title: 1936 in paleontology

text:
# 1936 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1936.

## Plants

### Ferns and fern allies

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Asplenium alaskanum* | Sp nov | Jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Dennstaedtia* species.
Moved in part to *Dryopteris alaskana* in 1977 |  |
| *Dennstaedtia blomstrandi* | Comb nov | valid | (Heer) Hollick | Eocene | Ny-Ålesund suite | Norway |  | A *Dennstaedtia* species.
Moved from *Sphenopteris blomstrandii* (1868) |  |
| *Dryopteris meyeri* | Comb nov | Isonym | (Heer) Hollick | Miocene
Tortonian | Öhningen | Germany
Baden-Württemberg |  | A *Thelypteris* species.
Moved from *Aspidium hamiltonensis* (1854)
Move isonymic to move by Jablonszky (1914)
Moved to *Thelypteris meyeri* in 1968 |  |
| *Hausmannia atwoodi* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Herendeen Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A nymphaeaceous *Castaliites* species.
Moved to *Castaliites atwoodii* in 1976 |  |
| *Osmunda dubiosa* | Sp nov | Jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Cape Douglas flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as an *Osmunda* species.
Moved to *Cladophlebis dubiosa* in 1983
Moved to *Osmundastrum dubiosum* in 1988 |  |
| *Pteris inequilateralis* | Sp nov | Jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Pteris* species.
Moved in part to *Cyathea inequilateralis* in 1977 |  |
|

### Cycadophytes

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Anthrophyopsis hamiltonensis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | United States
Alaska |  | A *Ctenis* species.
Moved to *Ctenis hamiltonensis* (1952) |  |
|

### Ginkgophytes

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Ginkgo reniformis conformis* | Subsp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chinitna Bay flora" | United States
Alaska |  | A *Ginkgo* subspecies. |  |
|

### Conifers

#### Cupressaceae

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Taxodium crassum* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | United States
Alaska |  | Named as a *Taxodium* species.
Synonymized in part with *Taxodium dubium*, in part with *Metasequoia occidentalis* (1951) |  |
|

### Flowering plants

#### Magnoliids

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Cinnamomum cinnamomeum* | Comb nov |  | (Rossmässler) Hollick | Tortonian | Öhningen | Germany
Baden-Württemberg | synonymy | A cinnamon relative |  |
| *Cinnamomum ficoides* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Russel Creek Flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A cinnamon relative |  |
| *Laurus hamiltonensis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A laurel relative |  |
| *Malapoenna magnifica* | Comb nov | jr homonym | (Saporta) Hollick | Oligocene
Chattian |  | France |  | Combination a jr homonym of *Malapoenna magnifica* (Kuntze, 1891)
First described as *Litsea magnifica* (1865)
Moved back to *Litsea magnifica* in (?1952)
Moved to *Neolitsea magnifica* in (1975) |  |
| *Persea spatiosa* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as an avocado relative
Moved to *Luvunga spatioea* in 1977. |  |
| *Piper chapini* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A pepper family species |  |
| *Piper concavum* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Grade Trail cabin flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A pepper family species |  |
| *Piper convertabilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A pepper family species |  |
| *Piper disputabilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Canyon Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A pepper family species |  |
| *Piper septentrionalis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Lake flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A pepper family species |  |
| *Sassafras alaskanum* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A Sassafras relative |  |
|

#### Monocots

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Flabellaria alaskana* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A *Palmacites* morphospecies.
Moved to *Exflabellaria alaskana* in 1952
Moved to *Palmacites alaskana* |  |
|

#### Basal Eudicots and unplaced core Eudicots

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Dillenia alaskana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chiguik River flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Dillenia* species. |  |
| *Dillenites ceterus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Dillenia* species. |  |
| *Dillenites ellipticus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Dillenia* species.
Includes one variety *D. e. ulmifolius* |  |
| *Grevillea alaskana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Troublesome Gulch flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Grevillea* species. |  |
| *Hakea alaskana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A *Hakea* species. |  |
| *Macclintockia chignikensis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik River flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Macclintockia* species.
Synonymized into *Cercidiphyllum arcticum* in 1939 |  |
| *Platanus rectinervis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Rampart flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Platanus* species. |  |
|

#### Superasterids

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Aralia delicatula* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Point Divide flora" | USA
Alaska |  | An *Aralia* species. |  |
| *Coccolobis chapini* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A *Coccoloba* species.
Moved to *Coccoloba chapini* in 1952 |  |
| *Cornus irregularis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Mount Chezum flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A dogwood species. |  |
| *Fraxinus inordinata* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | An ash species. |  |
| *Fraxinus lateralis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as an ash species.
Synonymized into *Platycarya pseudobrauni* in 1977 |  |
| *Fraxinus? pseudobliqua* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A possible ash species. |  |
| *Fraxinus yukonensis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Mogul Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | An ash species. |  |
| *Mohrodendron inopinum* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Mohrodendron* species
Moved to *Halesia inopinum* in 1952 |  |
| *Rhododendron crassum* | Sp nov | jr homonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | A rhododendron species.
A jr homonym of *Rhododendron crassum* (Franch, 1887) |  |
| *Saurauia alaskana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay Flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A kiwi relative. |  |
| *Viburnum aequale* | Sp nov | Valid | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Point Divide flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A viburnum species. |  |
| *Viburnum duriusculum* | Sp nov | Valid | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Point Divide flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A viburnum species. |  |
| *Viburnum evexum* | Sp nov | Valid | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A viburnum species. |  |
| *Viburnum obliquum* | Sp nov | Valid | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A viburnum species. |  |
|

#### Superrosids

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Abutilon eakini* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Point Divide flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as an *Abutilon* species.
Moved to *Cocculus eakinii* in 1983 |  |
| *Acacia aquilonia* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Kootznahoo Inlet flora" | USA
Alaska |  | An Acacia species. |  |
| *Acer disputabilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Pumicestone Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A maple species. |  |
| *Acer visibilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Rampart flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A maple species. |  |
| *Alnus alnifolia* | Comb nov |  | (Göppert) Hollick | Tortonian |  | Poland
Upper Silesia |  | An alder species.
First described as *Carpinus alnifolia* (1855) |  |
| *Artocarpidium alaskanum* | Comb nov |  | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | A moraceous species. |  |
| *Artocarpus ordinarius* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Rampart flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A jackfruit relative. |  |
| *Betula confusa* var. *lata* | Var nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Bluff Point flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Betula confusa* variety. |  |
| *Betula dubiosa* | Sp nom nov |  | Hollick | Tortonian |  | Poland
Upper Silesia |  | A birch species.
A new name for *Betula macrophylla* (Goeppert) (1868)
Homonym of *Betula macrophylla* (Ettingshausen) (1852)
First described as *Alnus macrophylla* (1855) |  |
| *Betula populoides* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik River flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A birch species. |  |
| *Carpinites truncatus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Nenana coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A *Carpinites* betulaceous leaf morphospecies. |  |
| *Celastrus comparabilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Dalton's coal outcrop flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A staff vine species. |  |
| *Cissus cissoides* | Comb nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene
Thanetian |  | France
Marne | *Cissus primaeva* (1868) | A grapevine species.
Moved from *Vitigene cissoides* (1865) |  |
| *Cissus pterospermoides* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Dalton's coal outcrop flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A staff vine species. |  |
| *Corylus adumbrata* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A hazelnut species. |  |
| *Corylus evidens* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Cape Nukhshak flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A hazelnut species. |  |
| *Corylus kenaiana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Kachemak Bay flora" | USA
Alaska | *Corylus macquarrii* (of Heer, 1869 pro parte) | A hazelnut species. |  |
| *Crataegus alaskensis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Cape Douglas flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A hawthorn species. |  |
| *Crataegus cappsii* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Nenana coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A hawthorn species. |  |
| *Crataegus yukonensis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Drew's mine flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A hawthorn species. |  |
| *Cupania comparabilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Cape Nukhshak flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Cupania* species. |  |
| *Dolichos convexus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A Dolichos species. |  |
| *Dryophyllum aquilonium* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A Dryophyllum species. |  |
| *Elaeocarpus alaskensis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Bluff Point flora" | USA
Alaska |  | An *Elaeocarpus* species. |  |
| *Euonymus pacificus* | Sp nov |  | Brown | Miocene | Mascall Formation | USA
Washington |  | A strawberry bush species. |  |
| *Fagus alnitifolia* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Troublesome Gulch flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A beech species. |  |
| *Ficus menzeli* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A fig species. |  |
| *Ficus overbecki* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Nenana coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A fig species. |  |
| *Ficus stantoni* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A fig species. |  |
| *Grewia orbiculata* | Sp nov | jr homonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Rampart flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Grewia* species.
jr homonym of *Grewia orbiculata* (Rottler, 1803) |  |
| *Grewia zizyphoides* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Nun point flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Grewia* species. |  |
| *Grewiopsis alaskana* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Grewiopsis* species.
Moved to *Dicotylophyllum alaskanum* in 1966) |  |
| *Grewiopsis congerminalis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Mogul Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Grewiopsis* species.
Moved to *Cordia congerminalis* in 1984) |  |
| *Grewiopsis defectivus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Grewiopsis* species. |  |
| *Grewiopsis frustratorius* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene |  | USA
Alaska |  | A *Grewiopsis* species. |  |
| *Grewiopsis grandiculus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Nun point flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Grewiopsis* species. |  |
| *Hamamelis clarus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Mogul Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A witch-hazel species. |  |
| *Hampea conditionalis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Dalton's coal flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Hampea* species.
Moved to *Paratinomiscium conditionalis* in 1977 |  |
| *Juglans longiapiculata* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A walnut species. |  |
| *Juglans? pseudopunctata* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Fritz Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A possible walnut species. |  |
| *Juglans valida* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Hamilton Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A walnut species. |  |
| *Koelreuteria eakini* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Rampart flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Paullinia* species. |  |
| *Lepargyraea weaveri* | Sp nov | jr synonym | (Hollick) LaMotte | Paleocene \- Eocene | "Kachemak Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Lepargyraea* species
Moved to *Shepherdia weaveri* in (1952) |  |
| *Myrica banksiaefolia curta* | Var nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Cape Douglas flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A wax-myrtle variety. |  |
| *Paliurus ceterus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A *Paliurus* species. |  |
| *Paullinia alaskana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Drew's mine flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Paullinia* species. |  |
| *Pithecollobium ceterum* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Drew mine flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A blackbead species. |  |
| *Planera aquaticiformis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a water elm species.
Synonymized with *Platycarya pseudobrauni* in 1977 |  |
| *Populus congerminalis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Cape Nukhshak flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A cottonwood species. |  |
| *Populus flexuosa* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Admiralty Island flora" | USA
Alaska |  | Described as a *Populus* species.
synonymized into *Cercidlphyllum arcticum* in 1939 |  |
| *Populus obscura* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik River flora" | USA
Alaska |  | Described as a *Populus* species.
synonymized into *Cercidlphyllum arcticum* in 1939 |  |
| *Prunus hartungi* var. *aequalis* | Var nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | " Bluff Point flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A cherry variety. |  |
| *Pterocarya septentrionale* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Moose Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A wingnut species. |  |
| *Pterospermites auriculaecordatus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Moose Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Pterospermites* species.
Moved to *Grewiopsis auriculicordatus* in 1966 |  |
| *Pterospermites conjunctivus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Chignik Bay flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Pterospermites* species. |  |
| *Pterospermites imparilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Moose Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Pterospermites* species. |  |
| *Quercus conjunctiva* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A oak species. |  |
| *Rhamnus pseudogoldianus* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Rampart flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A buckthorn species. |  |
| *Rosa cetera* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | Matanuska coal field | USA
Alaska |  | A rose species. |  |
| *Rosa confirmata* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Bluff Point flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A rose species. |  |
| *Salix alaskana* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Bradley Coal flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A willow species. |  |
| *Semecarpus alaskana* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as a *Semecarpus* species.
Moved to *Melanorrhoea alaskana* in 1977
Recombined as *Gluta alaskana*. |  |
| *Semecarpus prindlei* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Bryant Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A *Semecarpus* species. |  |
| *Sophora multiformis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Drew's mine flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A Sophora species. |  |
| *Spiraea weaveri* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Fritz Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A bridal wreath species. |  |
| *Tilia grewioides* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Kootznahoo Inlet flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A Tilia species. |  |
| *Tilia notabilis* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Kootznahoo Inlet flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A Tilia species. |  |
| *Ulmus pseudobraunii* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | First described as an elm species.
Moved to *Platycarya pseudobrauni* in 1977 |  |
| *Vitis atwoodi* | Sp nov |  | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Kootznahoo inlet flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A grape species. |  |
|

### Other flowering plants

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Synonymized taxa | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Antholithes castaneoides* | Sp nov | Valid | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Moose Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | Stellate inflorescences of uncertain affinity
Similar to *Quercus*, *Fagus*, & *Castanea*
Placed in form genus *Antholites* |  |
| *Carpolithes auriformis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "King Salmon Lake flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A fruit of initial uncertain affinity
First placed in form genus *Carpolithes*
Moved to *Diploclisia auriformis* in 1994
Moved to *Stephania auriformis* in 2017 |  |
| *Carpolithes elytraeformis* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Hollick | Late Eocene | Kulthieth Formation | USA
Alaska |  | A fruit of initial uncertain affinity
First placed in form genus *Carpolithes*
Moved to*Palaeophytocrene elytraeformis* in 1977 |  |
| *Palaeanthus prindlei* | Sp nov | Valid | Hollick | Paleocene/Eocene | "Bryant Creek flora" | USA
Alaska |  | A probable flower of uncertain affinity
Placed in form genus *Palaeanthus* |  |
|

## Arthropods

### Insects

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Micropterix proavitella* | Sp nov | jr synonym | Rebel | Early Eocene | Baltic amber |  | Moved to *Baltimartyria proavitella* in 1995 |  |
| Fibla exusta | Comb nov | valid | (Cockerell & Custer) | Eocene
Priabonian | Florissant Formation | USA
Colorado | An inocelliid snakefly
Moved from *Inocellia exusta* (1925) |  |
| *Raphidia elegans* | Comb nov | jr synonym | (Cockerell) | Eocene
Priabonian | Florissant Formation | USA
Colorado | A raphidiid snakefly
Moved from *Megaraphidia elegans* (1907)
Moved back to *M. elegans* in 2014 |  |
|

## Archosauromorphs

### Dinosaurs

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Nipponosaurus* | Gen et sp nov | Valid | Nagao | Cretaceous
(late Santonian-early Campanian) | upper Yezo Group | Russia
Sakhalin | A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid.
The type species is *N. sachalinensis* |  |
| *Segisaurus* | Gen et sp nov | valid | Camp | Jurassic
Pliensbachian | Navajo Sandstone | US
Arizona | A coelophysoid theropod
The type species is *S. halli* |  |
|

### Pterosaurs

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Odontorhynchus* | Gen sp et comb nov | jr synonym | Stolley | Jurassic
Tithonian | Altmühltal Formation | Germany
Bayern | A rhamphorhynchid pterosaur
The type species is *O. aculeatus*
Also included *Rhamphorhynchus longicaudus* (1846)
Junior synonym of *Rhamphorhynchus* |  |
|

## Synapsids

### Non-mammalian

| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Belesodon* | Junior synonym | von Huene | Middle Triassic (Ladinian) | Santa Maria Formation | Brazil | Junior synonym of *Chiniquodon*. |  |
| *Cerdorhinus* | Valid | Broom | Middle Permian | Middle Abrahamskraal Formation | South Africa | A gorgonopsian. |  |
| *Chiniquodon* | Valid | von Huene | Middle Triassic (Ladinian) | Santa Maria Formation | Brazil | A member of Chiniquodontidae. |  |
| *Dinogorgon* | Valid | Broom | Late Permian | Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone | South Africa | A gorgonopsian. |  |
| *Dinosuchus* | Preoccupied | Broom | Middle Permian | Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone | South Africa | A member of Dinocephalia. |  |
| *Galerhynchus* | Valid | Broom | Late Permian | Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone | South Africa | A gorgonopsian. |  |
| *Nanictosaurus* | Valid | Broom | Late Permian | Dicynodon Assemblage Zone | South Africa | A member of Thrinaxodontidae. |  |
| *Notaelurops* | Junior synonym | Broom | Late Permian | Dicynodon Assemblage Zone | South Africa | A junior synonym of *Theriognathus*. |  |
| *Parathrinaxodon* | *Nomen oblitum* | Parrington | Late Permian | Kawinga Formation | Tanzania | A junior synonym of *Procynosuchus*. |  |
| *Sysphinctostoma* | Junior synonym | Broili and Schroeder | Early Triassic | Cynognathus Assemblage Zone | South Africa | A junior synonym of *Diademodon*. |  |
| *Traversodon* | Valid | von Huene | Middle Triassic (Ladinian) | Santa Maria Formation | Brazil | A traversodontid. |  |
|

## InfoBox

| List of years in paleontology (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In science 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 |
| *+...* |


title: 1998 Sun Bowl

abstract:
The 1998 Norwest Sun Bowl was played by the TCU Horned Frogs and the USC Trojans. This was the 65th Sun Bowl held and the last sponsored by Norwest Corporation prior to its
merger with Wells Fargo.

text:
# 1998 Sun Bowl

The **1998 Norwest Sun Bowl** was played by the TCU Horned Frogs and the USC Trojans. This was the 65th Sun Bowl held and the last sponsored by Norwest Corporation prior to its merger with Wells Fargo.

## Background

Paul Hackett was in his first year (of three) with USC, having led them to a bowl game for the first time since the 1996 Rose Bowl. This would be Hackett's only bowl game with USC.

TCU hadn't been to a bowl game since the 1994 Independence Bowl nor won one since the 1957 Cotton Bowl Classic. Despite having only a 6–5 record, they were invited to a bowl game due to the Big Ten not having enough bowl-eligible teams. They were coached by first year head coach Dennis Franchione.

## Game summary

Basil Mitchell had only 19 carries but ran for 185 yards and two touchdowns as TCU scored on their first three possessions and dominated the time of possession in the first half (having the ball for 20:15). TCU quarterback Patrick Batteaux also had two touchdowns for TCU, both rushing. But Carson Palmer (who had 280 yards passing) threw two touchdowns (one to Billy Miller and the other to Petros Papadakis) that made it 28–16 going into the fourth quarter. After stopping TCU on a drive, the Trojans got the ball back and drove to the TCU 20 early in the fourth quarter. But TCU's defense stuffed their offense, as USC kicked a field goal to make 28–19. From that point on, TCU ate up most of the clock as USC did not score again, giving TCU their first bowl win since 1957 in what would be the first of six consecutive bowl appearances.

Defensive Lineman London Dunlap was named Jimmy Rogers, Jr. Most Valuable Lineman and Running back Basil Mitchell was named C.M. Hendricks Most Valuable Player.

| Statistics | TCU | USC |
| --- | --- | --- |
| First Downs | 18 | 12 |
| Yards Rushing | 314 | -23 |
| Yards Passing | 51 | 280 |
| Total Yards | 475 | 331 |
| Punts-Average | 5-37.8 | 6-45.8 |
| Fumbles-Lost | 0-0 | 1-0 |
| Interceptions | 0 | 0 |
| Penalties-Yards | 6-55 | 7-49 |
|

## InfoBox

| 1998 Norwest Sun Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
| 65th Sun Bowl | |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **USC** 0 3 13 3 19  **TCU** 14 7 7 0 28 | |
| Date | December 31, 1998 |
| Season | 1998 |
| Stadium | Sun Bowl |
| Location | El Paso, Texas |
| Referee | Dennis Hennigan (Big East) |
| Attendance | 46,612 |
| United States TV coverage | |
| Network | CBS |
|


title: Battle of Bellevue

abstract: The Battle of Bellevue on 7 October 1870 was fought during the Franco-Prussian War and ended in a Prussian victory. The French forces under Marshal François Achille Bazaine attempted to break through the lines of the Prussians investing Metz. They were unsuccessful and were driven back into the city with a loss of 1,300 men, including 71 officers. The Prussians lost 1,800 men, including 79 officers.

text:
# Battle of Bellevue

The **Battle of Bellevue** on 7 October 1870 was fought during the Franco-Prussian War and ended in a Prussian victory.

The French forces under Marshal François Achille Bazaine attempted to break through the lines of the Prussians investing Metz. They were unsuccessful and were driven back into the city with a loss of 1,300 men, including 71 officers. The Prussians lost 1,800 men, including 79 officers.

* George Bruce. Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981) (ISBN 0-442-22336-6).

49°07′13″N 6°10′40″E / 49.1203°N 6.1778°E / 49.1203; 6.1778

1. Bodart 1908, p. 559.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Bellevue | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Franco-Prussian War | |
|  | |
| Date 7 October 1870  Location near Metz, France  Result  Prussian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| North German Confederation | French Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Ferdinand von Kummer | François Achille Bazaine |
| Strength | |
| 40,000 | 36,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 1,300 killed or wounded
500 captured | 1,200 killed or wounded
100 captured |


abstract: In July 1973, the Soviet Union purchased 10 million short tons of grain from the United States at subsidized prices, which caused global grain prices to soar. Crop shortfalls in 1971 and 1972 forced the Soviet Union to look abroad for grain. Hoping to prevent famine or other crisis, Soviet negotiators worked out a deal to buy grain on credit, but quickly exceeded their credit limit. American negotiators did not realize that both the Soviets and the world grain market had suffered shortfalls, and thus subsidized the purchase, leading it to be dubbed the "Great Grain Robbery". The strategy backfired and intensified the crisis: global food prices rose at least 30 percent, and grain stockpiles were decimated.

text:
# 1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal

In July 1973, the Soviet Union purchased 10 million short tons (9.1×10~~^~~6 t) of grain (mainly wheat and corn) from the United States at subsidized prices, which caused global grain prices to soar. Crop shortfalls in 1971 and 1972 forced the Soviet Union to look abroad for grain. Hoping to prevent famine or other crisis, Soviet negotiators worked out a deal to buy grain on credit, but quickly exceeded their credit limit. American negotiators did not realize that both the Soviets and the world grain market had suffered shortfalls, and thus subsidized the purchase, leading it to be dubbed the **"Great Grain Robbery".** The strategy backfired and intensified the crisis: global food prices rose at least 30 percent, and grain stockpiles were decimated.

## Background

Because of the Soviet agricultural system, the cold climate, and frequent irregular droughts, crop failure was common in the Soviet Union. The problem was heightened by the fact that climate problems prevented much of the arable land in the USSR from being farmed, so only some of the land in the black earth belt was suitable for agriculture.

In 1972, there was a drought across Europe. Additionally, the USSR had suffered an extremely hot summer with temperature comparable to the heat experienced during 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves. This caused the Soviet Union to look to the global market to meet their grain needs.

## Event

Soviet Minister of Foreign Trade Nikolai PatolichevU.S. Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz

The main negotiations for the deal took place on June 20, 1972, at The Madison hotel in Washington, D.C., with two Soviet teams, one led by foreign trade minister Nikolai Patolichev and the second led by Nicolai Belousov. On the American side were multiple representatives of American grain businesses and officials representing the U.S. government. This included Michel Fribourg, the CEO of grain trading firm ContiGroup Companies (formerly Continental Grain), and Carroll Brunthaver, the U.S. Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services. In early July 1972, the U.S. government negotiated an arrangement that allowed the Soviets to buy up to $750 million of American grain on credit, over a three-year timespan. However, the Soviets quickly exceeded their credit limit, spending the $750 million in only one month. By September 1972, the Soviets are thought to have spent up to US$1 billion on grain from companies in the United States, and more from other countries such as France, Canada, and Australia.

The U.S. government spent $300 million subsidizing the grain purchases, still unaware that the Soviets had suffered massive crop shortfalls in 1971 and 1972. One reason the government did not realize the impact the deal would have is that many officials, such as Earl Butz, were convinced that the Soviets were purchasing the grain only to feed their livestock. By not realizing that global wheat stocks were low, and discounting reports of Soviet crop failure, the United States inadvertently contributed to domestic food prices rising, using public funds to do so.

## Aftermath and international consequences

Weeks after the grain deal was announced, the Earth-observing satellite Landsat 1 achieved orbit. If the satellite had launched a few months earlier, the deal may have been reconsidered or never have happened at all, because American negotiators could have realized the scale of Soviet crop failures. The event helped lead the U.S. government to seek more information about global agricultural output via infrared satellite intelligence. After the deal, many Americans were concerned about businesses having advantages in similar situations due to their early access to information.

In a ten-month span in 1973, global food prices rose by at least 30 percent and some sources claim up to 50 percent. In some British markets there was a reported 87 percent increase on the price of an 800 grams (28 oz) loaf of bread. Global wheat stocks decreased exponentially; Australia was hit the hardest with a 93 percent decrease by 1974 from 1971. Not all nations were equally hit; some, such as Canada, benefited from the deal. Canadian farmers had sold their wheat to the Canadian Wheat Board, which were able to pool stocks and sell as a collective.

Contemporary U.S. media referred to the event as "The Russian Wheat Deal" or "The Soviet Wheat Deal". The term *Great Grain Robbery* is a pun referring to the 1963 Great Train Robbery and it is generally accepted that it was coined by Senator Henry M. Jackson.

## Further reading


title: Electromerism

abstract: Electromerism is a type of isomerism between a pair of molecules differing in the way electrons are distributed among the atoms and the connecting chemical bonds. In some literature electromerism is equated to valence tautomerism, a term usually reserved for tautomerism involving reconnecting chemical bonds. One group of electromers are excited electronic states but isomerism is usually limited to ground state molecules. Another group of electromers are also called redox isomers: metal ions that can exchange their oxidation state with their ligands. One of the first instances was a cobalt bis(quinone) complex described by Buchanan and Pierpont in 1980 with a cobalt(II) complex in chemical equilibrium with the cobalt(III) complex. Ligands commonly found are based on dioxolenes, phenoxyl radicals and polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals. Metalloporphyrins have also been studied. A set of electromers not requiring redox-active ligands have been described as well as a set without a metal. A new group of electromers has also been described recently.

text:
# Electromerism

**Electromerism** is a type of isomerism between a pair of molecules (**electromers**, **electro-isomers**) differing in the way electrons are distributed among the atoms and the connecting chemical bonds. In some literature electromerism is equated to valence tautomerism, a term usually reserved for tautomerism involving reconnecting chemical bonds.

One group of electromers are excited electronic states but isomerism is usually limited to ground state molecules. Another group of electromers are also called **redox isomers**: metal ions that can exchange their oxidation state with their ligands (see non-innocent ligand). One of the first instances was a cobalt bis(quinone) complex described by Buchanan and Pierpont in 1980 with a cobalt(II) complex in chemical equilibrium with the cobalt(III) complex. Ligands commonly found are based on dioxolenes, phenoxyl radicals and polychlorotriphenylmethyl radicals. Metalloporphyrins have also been studied. A set of electromers not requiring redox-active ligands have been described as well as a set without a metal. A new group of electromers has also been described recently.


abstract: The women's 400 metres event at the 1997 Summer Universiade was held on 28, 29 and 30 August at the Stadio Cibali in Catania, Italy.

text:
# Athletics at the 1997 Summer Universiade – Women's 400 metres

The **women's 400 metres** event at the **1997 Summer Universiade** was held on 28, 29 and 30 August at the Stadio Cibali in Catania, Italy.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Allison Curbishley
*Great Britain* | Olga Kotlyarova
*Russia* | Idalmis Bonne
*Cuba* |

## Results

### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | Allison Curbishley | Great Britain | 52.68 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Olga Kotlyarova | Russia | 53.10 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Natalya Sharova | Russia | 53.10 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Foy Williams | Canada | 53.11 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Idalmis Bonne | Cuba | 53.29 | Q |
| 6 | 4 | Julia Duporty | Cuba | 53.32 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Naděžda Koštovalová | Czech Republic | 53.37 | Q |
| 8 | 3 | Jessica Hudson | New Zealand | 53.41 | Q |
| 9 | 4 | Tatyana Movchan | Ukraine | 53.46 | Q |
| 10 | 4 | Michelle Pierre | Great Britain | 53.87 | Q |
| 11 | 2 | Carmo Tavares | Portugal | 53.88 | Q |
| 12 | 3 | Yana Manuylova | Ukraine | 53.95 | q |
| 13 | 1 | Žana Minina | Lithuania | 54.17 | Q |
| 13 | 3 | Jane Arnott | New Zealand | 54.17 | q |
| 15 | 2 | Andrea Pinnock | Canada | 54.30 | q |
| 16 | 1 | Yolanda Reyes | Spain | 54.47 | q |
| 17 | 3 | María Laura Almirão | Brazil | 54.86 |  |
| 18 | 4 | Biljana Mitrović | Yugoslavia | 55.15 |  |
| 19 | 4 | Nathalie Zamboni | Switzerland | 56.02 |  |
| 20 | 2 | Chandra Burns | United States | 56.45 |  |
| 21 | 1 | Charmaine Smit | Namibia | 57.11 |  |
| 22 | 2 | Madeleine Ndongo | Cameroon | 58.32 |  |
| 23 | 1 | Olivia Haddon | New Zealand | 59.99 |  |
| 24 | 1 | Devota John | Tanzania | 1:14.29 |  |
| 25 | 3 | Zannatun Nessa | Bangladesh | 1:11.20 |  |
|  | 4 | Evelina Nhassengo | Mozambique | DNF |  |
|  | ? | Olabisi Afolabi | Nigeria | DNS |  |
|  | ? | Anke Feller | Germany | DNS |  |

### Semifinals

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Allison Curbishley | Great Britain | 52.51 |  |
| 2 | 1 | Olga Kotlyarova | Russia | 52.70 |  |
| 3 | 2 | Idalmis Bonne | Cuba | 52.72 |  |
| 4 | 1 | Tatyana Movchan | Ukraine | 53.16 |  |
| 5 | 2 | Natalya Sharova | Russia | 53.17 |  |
| 6 | 1 | Naděžda Koštovalová | Czech Republic | 53.18 |  |
| 7 | 1 | Julia Duporty | Cuba | 53.29 |  |
| 8 | 2 | Foy Williams | Canada | 53.60 |  |
| 9 | 1 | Michelle Pierre | Great Britain | 53.53 |  |
| 10 | 2 | Jessica Hudson | New Zealand | 53.68 |  |
| 11 | 1 | Carmo Tavares | Portugal | 54.30 |  |
| 12 | 2 | Žana Minina | Lithuania | 54.53 |  |
| 13 | 2 | Yana Manuylova | Ukraine | 54.55 |  |
| 14 | 2 | Yolanda Reyes | Spain | 54.63 |  |
| 15 | 1 | Andrea Pinnock | Canada | 55.43 |  |
| 16 | 1 | Jane Arnott | New Zealand | 56.10 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Allison Curbishley | Great Britain | 50.84 |  |
|  | Olga Kotlyarova | Russia | 51.35 |  |
|  | Idalmis Bonne | Cuba | 51.72 |  |
| 4 | Naděžda Koštovalová | Czech Republic | 52.32 |  |
| 5 | Tatyana Movchan | Ukraine | 52.97 |  |
| 6 | Foy Williams | Canada | 53.13 |  |
| 7 | Natalya Sharova | Russia | 53.52 |  |
|  | Julia Duporty | Cuba | DNS |  |


title: Eric Crompton

abstract: Eric Crompton was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Eric Crompton

**Eric Crompton** (11 May 1913 – 6 March 1988) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Eric Crompton | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Eric Crompton | | |
| Date of birth | (1913-05-11)11 May 1913 | | |
| Date of death | 6 March 1988(1988-03-06) (aged 74) | | |
| Original team(s) | Ballarat | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1935 | Footscray | 1 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1935. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Arthur Young (agriculturist)

abstract: Arthur Young FRS was an English agriculturist. Not himself successful as a farmer, he built on connections and activities as a publicist a substantial reputation as an expert on agricultural improvement. After the French Revolution of 1789, his views on its politics carried weight as an informed observer, and he became an important opponent of British reformers. Young is considered a major English writer on agriculture and an early contributor to agricultural economics, although he is best known as a social and political observer. Also read widely were his Tour in Ireland (1780) and Travels in France (1792).

text:
# Arthur Young (agriculturist)

**Arthur Young** FRS (11 September 1741 – 12 April 1820) was an English agriculturist. Not himself successful as a farmer, he built on connections and activities as a publicist a substantial reputation as an expert on agricultural improvement. After the French Revolution of 1789, his views on its politics carried weight as an informed observer, and he became an important opponent of British reformers.

Young is considered a major English writer on agriculture and an early contributor to agricultural economics, although he is best known as a social and political observer. Also read widely were his *Tour in Ireland* (1780) and *Travels in France* (1792).

## Early life

Young was born in 1741 at Whitehall, London, the second son of Anna Lucretia Coussmaker, and her husband Arthur Young, who was rector of Bradfield Combust in Suffolk and chaplain to Arthur Onslow. After attending school at Lavenham from 1748, he was in 1758 placed at Messrs Robertson, a mercantile house in King's Lynn. His sister Elizabeth Mary, who married John Thomlinson in 1758, died the next year, which disrupted the plan for Young to work at Messrs Thomlinson in London, under his sisters in-law.

Young's father also died in 1759. In 1761 Young went to London and the following year started a magazine entitled *The Universal Museum*. It ran to five numbers, edited by Young, who recruited William Kenrick, just out of King's Bench Prison. It was then sold to a consortium of booksellers, according to initial advice from Samuel Johnson, who wanted no part of it. Young suffered from lung disease from 1761 to 1763, and turned down the offer of a post as a cavalry officer from Sir Charles Howard. Young's mother then put him in charge of the family estate at Bradfield Hall, a small property encumbered with debt. Between 1763 and 1766 he concentrated on farming there.

In 1764–1765 Young met and became a friend of Walter Harte, who published his *Essays on Husbandry* in 1764. Harte advised him to give up writing for periodicals. He then collected works by Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, Samuel Hartlib and Jethro Tull, as well as reading Harte. He contributed eleven articles to the *Museum Rusticum* from 1764 to 1765.

## Farmer and writer

In 1767 Young took over a farm in Essex, at Sampford Hall, one reason being to move away from his mother, who was on bad terms with his wife. For financial reasons he had to move on in 1768 to Bradmore Farm, North Mymms, in Hertfordshire. There he engaged in experiments described in *A Course of Experimental Agriculture* (1770). Though these were generally unsuccessful, they gave him a working knowledge of agriculture. He acted as parliamentary reporter for the London *Morning Post* from 1773.

Young was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1774; but the Society refused a number of his papers on agricultural topics, which always had critics, such as James Anderson of Hermiston. In 1784 Young began the publication of the *Annals of Agriculture*, which ran for 45 volumes: contributors included King George III, writing under the pseudonym "Ralph Robinson", and Robert Andrews, whom Young took as a model farmer. Young's figures for the total area of England and Wales, and total cultivated area, were serious overestimates. In a work from 1799, during wartime and fiscal strain on the national budget, Henry Beeke gave more reliable figures, showing Young had erred.

Young was appointed secretary of the Board of Agriculture in 1793, just after it was formed under the presidency of Sir John Sinclair. In that capacity he worked on collecting and preparing the General View of Agriculture county surveys. The *Annals of Agriculture* began to wind down in 1803, when John Rackham of Bury St Edmunds, who printed it, found copy was lacking and pressed Young, who padded out the pages with old notes. Richard Phillips took it on for volume 41, and saw the publication out, the final volume 45 appearing in 1808.

Economic historians Robert C. Allen and Cormac Ó Gráda have challenged some of Young's conclusions.

## Travel writer

Young began a series of journeys through England and Wales, which he described in books that appeared from 1768 to 1770: *A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales*; *A Six Months' Tour through the North of England* and the *Farmer's Tour through the East of England*. He claimed that these contained the only first-hand information on the rentals, produce and stock of England. They were favourably received and widely translated.

He toured the Kingdom of Ireland in 1776–1777, publishing his *Tour in Ireland* in 1780. The book was republished in 1897 and 1925, but with much of Young's social detail removed. The full text was republished in 1892 as "*Arthur Young's Tour in Ireland (1776–1779)*" by Arthur Hutton.

Young's first visit to France was in 1787. Travelling all over the country annually from 1787 to 1789 (around the start of the French Revolution) he described the condition of the people and the conduct of public affairs at a critical juncture. His *Travels in France* appeared in one large quarto volume in 1792, reprinted in two octavo volumes (Dublin, 1793) and in an enlarged second edition in two quarto volumes (London, 1794).

## On the French Revolution

An eye-witness to the French Revolution as one who was welcomed into the company of the highest levels of the French nobility (including the King and Queen) at the time of the fall of the Bastille in 1789, Young by 1792 had become an opponent of its violence and modified his reforming views on English politics. Seeing the burned châteaux at Besançon, he was shocked by the provincial disorders, as he had been by the chaotic debates of the National Assembly (for which he recommended John Hatsell's book on procedure). He and William Windham aligned themselves with Edmund Burke's views expressed in *Reflections on the Revolution in France* (1790), in Young's *Plain and Earnest Address to Britons* of November 1792. This was endorsed by the loyalist Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers. In 1793 he opposed Charles Grey's reform motion in Parliament and wrote *Example of France a Warning to Britain*.

Still in 1793, Young played a role in recruiting the Suffolk Yeomanry, by pulling together local groups of cavalry volunteers. The formation actually took place in 1794, although a cap-badge date of 1793 was later adopted. He joined with the radical Capel Lofft of Troston Hall in a proposal for a Suffolk ship-of-war to be supported by subscription.

Young returned to the subject of reform in 1798 with *An Enquiry into the State of Mind Amongst the Lowest Classes*. He had attained a formidable position as commentator and used it to call attention to urban unrest and the influence of Tom Paine.

## Associations

Young's closest friend was John Symonds, a Cambridge academic, who became involved in his writing as editor. Frederick Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol in 1782 held weekly Thursday dinners at Ickworth for Symonds, Young and others.

In the late 1780s the export of wool became contentious, but Young combined forces with Sir Joseph Banks in opposing restrictions on this. James Oakes of Bury St Edmunds, a yarn dealer, was a friend of both Symonds and Young. In the wool controversy, Oakes was on the other side from Young, who argued that restricting the export of wool was against the interests of landowners, while Oakes wished to see the price of wool to spinners fall.

A tour by Young was typically preceded by newspaper publicity and consisted of social meetings with prominent farmers and agricultural improvers. One in south-west England in 1796 led to an acquaintance with Sir Francis Buller, 1st Baronet, a judge and improver at Princetown on Dartmoor. Buller corresponded with Young on agricultural matters. The relationship later became awkward, however, when Young's son, the Rev. Arthur Young, was suspected of jury tampering in the trial the United Irishman Arthur O'Connor, on the basis of a letter to Gamaliel Lloyd of Bury St Edmunds, a radical. Buller and the attorney-general took a belligerent attitude to the allegations, when the letter was read out in court.

## Final years

From 1801, Young followed the evangelical teaching of Thomas Scott at the London Lock Chapel, and was influenced by Charles Simeon. In 1809 he became a correspondent, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In 1811 he became firm friends with Marianne Francis (1790–1832) a niece of Frances Burney, who shared his commitment to evangelical Christianity. His sight, however, was failing, and in that year he had an operation for a cataract, which proved unsuccessful, leaving him blind.

Young continued to publish pamphlets. He died in Sackville Street, London on 12 April 1820, aged 78, after a painful illness caused by bladder calculus, and was buried at Bradfield Combust church, where his tomb, in sarcophagus form, is inscribed, "Let every real patriot shed a tear, For genius, talent, worth, lie buried here." The tomb is a designated Grade II listed structure. He left an autobiography in manuscript, which was edited (1898) by Matilda Betham-Edwards.

## Legacy

Young influenced contemporary observers of economic and social life, such as Frederick Morton Eden and Sir John Sinclair. He was influential too on the American improver John Beale Bordley.

More recently Young has been studied for his methods of investigation. Richard Stone (1997) presents him as a pioneer national income statistician, continuing the work of Gregory King, who had lived a century before. Young produced three estimates of the national income of England: in his *Tour through the North of England*, *Farmer's Tour through the East of England* and *Political Arithmetic*. Brunt (2001) emphasises how Young collected his information, and presents him as a pioneer of sample surveys.

## Works

Young built a reputation on the views he expressed as an agricultural improver, a political economist and a social observer. At the age of 17, he published a pamphlet *On the War in North America*. He also wrote four early novels, and *Reflections on the Present State of Affairs at Home and Abroad* in 1759. In 1768 he published the *Farmer's Letters to the People of England*, in 1771 the *Farmer's Calendar*, which went through many editions, and in 1774 his *Political Arithmetic*, which was widely translated.

Young produced around 25 books and pamphlets on agriculture and 15 books on political economy, as well as many articles. These include:

* *A Six Weeks Tour Through the Southern Counties of England and Wales*
* *The Farmer’s Letters to the People of England*, 1768.
* *The farmer's guide in hiring and stocking farms.* London, 1770.
* *Course of experimental agriculture*. Vol. 1. London: James Dodsley. 1770.
* *Course of experimental agriculture*. Vol. 2. London: James Dodsley. 1770.
* *The Farmer’s Calendar*, 1771; 1862 edition
* *The Farmer's Tour Through the East of England: Being the Register of a Journey Through Various ...* 1771
* *Political Arithmetic: Containing Observations on the Present State of Great Britain and the Principles of Her Policy in the Encouragement of Agriculture*, 1774.
* *A Tour in Ireland*, 1780. Repr. Blackstaff Press, 1983.
* *Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts.* Vol 1 to 45, 1785-1809; Vol. 1, 1785; Vol. 8, 1787; Vol. 10, 1799; Vol. 17, 1792, Vol. 22, 1794; Vol. 32, 1799; Vol. 45, 1808;
* *Travels during the years 1787, 1788, & 1789 : undertaken more particularly with a view of ascertaining the cultivation, wealth, resources, and national prosperity of the Kingdom of France*, 1792.
* *View of the agriculture of Oxfordshire. By the secretary of the Board of agriculture and ...* 1809
* *The Autobiography of Arthur Young.* London, 1898.

The *Travels in France* were translated into French in 1793–1794 by François Soules; a new version by Henri Lesage with an introduction by Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne appeared in 1856. The Directory in 1801 ordered Young's writings to be translated in 20 volumes under the title *Le Cultivateur anglais*.

## Family

In 1765 Young married Martha Allen (died 1815), sister-in-law of Charles Burney. Their acute marital strife and Young's devotion to his children were witnessed by Frances Burney and her half-sister Sarah during a visit in 1792. He grieved deeply when his daughter Martha Ann died of consumption on 14 July 1797 at the age of 14, and her loss is said to have turned his mind to religion.

**Attribution:**

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Arthur Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Arthur Young, by John Russell, 1794 | |
| Born | (1741-09-11)11 September 1741
Whitehall, London |
| Died | 12 April 1820(1820-04-12) (aged 78)
Sackville Street, London |
| Occupation(s) | Writer on agriculture, economics, and social statistics |


title: Fingal Sports Complex

abstract: The Fingal Sports Complex was a facility set to be built in Lusk, Fingal, Republic of Ireland by Fingal County Council. The facility was proposed to cost €10 million, and intended to host a number of sporting events and groups - including association football club Sporting Fingal. As of 2012, there were no plans to progress the project.

text:
# Fingal Sports Complex

The **Fingal Sports Complex** was a facility set to be built in Lusk, Fingal, Republic of Ireland by Fingal County Council. The facility was proposed to cost €10 million, and intended to host a number of sporting events and groups - including association football club Sporting Fingal (which disbanded in 2011). As of 2012, there were no plans to progress the project.

## History

The plans for a new sports complex in County Fingal came about initially as plans for an association football stadium but plans were later expanded to include other sports. The committee analysing the proposal at Balbriggan and Swords approved the plans to be allowed on public display except for one councillor, who wanted to hear more from council officials about the proposal. It was initially costed at €10 million, with the funding coming from Fingal County Council, developmental levies and a grant from the Department of Arts, Sports, and Tourism on the assumption that the Football Association of Ireland would continue to be involved.

The proposal was approved in March 2009 but was however embargoed by the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government on environmental grounds. Some in Lusk still stated they wanted to proceed with the development. However, it was revealed in 2012 that the field where it was due to be constructed was being let out to a local farmer to grow crops. This led to it being called a "vegetable patch".

53°31′29″N 6°09′15″W / 53.524848°N 6.154228°W / 53.524848; -6.154228


title: 1983 Kansas City Royals season

abstract: The 1983 Kansas City Royals season was their 15th in Major League Baseball. The Royals finished second in the American League West at 79–83, 20 games behind the Chicago White Sox. Dan Quisenberry's league-leading 45 saves also set a single-season franchise record.

text:
# 1983 Kansas City Royals season

The **1983 Kansas City Royals** season was their 15th in Major League Baseball. The Royals finished second in the American League West at 79–83, 20 games behind the Chicago White Sox. Dan Quisenberry's league-leading 45 saves also set a single-season franchise record.

## Offseason

## Regular season

### Season standings

AL West
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicago White Sox | 99 | 63 | .611 |  | 5526 | 4437 |
| Kansas City Royals | 79 | 83 | .488 | 20 | 4536 | 3447 |
| Texas Rangers | 77 | 85 | .475 | 22 | 4437 | 3348 |
| Oakland Athletics | 74 | 88 | .457 | 25 | 4239 | 3249 |
| California Angels | 70 | 92 | .432 | 29 | 3546 | 3546 |
| Minnesota Twins | 70 | 92 | .432 | 29 | 3744 | 3348 |
| Seattle Mariners | 60 | 102 | .370 | 39 | 3051 | 3051 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BAL | BOS | CAL | CWS | CLE | DET | KC | MIL | MIN | NYY | OAK | SEA | TEX | TOR |
| Baltimore |  | 8–5 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 6–7 | 5–8 | 8–4 | 11–2 | 8–4 | 6–7 | 8–4 | 8–4 | 9–3 | 7–6 |
| Boston | 5–8 |  | 6–6 | 6–6 | 7–6 | 4–9 | 5–7 | 4–9 | 5–7 | 7–6 | 8–4 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 7–6 |
| California | 5–7 | 6–6 |  | 3–10 | 8–4 | 4–8 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 6–7 | 5–7 | 5–8 | 6–7 | 6–7 | 4–8 |
| Chicago | 5–7 | 6–6 | 10–3 |  | 8–4 | 8–4 | 9–4 | 4–8 | 8–5 | 8–4 | 8–5 | 12–1 | 8–5 | 5–7 |
| Cleveland | 7–6 | 6–7 | 4–8 | 4–8 |  | 5–8 | 7–5 | 3–10 | 6–6 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 8–4 | 3–9 | 4–9 |
| Detroit | 8–5 | 9–4 | 8–4 | 4–8 | 8–5 |  | 7–5 | 6–7 | 9–3 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 8–4 | 8–4 | 6–7 |
| Kansas City | 4–8 | 7–5 | 7–6 | 4–9 | 5–7 | 5–7 |  | 6–6 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 7–6 | 8–5 | 8–5–1 | 6–6 |
| Milwaukee | 2–11 | 9–4 | 6–6 | 8–4 | 10–3 | 7–6 | 6–6 |  | 8–4 | 4–9 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 8–4 | 8–5 |
| Minnesota | 4–8 | 7–5 | 7–6 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 3–9 | 7–6 | 4–8 |  | 4–8 | 4–9 | 9–4 | 5–8 | 5–7 |
| New York | 7–6 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 4–8 | 7–6 | 8–5 | 6–6 | 9–4 | 8–4 |  | 8–4 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 7–6 |
| Oakland | 4–8 | 4–8 | 8–5 | 5–8 | 5–7 | 6–6 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 9–4 | 4–8 |  | 9–4 | 2–11 | 6–6 |
| Seattle | 4–8 | 5–7 | 7–6 | 1–12 | 4–8 | 4–8 | 5–8 | 7–5 | 4–9 | 5–7 | 4–9 |  | 6–7 | 4–8 |
| Texas | 3–9 | 5–7 | 7–6 | 5–8 | 9–3 | 4–8 | 5–8–1 | 4–8 | 8–5 | 5–7 | 11–2 | 7–6 |  | 4–8 |
| Toronto | 6–7 | 6–7 | 8–4 | 7–5 | 9–4 | 7–6 | 6–6 | 5–8 | 7–5 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 8–4 | 8–4 |  |

### Notable transactions

### Pine Tar Game

The **Pine Tar Game** refers to a controversial incident that took place in an American League baseball game played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees on July 24, 1983.

Playing at New York's Yankee Stadium, the Royals were trailing 4-3 with two outs in the top of the ninth and U L Washington on first base. In the on deck circle, George Brett was heard remarking to a teammate, "Watch this baby fly" as he shook his bat. He then came to the plate and connected off Yankee reliever Rich "Goose" Gossage for a two-run home run and a 5-4 lead. As Brett crossed the plate, New York manager Billy Martin approached home plate umpire Tim McClelland and requested that Brett's bat be examined. Earlier in the season, Martin and other members (most notably, third baseman Graig Nettles, who as a member of the Minnesota Twins, recalled a similar incident involving Thurman Munson) of the Yankees had noticed the amount of pine tar used by Brett, but Martin had chosen not to say anything until the home run.

With Brett watching from the dugout, McClelland and the rest of the umpiring crew inspected the bat. Measuring the bat against the width of home plate (which is 17 inches), they determined that the amount of pine tar on the bat's handle exceeded that allowed by Rule 1.10(b) of the Major League Baseball rule book, which read that "a bat may not be covered by such a substance more than 18 inches (460 mm) from the tip of the handle."

### Roster

| 1983 Kansas City Royals roster | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |
|

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | John Wathan | 128 | 437 | 107 | .245 | 2 | 32 |
| 1B | Willie Aikens | 125 | 410 | 124 | .302 | 23 | 72 |
| 2B | Frank White | 146 | 549 | 143 | .260 | 11 | 77 |
| SS | UL Washington | 144 | 547 | 129 | .236 | 5 | 41 |
| 3B | George Brett | 123 | 464 | 144 | .310 | 25 | 93 |
| LF | Butch Davis | 33 | 122 | 42 | .344 | 2 | 18 |
| CF | Willie Wilson | 137 | 576 | 159 | .276 | 2 | 33 |
| RF | Amos Otis | 98 | 356 | 93 | .261 | 4 | 41 |
| DH | Hal McRae | 157 | 589 | 183 | .311 | 12 | 82 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pat Sheridan | 109 | 333 | 90 | .270 | 7 | 36 |
| Don Slaught | 83 | 276 | 86 | .312 | 0 | 28 |
| Onix Concepción | 80 | 219 | 53 | .242 | 0 | 20 |
| Leon Roberts | 84 | 213 | 55 | .258 | 8 | 24 |
| Joe Simpson | 89 | 119 | 20 | .168 | 0 | 8 |
| Greg Pryor | 68 | 115 | 25 | .217 | 1 | 14 |
| César Gerónimo | 38 | 87 | 18 | .207 | 0 | 4 |
| Darryl Motley | 19 | 68 | 16 | .235 | 3 | 11 |
| Jerry Martin | 13 | 44 | 14 | .318 | 2 | 13 |
| Cliff Pastornicky | 10 | 32 | 4 | .125 | 2 | 5 |
| Ron Johnson | 9 | 27 | 7 | .259 | 0 | 1 |
| Buddy Biancalana | 6 | 15 | 3 | .200 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Larry Gura | 34 | 200.1 | 11 | 18 | 4.90 | 57 |
| Bud Black | 24 | 161.1 | 10 | 7 | 3.79 | 58 |
| Paul Splittorff | 27 | 156.0 | 13 | 8 | 3.63 | 61 |
| Gaylord Perry | 14 | 84.1 | 4 | 4 | 4.27 | 40 |
| Dennis Leonard | 10 | 63.0 | 6 | 3 | 3.71 | 31 |
| Eric Rasmussen | 11 | 52.2 | 3 | 6 | 4.78 | 18 |
| Frank Wills | 6 | 34.2 | 2 | 1 | 4.15 | 23 |
| Danny Jackson | 4 | 19.0 | 1 | 1 | 5.21 | 9 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steve Renko | 25 | 121.1 | 6 | 11 | 4.30 | 54 |
| Keith Creel | 25 | 89.1 | 2 | 5 | 6.35 | 31 |
| Vida Blue | 19 | 85.1 | 0 | 5 | 6.01 | 53 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dan Quisenberry | 69 | 5 | 3 | 45 | 1.94 | 48 |
| Mike Armstrong | 58 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 3.86 | 52 |
| Don Hood | 27 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2.27 | 17 |
| Bill Castro | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6.64 | 17 |
| Mark Huismann | 13 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5.58 | 20 |
| Bob Tufts | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.10 | 3 |
| Joe Simpson | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.00 | 1 |

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Omaha Royals | American Association | Joe Sparks |
| AA | Jacksonville Suns | Southern League | Gene Lamont |
|  | Fort Myers Royals | Florida State League | Rick Mathews |
|  | Charleston Royals | South Atlantic League | Roy Tanner |
| Rookie | GCL Royals | Gulf Coast League | Joe Jones |
| Rookie | Butte Copper Kings | Pioneer League | Tommy Jones |

* Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). *The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball* (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.

## InfoBox

| 1983 Kansas City Royals | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Division | West |
| Ballpark | Royals Stadium |
| City | Kansas City, Missouri |
| Owners | Ewing Kauffman |
| General managers | John Schuerholz |
| Managers | Dick Howser |
| Television | WDAF-TV
(Denny Matthews, Denny Trease, Fred White) |
| Radio | WIBW (AM)
(Denny Matthews, Fred White) |
|  | |


title: Ellen Liston

abstract: Ellen Liston (1838–1885) was an Australian teacher and a writer of early popular fiction.

text:
# Ellen Liston

**Ellen Liston** (1838–1885) was an Australian teacher and a writer of early popular fiction.

## Early life

Ellen Liston was born in England, one of five children of David John and Mary Ann Liston (née Bone). David Liston was a wine and spirit merchant, listed as the landlord of the Dover Castle public house in London in 1848. When Liston was 12 the family migrated to Adelaide, South Australia, on the ship *Candahar*. The family built a house in Parkside, Idsworth Cottage. Liston was a delicate child and educated at home. Following the death of her parents, she and one unmarried brother were left living at the family home. Liston subsequently worked as a governess on Nikerloo Station near Bramfield on Eyre Peninsula from 1867. In addition to her teaching duties, she claimed to be the only female manager of a sheep station. At this time she began writing, with stories and verses published in the *Adelaide Observer* under the name "Ellie L." from June 1869.

## Career

Five years later Liston was one of the first intake into the newly organised South Australian State Education system. Her first teaching appointment was at Wellington on the River Murray. As there was no house near the school she lived on the west side of the river, and as a result of this she had, in flood times, to wade through water on her way to and from school. This brought about an illness from which she never fully recovered. Liston resigned from teaching and worked as the first female telegraph operator in the GPO in Adelaide (possibly the first in Australia). She was later mistress of the Post and Telegraph Office at Watervale and then at Marrabel, where she did most of her writing. She was on the corresponding staff of the *Kapunda Herald*, where some of her stories and verses were published. She also contributed to the *Adelaide* *Observer*. In 1879 Liston won a prize offered by the *Melbourne Leader* for her serialised novel *Auckland Marston,* appearing in that newspaper from November 1879 to February 1880. Liston's early work has been compared to the short fiction of Barbara Baynton and Henry Lawson, in their depiction of women alone in an Australian bush setting which is seen as threatening, dangerous and mysterious. Despite two offers of marriage, Liston remained single and much of her work features strong women who lead fulfilling lives.

## Later life

Liston died in 1885, aged 47, in the town of Marrabel, near Kapunda, and is buried in the Kapunda cemetery. The South Australian coastal town of Elliston is believed by some to be named after her. She left behind an unpublished manuscript for a book, *Jean Kesson*.

## Works

### Books

* *Pioneers: stories*, E.A. Harwood, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936
* *Auckland Marston: An Australian Story,* Melbourne Leader, 1879
* *The Stauntons*, The Observer Adelaide, 20 May 1871 Reproduced 13 May - 29 July 1971

### Poems

* 'A Cloudy Day', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 85.
* 'To a Summer baby' in E.A. Harwood (ed.), Pioneers : stories, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 85
* 'Grandmother's Musings', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 8.
* 'Truth and Love', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 30.
* 'Fancies', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 52–53.
* 'Mid-Life', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 67.
* 'A Tumble', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 80.
* 'Gone', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 98.
* 'Year's End', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, p. 116.
* 'The Fire King', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 137–138.

### Short stories

* 'Doctor', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 54–66.
* 'My Neighbour's Mystery', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 1–7.
* 'What They Would Do With It', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers: stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 169–177.
* 'Our Domestic Helps', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 162–168.
* 'Louey and I', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 9–29.
* 'Wooden Reunions', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 156–161.
* 'The Magic Chestnuts', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 81–84.
* 'Our Baggage-Mule', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 139–155.
* 'In Memorium: A Sister's Story', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 99–115.
* 'How a Woman Kept Her Promise', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 68–79.
* 'Tread Upon Roses, But Forget Me Not', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 117–136.
* 'Cousin Lucy's Story', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers: stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 178–191.
* 'Lartius', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 86–97.
* 'Effie's Sermon', in E.A. Harwood (ed.), *Pioneers : stories*, Hassell Press, Adelaide, 1936, pp. 31–51.


abstract: United States gubernatorial elections were held 6 November 1973, in two states. In Virginia, former Governor Mills E. Godwin, Jr., who was elected in the 1965 gubernatorial election as a Democrat, ran and won as a Republican. He defeated Henry Howell, who was also a former Democrat. In New Jersey, the moderate incumbent Republican William T. Cahill was defeated in the primary by Charles W. Sandman Jr. Cahill did not campaign for Sandman, and Brendan Byrne defeated Sandman handily.

text:
# 1973 United States gubernatorial elections

**United States gubernatorial elections** were held 6 November 1973, in two states.

In Virginia, former Governor Mills E. Godwin, Jr., who was elected in the 1965 gubernatorial election as a Democrat, ran and won as a Republican. He defeated Henry Howell, who was also a former Democrat.

In New Jersey, the moderate incumbent Republican William T. Cahill was defeated in the primary by Charles W. Sandman Jr. Cahill did not campaign for Sandman, and Brendan Byrne defeated Sandman handily.

## States

| State | Incumbent | Party | First
elected | Result | Candidates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **New Jersey** | William T. Cahill | Republican | 1969 | Incumbent lost renomination.
New governor elected.
**Democratic gain**. | **Brendan Byrne** (Democratic) 66.40%
Charles W. Sandman Jr. (Republican) 32.13%
A. Howard Freund (American) 0.31%
Alfred V. Colabella (Independent) 0.24%
Robert Clement (Socialist Labor) 0.20%
John A. Goodson (Libertarian) 0.15%
James J. Terlizzi, Sr. (Independent Taxpayer's Watchdog) 0.13%
 |
| **Virginia** | Linwood Holton | Republican | 1969 | Incumbent term-limited.
New governor elected.
Republican hold. | **Mills Godwin** (Republican) 50.72%
Henry Howell (Independent) 49.28%
 |

## InfoBox

1973 United States gubernatorial elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  2 governorships | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic Republican  Seats before **31** 19  Seats after **32** 18  Seat change 1 1  Seats up 0 **2**  Seats won 1 1 | |
| ---  Republican hold   Democratic gain | |


title: 15460 Manca

abstract: 15460 Manca, provisional designation 1998 YD10, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 25 December 1998, by Italian astronomers Andrea Boattini and Luciano Tesi at Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory in San Marcello Pistoiese, central Italy. It was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca.

text:
# 15460 Manca

**15460 Manca**, provisional designation 1998 YD10, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.

The asteroid was discovered on 25 December 1998, by Italian astronomers Andrea Boattini and Luciano Tesi at Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory in San Marcello Pistoiese, central Italy. It was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca.

## Orbit and classification

*Manca* belongs to the Koronis family, a family of stony asteroids in the outer main-belt with nearly ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,810 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3 with respect to the ecliptic.

The asteroid's observation arc begins 48 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in March 1950.

## Physical characteristics

*Manca* has also been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey.

### Rotation period

In August 2012, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for *Manca* from photometric observations made at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. It gave it a rotation period of 7.2723 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Manca* measures 5.35 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.295. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a stony standard albedo for members of the Koronis family of 0.24, and calculates a diameter of 5.17 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.6.

## Naming

This minor planet was named for Italian amateur astronomer Francesco Manca (born 1966), member of the "Gruppo Astrofili Brianza" and an active observer of near-Earth objects, and potentially hazardous asteroids in particular, at Sormano Astronomical Observatory in northern Italy. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 (M.P.C. 41388).

## InfoBox

15460 Manca
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | A. Boattini
L. Tesi |
| Discovery site | San Marcello Pistoiese Obs. |
| Discovery date | 25 December 1998 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (15460) Manca |
| Named after | Francesco Manca
(Italian astronomer) |
| Alternative designations | 1998 YD10 **·** 1994 ET1 |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** Koronis |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 66.30 yr (24,216 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.1671 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.6460 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.9065 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0896 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.96 yr (1,810 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 316.30 |
| Mean motion | 0° 11m 56.04s / day |
| Inclination | 3.2872° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 92.423° |
| Argument of perihelion | 320.81° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 5.17 km (calculated)
5.354±0.315 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 7.2723±0.0209 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.24 (assumed)
0.2949±0.0586
0.295±0.059 |
| Spectral type | **·** |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.97±0.29 **·** 13.3 **·** 13.6 **·** 14.114±0.005 (S) |
|  | |


abstract: The women's 5000 metres event at the 1997 Summer Universiade was held at the Stadio Cibali in Catania, Italy on 26 August.

text:
# Athletics at the 1997 Summer Universiade – Women's 5000 metres

The **women's 5000 metres** event at the **1997 Summer Universiade** was held at the Stadio Cibali in Catania, Italy on 26 August.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nnenna Lynch | United States | 15:47.61 |  |
|  | Lori Durward | Canada | 15:48.68 |  |
|  | Sarah Howell | Canada | 15:49.96 |  |
| 4 | Cristina Iloc | Romania | 15:52.43 |  |
| 5 | Kristin Ihle | United States | 16:03.73 |  |
| 6 | Miwako Yamanaka | Japan | 16:07.38 |  |
| 7 | Melissa Moon | New Zealand | 16:13.06 |  |
| 8 | Stine Larsen | Norway | 16:15.95 |  |
| 9 | Sunita Rani | India | 16:21.59 |  |
| 10 | Maggie Chan Man Yee | Hong Kong | 16:51.73 |  |
| 11 | Khadija Karaoui | Morocco | 16:58.57 |  |
| 12 | Margaret Awuma | Uganda | 17:35.02 |  |
| 13 | Svetlana Svekla | Moldova | 17:42.97 |  |
| 14 | Essalha Anibi | Morocco | 17:51.61 |  |
|  | Mari Sotani | Japan | DNF |  |


# 1999 Nigerian Senate elections in Niger State

The 1999 Nigerian Senate election in Niger State was held on February 20, 1999, to elect members of the Nigerian Senate to represent Niger State. Ibrahim Kuta representing Niger East, Isa Mohammed Bagudu representing Niger South and Nuhu Aliyu Labbo representing Niger North all won on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party.

## Overview

| Affiliation | Party | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  | |
| | PDP | AD | |
| Before Election |  |  | 3 |
| After Election | 3 | 0 | 3 |
|

## Summary

| District | Incumbent | Party | | Elected Senator | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Niger East |  |  |  | Ibrahim Kuta |  | PDP |
| Niger South |  |  |  | Isa Mohammed Bagudu |  | PDP |
| Niger North |  |  |  | Nuhu Aliyu Labbo |  | PDP |

## Results

### Niger East

The election was won by Ibrahim Kuta of the Peoples Democratic Party.

1999 Nigerian Senate election in Niger State
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **PDP** | **Ibrahim Kuta** |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | PDP **hold** | | | |

### Niger South

The election was won by Isa Mohammed Bagudu of the Peoples Democratic Party.

1999 Nigerian Senate election in Niger State
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **PDP** | **Isa Mohammed Bagudu** |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | PDP **hold** | | | |

### Niger North

The election was won by Nuhu Aliyu Labbo of the Peoples Democratic Party.

1999 Nigerian Senate election in Niger State
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **PDP** | **Nuhu Aliyu Labbo** |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | PDP **hold** | | | |


abstract: The individual eventing was an equestrian event held as part of the Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics programme. The event was held from 16 to 19 October.

text:
# Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing

The **individual eventing** was an equestrian event held as part of the Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics programme. The event was held from 16 to 19 October.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mauro Checcoli on Surbean
Italy | Carlos Moratorio on Chalan
Argentina | Fritz Ligges on Donkosak
United Team of Germany |

## Results

There was a dressage test, an endurance test, and a jumping test. The penalties accrued in each were summed to give a final score. It was possible to earn negative penalties in the endurance test; thus, some pairs finished with a negative score.

|  | Mauro Checcoli on Surbean (ITA) | 54.00 | -118.4 | 0.00 | **-64.40** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Carlos Moratorio on Chalan (ARG) | 42.00 | -98.4 | 0.00 | **-56.40** |
|  | Fritz Ligges on Donkosak (EUA) | 32.00 | -91.2 | 10.00 | **-49.20** |
| 4. | Michael Page on The Grasshopper (USA) | 43.00 | -90.4 | 0.00 | **-47.40** |
| 5. | Anthony Cameron on Black Salmon (IRL) | 70.67 | -117.2 | 0.00 | **-46.53** |
| 6. | Horst Karsten on Condora (EUA) | 49.00 | -95.6 | 10.00 | **-36.60** |
| 7. | Bill Roycroft on El Dorado (AUS) | 65.00 | -97.2 | 0.00 | **-32.20** |
| 8. | Richard Meade on Barberry (GBR) | 52.67 | -118.4 | 36.00 | **-29.73** |
| 9. | Reuben Jones on Master Bernard (GBR) | 35.00 | -91.2 | 30.00 | **-26.20** |
| 10. | German Gazyumov on Gran (URS) | 57.33 | -80.8 | 0.00 | **-23.47** |
| 11. | Paolo Angioni on King (ITA) | 65.33 | -103.2 | 20.00 | **-17.87** |
| 12. | Kevin Freeman on Gallopade (USA) | 69.67 | -96.8 | 10.00 | **-17.13** |
| 13. | Brien Cobcroft on Stony Crossing (AUS) | 100.00 | -118.4 | 10.00 | **-8.40** |
| 14. | Giusepye Ravano on Royal Love (ITA) | 69.67 | -73.2 | 0.00 | **-3.53** |
| 15. | Michael Plumb on Bold Minstrel (USA) | 42.67 | -44.0 | 0.00 | **-1.33** |
| 16. | Thomas Brennan on Kilkenny (IRL) | 57.67 | -58.0 | 0.00 | **-1.13** |
| 17. | Elvio Flores on Legitima (ARG) | 68.33 | -75.6 | 10.00 | **2.73** |
| 18. | John Harty on San Michele (IRL) | 84.00 | -99.2 | 20.00 | **4.80** |
| 19. | Boris Konkov on Rumb (URS) | 63.67 | -53.2 | 0.50 | **10.97** |
| 20. | Gerhard Schulz on Balza X (EUA) | 60.67 | -51.6 | 20.00 | **29.07** |
| 21. | Pavel Deyev on Satrap (URS) | 61.33 | -69.2 | 40.00 | **32.13** |
| 22. | José González on Condor (MEX) | 66.00 | -69.6 | 40.00 | **36.40** |
| 23. | J. L. J. le Goff on Leopard (FRA) | 52.67 | -54.8 | 40.00 | **37.87** |
| 24. | Jean de Croutte de Saint Martin on Mon Clos (FRA) | 62.67 | -34.2 | 10.00 | **38.47** |
| 25. | Karl-Heinz Fuhrmann on Mohamet (EUA) | 58.00 | -38.0 | 30.00 | **50.00** |
| 26. | Saibattal Mursalimov on Dzhigit (URS) | 50.67 | -6.8 | 10.00 | **53.87** |
| 27. | Hugues Landon on Laurier (FRA) | 50.33 | -2.8 | 10.00 | **57.53** |
| 28. | Harry Freeman on St. Finbarr (IRL) | 52.33 | 16.4 | 0.00 | **68.73** |
| 29. | Juan Gesualdi on Morrina (ARG) | 61.67 | 6.8 | 20.00 | **88.47** |
| 30. | John Kelly on Brigalow (AUS) | 64.67 | 13.2 | 30.00 | **107.84** |
| 31. | Eduardo Higareda on Engano (MEX) | 61.67 | 88.0 | 10.00 | **159.67** |
| 32. | M. Mendivil on Xihuilt (MEX) | 69.67 | 108.4 | 0.00 | **178.07** |
| 33. | Lana du Pont on Mr. Wister (USA) | 52.33 | 141.6 | 30.00 | **223.93** |
| 34. | Mikio Chiba on Mauta (JPN) | 63.67 | 174.8 | 30.00 | **268.47** |
|  | Neale Lavis on Mirrabooka (AUS) | 58.33 | -15.2 |  | *43.13* (DNF) |
| | Alessandro Argenton on Scottie (ITA) | 59.67 | 65.2 |  | *124.87* (DNF) |
| | Julio Henri on Imperioso (ARG) | 60.33 | 113.8 |  | *174.13* (DNF) |
| | James Templer on M'Lord Connolly (GBR) | 42.67 |  |  | *42.67* (DNF) |
| | Michael Bullen on Sea Breeze (GBR) | 54.33 |  |  | *54.33* (DNF) |
| | Jehan LeRoy on Garden (FRA) | 56.67 |  |  | *56.67* (DNF) |
| | Joaquín Madrigal on Principiante (MEX) | 69.33 |  |  | *69.33* (DNF) |
| | Masanori Katsumoto on Eiten (JPN) | 72.00 |  |  | *72.00* (DNF) |
| | Masaki Matsudaira on Nippo (JPN) | 73.33 |  |  | *73.33* (DNF) |
| | Rikutoshi Maeda on Hogetsu (JPN) | 76.00 |  |  | *76.00* (DNF) |
| | Jo Hyeong-won on General (KOR) | 81.00 |  |  | *81.00* (DNF) |
| | Seo Myeong-won on Marshall (KOR) | 84.33 |  |  | *84.33* (DNF) |
| | Kim Yeong-ro on Mudgeogongah (KOR) | 86.67 |  |  | *86.67* (DNF) |
| | Kim Mun-sik on Silver Moon Light (KOR) | 91.17 |  |  | *91.17* (DNF) |

## Sources

* Tokyo Organizing Committee (1964). *The Games of the XVIII Olympiad: Tokyo 1964, vol. 2*.

## InfoBox

| Individual eventing
at the Games of the XVIII Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Karuizawa Equestrian Venue |
| Date | 16–19 October |
| Competitors | 48 from 12 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Mauro Checcoli  Italy  Carlos Moratorio  Argentina  Fritz Ligges  United Team of Germany | |
|


title: 1952–53 Dumbarton F.C. season

abstract: The 1952–53 season was the 69th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level, entering the Scottish Football League, the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup. In addition Dumbarton competed in the Stirlingshire Cup.

text:
# 1952–53 Dumbarton F.C. season

The **1952–53** season was the 69th Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at national level, entering the Scottish Football League, the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup. In addition Dumbarton competed in the Stirlingshire Cup.

## Scottish League

An uncharacteristic good start to the league campaign saw 5 points taken from the first 3 games, but this form was unable to be maintained and Dumbarton finished in a mid-table 10th place, 16 behind champions Stirling Albion.

| 6 September 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **1-0** | **Albion Rovers** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irwin  (pen) |  |  | Attendance: 3,500
Referee: W Brittle |

| 13 September 1952 Division B | **Dunfermline Athletic** | **2-2** | **Dumbarton** | East End Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Muir
McHale |  | Malloch  22' | Attendance: 4,000
Referee: D Gerrard |

| 20 September 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **2-1** | **Queen's Park** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Finnnie  15'
McCaffrey |  | Black | Attendance: 4,000
Referee: R Davidson |

| 27 September 1952 Division B | **Ayr United** | **5-0** | **Dumbarton** | Somerset Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Fraser,J  44'
Beattie  56'
Robertson
Housley |  |  | Attendance: 7,000
Referee: J Jackson |

| 4 October 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **2-1** | **Forfar Athletic** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irwin  31', 44' |  | Brown  57' | Referee: J Boyd |

| 11 October 1952 Division B | **Morton** | **6-1** | **Dumbarton** | Cappielow Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Hannigan  27', 40', 75', 87'
Garth
Linwood  64' |  | Irwin  5' (pen) | Attendance: 5,000
Referee: W Bowman |

| 18 October 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **1-3** | **Dundee United** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Frame  11' |  | Quinn  1' | Attendance: 2,500
Referee: R Smith |

| 25 October 1952 Division B | **Alloa Athletic** | **4-1** | **Dumbarton** | Recreation Park, Alloa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Wilson  15'
Cunningham  41' |  | Finnie  14' | Referee: W Crossley |

| 1 November 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **5-5** | **Arbroath** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Malloch  12'
Gibbons |  | Friel  1'
Gallacher  35'
Bennett
McBain | Attendance: 2,000
Referee: J Barclay |

| 8 November 1952 Division B | **Kilmarnock** | **2-1** | **Dumbarton** | Rugby Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ferguson  16' (OG)
Mays |  | Frame | Referee: R Yacamini |

| 15 November 1952 Division B | **Hamilton** | **3-1** | **Dumbarton** | Douglas Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rae  9'
Cunning  44' |  | Tait | Referee: P Fitzpatrick |

| 22 November 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **4-0** | **Cowdenbeath** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Malloch  11'
Shaw  20' (pen)
Donegan
Frame |  |  | Attendance: 2,000
Referee: J Barclay |

| 29 November 1952 Division B | **St Johnstone** | **3-2** | **Dumbarton** | Muirton Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Andrew  23'
Davies
Bryden |  | McCaffrey  45'
Tait | Referee: S Hilton |

| 6 December 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **1-0** | **Stenhousemuir** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irwin  (pen) |  |  | Referee: W Bowman |

| 13 December 1952 Division B | **Stirling Albion** | **2-1** | **Dumbarton** | Annfield Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Henderson  39'
Smith  60' |  | Finnie  29' | Attendance: 5,500
Referee: D Graham |

| 20 December 1952 Division B | **Albion Rovers** | **3-1** | **Dumbarton** | Cliftonhill Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irwin  12' (OG)
Orr  61', 74' |  | Malloch | Referee: J Mowat |

| 27 December 1952 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **1-1** | **Dunfermline Athletic** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McCaffrey  21' |  | Muir  42' | Referee: J Boyd |

| 1 January 1953 Division B | **Queen's Park** | **1-0** | **Dumbarton** | Hampden Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ward  63' |  |  | Referee: R Davidson |

| 3 January 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **2-2** | **Ayr United** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Swan  55'
Shaw  (pen) |  | Fraser  13'
Beattie  15' | Referee: J Crossley |

| 10 January 1953 Division B | **Forfar Athletic** | **5-2** | **Dumbarton** | Station Park, Forfar |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Stockdale  12'
McKenzie
Cunningham
Currie |  | Donegan
Shaw  (pen) | Referee: W Brittle |

| 17 January 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **4-2** | **Morton** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Shaw  (pen)
Malloch  60'
Donegan  89' |  | Gourlay
Quinn  (pen) | Referee: D McKerchar |

| 31 January 1953 Division B | **Dundee United** | **2-3** | **Dumbarton** | Tannadice Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Morrison  25'
Dunsmore  35' |  | Irwin
Malloch | Attendance: 15,000
Referee: T Barclay |

| 14 February 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **4-2** | **Alloa Athletic** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Donegan  24'}
Malloch
McCaffrey |  | Cunningham  11'
Newman  50' | Referee: T Barclay |

| 21 February 1953 Division B | **Arbroath** | **2-1** | **Dumbarton** | Gayfield Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Gallacher  7'
Gray  54' (pen) |  | Scott | Referee: R Yacamini |

| 28 February 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **4-2** | **Kilmarnock** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Shaw  6'
Scott }
Maxwell
Bell,T |  | Mayes
Harvie  45' | Referee: W Bowman |

| 7 March 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **1-2** | **Hamilton** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McCaffrey |  | Rae  40'
Cunning | Referee: D Graham |

| 14 March 1953 Division B | **Cowdenbeath** | **2-2** | **Dumbarton** | Central Park, Cowdenbeath |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Peat  53' |  | McCaffrey  35', 56' | Attendance: 2,000
Referee: D Gerrard |

| 21 March 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **2-2** | **St Johnstone** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Woodcock  (OG)
Malloch |  | Bryden  42'
Gilroy  47' | Referee: J Jackson |

| 28 March 1953 Division B | **Stenhousemuir** | **1-2** | **Dumbarton** | Ochilview Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Silcock  42' |  | Malloch | Referee: J Bissett |

| 4 April 1953 Division B | **Dumbarton** | **4-1** | **Stirling Albion** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Malloch  3', 50', 60'
Finnie  83' |  | Chalmers  77' | Referee: S Hilton |

## Scottish Cup

In the Scottish Cup, there was a quick exit at the first hurdle with Dumbarton losing to Cowdenbeath.

| 24 January 1953 Round 1 | **Dumbarton** | **1–3** | **Cowdenbeath** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Shaw  31' (pen) |  | McGeachie  42'
Thomson | Attendance: 6,000 |

## Scottish League Cup

Despite an unbeaten home record in the League Cup sectional games, with two wins and a draw - three away defeats, including a 1-11 thrashing by Ayr United (matching Dumbarton's heaviest defeat recorded in the 1925-26 season) ensured that Dumbarton finished 3rd of 4, resulting in no further progress in this competition.

| 9 August 1952 Section 6 | **Dumbarton** | **3–1** | **Dundee United** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Finnie  26'
Swan  49' (OG)
Donegan  82' |  | McKay  56' | Attendance: 3,000
Referee: J Aitken |

| 13 August 1952 Section 6 | **Ayr United** | **11–1** | **Dumbarton** | Somerset Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Japp  3', 35', 80'
Fraser  15', 16'
Robertson  46'
McKenna
Hutton  (pen) |  | Donegan | Referee: R Smith |

| 16 August 1952 Section 6 | **Stirling Albion** | **3–0** | **Dumbarton** | Annfield Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McFarlane  25'
Dick  56' 88' |  |  | Attendance: 7,000
Referee: R Yacamini |

| 23 August 1952 Section 6 | **Dundee United** | **1–0** | **Dumbarton** | Tannadice Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Irvine  1' |  |  | Attendance: 7,000
Referee: D McKerchar |

| 27 August 1952 Section 6 | **Dumbarton** | **1–1** | **Ayr United** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Finnie  57' |  | Hutton  36' | Attendance: 3,000 |

| 30 August 1952 Section 6 | **Dumbarton** | **2–1** | **Stirling Albion** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Malloch  63'
Irwin  68' |  | Anderson  23' | Referee: R Davidson |

## Stirlingshire Cup

However, silverware was achieved, with a first win in the Stirlingshire Cup, where Dumbarton defeated East Stirling in the final.

| 25 April 1953 Semi Final | **Dumbarton** | **2–2** | **Alloa Athletic** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Scott  30'
Malloch  40' |  |
 | Referee: W Brittle |

| 28 April 1953 Semi Final Replay | **Alloa Athletic** | **1–4** | **Dumbarton** | Recreation Park, Alloa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Lynch  (pen) |  | Malloch
Scott
Frame |  |

| 9 May 1953 Final | **Dumbarton** | **3–1** | **East Stirling** | Brockville Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Finnie  20', 24'
 |  | Hailstones  15' | Referee: J Boyd |

## Friendlies

| 10 September 1952 Friendly | **Dumbarton** | **0–2** | **Celtic XI** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Newman
Hepburn | Attendance: 4,000
Referee: W Brittle |

| 2 December 1952 Friendly | **Rangers XI** | **0–1** | **Dumbarton** | Ibrox Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Tait  55' | Attendance: 12,000
Referee: R Deas |

| 4 February 1953 Friendly | **Dumbarton** | **2–0** | **Rangers XI** | Boghead Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | McCaffrey
Irwin |  |  |  |

## Player statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | B Division | | Scottish Cup | | League Cup | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | GK | SCO | Wallace Murdoch | 30 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | GK | SCO | George Paton | 7 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Danny Bell | 14 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Jack Cameron | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | George Ferguson | 33 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | DF | SCO | Jack McNee | 16 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Tommy Irwin | 27 | 8 | 23 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
|  | MF | SCO | Don McDonald | 18 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Hugh Shaw | 37 | 6 | 30 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Andy Tait | 31 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | MF | SCO | Jimmy Whyte | 31 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Tommy Bell | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Tom Donegan | 24 | 7 | 17 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jim Finnie | 21 | 6 | 15 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jimmy Frame | 11 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | W Gaston | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | John Gibbons | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | John Glover | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jackie Malloch | 31 | 8 | 24 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jim Maxwell | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Gerry McCaffrey | 33 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jimmy Scott | 20 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jackie Swan | 10 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Jimmy Wilson | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | FW | SCO | Trialist | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

Source:

### Transfers

Source:

## Reserve team

Dumbarton only played one competitive 'reserve' fixture - in the Second XI Cup - but lost in the first round to St Mirren.

## InfoBox

Dumbarton
| 1952–1953 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | William Irvine |
| Stadium | Boghead Park, Dumbarton |
| Scottish League B Division | 10th |
| Scottish Cup | First Round |
| Scottish League Cup | Prelims |
| Top goalscorer | League: Jackie Malloch (17)
All: Jackie Malloch (18) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 2002 Connecticut gubernatorial election

abstract: The 2002 Connecticut gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Republican governor John G. Rowland won reelection to a third consecutive term, defeating Democrat Bill Curry. Rowland became the first Connecticut Governor to win a third term in office, but did not finish his term, resigning in 2004 due to allegations of corruption. Despite losing this election, as of 2022, Curry is the last Democratic gubernatorial candidate to carry Windham County.

text:
# 2002 Connecticut gubernatorial election

The **2002 Connecticut gubernatorial election** took place on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Republican governor John G. Rowland won reelection to a third consecutive term, defeating Democrat Bill Curry. Rowland became the first Connecticut Governor to win a third term in office, but did not finish his term, resigning in 2004 due to allegations of corruption. Despite losing this election, as of 2022, Curry is the last Democratic gubernatorial candidate to carry Windham County.

## General election

### Candidates

#### Democratic

#### Republican

* John G. Rowland, incumbent governor of Connecticut
    + Running mate: Jodi Rell, incumbent lieutenant governor of Connecticut

### Predictions

| Source | Ranking | As of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The Cook Political Report | Likely R | October 31, 2002 |
| Sabato's Crystal Ball | Likely R | November 4, 2002 |

### Results

2002 Connecticut gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John G. Rowland (incumbent)** | **573,958** | **56.1%** |
|  | Democratic | Bill Curry | 448,984 | 43.9% |
|  | Write-in | | 56 | 0.0% |
| Total votes | | | **1,022,998** | **100.0%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

## InfoBox

2002 Connecticut gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 51.2% |
| Nominee **John G. Rowland** Bill Curry   Party Republican Democratic  Running mate **Jodi Rell** George Jepsen  Popular vote **573,958** 448,984  Percentage **56.1%** 43.9% | |
| ---  **Rowland:**      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%
**Curry:**      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
John G. Rowland
Republican **Elected Governor**
John G. Rowland
Republican | |


title: 1971 in Ireland

abstract: Events in the year 1971 in Ireland.

text:
# 1971 in Ireland

Events in the year **1971 in Ireland**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Arts and literature

## Sports

All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: Offaly 1–14 Galway 2–8

All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: Tipperary 5–17 Kilkenny 5–14

## Births

Full date unknown

## Deaths

## InfoBox

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| See also: | 1971 in Northern Ireland
Other events of 1971
List of years in Ireland |