of the engine can be supplemented by an electric motor during times when more power is needed. This forms the basis of an Atkinson cycle-based hybrid electric drivetrain. These electric motors can be used independently of, or in combination with, the Atkinson-cycle engine, to provide the most efficient means of producing the desired power. This drive-train first entered production in late 1997 in the first-generation Toyota Prius.

As of July 2018, many production hybrid vehicle drivetrains use Atkinson-cycle concepts—for example, in:

## Patents

The 1887 patent (US 367496) describes the mechanical linkages necessary to obtain all four strokes of the four-stroke cycle for a gas engine within one revolution of the crankshaft. There is also a reference to an 1886 Atkinson patent (US 336505), which describes an opposed-piston gas engine. The British patent for the "Utilite'" is from 1892 (#2492).


abstract: The Erick Lehi and Ingrid Larsen Olson House is a historic house in River Heights, Utah. It was built in 1891 for Erick Lehi Olson, an immigrant from Sweden who converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at age 16 and arrived in America in 1882. His wife, née Ingrid Larsen, was also an immigrant from Sweden, where she converted to the LDS Church; she arrived in America in 1883. The Olsons lived in Logan before they moved to River Heights, where Olson served as the bishop and as the president of the Third Quorum of Elders of the Cache Stake. Their house was designed in the Queen Anne architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 8, 1997.

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# Erick Lehi and Ingrid Larsen Olson House

The **Erick Lehi and Ingrid Larsen Olson House** is a historic house in River Heights, Utah. It was built in 1891 for Erick Lehi Olson, an immigrant from Sweden who converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at age 16 and arrived in America in 1882.

His wife, née Ingrid Larsen, was also an immigrant from Sweden, where she converted to the LDS Church; she arrived in America in 1883. The Olsons lived in Logan before they moved to River Heights, where Olson served as the bishop and as the president of the Third Quorum of Elders of the Cache Stake. Their house was designed in the Queen Anne architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 8, 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Erick Lehi and Ingrid Larsen Olson House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The house in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Location | 490 East 600 South, River Heights, Utah |
| Coordinates | 41°43′18″N 111°49′19″W / 41.72167°N 111.82194°W / 41.72167; -111.82194 (Erick Lehi and Ingrid Larsen Olson House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1891 (1891) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000225 |
| Added to NRHP | March 8, 1997 |


title: Galitzkya

abstract:
Galitzkya is a genus of 3 species of flowering plants of family Brassicaceae, according to Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I. 2003. Named after Nikolai Petrovic Ikonnikov-Galitzky (1892—1942), Russian botanist. It contains the following species:
  - Galitzkya macrocarpa
  - Galitzkya potaninii
  - Galitzkya spathulata

text:
# Galitzkya

***Galitzkya*** is a genus of 3 species of flowering plants of family Brassicaceae, according to Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I. 2003.

Named after Nikolai Petrovic Ikonnikov-Galitzky (1892—1942), Russian botanist.

It contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Galitzkya* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Galitzkya spathulata* in Mugodzhary | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | *Galitzkya*<br>V.V.Botschantz. |
|


title: Baen Ebooks

abstract: Baen Ebooks is an e-book supplier operated by Baen Books. It sells e-books for Baen and some other publishers, as well as hosting the Baen Free Library. Unlike most e-book suppliers, it does not use digital rights management. Purchasers can download the same e-book in seven different formats, even long after the initial purchase. Their range of genres offered is heavy on science fiction and fantasy.

text:
# Baen Ebooks

**Baen Ebooks** is an e-book supplier operated by Baen Books. It sells e-books for Baen and some other publishers, as well as hosting the Baen Free Library. Unlike most e-book suppliers, it does not use digital rights management (i.e., copy protection). Purchasers can download the same e-book in seven different formats (BBeB, EPUB, HTML, Microsoft Reader Mobipocket, Rocketbook, and RTF), even long after the initial purchase. Their range of genres offered is heavy on science fiction and fantasy.

## Webscriptions

Until January 2012, Baen sold e-books through Webscriptions, which was established in 1999. Webscriptions was closely associated with (but apparently legally distinct from) Baen Books. It was owned and operated by Webwrights, a Tennessee company run by Arnold Bailey. Webwrights also ran Baen Books' website and Baen's Bar, a web forum for Baen readers and authors. At first, Webscriptions offered only Baen titles; later, a few other publishers started using Webscriptions after seeing Baen use e-books to significantly increase hardcover sales (for example, by providing the Baen Free Library, which was launched at much the same time as Webscriptions).

In the strictest sense, *Webscriptions* really referred to a subscription service through which customers got four–six Baen books *per month* as e-ARC (digital Advanced Readers Copy) releases. Each month, four to six as-yet unpublished works are made available for purchase as a group. The books are released incrementally. Three months before their official release date, only the first half of the books are available for download. Two months before their official release, the first three quarters of the books are available. The complete books are available for download a month before they are released in paper form. While the books are only partially available ("Advanced Readers Copy"), the only download format is HTML. However, once the books are complete, they can be downloaded in all the supported e-book formats. When Webscriptions.net was replaced by BaenEbooks.com, these "WebScriptions" continued under the name "Monthly Baen Bundles". One of the other publishers using Baen Ebooks, Night Shade Books, also sells a monthly bundle. The monthly bundles remained on sale indefinitely. (As of 2013, Baen bundles cannot be purchased once the print books go on sale; all Night Shade bundles are still on sale.)

Baen used Webscriptions for another experiment in online publishing, an online subscription-based science-fiction magazine, *Jim Baen's Universe*; non-subscribers could purchase single copies through Webscriptions.

## 2012

In January 2012, Baen launched "Baen Ebooks" as a replacement for Webscriptions. Existing customer's accounts and purchases were transferred to the new site.

In December 2012, after making arrangements to sell Baen e-books at vendors such as Amazon.com, Baen increased prices and changed the way Monthly Bundles worked. Prices now depend on whether or not a book is also available in paperback format. Baen Monthly Bundles cannot be purchased after the middle of the preceding month, which is when hard-copy versions of the books usually reach retailers. Older Night Shade bundles are still for sale.

## Principles

Baen Ebooks, like its predecessor, does not use DRM (i.e., copy protection), in accordance with Jim Baen's belief that DRM "just made it hard for people to read books, the worst mistake a publisher could make." Eric Flint, writing soon after Baen's death in 2006, noted that "in his fight against DRM, Jim stood alone as a publisher" and argued that Baen Book's success "demonstrated in practice that all the propaganda \[in favor of\] DRM is, in addition to everything else, so much hogwash even on the practical level of a publishing house's profits and losses."

Jim Baen also believed in giving away e-book versions of older titles in order to sell newer titles, especially later titles in ongoing series. Because the cost of shipping e-books is essentially zero, it is cheaper for a publisher to give away entire books than to buy advertising, leading Baen to establish the Baen Free Library alongside Webscriptions. As *Wired* noted, the Free Library has "no conditions or strings attached ... not even requiring readers to give their e-mail addresses, which must have the marketing department turning green around the gills." Baen also include with some hardcovers CD-ROMs carrying dozens of the author's earlier books in multiple formats, all DRM-free. Charles N. Brown, whose *Locus* magazine tracked sales figures, noted in 2001 that "Baen has shown that putting up electronic versions of books doesn't cost you sales. It gains you a larger audience for all of your books. As a result, \[Baen have\] done quite well."

Jim Baen also established a policy of making all Baen e-books free to the disabled.

### Baen Ebooks and digital identifiers

The Digital object identifier (DOI) system would seem ideally suited to e-books, but Arnold Bailey found that Baen's approach to e-books made proper use of DOIs prohibitively expensive: Baen would have had to purchase a separate DOI for each format of each e-book, plus the partial e-ARC versions. Webscriptions therefore used stock-keeping units (SKUs) and ISBNs, instead. (The DOIs found in some older Baen e-books do not work.)

## Supported e-book formats

Baen Ebooks supports seven e-book formats. Purchasers can download an ebook in as many formats as they want, even years after the actual purchase. This list includes a partial list of devices or software which can be used with each format:

| Format | Readers include |
| --- | --- |
| BBeB | Sony Reader |
| EPUB | Nook, Lexcycle Stanza |
| HTML | Web browsers (online or offline) |
| Microsoft Reader | PCs running Microsoft Windows, smartphones running Windows Mobile |
| Mobipocket | Amazon Kindle, Palm OS devices |
| Rocketbook | Rocketbook (an early e-book reader) |
| RTF | Most word processors |


title: Banshee Breeze

abstract: Banshee Breeze (1995–2001) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. A winner of five Grade 1 races, she was voted the 1998 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly.

text:
# Banshee Breeze

**Banshee Breeze** (1995–2001) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. A winner of five Grade 1 races, she was voted the 1998 American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly.

## Background

Banshee Breeze was bred in Kentucky by James B. Tafel. She was her mother's, Banshee Winds, first foal. Her sire was Unbridled, the winner of the 1990 Kentucky Derby and Breeders' Cup Classic.

## Racing career

Banshee Breeze only raced once as a two-year-old, coming seventh in a maiden race at Churchill Downs. Her three-year-old debut was a maiden race at Gulfstream Park, which she won by 3 ¾ lengths. She then won an allowance race by eight lengths.

Banshee Breeze won her first graded stakes on March 16, 1998, the Bonnie Miss Stakes. Her trainer was doubtful she was ready for the race, but Doug Bredar, stakes coordinator at Gulfstream Park at the time, persuaded him she belonged in the field. Banshee Breeze ended up winning by 11 ½ lengths. She then came third in the Ashland Stakes. Banshee Breeze next raced in the Kentucky Oaks, but lost by a neck to the favored Keep Hill. That June, she came third in the Mother Goose Stakes.

Banshee Breeze started picking up wins again with the Coaching Club American Oaks, beating Keeper Hill, the filly who bested her in the Kentucky Oaks, by a neck. She then won the Alabama Stakes, and the Spinster Stakes by twelve lengths while preparing for the Breeders' Cup Distaff. Before her final race of the season, Breeders' Cup Distaff, Jayeff B Stables purchased a half-interest in the filly. In the race, she lost by a nose to Escena. She was voted the American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly.

Banshee Breeze's four-year-old debut was the Rampart Handicap, which she won by 5 ½ lengths. Her next race was the Apple Blossom Handicap, in which she went off as the heavy favorite. She ended up winning the race. Banshee Breeze went on to win the Fleur de Lis Handicap in June, and the Go For Wand Handicap by half a length in August. She ran in the Personal Ensign Stakes later in August, but lost by 2 ¼ lengths to Beautiful Pleasure. She lost again in the Spinster Stakes, being beaten by 2 ½ lengths by Keeper Hill. Banshee Breeze ran in the last race of her career, the Breeder's Cup Distaff, that November. She lost by three quarters of a length to Beautiful Pleasure, and suffered a heat stroke after the race. Overall, Banshee Breeze raced 18 times, won 10, came second 5 times, and came third twice. Her total career earnings were $2,784,798.

## Death

Following her retirement, Banshee Breeze was sent to Claiborne Farm, and was bred to the leading sire Storm Cat. On April 8, 2001, near the end of her pregnancy, she was discovered to have a torsion of the uterus. It was surgically corrected that night, but she continued to show signs of discomfort the next morning. Banshee Breeze was found to have another torsion, this time in her small intestine. An operation to correct it required her foal, who was 19 days premature, to be removed via cesarean section. On noon of April 11th, 2001, Banshee Breeze was euthanized at the Hagyard-Davidson-McGee equine veterinary clinic after her condition deteriorated. Her colt died that day as well. She is buried in the Marchmont Cemetery at Claiborne Farm.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Banshee Breeze
| Sire
Unbridled | Fappiano | Mr. Prospector | Raise A Native |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Gold Digger |
| | Killaloe | Dr. Fager |
| | Grand Splendor |
| | Gana Facil | Le Fabuleux | Wild Risk |
| | | Anguar |
| | Charedi | In Reality |
| | Magic |
| Dam
Banshee Winds | Known Fact | In Reality | Intentionally |
| | | My Dear Girl |
| | Tamerett | Tim Tam |
| | Mixed Marriage |
| | Quack A Doodledoo | Quack | T.V. Lark |
| | | Quillon |
| | Lost Virtue | Cloudy Dawn |
| | Aunt Tilt |

## InfoBox

| Banshee Breeze | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Unbridled |
| Grandsire | Fappiano |
| Dam | Banshee Winds |
| Damsire | Known Fact |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 1995 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | James B. Tafel |
| Owner | Jayeff B. Stables, James B. Tafel, Richard Santulli |
| Trainer | Carl Nafzger |
| Record | 18: 10-5-2 |
| Earnings | US$2,784,798 |
| Major wins | |
| Alabama Stakes (1998)
Coaching Club American Oaks (1998)
Spinster Stakes (1998)
Bonnie Miss Stakes (1998)
Apple Blossom Handicap (1999)
Fleur de Lis Handicap (1999)
Go for Wand Handicap (1999)
Rampart Handicap (1999) | |
| Awards | |
| American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly (1998) | |


title: Eric Mercury

abstract: Eric Alexander Mercury was a Canadian singer who was a member of the soul group The Soul Searchers during the 1960s. He later made waves in 1969 with his Electric Black Man album. He had two hits: the first on the Canadian charts in 1972 with "I Can Smell That Funky Music", and the second in the United States in 1983, singing a duet with Roberta Flack with "Our Love Will Stop the World". He also co-wrote the song "Down the Backstairs of My Life".

text:
# Eric Mercury

**Eric Alexander Mercury** (28 June 1944 – 14 March 2022) was a Canadian singer who was a member of the soul group The Soul Searchers during the 1960s. He later made waves in 1969 with his *Electric Black Man* album. He had two hits: the first on the Canadian charts in 1972 with "I Can Smell That Funky Music", and the second in the United States in 1983, singing a duet with Roberta Flack with "Our Love Will Stop the World". He also co-wrote the song "Down the Backstairs of My Life".

## Background

### Family

Born into a musical family and the youngest of seven children, he was raised in Toronto, Ontario. His father, Methodist minister George Luther Mercury, was from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. His mother, Gladys Viola Mercury (née Smith), came from Jamaica. They were community leaders who worked just west of the core of Toronto, out of the British Methodist Episcopal Church.

### Musical etc.

The two groups he performed in during the 1960s were The Pharaohs and later The Soul Searchers. Following this, he moved to New York in 1968 to perform by himself.

His debut solo album, *Electric Black Man*, was released on Avco Embassy in 1969. It was considered by many in the music industry as a recording milestone in the 1960s. Mercury left his original Avco Embassy label and signed a deal with Enterprise Records, an imprint of Stax Records. His follow-up solo albums were *Funky Sounds Nurtured in the Fertile Soil of Memphis That Smell of Rock* (1971), *Love Is Taking Over* (1973), *Eric Mercury* (1975), and *Gimme A Call Sometime* (1981).

Mercury moved to Los Angeles from 1971 until Christmas 1978, when he relocated to New York. Eventually returning to Toronto, he worked in a management and production role for the band Age of Reason. The band failed to attract any interest from major record labels, and Mercury went to Chicago until 1997, when he again returned to Toronto. He wrote material for other artists such as Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway, for whom he also produced. Mercury's other contributions include vocals to Michael Jordan's "Be Like Mike" advertising jingle for Gatorade.

He had a few acting roles, appearing in the stage production of *Jesus Christ Superstar*. He also had a role in the film *The Fish that Saved Pittsburgh* as Rudy, the league commissioner, and as Tyrone Blackwood in *American Hot Wax*.

## Career

### 1960s

In 1966, Eric Mercury had a single, "I Wondered Why" / "Softly", released on Clip 1122. The group that backed him was The Silhouettes. Diane Brooks and Steve Kennedy were members of the group. According to William D. Smith's book, *A Stroke of Luck*, Smith and Kennedy had the idea of putting together a group to play behind Brooks, whom Kennedy was romantically involved with. The name of the group was The Soul Searchers. However, the real name was Diane Brooks, Eric Mercury, and The Soul Searchers. This all came together in April 1966. The instrumental part of the group was made up of Eric "Mouse" Johnson on drums and vocals, Steve Kennedy on tenor, baritone sax and background vocals, Terry Logan on guitar and vocals, and William "Smitty" Smith on Hammond B3 organ and vocals. Their first gig was at Memory Lane in Toronto.

While things were progressing, Brooks got an offer to record for herself. Due to the band supposedly not being up to the task and lacking in experience, they did not get to play on the recording. At some stage, while having played in Canada and the US, the Soul Searchers were still an unsigned group. However, they had attracted the attention of a young producer, C. Nash. He had been coming along to their performances, and he wanted to record them. A session was set up in the middle of the night in Detroit, where the group had been playing at the time. The recording session took place in a small, basic studio. The song "Lonely Girl", which was written by William "Mickey" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter, had been rejected by Motown. It was learned, rehearsed, and arranged in a few hours, then recorded. Ten copies of the record were given to the group. There was no airplay or promotion, and that was the last they saw of Nash. The single credited to Eric Mercury and the Soul Searchers would eventually become a highly prized collector's item, attracting some very high prices. By the summer of 1968, the Soul Searchers were a very popular band in Canada, with Mercury fronting them. It was when they were playing in Halifax that he decided to leave the band. Decades later, in an interview with Bill King of *FYI Music News*, Mercury said the straw that pushed him out was when the band played a gig without him at the Mercury Club on Victoria Street. Two other reasons for his departure were the murder of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. as well as what Richie Havens was doing musically. A few days later, after the Mercury Club non-inclusion incident, he got a ride with two hookers heading to New York with just a library card and $52 on him.

While trying to make things happen musically, he was sheltering at the Port Authority Bus Terminal, where he slept in an abandoned Studebaker.

By November 1968, Mercury was one of the acts signed to a new firm, Fairlead Management, which was formed by Attorneys Bennett Gotzer and Dennis Katz, who was the brother of musician Steve Katz.

Mercury recorded his debut solo album, *Electric Black Man*, and it was released in 1969. A review of the album from *Village Voice* critic Robert Christgau said, *"Mercury is a fairly strong singer. Maybe someday he'll put out a fairly strong album."* Others proved to be bigger fans of the LP, including Miles Davis.

### 1970s

The 30 January 1970 issue of *Cash Box* announced that Mercury had dropped the "Electric Black Man" name, that his group was now called Eric Mercury Birthrite, and that they were recording at the Fillmore East on the 23rd and 24th of that month. The musicians in the band included guitarist and music director Elliott Randall, organist Carson Whittsett, and two young musicians, Willie Weeks and Bill Lordan. The group also played other venues, such as Fillmore East, Boston Tea Party, and Whiskey Au Go Go.

It was reported in the 11 December 1971 edition of *Billboard* that Allan Katz, the national promotional director of Polydor, had taken Mercury on a cross-country tour, visiting stations from Toronto to Vancouver to promote his new album, *Funky Sounds Nurtured in the Fertile Soil of Memphis That Smell of Rock*. His single "I Can Smell That Funky Music" had just been released as well. By the 31st of that month, the single was at #12 on the CKVN 1410 Top 40 chart and eventually reached number 30 in Canada on 15 January 1972.

In November 1973, Mercury appeared at the Millennium '73 festival at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, which had Guru Maharaj Ji as the star attraction. Booked to perform on stage on the first day, with Stax Records promising a great spot for him and promotional hype to match, he did not come on until four in the afternoon. He performed to a disappointingly low audience, with just 4000 or 5000 people in the entire stadium. Actor Marjoe Gortner was there on stage as well. Gortner, a former preacher, noted that one of the songs Mercury performed was one he had heard in churches when he was a child.

In 1975, his self-titled *Eric Mercury* album was released. This is where the song "Down the Backstairs of My Life" made its first recorded appearance. Co-written with William D. Smith, the song would be recorded by artists such as Smith, Dianne Brooks, Yvonne Elliman, Leah Kunkel, Thelma Houston, Kenny Rankin, Joey Scarbury, and Dee Dee Warwick. For the week of 23 May, the album was getting airplay on KWST FM in Los Angeles. The following week, it was being played on KMET FM in Los Angeles.

That year also saw motor car manufacturer Lincoln-Mercury want Mercury to compose and sing commercial jungles for their 1976 line of cars. Music magazine *Radio & Records* noted in their June 13 issue that Eric Mercury had a cousin called Lincoln Mercury.

### 1980s to 1990s

In August 1981, his album *Gimme a Call Sometime* was released on Capitol ST12126. In the short review, *Billboard* recommended the tracks "It's Just Like Love", "To Become", "Gimme A Call Sometime" and "To Get it Right". A gimmick used to promote the LP was the setting up of two toll-free numbers by Capitol. Callers who rang would go through to a tape recording of Eric Mercury giving a brief sales pitch. By 5 March 1983, the single Mercury recorded with Roberta Flack, "Our Love Will Stop the World", was at #66 in the Top 100 Black Contemporary Singles chart. By 19 March, it was down to #93. The song peaked at #65.

Merc and Monk was a duo project with Thelonious Monk Jr. They released a self-titled album in 1985.

### 2000s

In 2019, Mercury collaborated with Anthony Aramouni, a Montreal composer, and the song "Bright Eyed Woman" was released. The launch of the song was to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the release of his album, *Electric Black Man*.

In 2021, the highly collectible Eric Mercury & The Soul Searchers single, originally released on the SAC label, saw a re-release on the Big Man Records label.

## Illness and death

Mercury died from pancreatic cancer on 14 March 2022, at the age of 77.

## Discography

USA singles unless specified otherwise
| Act | Song title | Release info | Year | Notes # |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Eric Mercury | "I Wondered Why" / "Softly" | Clip KXP 1112 | 1966 |  |
| Eric Mercury And The Soul Searchers | "Lonely Girl" / "Lonely Girl" \[Part 2\] | Sac 5-0001 | 1968 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Hurdy Gurdy Man" / "Enter My Love" | Avco Embassy AVE-4516 | 1970 |  |
| Eric Mercury | " Everybody Has The Right To Love" / "You Bring Me to My Knees" | Avco Embassy AVE-4523 | 1970 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "I Can Smell That Funky Music" / "Listen With Your Eyes" | Enterprise ENA-9041 | 1971 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "What's Usual Seems Natr'l" / "The Truth Will Set You Free" | Enterprise ENA-9047 | 1972 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Love Is Taking Over" / "Take A Walk Down My Street" | Enterprise ENA-9080 | 1973 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Don't Lose Faith In Me Lord" / "Sweet Sara" | Enterprise ENA-9089 | 1973 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Pours When It Pains" / "Colour Yesterdays" | Mercury 73679 | 1975 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Sweetie Pie" / "Down the Backstairs of My Life" | Mercury 73699 | 1975 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Take Me Girl I'm Ready" / "Love Is On Our Side" | Columbia 3-10729 | 1978 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Gimme A Call Sometime" / "Include Me Out" | Capitol A5020 | 1981 |  |
| Eric Mercury | "Get it Right" / "Kill 'Em (With Love)" | Capitol A-5058 | 1981 |  |
| Eric Mercury And Roberta Flack | "Our Love Will Stop the World" / "Only Heaven Can Wait (For Love)" | Atlantic 7-89931 | 1983 |  |
| Merc And Monk | "Baby Face" (Short Version) / " Baby Face" (Instrumental Version) | Manhattan B50003 | 1985 |  |
| Merc And Monk | "Carried Away" / "Carried Away" (Instrumental) | Manhattan B50004 | 1985 |  |
| Anthony Aramouni feat Eric Mercury | "Bright Eyed Woman" | Anthony Aramouni | 2019 | Digital |
| Eric Mercury And The Soul Searchers | "Lonely Girl" / "Lonely Girl" Part 2 | Sac 5-0001 | 2020 | US Re-release |
| Eric Mercury And The Soul Searchers | "Lonely Girl" / "Lonely Girl" Part 2 | Big Man Records BMR – 1006 | 2021 | UK release ( Re-release) |
|

### Studio albums

List of albums, with selected chart positions
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | CAN |
| *Electric Black Man* | * Released: 1969 * Label: AVCO Embassy AVE-33001 |  |
| *Funky Sounds Nurtured in the Fertile Soil of Memphis That Smell of Rock* | * Released: 1971 * Label: Enterprise ENS-1020 | 58 |
| *Love Is Taking Over* | * Released: 1973 * Label: Enterprise ENS-1033 |  |
| *Eric Mercury* | * Released: 1975 * Label: Mercury SRM 1-1026 |  |
| *Gimme a Call Sometime* | * Released: 1981 * Label: Capitol ST-12166 |  |
| "—" denotes items that did not chart or were not released. | | | | | | |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Eric Mercury | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Eric Alexander Mercury |
| Also known as | Electric Black Man, Merc |
| Born | (1944-06-28)28 June 1944
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | 14 March 2022(2022-03-14) (aged 77)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Soul |
| Occupations | Singer |
| Years active | 1962–2022 |
| Labels | Clip, Sac, Avco Embassy, Enterprise, Mercury, Columbia, Capitol, Atlantic, Manhattan, Anthony Aramouni |
| Formerly of | The Pharaohs, Dianne Brooks, Eric Mercury and The Soul Searchers, Eric Mercury Birthrite, Merc & Monk |


title: Erich Nigg

abstract: Erich Nigg is a Swiss cell biologist.

text:
# Erich Nigg

**Erich Nigg** (born 28 November 1952 in Uster) is a Swiss cell biologist.

## Life

Erich Nigg received his PhD in 1980 from the ETH Zürich (Biochemistry). Subsequently, he carried out research at the University of California in San Diego, the ETH Zürich and the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC). From 1995 he was Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Geneva before he was appointed, in 1999, to a Directorship at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany. From 2009 - 2018 was Erich Nigg Professor of Cell Biology and Director of the Biozentrum at the University of Basel, Switzerland.

## Work

After early work on biological membranes, the structure of the cell nucleus and mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction, Erich Nigg's research focused on the cell cycle. His studies contribute to our understanding of the segregation of human chromosomes during cell division, the regulation of mitosis, as well as the structure and function of human centrosomes. This work is relevant to understanding diseases, because mitotic errors contribute to the genetic instability of cancer cells and centrosome abnormalities are known to cause disease (brain diseases and ciliopathies).

## Awards and honors

1. "Leopoldina" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2021.
2. "The Max Planck Society" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2021.
3. "biozentrum.unibas.ch". *www.biozentrum.unibas.ch*. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
4. "European Molecular Biology Organization" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2021.
5. "Friedrich Miescher Prize". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
6. "Robert Wenner Prize". *forschdb2.unibas.ch*. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
7. "Academia Europaea" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2021.
8. Meyenburg Prize of Wilhelm and Maria Meyenburg Foundation
9. "European Academy of Cancer Sciences" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2021.

## InfoBox

| Erich Nigg | |
| --- | --- |
| Erich Nigg (2011) | |
| Born | (1952-11-28) 28 November 1952 |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Cell Biologist |
| Institutions | ETH Zurich, University of California, San Diego, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Geneva Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Biozentrum University of Basel |
|  | |


title: Football at the 1987 Summer Universiade

abstract: Football was contested for men only at the 1987 Summer Universiade in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. The tournament was won by the Soviet Union, which sent a team composed entirely of players from FK Žalgiris football club.

text:
# Football at the 1987 Summer Universiade

**Football** was contested for men only at the **1987 Summer Universiade** in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. The tournament was won by the Soviet Union, which sent a team composed entirely of players from FK Žalgiris football club.

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's football | Soviet Union (URS) | South Korea (KOR) | North Korea (PRK) |
| Players | Almantas Kalinauskas
Alvydas Koncevičius
Vyacheslav Sukristov
Virginijus Baltušnikas
Viktoras Bridaitis
Romas Mažeikis
Arvydas Janonis
Vladimiras Buzmakovas
Vidmantas Rasiūkas
Arminas Narbekovas
Robertas Tautkus
Valdas Ivanauskas
Kęstutis Ruzgys
Stasys Baranauskas
Igoris Pankratjevas
Gintaras Kviliūnas |  |  |
| Managers | Benjaminas Zelkevičius |  |  |


title: Atkinson friction factor

abstract: Atkinson friction factor is a measure of the resistance to airflow of a duct. It is widely used in the mine ventilation industry but is rarely referred to outside of it. Atkinson friction factor is represented by the symbol k and has the same units as air density. It is related to the more widespread Fanning friction factor by k = 1 2 ρ f, in which ρ is the density of air in the shaft or roadway under consideration and f is Fanning friction factor (dimensionless). It is related to the Darcy friction factor by k = 1 2 ρ λ 4, in which λ is the Darcy friction factor (dimensionless). It was introduced by John J Atkinson in an early mathematical treatment of mine ventilation (1862) and has been known under his name ever since.

text:
# Atkinson friction factor

**Atkinson friction factor** is a measure of the resistance to airflow of a duct. It is widely used in the mine ventilation industry but is rarely referred to outside of it.

Atkinson friction factor is represented by the symbol $k$ and has the same units as air density (kilograms per cubic metre in SI units, lbfmin^2/ft^4 in Imperial units). It is related to the more widespread Fanning friction factor by

$k={\frac {1}{2}\rho f,}$

in which $\rho $ is the density of air in the shaft or roadway under consideration and $f$ is Fanning friction factor (dimensionless). It is related to the Darcy friction factor by

$k={\frac {1}{2}\rho {\frac {\lambda }{4},}}$

in which $\lambda $ is the Darcy friction factor (dimensionless).

It was introduced by John J Atkinson in an early mathematical treatment of mine ventilation (1862) and has been known under his name ever since.

* NCB Mining Dept., *Ventilation in coal mines: a handbook for colliery ventilation officers,* National Coal Board 1979.

## Further reading

* 1999 paper giving the derivation of $k$
* Atkinson, J J, *Gases met with in Coal Mines, and the general principles of Ventilation* Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society, Vol. III, p.218, 1862


title: 2022–23 Iraqi First Division League

abstract: The 2022–23 Iraqi First Division League was the 49th season of what is now called the Iraqi Premier Division League, the second tier of the Iraqi football league system, since its establishment in 1974. The number of clubs in the league have varied throughout history for various reasons. The top two teams are promoted to the Iraq Stars League, while the bottom two teams in each group are directly relegated to the Iraqi Second Division League. In the last round of the league, in the Group 1, Amanat Baghdad was able to topped the group after achieving 38 points, while in the Group 2, Al-Minaa topped the group after achieving 46 points. Both teams were promoted to the Stars League, and it was decided that the final match between the two teams will be held in Baghdad on May 26, 2023 to determine the league champion. The Al-Minaa administration demanded that the match be transferred to Basra due to the large number of fans of the Al-Minaa, so that the match would be more attended, and the Amanat Baghdad administration agreed to that. Later, the Football Association decided that the match would be held on 2 June in Al-Fayhaa Stadium. In the final, Al-Minaa was able to defeat Amanat Baghdad, 2–1, and win the title. The goals of Al-Minaa were scored by Sajjad Alaa (6') and Salem Ahmed (37'), while the goal of Amanat Baghdad was scored by Karrar Ali Bari (53'). Al-Jinsiya and Al-Hawija from Group 1, and Al-Sulaikh and Al-Samawa from Group 2 were relegated to the Iraqi Second Division League after finishing in the bottom positions in the standings.

text:
# 2022–23 Iraqi First Division League

The **2022–23 Iraqi First Division League** was the 49th season of what is now called the Iraqi Premier Division League, the second tier of the Iraqi football league system, since its establishment in 1974. The number of clubs in the league have varied throughout history for various reasons. The top two teams are promoted to the Iraq Stars League, while the bottom two teams in each group are directly relegated to the Iraqi Second Division League.

In the last round of the league, in the Group 1, Amanat Baghdad was able to topped the group after achieving 38 points, while in the Group 2, Al-Minaa topped the group after achieving 46 points. Both teams were promoted to the Stars League, and it was decided that the final match between the two teams will be held in Baghdad on May 26, 2023 to determine the league champion. The Al-Minaa administration demanded that the match be transferred to Basra due to the large number of fans of the Al-Minaa, so that the match would be more attended, and the Amanat Baghdad administration agreed to that. Later, the Football Association decided that the match would be held on 2 June in Al-Fayhaa Stadium.

In the final, Al-Minaa was able to defeat Amanat Baghdad, 2–1, and win the title. The goals of Al-Minaa were scored by Sajjad Alaa (6') and Salem Ahmed (37'), while the goal of Amanat Baghdad was scored by Karrar Ali Bari (53').

Al-Jinsiya (who withdrew from the start) and Al-Hawija from Group 1, and Al-Sulaikh and Al-Samawa from Group 2 were relegated to the Iraqi Second Division League after finishing in the bottom positions in the standings.

## Team changes

The following teams have changed division since the 2021–22 season:

## Overview

### Changes

In November 2020, The Iraq FA announced that the number of teams will decrease from 28 to 24 in total starting from 2021-2022 season. To make these changes possible, the Iraq FA announced that in 2022–23 season, a two teams are promoted to the Premier League, where the winner and runner-up of each group will play a play-off match, so that the winners will be promoted directly to the Premier League, while 6 teams in total are directly relegated to Second Division League.

On April 8, 2023, the promotion and relegation mechanism was changed, and the Football Association announced the promotion of the winning team in each group directly to the Premier League, and the relegation of the last two teams in the standings in each group to the Second Division League, as a result, two teams are promote and 4 teams are relegate.

### Developments

On December 27, 2022, the Iraq Football Association decided to stop the championship matches, starting from the ninth round, due to the holding of the Arabian Gulf Cup in Iraq, and decided that the championship would resume after the end of the Arabian Gulf Cup. Indeed, the ninth round of the championship resumed on January 18, 2023.

## Teams

A total of 24 teams are contesting the league, including 17 sides from the 2021–22 season and the 3 relegated sides from the Iraqi Premier League and the 4 promoted sides from the Iraqi Second Division League, because of the recent changes necessary to adjustment to having 24 teams possible this season. The teams were divided into two groups, and the draw was held on October 27, 2022, and it was decided that the championship will start on November 18, 2022.

### 2022–23 season

BaghdadBasraAl-ShirqatPeshmerga SulaymaniyaDiyalaAl-RamadiAl-KufaAfakMaysanAl-NasiriyaAl-SamawaAl-JolanAl-HawijaSamarra**Baghdad teams**
Al-Difaa Al-Madani
Al-Etisalat
Al-Hussein
~~Al-Jinsiya~~
Al-Muroor
Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya
Al-Sulaikh
Amanat Baghdad
Masafi Al-Wasat
**Basra teams**
Al-Bahri
Al-Minaa
Masafi Al-Junoob
class=notpageimage|Locations of the 2022–23 Iraqi First Division League teams

| Team | Manager | Location | Stadium | Capacity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Afak | Hussein Mohie | Al-Qādisiyyah | Al-Kifl Stadium | 8,000 |
| Al-Bahri | Ahmed Rahim | Basra (Al-Jubaila) | Al-Bahri Stadium | 7,000 |
| Al-Difaa Al-Madani | Adel Ajer | Baghdad (Al-Shaab) | Al-Taji Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Etisalat | Ahmed Hassan Abdul-Sahib | Baghdad (Al-Mansour) | Al-Taji Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Hawija | Ali Abboud | Kirkuk | Al-Hawija Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Hussein | Sahl Naeem | Baghdad (Sadr City) | Five Thousand Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Jinsiya *(withdrew)* | *vacant* | Baghdad (Al-Mashtal) | Al-Jinsiya Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Jolan | Mustafa Karim | Al-Anbar (Al-Fallujah) | Al-Fallujah Stadium | 7,000 |
| Al-Kufa | Maitham Jaber | Najaf | Najaf Stadium | 30,000 |
| Al-Minaa | Fareed Majeed | Basra (Al-Maqal) | Al-Minaa Olympic Stadium | 30,000 |
| Al-Muroor | Rashid Sultan | Baghdad (Sadr City) | Al-Walaa Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Nasiriya | Aqeel Mohammed | Dhi Qar | An Nasiriya Stadium | 10,000 |
| Al-Ramadi | Jumaa Jadeea | Al-Anbar (Al-Ramadi) | Al Ramadi Stadium | 15,000 |
| Al-Samawa | Ali Jawad | Muthanna | Al-Samawah Stadium | 15,000 |
| Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya | Mohammed Ali Karim | Baghdad (Al-Wazireya) | Al-Sinaa Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Shirqat | Farhan Hamad | Saladin (Al-Shirqat) | Al-Shirqat Stadium | 5,000 |
| Al-Sulaikh | Muthana Khalid | Baghdad (Al-Sulaikh) | Al-Sulaikh Stadium | 5,000 |
| Amanat Baghdad | Wissam Talib | Baghdad (Al-Nahdha) | Amanat Baghdad Stadium | 5,000 |
| Diyala | Sadeq Hanoon | Diyala | Diyala Stadium | 10,000 |
| Masafi Al-Junoob | Abdul Yemma Warwar | Basra (Shaibah) | Masafi Al-Junoob Stadium | 5,000 |
| Masafi Al-Wasat | Ali Majeed | Baghdad (Al-Dura) | Al-Masafi Stadium | 5,000 |
| Maysan | Mizher Rahim | Maysan | Maysan Stadium | 25,000 |
| Peshmerga Sulaymaniya | Qusay Hashim | Sulaymaniyah | Peshmerga Stadium | 10,000 |
| Samarra | Ali Wahab | Saladin (Samarra) | Samarra Stadium | 10,000 |

### Managerial changes

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Position in the group | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya | Safaa Adnan | Sacked | 2 November 2022 | Pre-season | Mudhafar Jabbar | 2 November 2022 |
| Al-Ramadi | Thair Jassam | Sacked | 24 November 2022 | 11th | Mohammed Hammad | 24 November 2022 |
| Al-Samawa | Aqeel Ghani | Sacked | 26 November 2022 | 10th | Haider Hussien | 26 November 2022 |
| Samarra | Nihad Ghazi | Sacked | 2 December 2022 | 9th | Zahed Qasim | 2 December 2022 |
| Al-Nasiriya | Dhiaa Abdul-Nabi | Sacked | 6 December 2022 | 12th | Mubarak Matar | 6 December 2022 |
| Masafi Al-Junoob | Nasser Talla Dahilan | Sacked | 14 December 2022 | 11th | Abdul Yemma Warwar | 14 December 2022 |
| Al-Samawa | Haider Hussien | Sacked | 15 December 2022 | 12th | Ali Jawad | 19 December 2022 |
| Al-Sulaikh | Hazem Saleh | Sacked | 19 December 2022 | 11th | Muthana Khalid | 2 January 2023 |
| Al-Jolan | Ali Wahab | Sacked | 26 December 2022 | 5th | Mustafa Karim | 4 January 2023 |
| Samarra | Zahed Qasim | Sacked | 3 January 2023 | 11th | Ali Wahab | 3 January 2023 |
| Al-Nasiriya | Mubarak Matar | End of interim spell | 12 January 2023 | 12th | Mohsin Abdul-Nabi | 12 January 2023 |
| Al-Hawija | Adel Khudhair | Sacked | 21 January 2023 | 10th | Ali Abboud | 21 January 2023 |
| Afak | Haider Abbas | Sacked | 22 January 2023 | 10th | Haider Hussein | 22 January 2023 |
| Al-Ramadi | Mohammed Hammad | Sacked | 1 February 2023 | 5th | Sadeq Hanoon | 1 February 2023 |
| Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya | Mudhafar Jabbar | Mutual consent | 11 February 2023 | 5th | Mohammed Ali Karim | 11 February 2023 |
| Al-Nasiriya | Mohsin Abdul-Nabi | Mutual consent | 4 March 2023 | 11th | Aqeel Mohammed | 8 March 2023 |
| Afak | Haider Hussein | Sacked | 13 March 2023 | 8th | Hussein Mohie | 13 March 2023 |
| Al-Ramadi | Sadeq Hanoon | Mutual consent | 16 March 2023 | 7th | Jumaa Jadeea | 17 March 2023 |
| Al-Jolan | Mustafa Karim | Mutual consent | 20 March 2023 | 1st | Hazem Saleh | 20 March 2023 |
| Al-Etisalat | Hamza Dawood | Mutual consent | 30 March 2023 | 10th | Ahmed Hassan Abdul-Sahib | 1 April 2023 |
| Al-Jolan | Hazem Saleh | Mutual consent | 1 April 2023 | 2nd | Mustafa Karim | 1 April 2023 |
| Diyala | Ali Abdullah | Sacked | 1 April 2023 | 3rd | Sadeq Hanoon | 2 April 2023 |
| Al-Minaa | Basim Qasim | Sacked | 20 May 2023 | 1st | Fareed Majeed | 20 May 2023 |

## League table

### Group 1

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Amanat Baghdad (P) | 20 | 11 | 5 | 4 | 26 | 9 | +17 | 38 | Promotion to the Iraq Stars League |
| 2 | Peshmerga Sulaymaniya | 20 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 31 | 22 | +9 | 33 |  |
| 3 | Al-Ramadi | 20 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 20 | 19 | +1 | | 30 |
| 4 | Maysan | 20 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 26 | 23 | +3 | | 30 |
| 5 | Samarra | 20 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 23 | 21 | +2 | | 28 |
| 6 | Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya | 20 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 27 | 24 | +3 | | 28 |
| 7 | Al-Bahri | 20 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 22 | 20 | +2 | | 27 |
| 8 | Al-Etisalat | 20 | 7 | 4 | 9 | 18 | 23 | 5 | | 25 |
| 9 | Masafi Al-Junoob | 20 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 22 | 32 | 10 | | 24 |
| 10 | Al-Difaa Al-Madani | 20 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 2 | | 23 |
| 11 | Al-Hawija (R) | 20 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 13 | Relegation to Iraqi Second Division League |
| 12 | Al-Jinsiya (R) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 |

Updated to match(es) played on 1 May 2023. Source: IFA official website
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of wins; 6) number of goals scored.
(P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes:

#### Results

| Home \ Away | BAH | DFM | ETI | HAW | JIN | RAM | SNK | AMB | MSJ | MAY | PES | SAM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Bahri |  | 1–0 | 0–1 | 4–1 |  | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 3–1 |
| Al-Difaa Al-Madani | 1–1 |  | 3–0 | 2–1 |  | 2–0 | 4–4 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 |
| Al-Etisalat | 0–1 | 2–1 |  | 0–1 |  | 1–0 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 |
| Al-Hawija | 1–1 | 2–1 | 0–1 |  |  | 2–3 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 1–4 | 0–0 | 1–4 |
| Al-Jinsiya |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Al-Ramadi | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 |  |  | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 |
| Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–1 |  | 0–0 |  | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 0–0 |
| Amanat Baghdad | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 |  | 1–0 | 2–1 |  | 3–0 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 |
| Masafi Al-Junoob | 0–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–2 |  | 1–1 | 2–2 | 0–3 |  | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–0 |
| Maysan | 4–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 |  | 1–0 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 2–0 |  | 1–2 | 1–0 |
| Peshmerga Sulaymaniya | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 5–2 |  | 3–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 |  | 1–1 |
| Samarra | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 |  | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on 1 May 2023. Source: IFA official website
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Notes: 1. Al-Jinsiya withdrew from the tournament.
2. The Samarra–Masafi Al-Junoob match was awarded as a 3–0 win to Samarra, as Masafi Al-Junoob involved an unregistered player for the team in the game, and the actual match score was a 1-1 draw.

### Group 2

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Al-Minaa (C, P) | 22 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 38 | 15 | +23 | 46 | Promotion to the Iraq Stars League |
| 2 | Diyala | 22 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 25 | 11 | +14 | 45 |  |
| 3 | Al-Jolan | 22 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 29 | 19 | +10 | | 35 |
| 4 | Masafi Al-Wasat | 22 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 17 | 15 | +2 | | 34 |
| 5 | Al-Muroor | 22 | 7 | 11 | 4 | 22 | 18 | +4 | | 32 |
| 6 | Al-Kufa | 22 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 22 | 19 | +3 | | 28 |
| 7 | Afak | 22 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 21 | 27 | 6 | | 23 |
| 8 | Al-Hussein | 22 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 20 | 4 | | 23 |
| 9 | Al-Shirqat | 22 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 21 | 29 | 8 | | 23 |
| 10 | Al-Nasiriya | 22 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 31 | 14 | | 22 |
| 11 | Al-Sulaikh (R) | 22 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 19 | 31 | 12 | 20 | Relegation to Iraqi Second Division League |
| 12 | Al-Samawa (R) | 22 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 16 | 28 | 12 | | 18 |

Updated to match(es) played on 2 May 2023. Source: IFA official website
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of wins; 6) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated
Notes: 1. Afak finished ahead of Al-Hussein, and Al-Hussein finished ahead of Al-Shirqat, on head-to-head points: Afak 7, Al-Hussein 5, Al-Shirqat 4.

#### Results

| Home \ Away | AFK | HUS | JOL | KUF | MIN | MUR | NAS | SMA | SRQ | SUL | DIY | MWT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Afak |  | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 |
| Al-Hussein | 0–1 |  | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–2 |
| Al-Jolan | 2–0 | 2–2 |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 1–1 |
| Al-Kufa | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 |  | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 |
| Al-Minaa | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 |  | 3–2 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 5–2 | 5–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 |
| Al-Muroor | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 |
| Al-Nasiriya | 1–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 |  | 3–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 0–3 | 2–1 |
| Al-Samawa | 2–1 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–1 |
| Al-Shirqat | 4–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 2–0 |  | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 |
| Al-Sulaikh | 2–3 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–0 |  | 0–1 | 0–0 |
| Diyala | 2–1 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–0 |  | 1–0 |
| Masafi Al-Wasat | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 0–1 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on 2 May 2023. Source: IFA official website
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Notes: 1. The Afak–Al-Nasiriya match was awarded as a 3–0 win to Afak, as Al-Nasiriya fans rioted.
2. The Al-Hussein–Al-Shirqat match was awarded as a 3–0 win to Al-Hussein, as Al-Shirqat involved an unregistered player for the team in the game, and the actual result of the match was a 1–2 victory for Al-Shirqat.
3. The Al-Jolan–Al-Muroor match was awarded as a 3–0 win to Al-Jolan, as Al-Muroor withdraw from the game.
4. The Al-Samawa–Al-Jolan match was awarded as a 0–3 win to Al-Jolan, as Al-Samawa involved an unregistered player for the team in the game, and the actual result of the match was a 3–2 victory for Al-Samawa. However, the appeals committee later overturned the ruling, reinstating the actual result.

## Final

| Al-Minaa | 2–1 | Amanat Baghdad |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alaa  6'
Ahmed  37' | Report | Bari  53' |

Al-Fayhaa Stadium, BasraReferee: Mohannad Manaf

## Season statistics

*As of 2 June 2023*

### Top scorers

| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mohammed Hassan | Maysan | 13 |
| 2 | Omar Attallah | Al-Shirqat | 12 |
| 3 | Salem Ahmed | Al-Minaa | 11 |
| 4 | Ismaël Mohamed | Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya | 8 |
| | Ali Karim | Diyala | |
| 6 | Dioguinho | Al-Minaa | 7 |
| | Saleh Motlaq | Peshmerga Sulaymaniya | |
| | Aba-Thar Abdul-Sada | Masafi Al-Wasat | |
| 9 | Michael Ohanu | Al-Bahri | 6 |
| | Sajjad Alaa | Al-Minaa | |
| | Mohammed Abbas | Peshmerga Sulaymaniya | |
| | Donatus Edafe | Al-Jolan | |

#### Hat-tricks

| Player | For | Against | Result | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Abdullah Ammar | Al-Difaa Al-Madani | Al-Etisalat | 3–0 (H) | 18 December 2022 |
| Mohammed Hassan | Maysan | Al-Hawija | 4–1 (A) | 1 May 2023 |

Notes

(H) – Home team
(A) – Away team

1. "المسابقات تعلن مواعيد منهاجها الكروي للموسم المقبل". *الاتحاد العراقي لكرة القدم* (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-08-08.
2. "أمانة بغداد يعود إلى منافسات الدوري الممتاز". *alsumaria.tv* (in Arabic). 1 May 2023.
3. "رسمياً.. الميناء يعود الى الدوري الممتاز في الموسم المقبل". *baghdadtoday.news* (in Arabic). 2 May 2023.
4. "اتحاد الكرة يحدّد موعد مباراة نهائي دوري الدرجة الأولى". *imn.iq* (in Arabic). May 16, 2023.
5. "المسابقات تحدد موعد نهائي دوري الدرجة الأولى". *almaalomah.me* (in Arabic). May 16, 2023.
6. "السفّانة يعلن بقاء مدربه ويوجه دعوة لإقامة لقائه الأخير في ملعب البصرة". *shafaq.com* (in Arabic). May 4, 2023.
7. "أمانة بغداد يختار ملعب منافسه لاستضافة النهائي". *kooora.com* (in Arabic). May 17, 2023.
8. "تحديد موعد إقامة نهائي دوري الدرجة الأولى لكرة القدم". *ina.iq* (in Arabic). May 28, 2023.
9. "الميناء يتوج بطلا لدوري الدرجة الاولى بكرة القدم". *ninanews.com* (in Arabic). 2 June 2023.
10. "الميناء يحرز لقب دوري الدرجة الاولى للموسم 2022/ 2023". *al-mirbad.com* (in Arabic). 2 June 2023.
11. "تنظيم جيد لدوري المظاليم لكنه بحاجة إلى المزيد من الأضواء". *azzaman-iraq.com* (in Arabic). 7 June 2023.
12. "اعتماد تصنيف وآلية وموعد انطلاق دوري الدرجة الأولى". *الاتحاد العراقي لكرة القدم* (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-08-10.
13. "تغيير في آلية التأهل والهبوط بالدرجة الاولى". *almaalomah.me* (in Arabic). 8 April 2023.
14. "بالوثيقة.. تغيير آلية الصعود والهبوط في الدوريين الممتاز والأول". *baghdadtoday.news* (in Arabic). 8 April 2023.
15. "لجنة المسابقات تقرر تأجيل مباريات دوري الدرجة الأولى بسبب كأس الخليج". *earthiq.news* (in Arabic). December 27, 2022.
16. "باستثناء مباراة واحدة.. اتحاد الكرة يعلن تأجيل دوري الدرجة الاولى". *nnciraq.com* (in Arabic). December 27, 2022.
17. "أربعة انتصارات في دوري الدرجة الأولى لكرة القدم". *shafaq.com* (in Arabic). January 27, 2023.
18. المسابقات تحدد موعد إجراء قرعة دوري الدرجة الأولى وكأس العراق (in Arabic). shafaq.com. 17 October 2022.
19. تعرف على نتائج قرعة دوري الدرجة الأولى العراقي (in Arabic). shafaq.com. 27 October 2022.
20. تحديد موعد انطلاق دوري الدرجة الأولى (in Arabic). earthiq.news. 7 November 2022.
21. "لجنة الانضباط تعاقب فريقين من دوري الدرجة الأولى لكرة القدم". *shafaq.com* (in Arabic). February 5, 2023.
22. "انتصاران و3 تعادلات بدوري دوري الدرجة الأولى المؤهلة للممتاز". *shafaq.com* (in Arabic). November 18, 2022.
23. "ايقاف من سنة إلى 5 سنوات.. عقوبات شديدة بحق مشرف نادي النجف وعبد الغني شهد". *shafaq.com* (in Arabic). April 3, 2023.
24. "لجنة الانضباط تصدر جملة من القرارات + الترتيب الجديد لدوري الدرجة الاولى". *forum.kooora.com* (in Arabic). February 6, 2023.
25. "صلاح الدين يتأهل لدوري الدرجة الثانية و3 انتصارات و3 تعادلات في الدرجة الاولى". *shafaq.com* (in Arabic). January 28, 2023.
26. "قرارات وعقوبات انضباطية تطال أندية الدوري العراقي الممتاز". *earthiq.news* (in Arabic). March 13, 2023.
27. "لجنة استئناف اتحاد الكرة تصدر حزمة من القرارات". *alforatnews.iq* (in Arabic). February 22, 2023.

## InfoBox

Iraqi First Division League
| Season | 2022–23 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 18 November 2022 – 2 June 2023 |
| Champions | Al-Minaa
(3rd title) |
| Promoted | Al-Minaa
Amanat Baghdad |
| Relegated | Al-Hawija
Al-Jinsiya
Al-Samawa
Al-Sulaikh |
| Matches played | 243 |
| Goals scored | 518 (2.13 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Mohammed Hassan
(13 goals) |
| Biggest home win | Al-Minaa 5–0 Al-Sulaikh
(27 April 2023) |
| Biggest away win | Masafi Al-Junoob 0–3 Amanat Baghdad
(23 November 2022)
Al-Nasiriya 0–3 Diyala
(13 February 2023)
Al-Hawija 1–4 Samarra
(20 April 2023)
Afak 0–3 Al-Minaa
(21 April 2023)
Al-Hawija 1–4 Maysan
(1 May 2023)
Masafi Al-Wasat 0–3 Al-Minaa
(2 May 2023) |
| Highest scoring | Al-Difaa Al-Madani 4–4 Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya
(1 March 2023) |
| Longest winning run | 5 matches
Al-Minaa
Diyala |
| Longest unbeaten run | 11 matches
Al-Minaa |
| Longest winless run | 8 matches
Al-Hawija
Al-Difaa Al-Madani |
| Longest losing run | 5 matches
Al-Hawija
Al-Sulaikh |
| 2021–22 2023–24
*(Iraqi Premier Division League)* | |


title: Banshee (video game)

abstract: Banshee is a vertically scrolling shooter released for the Amiga 1200 and Amiga CD32 in 1994 by Core Design. The game was ranked the 39th best Amiga game of all time by Amiga Power in 1996.

text:
# Banshee (video game)

***Banshee*** is a vertically scrolling shooter released for the Amiga 1200 and Amiga CD32 in 1994 by Core Design. The game was ranked the 39th best Amiga game of all time by *Amiga Power* in 1996.

## InfoBox

| Banshee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Core Design |
| Publisher(s) | Core Design |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, Amiga CD32 |
| Release | 1994 |
| Genre(s) | Scrolling shooter |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, two-player |


abstract: The 2003 Mid Suffolk District Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Mid Suffolk District Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections.

text:
# 2003 Mid Suffolk District Council election

The **2003 Mid Suffolk District Council election** took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Mid Suffolk District Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections.

## Summary

2003 Mid Suffolk District Council election
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **21** |  |  | 6 | 52.5 | 46.9 | 14,129 | +13.1 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | **11** |  |  | 3 | 27.5 | 29.7 | 9,940 | +0.2 |
|  | Independent | **5** |  |  | 2 | 12.5 | 6.5 | 1,967 | +1.2 |
|  | Labour | **2** |  |  | 4 | 5.0 | 13.0 | 3,915 | -15.8 |
|  | Green | **1** |  |  | 1 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 1,170 | *N/A* |
|  | Independent Labour | **0** |  |  | 2 | 0.0 | *N/A* | *N/A* | -2.6 |


title: Exact Data

abstract: Exact Data helps small and medium sized businesses acquire customers cost effectively, by selling highly targeted consumer and business email, postal and phone audiences. Exact Data is based in Chicago, Illinois and has offices in Los Angeles, California and Deerfield Beach, Florida.

text:
# Exact Data

**Exact Data** helps small and medium sized businesses acquire customers cost effectively, by selling highly targeted consumer and business email, postal and phone audiences. Exact Data is based in Chicago, Illinois and has offices in Los Angeles, California and Deerfield Beach, Florida.

## History

Exact Data was founded in 2001 with the name Custom Offers LLC. The company has operated under several names, including Mosaic Data Solutions and ConsumerBase LLC. The company was renamed Exact Data in 2013. Lawrence Organ is the current CEO.

* Founded as Custom Offers LLC, 2001
* Acquired by Mosaic Group, renamed Mosaic Data Solutions, 2002
* Acquired by Organ Worldwide, renamed ConsumerBase LLC, 2003
* Board of Advisors includes Gidon Cohen, Howard Breen, 2003
* Headquartered in Evanston, Illinois. Office in Sterling, Virginia
* Opened technical office in Donetsk, Ukraine 2007
* Jack Kraft added to Board of Advisors, 2006
* Jeff Taylor added to Board of Advisors, 2011
* Ranked No. 1 in data card quality by NextMark, 2 quarters, 2011
* Created ListFinder.com and NetPostmaster.com, 2011
* Robert Blackwell added to Board of Advisors, 2012
* Opened Chicago sales office, 2012
* Created FastCount.com, 2012
* Ranked No. 2,471 (No. 98 in Chicago) on the fifth annual Inc. 500/5000 List of the Nation's Fastest Growing Companies, 2011
* Ranked No. 1,570 (No. 61 in Chicago) on the sixth annual Inc. 500/5000 List of the Nation's Fastest Growing Companies, 2012
* Created ePostmaster.com, 2013
* Ranked No. 1 in data card quality by NextMark, 4 quarters in a row, 2012
* Launched proprietary B2B email and postal database, 2013
* Acquired by Exact Data, merged with Statlistics, March 2013
* Federal Trade Commission sends informal warning letter of possible Fair Credit Report Act Violation, May 2013
* Exact Data mentioned on CBS' 60 Minutes Special, "The Data Brokers: Selling your personal information"
* Ranked No. 3,816 Inc. 500/5000 List of the Nation's Fastest Growing Companies, 2014
* Added social media sales department, 2014
* Ranked No. 1 in data card quality by NextMark for 13 consecutive quarters, 2015
* Los Angeles, CA Sales Office Opened, March 2018
* Boca Raton, FL Sales Office Opened, May 2018
* Florida Sales Office moved from Boca Raton to Deerfield Beach, 2019
* Alerts.com CCPA/privacy compliance tool added to portfolio of products, 2019

Exact Data sources consumer and business data from a national database comprising approximately 210 million names, postal addresses, telephone numbers, and email addresses.

## Products and Services

Services include consumer and business mailing, email, and phone lists, modeling, and email marketing deployment and consultation.

## FTC Warns of Possible Privacy Violations

On May 7, 2013, the Federal Trade Commission issued a release stating that a test-shopping sting operation through the FTC's Worldwide Privacy Protection Effort indicated that 10 companies, Exact Data ConsumerBase included, were willing to sell consumer information without abiding by the Fair Credit Reporting Act's (FCRA) requirements.

Specifically, it was said that Exact Data ConsumerBase appeared to offer "pre-screened" lists of consumers for use in making firm credit card offers.

The incident aimed to increase awareness and expose data brokerage policies, not necessarily intending to accuse the companies of breaking laws. According to *The Washington Post*, “This should help raise awareness,” said Laura Berger, an attorney with the Bureau of Consumer Protection. She declined to comment on whether these or other companies are facing full investigations by the FTC.

No actual data purchases were made, but an informal warning letter was sent to the company, as there was no hard evidence of wrongdoing.

## InfoBox

Exact Data
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Lawrence Organ, CEO |
| Products | Postal, Email, and Phone Lists |
| Website | www.exactdata.com |


title: Bahia ambrosioides

abstract: Bahia ambrosioides is a South American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Chile including the Juan Fernández Islands.

text:
# Bahia ambrosioides

***Bahia ambrosioides*** is a South American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Chile including the Juan Fernández Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Bahia ambrosioides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Bahia* |
| Species: | ***B. ambrosioides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bahia ambrosioides***<br>Lag. 1816 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Achyropappus maritimus* Poepp. ex DC. * *Eriophyllum ambrosiodes* (Lag.) Kuntze * *Stylesia ambrosioides* (Lag.) Nutt. * *Stylesia puberula* Nutt. | |


title: Barbara Seagram

abstract: Barbara Seagram is a Canadian Registered Nurse and contract bridge writer, teacher, and administrator. She is co-author of thirty-two published bridge books, including co-writing with Marc Smith 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know, which received the American Bridge Teachers' Association (ABTA) Book of the Year award in 1999. The book is in its 19th printing and has been translated into French, German, Japanese, Portuguese and Danish. Seagram was a member of the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) Board of Governors from 1997 to 2009, has served as president and vice president of ACBL Unit 166, has contributed to the ACBL Bridge Bulletin, and has been annually recognized as one of the top ten recruiters of new ACBL members. She has also served on the Board of Governors of ACBL and Board of Directors for the ABTA. Seagram and her husband Alex Kornel run the Barbara Seagram School of Bridge in Toronto. In 2012 the ACBL named Seagram number 40 on the list of 52 most influential bridge personalities during the organization's 75-year history, citing her work promoting friendly behavior at the bridge table.

text:
# Barbara Seagram

**Barbara Seagram** (born 1949 in Barbados, West Indies) is a Canadian Registered Nurse and contract bridge writer, teacher, and administrator. She is co-author of thirty-two published bridge books, including co-writing with Marc Smith *25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know*, which received the American Bridge Teachers' Association (ABTA) Book of the Year award in 1999. The book is in its 19th printing and has been translated into French, German, Japanese, Portuguese and Danish.

Seagram was a member of the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) Board of Governors from 1997 to 2009, has served as president and vice president of ACBL Unit 166 (Southern Ontario), has contributed to the ACBL *Bridge Bulletin*, and has been annually recognized as one of the top ten recruiters of new ACBL members. She has also served on the Board of Governors of ACBL and Board of Directors for the ABTA.

Seagram and her husband Alex Kornel run the Barbara Seagram School of Bridge in Toronto.

In 2012 the ACBL named Seagram number 40 on the list of 52 most influential bridge personalities during the organization's 75-year history, citing her work (along with Paul Cronin) promoting friendly behavior at the bridge table.

## Publications

Seagram's books are joint works with one or more co-authors and are published by the bridge specialist Master Point Press of Toronto.

* *25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know* (1999), with Marc Smith – winner of the American Bridge Teachers' Association 1999 BOOK OF THE YEAR
* *25 Ways to Compete in the Bidding* (2000), with Smith
* *25 Ways to Take More Tricks as Declarer* (2002), with David Bird
* *25 More Bridge Conventions You Should Know* (2003), with Bird
* *Practice Your Bidding: Jacoby 2NT* (2003), with Linda Lee
* *Practice Your Bidding: Roman Keycard Blackwood* (2003), with Linda Lee
* *Practice Your Bidding: Splinter Bids* (2003), with Linda Lee
* *Practice Your Bidding: Four-Suit Transfers* (2004), with Andy Stark
* *Practice Your Bidding: Jacoby Transfers* (2004), with Stark
* *Practice Your Bidding: Stayman Auctions* (2004), with Linda Lee
* *25 Ways to Be a Better Defender* (2006), with Bird
* *Barbara Seagram's Beginning Bridge* (2008), with Linda Lee
* *Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand* (2009), with Bird Winner of ABTA Book of The Year
* *Defensive Play at Bridge: A Quiz Book* (2013) with Bird
* *Declarer Play at Bridge: A Quiz Book* (2012) with Bird Winner of ABTA Book of the Year
* *Bidding at Bridge: A Quiz Book* (2014) with Bird
* *Pocket Guide to Bridge* (2009), with Ray Lee
* *Pocket Guide to Defensive Play at Bridge* (2014) with Bird
* *Pocket Guide to Declarer Play at Bridge* (2013) with Bird
* *Pocket Guide to Bridge Conventions You Should Know* (2012) with Marc Smith

Barbara's Bridge Tips (2020): winner of the American Bridge Teachers' Association 1999 BOOK OF THE YEAR

* *Pocket Guide to Even More Bridge Conventions* (2015) with Bird
* *Pocket Guide to ACOL Bridge* with Mark Horton

More Conventions: More Practice (with Bird) Planning the Defense (with Bird) Planning the Defense: The Next Level (with Bird) Two Over One by Barbara Seagram (2019) Barbara's Quizzes by Barbara Seagram (2021) Play It Safe: Barbara Seagram & David Bird (2021)

* Intermediate Cheat sheet
* Advanced Cheat sheet (Conventions)
* Defence Cheat sheet
* Two Over One Cheat sheet
* Doubles cheat sheet


title: Faruq Ahmed Choudhury

abstract: Faruq Ahmed Choudhury was a Bangladeshi diplomat. He served as Bangladesh's first Chief of Protocol beginning in 1972, Foreign Secretary from 1984 to 1986, and High Commissioner to India from 1986 to 1992.

text:
# Faruq Ahmed Choudhury

**Faruq Ahmed Choudhury** (4 January 1934 – 17 May 2017) was a Bangladeshi diplomat. He served as Bangladesh's first Chief of Protocol beginning in 1972, Foreign Secretary from 1984 to 1986, and High Commissioner to India from 1986 to 1992.

## Career

### Early life and career

Choudhury was born in Karimganj, Assam, British India, on January 4, 1934. In 1956, Choudhury entered the Foreign Service of Pakistan as a diplomat (Bangladesh, then known as East Pakistan, was part of the country at the time). He held several appointments within the Foreign Office and several Parkistani embassies.

### Bangladesh foreign service

In 1972, Choudhury was appointed as Bangladesh's first Chief of Protocol, within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, following the country's independence from Pakistan.

From 1972 until 1976, Choudhury served as the Deputy High Commissioner of Bangladesh to the United Kingdom, where he took part in the negotiations for Bangladesh's entry in to the Commonwealth in 1972. Choudhury was next appointed as Bangladesh's Ambassador to Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates from 1976 to 1978. He then served as Ambassador accredited to both the European Economic Community (EEC) and the Benelux nations - Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands \- from 1978 until 1982.

Choudhury returned to the home office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1982. He was the chief coordinator for the 13th OIC Foreign Ministers' Meeting, which was held in 1983 in Dhaka. He then held the post of Additional Foreign Secretary from 1983 to 1984.

Faruq Choudhury was appointed Foreign Secretary, the highest ranking non-political official with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from 1984 to 1986.

Choudhury next served as High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India from 1986 until his retirement in 1992.

Choudhury retired from Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1992. He wrote several books and focused on social causes during his retirement. He served on the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), the world's largest non-governmental development organization, from 1992 until 2006.

In 2014, Choudhury was awarded the IFIC Bank Literature Award for his writings on social and political issues. He also received the Bangla Academy Literary Award in 2016.

## Bibliography

Some of his Books are given below-

1. Jiboner Balukabelay (Autobiography)

2. Priyo Farjana

3. Biponno Prithibi (Science Friction)

4. Shorone Bangobondhu(Incidents & Memories with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman)

5. Ghotokal Shomokal

6. Janalay Nana Chobi

7. Shomoyer Aborte

And many more. He wrote his Memories with Bangabondhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on his books.

## Death

Choudhury died at Square Hospital in Dhaka on May 17, 2017, at the age of 84.

## InfoBox

| Faruq Ahmed Choudhury | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India | |
| **In office**
1986–1992 | |
| Preceded by | A. K. Khandker |
| Succeeded by | Farooq Sobhan |
| Foreign Secretary | |
| **In office**
October 10, 1984  July 17, 1986 | |
| Preceded by | A.H. Ataul Karim |
| Succeeded by | Fakhruddin Ahmed |
| Ambassador of Bangladesh to the European Economic Community, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands | |
| **In office**
22 December 1978  15 July 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Abul Ahsan |
| Succeeded by | Manzoor Ahmed Choudhury |
| Ambassador of Bangladesh to Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates | |
| **In office**
1976–1978 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-01-04)January 4, 1934
Karimganj, Assam, British India |
| Died | May 17, 2017(2017-05-17) (aged 83)
Dhaka, Bangladesh |
| Political party | Awami League |
| Residence | Dhaka & Sylhet |
|  | |


title: Atal Medical and Research University

abstract: Atal Medical and Research University, commonly known as AMRU and earlier known as Himachal Pradesh University of Health Sciences is a university in Ner Chowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. It is first university in the state of Himachal Pradesh to specialise in medicine and health sciences.

text:
# Atal Medical and Research University

**Atal Medical and Research University,** commonly known as **AMRU** and earlier known as **Himachal Pradesh University of Health Sciences** is a university in Ner Chowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. It is first university in the state of Himachal Pradesh to specialise in medicine and health sciences.

## Affiliated colleges

### Medical Colleges

## Affiliated Nursing colleges

There are 47 nursing colleges affiliated with Atal Medical and research university, mandi.

## Affiliated Dental colleges

There are four dental Colleges affiliated with Atal medical and research university, Nerchowk, District Mandi. Government College: HP Govt. Dental college, Shimla is the Government College affiliated with the university. Private running colleges: 1. Himachal Institute of dental sciences, Paonta Sahib, sirmour, ho 2. Himachal dental college, sundernagar, Distt Mandi 3. Bhojia dental college and hospital, Nalagarh, distt Solan, Himachal

## Affiliated Paramedical colleges

The two government colleges are running B.Sc Medical Technology course in Dr. Rajendra Prasad Post Graduate Medical college, kangra and IGMC Shimla.

## Affiliated Ayurvedic and Homeopathy colleges

There are 2 Ayurvedic College, 1 Homeopathy, 1 Sowa Rigpa colleges are affiliated with Atal Medical and research university, Mandi.

## InfoBox

Atal Medical and Research University
| अटल आयुर्विज्ञान और अनुसंधान विश्वविद्यालय | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other name | AMRU |
| Motto | sarve bhavantu sukhinaḥ sarve santu nirāmayāḥ |
| Type | State University |
| Affiliation | UGC |
| Chancellor | Governor of Himachal Pradesh |
| Vice-Chancellor | Dr. Surender Kashyap |
| Location | Ner Chowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India<br>31°36′30″N 76°55′13″E / 31.6082199°N 76.9204056°E / 31.6082199; 76.9204056 |
| Campus | Rural |
| Website | http://amruhp.ac.in/ |


title: Formula 1: Drive to Survive season 5

abstract: The fifth season of Formula 1: Drive to Survive documents the 2022 Formula One World Championship. It ran for 10 episodes and aired on Netflix on 24 February 2023.

text:
# Formula 1: Drive to Survive season 5

The fifth season of *Formula 1: Drive to Survive* documents the 2022 Formula One World Championship. It ran for 10 episodes and aired on Netflix on 24 February 2023.

## Premise and release

Season 5 documents the 2022 Formula One World Championship and was released on 24 February 2023. This season covers the trials and tribulations of the Scuderia Ferrari, the porpoising issue of the Mercedes W13, the path leading up to Sergio Pérez' win at the Monaco Grand Prix, the controversy surrounding Oscar Piastri's contract dispute, and Daniel Ricciardo's struggles at McLaren. Red Bull Racing driver Max Verstappen confirmed that Season 5 marks his first full appearance within in-show interviews, having criticized it in the past for fabricating events that happened during the World Championships.

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 41 | 1 | "The New Dawn" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| The episode begins with a recap of the closing laps of the 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix controversy. After showing how important the relationship is between Guenther Steiner and Mattia Binotto for their respective teams, the 2022 Formula 1 season opens with pre-season testing at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The teams and drivers all prepare their cars for the upcoming races. This year also marks the largest changes to the cars in many years. Controversy arises when Haas F1 Team drops its major sponsor Uralkali along with its sponsored driver Nikita Mazepin due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Haas brings back Kevin Magnussen after he was let go from the team back in 2020. Current World Champion Max Verstappen finally makes an appearance on the show after having declined to appear in previous seasons. In the early races many teams, especially the Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team, have to deal with issues of porpoising, a potential problem related to Ground Effect, which returned after having been banned in 1982. The first race, the 2022 Bahrain Grand Prix, is shown with both of the Red Bull cars losing power, Scuderia Ferrari achieving their first win in 910 days with their drivers Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. taking first and second place respectively and Kevin Magnussen achieving fifth place on his first outing back at Haas. | | | | |
| 42 | 2 | "Bounce Back" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| Mercedes' W13 Is put to the test at pre-season tests at Bahrain with Lewis Hamilton and new teammate George Russell behind the wheel. However, the car exhibits an incredibly unpleasant drive with an excessive amount of porpoising. The team has noticed the issue and plans to work on it before further tests commence. However, for Mercedes, the issue seems to remain unfixed. Indeed, the issues are present coming to the races at Imola, Spain, and Monaco, before arriving at the Baku City Circuit for Azerbaijan. Lewis' back starts to exhibit pain as he goes down the straights of Baku as Max Verstappen takes home the victory with Lewis taking fourth. After the race, the team principals convene for a meeting, where Toto Wolff of Mercedes expresses his dismay and concern about the safety of the drivers. The Silverstone round, which also coincided with Zhou Guanyu's big crash coming into Abbey, finishes with Lewis taking third place and Carlos Sainz Jr. taking his first career victory in Formula One. Lewis, having questioned the possibilities of retirement following the 2021 season, announces he is here to stay with Mercedes. | | | | |
| 43 | 3 | "Matter of Principal" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| The first outing of the Miami Grand Prix is starting, and Ferrari looks to continue their successful streak starting from Bahrain and Australia into Miami. Ferrari's two drivers Charles Leclerc - who is leading the Drivers' Championship coming into the race - and Carlos Sainz Jr. lock out the first two rows of the grid. In the race, Verstappen immediately takes second from Sainz, and would take the lead by the ninth lap. Soon, McLaren's Lando Norris makes contact with Pierre Gasly of AlphaTauri, bringing out the safety car. Leclerc's old tires soon give him a disadvantage, which Verstappen exploits in his first victory in Miami. Leclerc finishes second ahead of his teammate. As the season continues, Ferrari continues to make errors that end up costing their drivers the win; in Monaco, Leclerc leads the race as Sainz is brought in - but Leclerc, having been told to come in too, follows Sainz into the pits - only being told to stay out after he had already came in for his stop - handing Red Bull's Sergio Pérez the victory as Leclerc finishes fourth; in Baku, both Ferraris - Leclerc leading - retire due to mechanical failure with Verstappen winning; and in Canada, both Ferraris stay out again and are inconvenienced by their old rubber, handing Verstappen the win once again. At a rainy Silverstone qualification, Sainz scores his first pole position in his career, and Leclerc, having spun earlier in quali, takes third. The race starts with a big crash for Zhou Guanyu, red-flagging the race. The race starts with Sainz, having retained his grid position, getting a good start; by lap ten, Sainz continues to control the field, but makes an error, allowing Verstappen to take the lead. However, the Red Bull driver reports a puncture and pits, allowing Sainz to take the lead again with Leclerc behind. Soon, the Ferrari pit wall tells Sainz to give the position to Leclerc as Esteban Ocon retires due to mechanical issues, bringing out a safety car. As Leclerc is told to stay out on his old tires, Sainz is brought in for fresh rubber. The race restarts and Sainz overtakes his struggling teammate for first, going on to win his first race in his career. Mattia Binotto, acknowledging the strategical errors made throughout the season thus far, resolves to fix them in the following races. | | | | |
| 44 | 4 | "Like Father, Like Son?" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| In his second year in the team, Haas driver Mick Schumacher faces a lot of pressure, which is not helped by a lot of expectations from being a Formula Two World Champion and being the son of a seven-time World Champion. The paddock travels to the Jeddah Corniche Circuit for the second running of the Saudi Arabian Grand Prix; as qualification for the race begins, Mick's run grinds to a halt when he suffers a big crash, ruling him out of the race due to the damage sustained to his car. Schumacher continues to struggle after Saudi; in Miami, Schumacher, in ninth place, collides with Sebastian Vettel, taking both drivers out of the race; he starts his Monaco run at the back of the field, only to lose it coming into the swimming pool section and splitting his car in half in the ensuing crash. By the time the paddock has traveled to Baku, Magnussen has led the championship for the Haas team with 15 points against Schumacher's 0, and faces a lot of pressure over his future in the team. Schumacher starts the race in last place, while Magnussen rises up the field. However, Magnussen's race is stopped due to an engine issue, leaving Haas' chance for points in the hands of a slow-running Schumacher. Indeed, Schumacher is running very slowly to the point he is lapped by the leading Verstappen. Away from the track, Schumacher trains with his personal trainer, convinced he can still score points. At Silverstone, Schumacher starts at the back of the grid, but the session is red-flagged due to a big crash for Zhou Guanyu, which the Haas drivers manage to avoid. Schumacher and Magnussen are due to start 16th and 14th, respectively. Schumacher pushes through the field - and with an overtake on Ricciardo, a DRS-assisted overtake on Vettel - and ultimately Verstappen, he ultimately manages to finish eighth - his first points in Formula One, sending the Haas pit wall into a celebration; Vettel and Verstappen also congratulate Schumacher for his efforts during the race. However, despite his efforts in the race, Mick's seat in the Haas team remains open. | | | | |
| 45 | 5 | "Pardon My French" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| Under the management of new team principal Otmar Szafnauer, Alpine F1 Team goes into 2022 retaining their drivers Fernando Alonso, a veteran of Team Enstone and two-time Champion, and Esteban Ocon, the driver who took Alpine to their first victory since 2014, with a new reserve driver in Australian driver and 2021 Formula Two champion Oscar Piastri. Alpine scores consistent points scores in Miami, Baku, and Austria. By the French round - the home race of Alpine - McLaren and Alpine are tied for sixth in the Constructors' Championship. Early into the race, Alonso edges past Norris for fourth, with Ocon behind him. However, Ocon inadvertently takes Yuki Tsunoda out of the race, giving him a five-second penalty. Pitting soon after drops him down out of the points, with Alonso now sixth and a second behind Norris. Alonso holds the McLarens up to buy enough time for Ocon to pass them. Alonso finishes sixth and Ocon eighth in their home race. Before Hungary, it is revealed that four-time Champion Sebastian Vettel will retire from Formula One, sending the paddock and media into a frenzy with the prospect of a "silly season" on the horizon; Szafnauer is adamant that Alonso is staying with Alpine for 2023. Hungary is the make-or-break round for Alpine - both drivers need to score higher points than McLaren to achieve fourth in the Constructors' Championship. Ricciardo and Lance Stroll both overtake the Alpines, but Ricciardo punts Stroll off the track, giving him a five-second penalty. Alonso and Ocon barely hold on to the points, and Ricciardo finishes fifteenth after his penalty, allowing Alpine to secure fourth place. The team and their title sponsors BWT celebrate at a sponsor dinner. The next day, Alonso reveals he had received a call from Aston Martin team owner Lawrence Stroll to replace the outgoing Vettel, moving him out of Team Enstone. Left with no other option, Alpine announce Piastri for the 2023 season, and McLaren are looking to replace Ricciardo with Piastri, who they have had eyes on. To make matters worse for Alpine, Piastri announces on Twitter that he will not be driving for the team, considering he had not signed such a contract with them. | | | | |
| 46 | 6 | "Nice Guys Finish Last" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| As the season goes into the summer break, the effects of Oscar Piastri's refusal of his Alpine seat are still felt - and right in the line of fire is McLaren's Daniel Ricciardo, who had been struggling throughout the season. Indeed, McLaren has announced Ricciardo's retirement from the team after the season, with Piastri taking his spot. Meanwhile, Alpine are still reeling from the losses of Piastri and Alonso, but the Piastri fiasco has backed both Alpine and McLaren into a wall, with Alpine potentially taking Piastri to court and McLaren CEO Zak Brown potentially having to pay Piastri and Alpine - and given Ricciardo's near-consistent results back at Team Enstone back in the 2019 season, it remains unknown if he would return considering his decision to move to McLaren in 2021. The Dutch round is the first ever since the announcement, and Ricciardo and Gasly, both winners of past races, are looking to perform their best. Gasly fights with Alonso in the midfield as Ricciardo, having received fresher rubber, pushes on Vettel while Alonso manages to take Gasly up. Ricciardo continues to drop down the field as both Haas drivers pass him. Gasly finishes eleventh with Ricciardo in seventeenth. By the Japan round, Alpine announces will have a new driver in Pierre Gasly for the 2023 season. | | | | |
| 47 | 7 | "Hot Seat" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| Under the watching eyes of Red Bull Racing, Sergio Pérez proves his worth during the chaotic Monaco Grand Prix. | | | | |
| 48 | 8 | "Alpha Male" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| As Pierre Gasly departs Scuderia AlphaTauri for the grace of Alpine, Yuki Tsunoda faces the pressure of losing a teammate and a friend. | | | | |
| 49 | 9 | "Over The Limit" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| While Verstappen wraps up his second title and the Constructors' Championship for Red Bull Racing, its management faces hot water as they are accused of breaching the cost cap during the 2021 season. | | | | |
| 50 | 10 | "End of the Road" | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| At the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Scuderia Ferrari fights Mercedes, and McLaren give it their all to overtake Alpine. | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Formula 1: Drive to Survive* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 5 | |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Release | |
| Original network | Netflix |
| Original release | 24 February 2023 (2023-02-24) |
| Season chronology | |


abstract: The Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) is an Executive Agency of the European Commission. EASME was founded in 2003 as the Intelligent Energy Executive Agency (IEEA) and was renamed the European Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI) in 2007, finally becoming EASME in 2014. It is responsible for managing specific programmes in the fields of energy, the environment, and business support. Its goal is to promote sustainable development while improving the competitiveness of European industries. While the Agency has its own legal identity, it reports to several Directorates-General of the European Commission, which remain responsible for programming and evaluation of the programmes.

text:
# Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

The **Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises** (**EASME**) is an Executive Agency of the European Commission. EASME was founded in 2003 as the Intelligent Energy Executive Agency (IEEA) and was renamed the European Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI) in 2007, finally becoming EASME in 2014. It is responsible for managing specific programmes in the fields of energy, the environment, and business support. Its goal is to promote sustainable development while improving the competitiveness of European industries. While the Agency has its own legal identity, it reports to several Directorates-General of the European Commission, which remain responsible for programming and evaluation of the programmes.

## Organisation

The Agency was created in 2003 to implement the Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) programme, which seeks to foster market conditions for the development of new energy technology and is overseen by the European Commission's Energy Directorate-General. IEEA was the first Executive Agency to be established.

In 2007, its mandate was extended to include the Commission's 2007-2013 Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme 2007-2013 (CIP) and the Marco Polo Programme 2007-2013. It was also renamed EACI. In practice, this meant that the bulk of the Agency's work was split into three programmes from other DGs. It continued working on IEE. The agency then also became involved in the operations of the Eco-Innovation programme, which was overseen by DG Environment and provides assistance to pre-market environmental products. It also handled parts of the Marco Polo programme, which works to shift road haulage to rail and water transport, and was managed by DG Mobility and Transport.

In 2014, the agency changed its name to EASME, and it became responsible for other programmes in addition to IEE and Eco-Innovation. It currently handles the operations of parts of Horizon 2020, the EU Research and Innovation programme. EASME is also responsible for the majority of COSME, the EU programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises. It also operates part of LIFE, a financial instrument to support conservation and environmental actions in the EU. Finally, EASME is managing parts of the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, which finances the EU's maritime and fisheries policies.

EASME is a temporary agency, initially established for a period beginning on 1 January 2004 and ending on 31 December 2008. This period has been extended to 2024.

## EU Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW)

EASME works with the Energy Directorate-General to organise an annual event, the EU Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW), which aims to bolster the development of renewables and greater energy efficiency through knowledge-sharing and the showcase of new ideas. EUSEW was first launched in 2006.

The Agency also helps give visibility to separate events through its Energy Days. These are organised by independent actors, and promoted by EASME.