title: 1981 St. Louis Cardinals season

abstract: The St. Louis Cardinals 1981 season was the team's 100th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 90th season in the National League. 1981 was a season of two significant anomalies: A change in the playoff format, which created the first-ever NLDS with a qualification variant that existed only for that season, and the players' strike, which truncated the regular season. Despite finishing 59-43, good for the best overall record in the National League East, the strike set up the scenario where the Cardinals actually missed the playoffs. The regular season was split into halves to tally teams' records separately in each half of the season, and because the Cardinals finished in second place in each half, they did not qualify for the 1981 playoffs. Major League Baseball reverted to the previous playoff format the following season, and the Cardinals qualified for that postseason. First baseman Keith Hernandez won a Gold Glove this year.

text:
# 1981 St. Louis Cardinals season

The **St. Louis Cardinals 1981 season** was the team's 100th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 90th season in the National League. 1981 was a season of two significant anomalies: A change in the playoff format, which created the first-ever **NLDS** with a qualification variant that existed only for that season, and the players' strike, which truncated the regular season. Despite finishing 59-43, good for the best overall record in the National League East, the strike set up the scenario where the Cardinals actually *missed* the playoffs. The regular season was split into halves to tally teams' records separately in each half of the season, and because the Cardinals finished in second place in each half, they did not qualify for the 1981 playoffs. Major League Baseball reverted to the previous playoff format the following season, and the Cardinals qualified for that postseason.

First baseman Keith Hernandez won a Gold Glove this year.

## Offseason

## Regular season

### Season standings

NL East
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 59 | 43 | .578 |  | 3221 | 2722 |
| Montreal Expos | 60 | 48 | .556 | 2 | 3818 | 2230 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 59 | 48 | .551 |  | 3619 | 2329 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 46 | 56 | .451 | 13 | 2228 | 2428 |
| New York Mets | 41 | 62 | .398 | 18½ | 2427 | 1735 |
| Chicago Cubs | 38 | 65 | .369 | 21½ | 2730 | 1135 |

| NL East
First Half Standings | W | L | Pct. | GB |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 34 | 21 | .618 |  |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 30 | 20 | .600 | 1+12 |
| Montreal Expos | 30 | 25 | .545 | 4 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 25 | 23 | .521 | 5+12 |
| New York Mets | 17 | 34 | .333 | 15 |
| Chicago Cubs | 15 | 37 | .288 | 17+12 |

| NL East
Second Half Standings | W | L | Pct. | GB |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Montreal Expos | 30 | 23 | .566 |  |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 29 | 23 | .558 | 12 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 25 | 27 | .481 | 4+12 |
| New York Mets | 24 | 28 | .462 | 5+12 |
| Chicago Cubs | 23 | 28 | .451 | 6 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 21 | 33 | .389 | 9+12 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | ATL | CHC | CIN | HOU | LAD | MON | NYM | PHI | PIT | SD | SF | STL |
| Atlanta |  | 3–2–1 | 6–5 | 4–8 | 7–7 | 3–7 | 3–3 | 4–5 | 2–3 | 9–6 | 5–7 | 4–3 |
| Chicago | 2–3–1 |  | 1–5 | 1–6 | 6–4 | 4–7 | 5–8–1 | 2–10 | 4–10 | 3–3 | 5–5 | 5–4–1 |
| Cincinnati | 5–6 | 5–1 |  | 8–4 | 8–8 | 5–4 | 7–3 | 5–2 | 4–2 | 10–2 | 9–5 | 0–5 |
| Houston | 8–4 | 6–1 | 4–8 |  | 4–8 | 5–2 | 6–3 | 4–6 | 2–4 | 11–3 | 9–6 | 2–4 |
| Los Angeles | 7–7 | 4–6 | 8–8 | 8–4 |  | 5–2 | 5–1 | 3–3 | 5–1 | 6–5 | 7–5 | 5–5 |
| Montreal | 7–3 | 7–4 | 4–5 | 2–5 | 2–5 |  | 9–3 | 7–4 | 10–3 | 4–2 | 2–5 | 6–9 |
| New York | 3–3 | 8–5–1 | 3–7 | 3–6 | 1–5 | 3–9 |  | 7–7 | 3–6–1 | 2–5 | 2–4 | 6–5 |
| Philadelphia | 5-4 | 10–2 | 2–5 | 6–4 | 3–3 | 4–7 | 7–7 |  | 7–5 | 4–2 | 4–3 | 7–6 |
| Pittsburgh | 3–2 | 10–4 | 2–4 | 4–2 | 1–5 | 3–10 | 6–3–1 | 5–7 |  | 6–4 | 3–7 | 3–8 |
| San Diego | 6–9 | 3–3 | 2–10 | 3–11 | 5–6 | 2–4 | 5–2 | 2–4 | 4–6 |  | 6–7 | 3–7 |
| San Francisco | 7–5 | 5–5 | 5–9 | 6–9 | 5–7 | 5–2 | 4–2 | 3–4 | 7–3 | 7–6 |  | 2–3 |
| St. Louis | 3–4 | 4–5–1 | 5–0 | 4–2 | 5–5 | 9–6 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 8–3 | 7–3 | 3–2 |  |

### Opening Day starters

### Notable transactions

### Roster

| 1981 St. Louis Cardinals roster | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Darrell Porter | 61 | 174 | 39 | .224 | 6 | 31 |
| 1B | Keith Hernandez | 103 | 376 | 115 | .306 | 8 | 48 |
| 2B | Tom Herr | 103 | 411 | 110 | .268 | 0 | 46 |
| SS | Garry Templeton | 80 | 333 | 96 | .288 | 1 | 33 |
| 3B | Ken Oberkfell | 102 | 376 | 110 | .293 | 2 | 45 |
| LF | Dane Iorg | 75 | 217 | 71 | .327 | 2 | 39 |
| CF | Tony Scott | 45 | 176 | 40 | .227 | 2 | 17 |
| RF | George Hendrick | 101 | 394 | 112 | .284 | 18 | 61 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sixto Lezcano | 72 | 214 | 57 | .266 | 5 | 28 |
| Gene Tenace | 58 | 129 | 30 | .233 | 5 | 22 |
| Mike Ramsey | 47 | 124 | 32 | .258 | 0 | 9 |
| Tito Landrum | 81 | 119 | 31 | .261 | 0 | 10 |
| Gene Roof | 23 | 60 | 18 | .300 | 0 | 3 |
| Orlando Sánchez | 27 | 49 | 14 | .286 | 0 | 6 |
| Steve Braun | 44 | 46 | 9 | .196 | 0 | 2 |
| David Green | 21 | 34 | 5 | .147 | 0 | 2 |
| Glenn Brummer | 21 | 30 | 6 | .200 | 0 | 2 |
| Julio González | 20 | 22 | 7 | .318 | 1 | 3 |
| Neil Fiala | 3 | 3 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |
|

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lary Sorensen | 23 | 140.1 | 7 | 7 | 3.27 | 52 |
| Bob Forsch | 20 | 124.1 | 10 | 5 | 3.18 | 41 |
| John Martin | 17 | 102.2 | 8 | 5 | 3.42 | 36 |
| Silvio Martínez | 18 | 97.0 | 2 | 5 | 3.99 | 34 |
| Joaquín Andújar | 11 | 55.1 | 6 | 1 | 3.74 | 19 |
| Andy Rincon | 5 | 35.2 | 3 | 1 | 1.77 | 13 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bob Shirley | 28 | 79.1 | 6 | 4 | 4.08 | 36 |
| Dave LaPoint | 3 | 10.2 | 1 | 0 | 4.22 | 4 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bruce Sutter | 48 | 3 | 5 | 25 | 2.62 | 57 |
| Jim Kaat | 41 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3.40 | 8 |
| Mark Littell | 28 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4.39 | 22 |
| Jim Otten | 24 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5.30 | 20 |
| Bob Sykes | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4.58 | 14 |
| Joe Edelen | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9.35 | 10 |
| Doug Bair | 11 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3.45 | 14 |
| Luis DeLeón | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2.35 | 8 |
|

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Springfield Redbirds | American Association | Tommy Thompson |
| AA | Arkansas Travelers | Texas League | Gaylen Pitts |
|  | St. Petersburg Cardinals | Florida State League | Nick Leyva |
|  | Gastonia Cardinals | South Atlantic League | Joe Rigoli |
| A-Short Season | Erie Cardinals | New York–Penn League | Sonny Ruberto |
| Rookie | Johnson City Cardinals | Appalachian League | Johnny Lewis |

## InfoBox

| 1981 St. Louis Cardinals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| League | National League |
| Division | East |
| Ballpark | Busch Memorial Stadium |
| City | St. Louis, Missouri |
| Record | 59–43 (.578) |
| Divisional place | 2nd |
| Owners | August "Gussie" Busch |
| General managers | Whitey Herzog |
| Managers | Whitey Herzog |
| Television | KSDK
(Jack Buck, Mike Shannon, Jay Randolph, Dan Kelly) |
| Radio | KMOX
(Jack Buck, Mike Shannon, Dan Kelly) |
|  | |


title: Arrow to the Heart

abstract: "Arrow to the Heart" is a British television drama, broadcast live twice by BBC Television in 1952, four days apart, and again in 1956. It was adapted from the 1950 German novel Unruhige Nacht by Albrecht Goes. It was the first collaboration between director Rudolph Cartier and writer Nigel Kneale, who were both, according to television historian Lez Cooke, "responsible for introducing a completely new dimension to television drama in the early to mid-1950s."

text:
# Arrow to the Heart

"**Arrow to the Heart**" is a British television drama, broadcast live twice by BBC Television in 1952, four days apart, and again in 1956. It was adapted from the 1950 German novel *Unruhige Nacht* by Albrecht Goes.

It was the first collaboration between director Rudolph Cartier and writer Nigel Kneale, who were both, according to television historian Lez Cooke, "responsible for introducing a completely new dimension to television drama in the early to mid-1950s."

## Plot

Based on an incident from Goes's own experiences during World War II, the action of the story takes place over one night on the Eastern Front in Russia in 1943. A German Army pastor has been flown in to oversee the military execution of a convicted deserter. The pastor finds himself sharing a room with an officer who is due to be sent to fight with the German Sixth Army in the Battle of Stalingrad, virtually a death sentence itself. Through studying documentation surrounding the case, the pastor comes to realise that the deserter is in fact innocent, but his execution goes ahead as scheduled in the morning. The officer, however, earns a temporary reprieve as news comes through that the Sixth Army has fallen and the battle for Stalingrad has ended in defeat.

## Production

Rudolph Cartier had joined the staff of the BBC drama department earlier in 1952, after previously having worked in the film industry. *Arrow to the Heart* was his first television production for the BBC.

The Austrian-born Cartier adapted Goes's novel into script form himself, as well as directing the production. The BBC's Head of Drama, Michael Barry, felt that Cartier's English dialogue was not quite right, and assigned Nigel Kneale – a staff writer who had been working at the BBC since the previous year – to improve it, with Cartier's approval. Officially credited for "additional dialogue", this was Kneale's first major television drama credit.

The drama starred Robert Harris, Howard Lang, Esmond Knight, Leonard White and Donald Pleasence, and was transmitted live from 9–10.40pm on the evening of Sunday 20 July 1952. It was performed live for a second time four days later, from 7.25–9.15pm on Thursday 24 July 1952.

Cartier remade the production, working from the original script, four years later. Transmitted on Sunday 22 April 1956, this version was also still transmitted live. Robert Harris reprised his starring role, with Cyril Shaps also appearing. *The Times* newspaper reviewed the production the day after its broadcast, and gave it a favourable assessment. "Mr. Rudolph Cartier's production, though soliciting the emotions blatantly with Wagner, caught numerous atmospheres by dramatic cutting and economic precision of detail (a terrified filing clerk in the background upsetting a loaded shelf)."

Routine telerecording was rare in 1952, and neither of the two transmissions would have benefited from the practice, which then gave poor visual results; this is partly the reason for the 'live repeat'. No recording of the 1956 production is known to survive either.

## InfoBox

| "**Arrow to the Heart**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sunday Night Theatre* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 29 |
| Directed by | Rudolph Cartier |
| Written by |  |
| Original air date | 2 July 1952 (1952-07-02) |


title: Asura cervicalis

abstract: Asura cervicalis is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is known from the non-tropical parts of eastern Australia, including areas of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The wingspan is about 15 mm (0.59 in).

text:
# Asura cervicalis

***Asura cervicalis*** is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is known from the non-tropical parts of eastern Australia, including areas of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria. The wingspan is about 15 mm (0.59 in).

## InfoBox

| *Asura cervicalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Asura* |
| Species: | ***A. cervicalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asura cervicalis***<br>Walker, 1854 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Asura obliterans* Draudt, 1914 | |


title: Eriosphaeria

abstract: Eriosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosphaeriaceae. Species in this genus are plant pathogens.

text:
# Eriosphaeria

***Eriosphaeria*** is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosphaeriaceae. Species in this genus are plant pathogens.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;

* *Eriosphaeria aggregata* E. Müll. & Munk (1964)
* *Eriosphaeria albidomucosa* Rehm (1912)
* *Eriosphaeria ambigua* Höhn. (1909)
* *Eriosphaeria analoga* Sacc., E. Bommer & M. Rousseau (1890)
* *Eriosphaeria atriseda* (Feltgen) Sacc. & D. Sacc. (1905)
* *Eriosphaeria australis* Speg. (1887)
* *Eriosphaeria blumenavica* Henn. (1902)
* *Eriosphaeria corylina* Mouton (1887)
* *Eriosphaeria dumetorum* Nann. (1928)
* *Eriosphaeria erysiphoides* Rehm (1905)
* *Eriosphaeria imitatrix* (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (1882)
* *Eriosphaeria investans* (Cooke) Sacc. (1882)
* *Eriosphaeria membranacea* (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (1882)
* *Eriosphaeria oenotria* Sacc. & Speg. (1878)
* *Eriosphaeria raripila* Sacc. (1875)
* *Eriosphaeria rehmiana* (Höhn.) E. Müll. (1962)
* *Eriosphaeria rehmii* Cavara (1892)
* *Eriosphaeria robiniae* Beeli (1924)
* *Eriosphaeria scabrosa* (Syd.) E. Müll. (1962)
* *Eriosphaeria scheremetieffiana* Henn. (1904)
* *Eriosphaeria subtomentosa* Réblová (1997)
* *Eriosphaeria vermicularia* (Nees) Sacc. (1875)
* *Eriosphaeria vulgaris* Speg. (1887)

Note; some species have been moved from the genus into various families;

## InfoBox

| *Eriosphaeria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Trichosphaeriales |
| Family: | Trichosphaeriaceae |
| Genus: | ***Eriosphaeria***
Sacc. (1875) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Eriosphaeria vermicularia*
(Nees) Sacc. (1875) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cantharosphaeria* Thaxt. * *Eriosphaerella* von Höhnel, 1906 * *Malacosphaeria* H.Sydow, 1924 * *Penzigina* O.Kuntze, 1891 | |


title: 1998–99 Dumbarton F.C. season

abstract: Season 1998–99 was the 115th football season in which Dumbarton competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Football League for the 93rd time, the Scottish Cup for the 104th time and the Scottish League Cup for the 52nd time.

text:
# 1998–99 Dumbarton F.C. season

Season **1998–99** was the 115th football season in which Dumbarton competed at a Scottish national level, entering the Scottish Football League for the 93rd time, the Scottish Cup for the 104th time and the Scottish League Cup for the 52nd time.

## Overview

Following three successive seasons of failure, Dumbarton produced what would be a marginally better league performance. Indeed, up until the beginning of April it was still technically possible for Dumbarton to have gained promotion, but in the end ran out of games. The season was improved by an end of season streak which saw 7 wins taken from the last 9 games, and eventually a 4th place was achieved. The winning run coincided with Ian Wallace's replacement by Jimmy Brown as manager, this following a suspension and subsequent internal investigation.

In the national cup competitions, it was a return to first round exits. In the Scottish Cup, Dumbarton lost to Livingston after a creditable drawn match.

In the League Cup, there was a disappointing first round defeat to Alloa Athletic.

Note that due to the lack of sponsorship, the Scottish Challenge Cup was not played.

Locally, in the Stirlingshire Cup, Dumbarton managed a draw from two ties and thus failed to reach the final.

## Results & fixtures

Win   Draw   Loss

### Scottish Third Division

| 4 August 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **2–0** | **Albion Rovers** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McKinnon
Flannery |  |  | Attendance: 291 |

| 15 August 1998 Third Division | **Queen's Park** | **0–1** | **Dumbarton** | Hampden Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Sharp | Attendance: 656 |

| 22 August 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **0–2** | **Stenhousemuir** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Hamilton | Attendance: 378 |

| 29 August 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **0–0** | **Berwick Rangers** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Attendance: 303 |

| 5 September 1998 Third Division | **East Stirling** | **1–2** | **Dumbarton** | Firs Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McNeill |  | King
Robertson | Attendance: 217 |

| 12 September 1998 Third Division | **Brechin City** | **0–0** | **Dumbarton** | Glebe Park, Brechin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Attendance: 355 |

| 19 September 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **5–0** | **Cowdenbeath** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sharp
Melvin
McKinnon
Flannery |  |  | Attendance: 348 |

| 26 September 1998 Third Division | **Montrose** | **1–1** | **Dumbarton** | Links Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Coulston |  | Flannery | Attendance: 318 |

| 3 October 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **1–2** | **Ross County** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery |  | McBain
Ferries | Attendance: 538 |

| 10 October 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **1–0** | **Queen's Park** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery |  |  | Attendance: 343 |

| 17 October 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **3–0** | **Stenhousemuir** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Glancy
Flannery
Mooney |  |  | Attendance: 456 |

| 24 October 1998 Third Division | **Berwick Rangers** | **3–1** | **Dumbarton** | Shielfield Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ramage
Leask |  | Robertson | Attendance: 303 |

| 31 October 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **2–2** | **East Stirling** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery
Robertson |  | Muirhead
(OG) | Attendance: 309 |

| 7 November 1998 Third Division | **Cowdenbeath** | **0–2** | **Dumbarton** | Central Park, Cowdenbeath |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Flannery | Attendance: 228 |

| 14 November 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **1–2** | **Brechin City** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery |  | Sorbie
Dickson | Attendance: 357 |

| 28 November 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **0–2** | **Montrose** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Niddrie
Paterson | Attendance: 240 |

| 28 November 1998 Third Division | **Ross County** | **2–0** | **Dumbarton** | Victoria Park, Dingwall |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Taylor
Ferguson |  |  | Attendance: 324 |

| 12 December 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **2–0** | **Albion Rovers** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery
Mooney |  |  | Attendance: 324 |

| 19 December 1998 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **1–4** | **Stenhousemuir** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wilson |  | Baptie
Gibson
Hamilton
Christie | Attendance: 283 |

| 16 January 1999 Third Division | **Montrose** | **4–2** | **Dumbarton** | Links Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lyon
Duffy
Craig |  | Flannery | Attendance: 326 |

| 26 January 1999 Third Division | **East Stirling** | **1–2** | **Dumbarton** | Firs Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Muirhead |  | Brittain
Melvin | Attendance: 204 |

| 30 January 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **0–0** | **Ross County** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Attendance: 400 |

| 2 February 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **1–1** | **Berwick Rangers** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery |  | Watt | Attendance: 242 |

| 13 February 1999 Third Division | **Brechin City** | **3–3** | **Dumbarton** | Glebe Park, Brechin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sorbie
Dickson
McKellar |  | Grace
Mooney
Gow | Attendance: 360 |

| 27 February 1999 Third Division | **Queen's Park** | **1–1** | **Dumbarton** | Hampden Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Martin |  | Bradford | Attendance: 516 |

| 6 March 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **0–2** | **East Stirling** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Muirhead
Paterson | Attendance: 246 |

| 9 March 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **1–1** | **Albion Rovers** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McKinnon |  | Blair | Attendance: 230 |

| 13 March 1999 Third Division | **Berwick Rangers** | **0–1** | **Dumbarton** | Shielfield Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Flannery | Attendance: 321 |

| 20 March 1999 Third Division | **Ross County** | **1–2** | **Dumbarton** | Victoria Park, Dingwall |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tarrant |  | Robertson
Bradford | Attendance: 2,374 |

| 3 April 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **2–1** | **Montrose** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Robertson |  | Craig | Attendance: 541 |

| 5 April 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **6–1** | **Cowdenbeath** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jack
Flannery
King
Smith
Stewart |  | Brown | Attendance: 650 |

| 10 April 1999 Third Division | **Cowdenbeath** | **2–1** | **Dumbarton** | Central Park, Cowdenbeath |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Stewart
Milne |  | Smith | Attendance: 245 |

| 17 April 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **2–0** | **Brechin City** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Robertson
Smith |  |  | Attendance: 562 |

| 24 April 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **2–0** | **Stenhousemuir** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery
Mooney |  |  | Attendance: 629 |

| 1 May 1999 Third Division | **Dumbarton** | **0–1** | **Queen's Park** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | McGuffie | Attendance: 762 |

| 8 May 1999 Third Division | **Albion Rovers** | **0–2** | **Dumbarton** | Cliftonhill Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Robertson
Bruce | Attendance: 256 |

### Scottish League Cup

| 1 August 1998 League Cup round 1 | **Dumbarton** | **0–4** | **Alloa Athletic** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Wilson
Simpson
McKechnie
Cameron | Attendance: 352
Referee: E Martindale |

### Tennent's Scottish Cup

| 5 December 1998 Cup round 1 | **Dumbarton** | **1–1** | **Livingston** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery |  | Miller | Attendance: 530
Referee: J Fleming |

| 8 December 1998 Cup round 1R | **Livingston** | **3–0** | **Dumbarton** | Almondvale Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wilson  (OG)
Fleming
Bingham |  |  | Attendance: 1,449
Referee: J Fleming |

### Stirlingshire Cup

| 23 July 1998 Group stage | **Stirling Albion** | **1–0** | **Dumbarton** | Forthbank Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |

| 25 August 1998 Group stage | **Dumbarton** | **2–2** | **Falkirk** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mooney
Robertson |  |  |  |

### Pre-season Matches

| 25 July 1998 Friendly | **Dumbarton** | **3–1** | **Ardeer Recreation** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Flannery
Sharp |  |  |  |

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Stenhousemuir (P) | 36 | 19 | 7 | 10 | 62 | 42 | +20 | 64 | Promotion to the Second Division |
| 3 | Brechin City | 36 | 17 | 7 | 12 | 47 | 44 | +3 | 58 |  |
| 4 | Dumbarton | 36 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 53 | 40 | +13 | | 57 |
| 5 | Berwick Rangers | 36 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 53 | 49 | +4 | | 50 |
| 6 | Queen's Park | 36 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 41 | 46 | 5 | | 44 |

Source: "1998-1999 Third Division - SPFL Archive". *SPFL*. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(P) Promoted

## Player statistics

### Squad

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Third Division | | League Cup | | Scottish Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | GK | SCO | Derek Barnes | 3 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | Peter Dennison | 2 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | Kenny Meechan | 34 | 0 | 33+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Craig Brittain | 26 | 1 | 22+1 | 1 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Jamie Bruce | 17 | 1 | 17+0 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Tom Currie | 1 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Paul Finnigan | 3 | 0 | 1+2 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Stevie Gow | 12 | 1 | 6+3 | 1 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Alex Grace | 23 | 1 | 18+2 | 1 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Stephen Jack | 38 | 1 | 35+0 | 1 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Martin Melvin | 12 | 0 | 2+9 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | David Reid | 11 | 0 | 9+1 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Dave Stewart | 10 | 1 | 9+1 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Barry Wilkinson | 7 | 0 | 4+2 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Alan Brown | 8 | 0 | 2+5 | 0 | 0+1 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Paul Harvey | 11 | 0 | 7+2 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Billy Melvin | 33 | 3 | 24+6 | 3 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Willie Wilson | 38 | 1 | 35+0 | 1 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | John Bradford | 4 | 2 | 4+0 | 2 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Paddy Flannery | 35 | 18 | 33+0 | 17 | 0+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 1 |
|  | FW | SCO | Martin Glancy | 10 | 1 | 5+5 | 1 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Toby King | 31 | 3 | 29+0 | 3 | 0+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Colin McKinnon | 30 | 3 | 27+0 | 3 | 1+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Keith Millar | 11 | 0 | 2+7 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 | 2+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Martin Mooney | 32 | 4 | 28+4 | 4 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Joe Robertson | 28 | 8 | 21+5 | 8 | 0+0 | 0 | 0+2 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Lee Sharp | 18 | 2 | 17+0 | 2 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Chris Smith | 10 | 3 | 3+6 | 3 | 1+0 | 0 | 0+0 | 0 |

### Transfers

## Trivia

* The League match against Brechin City on 12 September marked Lee Sharp's 100th appearance for Dumbarton in all national competitions - the 112th Dumbarton player to reach this milestone.
* The League match against Cowdenbeath on 7 November marked Toby King's 100th appearance for Dumbarton in all national competitions - the 113th Dumbarton player to reach this milestone.

## InfoBox

Dumbarton
| 1998–1999 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Ian Wallace/Jimmy Brown |
| Stadium | Boghead Park, Dumbarton |
| Scottish League Division 3 | 4th |
| Scottish Cup | First Round |
| Scottish League Cup | First Round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Paddy Flannery (17)
All: Paddy Flannery (18) |
| Highest home attendance | 650 |
| Lowest home attendance | 230 |
| Average home league attendance | 391 |
|  | |


title: English ship Vanguard (1586)

abstract: Vanguard was a 32-gun galleon of the English Tudor navy, launched in 1586 from Woolwich, and was the first ship of the navy to bear the name. She played a key part in the action against the Spanish Armada in 1588. George Beeston anchored the ship in the Forth at Leith on 1 June 1589. One of his crew, the trumpeter, was killed ashore in Edinburgh in a fight with Spanish sailors. She was commanded by Martin Frobisher in 1594 and by Sir Robert Mansell in 1596. She was taken to pieces in 1599 and rebuilt for the first time. In 1615 she was rebuilt for a second time, at Chatham, as a great ship. During actions against Algerian pirates in 1620, Vanguard flew the flag of Sir Richard Hawkins. Vanguard was broken up in 1630. Some of her timbers were used in the construction of the next Vanguard, launched the following year, and officially recorded as a rebuild of the first Vanguard.

text:
# English ship Vanguard (1586)

***Vanguard*** was a 32-gun galleon of the English Tudor navy, launched in 1586 from Woolwich, and was the first ship of the navy to bear the name.

She played a key part in the action against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

George Beeston anchored the ship in the Forth at Leith on 1 June 1589. One of his crew, the trumpeter, was killed ashore in Edinburgh in a fight with Spanish sailors.

She was commanded by Martin Frobisher in 1594 and by Sir Robert Mansell in 1596.

She was taken to pieces in 1599 and rebuilt for the first time. In 1615 she was rebuilt for a second time, at Chatham, as a great ship.

During actions against Algerian pirates in 1620, *Vanguard* flew the flag of Sir Richard Hawkins.

*Vanguard* was broken up in 1630. Some of her timbers were used in the construction of the next *Vanguard*, launched the following year, and officially recorded as a rebuild of the first *Vanguard*.

## Citations

1. Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p158.
2. *Calendar State Papers Scotland*, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 98-9.
3. *Papers of the Master of Gray* (Edinburgh, 1835), p. 163.
* Lavery, Brian (2003) *The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850.* Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| England | |
| Name | *Vanguard* |
| Launched | 1586 |
| Fate | Broken up, 1630 |
| Notes |  |
| General characteristics as built | |
| Class and type | 32-gun galleon |
| Tons burthen | 500 |
| Armament | 32 guns of various weights of shot |
| General characteristics after 1599 rebuild | |
| Tons burthen | Unknown |
| General characteristics after 1615 rebuild | |
| Class and type | Great ship |
| Tons burthen | 665 tons |
| Length | 102 ft (31 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 35 ft (11 m) |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |


title: 2014 Tunis Open

abstract: The 2014 Tunis Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tunis, Tunisia between 28 April and 4 May 2014.

text:
# 2014 Tunis Open

The **2014 Tunis Open** was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the ninth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tunis, Tunisia between 28 April and 4 May 2014.

## Singles main-draw entrants

### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FRA | Kenny de Schepper | 63 | 1 |
| GER | Tobias Kamke | 91 | 2 |
| RUS | Evgeny Donskoy | 99 | 3 |
| ARG | Facundo Argüello | 107 | 4 |
| ROU | Adrian Ungur | 118 | 5 |
| TUN | Malek Jaziri | 120 | 6 |
| GER | Julian Reister | 128 | 7 |
| FRA | Pierre-Hugues Herbert | 135 | 8 |

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:

## Doubles main-draw entrants

### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank | Seed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| USA | James Cerretani | SWE | Andreas Siljeström | 260 | 1 |
| FRA | Pierre-Hugues Herbert | CAN | Adil Shamasdin | 267 | 2 |
| PHI | Ruben Gonzales | NZL | Artem Sitak | 300 | 3 |
| NED | Stephan Fransen | NED | Jesse Huta Galung | 305 | 4 |

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:

## Champions

### Singles

### Doubles

## InfoBox

| 2014 Tunis Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 28 April – 4 May |
| Edition | 9th |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $125,000+H |
| Surface | Clay |
| Location | Tunis, Tunisia |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Simone Bolelli | |
| Doubles | |
| Pierre-Hugues Herbert /  Adil Shamasdin | |
|  | |


title: Elachista herrichii

abstract: Elachista herrichii is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from the Baltic region to the Pyrenees, Italy and Romania. The larvae feed on Agrostis, Bromus pannonicus, Festuca arvernensis, Holcus, Koeleria glauca and Koeleria macrantha. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Larvae can be found from autumn to April or May and again from July to early August.

text:
# Elachista herrichii

***Elachista herrichii*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found from the Baltic region to the Pyrenees, Italy and Romania.

The larvae feed on *Agrostis*, *Bromus pannonicus*, *Festuca arvernensis*, *Holcus*, *Koeleria glauca* and *Koeleria macrantha*. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Larvae can be found from autumn to April or May and again from July to early August.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista herrichii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. herrichii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista herrichii***<br>Frey, 1859 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Elachista reuttiana* Frey, 1859 * *Poeciloptilia obscurella* Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 * *Elachista obscurella* (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) | |


title: Antonio Mario La Pergola

abstract: Antonio Mario La Pergola was an Italian jurist, Advocate General and later Judge for the European Court of Justice, as well as President of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe.

text:
# Antonio Mario La Pergola

**Antonio Mario La Pergola** (13 November 1931 – 19 July 2007) was an Italian jurist, Advocate General and later Judge for the European Court of Justice, as well as President of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe.

## Biography

### University career

La Pergola always used his legal expertise, and the experience he has acquired in various public service posts, in the cause of European integration. He wrote extensively on issues in this field, and was professor of constitutional and public law at Padua University, and subsequently at the University of Bologna and Rome ("La Sapienza"). He was also visiting professor at foreign Universities, \[including University College (Dublin), Johns Hopkins, University of Texas (Austin), University of California (Los Angeles), Harvard University (Boston), Externado de Colombia (Bogotà)\], had honorary degrees conferred on him (Universidad Complutense and Universidad Carlos Tercero in Madrid, Lisbon and Bucharest), was made honorary professor (Johns Hopkins, Salamanca, Externado de Colombia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, the Universidad Nacional de La Plata and the Universidad del Litoral de Belgrano in Argentina), and received other forms of international recognition (International Rome-Brasília prize) for his contribution in respect of, among other things, the legal problems of supra-national integration.

### Institutional offices

La Pergola was director of the Institute of regional studies at the National Research Centre; member of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (1976-1978); a judge at the Constitutional Court, acting as rapporteur for significant judgments in the field of relations between Community law and domestic law (1978-1986), then President of that Court (1986-1987); Minister for coordinating Community policies (1987-1989), and sponsor of the law on fulfilment of the obligations resulting from Italy’s membership of the European Communities (1986-1989); Member of the European Parliament and Chairman of the Committees on scientific research and culture (1989-1994). As Advocate-General and judge of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (1994-2006), he has been able to deal with a very broad range of issues concerning compliance with and interpretation of the Treaties establishing the Communities and the Union, and the relevant secondary legislation.

In the Council of Europe and other international fora, he was a member of a number of expert bodies looking into studying legal matters (Badinter Commission for the establishment of the Court of Arbitration and Conciliation; the Kissinger and Carrington Commission of constitutional mediators dealing with the end of apartheid in South Africa; the Committee of Wise Persons on the restructuring of the Council of Europe).

From 1990 he chaired the Council of Europe Commission on Democracy through Law, known as the Venice Commission, which has assisted all countries in central and eastern Europe on their path to democratic transition and today comprises all European states and many non-European states.

La Pergola was president of the Italian Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.

## InfoBox

| Antonio Mario La Pergola | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the Constitutional Court | |
| **In office**
24 June 1986  14 June 1987 | |
| Preceded by | Livio Paladin |
| Succeeded by | Francesco Saja |
| Minister for Community Policies | |
| **In office**
28 July 1987  22 July 1989 | |
| Prime Minister | Giovanni Goria
Ciriaco De Mita |
| Preceded by | Luigi Granelli |
| Succeeded by | Pier Luigi Romita |
| Member of the European Parliament | |
| **In office**
1 July 1989  1 July 1994 | |
| Constituency | Italian Islands |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1931-11-13)13 November 1931
Bronte, Italy |
| Died | 19 July 2007(2007-07-19) (aged 75)
Rome, Italy |
| Political party | Italian Socialist Party |
| Profession | Politician, Jurist |
|  | |


title: 1997 Drammen bombing

text:
# 1997 Drammen bombing

On 4 June 1997, a bomb exploded outside the headquarters of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club chapter in Drammen, Norway, killing a passerby and injuring twenty-two others. Seven men associated with the rival Hells Angels Motorcycle Club were convicted of carrying out the attack.

## Background

The attack happened during the final months of the Nordic Biker War, a turf war fought between the Bandidos and Hells Angels for control of criminal rackets in Scandinavia and Finland, in which nine people had been killed prior to the bombing. The Bandidos had moved their headquarters from Oslo to Drammen the previous year. The bombing was ordered by Torkjell Alsaker, president of the Hells Angels in Norway, and was carried out by members of the Screwdrivers Motorcycle Club, an affiliated gang who were granted full membership to the Hells Angels as a result of the attack.

## Bombing

Between thirty and fifty kilograms of explosives, made from a mixture of diesel and synthetic fertilizer, and a homemade fuse were placed inside a Volkswagen Transporter 1981 model by John Gerhard Berg, a member of the Screwdrivers Motorcycle Club. Berg later told police during a police interview that he was given the assignment by the Hells Angels president Torkjell Alsaker. The day before the attack, Berg drove the van from Hamar to Drammen along a road where there were no surveillance cameras. On the night on 4 June 1997, Berg dressed in a black wig and other clothes he could dispose of, and drove the van into the entranceway of the Bandidos' Drammen clubhouse located at Konnerudgata 27 before lighting the bomb's fuse. He then used a bicycle that was attached to the van to flee the scene. Kai Mosether served as a getaway driver for Berg and drove him from the city. The explosives detonated at 11:44pm.

The explosion was more powerful than planned, possibly because too little gravel was used over the explosive. Shock waves could be felt 500–600 meters away from the explosion site, severely damaging nearby buildings, including the Drammens Is factory. After the initial explosion, the clubhouse re-ignited twice before the entire building collapsed in a major fire. Three people inside the building survived. Irene Astrid Bækkevold, a fifty-one-year-old woman from Skjetten who was driving past the scene in her car, was killed in the bombing and a total of twenty-two people were transported to hospital. Bækkevold's husband, who was a passenger in her vehicle, was among the wounded. At Drammen Hospital, a full emergency alert was announced and disaster preparedness was established, the first time such measures had been necessary at the hospital.

As with the shooting of Jan Krogh Jensen north of Mjøndalen in July 1996, police suspect that the intended target of the blast was Hells Angel-turned-Bandido Michael Garcia "Lerche" Olsen. Olsen had been the president of the Copenhagen Hells Angels before being expelled and joining the Bandidos' Helsingborg chapter. The visiting Olsen and two others fled the burning clubhouse immediately after the explosion.

### Aftermath

Prime Minister of Norway Thorbjørn Jagland and Justice Minister Gerd-Liv Valla attended the scene of the bombing the following day. Jagland vowed to propose legislation banning motorcycle gangs from establishing clubhouses in populated areas.

Irene Bækkevold became the tenth person and the second innocent bystander to be killed as a result of the biker war. The resulting backlash from the public and increasing scrutiny on motorcycle gangs from law enforcement were among the factors that led to the end of the war, which officially ceased when the Bandidos and Hells Angels reached a truce in September 1997.

## Litigation

### District Court

The investigation into the bombing took four-and-a-half years to complete and seven people affiliated with the Hells Angels were indicted for the attack. At Drammen District Court on 10 June 2002, John Gerhard Berg was sentenced to ten years in prison for arson and serious damage, while Torkjell Alsaker was acquitted. Two others, including Kai Mosether, were also found guilty of both arson, the other also for serious damage, and were sentenced to five and eight years in prison respectively. Mosether received the greatest penalty rebate after confessing and assisting with investigation and clarification. Three others were acquitted of arson, but sentenced to three years in prison each for serious damage. Although Alsaker was acquitted, the court found it likely that he had ordered the bombing. He was thus held jointly liable for the financial compensation as the other convicted persons. The six convicted were ordered to pay kr120,000 in compensation to the widower of Irene Bækkevold. The prosecutor had requested sentences ranging between seven and twelve years in prison, sixteen years for Alsaker, and the entire amount of damages was kr290 million.

All seven were jointly fined kr13.6 million in damages. This was equivalent to around five per cent of the actual economic damage to the environment. Insurance companies and the police had already seized assets, property, boats and cars for kr5.5 million, mostly in the name of Alsaker's cohabitant.

Five of the six convicted appealed the case to the court of appeal. Mosether accepted the verdict. The prosecution, in turn, appealed the acquittal of Alsaker, as well as the other three being acquitted of arson. The state attorney also appealed the damages question.

### Court of Appeal

On 20 March 2003, the Borgarting Court of Appeal acquitted all five men of the arson conviction. Alsaker was found guilty of complicity in the crime and sentenced to sixteen years in prison. The three who were sentenced to three years' imprisonment in the District Court received six years' in the Court of Appeal. The last one sentenced to eight years' for both homicide and serious damage had his sentence increased to twelve years'.

All five appealed to the Supreme Court's Appeals Committee for case processing errors after one of the jurors had to resign as she had previously testified in the custody case against one of the convicted. The appeal was unanimously rejected by the Supreme Court.

The insurance company went to trial to reverse the compensation decision from the district court, where they were sentenced to pay kr13.5 million. Borgarting Court of Appeal removed the damages relief in a judgment on 26 October 2004. There, the seven convicted were sentenced to pay the entire compensation of kr290 million, including interest, totaling approximately kr450 million. The court thought it was unlikely that the men could ever meet the claim and also considered the consequences it had for them, but believed it was not grounds for relief.

## InfoBox

| Drammen bombing | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Nordic Biker War | |
| An aerial view of the aftermath of the bombing. | |
| Location | Konnerudgata 27,
Drammen, Norway |
| Date | 4 June 1997
11:44 pm |
| Target | Bandidos clubhouse |
| Attack type | Van bomb |
| Deaths | 1 |
| Injured | 22 |
| Victim | Irene Astrid Bækkevold |
| Perpetrators | Members of the Screwdrivers Motorcycle Club, on the orders of Hells Angels Norway president Torkjell Alsaker |


title: Epistemological rupture

abstract: Epistemological rupture is a notion introduced in 1938 by French philosopher Gaston Bachelard, and later used by Louis Althusser. Bachelard proposed that the history of science is replete with "epistemological obstacles"—or unthought/unconscious structures that were immanent within the realm of the sciences, such as principles of division. The history of science, Bachelard asserted, consisted in the formation and establishment of these epistemological obstacles, and then the subsequent tearing down of the obstacles. This latter stage is an epistemological rupture—where an unconscious obstacle to scientific thought is thoroughly ruptured or broken away from.

text:
# Epistemological rupture

**Epistemological rupture** (or **epistemological break**) is a notion introduced in 1938 by French philosopher Gaston Bachelard, and later used by Louis Althusser.

Bachelard proposed that the history of science is replete with "epistemological obstacles"—or unthought/unconscious structures that were immanent within the realm of the sciences, such as principles of division (e.g., mind/body). The history of science, Bachelard asserted, consisted in the formation and establishment of these epistemological obstacles, and then the subsequent tearing down of the obstacles. This latter stage is an epistemological rupture—where an unconscious obstacle to scientific thought is thoroughly ruptured or broken away from.

## Etymology

Epistemology, from the Greek words *episteme* (*knowledge*) and *logos* ("word, speech") is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin and scope of knowledge. Rupture, from Old French *rupture* or Latin *ruptura*, is defined as an instance of breaking or bursting suddenly and completely, as well as a breach of a harmonious link in a figurative way.

* Paradigm shift – Fundamental change in ideas and practices within a scientific discipline

## Notes and references


title: 1955 Tour de Romandie

abstract: The 1955 Tour de Romandie was the ninth edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 5 May to 8 May 1955. The race started and finished in Monthey. The race was won by René Strehler.

text:
# 1955 Tour de Romandie

The **1955 Tour de Romandie** was the ninth edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 5 May to 8 May 1955. The race started and finished in Monthey. The race was won by René Strehler.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  René Strehler (SUI) 22h 35' 03"  2  Hugo Koblet (SUI) \+ 3' 04"  3  Max Schellenberg (SUI) \+ 3' 17"  4  Bruno Monti (ITA) \+ 3' 51"  5  Carlo Clerici (SUI) \+ 4' 43"  6  Charly Gaul (LUX) \+ 4' 45"  7  Pasquale Fornara (ITA) \+ 4' 57"  8  Jean Forestier (FRA) \+ 5' 54"  9  Marcel Fernandez (FRA) \+ 6' 12"  10  Jean Malléjac (FRA) \+ 6' 47" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1955 Tour de Romandie
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 5–8 May 1955 |
| Stages | 4 |
| Distance | 815 km (506.4 mi) |
| Winning time | 22h 35' 03" |
| Results | |
| Winner  René Strehler (SUI)  Second  Hugo Koblet (SUI)  Third  Max Schellenberg (SUI) | |
|


title: Ashwani Pareek

abstract: Ashwani Pareek is Executive Director of NABI a prominent plant biologist and educator noted chiefly for his contribution in plant molecular biology and biotechnology. He is currently working as Professor of plant molecular biology and biotechnology at the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and adjunct professor at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. He is a recipient of several honors including the Visitors award for Technology Development from the President of India for developing Stress Tolerant Rice of the Next Generation (STRONG) that has the potential to enhance the income of rice farmers. The award ceremony was held at the Rashtrapati Bhawan on 2 May 2018. Recently on 26 February 2020, he has been awarded "Tata Innovation Award 2020" by Department of Biotechnology, Govt of India. He has interest in understanding the physiological and molecular adaptations in xero-halophytic plants and development of transgenic rice plants with enhanced tolerance towards multiple abiotic stresses.

text:
# Ashwani Pareek

**Ashwani Pareek** (born 27 September 1969 in Delhi and native of Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan, India) is Executive Director of NABI a prominent plant biologist and educator noted chiefly for his contribution in plant molecular biology and biotechnology. He is currently working as Professor of plant molecular biology and biotechnology at the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and adjunct professor at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. He is a recipient of several honors including the Visitors award for Technology Development from the President of India for developing Stress Tolerant Rice of the Next Generation (STRONG) that has the potential to enhance the income of rice farmers. The award ceremony was held at the Rashtrapati Bhawan on 2 May 2018. Recently on 26 February 2020, he has been awarded "Tata Innovation Award 2020" by Department of Biotechnology, Govt of India. He has interest in understanding the physiological and molecular adaptations in xero-halophytic plants and development of transgenic rice plants with enhanced tolerance towards multiple abiotic stresses.

## Education and professional career

Pareek received bachelor's degree (1987-1990) in botany and master's degree (1990-1992) in plant molecular biology from the University of Delhi. He then joined the laboratory of Professor Anil Grover at the same university in 1992 for doctoral research (PhD) work on ‘Molecular Characterization of stress proteins in *Oryza sativa* L. with emphasis on 90 kDa family’.

After receiving PhD degree, Pareek received the prestigious Post Doctoral Fellowship by The Rockefeller Foundation, New York and worked with Professor Ralph S.Quatrano at the University of North Carolina, USA during 1997–98. He then accepted the assignment of research scientist at Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus in late 1998. In May, 2001, Pareek was awarded BOYSCAST Fellowship to work with Professor Hans Bohnert at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, US. Thereafter in 2005, he was awarded the INSA-Royal visiting scientist fellowship to work at University of Cambridge, UK. Pareek joined Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2003 and presently serving there as a professor of plant molecular biology. In 2012, he was conferred the DBT-Overseas visiting fellowship(CREST) to work at The University of California, Davis, US. In 2017, he was appointed as adjunct professor at the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.

## Awards and honors

## Research publications and books

Ashwani has authored and published more than 150 research papers/articles in the research journals. Some of these journals include Nature, Journal of Experimental Botany, Plant Physiology, The Plant Journal, Plant, Cell & Environment etc. He has edited/ co-edited three books like ‘Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants: Physiological, Molecular and Genomic Foundation’, ‘Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture: Principles and Practices’. and ‘Pre-Field Screening Protocols for Heat Tolerant Mutants in Rice’.

## Patents and technology transfer

Pareek has many patents in the field of plant genetic engineering. Some of them are :

| Country | Application No. | Status | Patent No. and Date of Grant | Title of Invention | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| India (IN) | 1896/DEL/2008 | Pending | 299477 //31 July 2018 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64, and Clones Produced Thereby |  |
| Europe (EP) | EP 09806540.2 | Granted | EP 2350284 //14 Mar. 2018 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64 |  |
| Spain (ES) | EP 09806540.2 | Validated | ES/EP 2350284 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64 |  |
| USA (US) | US 13/058,741 | Granted | US 9,234,189 //12 Jan. 2016 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64 |  |
| Brazil (BR) | PI 0912473-0 | Pending | US 9,234,189 //12 Jan. 2016 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64 |  |
| China (CN) | CN200980131254.4 | Granted | ZL200980131254.4 // 22 Jun. 2016 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64, and Clones Produced Thereby |  |
| India (IN) | 1682/DEL/2008 | Granted | 304964 // 26 December 2018 | Method for Enhancing Regeneration Frequency of Brassica species and Medium therefor |  |
| PCT | PCT/IN20 11/000140 | Published |  | A Method to enhance Multiple Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Crop Plants by over-expression of Cystathionine-β-synthase domain containing gene and Cystathionine-β-synthase domain containing gene therefor |  |
| PCT | PCT/IN2009/000402 | Published |  | Method for Enhancing Regeneration Frequency of Brassica species and Medium therefor |  |
| Philippines (PH) | PH 1-2011-500293 | Granted | PH 1-2011-500293 // 11 Feb. 2016 | Hybrid-type Histidine Kinase Gene Isolated from Indica Rice IR64, and Clones Produced Thereby |  |
| Vietnam (VN) | VN 1-2011-00649 | Granted | P1-0019555 //28 June 2018 | A method for cloning a hybrid-type histidine kinase gene and an expression vector comprising the hybrid-type histidine kinase gene |  |

## InfoBox

| Ashwani Pareek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | University of Delhi, India, University of Cambridge, UK, University of California,USA, University of Illinois, USA |
| Known for | Research in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: 110th Information Operations Battalion

abstract: The 110th Information Operations (IO) Battalion was federally recognized as an organization on April 1, 2008. Following the inactivation of the 2d Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment, the 110th IO battalion was given the honor to carry the 2d Battalion 110th Field Artillery lineage which dates back to World War I. The 110th IO FSB was designed to provide trained, deployable, culturally aware, and regionally focused information operations teams to perform tactical strategic-theater IO tasks. The unit's higher operational headquarters is the 56th Theater Information Operations Group, Washington Army National Guard. Maryland National Guard administrative and operational control of the battalion has been reorganized from under the 29th Combat Aviation Brigade in Edgewood, Maryland to the 58th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade in Towson, Maryland

text:
# 110th Information Operations Battalion

The **110th Information Operations (IO) Battalion** was federally recognized as an organization on April 1, 2008. Following the inactivation of the 2d Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment, the 110th IO battalion was given the honor to carry the 2d Battalion 110th Field Artillery lineage which dates back to World War I. The 110th IO FSB was designed to provide trained, deployable, culturally aware, and regionally focused information operations teams to perform tactical strategic-theater IO tasks.

The unit's higher operational headquarters is the 56th Theater Information Operations Group, Washington Army National Guard. Maryland National Guard administrative and operational control (Title 32 and State Active Duty operations) of the battalion has been reorganized from under the 29th Combat Aviation Brigade in Edgewood, Maryland to the 58th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade in Towson, Maryland

## Mission

The mission of the 110th IO is to conduct tactical through strategic level Information Operations in support of global military operations by training and deploying culturally aware and regionally focused IO teams IOT defeat adversary information operations and gain information superiority in the information environment; or, be prepared to conduct limited, approved IO tasks in support of state and local authorities during governor-declared state emergencies and provide support to restore civil order, as directed by the governor and the adjutant general.

In support of its federal mission, the 110th IO Battalion has deployed many field support team (FST) since its activation, to multiple areas, providing IO operations to the active duty force. The battalion's motto, “Informatio Dominatus Orbis Terrarum” meaning “Information Dominates the World” reaffirms the full spectrum of strategic planning across a range of military operations.

## Deployments & Activations

The 110th IO FSB deployed its first four-man FST on December 10, 2010, in support of a Special Operation Command - Joint Task Force in Afghanistan. On October 6, 2011, the 110th IO FSB deployed its first five-man IO FST to the Horn of Africa (HOA). The mission is an enduring mission.

In support of their domestic mission, the 110th IO FSB was awarded the Maryland Outstanding Unit Ribbon for their outstanding support from April 30, 2015, to May 4, 2015, to the Maryland State and Baltimore law enforcement during the 2015 Baltimore protests.

The 110th IO FSB activated 59 Soldiers in support of “Operation Baltimore Rally” to assist local law enforcement with peacekeeping operations to restore and sustain good order. This was the second activation of the Maryland National Guard on this large of a scale since the Baltimore riot of 1968.

The 110th IO FSB was deployed to various locations throughout the city of Baltimore. The soldiers performed various missions from complex staff functions to guarding Baltimore City Hall, Mondawmin Mall, and the Baltimore Police Station in District 12. Soldiers were tasked as Task Force Chesapeake staff operating out of the Fifth Regiment Armory in Baltimore Maryland and the remaining soldiers were assigned to protect and defend Baltimore City Hall.

## Lineage

The 110th inherits its lineage from the **110th Field Artillery Regiment** which was constituted December 28, 1915, in the Maryland National Guard as a Light Artillery Battery. Organized from Plattsburgh graduates and mustered into state service December 29, 1915, at Baltimore. Mustered into Federal service July 5, 1916; mustered out of Federal service October 6, 1916. Expanded April–July 1917 to form Batteries A, B, and C, Maryland Field Artillery. Drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917.

The regiment was consolidated September 18, 1917, with National Guard units from Maryland and the District of Columbia to form the 112th Field Artillery and assigned to the 29th Division. Redesignated November 27, 1917, as the 110th Field Artillery and remained assigned to the 29th Division. Demobilized June 4, 1919, at Camp Lee, Virginia. Reorganized and Federally recognized March 31, 1925, in the Maryland National Guard as the 110th Field Artillery, with headquarters at Pikesville Maryland, and assigned to the 29th Division.

The regiment was inducted into Federal service February 3, 1941, at home stations. Regiment broken up February 28, 1942, and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows: 1st and 2d Battalions as the 110th and 224th Field Artillery Battalions, respectively, elements of the 29th Infantry Division (remainder of regiment disbanded). 110th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated January 6, 1946, at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. Reorganized and Federally recognized November 25, 1946, with headquarters at Pikesville.

224th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated January 16, 1946, at Camp Kilmer. Reorganized and Federally recognized November 25, 1946, with headquarters at Pikesville. Headquarters, 110th Field Artillery (reconstituted August 25, 1945, in the Maryland National Guard) and the 110th and 224th Field Artillery Battalions consolidated March 1, 1959, to form the 110th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 29th Infantry Division.

Reorganized March 1, 1963, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions, elements of the 29th Infantry Division. Reorganized January 21, 1968, to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. Redesignated May 1, 1972, as the 110th Field Artillery. Reorganized April 1, 1975, to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 58th Infantry Brigade. Reorganized July 1, 1986, to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 29th Infantry Division. Withdrawn June 1, 1989, from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the U.S. Army Regimental System.

The 2nd Battalion, 110th Field Artillery was disbanded on August 8, 2009. The heritage of the 2nd Battalion and the regiment as a whole was carried on by the 110th Information Operations Battalion.

## Campaign participation credit

***World War I (Streamer without inscription)
*** ***World War II***

1. Normandy (with arrowhead)
2. Northern France
3. Rhineland
4. Ardennes-Alsace
5. Central Europe

**Battery A (Westminster), 2d Battalion, additionally entitled to:**  ***World War I***

1. Meuse-Argonne
2. Alsace 1918

**Decorations:** French Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered BEACHES OF NORMANDY (110th and 224th Field Artillery Battalions cited; DA GO 43, 1950)
Headquarters Battery (Pikesville) and Battery C (Pikesville), 2d Battalion, each additionally entitled to: Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army); Streamer embroidered EUROPEAN THEATER (Service Battery, 110th Field Artillery Battalion, cited; GO 66, 29th Infantry Division, 26 February 1945; Service Battery, 224th Field Artillery Battalion, cited; GO 97, 29th Infantry Division, 16 March 1945)

## Coat of arms

**Shield:** Parti per chevron gules and paly of six pieces, or and sable, a bend counter-changed, in chief a garland of the second, the dexter half laurel the sinister oak.
**Crest:** That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Maryland Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors, or and gules, a cross bottony per cross quarterly gules and argent.
**Motto:** Sicut Quercus (As the Oak).
**Symbolism:** The red color on the shield indicates the arm of service, the wreath symbolizes participation in World War I and is divided per pale, the dexter half showing laurel leaves symbolizing achievement, and the sinister half, oak leaves in allusion to the beautiful grove of oak leaves in which an armory of the regiment was located. The Calvert arms in the base are from the shield of the state of Maryland.

1. "56th Information Operations Group | Washington State Military Department". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
2. "Maryland National Guard information unit continues to deploy".
3. "110th Field Artillery History". Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-04-13.

## Further reading

* Cooper, John P. (1953). *The History of the 110th Field Artillery, With Sketches of Related Units*. Baltimore: War Records Division, Maryland Historical Society. OCLC 3259869.
* Jacobsen, A. Wilmot, and J. Carroll Mansfield. *The Blue and Gray: A Story of Battery D 110th Field Artillery*. \[Place of publication not identified\]: \[publisher not identified\], 1919. OCLC 5271420
* United States. *Battery E of the 110th Field Artillery: A Record of Service and Fellowship Here and "Over There."*. \[Place of publication not identified\]: \[publisher not identified\], 1919. OCLC 5842655

## InfoBox

| 110th Information Operations Battalion | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms | |
| Active | 2008–present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | Maryland |
| Branch | Maryland Army National Guard |
| Type | Information Operations |
| Size | Battalion |
| Part of | 56th Theater Information Operations Group |
| Garrison | Annapolis, Maryland |
| Motto(s) | *Informatio Dominatus Orbis Terrarum* |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Lt. Col. Adam C. Kavalsky |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive unit insignia |  |


title: 2008 Serbian local elections in Kosovo

text:
# 2008 Serbian local elections in Kosovo

Local elections were held in Kosovo on 11 May 2008, together with Serbia's parliamentary elections and elections in Vojvodina. UNMIK authorities have criticized Serbia organizing elections saying only the UN can organize elections in Kosovo. Kosovo's President Fatmir Sejdiu accused Serbia of trying to challenge Kosovo's statehood.

There is a total of 115,712 registered voters and they were able to vote in 295 voting places. There are 157 voting places in Central Serbia and Vojvodina, and each of the seven major Montenegrin cities has one, for refugees from Kosovo.

## Background

Serbia's elections in Kosovo follow the unilateral declaration of independence by Albanian leadership in Kosovo, a declaration that Serbia considers illegal. This proposal for what many observers have called a *de facto* partition was said to be in response to unrest in Northern Kosovo and other Kosovo Serb areas. Establishment of Serb institutions in Kosovo is part of the "functional division" of Kosovo proposed by the Serbian government.

## Pre-election local authorities recognized by Serbia

On 12 January 2006, the Serbian government appointed new coordinators for twenty-four of Kosovo and Metohija's municipalities. The coordinators were:

Velimir Bojivic of Leposavić, Dragiša Milović of Zvećan, and Slaviša Ristić of Zubin Potok were already recognized as the mayors of their communities from the 2002 Kosovan local elections, which were organized by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Northern Kosovo's Serb community generally participated in these elections.

Although not included in the main list of appointees from 12 January, Radoš Vulić was appointed as coordinator for Istok in the Peć District at around the same time. Miodrag Lazić served as the coordinator for Prizren. Stanko Jakovljević, mayor of the Serb enclave of Štrpce, was ultimately recognized as a coordinator as well. On 14 September 2006, Zećir Zurapi was replaced as coordinator for Dragaš by Alija Abdi.

In the predominantly Serb northern section of the divided city of Kosovska Mitrovica, UNMIK had dissolved the local administration in 2002 and appointed an advisory council. Srboljub Milenković became the leader of the council in 2006 and was recognized as a municipal coordinator by the Serbian government.

The Serbian government made the following changes on 12 December 2007:

* Dečani: Zoran Barović was replaced by Gojko Carević.
* Gnjilane: Mladen Jovanović was replaced by Predrag Stojković.
* Istok: Radoš Vulić was dismissed from office and, somewhat confusingly, was reappointed immediately afterward.
* Klina: Stojan Dončić was replaced by Milivoje Ribać.
* Kosovo Polje: Petar Savić was replaced by Dejan Nedeljković.
* Kosovska Kamenica: Milan Ristić was replaced by Srboljuc Đokić.
* Kosovska Mitrovica: Srboljub Milenković was replaced by Radenko Nedeljković. (Milenković continued to lead UNMIK's advisory council into 2008.)
* Kosovska Vitina: Nenad Kojić was replaced by Zoran Krčmarević.
* Obilić: Mirče Jakovljević was dismissed from office and, somewhat confusingly, was reappointed immediately afterward.
* Orahovac: Dejan Baljošević was replaced by Marjan Šarić.
* Štimlje: Nikola Živković was replaced by Dobrivoje Mladenović.
* Vučitrn: Svetislav Aritonović was replaced by Oliver Vojinović.

After being dismissed as coordinator for Štimlje, Nikola Živković served as coordinator for Lipljan. The main Serbian representative from this municipality had previously been Borivoje Vignjević, who was deputy mayor in a multi-ethnic government.

## Dispute over elections

UNMIK considers the holding of local elections in Serbia without its agreement as invalid and as a breach of UNSCR 1244. It has, however, proposed to hold local elections in the mostly Serb-populated municipalities of Leposavić, Zubin Potok, Štrpce, Zvečan and Novo Brdo, where the 2007 local elections were declared invalid due to the Serb voters' boycott; however, UNMIK insisted that it would have to organise the elections there, not Serbia, and that the date would likely not be 11 May 2008. UNMIK has no problem with the participation of Kosovo Serbs in the parliamentary election.

However, on 14 April 2008 the Election Commission announced it would hold local elections in Serb areas of Kosovo; internally displaced persons, whether living in Kosovo or not, will be able to vote as if they were living in the municipality from which they were displaced. Minister for Kosovo Slobodan Samardžić subsequently called on Joachim Rücker to sanction the elections. UNMIK spokesman Alexander Ivanko reiterated that UNMIK would view all elections held without its approval as illegal and in breach of UNSCR 1244.

On April 18, 2008 Joachim Ruecker, the Chief of UNMIK, said the elections would cross a "red line" if organized by Serbia.

The International Steering Group for Kosovo has expressed its support for the UNMIK position saying it opposes the "institutional separation by ethnic lines" in Kosovo.

Kosovo's Assembly adopted a statement condemning Serbia's plans to hold local elections in Kosovo and showing support for the position taken by UNMIK and President Fatmir Sejdiu. However, Kosovo police authorities have said they would not interrupt voting to prevent local elections. UNMIK declared the local Serb elections held in Kosovo in May 2008 null and void.

## Kosovo Serb Institutions

Marko Jakšić, a Kosovo Serb political leader and ally of then-Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica, said Kosovo Serbs would form their own assembly following the elections. He argued that the Kosovo Assembly was dominated by "Albanian puppets" who would not work in the interest of the Serb minority.

Following the elections Samardžić outlined the makeup of the Kosovo Serb institutions consisting of municipal assemblies and executive councils. According to Samardžić municipal governments will act in keeping with the Serbian constitution and resolve all problems independently or in agreement with Belgrade.

UNMIK officials have said they will continue working with appointed Serb leaders declaring the local elections "illegal" and pledging not to negotiate with the elected officials. Yves de Kermabon, head of the EULEX mission to Kosovo, said he was "willing to talk to everybody" including officials elected on May 11, stressing that he would go to Northern Kosovo as soon as he found people there willing to talk. Kermabon said his reason was that he does not want the EU to be "forcibly deployed" there.

The mayor of Mitrovica condemned the formation of a parallel municipal assembly in North Mitrovica by Serbs following the election saying the institution was "illegal" as well as the elections. On June 13, 2008 a parallel assembly with 30 members, the majority from the Serbian Radical Party, was formed for Pristina with the first session being held in a warehouse due to a lack of space. Radovan Nicic was elected president of the municipality by the assembly. Another assembly was formed in Obilic north of Pristina the same morning.

Serbian parties (SRS, DSS, SPS, NS and DS) agreed to form a parliament for Kosovo Serbs including 45 delegates, 43 from the local assemblies and two seats reserved for Romani and Muslims. Slobodan Samardžić announced that the Kosovo Serb assembly would be formed on June 28. He said the body would be representative not executive. The parliament shall only be *transitional* before direct elections. The parliament was officially scheduled on 16 June 2008 to be held in Priština on 28 June 2008, symbolically on Saint Vitus' Day. Its official name shall be *The Assembly of the Community of Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohia*. The parliamentary majority has been formed by the Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Radical Party, Socialist Party of Serbia and Civic Initiative of Gora. The opposition Democratic Party supports its constitution, but will for now boycott it. The cause of restoration of parliamentarism since 1999 was specifically stated as a reaction to the recently put in act Constitution of Kosovo and will only officialize the two separate systems which were already in act for years. It is pointed out that it is the representative body of Kosovar citizens loyal to the Republic of Serbia.

## Results

The turnout of registered voters was at 57%. Serbian Radical Party came first in 15 municipalities, the DSS has the most councilors in six, as well as various citizens' lists. The Radicals and DSS formed a coalition in the Assembly of the Community of Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija.

In the predominantly Serb communities of northern Kosovska Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zubin Potok, and Zvečan, the elected assemblies were able to form *de facto* municipal governments.

In several municipalities, the assemblies could not convene in their own communities and instead met in Central Serbia.

### Kosovska Mitrovica District

#### Kosovska Mitrovica

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Radical PartyTomislav Nikolić | 11 |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaNew SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 9 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 6 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of SerbiaStrength of Serbia MovementIvica Dačić | 2 |
|  | Movement for Kosovska Mitrovica–Spasojević Dragan | 2 |
|  | G17 Plus–Zoran Katanić |  |
| Total | | 30 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

The Radical Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia–New Serbia alliance formed a governing coalition following the election. Nenad Topličević of the Radical Party was chosen as mayor. The Serbian government dissolved the local government on 24 December 2009, and Ivica Mirković of the Democratic Party was appointed as head of an interim leadership.

#### Leposavić

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Radical PartyTomislav Nikolić | 10 |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 8 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 4 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of Serbia | 3 |
|  | Serbian National Council of Northern Kosmet for Leposavić–Dr. Milan Ivanović | 2 |
|  | New Serbia–Petar Biševac | 2 |
|  | Movement for Lešak and its Environs | 2 |
|  | G17 Plus–Nebojša Kostović |  |
|  | Serbian Renewal Movement–Miloš Petrović |  |
|  | Citizens' Group: *Koreni–Ivan Vučković* |  |
| Total | | 31 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Vlastimir Ratković of the Radical Party was chosen as mayor after the election. All ten of the Radical Party's delegates joined the breakaway Serbian Progressive Party on its formation in October 2008. A subsequent ruling of the Kosovska Mitrovica district court invalidated the Progressive Party's mandates, thereby allowing other Radical Party delegates to be appointed in their place. A new administration was then formed with Jovan Miladinović of the Radicals serving as mayor.

The local administration remained unstable, and the Serbian government dissolved the municipal assembly in July 2009, after which time Branko Ninić of the Democratic Party became the leader of a provisional council.

#### Srbica

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unanimously for Srbica | 20 |
| Total | | 20 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Dejan Tomašević of the Movement for Srbica (one of the parties in the "Unanimously for Srbica" coalition) was chosen as mayor after the election. He continued as leader of the parallel government until 2013.

#### Vučitrn

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Radical PartyTomislav Nikolić | 16 |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 8 |
|  | Democratic PartyG17 PlusBoris Tadić | 4 |
|  | New SerbiaVelimir Ilić | 4 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaIvica Dačić | 3 |
| Total | | 35 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Zoran Rakić of the Radical Party was chosen as mayor of the parallel government after the election.

#### Zubin Potok

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 19 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of Serbia, Ivica Dačić | 9 |
|  | Serbian Radical PartyTomislav Nikolić | 3 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić |  |
| Total | | 31 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Incumbent mayor Slaviša Ristić of the Democratic Party of Serbia continued in office after the election.

#### Zvečan

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Radical PartyTomislav Nikolić | 9 |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 8 |
|  | Serbian National Council of Northern Kosmet–Dr. Milan Ivanović | 4 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of Serbia–Miodrag Acić | 3 |
|  | G17 PlusStojanka Petković | 2 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 1 |
|  | Strength of Serbia Movement–Milentije Perović |  |
|  | Serbian Renewal Movement–Radomir Janićijević |  |
|  | New Serbia–Nebojša Gvozdić |  |
| Total | | 27 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Incumbent mayor Dragiša Milović of the Democratic Party of Serbia continued in office after the election.

### Peć District

#### Peć

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaNew SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 22 |
|  | Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS)–Strength of Serbia Movement (PSS)–Miloš Dimitrijević | 15 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 6 |
| Total | | 43 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Radojko Dunić of the Democratic Party of Serbia was chosen as mayor after the election, at a meeting that was boycotted by the Socialist Party of SerbiaStrength of Serbia Movement coalition and the Democratic Party. The opposition parties later claimed a majority in the local assembly, and in 2009 the assembly was dissolved for a new election.

Snežana Paunović was one of the Socialist Party delegates elected in 2008.

#### Dečani

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Zoran Barović | 20 |
| Total | | 20 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Zoran Barović of the Democratic Party of Serbia was chosen as mayor after the election. The assembly was dissolved in June 2010.

#### Đakovica

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Citizens' Group: *Đokica Stanojević* | 20 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaIvica Dačić | 13 |
| Total | | 33 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Đokica Stanojević was chosen as mayor after the election. The assembly was dissolved in June 2010.

#### Istok

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Radical PartyTomislav Nikolić | 17 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 5 |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Gojko Đurić | 5 |
|  | Socialist Party of Serbia–Vukomir Đurić | 3 |
| Total | | 30 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Dragoljub Repanović of the Serbian Radical Party was chosen as mayor after the election. The Serbian government extended his term in 2012, and he served until 2013.

#### Klina

| Party | | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Sveto Dabižljević | 9 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaIvica Dačić | 8 |
|  | *Metohija*Dragomir Pavlović | 5 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 3 |
| Total | | 25 |
|  | | |
| Source: | | |

Sveto Dabižljević of the Democratic Party of Serbia was chosen as mayor after the election. The assembly was dissolved in June 2010.

## Subsequent developments

### New elections in 2009

The Serbian government oversaw new local elections in Peć and Priština on 16 August 2009 and in Leposavić on 29 November 2009.

#### Peć (16 August 2009)

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of SerbiaUnited SerbiaIvica Dačić | 667 | 32.33 | 15 |
|  | Serbian Progressive PartyTomislav Nikolić | 410 | 19.87 | 9 |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaNew Serbia–Dr. Vojislav Koštunica | 378 | 18.32 | 8 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 271 | 13.14 | 6 |
|  | Social Democratic Party of Serbia–Dejan Jovanović | 242 | 11.73 | 5 |
|  | Serbian Radical Party–Dr. Vojislav Šešelj | 95 | 4.60 |  |
| Total | | 2,063 | 100.00 | 43 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

Miloš Dimitrijević of the Socialist Party of Serbia became mayor after the election.

#### Priština (16 August 2009)

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Progressive PartyTomislav Nikolić | 1,677 | 33.34 | 16 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of SerbiaUnited Serbia–Citizens' Group: *Vidodvan*Ivica Dačić | 1,016 | 20.20 | 10 |
|  | Serbian Radical Party–Dr. Vojislav Šešelj | 777 | 15.45 | 7 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 756 | 15.03 | 7 |
|  | Citizens' Group: *Opstanak–Prof. Dr. Miroslav Popović* | 482 | 9.58 | 4 |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Dr. Vojislav Koštunica | 322 | 6.40 | 3 |
| Total | | 5,030 | 100.00 | 47 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

#### Leposavić (29 November 2009)

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 2,745 | 33.45 | 12 |
|  | Serbian Progressive PartyTomislav Nikolić | 1,540 | 18.77 | 7 |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Dr. Vojislav Koštunica | 1,038 | 12.65 | 4 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of SerbiaUnited SerbiaIvica Dačić | 916 | 11.16 | 4 |
|  | New SerbiaVelimir Ilić | 485 | 5.91 | 2 |
|  | Serbian Radical Party–Dr. Vojislav Šešelj | 448 | 5.46 | 2 |
|  | G17 PlusMlađan Dinkić | 394 | 4.80 |  |
|  | Movement for Lešak and its Environs | 258 | 3.14 |  |
|  | Citizens' Group: *Koreni* | 168 | 2.05 |  |
|  | People's PartyMaja Gojković | 166 | 2.02 |  |
|  | Veterans' Party of Serbia–Raško Milenković | 48 | 0.58 |  |
| Total | | 8,206 | 100.00 | 31 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

Branko Ninić of the Democratic Party, who had previously served as the leader of a provisional council, was confirmed for a new term as mayor. He served until July 2012, when he was replaced by Dragiša Vasić of the Serbian Progressive Party.

### New elections in 2010

The Serbian government dissolved the local authorities of Kosovska Mitrovica and Novo Brdo on 24 December 2009 and held new elections on 30 May 2010.

#### Kosovska Mitrovica (30 May 2010)

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Serbian Progressive PartyTomislav Nikolić | 1,104 |  | 7 |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Dr. Vojislav Koštunica | 1,085 |  | 7 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 1,065 |  | 6 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of SerbiaUnited SerbiaIvica Dačić | 554 |  | 3 |
|  | Citizens' Group: *Serbia, Democracy, Justice–Oliver Ivanović* | 461 |  | 3 |
|  | G17 PlusMlađan Dinkić | 442 |  | 2 |
|  | Social Democratic Party of SerbiaRasim Ljajić | 319 |  | 2 |
|  | Movement for Kosovska Mitrovica–Dragan Spasojević |  | |  |
|  | Citizens' Group: *For a Better Future of Mitrovica* |  | |  |
|  | New SerbiaVelimir Ilić |  | |  |
|  | Serbian Radical Party–Dr. Vojislav Šešelj |  | |  |
|  | Citizens' Group: *Serbian National Council of Northern Kosovo and Metohija–Dr. Milan Ivanović* |  | |  |
|  | Citizens' Group: *New Hope for Kosovska Mitrovica* |  | |  |
| Total | |  | | 30 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

Ivica Mirković of the Democratic Party was chosen as mayor in July 2010. He was replaced by Krstimir Pantić of the Progressives in October of the same year, after Pantić's party formed an alliance with the Democratic Party of Serbia. Pantić resigned in March 2013 and was replaced by Dragiša Vlašković, also of the Progressives.

#### Novo Brdo (30 May 2010)

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of SerbiaUnited SerbiaIvica Dačić | 479 | 45.75 | 14 |
|  | Democratic PartyBoris Tadić | 275 | 26.27 | 8 |
|  | Serbian Progressive PartyTomislav Nikolić | 235 | 22.45 | 6 |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia–Dr. Vojislav Koštunica | 58 | 5.54 | 1 |
| Total | | 1,047 | 100.00 | 29 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

### Dissolution of seven local authorities in June 2010

The Serbian government dissolved the authorities of Dečani, Đakovica, Klina, Podujevo, Prizren, Suva Reka, and Uroševac on 17 June 2010, charging that they had become dysfunctional and inefficient. On 28 June 2010, the government appointed new coordinators for these municipalities:

All of the coordinators served until May 2013.

### Unauthorized elections in 2012

The predominantly Serb municipalities of Zubin Potok and Zvečan organized local elections on 6 May 2012, on the grounds that the terms of assemblies elected in 2008 were set to expire. The broader diplomatic situation had changed by this time, and the elections were not recognized as legitimate by the Government of Serbia, the Government of Kosovo, or the international community.

Following the elections, Oliver Ivanović (at the time a secretary of state in Serbia's ministry for Kosovo and Metohija) indicated that provisional governing councils would be established in both municipalities. Despite the objections from Belgrade, however, new municipal assemblies were constituted in both communities on 30 May 2012. While the Serbian government never formally recognized the legitimacy of the 2012 elections in these municipalities, they did not overturn the local governing authorities until the more general restructuring of state institutions that followed the 2013 Brussels Agreement.

#### Zubin Potok

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic Party of Serbia | 2,893 | 63.5 | 21 |
|  | Serbian Radical Party | 822 | 27.6 | 9 |
|  | United Regions of Serbia |  | 5.7 | 1 |
| Total | |  | | 31 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

Incumbent mayor Slaviša Ristić of the Democratic Party of Serbia continued in office after the election.

#### Zvečan

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Democratic Party of SerbiaVojislav Koštunica | 1,367 | 35.45 | 10 |
|  | Stojanka Petković*For Zvečan in Serbia*United Regions of Serbia | 1,023 | 26.53 | 7 |
|  | Socialist Party of SerbiaParty of United Pensioners of Serbia–Miodrag Acić | 556 | 14.42 | 4 |
|  | Serbian National Council of Northern Kosovo and Metohija–Dr. Milan Ivanović for Zvečan | 516 | 13.38 | 3 |
|  | Serbian Radical Party–Dr. Aleksandar Martinović | 394 | 10.22 | 3 |
| Total | | 3,856 | 100.00 | 27 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | | |

Incumbent mayor Dragiša Milović of the Democratic Party of Serbia was confirmed for another term in office after the election. All lists except the United Regions of Serbia participated in the local government.

### 2013 Brussels Deal and after

As part of the 2013 Brussels deal all aspects of this election were repudiated and invalidated by Serbia.

#### Serbian provisional authorities

##### Kosovska Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zvečan, and Zubin Potok

The Serbian government formally dissolved the parallel local assemblies of Kosovska Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zubin Potok, and Zvečan in September 2013. The following individuals were appointed to lead provisional authorities in these municipalities:

The Serbian government has continued to recognize these provisional authorities since 2013, and their authority has existed in parallel to the authority of mayors and councillors recognized by Priština. (The Serbian government began encouraging Kosovo Serbs to participate in the political structures overseen by Priština in 2013 while also maintaining the provisional authorities. In late 2022, the Serbian government and the Serb List began boycotting the Priština institutions against the backdrop of an ongoing crisis in North Kosovo.)

The Serbian provisional authority in Mitrovica holds *de facto* authority only in the northern part of the city, which is recognized by the Priština authorities as North Mitrovica.

Personnel changes since 2013:

* On 25 January 2014, Krstimir Pantić was succeeded as leader of the provisional authority in Kosovska Mitrovica by Aleksandar Spirić.
* On 30 September 2015, Dragan Nedeljković was succeeded as leader of the provisional authority in Zvečan by Ivan Todosijević.
* On 6 October 2015, Dragan Jablanović was succeeded as leader of the provisional authority in Leposavić by Zoran Todić.
* In late 2018, Steven Vulović resigned as leader of the provisional authority in Zubin Potok and was replaced by Srđan Vulović.
* On 20 October 2023, Aleksandar Spirić was succeeded as leader of the provisional authority in Kosovska Mitrovica by Ivan Zaporožac.

##### Other municipalities

The Serbian government has also appointed provisional authorities in other municipalities, although these do not have the same *de facto* governing powers as in the four predominantly Serb municipalities in the north. Other leaders of provisional governing bodies since 2013 include:

* **Dečani**: Vuko Vuković (2013?–2021); Darko Kolašinac (2021–2023); Zoran Maksimović (2023–present)
* **Đakovica**: Kosta Belošević (2013–2020); Milenko Jovanović (2020–present)
* **Istok**: Mališa Đurić (2013–2021); Kosta Belošević (2021–present)
* **Klina**: Stojan Dončić (2013–2015); Božidar Šarković (2015–2020); Vlado Šmigić (2020); Božidar Šarković (2020); Vesna Pešić (*acting 2020–2021*; 2021–present)
* **Peć**: Miloš Dimitrijević (2013–2023); Darko Kolašinac (2023–present)
* **Srbica**: Milomir Jokić (2013–2017?); Rajko Tomašević (2021); Vasilije Tomašević (2021–present)
* **Vučitrn**: Desimir Miljković (2013–2016), Aleksandar Mišić *Aca* (2016–2021), Milan Kostić (2021–present)


title: 1997 Dixie Crystals Grand Prix

abstract: The 1997 Dixie Crystals Grand Prix was the fourth race of the 1997 PPG/Firestone Indy Lights Championship Powered By Buick. The race took place on May 18 in Savannah, Georgia, United States, on Grand Prize of America Road Course parkland circuit on Hutchinson Island; a river island in the Savannah River, north of downtown Savannah. The race was won by Hélio Castroneves for Tasman Motorsports. Sérgio Paese finished second ahead of Lee Bentham, Luiz Garcia Jr., and Naoki Hattori.

text:
# 1997 Dixie Crystals Grand Prix

The **1997 Dixie Crystals Grand Prix** was the fourth race of the 1997 PPG/Firestone Indy Lights Championship Powered By Buick. The race took place on May 18 in Savannah, Georgia, United States, on Grand Prize of America Road Course parkland circuit on Hutchinson Island; a river island in the Savannah River, north of downtown Savannah. The race was won by Hélio Castroneves for Tasman Motorsports. Sérgio Paese finished second ahead of Lee Bentham, Luiz Garcia Jr., and Naoki Hattori.

## Report

### Background

In the 1990s, a group of local businessmen formed the Colonial Motorsport company, deciding it was time to bring back international racing action to Savannah. Major international races had last been held on the streets of Savannah with the American Grand Prize in 1908, 1910, and 1911; and the Vanderbilt Cup Race in 1911. After four years of careful negotiations, an agreement was reached for a stand-alone Indy Lights race, with follow up events in '98 and '99 offering the possibility of a future CART round. Public monies helped build a 1.965-mile county road to serve as a 10-turn circuit; the first time a public road had been pre-designed with the intention of also using it for racing in the USA.

Mark Blundell quoted, after a feasibility test for future CART races, "As a drivers track, it's good, It's quite demanding and really physical. It's a fun circuit to drive, and there are at least two and possibly three spots for overtaking. It doesn't have a street course feel, it's more of a road course feel. From a spectator viewpoint, there are plenty of great vantage points."

The event looked like a modest success; drivers seemed happy with the course, fans turned out in reasonable numbers, and a contract was in place for future years. However, creditors and several companies involved in the construction didn't want to give the promoters a reasonable time frame to make the event profitable. The resulting lawsuit threw Colonial Motorsport company into Chapter 11, and all its contracts, including the one with CART, were dissolved. The track itself came into public ownership and fell into disrepair.

## Classification

### Indy Lights

| Pos | Qual | Driver | Team | Laps | Laps Led | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | **1** | Hélio Castroneves | Tasman Motorsports | 50 | 50 | **22** |
| **2** | **4** | Sérgio Paese | FRE Racing | 50 |  | **16** |
| **3** | **10** | Lee Bentham | Forsythe Racing | 50 |  | **14** |
| **4** | **3** | Luiz Garcia Jr. | Dorricott Racing | 50 |  | **12** |
| **5** | **15** | Naoki Hattori | Team Green | 50 |  | **10** |
| **6** | **7** | Hideki Noda | Indy Regency Racing | 50 |  | **8** |
| **7** | **17** | Oswaldo Negri Jr. | Genoa Racing | 50 |  | **6** |
| **8** | **12** | Airton Daré | Brian Stewart Racing | 49 |  | **5** |
| **9** | **5** | Didier André | Autosport Racing | 49 |  | **4** |
| **10** | **13** | Fredrik Larsson | Johansson Motorsports | 49 |  | **3** |
| **11** | **16** | Bob Dorricott, Jr. | Dorricott Racing | 49 |  | **2** |
| **12** | **9** | Christophe Tinseau | Conquest Racing | 49 |  | **1** |
| **13** | **24** | Casey Mears | Team Mears | 49 |  |  |
| **14** | **6** | David Empringham | Forsythe Racing | 48 Crash |  |  |
| **15** | **8** | Shigeaki Hattori | Lucas Place Motorsports | 48 Crash |  |  |
| **16** | **14** | Chris Simmons | Team Green | 48 |  |  |
| **17** | **11** | Mark Hotchkis | Team Green | 48 |  |  |
| **18** | **25** | Clint Mears | Team Mears | 47 Off Course |  |  |
| **19** | **23** | John Jones | Eclipse Racing | 45 |  |  |
| **20** | **20** | Geoff Boss | Team Medlin | 42 Wheel |  |  |
| **21** | **19** | Cristiano da Matta | Brian Stewart Racing | 16 Crash |  |  |
| **22** | **18** | Robby Unser | PacWest Lights | 16 Crash |  |  |
| **23** | **2** | Tony Kanaan | Tasman Motorsports | 15 Throttle |  |  |
| **24** | **21** | Jaques Lazier | Brian Stewart Racing | 8 Crash |  |  |
| **25** | **22** | Rodolfo Lavín | Indy Regency Racing | 1 Crash |  |  |
| **DNS** | **DNQ** | Dave DeSilva | Lucas Place Motorsports |  |  |  |

Notes: All teams used a Normally-Aspirated Buick V6 engine producing 425 hp, and the Lola T97/20 chassis.

## Support Races

### North American Touring Car Championship

| Season | Date | Pole position | Winning driver | Winning team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | May 17 | Peter Cunningham | Peter Cunningham | Honda American Racing Team |
| | May 18 | Peter Cunningham | Peter Cunningham | Honda American Racing Team |

### Barber Dodge Pro Series

| Season | Date | Pole position | Fastest lap | Winning driver |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | May 18 | Derek Hill | Rocky Moran Jr. | Derek Hill |

### USAC Formula Ford 2000

| Season | Date | Winning driver | Chassis |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | May 18 | Luciano Zangirolami | Van Diemen RF97 |

## InfoBox

1997 Hutchinson Island Savannah
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| 4th round of the 1997 PPG/Firestone Indy Lights Championship Powered By Buick season | |
| Date | May 18, 1997 |
| Official name | Dixie Crystals Grand Prix |
| Location | Grand Prize of America Road Course |
| Course | Parkland circuit
1.965 mi / 3.162 km |
| Distance | 50 laps
98.25 mi / 158.10 km |
| Pole position | |
| Driver | Hélio Castroneves (Tasman Motorsports) |
| Time | 1:04.824 |
| Podium | |
| First | Hélio Castroneves (Tasman Motorsports) |
| Second | Sérgio Paese (FRE Racing) |
| Third | Lee Bentham (Forsythe Racing) |