abstract: The 155th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, was a New Army unit raised from Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire during the First World War. It saw service on the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras, Messines and Passchendaele, the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

text:
# 155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery

The **155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery**, was a New Army ('Kitchener's Army') unit raised from Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire during the First World War. It saw service on the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras, Messines and Passchendaele, the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

## Background

On 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular British Army, and the newly appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. The flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the army to absorb and organise them, and by the time the Fifth New Army (K5) was authorised on 10 December 1914, many of the units were being organised as 'Pals battalions' under the auspices of mayors and corporations of towns up and down the country.

## Recruitment

The **CLV (West Yorkshire) Brigade** (155th Bde) Royal Field Artillery (RFA) was raised by the Leeds-based West Yorkshire Coal Owners' Association. It was therefore a 'Local Unit', raised under local initiative, not by the army mechanism like the early Kitchener 'New Armies', and therefore was comparable to the 'Pals Battalions' that formed the infantry of K5. Authority was given by the War Office (WO) on 1 February 1915, and the unit was officially taken over by the military authorities on 25 July 1915

The six K5 divisions were to be numbered 37th to 42nd, and CLV Bde was assigned to the 38th Division, composed of Pals battalions raised in the North of England, such as the Accrington Pals, the Sheffield City Battalion and a whole brigade of Hull Pals. All the division's RFA batteries and brigades were raised in Yorkshire towns. The WO then decided to convert the earlier K4 battalions into reserve units to train reinforcements for the K1–K3 units, and on 27 April 1915 the K5 divisions were renumbered to take up the vacant designations of the K4 formations. The short-lived 38th Division thus became 31st Division.

## Training

The New Army brigades of the RFA were organised into four 4-gun batteries, designated A, B, C and D, with a Brigade Ammunition Column (BAC). To start with, the men were billeted in their own homes and training was carried out locally, hampered by an almost total lack of equipment and instructors. Towards the end of May and early June 1915 the division began to assemble at South Camp, Ripon, where more serious training could begin. CLV Brigade was officially taken over by the military authorities from the recruiting committee on 25 July 1915, the rest of the divisional artillery on 1 September. In September the artillery moved to Fovant, where battle training was carried out on Salisbury Plain. The batteries were equipped with 18-pounder guns.

On 29 November the division was warned that it would embark for the Western Front on 6 December. Advance parties left for the embarkation ports, but on 2 December the orders were changed: the infantry would instead sail for Egypt with 32nd Division's artillery, leaving its own artillery behind.

## Western Front

### Divisional Artillery

31st Divisional Artillery continued its training at Larkhill Camp for another month, and then went to France at the beginning of January 1916 to join 32nd Division. This was another Pals formation recruited largely in Birmingham, Salford and Glasgow. It had been in France since late November 1915, temporarily supported by the Divisional Artillery of 53rd (Welsh) Division of the Territorial Force (TF). The former 31st Divisional Artillery now became 32nd Divisional Artillery (32nd DA) for the rest of the war.

On 26 May 32nd DA was reorganised: D/CLV Battery left for CLXIV (Rotherham) Howitzer Brigade and was exchanged for A (H)/CLXIV Bty, which became D (H)/CLV. This battery was equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. The brigade now consisted of 12 x 18-pdrs and 4 x 4.5s. At the same time the BACs were abolished and absorbed into the Divisional Ammunition Column (DAC).

#### Somme

32nd Division was assigned to X Corps in the newly formed Fourth Army for the forthcoming 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). 32nd Division was tasked with attacking out of the valley of the Ancre onto a spur of the Thiepval Plateau to capture the fortified village of Thiepval and the redoubt at the angle of the 'Leipzig Salient'. The division was then to go on to capture a series of strongpoints (including the *Wundtwerke* or 'Wonder Work') on the reverse slope of the spur.

Fourth Army planned five days (U, V, W, X and Y) of bombardment before Zero or Z Day, with the 18-pdrs assigned to cutting the barbed wire and 'searching' trenches, villages, woods and hollows, and the 4.5-inch howitzers to destroying communication trenches, machine gun positions, and assisting in bombardment of woods and villages. Both classes of gun were also to interrupt communications, particularly at night, and prevent the enemy from repairing damage to their defences. The wire-cutting began on 24 June (U Day). After three days the intensity of wire-cutting fire was increased to 4–500 shell per gun per day. Z day was put back by two days because of bad weather, but the bombardment was weaker on the extra days (Y1 and Y2) because of ammunition shortages. Reports on the effect of the wire-cutting varied: a night patrol from 97th Bde failed to get through the wire north of the Leipzig Redoubt and were shot down.

When the infantry went 'over the top' the field guns were to lay down a barrage in front of them. Some artillery commanders tried out a 'Creeping barrage', but in X Corps the 18-pdrs were simply ordered to 'lift' their barrage from one enemy trench to the next as the infantry advanced behind it, while the howitzers concentrated on selected strongpoints along the line of the barrage. Nevertheless, Brigadier J.B. Jardine, commanding 97th Brigade of 32nd Division, ordered his men to creep up to within 40 yards (37 m) of the barrage before attacking the German front line trenches.

When the attack went in at 07.30 on 1 July (the First day on the Somme), 97th Brigade had already crept out into No man's land. It found the wire adequately cut and keeping close to the barrage was able to overrun the Leipzig Redoubt, taking its defenders prisoner. However, 96th Brigade met with disaster, being cut down in No man's land by the machine guns in Thiepval and making no progress, the support companies being halted before going over. The first lift of the barrage was from the German front line to the reserve line (the Wonder Work *etc*), but the troops could not keep up and lost its benefits. The advancing 97th Brigade was shot down by machine guns in the Wonder Work and was obliged to withdraw to the Leipzig Redoubt. Strict orders for the barrage meant that it could not be brought back without higher authority, although Brigadier Jardine did take responsibility to order two batteries to come back to cover the withdrawal to the Leipzig Redoubt. After midday individual batteries fired at targets such as machine gun posts requested by the infantry, but there were few Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) with the infantry, and shellfire cut telephone lines, so fire control was poor. A new bombardment of the Wonder Work was arranged, but it was too diffuse to be effective. Erroneous reports that some of 32nd Division had got into Thiepval meant that the village was not fired on until the evening, and its defenders were able to mount counter-attacks against a break-through by the neighbouring 36th (Ulster) Division and to cause heavy casualties to the reserves coming up (49th (West Riding) Division). By the end of the day X Corps' only remaining gain was the Leipzig Redoubt. That night and for the next two days the gunners helped to evacuate the thousands of wounded infantrymen.

32nd Division was in action again at the Battle of Bazentin Ridge, on 14 July. This time the wire-cutting was more carefully controlled, with FOOs within 200 yards (180 m) of the German trenches to ensure accuracy. The attack went in before dawn, and the intense final bombardment of the enemy line before Zero was cut from 30 minutes to just 5 minutes to ensure surprise. The 18-pdrs and 4.5s firing the barrage used delayed-action fuses to avoid air-bursts in the trees above the troops forming up for the attack. 32nd Division made a subsidiary attack towards Ovillers. The bombardment was accurate and the infantry followed the barrage closely, so the opening of the attack was a great success, but it was not exploited. Afterwards the division was relieved and moved to the quieter Bethune area for the summer.

In mid-September CLV Bde was reorganised again: A Bty was split between B and C to give each six guns, and C Bty was redesignated A Bty. Then on 10 October the brigade was joined by 536 (2/1st Suffolk) Howitzer Bty, a 2nd Line TF unit equipped with four 4.5-inch howitzers that had just arrived in France and now became C (H)/CLV Bty.

After the BEF's successful advance at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, the division was ordered back to the Somme sector, though the move did not begin until 16 October. 32nd Division was in reserve during the Battle of the Ancre Heights (23 October to 11 November). The Battle of the Ancre, delayed until 13 November by bad weather, was the final phase of the Somme Offensive. A mass of artillery was assembled, including 32nd Division's, to support an attack by V Corps. CLV Brigade was deployed around the position known as 'White City', where it suffered some casualties from counter-battery (CB) fire. Seven days of bombardment and wire-cutting preceded the attack. This time a full creeping barrage was employed, starting on the German front line with a quarter of the 18-pounders deliberately firing 50 yards short of the rest, into No man's land, to cover the advancing infantry. Then after six minutes the barrage began advancing at 100 yards (91 m) in 5 minutes. The barrage was to halt for an hour on the first objective, and then move on. The initial pre-dawn attack was a partial success, and attacks continued over succeeding days. 32nd Division's infantry came into the line on 17 November and attacked 'Munich Trench' the following day, though they were quickly stopped by machine gun fire. The battle ended on 18 November, with minor operations continuing through the winter. CLV Brigade was pulled out of White City to safer positions by 21 November, and the divisional artillery was relieved on 6 December. It moved to the St Ouen area, with CLV Bde billeted in nearby village of St Léger

### CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade

CLV Brigade left 32nd Division with a section of the DAC as its BAC, and became an Army Field Artillery (AFA) brigade on 16 January 1917. As their title implies, AFA brigades were allocated by Army HQs to different formations as required. Before it left, the brigade underwent one more reorganisation: C (H) Bty (formerly 536 Bty) left to bring the howitzer batteries of CLXI (Yorkshire) and CLXVIII (Huddersfield) Bdes of 32nd Division up to six guns each. On 25 January, a section of 517 (H) Bty arrived from CLXIX Bde (31st Division) to make D (H)/CLV up to six howitzers. Finally, on 10 February, A/CCCVIII (2/IV South Midland) Bty arrived from 61st (2nd South Midland) Division to become C/CLV. The final composition of the brigade was as follows:

**CLV Army Field Artillery Brigade**

* A Bty (C Bty + half original A Bty) – 6 x 18-pounders
* B Bty (B Bty + half original A Bty) – 6 x 18-pounders
* C Bty (A/CCCVIII (South Midland) Bty) – 6 x 18-pounders
* D (H) (A (H)/CLXIV (Rotherham) Bty + half 517 (H) Bty) – 6 x 4.5-inch howitzers
* Brigade Ammunition Column

CLV Bde remained with V Corps while the operations on the Ancre continued in early 1917, first with 32nd Division to 19 January, then attached to 19th (Western) Division until 7 March, and then with 7th Division until 17 March, after which it went for rest.

#### Arras

On 28 March the brigade moved north to join Third Army, being attached to 30th Division with VII Corps for the Arras Offensive. This time there was greater subtlety in the artillery plan: the 18-pdrs in the creeping barrage fired 50 per cent High Explosive (HE) shells, which provided greater protection for the advancing infantry and required less complex calculations than Shrapnel shell. A 'standing barrage' came down on the enemy trench line until the creeping barrage reached it, when the standing barrage lifted to the next trench. On 30th Division's front the barrage 'crept' at a rate of 100 yards (91 m) in three minutes, slowing to 100 yds in six minutes for the advance onto the final objective. The 4.5s were given a series of targets to engage with gas shells. Some field artillery batteries were ready to move out into No man's land to engage more distant targets as the infantry attacked. They also had to carry out additional wire-cutting before the attack, which the heavy guns had not completed. The assault on 9 April (the First Battle of the Scarpe) was generally successful, but on 30th Division's front the wire was still uncut and the attack was a costly failure. The follow-up attacks on 10 April were also unsuccessful, as the guns had to struggle forward through mud and fire-plans were hurried. 30th Division's infantry faced the most difficult sector of the Hindenburg Line, and without strong artillery support could make no progress on 11 April.

The Arras Offensive bogged down but fighting continued into May, with CLV Bde supporting 37th Division from 16 April, then moving to VII Corps, supporting 29th Division (19–26 April) for the Second Battle of the Scarpe, 3rd Division (26 April to 6 May) for the Third Battle of the Scarpe, and then 56th (1/1st London) Division from 6 May. On 11 May this division carried out a small attack on 'Tool Trench'. The previous day a practice barrage had drawn heavy retaliatory fire, so it was decided to dispense with the field artillery barrage and carry out a surprise attack instead. The weary troops were then sent for rest, CLV Bde leaving on 17 May.

#### Messines

CLV brigade went back into the line on 25 May with 19th (W) Division in IX Corps of Second Army for the Battle of Messines. It was part of a huge artillery reinforcement for this carefully-planned attack, the preliminary bombardment for which had already begun on 21 May. Eight days of intensive bombardment commenced on 31 May, including two practice barrages. The fortified Wytschaete village in front of IX Corps was given a special gas shell bombardment by the 4.5s. At Zero (03.10) on 7 June the assault began with the explosion of 19 huge mines under the German front line. Two-thirds of the 18-pdrs fired a creeping barrage ahead of the assaulting infantry, pausing at each objective, while the rest of the 18-pdrs and the 4.5s fired a standing barrage 700 yards (640 m) further ahead. There was virtually no opposition in the devastated German front line and the infantry swept into Wytschaete with ease. While the infantry consolidated their gains, the field batteries moved forwards into No man's land to fire a new barrage which was closely followed by the supporting brigades onto the second objective. Overall the day's action was a great success, though too often the artillery opened fire on groups of returning friendly troops, mistaking them for German counter-attacks, and the 18-pdrs hastily emplaced in No Man's land often fired short into IX Corps' troops.

#### Ypres

Immediately after Messines, CLV Bde was transferred to Fifth Army, first with 30th Division in II Corps (12–22 June), then with 39th Division in XVIII Corps, which had arrived to prepare for the opening of the Third Ypres Offensive. The British artillery had fewer advantages here: the Ypres Salient was cramped and overlooked from Pilckem Ridge in front, and the massed batteries suffered badly from German CB fire during the 18-day preparatory bombardment. When the infantry attacked on 31 July (the Battle of Pilckem Ridge) the field guns fired the usual creeping and standing barrages on a greater scale than ever before. On XVIII Corps' front the infantry managed to get across the ridge and down to the Steenbeke stream beyond, while the artillery broke up a serious German counter-attack in the early afternoon. Some of the field batteries moved forward to join others that had remained silent and hidden close to the start-line. But it began to rain, and soon proved almost impossible for the exhausted gunners to get their guns forward through the devastation and mud, and further progress was halted that evening.

On 5 August CLV Bde was attached to the fresh 48th (South Midland) Division, which had relieved 39th Division. Resumption of the offensive had been held up by rain, but on 16 August a fresh attack was made on XVIII Corps' front as part of the Battle of Langemarck. Artillery support was good, and the corps captured some ground, though 48th (SM) Division was held up by a group of fortified farms, and the attack was disastrous in other areas.

On 20 August 48th (SM) Division took advantage of a spell of dry weather to attack the troublesome strongpoints that had held them up: Hillock Farm, Maison du Hibou, Triangle Farm and the Cockcroft. Seven tanks moved up the firm St JulienPoelcapelle road covered by a smoke and shrapnel barrage, with an HE barrage ahead, and subdued the strongpoints that were then captured by infantry platoons. A repeat of this attack two days later was less successful.

CLV brigade stayed in the line with XVIII Corps during the next comparative lull in the fighting, first with 23rd Division (28 August to 4 September) and then with the fresh 58th (2/1st London) Division which was brought in to relieve 48th (SM) Division before the next attack, the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 20 September. There were significant casualties among the massed field batteries from CB fire in the days preceding the attack. Practice barrages were fired, and numerous trench raids were supported by the guns, with 58th (2/1st L) Division raiding and patrolling aggressively to locate enemy pillboxes and strongpoints and to advance by 'nibbling' away at the German defences. Field gun barrages were fired at night to isolate German gun positions to prevent them resupplying. On the day of the attack the creeping barrage consisted of five belts of fire, the rearmost ('A', nearest the attacking infantry) being fired by half the 18-pdrs, of which one-third of the batteries were 'superimposed' so that they could be redirected to fire at targets of opportunity without leaving a gap in the barrage. The 'B' barrage line 200 yards (180 m) ahead was provided by the 4.5s and the rest of the 18-pdrs. It was impressed on the infantry that they were to follow the barrage closely, and the attack was a great success, 58th (2/1st L) Division carrying out a well-rehearsed operation to take Wurst Farm Ridge. German counter-attacks were crushed by the artillery.

58th (2/1st L) Division was engaged on the periphery of the next major attack, the Battle of Polygon Wood on 26 September. CLV brigade was then rested from 27 September to 16 October, missing several more attacks through the autumn, before returning to XVIII Corps, first with 9th (Scottish) Division then, from 23 October, with 63rd (Royal Naval) Division for the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October). The infantry was held up by knee-deep mud and the troops fell behind the barrage. On XVIII Corps' front the attack was a complete failure, as was another on 30 October.

On 2 November, II Corps took over this section of the front, including 63rd (RN) Division and CLV Bde, as a few minor gains were made. The brigade came under the fresh 1st Division on 5 November, which provided flank cover for the final attack of the Battle of Passchendaele on 10 November.

CLV brigade was sent for much-needed rest on 22 November, but on 3 December it was sent to reinforce III Corps in Third Army, which was at the end of desperate fighting against German counter-attacks at Cambrai. It was assigned to the embattled 6th Division, then after the fighting died down it transferred to 19th (W) Division on 13 December.

#### Spring Offensive

During the winter of 1917–18, V Corps took over both 19th (W) Division and CLV Bde (15 December), which then transferred to 47th (1/2nd London) Division (7 January). On 14 January CLV Bde moved north to First Army, where it was allowed to rest for a month. From 19 February to 9 March its gunners were engaged in preparing positions with 31st and 56th (1/1st L) Divisions, then it went into GHQ Reserve.

The German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918 with Operation Michael and made massive gains. That afternoon CLV Bde was sent from GHQ Reserve to reinforce Third Army. It joined Guards Division reinforcing VI Corps on 23 March. The Guards took up positions in the 'Third System' of reserve trenches near Mercatel. On 25 March there was considerable German movement in front of the Guards Division, but any attempt to advance was broken up by the British artillery. However, with its flank 'in the air' VI Corps was forced to join in the general retirement during the night, pivoting on the Guards' positions. Next day the advancing German infantry and artillery presented 'splendid targets' according to the Guards' commander, and CLV Bde was in action near Hendecourt from the morning onwards. Over the next three days repeated German attacks 'withered away' in the face of rifle and shellfire, as the Guards held the pivot point around Boisleux-au-Mont and Boisleux-Saint-Marc. On 28 March the Germans renewed their efforts against this northern hinge of the British line around Arras. However, the German CB fire was inadequate and the British guns contributed to halting the German attack. A further attempt on 30 March was met by all batteries on the Guards' front firing on the 'SOS' lines with occasional 'rakes' of enemy-occupied villages: the attackers offered 'fine targets' for the guns. At the end of the day the Guards still held their positions. With this failure the German attacks on this sector had ended by 31 March.

CLV Brigade remained with the Guards until the division was relieved in the line, then on 16 April it joined 40th Division. This division had been badly hit during the Spring Offensive and was out of the line in the St Omer area. CLV Brigade was in Corps Reserve from 30 April to 12 May, then returned to 40th Division, but that formation was in the process of being broken up, only the HQs remaining to form training cadres.

The brigade was now posted to its original parent formation, 32nd Division, on 18 May. The division was in the now-quiet sector south-west of Arras, but the gun lines suffered badly from gas shelling. The chaplain of 32nd DA commented that CLV's lines were 'all over the place' and difficult to find. CLV Brigade went into GHQ Reserve on 31 May but was back with 32nd DA from 18 June to 7 July, around Berles-au-Bois. The sector was quiet but there was a steady trickle of casualties from shells and bombs.

#### Hundred Days Offensive

The Guards Divisional Artillery came back into their old positions in the Boisleux sector on 7 July, where CLV Bde rejoined them. Planning for the Allied counter-offensive was now under way, and some of the batteries were moved into forward positions during August. The Hundred Days Offensive opened on 8 August with the Battle of Amiens. Third Army joined in at the Third Battle of Albert, with Guards Division attacking towards Moyenneville supported by seven RFA brigades. There was no creeping barrage, but three overlapping standing barrages: the first between the start line and the first objective, the second on the first objective, and the third on a line through Courcelles-au-Bois. One 18-pdr battery in each brigade fired smoke shell, and special targets were allocated to the howitzer batteries. Zero was at 04.35 on 21 August, and the attack began in thick mist, which hindered the FOOs and observation aircraft. However, opposition was light and when the mist cleared the division took Moyenneville and moved up to the Arras–Albert railway line, its third and final objective. That night and next day the infantry pushed forward to establish a start-line for a new attack on 23 August and the guns were brought forward while some batteries harassed the enemy and broke up counter-attacks. The attack at 04.00, preceded by a creeping barrage, was a major success, gaining the Mory switch trench by the evening. The advance was continued over the next two days, CLV Bde up in close support of the attacking brigade on 24 August while the rest of the artillery fired the barrage. But at Saint-Léger resistance began to harden, with machine gun fire from an old trench ('Banks Trench') and retaliatory fire on the field batteries, which were kept busy repelling counter-attacks. The Guards paused on 26 August, then attacked again next day (the Battle of the Scarpe) behind a barrage creeping at 100 yards (91 m) in 2 minutes. Fighting was hard, and by the end of the day a portion of Banks Trench still held out in the midst of the division's final positions. At 19.00, therefore, the artillery concentrated its fire on this point for 15 minutes, after which 150 Germans surrendered. Steady progress continued on 28 August, after which the Guards were relieved by 3rd Division that night.

There was no relief for either CLV Bde or the Guards' artillery, which continued in action under 3rd Division, with the horses suffering from shortage of water as well as shellfire. The guns covered 3rd Division's infantry as they captured Écoust-Saint-Mein, Longatte and Lagnicourt-Marcel over 29–31 August. First and Third Armies then attacked in a set-piece action (the Battle of the Drocourt-Quéant Switch Line) on 2 September. 8th Brigade led 3rd Division's advance, its three battalions in line supported by the fire of no less than seven brigades of field artillery (including CLV) and two of heavies. The barrage was excellent and at first good progress was made, but the supporting tanks got bogged down, and so did the divisional attack. However, with the 'D–Q' Line broken, the Germans began a withdrawal that night to the line of the Canal du Nord. CLV Brigade reverted to the Guards Division, which passed through 3rd Division on 3 September and attacked behind a creeping barrage, but finding no enemy in front was able to make a 6 miles (9.7 km) advance.

Although enemy resistance stiffened in front of the Canal du Nord, Guards Division kept up the pressure with artillery support as it eliminated the covering positions and closed up to reconnoitre the canal on 4–5 September. During the subsequent pause CLV Bde got a short rest, 6–9 September, then it joined 2nd Division on 10 September for the Battle of Havrincourt. The division made a preliminary advance behind a barrage towards Havrincourt on 11 September and seized the far bank of the canal near the 'Spoil Heap' where it was dry. The rest of Third Army then followed up on 12 September.

For the Battle of Épehy on 18 September 1918 CLV Bde was switched to V Corps. Together with 17th (Northern) Divisional Artillery and a heavy brigade it supported 38th (Welsh) Division. The artillery programme included a creeping barrage by 18-pdrs, a 'searching' barrage by 18-pdrs and 4.5s, and a half-hour smoke barrage from zero hour (05.20) by 4.5s ('a sight to gladden the eye of any professional Gunner', according to the RA historian). One brigade of 38th (W) Division easily reached its second and final objective, but the other had more trouble: a renewed barrage from 14.50 to 15.20 allowed it to take its first objective by nightfall.

The brigade was next moved to the Canadian Corps in First Army on 20 September, supporting 11th (Northern) Division for the set-piece Battle of the Canal du Nord on 27 September. The Canadians had been held up on their left, but as 11th (N) Division came into the line alongside them, the whole line advanced to the high ground beyond the canal, even though they had been left behind by their barrage. The barrage for the second phase was delayed while 11th (N) Division mopped up some enemy machine guns, then it was launched forward again at 15.00, the AFA brigades having crossed the canal to provide this barrage. By the end of the day the division had advanced well beyond its set objectives, and next day the Germans in front of them retired behind the Sensée Canal. As the Canadians pushed forwards, 11th (N) Division provided a flank guard. CLV Brigade was transferred to 2nd Canadian Division on 7 October for its assault crossing of the Schelde Canal at 01.30 on 9 October. This attack was supported by eight field brigades firing 'crash' and standing barrages: the enemy had already withdrawn between the Schelde and Sensée canals.

The brigade was with 56th (1/1st L) Division from 11 October when it joined the Canadian Corps. On the night of 12/13 October, one of the division's brigades carried out a silent crossing of the Sensée Canal at Aubigny-au-Bac. When the Germans became aware of what had happened they began counter-attacks, which were broken up by the covering artillery. But the fighting to maintain the precarious bridgehead went on for several days until 56th (1/1st L) Division handed over to 4th Canadian Division. CLV Brigade remained in the line supporting the Canadians as they crossed the canal and continued the pursuit, until 20 October, when it was rested for a week.

On 28 October CLV Bde went back to Third Army, being attached to IV Corps, to support the right wing (37th Division) as it advanced towards the River Sambre. 5th Division passed through 37th Division to continue the advance on 3 November. The corps was supported by 12 field brigades, together with heavy artillery, but it had to struggle through the Forêt de Mormal where the scanty roads had been destroyed, and it proved difficult to get any of these guns up. On 9 November CLV Bde joined 42nd (East Lancashire) Division on IV Corps' left. This division had worked its way up to the Sambre, improvised crossings, and then closed in on the town of Hautmont and nearby Fort Hautmont. The river was bridged by the evening, allowing artillery and ammunition to follow up as 42nd (EL) Division's patrols pushed forward against weakening resistance on 10 November. Next day the Armistice with Germany came into force.

CLV (West Yorkshire) Army Field Artillery Brigade was disbanded in 1919.

## Footnotes

1. Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 2 & 8.
2. See, for example, Middlebrook, *Somme*, pp. 9–11; Bilton, pp. 22–40; Jackson, pp. 14–7.
3. War Office Instructions July 1915, Appendix VI.
4. War Office Instructions September 1915, Appendix VII.
5. Jackson.
6. Bilton.
7. Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 11–9.
8. Becke, Pt 3b, Appendix I.
9. Frederick, pp. 551–2.
10. Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 21–9.
11. 31st Division at Long, Long Trail.
12. 32nd Division at Long, Long Trail.
13. Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, pp. 38–9, 254.
14. Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, p. 395–8.
15. Farrar-Hockley, pp. 125–6.
16. Middlebrook, p. 62.
17. Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, pp. 299–307, 398.
18. Farndale, pp. 142–8.
19. Edmonds, *1916*, Vol I, pp. 398–403, 410–17, 420.
20. Farndale, p. 147.
21. Farrar-Hockley, pp. 126–30, 136–7.
22. Middlebrook, pp. 136, 175, 198, 209–10, 224.
23. Farndale, p. 149.
24. Farrar-Hockley, pp. 187–92.
25. Miles, *1916*, Vol II, pp. 66, 76.
26. Grice-Hutchinson, pp. 105–29.
27. Grice-Hutchinson, pp. 114, 122.
28. Grice-Hutchinson, pp. 129, 131.
29. Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 94–6.
30. Army Council Instruction 2063 of 1 November 1916.
31. Grice-Hutchinson, pp. 122, 127–8.
32. Farndale, pp. 154–6.
33. Grice-Hutchinson, pp. 135–47.
34. Miles, *1916*, Vol II, pp. 478–9.
35. 'Allocations of Army Brigades, RH & RFA', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5494D.
36. Farndale, Annex D.
37. Grice-Hutchinson, p. 154.
38. Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 36–7.
39. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 165–7.
40. Becke Pt 1, p. 87.
41. Falls *1917*, Vol I, pp. 206–7
42. Farndale, pp. 164–74.
43. Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 8–9.
44. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 177–8.
45. Becke, Pt 1, p. 124.
46. Becke, Pt 1, p. 55.
47. Falls, *1917*, Vol I, pp. 382, 438.
48. Farndale, pp. 177–81.
49. Ward, pp. 136–8.
50. Becke, Pt 3a, p. 93.
51. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 41–9, 57–9, 64–9, 80–3.
52. Farndale, pp. 184–91; Map 24.
53. Wolff, pp. 111–9.
54. Becke, Pt 3b, p. 99.
55. Becke, Pt 4, pp. 240–1.
56. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 150–1, 158–9, 163, 174.
57. Farndale, pp. 195–204, Map 26.
58. John Lee, 'The British Divisions at Ypres', pp. 215–7, in Liddle.
59. Wolff, pp. 146–9, 153–62.
60. Becke, Pt 2b, p. 83.
61. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 199–200.
62. Farndale, p. 204, Map 27.
63. John Lee, 'The British Divisions at Ypres', in Liddle (ed), pp. 217–8.
64. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, p. 202.
65. John Lee, 'The British Divisions at Ypres', p. 219, in Liddle.
66. Martin, pp. 44–5.
67. Becke, Pt 2b, p. 14.
68. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, pp. 239–53, 268–9, 272, 275–6.
69. Farndale, pp. 205–8, Map 28.
70. Martin, pp. 43–63.
71. Wolff, pp, 187–94.
72. Becke, Pt 3b, p. 127.
73. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, p. 351.
74. Farndale, pp. 212–3.
75. Martin, pp. 78–9, 89–92.
76. Wolff, pp. 257-60.
77. Becke, Pt 4, p. 142.
78. Edmonds, *1917*, Vol II, p. 358.
79. Farndale, pp. 204, 213.
80. Becke, Pt 4, p. 150.
81. Becke, Pt 1, p. 78.
82. Becke, Pt 1, p. 31.
83. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol I, pp. 253-4, 319, 487-8.
84. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol II, pp. 60–1, 96–7.
85. Farndale, p. 265.
86. Headlam, Vol II, pp. 43–77, 94.
87. More.
88. Becke, Pt 3b, p. 107.
89. Whitton, pp. 259–60, 268–70.
90. Grice-Hutchinson, pp. 346, 348, 352, 354, 357–9, 370, 372–4.
91. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 223, 256, 277, 303, 325, 335.
92. Farndale, pp. 291–2.
93. Headlam, Vol II, pp. 110–40.
94. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 346, 363–4 380.
95. Headlam, Vol II, pp. 141–2.
96. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 407–8, 415, 419.
97. Headlam, Vol II, pp. 145–9.
98. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, p. 441.
99. Headlam, Vol II, pp. 150–2.
100. Becke Pt 1, pp. 47.
101. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, pp. 456, 469.
102. Becke, Pt 3b, p. 89.
103. Edmonds, *1918*, Vol IV, p. 490.
104. Farndale, p. 297.
105. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 18–9, 24–9, 56, 151–5, 224.
106. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 258–64, 331–3.
107. Ward, pp. 291–6.
108. Becke, Pt 2a, p. 41.
109. Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, *1918*, Vol V, pp. 481, 497, 503, 509–10, 522–3.
110. Farndale, Annex M.
111. Gibbon, pp. 191–7.
* *Army Council Instructions Issued During November 1916*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 1: The Regular British Divisions*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1934/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-38-X.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,* London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26)*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
* Maj A.F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 4: The Army Council, GHQs, Armies, and Corps 1914–1918*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1944/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-43-6.
* David Bilton, *Hull Pals, 10th, 11th 12th and 13th Battalions East Yorkshire Regiment – A History of 92 Infantry Brigade, 31st Division*, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78346-185-1.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916*, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-02-7.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917*, Vol II, *Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1948//Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-23-7.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol IV, *8th August–26th September: The Franco-British Offensive*, London: Macmillan, 1939/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-28-2.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol I, *The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries*, London: Macmillan, 1935/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 0-89839-219-5/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-725-1.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol II, *March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives*, London: Macmillan, 1937/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1995, ISBN 1-87042394-1/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-726-8.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol IV, *8th August–26th September: The Franco-British Offensive*, London: Macmillan, 1939/Uckfield: Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military, 2009, ISBN 978-1-845747-28-2.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol V, *26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 1-870423-06-2.
* Capt Cyril Falls, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917*, Vol I, *The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battle of Arras*, London: Macmillan, 1940/London: Imperial War Museum & Battery Press/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574722-0.
* Gen Sir Martin Farndale, *History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18*, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
* Gen Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley, *The Somme*, London: Batsford, 1954/Pan 1966, ISBN 0-330-20162-X.
* Frederick E. Gibbon, *The 42nd East Lancashire Division 1914–1918*, London: Country Life, 1920/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-84342-642-0.
* Lt-Col Cuthbert Headlam, *History of the Guards Division in the Great War 1915–1918*, Vol II, London: John Murray, 1924/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, 978-1-84342-322-5.
* Rev R.E. Grice-Hutchinson, 'Diary', in R.Whinyates (ed), *Artillery and Trench Mortar Memories: 32nd Division*, 32nd Divisional (RA) Trench Mortar Association, 1932/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-843429-77-2.
* Andrew Jackson, *Accrington's Pals: The Full Story*, Barnsley, Pen & Sword, 2013, ISBN 9781-84884-469-8.
* Peter H. Liddle (ed), *Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres*, London: Leo Cooper, 1997, ISBN 0-85052-552-7.
* David Martin, *Londoners on the Western Front: The 58th (2/1st London) Division in the Great War*, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78159-180-2.
* Martin Middlebrook, *The First Day on the Somme, 1 July 1916*, London: Allen Lane 1971/Fontana, 1975, ISBN 0-00-633626-4.
* Capt Wilfred Miles, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1916*, Vol II, *2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme*, London: Macmillan, 1938/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-89839-169-5.
* Charles More, 'The Eighth Day: British Defence on 28 March 1918', in Andrew Cormack (ed) *A Long, Long Trail A-Winding: Centenary Perspectives on the Great War*, Society of Army Historical Research Special Publication No 18, 2018.
* Maj C.H. Dudley Ward, *The Fifty Sixth Division, 1st London Territorial Division, 1914–1918*, London: John Murray, 1921/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-843421-11-5.
* *Instructions Issued by The War Office During July, 1915*, London: HM Stationery Office.
* *Instructions Issued by The War Office During September, 1915*, London: HM Stationery Office.
* Lt.-Col. F.E. Whitton, *History of the 40th Division*, Aldershot; Gale & Polden, 1926/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-843428-70-1.
* Leon Wolff, *In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign*, London: Longmans, 1959/Corgi, 1966.

## External sources

## InfoBox

| 155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery | |
| --- | --- |
| Royal Artillery cap badge | |
| Active | 1 February 1915–19 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Kitchener's Army |
| Role | Field Artillery |
| Size | 4 Batteries |
| Part of | 31st Divisional Artillery<br>32nd Divisional Artillery<br>Army Troops |
| Garrison/HQ | Leeds |
| Patron | West Yorkshire Coal Owners' Association |
| Engagements | Battle of the Somme<br>Battle of Arras<br>Battle of Messines<br>Third Battle of Ypres<br>German spring offensive<br>Hundred Days Offensive |


title: Avon, Missouri

abstract: Avon is an unincorporated community located in Saline Township in Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri, United States. Avon is located 20 miles southwest of Ste. Genevieve.

text:
# Avon, Missouri

**Avon** is an unincorporated community located in Saline Township in Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri, United States. Avon is located 20 miles southwest of Ste. Genevieve.

## Etymology

Although the derivation of Avon's name is unknown, an admirer of Shakespeare may have chosen it, taking it from Shakespeare’s hometown Stratford-upon-Avon.

## History

Avon was first established as a lead mining camp, using furnaces to process the lead. A post office was in operation in Avon between 1849 and 1928. In 1925, Avon had 21 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Avon, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| unincorporated community | |
| Location of Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 37°45′05″N 90°13′24″W / 37.75139°N 90.22333°W / 37.75139; -90.22333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Sainte Genevieve |
| Township | Saline |
| Elevation | 730 ft (222.5 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 63670 |
| Area code | 573 |
| FIPS code | 29-02782 |
| GNIS feature ID | 713512 |


title: 1912 Milwaukee mayoral election

text:
# 1912 Milwaukee mayoral election

An election for Mayor of Milwaukee was held on April 2, 1912. Emil Seidel was defeated for re-election by Democratic-Republican Fusion candidate Gerhard Adolph Bading, who won 58% of the vote. Bading was sworn in on April 17, 1912.

Candidates included Milwaukee mayor Emil Seidel, former Milwaukee health commissioner Gerhard Adolph Bading, and Prohibitionist Ivan D. Mishoff.

## Results

Milwaukee mayoral election, 1912
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Fusion Party** | **Gerhard A. Bading** | **43,064** | **57.9** |
|  | Socialist | Emil Seidel | 30,200 | 40.6 |
|  | Prohibition | Ivan D. Mishoff | 1,062 | 1.4 |
| Total votes | | | **74,326** | **100.00** |

## InfoBox

1912 Milwaukee mayoral election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee **Gerhard Adolph Bading** Emil Seidel   Party Fusion Social-Democratic  Popular vote **43,064** 30,200  Percentage **57.9%** 40.6% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Emil Seidel
Socialist **Elected mayor**
Gerhard Adolph Bading
Fusion | |


title: Energy and Chemical Workers Union

abstract: The Energy and Chemical Workers Union (ECWU) was a Canadian trade union. It was founded in April 1980 as the result of a merger of the Canadian district of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union, the Canadian Chemical Workers Union, and various directly chartered local unions of the Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec. In 1992, it merged with the Communications and Electrical Workers of Canada and the Canadian Paperworkers Union to form the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada.

text:
# Energy and Chemical Workers Union

The **Energy and Chemical Workers Union** (**ECWU**) was a Canadian trade union. It was founded in April 1980 as the result of a merger of the Canadian district of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union, the Canadian Chemical Workers Union, and various directly chartered local unions of the Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec. In 1992, it merged with the Communications and Electrical Workers of Canada and the Canadian Paperworkers Union to form the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada.

## InfoBox

Energy and Chemical Workers Union
| Abbreviation | ECWU |
| --- | --- |
| Merged into | Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada |
| Formation | 1980 (1980) |
| Dissolved | 1992 (1992) |
| Merger of |  |
| Type | Trade union |
| Location | * Canada |
| Membership (1985–1992) | 35,000 |
| Affiliations |  |


title: Alina Bronsky

abstract: Alina Bronsky, is a Russian-born German writer. Her books have been published in more than 15 countries, including the US and Italy, in both print and audio formats. Her debut novel Scherbenpark (2008), or Broken Glass Park (2010), has received wide critical acclaim.

text:
# Alina Bronsky

**Alina Bronsky** (a pseudonym), is a Russian-born German writer. Her books have been published in more than 15 countries, including the US and Italy, in both print and audio formats. Her debut novel Scherbenpark (2008), or Broken Glass Park (2010), has received wide critical acclaim.

## Life

Bronsky was born in 1978 in Yekaterinburg, Soviet Russia, an industrial town at the foot of the Ural Mountains in central Russia, and spent her childhood in Marburg and Darmstadt. After dropping out of medical school, Bronsky worked as an advertising copywriter and in newspaper editing. Alina Bronsky is widowed and lives with her boyfriend, the actor Ulrich Noethen, in Berlin. She has three children from her first marriage and, since August 2013, a daughter with Noethen. Bronsky has said that she sees herself as two separate people: the German-speaking self deals with her professional and occupational matters, while the Russian-speaking self deals with family and emotional matters. She established a pen name to facilitate this persona.

## Major works

Alina Bronsky's works have been managed by the well-known Frankfurt literary agent Georg Simader, her current lector is Olaf Petersenn. By the time she had finished her first novel, she sent an email to three lecturers, of which all three subsequently requested the manuscript. Two of them finally agreed on a publication, which means a truly exceptional early recognition these days.

The first written novel by Bronsky was Scherbenpark, also known as Broken Glass Park, which tells a story about a seventeen-year-old girl named Sascha Naimann who struggles to adapt to her new life after the murder of her mother and moving from Russia to Germany. Sascha battles with the importance of taking care of her siblings and getting revenge on her mother's murderer. Bronsky's debut novel Broken Glass Park (Europa, 2010) was described by the Boston Globe as "a vivid description of contemporary adolescence under pressure." Broken Glass Park was nominated for the prestigious Ingeborg Bachmann Award in 2008 and for the German Young Adult Literary Prize in 2009. The novel was adapted into a movie starring Jasna Fritzi Bauer. The recognition gained from Bronsky's debut novel paved the way for her second novel.

Following the success of *Broken Glass Park*, Bronsky's *The Hottest Dishes of the Tartar Cuisine* (Europa, 2011) was long-listed for the German Book Prize in 2010, named a favourite read of 2011 by *The Wall Street Journal* and *The Huffington Post*, and was selected as one of *Publishers Weekly'*s Ten Best Books of the Year. Described as "mordantly funny" by the *San Francisco Chronicle*, *The Hottest Dishes of the Tartar Cuisine* is the story of three unforgettable women whose destinies are tangled up in a family dynamic that is at turns hilarious and tragic. Alina Bronsky's third novel *Just Call Me Superhero*, which tells the story of a young man's complicated relationship with the members of a support group he has joined following an accident, was published by Europa Editions in the fall of 2014. The Boston Globe refers to it as "a story of redemption, and of learning, slowly, to be comfortable in one’s own skin." Her young adult novels "Spiegelkind" and "Spiegelriss" belong to the mystery-adventure genre. As part of a coming-of-age trilogy, the novels centre the 15-year-old protagonist's dangerous search for her missing mother and the discovery of the world of the mysterious "Phees".

"Baba Dunja's Last Love", her most recent novel, follows the main character Baba Dunja through her experiences after returning from the nuclear disaster in Tschernobyl. Baba Dunja copes with her situation by writing letters to her daughter and spending her days in a peaceful and rural area, where she grows her own vegetables and engages in new social relationships.

## Major themes

The characteristics of Bronsky's prose have led many critics to assign her to the literary group of the “Eastern turn” in German literature, succeeding what has sometimes been called “Turkish turn” – a literature distinctively concerned with "a vibrant, internationalized German literature gaining new impetus from reconnecting with its eastern neighbours after the divisions of the Cold War." Although migration experience and coming-of-age are not her only focus points, Bronsky is said to be part of this phenomenon, favouring the "double perspective, conditioned by their experiences of historical change in their old homelands and the search for identity in the new". Having experienced residing life in a small, peripheral community, suffering from economic disadvantage, cultural displacement, and linguistic marginalization, herself, she admits to partially draw on her own experiences.

## Literary style

Bronsky's writing has been described as imbued "with a gritty authenticity and unputdownable propulsion," and the *Daily Beast* calls her "an exciting new voice in the literary world."

However, due to her play with clichés and her characteristically clear and descriptive language used to form credible figures, some theorists introduced the accusation to be too easily consumable, to write in a rather pop-literary way. However, the German daily newspaper FAZ (Frankfurtrer Allgemeine Zeitung) praised her debut for the breathless “staccato”, the “Bronsky-Beat”, which pushes the reader through the plot, making the protagonist’ development so believable and psychologically conceivable despite the simple language, establishing a ruthless and shrewd portrait of the parallel world of repatriates settlement, of which yet was too little reported. In a similar manner, the German Book Award Jury justified its decision to nominee her for the German Book Award in 2008 because the first-person-narrator in Broken Glass Park tells typically irreverent for a teen, full of rage and humour, clever, cool, and heated at the same time. They praised her prose as “impressively clear and uncompromising, with dense images and a distant view of Sasha's fate". In doing so, Bronsky, according to the jury, demonstrates how the encounters with people of hypocrisy and forlornness contribute to finding one's own life. Many critics agree on her distinct presentation of “strong characterizations”, going hand in hand with “slowly unveiling plot twists”, which finally leads to the revealing of an “enigmatic conclusion that hints at the mystical”. She describes her works as being concerned with what may be wrapped up as a study of a very typical sort of personal crisis, one of “leaving their secure home and going somewhere else. The same feelings which everybody knows - growing up, leaving your home, being alone, settling down, question of identity and love - they're all concentrated in immigration experience. And that's how I explain this phenomenon of interest.”. As most of her stories are set in Germany, her characters are partially described as doing “an exercise in solipsistic Weltschmerz”.

## Awards/nominations

* Longlist German Book Award 2010: Die schärfsten Gerichte der tatarischen Küche
* Longlist German Book Award 2015: Baba Dunjas letzte Liebe
* Nominated for the German Children's Literature Award in 2009 (Category: Youth literature)
* Nominated for the Aspekte-Literaturpreis in 2009
* Broken Glass Park was nominated for the Ingeborg Bachmann Preis 2008 and an excerpt was read at the actual Wettbewerb um den Literaturpreis im Rahmen der Tage der deutschsprachigen Literatur

## Works

* Scherbenpark. Roman, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2008, ISBN 978-3-462-04030-2. (Auch als Hörbuch, ISBN 978-3-86610-560-7)
* Broken Glass Park. Transl. by Tim Mohr. Europa Editions, New York. (March 30, 2010), ISBN 978-1-93337-296-9
* Die schärfsten Gerichte der tatarischen Küche. Roman, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2010, ISBN 978-3-462-04235-1
* The Hottest Dishes of the Tartar Cuisine. Transl. by Tim Mohr. Europa Editions, New York. (April 26, 2011), ISBN 978-1-60945-006-9
* Spiegelkind. Jugendbuch, Arena Verlag, Würzburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-401067988
* Just Call Me Superhero. Transl. by Tim Mohr. Europa Editions, New York. (November 4, 2014), ISBN 978-1-60945-229-2
* Baba Dunjas letzte Liebe. Köln : Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 2015, 1. Aufl.
* Und du kommst auch drin vor. Roman. dtv, München 2017, ISBN 978-3-423-76181-9.
* Nenn mich einfach Superheld. Köln : Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 2015, 1. Aufl.
* Ditja zerkala: Moskva : Clever Izdat., 2014, Literaturno-chudožestvennoe izd.
* Just call me superhero. New York : Europa Ed., 2014
* Mein Bruder soll nicht Pepsi heißen. Frankfurt, M. : Hansisches Dr.- und Verl.-Haus, 2014
* Najljuća jela Tatarske kuhinje. Zagreb : Nakl. Ljevak, 2014.
* Outcast. Milano : Corbaccio, 2014.
* Rozbité zrcadlo. Praha : CooBoo, 2014, 1. vyd.
* Sasja's wraak. Breda : Geus, 2014
* Scherbenpark. – Stuttgart : Klett Sprachen \[Mehrteiliges Werk\] Teil: \[Hauptbd.\]., 2014.
* Scherbenpark. Münster : Spaß-am-Lesen-Verl., 2014
* Spiegelkind. Würzburg : Arena, 2014, 1. Aufl. als Sonderausg. V
* Cam kırıkları parkı. Kadıköy, İstanbul : İthaki, 2013, 1. Baskı
* Spiegelriss. Würzburg : Arena, 2013, 1. Aufl.
* Cuisine tatare et descendance. Arles : Actes Sud, 2012, 1. éd.
* De allerbeste oma van de wereld en de beste moeder, echtgenote, gastvrouw en mooiste vrouw óóit (volgens haarzelf). Breda : Geus, 2012
* I piatti più piccanti della cucina tatara. Roma : Ed. eo, 2011
* Los platos más picantes de la cocina tártara. Madrid : Ed. Siruela, 2011
* Nejostřejší pokrmy tatarské kuchyně. Bronsky, Alina. – Brno : Jota, 2011, Vyd.
* Park rozbitków. Torún : C & T, 2011, Wyd. 1
* Parḳ ha-resisim. Or Yehudah : Kineret, 2011
* Sascha. Buenos Aires : Blatt & Rios, 2011
* The hottest dishes of the Tartar cuisine. New York, NY : Europa Ed., 2011
* Broken glass park. New York, NY : Europa Ed., 2010
* La vendetta di Sasha. Roma : Ed. eo, 2010

## InfoBox

| Alina Bronsky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1978 (age 4546)<br>Yekaterinburg, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Language | German |
| ---  **Literature portal** | |


title: 1974–75 St. Louis Blues season

abstract: The 1974–75 St. Louis Blues season was the St. Louis Blues' eighth season in the National Hockey League (NHL).

text:
# 1974–75 St. Louis Blues season

The **1974–75 St. Louis Blues season** was the St. Louis Blues' eighth season in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Offseason

### NHL Draft

Below are listed the selections in the 1974 NHL amateur draft:

| Pick # | Player | Position | Nationality | College/junior/club team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 26 | Bob Hess | Defence | Canada | New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) |
| 43 | Gordon Buynak | Defence | United States | Kingston Canadians (OMJHL) |
| 79 | Mike Zuke | Centre | Canada | Michigan Technological University (WCHA) |
| 87 | Don Wheldon | Defence | United States | London Knights (OMJHL) |
| 97 | Mike Thompson | Defence | Canada | Victoria Cougars (WCHL) |
| 115 | Terry Casey | Right Wing | Canada | St. Catharines Black Hawks (OMJHL) |
| 132 | Rod Tordoff | Defence | Canada | Swift Current Broncos (WCHL) |
| 149 | Paul Touzin | Goaltender | Canada | Shawinigan Dynamos (QMJHL) |
| 165 | John Ahern | Defence | United States | Brown University (ECAC) |
| 180 | Mitch Babin | Centre | Canada | North Bay Trappers (OPJHL) |
| 194 | Doug Allan | Goaltender | Canada | New Westminster Bruins (WCHL) |
| Reference: "1974 NHL amateur draft hockeydraftcentral.com". Retrieved February 20, 2014. | | | | | |

## Regular season

### Final standings

Smythe Division
|  |  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | DIFF | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vancouver Canucks | 80 | 38 | 32 | 10 | 271 | 254 | +17 | 86 |
| 2 | St. Louis Blues | 80 | 35 | 31 | 14 | 269 | 267 | +2 | 84 |
| 3 | Chicago Blackhawks | 80 | 37 | 35 | 8 | 268 | 241 | +27 | 82 |
| 4 | Minnesota North Stars | 80 | 23 | 50 | 7 | 221 | 341 | −120 | 53 |
| 5 | Kansas City Scouts | 80 | 15 | 54 | 11 | 184 | 328 | −144 | 41 |

### Record vs. opponents

| Smythe Division record vs. opponents |
| --- |
|  |

## Schedule and results

| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | T | October 9, 1974 | 4–4 | @ California Golden Seals (1974–75) | 0–0–1 |
| 2 | W | October 12, 1974 | 5–3 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1974–75) | 1–0–1 |
| 3 | L | October 15, 1974 | 4–6 | Vancouver Canucks (1974–75) | 1–1–1 |
| 4 | W | October 17, 1974 | 3–2 | Montreal Canadiens (1974–75) | 2–1–1 |
| 5 | L | October 19, 1974 | 1–3 | Chicago Black Hawks (1974–75) | 2–2–1 |
| 6 | L | October 23, 1974 | 1–5 | @ New York Rangers (1974–75) | 2–3–1 |
| 7 | T | October 24, 1974 | 4–4 | @ Boston Bruins (1974–75) | 2–3–2 |
| 8 | L | October 26, 1974 | 0–2 | Buffalo Sabres (1974–75) | 2–4–2 |
| 9 | L | October 27, 1974 | 3–10 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1974–75) | 2–5–2 |
| 10 | T | October 31, 1974 | 1–1 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1974–75) | 2–5–3 |
| 11 | W | November 2, 1974 | 9–0 | Atlanta Flames (1974–75) | 3–5–3 |
| 12 | L | November 5, 1974 | 3–4 | Los Angeles Kings (1974–75) | 3–6–3 |
| 13 | W | November 9, 1974 | 4–2 | New York Islanders (1974–75) | 4–6–3 |
| 14 | W | November 12, 1974 | 4–3 | Boston Bruins (1974–75) | 5–6–3 |
| 15 | L | November 13, 1974 | 3–5 | @ Kansas City Scouts (1974–75) | 5–7–3 |
| 16 | W | November 16, 1974 | 5–3 | Philadelphia Flyers (1974–75) | 6–7–3 |
| 17 | L | November 19, 1974 | 3–6 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1974–75) | 6–8–3 |
| 18 | L | November 21, 1974 | 2–3 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1974–75) | 6–9–3 |
| 19 | W | November 23, 1974 | 4–2 | Detroit Red Wings (1974–75) | 7–9–3 |
| 20 | T | November 25, 1974 | 2–2 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1974–75) | 7–9–4 |
| 21 | L | November 27, 1974 | 1–6 | Vancouver Canucks (1974–75) | 7–10–4 |
| 22 | L | November 30, 1974 | 1–7 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1974–75) | 7–11–4 |
| 23 | T | December 1, 1974 | 4–4 | @ New York Rangers (1974–75) | 7–11–5 |
| 24 | W | December 3, 1974 | 5–1 | California Golden Seals (1974–75) | 8–11–5 |
| 25 | W | December 7, 1974 | 8–2 | Washington Capitals (1974–75) | 9–11–5 |
| 26 | W | December 8, 1974 | 3–1 | @ Washington Capitals (1974–75) | 10–11–5 |
| 27 | L | December 10, 1974 | 2–3 | @ New York Islanders (1974–75) | 10–12–5 |
| 28 | W | December 12, 1974 | 4–3 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1974–75) | 11–12–5 |
| 29 | W | December 14, 1974 | 6–2 | New York Rangers (1974–75) | 12–12–5 |
| 30 | L | December 15, 1974 | 2–7 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1974–75) | 12–13–5 |
| 31 | W | December 17, 1974 | 8–4 | New York Islanders (1974–75) | 13–13–5 |
| 32 | L | December 20, 1974 | 2–6 | @ Atlanta Flames (1974–75) | 13–14–5 |
| 33 | W | December 21, 1974 | 6–4 | Kansas City Scouts (1974–75) | 14–14–5 |
| 34 | T | December 26, 1974 | 2–2 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1974–75) | 14–14–6 |
| 35 | W | December 28, 1974 | 4–2 | Minnesota North Stars (1974–75) | 15–14–6 |
| 36 | L | December 29, 1974 | 2–5 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1974–75) | 15–15–6 |
| 37 | W | January 2, 1975 | 2–1 | @ Kansas City Scouts (1974–75) | 16–15–6 |
| 38 | L | January 4, 1975 | 1–4 | Atlanta Flames (1974–75) | 16–16–6 |
| 39 | L | January 5, 1975 | 2–4 | @ Buffalo Sabres (1974–75) | 16–17–6 |
| 40 | L | January 7, 1975 | 2–3 | California Golden Seals (1974–75) | 16–18–6 |
| 41 | L | January 11, 1975 | 3–5 | New York Rangers (1974–75) | 16–19–6 |
| 42 | W | January 12, 1975 | 2–1 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1974–75) | 17–19–6 |
| 43 | T | January 14, 1975 | 3–3 | @ New York Islanders (1974–75) | 17–19–7 |
| 44 | L | January 15, 1975 | 1–4 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1974–75) | 17–20–7 |
| 45 | W | January 18, 1975 | 5–4 | Minnesota North Stars (1974–75) | 18–20–7 |
| 46 | L | January 23, 1975 | 2–7 | Philadelphia Flyers (1974–75) | 18–21–7 |
| 47 | L | January 25, 1975 | 1–4 | Chicago Black Hawks (1974–75) | 18–22–7 |
| 48 | T | January 28, 1975 | 4–4 | Detroit Red Wings (1974–75) | 18–22–8 |
| 49 | W | January 31, 1975 | 4–2 | @ Atlanta Flames (1974–75) | 19–22–8 |
| 50 | T | February 1, 1975 | 4–4 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1974–75) | 19–22–9 |
| 51 | L | February 4, 1975 | 3–5 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1974–75) | 19–23–9 |
| 52 | W | February 7, 1975 | 5–0 | Kansas City Scouts (1974–75) | 20–23–9 |
| 53 | T | February 8, 1975 | 3–3 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1974–75) | 20–23–10 |
| 54 | W | February 11, 1975 | 3–1 | Philadelphia Flyers (1974–75) | 21–23–10 |
| 55 | W | February 15, 1975 | 7–1 | Washington Capitals (1974–75) | 22–23–10 |
| 56 | T | February 16, 1975 | 4–4 | @ Buffalo Sabres (1974–75) | 22–23–11 |
| 57 | T | February 18, 1975 | 4–4 | Montreal Canadiens (1974–75) | 22–23–12 |
| 58 | L | February 22, 1975 | 2–3 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1974–75) | 22–24–12 |
| 59 | W | February 23, 1975 | 7–2 | @ Washington Capitals (1974–75) | 23–24–12 |
| 60 | L | February 25, 1975 | 0–3 | @ New York Islanders (1974–75) | 23–25–12 |
| 61 | L | February 26, 1975 | 1–5 | @ New York Rangers (1974–75) | 23–26–12 |
| 62 | W | March 1, 1975 | 4–3 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1974–75) | 24–26–12 |
| 63 | L | March 2, 1975 | 2–4 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1974–75) | 24–27–12 |
| 64 | W | March 5, 1975 | 5–2 | Vancouver Canucks (1974–75) | 25–27–12 |
| 65 | T | March 8, 1975 | 3–3 | Buffalo Sabres (1974–75) | 25–27–13 |
| 66 | W | March 9, 1975 | 5–4 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1974–75) | 26–27–13 |
| 67 | W | March 11, 1975 | 3–0 | Atlanta Flames (1974–75) | 27–27–13 |
| 68 | W | March 12, 1975 | 4–3 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1974–75) | 28–27–13 |
| 69 | W | March 14, 1975 | 6–1 | Kansas City Scouts (1974–75) | 29–27–13 |
| 70 | L | March 16, 1975 | 2–7 | @ Boston Bruins (1974–75) | 29–28–13 |
| 71 | W | March 18, 1975 | 5–2 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1974–75) | 30–28–13 |
| 72 | L | March 20, 1975 | 2–3 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1974–75) | 30–29–13 |
| 73 | L | March 21, 1975 | 4–7 | @ California Golden Seals (1974–75) | 30–30–13 |
| 74 | T | March 23, 1975 | 3–3 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1974–75) | 30–30–14 |
| 75 | W | March 26, 1975 | 3–1 | Boston Bruins (1974–75) | 31–30–14 |
| 76 | W | March 29, 1975 | 2–1 | Minnesota North Stars (1974–75) | 32–30–14 |
| 77 | W | April 1, 1975 | 7–3 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1974–75) | 33–30–14 |
| 78 | L | April 2, 1975 | 2–5 | Los Angeles Kings (1974–75) | 33–31–14 |
| 79 | W | April 5, 1975 | 4–3 | Chicago Black Hawks (1974–75) | 34–31–14 |
| 80 | W | April 6, 1975 | 3–2 | @ Kansas City Scouts (1974–75) | 35–31–14 |

## Player statistics

### Regular season

Scoring

| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | +/- | PPG | SHG | GWG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Garry Unger | C | 80 | 36 | 44 | 80 | 123 | −1 | 10 | 0 | 8 |
| Pierre Plante | RW | 80 | 34 | 32 | 66 | 125 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Wayne Merrick | C | 76 | 28 | 37 | 65 | 57 | 29 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Chuck Lefley | LW | 57 | 23 | 26 | 49 | 24 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
| Larry Sacharuk | D | 76 | 20 | 22 | 42 | 24 | −9 | 11 | 0 | 1 |
| Garnet Bailey | LW | 49 | 15 | 26 | 41 | 113 | −4 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Bob Hess | D | 76 | 9 | 30 | 39 | 58 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Bill Collins | RW | 70 | 22 | 15 | 37 | 34 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Floyd Thomson | LW | 77 | 9 | 27 | 36 | 106 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Doug Palazzari | C | 73 | 14 | 17 | 31 | 19 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Red Berenson | C | 44 | 12 | 19 | 31 | 12 | −7 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Barclay Plager | D | 76 | 4 | 24 | 28 | 96 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Claude Larose | RW | 56 | 10 | 17 | 27 | 38 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Bob Gassoff | D | 60 | 4 | 14 | 18 | 222 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Craig Patrick | RW | 43 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Bob Plager | D | 73 | 1 | 14 | 15 | 53 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ken Richardson | C | 21 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Brian Ogilvie | C | 20 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 4 | −4 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Bernie Lukowich | RW | 26 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Denis Dupere | LW | 22 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Don Awrey | D | 20 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 4 | −8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rick Wilson | D | 76 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 83 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stan Gilbertson | LW | 22 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | −5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Murray Kuntz | LW | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bob Stumpf | RW/D | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bruce Affleck | D | 13 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| John Davidson | G | 40 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dave Gardner | C | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | −3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Phil Roberto | RW | 7 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | −3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Yves Belanger | G | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chris Evans | D | 20 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jack Borotsik | C | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gord Buynak | D | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Eddie Johnston | G | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Jim McCrimmon | D | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Frank Spring | RW | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Don Wheldon | D | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

Goaltending

| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | T | GA | GAA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Davidson | 2360 | 40 | 17 | 15 | 7 | 144 | 3.66 | 0 |
| Eddie Johnston | 1800 | 30 | 12 | 13 | 5 | 93 | 3.10 | 2 |
| Yves Belanger | 640 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 29 | 2.72 | 1 |
| **Team:** | 4800 | 80 | 35 | 31 | 14 | 266 | 3.32 | 3 |

### Playoffs

Scoring

| Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | PPG | SHG | GWG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Garry Unger | C | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Claude Larose | RW | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wayne Merrick | C | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Larry Sacharuk | D | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Red Berenson | C | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Bill Collins | RW | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Craig Patrick | RW | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Barclay Plager | D | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Floyd Thomson | LW | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bruce Affleck | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| John Davidson | G | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bob Gassoff | D | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bob Hess | D | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Eddie Johnston | G | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chuck Lefley | LW | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bernie Lukowich | RW | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Doug Palazzari | C | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bob Plager | D | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pierre Plante | RW | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rick Wilson | D | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

Goaltending

| Player | MIN | GP | W | L | GA | GAA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| John Davidson | 60 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4.00 | 0 |
| Eddie Johnston | 60 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5.00 | 0 |
| **Team:** | 120 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 4.50 | 0 |

Note: **Pos** = Position; **GPI** = Games played in; **G** = Goals; **A** = Assists; **Pts** = Points; **PIM** = Penalty minutes; **+/-** = Plus/minus; **PPG** = Power-play goals; **SHG** = Short-handed goals; **GWG** = Game-winning goals
**Min, TOI** = Minutes played; **W** = Wins; **L** = Losses; **T,T/OT** = Ties; **OTL** = Overtime losses; **GA** = Goals-against; **GAA** = Goals-against average; **SO** = Shutouts; **SA** = Shots against; **SV** = Shots saved; **SV%** = Save percentage;

## InfoBox

| 1974–75 St. Louis Blues | |
| --- | --- |
| Division | 2nd Smythe |
| Conference | Campbell |
| 1974–75 record | 35–31–14 |
| Goals for | 269 |
| Goals against | 267 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Gerry Ehman |
| Coach | Garry Young |
| Captain | Barclay Plager |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Garry Unger (36) |
| Assists | Garry Unger (44) |
| Points | Garry Unger (80) |
| Penalty minutes | Bob Gassoff (222) |
| Wins | John Davidson (17) |
| Goals against average | Yves Belanger (2.72) |
|


title: Elizabeth Riddell

abstract: Elizabeth Riddell was a New Zealand-born Australian poet and journalist.

text:
# Elizabeth Riddell

**Elizabeth Riddell** (21 March 1910 – 3 July 1998) was a New Zealand-born Australian poet and journalist.

## Life

Born in Napier, New Zealand, Elizabeth Richmond Riddell came to Australia in 1928 where she worked at *Smith's Weekly* and won a Walkley Award.

She married Edward Neville 'Blue' Greatorex (1901–1964) in Sydney in 1935. The couple did not have children. In 1935 she moved to England and during World War II worked for Ezra Norton at *The Daily Mirror*, chiefly in New York City. Her first short book of poems, *The Untrammelled*, was published in 1940. After the war she returned to Australia to continue working as a journalist, and in the 1960s became art critic and feature writer for *The Australian*. She was the first Walkley Award winner for The Australian, winning in 1968 and 1969 for 'Best Newspaper Feature Story'. In 1986 she was awarded Critic of the Year by the *Australian Book Review*. Riddell's poetry won the Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry in 1992 and the Patrick White Award in 1995.

Widowed in 1964, Riddell died in 1998.

## Bibliography

* *The Untrammelled*. Sydney: Viking, 1940.
* *Poems*. Sydney: Ure Smith, 1948.
* *Song for a Crowning*. W. H. Paling, 1953. Songs with music by G. S. English.
* *Forbears*. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1961.
* *Country Tune*. J. Albert, 1973. Songs with music by G. S. English.
* *From the midnight courtyard*. Angus & Robertson, 1989.
* *Selected Poems*. Angus & Robertson, 1992.
* *The Difficult Island*. Molonglo, 1994.

## Selected poems

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Riddell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1910-03-21)21 March 1910
Napier, New Zealand |
| Died | 3 July 1998(1998-07-03) (aged 88)
Sydney, New South Wales |
| Occupation | medical practitioner and poet |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | New Zelander |
| Years active | 1928-1998 |
| Notable awards | Walkley Award, Patrick White Award |


title: Amanda Freitag

abstract: Amanda Freitag is an American celebrity chef and cookbook author. She is known for her frequent appearances on Food Network television programs and her work as a judge on television cooking competitions. She is based in New York City.

text:
# Amanda Freitag

**Amanda Freitag** (born May 11, 1970) is an American celebrity chef and cookbook author. She is known for her frequent appearances on Food Network television programs and her work as a judge on television cooking competitions. She is based in New York City.

## Early life and education

Freitag was raised in Cedar Grove, New Jersey. She attended Cedar Grove High School, then known as Memorial High School, where her home economics teacher, Joan Levine, suggested that Freitag might be interested in attending the Culinary Institute of America (CIA). Freitag attended CIA at the Hyde Park location, graduating in 1989.

## Restaurant career

Following graduation in 1989, Freitag took a position at Vong New York working under chef Jean-Georges Vongerichten. In 1994, she left Vong to cook at Verbena, under chef Diane Forley. Freitag has stated that her time at Verbena was meaningful and she built important relationships, and where she first learned to focus on using local, organic ingredients. After Verbena, Freitag traveled to France and Italy, working for a short while at L'Arpège restaurant under chef Alain Passard in 1999.

In 2003, Freitag and restaurateur Godfrey Polistina opened the Upper West Side restaurant *Cesca Enoteca & Trattoria*. Freitag was chef de cuisine at Cesca, before moving to an executive chef position at *The Harrison*. On September 3, 2010, *The New York Times* reported that Freitag would be leaving the Harrison, and the restaurant's owner, Jimmy Bradley, will return as chef.

From January 2014 until July 2015, Freitag took over as executive chef of the Empire Diner in Manhattan, New York.

In September 2020, Freitag and Kevin Lillis’ Hospitality Alliance opened the bistro *Rise & Thyme* in Dallas, Texas.

### Restaurants

#### Current

* *Rise & Thyme*, Dallas (2020–present)

#### Former

* Vong New York, New York City (1989–1994)
* Verbena, New York City (1994–?)
* Arpège, Paris (1999)
* Cesca Enoteca & Trattoria, Upper West Side, New York City (2003–?)
* The Harrison, New York City (?–2010)
* Empire Diner, New York City (2014–2015)

## Television appearances

Since 2009, Freitag has been a frequent judge on the culinary reality game show *Chopped*.

In 2009, She battled Bobby Flay on *Iron Chef America* in “Battle: King Crab” (season 7, episode 10), with judges Keyshawn Johnson, Maggie Rodriguez, and Domenica Catelli. She narrowly lost, with a score of 49 against Flay's 50 points. The judging was evenly matched, with the exception of Freitag having earned one point fewer in the "taste" category.

Freitag competed in *The Next Iron Chef* Season 2, finishing in fourth place. Freitag stated she would continue as a judge on *Chopped* for the 2010 season and she returned for the season four episode "Against the Tide".

On the April 15, 2012 episode of *Iron Chef America*, Freitag appeared alongside *Chopped* Grand Champion Madison Cowan in "Battle: Kale", acting as Cowan's sous chef. She appeared as a contestant on season five of *The Next Iron Chef*. She lost to Alexandra Guarnaschelli in the finale on December 23.

On May 22, 2015, she and Ty Pennington began hosting the new Food Network series *American Diner Revival*, on which they make over diners' menus and interiors.

## Publications

* Freitag, Amanda; King, Carrie (2015). *The Chef Next Door: a pro chef's recipes for fun, fearless home cooking*. New York City, NY: William Morrow, an imprint of Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062345837.

## InfoBox

| Amanda Freitag | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1970-05-11) May 11, 1970
New Jersey, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | The Culinary Institute of America |
| Occupation(s) | Celebrity chef, reality show judge |
| **Culinary career** | |
| Current restaurant(s) * * Rise & Thyme, Dallas (2020–August 31, 2022) | |
| Previous restaurant(s) * * Vong New York, New York City (1989–1994),
* Verbena, New York City (1994–?),
* L'Arpège, Paris (1999),
* Cesca Enoteca & Trattoria, New York City (2003–?),
* The Harrison, New York City (?–2010),
* Empire Diner, New York City (2014–2015) | |
| Television show(s) | |
|  | |


title: Amanda Gailey

abstract: Amanda A. Gailey is an American academic and political activist. She is an associate professor of English at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Gailey authored Proofs of Genius in 2015.

text:
# Amanda Gailey

**Amanda A. Gailey** (born March 24, 1976) is an American academic and political activist. She is an associate professor of English at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Gailey authored *Proofs of Genius* in 2015.

## Education

Gailey did her undergraduate work at Phillips University and her graduate work at Creighton University and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

## Career

She worked at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Georgia before joining the faculty at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Her work, including *Proofs of Genius: Collected Editions from the American Revolution to the Digital Age*, focuses on nineteenth-century American literature and textual studies.

### Activism

In 2017 Gailey participated in a protest of Turning Point USA, a national organization that maintains a “professor watch list.” A recruiter for the organization set up a table on the campus of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and Gailey held a sign that said “Turning Point: Please put me on your watch list.” Another protester, graduate student Courtney Lawton, eventually lost her job for her involvement in the protest, which led to the University being placed on the American Association of University Professors’ censure list for violating Lawton’s academic freedom and due process. Governor Pete Ricketts responded to the protest by taking the unprecedented step of rescinding Gailey’s and Lawton’s Nebraska Admiral awards, which received criticism as being politically vindictive. The protest and response from politicians received considerable media attention, including an episode of *This American Life* called “My Effing First Amendment” that was broadcast on May 4, 2018.

As the founder and president of Nebraskans Against Gun Violence, Gailey threatened a boycott of First National Bank of Omaha unless the bank ceased its special credit card program with the National Rifle Association. Soon after the bank announced it was discontinuing the program, a number of other corporations also ended their special offers and programs with the gun rights group.

In 2018 Gailey and Catherine Koebel organized a protest Alexandria, Virginia, that targeted Chris W. Cox, who was then the chief lobbyist of the National Rifle Association. The protest was controversial for implicating Cox's wife's business and because the protesters held a graphic gunshot image on the public sidewalk in front of Cox's home.

Gailey contributes to the political blog Seeing Red Nebraska.

## InfoBox

| Amanda Gailey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1976-03-24) March 24, 1976 |
| Education |  |
| Occupation(s) | academic and political activist |
| Employer | University of Nebraska-Lincoln |
| Organization(s) | Nebraskans Against Gun Violence, founder and president |
| Notable work | Proofs of Genius |


title: 1861 in animation

abstract: Events in 1861 in animation.

text:
# 1861 in animation

Events in **1861 in animation**.

## Events

**May 2**: On May 2, 1861, while working near Paris, Henri Désiré du Mont filed French patent 49,520 for "a photographic device for reproduction of the successive phases of movement". It would transport 10 or 12 photographic plates, one by one, from a slotted frame, past the camera lens, into a lower receptacle area. A moving shutter was synchronized to ensure the plates were only exposed when they were in the right place.

* **Specific date unknown**:
    + In 1861, the American engineer Coleman Sellers II received US patent No. 35,317 for the kinematoscope, a device that exhibited "stereoscopic pictures as to make them represent objects in motion". In his application he stated: "This has frequently been done with plane pictures but has never been, with stereoscopic pictures". He used three sets of stereoscopic photographs in a sequence with some duplicates to regulate the flow of a simple repetitive motion, but also described a system for very large series of pictures of complicated motion.
    + In 1861, the Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně used his version of the phenakistiscope to illustrate the beating of a heart.
    + In 1861, Samuel Goodale patented a hand-turned stereoscope device which rapidly moved stereo images past a viewer, in a fashion similar to the later mutoscope.
    + In 1861, the Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell produced the first colour photograph, displayed by using three magic lantern projectors with different colour filters.

## Births

### December

## Deaths

### May

## Sources

* Carroll, Noël (1996), *Theorizing the Moving Image*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Rosen, Miriam (1987), "Méliès, Georges", in Wakeman, John (ed.), *World Film Directors: Volume I, 1890–1945*, New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, pp. 747–65

## InfoBox

| **Years in animation:** | 1858 1859 1860 **1861** 1862 1863 1864 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1830s 1840s 1850s **1860s** 1870s 1880s 1890s |
| **Years:** | 1858 1859 1860 **1861** 1862 1863 1864 |


title: Eatza Pizza

abstract: Eatza Pizza was a buffet-style restaurant chain founded in Arizona in 1997. In 2007, it was one of the largest all-buffet pizza chains in the United States, with 112 locations in 14 states and Puerto Rico.

text:
# Eatza Pizza

**Eatza Pizza** was a buffet-style restaurant chain founded in Arizona in 1997. In 2007, it was one of the largest all-buffet pizza chains in the United States, with 112 locations in 14 states and Puerto Rico.

## History

In March 2007, Eatza Pizza was bought by International Franchise Associates. Following the purchase, the corporate headquarters was moved from Arizona to Westport, Connecticut. In July 2008, International Franchise Associates filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. At that time, only five Eatza Pizza locations were left.

## Fare

Their menu included at least 18 varieties of pizza, along with various other foods. When it was based in Scottsdale, the chain had 112 restaurants open or under development in Arizona, Alabama, California, Utah, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ohio and New Mexico, and Puerto Rico.

## InfoBox

Eatza Pizza
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Restaurant |
| Founded | 1997 (1997) |
| Defunct | 2008 (2008) |
| Headquarters | Scottsdale, Arizona (until 2007); Westport, Connecticut (2007-2008) |
| Number of locations | 100+ (until 2007); 10 (2007); 5 (2008) |
| Products | Pizza |


title: Alvescot railway station

abstract: Alvescot railway station was a railway station between the Oxfordshire villages of Alvescot and Black Bourton, in England. It was Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway between Oxford and Fairford.

text:
# Alvescot railway station

**Alvescot railway station** was a railway station between the Oxfordshire villages of Alvescot and Black Bourton, in England. It was Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway between Oxford and Fairford.

## History

The station was opened by the East Gloucestershire Railway on 15 January 1873 as part of its 14-mile-10-chain (22.7 km) extension of the Witney Railway from Witney to Fairford. Situated on the Alvescot-Clanfield road, the station served the village of Alvescot, situated less than half a mile to the north, and also the neighbouring village of Black Bourton.

A small single-platform station was provided without a passing loop or signal box. Ground frames controlled the access to the two goods sidings which trailed off the single track line at the western end of the platform to serve coal staithes, cattle pens and a goods shed. A single refuge siding on the Down side lay just beyond the western end of the station. Next to the station building was a Great Western Railway-type Pagoda shed and to the rear of the building, adjacent to the station forecourt, was a goods lock-up and a brick weigh house. Unlike the Cotswold stone stations at Lechlade, Bampton, Fairford and Witney, the station building at Alvescot was constructed of red brick.

In 1923, the station issued 9,046 tickets and handled 424 parcels and 9,616 tons of goods. In 1944, Carterton station was opened 56 chains (1,100 m) to the east of Alverscot. During the "Arctic" winter of 1946-7, the line was severed at Alvescot when a large snow drift blocked the line. An emergency service was maintained with services running from either end of the snow-filled cutting. During the final years before closure, a British Railways employee at Alvescot made a proposal for the line's operation using diesel railcars that, he claimed, would save at least £20,000. This was to no avail as the station was closed along with the East Gloucestershire Railway on 18 June 1962.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kelmscott and Langford
Line and station closed |  | Great Western Railway
East Gloucestershire Railway |  | Carterton
Line and station closed |

## Present day

The goods yard remains occupied by G.F. Luckett, coal merchant, now supplied by road. All the station buildings have been demolished and the remainder of the site is a light industrial area. The station house still stands and is called "Station Bungalow". Large sections of trackbed between Alvescot and Kelmscott and Langford remain intact.

### Notes

### Sources

* Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). *The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present* (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
*
* Clinker, C. R. (1988) \[1978\]. *Clinker's Register of Closed Passenger Stations and Goods Depots in England, Scotland and Wales 1830–1980* (2nd ed.). Bristol: Avon-Anglia Publications & Services. ISBN 978-0-905466-91-0. OCLC 655703233.
* Conolly, W. Philip (January 1976). *British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer* (5th ed.). Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0320-3. EX/0176.
* Clark, R.H. (1976). *An Historical Survey of Selected Great Western Stations: Layouts and Illustrations*. Vol. 1. Headington: Oxford Publishing. ISBN 0-902888-29-3.
* Jenkins, Stanley C. (1985) \[1975\]. *The Fairford Branch*. Headington: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-853613-16-8. LP86.
* Leigh, Chris (1982) \[1981\]. *GWR Country Stations*. Shepperton: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1108-7.
* Mitchell, Victor E.; Smith, Keith; Lingard, Richard (April 1988). *Branch Line to Fairford*. Midhurst: Middleton Press. ISBN 0-906520-52-5.
* Quick, Michael (2009) \[2001\]. *Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology* (4th ed.). Oxford: Railway & Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-57-5. OCLC 612226077.
* Simpson, Bill (1997). *A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire; Part 1: The North*. Witney: Lamplight Publications. ISBN 978-1-89924-602-1.
* Stretton, John (2006). *British Railways Past and Present: Oxfordshire; A Second Selection*. Kettering: Past & Present Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85895-203-1. No. 55.
* Waters, Laurence; Doyle, Tony (1992). *British Railways Past and Present: Oxfordshire*. Wadenhoe: Silver Link Publishing. ISBN 978-0-94797-187-8. No. 15.
* Waters, Laurence (1986). *Rail Centres: Oxford*. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-1590-6.

## InfoBox

| Alvescot | |
| --- | --- |
| Station site in 1990. | |
| General information | |
| Location | Alvescot, West Oxfordshire
England |
| Coordinates | 51°44′08″N 1°36′01″W / 51.73561°N 1.60034°W / 51.73561; -1.60034 |
| Grid reference | SP277041 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | East Gloucestershire Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Great Western Railway |
| Post-grouping | Great Western Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 15 January 1873 | Station opens |
| 18 June 1962 | Station closes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1828 Boston mayoral election

abstract: The 1828 Boston mayoral election saw the election of Harrison Gray Otis. The election required three votes, because no candidate secured the required majority in the first two votes. After failing in the first two votes, incumbent mayor Josiah Quincy III declined to run in the third round.

text:
# 1828 Boston mayoral election

The **1828 Boston mayoral election** saw the election of Harrison Gray Otis. The election required three votes, because no candidate secured the required majority in the first two votes. After failing in the first two votes, incumbent mayor Josiah Quincy III declined to run in the third round.

## First vote (December 8, 1828)

Boston mayoral election first vote (December 8, 1828)
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Josiah Quincy III (incumbent) | | 1,958 | 47.97 |
| Thomas C. Amory | | 1,284 | 31.46 |
| *Scattering/other (including Otis and Dunlap)* | | 840 | 20.58 |
| Total votes | | **4,082** | **100** |

## Second vote (December 15, 1828)

Running in the second round were Josiah Quincy III, Thomas C. Amory, Harrison Gray Otis, and Charles Wells.

Boston mayoral election second vote (December 15, 1828)
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Josiah Quincy III (incumbent) | | 2,561 | 48.75 |
| Thomas C. Amory | | 1,400 | 26.65 |
| Charles Wells | | 969 | 18.45 |
| Harrison Gray Otis | | 209 | 3.98 |
| *Other* | | 113 | 2.15 |
| Total votes | | **5,253** | **100** |

## Third vote (December 22, 1828)

Quincy and Amory declined to run again in the third vote.

Receiving a majority of the vote, Otis was elected mayor.

Boston mayoral election third vote (December 22, 1828)
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Harrison Gray Otis | | 2,978 | 65.51 |
| Caleb Eddy | | 1,283 | 28.22 |
| *Other* | | 285 | 6.27 |
| Total votes | | **4,546** | **100** |

## Summary table of all votes

1828 Boston mayoral election results (vote percent by round)
|  | Harrison Gray Otis | Josiah Quincy III
(incumbent) | Thomas C. Armory | Caleb Eddy | Charles Wells | *Scattering* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st vote | *undisclosed
share of
write-in* vote | 47.97% | 31.46% |  |  | 20.58% |
| 2nd vote | 26.65% | 48.75% | 26.65% |  | 18.45% | 2.15% |
| 3rd vote | **65.51%** |  |  | 28.22% |  | 6.27% |

## InfoBox

1828 Boston mayoral election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Josiah Quincy III
Federalist **Elected mayor**
Harrison Gray Otis
Federalist | |


title: 1827 in the United Kingdom

abstract: Events from the year 1827 in the United Kingdom.

text:
# 1827 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year **1827 in the United Kingdom**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### Ongoing events

### Undated

## Publications

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| **1827 in the United Kingdom** |
| --- |
| *Other years* |
| 1825 | 1826 | **1827 (1827)** | 1828 | 1829 |
| *Constituent countries of the United Kingdom* |
| England | Ireland | Scotland | Wales |
| *Sport* |
| 1827 English cricket season |


title: EbankIT

abstract: ebankIT is an international company that develops digital banking platforms.

text:
# EbankIT

**ebankIT** is an international company that develops digital banking platforms.

## History

ebankIT was founded in 2014 in Porto by fintech experts Renato Oliveira, João Lima Pinto, José Ferreira and Alexandre Viana.

In 2015, Pathena invested in ebankIT, acquiring 25% of the share capital of ebankIT in return. The same year, the company expanded its operations to the United Kingdom by opening an office there. In 2016, KPMG recognized ebankIT as "1 of 10 Rising Stars in the global market".

By 2018, ebankIT acquired its first client in North America. In 2019, it partnered with Celero.

In 2020, the company enhanced its cloud capabilities. Also, in 2020, ebankIT updated its multichannel banking platform.

In March 2020, ebankIT expanded into the US having partnered with Enterprise Engineering, Inc (EEI).

In 2021, and 2023, ebankIT was featured in the Forrester’s reports on digital banking platforms. In January 2022, it was highlighted in the Market Guide for Digital Banking Platforms, published by Gartner.

In February 2023, ebankIT partnered with cloud-native core banking platform °neo by Five Degrees.

1. ECO (2023-08-30). "Homepage". *ECO* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
2. "ebankIT Omnichannel Innovation - Fintech Finance". *ffnews.com*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
3. "ebankIT | ebankIT promotes a webinar on the future of banks". *RealWire*. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
4. "Joao Pinto - Ebankit - Finovate Europe 2023". *ffnews.com*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
5. Software, Coconut (2021-06-17). "ebankIT and Coconut Software partner". *Coconut Software*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
6. "New Partnership Brings Glia's Digital Customer Service Solution to ebankIT's Digital Banking Platform - The Digital Banker". 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
7. "ebankIT at FinovateFall 2022 – Digital banking innovation and user engagement". *fintechfutures.com*. September 26, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
8. ECO (2023-02-14). "Horta Osório vai ser consultor da fintech portuguesa EbankIT". *ECO* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
9. Trajkovska, Bojana (2018-11-28). "Porto's startup ecosystem at a glance". *EU-Startups*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
10. "SRS Advogados advises Pathena on investment in EbankIT - News - Communication". *SRS Legal. About Law. Around People*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
11. SAPO. "Tecnológica portuguesa eBankIT garante investimento da Pathena". *SAPO Tek* (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
12. Marvão, Susana (2023-07-03). ""Na inovação, não há más ideias"". *Business-IT* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
13. "ebankIT | ebankIT promotes a webinar on the future of banks". *RealWire*. 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
14. Pimentel, Ana. "ebankIT representa Portugal numa das maiores feiras mundiais de tecnologia". *Observador* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
15. Desk, Fintech News (2022-05-19). "ebankIT and the Horizn Platform Are Partnering to Support Digital Transformation". *GlobalFinTechSeries*. Retrieved 2023-08-30. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
16. Frith, Shanna (2019-08-12). "Celero Announces 10-year Partnership Agreement with ebankIT to Deliver Omni-Channel Digital Banking Solutions to Canadian Credit Unions". *Celero*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
17. Empreendedor (2019-10-27). "ebankIT quer reforçar a aposta estratégica no mercado americano". *Revista do Empreendedor* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
18. "Fintech ebankIT reforça negócio no Canadá". *Jornal Expresso* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
19. ""Os bancos perceberam que sem uma presença no digital não iriam sobreviver"". *Meios & Publicidade* (in European Portuguese). 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
20. "Visão | Ajudar a transformar a banca, do Porto ao Kuwait". *Visão* (in European Portuguese). 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
21. ECO (2020-03-26). "Ebankit vai mudar-se para o Porto Office Park. Quer contratar 40 pessoas". *ECO* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
22. "ebankIT updates its multichannel banking platform". *thepaypers.com*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
23. ebankIT. "ebankIT continuously updates its platform to respond to digital channel demands". *PRWeb*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
24. "ebankIT and Enterprise Engineering, Inc. launch Open Banking and Banking Platform Solutions partnership in the USA". *EIN News*. 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
25. Freire, Mafalda (2020-06-03). "ebankIT aposta no mercado norte-americano". *Business-IT* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.
26. "ebankIT anuncia parceria para soluções bancárias omnicanal". *Dinheiro Vivo* (in European Portuguese). 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
27. "EBANKIT prevê ultrapassar os 40 milhões de euros em vendas no ano de 2020 e aponta a novos mercados na Europa". *Etc e Tal - Jornal*. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
28. "Now Tech: Digital Banking Engagement Platforms, Q1 2021". *Forrester*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
29. "The Digital Banking Engagement Platforms Landscape, Q1..." *Forrester*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
30. "Omnichannel Digital Banking Delivered Fast". *Unblu - Conversational Engagement Platform Financial Industry*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
31. "Digital Banking Platforms (DBP) Reviews 2021 | Gartner Peer Insights". 2021-11-14. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
32. E2, Equipa (2022-05-23). "ebankIT tem vagas de emprego em várias áreas". *E2 Emprego e Estágios* (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-08-30.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
33. Steves, Rick (February 23, 2023). "PORTUGUESE EBANKIT INTEGRATES CLOUD-NATIVE CORE BANKING PLATFORM °NEO BY FIVE DEGREES". *financefeeds.com*. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
34. Degrees, Five (2022-12-21). "ebankIT & °neo by Five Degrees join forces". *www.fivedegrees.com*. Retrieved 2023-08-30.

## InfoBox

ebankIT
|
|  |
| Founded | 2014 |
| Founder | Renato Oliveira, João Lima-Pinto, José Ferreira, Alexandre Viana |
| Headquarters | Porto, Portugal |
| Number of employees | 150+ |
| Website | https://www.ebankit.com/ |