title: 1973–74 Southern Hockey League season

abstract: The 1973–74 Southern Hockey League season was the first season of the Southern Hockey League. The league was formed when the Eastern Hockey League split in two; the southern teams became the Southern Hockey League, and the northern teams became the North American Hockey League. Four of the six founding members of the SHL came from the EHL, including the Charlotte Checkers, Greensboro Generals, Roanoke Valley Rebels, and the Suncoast Suns. Two expansion teams were added to complete the league, including the Macon Whoopees, and the Winston-Salem Polar Twins. Six teams began the season, but two did not complete the schedule due to financial trouble. The Suncoast Suns folded on December 19, 1973. The Macon Whoopees forfeited a game against Charlotte on January 17, 1974 when players refused to play because of not being paid. The team eventually folded on February 15, 1974. The remaining four teams made the playoffs, with the Roanoke Valley Rebels finishing as James Crockett Cup champions.

text:
# 1973–74 Southern Hockey League season

Southern Hockey League  300km
200miles Winston-Salem Suncoast Roanoke Macon  Greensboro  CharlotteThe original six teams in 1973–74.
Teams from the EHL  Expansion teams

The **1973–74 Southern Hockey League season** was the first season of the Southern Hockey League. The league was formed when the Eastern Hockey League split in two; the southern teams became the Southern Hockey League, and the northern teams became the North American Hockey League. Four of the six founding members of the SHL came from the EHL, including the Charlotte Checkers, Greensboro Generals, Roanoke Valley Rebels, and the Suncoast Suns. Two expansion teams were added to complete the league, including the Macon Whoopees, and the Winston-Salem Polar Twins.

Six teams began the season, but two did not complete the schedule due to financial trouble. The Suncoast Suns folded on December 19, 1973. The Macon Whoopees forfeited a game against Charlotte on January 17, 1974 when players refused to play because of not being paid. The team eventually folded on February 15, 1974. The remaining four teams made the playoffs, with the Roanoke Valley Rebels finishing as James Crockett Cup champions.

## Standings

Final standings of the regular season.

|  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Roanoke Valley Rebels | 72 | 53 | 19 | 0 | 366 | 244 | 106 |
| Charlotte Checkers | 72 | 44 | 27 | 1 | 309 | 227 | 86 |
| Greensboro Generals | 71 | 33 | 37 | 1 | 285 | 310 | 67 |
| Winston-Salem Polar Twins | 72 | 26 | 44 | 2 | 283 | 363 | 54 |
| Macon Whoopees | 62 | 22 | 38 | 2 | 244 | 290 | 46 |
| Suncoast Suns | 31 | 9 | 22 | 0 | 123 | 176 | 18 |

## WHA/NHL affiliations

Southern Hockey League franchises were primarily affiliated with World Hockey Association teams, however some also had agreements with National Hockey League teams. Summary of WHA/NHL affiliation agreements:

| SHL team | WHA parent clubs | NHL parent clubs |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Charlotte Checkers | *none* | Buffalo Sabres |
| Greensboro Generals | Los Angeles Sharks | *none* |
| Macon Whoopees | Houston Aeros
Cleveland Crusaders | *none* |
| Roanoke Valley Rebels | Vancouver Blazers | *none* |
| Suncoast Suns | Minnesota Fighting Saints
New England Whalers | *none* |
| Winston-Salem Polar Twins | Edmonton Oilers
New York Golden Blades/Jersey Knights | *none* |

## Scoring leaders

Top 10 SHL points scoring leaders.

| Rank | Player | Team | Goals | Assists | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Garry Swain | Charlotte | 34 | 64 | 98 |
| 2 | Claude Piche | Roanoke Valley | 44 | 50 | 94 |
| 3 | Camille LaPierre | Roanoke Valley | 48 | 43 | 91 |
| 4 | Wayne Chrysler | Charlotte | 28 | 61 | 89 |
| 5 | Howie Heggedal | Greensboro | 51 | 35 | 86 |
| 6 | Guy Burrowes | Charlotte | 29 | 52 | 81 |
| 6 | Howie Colborne | Winston-Salem | 33 | 48 | 81 |
| 6 | Michel Boudreau | Roanoke Valley | 33 | 48 | 81 |
| 9 | Kirk Bowman | Greensboro | 23 | 55 | 78 |
| 9 | Brian Carlin | Winston-Salem | 36 | 42 | 78 |

## Playoffs

James Crockett Cup playoffs.

|  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Roanoke Valley Rebels** | 4 |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 4 | Winston-Salem Polar Twins | 3 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | 1 | **Roanoke Valley Rebels** | **4** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 2 | Charlotte Checkers | 3 |  |
|  | 2 | | | | | | **Charlotte Checkers** | **4** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | 3 | Greensboro Generals | 2 |  |


title: Elise Barensfeld

abstract: Elise Barensfeld, born Juliane Katharine Elisabet Barensfeld, was a German soprano. She toured from age 12 with Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a friend of Ludwig van Beethoven, and lived in Mälzel's household in Vienna until age 17. In 2012, Rita Steblin claimed that Beethoven may have dedicated his piano piece Für Elise to her.

text:
# Elise Barensfeld

**Elise Barensfeld**, born **Juliane Katharine Elisabet Barensfeld** (27 August 1796 – after 1820), was a German soprano. She toured from age 12 with Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a friend of Ludwig van Beethoven, and lived in Mälzel's household in Vienna until age 17. In 2012, Rita Steblin claimed that Beethoven may have dedicated his piano piece *Für Elise* to her.

## Career

Born Juliane Katharine Elisabet Barensfeld in Regensburg, Bavaria, and often called *Elise*, she was known as a child prodigy. She received first voice lessons in her home town from Johann Franz Xaver Sterkel (1750–1817), who dedicated two songs to her, published in his 12th song collection. The texts were written by Benedikt Josef M. von Koller: "Mädchen mit der Silberstimme" (Girl with the silvery voice) and "Schön ist einer Rose jugendliche Knospe" (Beautiful is a rose's youthful bud). She toured at age 12 with Regensburg mechanic Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, who invented the metronome and was a friend of Ludwig van Beethoven. She continued her voice studies from 1809 in Vienna with Antonio Salieri. She lived in the Mälzel household until she left Vienna at age 17 in 1813. She performed as a soloist in a concert in 1812 which is regarded as the foundation of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde. She was later a Kammersängerin of the Großherzogin of Baden. There are no traces of her after 1820.

The musicologist Rita Steblin argued in 2012 that Beethoven dedicated his piano piece *Für Elise* to Barensfeld. The dedication read "Für Elise am 27. April zur Erinnerung von L. v. Bthvn." ("For Elise on 27 April as a remembrance, from Ludwig van Beethoven."). The later owner of the manuscript, Therese Malfatti, was connected to her, living across the street from Mälzel. Steblin thinks that Malfatti could have taught piano to Barensfeld when she was age 13. However, there is no evidence that she belonged to Beethoven's circle.

## Literature

## InfoBox

| Elise Barensfeld | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Juliane Katharine Elisabet Barensfeld
(1796-08-27)27 August 1796
Regensburg |
| Died | after 1820 |
| Occupation | Soprano |


title: 14 The Shambles

abstract: 14 The Shambles is an historic building in York, England. Grade II* listed, part of the structure dates to the early 19th century, but also features parts of an earlier structure. An alteration and extension was made in the 20th century. As of 2020, the building was occupied by The Earl Grey Tea Rooms.

text:
# 14 The Shambles

**14 The Shambles** is an historic building in York, England. Grade II\* listed, part of the structure dates to the early 19th century, but also features parts of an earlier structure. An alteration and extension was made in the 20th century.

As of 2020, the building was occupied by The Earl Grey Tea Rooms.

## InfoBox

| 14 The Shambles | |
| --- | --- |
| The building in 2020 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 14 The Shambles |
| Town or city | York, North Yorkshire |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 53°57′34″N 1°04′48″W / 53.959383°N 1.079983°W / 53.959383; -1.079983 |
| Completed | Early 19th century |


title: 1817 in Chile

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1817 in Chile.

text:
# 1817 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during **1817 in Chile**.

## Incumbents

Royal Governor of Chile: Francisco Marcó del Pont (-February 12)

Supreme Director of Chile: Bernardo O'Higgins (February 16-)

## Events

### January

### February

### April

### May

### June

### October

### November

### December

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Elina Hirvonen

abstract: Elina Hirvonen is a Finnish writer, journalist and documentary film-maker. She was educated at the Helsinki University of Art and Design, and also the University of Turku, where she studied literature in the Faculty of Humanities. Hirvonen's first novel Että hän muistaisi saman was first published in Finland in 2005. It was shortlisted for the Finlandia Prize. In 2006 an Italian translation was published (Ricordati) by an independent publishing company. An English translation by Douglas Robinson was published by Portobello Books in November 2007, with an American edition by Tin House Books in May 2009. Hirvonen's second novel, Kauimpana kuolemasta, was published in 2010. She wrote the novel in Lusaka, Zambia, where she lived for two years with her husband. Her first documentary feature film, Paradise: Three journeys in this world, is about migration from Africa to Europe. It premiered in Helsinki in 2007. This film also won the first prize in the category 'medium length films' of the Rhodes ecofilms and video arts festival in June 2008.

text:
# Elina Hirvonen

**Elina Hirvonen** (born 1975, Helsinki) is a Finnish writer, journalist and documentary film-maker. She was educated at the Helsinki University of Art and Design, and also the University of Turku, where she studied literature in the Faculty of Humanities.

Hirvonen's first novel *Että hän muistaisi saman* (*When I Forgot*) was first published in Finland in 2005. It was shortlisted for the Finlandia Prize. In 2006 an Italian translation was published (*Ricordati*) by an independent publishing company (*Scritturapura Editore*). An English translation by Douglas Robinson was published by Portobello Books in November 2007, with an American edition by Tin House Books in May 2009.

Hirvonen's second novel, *Kauimpana kuolemasta*, was published in 2010. She wrote the novel in Lusaka, Zambia, where she lived for two years with her husband.

Her first documentary feature film, *Paradise: Three journeys in this world*, is about migration from Africa to Europe. It premiered in Helsinki in 2007. This film also won the first prize in the category 'medium length films' of the Rhodes ecofilms and video arts festival in June 2008.


title: Anthea Larken

abstract:
Commandant Anthea Larken CBE served as Director of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) between 1988-1991, while also acting as aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. Larken has since served as president of the Not Forgotten Association and the Association of Wrens.
President, TS Dreadnought, Greenwich SCC

text:
# Anthea Larken

Commandant **Anthea Larken** CBE (born 1938) served as Director of the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) between 1988-1991, while also acting as aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. Larken has since served as president of the Not Forgotten Association and the Association of Wrens. President, TS Dreadnought, Greenwich SCC

Anthea Larken was born in 1938, and joined the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS) in 1956. Her initial role was as a range assessor, and became a photographic interpreter five years later. After a further four years, she was posted as a staff officer to the Singapore Naval Base in 1964. In 1967, Larken became a secretarial officer, and in 1976 became the officer in charge of the WRNS officer training programme at the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, Devon.

In 1981, she joined the Military Agency for Standardisation in NATO, and in 1985 became the chief services officer to the flag officer at HMNB Devonport. Larken joined the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1987, before becoming the Director of the WRNS between 1988-1991. At the same time, she also held the position of aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II.

Larken was an advocate of the opinion that WRNS should be able to go to sea on Royal Navy warships, ever since she visited the United States Navy and Royal Canadian Navy in the late 1970s. While Larken was Director of the WRNS, in 1990 women went to sea for the first time on HMS *Brilliant*. In 1992, she was promoted to Commandant. At the end of her service as Director, Larken was named to the Order of the British Empire as a Commander. The WRNS were merged into the Royal Navy in November 1993, with Larken remaining Director and Company Secretary for the Operational Command Training Organisation, a post she held until 1996.

## In retirement

Larken was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Greenwich in 2000. By 2012, she was president of the Not Forgotten Association. Larken later became President of the Association of Wrens.

## InfoBox

| Anthea Larken
CBE | |
| --- | --- |
| Commandant Anthea Larken in 2017 during the 100th anniversary celebration of the WRENS | |
| Born | 1938 (age 8586) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Women's Royal Naval Service |
| Years of service | 1956-1996 |
| Rank | Commandant |
| Other work | President of Not Forgotten Association
Vice-President of Association of Wrens |


title: Anthea Group

abstract: The Anthea Group is a private group of companies engaged in the manufacture and export of a range of speciality chemicals based in Mumbai, India. The Group is a major producer of Fragrance & Flavor chemicals, catering to key F&F multinationals. It markets its goods in North and South America, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Additionally, the Anthea Group produces speciality chemicals which are used in a range of applications such as pharmaceuticals, flame retardant polymers and agrochemicals.

text:
# Anthea Group

***The Anthea Group*** is a private group of companies engaged in the manufacture and export of a range of speciality chemicals based in Mumbai, India. The Group is a major producer of Fragrance & Flavor chemicals, catering to key F&F multinationals. It markets its goods in North and South America, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Additionally, the Anthea Group produces speciality chemicals which are used in a range of applications such as pharmaceuticals, flame retardant polymers and agrochemicals.

## History

The Anthea Group has its origins in 1991 with the establishment of Anthea Aromatics Pvt. Ltd. (AAPL), a company that was set up in Navi Mumbai to manufacture speciality chemicals used in the perfumery and flavour industry. In 2002, a new manufacturing facility was set up in Roha, Maharashtra to manufacture a key perfumery intermediate. In 2007, AAPL entered into a 50:50 joint venture with les Dérivés Résiniques et Terpéniques (DRT), a reputed French multinational engaged in the research, development and manufacture of resin and terpene derivatives. In 2008, The Anthea Group took over Crown Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. located at Tarapur MIDC, and revamped this facility to manufacture synthetic Piperonal (Heliotropin) through a novel and eco-friendly route. In 2011, DRT took a substantial stake in Crown Chemicals. Subsequently, DRT increased its stake in Crown Chemicals, which is now a 50:50 JV between DRT and The Anthea Group. In 2016, ICICI Ventures, the private equity arm of ICICI Bank, is investing about Rs 120 crore for a minority stake in the Anthea Group. The Anthea Group is one of the most profitable in India with revenues of over Rs 350 crore (US$53 million) in 2015 – 16.

The Anthea Group consists of four companies. Anthea Aromatics was founded by Vincent Paul, who is a former head of organic chemistry at Hindustan Lever Ltd.

## Manufacturing facilities

The Anthea Group includes the following companies, spread across 4 locations.

Anthea AromaticsDRT–Anthea Aroma ChemicalsCrown Chemicals * Anthea Aromatics Pvt. Ltd., Rabale, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra.
* DRT-Anthea Aroma Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. (2 manufacturing units) Roha, Raigad, Maharashtra. A third unit is coming up in Roha, which is expected to be operational by Mar 2017.
* Crown Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Tarapur, Maharashtra.
* Catàsynth Speciality Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., established in 2016 and coming up in Mangalore SEZ, Karnataka.

## Research

The Research and Development Center of the Anthea Group is located in Rabale, Navi Mumbai. The Anthea Group claims special focus on green chemistry and eco-friendly processes. The R&D lab has been certified by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) since 2004.

### Development of Synthetic Heliotropin (Piperonal)

Heliotropin (also known as Piperonal), an extract of the Sassafras tree, is used in the manufacture of perfumes, soaps and body lotions. Natural Heliotropin is obtained from Sassafras oil which is extracted from the roots of the Sassafras tree, a species of deciduous trees in the family *Lauraceae*. The massive commercial felling of Sassafras forests has led to the danger of extinction of the species. It is estimated that around 5 million trees are cut down every year to meet the worldwide demand for Heliotropin. The Anthea Group through its in-house research developed a synthetic grade of Heliotropin having a high purity, and has set up manufacturing facilities in Group company, Crown Chemicals. Synthetic Piperonal manufactured in Crown Chemicals is widely used in Fragrance, Flavour and Pharmaceutical applications.

The US Food and Drug Administration has found synthetic Piperonal to be safe for human consumption.

## Timeline of Strategic Initiatives / Investments

* 1992: Commences manufacturing of F&F chemicals in Rabale, Navi Mumbai.
* 2002: Establishes manufacturing facility in Roha.
* 2007: Enters into a strategic tie-up with French multinational DRT (les Dérivés Résiniques et Terpéniques).
* 2007: Acquires Crown Chemicals in Tarapur.
* 2008: Establishes DRT-Anthea as a 50:50 JV with DRT. DRT-Anthea sets up new facility in Roha.
* 2009: Starts manufacturing synthetic Piperonal in Crown Chemicals. Obtains quality approvals from global F&F multinationals.
* 2011: DRT acquires a significant shareholding in Crown Chemicals, which has since been increased to 50%.
* 2011: DRT-Anthea purchases a 23,000 sq. m. plot in Roha for future expansion.
* 2014: Capacity expansion completed in Crown Chemicals.
* 2016: Group company Catàsynth Specialty Chemicals is formed.
* 2016: ICICI Ventures picks up minority stake in Anthea Aromatics for Rs 120 crore.
* 2017: Capacity expansion completed in DRT-Anthea Aroma Chemicals.

## InfoBox

Anthea Group
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Speciality Chemicals |
| Founder | Dr. Vincent Paul |
| Headquarters | Mumbai, India |
| Area served | Europe, North and South America, Asia-Pacific |
| Key people | Dr. Vincent Paul
(Chairman)
Dr. Paul Menacherry
(Managing Director)
Mathew Menacherry
(Director)
Mansoor Calcuttawala
(Director)
Arun Khanderia
(Director) |
| Divisions | * Anthea Aromatics * DRT-Anthea Aroma Chemicals * Catàsynth Speciality Chemicals |
| Website | www.antheagroup.com |


title: Elisabeth Samson

abstract: Elisabeth Samson was an Afro-Surinamese coffee plantation owner. She was born in about 1715 in Paramaribo to a freed slave, known as Mariana. All of her other siblings had been born as slaves and were emancipated by her half-brother Charlo Jansz. Raised in the home of her half-sister Maria Jansz, Samson was taught to read and write by her brothers-in law who also trained her in business. She began acquiring property at the age of 19, but was banished from the colony in 1736 after being convicted of slander. Her appeal, heard by the Dutch Parliament, was successful and she returned to Suriname in 1739. After acquiring slaves and two small coffee plantations, Samson entered a relationship with Carl Otto Creutz. Creutz was a soldier who was deeded property in 1749 by the governor for his service in making peace with local maroons. Focused on his military career and colonial politics, he turned his plantation, Clevia, over to Samson's management. She brought her own slaves to work on his plantation and within two years, the couple drew up a document confirming their joint ownership of Clevia, as well as of a cattle ranch and two townhomes in the city of Paramaribo. When he died in 1762, his half-ownership and other properties passed jointly to Samson and his brothers but she bought out their interests within two years. Samson continued to acquire properties with various family members, including her sister Nanette, with whom she established a successful export business, which traded using her own ship. In 1767, she married Hermanus Daniel Zobre (1737—1784), and became the first black woman in Suriname to marry a white man. She was a major coffee plantation owner and coffee export trader until her death in 1771. Her success as a business person, black slave owner, and her marriage to a white partner, challenged both the gender and racial norms of the times. While her personal history provides insight into the ways black and mixed-race women contributed to the economy and challenged social norms, it also expands knowledge of 18th-century social organization in Suriname. Her life and the controversies surrounding her choices have been examined by modern scholarship and in literary studies.

text:
# Elisabeth Samson

**Elisabeth Samson** (c. 1715 – 21 April 1771) was an Afro-Surinamese coffee plantation owner. She was born in about 1715 in Paramaribo to a freed slave, known as Mariana. All of her other siblings had been born as slaves and were emancipated by her half-brother Charlo Jansz. Raised in the home of her half-sister Maria Jansz, Samson was taught to read and write by her brothers-in law who also trained her in business. She began acquiring property at the age of 19, but was banished from the colony in 1736 after being convicted of slander. Her appeal, heard by the Dutch Parliament, was successful and she returned to Suriname in 1739.

After acquiring slaves and two small coffee plantations, Samson entered a relationship with Carl Otto Creutz. Creutz was a soldier who was deeded property in 1749 by the governor for his service in making peace with local maroons. Focused on his military career and colonial politics, he turned his plantation, *Clevia*, over to Samson's management. She brought her own slaves to work on his plantation and within two years, the couple drew up a document confirming their joint ownership of *Clevia*, as well as of a cattle ranch and two townhomes in the city of Paramaribo. When he died in 1762, his half-ownership and other properties passed jointly to Samson and his brothers but she bought out their interests within two years. Samson continued to acquire properties with various family members, including her sister Nanette, with whom she established a successful export business, which traded using her own ship.

In 1767, she married Hermanus Daniel Zobre (17371784), and became the first black woman in Suriname to marry a white man. She was a major coffee plantation owner and coffee export trader until her death in 1771. Her success as a business person, black slave owner, and her marriage to a white partner, challenged both the gender and racial norms of the times. While her personal history provides insight into the ways black and mixed-race women contributed to the economy and challenged social norms, it also expands knowledge of 18th-century social organization in Suriname. Her life and the controversies surrounding her choices have been examined by modern scholarship and in literary studies.

## Early life

Elisabeth Samson was born in 1715 in Paramaribo, Suriname, as the youngest child of a freedwoman, who had taken the name Mariana upon her emancipation from slavery, and an unknown black father. Mariana had originally been known as Nanoe and was brought to Suriname around 1700 from Saint Kitts by her owner Jan van Susteren. Susteren fathered two older siblings with Nanoe, Charlo and Maria Jansz, before his death in 1712. His will instructed that Nanoe and their two children were to be freed, though Nanoe's six other children by black men were to remain in slavery to his wife. These three family members attained their freedom in 1713, with the result that when she was born, Elisabeth was a free "negress". Samson's half-brother Charlo, purchased the rest of his siblings from Susteren's widow and before his death in 1732 had managed to obtain manumission for each of them.

Samson was raised in the household of her half-sister Maria and her husband Pierre Mivela, a Swiss merchant and owner of the *Salzhallen Plantation*. When Mivela died, Maria remarried a planter, Frederick Coenraad Bossche, who continued to provide a home for Samson. In the homes of both her brothers-in-law, Samson was taught to read and write and also learned to count. She was baptized when she was ten years old and the certificate noted her knowledge of the bible. From an early age, she worked with Bossche in his importing business and by 19 had begun to acquire her own property. In 1736, Samson was convicted of slander for having spread rumors about an alleged dispute between Governor Johan Raye van Breukelerwaard and a local coppersmith, Mr. Peltser (Pelzer) and his wife. Convicted and banished from the colony in 1737, she went to the Netherlands to appeal the verdict. A lawyer, hired by Bossche filed the case with the States General in The Hague, where Samson was residing in exile, and worked on the case for nearly two years from Suriname. In 1739, she was exonerated and allowed to return home.

## Career

Samson began to acquire slaves and purchased the *Toevlught* and *Welgemoed* coffee plantations over the next three years. In her mid-twenties, she became involved in a business and personal relationship with Carl Otto Creutz. He was from Emmerich am Rhein in the Duchy of Cleves, had come to Suriname in 1733 as an army cadet, and lived in the home of Samson's sister and brother-in-law. Rising through the ranks to captain and successfully assisting Governor Jan Jacob Mauricius in negotiating peace with the local maroons, Creutz was awarded a 1,000-acre plantation, *Clevia*, in 1749. To work the plantation, Samson brought her 200 slaves, who had remained her personal property. In 1750, the plantation was registered with local authorities to confirm their cohabitation and in 1751, a legal document was drawn up showing that Samson and Creutz had joint ownership of *Clevia*; a nearby cattle ranch, *La Solitude*; and two townhomes in Paramaribo. Creutz became involved in colonial politics, rising to membership in the Court of Policy, leaving Samson in charge of running their estates.

Their lavish home in Paramaribo was next door to the governor's house and was fitted with all the finery money could buy, including crystal chandeliers, china, mahogany furnishings, silver, a wine cellar and luxurious fabrics. The 44 house slaves lived in a separate property adjacent to their stables which were across the street from the main home. Above the stables was an apartment and next door was the other townhome the couple owned. Both were rented out to tenants. During his campaigns with the maroons, Creutz contracted malaria and from 1753 suffered from repeated periods of sickness from the disease. He died in November 1762 and Samson then inherited his half of their joint holdings for use during her lifetime, which would pass to his brothers when she died. Unwilling to have merely a life tenancy she prepared a purchase offer for the Creutz brothers which they accepted. Over the next two years, Samson paid the brothers ƒ155,000 (around £2,400,000 in 2024), becoming sole owner of the properties.

In 1764, Samson wrote to the Council of Policy and the governor, seeking permission to marry. Her fiancé was Christopher Polycarpus Braband, a white man who was the organist of the local Dutch Reformed Church and a tenant in one of her properties. Her request was denied in accordance with the 1685 law of Suriname which prohibited blacks and whites from marrying. Undaunted, she had her legal representatives in the Netherlands ask permission directly from the board of the Society of Suriname, which prompted the local authorities to write to the Society asking them to deny the request. Their appeal stated that the only argument in favor of the union was that her wealth might pass out of black hands and return to white possession after her death. Unable to reach a decision, the directors of the Society forwarded the request to the parliament. It took the States General three years to review the case, but they concluded that the colonial law differed from Dutch law, which did not exclude interracial marriage and that Dutch law overruled local statutes. Though Samson was now allowed to marry a white man, her fiancé had died in January 1766, during the drawn out legal proceedings.

Samson was not idle, while waiting for the decision on her marriage. Her older sister, Catharina Opperman had died in 1764 and left the plantations *Vlaardingen* and *Catharinasburg* to her sisters Elisabeth and Nanette Samson. The sisters then jointly purchased *Belwaarde Plantation*, the neighboring estate to *Clevia* and formerly owned by Governor Mauricius and began operating a coffee export business. Samson commissioned a shipyard in Amsterdam to build a frigate, the *Miss Nanette and Miss Elisabeth*, for their trade goods. The ship was completed and arrived in Suriname in 1767, where bags marked with the initials of the sisters and the plantation where the coffee was grown were loaded and shipped to overseas ports of call. When approval for her marriage to a white man was finally received in August of that year, Samson was resolute in wanting to increase her social standing by having a legitimate marriage. On 21 December 1767, she exchanged vows with a much younger man, Hermanus Daniel Zobre, (1737–1784) who had immigrated from The Hague in hopes of becoming a planter and was a neighbor of her sister Nanette. With her nuptials completed, Samson became the first black woman to be legally married to a white man in Suriname.

In 1768, Samson drew up a will leaving cash of ƒ23,000 (around £4,000,000 in 2024) to her family members and her real property to her husband. The coffee exports of 1768 and 1769 of the Samson sisters were profitably sold in Amsterdam, earning her an estimated annual income of between ƒ30,000–100,000 (around £5,000,000-17,500,000 in 2024) at a time when the colonial governor annually earned ƒ10,600 (£1,800,000 in 2024). The *Miss Nanette and Miss Elisabeth* was wrecked off the coast of North Carolina in 1769 and though the crew was rescued, the cargo was lost. In 1770, Samson and her sister Nanette each inherited 1/4 of their sister Maria's *Salzhallen Plantation*. At her death, Samson owned full interest in the *Clevia*, *De Goede Vreed*, *Toevlugt* and *Welgemoed* plantations and the *La Solitude* ranch. She also owned a half interest with her sister Nanette in the *Belwaarde*, *Catharinasburg*, *Onverwacht*, and *Vlaardingen* plantations, as well as a country estate; a quarter interest in the *Salzhalen Plantation*; and owned six homes in her own name and a half-interest in six other residences.

## Death and legacy

Samson died on 21 April 1771 and was buried without a headstone at the New Orange Garden Cemetery in Paramaribo. Her husband inherited over ƒ1,000,000 (around £165,600,000 in 2024) of property, which he promptly mortgaged and lived lavishly on the proceeds. A crop failure in 1772 and a bank crash in Amsterdam in 1773 then led him to take out a mortgage on *Belwaarde*. Unaware that he had mortgaged the property, Nanette tried to pay back the mortgage, but eventually declared bankruptcy in 1778. When Zobre died in 1784, having never paid the mortgages and with his family refusing the inheritance because of the debt, Jan and Theo Marselis, who owned a mercantile business in Amsterdam took over all of Samson's former estates.

As she had no children and her husband squandered her legacy, Samson was obscured in the historic record, often reflected as part of local folklore until writer and historian Cynthia McLeod decided to research her life, in 1988. Expanding her search beyond Suriname, McLeod consulted Dutch archives in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague, as well as records in Germany, piecing together and salvaging Samson's life story. Her history gives insight, not only into how black and mixed-race women were able to impact the economy of the Caribbean region and challenge social constructs in the 18th century, but also providing details of the larger society of Suriname in the period. The Elisabeth Samson House located at 22 Wagenwegstraat in Paramaribo has been declared part of the historic city center and was added to South America's World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2002. McLeod has lobbied for years to conserve the property and in 2019 established a foundation, hoping to raise adequate funding for faithful restoration of the home to how appeared in Samson's lifetime.

McLeod has repeatedly written about Samson in such historical studies as *Bronnen van Afro-Surinaamse Samenlevingen* (*Sources from Afro-Surinamese Societies*, 1993) and *Elisabeth Samson: Een vrije zwarte vrouw in het achttiende-eeuwse Suriname* (*Elisabeth Samson: A Free Black Woman in Eighteenth-century Suriname*, 1994) and a novel, *De vrije negerin Elisabeth* (*The Free Negress Elisabeth*, 2000), which was published in English in 2004. In 2014, *Elisabeth Samson versus de Nederlandse Staat* (*Elisabeth Samson versus the State of the Netherlands*), a play by the theater group Urban Myth, premiered at the Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam. The performance explored Samson's life and whether her ambition to use her wealth and power to gain equal legal treatment was solely for her own benefit. Written by the novelist, Karin Amatmoekrim, the play examined Samson's long quest to marry a white man and find her place in white society, calling into question why she had not worked to free other black people from slavery.

### Citations

1. Otto 2014.
2. McLeod 1998, p. 6.
3. McLeod 1998, pp. 6–7.
4. McLeod 1998, p. 4.
5. McLeod 1998, p. 7.
6. Candlin 2016.
7. McLeod 1998, pp. 7–8.
8. Hoefte 2013, p. 111.
9. McLeod 1998, p. 8.
10. McLeod 1998, p. 9.
11. Mays 2014, p. 109.
12. Frijhoff, Spies & Kloek 2004, p. 221.
13. Frijhoff, Spies & Kloek 2004, p. 222.
14. Hoefte 2013, p. 113.
15. Hoefte 2013, pp. 111, 127.
16. McLeod 1998, pp. 9–10.
17. McLeod 1998, p. 10.
18. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". *MeasuringWorth*. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
19. McLeod 1998, p. 2.
20. Vrij 2010, p. 28.
21. Jabini 2012.
22. McLeod 1998, p. 11.
23. McLeod 1998, p. 3.
24. Hoefte 2013, p. 112.
25. McLeod 1998, p. 12.
26. Summe 2010, p. 124.
27. Willemse 2014.
28. *Suriname Plantages* 2015.
29. Candlin & Pybus 2015, p. 3.
30. Candlin & Pybus 2015, p. 4.
31. McLeod 1998, p. 5.
32. *World Heritage Committee* 2002.
33. Oostendorp 2019.
34. de Roo 2000.
35. McLeod 1994.
36. Orthofer 2016, p. 486.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Samson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1715
Paramaribo, Suriname |
| Died | 21 April 1771(1771-04-21) (aged 55–56)
Paramaribo, Suriname |
| Occupation(s) | Plantation owner, businesswoman |


title: 1869 in Portugal

abstract: Events in the year 1869 in Portugal.

text:
# 1869 in Portugal

Events in the year **1869 in Portugal**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* 27 February  King Louis signs a decree of the government, chaired by the Marquis Sá da Bandeira, abolishing slavery in all Portuguese territories.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Portugal |


title: Eden growth model

abstract: The Eden growth model describes the growth of specific types of clusters such as bacterial colonies and deposition of materials. These clusters grow by random accumulation of material on their boundary. These are also an example of a surface fractal. The model, named after Murray Eden, was first described in 1961 as a way of studying biological growth, and was simulated on a computer for clusters up to about 32,000 cells. By the mid-1980s, clusters with a billion cells had been grown, and a slight anisotropy had been observed.

text:
# Eden growth model

The **Eden growth model** describes the growth of specific types of clusters such as bacterial colonies and deposition of materials. These clusters grow by random accumulation of material on their boundary. These are also an example of a surface fractal. The model, named after Murray Eden, was first described in 1961 as a way of studying biological growth, and was simulated on a computer for clusters up to about 32,000 cells. By the mid-1980s, clusters with a billion cells had been grown, and a slight anisotropy had been observed.


title: Everybody Cries

abstract: "Everybody Cries" is the third and final single to be released from English-Irish pop-group Liberty X's second studio album, Being Somebody. The single was released on 12 January 2004, peaking at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and number 24 on the Irish Singles Chart. The single only spent a further two weeks on the British chart before falling out of the top 40 completely. It was the band's last single with V2 Records, after being dropped by label boss Richard Branson.

text:
# Everybody Cries

"**Everybody Cries**" is the third and final single to be released from English-Irish pop-group Liberty X's second studio album, *Being Somebody*. The single was released on 12 January 2004, peaking at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and number 24 on the Irish Singles Chart. The single only spent a further two weeks on the British chart before falling out of the top 40 completely. It was the band's last single with V2 Records, after being dropped by label boss Richard Branson.

## Background

In its second week on the chart, the single fell to No. 26, before falling even further the following week, to No. 39. Whilst discussing the single during the ITV2 documentary *The Big Reunion*, band member Kelli Young revealed that the band were worried that releasing "Everybody Cries" as a single would be a risk, and she was not sure whether the fans "would get it", as the song was a power ballad. She stated that the risk was uncalculated as the band "had never really released along that line at the time".

## Music video

The music video for the song was filmed in October 2003, and features the band walking along disused railway lines in the English countryside, whilst behind the band, rubbish was showered, with items such as disused furniture and bicycles falling onto the railway tracks. The video was revolutionary to film at the time, as it took six days and a budget of nearly £150,000. However, the music video proved controversial, and received criticism from the Rail Safety and Standards Board, because of fears of copy-cat acts in the future. This fear proved unfounded.

## Track listing

**UK CD single 1**

1. "Everybody Cries" (Radio Edit) – 3:59
2. "Sunshine" – 3:24

**UK CD single 2**

1. "Everybody Cries" (Album Version) – 4:56
2. "Everybody Cries" (Bimbo Jones Mix) – 7:44
3. "Enemy" – 3:39
4. "Everybody Cries" (Behind The Scenes Footage) – 2:08

**UK DVD single**

1. "Everybody Cries" (Video) – 3:59
2. "Jumpin'" (Video) – 3:38
3. "Everybody Cries" (Wookie Mix) (Audio) – 5:01

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 24 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 14 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 13 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 5 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 12 January 2004 |  | V2 |  |

## InfoBox

| "Everybody Cries" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Liberty X | |
| from the album  *Being Somebody* | |
| B-side | * "Sunshine" * "Enemy" |
| Released | 12 January 2004 |
| Length | 3:59 |
| Label | V2 Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Hannah Robinson, Pascal Gabriel |
| Producer(s) | Marius de Vries |
| Liberty X singles chronology | |
| "Jumpin"
(2003) "**Everybody Cries**"
(2004) "Fresh"
(2004) | |


title: 1800 in Siam

abstract: The year 1800 was the 19th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam. It was the nineteenth year in the reign of King Rama I.

text:
# 1800 in Siam

The year 1800 was the 19th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (now known as Thailand). It was the nineteenth year in the reign of King Rama I.

## Incumbents

## Events

* A fire spreads through the Chinatown neighbourhood in Bangkok.

## Births

## Deaths

* Stearn, Duncan (June 14, 2016). *Thailand Timeline: History 1500-2015*. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1533038364.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Antonio Marin (footballer, born 2001)

abstract: Antonio Marin is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Slovenian PrvaLiga club Olimpija Ljubljana. A versatile forward, Marin is capable of playing as either a winger, a second striker, or a striker. He has represented Croatia internationally from under-15 to under-21 level.

text:
# Antonio Marin (footballer, born 2001)

**Antonio Marin** (Croatian pronunciation: \[antǒːnio mâriːn\]; born 9 January 2001) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Slovenian PrvaLiga club Olimpija Ljubljana. A versatile forward, Marin is capable of playing as either a winger, a second striker, or a striker.

He has represented Croatia internationally from under-15 to under-21 level.

## Club career

### Dinamo Zagreb

Born in Zagreb, Marin started his youth career with ZET, before signing for the academy of Dinamo Zagreb in 2009. In spite of being strongly linked to AC Milan, Manchester City, Paris Saint-Germain and Juventus in September 2017, he signed a three-year long professional contract with the club on 9 October 2017. On 19 May 2018, he made his first team debut, replacing Petar Stojanović in a 3–1 victory over Inter Zaprešić.

On 12 March 2019, in a UEFA Youth League round of 16 game against Liverpool, he provided Leon Šipoš with an assist for the equalizer. The game ended as a 1–1 draw and saw Dinamo win 5–4 on penalties. On 3 April, in a quarter-final against Chelsea, he netted a brace to put Dinamo two up; however, Chelsea came from behind with Luke McCormick's brace and defeated Dinamo 4–2 on penalties. On 11 December, in another Youth League campaign, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Manchester City and secured Dinamo's spot in the play-offs.

After the departure of Dani Olmo in January 2020, Marin inherited his number 7 shirt. On 6 June 2020, he scored his first senior goal for Dinamo in a 3–1 win over Varaždin.

#### Loan to Monza

On 1 October 2020, Marin was sent on a one-year loan to newly-promoted Serie B side Monza, with an option for purchase which becomes an obligation under certain conditions. He made his debut on 7 November, coming on as a substitute for Dany Mota in a 2–0 home victory over Frosinone. His loan ended in January 2021, as he was dissatisfied with his playtime.

#### Loan to Lokomotiva

On 4 February 2021, he moved on loan to Lokomotiva.

#### Loan to Šibenik

In June 2021, Marin joined Šibenik on a season-long loan.

#### Loan on Rijeka

In December 2022, Marin was loaned out to Rijeka by Dinamo Zagreb on a short-term deal.

### Olimpija Ljubljana

On 17 January 2024, Marin signed for reigning Slovenian PrvaLiga champions Olimpija Ljubljana on a three-year contract following the termination of his contract with Dinamo Zagreb. In his second appearance for the club on 17 February, he scored a brace against Radomlje in a 3–1 win, but suffered a knee injury and had to undergo surgery.

## Style of play

Although Marin generally plays as a winger, his versatility in attack makes him adept both as a second striker and a striker. He is known for his speed, dribbling abilities and skill in set pieces.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of match played 20 May 2022*

| Club | Season | League | | | National cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Dinamo Zagreb II | 2018–19 | Druga HNL | 6 | 5 |  | |  | | 6 | 5 |
| | 2020–21 | Druga HNL | 3 | 3 |  | |  | | 3 | 3 |
| | Total | | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 8 |
| Dinamo Zagreb | 2017–18 | Prva HNL | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 1 | 0 |
| | 2018–19 | Prva HNL | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | Prva HNL | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 1 |
| | 2020–21 | Prva HNL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | Total | | 21 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 |
| Monza (loan) | 2020–21 | Serie B | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 7 | 0 |
| Lokomotiva (loan) | 2020–21 | Prva HNL | 15 | 0 |  | |  | | 15 | 0 |
| Šibenik (loan) | 2021–22 | Prva HNL | 35 | 8 | 2 | 0 |  | | 37 | 8 |
| Career total | | | 86 | 17 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 92 | 17 |

## Honours

**Dinamo Zagreb**

1. "Antonio Marin". *GNK Dinamo*. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
2. "Àntūn". *Hrvatski jezični portal* (in Croatian). Retrieved 8 March 2020. Antónije
3. "Mȁrīn". *Hrvatski jezični portal* (in Croatian). Retrieved 8 March 2020.
4. "Antonio Marin signs professional contract with Dinamo". GNK Dinamo Zagreb. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
5. "Milan, occhi sul giovane Marin della Dinamo Zagabria" \[Milan, eyes on the young Marin from Dinamo Zagreb\] (in Italian). Milan Live. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
6. "Dinamo celebrated the title, Soudani the top scorer". GNK Dinamo Zagreb. 19 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
7. "Dinamo Zagreb beat Liverpool to reach UEFA Youth League quarterfinal". *Croatia Week*. 12 March 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
8. "Dinamo Zagreb fail to reach UEFA Youth League semifinal". *Croatia Week*. 3 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
9. Vukušić, Danijel (11 December 2019). "City pao u Zagrebu! Dinamovi klinci imaju proljeće u Europi!". *24sata* (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
10. Ničota, Tomo (17 September 2020). "Dvije ponude riješile sve dvojbe! Velika Dinamova nada i nesuđeni 'projekt kluba' odlazi iz Maksimira". *Sportske novosti* (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2020.
11. Ničota, Tomo (7 June 2020). "Video: Dobio povjerenje i podršku svlačionice! Energijom je 'zarazio' igrače, a posebno one s autoritetom". *Sportske novosti* (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
12. "Antonio Marin è del Monza!". *www.monzacalcio.com* (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
13. "Croatia – A. Marin – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway". *int.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
14. "Monza vs. Frosinone - 7 November 2020 - Soccerway". *int.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
15. Ničota, Tomo (25 January 2021). "Ništa od novog odlaska Dinamovog povratnika, što će to značiti za dolazak pojačanja iz Gorice!?". *Sportske novosti* (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
16. "Antonio Marin novi je član Lokomotive" (in Croatian). Lokomotiva. 4 February 2021.
17. "Stipe Bačelić-Grgić i Antonio Marin potpisali za Šibenik". *Nacional* (in Croatian). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
18. Vežnaver, Fiore (7 December 2022). "Na Rujevicu na posudbu iz Dinama stigao Antonio Marin, Haris Vučkić i Matej Vuk više nisu igrači Rijeke". *Burin* (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 February 2024.
19. "Antonio Marin odslej v zeleno-belem" \[Antonio Marin from now on in green and white\]. *nkolimpija.si* (in Slovenian). 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
20. "Trajalo je eno samo tekmo: Velika okrepitev Olimpije s strganimi vezmi, Antonio Marin več mesecev ne bo igral nogometa" (in Slovenian). Nogomania. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
21. "Antonio Marin è del Monza!". *monzacalcio.com* (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.

## InfoBox

Antonio Marin
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2001-01-09) 9 January 2001 | | |
| Place of birth | Zagreb, Croatia | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger, second striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Olimpija Ljubljana | | |
| Number | 99 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2007–2009 | NK ZET | | |
| 2009–2017 | Dinamo Zagreb | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018–2020 | Dinamo Zagreb II | 9 | (8) |
| 2018–2024 | Dinamo Zagreb | 33 | (1) |
| 2020–2021 | Monza (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 2021 | Lokomotiva (loan) | 15 | (0) |
| 2021–2022 | Šibenik (loan) | 35 | (8) |
| 2022–2023 | Rijeka (loan) | 18 | (3) |
| 2024– | Olimpija Ljubljana | 2 | (2) |
| International career | | | |
| 2015 | Croatia U15 | 5 | (1) |
| 2016 | Croatia U16 | 4 | (0) |
| 2016–2018 | Croatia U17 | 27 | (7) |
| 2018–2020 | Croatia U19 | 14 | (10) |
| 2021 | Croatia U20 | 2 | (2) |
| 2019–2022 | Croatia U21 | 15 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 17 February 2024 | | | |


title: Aristotelia australasica

abstract: Aristotelia australasica, the mountain wineberry, is a shrub in the family Elaeocarpaceae. It grows in or near cool rainforest areas in northern New South Wales, Australia.

text:
# Aristotelia australasica

***Aristotelia australasica***, the **mountain wineberry**, is a shrub in the family Elaeocarpaceae. It grows in or near cool rainforest areas in northern New South Wales, Australia.

## InfoBox

| Mountain wineberry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At Werrikimbe National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Oxalidales |
| Family: | Elaeocarpaceae |
| Genus: | *Aristotelia* |
| Species: | ***A. australasica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aristotelia australasica***<br>F.Muell. | |
|


title: American University of Madaba

abstract: The American University of Madaba is a non-profit university located in Madaba, Jordan. It opened in October 2011, and expects to eventually accommodate 8,000 students once the campus is completed. The standards of teaching qualifications and experience satisfy the accreditation requirements of the Higher Education Accreditation Commission (HEAC) in Jordan. The university is established by the Latin Patriarchate in Jerusalem which received the license from the Higher Education Council of Jordan in 2005 under the name of the University of Madaba. On 9 May 2009, Pope Benedict XVI laid the cornerstone of the university, whose name was later changed to become the American University of Madaba (AUM) as of 29 May 2011. The official inauguration took place on 30 May 2013 in the presence of the King of Jordan Abdullah II and of the Pope's representative, Cardinal Leonardo Sandri.

text:
# American University of Madaba

The **American University of Madaba** (Arabic: الجامعة الاميركية في مادبا) is a non-profit university located in Madaba, Jordan. It opened in October 2011, and expects to eventually accommodate 8,000 students once the campus is completed. The standards of teaching qualifications and experience satisfy the accreditation requirements of the Higher Education Accreditation Commission (HEAC) in Jordan.

The university is established by the Latin Patriarchate in Jerusalem which received the license from the Higher Education Council of Jordan in 2005 under the name of the University of Madaba. On 9 May 2009, Pope Benedict XVI laid the cornerstone of the university, whose name was later changed to become the American University of Madaba (AUM) as of 29 May 2011. The official inauguration took place on 30 May 2013 in the presence of the King of Jordan Abdullah II and of the Pope's representative, Cardinal Leonardo Sandri.

31°39′40″N 35°48′00″E / 31.66111°N 35.80000°E / 31.66111; 35.80000

## InfoBox

American University of Madaba
| الجامعة الاميركية في مادبا | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other name | AUM |
| Type | private university (catholic) |
| Established | 2011 |
| Chairman | Eng. Azzam Shweihat |
| President | Prof. Mamoun Akroush |
| Location | Madaba, Jordan |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, AArU American universities. |
| Website | aum.edu.jo |


title: Antonius Jan Glazemaker

abstract: Antonius Jan Glazemaker served as the twenty-first Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht, from 1982 to 2000. Born on April 19, 1931, to Old Catholic parents, Glazemaker was raised in the Netherlands during a period ecumenical initiatives and the creation of the World Council of Churches. On July 1, 1956, Glazemaker was ordained to the priesthood in Hilversum by Archbishop of Utrecht Andreas Rinkel. In 1979, he was appointed the 13th bishop of Deventer, an office that he assumed on December 8, 1979, in IJmuiden, where he served as pastor. On February 6, 1982, Glazemaker was elected Archbishop of Utrecht, succeeding Marinus Kok, who had retired. Under his leadership, the Old Catholic Church allowed for remarriage after divorce and ordained its first woman priest in 1999. Glazemaker retired as Archbishop of Utrecht on February 12, 2000.

text:
# Antonius Jan Glazemaker

**Antonius Jan Glazemaker** (19 April 1931 – 20 January 2018) served as the twenty-first Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht, from 1982 to 2000.

Born on April 19, 1931, to Old Catholic parents, Glazemaker was raised in the Netherlands during a period ecumenical initiatives and the creation of the World Council of Churches.

On July 1, 1956, Glazemaker was ordained to the priesthood in Hilversum by Archbishop of Utrecht Andreas Rinkel. In 1979, he was appointed the 13th bishop of Deventer, an office that he assumed on December 8, 1979, in IJmuiden, where he served as pastor.

On February 6, 1982, Glazemaker was elected Archbishop of Utrecht, succeeding Marinus Kok, who had retired.

Under his leadership, the Old Catholic Church allowed for remarriage after divorce and ordained its first woman priest in 1999.

Glazemaker retired as Archbishop of Utrecht on February 12, 2000.

## InfoBox

| Antonius Jan Glazemaker | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht | |
| Church | Old Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Utrecht |
| In office | 1982–2000 |
| Predecessor | Marinus Kok |
| Successor | Joris Vercammen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1931-04-19)19 April 1931
Hilversum |
| Died | 20 January 2018(2018-01-20) (aged 86)
Amersfoort |


title: 1999–2000 NWHL season

text:
# 1999–2000 NWHL season

## 1999-2000

### Final standings

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, Pts = Points.

Eastern Division
| No. | Team | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Sainte Julie Pantheres** | 35 | 20 | 8 | 7 | 109 | 68 | 47 |
| 2 | **Montreal Wingstar** | 35 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 116 | 62 | 46 |
| 3 | **Ottawa Raiders** | 35 | 9 | 20 | 6 | 61 | 109 | 24 |
| 4 | **Laval Le Mistral** | 35 | 7 | 23 | 5 | 78 | 177 | 19 |

Western Division
| No. | Team | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Beatrice Aeros** | 40 | 35 | 3 | 2 | 217 | 37 | 72 |
| 2 | **Brampton Thunder** | 40 | 29 | 5 | 6 | 208 | 64 | 64 |
| 3 | **Mississauga Chiefs** | 40 | 21 | 13 | 6 | 133 | 79 | 48 |
| 4 | **Clearnet Lightning** | 40 | 4 | 33 | 3 | 44 | 249 | 11 |
| 5 | **Scarborough Sting** | 40 | 3 | 34 | 3 | 49 | 170 | 9 |

## Playoffs

### Eastern Division Final

Montreal Wingstar vs Sainte-Julie Pantheres

* Saturday March 4, 2000: Sainte-Julie Pantheres 6 Montreal Wingstar 0
* Sunday March 5, 2000: Montreal Wingstar 2 Sainte-Julie Pantheres 1
* Sunday March 5, 2000: Overtime tiebreaker: Montreal Wingstar 0 Sainte-Julie Panthères 1

Sainte-Julie Pantheres wins series 1–1 (1–0 win in overtime tiebreaker)

### Western Division Final

Brampton Thunder vs Beatrice Aeros

* Saturday March 4, 2000 : Beatrice Aeros 4 Brampton Thunder 3
* Monday, March 6, 2000: Brampton Thunder 2 Beatrice Aeros 4

Beatrice Aeros win series 2–0

### NWHL Finals

In the first game, the Sainte-Julie Pantheres came back and tied the game 2-2. In the deciding game, Beatrice Aeros player Cherie Piper scored in the first period. That would prove to be the game-winning goal as Beatrice claimed the championship by a 1–0 score. Lauren Goldstein earned the shutout for the Aeros. Goaltender Marie-Claude Roy of the Sainte-Julie Pantheres was selected MVP for the Finals. She stopped 80 of 83 shots in the two game series.

* March 18, 2000: Sainte-Julie Pantheres 2, Beatrice Aeros 2
* March 19, 2000: Beatrice Aeros 1, Sainte-Julie Panthere 0

Beatrice Aeros wins title based on most goals scored.

**The Beatrice Aeros won the Championship of the NWHL.**

## Team by team

### Laval Le Mistral

In 1999–2000, Laval Le Mistral's Annie Desrosiers was second in the league in goals with 29. Her 45 points ranked eleventh in the league. She was an assistant captain despite being a 20-year-old. For the 2000–01 season, the team captain was 21-year-old Anik Bouchard. Two members of the Japanese National Team competed for Le Mistral. Masako Sato was second in team scoring in 1999–2000, and her sister Rie played only one season (1999–2000).

During the 1999–2000 season, Le Mistral allowed an average of five goals per game, second last in the NWHL. Goaltender Marieve Dyotte was 5-10-1 with a 6.44 goals against average, while Vania Goeury was 2-14-3 with 4.08 GAA. During the season, Laval received 605 penalty minutes. The result was allowing 44 goals in 35 games. Anik Bouchard had 91 minutes, Chartrand (88 minutes) and Valerie Levesque had 60 minutes.

### Sainte-Julie Pantheres

During the 1999–2000 season, Sainte-Julie Pantheres finished ahead of the Montreal Wingstar in first place by one point. The club defeated Laval and Montreal in the playoffs, and faced the Beatrice Aeros in the finals in Brampton, Ont.

In the net, Marie-Claude Roy compiled an 11-6-4 record and a 2.02 Goals against average. The other goalie, Isabelle Leclaire, posted a 9-2-2 record and a 1.95 GAA. National team member Nancy Drolet scored 29 goals and added 17 assists. Mai-Lan Le scored 31 points in 31 games.

## International

The NWHL had 18 players represent their respective countries at the 2000 Women's World Hockey Championships in Mississauga, Ontario. Rob Insley, of the Beatrice Aeros, will be equipment manager for Team Canada.

| **Player** | **Team** | **Position** | **Country** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sami Jo Small | Brampton Thunder | Goalie | Canada |
| Chris Bailey | Ottawa Raiders | Defense | USA |
| Therese Brisson | Montréal Wingstar | Defense | Canada |
| Geraldine Heaney | Beatrice Aeros | Defense | Canada |
| Becky Kellar | Beatrice Aeros | Defense | Canada |
| Sue Merz | Brampton Thunder | Defense | USA |
| Cheryl Pounder | Beatrice Aeros | Defense | Canada |
| Nathalie Rivard | Mississauga Chiefs | Defense | Canada |
| Rie Sato | Laval Le Mistral | Defense | Japan |
| Amanda Benoit | Beatrice Aeros | Forward | Canada |
| Cassie Campbell | Beatrice Aeros | Forward | Canada |
| Nancy Drolet | Saint-Julie Panthères | Forward | Canada |
| Lori Dupuis | Brampton Thunder | Forward | Canada |
| Brandy Fisher | Ottawa Raiders | Forward | USA |
| Jayna Hefford | Brampton Thunder | Forward | Canada |
| Caroline Ouellette | Montréal Wingstar | Forward | Canada |
| Masako Sato | Laval Le Mistral | Forward | Japan |
| Vicky Sunohara | Brampton Thunder | Forward | Canada |


title: 1991 JSL Cup final

abstract: 1991 JSL Cup Final was the 16th final of the JSL Cup competition. The final was played at Nagoya Mizuho Athletics Stadium in Aichi on September 1, 1991. Yomiuri won the championship.

text:
# 1991 JSL Cup final

**1991 JSL Cup Final** was the 16th final of the JSL Cup competition. The final was played at Nagoya Mizuho Athletics Stadium in Aichi on September 1, 1991. Yomiuri won the championship.

## Overview

Yomiuri won their 3rd title, by defeating Honda 4–3 with Nobuhiro Takeda, Toninho, Kazuyoshi Miura and Tsuyoshi Kitazawa goal.

## Match details

| Yomiuri | 4-3 | Honda |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nobuhiro Takeda  41'
Toninho  68'
Kazuyoshi Miura  80'
Tsuyoshi Kitazawa  89' |  | Hisashi Kurosaki  54', 82'
Yoshiyuki Hasegawa  65' |

Nagoya Mizuho Athletics Stadium

## InfoBox

1991 JSL Cup Final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | September 1, 1991 |
| Venue | Nagoya Mizuho Athletics Stadium, Aichi |
|


title: 1989 Tel Aviv murders

abstract: In October 1989, seven civilians were murdered in Tel Aviv, Israel. In what was described by Reuters as "Israel's worst multiple murder case," five women and two men were strangled to death with a nylon rope in an apartment in Tel Aviv and in nearby Jaffa. According to Reuters, the victims were "mainly prostitutes, drug addicts and petty criminals." Their bodies were discovered on 20 October; police stated they had been killed 24 to 48 hours earlier. On 20 November, 32-year-old Mohammed Halabi, a Palestinian informant who worked for the Israeli security agency Shin Bet, was arrested for the murders in his house at Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip. Halabi confessed to police that he had killed the victims on orders from the Palestinian resistance movement, and that "collaborators" and prostitutes were among those he killed. However, Israel Radio stated that police believed that the victims were killed in an unrelated dispute. On 25 January 1990, Halabi was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders. The Tel Aviv District Court also sentenced him to 40 additional years in prison for two attempted murders.

text:
# 1989 Tel Aviv murders

In October 1989, seven civilians were murdered in Tel Aviv, Israel. In what was described by Reuters as "Israel's worst multiple murder case," five women (three Jews and two Arabs) and two men (one Arab and one Jew) were strangled to death with a nylon rope in an apartment in Tel Aviv and in nearby Jaffa. According to Reuters, the victims were "mainly prostitutes, drug addicts and petty criminals." Their bodies were discovered on 20 October; police stated they had been killed 24 to 48 hours earlier.

On 20 November, 32-year-old Mohammed Halabi, a Palestinian informant who worked for the Israeli security agency Shin Bet, was arrested for the murders in his house at Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip. Halabi confessed to police that he had killed the victims on orders from the Palestinian resistance movement, and that "collaborators" and prostitutes were among those he killed. However, Israel Radio stated that police believed that the victims were killed in an unrelated dispute.

On 25 January 1990, Halabi was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders. The Tel Aviv District Court also sentenced him to 40 additional years in prison for two attempted murders.

## InfoBox

| 1989 Tel Aviv murders | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Tel Aviv and Jaffa, Israel |
| Date | 18/19 October 1989 |
| Attack type | Spree killing |
| Weapons | Nylon rope |
| Deaths | 7 civilians |
| Injured | 0 |
| Perpetrator | Mohammed Halabi |


title: Emon Chowdhury

abstract: Mustafizur Rahman Chowdhury Emon, known as Emon Chowdhury, is a Bangladeshi musician best known as working outside of the rock band Chirkutt. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director for his work in the film Maya: The Lost Mother.

text:
# Emon Chowdhury

**Mustafizur Rahman Chowdhury Emon** (born 19 July 1990), known as **Emon Chowdhury**, is a Bangladeshi musician best known as working outside of the rock band Chirkutt. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director for his work in the film *Maya: The Lost Mother*.

## Background

Emon Chowdhury's father Matiur Rahman Chowdhury was the principal of Nazrul Academy in Narshingdi.

## Filmography

### As a music director

| Year | Film | Director | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *No Ground Beneath the Feet* | Mohammad Rabby Mridha |  |
| 2021 | *Raat Jaga Phool* | Mir Sabbir | Composer |
| 2022 | *Paap Punno* | Giasuddin Selim | Singer with Atia Anisha |
| 2022 | *Hawa* | Mejbaur Rahman Sumon |  |
| 2023 | *Surongo* | Raihan Rafi | song: "Dhukkur Pukkur" |
|

## InfoBox

| Emon Chowdhury | |
| --- | --- |
| ইমন চৌধুরী | |
| Chowdhury in 2014 | |
| Born | Mustafizur Rahman Chowdhury Emon<br>(1990-07-19) 19 July 1990 |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, guitarist |
| Known for | Guitarist of Chirkutt |
| Awards | Bangladesh National Film Award |


title: Arlene Becker

abstract: Arlene A. Becker is a Democratic Party former member of the Montana House of Representatives, representing District 52 from 2002. She earlier served from 1991 through 1992.

text:
# Arlene Becker

**Arlene A. Becker** is a Democratic Party former member of the Montana House of Representatives, representing District 52 from 2002. She earlier served from 1991 through 1992.

1. Gransbery, Jim (September 23, 2004). "Becker and Hanel, in HD52, wary of sales-tax proposals". *Billings Gazette*. Lee Enterprises. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
2. Gransberry, Jim (January 24, 2004). "Becker chooses to campaign in HD52". *Billings Gazette*. Lee Enterprises. Archived from the original on December 1, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Arlene Becker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Montana House of Representatives
from the 52nd district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 2003  January 3, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Virginia Court |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1948-12-27) December 27, 1948
Rock Falls, Illinois |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Spouse | Paul Russell Brown |
| Residence | Billings, Montana |
| Alma mater | Loyola University Chicago
Montana State University - Bozeman |
| Profession | registered nurse, accountant |
|  | |


title: Arisaema triphyllum

abstract: Arisaema triphyllum, the Jack-in-the-pulpit, is a species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae. It is a member of the Arisaema triphyllum complex, a group of four or five closely related taxa in eastern North America. The specific name triphyllum means "three-leaved", a characteristic feature of the species, which is also referred to as Indian turnip, bog onion, and brown dragon. Used without qualification, the name Arisaema triphyllum is ambiguous. For clarity, the qualified name Arisaema triphyllum sensu stricto refers to the species while Arisaema triphyllum sensu lato refers to the species complex. The latter includes the species among its members. Arisaema triphyllum sensu lato is wide-ranging across eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Manitoba in eastern Canada, and from Texas to Florida in the southern United States. It is common throughout most of its range.

text:
# Arisaema triphyllum

***Arisaema triphyllum***, the **Jack-in-the-pulpit**, is a species of flowering plant in the arum family Araceae. It is a member of the *Arisaema triphyllum* complex, a group of four or five closely related taxa in eastern North America. The specific name *triphyllum* means "three-leaved", a characteristic feature of the species, which is also referred to as **Indian turnip**, **bog onion**, and **brown dragon**.

Used without qualification, the name *Arisaema triphyllum* is ambiguous. For clarity, the qualified name *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto (abbreviated s.s.) refers to the species while *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato refers to the species complex. The latter includes the species (*Arisaema triphyllum*) among its members.

*Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato is wide-ranging across eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Manitoba in eastern Canada, and from Texas to Florida in the southern United States. It is common throughout most of its range.

## Description

The ***Arisaema triphyllum* complex** includes four closely related species: *Arisaema pusillum*, *Arisaema stewardsonii*, *Arisaema quinatum*, and *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto. A fifth species (*Arisaema acuminatum*) is sometimes included but its validity is controversial.

*Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato is a herbaceous, perennial, flowering plant growing from a corm. It typically grows up to two feet (61 cm) tall, but populations in Georgia and Florida are known to reach almost twice that height. It has 1 or 2 leaves, each with three leaflets (*triphyllum*). Occasionally the lateral leaflets will be two-parted or lobed, giving the appearance of five leaflets per leaf. One species (*A. quinatum*) typically has five pseudo-leaflets per leaf.

The small, inconspicuous flowers of Jack-in-the-pulpit are borne on a fleshy, spike-like inflorescence called a spadix ("Jack"), which is enclosed (or nearly enclosed) by a large, sometimes colorful bract called a spathe ("pulpit"). The flowers are clustered around the base of the spadix inside the spathe. A sterile **spadix appendix** protrudes from the mouth of the **spathe tube**. The appendix is covered by the leafy tip of the spathe, referred to as the **spathe hood** (or **spathe lamina**). The lip along the mouth of the spathe tube, used as a landing platform for winged insects, is called the **spathe flange**.

The inflorescence can be male (with male flowers only), bisexual (with both male and female flowers), or female (with female flowers only). *Arisaema* is quite unusual in that individuals change sex in a pattern determined by their size. In a small plant, most if not all of the flowers are male. As the plant matures and grows larger, the spadix produces female flowers as well as male flowers. The transition from male to female continues until eventually the plant produces female flowers only. This is an example of dichogamy, a rare phenomenon in flowering plants. Due to this sex-change lifecycle, this species is sometimes called colloquially as **Jack or Jill in the pulpit** or **Jill-in-the-pulpit**.

The unripe fruits are smooth, shiny green berries (each 1 cm wide) clustered around the thickened spadix. Fruits ripen in the late summer and early fall, turning a conspicuous bright red color. Each berry typically produces 15 seeds, which are white to light tan, rounded, often with flattened edges and a short sharp point at the top. If the seeds are freed from the berry, they will germinate the next spring, producing seedlings each with a single rounded leaf. A seedling needs three or more years of growth before it becomes mature enough to flower.

*Arisaema pusillum*, *Arisaema stewardsonii*, and *Arisaema quinatum* are diploid with 28 chromosomes. *Arisaema triphyllum* s.s. is predominantly tetraploid with 56 chromosomes but plants otherwise indistinguishable from typical *A. triphyllum* occasionally have 28 chromosomes. Two such plants were found in Cayuga County, New York in the 1940s. The evolutionary origin of the tetraploid is unknown.

### Identification

The following table of characteristics serves to separate the members of the *Arisaema triphyllum* complex:

|  | ***Arisaema triphyllum*** s.s. | ***Arisaema pusillum*** | ***Arisaema stewardsonii*** | ***Arisaema quinatum*** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Leaflets, abaxial** | Glaucous | Light green, glossy | Light green, glossy | Glaucous |
| **Leaflets, lateral** | Very gibbous or lobed | Slightly or moderately gibbous (lobed) | Slightly gibbous | Two-parted or lobed or very gibbous |
| **Spathe tube** | Smooth to slightly fluted | Smooth to slightly fluted | **Strongly fluted** | Smooth |
| **Spathe hood shape** | Broad lanceolate to ovate, tip acute or acuminate | Lanceolate to ovate, tip acuminate | Ovate, tip acute | Oval to orbicular, tip abruptly apiculate |
| **Spathe hood color, adaxial** | Green with purple stripes or wholly green | Wholly purple or wholly green, rarely purple with fine green stripes | Green with purple stripes in the throat | Green |
| **Spathe flange** | Flat or slightly revolute, 4.5–7 mm wide | Revolute, 1–3 mm wide | Revolute, 1–3 mm wide | 2–5 mm broad, flaring |
| **Spadix appendix** | Clavate (shaped like a club), straight, 4–10 mm in diameter | Cylindric (shaped like a cylinder), straight, 2–5 mm in diameter | Cylindric, straight, 2–5 mm in diameter | Cylindric, **curved outward**, 1–2 mm in diameter |
| **Somatic chromosome number** | 56 (28) | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| **Habitat** | Mesic (moist) deciduous woodlands | Hydric (wet) deciduous woodlands, swamps, wetlands | Hydric deciduous woodlands, bogs, swamps, wetlands | Mesic deciduous woodlands |
| **Range** | Wide-ranging across eastern North America | Primarily southeastern U.S. | Primarily northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada | Endemic to southeastern U.S. |

In the body of the table above, important diagnostic characters are emphasized in **bold**. To identify an individual to species, ask the following questions (in order):

1. Is it *Arisaema stewardsonii*? (Does it have a strongly fluted spathe tube?) If not, continue.
2. Is it *Arisaema quinatum*? (Does it have a curved spadix appendix?) If not, continue.
3. Is it *Arisaema pusillum*? (Check for multiple matching characters.) Otherwise it is *Arisaema triphyllum* s.s.

Although the taxa are morphologically distinct, identification may be difficult, especially from herbarium specimens where the required characters are often lost in pressing and drying.

Non-flowering plants are sometimes confused with those of *Pinellia*, a genus of plants native to East Asia but introduced to a handful of states in the eastern U.S., including the District of Columbia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.

## Taxonomy

*Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto was first described as *Arum triphyllum* by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the first edition of *Species Plantarum* in 1753. Linnaeus expanded the description of the taxon in the second edition published in 1763. The Austrian botanist Heinrich Wilhelm Schott placed *Arum triphyllum* L. in the genus *Arisaema* in 1832. The name *Arisaema triphyllum* (L.) Schott is widely used today despite a taxonomic disruption that prevailed during the second half of the twentieth century.

By 1903, four additional species of *Arisaema* in eastern North America had been described: *Arisaema acuminatum* Small, *Arisaema pusillum* (Peck) Nash, *Arisaema quinatum* (Nutt.) Schott, and *Arisaema stewardsonii* Britton. In 1940, Merritt Lyndon Fernald posed the question "What is *Arisaema triphyllum*?", arguing that the type described by Linnaeus was in fact *Arisaema pusillum*, a claim that destabilized the existing nomenclature. In response, a proposal to conserve the name and type of *Arum triphyllum* L. was briefly considered, but in 1993 the Committee for Spermatophyta recommended against the proposal, which effectively established the name *Arisaema triphyllum* (L.) Schott as the official name of the entity. However, the committee's action left botanists with an inherently unstable nomenclature.

Dismissing Fernald's claim as inconclusive, Donald Grunert Huttleston introduced three subspecies of *Arisaema triphyllum* in 1949, and a fourth subspecies in 1981. He discussed but rejected a fifth taxon believed to be of hybrid origin. Together with their basionyms and other synonyms, these five taxa are sometimes referred to as the ***Arisaema triphyllum* complex**:

| Species | Subspecies | Varieties |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Arisaema acuminatum* Small |  | *Arisaema triphyllum* var. *acuminatum* (Small) Engl. |
| *Arisaema pusillum* (Peck) Nash | *Arisaema triphyllum* subsp. *pusillum* (Peck) Huttl. | *Arisaema triphyllum* var. *pusillum* Peck |
| *Arisaema quinatum* (Nutt.) Schott
Basionym: *Arum quinatum* Nutt. | *Arisaema triphyllum* subsp. *quinatum* (Nutt.) Huttl. |  |
| *Arisaema stewardsonii* Britton | *Arisaema triphyllum* subsp. *stewardsonii* (Britton) Huttl. | *Arisaema triphyllum* var. *stewardsonii* (Britton) Stevens |
| *Arisaema triphyllum* (L.) Schott
Basionym: *Arum triphyllum* L. | *Arisaema triphyllum* subsp. *triphyllum* | *Arisaema triphyllum* var. *triphyllum* |

As of March 2023, all five taxa are recognized. Some authorities accept subspecies, while a few accept varieties. Plants of the World Online and others accept multiple species in lieu of subspecies or varieties. Still others, including the influential *Flora of North America*, lump all of the taxa into a single species concept.

Within the genus *Arisaema*, *A. triphyllum* is classified in the section *Pedatisecta* and is most closely related to Asian species such as *A. amurense*. It is not a close relative to the other American *Arisaema* species (*A. dracontium* and *A. macrospathum*), which are in a different section of *Arisaema*.

## Distribution and habitat

*Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato is wide-ranging across eastern North America, from Nova Scotia in the northeast to Florida in the southeast, stretching westward across the Mississippi River valley into the Great Plains, from Texas in the southwest to Manitoba in the northwest. It is common throughout most of its range, occurring in most counties in over 30 states in the eastern U.S.

Less is known about the distribution of *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto. Based on records of *Arisaema triphyllum* subsp. *triphyllum*, it may be inferred that the former is likewise wide-ranging, with known occurrences across 6 provinces and 37 states plus the District of Columbia. In the southeastern United States, it is common as far south as the Florida panhandle.

## Ecology

*Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato flowers from April to June. *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto is the first to flower in the spring. In regions where the species are sympatric, *Arisaema stewardsonii* and *Arisaema pusillum* begin to flower 12 and 23 weeks later, respectively. Since an individual flowering period can last 13 weeks or more, it is not unusual to find all three species in flower at the same time. In the southeastern United States, *Arisaema quinatum* is reported to flower later than either *A. pusillum* or *A. triphyllum* s.s.

*Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato is pollinated by fungus gnats, which it attracts by smell and are trapped by the flower. They manage to escape from a hole at the bottom of the male's pulpit, but cannot do so when they fall inside a female pulpit, which do not have exit holes. Thus the **Jill-in-the-pulpit** is a rare femme fatale in the plant world: luring the gnats in with scent, but ultimately killing the pollinators in a death trap.

Other insects are known to visit the flowers as well, such as gall gnats and beetles. The plant is not self-pollinating since the male flowers on a specific plant have already matured and died before the female flowers of that same plant are mature. So the female flowers need to be pollinated by the male flowers of a different plant. This inhibits inbreeding and contributes to the health of the species.

*Arisaema pusillum*, *Arisaema stewardsonii*, and *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto are reproductively isolated in the wild, with some degree of ecological separation. However, a population intermediate between *Arisaema stewardsonii* and *Arisaema triphyllum* s.s. is known to occur near Clyde, New York. Individuals from this population have glaucous leaves (like *A. triphyllum*) and strongly fluted spathes (like *A. stewardsonii*), growing in dry sandy soil (like neither species). Chromosome counts were performed on six of these plants. Four were found to be diploid with 28 chromosomes (like *A. stewardsonii*) while two were triploid with 42 chromosomes (intermediate).

## Conservation

The conservation status of *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu lato is globally secure (**G5**). Based on the conservation status of *Arisaema triphyllum* subsp. *triphyllum*, it may be inferred that *Arisaema triphyllum* sensu stricto is globally secure as well. *Arisaema triphyllum* is imperiled at best (**S1S2**) in Manitoba.

## Toxicity

The oxalic acid in jack-in-the-pulpit is poisonous if ingested. The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals as raphides in all parts, and because of this, consumption of the raw plant material results in a powerful burning sensation. It can cause irritation of the mouth and digestive system and (on rare occasions) intense swelling of the mouth and throat, potentially being severe enough to affect breathing. Arisaemas are in the same plant family as the anthuriums, aglaonemas, alocasias, colocasias, dieffenbachias, monsteras and philodendrons (among numerous others)— all known as "dumb-canes"—and carry the shared side-effect of an enflamed upper respiratory/digestive system upon ingestion.

## Uses

If the plant is cooked it can be eaten as a root vegetable. The calcium oxalate crystals produce a peppery flavor. If the plant is sliced then dried it can be eaten like potato chips or ground into a flour.

A preparation of the root was reported to have been used by Native Americans as a treatment for sore eyes. Preparations were also made to treat rheumatism, bronchitis, and snakebites, as well as to induce sterility.

One account from the Meskwaki people states that they would chop the herb's corm and mix it with meat and leave the meat out for their enemies to find. The taste of the oxalate would not be detectable because of the flavored meat, but consuming the meat reportedly caused their enemies pain and death. They have also reportedly used it to determine the fate of the sick by dropping a seed in a cup of stirred water; If the seed went around four times clockwise, the patient would recover, if it went around less than four times they would not.

It is hardy to USDA plant hardiness zone 3.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Arisaema triphyllum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | *Arisaema* |
| Species: | ***A. triphyllum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arisaema triphyllum***
(L.) Schott | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *A. triphyllum* s.s. * + *Alocasia atrorubens* (Aiton) Raf.     + *Alocasia lobata* Raf.     + *Alocasia triphylla* (L.) Raf.     + *Arisaema atrorubens* (Aiton) Blume     + *Arisaema atrorubens f. pallascens* (Sims) Raymond     + *Arisaema atrorubens var. viride* Engl.     + *Arisaema atrorubens f. viride* (Engl.) Fernald     + *Arisaema atrorubens f. zebrinum* (Sims) Fernald     + *Arisaema atrorubens var. zebrinum* (Sims) Raymond     + *Arisaema brasilianum* Blume     + *Arisaema deflexum* Nieuwl. & K.Just     + *Arisaema hastatum* Blume     + *Arisaema quinatum var. obtusoquinatum* Alph.Wood     + *Arisaema triphyllum lusus bispadiceum* Engl.     + *Arisaema triphyllum lusus bispathaceum* Engl.     + *Arisaema triphyllum var. montanum* Fernald     + *Arisaema triphyllum lusus trispadiceum* Engl.     + *Arisaema triphyllum var. typicum* Engl.     + *Arisaema triphyllum var. viride* (Engl.) Engl.     + *Arisaema triphyllum f. viride* (Engl.) Farw.     + *Arisaema triphyllum f. zebrinum* (Sims) F.Seym.     + *Arisaema zebrinum* G.Nicholson     + *Arum atrorubens* Aiton     + *Arum triphyllum* L.     + *Arum triphyllum var. atropurpureum* Michx.     + *Arum triphyllum var. atrorubens* (Aiton) Dewey ex Alph.Wood     + *Arum triphyllum var. pallescens* Sims     + *Arum triphyllum var. virens* Michx.     + *Arum triphyllum var. viride* Sims     + *Arum triphyllum var. zebrinum* Sims     + *Arum vittatum* Salisb. | |


title: Arisaema utile

abstract: Arisaema utile is a species of plant in the genus Arisaema. It is broadleaf deciduous and is widespread across the Himalayas.

text:
# Arisaema utile

***Arisaema utile*** is a species of plant in the genus *Arisaema*. It is broadleaf deciduous and is widespread across the Himalayas.

## InfoBox

| *Arisaema utile* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | *Arisaema* |
| Species: | ***A. utile*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arisaema utile***<br>Hook.f. ex Schott | |
|


# 1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship

The 1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1992 season. The championship was won by Cork, who defeated Wexford by a 14-point margin in the final for their third successive success. The match drew an attendance of 4,000.

## Semi-finals

All-Ireland semi-finalists in 1933, Kildare re-entered the senior championships and were beaten in the quarter-final by Galway, 9-14 to 3-4 after an evenly contested first half at Clane, Sharon Glynn scoring 4-5 of their total. Kilkenny had a huge 9-20 to 0-5 win over Clare on July 12. Two well-taken goals by Colette Mahony gave Cork a victory over Kilkenny in the semi-final while Ann Reddy and Ann Marie O'Connor gave Wexford their two goals in victory over Galway.

## Final

Fiona O'Driscoll got the only goal of the final in the 24th minute and Cork had little to worry about as they led by four points at half time and won by eleven. Desmond Fahy’s evocative intro to the Irish Times report of the final read

> One week on, Clonllffe Road was eerily quiet before yesterday’s ALL-Ireland senior camogie final between Cork and Wexford. Some optimistic hawkers were taking advantage of the last opportunity of the year to sell some colours. This, however, is not to detract from what went on inside Croke Park. Cork and Wexford served up an entertaining and, at times, highly skilled final, that deserved a better crowd.

### Final stages

| Cork | 2-11 – 1-8 | Kilkenny |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Nowlan Park, Kilkenny

---

| Wexford | 2-11 – 1-11 | Galway |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Monamolin

---

| Cork | 2-5  1-4 | Wexford |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Colette O'Mahony 0-10, Fiona O'Driscoll 1-2, Irene O'Keeffe 0-4, Linda Mellerick 0-2, Liz O'Neill 0-2 |  | Geraldine Codd 1-3, Paula Rankin 1-0, Ann Reddy 0-2, Catherine Murphy 0-1 |

Croke Park, DublinAttendance: 4,000Referee: Áine Derham (Dublin)

| **CORK:**   GK **1** Marion McCarthy (Éire Óg)  FB **2** Liz Dunphy  RWB **3** Paula Goggins (Inniscarra)  CB **4** Breda Kenny  LWB **5** Liz Towler  MF **6** Colette O'Mahony (0-3)  MF **7** Therese O'Callaghan (Capt)  MF **8** Sandie Fitzgibbon (Glen Rovers) (0-1)  RWF **9** Linda Mellerick (Glen Rovers)  CF **10** Ger McCarthy (Glen Rovers) (0-1)  LWF **11** Liz O'Neill  50'  FF **12** Irene O'Leary (0-5)  **Substitutes:**  FF  Irene O'Keeffe (inniscarra) for O'Neill  50'   Sub used: | **WEXFORD:**   GK **1** Terri Butler (Buffers Alley)  FB **2** Tina Fitzhenry (Duffry Rovers)  RWB **3** Jean O'Leary (St Ibar's/Shelmalier)  CB **4** Catherine Murphy (Rathnure) (Capt) (0-1)  LWB **5** Deirdre Hearne (St Ibar's/Shelmalier)  MF **6** Máire Codd (Rathnure)  MF **7** Stellah Sinnott (Buffers Alley)  MF **8** Paula Rankin (Bunclody) (1-0)  RWF **9** Ann Marie O'Connor (Rathnure)  49'  CF **10** Ann Reddy (Rathnure) (0-2)  LWF **11** Geraldine Codd (Rathnure) (1-3)  FF **12** Angie Hearne (St Ibar's/Shelmalier)  36'  **Substitutes:**  FF  Eileen Dillon for Hearn  36'  RWF  Mary Hayden (Rathnure) for O'Connor  49' |
| --- | --- |

**Match rules**

* 50 minutes
* Replay if scores level
* Maximum of 3 substitutions

## InfoBox

All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship 1992
| Championship details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | June – 27 September 1992 |
| All-Ireland champions | |
| Winners | Cork (15th win) |
| Captain | Sandie Fitzgibbon |
| Manager | Joe McGrath |
| All-Ireland runners-up | |
| Runners-up | Wexford |
| Captain | Catherine Murphy |
| Championship statistics | |
| Matches played | 7 |
| 1991  1993 | |


abstract: The 1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final was the nineteenth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship, an inter-county ladies' Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Laois thought they had not done themselves justice in the 1991 final, but Waterford beat them again.

text:
# 1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final

The **1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship final** was the nineteenth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship, an inter-county ladies' Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland.

Laois thought they had not done themselves justice in the 1991 final, but Waterford beat them again.

## InfoBox

1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Final
| Event | 1992 All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 1992 |
| Venue | Croke Park, Dublin |
|


abstract: The 1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the 61st All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Wexford went into the lead with a Paula Rankin goal, but Cork led 1-6 to 1-3 at the halfway mark and won by eleven points in the end, mostly due to Colette O'Mahony's accurate shooting: she scored ten points, nine of them frees.

text:
# 1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship final

The **1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final** was the 61st All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland.

Wexford went into the lead with a Paula Rankin goal, but Cork led 1-6 to 1-3 at the halfway mark and won by eleven points in the end, mostly due to Colette O'Mahony's accurate shooting: she scored ten points, nine of them frees.

## InfoBox

1992 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Final
| Event | All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship 1992 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 27 September 1992 |
| Venue | Croke Park, Dublin |
| Referee | Áine Derham (Dublin) |
| Attendance | 4,000 |
|


title: 1990 in the decathlon

abstract: This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 1990 in the men's decathlon. One of the main events during this season were the 1990 European Championships in Split, Yugoslavia, where the competition started on August 28, 1990, and ended on August 29, 1990.

text:
# 1990 in the decathlon

This page lists the **World Best Year Performance** in the year **1990** in the men's **decathlon**. One of the main events during this season were the 1990 European Championships in Split, Yugoslavia, where the competition started on August 28, 1990, and ended on August 29, 1990.

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 1990 season in track and field | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| World Record | Daley Thompson (GBR) | **8847** | August 9, 1984 | Los Angeles, United States |

## 1990 World Year Ranking

| Rank | Points | Athlete | Venue | Date | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **8574** | Christian Plaziat (FRA) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 | NR |
| 2 | **8525** | Michael Smith (CAN) | Auckland, New Zealand | 1990-01-29 |  |
| 3 | **8481** | Christian Schenk (GDR) | Götzis, Austria | 1990-06-17 |  |
| 4 | **8436** | Dezső Szabó (HUN) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 | PB |
| 5 | **8403** | Dave Johnson (USA) | Seattle, United States | 1990-07-25 |  |
| 6 | **8358** | Dan O'Brien (USA) | Seattle, United States | 1990-07-25 |  |
| 7 | **8330** | Mikhail Medved (URS) | Seattle, United States | 1990-07-25 |  |
| 8 | **8289** | Michael Kohnle (FRG) | Salzgitter, West Germany | 1990-07-22 |  |
| 9 | **8275** | Torsten Voss (GDR) | Neubrandenburg, East Germany | 1990-05-27 |  |
| 10 | **8256** | Frank Müller (GDR) | Salzgitter, West Germany | 1990-07-22 | PB |
| 11 | **8249** | Robert Změlík (CZE) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 |  |
| 12 | **8216** | Alain Blondel (FRA) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 |  |
| 13 | **8214** | Antonio Peñalver (ESP) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 |  |
| 14 | **8169** | Andrei Nazarov (EST) | Sochi, Soviet Union | 1990-05-20 |  |
| 15 | **8146** | Beat Gähwiler (SUI) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 |  |
| 16 | **8138** | Siegfried Wentz (FRG) | Götzis, Austria | 1990-06-17 |  |
| 17 | **8121** | Rišardas Malachovskis (URS) | Sochi, Soviet Union | 1990-05-20 |  |
| 18 | **8098** | Rob Muzzio (USA) | Emmitsburg, United States | 1990-09-09 |  |
| 19 | **8088** | Roman Terekhov (URS) | Sochi, Soviet Union | 1990-05-20 |  |
| 20 | **8057** | Saša Karan (YUG) | Ljubljana, Yugoslavia | 1990-07-01 | NR |
| 21 | **8054** | Aleksey Lyakh (URS) | Spokane, United States | 1990-07-22 |  |
| 22 | **8052** | Henrik Dagård (SWE) | Split, Yugoslavia | 1990-08-29 |  |
| 23 | **8040** | Thorsten Dauth (FRG) | Salzgitter, West Germany | 1990-07-22 |  |
| 24 | **8033** | Gary Kinder (USA) | Emmitsburg, United States | 1990-09-09 |  |
| 25 | **8015** | Sten Ekberg (SWE) | Värnamo, Sweden | 1990-07-29 |  |


title: Emrich Nicholson

abstract: Emrich Nicholson (1913–2001) was an American art director for Paramount and Universal Studios and painter of murals, and designer of furniture and merchandise associated with the 1939 New York World's Fair. In 1948, he was nominated for an Academy Award for art direction for the film One Touch of Venus. He later was the national art director for the Loe Burnett Company advertising agency. Nicholson was the father of American calligrapher and stamp designer Mohamed Zakariya and three other children by his wife, Amy Aplin.

text:
# Emrich Nicholson

**Emrich Nicholson** (1913–2001) was an American art director for Paramount and Universal Studios and painter of murals, and designer of furniture and merchandise associated with the 1939 New York World's Fair. In 1948, he was nominated for an Academy Award for art direction for the film *One Touch of Venus*. He later was the national art director for the Loe Burnett Company advertising agency. Nicholson was the father of American calligrapher and stamp designer Mohamed Zakariya and three other children by his wife, Amy Aplin.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

Demetrius John Kitses. *Horizons West; Anthony Mann, Budd Boetticher, Sam Peckinpah: studies of authorship within the western*. Indiana University Press, 1970.

## InfoBox

| Emrich Nicholson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 4, 1913
Shelburn, Indiana, United States |
| Died | February 25, 2001
Puako, Hawaii
United States |
| Other names | Emrich Henry Nicholson |
| Occupation | Art director |
| Years active | 1948–1957 (film) |