title: Diocese of Lilybaeum

abstract: The Diocese of Lilybaeum was a diocese of the Roman Catholic church until the 9th century, when it was suppressed. It was revived as a titular see in 1966.

text:
# Diocese of Lilybaeum

The **Diocese of Lilybaeum** (Latin - *Dioecesis Lilybaetana*) was a diocese of the Roman Catholic church until the 9th century, when it was suppressed. It was revived as a titular see in 1966.

## History

Lilybaeum (now Marsala) was an ancient city in western Sicily, with a huge Christian cemetery with catacombs and small hypogei. An ancient tradition without historical confirmation states that the diocese began in the first half of the 2nd century and that its first bishop was a Saint Eustace. According to *Praedestinatus*, a work by an unknown author in southern Gaul around the mid 5th century, the Gnostic Valentinus' disciple Heracleon began preaching in Sicily, but was firmly opposed by Eustace bishop of Lilybaeum and Theodore bishop of Palermo, who both denounced him to Pope Alexander I (105-115). The second traditional bishop was the martyr Gregorius or Gregory, living between the 3rd and 4th centuries but only recorded in the life of the 7th-8th century Saint Gregorius, bishop of Girgenti.

The first historically-confirmed Bishop of Lilybaeum was the mathematician and astronomer Pascasinus, captured and taken to Africa by the Vandals. After his return to Sicily he wrote a letter to Pope Leo I in 442–443, mentioning an event in the diocese in 417, meaning it had definitely been founded by that date. Leo I sent Pascasinus a letter via the other Sicilian bishops in 447. Pascasinus later became Leo's legate to the 451 Council of Chalcedon, which at the pope's request definitively fixed the date of Easter as the first Sunday after the first full moon of spring.

No further bishops of Lilybaeum are known until the 6th century, when the letters of Gregory the Great mention Theodore (in a letter of 593 and seems to have died in February 595) and Decius (elected and consecrated in September 595 and still in post at the time of a letter in 599). One of these letters mentions that Adeodata, a woman from a patrician family, had founded a nunnery dedicated to the martyr saints Peter, Laurence, Hermes, Pancras, Sebastian and Agnes in her house in Lilybaeum. At that time Sicily was part of the Byzantine Empire and - as emerges in the letters - Sicily's dioceses reported directly to Rome rather than having a metropolitan bishop. Another bishop of the diocese, Elijah, took part in the 649 synod in Rome, whilst Theophanes was one of the church fathers at the Second Council of Nicea in 787.

In the meantime, following the First Iconoclastic Controversy, Leo III the Isaurian removed Sicily from Rome's jurisdiction and placed it under the Patriarch of Constantinople around 732. Lilybaeum appeared as one of the suffragan dioceses of the Archdiocese of Syracuse in the *Notitia Episcopatuum* edited under Leo VI the Wise and dating to the early 10th century., though that situation was theoretical since the island had been conquered by the Arabs in 827 and there was no news from the diocese.

When the Normans conquered Sicily in the 11th century the Diocese of Lilybaeum was not reestablished, with its territory instead assigned to a new Diocese of Mazara del Vallo with its seat at Mazara.

In 1966 Lilybaeum was made a titular see of the Roman Catholic church, currently held by Giuseppe Leanza, apostolic nuncio to the Czech Republic.

## Diocesan bishops

* *Saint'* Eustace † (2nd century)
* *Saint* Gregory † (3rd-4th century)
* Pascasinus † (before 442/443 \- after 451)
* Theodore † (before 593 \- died before February 595)
* Decius † (before September 595 \- after 599)
* Elijah † (mentioned in 649)
* Theophanes † (mentioned in 787)

## Titular bishops

* Henrique Hector Golland Trindade, O.F.M. † (27 March 1968 - 16 March 1971; dismissed)
* Nicola Cavanna † (21 June 1971 - 1 August 1977; translated to be bishop of Asti)
* Carlos Alberto Nicolini † (28 October 1977 - 29 December 1984; translated to be bishop-coadjutor of Salto)
* Jesús Gervasio Pérez Rodríguez, O.F.M. (14 June 1985 - 6 November 1989; translated to be Archbishop of Sucre)
* Giuseppe Leanza, 3 July 1990 – present

1. (in German) Heinrich Gelzer, *Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum*, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 554, nº 269.

## Bibliography


title: Dispatch & Garlick

abstract: Dispatch & Garlick Ltd is a mechanical engineering company specialising in dairy, water and wastewater systems in Greymouth, New Zealand.

text:
# Dispatch & Garlick

**Dispatch & Garlick Ltd** is a mechanical engineering company specialising in dairy, water and wastewater systems in Greymouth, New Zealand.

## History

### Foundation

The company was founded on 5 August 1873 as **Dispatch Iron Works**. The name derives from a paddle steamer tug used in the port of Greymouth. Owner of the ironworks was the Scottish engineer John Sewell, who had exported the *Dispatch* 1869 from England to New Zealand. He worked part-time as an engineer on the *Dispatch* and carried out various technical activities and occasional repairs.

### Growth

The quartz mining boom around Reefton and the coal mining activities in Brunnerton led to full order books right after setting-up. The **Dispatch Foundry Company Limited** was thus founded in July 1875 with a starting capital of £12,000 to invest in the required machines and facilities. The company was very successful and paid a dividend of 10% in 1877, which was maintained in subsequent years.

Up to the 25th anniversary, Dispatch completed a total of more than 8,000 ft (2,400 m) of water pipes for the Humphrey's Gully Company, 100 tonnes of girders for the Otira Gorge Bridge, ten-head stamper batteries, sets of joints and crossings for the NZ Railways. At the time, Dispatch had an average of 60 employees.

In 1906 a telephone with the telephone number 4 was installed in the foundry. In 1910 the foundry employed 12 founders, 23 fitters, 12 blacksmiths, 20 blacksmiths, 2 modelers, 8 workers and 4 office workers. 9 apprentices were employed in the workshop.

### Change of ownership

In 1975, the company changed its name to **Dispatch Engineering Ltd** which specialized in timber winches, pressure vessels and gold screens as well as general engineering and foundry work. Dave McMillan, Managing Director of RA Garlick Ltd. and his business partner Francis Zampese bought the buildings and facilities of Dispatch Engineering Ltd. in 1995. In the 1990s, at the dawn of the *New Zealand Dairy Boom*, dairy machines were produced using the newly acquired facilities and buildings. In 1995, **Dispatch & Garlick Ltd** was founded reflecting the history of Dispatch and the customer base of RA Garlick Ltd.

The company has currently<sup>(2008)</sup> approximately 50 employees in various fields of mechanical engineering, including a foundry with an induction furnace for 500 kg gray cast iron, carbon steels and alloy steels, a workshop for models, sheet metal work and pressure vessels of all kinds and an X-ray system for nondestructive material testing. It has an assembly and machine hall with boring machines up to 3.6 m diameter and lathes for parts with up to 6 m length or 3 m diameter. The workshop building, which still has its own railway siding, consists of two 95-metre-long fields, each served by a 10-ton overhead crane.

## Locomotives

The steam locomotives built at the beginning of the 20th century were unusual in many ways. Initially, steam winches were manufactured, which were adapted by a chain drive on the axles for transporting them on mainly wooden rails. As a rule, a boiler was mounted at one end of a frame and a winch at the other end. The two-cylinder winch motor powered a cable drum via a crankshaft, which also drove the 30 degrees downwardly inclined intermediate shaft via a bevel gear. Via a gearbox with sliding bevel pinions different ratios could be selected. Complicated bevel and spur gears transmitted the torque to the axles. Because of this complexity, the average lifespan was only 11 years. Later, Dispatch developed rail tractors, with which it became market leader in this market sector.

14°47′01″N 60°59′54″W / 14.7836889°N 60.9984647°W / 14.7836889; -60.9984647


title: Diospyros havilandii

abstract: Diospyros havilandii is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 13 metres (40 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish brown when young, drying whitish. Inflorescences bear up to five flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid to round, drying black, up to 1.6 cm (0.6 in) in diameter. The tree is named for the British naturalist G. D. Haviland. Its habitat is peat swamp forests. D. havilandii is endemic to Borneo and confined to Sarawak.

text:
# Diospyros havilandii

***Diospyros havilandii*** is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 13 metres (40 ft) tall. Twigs are reddish brown when young, drying whitish. Inflorescences bear up to five flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid to round, drying black, up to 1.6 cm (0.6 in) in diameter. The tree is named for the British naturalist G. D. Haviland. Its habitat is peat swamp forests. *D. havilandii* is endemic to Borneo and confined to Sarawak.

## InfoBox

| *Diospyros havilandii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ebenaceae |
| Genus: | *Diospyros* |
| Species: | ***D. havilandii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diospyros havilandii***<br>Bakh. | |
|


title: Agostino Vallini

abstract: Agostino Vallini is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2006. From 2008 to 2017 he served as Vicar General of Rome. He is also the Archpriest emeritus of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.

text:
# Agostino Vallini

| Styles of
**Agostino Vallini** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |

**Agostino Vallini** (born 17 April 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2006. From 2008 to 2017 he served as Vicar General of Rome. He is also the Archpriest emeritus of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.

## Biography

Agostino Vallini was born in Poli, near Rome, but moved with his family to Barra, near Naples, as a child. He studied at the Major Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples and the Pontifical Theological Seminary of Southern Italy, where he obtained his licentiate in theology. Vallini also attended the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, earning his doctorate in canon and civil law with a dissertation on the new Code of Canon Law.

He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Vittorio Longo on 19 July 1964. He then taught canon law at his *alma mater*, the Theological Faculty of Southern Italy. From 1971 to 1978 he taught ecclesiastical law at the Pontifical Lateran University, while also serving as adviser for the Italian Catholic University Federation, the movement *Seguimi*, and the Union of Major Religious Superiors of Italy. He later became Rector of the Major Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples and Regional Counselor of Catholic Action. On his return to Naples in 1978 he became rector of the major seminary until 1987, when he took up the post of dean of the S. Tommaso d'Aquino campus, where he had continued to teach.

On 23 March 1989, Vallini was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Naples and Titular Bishop of Tortibulum by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 13 May from Cardinal Michele Giordano, with Archbishops Luigi Diligenza and Antonio Ambrosanio serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Naples. Vallini was named Diocesan Bishop of Albano on 13 November 1999. On 27 May 2004, he was appointed Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura. As prefect of the Signatura, he served as the highest judicial authority beneath the Pope in the Church.

Upon the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, Vallini and all major Vatican officials automatically lost their positions. He was confirmed as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura by Pope Benedict XVI on 21 April. Pope Benedict created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Pier Damiani ai Monti di S. Paolo in the consistory of 24 March 2006.

Vallini was appointed Vicar General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome on 27 June 2008, succeeding Camillo Ruini. As Vicar General, he was responsible for the diocese of Rome on behalf of the pope. He was also Archpriest of the Lateran Basilica and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Lateran University.

Vallini serves as a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints; Congregation for Bishops; Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life; Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. He also serves as a member of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and Council of Cardinals for Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See. He can hold these memberships until his 80th birthday.

On 18 September 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named Vallini one of the Synod Fathers of the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.

On 26 March 2017 Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Vicar of Rome and Archpriest of St. John Lateran. On 30 September Francis named him a member of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura.

On 4 November 2017, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Vallini Pontifical Legate for the Basilicas of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Mary of the Angels, both in Assisi, Italy.

## Views

### AIDS and contraception

Distributing condoms in schools in the context of combating AIDS trivializes sexuality and education and must be fought by concerned parents, according to Vallini. In an official statement, he responded to a decision by the civil authorities of the province of Rome to allow the distribution of condoms from vending machines in high schools (see religion and AIDS).

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Agostino Vallini | |
| --- | --- |
| Pontifical Legate for the Basilicas of Saint Francis and Saint Mary of the Angels in Assisi, Vicar General Emeritus of Rome, Prefect Emeritus of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura | |
|  | |
| Appointed | 27 June 2008 |
| Term ended | 26 May 2017 |
| Predecessor | Camillo Ruini |
| Successor | Angelo De Donatis |
| Other post(s) |  |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 19 July 1964
by Vittorio Longo |
| Consecration | 13 May 1989
by Michele Giordano |
| Created cardinal | 24 March 2006
by Benedict XVI |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1940-04-17) 17 April 1940
Poli, Lazio, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Motto | sequere me |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Dinas Powys (electoral ward)

abstract: Dinas Powys is the name of an electoral ward in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It covers its namesake community of Dinas Powys and the neighbouring Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith to the north. The ward elects four county councillors to the Vale of Glamorgan Council. According to the 2011 census the population of the ward was 7,799.

text:
# Dinas Powys (electoral ward)

**Dinas Powys** is the name of an electoral ward in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It covers its namesake community of Dinas Powys and the neighbouring Michaelston-le-Pit and Leckwith to the north. The ward elects four county councillors to the Vale of Glamorgan Council.

According to the 2011 census the population of the ward was 7,799.

## Election results

At the May 2017 County Council elections all four seats were won by the Conservative Party. One of the losing councillors was Plaid Cymru's Chris Franks, who had represented the ward since 2001 and had been leader of the Plaid Cymru group on the County Council.

2017 Vale of Glamorgan Council election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | **Robert Crowley** | 1425 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Vince Driscoll** | 1420 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Steve Griffiths** | 1385 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | **Andy Robertson** | 1303 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | Chris Franks * | 1270 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | Val Hartrey * | 1100 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | Keith Hatton * | 909 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | Richard Grigg | 806 |  |  |
|  | Labour | Jill Davies | 565 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Christopher John Williams * | 507 |  |  |
|  | Independent | John Maitland-Evans | 438 |  |  |
|  | Labour | Trevor George Robert Saunders | 431 |  |  |
|  | Labour | Anthony Lewis | 413 |  |  |
|  | Labour | John Boddy | 366 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Thomas Maitland-Evans | 365 |  |  |
|  | Green | Hilary May | 323 |  |  |

Prior to May 2017 the ward was known as "The People’s Republic of Plaid", having been represented by three Plaid Cymru councillors and one Independent (Christopher Williams had been elected initially for Plaid Cymru but changed to Independent in 2014).

2012 Vale of Glamorgan Council election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Plaid Cymru | **Christopher Franks** | 1515 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | **Valerie Hartrey *** | 1418 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | **Keith Hatton *** | 1265 |  |  |
|  | Plaid Cymru | **Christopher Williams *** | 1223 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Vince Driscoll | 1122 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Robert Foxwell | 1035 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Nigel Streeter | 1007 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Andrew Robertson | 970 |  |  |
|  | Labour | Jill Davies | 602 |  |  |
|  | Labour | Terry Davies | 537 |  |  |
|  | Labour | Wendy Gilligan | 522 |  |  |
|  | Labour | John Williams | 499 |  |  |

* = sitting councillor prior to the election

Plaid Cymru had held all four county council seats since 1995.


title: Agrippina Volkonskaia

abstract: Agrippina Petrovna Volkonskaia, was a Russian courtier. She was the Ober-Hofmeisterin of Catherine I of Russia. She was known for her participation in many political intrigues at court. In 1727, she was the leading figure of a circle of prominent people in a conspiracy with the purpose of bringing about the downfall of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, but she failed and was exiled.

text:
# Agrippina Volkonskaia

**Agrippina Petrovna Volkonskaia** (d. 1732), was a Russian courtier. She was the Ober-Hofmeisterin of Catherine I of Russia. She was known for her participation in many political intrigues at court. In 1727, she was the leading figure of a circle of prominent people in a conspiracy with the purpose of bringing about the downfall of Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, but she failed and was exiled.

* Н.И. Павленко. Пётр Андреевич Толстой // Птенцы гнезда Петрова. — М: Мысль, 1985. — С. 207—208. — 332 с.


title: Agromyza vockerothi

abstract: Agromyza vockerothi is a species of leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae, found in North America. The larva of this species feed on brambles (Rubus).

text:
# Agromyza vockerothi

***Agromyza vockerothi*** is a species of leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae, found in North America. The larva of this species feed on brambles (*Rubus*).

## InfoBox

| *Agromyza vockerothi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Tracks from *Agromyza vockerothi*, Pennsylvania | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Agromyzidae |
| Subfamily: | Agromyzinae |
| Genus: | *Agromyza* |
| Species: | ***A. vockerothi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Agromyza vockerothi***<br>(Meigen, 1822) | |
|


abstract: "Disturbing Behavior" is the fourth episode of the third season of The CW television series, The Vampire Diaries and the 48th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 6, 2011. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Wendey Stanzler.

text:
# Disturbing Behavior (The Vampire Diaries)

"**Disturbing Behavior**" is the fourth episode of the third season of The CW television series, *The Vampire Diaries* and the 48th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on October 6, 2011. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Wendey Stanzler.

## Plot

Stefan (Paul Wesley) and Klaus (Joseph Morgan) take Rebekah (Claire Holt) for shopping and when Stefan gets out of the store, he sees Katherine (Nina Dobrev). When he asks her what she is doing there, Katherine tells him that she knows the necklace Klaus is looking for, it is the one that he gave to Elena. Stefan says that he will make sure Klaus will not find out about it.

Liz (Marguerite MacIntyre) tells Damon (Ian Somerhalder) about Bill (Jack Coleman) and what he did to Caroline (Candice Accola) and that she wants him to erase his memory. They get to the basement, and when Damon makes sure that Bill does not have any more vervain in his system, he compels him to forget everything about Caroline being a vampire.

Elena, Caroline and Bonnie (Kat Graham) are cooking for the Founder’s Party when Elena feels her necklace burning her. That is because Gloria (Charmin Lee) casts a spell trying to find out where the necklace is. When Bonnie tries to catch it, she feels the magic and she tries later to find out what is going on with it. She discovers that the necklace has its own magic while Gloria hides from Klaus what she felt when she was doing the spell and asks for more time.

Stefan goes back later alone to check what Gloria really saw and she confesses that she heard three girls talking about him. She explains that the reason she did not tell Klaus is because she wants the necklace for herself and asks Stefan where is it. Stefan denies to tell her and she uses her magic to paralyze him and then torture him. Stefan does not talk but Gloria manages to see Elena through his mind and she finds out that she is the doppelganger who was supposed to be dead and that is why Klaus cannot make hybrids. As soon as she finds out, Katherine appears and kills her.

Katherine asks Stefan what his plan is and why he stays with Klaus. He explains that in the ‘20s, Klaus and Rebekah were running from someone they feared and he wants to know who. Katherine wants to help him find out but Stefan says he is alone on this and leaves. He returns to Klaus and tries to make Rebekah tell him who is after them but Rebekah realizes that something is not right and tells Klaus. Klaus decides to bring Stefan back to Mystic Falls to see what he is hiding.

Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) sees Anna (Malese Jow) who tells him that he should not help Vicki come back because every time Vicki talks to him, she feels something bad. Later on, Bonnie asks his help to find out more about the necklace but as they start reading the old books something sets them on fire. Jeremy decides to talk to Bonnie about his visions who gets upset for not telling her sooner.

At the Founder’s Party, Bill appears at the end of the council meeting and wants to take over the council. Damon’s compulsion seems like it did not work since Bill remembers everything. Damon tells that to Elena and Alaric informing them that he has to kill Bill. Both tell him not to do it but Damon breaks Alaric’s neck (after seeing him wearing his Gilbert ring) and leaves to kill Bill. Elena calls Caroline and tells her about it. Caroline fights with Damon and takes her father away to save him.

Katherine returns to Mystic Falls. Pretending to be Elena, she manages to take the necklace from Bonnie and then goes to Damon offering him a road trip. Damon accepts despite not knowing where they will go.

In the end, Klaus talks to Stefan about his suspicion that he was hiding something and he was determined to find out. Klaus proceeds to open the truck's garage to reveal that he had brought Stefen back to Mystic Falls.

## Feature Music

In "Disturbing Behavior" we can hear the songs:

## Reception

### Ratings

In its original American broadcast, "Disturbing Behavior" was watched by 2.63 million; down by 0.11 from the previous episode.

### Reviews

"Disturbing Behavior" received positive reviews.

Carrie Raisler from *The A.V. Club* gave the episode a B+ rating. "The crazy whip-quick plotting The Vampire Diaries is known for was back in full force tonight. \[...\] The truly crazy thing is how, as the show has progressed, they’ve increasingly managed to weave so many genuine character moments throughout these intricate plots."

Diana Steenbergen from *IGN* rated the episode with 8/10. "\[The show\] picked up the pace again this week with an episode that went back to multiple-storylines and lots of twists. You have to admire a show that has this many characters and manages to make each compelling. "Disturbing Behavior" shifted quickly from plot to plot, and each one was as interesting as the others."

1. "The Vampire Diaries Season 3 Episode 4: "Disturbing Behavior" Music". TV Fanatic. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
2. Seidman, Robert (October 7, 2011). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'X Factor,' 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'The Office,' 'Person of Interest,' 'Parks & Rec' Adjusted Up; 'Private Practice' Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
3. Raisler, Carrie (October 6, 2011). "The Vampire Diaries: "Disturbing Behavior"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
4. Steenbergen, Diana (October 6, 2011). "The Vampire Diaries: "Disturbing Behavior" Review". IGN. Retrieved December 7, 2014.

## InfoBox

| "**Disturbing Behavior**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Vampire Diaries* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 4 |
| Directed by | Wendey Stanzler |
| Written by | Brian Young |
| Production code | 2J6004 |
| Original air date | October 6, 2011 (2011-10-06) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Diplacus vandenbergensis

abstract: Diplacus vandenbergensis, commonly known as the Vandenberg monkeyflower, is a species of Diplacus located in the Phrymaceae family. It grows as a small herbaceous annual plant and is native to the Burton Mesa Ecological Reserve in Santa Barbara County, California. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service it is an endangered species and hence was allocated critical habitat within the reserve in 2014.

text:
# Diplacus vandenbergensis

***Diplacus vandenbergensis***, commonly known as the **Vandenberg monkeyflower**, is a species of *Diplacus* located in the *Phrymaceae* family. It grows as a small herbaceous annual plant and is native to the Burton Mesa Ecological Reserve in Santa Barbara County, California. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service it is an endangered species and hence was allocated critical habitat within the reserve in 2014.

## Description

This annual plant grows roughly to a height of 20 cm (8 in) before it releases seeds and dies. The leaves are 2–30 mm (0.08–1 in) long and are generally narrowly elliptic in shape. The yellow flowers emerge between May and June, with the pedicel being 1–4 mm long and the calyx 5–14 mm. The tube/throat of the flower is 9–23 mm long. The fruit is 6.5–13 mm long.

## Habitat

The primary habitats of this species are chaparral, cismontane woodlands and coastal dunes. It grows in sandy soil between larger shrubs where it receives increased protection from external threats such as wind and animals. Influx of these small areas by invasive plant species such as Pampas grass, Veldt grass and Iceplant pose the greatest risk to this species. It is also threatened by development and off-road vehicles.

## InfoBox

| *Diplacus vandenbergensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Phrymaceae |
| Genus: | *Diplacus* |
| Species: | ***D. vandenbergensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diplacus vandenbergensis***<br>(D.M.Thomps.) G.L.Nesom (2012) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mimulus fremontii* var. *vandenbergensis* D.M.Thomps. (2005) | |


title: Diplacus stellatus

abstract: Diplacus stellatus is a small herb in the Phrymaceae. The species is endemic to Cedros Island in the Mexican State of Baja California. It was formerly known as Mimulus stellatus.

text:
# Diplacus stellatus

***Diplacus stellatus*** is a small herb in the Phrymaceae. The species is endemic to Cedros Island in the Mexican State of Baja California. It was formerly known as *Mimulus stellatus*.

## InfoBox

| *Diplacus stellatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Phrymaceae |
| Genus: | *Diplacus* |
| Species: | ***D. stellatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diplacus stellatus***<br>Kellogg | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diplacus glutinosus* var. *stellatus* (Kellogg) Greene * *Mimulus stellatus* (Kellogg) A.L.Grant | |


title: Diplacus tricolor

abstract: Diplacus tricolor is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name tricolor monkeyflower. It is native to Oregon and California. It grows in seasonally wet habitats such as meadows and vernal pools, including those in the San Joaquin Valley and near north coast oak woodlands. It was formerly known as Mimulus tricolor.

text:
# Diplacus tricolor

***Diplacus tricolor*** is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name **tricolor monkeyflower**. It is native to Oregon and California. It grows in seasonally wet habitats such as meadows and vernal pools, including those in the San Joaquin Valley and near north coast oak woodlands. It was formerly known as *Mimulus tricolor*.

## Description

*Diplacus tricolor* is an annual herb growing up to about 14 centimeters in maximum height. The oppositely arranged, lightly hairy leaves are widely lance-shaped and up to about 4.5 centimeters long. The flower corolla may be up to 5 centimeters long, its narrow tubular base emerging from an uneven calyx of sepals. The wide mouth of the flower is deep pink in color with a white and yellow blotched throat and a large maroon spot at the base of each of the five lobes.

## InfoBox

| *Diplacus tricolor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Phrymaceae |
| Genus: | *Diplacus* |
| Species: | ***D. tricolor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diplacus tricolor***<br>(Hartw. ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eunanus tricolor* (Hartweg ex Lindl.) Greene * *Mimulus tricolor* Hartweg ex Lindl. | |


title: Agropyropsis

abstract: Agropyropsis is a monotypic genus of grasses closely related to Catapodium. It is native to the Batna Province in northeastern Algeria, and only contains a single species, Agropyropsis lolium. It once included a second species, Agropyropsis gracilis, which has since been renamed and moved to Lolium canariense.

text:
# Agropyropsis

***Agropyropsis*** is a monotypic genus of grasses closely related to *Catapodium*. It is native to the Batna Province in northeastern Algeria, and only contains a single species, ***Agropyropsis lolium***. It once included a second species, *Agropyropsis gracilis*, which has since been renamed and moved to *Lolium canariense*.

## InfoBox

| *Agropyropsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Supertribe: | Poodae |
| Tribe: | Poeae |
| Subtribe: | Parapholiinae |
| Genus: | *Agropyropsis*
(Batt. & Trab.) A.Camus |
| Species: | ***A. lolium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Agropyropsis lolium***
(Balansa ex Coss. & Durieu) A.Camus | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Catapodium* subg. *Agropyropsis* Trab. 1904 * *Catapodium* sect. *Agropyropsis* Batt. & Trab. 1895 * *Agropyron lolium* (Balansa) Trab. * *Catapodium lolium* (Balansa ex Coss. & Durieu) Hack. (type species) * *Festuca lolium* Balansa ex Coss. & Durieu * *Triticum lolium* (Balansa ex Coss. & Durieu) Trab. | |


title: Agrotis subalba

abstract: Agrotis subalba, the grey cutworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1857. It is found in South Africa. It is considered a pest on Zea mays and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato).

text:
# Agrotis subalba

***Agrotis subalba***, the **grey cutworm**, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1857. It is found in South Africa.

It is considered a pest on *Zea mays* (corn or maize) and *Lycopersicon esculentum* (tomato).

* Kemal, Muhabbet & Koçak, Ahmet Ömer (2007). *Synonymous Checklist of the South African Lepidoptera* (PDF). Cesa Publications on African Lepidoptera. Vol. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-19  via Internet Archive.

## InfoBox

| Grey cutworm | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Agrotis* |
| Species: | ***A. subalba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Agrotis subalba***<br>Walker, 1857 | |
|


title: Agrotis simplonia

abstract: Agrotis simplonia is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains and the Apennine Mountains on heights between 1,200 and 3,000 meters. The wingspan is 32–40 mm. Adults are on wing from May to October. The larvae feed on various grasses.

text:
# Agrotis simplonia

***Agrotis simplonia*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains and the Apennine Mountains on heights between 1,200 and 3,000 meters.

The wingspan is 32–40 mm. Adults are on wing from May to October.

The larvae feed on various grasses.

## Taxonomy

The Spanish population was described as a separate species *Agrotis coralita* by Hospital in 1948. This is now considered a synonym.

## InfoBox

| *Agrotis simplonia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Agrotis* |
| Species: | ***A. simplonia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Agrotis simplonia***<br>(Geyer, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Noctua simplonia* * *Scotia simplonia* * *Euxoa simplonia* * *Agrotis nigrescens* * *Agrotis suffusa* * *Agrotis obsolescens* * *Agrotis coralita* | |


title: Agrotis scruposa

abstract: Agrotis scruposa is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic of the Levant and known only from some localities in Turkey and Israel. Adults are on wing in July to August. There is one generation per year.

text:
# Agrotis scruposa

***Agrotis scruposa*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic of the Levant and known only from some localities in Turkey and Israel.

Adults are on wing in July to August. There is one generation per year.

## InfoBox

| *Agrotis scruposa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Agrotis* |
| Species: | ***A. scruposa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Agrotis scruposa***<br>(Draudt, 1936) | |
|


title: 164P/Christensen

abstract: 164P/Christensen is a periodic comet in the Solar System.

text:
# 164P/Christensen

**164P/Christensen** is a periodic comet in the Solar System.

## InfoBox

164P/Christensen
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | Eric J. Christensen |
| Discovery date | December 21, 2004 |
| Designations | |
| Alternative designations | P/2004 Y1 |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch | March 6, 2006 |
| Aphelion | 5.619 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.651 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 3.635 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.5458 |
| Orbital period | 6.931 |
| Inclination | 16.2453° |
| Last perihelion | 2018 May 31
June 2, 2011
June 21, 2004 |
| Next perihelion | 2025-May-27 |


title: Andrea Millet

abstract: Andrea Millet was an Italian luger who competed in the late 1970s. A natural track luger, he won a gold medal in the men's doubles event at the 1979 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships in Inzing, Austria. Millet also won two medals at the 1979 FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships in Aosta, Italy with a silver in the doubles and a bronze in the singles.

text:
# Andrea Millet

**Andrea Millet** was an Italian luger who competed in the late 1970s. A natural track luger, he won a gold medal in the men's doubles event at the 1979 FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships in Inzing, Austria.

Millet also won two medals at the 1979 FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships in Aosta, Italy with a silver in the doubles and a bronze in the singles.

## InfoBox

Andrea Millet
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Natural track luge | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1979 Inzing | Men's doubles |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 1979 Aosta | Men's doubles |
|  | 1979 Aosta | Men's singles |


title: Elementary divisors

abstract:
In algebra, the elementary divisors of a module over a principal ideal domain (PID) occur in one form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain. If R is a PID and M a finitely generated R
-module, then M is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of the form
  -
    - M ≅ R r ⊕ ⨁ i = 1 l R / with  r, l ≥ 0, where the are nonzero primary ideals. The list of primary ideals is unique up to order; the elements q i are unique only up to associatedness, and are called the elementary divisors. Note that in a PID, the nonzero primary ideals are powers of prime ideals, so the elementary divisors can be written as powers q i = p i r i of irreducible elements. The nonnegative integer r is called the free rank or Betti number of the module M. The module is determined up to isomorphism by specifying its free rank r, and for class of associated irreducible elements p and each positive integer k the number of times that pk occurs among the elementary divisors. The elementary divisors can be obtained from the list of invariant factors of the module by decomposing each of them as far as possible into pairwise relatively prime (non-unit) factors, which will be powers of irreducible elements. This decomposition corresponds to maximally decomposing each submodule corresponding to an invariant factor by using the Chinese remainder theorem for R. Conversely, knowing the multiset M of elementary divisors, the invariant factors can be found, starting from the final one, as follows. For each irreducible element p such that some power pk occurs in M, take the highest such power, removing it from M, and multiply these powers together for all p to give the final invariant factor; as long as M is non-empty, repeat to find the invariant factors before it.

text:
# Elementary divisors

In algebra, the **elementary divisors** of a module over a principal ideal domain (PID) occur in one form of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain.

If $R$ is a PID and $M$ a finitely generated $R$-module, then *M* is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of the form

$M\cong R^{r}\oplus \bigoplus \_{i=1}^{l}R/(q\_{i})\qquad {\text{with }r,l\geq 0}$,

where the $(q\_{i})$ are nonzero primary ideals.

The list of primary ideals is unique up to order (but a given ideal may be present more than once, so the list represents a multiset of primary ideals); the elements $q\_{i}$ are unique only up to associatedness, and are called the *elementary divisors*. Note that in a PID, the nonzero primary ideals are powers of prime ideals, so the elementary divisors can be written as powers $q\_{i}=p\_{i}^{r\_{i}}$ of irreducible elements. The nonnegative integer $r$ is called the *free rank* or *Betti number* of the module $M$.

The module is determined up to isomorphism by specifying its free rank *r*, and for class of associated irreducible elements *p* and each positive integer *k* the number of times that *p**k* occurs among the elementary divisors. The elementary divisors can be obtained from the list of invariant factors of the module by decomposing each of them as far as possible into pairwise relatively prime (non-unit) factors, which will be powers of irreducible elements. This decomposition corresponds to maximally decomposing each submodule corresponding to an invariant factor by using the Chinese remainder theorem for *R*. Conversely, knowing the multiset *M* of elementary divisors, the invariant factors can be found, starting from the final one (which is a multiple of all others), as follows. For each irreducible element *p* such that some power *p**k* occurs in *M*, take the highest such power, removing it from *M*, and multiply these powers together for all (classes of associated) *p* to give the final invariant factor; as long as *M* is non-empty, repeat to find the invariant factors before it.

* B. Hartley; T.O. Hawkes (1970). *Rings, modules and linear algebra*. Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-09810-5. Chap.11, p.182.
* Chap. III.7, p.153 of Lang, Serge (1993), *Algebra* (Third ed.), Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-55540-0, Zbl 0848.13001


title: .bm

abstract: .bm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bermuda. It was originally delegated in March 1993 to Bermuda College and was redelegated to the Registrar General of Bermuda, the de facto manager of the.BM domain, in 2007.

text:
# .bm

**.bm** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bermuda. It was originally delegated in March 1993 to Bermuda College and was redelegated to the Registrar General of Bermuda, the de facto manager of the .BM domain, in 2007.

## Structure

Registrations are available under the second level .bm domain, as well as a number of third level domains.

.bm top level domain names
| Top level domain name | Intended purpose |
| --- | --- |
| .bm | Personal use |
| .biz.bm | Small businesses, Professionals |
| .net.bm | Small businesses, Professionals |
| .co.bm | Companies, Commercial |
| .com.bm | Companies, Commercial |
| .org.bm | Organisations, Specialty, Professional Bodies |
| .edu.bm | Organisations, Specialty, Professional Bodies |

## InfoBox

.bm
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | March 1993 |
| TLD type | Country code TLD |
| Sponsor | Government of Bermuda |
| Intended use | Entities connected with Bermuda |
| Actual use | Gets some use in Bermuda |
| Registration restrictions | Must be company, organization, charity or individual located in Bermuda |
| Structure | Registrations permitted directly at second level or at third level beneath various labels |
| Registry website | www.bermudanic.bm |


title: Edmund H. Lewis

abstract: Edmund Harris Lewis was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1953 to 1954.

text:
# Edmund H. Lewis

**Edmund Harris Lewis** (August 30, 1884, Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York  July 31, 1972, Skaneateles, Onondaga County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1953 to 1954.

## Life

He was the son of Ceylon H. Lewis.

He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1930 to 1940, on the Appellate Division, Fourth Department from 1933 on.

In 1940, he was appointed a judge of the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Irving G. Hubbs. In November 1940, he was elected to a full 14-year term. On April 22, 1953, after the death of John T. Loughran, he was appointed Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. In November 1953, he was elected on the Republican, Democratic and Liberal tickets to succeed himself, and remained on the bench until the end of 1954 when he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years.

## Sources

* Political Graveyard
* Obit in NYT on August 1, 1972 (subscription required)
* Listing of Court of Appeals judges, with portrait


title: 1947 NCAA golf championship

abstract: The 1947 NCAA Golf Championship was the ninth annual NCAA-sanctioned golf tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf in the United States. This year's tournament was held at the University of Michigan Golf Course in Ann Arbor, Michigan. LSU won the team title, eight strokes ahead of second-place Duke. Coached by T.P. Heard, this was the Tigers' third NCAA team national title. The individual championship was won by Dave Barclay, from Michigan.

text:
# 1947 NCAA golf championship

The **1947 NCAA Golf Championship** was the ninth annual NCAA-sanctioned golf tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate golf in the United States.

This year's tournament was held at the University of Michigan Golf Course in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

LSU won the team title, eight strokes ahead of second-place Duke. Coached by T.P. Heard, this was the Tigers' third NCAA team national title.

The individual championship was won by Dave Barclay, from Michigan.

## Team results

| Rank | Team | Score |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **LSU** | **606** |
| 2 | Duke | 614 |
| 3 | Stanford (DC) | 616 |
| 4 | San Jose State | 617 |
| T5 | Michigan | 618 |
| | Oklahoma A&M | |
| 7 | Ohio State | 620 |
| 8 | Oklahoma | 622 |
| 9 | Northwestern | 623 |
| 10 | Miami (FL) | 627 |

* Note: Top 10 only
* DC = Defending champions

## InfoBox

1947 NCAA Golf Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.
42°15′46″N 83°44′38″W / 42.2628°N 83.7438°W / 42.2628; -83.7438 |
| Course(s) | University of Michigan Golf Course |
| Statistics | |
| Field | 39 teams |
| Champion | |
| **Team:** LSU (3rd title)
**Individual:** Dave Barclay (Michigan) | |
| **Team:** 606 | |
| Location map | |
| UM Golf CourseLocation in the United StatesUM Golf CourseLocation in Michigan | |
|  | |


title: 1946 NCAA track and field championships

abstract: The 1946 NCAA Track and Field Championships were contested at the 25th annual NCAA-hosted track meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate track and field events in the United States. This year's meet was hosted by the University of Minnesota at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Illinois captured the team championship, their second title in a three years and fourth overall.

text:
# 1946 NCAA track and field championships

The **1946 NCAA Track and Field Championships** were contested at the 25th annual NCAA-hosted track meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate track and field events in the United States. This year's meet was hosted by the University of Minnesota at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Illinois captured the team championship, their second title in a three years and fourth overall.

## Team Result

* **Note:** Top 10 finishers only
* **(H)** = Hosts

| Rank | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Illinois** | **78** |
|  | USC | 421720 |
|  | NYU | 40 |
| 4 | Baldwin Wallace | 20 |
| 5 | Wisconsin | 1834 |
| 6 | Texas | 18 |
| 7 | Minnesota **(H)** | 1334 |
| 8 | Indiana | 12 |
| 9 | Ohio State | 11 |
| 10 | Baylor
Marquette
Northwestern
San Jose State
Virginia Union | 10 |

## InfoBox

| 1946 NCAA Track and Field Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | June 1946 |
| Host city | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Venue | Memorial Stadium |
| 1945 1947 | |


title: Divine Mercy: No Escape

abstract: Divine Mercy: No Escape is a 1987 American religious biographical film edited, produced, and directed by Hermann D. Tauchert, written by Tauchert and Fr. Seraphim Michalenko, and starring Melanie Metcalf as Polish nun Maria Faustina Kowalska. It was shot in Vatican City, Poland, and Germany in addition to the United States, and includes a presentation by Pope John Paul II. Distributed by the Congregation of Marians of the Immaculate Conception, the film premiered at Mann's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California in 1987. Later, it premiered in the Philippines at Virra Mall in Quezon City on March 7, 1988, and was later shown at the Coronet Theater in the same city for two days beginning on March 31 for Holy Week.

text:
# Divine Mercy: No Escape

***Divine Mercy: No Escape*** is a 1987 American religious biographical film edited, produced, and directed by Hermann D. Tauchert, written by Tauchert and Fr. Seraphim Michalenko, and starring Melanie Metcalf as Polish nun Maria Faustina Kowalska.

It was shot in Vatican City, Poland, and Germany in addition to the United States, and includes a presentation by Pope John Paul II.

Distributed by the Congregation of Marians of the Immaculate Conception, the film premiered at Mann's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California in 1987. Later, it premiered in the Philippines at Virra Mall in Quezon City on March 7, 1988, and was later shown at the Coronet Theater in the same city for two days beginning on March 31 for Holy Week.

## Cast

Helen Hayes serves as the narrator.

## Home media

*Divine Mercy* was released on VHS by the Congregation of Marians of the Immaculate Conception in 1994.

A revised version of *Divine Mercy* was released on DVD on January 4, 2001; this version shortens the film's running time from 63 minutes to 47 minutes.

## InfoBox

| Divine Mercy: No Escape | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Hermann D. Tauchert |
| Written by | * Hermann D. Tauchert * Seraphim Michalenko |
| Produced by | Hermann D. Tauchert |
| Starring | Melanie Metcalf |
| Narrated by | Helen Hayes |
| Cinematography | * Hermann D. Tauchert * Jon Choate |
| Edited by | Hermann D. Tauchert |
| Music by |  |
| Production
company | Tauchert & Associates Production |
| Distributed by | Congregation of Marians of the Immaculate Conception |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 63 minutes (theatrical version)
47 minutes (revised version) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Divine Mercy Sanctuary (Płock)

abstract: The Divine Mercy Sanctuary is a Roman Catholic chapel, in Poland, dedicated to the Divine Mercy devotion, originated by Faustina Kowalska.

text:
# Divine Mercy Sanctuary (Płock)

The **Divine Mercy Sanctuary** is a Roman Catholic chapel, in Poland, dedicated to the Divine Mercy devotion, originated by Faustina Kowalska.

## Description

The chapel belongs to Zgromadzenie Sióstr Matki Bożej Miłosierdzia (the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy). This is where Kowalska reported her first vision of the Divine Mercy image. According to Kowalska, Jesus said to her: *Paint an image according to the pattern you see, with the signature: **Jesus, I trust in You**. I desire that this image be venerated, first in your chapel, and then throughout the world. I promise that the soul that will venerate this image will not perish.* (*Diary* 47–48).

The chapel is located at the Old Market Square in Płock. In 2009 the expansion of the sanctuary to a larger church begun.

## Sources


title: Air Defence of Great Britain

abstract: The Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) command comprising substantial army and RAF elements responsible for the air defence of the British Isles. It lasted from 1925, following recommendations that the RAF take control of metropolitan air defence, until 1936 when it became RAF Fighter Command.

text:
# Air Defence of Great Britain

The **Air Defence of Great Britain** (**ADGB**) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) command comprising substantial army and RAF elements responsible for the air defence of the British Isles. It lasted from 1925, following recommendations that the RAF take control of metropolitan air defence, until 1936 when it became RAF Fighter Command.

## History

The ADGB was created as a command in 1925 as a result of the 1923 recommendation of the Steel–Bartholomew Committee, including their recommendation to transfer responsibility for home air defence from the War Office to the Air Ministry. It main initial elements were:

* The RAF's Metropolitan Air Force, initially comprising 25 squadrons (9 fighter), soon expanding to 52 squadrons (17 fighter)
* 264 heavy AA guns (Royal Artillery) and 672 searchlights (Royal Engineers)
* The new part-time volunteer Observer Corps

ADGB was organised into three defensive zones:

* Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ), over London.
* Air Fighter Zone (AFZ), divided into two areas controlling regular squadrons, the Wessex Bombing Area and the Fighting Area.
* Outer Artillery Zone (OAZ), a narrow belt along the coast from Suffolk to Sussex.

In 1936, ADGB was abolished; the Bombing Area becoming Bomber Command and the Fighting Area becoming Fighter Command and remaining responsible for the ADGB function. The OAZ was abolished and the AFZ expanded. The guns from the OAZ were used for port and base defence and were added to the London defences. The changing threat meant that AA defences were needed for many more potential targets in the British Isles, notably industries important for war production. The AA component became the 1st Anti-Aircraft Division and in 1937 the 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division was formed to defend the Midlands, with Anti-Aircraft Command created to replace the previous Army arrangements.

In 1937, light AA guns were added, the RAF's view that small-calibre artillery were unsuitable having been finally overturned. In 1940, searchlights were transferred from the Royal Engineers to the Royal Artillery. Unrotated Projectile (rocket) batteries were deployed at the beginning of the war. At its peak from 1941–1942, AA Command comprised , II and III Anti-Aircraft Corps with twelve AA divisions, comprising several hundred regiments. GOC-in-C AA Command for most of the war was General Sir Frederick Pile, the equal in rank of his 'superior' AOC-in-C Fighter Command.

1943

ADGB was resurrected in 1943 for the rump of Fighter Command defending the United Kingdom after the formation of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force in 1943 and AA Command. It was Fighter Command in all but name, and this was finally reflected in 1944 with a return to the previous name.

## Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief 1925–1936

Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief included:

| From | To | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 January 1925 | 26 May 1928 | Air Vice Marshal Sir John Salmond |
| 26 May 1928 | 1 January 1929 | Air Vice Marshal Francis Scarlett (temporary appointment) |
| 1 January 1929 | 5 September 1931 | Air Marshal Sir Edward Ellington |
| 5 September 1931 | 17 January 1933 | Air Marshal Sir Geoffrey Salmond |
| 17 January 1933 | 1 August 1935 | Air Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham |
| 1 August 1935 | 13 July 1936 | Air Marshal Sir John Steel |

## Bibliography

* Routledge, Brigadier N. W. (1994). *A History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery–Anti-Aircraft Artillery, 1914–55*. London: Brassey's. ISBN 1-85753-099-3.

## Further reading

* Delve, Ken (1994). *The Source Book of the RAF*. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.

## InfoBox

| Air Defence of Great Britain | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1925–1936
1943–1944 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Type | Command |
| Role | Metropolitan air defence |
| Garrison/HQ | Air Ministry, London (1925–1926)
Hillingdon House, Uxbridge (1926–1936) |


title: Disseminated disease

abstract: Disseminated disease can refer to disseminated cancer which is the movement of cancerous cells from the original tumor to other areas of the body, or disseminated infection which is the pathogen's entry into the host, growth, and dissemination, which results in illness. After exiting the main tumor, cancer cells circulate throughout the body. They are known as circulating tumor cells once they are in the blood. Few circulating tumor cells can disseminate to distant locations and remain tumor cells. The amount of disseminated tumor cells that can develop into metastases is even lower.

text:
# Disseminated disease

**Disseminated disease** can refer to disseminated cancer which is the movement of cancerous cells from the original tumor to other areas of the body, or disseminated infection which is the pathogen's entry into the host, growth, and dissemination, which results in illness.

After exiting the main tumor, cancer cells circulate throughout the body. They are known as circulating tumor cells once they are in the blood. Few circulating tumor cells can disseminate to distant locations and remain tumor cells. The amount of disseminated tumor cells that can develop into metastases is even lower.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Disseminated disease | |
| --- | --- |


title: Ainārs Vilciņš

abstract: Ainārs Vilciņš is a Latvian politician, businessman, locksmith, skijoring player and a Member of the 13th Saeima. He served on the Commission for Education, Culture and Science.

text:
# Ainārs Vilciņš

**Ainārs Vilciņš** (born 21 April 1966, Ogre, Latvia) is a Latvian politician, businessman, locksmith, skijoring player and a Member of the 13th Saeima (mandate confirmed due to the death of Aldis Blumbergs). He served on the Commission for Education, Culture and Science.

## Biography

Ainārs Vilciņš was elected to the 13th Saeima from the list of the political party For a Humane Latvia in the Vidzeme electoral district, after which he represented the Sovereign Power party. Ainārs Vilciņš has a secondary vocational education at the 32nd City Vocational Technical High School in Ogre in the profession of car locksmith and crane driver. Ainārs Vilciņš is engaged in business and is a board member of "Yourtime" Ltd, the association "L.A.M.A.", the Latvian Skijoring Federation.

## InfoBox

| Ainārs Vilciņš | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Thirteenth Saeima of Latvia | |
| President | Raimonds Vējonis
Egils Levits |
| Premier | Krišjānis Kariņš |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-04-21) April 21, 1966
Ogre, Latvia |
| Political party | Sovereign Power |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Diving watch

abstract: A diving watch, also commonly referred to as a diver's or dive watch, is a watch designed for underwater diving that features, as a minimum, a water resistance greater than 1.1 MPa (11 atm), the equivalent of 100 m (330 ft). The typical diver's watch will have a water resistance of around 200 to 300 m, though modern technology allows the creation of diving watches that can go much deeper. A true contemporary diver's watch is in accordance with the ISO 6425 standard, which defines test standards and features for watches suitable for diving with underwater breathing apparatus in depths of 100 m (330 ft) or more. Watches conforming to ISO 6425 are marked with the word DIVER'S to distinguish ISO 6425 conformant diving watches from watches that might not be suitable for actual scuba diving. To a large extent the diver's watch has been superseded by the personal dive computer, which provides an automatically initiated dive timer function along with real-time decompression computation and other (optional) functions.

text:
# Diving watch

A **diving watch**, also commonly referred to as a **diver's** or **dive watch**, is a watch designed for underwater diving that features, as a minimum, a water resistance greater than 1.1 MPa (11 atm), the equivalent of 100 m (330 ft). The typical diver's watch will have a water resistance of around 200 to 300 m (660 to 980 ft), though modern technology allows the creation of diving watches that can go much deeper. A true contemporary diver's watch is in accordance with the ISO 6425 standard, which defines test standards and features for watches suitable for diving with underwater breathing apparatus in depths of 100 m (330 ft) or more. Watches conforming to ISO 6425 are marked with the word **DIVER'S** to distinguish ISO 6425 conformant diving watches from watches that might not be suitable for actual scuba diving.

To a large extent the diver's watch has been superseded by the personal dive computer, which provides an automatically initiated dive timer function along with real-time decompression computation and other (optional) functions.

## History

The history of efforts to use watches underwater and to make watches that are water resistant, or waterproof and to make dive watches goes back to perhaps the 17th century. In the 19th century water and dust resistant watches were usually one-off pieces custom made for a particular customer and described as "Explorer's Watches". Hard hat divers of that period sometimes placed common pocketwatches on the inside of their helmets in order to know the time spent under water. Early in the 20th century such watches were industrially produced for military and commercial distribution. Like their predecessors early 20th century dive watches were developed in response to meet the needs of several different but related groups: explorers, navies, and professional divers.

In 1926, Rolex bought the patent for the “Oyster” watch case, featuring a hermetic seal. On 7 October 1927 an English swimmer, Mercedes Gleitze attempted to cross the English Channel with a new Rolex Oyster hanging round her neck by a ribbon on this swim. After more than 10 hours in the chilly water the watch remained sealed and kept good time throughout.

Omega SA is credited as the creator of the world's first industrially produced diving watch intended for commercial distribution, the rectangular Omega "Marine" with a patented double sliding and removable case, introduced in 1932. After a series of trials undertaken by the Swiss Laboratory for Horology in Neuchâtel in May 1937, the watch was certified as being able to withstand a pressure of 1.37 MPa (13.5 atm), equivalent to a depth of 135 m (443 ft), without any water intake whatsoever.

Following a request made by the Royal Italian Navy, in September 1935, for a luminous underwater watch for divers, Panerai offered "Radiomir" underwater timepieces in 1936. These watches were made by Rolex for Panerai.

In addition, a large number of "canteen" style dive watches by Hamilton, Elgin or Waltham were made to military specification during and after World War II. However, these watches were made in small numbers, and were not intended for large-scale commercial distribution. Today, interest in these watches is limited to collectors.

Various models were issued by Blancpain in small quantities to the military in several countries, including US and French Navy combat diver teams. The Fifty Fathoms was worn by Jacques Cousteau and his divers during the underwater film "Le monde du silence", which won the Palme d'or at the Cannes film festival in 1956, and in the US when TV star Lloyd Bridges wore a Blancpain Fifty Fathoms dive watch in a photo that appeared on the cover of the February 1962 edition of *Skin Diver Magazine*.

Zodiac debuted their *Sea Wolf* line of waterproof watches at the 1953 Basel Fair as well.

The Rolex Submariner, the first modern dive watch, was introduced at the Basel Watch Fair in 1954. This coincided with the development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, known as scuba. In 1959, the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit evaluated five diving watches that included the Bulova US Navy Submersible Wrist Watch, Enicar Sherpa Diver 600, Enicar Seapearl 600, Blancpain Fifty Fathoms, and the Rolex Oyster Perpetual.

In 1961, Edox launched the *Delfin* line of watches, with industry-first double case backs for water resistance to 200 meters. They later released the *Hydrosub* line in 1963 featuring the first crown system with tension ring allowing depths of 500 meters.

In 1961, Rolex began to include a skindiver handbook with the Submariner, then available in two models, one water resistant to 200 m (660 ft), the other, less expensive version, to 100 m (330 ft). It was the choice of watch for the character of 007 in the first ten James Bond films, causing the "Sub" to achieve an iconic status.

In 1965, Seiko put the 62MAS on the market, the first Japanese professional diver watch.

During the 1960s, commercial work in the oceans and seas created professional diving organisations that needed more robust watches designed for diving operations at greater depths. This led to the development of the first 'ultra water resistant' watches like the Rolex Sea-Dweller 2000 (2000 ft = 610 m), that became available in 1967, and was produced in several variations, and the Omega Seamaster Professional 600m/2000 ft, also known as the "Omega PloProf" (Plongeur Professionnel), that became available in 1970, and was produced in several variations.

In 1983, the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit evaluated several digital watches for use by US Navy divers.

In 1996, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the standards and features for diving watches regulated by the *ISO 6425 - Divers' watches* international standard.

Many contemporary sports watches owe their design to diving watches.

The vast majority of divers now use electronic, wrist-worn dive computers. A dive computer or decompression meter is a device used by a scuba diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent profile can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness. Diving watches and depth gauges are however still commonly used by divers as backup instruments for overcoming dive computer malfunctions.

## Characteristics

Many companies offer highly functional diving watches. Whilst diving watches are primarily tool watches, some companies offer models that can in addition to this be regarded by some as jewellery or fine mechanical devices. Diving watches can be analog or digital. Besides pure analog and digital models some diving watch models combine digital and analog elements.

### ISO 6425 standard for diving watches

The standards and features for diver's watches are regulated by the International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 6425 standard; German Industrial Norm DIN 8306 is an equivalent standard. Besides water resistance standards to a minimum of 100 m depth rating ISO 6425 also provides minimum requirements for mechanical diver's watches (quartz and digital watches have slightly differing readability requirements) such as:

* Equipped with a diving time indicator (e.g. rotating bezel, digital display, or other). This device shall allow the reading of the diving time with a resolution of 1 min or better over at least 60 min.
* The presence of clearly distinguishable minute markings on the watch face.
* Adequate readability/visibility at 25 cm (9.8 in) in total darkness.
* The presence of an indication that the watch is running in total darkness. This is usually indicated by a running second hand with a luminous tip or tail.
* Magnetic resistance. This is tested by 3 exposures to a direct current magnetic field of 4,800 A/m. The watch must keep its accuracy to ± 30 seconds/day as measured before the test despite the magnetic field.
* Shock resistance. This is tested by two shocks (one on the 9 o'clock side, and one to the crystal and perpendicular to the face). The shock is usually delivered by a hard plastic hammer mounted as a pendulum, so as to deliver a measured amount of energy, specifically, a 3 kg hammer with an impact velocity of 4.43 m/s. The change in rate allowed is ± 60 seconds/day.
* Chemical resistance. This is tested by immersion in a 30 g/L NaCl solution for 24 hours to test its rust resistance. This test water solution has a salinity comparable to normal seawater.
* Strap/band solidity. This is tested by applying a force of 200  (45 lbf) to each spring bar (or attaching point) in opposite directions with no damage to the watch or attachment point.
* The presence of an End Of Life (EOL) indicator on battery powered watches.

Testing diving watches for ISO 6425 compliance is voluntary and involves costs, so not every manufacturer present their watches for certification according to this standard.

### Watch case

The watch cases of diving watches must be adequately water (pressure) resistant and be able to endure the galvanic corrosiveness of seawater, so the cases are generally made out of materials like grade 316L or 904L austenitic stainless steel and other steel alloys with higher Pitting Resistance Equivalent factors (PRE-factors), titanium, ceramics and synthetic resins or plastics. If metal bracelets are used they should be made of the same metal alloy as the watch case to prevent corrosion of the metal with the lower PRE-factor as it will act as a sacrificial anode. The case must also provide an adequate degree of protection against external magnetic influences and shocks, though diver's watches do not have to be able to endure strong magnetic fields and shocks. To make mechanical watch movements themselves shock resistant various shock protection systems can be used.

The cases of diving watches have to be constructed more stoutly than typical dress watches, because of the requirements necessary to withstand a seawater environment at depth. As a consequence diving watches are relatively heavy and large compared to dress watches made out of similar materials. Under water sheer weight is of less consequence than buoyancy, which a diver can address by a buoyancy compensator ("BC") vest. Before the introduction of other case materials diving watch cases were made of stainless steel. Stainless steel is however still often used as case material in contemporary diving watches.

### Elapsed time controller

Analog diving watches will often feature a rotating bezel, that allows for an easier reading of elapsed time of under one hour from a specific point. This is used to compute the length of a dive. (See Tachymeter.) Upon entering the water, the diver aligns the zero on the bezel with the minute (or sometimes second) hand, allowing the elapsed time to be read from the bezel. This saves the diver having to remember the exact water entry moment and having to perform arithmetic that would be necessary if the watch's regular dial was used. On diving watches the bezel is "unidirectional", i.e., it contains a ratchet so it can only be turned anti-clockwise to "increase" the apparent elapsed time, should the bezel be unintentionally rotated further during the dive. This is an important "fail safe" feature. If the bezel could be turned clockwise, this could suggest to a diver that the elapsed time is shorter than reality, thus indicating a falsely short elapsed time reading, and therefore falsely short saturation period, an assumption that can be highly dangerous. Some diving watch models feature a lockable bezel to minimize the chance of unintentional bezel operation under water.

The exclusive use of a rotating bezel is considered a rudimentary diving technique in the 21st century, suitable for basic, shallow single gas (air) diving only. Non-basic diving profiles and depths past 30 m (98 ft) require other more advanced timing and measuring methods to establish suitable decompression profiles to avoid decompression sickness. Besides for basic diving and as a backup for monitoring time during more complex preplanned diving, the one-way bezel can also be used for other situations in which a measurement of elapsed time of under one hour might be useful, like cooking.

Digital dive watches usually perform the elapsed time function by use of a standard stop watch function. Digital dive watches may also feature a depth gauge and logging features, but are not usually regarded as a substitute for a dedicated dive computer.

#### Bezel markings

Most contemporary dive watches with non-uniform time markings – generally in one minute intervals for the first 15 or 20 minutes – on their bezels are the result of copying old bezel designs. In the past divers typically planned a dive to a certain maximum depth based on now obsolete US Navy dive tables, and dived according to the planned dive profile. If the dive profile allowed a bottom time of 35 minutes the diver, upon entering the water, would set the marker on the bezel, 35 minutes ahead of the minute hand. The diver calculated this with the 60 - bottom time formulae (60 - 35 = 25, for 35 minutes bottom time the diver would align the 25 minute bezel-mark with the minute hand). Once the minute hand reached the main-marker on the bezel the diver would begin his ascent to the surface. The one minute intervals scale helped with timing the ascent and whatever safety stop the diver deemed necessary. For contemporary diving methods the 15 or 20 minute "count-down" bezel is quite antiquated, yet still the only useful mechanical dive timing device available to date. A different type of bezels used on dive watches are (multiple) decompression time interval bezels as featured on Doxa and Jenny watches. The bezel inlay containing the markings in the bezel ring can be made of metal or feature more scratch-resistant top materials like technical ceramic or synthetic sapphire.

#### GMT dive watches

There are some analog dive watches available with a GMT complication. GMT watches were designed for long-haul aircrew and other users who want to track time in different time zones. These watches have an additional GMT watch hand and in the case of diving watches can have a rotating bezel with 24-hours markings instead of minute markings used for reading of elapsed time. With the help of the GMT hand and a correctly adjusted 24-hours bezel the time in two different time zones can be easily read without having to perform arithmetic.

### Crystal

Diving watches have relatively thick watch crystals. Sometimes domed crystals are used to enhance the pressure-resistance of the watch and to improve the watch face legibility under water. The typical materials used for crystals are acrylic glass, hardened glass and synthetic sapphire which all have their pros and cons. Acrylic glass is very resistant to breakage; it can easily be scratched, but small scratches can be buffed out with polishing compounds. Hardened glass is more scratch-resistant than acrylic glass and less brittle than sapphire. Sapphire is very scratch-resistant but less shatterproof than the other options. Anti-reflective coatings are generally applied on sapphire crystals to enhance the legibility of the watch. Some manufacturers use sapphire/hardened glass laminate crystals, where the scratch-resistance of sapphire is combined with the better shatter-resistance of hardened glass.

Watch crystals can also be applied as display backs to view the watch movement, but these are a rare feature on diving watches.

### Crown

Analog diving watches must have a water resistant crown. Some models have the crown mounted in unconventional positions like 4, 8 or 9 o'clock to avert or reduce discomfort from the crown touching the wearers (left) wrist or back of the hand. Often the crown has to be unscrewed to set or adjust the time and date and afterwards retightened to restore the water resistance of the watch and minimize the chance of unintentional operation under water. There are also watch models where a locking handle, separate knob or an extra crown cover has to be manipulated before the crown can be operated. There are however models that have crowns that are operated like the crowns of non diver's analog watches. Screw down or otherwise locking crowns and traditionally operated water resistant crowns should not be operated under water. The watch case of diving and other tool watches often feature protruding crown protectors or (integrated) crown guards/shoulders for (semi-)recessing the crown and hence reduce mechanical damage and snagging risks.

### Pushers

Digital and some analog chronograph diving watches - such as the Breitling Avenger Seawolf Chronograph or Sinn U1000 - have specially-designed push pieces that can be operated at depth without allowing water to enter the case.

### Helium release valve

Some diving watches intended for saturation diving at great depths are fitted with a helium or mixed breathing gas release or escape valve to prevent incidents such as the crystal from being blown off by an internal pressure build up caused by helium that has seeped into the watch case in helium enriched environments (helium atoms are the smallest natural gas particles found in nature) as the watch and diver adjust to normal atmospheric conditions. Other helium safe/for mixed-gas rated diving watches can withstand the helium used in certain diving situations by using gaskets that simply do not allow helium gas to enter the watch case in a harmful way in the first place.

### Watch strap/bracelet

Stainless steel bracelet deployant clasp with divers extensionNylon fabric strap used to minimize the chance of losing the watch

Watch straps or bracelets for diving watches are generally made of materials that are adequately water (pressure) resistant and able to endure the galvanic corrosiveness of seawater. In practical terms most diving watches feature a rubber, silicone rubber, polyurethane or fabric watch strap or a stainless steel or titanium metal link or mesh bracelet of adequate length to facilitate wearing the watch over a diving suit sleeve. For a wrist with a 200 mm (7.9 in) circumference wearing a 4 mm (0.16 in) thick diving suit sleeve increases the strap or bracelet length required the fit the watch over the sleeved wrist to 225 mm (8.9 in). For this bracelets often have a (concealed) divers extension deployant clasp by which the bracelet can be appropriately extended by approximately 20 mm (0.79 in) to 30 mm (1.2 in). Some watch straps allow an increase in length by adding a diving suit extension strap piece to the standard watch strap. If required more than one diving suit extension strap piece can be added to the standard watch strap. With increasing depth and rising water pressure the (sleeved) wrist of a diver is exposed to compression effects that have a shrinking effect on the wrist circumference. Many watch straps intended for diving watches have rippled or vented sections near the attachment points on the watch case to facilitate the required flexibility to strap the watch tightly for normal wear at the surface whilst keeping the watch sufficiently tightly in place on the divers wrist at depth. Metal link bracelets theoretically have more failure points compared to metal mesh bracelets and watch straps due to the use of link connection parts like split pins or screw pins. One piece (NATO style) nylon fabric straps that slide under the watch case through both spring bars (or attaching points between the watch case and strap) are used to minimize the chance of losing the watch due to a spring bar or attachment point failure.

### Legibility

The dials and markers on the watch face and bezel have to be legible under water and in low light conditions. An indication that the watch is running in total darkness also has to be present. For easy legibility most diving watches have high contrasting, non-cluttered dials and markers with a large, easily identifiable minute hand. The markers for 3, 6, 9 and (especially) 12 o'clock on the watch face and the zero marker on the bezel of analogue diver's watches are usually conspicuously styled to prevent disorientation induced read out errors. A styling of the hands where no hand can temporarily totally overlay and hence obscure the position of another hand is also desirable to promote constant legibility and prevent read out errors. For low light conditions luminous phosphorescent non-toxic strontium aluminate based lume pigments marketed under brand names like Super-LumiNova, Lumibrite or NoctiLumina and tritium based self-powered lighting devices called "gaseous tritium light source" (GTLS) are applied on the dials and markers. On digital diving watches, lighted displays are used for legibility under low light conditions.

### Power reserve indicator

A diving watch with an electric battery powered movement must have an End Of Life (EOL) indicator, usually in the form of a two or four second jump of the second hand or a warning message on a digital display to safeguard against insufficient power reserve during underwater activities. Some electric and mechanical powered movement models have power reserve indicators that show the current power status of the watch.

## Water resistance

The International Organization for Standardization issued a standard for water resistant watches which also prohibits the term *waterproof* to be used with watches, which many countries have adopted.

Water resistance is achieved by the gaskets which forms a watertight seal, used in conjunction with a sealant applied on the case to help keep water out. The material of the case must also be tested in order to pass as water resistant.

None of the tests defined by ISO 2281 for the Water Resistant mark are suitable to qualify a watch for scuba diving. Such watches are designed for everyday life and must be water resistant during exercises such as swimming. They can be worn in different temperature and pressure conditions but are under no circumstances designed for scuba diving.

The standards for diving watches are regulated by the ISO 6425 international standard. The watches are tested in static or still water under 125% of the rated (water) pressure, thus a watch with a 200 m rating will be water resistant if it is stationary and under 250 m of static water. The testing of the water resistance is fundamentally different from non-dive watches, because every watch has to be fully tested.

ISO 6425 water resistance testing of a diver's watch consists of:

* Immersion of the watch in 30 cm of water for 50 hours.
* Immersion of the watch in water under 125% of the rated pressure with a force of 5 N perpendicular to the crown and pusher buttons (if any) for 10 minutes.
* Immersion of the watch in 30 cm of water at the following temperatures for 5 minutes each, 40 °C, 5 °C and 40 °C again, with the transition between temperatures not to exceed 1 minute. No evidence of water intrusion or condensation is allowed.
* Immersion of the watch in a suitable pressure vessel and subjecting it to 125% of the rated pressure for 2 hours. The pressure must be applied within 1 minute. Subsequently, the overpressure shall be reduced to 0.3 bar within 1 minute and maintained at this pressure for 1 hour. No evidence of water intrusion or condensation is allowed.

* For mixed-gas diving the watch has to be immersed in a suitable pressure vessel and subjecting it to 125% of the rated pressure for 15 days in a (helium enriched) breathing gas mix. Subsequently, the overpressure shall be reduced to normal pressure within 3 minutes. No evidence of water intrusion, condensation or problems caused by internal overpressure are allowed.
* An optional test originating from the ISO 2281 tests (but not required for obtaining ISO 6425 approval) is exposing the watch to an overpressure of 2 bar, no more than 50 μg/min of air is allowed to get inside the case.

Except the thermal shock resistance test all further ISO 6425 testing should be conducted at 18 °C to 25 °C temperature. The required 125% test pressure provides a safety margin against dynamic pressure increase events, water density variations (seawater is 2 to 5% denser than freshwater) and degradation of the seals.

Movement induced dynamic pressure increase is sometimes the subject of urban myths and marketing arguments for diver's watches with high water resistance ratings. When a diver makes a fast swimming movement of 10 m/s (32.8 ft/s) (the best competitive swimmers and finswimmers can not swim nearly that fast) physics dictates that the diver generates a dynamic pressure of 0.5 bars (50 kPa) or the equivalent of 5 meters of additional water depth.

### Water resistance classification

Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which roughly translates to the following (1 meter ≈ 3.28 feet):

| **Water resistance rating** | **Suitability** | **Remarks** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Water Resistant or 50 m | Suitable for swimming, no snorkeling water related work, and fishing. | NOT suitable for diving. |
| Water Resistant 100 m | Suitable for recreational surfing, swimming, snorkeling, sailing and water sports. | NOT suitable for diving. |
| Water Resistant 200 m | Suitable for professional marine activity and serious surface water sports. | Suitable for skin diving only. NOT suitable for scuba diving. |
| Diver's 100 m | Minimum ISO standard (ISO 6425) for scuba diving at depths NOT suitable for saturation diving. | Diver's 100 m and 150 m watches are generally old(er) watches. |
| Diver's 200 m or 300 m | Suitable for scuba diving at depths NOT suitable for saturation diving. | Typical ratings for contemporary diver's watches. |
| Diver's 300+ m for mixed-gas diving | Suitable for saturation diving (helium enriched environment). | Watches designed for mixed-gas diving will have the DIVER’S WATCH *xxx* M FOR MIXED-GAS DIVING additional marking to point this out. |

Note: The depth specified on the watch dial or case represents the results of tests done in the lab, not in the ocean.

Some watches are rated in bars instead of meters. Since 1 bar is approximately the pressure exerted by 10 m of water, a rating in bars may be multiplied by 10 to be approximately equal to that based on meters. Therefore, a 20 bar watch is equivalent to a 200-meter watch. Some watches are rated in atmospheres (atm), which are about 1% greater than bars. In the United Kingdom, scuba divers and others often use the word atmosphere interchangeably with bar (1 atm = 1.01325 bar, or 101,325 Pa).

### Watches designed for extreme water resistance

The design and actual availability of divers' watches certified for more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) is not explicable solely by practical diving needs nor crewed deep diving experiments, because of the constraints set by physiological limits for fit humans. The diving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of professional divers of the Comex S.A., industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater (msw/fsw) in the Mediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra 8 programme. In 1992, a Comex diver achieved a simulated 701 m (2,300 ft) of seawater depth in an on-shore hyperbaric chamber as part of the Hydra 10 programme. A Hydreliox (hydrogen-helium-oxygen) gas mixture was used as breathing gas. The watches used during this scientific record dives were Rolex Sea-Dwellers with a 1,220 m (4,000 ft) depth rating and these feats were used in advertising. The complexity, medical problems and physiological limits such as those imposed by high pressure nervous syndrome and accompanying high costs of professional saturation diving to depths exceeding 300 m (984 ft) and the development of deep water atmospheric diving suits and remotely operated underwater vehicles in offshore oilfield drilling and production effectively nixed the need for ever deeper non-atmospheric crewed intervention in the ocean. These practical factors make watch depth ratings of more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) marketing and technical show off curiosities.

#### Air filled watches

In 2022 Rolex introduced the Oyster Perpetual Deepsea Challenge Sea-Dweller (reference 126067), a full ocean depth capable watch with an official depth rating of 11,000 metres (36,090 ft). This watch represented in its launch year the most water resistant mechanical watch in serial production. To obtain this official depth rating, the watch is tested to a depth of 13,750 metres (45,110 ft) to offer the 25% safety reserve required by the ISO 6425 divers' watches standard. Normal surface air filled watch cases and crystals designed for extreme depths must be dimensionally large to cope with the encountered water pressure. The Rolex Deepsea Challenge normal surface air filled watch case has a diameter of 50.0 mm (1.97 in) and a thickness of 23.0 mm (0.91 in) (domed crystal thickness 9.5 mm (0.37 in)) and the grade 5 titanium case and bracelet weigh 251  (8.9 oz). . The German H2O watch GmbH offers custom-made H2O Kalmar 2 25000M mechanical diving watches, that have been certified to a depth of 25,000 metres (82,020 ft), which is much deeper than full ocean depth. The titanium H2O Kalmar 2 25000M watch case has a diameter of 42.5 mm (1.67 in) and a thickness of 22.85 mm (0.900 in) (domed crystal thickness 8.25 mm (0.325 in)) and weighs 126  (4.4 oz).

#### Liquid filled watches

The cases of some diving watches designed for extreme depths are filled with silicone oil or fluorinated oil (oil in which all the hydrogen is replaced by fluorine) exploiting the relative incompressibility of liquids. This technology only works with quartz movements as a mechanical movement does not work properly in the oil filled case. An example of these watches is the Sinn UX (EZM 2B), whose case is certified by Germanischer Lloyd for 12,000 m (39,000 ft), which is deeper than the Challenger Deep. However, the quartz controlled movement is only certified for 5,000 m (16,000 ft). A problem with this technology is to accommodate for thermal expansion of the liquid contained inside the watch. The employed oil changes volume by 10% over a temperature range from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F). This property endangers a traditional watch case since the crystal would blow out from any significant internal overpressure. On the UX (EZM 2B), the case back contains a large movable piston with an o-ring seal, allowing the liquid inside the watch case to expand and contract to adjust internal fluid volume and equalize with outside pressure. The liquid filling improves the watch face legibility under water significantly, due to reduced refractive index differences between the watch crystal and its adjacent media and eliminates crystal fogging due to condensation. To obtain its water resistance the Sinn UX (EZM 2B) stainless steel watch case has a diameter of 44 mm, thickness of 13.3 mm and the case and bracelet weigh 105 g. This is dimensionally modest compared to air filled diving watches designed for extreme depths.

#### Full ocean depth prototype/experimental watches

In January 1960, a Rolex Deep Sea Special prototype diving watch attached to the hull of the bathyscaphe *Trieste* reached a record depth of 10,913 m (35,804 ft) ±5 m (16 ft) of seawater during a descent to the bottom of the "Western Pool" of the Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the oceans. The watch survived and tested as having functioned normally during its descent and ascent. The Deep Sea Special was a technology demonstration and marketing project, and the watch never went into production.

In March 2012 a Rolex Oyster Perpetual Date Sea-Dweller Deepsea Challenge prototype diving watch attached to a manipulator arm of the DSV *Deepsea Challenger* descended to 10,908 m (35,787 ft) in the "Eastern Pool" of the Challenger Deep. The watch was designed to be waterproof up to 1500 bar/15,000 m (49,213 ft) and functioned normally during its descent and ascent. The normal surface air filled watch case has a diameter of 51.4 mm (2.02 in) and a thickness of 28.5 mm (1.12 in) (domed synthetic sapphire crystal 14.3 mm (0.56 in)) to cope with the water pressure at the deepest surveyed point in the oceans.

As of May 2019, the record for the deepest normally functioning experimental diving watch is held by the Omega Seamaster Planet Ocean Ultra Deep Professional after reaching a (revised) depth of 10,925 m (35,843 ft) ±4 m (13 ft) of seawater during a descent to the bottom of the "Eastern Pool" of the Challenger Deep by the Five Deeps Expedition. Two of these watches were attached to the outside of the Deep-Submergence Vehicle *Limiting Factor*: one on each of the main vessel's robotic arms and an additional one on the ultra-deep-sea lander *Skaff*. Due to a technical problem the watch fixed to the ultra-deep-sea lander stayed on the bottom for two days before it and the lander were salvaged from an unrevised depth of 10,927 m (35,850 ft). The normal surface air filled watch case is made of (DNV GL certified) forged grade 5 Titanium alloy (same as the hull of the DSV *Limiting Factor*) has a 55 mm (2.17 in) diameter and is almost 28 mm (1.10 in) thick and has been tested and certified for up to 1500 bar/15,000 m (49,213 ft).

## Maintenance

Diving watch manufacturers recommend divers to have their diving watch pressure tested by a service and repair facility annually or every two to five years and have the seals or gaskets replaced. Besides that, simple maintenance by the owner is also important. Manufacturers recommend rinsing the watch in fresh water after use in seawater, but leaving a diver's watch in fresh water overnight is a good method to protect the watch from corrosion and to keep the crown, bezel, buttons and pressure sensors on digital ones working. Some watch companies have restricting or limiting policies like manufacturer service center maintenance and repair only in effect that can interfere with other precautionary and maintenance policies or expeditious turnaround, modification or long term support needs.

### Precautions

Divers have to inspect their watch and the wrist band for defects before every dive and especially in case it came into contact with dirt, gasoline or strong chemicals, powerful magnetic fields or was banged against something hard during use. Additionally watches with mechanical movements should also be hand-wound or in case of automatic movements that can not be hand-wound given sufficient motion to self-wind before every dive to ensure a fully charged mainspring.

## InfoBox

Diving watch
| Breitling Avenger Seawolf, with a water resistance of 3,000 m (10,000 ft). The round feature on the watch case side at 9 o'clock is an integrated helium release valve. | |
| --- | --- |
| Uses | Monitoring dive time by the diver |


title: Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29

abstract: The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29 TF Stadt Stuttgart is a glider designed and built in Germany from 1972.

text:
# Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29

The **Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29 TF *Stadt Stuttgart*** is a glider designed and built in Germany from 1972.

## Development

The fs29 was designed and built to research the telescopic variable span wing. With the wing at full extension the fs29 could thermal successfully in very weak conditions and land safely in small spaces, conversely with the wing fully retracted the fs29 could cruise between lift at higher speeds, improving performance in distance/speed competitions, as well as perform aerobatics to higher load factors with faster control response.

Construction of the fs29 was as follows:-

* Inner wing:
    + Spar: Carbon Fibre Epoxy.
    + Skin: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich.
* Outer wing:
    + Rectangular section: Carbon Fibre Epoxy Skin.
    + Trapezoidal Section: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich.
* Fuselage Structure: Welded steel tubing.
* Cockpit: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich .
* Tail Boom Skin: Aluminum Alloy.
* Tail Unit: Glassfibre Re-inforced Epoxy + Foam Sandwich (derived from the tail of the Schempp-Hirth Nimbus-2).

Extension and retraction of the outer wings was made by a screw jacks and nuts operated by the pilot pumping a handle via two-way free-wheel mechanisms, toothed belts and torque shafts which pulled or pushed the outer wings over the inner wings as required. The gap between the inside of the outer wing and the skin of the inner wing could be as much as 3mm without causing excess drag or affecting the flying qualities. The fs29 was demonstrated in flight at the 1996 ILA airshow at Berlin Schönefeld Airport, along with the Akaflieg Braunschweig SB-10 and SB-13. The sole fs29 was damaged in an accident during the summer of 1997, but is being re-built; meanwhile the fs29 can be seen at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

## Specifications

*Data from* https://akaflieg-stuttgart.de/en/projects/fs29-telescope-wing/

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 7.16 m (23 ft 6 in)
* **Wingspan:** 13.3–19 m (43 ft 8 in – 62 ft 4 in)
* **Height:** 0.78 m (2 ft 6.5 in)
* **Wing area:** 8.56–12.65 m2 (92.14–136.16 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 20.67 – 28.54
* **Airfoil:**
**Rectangular part:** FX 73 -170 **Trapezoidal part:** FX 73 - K - 170/22, β=0°
* **Empty weight:** 357 kg (787 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 450 kg (992 lb)

**Performance**

**Related lists**

* https://akaflieg-stuttgart.de/en/projects/fs29-telescope-wing/
* *Akaflieg Stuttgart 90 Jahre Forschen-Bauen-Fliegen* (in German) (1st ed.). Stuttgart: Akaflieg Stuttgart e.V. 2016. pp. 249–271.

## InfoBox

| Akaflieg Stuttgart fs29 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The fs29 on display at the Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleißheim | |
| Role | Glider |
| National origin | West Germany |
| Manufacturer | Akaflieg Stuttgart |
| First flight | 15th of June 1975 |
| Number built | 1 |