title: Ettuveetil Pillamar

abstract: The Ettuveetil Pillamar were Nair nobles from eight ruling Houses in erstwhile Travancore Kingdom in the present-day Kerala, India. They were associated with the Padmanabhaswamy temple in Venad (kingdom) and the Ettara Yogam. Their power and wealth grew until Marthanda Varma (1706–1758), the last king of Venad and the first king of Travancore, defeated them in the 1730s.

text:
# Ettuveetil Pillamar

The **Ettuveetil Pillamar** (Lords of the Eight Noble Houses) were Nair nobles from eight ruling Houses in erstwhile Travancore Kingdom in the present-day Kerala, India. They were associated with the Padmanabhaswamy temple in Venad (kingdom) and the Ettara Yogam. Their power and wealth grew until Marthanda Varma (1706–1758), the last king of Venad and the first king of Travancore, defeated them in the 1730s.

## The Eight Houses

The Ettuveetil Pillamar were known according to the villages in which they resided and all held the title of Pillai. The Eight Lords were Kazhakoottathu Pillai, Ramanamadhom Pillai, Chempazhanty Pillai, Kudamon Pillai, Venganoor Pillai, Marthandalayam Pillai, Pallichal Pillai and Kolathur Pillai. Kazhakkoottam and Chempazhanthi lie to the north of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city, while Venganoor lies to the south, between Balaramapuram and Kovalam.

## Traditional accounts

### Origin

Ettuveetil Pillamar were the leaders of the land and ‘tharakootams’ known as ‘Arunootavar’ (the military setup of Nairs) established for maintaining law and justice in Venad (kingdom). They were the Governors of provinces of the country. They had the power to exercise control over the king also. They gradually grew from landlords to powerful chiefs and allied themselves with the Ettara Yogam. The Ettara Yogam ('King's Council of Eight and a half'), presided by the Pushpanjali Swamiyar was an association consisting of Potti families, Nair family and the King administered the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple of present-dayThiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The lands and properties of the temple were divided into eight parts and each was placed by the Yogam under one of the Pillai as governor. They soon started opposing the king openly and bringing more and more *Madampis* or nobles under their influence.

### Aim of the Eight

The Ettuveetil Pillaimar, aided by the Ettara Yogam, became the supreme power in Travancore to such an extent that the sovereign needed their permission even to construct a palace for himself at his capital. With so much power in their hands they wished to do away with the Royal House. The earlier chroniclers of Travancore history state that their chief intention was to extirpate the Royal House and convert the state into a pseudo-republic under their control, and eventually under a monarchy under one of themselves. With this in mind they plotted and assassinated Maharajah Aditya Varma by poisoning him and set the Palace on fire.

After Aditya Varma's assassination his niece Umayamma Rani became the regent. The Pillamar approached her with condolences and vowed to support her. But within a year, five of her six sons were drowned under suspicious circumstances, probably at the instigation of the Pillamar, in the Kalippankulam pond.The surviving eldest son, now the only heir to the throne, could not assume power as per the matriarchal traditions of Kerala. (Due to the absence of females the family could not be perpetuated.) Umayamma then adopted a cousin, namely Kerala Varma, into the house but soon he was assassinated as well. She then adopted one boy and two girls from the Kolathunadu Royal House, the cousin family of the Venad House, from the family called *Pally Kovilakam* in 1684 just before her regency closed and her surviving son Ravi Varma became king. He adopted in 1689 two princesses and princes from Kolathunadu including Rajah Rama Varma.

### The Eight lords and Marthanda Varma

Marthanda Varma, the last king of Venad and the first king of Travancore. was born in 1706 to the younger of the two adopted princesses of 1689. Right from his childhood he had to live constantly in hiding, due to the Pillamar. Several assassination bids were made on his life. In 1728 an assassination attempt was made on the life of his sister and her son, the later Dharma Raja. However it was in 1729, when the Rajah Rama Varma, died that actual war was declared.

The late Rajah left two sons, Padmanabhan and Raman Thampi and a daughter Ummini Thankachi. These children of the late king known as the Kunju Thampis now staked claim to the throne, in spite of the prevailing Marumakkathayam law (which said that a king would be succeeded by his sister's eldest son). Recognizing a dangerous foe in the intelligent and decisive Marthanda Varma, the Pillamar supported the *Kunju Thampis*. They furnished them with enough money and men to seek aid from the Pandyas of Madurai. However Marthanda Varma managed to avert war by bribing away the Pandyan army. Soon after this Padmanabhan and Raman Thampi were captured and killed at Nagercoil Palace. (It may be stated that according to a popular folklore, Marthanda Varma's enmity towards the Kunju Thampimar was because of their refusal to allow him to marry their sister. It is said that Ummini Thankachi killed herself after the execution of her brothers to escape Marthanda Varma.)

In this entire episode Subhadra, the niece of the Thirumukom (Pillai) of Kudamon, plays an important part in betraying the Eight. She was a brave lady but treacherous and it was she who divulged secrets of the Eight to Marthanda Varmas people which made them victorious. However her uncle killed her after the battle for her treachery.

The Pillamar were initially deterred by the fate of the Thampis, for they did not expect Marthanda Varma to kill his own cousins. However, soon after this, they plotted once again to murder the king but intelligence of this reached the king. On the day of the *Arrat* festival when the murder was to take place, Marthanda Varma appeared with an escort strong enough to cow down the Pillamar. But having received proof of the intention of the Pillamar to murder him they were all rounded up and tried soon after this.

The Eight were either killed or exiled after sufficient evidence of conspiracy and murder was procured. Their houses were dug up (*Kulamthondal* \- a common punishment of the time) and all their assets and armies seized by the victorious Marthanda Varma. Their women and children were sold to the Mukkuvar fishermen of the coast. The two palaces at Thiruvananthapuram, known as *Ramanamadhom* and *Thevarathu Koikal* were constructed from the wood and material of the palaces of the Pillamar. The Travancore State Manual written by scholar V. Nagam Aiya concludes by saying,

> Thus ended the long tale of crime and bloodshed committed by the lawless band of Ettuveetil Pillai and the Madampimar who molested the land for a period of two centuries and more

## Modern views

Later historians, with many more records available, have disputed the traditional stories, which were based on legend and folklore. While there is no doubt about the existence of anti-royal nobles before Marthanda Varma, as well as frequent conflicts between the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple managers and the king, many of the events of the past were found to be entirely false.

The temple lands were managed by a group of nobles known as *Madathil Pillamar*,often mistaken for the Ettuveetil Pillamar. Earlier historians stated that the King had no authority over the temple and the Ettara Yogam and Pillamar were outside his control. However temple documents show that it was the king who appointed the highest dignitary of the temple, known as the *Swamiyar*. In fact, the authority of the king is considered to have been greatly valued for the records show the Yogam applying to the king for permission in trivial matters such as appointment of Temple sweepers. Another contradiction found is in the fact that the Pillamar influenced the tenants of the temple lands. However the temple lands all lay to the south of Thiruvananthapuram where there were other influential nobles, whereas the bulk of the Pillamar lived to the north. Records show clashes between Temple managers and the king's men but in none of these are the Pillamar mentioned. Another contradiction lies in the statement that since the 16th century the kings were mere puppets of the Yogam and Pillamar. During this period the Venad kings won victories over the mighty Vijayanagar Empire and the Thirumala Nayaks, which, it is asserted, could not have been possible under a puppet king.

A major disagreement is registered regarding the aim of the Pillamar to extirpate the royal family. Even if they succeeded in killing the Royal family at Thiruvananthapuram, there were the other collateral branches at Nedumangad and Kottarakara, places where the Pillamar had no following. It may be noted that all these branches participated in the meetings and management of the Temple and hence were active in Thiruvananthapuram also. In the document of 1730 regarding the execution of the Pillamar the name used for the conspirators is *Ettuveetil Madampimar* and not Pillamar. Besides, of the eight Pillais, only Kazhakoothathu Pillai and Kulathur Pillai are mentioned, the remainder being totally different individuals. The remaining six families are not mentioned at all, and it is improbable that the King who personally made investigations would let any of them go free.

Further important revelations made by the documents of the Temple are with regard to Aditya Varma and Umayamma Rani. The Temple records which refer to minor events such as appointment of sweepers in the temple have not stated anything on the palace of Aditya Varma being burnt down. Also the story that Aditya Varma was poisoned to death is positively disproved, for the temple records clearly state that Aditya Varma died at Padmanabhapuram in the Darpakulangara Palace and was cremated at Thiruvattar. The King had died a natural death. Another significant fact that has come to light is that Umayamma Rani had no children at all and hence the story of the murder of her five children is disproved. The Royal family consisted only of Umayamma Rani, a Senior Rani and Ravi Varma, the son of the Senior Rani. In fact, Umayamma had two adopted sons from 1677 who were however not in the line of succession.

Thus many of the crimes for which the Pillamar are said to have been punished were positively disproved. It is clear that there did exist refractory nobles of immense power and that Marthanda Varma did put an end to their authority and made that of the king supreme, but most of the stories about the Pillamar were found to be false.

**Bibliography**

*


title: Emmuvere

abstract: Emmuvere is a village in Haapsalu municipality, Lääne County, in western Estonia. Prior to the 2017 administrative reform of local governments, it was located in Ridala Parish.

text:
# Emmuvere

**Emmuvere** is a village in Haapsalu municipality, Lääne County, in western Estonia. Prior to the 2017 administrative reform of local governments, it was located in Ridala Parish.

58°51′N 23°34′E / 58.850°N 23.567°E / 58.850; 23.567

## InfoBox

| Emmuvere | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Lääne County |
| Municipality | Haapsalu |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Euplectrophelinus

abstract: Euplectrophelinus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Euplectrophelinus

***Euplectrophelinus*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Euplectrophelinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Eulophinae |
| Genus: | *Euplectrophelinus*
Girault, 1913 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Euplectrophelinus saintpierrei*
Girault, 1913 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Enso Villamayor

abstract: Enso Rodrigo Villamayor is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a forward for 3 de Febrero.

text:
# Enso Villamayor

**Enso Rodrigo Villamayor** (born 2 October 1995) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a forward for 3 de Febrero.

## Career

Villamayor had a youth spell with Cerro Corá. He began his senior career with Sportivo Luqueño. He made his professional bow in the Primera División versus Nacional on 12 March 2016, which preceded his first goals coming a week later as he netted a brace in a 2–2 draw at home to Deportivo Capiatá. Further goals came against General Díaz, River Plate, Nacional and General Caballero as the club finished eighth to qualify for the Copa Sudamericana. After just two total appearances for them in 2017, Villamayor left on loan in June 2017 to Independiente. A total of seven appearances followed with the Asunción team.

In August 2018, months after a stint with Resistencia in the División Intermedia, Villamayor switched Paraguay for Argentina after agreeing a move to All Boys of Primera B Metropolitana. His debut came in a 1–0 win over Talleres in October, with three more matches following. Villamayor left All Boys at the end of 2018, subsequently securing a contract back in his homeland with 3 de Febrero on 3 March 2019.

## Career statistics

*As of 11 April 2019*.

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Sportivo Luqueño | 2016 | Primera División | 18 | 6 |  | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 6 |
| | 2017 | | 1 | 0 |  | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2018 | | 2 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| | Total | | 21 | 6 |  | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 6 |
| Independiente (loan) | 2017 | Primera División | 7 | 0 |  | |  | | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| All Boys (loan) | 2018–19 | Primera B Metropolitana | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| 3 de Febrero | 2019 | Primera División | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 32 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 6 |

1. "Paraguay - E. Villamayor". *Soccerway*. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
2. "Enso ficha por All Boys". *ABC*. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
3. "Ficha Estadistica de ENZO VILLAMAYOR". *BDFA*. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
4. "Villamayor elogia el". *Ultima Hora*. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
5. "Las chances de Enso". *ABC*. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
6. "Ya está... Enzo Villamayor Bienvenido a meter muchos Goles para la CELESTE!!". *Resistencia*. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
7. "Enso Villamayor nuevo refuerzo de All Boys". *All Boys*. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
8. "De Paraguay a Floresta". *Olé*. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
9. "Quién es Enso Villamayor". *Solo Ascenso*. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
10. "Enso Villamayor se suma al 3 de Febrero". *ABC*. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.

## InfoBox

Enso Villamayor
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Enso Rodrigo Villamayor | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-10-02) 2 October 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Emboscada, Paraguay | | |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | 3 de Febrero | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Cerro Corá | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2016–2019 | Sportivo Luqueño | 21 | (6) |
| 2017 | Independiente (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2018 | Resistencia (loan) |  |  |
| 2018 | All Boys (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 2019– | 3 de Febrero | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:16, 11 April 2019 (UTC) | | | |


abstract: The 2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team represented Villanova University in the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by Jay Wright in his eighth year as head coach of the Wildcats. The Wildcats played their home games at The Pavilion on the school's campus as members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 30–8, 13–5 in Big East play to finish in fourth place. They lost in the semifinals of the Big East tournament to Louisville. The Wildcats received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 3 seed in the East region. They defeated American, UCLA, Duke, and Pittsburgh to advance to the Final Four. In the Final Four they were defeated by the eventual national champion for the second straight year, North Carolina.

text:
# 2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team

2008–09 Big East men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 1 Louisville | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 31 |  | 6 |  | .838 |
| No. 4 Pittsburgh | 15 |  | 3 |  | .833 |  |  | 31 |  | 5 |  | .861 |
| No. 5 Connecticut | 15 |  | 3 |  | .833 |  |  | 31 |  | 5 |  | .861 |
| No. 11 Villanova | 13 |  | 5 |  | .722 |  |  | 30 |  | 8 |  | .789 |
| No. 23 Marquette | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 25 |  | 10 |  | .714 |
| No. 13 Syracuse | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 28 |  | 10 |  | .737 |
| West Virginia | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 23 |  | 12 |  | .657 |
| Providence | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 19 |  | 14 |  | .576 |
| Notre Dame | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |  |  | 21 |  | 15 |  | .583 |
| Cincinnati | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |  |  | 18 |  | 14 |  | .563 |
| Seton Hall | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 17 |  | 15 |  | .531 |
| Georgetown | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 16 |  | 15 |  | .516 |
| St. John's | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 16 |  | 18 |  | .471 |
| South Florida | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 9 |  | 22 |  | .290 |
| Rutgers | 2 |  | 16 |  | .111 |  |  | 11 |  | 21 |  | .344 |
| DePaul | 0 |  | 18 |  | .000 |  |  | 9 |  | 24 |  | .273 |
|  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2009 Big East tournament winner
As of April 4, 2009
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team** represented Villanova University in the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by Jay Wright in his eighth year as head coach of the Wildcats. The Wildcats played their home games at The Pavilion on the school's campus as members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 30–8, 13–5 in Big East play to finish in fourth place. They lost in the semifinals of the Big East tournament to Louisville. The Wildcats received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 3 seed in the East region. They defeated American, UCLA, Duke, and Pittsburgh to advance to the Final Four. In the Final Four they were defeated by the eventual national champion for the second straight year, North Carolina.

## Previous season

The Wildcats finished the 2007–08 season 22–13, 9–9 in Big East play to finish in a tie for eighth place. The Wildcats lost in the quarterfinals of the Big East tournament to Georgetown. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they defeated Clemson and Siena to advance to the Sweet Sixteen. There they lost to the eventual national champions, Kansas.

## Offseason

### Recruiting class of 2008

Source

US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
| Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | Commit date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Maurice Sutton**
*C* | Upper Marlboro, MD | Largo HS | 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) | 190 lb (86 kg) | May 21, 2008 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: *N/A*    ESPN grade: 87 | | | | | | |
| **Overall Recruiting Rankings:**     Scout**NR**     Rivals**NR**      ESPN**NR** | | | | | | |

## Roster

| **Villanova Basketball**
**2008–09 Roster** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G/F | 22 |  | Dwayne Anderson | SR | Washington, D.C. (St. Thomas More) |
| F | 20 |  | Shane Clark | SR | Philadelphia, PA (Hargrave Military Academy) |
| G | 4 |  | Jason Colenda | SO | Fairfax, VA (Bishop O'Connell) |
| F | 33 |  | Dante Cunningham | SR | Silver Spring, MD (Potomac) |
| G | 10 |  | Corey Fisher | SO | The Bronx, New York City (St. Patrick's, NJ) |
| C | 3 |  | Maurice Sutton | FR | Upper Marlboro, MD (Largo HS, MD) |
| F | 0 |  | Antonio Pena | SO | Brooklyn, New York City (St. Thomas More) |
| G | 15 |  | Reggie Redding | JR | Philadelphia, PA (St. Joseph's Prep) |
| G | 1 |  | Scottie Reynolds | JR | Herndon, VA (Herndon) |
| G | 24 |  | Corey Stokes | SO | Bayonne, NJ (St. Benedict's) |
| F | 42 |  | Frank Tchuisi | SR | Douala, Cameroon (St. Benedict's) |
| F | 23 |  | Russell Wooten | JR | Chula Vista, CA (St. Augustine) |

## Season

Before the season began, on October 22, 2008, the Wildcats were selected to finish fifth among the 16 Big East Conference teams in the annual preseason coaches' poll at Madison Square Garden. As part of recent tradition, the 2008 Hoopsmania (an on-campus kickoff of the Villanova Basketball season), included a performance by hip-hop artist T-Pain. Previous artists have included 50 Cent, Tony Yayo and MIMS.

The Villanova-Pitt game on January 28, 2009 was the last game to be held at the Wachovia Spectrum which drew a crowd of 17,449. The Wildcats finished perfect the year at the Pavilion. Villanova's 25 regular-season wins tied a school record. It had been done three times before, but not since 1950–51.

During the 2009 Big East Awards Ceremony, head coach Jay Wright was named the 2009 Big East Coach of the Year. He won the award twice in the previous four years. Villanova senior forward Dante Cunningham was named the Big East's Most Improved Player, and sophomore guard Corey Fisher won the Sixth Man Award. Cunningham, a senior forward, won second-team honors on the all-Big East team, while junior guard Scottie Reynolds took honorable mention.

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibition | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 6, 2008*
 | No. 25 | Northwood | **W** 75–37 |
 | Wachovia Spectrum
Philadelphia, PA |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 14, 2008*
 | No. 25 | Albany | **W** 78–60 | 1–0
 | The Pavilion
Villanova, PA |
| Nov 17, 2008*
 | No. 23 | Fordham | **W** 107–68 | 2–0
 | The Pavilion
Villanova, PA |
| Nov 19, 2008*
ESPNU | No. 23 | Niagara | **W** 77–62 | 3–0
 | The Pavilion
Villanova, PA |
| Nov 25, 2008*
 | No. 22 | Monmouth
*Philly Hoop Group Classic* | **W** 71–48 | 4–0
 | The Pavilion
Villanova, PA |
| Nov 28, 2008*
 | No. 22 | Towson
*Philly Hoop Group Classic* | **W** 64–47 | 5–0
 | The Palestra
Philadelphia, PA |
| Nov 29, 2008*
 | No. 22 | Rhode Island
*Philly Hoop Group Classic* | **W** 78–65 | 6–0
 | The Palestra
Philadelphia, PA |
| Dec 2, 2008*
 | No. 16 | at Penn
*Big 5* | **W** 69–47 | 7–0
 | The Palestra
Philadelphia, PA |
| Dec 4, 2008*
 | No. 16 | Houston Baptist | **W** 93–57 | 8–0
 | The Pavilion
Villanova, PA |
| Dec 9, 2008*
ESPN | No. 12 | vs. No. 6 Texas
*Jimmy V Classic* | **L** 58–67 | 8–1
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| Dec 11, 2008*
 | No. 12 | Saint Joseph's
*Big 5* | **W** 59–56 | 9–1
 | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Dec 11, 2008*
 | No. 12 | at La Salle
*Big 5* | **W** 70–59 | 10–1
 | Tom Gola Arena
Philadelphia, PA |
| Dec 22, 2008*
 | No. 16 | Navy | **W** 78–68 | 11–1
 | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Dec 29, 2008*
ESPNU | No. 13 | Temple
*Big 5* | **W** 62–45 | 12–1
 | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Big East regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Jan 1, 2009
ESPN | No. 13 | at No. 13 Marquette | **W** 79–72 | 12–2
(0–1) | Bradley Center
Milwaukee, WI |
| Jan 6, 2009
WPHL | No. 17 | at Seton Hall | **W** 89–85 OT | 13–2
(1–1) | Prudential Center
Newark, NJ |
| Jan 10, 2009
ESPN | No. 17 | No. 21 Louisville | **L** 60–61 | 13–3
(1–2) | Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, PA |
| Jan 18
WPHL | No. 22 | St. John's | **W** 76–57 | 14–3
(2–2) | The Pavilion
Villanova, PA |
| Jan 21, 2009
ESPN | No. 21 | at No. 3 Connecticut | **L** 83–89 | 14–4
(2–3) | Harry A. Gampel Pavilion
Hartford, CT |
| Jan 24
WPHL | No. 21 | at South Florida | **W** 70–61 | 15–4
(3–3) | USF Sun Dome
Tampa, FL |
| Jan 28, 2009
ESPNU | No. 21 | at No. 3 Pittsburgh | **W** 67–57 | 16–4
(4–3) | Wachovia Spectrum
Philadelphia, PA |
| Feb 1, 2009
WPHL | No. 21 | Cincinnati | **W** 71–50 | 17–4
(5–3) | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Feb 4, 2009
WPHL | No. 16 | at Providence | **W** 94–91 | 18–4
(6–3) | Dunkin' Donuts Center
Providence, RI |
| Feb 7, 2009
ESPN | No. 16 | No. 20 Syracuse | **W** 102–85 | 19–4
(7–3) | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Feb 10, 2009
ESPN2 | No. 13 | No. 12 Marquette | **W** 102–84 | 20–4
(8–3) | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Feb 13, 2009
ESPN | No. 13 | at West Virginia | **L** 72–93 | 20–5
(8–4) | WVU Coliseum
Morgantown, WV |
| Feb 19
ESPN2 | No. 14 | Rutgers | **W** 82–72 | 21–5
(9–4) | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Feb 22
CBS | No. 14 | at No. 25 Syracuse | **W** 89–86 | 22–5
(10–4) | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, NY |
| Feb 25, 2009
WPHL | No. 12 | at DePaul | **W** 74–72 | 23–5
(11–4) | Allstate Arena
Rosemont, IL |
| Feb 28, 2009
ESPN | No. 12 | Georgetown | **L** 54–56 | 23–6
(11–5) | Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, PA |
| Mar 2, 2009
ESPN | No. 16 | at Notre Dame | **W** 77–60 | 24–6
(12–5) | Joyce Center
South Bend, IN |
| Mar 5, 2009
ESPN2 | No. 16 | Providence | **W** 97–80 | 25–6
(13–5) | The Pavilion
Vilanova, PA |
| Big East tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 12, 2009
 | (4)  No. 13 | vs. (5) No. 21 Marquette
*Quarterfinals* | **W** 76–75 | 26–6
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| Mar 13, 2009
 | (4)  No. 13 | vs. (1) No. 5 Louisville
*Semifinals* | **L** 63–82 | 26–7
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, NY |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 19, 2008*
 | (3E)  No. 12 | vs. (14E) American
*First Round* | **W** 80–67 | 27–7
 | Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, PA |
| Mar 21, 2009*
 | (3E)  No. 12 | vs. (6E) No. 17 UCLA
*Second Round* | **W** 89–69 | 28–7
 | Wachovia Center
Philadelphia, PA |
| Mar 26, 2009*
 | (3E)  No. 12 | vs. (2E) No. 5 Duke
*Sweet Sixteen* | **W** 77–54 | 29–7
 | TD Banknorth Garden
Boston, MA |
| Mar 28, 2009*
 | (3E)  No. 12 | vs. (1E) No. 4 Pittsburgh
*Elite Eight* | **W** 78–76 | 30–7
 | TD Banknorth Garden
Boston, MA |
| Apr 4, 2009*
 | (3E)  No. 12 | vs. (1W) No. 2 North Carolina
*Final Four* | **L** 69–83 | 30–8
 | Ford Field
Detroit, MI |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Rankings

Ranking movements
**Legend:** ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking
|  | Week | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Poll | Pre | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Final |
| AP | 23 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 17 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 10 | Not released |
| Coaches | 25 | 23 | 22 | 16 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 17 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 16 | 13 | 4 |

*AP does not release post-NCAA tournament rankings.

## InfoBox

| 2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NCAA tournament, Final Four | |
| Conference | Big East Conference |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 4 |
| AP | No. 11 |
| Record | 30–8 (13–5 Big East) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | The Pavilion |
|


title: Batoclimab

abstract: Batoclimab is a fully human monoclonal antibody administered by subcutaneous injection. It works by inhibiting the neonatal fragment crystallizable receptor, which leads to a reduction in antibodies of the thyrotropin receptor. It is being developed to treat myasthenia gravis and thyroid eye disease.

text:
# Batoclimab

**Batoclimab** (also known as HBM9161 or HL161) is a fully human monoclonal antibody administered by subcutaneous injection. It works by inhibiting the neonatal fragment crystallizable receptor, which leads to a reduction in antibodies of the thyrotropin receptor. It is being developed to treat myasthenia gravis and thyroid eye disease.

## InfoBox

Batoclimab
| Monoclonal antibody | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | ? |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| UNII |  |


title: Etak

abstract: Etak, Inc. was an independent US-based vendor of automotive navigation system equipment, digital maps, and mapping software. It was founded in 1983. Competitor Navteq was founded in 1985. Its original headquarters were in Sunnyvale, but the company later moved to 1430 O'Brien Drive in Menlo Park, California. The company finally ceased to exist under the name "Etak" shortly after its acquisition by Tele Atlas in 2000. In its time, it was a pioneer in commercializing automotive navigation systems and digital mapping, technologies that have since entered the mainstream.

text:
# Etak

**Etak, Inc.** was an independent US-based vendor of automotive navigation system equipment, digital maps, and mapping software. It was founded in 1983. Competitor Navteq was founded in 1985.

Its original headquarters were in Sunnyvale, but the company later moved to 1430 O'Brien Drive (View on OpenStreetMap) in Menlo Park, California. The company finally ceased to exist under the name "Etak" shortly after its acquisition by Tele Atlas in 2000. In its time, it was a pioneer in commercializing automotive navigation systems and digital mapping, technologies that have since entered the mainstream.

## Founding of the Company

Etak's initial start-up funding came from Nolan Bushnell, famous for starting Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theater.

> "\[Co-founder Stan Honey\] was doing military-related research at SRI International in 1983 when he sailed with Pong inventor and Atari founder Nolan Bushnell to victory in a Transpac race. Bushnell was impressed with Honey's navigational electronics and asked whether he had any other ideas. Honey suggested a car navigation system. Bushnell gave him $500,000 in seed money, and digital-mapping firm Etak (named after a Polynesian term for navigation) was born."

Etak's Navigator was the first commercially available automotive navigation system of any practical significance. Etak initially delivered the hardware system, the maps and dynamic content for its automotive navigation system.

Early Etak product literature claimed that "Etak" was an ancient Polynesian term that described navigating intuitively by the stars.

## Etak Navigator

Etak's initial product, the Navigator, was introduced in 1985. This system was the precursor to today's GPS-based automotive navigation systems, many of which trace a direct line of descent to Etak's technology.

The original Etak Navigator was a specially-packaged Intel 8088-based system with 256K RAM, 32K EPROM, 2K SRAM, and a cassette tape drive on which digital maps and some of the operating system were stored. The tapes could not hold much information, so for the Los Angeles area, for example, three to four tapes were required. When an edge of the map was reached, the driver needed to change cassette tapes to continue benefitting from the accuracy of map-matching. The system had a tape drive that was designed to be installed within easy reach of the driver, so this could be done while driving. The map moved on the screen as the car was driven, but instead of the color raster graphics display of today's systems it had a green vector display.

The Navigator had address geocoding (the ability to convert a street address to a latitude/longitude point). It worked by using a digital compass mounted somewhere in the car (typically inside the headliner) and two wheel sensors mounted on the non-driven wheels (with magnetic strips installed on the wheel rims themselves). The system used *map-matching augmented dead reckoning*. The user entered the location of the car where it was first installed, and took it on a short calibration drive. From then on, the system self-corrected: error accumulated through dead reckoning could usually be reduced by checking to see if the current location and direction of movement corresponded to a street in the map data. Because there was no GPS to provide an approximate absolute location, this was critically important.

## The move to digital mapping

The Navigator enjoyed a brief vogue, selling a few thousand units in a few years, and even finding its way to the dashboard of pop star Michael Jackson. It also appeared in a 1991 feature film "Nothing But Trouble", shown being used in a BMW by Chevy Chase and Demi Moore (albeit with a color display).

However, Etak did not have the financial resources for mass production of improved models of the Navigator. In 1985, Etak had entered into an exclusive agreement with General Motors, under which they would have to continue paying Etak a certain minimum amount regardless of whether GM's Delco Electronics division fielded a car navigation product.

Etak stopped making its own hardware and focused more on digital mapping technology with its Etak Maps and EtakGuide products. The transition away from automotive navigation engineering activities was gradual. Etak licensed its car navigation technology to other companies, notably Clarion in Japan, Bosch (Blaupunkt) in Germany (as the TravelPilot), as with Delco earlier. Etak continued to provide engineering support for the productization efforts of its licensees (except in the case of Delco, from which no product was forthcoming), and continued to develop and support vertical market fleet vehicle applications that used both the original Navigator and the TravelPilot as in-vehicle platforms.

As early as 1987, Etak was mapping Japanese cities. However, this was in an era of conflict between the U.S. and Japan in the automotive market. Japan had gotten an earlier start in car navigation efforts with Honda's Electro Gyrocator and other projects, but had not created a successful product. It has been argued that the Japanese government shielded its own manufacturers, and Etak might have been shut out in its mapping efforts even after having been allowed in. As reported in Fortune magazine in 1992:

> "\[Etak\] was the first to begin electronic mapping of Japanese cities in 1987, hoping to enable ambulance services and others to find addresses on computer screens. But a year later the government decided that Etak needed a license. By the time it came through, the company's head start was gone and a Japanese competitor had moved in."

Etak's acquisition (for a reported $25 million) by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation marked a decisive change in emphasis. Murdoch had been persuaded that digital maps would be a major advertising medium, and Etak was arguably the leader in mapping the markets of major nations.

Sony Corporation in 1995 announced the Sony NVX-F160 system using Etak's digital mapping software. In April 1997, after Sony acquired Etak, Sony launched the "SkyMap" portable GPS system. Originally marketed to business travelers, SkyMap included two CD-ROMs (Eastern and Western US), a remote control, dashboard GPS antenna, and a PCMCIA card for laptops. Recreational vehicle owners became a surprise market for the SkyMap product. Etak was involved in many web and mobile initiatives during the dotcom boom, and partnered in the release of the first consumer internet-enabled Location-Based mobile applications.

## Expansion and Consolidation

In 1995 News Corp expanded Etak's field operations unit to more quickly create accurate maps of major US cities. The majority of a second building at 1605 Adams Drive in Menlo Park (around the corner from the first building) was leased by Etak to house a map library, Sun SPARC digitizing stations, and field operations in early 1995. Prior to this, all national field operations were out of the Menlo Park office. Field offices, staffed by between 6-16 personnel, were opened in (in order of opening): Detroit, New York, Los Angeles, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Miami, Chicago, Houston, Atlanta and Orlando.

Starting in 1996, a highways project was started to capture geometry, geo-location, services, and navigation attributes along the interstate and federal and state highway systems. Under Sony's ownership, urban core projects were started in 1997 in Portland, Sacramento, Boston, New York, Las Vegas, San Diego, Dallas, San Antonio, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, and Kokomo, Indiana, due to the agreement with GM's Delphi (formerly Delco) unit.

As the Etak map database was built (on old TIGER files) and updated, the field operations unit reassigned personnel to smaller satellite offices. The Miami field office, blocked by the Orlando office, was shuttered, and its personnel moved to Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Phoenix. In March 1998, the Chicago, Atlanta, Seattle, and Washington D.C. offices were closed, and headcount at remaining offices was reduced. On June 4, 1998, all remaining field offices were closed, marking the end of independent mapping efforts under the Etak banner.

## Acquisitions

Etak went through a number of acquisitions. Etak was acquired in 1989 by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. It was during this time that Fox Sports' FoxTrax hockey puck was introduced for use in NHL telecasts, using Etak GPS technology (there is a display in the Etak lobby). News Corporation then sold Etak to Sony Corporation in May 1996. In May 2000, Etak, Inc. was acquired from Sony Corporation by Tele Atlas and became Tele Atlas North America. Etak, Inc. ceased to exist as a separate company soon after.


title: Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy

abstract: Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy was an 18th–19th-century French writer and translator.

text:
# Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy

**Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy** (1 March 1762, Paris – 12 December 1815, Paris) was an 18th–19th-century French writer and translator.

## Life

An interpreter and translator, among others by ministries and courts (conseil des prises maritimes, codirecteur du bureau de législation étrangère ... ), but also a bookseller in Paris, Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy is mostly known for his popular dramas. He is often mentioned for his drama in four acts in prose *Calas, ou Le fanatisme* dealing with the Calas affair, premiered in Paris 17 December 1790 at the Théâtre du Palais Royal and published in 1791. He was also the nephew of Antoine-Marin Lemierre (1723-1793), a poet and playwright, member of the Académie française.

## Works

* 1788: *L'Élève du plaisir*, with Samuel Jackson Pratt.
* 1791: *Calas, ou le Fanatisme*
* 1798: *Poésie de Gray*, by Thomas Gray and Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy (coauthor and translator), notes and explanations by M. Lemierre d'Argy.
* 1814: *Relation authentique... de l'assaut donné, le 6 juillet 1809, au palais Quirinal et de l'enlèvement du Souverain Pontife le pape Pie VII...*.
* 1814: *Le Château de l'indolence*, poem in 2 chants (with James Thomson).

### Translations

* 1787: *Nouveau code criminel de l'empereur*, published in Vienna in 1787, Hardouin and Gatey publishers, Paris.
* 1814: *Mémoires de la reine d'Étrurie Marie-Louise de Bourbon*, written by herself, translated from Italian, Éditions Chaumerot jeune.
* 1815: *La Femme errante*, by Frances Burney, translated from English by J.-B.-J. Breton de La Martinière and Auguste-Jacques Lemierre d'Argy.


title: Emmure discography

abstract: Emmure is an American metalcore band. The group formed in 2003 in New Fairfield, Connecticut, but later moved to Queens, New York. The discography of Emmure consists of eight full-length albums, one EP and three demos.

text:
# Emmure discography

Emmure is an American metalcore band. The group formed in 2003 in New Fairfield, Connecticut, but later moved to Queens, New York. The **discography of Emmure** consists of eight full-length albums, one EP and three demos.

## Studio albums

| Name | Details | Peak chart position | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Top
200 | US
Indie | US
Heat |
| *Goodbye to the Gallows* |  | - | 33 | 15 |
| *The Respect Issue* | * Released: May 13, 2008 * Label: Victory * Format: CD, music download | - | 17 | 4 |
| *Felony* | * Released: August 18, 2009 * Label: Victory * Format: CD, music download | 60 | 8 | - |
| *Speaker of the Dead* | * Released: February 15, 2011 * Label: Victory * Format: CD, music download | 68 | 11 | - |
| *Slave to the Game* | * Released: April 10, 2012 * Label: Victory * Format: CD, music download | 58 | 11 | - |
| *Eternal Enemies* | * Released: April 15, 2014 * Label: Victory * Format: CD, music download | 57
 | 11
 | - |
| *Look at Yourself* | * Released: March 3, 2017 * Label: SharpTone * Format: CD, music download, vinyl | 73
 | 4
 | - |
| *Hindsight* | * Released: June 26, 2020 * Label: SharpTone * Format: CD, music download, vinyl | - | - | - |

## EPs

| Name | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *The Complete Guide to Needlework* | * Released: 2006 * Label: This City Is Burning * Format: CD, music download |

## Demos

### Surrounded By Nothing

* Released: 2004
* Label: Dead People Ink Records
* Format: CDr, Promo
* Information: The band's first ever demo. Many of the songs would later get re-recorded under new titles for some of the band's later releases, such as the band's *Nine Eleven Zero Four* demo and their EP *The Complete Guide to Needlework*.

Track list:

1. Symbols of Destruction
2. One Mind
3. Crystal Heart
4. Angels Cry Forever
5. Never Fade
6. Dying Dream
7. Erasing Tomorrow
8. Burning Bridges
9. Bitter Sweet
10. Nothing But Me

### *Nine Eleven Zero Four*

* Released: 2004
* Label: Self-released
* Format: CD-R
* Information: was released/sold in a slimline CD case with an image of a deceased cupid as the cover art. The name of the demo is a tribute to the Lionel brother's friend who died on the date September 11, 2004. Guitarist Jesse Ketive engineered/produced all three songs.

Track list:

1. If God Only Knew
2. Green Is the Worst Color Ever
3. Mr. Know It All But No One Asks Me the Right Questions

### Untitled Demo 2005

* Released: 2005
* Label: Self-released
* Format: CDr, Promo
* Information: Demo recorded at GRS Studios in New York City. All 3 tracks are early demo versions of songs that would later get re-recorded for *The Complete Guide to Needlework*. The track titled "Untitled" would later acquire the name "22 Exits Away" for the EP.

Track list:

1. I Should Have Called Mrs. Cleo
2. Untitled
3. Johnny Carson Didn't Have To Die

## Singles

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "10 Signs You Should Leave" | 2007 | *Goodbye to the Gallows* |
| "False Love in Real Life" | 2008 | *The Respect Issue* |
| "I Thought You Met Telly and Turned Me into Casper" | 2009 | *Felony* |
| "Drug Dealer Friend" | 2011 | *Speaker of the Dead* |
| | | "Solar Flare Homicide" |
| "I Am Onslaught" | 2012 | *Slave to the Game* |
| | | "Protoman" |
| | | "MDMA" |
| "Nemesis" | 2014 | *Eternal Enemies* |
| "Torch" | 2016 | *Look at Yourself* |
| | | "Russian Hotel Aftermath" |
| "Flag of the Beast" | | 2017 |
| "Pigs Ear" | 2019 | *Hindsight* |
| "Thunder Mouth" | | 2020 |

* "Gypsy Disco" (2020)
* "Sons of Medusa" (2021)

## Music videos

| Song | Year | Album | Director | Type | Link |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "10 Signs You Should Leave" | 2007 | *Goodbye to the Gallows* | Frankie Nasso | Narrative/Performance |  |
| "Sound Wave Superior" | 2008 | *The Respect Issue* | |  |  |
| "False Love In Real Life" | 2009 | | | Performance |  |
| "I Thought You Met Telly and Turned Me into Casper" | | | *Felony* | Benjamin Eck |  |
| "Drug Dealer Friend" | 2011 | *Speaker of the Dead* | Carlo Oppermann | Live/Montage |  |
| "Solar Flare Homicide" | | | Frankie Nasso | Performance |  |
| "Children of Cybertron" | | |  | |  |
| "MDMA" | 2012 | *Slave To The Game* | Frankie Palmeri | Narrative |  |
| "I Am Onslaught" | | |  | |  |
| "Protoman" | | |  |
| "Nemesis" | 2014 | *Eternal Enemies* | Frankie Palmeri |  |  |
| "Like LaMotta" | | |  | |  |
| "E" | | |  |
| "A Gift a Curse" | | | Jensen Noen |  |  |
| "Flag of the Beast" | 2017 | *Look at Yourself* |  | Narrative/Performance |  |
| "Smokey" | | |  | Performance |  |
| "Ice Man Confessions" | 2018 | |  | |  |
| "Natural Born Killer" | | |  | Live/Montage |  |
| "Thunder Mouth" | 2020 | *Hindsight* | Frankie Nasso | Animated |  |

## Collaborations

| Year | Song | Album | Artist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | "The Forgotten" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *It's Nothing Personal* | **Bury Your Dead** |
| 2010 | "Smileys Cousin" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *The Science Of Exploitation* | **Doomsday Morning** |
| 2011 | "Eyes Wide Open" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Kingdom Days in an Evil Age* | **Sleeping Giant** |
| 2012 | "Epidemia" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Epidemia* | **Ill Niño** |
| | "Solitary" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Redemption* | **Shinto Katana** |
| | "Octobortion" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Nematocera* | **Defiler** |
| 2013 | "Can We Start Again? (Bane Cover)" (feat. Frankie Palmeri & Mattie Montgomery) | *Renegades Forever* | **I See Stars** |
| | "Welcome Home" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *A Thousand Voices EP* | **Witness for Hope** |
| | "F.R.E.A.K.S." (feat. Frankie Palmeri & Aaron Matts) | *Will, Love, Life* | **As They Burn** |
| | "Ivory's Ashes" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Deadbeat EP* | **Sylar** |
| 2015 | "Loose Cannon" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Shitlife* | **Gift Giver'** |
| 2018 | "Cetra" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Single* | **Shark Infested Daughters** |
| | "Snake in the Grass" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Insurrectionist EP* | **Dead/Awake** |
| | "Callout 3" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Single* | **Ev0lution** |
| | "Lot 242" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Blur EP* | **Broken Youth** |
| 2019 | "Switched On" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Single* | **Misery Crew** |
| | "Crown of Creation" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Plaguebearer* | **Call of Charon** |
| | "The Skin We Live In" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Desolate* | **Absence of Despair** |
| 2020 | "Decepticon" (feat. Frankie Palmeri) | *Single* | **TERRORBYTE** |

## InfoBox

| Emmure discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Emmure performing in 2016 | |
| Studio albums | 8 |
| Music videos | 9 |
| EPs | 1 |
| Singles | 8 |
| Demo albums | 3 |


title: European route E373

abstract: The European road E373 or E373 is a European road running from Lublin in Poland to Kyiv in Ukraine.

text:
# European route E373

The **European road E373** or **E373** is a European road running from Lublin in Poland to Kyiv in Ukraine.

## General

The European road E373 is a Class B connection road and connects the Polish city Lublin with the Ukrainian city Kyiv which makes it at a length of approximately 590 kilometers. The route has been recorded by the UNECE as follows: Lublin \- Kovel \- Kyiv.

## Route

## InfoBox

| E373 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 606 km (377 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Lublin (Poland) |
| East end | Kyiv (Ukraine) |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Countries | Poland<br>Ukraine |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Ensomheden

abstract:
Ensomheden, meaning 'Loneliness' in the Danish language, is an uninhabited island in southeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality.
The weather of the island is characterized by tundra climate.

text:
# Ensomheden

**Ensomheden**, meaning 'Loneliness' in the Danish language, is an uninhabited island in southeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality. The weather of the island is characterized by tundra climate.

## Geography

Ensomheden is an island in the Bernstorff Fjord of the King Frederick VI Coast, located between the Odinland Peninsula to the north and the Thorland Peninsula to the south. It lies within the fjord, about 33 kilometres (21 miles) from its mouth in the North Atlantic Ocean. The waters around the island are mostly clogged by ice calved by the active glaciers at the head of the fjord.

The island is 3.2 kilometres (2 miles) long with a maximum width of 1.5 kilometres (1 mile).

## Bibliography

* Spencer Apollonio, *Lands That Hold One Spellbound: A Story of East Greenland*, 2008

## InfoBox

Ensomheden
| Ensomheden | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | North Atlantic Ocean<br>Southeastern Greenland |
| Coordinates | 63°43′30″N 41°13′45″W / 63.72500°N 41.22917°W / 63.72500; -41.22917 |
| Length | 3.2 km (1.99 mi) |
| Width | 1.5 km (0.93 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 209 m (686 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **Greenland** | |
| Municipality | Sermersooq |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


title: Axford-Coffin Farm

abstract: The Axford-Coffin Farm, also known as Cranberry Lake Farm, is a farmstead located at 384-388 West Predmore Road in Oakland Charter Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

text:
# Axford-Coffin Farm

The **Axford-Coffin Farm**, also known as **Cranberry Lake Farm**, is a farmstead located at 384-388 West Predmore Road in Oakland Charter Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## History

John Axford purchased this farmstead in 1837, and likely constructed the original frame house at some point in the 1840s. Jacob Kline purchased the farm in 1848, and Kline family continued to own it until 1925. During this time, the farm was likely used to raise dairy cows and fowl. The farm went through multiple owners over the next 15 years, including going through foreclosure in 1929-31. In 1939, Detroit businessman (and later US Congressman) Howard A. Coffin and his wife Abbie purchased the farm and converted it into a country estate.

The Coffins altered and added to the farmstead, creating their estate. It is possible that dairy operations on the farm continued during this time. In 1951, the Coffins sold the property to George H. and Guitenna Williamson. The Williamsons lived in California, and let out the house and farm for a series of uses, including cattle farming, as a group home, house farming, and as a commune.

In 1996, Oakland Charter Township purchased the property, establishing it as "Cranberry Lake Park." The section containing the farmstead was separately designated "Cranberry Lake Farm."

## Description

Cranberry Lake Farm is a roughly 16.5 acre parcel within the 167 acre Cranberry Lake Park, which encompasses the entirety of the former Coffin farm property. The farmstead is reached by a gravel drive looping from what is now a parking lot around behind the house and back to the road. The site includes the original farmhouse within the gravel drive loop, and four major outbuildings behind it: a caretaker's house, greenhouse, carriage house, and springhouse. Behind these are two more small outbuildings, and to the west are a silo and the remains of a barn.

The house is a Greek Revival structure, originally built in the 1840s and modernized in the 1930s and 40s. It was originally an upright-and-wing form, and various additions have expanded its footprint. It has a fieldstone foundation, fieldstone chimneys, and wood clapboard siding.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Axford-Coffin Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 384-388 W. Predmore Rd., Oakland Township, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 42°47′10″N 83°8′31″W / 42.78611°N 83.14194°W / 42.78611; -83.14194 (Axford-Coffin Farm) |
| Area | 16.7 acres (6.8 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 02000159 |
| Added to NRHP | March 15, 2002 |


title: Batocnema

abstract: Batocnema is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae first described by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan in 1903.

text:
# Batocnema

***Batocnema*** is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae first described by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan in 1903.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Batocnema* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Batocnema africanus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Tribe: | Ambulycini |
| Genus: | *Batocnema*<br>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 |
|


title: 2011 Sarawak state election

text:
# 2011 Sarawak state election

The tenth Sarawak state election was held on Saturday, 16 April 2011 after nomination for candidates on Wednesday, 6 April 2011. The purpose of the election was to elect 71 representatives to the Sarawak State Assembly. The ninth state assembly was dissolved by Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak, Tun Abang Muhammad Salahuddin Abang Barieng on the advice of Chief Minister Abdul Taib Mahmud on 21 March 2011. The previous state election in Sarawak was held in 2006.

The election resulted in Barisan Nasional (BN) retaining its two-thirds majority, albeit by a reduced margin. BN lost eight seats, mainly through the Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP). SUPP leader and deputy chief minister George Chan Hong Nam lost his seat. The opposition Pakatan Rakyat made gains, but fell short of its goal to deny a two-thirds majority for BN. The party with the single biggest gain on the day was the Democratic Action Party (DAP), which doubled its seats to 12.

Taib, who had served as Chief Minister for 30 years, was sworn in for his eighth term on the same night. Wong Ho Leng was reappointed as opposition leader after his party (DAP) won the most seats for the opposition bench. Before this, Baru Bian was being nominated as chief minister-in-waiting by Pakatan Rakyat.

## Background

Before the dissolution of Sarawak State Assembly, the Sarawak branch of the federal ruling coalition Barisan Nasional held 63 state seats, of which the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu had 35 seats, Sarawak United People's Party 12 seats, Parti Rakyat Sarawak 8 seats and Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party 8 seats. The opposition parties held eight seats in total; the federal opposition coalition Pakatan Rakyat had seven seats (Democratic Action Party had six, and Parti Keadilan Rakyat had one), while the remaining one seat was held by Parti Cinta Malaysia.

This election has become the biggest in the state history, whereby 213 candidates are vying for 71 seats. Barisan Nasional fielded candidates for all 71 seats, of which Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu, is contesting 35 seats, followed by 19 for Sarawak United People's Party, 9 to the Parti Rakyat Sarawak and 8 to the Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party. Pakatan Rakyat which was formed without a chairman in April 2010, fielded candidates in 69 seats out of the 71 seats, of which 49 candidates were from Parti Keadilan Rakyat, 15 seats from Democratic Action Party and five seats from Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Sarawak National Party (SNAP), despite being a member of the Pakatan Raykat, fielded its own candidates in 27 constituencies after negotiations with Parti Keadilan Rakyat broke down. It has nevertheless announced that it will support Baru Bian, the Pakatan candidate for chief minister, if it wins any seats.

The election also marks the debut of the Parti Cinta Malaysia, which is not affiliated with Pakatan Rakyat or Barisan Nasional and is contesting in 6 seats. Another newcomer is Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu (PERSB) (English: **United Sarawak People's Economic Party**) vying 16 seats. However PERSB were forced to contest as independent candidates as their party application has yet to be approved by Registrar of Societies (ROS) and during the nomination day, one of PERSB's candidate for N.58 Jepak was rejected by the Election Commission (EC).

## Timeline

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 21 March 2011 | Dissolution of the 16th Legislative Assembly |
| 23 March 2011 | Issue of the writs of election |
| 6 April 2011 | Nomination day |
| 6–15 April 2011 | Campaigning period |
| 13–15 April 2011 | Early voting for postal, overseas and advance voters |
| 16 April 2011 | Election day |

## Election issues

During the election, the opposition began painting the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition in a bad light by pointing to the impounding on Alkitab or Bahasa Malaysia bibles, saying that they were anti-Christian.

Another election issue that the opposition has brought up was regarding the long tenure of Chief Minister Taib Mahmud and his refusal to resign and appoint a successor. The issue went in hand with them pointing out his alleged amassing of a huge fortune while in office which has been revealed in numerous websites, especially the Sarawak Report. Other reasons include fuel hike, land lease issue, state government contracts, open tender, and Chinese language education non-dominant parties perceived as weak partner in the state government, and weak party organisation and publicity. On government contracts, many Chinese businessmen were increasingly concerned about the lack of transparency and accountability on the awarding of the contracts. Several large infrastructure projects were awarded without notice or an open tender.

## Results

A total of 18,363 eligible postal voters will be voting this time around in the Sarawak state election. Under Malaysian electoral law, teachers, military personnel, policemen and students based away from their constituencies are eligible to submit postal votes.

| Party or alliance | | | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Barisan Nasional |  | Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu | 192,785 | 28.66 | 35 | 0 |
| | |  | Sarawak United Peoples' Party | 111,781 | 16.62 | 6 | –5 |
| | |  | Parti Rakyat Sarawak | 35,120 | 5.22 | 8 | 0 |
| | |  | Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party | 32,693 | 4.86 | 6 | –2 |
| | | Total | | 372,379 | 55.36 | 55 | –7 |
|  | Pakatan Rakyat |  | Democratic Action Party | 134,847 | 20.05 | 12 | +6 |
| | |  | People's Justice Party | 117,100 | 17.41 | 3 | +2 |
| | |  | Sarawak National Party | 15,663 | 2.33 | 0 | –1 |
| | |  | Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | 9,719 | 1.44 | 0 | 0 |
| | | Total | | 277,329 | 41.23 | 15 | +7 |
|  | Love Malaysia Party | | | 2,895 | 0.43 | 0 | New |
|  | Independents | | | 20,064 | 2.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | | | | 672,667 | 100.00 | 71 | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | 979,796 |  |  | |

Although analysts predicted that Barisan Nasional's fight to keep their two-thirds majority in the assembly would be close, they emerged with a relatively comfortable result, finishing the night with 55 seats, above the 47 needed for a two-thirds majority. Prime minister Najib Razak celebrated the victory as an indication that BN's support in Sarawak was still strong and noted that Pakatan Rakyat had failed to make major inroads into the state.

BN won the election on the back of uneven performances by its component parties. The Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB) led by Taib won all their seats contested, but the Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) did poorly, with their leader, George Chan Hong Nam losing his seat as well. The SUPP suffered a net loss of five seats, all to the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the same number it lost during the previous election. It won six out of 19 seats contested.

The opposition parties also had differing performances in the election. The DAP won 12 out of 15 seats contested and made the biggest gain of the day with six additional seats, while the Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) won only 3 seats out of 49 contested, gaining only two seats. PKR leaders still described the result as "historic" and a step towards a two-party system in the state. Meanwhile, the local Sarawak National Party (SNAP) and peninsula-based Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) failed to win any seats with some candidates losing their deposits.

### Results by constituency

| # | Constituency | Winner | Votes | Votes % | Opponent(s) | Votes | Votes % | Majority | Incumbent | Eligible voters | Voter turnout | Voter turnout % | Spoilt votes | Spoilt votes % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| N01 | Opar | Ranum Mina
(BN-SUPP) | **3,360** | 56.5% | Boniface Willy Tumek
(PR-PKR) | **1,354** | 22.8% | **2,006** | Ranum Mina
(BN-SUPP) | 8,099 | 5,950 | 73.5% | 68 | 1.1% |
| | | | | | Stephen Sagir
(PR-SNAP) | 674 | 11.3% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Joseph Jindy Peter Rosen
(IND) | 475 | 8.0% | | | | | | | |
| N02 | Tasik Biru | Peter Nansian Ngusie
(BN-SPDP) | **5,829** | 55.2% | John Tenewi Nuek
(PR-PKR) | **3,757** | 35.6% | **2,072** | Peter Nansian Ngusie
(BN-SPDP) | 15,100 | 10,557 | 69.9% | 120 | 1.1% |
| | | | | | Frankie Jurem Nyombui
(PR-SNAP) | 825 | 7.8% | | | | | | | |
| N03 | Tanjung Datu | Adenan Satem
(BN-PBB) | **4,218** | 76.5% | Nani Sahari
(PR-PAS) | **1,002** | 18.2% | **3,216** | Adenan Satem
(BN-PBB) | 7,936 | 5,517 | 69.5% | 62 | 1.1% |
| | | | | | Gilbert Asson Kulong
(IND) | 215 | 3.9% | | | | | | | |
| N04 | Pantai Damai | Abdul Rahman Junaidi
(BN-PBB) | **7,425** | 74.0% | Wan Zainal Abidin Wan Senusi
(PR-PKR) | **2,354** | 23.5% | **5,071** | Abdul Rahman Junaidi
(BN-PBB) | 14,104 | 10,038 | 71.2% | 105 | 1.1% |
| | | | | | Suhaini Selamat
(IND) | 111 | 1.1% | | | | | | | |
| N05 | Demak Laut | Hazland Abang Hipni
(BN-PBB) | **5,522** | 74.6% | Ali Hossen Abang
(PR-PKR) | **1,770** | 23.9% | **3,752** | Abang Draup Zamahari Abang Zen
(BN-PBB) | 10,437 | 7,403 | 70.9% | 98 | 1.3% |
| N06 | Tupong | Daud Abdul Rahman
(BN-PBB) | **8,304** | 68.1% | Baharuddin @ Din Shah Mokhsen
(PR-PKR) | **3,753** | 30.8% | **4,551** | Daud Abdul Rahman
(BN-PBB) | 17,796 | 12,192 | 68.5% | 135 | 1.1% |
| N07 | Samariang | Sharifah Hasidah Sayeed Aman Ghazali
(BN-PBB) | **8,008** | 74.4% | Zulrusdi Mohamad Hol
(PR-PKR) | **2,577** | 23.9% | **5,431** | Sharifah Hasidah Sayeed Aman Ghazali
(BN-PBB) | 15,942 | 10,769 | 67.6% | 144 | 1.3% |
| N08 | Satok | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg
(BN-PBB) | **4,691** | 69.8% | Ahmad Nazib Johari
(PR-PKR) | **1,891** | 28.2% | **2,800** | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg
(BN-PBB) | 10,431 | 6,717 | 64.4% | 79 | 1.2% |
| N09 | Padungan | Wong King Wei
(PR-DAP) | **11,957** | 72.2% | Sim Kiang Chiok
(BN-SUPP) | **4,073** | 24.6% | **7,884** | Dominique Ng Kim Ho
(PR-PKR) | 23,576 | 16,558 | 70.2% | 69 | 0.4% |
| | | | | | Dominique Ng Kim Ho
(IND) | 439 | 2.7% | | | | | | | |
| N10 | Pending | Violet Yong Wui Wui
(PR-DAP) | **14,375** | 67.5% | Sim Kui Hian
(BN-SUPP) | **6,780** | 31.8% | **7,595** | Violet Yong Wui Wui
(PR-DAP) | 29,488 | 21,310 | 72.3% | 119 | 0.6% |
| N11 | Batu Lintang | See Chee How
(PR-PKR) | **13,235** | 71.6% | Sih Hua Tong
(BN-SUPP) | **4,854** | 26.3% | **8,381** | Voon Lee Shan
(PR-DAP) | 27,833 | 18,475 | 66.4% | 61 | 0.3% |
| | | | | | Soo Lina
(IND) | 290 | 1.6% | | | | | | | |
| N12 | Kota Sentosa | Chong Chieng Jen
(PR-DAP) | **12,594** | 61.2% | Alfred Yap Chin Loi
(BN-SUPP) | **7,770** | 37.7% | **4,824** | Chong Chieng Jen
(PR-DAP) | 27,301 | 20,589 | 75.4% | 195 | 1.0% |
| N13 | Batu Kawa | Christina Chiew Wang See
(PR-DAP) | **7,439** | 50.9% | Tan Joo Phoi
(BN-SUPP) | **6,896** | 47.2% | **543** | Tan Joo Phoi
(BN-SUPP) | 20,664 | 14,606 | 70.7% | 184 | 1.3% |
| N14 | Asajaya | Abdul Karim Rahman Hamzah
(BN-PBB) | **7,597** | 69.8% | Arip Ameran
(PR-PKR) | **3,108** | 28.6% | **4,489** | Abdul Karim Rahman Hamzah
(BN-PBB) | 13,799 | 10,881 | 78.9% | 148 | 1.4% |
| N15 | Muara Tuang | Mohamad Ali Mahmud
(BN-PBB) | **11,039** | 75.8% | Noraini Hamzah
(PR-PAS) | **3,196** | 21.9% | **7,843** | Mohamad Ali Mahmud
(BN-PBB) | 18,820 | 14,570 | 77.4% | 299 | 2.1% |
| N16 | Bengoh | Jerip Susil
(BN-SUPP) | **8,093** | 54.6% | Willie Mongin
(PR-PKR) | **4,447** | 30.0% | **3,646** | Jerip Susil
(BN-SUPP) | 21,955 | 14,830 | 67.6% | 275 | 1.9% |
| | | | | | Wejok Tomik
(IND) | 1,007 | 6.8% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Richard @ Peter Margaret
(PR-SNAP) | 928 | 6.3% | | | | | | | |
| N17 | Tarat | Roland Sagah Wee Inn
(BN-PBB) | **6,287** | 55.2% | Peter Ato Mayau
(PR-PKR) | **4,292** | 37.7% | **1,995** | Roland Sagah Wee Inn
(BN-PBB) | 16,352 | 11,382 | 69.6% | 209 | 1.8% |
| | | | | | Ateng Jeros
(PR-SNAP) | 567 | 5.0% | | | | | | | |
| N18 | Tebedu | Michael Manyin Jawong
(BN-PBB) | **6,196** | 67.2% | Christoper Kiyui
(PR-PKR) | **2,130** | 23.1% | **4,066** | Michael Manyin Jawong
(BN-PBB) | 12,497 | 9,219 | 73.8% | 149 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Anthony Nais
(PR-SNAP) | 468 | 5.1% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Kipli Ale
(IND) | 260 | 2.8% | | | | | | | |
| N19 | Kedup | Maclaine Ben @ Martin Ben
(BN-PBB) | **6,476** | 53.4% | Lainus Andrew Luwak
(PR-PKR) | **4,211** | 34.7% | **2,265** | Frederick Bayoi Manggie
(BN-PBB) | 17,466 | 12,128 | 69.4% | 165 | 1.4% |
| | | | | | Belayong Jawan
(PR-SNAP) | 666 | 5.5% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Amin Banti
(IND) | 397 | 3.3% | | | | | | | |
| N20 | Sadong Jaya | Aidel Lariwoo
(BN-PBB) | **4,008** | 71.7% | Abang Eddy Allyanni Abang Fauzi
(PR-PAS) | **1,074** | 19.2% | **2,934** | Wan Abdul Wahab Wan Sanusi
(BN-PBB) | 7,656 | 5,589 | 73.0% | 89 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Mahayudin Wahab
(IND) | 402 | 7.2% | | | | | | | |
| N21 | Simunjan | Naroden Majais
(BN-PBB) | **5,495** | 74.2% | Mashor Hussen
(PR-PKR) | **1,417** | 19.1% | **4,048** | Naroden Majais
(BN-PBB) | 10,104 | 7,405 | 73.3% | 85 | 1.2% |
| | | | | | Mac Palima Nyambil
(PCM) | 237 | 3.2% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Zaini Le'
(IND) | 179 | 2.4% | | | | | | | |
| N22 | Sebuyau | Julaihi Narawi
(BN-PBB) | **4,045** | 67.7% | Adam Ahid
(PR-PAS) | **1,769** | 29.6% | **2,276** | Julaihi Narawi
(BN-PBB) | 8,042 | 5,979 | 74.4% | 87 | 1.5% |
| | | | | | Ali Semsu
(IND) | 67 | 1.1% | | | | | | | |
| N23 | Lingga | Simoi Peri
(BN-PBB) | **3,652** | 69.7% | Abg Ahmad Arabi Abg Bolhassan
(PR-PKR) | **1,146** | 21.9% | **2,506** | Simoi Peri
(BN-PBB) | 7,745 | 5,240 | 67.7% | 83 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Abang Othman Abang Haji Gom
(PR-SNAP) | 359 | 6.9% | | | | | | | |
| N24 | Beting Maro | Razali Gapor
(BN-PBB) | **3,069** | 52.8% | Abang Ahmad Kerdee Abang Masagus
(PR-PAS) | **2,678** | 46.1% | **391** | Bolhassan Di
(BN-PBB) | 7,868 | 5,808 | 73.8% | 61 | 1.1% |
| N25 | Balai Ringin | Snowdan Lawan
(BN-PRS) | **4,145** | 63.3% | Ibi Uding
(PR-PKR) | **1,260** | 19.3% | **2,885** | Snowdan Lawan
(BN-PRS) | 8,798 | 6,544 | 74.4% | 110 | 1.7% |
| | | | | | Dan Giang
(PR-SNAP) | 765 | 11.7% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Lipeh Mawi
(PCM) | 126 | 1.9% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Cobbold Lusoi
(IND) | 85 | 1.3% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Sujal Gansi
(IND) | 32 | 0.5% | | | | | | | |
| N26 | Bukit Begunan | Mong Dagang
(BN-PRS) | **3,671** | 67.1% | Jimmy Lim @ Jimmy Donald
(PR-PKR) | **898** | 16.4% | **2,773** | Mong Dagang
(BN-PRS) | 7,778 | 5,472 | 70.4% | 56 | 1.0% |
| | | | | | Ivanhoe Anthony Belon
(PR-SNAP) | 638 | 11.7% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Lias Julai
(IND) | 188 | 3.4% | | | | | | | |
| N27 | Simanggang | Francis Harden Hollis
(BN-SUPP) | **4,758** | 66.4% | Leon Jimat Donald
(PR-DAP) | **2,311** | 32.2% | **2,447** | Francis Harden Hollis
(BN-SUPP) | 10,488 | 7,171 | 68.4% | 67 | 0.9% |
| N28 | Engkilili | Johnical Rayong Ngipa
(BN-SUPP) | **4,928** | 71.2% | Marudi @ Barudi Anak Mawang
(PR-PKR) | **1,121** | 16.2% | **3,807** | Johnical Rayong Ngipa
(SNAP)\* | 9,444 | 6,926 | 73.3% | 70 | 1.0% |
| | | | | | Jimmy Simon Maja
(IND) | 414 | 6.0% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Semijie Janting
(PR-SNAP) | 393 | 5.7% | | | | | | | |
|
| N29 | Batang Air | Malcom Mussen Lamoh
(BN-PRS) | **4,460** | 71.0% | Nicholas Bawin Anggat
(PR-PKR) | **1,719** | 27.4% | **2,741** | Malcolm Mussen Lamoh
(BN-PRS) | 8,728 | 6,281 | 72.0% | 83 | 1.3% |
| N30 | Saribas | Ricky@Mohamad Razi Bin Sitam
(BN-PBB) | **3,865** | 63.3% | Abang Zulkifli Abang Engkeh
(PR-PKR) | **2,137** | 35.0% | **1,728** | Wahbi Junaidi
(BN-PBB) | 8,054 | 6,107 | 75.8% | 76 | 1.2% |
| N31 | Layar | Alfred Jabu Numpang
(BN-PBB) | **3,703** | 62.0% | Stanley Embat Pharoh Laja
(PR-PKR) | **1,787** | 29.9% | **1,916** | Alfred Jabu Numpang
(BN-PBB) | 8,109 | 5,977 | 73.7% | 91 | 1.5% |
| | | | | | Joe Unggang
(PR-SNAP) | 183 | 3.1% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ngumbang@Kibak Anak Datu
(IND) | 170 | 2.8% | | | | | | | |
| N32 | Bukit Saban | Robert Lawson Chuat Vincent Entering
(BN-PBB) | **3,899** | 67.7% | Jerah Anak Engkiong @ Edward Jerah
(PR-PKR) | **1,125** | 19.5% | **2,774** | Vincent Entering
(BN-PBB) | 7,657 | 5,761 | 75.2% | 78 | 1.4% |
| | | | | | Dayrell Walter Entrie
(PR-SNAP) | 641 | 11.1% | | | | | | | |
| N33 | Kalaka | Abdul Wahab Aziz
(BN-PBB) | **6,865** | 67.3% | Ismail Hussein
(IND) | **1,665** | 16.3% | **5,170** | Abdul Wahab Aziz
(BN-PBB) | 14,167 | 10,202 | 72.0% | 120 | 1.2% |
| | | | | | Mohd Yahya Abdullah
(PR-PKR) | **1,511** | 14.8% | | | | | | | |
| N34 | Krian | Ali Biju
(PR-PKR) | **5,178** | 59.6% | Peter Nyarok Entrie
(BN-SPDP) | **3,088** | 35.5% | **2,090** | Peter Nyarok Entrie
(BN-SPDP) | 11,016 | 8,688 | 78.9% | 67 | 0.8% |
| | | | | | Liman Sujang
(PR-SNAP) | 216 | 2.5% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Banyi Beriak
(IND) | 125 | 1.4% | | | | | | | |
| N35 | Belawai | Haji Len Talif Salleh
(BN-PBB) | **5,164** | 85.4% | Abdul Wahab Abdullah
(PR-PKR) | 618 | 10.2% | **4,546** | Hamden Ahmad
(BN-PBB) | 8,623 | 6,049 | 70.2% | 91 | 1.5% |
| | | | | | Kiprawi Suhaili
(IND) | 133 | 2.2% | | | | | | | |
| N36 | Semop | Abdullah Saidol
(BN-PBB) | **4,814** | 81.4% | Ong Chuang Siew
(PR-PKR) | 564 | 9.5% | **4,250** | Mohamad Asfia Awang Nassar
(BN-PBB) | 8,891 | 5,917 | 66.6% | 114 | 1.9% |
| | | | | | Ajiji Fauzan
(IND) | 419 | 7.1% | | | | | | | |
| N37 | Daro | Murni Suhaili
(BN-PBB) | **3,867** | 73.4% | Mohamad Zamhari Berawi
(IND) | **670** | 12.7% | **3,197** | Murni Suhaili
(BN-PBB) | 7,305 | 5,265 | 72.1% | 105 | 2.0% |
| | | | | | Jamaludin Ibrahim
(PR-PKR) | 475 | 9.0% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Noh @ Mohamad Noh Bakri @ Bakeri
(IND) | 129 | 2.5% | | | | | | | |
| N38 | Jemoreng | Gani @ Abu Seman Jahwie
(BN-PBB) | **4,505** | 71.6% | Abdul Hafiz Noh
(IND) | **1,579** | 25.1% | **2,926** | Gani @ Abu Seman Jahwie
(BN-PBB) | 8,635 | 6,295 | 72.9% | 120 | 1.9% |
| | | | | | Asbor Abdullah
(IND) | 77 | 1.2% | | | | | | | |
| N39 | Repok | Wong Hua Seh
(PR-DAP) | **7,900** | 59.0% | David Teng Lung Chi
(BN-SUPP) | **5,221** | 39.0% | **2,679** | David Teng Lung Chi
(BN-SUPP) | 18,481 | 13,387 | 72.4% | 243 | 1.8% |
| N40 | Meradong | Ting Tze Fui
(PR-DAP) | **6,884** | 61.4% | Ling Kie Kiong
(BN-SUPP) | **4,197** | 37.5% | **2,687** | Ting Tze Fui
(PR-DAP) | 15,337 | 11,205 | 73.1% | 107 | 1.0% |
| N41 | Pakan | William Mawan Ikom
(BN-SPDP) | **3,938** | 58.0% | Jamal Bin Abdullah @ Tedong Anak Gunda
(PR-SNAP) | **2,741** | 40.4% | **1,197** | William Mawan Ikom
(BN-SPDP) | 9,274 | 6,785 | 73.2% | 83 | 1.2% |
| N42 | Meluan | Wong Judat
(BN-SPDP) | **4,615** | 57.4% | John Brian Anthony Jeremy Guang
(PR-PKR) | **2,973** | 37.0% | **1,642** | Wong Judat
(BN-SPDP) | 11,487 | 8,041 | 70.0% | 119 | 1.5% |
| | | | | | Labang Jamba
(PR-SNAP) | 312 | 3.9% | | | | | | | |
| N43 | Ngemah | Alexander Vincent
(BN-PRS) | **2,361** | 44.3% | Gabriel Adit Demong
(PCM) | **1,366** | 25.6% | **995** | Gabriel Adit Demong
(IND)\** | 8,058 | 5,329 | 66.1% | 92 | 1.7% |
| | | | | | Aris Alap
(PR-PKR) | 650 | 12.2% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Micheal Lias
(PR-SNAP) | 577 | 10.8% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Yakup Khalid
(IND) | 278 | 5.2% | | | | | | | |
| N44 | Machan | Gramong Juna
(BN-PBB) | **3,683** | 53.4% | George Chen Nguk Fa
(PR-PKR) | **2,054** | 29.8% | **1,629** | Gramong Juna
(BN-PBB) | 9,944 | 6,895 | 69.3% | 109 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Kong Tat Kim
(PCM) | 696 | 10.1% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Agustine Anak Liom @ August Kiom
(PR-SNAP) | 338 | 4.9% | | | | | | | |
| N45 | Bukit Assek | Wong Ho Leng
(PR-DAP) | **13,527** | 73.0% | Chieng Buong Toon
(BN-SUPP) | **4,700** | 25.4% | **8,827** | Wong Ho Leng
(PR-DAP) | 26,926 | 18,518 | 68.8% | 97 | 0.5% |
| | | | | | Hii Tiong Huat
(IND) | 180 | 1.0% | | | | | | | |
| N46 | Dudong | Yap Hoi Liong
(PR-DAP) | **9,649** | 49.6% | Tiong Thai King
(BN-SUPP) | **9,332** | 47.9% | **317** | Soon Choon Teck
(BN-SUPP) | 26,251 | 19,470 | 74.2% | 211 | 1.1% |
| | | | | | Apandi Abdul Rani
(IND) | 174 | 0.9% | | | | | | | |
| N47 | Bawang Assan | Wong Soon Koh
(BN-SUPP) | **7,316** | 56.6% | Alice Lau Kiong Yieng
(PR-DAP) | **5,508** | 42.6% | **1,808** | Wong Soon Koh
(BN-SUPP) | 16,743 | 12,936 | 77.3% | 106 | 0.8% |
| N48 | Pelawan | Wong Kee Woan
(PR-DAP) | **13,318** | 65.4% | Vincent Goh Chung Siong
(BN-SUPP) | **6,927** | 34.0% | **6,391** | Vincent Goh Chung Siong
(BN-SUPP) | 28,808 | 20,379 | 70.7% | 91 | 0.5% |
| N49 | Nangka | Annuar Rapa'ee
(BN-PBB) | **7,710** | 75.1% | Norisham Mohd Ali
(PR-PKR) | **2,408** | 23.4% | **5,302** | Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah
(BN-PBB) | 14,197 | 10,270 | 72.3% | 152 | 1.5% |
| N50 | Dalat | Fatimah Abdullah
(BN-PBB) | **6,288** | 77.9% | Sylvester Ajah Subah @ Ajah Bin Subah
(PR-PKR) | **1,298** | 16.1% | **4,990** | Fatimah Abdullah
(BN-PBB) | 11,857 | 8,069 | 68.1% | 195 | 2.4% |
| | | | | | Salleh Mahali
(IND) | 257 | 3.2% | | | | | | | |
| N51 | Balingian | Abdul Taib Mahmud
(BN-PBB) | **6,210** | 75.0% | Salleh Jafaruddin
(IND) | **1,056** | 12.8% | **5,154** | Abdul Taib Mahmud
(BN-PBB) | 11,792 | 8,280 | 70.2% | 116 | 1.4% |
| | | | | | Suriati Abdullah
(PR-PKR) | 871 | 10.5% | | | | | | | |
| N52 | Tamin | Joseph Mauh Ikeh
(BN-PRS) | **4,998** | 56.2% | Mengga Mikui
(PR-PKR) | **3,706** | 41.7% | **1,292** | Joseph Mauh Ikeh
(BN-PRS) | 12,244 | 8,895 | 72.7% | 181 | 2.0% |
| N53 | Kakus | John Sikie Tayai
(BN-PRS) | **3,366** | 51.2% | Paul Anyie Raja
(PR-PKR) | **2,764** | 42.0% | **602** | John Sikie Tayai
(BN-PRS) | 9,604 | 6,574 | 68.5% | 105 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Dick @ Laurence Dick Sekalai
(PCM) | 186 | 2.8% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Entali Empin
(IND) | 141 | 2.1% | | | | | | | |
| N54 | Pelagus | George Lagong
(IND) | **5,740** | 57.3% | Stanley Nyitar @ Unja Malang
(BN-PRS) | **2,903** | 29.0% | **2,837** | Larry Sng Wei Shien
(BN-PRS) | 15,322 | 10,014 | 65.4% | 172 | 1.7% |
| | | | | | Edward Sumbang Asun
(PR-PKR) | 1,171 | 11.7% | | | | | | | |
| N55 | Katibas | Ambrose Blikau Enturan
(BN-PBB) | **3,326** | 61.6% | Munan Laja
(PR-PKR) | **1,070** | 19.8% | **2,256** | Ambrose Blikau Enturan
(BN-PBB) | 8,542 | 5,397 | 63.2% | 85 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Toh Heng San
(PR-SNAP) | **897** | 16.6% | | | | | | | |
| N56 | Baleh | James Jemut Masing
(BN-PRS) | **5,452** | 81.6% | Bedindang Manjah
(PR-PKR) | **1,334** | 20.0% | **3,898** | James Jemut Masing
(BN-PRS) | 11,287 | 6,684 | 59.2% | 98 | 1.5% |
| N57 | Belaga | Liwan Lagang
(BN-PRS) | **3,974** | 67.2% | Basah Kesing @ Ali Basah Kesing
(PR-PKR) | **1,046** | 17.7% | **2,928** | Liwan Lagang
(BN-PRS) | 8,463 | 5,913 | 69.9% | 74 | 1.3% |
| | | | | | John Bampa
(PR-SNAP) | 368 | 6.2% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Kenneth Adan Silek
(IND) | 330 | 5.6% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Micheal Jok
(IND) | 94 | 1.6% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Mathew Munan
(IND) | 27 | 0.5% | | | | | | | |
| N58 | Jepak | Talip Zulpilip
(BN-PBB) | **5,470** | 60.8% | Abdul Jalil Bujang
(PR-PKR) | **2,342** | 26.0% | **3,128** | Talip Zulpilip
(BN-PBB) | 12,979 | 9,002 | 69.4% | 133 | 1.5% |
| | | | | | Abdul Kuddus Ramlee
(IND) | 477 | 5.3% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ramli Malaka
(PR-SNAP) | 433 | 4.8% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Awang Abdillah Awang Nassar
(IND) | 89 | 1.0% | | | | | | | |
| N59 | Kidurong | Chiew Chiu Sing
(PR-DAP) | **12,493** | 68.2% | Henry Ling Kuong Meng
(BN-SUPP) | **5,563** | 30.4% | **6,930** | Chiew Chiu Sing
(PR-DAP) | 27,225 | 18,322 | 67.3% | 144 | 0.8% |
| N60 | Kemena | Stephen Rundi Utom
(BN-PBB) | **6,369** | 63.4% | Bernard Binar Rading
(PR-PKR) | **3,020** | 30.1% | **3,349** | Stephen Rundi Utom
(BN-PBB) | 14,082 | 10,039 | 71.3% | 162 | 1.6% |
| | | | | | Unggun Bayang
(PR-SNAP) | 285 | 2.8% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Liam Rengga
(IND) | 197 | 2.0% | | | | | | | |
| N61 | Bekenu | Rosey Yunus
(BN-SPDP) | **4,946** | 69.3% | Ishak Mahwi
(PR-PKR) | **1,232** | 17.3% | **3,714** | Rosey Yunus
(BN-SPDP) | 10,672 | 7,135 | 66.9% | 103 | 1.4% |
| | | | | | Thony Badak
(PR-SNAP) | 570 | 8.0% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Dayang Juliana Awang Tambi
(PCM) | 284 | 4.0% | | | | | | | |
| N62 | Lambir | Ripin Lamat
(BN-PBB) | **4,625** | 53.9% | Zulhaidah Suboh
(PR-PKR) | **3,104** | 36.1% | **1,521** | Swin Jemaah @ Aidan Wing
(BN-PBB) | 14,144 | 8,588 | 60.7% | 143 | 1.7% |
| | | | | | Johari Bujang
(PR-SNAP) | 693 | 8.1% | | | | | | | |
| N63 | Piasau | Alan Ling Sie Kiong
(PR-DAP) | **5,598** | 53.4% | George Chan Hong Nam
(BN-SUPP) | **4,408** | 42.1% | **1,190** | George Chan Hong Nam
(BN-SUPP) | 16,600 | 10,479 | 63.1% | 73 | 0.7% |
| N64 | Pujut | Fong Pau Teck
(PR-DAP) | **9,120** | 62.9% | Andy Chia Chu Fatt
(BN-SUPP) | **5,271** | 36.4% | **3,849** | Andy Chia Chu Fatt
(BN-SUPP) | 22,577 | 14,488 | 64.2% | 67 | 0.5% |
| N65 | Senadin | Lee Kim Shin
(BN-SUPP) | **7,334** | 49.5% | Michael Teo Yu Keng
(PR-PKR) | **7,276** | 49.1% | **58** | Lee Kim Shin
(BN-SUPP) | 22,432 | 14,816 | 66.1% | 186 | 1.3% |
| N66 | Marudi | Sylvester Entri Muran
(BN-SPDP) | **4,578** | 71.1% | Gerang Dagom
(PR-PKR) | **1,376** | 21.4% | **3,202** | Sylvester Entri Muran
(BN-SPDP) | 13,093 | 6,443 | 49.2% | 86 | 1.3% |
| | | | | | Edwin Dundang Bugak
(PR-SNAP) | 281 | 4.4% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Micheal Ding Tuah
(IND) | 122 | 1.9% | | | | | | | |
| N67 | Telang Usan | Dennis Ngau
(BN-PBB) | **3,597** | 46.2% | Harrison Ngau Laing
(PR-PKR) | **2,752** | 35.4% | **845** | Lihan Jok
(BN-PBB) | 13,623 | 7,785 | 57.2% | 86 | 1.1% |
| | | | | | Kebing Wan
(PR-SNAP) | 705 | 9.1% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Jok Ding
(IND) | 623 | 8.0% | | | | | | | |
| N68 | Bukit Kota | Abdul Rahman Ismail
(BN-PBB) | **6,835** | 72.2% | Leong Kwang Yew
(PR-DAP) | **1,774** | 18.7% | **5,061** | Abdul Rahman Ismail
(BN-PBB) | 14,471 | 9,470 | 65.4% | 65 | 0.7% |
| | | | | | Usop Jidin
(IND) | 398 | 4.2% | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ladis Pandin
(IND) | 353 | 3.7% | | | | | | | |
| N69 | Batu Danau | Palu @ Paulus Gumbang
(BN-SPDP) | **3,667** | 70.2% | Lau Liak Koi
(PR-PKR) | **1,348** | 25.8% | **2,319** | Palu @ Paulus Gumbang
(BN-SPDP) | 7,636 | 5,227 | 68.5% | 72 | 1.4% |
| | | | | | Lawrence Cosmas Sunan Anak Simpang
(PR-SNAP) | 140 | 2.7% | | | | | | | |
| N70 | Ba'kelalan | Baru Bian
(PR-PKR) | **2,505** | 54.6% | Willie Liau
(BN-SPDP) | **2,032** | 44.3% | **473** | Nelson Balang Ringin
(BN-SPDP) | 6,958 | 4,585 | 65.9% | 37 | 0.8% |
| N71 | Bukit Sari | Awang Tengah Ali Hasan
(BN-PBB) | **6,018** | 85.2% | Japar Suyut
(PR-PKR) | **955** | 13.5% | **5,063** | Awang Tengah Ali Hassan
(BN-PBB) | 9,983 | 7,067 | 70.8% | 94 | 1.3% |
|

*Dr Johnichal Rayong, who won the N28 Engkilili seat on SNAP ticket, joined SUPP in December 2010, contributed another seat for BN.

\**Gabriel Adit Demong previously an independent for N43 Ngemah constituency joined PKR in November 2008. He later quit PKR and joined Parti Cinta Malaysia in December 2009.

\***AMENDMENTS TO THE EXISTING NAMES OF STATE CONSTITUENCIES: N19 Mambong (Origin N16 Bengoh), N34 Batang Ai (Origin N29 Batang Air), N41 Kuala Rajang (Origin N35 Belawai), N68 Tanjong Batu (Origin N59 Kidurong)

## Aftermath

As the DAP remained the largest opposition party in the assembly, its state chief Wong Ho Leng kept his position as state opposition leader. However Ho Leng passed away in 2014 due to cancer; no by-elections were held as his death were less than 2 years until the expiry of the State Assembly. The position of opposition leader were already handed over to new DAP state leader Chong Chieng Jen in 2013, as Ho Leng stepped away from active duty from party and state assembly while he were battling cancer.

Meanwhile, PKR decided to petition the Elections Court to declare the Senadin contest null and void, citing irregularities during the polling process. SUPP candidate Lee Kim Shin beat PKR's Michael Teo in the contest by 58 votes. Election observers have alleged abuse of postal votes in the constituency by authorities to help Lee win.

This election is the only time the DAP-PAS-PKR-SNAP coalition is referred as Pakatan Rakyat during the Sarawak state election campaign (although each party is contesting using their own name and logo). In 2015, the PR coalition was disbanded, due to disagreements between PAS and DAP over the former's insistence to implement the Islamic penal code, known as *hudud*, in the State of Kelantan. As PAS and SNAP has no representation in the Sarawak state assembly, the split does not affect the opposition as only PKR and DAP (who later forms a new alliance Pakatan Harapan in 2016) formed the opposition bloc.

This was the final election Abdul Taib participated; he would resign his state seat, position as state's Chief Minister and PBB party president, in 2014 when he were installed as the state's Yang Di-Pertua Negeri (Governor). Adenan Satem, the PBB deputy president, would succeed him as Chief Minister and party president. The 2014 Balingian by-election, necessitated by Taib's resignation of the seat, was won by another PBB candidate, Yussibnosh Balo.

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11. "Quest for 71 state seats begins". *mysinchew.com*. Sin Chew Daily. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
12. To, Queville (15 April 2011). "Snap supports PKR's Baru Bian as CM". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
13. "PERSB Fields 15 Independent Candidates In Sarawak Election". Bernama. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
14. Lee, Yen Mun (12 April 2011). "DPM: Barisan not anti-Christian". *The Star (Malaysia)*. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
15. Sukumaran, Tashny (13 April 2011). "NGOs band up against Taib". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
16. Ting, Alan (12 April 2011). "Opposition Harping on Taib's Tenure". Bernama. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
17. "Casting of postal votes begins". *The Star (Malaysia)*. 13 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
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## InfoBox

2011 Sarawak state election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  All 71 seats in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
36 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 70% |
| Majority party Minority party   Leader Abdul Taib Mahmud Wong Ho Leng  Party BN DAP (PR)  Leader since 26 March 1981 (1981-03-26) 18 April 2010 (2010-04-18)  Leader's seat Balingian Bukit Assek  Last election 62 seats, 61.84% 8 seats, 33.10%   Seats before 63 7  Seats won **55** 15  Seat change  8  8  Popular vote **372,379** 277,329  Percentage **55.36%** 41.23%  Swing  6.48%  8.13% | |
| ---  **Chief Minister before election**
Abdul Taib Mahmud
BN **Chief Minister-designate**
Abdul Taib Mahmud
BN | |


title: Auguste-Barthélemy Glaize

abstract: Auguste-Barthélemy Glaize (1807–1893) was a French Romantic painter of history paintings and genre paintings.

text:
# Auguste-Barthélemy Glaize

**Auguste-Barthélemy Glaize** (1807–1893) was a French Romantic painter of history paintings and genre paintings.

## Career

He studied under the painters Achille Devéria and Eugène Devéria and taught Paul-Maurice Duthoit and his son Pierre-Paul-Léon Glaize.

Born in Montpellier, Auguste Glaize was one of the great French Romantic painters of the early 19th century, marking his career with important history paintings and cycles of monumental religious paintings in several churches in Paris and the provinces. He was most well known for painting beautiful mythological or historical scenes, often containing nude females and the humanity he portrayed in his subjects faces. The painting conserved in the church at Quesnoy-sur-Airaines is considered one of his masterworks.

The sometimes anti-establishment themes in his paintings, earned criticism from religious leaders at the time. For example, while praising the beauty and originality of his painting Alfred Des Essarts criticised what he saw as a 'profane' way to treat religious subjects. This was typical of religious criticism of romantic art at the time.

## Some works


title: Emília Márkus

abstract: Emília Márkus,, was a Hungarian aristocrat, politician and the most renowned actress of her time in Hungary, known for her roles in a number of Hungarian theatrical and film productions, including Three Spinsters (1936), A táncz (1901) and Az aranyhajú szfinksz (1914).

text:
# Emília Márkus

**Emília Márkus**, (married name Pulszky; September 10, 1860  December 24, 1949), was a Hungarian aristocrat, politician and the most renowned actress of her time in Hungary, known for her roles in a number of Hungarian theatrical and film productions, including *Three Spinsters* (1936), *A táncz* (1901) and *Az aranyhajú szfinksz* (1914).

## Biography

Emília Márkus was born in Szombathely, Hungary as the sixth child of József Márkus and Anna Horvát (sister of Boldizsár Horvát). One of her brothers was József Márkus, the Mayor (1896–1897) then Lord Mayor of Budapest (1897–1906).

In 1878 she graduated from the Actor's Academy and was immediately contracted by the National Theatre, where she was engaged until her death in 1949. On June 7, 1882, she married Károly Pulszky (1853-1899), a Hungarian art collector, politician, member of Parliament and director of the Hungarian National Gallery of Art and founder of the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest. Károly's family came from Poland and were of French Huguenot descent, but had converted to Catholicism. Her first daughter, Terézia Pulszky (born on May 5, 1883) was called Tessa. Her second daughter, Romola de Pulszky, born on February 19, 1891, married Vaslav Nijinsky. Károly Pulszky went into exile because of a political scandal associated with art purchases for the gallery, first to London and then to Australia. After 17 years of marriage, he committed suicide at the age of 45 in Brisbane, Australia. Emília was remarried to Oscar Pardany in 1903.

## Cultural depictions

### In film

## Further reading