title: .eu

abstract: .eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU). Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the European Economic Area in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium originally consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, and Italy, joined later by the national registry operator of the Czech Republic. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a sunrise period, in an effort to prevent cybersquatting. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.

text:
# .eu

**.eu** is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU). Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the European Economic Area in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium originally consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, and Italy, joined later by the national registry operator of the Czech Republic. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a sunrise period, in an effort to prevent cybersquatting. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.

## History

Regulation 2019/517
| European Union regulation | |
| --- | --- |
| Text with EEA relevance | |
|  | |
| Title | Regulation (EU) 2019/517 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2019 on the implementation and functioning of the .eu top-level domain name and amending and repealing Regulation (EC) No 733/2002 and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 874/2004 |
| Made by | European Parliament & Council |
| Journal reference | OJ L 91, 29.3.2019, p. 25–35 |
| Other legislation | |
| Replaces | 733/2002, 874/2004 |
| Amends | 733/2002 |
| Current legislation | |

### Establishment

The .eu ccTLD was approved by ICANN on 22 March 2005 and put in the Internet root zone on 2 May 2005. Even though the EU is not a country (it is a sui generis intergovernmental and supranational organisation), it has an exceptional reservation in ISO 3166. The Commission and ICANN had extended negotiations lasting more than five years to secure its acceptance.

*.eu.int* was the subdomain most used by the European Commission and the European Parliament, based on the .int generic top-level domain (gTLD) for international bodies, until 9 May 2006. The .eu domain (ccTLD) was launched in December 2005, and because of this most .eu.int domain names changed to .europa.eu on Europe day, 9 May 2006.

### Sunrise period

The sunrise period was broken into two phases. The first phase, which began on 7 December 2005 was to facilitate applications by registrants with prior rights based on trademarks and geographic names. The second phase began on 7 February 2006 and covered company, trade and personal names. In the case of all Sunrise applications, the application needed to be accompanied by documents proving the claim to ownership of a certain right. The decision was then made by PricewaterhouseCoopers Belgium, which had been chosen as the validation agent by EURid.

On 7 February 2006, the registry was opened for company, trade and personal names. In the first 15 minutes, there were 27,949 total applications, and after one hour, 71,235.

### Landrush

On 7 April 2006 at 11 am CET registration became possible for non-trademark holders. Most people requesting domains had asked their registrars to put their requested domains in a queue, ensuring the best chance to register a domain. This way more than 700,000 domains were registered during the first 4 hours of operation. Some large registrars like GoDaddy and small registrars like Dotster suffered from long queues and unresponsiveness, allowing people to 'beat the queue' by registering through a registrar that had already processed its queue. By August 2006, 2 Million .eu domains had been registered. It was then fourth-largest ccTLD in Europe, after .de, .uk and .nl, and is one of the largest internationally.

The number of .eu domain registrations during the year after the landrush 7 April 2006 to 6 April 2007 seems to have peaked at approximately 2.6 million .eu domains. The market adjustment that follows a landrush in any domain name extension ensures that the number of registered domains will fall as many speculative domain registrations that failed to be resold will not be renewed. This is sometimes referred to as the *Junk Dump*. On the morning of 7 April 2007, the number of active .eu domains stood at 2,590,160 with approximately 15,000 domains having been deleted since 5 April 2007.

### Stabilisation

Approximately 1.5 million .eu domains were up for renewal in April 2007. The EURid registry software is based on the DNS.be software and domains are physically renewed at the end of the month of their anniversary of registration. This process differs from more sophisticated registries like that of .com TLD and other ccTLDs that operate on a daily basis. As with any post-landrush phase, an extension shrinks as the *Junk Dump* takes effect.

Over one year after the launch of .eu (5 July 2007), the number of .de domains registered was 11,079,557 according to the German .de registry's statistics page, while number of German owned .eu domains according to EURid's statistics page was 796,561. The number of .uk domains registered was 6,038,732 according to .uk registry Nominet's statistics page. The number of apparently UK owned .eu domains was 344,584.

The extent of the shrinkage of .eu ccTLD is difficult to estimate because EURid does not publish detailed statistics on the number of new domains registered each day. Instead it provides only a single figure for the number of active domains. The number of new registrations are combined with numbers of domains registered. Approximately 250,000 .eu domains were either deleted or moved into quarantine by 30 April 2007. In the intervening years the renewal rate has stabilised to approximately 80%, which is above the industry average.

### Brexit

On 29 March 2018, as a consequence of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, it was announced that "as of the withdrawal date, undertakings and organisations that are established in the United Kingdom but not in the EU, and natural persons who reside in the United Kingdom will no longer be eligible to register .eu domain names or, if they are .eu registrants, to renew .eu domain names registered before the withdrawal date". The commission announced on 27 April 2018 that it would like to open registration to all EU and EEA citizens, including those living outside the EU. The Parliament, the council, and the Commission reached an agreement on this in December 2018, and the corresponding regulation passed the Parliament on 31 January 2019.

The 317,000 British .eu domain names were subject to Brexit negotiations because the .eu domain is reserved for European Union use. The .eu Brexit would have occurred on 30 March 2020, in case of no deal, but had since been postponed to January 2021. The UK-EU free trade deal does not cover .eu domains.

The United Kingdom Government released guidance for British citizens regarding .eu domains in October 2020, and .eu holders with a British address attached have been contacted twice by the domain registry regarding their domains – once in October 2020, once in December 2020.

British citizens had their .eu domains suspended on 1 January 2021 for three months, and then deleted on 1 March 2021 after a grace period to allow EU/EEA citizens to update the registration information to show their non-UK address. This is the first case of its kind where an institution managing an internet top-level domain has withdrawn domains *en masse* for an entire country.

## Use by the European Union institutions

The second-level domain .europa.eu has been reserved for EU institution sites, with institutions and agencies making the switch from .eu.int to .europa.eu domains on the Europe day of 9 May 2006.

## Actual use

The main users of .eu domains are websites with pan-European or cross-border intentions and audiences. It is often used to emphasise the 'European identity' of a website, as opposed to the website having a strictly national ccTLD or global "dotcom" nature. Alternative (opportunistic) uses include Basque webpages (as the initial letters of Euskadi or the language Euskara) and Romanian, Portuguese, or Galician personal sites, as *eu* is the equivalent of the English pronoun 'I' in those languages.

In most countries of the EU, the national ccTLDs have the major share of the market with the remainder spread over .com/.net/.org/.info/.biz. As a result of this, .eu has had an uphill battle to gain a significant share of these national markets. The dominant players tend to be the national ccTLD and .com. The other TLDs such as .net, .org and to a lesser extent .info and .biz have progressively smaller shares of these national markets.

Some .eu domain names have had some popularity, such as torrentz2.eu. As of November 2019, according to the Tranco rank, the top 100 thousand most popular domains in the world included over 200 .eu domains.

### Parking and redirects

As of around 2010, some statistics indicated a large number of .eu domains being used to direct to other domains.

* Some domain registrants use their .eu website as a web portal containing a list of their national websites with national ccTLDs.
* Other registrants have registered a .eu domain name to protect the brand name of their main website or domain, and redirect visitors to their pre-existing national ccTLD or .com website. *(example: www.champagne.eu)*
* 12.8% of .eu websites are parking pages with pay per click (PPC) advertisements. ISPs and web hosters will often point unused domains to a domain parking webpage with PPC advertising. This percentage does not include .eu domains that are pointed to holding pages or not set up in DNS.
* 26% of .eu domain names are redirects for existing national ccTLD or .com websites.

According to page 20 of EURid's Annual Report for 2006, the breakdown of .eu domain ownership figures on 31 December 2006 was:

* Registrants with more than 10,000 domains: 6
* Registrants with 5,000–9,999 domains: 18
* Registrants with 1,000–4,999 domains: 64
* Registrants with 100-999 domains: 1,257
* Registrants with 10–99 domains: 20,886
* Registrants with 6–9 domains: 22,933
* Registrants with 5 domains: 13,200 – (66,000 domains)
* Registrants with 4 domains: 23,007 – (92,028 domains)
* Registrants with 3 domains: 42,887 – (128,661 domains)
* Registrants with 2 domains: 115,543 – (231,086 domains)
* Registrants with 1 domain: 610,679

The number of registrants with five domains or fewer registered in .eu ccTLD was, according to these statistics, 805,316. These registrants accounted for 1,128,454 domains out of 2,444,947 .eu domains registered as of 31 December 2006. These registrations, typically those of individuals and companies protecting their brand, only represent 46% of the number of registered .eu domains.

## Cyrillic domain

**.ею**, a top-level domain using Cyrillic letters was put into operation on 1 June 2016. A Cyrillic domain was needed because Bulgaria, a member of the EU, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Keyboards and smartphones used in Bulgaria have special key combinations to change script, but in order to avoid that, all-Cyrillic addresses are used. The EU is called ЕС (Европейски Съюз) in Bulgarian Cyrillic, but .ес (in Cyrillic letters) is much too similar to .ec (in Latin letters), the existing top-level domain of Ecuador, so .ею was chosen. (While some Latin and Cyrillic letters may look identical, they have different character encodings and are distinct for data processing purposes. Consequently, there is an opportunity for misrepresentation unless steps are taken to prevent abusive registration).

EURid has a rule that the second-level domain name must be in the same script as the top-level domain, so Cyrillic second-level domains must go under .ею instead of .eu, and all domain names under .ею must be spelt using Cyrillic. Older Cyrillic domains under .eu were cloned into .ею at its launch.

As of March 2024, there are 1,486 registered domains under .ею.

## Greek domain

An application for a top-level domain using Greek letters, **.ευ** was submitted in 2016.

The application was originally turned down because it was too visually similar to .eu. The Greek name of the EU is Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (ΕΕ), but .εε would be too visually similar to .ee, the top-level domain of Estonia.

In 2019 steps were taken towards approving .ευ as a domain. The proposal was to have one and the same registry manager of .eu, .ею and .ευ, which shall make sure second-level domains are not visually similar and in the long-term assign all Cyrillic domains under .eu to .ею and all Greek letters domains to .ευ. .ευ domain names were officially launched in November 2019.

As of March 2024, there are 2,595 registered domains under .ευ.

## Allegations of abuse

Domain name speculation, domain name warehousing and cybersquatting are always features of the launch of any new TLD; however, this was more widespread in the case of the .eu launch.

Bob Parsons, CEO and co-founder of GoDaddy, criticized the landrush process designed by EURid. Particularly, he condemned the use of shell companies by some registrars. In his blog, he stated "These companies, instead of only registering their real active registrars, created hundreds of new "phantom" registrars." Parsons cited a group of about 400 companies, all with similar address and contact information based in New York, each registered as an LLC; in his opinion, these were phantom registrars "created to hijack the .EU landrush."

These "phantom" registrars effectively had hundreds of opportunities of registering a domain whereas a genuine registrar effectively only had one opportunity to register the same domain. Thus some registrants were crowded out of the .eu landrush process and many generic .eu domain names are now owned by the companies using these "phantom" registrars.

Patrik Lindén, spokesman for EURid at the time, denied the allegations by Parsons, stating that "\[EURid\] verified that each registrar was an individual legal entity. Each had to sign an agreement with us, and prepay €10,000." Parsons did not dispute that each registrar was a separate legal entity, but noted that creating such entities was trivial: "Mr. Linden seemed proud that the EURid registry verified that each applicant was a legal entity before it was accredited. Take a moment and think about what that means. You can form a "legal entity" for $50 – an LLC – and you are good to go. Is that what we want a registry to do? Don't we want them instead to make sure that the organization it allows to provide end-users with its domain names – especially Europe's very own domain name – are actually in the domain name registration business?"

Others claimed that .eu domain had been actively targeted during the sunrise period by speculators using fast-track Benelux trademarks to create *prior rights* on various high-value generic terms and during the landrush by speculators using EU front companies in the UK and Cyprus to register large numbers of domains. While speculative activity occurred with the launch of other domains, it was the scale of the activity that called into question the competence of EURid in protecting the integrity of eu ccTLD.

The EURid organisation investigated some allegations of abuse, and in July 2006 announced the suspension of over 74,000 domain names and that they were suing 400 registrars for breach of contract. The status of the domains was changed from *active* to *on-hold*. This meant that the domains could not be moved or have their ownership changed. The registrars also lost their access to the EURid registration database meaning that they could no longer register .eu domain names. The legal action relates to the practice of domain name warehousing, whereby large numbers of domain names are registered, often by registrars, with the intention of subsequently selling them on to third parties. EURid rules state that applications for domains can only be made after a legitimate application has been made to a registrar. The 74,000 applications were made in the name of only three Cyprus registered companies – Ovidio Ltd., Fausto Ltd. and Gabino Ltd.

The affected registrars, joined in the action by the affected registrants, obtained a provisional order from the Court of First Instance in Brussels, Belgium on 27 September 2006. The court ordered EURid to release the blocked domain names or else pay a fine of €25,000 per hour for each affected domain name. EURid complied with the court order and changed the status of the domains from *on-hold* to *active* and restored EURid registration database access to the affected registrars.

The main legal action, that of EURid seeking the registrar agreements between EURid and the registrars in question to be dissolved has still to be heard.

## InfoBox

.eu
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | 28 April 2005 (2005-04-28) |
| TLD type | Country code |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | EURid |
| Sponsor | European Commission |
| Intended use | Entities connected with the European Union |
| Actual use | Gradually increasing, mostly among sites with pan-European or cross-border intentions. (details) |
| Registered domains | 3,687,760 (2024-03-27) |
| Registration restrictions | Registrants must be located within the EEA |
| Structure | Names are registered directly at second level |
| Documents | Regulation (EU) 2019/517 |
| Dispute policies | EU ADR |
| DNSSEC | yes |
| Registry website | www.eurid.eu |


title: 1969–70 Irish League

abstract: The 1969–70 Irish League was the 69th edition of the Irish League, the highest level of league competition in Northern Irish football. The league consisted of 12 teams, and Glentoran won the championship.

text:
# 1969–70 Irish League

**Belfast**ArdsBallymena UnitedBangorColeraineDerry CityGlenavonPortadown**Belfast teams** : Cliftonville
Crusaders
Distillery
Glentoran
Linfieldclass=notpageimage|Location of teams in the Irish League from **1949–1972** CliftonvilleCrusadersDistilleryGlentoranLinfieldclass=notpageimage|Location of Belfast-based teams in the Irish League from **1949–1971**

The **1969–70 Irish League** was the 69th edition of the Irish League, the highest level of league competition in Northern Irish football. The league consisted of 12 teams, and Glentoran won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Glentoran | 22 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 46 | 17 | 2.706 | 34 | European Cup preliminary round and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup |
| 2 | Coleraine | 22 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 50 | 31 | 1.613 | 27 | Participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup |
| 3 | Ards | 22 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 41 | 26 | 1.577 | 27 |  |
| 4 | Linfield | 22 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 48 | 36 | 1.333 | 27 | Qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 5 | Derry City | 22 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 38 | 31 | 1.226 | 27 |  |
| 6 | Portadown | 22 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 42 | 37 | 1.135 | | 25 |
| 7 | Glenavon | 22 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 32 | 36 | 0.889 | | 22 |
| 8 | Bangor | 22 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 32 | 36 | 0.889 | | 19 |
| 9 | Crusaders | 22 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 42 | 52 | 0.808 | | 19 |
| 10 | Ballymena United | 22 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 24 | 42 | 0.571 | | 16 |
| 11 | Distillery | 22 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 25 | 45 | 0.556 | | 15 |
| 12 | Cliftonville | 22 | 1 | 4 | 17 | 20 | 51 | 0.392 | | 6 |

Source: rsssf.com

## Results

| Home \ Away | ARD | BAN | BLM | CLI | COL | CRU | DIS | DER | GLV | GLT | LIN | POR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ards |  | 2–1 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 2–3 | 4–1 |
| Bangor | 2–2 |  | 3–4 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 3–4 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 3–2 | 2–0 |
| Ballymena United | 1–2 | 2–2 |  | 1–1 | 1–5 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 3–4 | 3–1 | 0–3 | 0–4 | 1–3 |
| Cliftonville | 0–2 | 0–1 | 0–1 |  | 3–1 | 0–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | 3–3 | 0–3 | 1–5 | 1–2 |
| Coleraine | 2–1 | 2–2 | 3–0 | 1–0 |  | 2–1 | 6–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–3 |
| Crusaders | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 8–3 | 0–7 |  | 2–1 | 0–3 | 4–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 6–2 |
| Distillery | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 4–3 |  | 2–4 | 5–0 | 0–5 | 0–1 | 2–0 |
| Derry City | 3–2 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 4–1 |  | 0–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–4 |
| Glenavon | 0–2 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 4–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 |  | 2–2 | 5–2 | 0–2 |
| Glentoran | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 7–2 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 |  | 2–2 | 2–1 |
| Linfield | 2–2 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 4–2 | 4–1 | 3–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 | 0–2 |  | 0–3 |
| Portadown | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 4–1 | 4–2 | 1–4 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 1–2 |  |

Source: Irish League Archive
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## InfoBox

Irish League
| Season | 1969–70 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Glentoran <br>14th Irish title |
| Matches played | 132 |
| Goals scored | 440 (3.33 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Des Dickson (21) |
| 1968–69 1970–71 | |


title: Anger's Block

abstract: Anger's Block is a historic commercial building in Winona, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1872, it is one of the oldest surviving commercial buildings in Winona's central business district. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for its local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for its early status among Winona's downtown buildings, which is furthered by the survival of its original architectural plans. In 1998 the building was also listed as a contributing property to the Winona Commercial Historic District.

text:
# Anger's Block

**Anger's Block** is a historic commercial building in Winona, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1872, it is one of the oldest surviving commercial buildings in Winona's central business district. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 for its local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for its early status among Winona's downtown buildings, which is furthered by the survival of its original architectural plans. In 1998 the building was also listed as a contributing property to the Winona Commercial Historic District.

Media related to Anger's Block at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Anger's Block | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Anger's Block viewed from the northwest | |
|  | |
| Location | 116–120 Walnut Street, Winona, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°3′7″N 91°38′0.5″W / 44.05194°N 91.633472°W / 44.05194; -91.633472 |
| Area | .165 acres (0.067 ha) |
| Built | 1872 |
| Architect | Charles Maybury & Co. |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| Part of | Winona Commercial Historic District (ID98001220) |
| NRHP reference No. | 78001571 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | January 31, 1978 |
| Designated CP | October 1, 1998 |


title: 1098 Hakone

abstract: 1098 Hakone is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.1 hours and measures approximately 25 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at Tokyo Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after the volcanic Mount Hakone in Japan.

text:
# 1098 Hakone

**1098 Hakone** (*prov. designation*: 1928 RJ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.1 hours and measures approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at Tokyo Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after the volcanic Mount Hakone in Japan.

## Orbit and classification

Located in the orbital region of the stony Eunomia family, *Hakone* is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,610 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 13 with respect to the ecliptic.

## Discovery

*Hakone* was discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the old Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) on 5 September 1928. It was independently discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory and Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 9 and 11 September 1928, respectively. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 RD at Taunton Observatory (803) on 16 September 1906. The body's observation arc begins the following month at the U.S. Naval Observatory, almost 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tokyo.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the volcanic Mount Hakone, located 80 kilometers from the discovering Tokyo Astronomical Observatory and near the Japanese town of Hakone. The mountain resort is known for its hot springs, Lake Ashi and its view of Mount Fuji, after which the asteroid 1584 Fuji was named. The official naming citation was prepared by astronomer Kōichirō Tomita.

## Physical characteristics

In the SMASS classification, *Hakone* is a Xe-subtype, that transitions from the X-type the very bright E-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid, by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.

### Rotation period

Several rotational lightcurves of *Hakone* were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a rotation period of 7.142 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=3/3/2).

### Spin axis

A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 7.14117 hours, as well as a spin axis of (40.0°, 43.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, *Hakone* measures between 24.73 and 29.567 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1745 and 0.245.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* derives an albedo of 0.1865 and a diameter of 24.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.

## InfoBox

1098 Hakone
| Modelled shape of *Hakone* from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | O. Oikawa |
| Discovery site | Tokyo Astronomical Obs. |
| Discovery date | 5 September 1928 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1098) Hakone |
| Pronunciation | Japanese: \[hakone\] |
| Named after | Mount Hakone
(Japanese volcanic mountain) |
| Alternative designations | 1928 RJ **·** 1926 EC
1950 QH1 **·** 1952 BE1
A906 RD **·** A917 DD |
| Minor planet category |  |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 110.19 yr (40,247 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.0081 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.3686 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.6884 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1189 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.41 yr (1,610 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 13.741 |
| Mean motion | 0° 13m 24.96s / day |
| Inclination | 13.377° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 329.00° |
| Argument of perihelion | 80.805° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 24.44 km (derived)
24.73±1.1 km
24.90±0.57 km
26.684±0.397 km
29.567±0.135 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 7.14±0.01
7.14117±0.00001 h
7.142±0.002 h
7.16±0.050 h |
| Pole ecliptic latitude | (40.0°, 43.0°) (λ11) |
| Geometric albedo | 0.1745±0.0334
0.1865 (derived)
0.206±0.009
0.2404±0.022
0.245±0.013 |
| Spectral type | SMASS = Xe **·**  **·** |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 10.20 **·** 10.350±0.120 (R) **·** 10.5 |
|  | |


title: 1051 Merope

abstract: 1051 Merope is a dark Alauda asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 68 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany, and given the provisional designation 1925 SA. Reinmuth named it after the nymph Merope from Greek mythology. The asteroid has a rotation period of 27.2 hours.

text:
# 1051 Merope

**1051 Merope** /ˈmɛrəp/ is a dark Alauda asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 68 kilometers (42 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany, and given the provisional designation 1925 SA. Reinmuth named it after the nymph Merope from Greek mythology. The asteroid has a rotation period of 27.2 hours.

## Orbit and classification

*Merope* is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702 Alauda.

It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,105 days; semi-major axis of 3.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 24 with respect to the ecliptic.

The asteroid was first observed as A908 TE at Taunton Observatory (803) in October 1908. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1925, or three weeks after its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics

*Merope* has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey.

### Rotation period

In March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of *Merope* was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 27.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). In October 2012, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California measured a period 13.717 hours with an amplitude of 0.11 magnitude in the R-band (U=2), which seems to be an alternative period solution (1:2 alias) of what the Australian astronomers had previously measured. Previous observations by Gino Farroni and by Federico Manzini from 2004 and 2005, respectively, have been provisional and of poor quality (U=1/1).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, *Merope* measures between 60.439 and 74.36 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.053.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* derives an albedo of 0.0358 and a diameter of 67.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the nymph Merope from Greek mythology. She is one of the seven Pleiades, daughters of the Titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione (AN229;297). The star Merope in the Pleiades star cluster is named for the same.

## InfoBox

1051 Merope
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | K. Reinmuth |
| Discovery site | Heidelberg Obs. |
| Discovery date | 16 September 1925 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1051) Merope |
| Pronunciation | /ˈmɛrəp/ |
| Named after | Μερόπη *Meropē*
(Greek mythology) |
| Alternative designations | 1925 SA **·** 1926 XA
1931 TM3 **·** 1936 OG
A908 TE |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (outer)
Alauda |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 92.19 yr (33,673 d) |
| Aphelion | 3.5341 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.8948 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 3.2144 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0994 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 5.76 yr (2,105 d) |
| Mean anomaly | 25.459 |
| Mean motion | 0° 10m 15.6s / day |
| Inclination | 23.507° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 180.72° |
| Argument of perihelion | 152.97° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 60.439±0.146 km
65.130±0.245 km
67.11 km (derived)
67.21±1.9 km
69.22±21.30 km
69.85±0.88 km
74.36±28.24 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 13.717±0.0164
27.2±0.3 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.03±0.05
0.0358 (derived)
0.040±0.001
0.04±0.03
0.0429±0.003
0.0457±0.0058
0.053±0.009 |
| Spectral type | **·** |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 9.90 **·** 10.0
10.05±0.40
10.051±0.001 (R)
10.10 **·** 10.11 |
|  | |


title: 1052

abstract: Year 1052 (MLII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1052

1052 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1052
*MLII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 1805 |
| Armenian calendar | 501
ԹՎ ՇԱ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5802 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 973–974 |
| Bengali calendar | 459 |
| Berber calendar | 2002 |
| English Regnal year | *N/A* |
| Buddhist calendar | 1596 |
| Burmese calendar | 414 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6560–6561 |
| Chinese calendar | 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit)
3749 or 3542
*to*
壬辰年 (Water Dragon)
3750 or 3543 |
| Coptic calendar | 768–769 |
| Discordian calendar | 2218 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1044–1045 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4812–4813 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1108–1109 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 973–974 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4152–4153 |
| Holocene calendar | 11052 |
| Igbo calendar | 52–53 |
| Iranian calendar | 430–431 |
| Islamic calendar | 443–444 |
| Japanese calendar | Eishō 7
(永承７年) |
| Javanese calendar | 955–956 |
| Julian calendar | 1052
*MLII* |
| Korean calendar | 3385 |
| Minguo calendar | 860 before ROC
民前860年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −416 |
| Seleucid era | 1363/1364 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1594–1595 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴金兔年
(female Iron-Rabbit)
1178 or 797 or 25
*to*
阳水龙年
(male Water-Dragon)
1179 or 798 or 26 |

Year **1052** (**MLII**) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### By place

#### England

#### Africa

### By topic

#### Religion

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Ankos Festival

abstract: The Ankos Festival also known as Takoradi street carnival or Masquerade Festival is an annual event celebrated by the people of Takoradi, Ghana. Its main attraction is dozens of groups of people or teams dressing in wild outfits who display their skills and arts via dance. The festival is usually celebrated from 24–26 December of every year, and is popular with tourists.

text:
# Ankos Festival

The **Ankos Festival**  also known as Takoradi street carnival or Masquerade Festival is an annual event celebrated by the people of Takoradi, Ghana. Its main attraction is dozens of groups of people or teams dressing in wild outfits who display their skills and arts via dance. The festival is usually celebrated from 24–26 December of every year, and is popular with tourists.

## Masquerades Groups

These are the list of masquerades groups in Takoradi.

* Ankos
* Cosmos
* Holy Cities
* Nyanta Boys
* Iron Fighters
* Unity
* Mississipi
* Spain
* Sunnato
* Valencia
* Canadians
* Chinese
* Tumus
* Ohyewakomem
* Supreme
* Oil city
* Millionaires
* Unicon
* Addyzee
* USA
* Nyanta Boys and Girls
* Punch
* Gye Nyame
* Miami

## Ethnography

The various masquerades groups come together in the township of Takoradi to display their skills, culture and other arts to the general public through dancing and singing of various songs using brass band. The festival consist of different gender groups joining from various walks of life. It involves the young and the old who are much passionate about the culture and art during this festive moment. Their fancy outfit for the festival varies from one group to another. During the festival the brass band team play all kind of sounds, songs, melodies and tunes to spice up the festivity and also increase the excitement of various participant and watchers of the event who stand across the road, rooftops and balcony.

It is believed that the first fancy club set up was the Ankos Fancy Club

## The Year of Return

The Year of Return was to mark the return of black people from the diaspora to meet and learn about Ghanaian culture and partake in local traditions and so forth. The Year of Return had a massive impact on the Masquerade festival because it had a lot of tourists, the majority being black people from the diaspora trooping into Takoradi to celebrate the festival.

## Festival Anthem

The song 'Made in Tadi' by Ghanaian highlife artiste, Kofi Kinaata is regarded by many as the anthem for this period. Born and bred in Effiakuma, one of the suburbs of Takoradi and home to some indigenes of the area, the song gives a beautiful trajectory of this event (that has grown to become a festival) and how things pan out during that period. It also gives insight on how life in Takoradi during Christmas and how people from all walks of life mark it. Made in Tadi also gives a record of some of the fancy clubs that take part in the festival.

## 2019 Artist

## InfoBox

| Takoradi Masquerade Festival<br>Ankos Festival | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Festival |
| Frequency | Annually |
| Location(s) | Sekondi-Takoradi |
| Coordinates | 04°55′00″N 01°46′00″W / 4.91667°N 1.76667°W / 4.91667; -1.76667 |
| Country | Ghana |
| Most recent | 26 December 2022 (2022-12-26) |
| Previous event | 24 December 2021 (2021-12-24) |
| Next event | 26 December 2023 (2023-12-26) |


title: Ani*Kuri15

abstract: Ani*Kuri15 Ani*Kuri15 (アニ＊クリ15) is a series of fifteen 1-minute animated shorts, broadcast by NHK between May 2007 and 2008. Intended as companion pieces to the Ani*Kuri program and as filler between regularly scheduled programs, the shorts were broadcast in three seasons of 5 episodes. Each short was directed by a different director and the episodes were collected and uploaded to the official Ani*Kuri15 website in 2008.

text:
# Ani*Kuri15

***Ani\*Kuri15*** (アニ＊クリ15) is a series of fifteen 1-minute animated shorts, broadcast by NHK between May 2007 and 2008. Intended as companion pieces to the *Ani\*Kuri* program and as filler between regularly scheduled programs, the shorts were broadcast in three seasons of 5 episodes. Each short was directed by a different director and the episodes were collected and uploaded to the official *Ani\*Kuri15* website in 2008.

## Episodes

### Season 1

* "Attack of Higashimachi 2nd Borough" (Shinji Kimura: Studio 4°C) - Three aliens come to a cardboard Earth to invade.
* "From the Other Side of the Tears" (*"Namida no Mukou"*) (Akemi Hayashi: Gainax) - A sad young girl recovers from a heartache.
* "Blaze Man" (*"Hyotoko"*) (Yasufumi Soejima: Gonzo) - A groups of native warriors attack a giant kami in the shape of a bear. The kami sets one of the warriors on fire spiritually.
* "Sancha (The Aromatic Tea) Blues" (Osamu Kobayashi: Madhouse) - An avaricious record-store owner watches greedily as patrons look through his records.
* "Invasion from Space - Hiroshi's Case" (*"Uchujin Raikou Hiroshi no Baai"*) (Shōjirō Nishimi: Studio 4°C) - Hiroshi tries to read his manga but a small robot is shooting pellets to distract him so the robot can escape.

### Season 2

* "Project Mermaid" (Mamoru Oshii: Production I.G) - A fish turns into a mermaid who swims out into post-apocalyptic city.
* "Yurururu ~Nichijou Hen~" (Kazuto Nakazawa: Studio 4°C) - An animator spends the whole day animating a 1-second clip of a giant fish in a city.
* "Gyrosopter" (Ranji Murata and Tatsuya Yabuta: Gonzo) - A young gyrosopter pilot visits a pool of water and remembers a gyrosopter battle and the death of a friend on a watery planet.
* "Wandaba Kiss" (Atsushi Takeuchi: Production I.G) - A young boy and his dog initiate a complex Rube Goldberg machine in order to steal a kiss from a young girl.
* "Supaatsu Taisa" ("刺客來搜山了", *Colonel Sports*) (Tobira Oda and Yasuyuki Shimizu: Studio 4°C) - A super hero comic book character and Tomoo's idol from Tobira Oda's manga, Danchi Tomoo. Who has his meal stolen by a cat after being attacked by a villain (his master's daughter). Then he imagine about his master (Paul) scaring the cats. Then he falls into a river, and chased by his sidekick (The Bear and The Crow) and drifts over a waterfall.

### Season 3

## InfoBox

| Ani\*Kuri15 | |
| --- | --- |
| The DVD cover | |
| アニ＊クリ15
(*Ani\*Kuri15*) | |
| Genre | Adventure
Music video
Short subject |
| Anime television series | |
| Directed by | Shinji Kimura, Yasufumi Soejima, Osamu Kobayashi, Shōjirō Nishimi, Mamoru Oshii, Kazuto Nakazawa, Ranji Murata, Tatsuya Yabuta, Atsushi Takeuchi, Tobira Oda, Yasuyuki Shimizu, Makoto Shinkai, Mahiro Maeda, Michael Arias, Shōji Kawamori, and Satoshi Kon |
| Studio | Studio 4°C, Gainax, Gonzo, Madhouse, Production I.G |
| Original network | NHK |
| Original run | 2007  2008 |
| Episodes | 15 |


title: Ann, Missouri

abstract: Ann is a historic town in Douglas County, Missouri, United States. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. The townsite is located at the junction of state routes EE and AD in the northeast corner of the county. The North Fork River lies just to the east of the site. A post office called Ann was established in 1898, and remained in operation until 1915. An early postmaster gave the community the name of his daughter.

text:
# Ann, Missouri

**Ann** is a historic town in Douglas County, Missouri, United States. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. The townsite is located at the junction of state routes EE and AD in the northeast corner of the county. The North Fork River lies just to the east of the site.

A post office called Ann was established in 1898, and remained in operation until 1915. An early postmaster gave the community the name of his daughter.

37°01′51″N 92°11′51″W / 37.03083°N 92.19750°W / 37.03083; -92.19750


title: Ann-Cathrine Wiklander

abstract: Ann-Cathrine Wiklander, born 4 July 1958 in Sollefteå, Sweden, is a Swedish female singer, scoring dansband successes during the 1990s. She has scored Svensktoppen hit songs like Kärleken (1993), Vänd inte ryggen åt en vän (1994), Alla stunder (1995), Julklockor över vår jord (1995–1996), Liksom svalorna kommer med solen (1996), Min tanke är hos mig (1998) and Gamla vänner (2000). On 12 July 1994, she appeared as a guest at Allsång på Skansen. Ann-Cathrine Wiklander participated with the song Som en dröm, at "Schlager-SM" i TV3 1994, together with Keith Almgrens orkester at Sandgrund in Karlstad. In late 2012, she began touring with Erik Lihm. She also works as a diabetics nurse at Österåsens hälsohem in Sollefteå.

text:
# Ann-Cathrine Wiklander

**Ann-Cathrine Wiklander**, born 4 July 1958 in Sollefteå, Sweden, is a Swedish female singer, scoring dansband successes during the 1990s.

She has scored Svensktoppen hit songs like *Kärleken* (1993), *Vänd inte ryggen åt en vän* (1994), *Alla stunder* (1995), *Julklockor över vår jord* (1995–1996), *Liksom svalorna kommer med solen* (1996), *Min tanke är hos mig* (1998) and *Gamla vänner* (2000). On 12 July 1994, she appeared as a guest at Allsång på Skansen.

Ann-Cathrine Wiklander participated with the song *Som en dröm*, at "Schlager-SM" i TV3 1994, together with Keith Almgrens orkester at Sandgrund in Karlstad.

In late 2012, she began touring with Erik Lihm. She also works as a diabetics nurse at Österåsens hälsohem in Sollefteå.

## Discography

### Albums

### EPs

## InfoBox

| Ann-Cathrine Wiklander | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1958-07-04) July 4, 1958<br>Sollefteå, Sweden |
| Genres | dansband music, schlager |
| Occupation | singer |
| Years active | 1988– |


title: 10:20 (Wire album)

abstract: 10:20 is a compilation album by English art punk band Wire, released on 19 June 2020 through their own Pinkflag label. The band considers it a collection of "stray" tracks that didn't fit on previous albums, including rerecorded songs dating back to the 1980s that evolved substantially through live performance, and which the band felt deserved a new life on an album. 10:20 was originally planned for the cancelled Record Store Day in April 2020 as vinyl-only, but was eventually released in multiple formats. The album title alludes to the recording dates of the album and its release (2010–2020), and also ten years of guitarist Matthew Simms being in the band.

text:
# 10:20 (Wire album)

***10:20*** is a compilation album by English art punk band Wire, released on 19 June 2020 through their own Pinkflag label.

The band considers it a collection of "stray" tracks that didn't fit on previous albums, including rerecorded songs dating back to the 1980s that evolved substantially through live performance, and which the band felt deserved a new life on an album. *10:20* was originally planned for the cancelled Record Store Day in April 2020 as vinyl-only, but was eventually released in multiple formats. The album title alludes to the recording dates of the album and its release (2010–2020), and also ten years of guitarist Matthew Simms being in the band.

## Tracks background

The first four tracks on the album were recorded in November 2010 and feature contributions from Margaret Fiedler McGinnis, Wire's touring guitarist between 2008–2009, and Matthew Simms, touring guitarist since 2010 and official member since 2012. The tracks were previously available on the limited edition bonus EP *Strays*, included with early copies of *Red Barked Tree* in 2010. The last four tracks were recorded in the late 2010s with the current lineup of Simms and original members Colin Newman, Graham Lewis, and Robert Grey.

Album opener "Boiling Boy" first appeared on 1988's *A Bell Is a Cup... Until It Is Struck*. The *10:20* recording uses the arrangement that developed in the 2000s, where it became a staple in the band's live sets. "German Shepherds" was originally recorded for 1989's *It's Beginning To And Back Again*, and is another Wire song that gained a second lease on life through the live shows. "He Knows" was developed in 2000 and reinvigorated in 2008 when it too became a staple of Wire's live set. This is the only studio recording to have surfaced. "Underwater Experiences" was originally demoed for 1978's *Chairs Missing*. It later appeared on the 1981 live album *Document and Eyewitness* and on 2013's *Change Becomes Us*, retitled as "Attractive Space".

"The Art of Persistence" was previously only available as a rehearsal run-through on 2000's *The Third Day* EP and as a live recording on *Legal Bootleg Series: Set 2 – 23 February 2000 Nottingham Social (Recycling Sherwood Forest)*. "Small Black Reptile" originally appeared on the 1990 album *Manscape*, and is the song on *10:20* that has changed the most, from an electronic-driven version to a melodic rock track. "Wolf Collides" was written in 2015 and included in that year’s live set. This recording is an outtake from the sessions for 2017's *Silver/Lead*. "Over Theirs" appeared on 1987's *The Ideal Copy* and has made sporadic visits to Wire’s live shows since 1985. "The Art of Persistence", "Small Black Reptile" and "Over Theirs" were all recorded during the *Mind Hive* sessions between 2018 and 2019 for an abandoned book edition of the album with extra tracks on it.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Exclaim!* | 7/10 |
| *The Fire Note* |  |
| *PopMatters* |  |
| *The Spill Magazine* |  |

*PopMatters* called it "both essential for fans and an excellent primer for new listeners." *The Spill Magazine* awarded the album 9 out of 10, describing it as "a brilliant snapshot of songs in a state of chrysalis, like a momentary acknowledgement that nothing truly ends."

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Graham Lewis, except "Boiling Boy" by Bruce Gilbert; all music is composed by Colin Newman (song) and Wire (music)

10
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Boiling Boy" (*10:20* version) | 6:22 |
| 2. | "German Shepherds" (*10:20* version) | 4:28 |
| 3. | "He Knows" | 4:40 |
| 4. | "Underwater Experiences" (*10:20* version) | 2:20 |

20
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "The Art of Persistence" | 3:47 |
| 6. | "Small Black Reptile" (*10:20* version) | 3:42 |
| 7. | "Wolf Collides" | 4:06 |
| 8. | "Over Theirs" (*10:20* version) | 8:51 |

## Personnel

**Wire**

**Additional musicians**

**Technical personnel**

* Colin Newman – producer, mixing
* Sean Douglas – engineer (1–6, 8)
* Jeroen Melchers – engineer (7)
* Matthew Simms – additional engineer (5–8)
* Denis Blackham – mastering
* Jon Wozencroft – art direction, photography

Tracks 1–4 recorded at Resident Studios, London and Swim Studio, London; tracks 5–8 recorded at Rockfield Studios, Monmouth, Wales and Swim Studio

## InfoBox

| 10:20 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Wire | |
| Released | 19 June 2020 |
| Recorded | 2010–2019 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 38:16 |
| Label | Pinkflag |
| Producer | Colin Newman |
| Wire chronology | |
| *Mind Hive*
(2020) ***10:20***
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *10:20* | |
| 1. "Small Black Reptile"
Released: 11 March 2020 2. "The Art of Persistence"
Released: 19 June 2020 | |
|  | |


title: 10: 1993–2003 – Ten Years Of

abstract: 10: 1993–2003 – Ten Years Of is a compilation album by K's Choice released in 2003. It peaked at position 9 in the Belgian and at 73 in the Dutch album charts.

text:
# 10: 1993–2003 – Ten Years Of

**10: 1993–2003 – Ten Years Of** is a compilation album by K's Choice released in 2003. It peaked at position 9 in the Belgian and at 73 in the Dutch album charts.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Gert Bettens and Sarah Bettens. All tracks remastered by Benjamin Bertozzi at Jet Mastering, Brussels, Belgium.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Losing You" (unreleased single) | 4:07 |
| 2. | "Not an Addict" | 4:48 |
| 3. | "Believe" | 3:32 |
| 4. | "Almost Happy" | 3:45 |
| 5. | "My Heart" | 3:25 |
| 6. | "The Ballad of Lea and Paul" | 3:15 |
| 7. | "I Smoke a Lot" | 2:52 |
| 8. | "Little Man" (B-side) | 3:52 |
| 9. | "Another Year" | 3:27 |
| 10. | "Mr. Freeze" | 4:29 |
| 11. | "Dad" | 3:04 |
| 12. | "Winners" | 3:51 |
| 13. | "If You're Not Scared" | 3:17 |
| 14. | "Everything for Free" | 3:43 |
| 15. | "Busy" | 3:37 |
| 16. | "Virgin State of Mind" (unreleased single) | 3:13 |
| 17. | "Until I'm Fine" (B-side, unreleased single) | 3:07 |
| 18. | "God in My Bed" | 3:05 |

**Note:** Track 16, "Virgin State of Mind", was first heard on the *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* American television series when K's Choice appeared/performed on "Doppelgangland" – the 16th episode of the 3rd season, originally broadcast February 23, 1999, on The WB network. The track was later included on the *Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Album* soundtrack album, released October 19, 1999.

## InfoBox

| 10: 1993-2003 – Ten Years Of | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by K's Choice | |
| Released | 2003
10 August 2004 (2004-08-10) (USA) |
| Genre | Alternative rock, Folk rock |
| Length | 64:29 |
| Label | Sony Music |
| K's Choice chronology | |
| *Running Backwards In A Corn Field*
(2003) ***10: 1993-2003 – Ten Years Of***
(2003) *The Essential K's Choice*
(2009) | |


title: Angels of Distress

abstract: Angels of Distress is the second studio album by funeral doom metal band Shape of Despair. It was mastered in Finnvox by Mika Jussila. The album is packaged in a digipak and includes no booklet, though the lyrics can be viewed on the band's official website.

text:
# Angels of Distress

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Angels of Distress*** is the second studio album by funeral doom metal band Shape of Despair. It was mastered in Finnvox by Mika Jussila. The album is packaged in a digipak and includes no booklet, though the lyrics can be viewed on the band's official website.

## Track listing

1. "Fallen" – 6:09
2. "Angels of Distress" – 9:43
3. "Quiet These Paintings Are" – 14:40
4. "...To Live for My Death..." – 17:22
5. "Night's Dew" – 7:00

Music and lyrics by Jarno Salomaa in 1997 and 1999.

## Credits

### Shape of Despair

* Jarno Salomaa \- lead guitars & synth
* Tomi Ullgren - bass & rhythm guitars
* Natalie Koskinen - female vocals
* Samu Ruotsalainen - drums
* Pasi Koskinen \- growled & clean vocals

### Session musician

* Toni Raehalme - violin

## InfoBox

| Angels of Distress | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Shape of Despair | |
| Released | September 25th, 2001 |
| Recorded | April/July, 2001 at HellHole Studio |
| Genre | Funeral doom metal
Gothic metal
Ethereal wave |
| Length | 54:54 |
| Label | Spikefarm Records |
| Producer | Kaide Hinkkala
Antti Lindell
Jarno Salomaa |
| Shape of Despair chronology | |
| *Shades of...*
(2000) ***Angels of Distress***
(2001) *Illusion's Play*
(2004) | |


abstract: The 1964 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 43rd staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912. London entered the championship as the defending champions. The All-Ireland final was played on 4 October 1964 at New Eltham in London, between Down and London, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Down won the match by 3–02 to 1–03 to claim their first championship title.

text:
# 1964 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship

The **1964 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship** was the 43rd staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

London entered the championship as the defending champions.

The All-Ireland final was played on 4 October 1964 at New Eltham in London, between Down and London, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Down won the match by 3–02 to 1–03 to claim their first championship title.

## Results

### All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship

#### All-Ireland semi-finals

| 2 August 1964 Semi-final | **Down** | **2-08 - 1-10** | **Roscommon** | St. Coman's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 9 August 1964 Semi-final | **Kerry** | **2-11 - 2-07** | **Wicklow** | Austin Stack Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

#### All-Ireland home final

| 13 September 1964 Home final | **Down** | **9-05 - 2-07** | **Kerry** | Croke Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

#### All-Ireland final

| 4 October 1964 Final | **London** | **1-03 - 3-02** | **Down** | New Eltham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1964 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
| All Ireland Champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Winners | Down (1st win) |
| Captain | Charlie McMullan |
| All Ireland Runners-up | |
| Runners-up | London |
| Provincial Champions | |
| Munster | Not Played |
| Leinster | Wicklow |
| Ulster | Down |
| Connacht | Roscommon |
| 1963  1965 | |


title: El Alto Municipality

abstract: El Alto Municipality or El Alto de La Paz Municipality is a municipal section of the Pedro Domingo Murillo Province in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its seat is El Alto, the second-largest city in Bolivia.

text:
# El Alto Municipality

**El Alto Municipality** or **El Alto de La Paz Municipality** is a municipal section of the Pedro Domingo Murillo Province in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its seat is El Alto, the second-largest city in Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| El Alto Municipality | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| El Alto with the Andes in the background | |
| El Alto MunicipalityLocation of the El Alto Municipality within Bolivia | |
| Coordinates: 16°25′0″S 68°12′0″W / 16.41667°S 68.20000°W / -16.41667; -68.20000 | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Department | La Paz Department |
| Province | Pedro Domingo Murillo Province |
| Seat | El Alto |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Fanor Nava Santiesteban (2007) |
| President | Gustavo Adolfo Morales (2007) |
| Area | |
| Total | 134 sq mi (346 km2) |
| Elevation | 13,000 ft (4,000 m) |
| Population (2024 census) | |
| Total | 885,035 |
| Density | 6,600/sq mi (2,600/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |


title: Euseius aferulus

abstract: Euseius aferulus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Euseius aferulus

***Euseius aferulus*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Euseius aferulus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Euseius* |
| Species: | ***E. aferulus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euseius aferulus***<br>(Chant, 1959) | |
|


title: 1999 Uruguayan referendum

text:
# 1999 Uruguayan referendum

A double referendum was held in Uruguay on 31 October 1999 alongside general elections. Voters were asked two questions; whether they approved of two initiatives, one on the financial autonomy of the judiciary, and one on preventing directors of state-owned companies from becoming MPs. Both were rejected by voters.

## Initiatives

### Judiciary

The referendum on the financial judiciary of the judiciary was put forward by the General Assembly after being approved by 41 of the 99 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 12 of the 30 members of the Senate. It would involve amending articles 220, 233 and 239 of the constitution.

### Directors of state-owned companies

The referendum on directors of state-owned companies was also put forward by the General Assembly, where it was approved by 61 Deputies and 20 Senators.

## Results

### Judiciary

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 949,935 | 43.09 |
| Against | | 1,254,746 | 56.91 |
| Total | | 2,204,681 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Total votes | | 2,204,681 |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,402,160 | 91.78 |
| Source: Direct Democracy | | | |

### Directors of state-owned companies

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 839,004 | 38.06 |
| Against | | 1,365,677 | 61.94 |
| Total | | 2,204,681 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Total votes | | 2,204,681 |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,402,160 | 91.78 |
| Source: Direct Democracy | | | |

## InfoBox

1999 Uruguayan referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Financial autonomy of the judiciary | |
|  | |
| Directors of state-owned enterprises as deputies | |
|  | |


title: .swiss

abstract: .swiss is a top-level domain (TLD) for Switzerland. It was approved by ICANN as a TLD on 16 Oct 2014. This is meant to supplement the traditional.ch TLD. The Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) began registering.swiss domains as of 7 September 2015. Open registration to other legal entities begins from 11 January 2016.

text:
# .swiss

**.swiss** is a top-level domain (TLD) for Switzerland. It was approved by ICANN as a TLD on 16 Oct 2014. This is meant to supplement the traditional **.ch** TLD.

The Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) began registering **.swiss** domains as of 7 September 2015. Open registration to other legal entities begins from 11 January 2016.

## InfoBox

.swiss
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | 2015 |
| TLD type | Generic top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | dot.swiss |
| Sponsor | Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) |
| Intended use | Swiss institutions and businesses |
| Registration restrictions | Requires a "registered place of business and a physical administrative base in Switzerland" |
| Structure | Registrations at second level (ie. domain.swiss) |
| Documents | https://www.icann.org/resources/agreement/swiss-2014-10-16-en |
| DNSSEC | TBA |
| Registry website | https://dot.swiss/en/ |


title: Endocochlear potential

abstract: The endocochlear potential is the positive voltage of 80-100mV seen in the cochlear endolymphatic spaces. Within the cochlea, the EP varies in magnitude all along its length. When a sound is presented, the endocochlear potential changes either positive or negative in the endolymph, depending on the stimulus. The change in the potential is called the summating potential. With the movement of the basilar membrane, a shear force is created and a small potential is generated due to a difference in potential between the endolymph and the perilymph. EP is highest in the basal turn of the cochlea and decreases in the magnitude towards the apex. In saccule and utricle, endolymphatic potential is about +9 mV and +3mV in the semicircular canal. EP is highly dependent on metabolism and ionic transport. An acoustic stimulus produces a simultaneous change in conductance at the membrane of the receptor cell. Because there is a steep gradient, changes in membrane conductance are accompanied by rapid influx and efflux of ions which in turn produce the receptor potential. This is known as the Battery Hypothesis. The receptor potential for each hair cell causes a release of neurotransmitters at its basal pole, which elicits excitation of the afferent nerve fibres.

text:
# Endocochlear potential

The **endocochlear potential** (EP; also called endolymphatic potential) is the positive voltage of 80-100mV seen in the cochlear endolymphatic spaces. Within the cochlea, the EP varies in magnitude all along its length. When a sound is presented, the endocochlear potential changes either positive or negative in the endolymph, depending on the stimulus. The change in the potential is called the summating potential.

With the movement of the basilar membrane, a shear force is created and a small potential is generated due to a difference in potential between the endolymph (scala media, +80 mV) and the perilymph (vestibular and tympanic ducts, 0 mV). EP is highest in the basal turn of the cochlea (95 mV in mice) and decreases in the magnitude towards the apex (87 mV). In saccule and utricle, endolymphatic potential is about +9 mV and +3mV in the semicircular canal. EP is highly dependent on metabolism and ionic transport.

An acoustic stimulus produces a simultaneous change in conductance at the membrane of the receptor cell. Because there is a steep gradient (150 mV), changes in membrane conductance are accompanied by rapid influx and efflux of ions which in turn produce the receptor potential. This is known as the Battery Hypothesis. The receptor potential for each hair cell causes a release of neurotransmitters at its basal pole, which elicits excitation of the afferent nerve fibres.


title: 1926 United States elections

abstract: The 1926 United States elections were held on November 2, 1926, in the middle of President Calvin Coolidge's second term. The Republican Party lost nine seats to the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives but retained their majority. The Republicans also lost six seats to the Democrats in the U.S. Senate but retained their majority. The Democratic gains in Congress were very modest for a midterm election, and since that time, the Republicans had not performed this well in midterm elections under a Republican president until 2002.

text:
# 1926 United States elections

The **1926 United States elections** were held on November 2, 1926, in the middle of President Calvin Coolidge's second (only full) term. The Republican Party lost nine seats to the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives but retained their majority. The Republicans also lost six seats to the Democrats in the U.S. Senate but retained their majority. The Democratic gains in Congress were very modest for a midterm election, and since that time, the Republicans had not performed this well in midterm elections under a Republican president until 2002.

## InfoBox

1926 United States elections
| 1924          1925          **1926**          1927          1928
*Midterm elections* | |
| --- | --- |
| Election day | November 2 |
| Incumbent president | Calvin Coolidge (Republican) |
| Next Congress | 70th |
| Senate elections | |
| Overall control | Republican hold |
| Seats contested | 35 of 96 seats (32 Class 3 seats + 6 special elections) |
| Net seat change | Democratic +7 |
|  | |
| 1926 Senate election results Democratic gain   Democratic hold

Republican gain   Republican hold | |
| House elections | |
| Overall control | Republican hold |
| Seats contested | All 435 voting seats |
| Net seat change | Democratic +11 |
|  | |
| 1926 House of Representatives election results | |
| Gubernatorial elections | |
| Seats contested | 33 |
| Net seat change | Republican +2 |
|  | |
| 1926 gubernatorial election results Democratic gain   Democratic hold

Republican gain   Republican hold | |


title: 1946 Florida N&I Lions football team

abstract: The 1946 Florida N&I Lions football team, sometimes also referred to as Florida Normal, was an American football team that represented Florida Normal and Industrial Memorial College in the Southeastern Athletic Conference (SEAC) during the 1946 college football season. Led by head coach F. W. Hinson, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record, including a 101-point victory over Albany State and a one-point loss to black college national champion Delaware State in the Flower Bowl on New Year's Day 1947. The team's appearance in the Flower Bowl was the first time a Florida team played in a New Year's Day game. Florida Normal's Joe Carter led the nation in scoring with 152 points on 21 touchdowns and 25 extra points. Two Florida Normal players were named to the 1946 All-Southeast Conference football team: Carter at quarterback and Danly Smith at tackle.

text:
# 1946 Florida N&I Lions football team

1946 Southeastern Athletic Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 11 Allen $ | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| No. 12 Bethune–Cookman | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Florida N&I | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Paine | 1 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Claflin | 0 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 7 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from *Pittsburgh Courier* Dickinson System | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1946 Florida N&I Lions football team**, sometimes also referred to as **Florida Normal**, was an American football team that represented Florida Normal and Industrial Memorial College (now known as Florida Memorial University) in the Southeastern Athletic Conference (SEAC) during the 1946 college football season. Led by head coach F. W. Hinson, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record, including a 101-point victory over Albany State and a one-point loss to black college national champion Delaware State in the Flower Bowl on New Year's Day 1947. The team's appearance in the Flower Bowl was the first time a Florida team played in a New Year's Day game.

Florida Normal's Joe Carter led the nation in scoring with 152 points on 21 touchdowns and 25 extra points.

Two Florida Normal players were named to the 1946 All-Southeast Conference football team: Carter at quarterback and Danly Smith at tackle.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Fort Benning |  | L 7–12 |  |  |
| October 11 | at Friendship JC |  | W 64–0 |  |  |
| October 26 | Allen |  | L 7–12 |  |  |
| November 2 | at Morris | Sumter, SC | W 54–0 |  |  |
|  | Claflin |  | W 19–0 |  |  |
| November 16 | at Albany State | Albany, GA | W 101–0 |  |  |
| November 22 | vs. Jacksonville Naval Air Station |  | W 47–0 |  |  |
| November 28 | Bethune–Cookman |  | T 7–7 |  |  |
| December 25 | vs. Morris | Jacksonville, FL (Tropical Bowl) | W 33–6 |  |  |
| January 1, 1947 | vs. Delaware State | Jacksonville, FL (Flower Bowl) | L 6–7 | 2,500 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1946 Florida N&I Lions football | |
| --- | --- |
| Tropical Bowl, W 33–6 vs. Morris<br>Flower Bowl, L 6–7 vs. Delaware State | |
| Conference | Southeastern Athletic Conference |
| Record | 6–3–1 ( SEAC) |
| Head coach | * F. W. Hinson |
|


title: 1990–91 Floodlit Cup

abstract: The 1990–91 Floodlit Cup was the 4th edition of the Floodlit Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football. Portadown won the tournament for the 1st time, defeating Glenavon 2–0 in the final.

text:
# 1990–91 Floodlit Cup

The **1990–91 Floodlit Cup** was the 4th edition of the Floodlit Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.

Portadown won the tournament for the 1st time, defeating Glenavon 2–0 in the final.

## Results

### First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ballymena United** | 2–1 | Distillery |
| **Bangor** | 2–1 | Glentoran |
| **Glenavon** | 2–0 | Coleraine |
| Larne | 1–1 (a.e.t.)
(2–3 ) | **Crusaders** |
| **Linfield** | 2–0 | Ballyclare Comrades |
| **Newry Town** | 2–1 | Carrick Rangers |
| **Omagh Town** | 2–2 (a.e.t.)
(4–3 ) | Cliftonville |
| **Portadown** | 4–2 | Ards |

### Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Ballymena United** | 0–0 (a.e.t.)
(5–4 ) | Bangor |
| Crusaders | 1–2 | **Portadown** |
| Linfield | 0–1 | **Omagh Town** |
| Newry Town | 0–4 | **Glenavon** |

### Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Glenavon** | 3–0 | Omagh Town |
| **Portadown** | 2–2 (a.e.t.)
(5–3 ) | Ballymena United |

### Final

| Portadown | 2–0 | Glenavon |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Davidson  2'
Cowan  30' |  |  |

Windsor Park, BelfastReferee: David Magill (Belfast)

## InfoBox

1990–91 Floodlit Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Teams | 16 |
| Defending champions | Glentoran |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Portadown (1st win) |
| Runner-up | Glenavon |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 15 |
| Goals scored | 40 (2.67 per match) |
|  | |


title: Bangladesh at the 1984 Summer Olympics

text:
# Bangladesh at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Bangladesh sent a delegation to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States from 28 July to 12 August 1984. The Bangladeshi delegation consisted of a single track and field athlete, Saidur Rahman Dawn. In his two events, the 100 metres and 200 metres, he did not qualify to advance beyond the first round.

## Background

The Bangladesh Olympic Association was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 1 January 1980. The nation joined the United States-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, and therefore did not make their first Olympic appearance until these Los Angeles Games. The 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles from 28 July to 12 August 1984; a total of 6,829 athletes representing 140 National Olympic Committees took part. Saidur Rahman Dawn was the only competitor sent by Bangladesh to Los Angeles, and he was the flagbearer for the opening ceremony.

## Athletics

Saidur Rahman Dawn was 21 years old at the time of the Los Angeles Olympics, and was making his only Olympic appearance. On 3 August, he took part in the heats of the 100 metres race, where he was drawn into eight, which he finished in 11.25 seconds, in eighth and last place for his heat. Only the top three in each heat and the next seven fastest from all heats could advance, and Dawn was eliminated. The gold medal was eventually won by Carl Lewis of the United States, the silver belonged to fellow American Sam Graddy, and the bronze was won by Canadian Ben Johnson. Three days later Dawn took part in the heats of the 200 metres. He was drawn into heat 1, and finished in a time of 22.59 seconds; seventh and last among those who finished his heat. This time, only the top three from a heat and the next two fastest overall could advance, and Dawn's competition came to an end. Americans eventually swept the podium, with Lewis winning the gold medal, Kirk Baptiste the silver, and Thomas Jefferson the bronze.

| Athlete | Events | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Position | Time | Position | Time | Position |
| Saidur Rahman Dawn | 100 m | 11.25 | 8 | Did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m | 22.59 | 7 | Did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Bangladesh at the<br>1984 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | BAN |
| NOC | Bangladesh Olympic Association |
| Website | www.nocban.org |
| in Los Angeles | |
| Flag bearer | Saidur Rahman Dawn |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: 1947 Tour de Romandie

abstract: The 1947 Tour de Romandie was the inaugural edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 15 May to 18 May 1947. The race started and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Désiré Keteleer.

text:
# 1947 Tour de Romandie

The **1947 Tour de Romandie** was the inaugural edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 15 May to 18 May 1947. The race started and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Désiré Keteleer.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Désiré Keteleer (BEL) 20h 55' 27"  2  Gino Bartali (ITA) \+ 1' 41"  3  Ferdinand Kübler (SUI) \+ 2' 51"  4  Walter Diggelmann (SUI) \+ 3' 10"  5  Hans Schütz (SUI) \+ 3' 29"  6  Renzo Zanazzi (ITA) \+ 3' 35"  7  Prosper Depredomme (ITA) \+ 3' 54"  8  Gottfried Weilenmann (SUI) \+ 5' 34"  9  Jean Goldschmit (LUX) \+ 6' 22"  10  Pierre Brambilla (ITA) \+ 6' 32" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1947 Tour de Romandie
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 15–18 May 1947 |
| Stages | 4 |
| Distance | 771 km (479.1 mi) |
| Winning time | 20h 55' 27" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Désiré Keteleer (BEL)  Second  Gino Bartali (ITA)  Third  Ferdinand Kübler (SUI) | |
|


abstract: The Army Aviation Heritage Foundation and Flying Museum is a non-profit organization headquartered at the Atlanta Speedway Airport in Hampton, Georgia focused on the history of US Army aviation.

text:
# Army Aviation Heritage Foundation and Flying Museum

The **Army Aviation Heritage Foundation and Flying Museum** is a non-profit organization headquartered at the Atlanta Speedway Airport in Hampton, Georgia focused on the history of US Army aviation.

## History

### Establishment

The **Army Aviation Heritage Foundation** was incorporated in June 1997 by Michael Brady, an airline entrepreneur and the son of Vietnam veteran Major General Morris Brady.

As a result of an amendment to a federal law passed in July 2003, ownership of an L-19 was transferred from the State Department to the foundation.

The foundation's hangar and aircraft, including a C-7 were damaged by a tornado in July 2005. The C-7 was sold to the Cavanaugh Flight Museum two years later.

### Expansion

The Arizona Chapter was established in October 2015 after Dave Sale, a member of the Commemorative Air Force, contacted the foundation about putting a UH-1 on display at the CAF Airbase Arizona.

The Gateway Chapter was established on 22 December 2016 and was given an OH-58A project. The following September it acquired a surplus UH-1H.

The Arizona Chapter merged with the SoCal Detachment in January 2020 to create the Southwest Chapter.

## Chapters

The organization has three chapters:

## Collection

### Aircraft in Storage

The organization has additional aircraft in storage as sources of spare parts. These include thirteen aircraft recovered from Fort Drum as well as an OH-6, OV-1D and T-42.

## Programs

The organization offers rides in its aircraft. It also operates an aerial demonstration team called the Sky Soldiers.

## InfoBox

Army Aviation Heritage Foundation and Flying Museum
| Established | June 1997 (1997-06) |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Michael Brady |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Location |  |
| Website | www.armyav.org |


abstract:
The Enlarged City School District of Middletown serves the City of Middletown, Orange County, New York, and adjacent areas. It operates six schools:
  - Presidential Park Elementary School - Grades K-5
  - Maple Hill Elementary School - Grades K-5
  - William A. Carter Elementary School - Grades K-5
  - Monhagen Middle School - Grades 6-8
  - Twin Towers Middle School - Grades 6-8
  - Middletown High School - Grades 9-12

text:
# Enlarged City School District of Middletown

The **Enlarged City School District of Middletown** serves the City of Middletown, Orange County, New York, and adjacent areas.

It operates six schools:

* Presidential Park Elementary School - Grades K-5
* Maple Hill Elementary School - Grades K-5
* William A. Carter Elementary School - Grades K-5
* Monhagen Middle School - Grades 6-8
* Twin Towers Middle School \- Grades 6-8
* Middletown High School \- Grades 9-12


title: 1177 Gonnessia

abstract: 1177 Gonnessia, provisional designation 1930 WA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 99 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1930, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after astronomer François Gonnessiat.

text:
# 1177 Gonnessia

**1177 Gonnessia**, provisional designation 1930 WA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 99 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1930, by French astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa, and named after astronomer François Gonnessiat.

## Orbit and classification

*Gonnessia* is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2–3.5 AU once every 6 years and 2 months (2,238 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 15 with respect to the ecliptic.

The asteroid was first observed as A923 RO at Simeiz Observatory in September 1923. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory, three weeks after its official discovery observation at Algiers Bouzaréah.

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen classification, *Gonnessia* is classified as an asteroid with an unusual spectrum (XFU). It was also characterized as an X-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey.

### Lightcurve photometry

Several rotational lightcurves of *Gonnessia* were obtained since 2002. The best rated photometric observations were taken in 2010, by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) and Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 30.51 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude, indicative for a spheroidal shape (U=3-/3-). Previous observations by Brian Warner gave a longer period of 82 hours based on sparse photometry (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, *Gonnessia* has a notably slower spin rate than most asteroids.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Gonnessia* measures between 91.98 and 104.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.040.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0398 with a diameter of 91.98 kilometers. It also takes Petr Pravec's revised absolute magnitude from WISE of 9.24.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after astronomer François Gonnessiat (1856–1934), who was an observer of comets and a discoverer of minor planets. Gonnessiat was also a director of the discovering Algiers Observatory and headed the Quito Astronomical Observatory in Ecuador as well. The official naming citation was mentioned in *The Names of the Minor Planets* by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 109).

1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1177 Gonnessia (1930 WA)" (2017-03-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1177) Gonnessia". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1177) Gonnessia*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 99. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1178. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. "LCDB Data for (1177) Gonnessia". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 26 August 2017.
4. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". *NASA Planetary Data System*. **12**: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
5. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan*. **63** (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
6. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". *The Astronomical Journal*. **152** (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63.
7. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; et al. (December 2015). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **814** (2): 13. arXiv:1509.02522. Bibcode:2015ApJ...814..117N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117. S2CID 9341381. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
8. Warner, Brian D. (December 2002). "Lightcurve analysis for asteroids 607 Jenny, 1177 Gonnessia 4440 Tchantches, 4896 Tomoegozen, and (4995) 1984 QR". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **30** (2): 33–35. Bibcode:2003MPBu...30...33W. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
9. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1177) Gonnessia". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
10. Stephens, Robert D. (April 2011). "Asteroids Observed from GMARS and Santana Observatories: 2010 October-December". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **38** (2): 115. Bibcode:2011MPBu...38..115S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
11. Stephens, Robert D. (July 2011). "Asteroids Observed from GMARS and Santana Observatories: 2011 January-March". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **38** (3): 165–166. Bibcode:2011MPBu...38..165S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
12. Warner, Brian D. (April 2011). "Upon Further Review: VI. An Examination of Previous Lightcurve Analysis from the Palmer Divide Observatory". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **38** (2): 96–101. Bibcode:2011MPBu...38...96W. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
13. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". *Icarus*. **261**: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. S2CID 53493339. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
14. Pravec, Petr; Harris, Alan W.; Kusnirák, Peter; Galád, Adrián; Hornoch, Kamil (September 2012). "Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations". *Icarus*. **221** (1): 365–387. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..365P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
15. "1177 Gonnessia (1930 WA)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

## InfoBox

1177 Gonnessia
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | L. Boyer |
| Discovery site | Algiers Obs. |
| Discovery date | 24 November 1930 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1177) Gonnessia |
| Named after | François Gonnessiat
(French astronomer) |
| Alternative designations | 1930 WA **·** A923 RO |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (outer) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 86.28 yr (31,513 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.4519 AU |
| Perihelion | 3.2440 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 3.3480 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0310 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 6.13 yr (2,238 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 344.46 |
| Mean motion | 0° 9m 39.24s / day |
| Inclination | 15.071° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 252.16° |
| Argument of perihelion | 241.85° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 91.98±9.9 km
93.50±1.01 km
99.27±43.41 km
104.63±33.73 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 6.81±0.01  (poor)
10 h
28.89±0.02 h
30.51±0.02 h
30.51 h
82±5 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.03±0.02
0.03±0.04
0.0398±0.010
0.040±0.001 |
| Spectral type | Tholen = XFU **·**
B–V = 0.668
U–B = 0.244 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 8.86±0.13 (R) **·** 9.24 **·** 9.24±0.139 **·** 9.30 **·** 9.35 **·** 9.4 **·** 9.66±0.60 |
|  | |


title: 1938–39 Serie C

abstract: The 1938–39 Serie C was the fourth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.

text:
# 1938–39 Serie C

The **1938–39 Serie C** was the fourth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.

## Season

A sixth group was created by the FIGC to introduce more clubs from Southern Italy and reducing the travels in that part of the country. After protests from Northern Italy, a seventh and an eighth group were added.

## Legend

Promoted   Qualified   Relegated

## Final rounds

1. May 29, 1938.

## InfoBox

Serie C
| Season | 1938–39 |
| --- | --- |
| Promoted | Brescia
Udinese
Molinella
Catania |
| Relegated | many disbanded clubs |
| 1937–38 1939–40 | |


title: Angela Manalang-Gloria

abstract: Angela Manalang-Gloria (1907–1995) was a Filipina poet who wrote in English.

text:
# Angela Manalang-Gloria

**Angela Manalang-Gloria** (1907–1995) was a Filipina poet who wrote in English.

## Early life

Angela Marie Legaspi Manalang was born on August 24, 1907, in Guagua, Pampanga to parents, Felipe Dizon Manalang (born in Mexico, Pampanga) and Tomasa Legaspi. However, their family later settled in the Bicol Region, particularly in Tabaco, Albay. She studied at St. Agnes Academy in Legaspi, where she graduated valedictorian in elementary. In her senior year, she moved to St. Scholastica's College in Malate, Manila, where her writing started to get noticed.

Angela Manalang was among the first generation female students at the University of the Philippines. Angela initially enrolled in law, as suggested by her father. However, with the advice of her professor C.V. Wickers, who also became her mentor, she eventually transferred to literature.

## Writing

It was also during her education at the University of the Philippines that she and poet, Jose Garcia Villa developed a lifelong rivalry. Both poets vied for the position of literary editor of *The Philippine Collegian*, which Manalang eventually held for two successive years. In her junior year, she was quietly engaged to Celedonio Gloria whom she married. She graduated summa cum laude with the degree of Ph.B. in March 1929.

After graduation, Manalang-Gloria worked briefly for the *Philippine Herald Mid-Week Magazine*. However, this was cut short when she contracted tuberculosis.

### Achievements

She was the author of *Revolt from Hymen*, a poem protesting against marital rape, which caused her denial by an all-male jury from winning the Philippine's Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940. She was also the author of the poetry collection, *Poems*, first published in 1940 (and revised in 1950). The collection contained the best of her early work as well as unpublished poems written between 1934 and 1938. Her last poem, *Old Maid Walking on a City Street* can also be found in the collection. This book was her entry to the Commonwealth Literary Awards, losing to Rafael Zulueta y da Costa's verse *Like the Molave*.

## Personal life

On March 11, 1945, her husband Celedonio and her son Ruben were attacked by a Japanese patrol in Alitagtag, Batangas. Though her husband died, Ruben was able to survive, yet his trauma had been so severe that he could not bring himself to recount the attack. This event left Manalang-Gloria a young widow with three children to support, which forced her to abandon writing and enter the abaca business, which she successfully managed.

## InfoBox

| Angela Manalang-Gloria | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Angela Marie Legaspi Manalang
(1907-08-24)August 24, 1907
Guagua, Pampanga, Philippine Islands |
| Died | August 19, 1995(1995-08-19) (aged 87)
Tabaco, Albay, Philippines |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Language | English |
| Alma mater | University of the Philippines |
| Spouse | Celedonio Gloria |
| Children | 3 |


title: Edward Crew (RAF officer)

abstract: Air Vice Marshal Edward Dixon Crew, was a Royal Air Force officer and a nightfighter ace of the Second World War. He shot down 15 enemy aircraft and was one of the top-scoring aces against the V-1 flying bomb.

text:
# Edward Crew (RAF officer)

Air Vice Marshal **Edward Dixon Crew**, CB, DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar (24 December 1917 – 18 August 2002) was a Royal Air Force officer and a nightfighter ace of the Second World War. He shot down 15 enemy aircraft and was one of the top-scoring aces against the V-1 flying bomb.

## Early life

Edward Dixon Crew was born 24 December 1917 in a house on the Market Square, Higham Ferrers and was educated at Felsted School and Downing College, Cambridge. While at Downing College he joined the University Air Squadron and following his graduation he was commissioned in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.

## Second world war

In July 1940 Crew joined No. 604 Squadron RAF operating twin-engined Blenheim IF night-fighters. During the Battle of France the squadron was used for day and night operations against Germany troops and patrols over the Dunkirk beaches to protect the withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force. With the Battle of Britain at its height the squadron aircraft were fitted with airborne radar, although the system was immature and the Blenheim was not the best night fighter. Later in 1940 the squadron was re-equipped with the Bristol Beaufighter and Crew downed his first Germany aircraft, a Heinkel He 111, on 4 April 1941. With two more aircraft shot down and two damaged he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in June 1941. In June 1942 he had destroyed five aircraft to become an ace and in June 1942 he received a Bar to his Distinguished Flying Cross.

Crew joined No. 85 Squadron RAF as a flight commander, the squadron operated the radar-equipped twin-engined De Havilland Mosquito. As the number of victories increased Crew was appointed commanding officer of No. 96 Squadron RAF at first with Beaufighters but these were later exchanged for Mosquitos. Between June and September 1944 the squadron had downed 181 V-1 flying bombs and Crew was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership.

During the Second World War Crew downed 15 enemy aircraft and 31½ V-1s. He was the fourth highest scorer against the flying bomb and the most effective Mosquito pilot; the top three scorers all flew the single-engined Hawker Tempest.

## Post-war

From 1948 to 1950 Crew commanded No. 45 Squadron RAF based in Malaya and operating anti-insurgency operations with the Bristol Beaufighter during the Malayan Emergency, he was awarded a Bar to his Distinguished Service Order for his leadership.

Crew was seconded to the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1952 and at North Bay Ontario commanded Number 3 All Weather Operational Training Unit using among others the Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck. Back in the United Kingdom he flight tested the Gloster Javelin delta-wing fighter at the Central Fighter Establishment. From 1959 to 1962 he was station commander at RAF Bruggen part of the 2nd Tactical Air Force based in Germany. From 1965 to 1966 he was commander of the Air Forces in Borneo at the time of the Indonesian confrontation with Malaya.

Crew held a number of senior staff appointments at the Ministry of Defence until 1973 when he retired. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath that year.

## Later life

Crew worked in the Planning Inspectorate at the Department of the Environment for the next 14 years using his knowledge of airfields. After serving local government as a member of the Cotswold District Council he finally retired in 1996.

Crew had married Virginia in 1945 and when he died on 18 August 2002 he was survived by her and a son.

## Honours and awards

* 29 July 1941 – Flying Officer Edward Dixon Crew (74700), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 604 Squadron has been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:

> This officer is a pilot of outstanding ability who has shown tenacity of purpose to engage the enemy which culminated in the destruction of two enemy aircraft in one night. He has now destroyed four and damaged at least a further four enemy aircraft at night.
>
> London Gazette

* 16 June 1942 – Flight Lieutenant Edward Dixon Crew, DFC, (74700), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 604 Squadron is awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross:

> Since the award of the Distinguished Flying Cross in July 1941, this officer has carried out a large number of operational patrols by night and has destroyed 4 enemy aircraft. He has now destroyed a total of 8 enemy aircraft at night and damaged a number of others. By his readiness to fly in any weather and his skill and ability in dealing with the enemy at night, he sets a splendid example to the squadron
>
> London Gazette

* 26 September 1944 – Acting Wing Commander Edward Dixon Crew, DFC (74700) RAFVR, 96 Squadron is awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:

> Wing Commander Crew continues to display the highest standard of skill, courage and leadership. In air fighting he has destroyed 13 enemy aircraft and damaged several more. With the advent of the flying bomb attacks on this country Wing Commander Crew displayed great skill and perseverance in devising tactics to meet the menace. As a result, he shot down numerous flying bombs, whilst other members of this squadron took a heavy toll of them. This officer has commanded his squadron with outstanding success.
>
> London Gazette

* 10 March 1950 – Squadron Leader Edward Dixon Crew, DSO, DFC (74700) Royal Air Force is awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Order for distinguished service in Malaya.
* 1 January 1973 – Air Vice Marshal Edward Dixon Crew, DSO, DFC, Royal Air Force is appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1973 New Year Honours.

## InfoBox

| Edward Dixon Crew | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1917-12-24)24 December 1917
Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire |
| Died | 18 August 2002(2002-08-18) (aged 84)
Cirencester, Gloucestershire |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1939–1973 |
| Rank | Air Vice Marshal |
| Service number | 74700 |
| Commands | Central Reconnaissance Establishment (1968–69)
Air Forces Borneo (1965–66)
RAF Bruggen (1959–62)
No. 45 Squadron (1948–50)
No. 96 Squadron (1943–44) |
| Battles/wars | Second World War Malayan Emergency
Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Distinguished Service Order & Bar
Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar
Mentioned in Despatches |


title: André Julien Chainat

abstract: Adjutant André Julien Chainat was a French World War I flying ace credited with eleven aerial victories.

text:
# André Julien Chainat

Adjutant **André Julien Chainat** was a French World War I flying ace credited with eleven aerial victories.

## Early life

André Julien Chainat was born in La Chapelle-Saint-Laurian, France, on 27 June 1892. Chainat joined the French military on 25 October 1913 and was trained as an artilleryman. On 22 April 1914, he transferred to the 2eme Groupe d'Aviation and was posted to Escadrille B4, (the 'B' denoting the unit's use of Bleriots), on 20 July 1914, just in time for the beginning of the war.

## Aerial service

He was subsequently selected for pilot's training, and received Pilot's Brevet No. 1165 on 8 June 1915. Nine days later, he was promoted to corporal. Twelve days after that, he was assigned to Escadrille 23; he was later transferred on to Escadrille 38 on 1 November 1915. He was injured twice in accidents with this squadron.

On 17 January 1916, he was transferred to Escadrille 3. Four days later, he was promoted to Sergeant. He began using a Nieuport fighter; he added the motto *L'Oiseau Bleu* (Blue Bird) to the squadron markings on its fuselage. He used this motto, followed by a number, on each of his successive aircraft; his final SPAD VII was Blue Bird 6.

From March to September 1916, he continued to score victories, including sharing victims with Georges Guynemer and Alfred Heurtaux. Chainat was wounded once during this victory string, on 19 June, which he overcame; his second wounding, on 7 September 1916, removed him from combat. On 10 October, he was promoted to Adjutant.

On 1 January 1917, Chainat transferred to the 3eme Croupe d'Aviation.

## Postwar

Andre Julien Chainat died in Cannes on 6 November 1961.

## Honors and awards

***Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur***

"First class pursuit pilot. Has downed six enemy planes between 26 March and 12 July 1916. He was wounded on 16 June. Already cited four times in orders and received the Médaille militaire." (Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur citation, 3 August 1916)

***Médaille militaire***

"Pilot of great skill and bravery. On 26 March 1916, he attacked and downed a plane which fell in flames in front of our lines." (Médaille militaire citation, 5 April 1916).

***Croix de guerre*** with nine *palmes*

***Etoile de bronze***, Mentioned in Dispatches four times

## Sources of information

## InfoBox

| André Julien Chainat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 27 June 1892
La Chapelle-Saint-Laurian, France |
| Died | 6 November 1961
Cannes, France |
| Allegiance | France |
| Service/branch | Artillery; aviation |
| Rank | Adjutant |
| Unit | 6eme Regiment d'Artillerie, *Escadrille 4*, *Escadrille 23*, *Escadrille 38*, *Escadrille No. 3* |
| Awards | Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes and one *étoile de bronze*, Mentioned in Dispatches four times |