title: El Diablo (Elena Tsagrinou song)

abstract: "El Diablo" is a song recorded by Greek singer Elena Tsagrinou, released as a single on 28 February 2021 for her album with the same name. It was written and composed by Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt, Laurell Barker, Oxa and Thomas Stengaard. The song represented Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, after being internally selected by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC).

text:
# El Diablo (Elena Tsagrinou song)

"**El Diablo**" is a song recorded by Greek singer Elena Tsagrinou, released as a single on 28 February 2021 for her album with the same name. It was written and composed by Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt, Laurell Barker, Oxa and Thomas Stengaard. The song represented Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, after being internally selected by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC).

## Background and composition

"El Diablo" was written and composed by Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt, Laurell Barker, Oxa and Thomas Stengaard. The song's meaning was described as about "falling in love with someone as bad as the devil", used as a metaphor for Stockholm Syndrome. The song's title was revealed on 25 November along with Tsagrinou's announcement that she would represent Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam. The song was released on 28 February 2021.

## Release and promotion

A music video for "El Diablo" was filmed in Athens. A preview of "El Diablo" was presented to the public on 24 February 2021 during the RIK 1 programme *Happy Hour*, hosted by Andreas Giortsios. The official preview video for the song, directed by George Benioudakis was also available on the Panik Records mobile app and website. The music video was hosted on the website until 27 February; the following day, the song and full-length music video were officially released to the public.

## Controversy and criticism

Upon the song's release, the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation received numerous threatening phone calls. Just over 20,000 people signed on Avaaz to urge for the cancellation of the country's Eurovision participation. The track received criticism from some members of the public, as well as a few public figures on the island for the inclusion of the lyrics "I fell in love/ I fell in love/ I gave my heart to El Diablo". The Church of Cyprus felt that the song was offensive, disrespectful and unrepresentative, and demanded that the state broadcaster CyBC withdraw Cyprus' Eurovision entry. However, the song had the full support by the government, the CyBC and the majority of the public in Cyprus. The government has since publicly rejected the reactions from religious and conservative groups, claiming it respects both spiritual rights but also the freedom of artistic expression. In February 2021, Orthodox Christians in Cyprus launched an online petition to ask the withdrawal from the Eurovision Song Contest.

## Eurovision Song Contest

### Internal selection

In November 2020, the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC) announced Greek singer Elena Tsagrinou as the Cypriot representative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song "El Diablo". Prior to her selection, Tsagrinou called Eurovision an institution that she'd been following for many years. She added that if the right song was found, it would be her pleasure and honour to compete.

### In Rotterdam

The 65th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest took place in Rotterdam, the Netherlands and consisted of two semi-finals on 18 May and 20 May 2021, and the grand final on 22 May 2021. According to the Eurovision rules, each participating country, except the host country and the "Big Five", consisting of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals to compete for the final. On 17 November 2020, it was announced that Cyprus would be performing in the second half of the first semi-final of the contest. During this second semi-final, Cyprus performed as 8th act and ended in 6th place with 170 points, qualifying the country for the final. In the final, Cyprus performed as 1st act and ended in 16th place with 94 points.

## Charts

Chart performance for "El Diablo"
| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 2 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 6 |
| Greece (IFPI) | 9 |
| Iceland (Tónlistinn) | 14 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 60 |
| Latvia (EHR) | 3 |
| Lithuania (AGATA) | 8 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 31 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 13 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 20 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 86 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 19 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "El Diablo"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Greece (IFPI Greece) | Gold | 1,000,000 |
| Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

Release history for "El Diablo"
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 28 February 2021 |  | * Panik |  |

## InfoBox

| "El Diablo" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Elena Tsagrinou | |
| from the album  *El Diablo – The Album* | |
| Released | 28 February 2021 (2021-02-28) |
| Length | 3:01 |
| Label | Panik |
| Songwriter(s) | * Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt * Laurell Barker * Cleiton "OXA" Sia * Thomas Stengaard |
| Producer(s) | * Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt * Thomas Stengaard |
| Elena Tsagrinou singles chronology | |
| "Amore"
(2020) "**El Diablo**"
(2021) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "El diablo" on YouTube | |
| Eurovision Song Contest 2021 entry | |
| Country | Cyprus |
| Artist(s) | Elena Tsagrinou |
| Composer(s) | * Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt * Laurell Barker * Cleiton "OXA" Sia * Thomas Stengaard |
| Lyricist(s) | * Jimmy "Joker" Thörnfeldt * Laurell Barker * Cleiton "OXA" Sia * Thomas Stengaard |
| Finals performance | |
| Semi-final result | 6th |
| Semi-final points | 170 |
| Final result | 16th |
| Final points | 94 |
| Entry chronology | |
| **◄ "Running" (2020)** | |
| **"Ela" (2022) ►** | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1968 Southern Illinois Salukis baseball team represented the University of Southern Illinois in the 1968 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Salukis played their home games at Abe Martin Field. The team was coached by Joe Lutz in his 3rd season at Southern Illinois. The Salukis lost the College World Series, defeated by the USC Trojans in the championship game.

text:
# 1968 Southern Illinois Salukis baseball team

The **1968 Southern Illinois Salukis baseball team** represented the University of Southern Illinois in the 1968 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Salukis played their home games at Abe Martin Field. The team was coached by Joe Lutz in his 3rd season at Southern Illinois.

The Salukis lost the College World Series, defeated by the USC Trojans in the championship game.

## Roster

| 1968 Southern Illinois Salukis roster | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers**
* Tom Keyser  **Infielders**
* Barry O’Sullivan - *Junior* |  | **Outfielders**
**Unknown**
* Bob Ash * Bob Blakley * Terry Brumfield * Bill Clark * William Clark * Randy Coker * Jerry Paetzhold * Bob Sedik * Jerry Smith * Bob Warn |

## Schedule and results

| Legend | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Southern Illinois win |
|  | Southern Illinois loss |
|  | Southern Illinois tie |

| 1968 Southern Illinois Salukis baseball game log | |
| --- | --- |
| Regular season (31–12) | |
| March (7–8)  Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record  March 16 at New Mexico Lobo FieldAlbuquerque, New Mexico 3–8 0–1  March 16 at New Mexico Lobo Field • Albuquerque, New Mexico 10–4 1–1  March 18 at Arizona State Phoenix Municipal StadiumPhoenix, Arizona 0–8 1–2  March 19 at Arizona State Phoenix Municipal Stadium • Phoenix, Arizona 0–4 1–3  March 20 at Arizona State Phoenix Municipal Stadium • Phoenix, Arizona 3–1 2–3  March 21 at Arizona Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet StadiumTucson, Arizona 3–6 2–4  March 22 at Arizona Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet Stadium • Tucson, Arizona 4–2 3–4  March 23 at Arizona Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet Stadium • Tucson, Arizona 6–4 4–4  March 23 at Arizona Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet Stadium • Tucson, Arizona 6–7 4–5  March 24 vs Northern Arizona Unknown • Unknown 1–8 4–6  March 25 vs Grand Canyon Unknown • Unknown 7–4 5–6  March 29 vs Wake Forest Seminole Field • Tallahassee, Florida 4–2 6–6  March 29 at Florida State Seminole Field • Tallahassee, Florida 0–6 6–7  March 30 vs Wake Forest Seminole Field • Tallahassee, Florida 7–0 7–7  March 30 at Florida State Seminole Field • Tallahassee, Florida 4–8 7–8 |
| April (18–3)  Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record  April 1 at Florida State Seminole Field • Tallahassee, Florida 3–5 7–9  April 2 Monmouth Abe Martin FieldCarbondale, Illinois 4–0 8–9  April 2 Monmouth Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 3–1 9–9  April 5 Memphis State Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 5–15 9–10  April 9 McKendree Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 11–1 10–10  April 10 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 12–2 11–10  April 11 Wisconsin–Stevens Point Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 14–3 12–10  April 12 Air Force Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 3–1 13–10  April 12 Moorhead State Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 2–0 14–10  April 15 MacMurray Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 5–1 15–10  April 20 Ohio State Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 8–1 16–10  April 20 Ohio State Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 12–4 17–10  April 21 Ohio State Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 3–1 18–10  April 21 Ohio State Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 0–7 18–11  April 23 at Indiana State Unknown • Terre Haute, Indiana 18–5 19–11  April 23 at Indiana State Unknown • Terre Haute, Indiana 14–8 20–11  April 26 at Washington (MO) Unknown • St. Louis, Missouri 7–3 21–11  April 27 Western Kentucky Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 4–0 22–11  April 27 Western Kentucky Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 11–2 23–11  April 28 at Quincy Unknown • Quincy, Illinois 5–3 24–11  April 30 Greenville Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 9–0 25–11 |
| May (6–1)  Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record  May 3 at Wyoming Cowboy Field • Laramie, Wyoming 8–5 26–11  May 4 at Wyoming Cowboy Field • Laramie, Wyoming 2–1 27–11  May 4 at Wyoming Cowboy Field • Laramie, Wyoming 3–9 27–12  May 7 Evansville Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 3–2 28–12  May 12 Saint Louis Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 5–4 29–12  May 17 at UT Martin Unknown • Martin, Tennessee 3–0 30–12  May 24 Illinois College Abe Martin Field • Carbondale, Illinois 14–0 31–12 |
| Postseason (6–2) | |
| District IV Playoff (3–1)  Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record  May 30 vs Ohio Delta Field • Minneapolis, Minnesota 6–3 32–12  June 1 at Minnesota Delta Field • Minneapolis, Minnesota 10–9 33–12  June 2 vs Ohio Delta Field • Minneapolis, Minnesota 3–0 34–12 |
| 1968 College World Series (3–2)  Date Opponent Site/stadium Score Overall record  June 10 vs NC State Johnny Rosenblatt StadiumOmaha, Nebraska 6–7 34–13  June 11 vs Harvard Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska 2–1 35–13  June 13 vs Oklahoma State Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska 7–1 36–13  June 14 vs St. John's Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska 15–0 37–13  June 15 vs USC Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska 3–4 37–14 |

**Schedule Source:**

## Awards and honors

Barry O’Sullivan * All Tournament Team

Jerry Bond * All Tournament Team

Mike Rogodzinski * All Tournament Team

## InfoBox

| 1968 Southern Illinois Salukis baseball | |
| --- | --- |
| District 4 champions | |
| College World Series, Runner-Up | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 2 |
| CB | No. 2 |
| Record | 37–14 |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Abe Martin Field |
|


title: ...finally

abstract: ...finally is an album by the American band Too Much Joy, released in 1996. Its first single was "The Kids Don't Understand".

text:
# ...finally

***...finally*** is an album by the American band Too Much Joy, released in 1996. Its first single was "The Kids Don't Understand".

## Production

The album was produced by William Wittman, who had joined Too Much Joy after producing the band's previous album, *Mutiny*. The band used a sample of Alan Arkin remarking "uh, oh, too much joy," from the movie *Simon*; although both the album and the film were produced for Warner Bros., the corporation charged the band to use the sample.

The cover of the album, by artist Doug Allen, depicts a cartoon rendering of a man and woman moments after engaging in sex. A second cover was used to obscure the image for retail.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Boston Herald* |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *San Antonio Express-News* |  |

*Trouser Press* thought that "the overpowering, sometimes nearly generic music obscures the progress, but *...finally* benefits from an organic focus not found on the others." *The Virginian-Pilot* called the album "angst-driven rock 'n' roll, but with a catch... The music is loud, but not angry." *The Columbus Dispatch* considered that, "like most sophomoric acts, Joy flounders when it aims for seriousness ... but the group's Ramones-ish pop/punk carries the day." The *San Antonio Express-News* stated that, "instead of the quirky rock that has served it well, Too Much Joy gives us an entire album's worth of imitation pop-punk in general and Green Day in particular."

The *Houston Press* determined that "the immediate tone is grumpy and sarcastic, but less typical is the hopelessness often evident underneath." The *Delaware County Daily Times* concluded that the "subject matter veers from preachy, to political and pointless... But through it all, the music's rambunctious, deliriously catchy style wins out." The *Boston Herald* warned: "Too Much Joy is threatening to become the Replacements of the '90s: a group so dedicated to planned adolescence that it just might seal its own doom."

AllMusic wrote that "the group are rejuvenated here, replacing the production gloss of their last couple of albums with the sort of punk-inflected buzzsaw guitar pop that had enlivened 1989's *Son of Sam I Am*, only with a better sense of melody." *MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide* opined that frontman Tim Quirk "downplays humor for rebellious introspection—like James Taylor fronting a punk band or something."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Will" |  |
| 2. | "Weak" |  |
| 3. | "Poison Your Mind" |  |
| 4. | "Mrs. Now" |  |
| 5. | "The Kids Don't Understand" |  |
| 6. | "Different Galaxies" |  |
| 7. | "I Believe in Something" |  |
| 8. | "How to Be Happy" |  |
| 9. | "Half Life" |  |
| 10. | "I'm Your Wallet" |  |
| 11. | "Skyline" |  |
| 12. | "A New England" |  |
| 13. | "Underneath a Jersey Sky" |  |

## InfoBox

| ...finally | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Too Much Joy | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Studio | Water Music, Hoboken, New Jersey |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Label | Discovery/Warner Bros. |
| Producer | William Wittman |
| Too Much Joy chronology | |
| *Mutiny*
(1992) ***...finally***
(1996) *Gods & Sods*
(1999) | |


abstract: ...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana! is an Italian 1969 Spaghetti Western film directed by Demofilo Fidani.

text:
# ...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana!

***...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana!*** is an Italian 1969 Spaghetti Western film directed by Demofilo Fidani.

## Release

*...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana!* is not an official release in the *Sartana* film series. It was released in 1969 along with Fidani's other "Sartana" film *Shadow of Sartana ... Shadow of Your Death*. The film was re-issued three years after its release in 1972 with the title *Beyond the Frontiers of Hate* with a director credited as in promotions and advertising as Alessandro Santini. Thomas Weisser commented on the reissue in his book on Spaghetti Westerns, stating that most of the reissues of the film have no credits at all.

## Reception

In a retrospective review, Weisser commented that Jeff Cameron "sleepwalks" through the film and declared that director Demofilo was a "cherished industry hack."

## Footnotes

### References

* Weisser, Thomas (2005). *Spaghetti Westerns--the Good, the Bad and the Violent: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Filmography of 558 Eurowesterns and Their Personnel, 1961-1977*. McFarland. ISBN 0786424427.

## InfoBox

| ...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Demofilo Fidani |
| Screenplay by | * Demofilo Fidani * Mila Vitelli |
| Story by | Demofilo Fidani |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Luciano Tovoli |
| Edited by | Piera Bruni |
| Music by | Italo Fischetti |
| Production<br>company | Tarquinia Film |
| Release date | * 1969 (1969) |
| Country | Italy |


title: 100,000 Genomes Project

abstract: The 100,000 Genomes Project is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment, and care of diseases. The project has received over £300 million from public and private investment.

text:
# 100,000 Genomes Project

The **100,000 Genomes Project** is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment, and care of diseases. The project has received over £300 million from public and private investment.

## History

The project was first announced by UK Prime Minister David Cameron in December 2012. The Government set up a new company Genomics England to oversee the project with the plan to focus on rare diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases announced by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt in July 2013. The project was also made possible by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), NHS England, Public Health England, and Health Education England. In 2015, Northern Ireland and Scotland also joined the project with plans to start work the following year. In 2016, the Welsh government issued a statement of intent and is considering participating in the 100,000 Genomes Project.

The initial participants were recruited from Cambridge University Hospitals, University College London Partners, and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust. The following medical centres joined the project a short time later: Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust. In total, the coordination of recruitment for the 100,000 Genome Project was overseen by 13 Genomic Medicine Centers that have been established across 85 NHS Trusts in England, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.

In September 2015, Genomics England announced it had contracted with interpretation partners Congenica and Omicia. This is in addition to ongoing work with sequencing partner Illumina.

As of 1 October 2018, the 100,000 Genomes Project had completed the sequencing of 87,231 whole genomes in England and results are in the process of being returned to NHS Genomic Medicine Centres and ultimately back to participants; the first diagnoses from the Project were returned to patients in spring 2015 and over 2,000 families' results have been returned to the NHS in the rare disease programme to date (July 2017).

In December 2018, the full 100,000 genomes milestone was reached.

In July 2019, Genomics England announced Data Release 7, which included the 100,000th whole genome made available to researchers.

A 2019 review identified the initiative as an 'exemplar' in involving the public in genomic research.

In June 2020, Lifebit, a UK-based biotechnology company, was announced as the provider of the trusted research environment that will link the genomic data gathered as part of the 100,000 Genome Project with academic research institutions.

## NHS Genomic Medicine Centres

## Research

The Genomics England Clinical Interpretation Partnership (GeCIP) includes 2,500 UK and international clinicians and scientists from approximately 300 institutions in 24 countries. There are plans to increase this number. Researchers are organised in "domains" formed around particular conditions, cancer types and research areas such as Machine Learning and Health Economics. The partnership is integrated with the NHS and the aims include improving the use of genotype and phenotype data in healthcare, and providing a platform for genomic research collaborations to add to the knowledge base for genetic disorders.

## GenOMICC study on COVID-19

The 100,000 Genomes Project provided a pre-COVID reference set in the GenOMICC study on COVID-19. Genomics England worked in partnership with the GenOMICC consortium, led by the University of Edinburgh, to analyse the whole genome sequences of approximately 20,000 people who have been severely affected by COVID-19. This data was compared with 15,000 other genomes from people who were only mildly affected. It was combined with data set which now includes more than 120,000 genomes (from the "100,000 Genomes" Project). The 100,000 Genomes Project was referred to as the "incredibly important" pre-COVID reference set.

## InfoBox

| 100,000 Genomes Project | |
| --- | --- |
| Project type | Government |
| Funding agency |  |
| Reference | doi:10.1136/bmj.k1687 |
| Project coordinator | Genomics England |
| Partners |  |
| Duration | July 2013 – December 2018 |
| Website | www.genomicsengland.co.uk/about-genomics-england/the-100000-genomes-project/ |


title: 100,000 People

abstract: "100,000 People" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on January 7, 2021, by RCA Records as the second single from their eighth studio album When You See Yourself.

text:
# 100,000 People

"**100,000 People**" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on January 7, 2021, by RCA Records as the second single from their eighth studio album *When You See Yourself*.

## Background

The band teased the song on their Instagram account in January 2021. The song was written by the band and produced by Markus Dravs.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.

## Charts

| Chart (2021) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Downloads (OCC) | 68 |

## InfoBox

| "100,000 People" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Kings of Leon | |
| from the album  *When You See Yourself* | |
| Released | January 7, 2021 (2021-01-07) |
| Length | 5:44 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Kings of Leon singles chronology | |
| "The Bandit"
(2021) "**100,000 People**"
(2021) | |


title: Anisosepalum

abstract:
Anisosepalum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Acanthaceae. Its native range is Western Central Tropical Africa to Uganda and Zambia. Species:
  - Anisosepalum alboviolaceum (Benoist) E.Hossain
  - Anisosepalum humbertii (Mildbr.) E.Hossain
  - Anisosepalum lewallei Bamps

text:
# Anisosepalum

***Anisosepalum*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Acanthaceae.

Its native range is Western Central Tropical Africa to Uganda and Zambia.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Anisosepalum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | *Anisosepalum*<br>E.Hossain |
|


abstract: The women's 200 metres at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Belgrade, then Yugoslavia, at JNA Stadium on 14 and 15 September 1962.

text:
# 1962 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres

The **women's 200 metres** at the 1962 European Athletics Championships was held in Belgrade, then Yugoslavia, at JNA Stadium on 14 and 15 September 1962.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Jutta Heine
*West Germany* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Dorothy Hyman
*Great Britain* |
| **Bronze** | Barbara Sobotta
*Poland* |

## Results

### Final

15 September Wind: -2.3 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jutta Heine | West Germany | 23.5 | **CR** |
|  | Dorothy Hyman | Great Britain | 23.7 |  |
|  | Barbara Sobotta | Poland | 23.9 |  |
| 4 | Daphne Arden | Great Britain | 24.2 |  |
| 5 | Valentina Maslovskaya | Soviet Union | 24.2 |  |
| 6 | Ann Packer | Great Britain | 24.4 |  |

### Semi-finals

14 September

#### Semi-final 1

Wind: 0 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barbara Sobotta | Poland | 23.8 | **CR Q** |
| 2 | Valentina Maslovskaya | Soviet Union | 24.0 | **Q** |
| 3 | Ann Packer | Great Britain | 24.2 | **Q** |
| 4 | Hannelore Raepke | East Germany | 24.3 |  |
| 5 | Claudette Actis | France | 24.5 |  |
| 6 | Ida Such | Hungary | 25.1 |  |

#### Semi-final 2

Wind: 0 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jutta Heine | West Germany | 23.6 | **CR Q** |
| 2 | Dorothy Hyman | Great Britain | 23.7 | **Q** |
| 3 | Daphne Arden | Great Britain | 24.3 | **Q** |
| 4 | Elżbieta Szyroka | Poland | 24.7 |  |
| 5 | Donata Govoni | Italy | 24.8 |  |
| 6 | Olga Šikovec | Yugoslavia | 25.0 |  |

### Heats

14 September

#### Heat 1

Wind: 1.3 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Valentina Maslovskaya | Soviet Union | 23.8 | **CR Q** |
| 2 | Barbara Sobotta | Poland | 24.1 | **Q** |
| 3 | Hannelore Raepke | East Germany | 24.2 | **Q** |
| 4 | Michèle Davaze | France | 25.3 |  |

#### Heat 2

Wind: 1 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dorothy Hyman | Great Britain | 23.9 | **Q** |
| 2 | Claudette Actis | France | 24.7 | **Q** |
| 3 | Ida Such | Hungary | 25.1 | **Q** |

#### Heat 3

Wind: 2.8 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ann Packer | Great Britain | 24.0 **w** | **Q** |
| 2 | Elżbieta Szyroka | Poland | 24.1 **w** | **Q** |
| 3 | Donata Govoni | Italy | 24.4 **w** | **Q** |
| 4 | Johanna Gaiser | West Germany | 24.6 **w** |  |
| 5 | Renée Enjalbert | France | 25.3 **w** |  |

#### Heat 4

Wind: 0.9 m/s

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jutta Heine | West Germany | 24.1 | **Q** |
| 2 | Daphne Arden | Great Britain | 24.5 | **Q** |
| 3 | Olga Šikovec | Yugoslavia | 25.1 | **Q** |
| 4 | Therese Schueremans | Belgium | 26.5 |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 16 athletes from 10 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Women's 200 metres
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


title: 1970 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

abstract: The 1970 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama in the 1970 NCAA University Division football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 76th overall and 37th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 13th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with six wins five losses and one tie and with a tie against Oklahoma in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl. As a result of a newly enacted rule by the NCAA that allowed teams to schedule an eleventh regular season game, Alabama opened the season against USC. Led by Sam Cunningham, the Trojans defeated the Crimson Tide 42–21 at Legion Field to open the season. Alabama rebounded from the loss and defeated Virginia Tech and Florida in consecutive games that set up a top-twenty match-up against Ole Miss. Led by Archie Manning, the Rebels defeated the Crimson Tide 48–23 after a 22-point fourth quarter at Jackson. Alabama defeated Vanderbilt in their next game, but then were shut out for the first time since their 1959 season with a 24–0 loss at Tennessee. They again rebounded with a pair of consecutive victories. The first was against Houston, in what was also the first game Alabama played indoors, and the second on homecoming against Mississippi State. After a loss to LSU, the Crimson Tide defeated Miami in their final road game of the season. The win also made Alabama bowl-eligible, and as such an invitation to play Oklahoma in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl was accepted in the week leading to the Iron Bowl. Against Auburn, the Crimson tide surrendered a 17-point lead and closed the regular season with a 33–28 loss to their rival. A month later, Alabama ended their season with a 24–24 tie against the Sooners. The 1970 season is also notable for being the first fully integrated team at Alabama. Although several African American students competed during spring practice in 1967, Wilbur Jackson became the first African American awarded a scholarship to play for Alabama, and he competed as a member of the freshman squad in 1970.

text:
# 1970 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

1970 Southeastern Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 7 LSU $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 4 Tennessee | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| No. 10 Auburn | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| No. 20 Ole Miss | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Florida | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Georgia | 3 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Alabama | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Mississippi State | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Vanderbilt | 1 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Kentucky | 0 |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1970 Alabama Crimson Tide football team** (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1970 NCAA University Division football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 76th overall and 37th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Bear Bryant, in his 13th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished season with six wins five losses and one tie (6–5–1 overall, 3–4 in the SEC) and with a tie against Oklahoma in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl.

As a result of a newly enacted rule by the NCAA that allowed teams to schedule an eleventh regular season game, Alabama opened the season against USC. Led by Sam Cunningham, the Trojans defeated the Crimson Tide 42–21 at Legion Field to open the season. Alabama rebounded from the loss and defeated Virginia Tech and Florida in consecutive games that set up a top-twenty match-up against Ole Miss. Led by Archie Manning, the Rebels defeated the Crimson Tide 48–23 after a 22-point fourth quarter at Jackson.

Alabama defeated Vanderbilt in their next game, but then were shut out for the first time since their 1959 season with a 24–0 loss at Tennessee. They again rebounded with a pair of consecutive victories. The first was against Houston, in what was also the first game Alabama played indoors, and the second on homecoming against Mississippi State. After a loss to LSU, the Crimson Tide defeated Miami in their final road game of the season. The win also made Alabama bowl-eligible, and as such an invitation to play Oklahoma in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl was accepted in the week leading to the Iron Bowl. Against Auburn, the Crimson tide surrendered a 17-point lead and closed the regular season with a 33–28 loss to their rival. A month later, Alabama ended their season with a 24–24 tie against the Sooners.

The 1970 season is also notable for being the first fully integrated team at Alabama. Although several African American students competed during spring practice in 1967, Wilbur Jackson became the first African American awarded a scholarship to play for Alabama, and he competed as a member of the freshman squad in 1970.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 12 | No. 3 USC* | No. 16 |  |  | L 21–42 | 72,175 |
| September 19 | Virginia Tech* |  | * Legion Field * Birmingham, AL |  | W 51–18 | 53,958 |
| September 26 | No. 13 Florida |  |  |  | W 46–15 | 58,138 |
| October 3 | at No. 7 Ole Miss | No. 17 |  | ABC | L 23–48 | 46,812 |
| October 10 | Vanderbilt |  | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL |  | W 35–11 | 49,038 |
| October 17 | at No. 14 Tennessee |  |  |  | L 0–24 | 64,947 |
| October 24 | at No. 15 Houston* |  |  |  | W 30–21 | 46,869 |
| October 31 | Mississippi State |  | * Denny Stadium * Tuscaloosa, AL (rivalry) |  | W 35–6 | 58,843 |
| November 7 | No. 11 LSU | No. 19 | * Legion Field * Birmingham, AL (rivalry) | ABC | L 9–14 | 60,371 |
| November 14 | at Miami (FL)* |  |  |  | W 32–8 | 25,469 |
| November 28 | vs. No. 11 Auburn |  |  |  | L 28–33 | 71,747 |
| December 31 | vs. No. 20 Oklahoma* |  |  | ABC | T 24–24 | 53,822 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### USC

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#3 USC** 12 10 10 10 42  #16 Alabama 0 7 6 8 **21**   * **Date:** September 12 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game attendance:** 72,175 |
| --- |

After the NCAA enacted a rule that allowed its member institutions to schedule an eleventh regular season game, in January 1970 the Crimson Tide agreed to a home-and-home series with the University of Southern California (USC). At Legion Field, the Trojans outgained Alabama on the ground 485 to 32 yards en route to a 42–21 victory that opened the 1970 season. USC took a 12–0 first quarter lead behind a pair of Sam Cunningham touchdowns as they outgained the Crimson Tide 102 to 10 in total yards in the quarter. After a 32-yard, Ron Ayala field goal extended the Trojans' lead to 15–0, a one-yard Johnny Musso touchdown run cut the USC lead to 15–7 early in the second quarter. However, the Trojans responded on the drive that ensued with a seven-yard Charlie Evans touchdown run that made the halftime score 22–7.

The Trojans continued their dominance of the game into the second half as they extended their lead to 32–7 in the third quarter. Jimmy Jones first threw a 23-yard touchdown pass to Clarence Davis and Ayala next connected on a 25-yard field goal. Alabama then responded with a six-yard Neb Hayden touchdown pass to David Bailey that made the score 32–13 at the end of the third quarter. The Trojans closed the game with a 27-yard Ayala field goal and a six-yard Mike Rae touchdown pass to Bill Holland. Alabama then made the final score 42–21 on a second, one-yard Musso touchdown run.

The game became referred to as the "Cunningham game" by many Alabama fans and is often cited as being the turning point towards the full integration of the Crimson Tide football team beginning with the 1971 season. However, Alabama football had actually begun integrating in 1967, when five black students attempted to walk-on. Moreover, the team was already integrated by 1970, as Wilbur Jackson was a freshman on the team. This game was also the first Alabama played on Poly-Turf at Legion Field as it was installed during the previous summer. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Southern Cal to 2–1.

### Virginia Tech

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Virginia Tech 0 6 12 0 18  **Alabama** 17 13 14 7 **51**   * **Date:** September 19 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game attendance:** 53,958 |
| --- |

The 51 points scored by Alabama against Virginia Tech, were the most allowed by a Hokies team coached by Jerry Claiborne in this 51–18 victory at Legion Field. The Crimson Tide took control of the game early as they raced out to a 17–0 lead in the first quarter. After Richard Ciemny connected on a 36-yard field goal, Dave Brungard scored on a 21-yard run and was followed with a 14-yard Scott Hunter touchdown pass to Jerry Cash. Alabama extended their lead further to 30–0 after Johnny Musso threw an 11-yard touchdown pass to David Bailey and Tommy Wade had a 71-yard punt return for a score. The Hokies managed to score late in the period on an eight-yard Gil Schwabe touchdown pass to Perry Tiberio that made the halftime score 30–6.

Much to the surprise of coach Bryant, Virginia Tech rallied early in the third quarter and scored a pair of touchdowns that brought the score to 30–18. John Dobbins scored first for the Hokies on a one-yard run and was followed with a four-yard Rich Matijevich touchdown reception from Schwabe. The Crimson Tide responded with three unanswered touchdowns to close the game first on 20-yard Brungard run, next on a 10-yard Hunter pass to Joe LaBue and finally on a 36-yard Buddy Seay run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Virginia Tech to 6–0.

### Florida

| 1 2 3 4 Total  #13 Florida 0 7 0 8 15  **Alabama** 10 7 7 22 **46**   * **Date:** September 26 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, AL * **Game attendance:** 58,138 |
| --- |

As they entered conference opener against Florida, the Gators were ranked No. 13 in the AP Poll. In the game, Alabama led throughout and after a 22-point fourth quarter defeated the Gators 46–15 in the first Denny Stadium game of the season. The Crimson Tide took a 10–0 first quarter lead behind a one-yard Neb Hayden touchdown run and a 33-yard Richard Ciemny field goal before the Gators responded with a nine-yard John Reaves touchdown pass to Michael Rich early in the second quarter. Alabama responded with a 15-yard Scott Hunter touchdown pass to Dave Brungard that made the halftime score 17–7.

After a 10-yard Neb Hayden touchdown pass to Griff Langston in the third extended the Crimson Tide lead to 24–7, they outscored Florida 22–8 in the fourth quarter for the 46–15 victory. In the final period Crimson Tide touchdowns were scored on runs of six-yards by Johnny Musso, three-yards by Buddy Seay and 13-yards by Terry Davis. The Gators scored their final points on a one-yard Leonard George touchdown run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Florida to 10–5.

### Ole Miss

| 1 2 3 4 Total  #17 Alabama 0 9 8 6 23  **#7 Ole Miss** 14 12 0 22 **48**   * **Date:** October 3 * **Location:** Memorial Stadium
Jackson, MS * **Game attendance:** 46,812 |
| --- |

After their victory over Florida, Alabama reentered the AP Poll at the No. 17 position and Ole Miss dropped from No. 5 to No. 7 in the week prior to their match-up at Jackson. Against the Rebels, the Crimson Tide were defeated 48–23 behind a strong performance by Ole Miss quarterback Archie Manning before a nationally televised audience. The Rebels took a 14–0 first quarter lead after Manning threw a seven-yard touchdown pass to Garland Reed and later scored on a one-yard touchdown run. Alabama scored their first points on a 36-yard Richard Ciemny field goal early in the second quarter. However, on the kickoff that ensued, Vernon Studdard returned it 101-yards for a touchdown and extended the Ole Miss lead to 20–3 after the conversion failed. Both teams then traded touchdowns to close the first half. Manning connected from 14-yards to Reed for the Rebels and Neb Hayden connected from 15-yards to Jerry Cash for Alabama that made the halftime score 26–9.

The Crimson Tide were able to cut the Ole Miss lead to 26–17 on a ten-yard Hayden pass to Johnny Musso in the third quarter. The Rebels responded in the fourth with three touchdowns and outscored Alabama 22–6 in the quarter en route to the 48–23 victory. Ole Miss points were scored on an eight-yard Manning pass to Studdard, a 14-yard Manning run and on a one-yard William. R. Knight run; Alabama scored their lone touchdown on a 19-yard Hayden pass to Stephen Doran. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Ole Miss to 21–5–2.

### Vanderbilt

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Vanderbilt 0 0 3 8 11  **Alabama** 7 7 21 0 **35**   * **Date:** October 10 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, AL * **Game attendance:** 49,038 |
| --- |

After their loss against the Rebels, Alabama out of the AP Poll prior to their game against Vanderbilt. Against the Commodores, Alabama out-rushed Vandy 344 to 71 yards en route to a 35–11 victory at Tuscaloosa. The Crimson Tide took a 14–0 lead into halftime after touchdowns were scored on a two-yard George Ranager run in the first and on an 11-yard Neb Hayden pass to David Bailey in the second quarter. After Alabama extended their lead to 28–0 in the third quarter on a 93-yard Buddy Seay kickoff return and a two-yard Johnny Musso touchdown run, Vanderbilt scored their first points on a 31-yard Robert Bayless field goal. The game then closed with touchdown on a four-yard Neb Hayden run for the Crimson Tide in the third and on a four-yard Steve Burger run for Vanderbilt in the fourth quarter. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 27–17–4.

### Tennessee

Third Saturday in October
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Alabama 0 0 0 0 0  **#14 Tennessee** 7 0 7 10 **24**   * **Date:** October 17 * **Location:** Neyland Stadium
Knoxville, TN * **Game attendance:** 64,947 |
| --- |

At Tennessee, Alabama quarterbacks collectively threw eight interceptions in this 24–0 loss to the Volunteers. Tennessee took a 7–0 lead into halftime after they scored the only first half points on a one-yard Bobby Scott touchdown run. The Vols then closed the game with a four-yard Don McLeary touchdown run in the third, a 35-yard George Hunt field goal and a 22-yard Jackie Walker interception return in the fourth quarter.

Scott Hunter threw five and Neb Hayden threw three interceptions in the game. Hunter's five and the eight combined stand as school records for interceptions in a single game. The shutout loss was their first since their 7–0 loss against Penn State during their 1959 season that ended a 115-game streak. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 23–23–7.

### Houston

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Alabama** 3 14 3 10 30  #15 Houston 7 7 7 0 **21**   * **Date:** October 24 * **Location:** Astrodome
Houston, TX * **Game attendance:** 46,869 |
| --- |

In what was the first game the Crimson Tide played indoors, Alabama upset the Houston Cougars 30–21 on homecoming at the Astrodome. After Richard Ciemny gave Alabama an early 3–0 lead with his 28-yard field goal, the Cougars responded with a 13-yard Gary Mullins touchdown pass to Elmo Wright that made the score 7–3 at the end of the first quarter. The Crimson Tide then retook a 17–7 lead with a pair of second quarter touchdowns. The first came on an 18-yard Johnny Musso pass to David Bailey and the second on a 36-yard Dave Brungard run. The Cougars managed their second touchdown on a three-yard Mullins to Wright pass that made the halftime score 17–14.

Houston then took a 21–17 lead early in the third quarter on a one-yard Tom Mozisek run. After a 34-yard Ciemny field goal bought Alabama within one point of the lead later in the quarter, his 40-yard field goal in the fourth gave the Crimson Tide a 23–21 lead. Steve Higginbotham then made the final score 30–21 late in the game after he returned an interception 80-yards for a touchdown. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Houston to 6–0.

### Mississippi State

| 1 2 3 4 Total  Mississippi State 0 0 0 6 6  **Alabama** 7 14 14 0 **35**   * **Date:** October 31 * **Location:** Denny Stadium
Tuscaloosa, AL * **Game attendance:** 58,843 |
| --- |

On homecoming in Tuscaloosa, Alabama defeated the Mississippi State Bulldogs 35–6. After the Crimson Tide took a 7–0 lead on a 13-yard Johnny Musso run in the first, a pair of second quarter touchdowns made the halftime score 21–0. The pair were scored on running plays of ten-yards by George Ranager and one-yard by Musso. Alabama then scored their final pair of touchdowns in the third on runs of 14-yards Dave Brungard and three-yards by Musso. Up 35–0, Alabama closed the game with many of its reserves seeing playing time in the fourth quarter. It was in that period that the Bulldogs ended the bid for a shutout when Joe Reed threw a 19-yard touchdown pass to David Smith and made the final score 35–6. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 42–10–3.

### LSU

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#11 LSU** 0 7 7 0 14  #19 Alabama 3 0 0 6 **9**   * **Date:** November 7 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game attendance:** 60,371 |
| --- |

After their victory over Mississippi State, Alabama reentered the AP Poll at the No. 19 position and LSU was in the No. 11 position in the week prior to their match-up at Birmingham. Playing in a regionally televised game, Alabama was defeated by the Tigers 14–9 at Legion Field. Richard Ciemny gave Alabama an early 3–0 lead with his 23-yard field goal in the first, but the Tigers responded with a two-yard Arthur Cantrelle touchdown run in the second quarter that gave LSU a 7–3 halftime lead. The Tigers extended their lead further to 14–3 after Felix Lee threw a two-yard touchdown pass to Jimmy LeDoux in the third quarter. Although the Crimson Tide defense had a goal line stand that prevented a late LSU score, the offense only scored once more on a ten-yard Scott Hunter touchdown pass to David Bailey that made the final score 14–9. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 20–10–4.

### Miami (FL)

| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Alabama** 0 14 7 11 32  Miami 0 0 0 8 **8**   * **Date:** November 14 * **Location:** Orange Bowl
Miami, FL * **Game attendance:** 25,469 |
| --- |

After their loss to LSU, Alabama again dropped out of the AP Poll for the week of their game at Miami. On homecoming in Miami, Alabama defeated Hurricanes 32–8 at the Orange Bowl and with their sixth victory of the season became bowl eligible. After a scoreless first quarter, the Crimson Tide took a 14–0 halftime lead after they scored a pair of second quarter touchdowns. The first came when Lanny Norris intercepted a Kelly Cochrane pass and returned it 31-yards for the first score followed with the second on a 21-yard Scott Hunter touchdown pass to Jerry Cash later in the quarter.

After George Ranager extended the Alabama lead to 21–0 with his five-yard run in the third, Miami scored their only points on a four-yard Cochrane pass to Steve Schaap early in the fourth quarter that made the score 21–8. The Crimson Tide then closed the game with a 32-yard Richard Ciemny field goal and a four-yard Cash touchdown run that made the final score 32–8. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Miami to 8–2.

### Auburn

Iron Bowl
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **#11 Auburn** 0 10 7 16 33  Alabama 17 0 0 11 **28**   * **Date:** November 28 * **Location:** Legion Field
Birmingham, AL * **Game attendance:** 71,747 |
| --- |

In their final regular season game, the Auburn Tigers rallied from a 17-point, first quarter deficit and defeated Alabama 33–28 in the annual Iron Bowl at Legion Field. The Crimson Tide took a 17–0 first quarter lead behind a 14-yard Johnny Musso touchdown run, a 31-yard Scott Hunter touchdown pass to David Bailey and a 26-yard Richard Ciemny field goal. Auburn responded with a one-yard Pat Sullivan touchdown run and a 26-yard Gardner Jett field goal in the second quarter that made the halftime score 17–10.

Sullivan then tied the game 17–17 with his seven-yard touchdown run in the third quarter. With the game tied as the teams entered the fourth quarter, both traded field goals and made the score 20–20 before Sullivan threw a 17-yard touchdown pass to Robby Robinett that gave the Tigers their first lead of the game. Alabama responded with a 54-yard Hunter touchdown pass to George Ranager, then made a two-point conversion and took a 28–27 lead. However, Sullivan led Auburn to the game-winning touchdown scored on a three-yard Wallace Clark run for the 33–28 victory. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Auburn to 18–16–1.

### Oklahoma

Bluebonnet Bowl
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Alabama 7 7 3 7 24  Oklahoma 7 14 0 3 **24**   * **Date:** December 31 * **Location:** Astrodome
Houston, TX * **Game attendance:** 53,822 |
| --- |

On November 21, Alabama accepted an invitation to play in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl against Oklahoma of the Big Eight Conference on New Year's Eve. Against the Sooners, Alabama played to a 24–24 tie in the 12th annual Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl. After the Crimson Tide took an early 7–0 lead on a four-yard Scott Hunter touchdown pass to Randy Moore, the Sooners scored the next three touchdowns en route to a 21–7 lead. After Joe Wylie scored on a two-yard run in the first, Greg Pruitt scored a pair of second quarter touchdowns on long runs of 58 and 25 yards. Alabama responded with a five-yard Hunter touchdown pass to David Baily and made the halftime score 21–14.

After a 20-yard Richard Ciemny field goal in the third brought the Crimson Tide within four points of the Sooners, they took a 24–21 lead on a 25-yard Hunter touchdown pass to Johnny Musso in the fourth quarter. Oklahoma managed to tie the game 24–24 late in the fourth on a 42-yard Bruce Derr field goal. However, Alabama had a chance to win as time expired, but the 34-yard Ciemny attempt sailed wide left and the game ended in the tie. The tie brought Alabama's all-time record against Oklahoma to 1–0–1.

## NFL Draft

Several players that were varsity lettermen from the 1970 squad were drafted into the National Football League (NFL) in the 1971, 1972 and 1973 drafts. These players included:

| Year | Round | Overall | Player name | Position | NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 NFL draft
 | 6 | 140 | Scott Hunter | Quarterback | Green Bay Packers |
| 1972 NFL draft
 | 3 | 62 | Johnny Musso | Running back | Chicago Bears |
| | 11 | 266 | David Bailey | Wide receiver | Green Bay Packers |
| | 15 | 386 | Robin Parkhouse | Linebacker | Baltimore Colts |
| | 16 | 411 | Steve Higginbottom | Defensive back | Washington Redskins |
| 1973 NFL draft
 | 1 | 4 | John Hannah | Offensive guard | New England Patriots |
| | 7 | 174 | John Mitchell | Defensive end | San Francisco 49ers |
| | 12 | 309 | Jim Krapf | Guard | Oakland Raiders |

## Freshman squad

Prior to the 1972 NCAA University Division football season, NCAA rules prohibited freshmen from participating on the varsity team, and as such many schools fielded freshmen teams. The Alabama freshmen squad was led by coach Clem Gryska for the 1970 season and finished undefeated with a record of five wins and zero losses (5–0). The 1970 squad was notable as the team included Wilbur Jackson, the first African American to compete on scholarship for the Crimson Tide.

The Baby Tide opened their season on a Monday afternoon with a 24–7 victory over Mississippi State at Denny Stadium. After Alabama scored their first points on a 28-yard Paul Spivey touchdown run, State responded with their only points on a 27-yard Paul Millsaps touchdown pass to Bill Buckley that made the score 7–7 at the end of the first quarter. The Baby Tide responded with a 34-yard Greg Gantt field goal in the second and took a 10–7 halftime lead. Alabama closed the game with touchdowns on a one-yard David McMakin run in the third and a ten-yard Mike Harter run in the fourth quarter. Wilbur Jackson saw limited playing time only on special teams due to an ankle injury and the Bulldogs had six turnovers in the loss. In their second contest, Alabama defeated Vanderbilt 38–7 at Dudley Field in Nashville. Paul Spivey starred for the Baby Tide in the game with four touchdowns and 112 rushing yards on 20 carries in the victory.

Against Ole Miss, Alabama rallied from a 20-point, first quarter deficit and defeated the Rebels 41–28 at Oxford. The Rebels took their 20–0 on a trio of touchdowns scored by Mickey Fratesi when he returned the opening kickoff 100-yards and on touchdown runs 11-yards by Gene Allen and one-yard by Fratesi. Alabama responded in the second with Paul Spivey touchdown runs of 19 and 12-yards that made the halftime score 20–14. They then took a 21–20 lead early in the third after Gary Rutledge threw a 37-yard touchdown pass to Geary Eason. Touchdown runs of seven-yards by Richard Bryan and four-yards by Rutledge extended the Alabama lead to 35–20 at the end of the third quarter. After Alabama scored their final points on a 22-yard Mike Harter touchdown run, Ole Miss made the final score 41–28 after they had a safety and scored on a 31-yard Kenny Lyons touchdown pass to Danny Harris.

Against Tennessee, the Baby Tide won 28–20 behind a strong performance by defensive back Jimmy Dawson. The game was tied 7–7 at halftime after Paul Spivey scored on a two-yard run in the first for Alabama and Chip Howard threw a 39-yard touchdown pass to Steve Chancey in the second quarter for Tennessee. After the teams traded touchdowns in the third quarter, and Gary Rutledge went on and scored the game-winning touchdown on a short run with just over one minute left in the game for the 28–20 victory. Alabama then closed the season with a 9–3 victory over rival Auburn before 7,000 fans at Denny Stadium. After the teams traded first half field goals, Gary Rutledge scored the game-winning touchdown on a five-yard run in the fourth quarter.

## Roster

| 1970 Alabama Crimson Tide football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  HB  Wayne Adkinson So  SE  David Bailey Jr  FB  Ellis Beck So  Clarence Brasher So  FB  Dave Brungard Sr  OT  Clyde Butler Sr  FB  Jesse Causey So  Jerry Cash Sr  FB  Phil Chaffin Sr  OT  Don Cokely Jr  OT  Jerry Cooper So  Wayne Cotton So  OT  Allen Cox So  QB  Terry Davis So  TB  Steve Dean So  Ken Deaton Jr  Reid Drinkard Sr  TE  Stephen Doran Sr  Mike Eckenrod So  Tommy Ford So  Jimmy Grammer Sr  Woody Garner Jr  Mike Hand Sr  OT  John Hannah So  QB  Neb Hayden Sr  TB  Larry Helm Sr  QB  Butch Hobson So  SE  Jimmy Horton So  Morris Hunt So  QB  Scott Hunter Sr  Woodward Husband Sr  OT  Ken James Sr  TB  Joe LaBue So  SE  Griff Langston Sr  SE  Lane Lawley Sr  TE  Randy Moore So  TB  Johnny Musso Jr  QB  Ricky Pitalo So  Pat Raines So  SE  George Ranager Sr  TB  Ron Richardson Jr  QB  Benny Rippetoe Jr  OT  Jimmy Rosser Jr  SE  Bubba Sawyer Jr  TB  Buddy Seay Sr  QB  Billy Sexton So  QB  Johnny Sharpless So  TE  Jim Simmons Jr  SE  Rod Steakley Sr  TB  Tommy Stringfellow Jr  SE  Buddy Talley So  Carey Varnado So  Larry Waldron Jr  SE  Wayne Wheeler So  Jack White Jr  SE  Dexter Wood So | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DL  Marvin Barron So  DL  Jeff Beard Jr  DB  Eddie Bentley Sr  DB  Bill Blair Sr  DB  Jeff Blitz So  DL  Buddy Brown So  DL  Richard Burke So  LB  Andy Cross So  DE  John Croyle So  DL  Mike Denson So  DB  Ken Emerson Sr  DL  Doug Faust So  LB  Danny Gilbert Sr  LB  Wayne Hall So  DL  Don Harris Sr  DB  Steve Higginbotham Jr  DE  Ed Hines Jr  DB  David Knapp So  LB  Jim Krapf So  DE  Tom Lusk So  DB  Bob McKinney So  DB  Lanny Norris So  DE  Robin Parkhouse Jr  DL  Jim Patterson Jr  LB  Alec Pittman Jr  DE  Cecil Quick So  DE  Wayne Rhoads Sr  LB  Jeff Rouzie So  DB  Robby Rowan So  DL  Terry Rowell Jr  LB  Bobby Stanford Jr  LB  Billy Strickland Sr  LB  Tom Surlas Jr  DB  Carl Tayloe So  DE  Chris Tyra So  LB  Reid Underwood So  DB  Steve Wade So  DB  Tommy Wade Sr  DL  Mitchell Weaver So  DB  Steve Williams Jr  LB  Glenn Woodruff So | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  PK  Richard Ciemny Sr  PK  Frank Mann Sr | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster
Last update: October 15, 2013 |

**General**

* "1970 Season Recaps" (PDF). *RollTide.com*. University of Alabama Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
* "2012 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Record Book" (PDF). Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2014.

**Specific**

## InfoBox

| 1970 Alabama Crimson Tide football | |
| --- | --- |
| Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl co-champion | |
| Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl, T 24–24 vs. Oklahoma | |
| Conference | Southeastern Conference |
| Record | 6–5–1 (3–4 SEC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captains | * Danny Gilbert * Dave Brungard |
| Home stadium | Denny Stadium
Legion Field |
|


title: Elachista heringi

abstract: Elachista heringi is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from the Czech Republic to Spain and Italy and from France to Romania. It is also found in Russia. The wingspan is 9–10 millimetres (0.35–0.39 in). The larvae feed on Stipa pennata and Stipa pulcherrima. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Elachista heringi

***Elachista heringi*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from the Czech Republic to Spain and Italy and from France to Romania. It is also found in Russia.

The wingspan is 9–10 millimetres (0.35–0.39 in).

The larvae feed on *Stipa pennata* and *Stipa pulcherrima*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista heringi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. heringi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista heringi***<br>Rebel, 1899 | |
|


title: Elachista hiranoi

abstract: Elachista hiranoi is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sugisima in 2005. It is found in Japan. The length of the forewings is 3.5–4.3 mm for males and 3.4–4.1 mm for females.

text:
# Elachista hiranoi

***Elachista hiranoi*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Sugisima in 2005. It is found in Japan (Kyushu, Honshu).

The length of the forewings is 3.5–4.3 mm for males and 3.4–4.1 mm for females.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista hiranoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. hiranoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista hiranoi***<br>Sugisima, 2005 | |
|


title: Eubela distincta

abstract: Eubela distincta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Eubela distincta

***Eubela distincta*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Eubela distincta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Eubela distincta* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Eubela* |
| Species: | ***E. distincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eubela distincta***<br>Thiele, 1925 | |
|


title: Early James

abstract: Fredrick James Mullis Jr., known professionally as Early James, is an American singer-songwriter. He is signed onto studio-label Easy Eye Sound, the studio-label of Black Keys' guitarist Dan Auerbach.

text:
# Early James

**Fredrick James Mullis Jr.** (born June 2, 1993), known professionally as **Early James**, is an American singer-songwriter. He is signed onto studio-label Easy Eye Sound, the studio-label of Black Keys' guitarist Dan Auerbach.

## Early life

James was born and raised in Troy, Alabama. At the age of 16, he received his first guitar from his aunt for Christmas. He began writing songs shortly thereafter, citing James Taylor and Johnny Cash as formative influences on his music.

## Career

James grew up in Troy, Alabama, where he was raised by the women in his family. He realized he could seek a career as a musician at age six when he watched a local musician play covers at a family function, and began playing the guitar at age sixteen when he was gifted one for Christmas. His friend was the frontman for the local band Fire Mountain and told him that he could begin opening for them if he started performing original songs. At that point, he began writing his own music.

At the age of 21, James moved to Birmingham, Alabama to pursue music professionally. It was here that he met Adrian Marmolejo and formed their band, Early James and the Latest. Drawing inspiration from Birmingham's diverse music scene, James began to cultivate a sound containing elements of blues, folk, rock, and classic country.

Early James released some early songs on his YouTube channel and performed them from 2016 to 2019 such as "Tinfoil Hat" and "Gravy Train".

Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys discovered James while the songwriter was working in Birmingham. Auerbach liked James' unique style and asked to produce his debut album.

On December 5, 2019, James announced his debut album *Singing for My Supper* would be released on March 13, 2020, by Nonesuch and Auerbauch's Easy Eye Sound. He also released his first single from this project, "Blue Pill Blues." Subsequent singles from this project, "It Doesn't Matter Now" and "High Horse" were released on January 23, 2020, and February 13, 2020, respectively. Early James described *Singing for My Supper* as being about "disillusion in styles that glance back to the 1970s and before."

In 2020, James planned to be on tour supporting Shovels and Rope, The Lone Bellow, The Marcus King Band, and The Black Keys. Many of the shows were cancelled due to the pandemic, but James performed in several virtual shows, including with The Marcus King Band. In a performance covered by Rolling Stone for its changes to the Band's *The Last Waltz*, James rewrote lyrics to "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" to reframe it as a critique, rather than what some saw as a celebration, of the Confederacy.

James supported the Lone Bellow on their "Half Moonlight Tour" in 2021. He performed solo at the Newport Folk Festival in July 2021.

On August 19, 2022, James released his second studio album *Strange Time To Be Alive*. One song, "Real Lowdown Lonesome", featured Sierra Ferrell. Songs such as "Wasted and Wanting" and "Dance in The Fire" had already been played live, as early as 2018. In late 2022, Early James started his first headlining tour, beginning in Texas, which he showed his enthusiasm for by writing a song about the tour.

## The Latest

According to Mullis, "The Latest" refers to who commonly plays with him. Since 2016, that has been Adrian Marmolejo, who plays stand-up bass or electric bass. Beginning in 2019, Joey Rudeisell and Ford Boswell played with Mullis as drummer and steel guitarist respectively.

## Artistry

James was inspired in his tweens by Hank Williams Sr. and later by grunge and alternative rock bands like Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Nirvana. His years writing and performing in Birmingham, Alabama expanded the genres he wrote in to include bluegrass, folk and alt-country.

James has been compared to Tom Waits and has referred to the musician as one of his inspirations, along with Fiona Apple. His lyrics are often dark but with a sardonic sense of humor, dealing with such themes as depression, addiction, and relationships. According to the New York Times, James' "melodies hesitate and evade the beat; his lyrics move via moody free association, not the direct narratives of most Americana."

James' voice is distinct, described by *the New York Times* as "tattered and nervous, with a grainy quaver." Round Hill Music states that his voice comprises "a century’s worth of American barkers and crooners, from Alan Lomax field recordings to mid-century iconoclasts like Billie Holliday and Howlin Wolf to ghostly late-century interpreters like Fiona Apple and Tom Waits."

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details | Songs |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Singing for My Supper* | Collaborators:
* "Way of the Dinosaur" and "Easter Eggs" co-written with Dan Auberbach and Patrick James McLaughlin * "Clockwork Town" co-written with Dan Auerbach and John Bettis * "High Horse" co-written with Dan Auerbach and Bobby Wood * "Gone as a Ghost" co-written with Dan Auerbach and Ronnie Bowman | 1. "Blue Pill Blues" (3:07) 2. "Stockholm Syndrome" (3:14) 3. "Way of the Dinosaur" (3:48) 4. "Clockwork Town" (3:20) 5. "Easter Eggs" (4:01) 6. "It Doesn't Matter Now" (3:27) 7. "High Horse" (3:25) 8. "All Down Hill" (3:00) 9. "Gone as a Ghost" (3:56) 10. "Dishes in the Dark" (3:43) |
| *Strange Time To Be Alive* | Collaborators: | 1. "Racing to a Red Light" (4:24) 2. "Straightjacket For Two" (3:50) 3. "My Sweet Camelia" (3:35) 4. "Pigsty" (4:10) 5. "What Strange Time To Be Alive" (3:06) 6. "Real Low Down Lonesome" (4:29) 7. "Harder To Blame" (4:06) 8. "If Heaven Is A Hotel" (3:08) 9. "Splenda Daddy" (3:04) 10. "Dance in the Fire" (3:51) 11. "Wasted and Wanting" (3:21) 12. "Something For Nothing" (3:12) |

### Extended plays

| Title | Details | Songs |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Early James and the Latest* | * Released: November 1, 2018 * Label: Self-released | 1. "Dig to China" (3:51) 2. "Blow for Blow" (2:54) 3. "Taste of Sin" (4:26) 4. "Damn Tornado" (3:13) |

### Singles

| Title | Details | Songs |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "It Doesn't Matter Now" |  | 1. "It Doesn't Matter Now" (3:27) |
| "Tumbleweed" b/w "Mama Can Be My Valentine" |  | 1. "Tumbleweed" (2:08) 2. "Mama Can Be My Valentine" (2:28) |

## InfoBox

| Early James | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Fredrick James Mullis Jr. |
| Also known as | Early James |
| Born | (1993-06-02) June 2, 1993
Troy, Alabama, US |
| Origin | Birmingham, Alabama |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer-songwriter * musician |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar |
| Labels | Nonesuch Records, Easy Eye Sound |
|  | |
| Website | earlyjames.com |


title: Electrometer

abstract: An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical handmade mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices. Modern electrometers based on vacuum tube or solid-state technology can be used to make voltage and charge measurements with very low leakage currents, down to 1 femtoampere. A simpler but related instrument, the electroscope, works on similar principles but only indicates the relative magnitudes of voltages or charges.

text:
# Electrometer

An **electrometer** is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical handmade mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices. Modern electrometers based on vacuum tube or solid-state technology can be used to make voltage and charge measurements with very low leakage currents, down to 1 femtoampere. A simpler but related instrument, the electroscope, works on similar principles but only indicates the relative magnitudes of voltages or charges.

## Historical electrometers

### Gold-leaf electroscope

The gold-leaf electroscope was one of the instruments used to indicate electric charge. It is still used for science demonstrations but has been superseded in most applications by electronic measuring instruments. The instrument consists of two thin leaves of gold foil suspended from an electrode. When the electrode is charged by induction or by contact, the leaves acquire similar electric charges and repel each other due to the Coulomb force. Their separation is a direct indication of the net charge stored on them. On the glass opposite the leaves, pieces of tin foil may be pasted, so that when the leaves diverge fully they may discharge into the ground. The leaves may be enclosed in a glass envelope to protect them from drafts, and the envelope may be evacuated to minimize charge leakage. This principle has been used to detect ionizing radiation, as seen in the quartz fibre electrometer and Kearny fallout meter.

This type of electroscope usually acts as an indicator and not a measuring device, although it can be calibrated. A calibrated electrometer with a more robust aluminium indicator was invented by Ferdinand Braun and first described in 1887. According to Braun, the standard gold-leaf electrometer is good up to about 800 V with a resolution of 0.1 V using an ocular micrometer. For larger voltages up to 4–6 kV Braun's instrument can achieve a resolution of 10 V.

The instrument was developed in the 18th century by several researchers, among them Abraham Bennet (1787) and Alessandro Volta.

### Early quadrant electrometer

While the term "quadrant electrometer" eventually referred to Kelvin's version, this term was first used to describe a simpler device. It consists of an upright stem of wood, to which is affixed to a semicircle of ivory. From the center there hangs a light cork ball upon a pivot. When the instrument is placed upon a charged body, the stem participates and repels the cork ball. The amount of repulsion may be read off the graduated semicircle, though the measured angle is not in direct proportion to the charge. Early inventors included William Henley (1770) and Horace-Bénédict de Saussure.

### Coulomb's electrometer

Torsion is used to give a measurement more sensitive than repulsion of gold leaves or cork-balls. It consists of a glass cylinder with a glass tube on top. In the axes of the tube is a glass thread, the lower end of this holds a bar of gum lac, with a gilt pith ball at each extremity. Through another aperture on the cylinder, another gum lac rod with gilt balls may be introduced. This is called the carrier rod.

If the lower ball of the carrier rod is charged when it is entered into the aperture, this will repel one of the movable balls inside. An index and scale (not pictured) is attached to the top of the twistable glass rod. The number of degrees twisted to bring the balls back together is in exact proportion of the amount of charge of the ball of the carrier rod.

Francis Ronalds, the inaugural Director of the Kew Observatory, made important improvements to the Coulomb torsion balance around 1844 and the modified instrument was sold by London instrument-makers. Ronalds used a thin suspended needle rather than the gum lac bar and replaced the carrier rod with a fixed piece in the plane of the needle. Both were metal, as was the suspending line and its surrounding tube, so that the needle and the fixed piece could be charged directly through wire connections. Ronalds also employed a Faraday cage and trialled photography to record the readings continuously. It was the forerunner of Kelvin's quadrant electrometer (described below).

### Peltier electrometer

Developed by Peltier, this uses a form of magnetic compass to measure deflection by balancing the electrostatic force with a magnetic needle.

### Bohnenberger electrometer

The Bohnenberger electrometer, developed by J. G. F. von Bohnenberger from an invention by T. G. B. Behrens, consists of a single gold leaf suspended vertically between the anode and cathode of a dry pile. Any charge imparted to the gold leaf causes it to move toward one or the other pole; thus, the sign of the charge as well as its approximate magnitude may be gauged.

### Attraction electrometer

Also known as "attracted disk electrometers", attraction electrometers are sensitive balances measuring the attraction between charged disks. William Snow Harris is credited with the invention of this instrument, which was further improved by Lord Kelvin.

### Kelvin's quadrant electrometer

Developed by Lord Kelvin, this is the most sensitive and accurate of all the mechanical electrometers. The original design uses a light aluminum sector suspended inside a drum cut into four segments. The segments are insulated and connected diagonally in pairs. The charged aluminum sector is attracted to one pair of segments and repelled from the other. The deflection is observed by a beam of light reflected from a small mirror attached to the sector, just as in a galvanometer. The engraving on the right shows a slightly different form of this electrometer, using four flat plates rather than closed segments. The plates can be connected externally in the conventional diagonal way (as shown), or in a different order for specific applications.

A more sensitive form of quadrant electrometer was developed by Frederick Lindemann. It employs a metal-coated quartz fiber instead of an aluminum sector. The deflection is measured by observing the movement of the fiber under a microscope. Initially used for measuring star light, it was employed for the infrared detection of airplanes in the early stages of World War II.

Some mechanical electrometers were housed inside a cage often referred to as a “bird cage”. This is a form of Faraday Cage that protected the instrument from external electrostatic charges.

### Electrograph

Electricity readings may be recorded continuously with a device known as an electrograph. Francis Ronalds created an early electrograph around 1814 in which the changing electricity made a pattern in a rotating resin-coated plate. It was employed at Kew Observatory and the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the 1840s to create records of variations in atmospheric electricity. In 1845, Ronalds invented photographic means of registering the atmospheric electricity. The photosensitive surface was pulled slowly past of the aperture diaphragm of the camera box, which also housed an electrometer, and captured ongoing movements of the electrometer indices as a trace. Kelvin used similar photographic means for his quadrant electrometer (see above) in the 1860s.

## Modern electrometers

A modern electrometer is a highly sensitive electronic voltmeter whose input impedance is so high that the current flowing into it can be considered, for most practical purposes, to be zero. The actual value of input resistance for modern electronic electrometers is around 1014Ω, compared to around 1010Ω for nanovoltmeters. Owing to the extremely high input impedance, special design considerations (such as driven shields and special insulation materials) must be applied to avoid leakage current.

Among other applications, electrometers are used in nuclear physics experiments as they are able to measure the tiny charges left in matter by the passage of ionizing radiation. The most common use for modern electrometers is the measurement of radiation with ionization chambers, in instruments such as geiger counters.

### Vibrating reed electrometers

Vibrating reed electrometers use a variable capacitor formed between a moving electrode (in the form of a vibrating reed) and a fixed input electrode. As the distance between the two electrodes varies, the capacitance also varies and electric charge is forced in and out of the capacitor. The alternating current signal produced by the flow of this charge is amplified and used as an analogue for the DC voltage applied to the capacitor. The DC input resistance of the electrometer is determined solely by the leakage resistance of the capacitor, and is typically extremely high, (although its AC input impedance is lower).

For convenience of use, the vibrating reed assembly is often attached by a cable to the rest of the electrometer. This allows for a relatively small unit to be located near the charge to be measured while the much larger reed-driver and amplifier unit can be located wherever it is convenient for the operator.

### Valve electrometers

Valve electrometers use a specialized vacuum tube (thermionic valve) with a very high gain (transconductance) and input resistance. The input current is allowed to flow into the high impedance grid, and the voltage so generated is vastly amplified in the anode (plate) circuit. Valves designed for electrometer use have leakage currents as low as a few femtoamperes (10−15 amperes). Such valves must be handled with gloved hands as the salts left on the glass envelope can provide leakage paths for these tiny currents.

In a specialized circuit called *inverted triode*, the roles of anode and grid are reversed. This places the control electrode at a maximum distance from the space-charge region surrounding the filament, minimizing the number of electrons collected by the control electrode, and thus minimizing the input current.

### Solid-state electrometers

The most modern electrometers consist of a solid state amplifier using one or more field-effect transistors, connections for external measurement devices, and usually a display and/or data-logging connections. The amplifier amplifies small currents so that they are more easily measured. The external connections are usually of a co-axial or tri-axial design, and allow attachment of diodes or ionization chambers for ionising radiation measurement. The display or data-logging connections allow the user to see the data or record it for later analysis. Electrometers designed for use with ionization chambers may include a high-voltage power supply, which is used to bias the ionization chamber.

Solid-state electrometers are often multipurpose devices that can measure voltage, charge, resistance and current. They measure voltage by means of "voltage balancing", in which the input voltage is compared with an internal reference voltage source using an electronic circuit with a very high input impedance (of the order of 1014 Ω). A similar circuit modified to act as a current-to-voltage converter enables the instrument to measure currents as small as a few femtoamperes. Combined with an internal voltage source, the current measuring mode can be adapted to measure very high resistances, of the order of 1017 Ω. Finally, by calculation from the known capacitance of the electrometer's input terminal, the instrument can measure very small electric charges, down to a small fraction of a picocoulomb.

* Dr. J. Frick, *Physical Technics; Or Practical Instructions for Making Experiments in Physics* Translated By John D. Easter, Ph.D. - J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia 1862
* Robert Mfurgeson Ph.D. *Electricity* \- William and Robert Chambers, London and Edinburgh 1866
* Silvanus P. Thompson, *Elementary Lessons in electricity and Magnetism*. - Macmillan and Co. Limited, London 1905
* Jones, R. V., *Instruments and Experiences* \- John Wiley and Sons, London 1988


title: 1992 in Italian television

text:
# 1992 in Italian television

This is a list of Italian television related events from 1992

## Events

* 13 January: on Canale 5, debut of TG5, the first Finivest news program, directed by Enrico Mentana and hosted, besides the same Mentana, by Cristina Parodi and Cesara Buonamici. The first edition is troubled by several technical problems but is gratified by a greeting message from London of the president Francesco Cossiga. Soon, the Canale 5 journal, focused on current news instead of politic and conducted by Mentana with a pressing rhythm, becomes a serious competitor for the high-flown RAI news programs.
* 26 February: during the opening evening of the Sanremo festival, hosted by Pippo Baudo, Crazy Horse (alias Mario Appignani), infamous serial jammer of public events, takes the stage crying “The festival is rigged and Fausto Leali will win it!”, before being moved away by the staff. The prediction doesn't come true: the winner is Luca Barbarossa with *Portami a ballare*, while Leali gets only the 9th place.
* March 3: two weeks after the arrest of Mario Chiesa, Bettino Craxi is guest at TG3. The socialist leader, answering to a viewer’s question, calls Chiesa “a scoundrel who casts a shadow on a party that in Milan … in fifty years never had an administrator sentenced for serious crimes.” Instead, the Mani Pulite enquiry, originated by the Chiesa affair, in the following months spreads like wildfire, overwhelming the whole Italian political system.
* 23 May: at 10 PM, in an interlude of the variety show *Scommettiamo che...*, an extraordinary edition of TG1 announces the death of Giovanni Falcone in the Capaci bombing . Despite the tragic event, RAI chooses to continue the show, against the will of the same host Fabrizio Frizzi (son-in-law of another Mafia victim, Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa).
* 25 May, RAI airs from Palermo the burials of the victim; the tears of Rosaria Schifani, widow of a police escort, upset Italy. Paolo Borsellino declares to the TV journalist David Sassoli: "When I picked up Giovanni Falcone's last breaths in my arms, I thought it was just a postponed appointment"; On 19 July, Borsellino is in turn killed in the Via D’Amelio bombing.

## Debuts

### Rai

#### Serials

* *Cinico TV* – by Ciprì & Maresco, series of black-and-white shorts, hosted in various other programs; 4 seasons. The series, set in the Palermo suburbia and with freakish characters, is inspired, as the future films of the two authors, by a dark and upsetting humour.

#### News and educational

* *Milano, Italia* – political talk show, broadcast from Milan and hosted initially by Gad Lerner, 2 seasons; it's now a precious document about the season of Mani Pulite and the Mafia bombings.

### Fininvest

#### Serials

* *Gommapiuma* (Foam rubber) – satirical comedy with puppets, Italian version of the English *Splitting Image ; 3 seasons*.

#### Variety

* *Karaoke*karaoke contest from the squares of various Italian towns, hosted by Fiorello and later by his brother Giuseppe; 3 seasons more a restart in 2015.
* *La sai l’ultima?* (Do you know the latest story?) – contest of joke tellers, with various hosts (Gerry Scotti and Natalia Estrada the most active); 11 seasons and 6 spin-offs.
* *Scherzi a parte* (All kiddings aside) – candid camera show, with various hosts (Teo Teocoli the most active) and known personalities as the victims of the jokes; 14 seasons and 8 spin-offs or special editions.

## Shows of the year

### Rai

#### Miniseries

#### Serials

#### Music

#### Variety

* *Su la testa!* (Up your head!) – satirical show broadcast from the Baggio tent-theatre. The host Paolo Rossi (at his TV debut) is sided by several stand-up comedians coming from the Zelig cabaret, as Aldo, Giovanni e Giacomo.

### Fininvest

### Drama

1. "TG5, ventotto anni fa la". *www.agenziavideo.it* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-19.
2. "Sanremo Follie - 1992: Mario Appignani detto Cavallo Pazzo - Video". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
3. "Mani pulite: cronache da un'inchiesta". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-02-11.
4. "Memorie - Fatti e persone da ricordare - TG1 Edizione straordinaria 23/05/1992 - Video". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
5. "La strage di Capaci e "Scommettiamo che": il filo che lega Frizzi alla Sicilia". *la Repubblica* (in Italian). 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
6. ergrillodermarchese (22 May 2012). "Io vi perdono, però vi dovete mettere in ginocchio". *YouTube*. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
7. "Le parole di Borsellino - S1992 - Borsellino una settimana dopo la morte di Falcone - Video". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
8. "Cinico TV". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-04-01.
9. "Milano, Italia". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
10. "Gommapiuma". *Mediaset Play*. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
11. "Karaoke". *Mediaset Play*. Archived from the original on 2018-09-11. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
12. "La sai l'ultima?". *Mediaset Play*. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
13. "Sei su scherzi a parte". *Mediaset Play*. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
14. "Un inviato molto speciale". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-07-26.
15. "Su la testa!". *RaiPlay* (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-21.
16. *Fantaghirò 2: Fantaghirò 2 Video*, retrieved 2021-01-26

## InfoBox

| List of years in Italian television |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Anna Kepe

abstract: Anna Kepe, also known by her married name of Anna Kepe Haas, is a director, actress, producer, pedagogue and entrepreneur. Kepe received her MFA from The Shakespeare Theatre, Academy for Classical Acting in Washington, D.C. under the direction of Michael Kahn.

text:
# Anna Kepe

**Anna Kepe** (born 1977), also known by her married name of **Anna Kepe Haas**, is a director, actress, producer, pedagogue and entrepreneur. Kepe received her MFA from The Shakespeare Theatre, Academy for Classical Acting in Washington, D.C. under the direction of Michael Kahn.

## Career

Kepe directed a performance of German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen's theatrical percussion-ensemble work *Musik im Bauch* at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore, Maryland. No stranger to opera, Kepe created the physical theater movement for the world premier of Donald Knack's (a.k.a. the Junkman) opera *Odin*. The *New York Times* described this production as an unqualified success while "raw energy coursed through the piece".

Kepe's cameo appearance on the Macbeth inspired composition *The Charm* written by composer Michael Udow can be heard on the Equilibrium record label. Kepe combines her Shakespearean expertise and narration with an ensemble instrumentation that includes the world's largest timpani (74"diameter) and 10 sets of 14-foot chimes.

Kepe has been a featured director and teacher at the Aspen Music Festival combining movement with music featuring the music of Dmitri Shostakovich, Alfred Schnittke and Frank Zappa, all combined with original choreography and physical movement, created by Kepe.

Most recently Kepe has created, directed and presented a series of performances of Philip Glass's rendering of the *Prelude to Endgame* at New York University, the Latvian National Conservatory (Riga) and as a featured artist at the Percussive Arts International Convention in Austin, Texas. Complementing her innovative vision of this Becket's work, she has created an equally compelling interpretation of Sam Shepard's one act play, *Tongues* having directed and performed this work with internationally renowned percussionist/timpanist Jonathan Haas. Kepe returned from Barbados, W.I. where she directed Mozart's *Cosi Fan Tutte* at The Holders Season.

Kepe has hosted the Exceptional Young Artists Fund - Gidon Kremer and KREMERATA Baltica Gala Concert at The Purchase Performing Arts Center in Purchase, as well as a benefit concert at the Scandinavia House featuring Gidon Kremer and KREMERata Musica Concert at The Kosciuszko Foundation in NYC. Stephen Pulp's PANGEA featured Kepe at the Page-To-Stage festival at The Kennedy Center, Washington, DC and with Blessed Unrest Theatre Company in NY in ensemble created collaboration The James Wilde Project.

Future projects include directing playwright David Ives's, *Philip Glass Buys A Loaf Of Bread* at the Loewe Theater, New York University as part of a 70th birthday celebration for Philip Glass, acting in the 365 Days/365 Plays project at the Public Theater.

Kepe coaches privately and has worked with the summer Acting Shakespeare camp and workshops at The Texas Shakespeare Festival.

### List of acting credits

* The White Devil by John Webster playing Vittoria Corombona and directed by Michael Edwards of the Asolo Repertory Theatre;
* Grushenka in *The Brothers Karamazov* in Washington DC;
* independent feature film *TORTURE ME NO MORE* in New York;
* principal role in Heineken TV commercial with Ray Liotta for United Kingdom Television;
* 22 DAY ADAGIO at The Mill Mountain Theatre in Virginia;
* Viola in 12th NIGHT in Virginia directed by Diana Denley, artistic director of The Shakespeare's Globe Center Australia;
* reading of LET X at Artomatic in Washington, DC;
* Iphigenia in Aulis at The Symphony Space, New York;
* Marianne / Actress in TRAUMNOVELA at The Barrow Street Theatre in New York and at the West End Theatre, New York;
* Desdemona in OTHELLO with The Mile Square Theatre, directed by Will Pomerantz;
* LET X in Washington, DC;
* Evangeline in DIVINITY BASH / NINE LIVES at The Pantheon Theatre;
* Escalus in Measure for Measure, Off - Broadway at 45 Bleecker/The Culture Project and GBS/RADA, London;
* Lady Macbeth in Macbeth at The Greenwich Street Theatre;
* PRINCESS IVONA at The Horace Mann Theatre;
* HEDDA GABLER at The Theatre at St. Clement's:
* a full season with The Texas Shakespeare Festival.

## Personal life

Kepe is married to the timpanist Jonathan Haas.

1. blessed unrest
2. Pro-Mark Drumsticks Archived November 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
3. ""Odin" Receives Rave Reviews in the New York Times - NYU Steinhardt News". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
4. "Macbeth Review" (PDF). Project Muse. Retrieved 13 July 2012.


title: Aline Mare

abstract: Aline Mare is an American visual artist, performing artist and filmmaker who creates photo-based, hand-finished, multimedia works combine alternative processes and digital technology, remixing nature-based imagery to create surreal compositions that hover between creation and decay.

text:
# Aline Mare

**Aline Mare** (aka Aline Psyche Mare) is an American visual artist, performing artist and filmmaker who creates photo-based, hand-finished, multimedia works combine alternative processes and digital technology, remixing nature-based imagery to create surreal compositions that hover between creation and decay.

## Early life and education

Aline Mare was born in 1961 in Bronxville, New York, "into a family of movie and theatre professionals based in New York City." She was named after her great aunt, stage actress and Busby Berkeley film actress, Aline MacMahon. Her paternal grandfather was Arthur L. Mayer, a motion-picture exhibitor, distributor, lecturer, and film historian.

Mare completed her undergraduate work at SUNY Buffalo's Center for Media Study. She studied with Nam June Paik, Paul Sharits, Hollis Frampton, and Tony Conrad. She also studied at Bard College. In 1998 she moved to San Francisco to complete a Master of Fine Arts at the San Francisco Art Institute, where she produced the experimental film *Saline's Solution*, about a late-term abortion; the film received support and awards internationally and was shown at The Cinematheque in San Francisco, the Whitney Museum, and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

In the early 1980s Aline Mare lived on Ludlow Street in Manhattan, along with other no wave Colab artists connected with ABC No Rio (especially Jane Sherry and Bradley Eros). Mare contributed a text to the Just Another Asshole #6 book project as Aline Psyche Mare.

## Exhibitions

In 2013, Aline Mare was one of four artists in the exhibition *Ways of Water* sponsored by the Thoreau Center for Sustainability and shown in the China Brotsky Gallery at the Presidio in San Francisco. In 2016 she exhibited with Michael Giancristiano in *Organic Integration, Two Worlds*.

In 2017, she participated with a solo show *Angle of Repose* in the *Mojave Show* at the Museum of Art and History (MOAH) in Lancaster, California.

In 2020, Mare took part in an exhibit called *The Shape of Life* at Wonzimer Gallery in Los Angeles.

## Performance art and film

She performed in a multi-media film and music partnership *Erotic Psyche* with Bradley Eros, which explored the body and the senses. They performed mainly in Manhattan, at venues such as Franklin Furnace, The Kitchen, and the Pyramid Club. She also performed in Richard Foreman's play *Pandering to the Masses: a Misrepresentation* in 1975. She also worked with Meredith Monk and Vito Acconci and as a film editor with Richard Serra on *Railroad Turnbridge* and with Nancy Holt's on *Sun Tunnels*. She and Serra lived together and appear in a Robert Frank film, *Keep Busy*, shot in Nova Scotia.

Mare's film *Blind Love* was presented in the New York Film Festival Downtown in 1984.

Mare also participated in *The Collective Unconscious*, *SELECTED EARLY WORKS BY THE CORE MAKERS OF NAKED EYE CINEMA, THE EXTENSION OF THE FILM PROGRAM AT ABC NO RIO*.

In San Francisco, Mare renewed her friendship with novelist Kathy Acker. The two shared an interest in feminist politics. Mare began to focus on issues such as women’s right to choose, employing embryonic imagery in performances and installations. *Saline's Solution* was Aline Mare's film about her own fetal abortions. *Saline's Solution* was one of the independent films shown in the 1992 Black Maria Film and Video Festival.

In 1999, Aline Mare was artist-in-residence at Headlands Center for the Arts in the San Francisco Bay Area.

## InfoBox

| Aline Mare | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1961 (age 6263)<br>Bronxville, New York, US |
| Education |  |
| Known for | performance, photography, installation art |
| Website | https://www.alinemare.com/ |


title: 142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

abstract: The 142nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the U.S. Army National Guard. 2nd Battalion, 142nd Infantry carries the regiment's legacy as a unit of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 36th Infantry Division. Eleven of its members have been decorated with the United States highest award for bravery, the Medal of Honor. Members of the 142nd arriving as reinforcements tipped the Battle for Castle Itter in favor of a combined U.S. Army/Wehrmacht defense against a Waffen SS attack, the second and last time German and American forces fought side-by-side in World War II.

text:
# 142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)

The **142nd Infantry Regiment** is an infantry regiment in the U.S. Army National Guard. 2nd Battalion, 142nd Infantry carries the regiment's legacy as a unit of the 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 36th Infantry Division. Eleven of its members have been decorated with the United States highest award for bravery, the Medal of Honor.

Members of the 142nd arriving as reinforcements tipped the Battle for Castle Itter in favor of a combined U.S. Army/Wehrmacht defense against a Waffen SS attack, the second and last time German and American forces fought side-by-side in World War II.

## History

The 142nd Infantry Regiment was constituted 5 May 1917 as 7th Infantry Regiment, Texas National Guard.

* Organized May‑July 1917 with headquarters federally recognized 29 July 1917. Called and drafted into Federal Service 5 August 1917.
* Consolidated with 1st Oklahoma Infantry Regiment and redesignated 142nd Infantry Regiment. Assigned to 71st Brigade, 36th Division 15 October 1917.
* Moved overseas July 1918
* Returned to U.S. June 1919. Demobilized 17 June 1919 at Camp Bowie Texas (36th Division demobilized 18 June 1919 at Camp Bowie; reorganized 2 May 1923 at San Antonio).
* Reorganized 1921‑1922 as 142nd Infantry Regiment TNG 36th Division with headquarters federally recognized 17 May 1922.
* Inducted into Federal Service 25 November 1940 at Fort Worth.
* Inactivated 15 December 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, VA.
* Reorganized with headquarters federally recognized 26 February 1947 at Amarillo.

During the Meuse–Argonne offensive in World War I, the 142nd used Choctaw code talkers.

## Coat of arms

### Blazon

* Shield

Azure, a fess wavy Gules fimbriated Argent, issuant in chief the shell-torn church steeple at St. Etienne, France, of the third.

* Crest

That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Texas Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure, a mullet Argent encircled by a garland of live oak and olive Proper. Motto "I'll Face You"

### Symbolism

* Shield

The shield is blue for Infantry. The wavy fess symbolizes the Aisne River, where the regiment's outstanding achievements took place during World War I; it also symbolizes the Red River separating the States of Texas and Oklahoma, from which states were drawn the units composing the 142d Infantry, Texas Army National Guard – the 7th Texas and Machine Gun Company. The church at St. Etienne, France, was in the sector where the regiment received its baptism of fire. First Lieutenant Donald J. McLennan, D.S.C., scout officer of the 1st Battalion, 142nd Regiment Infantry, led a patrol across the Aisne River into the enemy country on 8 October 1918 and secured information of vast importance to the regiment. As he returned, under heavy fire, to the south bank of the Aisne River with his patrol, he was the last man to cross and would not cross with his back to the enemy. Instead, he backed across the foot-log, shaking his fist and shouting to the enemy "We’re going back, but I’ll face you."

The coat of arms was approved on 27 June 1928.

## Medal of Honor recipients

The 142nd Infantry Regiment has had eleven United States Medal of Honor recipients:

## InfoBox

| 142nd Infantry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms | |
| Active | 1917 - Present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Texas |
| Branch | Texas Army National Guard |
| Type | Infantry |
| Size | Regiment |
| Motto(s) | "I'll Face You" |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | A. W. Bloor
Troy H. Middleton |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive Unit Insignia |  |