title: Dye-sublimation printing

abstract: Dye-sublimation printing is a term that covers several distinct digital computer printing techniques that involve using heat to transfer dye onto a substrate. The sublimation name was first applied because the dye was thought to make the transition between the solid and gas states without going through a liquid stage. This understanding of the process was later shown to be incorrect, as there is some liquefication of the dye. Since then, the process has become properly known as dye diffusion, though this technically correct term has not supplanted the original name. Historically, "dye sublimation" referred to page printers that use a thermal printhead to transfer dye from a ribbon directly onto the print media via sublimation. While it originally was used in creating prepress proofs, today this technology survives in ID card printers and dedicated photo printers, often under the name dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2). The term was later also applied to the indirect sublimation transfer printing process, which uses a standard ink-jet printer to deposit sublimation-capable ink onto a transfer sheet. The printed transfer sheet is then pressed with the substrate with heat, transferring the dye to the substrate, such as plastic or fabric, via sublimation. Thus, this process is indirect, since the final substrate does not pass through the printer, and the sublimation step occurs separately. The term direct dye sublimation is sometimes applied to a variant of digital textile printing using dye-sublimation inks printed directly onto fabric, which must then be heated to set the dyes, without the use of a transfer sheet.

text:
# Dye-sublimation printing

**Dye-sublimation printing** (or **dye-sub printing**) is a term that covers several distinct digital computer printing techniques that involve using heat to transfer dye onto a substrate.

The sublimation name was first applied because the dye was thought to make the transition between the solid and gas states without going through a liquid stage. This understanding of the process was later shown to be incorrect, as there is some liquefication of the dye. Since then, the process has become properly known as **dye diffusion**, though this technically correct term has not supplanted the original name.

Historically, "dye sublimation" referred to page printers that use a thermal printhead to transfer dye from a ribbon directly onto the print media via sublimation. While it originally was used in creating prepress proofs, today this technology survives in ID card printers and dedicated photo printers, often under the name **dye diffusion thermal transfer** (D2T2).

The term was later also applied to the indirect **sublimation transfer printing** process, which uses a standard ink-jet printer to deposit sublimation-capable ink onto a transfer sheet. The printed transfer sheet is then pressed with the substrate with heat, transferring the dye to the substrate, such as plastic or fabric, via sublimation. Thus, this process is *indirect*, since the final substrate does not pass through the printer, and the sublimation step occurs separately.

The term **direct dye sublimation** is sometimes applied to a variant of digital textile printing using dye-sublimation inks printed directly onto fabric, which must then be heated to set the dyes, *without* the use of a transfer sheet.

## Dye-sublimation page printing

### Process

Using a mechanism which is a variant of the thermal-transfer printer, the most common direct process lays down one color at a time, the dye being stored on a polyester ribbon that has each color on a separate panel. Each colored panel is the size of the medium that is being printed on; for example, a 4x6 in (10x15cm) dye-sub printer would have four 4x6 in (10x15cm) panels.

During the printing cycle, the printer rollers will move the medium and one of the colored panels together under a thermal printing head, which is usually the same width as the shorter dimension of the print medium. Tiny heating elements on the head change temperature rapidly, laying different amounts of dye depending on the amount of heat applied. Some of the dye diffuses into the printing medium.

After the printer finishes printing the medium in one color, it advances the ribbon to the next color panel and partially ejects the medium from the printer to prepare for the next cycle. The entire process is repeated four or five times in total: the first three lay the colors onto the medium to form a complete image; there may or may not then be a (wax ink) black thermal transfer process; the last pass lays the laminate over top. This layer protects the dyes from UV light and moisture.

For ID card printing, sharp text and bar codes are necessary, and they are printed by means of an additional wax-based black panel on the (YMCKO) ribbon. This extra panel works by thermal transfer printing instead of dye diffusion: a whole layer, instead of just some of the dye in the layer, transfers from the ribbon to the substrate at the pixels defined by the thermal head.

### Applications

#### Industrial and Commercial Settings

Previously, the use of dye-sub printing was limited to industrial or high-end commercial printing. Dye-sub photo printing has been used in medical imaging, graphic arts proofing, security, and broadcast-related applications.

#### Rising Popularity: Dye-Sublimation in Event Photography

Today, it is extremely popular in event photography and photo booths or kiosks that require high-speed, on-demand printing.

#### Affordable Dye-Sublimation: Home Consumers and Postcard-Sized

Alps Electric produced the first quality dye-sub printers for home consumers in the $500–$1,000 price range, bringing dye-sublimation technology within the reach of a wider audience. (These models were, however, not true page printers, since they used a narrow printhead that swept across the page, like most inkjet printers.) Now there are many dye-sublimation printers on the market starting from as low as $100, especially postcard-sized mobile photo printers.

#### ID Photography and Card Printing

The ability to produce instant photo prints inexpensively from a small printer has led to dye sublimation solutions supplanting traditional instant photos in some applications, such as ID photography with a card printer.

#### Desktop and Photo booth Applications

Several corporations market desktop-size units as stand-alone printers and for print kiosk and photo booth applications. Some of these units are based on generic printers. Some manufacturers, offer software development kits with their printers, suggesting that these companies hope to attract system integrators as a potential market.

#### Event Photography: Immediate Lab-Quality Prints

Desktop-size standalone dye-sub photo printers are also used by photographers in event photography. The technology allows photographers to produce and sell lab-quality prints immediately during the event they are attending, with a minimal amount of hardware.

As dye-sublimation page printers utilize heat to transfer the dye onto the print media, the printing speed is limited by the speed at which the elements on the thermal head can change temperature. Heating the elements is easy, as a strong electric current can raise the temperature of an element very quickly. However, cooling the elements down, when changing from a darker to a lighter color, is harder and usually involves having a fan/heatsink assembly attached to the print head. The use of multiple heads can also speed up this process since one head can cool down while another is printing. Although print times vary among different dye-sublimation printers, a typical consumer dye-sub printer can print a 4x6 in (10x15cm) photo in 45–90 seconds. More heavy-duty printers can print much faster; for example, a Sinfonia Colorstream S2 dye-sublimation printer can print a 4x6 in (10x15cm) photo in as little as 6.8 seconds, and a Mitsubishi CP-D707DW is known to have a faster print of under 6 seconds for similar size. In all cases, the finished print is completely dry once it emerges from the printer.

### Comparison with inkjet printing

Traditionally, the advantage of dye-sublimation printing has been the fact that it is a continuous-tone technology, where each dot can be any color. In contrast, inkjet printers can vary the location and size of ink droplets, a process called dithering, but each drop of ink is limited to the colors of the inks installed. Consequently, a dye-sublimation printer produces true continuous tones appearing much like a chemical photograph. An inkjet print is composed of droplets of ink layered and scattered to simulate continuous tones, but under magnification, the individual droplets can be seen. In the early days of inkjet printing, the large droplets and low resolution made inkjet prints significantly inferior to dye-sublimation, but many of today's inkjets produce extremely high-quality prints using microscopic droplets and supplementary ink colors, producing superior color fidelity and sharpness to dye-sublimation.

Dye sublimation offers some advantages over inkjet printing. For one, the prints are dry and ready to handle as soon as they exit the printer. Since the thermal head does not have to sweep back and forth over the print media, there are fewer moving parts that can break down. The whole printing cycle is extremely clean as there are no liquid inks to clean up. These factors make dye-sublimation generally a more reliable technology than inkjet printing.

Dye-sublimation printers have some drawbacks compared to inkjet printers. Each of the colored panels of the ribbons, and the thermal head itself, must match the size of the media that is being printed on. Furthermore, only especially coated paper or specific plastics can accept the sublimated ink. This means that dye-sublimation printers cannot match the flexibility of inkjet printers in printing on a wide range of media.

The dyes diffuse a small amount before being absorbed by the media. Consequently, prints are not razor-sharp. For photographs, this produces very natural prints, but for other uses (such as graphic design) this slight blurriness is a disadvantage.

The amount of wasted dye per page is also very high; most of the dye in the four panels may be wasted for a typical print. Once a panel has been used, even to just print a single dot, the remaining dye on that panel cannot be reused for another print without leaving a blank spot where the dye was used previously. Due to the single-roll design of most printers, four panels of colored dye must be used for every print, whether or not a panel is needed for the print. Printing in monochrome saves nothing, and the three unused color panels for that page cannot be recycled for a different single-color print. Inkjet printers also suffer from 'dye wastage' as the ink cartridges are prone to drying up with low usage (without 'heavy use', the cartridge nozzles can become clogged with dried ink). Dye-sublimation media packs, which include both ribbon and paper, are rated for an exact number of prints which yields a fixed cost per print. This is in contrast to inkjet printers where inks are purchased by volume.

For environments that print confidential or secret documents, a dye-sublimation printer is a potential security risk that must be handled carefully. Due to the mechanism of printing, a perfect color-separated negative image of the printed page remains on the spent ribbon panels, and the "waste roll" of dye panels can be unrolled to see everything that has been printed with the printer. For such environments, the waste roll should be shredded or incinerated onsite rather than simply being discarded in the trash. Also, for home users, the waste roll from a photo printer can be similarly recovered from the garbage and used to see everything that has been printed. Since the supply roll is plastic, the lifespan of a used roll can be years or decades long, permitting image recovery long after disposal.

Also, dye-sublimation papers and ribbons are sensitive to skin oils, which interfere with the dye's ability to sublimate from the ribbon to the paper. They must also be free of dust particles, which can lead to small colored blobs appearing on the prints. Most dye-sublimation printers have filters and/or cleaning rollers to reduce the likelihood of this happening, and a speck of dust can only affect one print as it becomes attached to the print during the printing process. Finally, dye-sublimation printers fall short when producing neutral and toned black-and-white prints with higher density levels and virtually no metamerism or bronzing.

## Sublimation transfer printing

Sublimation transfer printing is a digital printing technology using full-color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Originally used for printing polyester fabrics, the process is now commonly also used for decorating apparel, signs, and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, mouse mats, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces.

The images are first printed onto coated heat-resistant transfer paper as a mirror-image of the final design, which is then transferred from the transfer sheet onto the substrate using a heat press.

Early large-format printers used for printing transfer paper were modified electrostatic plotters using toner, but now are generally large-format inkjet printers using special inks. For small-format printing, inkjet has also become the dominant technology, though special dye-sublimation transfer laser printers are also available.

In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press machine process that is a combination of time, temperature, and pressure. Different settings are used depending on the substrate. This application will transfer the sublimation dyes at the molecular level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees Fahrenheit / 175 degrees Celsius. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit / 195 to 215 degrees Celsius is normally recommended for optimal color.

The result of the sublimation transfer process is a nearly permanent, high-resolution, full-color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions. The fabric is permanently dyed so it can be washed without damaging the quality of the image. Advantages of dye-sublimation over other methods of textile printing: images are permanent and do not peel or fade, the dye does not build up on the fabric. Colors can be extraordinarily brilliant due to the bonding of the dye to the transparent fibers of the synthetic fabric, truly continuous tones can be achieved that are equivalent to photographs, without the use of special techniques such as half-screen printing, and the image can be printed all over the entire item, with no difficulty in printing all the way to the edges.

### Piezo inkjet transfer printing

There are two types of dye sublimation inks for piezo inkjet transfer printers available in the market. The most popular one is aqueous dye sublimation ink for use in both desktop and large format printers. The other is solvent dye sublimation ink that can be used in XAAR, Spectra, and some Konica printhead-wide format printers.

Due to the fast development of digital textile printing, dye sublimation inks are becoming more and more popular in digital inkjet printing on fabrics.

Print speeds for large-format piezo inkjet printers using aqueous dye sublimation ink continue to increase. Speeds range from 18 square meters per hour in a smaller 44 in wide printer to over 3,000 square meters per hour in a high-speed industrial textile printer.

## Direct dye-sublimation fabric printing

In this type of digital textile printing, an inkjet printer is used to print dye-sublimation inks directly onto the fabric. The fabric is then heated in an oven or on a calender to diffuse and set the dyes.

## InfoBox

| Woodblock printing | 200 |
| --- | --- |
| Movable type | 1040 |
| Intaglio (printmaking) | 1430 |
| Printing press | c.1440 |
| Etching | c.1515 |
| Mezzotint | 1642 |
| Relief printing | 1690 |
| Aquatint | 1772 |
| Lithography | 1796 |
| Chromolithography | 1837 |
| Rotary press | 1843 |
| Hectograph | 1860 |
| Offset printing | 1875 |
| Hot metal typesetting | 1884 |
| Mimeograph | 1885 |
| Daisy wheel printing | 1889 |
| Photostat and rectigraph | 1907 |
| Screen printing | 1911 |
| Spirit duplicator | 1923 |
| Dot matrix printing | 1925 |
| Xerography | 1938 |
| Spark printing | 1940 |
| Phototypesetting | 1949 |
| Inkjet printing | 1950 |
| Dye-sublimation | 1957 |
| Laser printing | 1969 |
| Thermal printing | c.1972 |
| Solid ink printing | 1972 |
| Thermal-transfer printing | 1981 |
| 3D printing | 1986 |
| Digital printing | 1991 |


title: Długie, Łódź East County

abstract: Długie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koluszki, within Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Koluszki and 28 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Długie, Łódź East County

**Długie** \[ˈdwuɡʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koluszki, within Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Koluszki and 28 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Długie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Długie | |
| Coordinates: 51°45′N 19°52′E / 51.750°N 19.867°E / 51.750; 19.867 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Łódź East |
| Gmina | Koluszki |


title: Allan Chase (writer)

abstract: Allan Chase (1913–1993) was an American writer and independent scholar. He was born in New York City in 1913.

text:
# Allan Chase (writer)

**Allan Chase** (1913–1993) was an American writer and independent scholar. He was born in New York City in 1913.

## Written works

In 1943 Chase published *Falange: The Axis Secret Army in the Americas*. The book was reviewed briefly for Foreign Affairs by Robert Gale Woolbert, describing it as documenting an "investigation into the pro-Axis activities of the Spanish Falange organization in Latin America and the Philippine Islands." Chase followed this with two novels, *The Five Arrows* (1944) and *Shadow of a Hero*(1949).

Later in his career, Chase turned to non-fiction with a three-book series. In 1971 Chase published *The Biological Imperatives: Health Politics and Human Survival*. The second book, *The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism*, was published in 1977. The third, *Magic Shots: A Human and Scientific Account of the Long and Continuing Struggle to Eradicated Infectious Diseases by Vaccination* was published in 1982.

*The Legacy of Malthus* documents "the function of scientific racism in American Life". Chase describes his book as "the first comprehensive account of scientific racism---its origins in the Industrial Revolution, its theorists, its propagandists, and its destructive effects on past and present American life." He introduces the book with Thomas Malthus, the 19th century British scholar whose simple and commonly questioned assertions about population growth and food supply inspired scholars throughout the 19th century. The book continues by describing the influence of Malthus on Social Darwinism and Eugenics, two discredited scientific theories that were prominent in the European Fascist and Nazi movements that fed into World War II, under the influence of American scientists. It goes on by asserting that scientific racism did not end with the end of the war, but continued in public attitudes and policies that are harder to track. George M. Fredrickson, who reviewed the book for *The* *New York Times,* wrote "this book should he read and read widely because of the way it thoroughly discredits the pernicious idea that most social problems are biological In origin." *The Legacy of Malthus* received the Cleveland Foundation's Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Nonfiction in 1978. The award recognizes "important contributions to our understanding of racism and human diversity".

In 1983 Chase published *The Truth about STD: The Old Ones-herpes and Other New Ones-The Primary Causes-the Available Cures*.

## Other work and senate testimony

On July 12, 1953, Chase testified before a private session of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, of the Committee on Government Operations, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy presiding. Chase was questioned on his service to the American Committee on Spanish Freedom and his brief membership in the Communist Party. The record of his testimony concludes with the committee agreeing to keep the testimony private, out of consideration for Chase's public reputation as an author.

Chase later worked in television. He wrote one episode of *77 Sunset Strip* (1960), writing as Allen Chasen. His credits also include an episode of *This Is The Life* (1961) and an episode of *The Defenders* (1964). Chase was co-creator and writer for three episodes of *Days of Our Lives.* (1965).

The University of Illinois maintains an archive of manuscripts and materials from Chase's work.

## InfoBox

| Allan Chase | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Allan Chase
1913 (1913)
New York, U.S. |
| Died | 1993 (aged 7980) |
| Awards | Cleveland Foundation's Anisfield-Wolf Book Award (1978), |


title: Allan Chapman (historian)

abstract: Allan Chapman FRAS is a British historian of science.

text:
# Allan Chapman (historian)

**Allan Chapman** FRAS (born 30 May 1946) is a British historian of science.

## Biography

Allan Chapman was born in Swinton, Lancashire, England and grew up in the Pendlebury and Clifton districts of the then Swinton and Pendlebury borough. Having attended the local Cromwell Road Secondary Modern School for Boys, Sefton Road, Pendlebury (1957–1962), he then gained his first degree from the University of Lancaster. Subsequently, he undertook a history of science DPhil at Wadham College, Oxford. He is a historian by training and his special interests are astronomy and scientific biography.

Chapman has been based at the University of Oxford for most of his career, as a member of the Faculty of History, based at Wadham College. He is an accomplished lecturer and public speaker (including as visiting professor at Gresham College in London). In January 1994, he delivered the Royal Society history of science Wilkins Lecture, on the subject of Edmund Halley.

He is also a television presenter, notably *Gods in the Sky*, covering astronomical religion in early civilisations, and *Great Scientists*, presenting the lives of five of the greatest thinkers. Not averse to other forms of television, he also participated in the TV quiz *University Challenge – The Professionals* as part of the Royal Astronomical Society team, broadcast in June–July 2006.

Chapman formerly taught the study abroad programme of Eurospring for Minnesota State University, Moorhead, Minnesota, USA and Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota, USA. This responsibility has since been handed off to BSU professor Pat Donnay.

He has written many books including biographies such as *England's Leonardo* on Robert Hooke.

Chapman is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. He is a founder member and president of the Society for the History of Astronomy (SHA). He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Central Lancashire in 2004. He is the Honorary President and a member of Salford Astronomical Society, Honorary President of Reading Astronomical Society, Honorary President of the Mexborough & Swinton Astronomical Society, Honorary President of Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) and Vice-President of the Newbury Astronomical Society. President of Preston and District Astronomical Society

## Selected bibliography

* *William Crabtree 1610–1644: Manchester's First Mathematician*, Allan Chapman. Manchester Statistical Society, 1996. ISBN 0-85336-132-0.
* *The Victorian Amateur Astronomer: Independent Astronomical Research in Britain, 1820–1920*, Allan Chapman. Praxis Publishing, Wiley-Praxis Series in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 1996. ISBN 0-471-96257-0. Second edition, Publisher, Gracewing. ISBN 978-0-8524-4544-0-100. 2017.
* *Astronomical Instruments and Their Users: Tycho Brahe to William Lassell*, Allan Chapman. Ashgate, Variorum Collected Studies, 1996. ISBN 0-86078-584-X.
* *Patrick Moore's Millennium Yearbook: The View from AD 1001*, Patrick Moore and Allan Chapman. Springer-Verlag, 1999. ISBN 1-85233-619-6.
* *Gods in the Sky: Astronomy from the Ancients to the Enlightenment*, Allan Chapman. Channel 4 Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7522-6164-9.
* *Mary Somerville: And the World of Science*, Allan Chapman. Canopus Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-9537868-4-6.
* *England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke and the Seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution*, Allan Chapman. Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-7503-0987-3.
* *Robert Hooke and the English Renaissance*, Allan Chapman and Paul Kent (editors). Gracewing, 2005. ISBN 0-85244-587-3.
* *Slaying the Dragons: Destroying Myths in the History of Science and Faith*, Allan Chapman. Lion Hudson, 2013. ISBN 978-0-7459-5583-4.
* *Physicians, Plagues and Progress: the History of Western Medicine from Antiquity to Antibiotics*, Allan Chapman. Lion Hudson, 2016. ISBN 978-0-7459-6895-7.

## InfoBox

| Allan Chapman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-05-30) 30 May 1946
Swinton, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Citizenship | British |
| Alma mater | Lancaster University
Wadham College, Oxford |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | History of science |
| Institutions | University of Oxford |
|  | |


title: Dysgonia leucogramma

abstract: Dysgonia leucogramma is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Dysgonia leucogramma

***Dysgonia leucogramma*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in New Guinea.

1. Poole, R. W. (1989). *Lepidopterorum Catalogus* (New Series) Fascicle 118, Noctuidae. Archived September 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-916846-45-9.

## InfoBox

| *Dysgonia leucogramma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Dysgonia* |
| Species: | ***D. leucogramma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dysgonia leucogramma***<br>(Hampson, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Parallelia leucogramma* Hampson, 1913 | |


title: Allora major

abstract: Allora major, the greater peacock awl, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found as several subspecies in New Guinea and adjacent islands, and on Cape York, Australia. The wingspan is about 40 mm for males and 50 mm for females. The larvae probably feed on Corynocarpus cribbianus.

text:
# Allora major

***Allora major***, the **greater peacock awl**, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found as several subspecies in New Guinea and adjacent islands, and on Cape York, Australia.

The wingspan is about 40 mm for males and 50 mm for females.

The larvae probably feed on *Corynocarpus cribbianus*.

## Subspecies

## InfoBox

| Greater peacock awl | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Allora* |
| Species: | ***A. major*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allora major***<br>(Rothschild, 1915) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hasora major* Rothschild, 1915 * *Hasora doleschallii major* Rothschild, 1915 | |


title: Allorbimorphus

abstract: Allorbimorphus is a genus of Isopoda parasites, in the family Bopyridae, containing the following species that can be found on the coasts of Australia, and Asia:

text:
# Allorbimorphus

**Allorbimorphus** is a genus of Isopoda parasites, in the family Bopyridae, containing the following species that can be found on the coasts of Australia, and Asia:

1. "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Allorbimorphus Bourdon, 1976". *www.marinespecies.org*. Retrieved 2020-02-14.

## InfoBox

| *Allorbimorphus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Crustacea |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Family: | Bopyridae |
| Genus: | ***Allorbimorphus***<br>Bourdon, 1976 |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Allorapisma

abstract: Allorapisma is an extinct genus of lacewing in the moth lacewings family Ithonidae. The genus is solely known from two Eocene fossils found in North America. At the time of description the genus was composed of a single species, Allorapisma chuorum.

text:
# Allorapisma

***Allorapisma*** is an extinct genus of lacewing in the moth lacewings family Ithonidae. The genus is solely known from two Eocene fossils found in North America. At the time of description the genus was composed of a single species, ***Allorapisma chuorum***.

## History and classification

*Allorapisma chuorum* is known only from two fossils, the part side of the holotype left fore-wing, specimen number SR 08-14-01, and the part side of a paratype right fore-wing, specimen number SRUI 08-04-01. Both the fossil are currently housed in the collections of the Stonerose Interpretive Center Republic, Washington, US. The specimens are preserved as compression fossils in silty yellow to grayish shale, which were recovered from outcrops of the Tom Thumb Tuff member of the Klondike Mountain Formation. The formation is approximately Early Eocene, Ypresian in age, being radiometrically dated as 49.4 million years old.

*Allorapisma* was first studied by the paleoentomologists Vladimir N. Makarkin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and S. Bruce Archibald from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. Their 2009 type description of the new genus and species was published in the online journal *Zootaxa*. The genus name *Allorapisma* was coined by the researchers as a combination of the moth lacewing type genus *Rapisma* and the Greek word *Allo* meaning "other", which is in reference to the similarity of the new genus to *Rapisma*. The specific epithet *chuorum* is honor of the Chu family from Kirkland, Washington who found the holotype and donated it to the Stonerose Interpretive Center.

Overall the vein structure of *Allorapisma* is most similar to the genus *Principiala*, known from Cretaceous fossils found in both Brazil and England. Following the Comstock–Needham system, the wings of both genera show the apical end of the Rs vein fused to the MA vein. Both have similar positioning and shaping of the MP vein and the CuA vein running parallel to the MP vein. As such, Makarkin and Archibald suggested the two be grouped in an informal suprageneric group called the *Principiala* group. This group is one of three possibly monophyletic groups in Ithonidae, the others two being the *Ithone* group and the *Rapisma* group. Before the merging of the families Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae in 2010, *Allorapisma* was the first Ithonidae fossil to be described from the Cenozoic.

## Description

The holotype and paratype are both composed of partially complete fore-wings, each of which is missing a sections of the lower wing edge. The preserved section of the holotype fore-wing is approximately 16 mm (0.63 in) long and 6.2–6.3 mm (0.24–0.25 in) wide. The paratype is slightly longer at 16.5 mm (0.65 in) and 6.3 mm (0.25 in) wide. The wings have a costal space that is wide, widening towards the wing base and narrowing towards the wing tip. The space between the R1 and Rs veins is notably larger than the subcostal space, while the costal space has several crossveins near the edge of the costal margin. The MA and MP veins are distinct in origins from each other, with the MA starting at the R vein, a character that is rare in Neuroptera.

## InfoBox

| *Allorapisma*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Allorapisma chuorum* holotype wing | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Ithonidae |
| Genus: | *Allorapisma*
Makarkin & Archibald, 2009 |
| Species: | ***A. chuorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allorapisma chuorum***
Makarkin & Archibald, 2009 | |
|


title: 1508 Kemi

abstract: 1508 Kemi, provisional designation 1938 UP, is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid and one of the largest Mars-crossers, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Heikki Alikoski at Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Finnish town of Kemi and the Kemi River.

text:
# 1508 Kemi

**1508 Kemi**, provisional designation 1938 UP, is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid and one of the largest Mars-crossers, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Heikki Alikoski at Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Finnish town of Kemi and the Kemi River.

## Discovery

*Kemi* was discovered on 21 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Heikki Alikoski at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory in Turku, Finland. It was independently discovered by Hungarian astronomer György Kulin at Konkoly Observatory near Budapest on 30 October 1938. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first identified as 1935 FA at Uccle Observatory in March 1935.

## Orbit and classification

*Kemi* is a Mars-crossing asteroid as it crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. Because of its high inclination, it has been grouped with the Pallas family (801), an asteroid family of bright carbonaceous asteroids, as well as with the "Phaethon group", despite its untypical spectrum.

It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–3.9 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,685 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 29 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in May 1935, more than 3 years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.

## Physical characteristics

In the SMASS classification, *Kemi* is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid. In the Tholen classification, the body's spectral type is ambiguous (BCF), closest to that of a bright carbonaceous B-type and somewhat similar to a C- and F-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

Several rotational lightcurves of *Kemi* have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s. Analysis of the lightcurves gave a consolidated rotation period of 9.196 hours with a brightness variation between of 0.25 and 0.55 magnitude (U=2/3/3/2).

### Poles

In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 9.19182 hours. It also determined two spin axis at (352.0°, 72.0°) and (166.0°, 73.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Kemi* measures between 15.78 and 17.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.084 and 0.11. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 21.86 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.03.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Finnish town of Kemi and the Kemi River (Kemijoki), the largest river in Finland, on which the town lies. The naming agrees with the established pattern of giving high-inclination asteroids four-letter names. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3928).

1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1508 Kemi (1938 UP)" (2017-01-09 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1508) Kemi". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1508) Kemi*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 120. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1509. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. "1508 Kemi (1938 UP)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
4. "LCDB Data for (1508) Kemi". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 18 October 2017.
5. Alí-Lagoa, V.; Delbo', M. (July 2017). "Sizes and albedos of Mars-crossing asteroids from WISE/NEOWISE data". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **603**: 8. arXiv:1705.10263. Bibcode:2017A&A...603A..55A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629917.
6. Alí-Lagoa, V.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Cañ; ada-Assandri, M.; Delbo', M.; et al. (June 2016). "Differences between the Pallas collisional family and similarly sized B-type asteroids". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **591**: 11. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..14A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527660. hdl:11336/63614. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
7. Alí-Lagoa, V.; de León, J.; Licandro, J.; Delbó, M.; Campins, H.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; et al. (June 2013). "Physical properties of B-type asteroids from WISE data". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **554**: 16. arXiv:1303.5487. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..71A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220680. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
8. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan*. **63** (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
9. Sárneczky, K.; Szabó, Gy.; Kiss, L. L. (June 1999). "CCD observations of 11 faint asteroids". *Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement*. **137** (2): 363–368. Bibcode:1999A&AS..137..363S. doi:10.1051/aas:1999251. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
10. Jamieson, Quentin; Klinglesmith, Daniel A. III (December 2004). "Period determination of asteroids 1508 Kemi and 5036 Tuttle". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **31** (4): 88–89. Bibcode:2004MPBu...31...88J. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
11. Hanus, J.; Durech, J.; Oszkiewicz, D. A.; Behrend, R.; Carry, B.; Delbo, M.; et al. (February 2016). "New and updated convex shape models of asteroids based on optical data from a large collaboration network". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **586**: 24. arXiv:1510.07422. Bibcode:2016A&A...586A.108H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527441.
12. Koff, Robert A. (September 2004). "Lightcurve photometry of asteroids 306, 1508, 3223, 3270 and 3712". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **31** (3): 58–60. Bibcode:2004MPBu...31...58K. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
13. Holliday, B. (December 1995). "Lightcurve Observations of Minor Planets 1508 Kemi and 2014 Vasilevskis". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **22**: 43. Bibcode:1995MPBu...22...43H. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
14. Novaković, Bojan; Cellino, Alberto; Knežević, Zoran (November 2011). "Families among high-inclination asteroids". *Icarus*. **216** (1): 69–81. arXiv:1108.3740. Bibcode:2011Icar..216...69N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.016.
15. Jenniskens, Peter; Vaubaillon, Jérémie; Binzel, Richard P.; DeMeo, Francesca E.; Nesvorný, David; Bottke, William F.; et al. (October 2010). "Almahata Sitta (=asteroid 2008 TC3) and the search for the ureilite parent body" (PDF). *Meteoritics and Planetary Science*. **45** (1590): 1590–1617. Bibcode:2010M&PS...45.1590J. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01153.x. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
16. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7.

## InfoBox

1508 Kemi
| Shape model of *Kemi* from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | H. Alikoski |
| Discovery site | Turku Obs. |
| Discovery date | 21 October 1938 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1508) Kemi |
| Named after | Kemi and Kemi River
(Finnish town and river) |
| Alternative designations | 1938 UP **·** 1935 FA
1938 UO |
| Minor planet category | Mars-crosser |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 81.79 yr (29,873 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.9264 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.6167 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.7716 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.4167 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.61 yr (1,685 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 354.04 |
| Mean motion | 0° 12m 48.96s / day |
| Inclination | 28.723° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 14.298° |
| Argument of perihelion | 92.892° |
| Mars MOID | 0.3966 AU |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 15.78±1.58 km
15.9±1.6 km
16±2 km
17.98±1.34 km
21.86 km (calculated) |
| Synodic rotation period | 9.15
9.19±0.05 h
9.19182±0.00005 h
9.196±0.001 h
11.36 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.057 (assumed)
0.084±0.013
0.109±0.022
0.11±0.02 |
| Spectral type | Tholen = BCF
SMASS =
B–V = 0.645
U–B = 0.249 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.03 |
|  | |


title: ESC Lille

abstract: ESC Lille is a French business school founded in 1892. It has two campuses, one in Lille and one in Paris. ESC Lille is EQUIS accredited by the EFMD and the Conference Of The Grandes Ecoles. In 2005, it was the first European business school to be accredited by Project Management Institute’s Global Accreditation Center for Project Management (GACPM), and is still the only PMI-accredited business school in France. In July 2009 the union of Ceram Business School and ESC Lille was announced. It will create the largest French business school in terms of student numbers. The new school, named Skema Business School, span three sites in France in Lille, Paris and Sophia Antipolis near Nice and three sites: in China (Suzhou) United States and Brazil. In May 2019 SKEMA Business School announced the opening of a new site in Cape Town and the possibility to enter in Russia and India.

text:
# ESC Lille

**ESC Lille** is a French business school founded in 1892. It has two campuses, one in Lille and one in Paris. ESC Lille is EQUIS accredited by the EFMD (European Foundation for Management Education) and the Conference Of The Grandes Ecoles. In 2005, it was the first European business school to be accredited by Project Management Institute’s Global Accreditation Center for Project Management (GACPM), and is still the only PMI-accredited business school in France. In July 2009 the union of Ceram Business School and ESC Lille was announced. It will create the largest French business school in terms of student numbers. The new school, named Skema Business School (**S**chool of **K**nowledge **E**conomy and **MA**nagement), span three sites in France in Lille, Paris and Sophia Antipolis near Nice and three sites: in China (Suzhou) United States (Raleigh, NC) and Brazil (Belo Orizonte).

In May 2019 SKEMA Business School announced the opening of a new site in Cape Town (South Africa) and the possibility to enter in Russia and India.

## Ranking

In 2009, the ESC Lille Grande Ecole Programme ranked 14th in the Financial Times ranking of European Masters in Management.

In 2008, the school was ranked #47 in the "European Business School ranking" of Financial Times.

1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2009-06-04.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. http://www.mba-channel.com/channel/article/esc-lilleceram-biggest-b-school-in-france/ MBA Channel: Merger in France

50°38′14″N 3°04′24″E / 50.63722°N 3.07333°E / 50.63722; 3.07333

## InfoBox

ESC Lille School of Management
| Motto | leadership, negotiation, responsibility, problem-solving, integrity, team spirit |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Grande Ecole |
| Established | 1892 |
| Undergraduates | 1800 |
| Postgraduates | 550 |
| Location | Paris-Lille, France |
| Affiliations | EQUIS |
| Website | www.esc-lille.com |


title: Aloe mottramiana

abstract: Aloe mottramiana is a species of aloe plant found near Taolagnaro in Madagascar.

text:
# Aloe mottramiana

***Aloe mottramiana*** is a species of aloe plant found near Taolagnaro in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Aloe mottramiana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *Aloe* |
| Species: | ***A. mottramiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aloe mottramiana***
J.-B.Castillon | |
|


title: Aloe mutabilis

abstract: Aloe mutabilis, commonly known as the blue krantz aloe is a species of aloe endemic to northern South Africa.

text:
# Aloe mutabilis

***Aloe mutabilis***, commonly known as the **blue krantz aloe** is a species of aloe endemic to northern South Africa.

## Range

The blue krantz aloe is found from the Strydpoort Mountains near Polokwane in Limpopo down to krantzes surrounding Johannesburg in Gauteng.

## Habitat

The blue krantz aloe is often found on steep, rocky cliff faces with its stems hanging down.

## Conservation status

As of 2019, it has been assessed as *Least Concern* by SANBI due to its widespread range and its preferred and isolated habitat of steep cliffs.

## InfoBox

| *Aloe mutabilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern (SANBI Red List) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *Aloe* |
| Species: | ***A. mutabilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aloe mutabilis***
Pillans | |
|


title: 1000hp

abstract: "1000hp" is the lead single and title track from Godsmack's studio album of the same name. It was released on June 9, 2014, and was made available for digital download on Amazon and iTunes on June 10. The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, making it the band's seventh number one single on the chart.

text:
# 1000hp

"**1000hp**" ("1000 Horse Power") is the lead single and title track from Godsmack's studio album of the same name. It was released on June 9, 2014, and was made available for digital download on Amazon and iTunes on June 10. The single reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, making it the band's seventh number one single on the chart.

## Writing

In an interview with the *Pulse of Radio*, and regarding how the single came together, lead singer Sully Erna revealed that it was written in about an hour, stating, "It's one of those songs that surprisingly came out and was written from back to front in, like, an hour. I started putting one thing together with the next, and then Shannon Larkin started jumping in and then we arranged the whole song, and literally within an hour, maybe 90 minutes, this whole song was written and it was one of the last songs that we wrote, and it ended up becoming the first single."

When interviewed by Full Metal Jackie, Erna offered additional details as how the single came to be, stating, "We had been working on stuff that we had on our own and brought in. I go, 'You know what? We haven’t wrote anything yet, I'm just going to write a song real quick before TC gets back from dinner.' Tony, kidding around, said, 'You should make it a real fast riff because he'll be right back.' So I started playing really fast and then all of a sudden, I was like, 'Hold on. I have something going here.' I started hearing the different movements in the chords and it just started to feel like it was coming together. Then all of a sudden, within 90 minutes the whole song kind of wrote itself."

## Title

In the same interview with the *Pulse of Radio*, Erna revealed that the working title for the single was "100,000 Horsepower", but he felt he needed to change it, explaining, "Actually, the original title I wanted to put on the song was '100,000 Horsepower'. But unfortunately, rhythmically, it was too many syllables and I couldn't make it fit the way I wanted to creatively, so I trimmed it back to '1000 Horsepower', which is still pretty fuckin' powerful, by the way."

## Track listing

Digital single

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "1000hp" | Lyrics: Sully Erna; Music: Sully Erna, Shannon Larkin, Robbie Merrill, Tony Rombola; | 3:47 |

## Music video

On August 12, the music video for *1000hp* premiered on Shazam, a commercial smartphone-based music identification service. One day later, it premiered on Godsmack's official Vevo channel.

## Live performance

On August 4, Godsmack took the stage at the iHeartRadio Theater in New York City as part of the iHeartRadio Live Series for an intimate live performance. The show, which was streamed online, saw the band perform *1000hp* live for the first time.

## Reception

### Critical

ARTISTdirect reviewer Rick Florino gave the song a favorable review and described it as a "bombastic Boston bruiser of epic proportions" and that "all of the hallmarks of the band's patented sound remain intact." Florino concluded his review by saying, "It's the kind of tune you could hear at sports events and during high-octane action movie set pieces for years to come. It's exactly how real rock should sound in 2014, and it's one of the best singles of the year." A less favorable review came from Shelly Barclay of AXS, who felt that the song was not on a par with the band's other singles, stating, "The song does not have the same guttural edge as songs like 'Keep Away'." However, she went on to say that the song "holds its own in the band's library of rock tunes."

### Commercial

Upon its release, "1000hp" entered both the Mainstream Rock and Hot Rock Songs charts in *Billboard* magazine, peaking at number one and twenty-two, respectively.

## Charts

## Personnel

Godsmack Technical personnel

## InfoBox

| "1000hp" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Godsmack | |
| from the album  *1000hp* | |
| Released | June 9, 2014 (2014-06-09) |
| Genre | Alternative metal |
| Length | 3:47 |
| Label | Republic |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Godsmack singles chronology | |
| "Rocky Mountain Way"
(2012) "**1000hp**"
(2014) "Something Different"
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "1000hp" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Alvania corona

abstract: Alvania corona is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

text:
# Alvania corona

***Alvania corona*** is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 3.4 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily.

* Nordsieck, F. (1972). Die europäischen Meeresschnecken (Opisthobranchia mit Pyramidellidae; Rissoacea). Vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. XIII + 327 pp

## InfoBox

| *Alvania corona* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Alvania corona* (specimen at the Natural History Museum, Rotterdam) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Rissooidea |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Alvania* |
| Species: | ***A. corona*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alvania corona***<br>Nordsieck, 1972 | |
|


title: Alvania conica

abstract: Alvania conica is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

text:
# Alvania conica

***Alvania conica*** is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 2 mm, its diameter 1.2 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils were found in the salt mines of Wieliczka, Poland.

## InfoBox

| *Alvania conica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Rissooidea |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Alvania* |
| Species: | ***A. conica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alvania conica***<br>Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1867 | |
|


title: Aluminothermic reaction

abstract:
Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron. The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself:
  - Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3 This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, coke, is used instead via the carbothermic reaction.

text:
# Aluminothermic reaction

**Aluminothermic reactions** are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature. The process is industrially useful for production of alloys of iron. The most prominent example is the thermite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself:

Fe2O3 \+ 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3

This specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of aluminothermic reactions, the production of ferroalloys. For the production of iron, a cheaper reducing agent, coke, is used instead via the carbothermic reaction.

## History

Aluminothermy started from the experiments of Russian scientist Nikolay Beketov at the University of Kharkiv in Ukraine, who proved that aluminium restored metals from their oxides under high temperatures. The reaction was first used for the carbon-free reduction of metal oxides. The reaction is highly exothermic, but it has a high activation energy since strong interatomic bonds in the solids must be broken first. The oxide was heated with aluminium in a crucible in a furnace. The runaway reaction made it possible to produce only small quantities of material. Hans Goldschmidt improved the aluminothermic process between 1893 and 1898, by igniting the mixture of fine metal oxide and aluminium powder by a starter reaction without heating the mixture externally. The process was patented in 1898 and used extensively in the later years for rail track welding.

## Applications

The aluminothermic reaction is used for the production of several ferroalloys, for example ferroniobium from niobium pentoxide and ferrovanadium from iron, vanadium(V) oxide, and aluminium. The process begins with the reduction of the oxide by the aluminium:

3 V2O5 \+ 10 Al → 5 Al2O3 \+ 6 V

Other metals can be produced from their oxides in the same way.

Aluminothermic reactions have been used for welding rail tracks on-site, useful for complex installations or local repairs that cannot be done using continuously welded rail. Another common use is the welding of copper cables (wire) for use in direct burial (grounding/earthing) applications. It is still the only type of electrical connection recognized by the IEEE (IEEE, Std 80–2001) as continuous un-spliced cable.


title: 16 Biggest Hits, Volume II

abstract: 16 Biggest Hits, Volume II is a 2007 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.

text:
# 16 Biggest Hits, Volume II

***16 Biggest Hits, Volume II*** is a 2007 compilation album by country singer Willie Nelson.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "All of Me" | 3:56 |
| 2. | "Me and Paul" | 3:50 |
| 3. | "I'd Have to Be Crazy" | 3:27 |
| 4. | "Faded Love" | 3:51 |
| 5. | "Heartbreak Hotel" | 3:02 |
| 6. | "Highwayman" | 3:04 |
| 7. | "Mona Lisa" | 2:33 |
| 8. | "There You Are" | 3:04 |
| 9. | "Good Hearted Woman" | 2:58 |
| 10. | "Something to Brag About" | 2:05 |
| 11. | "Sweet Memories" | 3:14 |
| 12. | "Let It Be Me" | 3:32 |
| 13. | "Pancho and Lefty" | 4:47 |
| 14. | "Help Me Make It Through the Night" | 4:02 |
| 15. | "I Love You a Thousand Ways" | 3:01 |
| 16. | "Without a Song" | 3:51 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| 16 Biggest Hits, Volume II | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Willie Nelson | |
| Released | August 7, 2007 |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Legacy |
| Producer | Chet Atkins, Willie Nelson, Brian Ahern, Chips Moman, Booker T. Jones |
| Willie Nelson chronology | |
| *Natural Renegade: Opus Collection*
(2007) ***16 Biggest Hits, Volume II***
(2007) *One Hell of a Ride*
(2008) | |


abstract: The 173rd (Highlanders) Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. One of a number of Highlander battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, it was based in Hamilton, Ontario, and began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16. The unit sailed for England on November 14, 1916, on the RMS Olympic, with 32 officers and 950 other ranks. Of the 950 other ranks, 741 had attested with the 173rd, 145 with the 213rd Battalion, CEF, and 32 with 23 different units. On January 17, 1917, the 173rd arrived at Bramshott where on January 19 it became part of the 2nd Reserve Battalion of the 6th Reserve Brigade. The 2nd Reserve Battalion was designated to supply drafts for the 125th and 116th Battalions, CEF. The 173rd (Highlanders) Battalion had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. H. Bruce. The battalion has been perpetuated by the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada since 1920.

text:
# 173rd Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF

The **173rd (Highlanders) Battalion, CEF**, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. One of a number of Highlander battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, it was based in Hamilton, Ontario, and began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16.

The unit sailed for England on November 14, 1916, on the RMS *Olympic*, with 32 officers and 950 other ranks. Of the 950 other ranks, 741 had attested with the 173rd, 145 with the 213rd Battalion, CEF, and 32 with 23 different units.

On January 17, 1917, the 173rd arrived at Bramshott where on January 19 it became part of the 2nd Reserve Battalion of the 6th Reserve Brigade. The 2nd Reserve Battalion was designated to supply drafts for the 125th and 116th Battalions, CEF. The 173rd (Highlanders) Battalion had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. H. Bruce.

The battalion has been perpetuated by the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada since 1920.

Group photo of 173rd Battalion at Camp Borden in 1916

## InfoBox

| 173rd Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1916–1917 |
| Country | Canada |
| Branch | Canadian Expeditionary Force |
| Type | Infantry |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Lieut-Col. W. H. Bruce |


title: Alvarez del Toro's hidden salamander

abstract: Álvarez del Toro's hidden salamander, also known as Álvarez del Toro's salamander is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico where it is known from its type locality near Jitotol as well as a nearby site on the Mexican Plateau in the state of Chiapas.

text:
# Alvarez del Toro's hidden salamander

**Álvarez del Toro's hidden salamander** (***Cryptotriton alvarezdeltoroi***), also known as **Álvarez del Toro's salamander** is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico where it is known from its type locality near Jitotol as well as a nearby site on the Mexican Plateau in the state of Chiapas.

## Etymology

The specific name, *alvarezdeltoroi*, is in honor of Mexican herpetologist Miguel Álvarez del Toro.

## Description

The holotype of *Nototriton alvarezdeltoroi* (an adult male) measure 26.6 mm (1.05 in) in snout–vent length and has a 32.1 mm (1.26 in) long tail. The dorsum and tail are a reddish brown with an irregular, obscure dorsal stripe. The limbs are orange. The snout is blunt with forward-pointing nostrils.

## Habitat

Its natural habitat is very moist cloud forest at elevations of 1,200–1,550 m (3,940–5,090 ft) asl. It has also been found at roadsides.

## Conservation status

This rare species is only known from very few specimens. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by expanding agriculture and human settlements as well as logging.

## InfoBox

| Alvarez del Toro's hidden salamander | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | *Cryptotriton* |
| Species: | ***C. alvarezdeltoroi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptotriton alvarezdeltoroi***
(Papenfuss & Wake, 1987) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nototriton alvarezdeltoroi* Papenfuss and Wake, 1987 | |


title: Early Roman Kings

abstract: "Early Roman Kings" is a blues song written and performed by Bob Dylan that appears as the seventh track on his 2012 studio album Tempest. It was also released as the album's lead single through Columbia Records on August 7, 2012. Like much of Dylan's 21st-century output, he produced the song himself using the pseudonym Jack Frost.

text:
# Early Roman Kings

"**Early Roman Kings**" is a blues song written and performed by Bob Dylan that appears as the seventh track on his 2012 studio album *Tempest*. It was also released as the album's lead single through Columbia Records on August 7, 2012. Like much of Dylan's 21st-century output, he produced the song himself using the pseudonym Jack Frost.

## Composition and recording

The song is built on a generic riff familiar from many blues recordings, notably Muddy Waters "Mannish Boy", Willie Dixon's "Hoochie Coochie Man" and Bo Diddley's "I'm a Man", but it has drawn praise for Dylan's humorous, original lyrics and committed performance. Writer Lloyd Fonvielle, in an online essay, noted the song's relationship to the Chicago blues and how David Hidalgo's accordion part replaces the part that would traditionally be occupied by a harmonica and/or guitar. He claims this transposition gives the track the feeling of a "ghost blues". Lyrically, Fonvielle sees the song as "a kind of road map to the apocalyptic landscape of the album as a whole. The 'early Roman kings' seem to be symbols of the wicked men ruling America today. They are vicious, supernaturally powerful, bent on domination and horrific violence".

Dylan scholar Tony Attwood has observed that the song seems to simultaneously reference the Roman Kings, who were a Bronx-based street gang in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as the Kings of Ancient Rome (who preceded the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire). Historian Richard F. Thomas agrees, noting that Dylan seems to be "playing" with classicists by creating expectations, via the "Latin" title, that the song will be about Roman antiquity then subverting those expectations by describing the titular characters as wearing "sharkskin suits". The song is performed in the key of G major.

## Critical reception

Critic Jedd Beaudoin, writing at *PopMatters*, called the song a "masterpiece", noting that it "draws on various streams of American music, namely the blues and early rock 'n' roll. With bawdy, insistent rhythms and fine, refined lyrics, the composition is a testament to the multitudes heard across the Minnesota native's output".

Irish poet Paul Muldoon called it "a particular favorite" in a 2016 *New Yorker* story celebrating Dylan's winning the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Greil Marcus has cited the song as one of his favorites on *Tempest*, calling it "hilarious".

*Spectrum Culture* included the song on a list of "Bob Dylan's 20 Best Songs of the '10s and Beyond". In an article accompanying the list, critic Peter Tabakis also noted Dylan's use of humor in the song: "Dylan, no doubt, is in on the joke. When he insists, '*I ain’t dead yet, my bell still rings*'*,* it’s with a smirk. A statement like that is inherently self-defeating. If you have to say it, it probably ain’t so. The proof of Dylan’s vitality here is not in his words, but in the sheer verve of this music. *'I’ve had my fun*', he sings at the end of 'Early Roman Kings', a claim no one can dispute".

"Early Roman Kings" was the first song from *Tempest* to be released in any form when a segment of it was featured in a Cinemax commercial for the TV series *Strike Back: Vengeance* in August 2012*.*

## Cultural references

The lines "I can strip you of life / Strip you of breath / Ship you down / To the house of death" are taken from Robert Fagles' translation of Book 9 of Homer's *Odyssey*.

## Cover versions

Singer-songwriter Peter Case covered the song on his 2021 album *The Midnight Broadcast*.

## Live performances

Between 2013 and 2021, Dylan performed the song live over 570 times. This makes it the most frequently performed song from *Tempest* by a considerable margin. The live debut occurred at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota on November 7, 2012 and it continues to be part of his regular concert repertoire.

## InfoBox

| "Early Roman Kings" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bob Dylan | |
| from the album  **Tempest** | |
| Released | August 7, 2012 |
| Recorded | January–March 2012 |
| Studio | Groove Masters |
| Genre | Blues |
| Length | 5:16 |
| Label | Columbia Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Bob Dylan |
| Producer(s) | Jack Frost (Bob Dylan) |
| Bob Dylan singles chronology | |
| "Make You Feel My Love"
(2010) "**Early Roman Kings**"
(2012) "Duquesne Whistle"
(2012) | |
|  | |
| *Tempest* track listing | |
| 10 tracks 1. "Duquesne Whistle" 2. "Soon After Midnight" 3. "Narrow Way" 4. "Long and Wasted Years" 5. "Pay in Blood" 6. "Scarlet Town" 7. "Early Roman Kings" 8. "Tin Angel" 9. "Tempest" 10. "Roll on John" | |
|  | |


title: Alonso Guerrero Pérez

abstract: Alonso Guerrero Pérez is a Spanish writer and professor. In addition to fiction, he has also written essays, literary criticism, and journalism.

text:
# Alonso Guerrero Pérez

**Alonso Guerrero Pérez** (born 12 November 1962) is a Spanish writer and professor. In addition to fiction, he has also written essays, literary criticism, and journalism.

## Biography

Born in Almendralejo (Badajoz), after his university studies he became a high school teacher. He was awarded some literature prizes: the prestigious "Premio Felipe Trigo" from Villanueva de la Serena (Badajoz) for his *Tricotomía*, in 1982; and the *Premio Navarra de Novela* for his *Los años imaginarios* in 1987.

## Personal life

On 7 August 1998 Alonso Guerrero married Letizia Ortiz, a Spanish journalist, in a simple civil ceremony at Almendralejo, after a 10-year courtship; they divorced in 1999, however. Ortiz would go on to marry the future King Felipe VI, thus becoming Queen of Spain.

## Works

* *Tricotomía* (1982)
* *Los años imaginarios* (1987)
* *Los ladrones de libros* (Badajoz, Departamento de Publicaciones de la Excma. Diputación Provincial de Badajoz, 1991)
* *El hombre abreviado* (1998) ISBN 9788497931922
* *El durmiente* (1998)
* *Fin del milenio en Madrid* (1999)
* *De la indigencia a la literatura* (2004)
* *El edén de los autómatas* (2004) ISBN 9788401335174
* *La muerte y su antídoto* (2004) ISBN 8493375411
* *Doce semanas del siglo XX* (2007) ISBN 978-84-935610-2-4
* *Un palco sobre la nada* (2012) ISBN 9788492847174
* *Un día sin comienzo* (2014), about the 2004 Madrid train bombings ISBN 9788492847372
* *El mundo sumergido* (2016) ISBN 9788492847471
* *El amor de Penny Robinson* (2018) ISBN 978-84-17229-64-1
* *Las mujeres felices son una quimera* (2022)


title: Early Spring 2008 Midwest floods

abstract: The March 2008 Midwest floods were a massive flooding event in the Southern Midwest and portions of the Southern Plains. Cape Girardeau, Missouri officially reported 11.48 inches (29.2 cm) between March 18 and 19. At least 17 people died as a result of the flooding. Levee breaks were observed in several areas, most notably in Southeastern Missouri, where levee breaks occurred through mid-April.

text:
# Early Spring 2008 Midwest floods

The **March 2008 Midwest floods** were a massive flooding event in the Southern Midwest and portions of the Southern Plains. Cape Girardeau, Missouri officially reported 11.48 inches (29.2 cm) between March 18 and 19. At least 17 people died as a result of the flooding. Levee breaks were observed in several areas, most notably in Southeastern Missouri, where levee breaks occurred through mid-April.

## Meteorological synopsis

The National Weather Service posted flood watches stretching from Dallas, Texas, to Scranton, Pennsylvania, starting March 16. Two strong low-pressure centers developed along a stationary front that stretched along this line. One was located in the southern region of Illinois, and the other was located near San Antonio, Texas. The northern low, combined with strong upper level winds, dragged large amounts moisture north from the Gulf of Mexico. The southern low produced severe weather and heavy rain on its north side. At one point, the national weather radar composite showed a large shield of heavy rain stretching from Texas to northern Indiana. River flooding continued through May in some areas, causing additional problems where flash flooding from the heavy rains struck. Numerous locations in Arkansas reported record rainfall totals from March into early April.

## River flooding

River flooding continued through March and into April; even stretching to early May in a few areas. Several river gauges throughout the Midwest and southeast were in major flood stage. Some of the worst river flooding of the event occurred in the western suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri, along the Meramec River; 451 homes were damaged in this area. River flooding stretched from Wisconsin to Louisiana by mid-April; some of the flooding to the north was exacerbated by ice jams after record snowfall during the winter.

## Impact

### Deaths

The death toll associated with the flooding was 17. Five deaths occurred in Missouri. Others were killed in a highway wreck due to heavy rain in Kentucky, and a 65-year-old woman in Ohio appeared to have drowned while checking on a sump pump in her home. In southern Illinois, two bodies were found hours after floodwaters swept a pickup truck off a road. Also, in Missouri, the body of a 19-year-old man was found about 2 miles downstream from where he was reported swept into a creek the previous evening.

### Regional impacts

The flooding closed a number of roads in Missouri around the Meramec River, and threatened to force the closure of Interstate 44 at Valley Park. Unlike the Great Flood of 1993, which affected this same region, the majority of homes and businesses in Valley Park were protected from the flooding by a new levee built in 2005. In Kentucky, the flooding resulted in scattered road closures and flooded basements. In Covington, city crews used sump pumps to keep high water off the streets. High water from Banklick Creek also forced Kenton County's Pioneer Park to close. Emergency managers in Posey County, Indiana declared a state of emergency and Vanderburgh County, Indiana and the city of Evansville were also under states of emergency for a short time. Schools in Henderson and Union Counties were closed due to the flooding, and U.S. 60 at the line between the two counties was shut down because of landslides. Numerous roads were closed because of flooding in the Louisville, Kentucky area: Old Vincennes Road at Buttontown Road and Clover Creek and Hamby Road and Borden Road at U.S. 150.

## Aftermath

The Federal Emergency Management Agency denied flood recovery grants and loans to Illinois. Fifteen counties in southern Illinois applied for the assistance. In Illinois, 39 homes were destroyed, 150 others had major damage, and 145 businesses were flooded. Out of those 145 businesses that needed repairs after the floods, 74 of the buildings were in Harrisburg, Illinois.

## InfoBox

March 2008 Midwest floods
| Total precipitation amounts throughout the region on March 17, 18, and 19 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Duration | March 17 – early May |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 17 |
| Damage | Unknown |
| Areas affected | Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Ohio and Tennessee |


title: Lynn King

abstract: Lynn Paul King was a Major League Baseball player from 1935 to 1936 and in 1939. King was born in Villisca, Iowa and died in Atlantic, Iowa. King attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, where he letter in football, basketball, and baseball. He was the starting quarterback for the Drake Bulldogs from 1928 to 1930 and captain of the 1930 Drake Bulldogs football team.

text:
# Lynn King

**Lynn Paul King** (November 28, 1907 – May 11, 1972) was a Major League Baseball player from 1935 to 1936 and in 1939. King was born in Villisca, Iowa and died in Atlantic, Iowa. King attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, where he letter in football, basketball, and baseball. He was the starting quarterback for the Drake Bulldogs from 1928 to 1930 and captain of the 1930 Drake Bulldogs football team.

## InfoBox

| Lynn King | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:** (1907-11-28)November 28, 1907
Villisca, Iowa | |
| **Died:** May 11, 1972(1972-05-11) (aged 64)
Atlantic, Iowa | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 21, 1935, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 30, 1939, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .208 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 21 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Dwarka Express

abstract: The 15635 / 15636 Dwarka Express is an Express train of the Indian Railways connecting Okha in Gujarat and Guwahati Junction in Assam. It is currently being operated with 15635/15636 train numbers on a weekly basis.

text:
# Dwarka Express

The 15635 / 15636 **Dwarka Express** is an Express train of the Indian Railways connecting Okha in Gujarat and Guwahati Junction in Assam. It is currently being operated with 15635/15636 train numbers on a weekly basis.

## Coach composition

The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 Pantry car

## Service

15635/Okha–Guwahati Dwarka Express has an average speed of 48 km/h and covers 3237 km in 66 hrs 50 mins.

15636/Guwahati–Okha Dwarka Express has an average speed of 53 km/h and covers 3237 km in 61 hrs 00 mins.

## Route & halts

## Schedule

| Train number | Station code | Departure station | Departure time | Departure day | Arrival station | Arrival time | Arrival day |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15635 | OKHA | Okha | 11:40 AM | Friday | Guwahati Junction | 06:30 AM | Monday |
| 15636 | GHY | Guwahati Junction | 10:45 AM | Monday | Okha | 23:45 PM | Wednesday |

## Traction

The route is now fully electrified, it is hauled by a Valsad Loco Shed-based WAP-4E electric locomotive on its entire journey.

## InfoBox

Dwarka Express
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Service type | Express |
| First service | 15 December 2003 (2003-12-15) |
| Current operator(s) | Northeast Frontier Railway |
| Route | |
| Termini | Okha (OKHA)<br>Guwahati (GHY) |
| Stops | 42 |
| Distance travelled | 3,237 km (2,011 mi) |
| Average journey time | 64 hours 55 mins |
| Service frequency | Weekly |
| Train number(s) | 15635 / 15636 |
| On-board services | |
| Class(es) | AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleepar Class, General Unreserved |
| Seating arrangements | Yes |
| Sleeping arrangements | Yes |
| Catering facilities | Available |
| Observation facilities | Large windows |
| Baggage facilities | Yes |
| Other facilities | Below the seats |
| Technical | |
| Rolling stock | LHB coach |
| Track gauge | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Operating speed | 49 km/h (30 mph) average including halts |


title: Edward Hempstead

abstract: Edward Hempstead was an American lawyer, pioneer, and one of the early settlers in the new Louisiana Purchase in 1805. Born in New London, Connecticut, Hempstead was the delegate in the U.S. House for the Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1814. He served as territorial attorney general in Upper Louisiana and in the Missouri Territorial Legislature. He is the older brother of Charles S. Hempstead, the first Mayor of Galena, Illinois.

text:
# Edward Hempstead

**Edward Hempstead** (June 3, 1780  August 10, 1817) was an American lawyer, pioneer, and one of the early settlers in the new Louisiana Purchase in 1805. Born in New London, Connecticut, Hempstead was the delegate in the U.S. House for the Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1814. He served as territorial attorney general in Upper Louisiana and in the Missouri Territorial Legislature. He is the older brother of Charles S. Hempstead, the first Mayor of Galena, Illinois.

## Accident

Hempstead was raised in Hebron, Connecticut, where he studied under Rev. Amos Basset. He studied law under Sylvester Gilbert when he was eighteen and was licensed in 1801. He practiced for a year in Middlesex County, Connecticut, then two years in Newport, Rhode Island, then was admitted to the bar. He moved to Vincennes, Indiana Territory, in 1804. There, he befriended William Henry Harrison, and assisted with Harrison's government of the District of Louisiana. When Harrison was replaced with James Wilkinson, Hempstead resigned and moved to St. Louis. Hempstead later served with other Governors of the Louisiana and Missouri Territory, including attorney general.

In 1812, the Territory of Missouri (renamed to avoid confusion with Louisiana) became entitled to a delegate to Congress. Hempstead was elected and served a two-year term, declining re-election. He returned to private law practice. Hempstead alter served in the Missouri Territory General Assembly, rising to Speaker of the House. After Edward's election, his younger brother Charles S. Hempstead was forced to move to Illinois.

Hempstead died at his home outside of St. Louis, Missouri on August 10, 1817, six days after an accident in which he was thrown from his horse. He was buried on his farm, on a plot which later became part of Bellefontaine Cemetery. Hempstead's grave is thus among the oldest in the entire cemetery. Hempstead County, Arkansas, is named in his honor.

Hempstead was friends with Thomas Hart Benton. Benton later said that he thought Hempstead would have become Missouri's first senator, had he lived long enough. Benton was with Hempstead when he died and spent the wake with his body. When Benton came home from the wake Benton received a challenge to a duel with Charles Lucas following a dispute over a court case. Benton replied that he would meet Lucas as soon as Hempstead was buried. The two went on to fight two duels, with Benton ultimately killing Lucas.

## InfoBox

| Edward Hempstead | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Delegate to the
U.S. House of Representatives
from the Missouri Territory's
at-large district | |
| **In office**
November 9, 1812  September 17, 1814 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Rufus Easton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1780-06-03)June 3, 1780
New London, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | August 10, 1817(1817-08-10) (aged 37)
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
|  | |


title: Lutz Philipp

abstract: Lutz Philipp was a German long-distance runner. He competed at the 1964, 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Lutz Philipp

**Lutz Philipp** (14 October 1940  1 February 2012) was a German long-distance runner. He competed at the 1964, 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Lutz Philipp
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1940-10-14)14 October 1940
Königsberg, East Prussia |
| Died | 1 February 2012(2012-02-01) (aged 71)
Darmstadt, Germany |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Long-distance running |


title: Alf Tomkins

abstract: Sir Alfred George Tomkins was a long-serving British trade union leader. Tomkins worked as a chair-maker and joined the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association (NAFTA), becoming a branch secretary in 1922. A member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and supporter of industrial unionism, he quickly became well known through promoting this position at the Trades Union Congress. In 1923, Tomkins was elected as the union's chairman and, in 1927, he became its full-time London organiser. After serving as assistant general secretary, he was elected as general secretary in 1941. He arranged a merger that formed the National Union of Furniture Trade Operatives, and served as general secretary of the new union until 1971 when a further merger formed the Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union (FTAT). Over time, his politics moved to the right, and he became a firm opponent of the CPGB, although he continued to work closely with CPGB members in his union. Despite being in his mid-seventies, Tomkins was elected as general secretary of FTAT, serving until his death in 1975. In his spare time, Tomkins served on the Industrial Court, the Council of Industrial Design, and the furniture manufacturing joint industry council. Shortly before his death, he was awarded a knighthood.

text:
# Alf Tomkins

**Sir Alfred George Tomkins** (9 March 1895  6 May 1975) was a long-serving British trade union leader.

Tomkins worked as a chair-maker and joined the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association (NAFTA), becoming a branch secretary in 1922. A member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and supporter of industrial unionism, he quickly became well known through promoting this position at the Trades Union Congress.

In 1923, Tomkins was elected as the union's chairman and, in 1927, he became its full-time London organiser. After serving as assistant general secretary, he was elected as general secretary in 1941. He arranged a merger that formed the National Union of Furniture Trade Operatives, and served as general secretary of the new union until 1971 when a further merger formed the Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union (FTAT). Over time, his politics moved to the right, and he became a firm opponent of the CPGB, although he continued to work closely with CPGB members in his union.

Despite being in his mid-seventies, Tomkins was elected as general secretary of FTAT, serving until his death in 1975. In his spare time, Tomkins served on the Industrial Court, the Council of Industrial Design, and the furniture manufacturing joint industry council. Shortly before his death, he was awarded a knighthood.


title: Eames Lounge Chair Wood

abstract: The Eames Lounge Chair Wood (LCW) is a low seated easy chair designed by husband and wife team Charles and Ray Eames. The chair was designed using technology for molding plywood that the Eames developed before and during the Second World War. Before American involvement in the war, Charles Eames and his friend, architect Eero Saarinen, entered a furniture group into the Museum of Modern Art's "Organic Design in Home Furnishings Competition" in 1940, a contest exploring the natural evolution of furniture in response to the rapidly changing world. Eames & Saarinen won the competition. However, production of the chairs was postponed due to production difficulties, and then by the United States' entry into WWII. Saarinen left the project due to frustration with production. Charles Eames and his wife Ray Kaiser Eames moved to Venice Beach, Los Angeles, in 1941. Charles took a job as a set painter for MGM Studios to support them. Ray, formally trained as a painter and sculptor, continued experiments with molded plywood designs in the spare room of their apartment. In 1942 Charles left MGM to begin making molded plywood splints for the United States Navy. The splints used compound curves to mimic the shape of the human leg. The experience of shaping plywood into compound curves contributed greatly to the development of the LCW.

text:
# Eames Lounge Chair Wood

The **Eames Lounge Chair Wood** (**LCW**) (also known as **Low Chair Wood** or **Eames Plywood Lounge Chair**) is a low seated easy chair designed by husband and wife team Charles and Ray Eames.

The chair was designed using technology for molding plywood that the Eames developed before and during the Second World War. Before American involvement in the war, Charles Eames and his friend, architect Eero Saarinen, entered a furniture group into the Museum of Modern Art's "Organic Design in Home Furnishings Competition" in 1940, a contest exploring the natural evolution of furniture in response to the rapidly changing world. Eames & Saarinen won the competition. However, production of the chairs was postponed due to production difficulties, and then by the United States' entry into WWII. Saarinen left the project due to frustration with production.

Charles Eames and his wife Ray Kaiser Eames moved to Venice Beach, Los Angeles, in 1941. Charles took a job as a set painter for MGM Studios to support them. Ray, formally trained as a painter and sculptor, continued experiments with molded plywood designs in the spare room of their apartment. In 1942 Charles left MGM to begin making molded plywood splints for the United States Navy. The splints used compound curves to mimic the shape of the human leg. The experience of shaping plywood into compound curves contributed greatly to the development of the LCW.

## Design development

The entries Charles Eames & Eero Saarinen submitted into the Organic Furniture competition were designed with the seat and backrest joined in a single 'shell'. The plywood, however, was prone to crack when bent into the sharp curves the furniture demanded. The competition entries were covered with upholstery to hide these cracks.

Through extensive trial and error, Charles and Ray arrived at an alternate solution: create two separate pieces for the seat and backrest, joined by a plywood spine and supported by plywood legs. The result was a chair with a sleek and honest appearance. All of the connections were visible and the material was not hidden beneath upholstery. The seat was joined to the spine and legs with four heavy rubber washers with embedded nuts, subsequently called 'shock mounts'. The shock mounts were glued to the underside of the seat, and screwed in through the bottom of the chair. The backrest was also attached using shock mounts. From the front and top the seat and back are uninterrupted by fasteners. The rubber mounts were pliable, allowing the backrest to flex and move with the sitter. This technology is also one of the chair's greatest flaws. The shock mounts are glued to the wooden backrest, but may tear free for various reasons. A common response to this problem was to drill directly through the backrest and insert fasteners between the backrest and the lumbar support. This devalues the chair, since it changes the original aesthetic of smooth, uninterrupted wooden forms.

Coming out of an age where furniture was heavy and complex; made from multiple materials and then covered in upholstery, the Eames design was striking. The chair was produced from 1946 until 1947 by Evans Molded Plywood of Venice Beach, California, for the Herman Miller furniture company in Zeeland, Michigan. In 1947 Herman Miller moved the production of the chairs to Michigan, where production continues—after a hiatus from 1957 to 1994. In Europe, Vitra became the producers of Eames furniture. Herman Miller and Vitra are the only two companies producing chairs licensed by the Eames estate as represented by the Eames Office.


title: Apollo of Cyrene

abstract: The Apollo of Cyrene is a large Roman statue of Apollo found at the ancient city of Cyrene, Libya. It was unearthed at the site along with a great number of other ancient sculptures and inscriptions which were presented to the British Museum in 1861.

text:
# Apollo of Cyrene

The **Apollo of Cyrene** is a large Roman statue of Apollo found at the ancient city of Cyrene, Libya. It was unearthed at the site along with a great number of other ancient sculptures and inscriptions which were presented to the British Museum in 1861.

## Discovery

The sculpture was discovered in the mid-nineteenth century at the Temple of Apollo at Cyrene in Libya. It was excavated by the British explorers and amateur archaeologists Captain Robert Murdoch Smith and Commander Edwin A. Porcher. The statue was found broken into 121 pieces, lying near the large plinth where it originally stood. The fragments were later reassembled in the British Museum to create a relatively intact statue of 2.28 m height. Some parts are missing, including the right arm and the left hand.

## Description

The statue dates to the 2nd century AD, and is a copy of a Hellenistic work probably dating to between 200 and 150 BC. It is made from high quality marble and would have originally been painted. The god is shown nude with the exception of a cloak wrapped around his hips. As the god of music, he is shown playing a kithara while a python nestles round a quiver by his left leg. The statue has a curious mixture of masculine and feminine characteristics, which reflects its Hellenistic origin.

## Temple of Apollo

The statue was probably the main cult image in the Temple of Apollo at Cyrene. The deity would have acted as the focal point for worship and ritual activity.

## Further reading

* L. Burn, The British Museum book of Greek and Roman Art, revised edition (London, The British Museum Press, 1999)
* P. Higgs, 'The Cyrene Apollo', History Today, 44 (11) (), pp. 50–54

## InfoBox

| Apollo of Cyrene | |
| --- | --- |
| The Apollo of Cyrene on display in the British Museum | |
| Material | Marble |
| Size | 2.28 m high |
| Created | 2nd Century AD/CE |
| Discovered | Cyrene, Libya |
| Present location | British Museum, London |
| Registration | 1861.7-25.1 |


title: Arachnoides placenta

abstract: Arachnoides placenta is a species of sea urchin of the family Clypeasteridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Arachnoides and lives in the sea. Arachnoides placenta was first scientifically described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus.

text:
# Arachnoides placenta

***Arachnoides placenta*** is a species of sea urchin of the family Clypeasteridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus *Arachnoides* and lives in the sea. *Arachnoides placenta* was first scientifically described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus.

## InfoBox

| *Arachnoides placenta* | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Clypeasteroida |
| Family: | Clypeasteridae |
| Genus: | *Arachnoides* |
| Species: | ***A. placenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arachnoides placenta***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
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title: Arachnoiditis

abstract: Arachnoiditis is an inflammatory condition of the arachnoid mater or 'arachnoid', one of the membranes known as meninges that surround and protect the central nervous system. The outermost layer of the meninges is the dura mater and adheres to inner surface of the skull and vertebrae. The arachnoid is under or "deep" to the dura and is a thin membrane that adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

text:
# Arachnoiditis

**Arachnoiditis** is an inflammatory condition of the arachnoid mater or 'arachnoid', one of the membranes known as meninges that surround and protect the central nervous system. The outermost layer of the meninges is the dura mater (Latin for hard) and adheres to inner surface of the skull and vertebrae. The arachnoid is under or "deep" to the dura and is a thin membrane that adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

## Signs and symptoms

Arachnoid inflammation can lead to many painful and debilitating symptoms which can vary greatly in each case, and not all people experience all symptoms. Chronic pain is common, including neuralgia, while numbness and tingling of the extremities can occur with spinal cord involvement, and bowel, bladder, and sexual functioning can be affected if the lower part of the spinal cord is involved. While arachnoiditis has no consistent pattern of symptoms, it frequently affects the nerves that supply the legs and lower back. Many patients experience difficulty sitting for long (or even short) periods of time due to discomfort or pain.

## Etiology

Arachnoiditis has been described as having many different etiologies. As an infectious source, tuberculosis, syphilis, candida, mycosis, and HIV. As a mechanical source, spinal and cranial surgery, trauma, and disc herniation. Prior disease including ankylosing spondylitis, autoimmune vasculitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome have been known to cause arachnoiditis. Chemical causes include morphine, myelograms with oil-based radiographic contrast agents, phenolic solutions, chlorhexidine, epidural injection of steroids and antibiotics, blood in subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural blood patches and anesthetics.

Oftentimes, the precise cause of arachnoiditis is not known due to the variable latency from cause to symptom onset. With growing incidence of spine surgery, a common cause of arachnoiditis is lumbar spine procedures.

## Pathogenesis

The above etiologies can cause inflammation of the arachnoid, leading to arachnoiditis. This inflammation is enough to cause pain and even potentially neurological deficits - symptoms caused by nerves not communicating properly with the body's mechanisms for sensation and movement. The inflammation can lead to the formation of scar tissue and adhesion that can make the spinal nerves "stick" together, a condition where such tissue develops in and between the leptomeninges \- between dura and arachnoid or pia and arachnoid. This condition can be very painful, especially when progressing to *adhesive arachnoiditis*. *Adhesive arachnoiditis* occurs when inflammation leads to recruitment of cells to the area and fibrous exudate, and ensuing deposition of collagen forms bands that could cause ischemia or even atrophy of the spinal cord or nerve roots. Chronic inflammation could lead to *arachnoiditis ossificans*, in which the inflamed arachnoid becomes ossified, or turns to bone, and is thought to be a late-stage complication of the adhesive form of arachnoiditis. More serious complications can occur, including spinal cord swelling, myelomalacia, cauda equina syndrome, and hydrocephalus.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, patient examination, and imaging evaluation. The most common affected area is the lumbar region of the back, and includes the classic symptomatic triad of back pain, neurological deficits, and MRI with notable adhesions. For the ossificans form of the condition, unenhanced CT may better show the presence and extent of arachnoid ossifications, and is complementary to MRI, as MRI can be less specific and findings can be confused with regions of calcification or hemosiderin.

## Treatment

Arachnoiditis can be difficult to treat and treatment is generally limited to alleviation of pain and other symptoms. While arachnoiditis may not yet be curable with the potential to be life-altering, management including medication, physical therapy, and if appropriate, psychotherapy, can help patients cope with the difficulties it presents.

Medications that have been used to treat arachnoiditis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pulse steroid therapy with methylprednisolone, and multi-modal pain regimens. Surgical intervention generally has a poor outcome and may only provide temporary relief, but some cases of surgical success have been reported. Epidural steroid injections to treat sciatic pain have been linked as a *cause* of the disease by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as well as in other research, and are therefore discouraged as a treatment for arachnoiditis as they will most likely worsen the condition.

## Prognosis

Arachnoiditis is a chronic disorder with no known cure, and prognosis may be difficult to determine because of an unclear correlation between the beginning of the disease or source and the appearance of symptoms. For many, arachnoiditis is a disabling disease that causes chronic pain and neurological deficits, and may also lead to other spinal cord conditions, such as syringomyelia.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Arachnoiditis | |
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| Myelogram showing arachnoiditis in the lumbar spine | |
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| Illustration of Arachnoiditis | |
| Specialty | Neurosurgery |