title: 1910 in Belgium

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1910 in the Kingdom of Belgium.

text:
# 1910 in Belgium

The following lists events that happened during **1910 in the Kingdom of Belgium**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Publications

Periodicals * *Annuaire de la Société d'Archéologie de Bruxelles*, vol. 21
* *Le Masque* (monthly review of art and literature) begins publication

Books

## Art and architecture

Cinema

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1910<br>List of years in Belgium |


title: Aminata Koné

abstract: Aminata Koné is a French lawyer and activist of Ivorian descent for affordable family housing. She has been the vice-president of the Abbé Pierre Foundation for Affordable Housing (fr), the general secretary of the family advocacy union Confédération syndicale des familles (fr), and a member of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council. She is a Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour, and an Officier (Officer) of the Ordre national du Mérite.

text:
# Aminata Koné

**Aminata Koné** is a French lawyer and activist of Ivorian descent for affordable family housing. She has been the vice-president of the Abbé Pierre Foundation for Affordable Housing (fr), the general secretary of the family advocacy union *Confédération syndicale des familles* (fr), and a member of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council. She is a *Chevalier* (Knight) of the Legion of Honour, and an *Officier* (Officer) of the *Ordre national du Mérite*.

## Career

Koné is a lawyer. She is the General Secretary of the *Confédération syndicale des familles* (Family Trade Union Confederation), which is a Familial Association in France (fr), a consumer organization for advancing the interests of families. At the *Confédération syndicale des familles*, Koné works on poverty reduction projects.

Koné is a member of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council, a consultative assembly which advises lawmakers on social, economic, and environmental policies. At the Economic, Social, and Environmental Council Koné represents the *Confédération syndicale des familles*. She is also president of the social affairs and health section of the Economic, Social, and Environmental Council, and is a member of the delegation for equality and the rights of women. She represents the *Confédération syndicale des familles* at the French governmental advisory body *Haut Conseil de la famille, de l'enfance et de l'âge* (High council for the Family, Childhood, and Age).

Koné is also the vice-president of the Abbé Pierre Foundation for Affordable Housing, which advocates for housing rights and the creation and defense of affordable housing opportunities.

In 2012, she was named a *Chevalier* of the Legion of Honour after 25 years of service at the *Confédération syndicale des familles*. In 2019, she was named an *Officier* of the *Ordre national du Mérite*.

## Selected awards

* 2012: Knight of the Legion of Honour
* 2019: Officer of the French National Order of Merit

## InfoBox

| Aminata Koné | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | French |
| Awards |  |


title: Aminata Namasia

abstract: Aminata Namasia Bazego is a politician and member of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Parliament, appointed Deputy Minister of Primary, Secondary and Technical Education since April 2021.

text:
# Aminata Namasia

**Aminata Namasia Bazego** (born March 10, 1993, in Dingila) is a politician and member of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Parliament, appointed Deputy Minister of Primary, Secondary and Technical Education since April 2021.

## Biography

### Education

Aminata Namasia was born on March 10, 1993, in Dingila in the province of Bas-Uélé in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She did her primary studies at the Golpas School Complex. In 2017, she obtained a diploma in monetary economics from the faculty of business administration and economics of the Protestant University in the Congo (UPC).

### Political career

Member of the Congolese Development Party, Aminata Namasia was elected national deputy in the constituency of Bambesa, in the province of Bas-Uélé, during the legislative elections of December 30, 2018 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

On December 8, 2020, following the fall of the Office of the National Assembly, in accordance with its internal regulations, the oldest deputy, accompanied by two youngest members of Parliament, took over the management of the Office, with the mission of organizing and electing a new bureau. Aminata Namasia, the youngest sitting member of the lower house of the Congolese parliament alongside Gael Bussa, is appointed quaestor of the National Assembly.

On April 12, 2021, she was appointed National Deputy Minister of Primary, Secondary and Technical Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo under Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde's cabinet.

### Aminata Namasia Foundation

Aminata Namasia is the founder of a foundation, named after her name, and whose head office is located in the territory of Bambesa in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Created in 2016, the foundation's field of action is the education of young girls, the promotion of school cafeterias, the empowerment of women and the promotion of sport in rural areas.

## InfoBox

| Aminata Namasia Bazego | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Deputy Minister of Primary, Secondary and Technical Education of the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
April 26, 2021 | |
| President | Félix Tshisekedi |
| Prime Minister | Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde |
| Majority | Union Sacrée de la Nation (USN) |
| Founder of Aminata Namasia Foundation | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2016 | |
| Member of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Parliament | |
| **In office**
December 30, 2018  April 26, 2021 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1993-03-10) March 10, 1993
Dingila, Bas-Uélé, DRC |
| Nationality | Congolese (Congo-Kinshasa) |
| Political party | Congolese Party for Development (Parti Congolais pour le développement (PCD)) |
| Residence | Kinshasa |
| Alma mater | Protestant University in the Congo |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Eastern Rebellion

abstract: Eastern Rebellion is an album by Eastern Rebellion led by pianist Cedar Walton which was recorded in late 1975 and became the first release on the Dutch Timeless label.

text:
# Eastern Rebellion

***Eastern Rebellion*** is an album by Eastern Rebellion led by pianist Cedar Walton which was recorded in late 1975 and became the first release on the Dutch Timeless label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

AllMusic awarded the album 4½ stars noting "The veteran musicians all sound quite inspired on this advanced straightahead set" and calling it "A gem". *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* described it as "one of the pianist's finest albums".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Cedar Walton except as indicated*

1. "Bolivia" – 10:10
2. "Naima" (John Coltrane) – 8:37
3. "5/4 Thing" (George Coleman) – 7:53
4. "Bittersweet" (Sam Jones) – 6:54
5. "Mode for Joe" – 7:51

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Eastern Rebellion | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eastern Rebellion | |
| Released | 1976 |
| Recorded | December 10, 1975 |
| Studio | C.I. Recording Studio, New York City, NY |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 41:18 |
| Label | Timeless
SJP 101 |
| Producer | Cedar Walton |
| Eastern Rebellion chronology | |
| ***Eastern Rebellion***
(1976) *Eastern Rebellion 2*
(1977) | |
|  | |
| Cedar Walton chronology | |
| *Mobius*
(1975) ***Eastern Rebellion***
(1976) *The Pentagon*
(1976) | |
|  | |


title: 1871 New Zealand census

abstract: The 1871 New Zealand census was New Zealand's sixth national census. The day used for the census was Monday, 27 February 1871. It was the first census held in New Zealand for which separate census reports were produced, rather than including population statistics in a general report of statistical information about agriculture, exports and so on. The total population of the Colony of New Zealand was counted as 256,393 of whom 150,356 were males and 106,037 females – an increase of 37,725 people, 17.25% since the previous 1867 census. Only the European population was counted; no Māori census was held.

text:
# 1871 New Zealand census

The **1871 New Zealand census** was New Zealand's sixth national census. The day used for the census was Monday, 27 February 1871. It was the first census held in New Zealand for which separate census reports were produced, rather than including population statistics in a general report of statistical information about agriculture, exports and so on.

The total population of the Colony of New Zealand was counted as 256,393 of whom 150,356 were males and 106,037 females – an increase of 37,725 people, 17.25% since the previous 1867 census. Only the European population was counted; no Māori census was held.

## Population

The distribution of this population through the principal divisions of the colony reflecting the provinces was as follows:

| Provincial district | Males | Females | Total population | Population increase or decrease |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Auckland | 35,502 | 26,833 | 62,335 | +29.00% |
| Taranaki | 2,572 | 1,908 | 4,480 | +2.77% |
| Hawke's Bay | 3,596 | 2,463 | 6,059 | +14.68% |
| Wellington | 13,180 | 10,821 | 24,001 | +9.34% |
| Nelson | 14,257 | 8,244 | 22,501 | −5.51% |
| Marlborough | 3,235 | 2,000 | 5,235 | +19.76% |
| Canterbury | 25,781 | 21,020 | 46,801 | +22.09% |
| Westland | 10,453 | 4,904 | 15,357 | −1.13% |
| Otago | 36,771 | 23,951 | 60,722 | +25.00% |
| Southland | 4,920 | 3,849 | 8,769 | +10.39% |
| Colony of New Zealand | 150,356 | 106,037 | 256,393 | 17.25% |
| Source: Statistics New Zealand | | | | |

Note: Includes Stewart Island and Chatham Islands males 89, females 44 (total 133).

### Birthplace

The figures show that of the total population, only 36.46% were born in New Zealand. The majority of the resident population (63.54%) was born overseas, mostly in the United Kingdom.

| Places of birth | Population
 | Percentage | Population increase or decrease |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **New Zealand** | 93,474 | **36.46%** | +45.93% |
| **Totals, overseas-born** | 162,912 | **63.54%** |  |
| England | 67,044 | 26.15% | +2.17% |
| Scotland | 36,871 | 14.38% | +5.86% |
| Ireland | 29,733 | 11.60% | +6.36% |
| Australian Colonies | 12,426 | 4.85% |  |
| Other British Dominions | 4,062 | 1.58% |  |
| Germany | 2,416 | 0.94% | −14.86% |
| Wales | 1,345 | 0.52% | +1.97% |
| United States | 1,249 | 0.49% | +2.96% |
| France | 551 | 0.22% | −0.36% |
| Other Foreign Countries
(Incl:China) | 5,859 | 2.28% |  |
| At sea | 823 | 0.32% |  |
| Not specified | 540 | 0.21% |  |
| Total (non-Māori) | 256,393 | 100.00% |  |
| Source:SNZ | | | |

### Religious denominations

Members of Christian denominations formed 94.51% of those who answered the question in the census. 5.49% of the population were members of non-Christian sects, and those who stated themselves as "otherwise described" numbered 2.38%. 3.36% objected to stating their religion at all.

| Denomination | 1871 census | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Population | Percentage |
| **Christian** | **239,542** | **94.51%** |
| Church of England | 102,389 | 39.93% |
| Presbyterians | 63,624 | 24.82% |
| Roman; Catholics and Catholics undefined | 35,608 | 13.89% |
| Wesleyan Methodist Church | 19,971 | 7.79% |
| Baptists | 4,732 | 1.84% |
| Congregational Independents | 3,941 | 1.54% |
| Lutheran Church | 2,341 | 0.91% |
| Primitive Methodists | 1,883 | 1.73% |
| Society of Friends | 201 | 0.08% |
| Protestants (No Particular Denomination Specified) | 4,852 | 1.98% |
| **Hebrews** | **1,262** | **0.50%** |
| Otherwise described | 6,097 | 2.38% |
| Not described | 862 | 0.33% |
| Objecting to state | 8,630 | 3.36% |
| New Zealand | 256,393 | 100.00% |
| Source: | | | |

## InfoBox

| Sixth census of the
colony of New Zealand | |
| --- | --- |
| ---  --- | |
| General information | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Results | |
| Total population | 256,393 ( 17.25%) |
| Most populous district | Auckland (62,335) |
| Least populous district | Taranaki (4,480) |


title: Ame-no-Tajikarao

abstract: Ame-no-tajikarao (アメノタヂカラオ) is a Japanese deity (kami) who appears in Japanese mythology. Ame-no-tajikarao is written as 天手力男神 in Kojiki, and 天手力雄神 in Nihon Shoki. Tajikarao's name means heaven hand power. Another name is Oosugutama-no-mikoto or Takuzutama-no-mikoto (多久豆魂命), as Ama-no-Iwatowake-no-kami (天石門別神) other names is Ookuzutama-no-mikoto (大国栖玉命) and Tachikarao-mikoto (大刀辛雄命).

text:
# Ame-no-Tajikarao

**Ame-no-tajikarao** (アメノタヂカラオ) is a Japanese deity (kami) who appears in Japanese mythology. Ame-no-tajikarao is written as 天手力男神 in *Kojiki*, and 天手力雄神 in *Nihon Shoki*. Tajikarao's name means heaven hand power.

Another name is *Oosugutama-no-mikoto* or *Takuzutama-no-mikoto* (多久豆魂命), as *Ama-no-Iwatowake-no-kami* (天石門別神) other names is *Ookuzutama-no-mikoto* (大国栖玉命) and *Tachikarao-mikoto* (大刀辛雄命).

## Mythological description

At the event of Ama-no-Iwato (天岩戸, literally "heavenly rock cave"), Ame-no-tajikarao waited at the cave's door to pull out (in the *Nihon Shoki* and the Kogo Shūi, 'to pull open') Amaterasu (天照) from the cave, and thus return light to the world.

During the Tenson kōrin, Amaterasu had Omoikane, Ame-no-tajikarao, and Ama-no-iwato-wake-no-kami accompany the Imperial Regalia of Japan when it went to the Ise province to be enshrined at Ise Grand Shrine.

In the genealogy of *Mochizuki* (望月氏) clan, he is the grandson of deity *Kamimusubi* (神産巣日) and the ancestor of a clan of the ancient kingdom of *Ki-no-kuni-miyatsuko* (紀国造), which is modern-day Wakayama Prefecture, which in the *Shinsen Shōjiroku* (新撰姓氏録, "New Selection and Record of Hereditary Titles and Family Names").

However, in another genealogical text, Ame-no-Tajikarao appears to be the child of *Ame-Yagokoro-Omoikane-no-mikoto* (天八意思兼命 - another name of the deity *Omoikane* (思兼 or 思金), which is the honored distant ancestor of the *Achinohōri* clan. Although in relation to this clan, inscribed in another text, the child of the deity Omoikane, *Ame-no-Uwaharu-no-mikoto* (天表春命), the name of Ame-no-Tajikarao is nowhere to be seen in the genealogy tree.

His own Shinto priests think he was originally a protector of agriculture (maybe because he brought back sunlight to the world, or maybe because peasants need fitness to work in the fields). Strangely, this god is often in association with Sugawara no Michizane, as the god *Tenjin*.

## Explanation

The name Ame-no-tajikarao carries the connotation of a male god with extreme and surmounting physical brute strength. The Japanese company, Tachikara, which specializes in sports equipment, is named after the god, because he is "known historically as the 'god of power' in Japanese folklore."

## Shrines

Ame-no-tajikaro is believed to be a god of sports and physical power, and is enshrined at shrines associated:

At the Togakushi Shrine there's a legend that says that the cave door that Ame-no-tajikarao threw away landed on Togakushi mountain (戸隠山) in Shinano Province (信濃国).

## InfoBox

| Ame-no-Tajikarao | |
| --- | --- |
| God of Physical Power, Strength and Sports | |
|  | |
| Japanese | アメノタヂカラオ |
| Equivalents | |
| Greek equivalent | Heracles |


title: American studies

abstract: American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field of scholarship that examines American literature, history, society, and culture. It traditionally incorporates literary criticism, historiography and critical theory. Scholarship in American studies focuses on the United States. In the past decades, however, it has also broadened to include Atlantic history and interactions with countries across the globe. Subjects studied within the field are varied, but often examine the literary themes, histories of American communities, ideologies, or cultural productions. Examples might include topics in American social movements, literature, media, tourism, folklore, and intellectual history. Fields studying specific American ethnic or racial groups are considered to be both independent of and included within the broader American studies discipline. This includes European American studies, African American studies, Latino studies, Asian American studies, American Indian studies, and others.

text:
# American studies

**American studies** or **American civilization** is an interdisciplinary field of scholarship that examines American literature, history, society, and culture. It traditionally incorporates literary criticism, historiography and critical theory.

Scholarship in American studies focuses on the United States. In the past decades, however, it has also broadened to include Atlantic history and interactions with countries across the globe. Subjects studied within the field are varied, but often examine the literary themes, histories of American communities, ideologies, or cultural productions. Examples might include topics in American social movements, literature, media, tourism, folklore, and intellectual history.

Fields studying specific American ethnic or racial groups are considered to be both independent of and included within the broader American studies discipline. This includes European American studies, African American studies, Latino studies, Asian American studies, American Indian studies, and others.

## Founding notions

Vernon Louis Parrington is often cited as the founder of American studies for his three-volume *Main Currents in American Thought*, which combines the methodologies of literary criticism and historical research; it won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize. In the introduction to *Main Currents in American Thought*, Parrington described his field:

> I have undertaken to give some account of the genesis and development in American letters of certain germinal ideas that have come to be reckoned traditionally Americanhow they came into being here, how they were opposed, and what influence they have exerted in determining the form and scope of our characteristic ideals and institutions. In pursuing such a task, I have chosen to follow the broad path of our political, economic, and social development, rather than the narrower belletristic.

The "broad path" that Parrington describes formed a scholastic course of study for Henry Nash Smith, who received a PhD from Harvard's interdisciplinary program in history and American civilization in 1940, setting an academic precedent for present-day American studies programs.

The first signature methodology of American studies was the "myth and symbol" approach, developed in such foundational texts as Henry Nash Smith's *Virgin Land* in 1950, John William Ward's *Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age* in 1955 and Leo Marx's *The Machine in the Garden* in 1964. Myth and symbol scholars claimed to find certain recurring themes throughout American texts that served to illuminate a unique American culture. Later scholars such as Annette Kolodny and Alan Trachtenberg re-imagined the myth and symbol approach in light of multicultural studies.

Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, these earlier approaches were criticized for continuing to promote the idea of American exceptionalismthe notion that the US has had a special mission and virtue that makes it unique among nations. Several generations of American studies scholars moved away from purely ethnocentric views, emphasizing transnational issues surrounding race, ethnicity, gender and sexuality, among other topics. But recent studies critique the exceptionalist nature of the transnational turn. "The transnational turn has positioned American Studies in a nationalist rut", observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera, in *After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism*:

> In these transnational turns ... the unhyphenated-American phenomenon tends to have colonial characteristics: English-language texts and their authors are promoted as representative; a piece of cultural material may be understood as unhyphenated—and thus archetypal—only when authors meet certain demographic criteria; any deviation from these demographic or cultural prescriptions are subordinated to hyphenated status.

Institutionally, in the last decade the American Studies Association has reflected the interdisciplinary nature of the field, creating strong connections to ethnic studies, gender studies, cultural studies and post- or de-colonial studies. Environmental perspectives, in ascendance in related fields, such as literature and history, have not penetrated the mainstream of American studies scholarship. A major theme of the field in recent years has been internationalizationthe recognition that much vital scholarship about the US and its relations to the wider global community has been and is being produced outside the United States.

## Debate on use of the term *American*

Until the mid-2000s, the use of *American* for this multidisciplinary field was widely defended. In 1998, Janice Radway argued, "Does the perpetuation of the particular name, *American*, in the title of the field ... support the notion that such a whole exists even in the face of powerful work that tends to question its presumed coherence? Does the field need to be reconfigured conceptually?" She concluded, "the name *American* *studies* will have to be retained." In 2001, Wai Chee Dimmock argued that the field "is largely founded on this fateful adjective. \[*American*\] governs the domain of inquiry we construct, the range of questions we entertain, the kind of evidence we take as significant. The very professionalism of the field rests on the integrity and the legitimacy of this founding concept." In 2002, Heinz Ickstadt argued that American studies "should accept its name as its limitation and its boundary." In 2006, Dimmock affirmed that the field "does stand to be classified apart, as a nameable and adducible unit."

More recently, scholars have questioned *American* as a categorizing term. "In consideration of the limitations of conventional terms," Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera argued in 2018, instead of *American*, terms like "spaces claimed by the political body" and "residents of spaces claimed by the political body" would offer a "more sensitive and attuned description ... of the regions, critical artifacts, communities, and individuals in question, one that is less charged with the ambiguities and colonial ties that weigh down the traditional disciplinary nomenclatures." In "the interests of justice and along the lines most suitable to our emergent age," argued Markha Valenta in 2017, scholars should consider "abandoning *America* as the field identifier."

## Imperial American studies

"One of the central themes of American historiography," argued William Appleman Williams, "is that there is no American Empire"" Contesting such assertions has been a central part of the Imperial Turn in the field. Amy Kaplan maintained that "an imperial unconscious of national identity" lead to "overseas expansion, conquest, conflict, and resistance which have shaped the cultures of the United States." More recently, scholars have examined how cultural imperialism occurs within the US borders. Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera described the phenomenon as an attempt to transition the "cultural symbols of the invading communities from 'foreign' to 'natural,' 'domestic,'" through three discrete and sequential phases:

| *People in new space* | *Objective* |
| --- | --- |
| **(1) Merchants** Also termed "explorers" e.g., Lewis and Clark | **Encounter resources** *E.g., minerals, trade routes, spices, furs, communities*
*to tax or conscript, fertile agricultural zones, strategic*
*geography, etc*. |
| **(2) Military** An invasion force | **Control resources** *Implement martial law so that the metropolitan may*
*exploit resources; establish "Fort" cities, e.g., Fort*
*Lauderdale, Fort Worth etc. that facilitate metropolitan*
*settlement*. |
| **(3) Politicians** Socialize the space into a new province of the metropolitan | **Social engineering** *Acculturize the space into a region of the metropolitan*
*through saturation of symbol, legend, and myth.*
*Establish laws and norms that promote the metropolitan*
*(invading system) as dominant culture and prohibit or*
*criminalize other systems; offer citizenship to conquered*
*peoples in exchange for submission to metropolitan*
*cultural norms and abandonment of original or other (in*
*the case of immigrants) social tendencies*. |

(Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. 2018. *After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism.* Routledge. p. 24)

While the third phase continues "in perpetuity," the imperial appropriation tends to be "gradual, contested (and continues to be contested), and is by nature incomplete." The Americanization of the continent has been described as a cultural engineering project that strives to "isolate residents within constructed spheres of symbols" such that they (eventually, in some cases after several generations) abandon other cultures and identify with the new symbols. "The broader intended outcome of these interventions might be described as a common recognition of *possession* of the land itself."

## Outside the United States

European centers for American studies include the British Association for American Studies, the Center for American Studies in Brussels, Belgium, and most notably the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies in Berlin, Germany. Other centers for American studies in Germany include the Bavarian America-Academy, the University of Munich, the Heidelberg Center for American Studies (HCA) and the Center for North American Studies (Zentrum für Nordamerikaforschung or ZENAF) at Goethe University Frankfurt. Graduate studies in the field of North American studies can also be undertaken at the University of Cologne, which works together in joint partnership with the North American studies program at the University of Bonn. American Studies Leipzig at the University of Leipzig is a center for American studies on the territory of former East Germany. Founded in 1992, the Center for American Studies at the University of Southern Denmark now offers a graduate program in American studies. In the Netherlands the University of Groningen and the Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American studies. The University of Amsterdam, the University of Leiden and the University of Utrecht only offer a graduate program in American studies. Both the University of Sussex and the University of Nottingham in England offer both a number of postgraduate and undergraduate programs. In Sweden, the Swedish Institute for North American Studies at Uppsala University offers a minor in American studies. In Slovakia, the University of Presov and Pavol Jozef Safarik University offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American studies combined with British studies. The Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library also offers a range of events and fellowships, as well as promoting the American collections held at the British Library.

Russia's main center for American studies is the Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In the Middle East, the oldest American Studies program is the American Studies Center at the University of Bahrain in Sakhir which was founded in 1998. An American studies program is offered at the University of Tehran within the Faculty of World Studies.

In Oceania, the University of Canterbury in Christchurch New Zealand operated a full undergraduate and graduate American studies program until 2012, and in Australia, a postgraduate program in US Studies is run by the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney.

In Canada, the University of Alberta has the Alberta Institute for American Studies. The University of Western Ontario has a Centre for American Studies that has both an undergraduate and master's program in American studies, with specializations at the graduate level in American Cultural Studies, and Canadian-American Relations. York University offers an undergraduate program in United States Studies.

American studies centers in China include the American Studies Center (Beijing Foreign Studies University) in 1979, the Institute of American Studies (Chinese Academy of Social Science) in 1981, Center for American Studies (Fudan University) in 1985, American Studies Center (Peking University) in 1980, Center for American Studies (Tongji University), American Studies Center (Sichuan University) in 1985, Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies in 1986, American Social and Cultural Studies Center (China Foreign Affairs University) and Center for American Studies (East China Normal University) in 2004. These centers do not have undergraduate programs. Based on the requirement of the curriculum setup of the China Department of Education, these centers only have graduate programs. In addition, there are also scholarly journals, such as *American Studies Quarterly* and *Fudan American Review*.

In the Republic of Korea, Sogang University (Seoul, Korea) is the sole institution that offers regular degree program both in bachelor (BA) and master (MA) degree in American studies, named American culture. The American culture division is run by the Department of English along with English literature and linguistics. Keimyung University (Daegu, Korea), Hansung University (Seoul, Korea), Pyeongtaek University (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do, Korea), Kyunghee University (Yongin, Gyonggi-do, Korea) also provide a major in American studies. Seoul National University (Seoul, Korea) and Yonsei University (Seoul, Korea) offers undergraduate interdisciplinary courses in American studies. The American Studies Association of Korea (ASAK) is one of the country's foremost research associations devoted to the interdisciplinary study of American culture and society within the Korean context.

## International American Studies Association

Founded at Bellagio, Italy, in 2000, the International American Studies Association has held World Congresses at Leyden (2003), Ottawa (2005), Lisbon (2007), Beijing (2009), Rio de Janeiro (2011), The Sixth World Congress of IASA at Szczecin, Poland, August 3–6, 2013, and Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (2019). The IASA is the only worldwide, independent, non-governmental association for Americanists. Furthering the international exchange of ideas and information among scholars from all nations and various disciplines who study and teach America regionally, hemispherically, nationally, and transnationally, IASA is registered in the Netherlands as a non-profit, international, educational organization with members in more than forty countries around the world.

## Associations and scholarly journals

The American Studies Association was founded in 1950. It publishes *American Quarterly*, which has been the primary outlet of American studies scholarship since 1949. The second-largest American studies journal, *American Studies*, is sponsored by the Mid-America American Studies Association and University of Kansas. Today there are 55 American studies journals in 25 countries.

## Further reading

* Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. *After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism* (Routledge; 2018)
* Bieger, Laura, Ramon Saldivar, and Johannes Voelz, eds. *The Imaginary and Its Worlds: American Studies After the Transnational Turn* (Dartmouth College Press/University Press of New England; 2013) 312 pp
* Kurian, George T. ed. *Encyclopedia of American Studies* (4 Vol. Groiler: 2001)
* Maddox, Lucy, ed. *Locating American Studies: The Evolution of a Discipline* (Johns Hopkins University Press 1998), ISBN 0-8018-6056-3
* Pease, Donald E. and Robyn Wiegman, eds. *The Futures of American Studies* (Duke University Press 2002), ISBN 0-8223-2965-4
* Lipsitz, George. *American Studies in a Moment of Danger* (University of Minnesota Press, 2001), ISBN 0-8166-3949-3
* *"American Studies at a Crossroads" https://web.archive.org/web/20120508024141/http://ragazine.cc/2011/12/discourse-american-studies/*
* Marx, Leo (1964). *The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America*. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Matthiessen, F. O. 1949. *American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman*. Harvard, Boston
* Meyers, Marvin 1957 *The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief Stanford Press*, California
* Lewis, R. W. B. 1955. *The American Adam; Innocence, Tragedy, and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century*. \[Chicago\]: University of Chicago Press.
* Smith, Henry Nash. 1950. *Virgin Land; the American West as Symbol and Myth.* Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
* John William Ward 1955. *Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age*. New York: Oxford University Press.
* John William Ward. 1969 *Red, White, and Blue: Men, Books, and Ideas in American Culture* . New York: Oxford University Press

### Library guides

1. Meikle, Jeffrey L (January 2003). "Review: Leo Marx's *The Machine in the Garden*". *Technology and Culture*. **44** (1): 147–159. doi:10.1353/tech.2003.0036. JSTOR 25148061. S2CID 111121510.


title: American studies in the United Kingdom

text:
# American studies in the United Kingdom

American studies as an academic discipline is taught at some British universities and incorporated in several school subjects, such as history, politics, and literature. While the United States of America is the focus of most study, American Studies can also include the study of all the Americas, including South America and Canada. The methods of study are interdisciplinary, and students and researchers come from many fields, including anthropology, cultural studies, history, literature, film studies, gender studies and economics. Because of Britain's long association with the Americas, there is also a history of comment and analysis of the geography, culture and peoples of America, from Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Dickens to Rudyard Kipling and Alistair Cooke.

American Studies in Britain is closely related to the discipline in America, and multiple degree programs also involve a period of study in the U.S. or Canada, ranging in time from a month to an academic year. However, an 'outsider's' view of a foreign culture, a variety of intellectual trends, such as the Birmingham school of cultural studies, and institutional arrangements often lead to a different approach to that pursued in the U.S. The support of the U.S. Embassy and other official U.S. bodies and awards also shows that American Studies has also been used to promote closer ties and greater understanding between the two countries.

## History of American Studies in Britain

Because of Britain's involvement in North America, American Studies has a long history as an activity in British Higher Education. This history has given American Studies in Britain a different flavour from that pursued in the U.S. The earliest accounts of the British colonization and exploration of North America may be considered as the first contributions to this field, which now incorporates the output of the work of many university departments, scholarly journals, and independent scholars. Many libraries, museums, and archives in the United Kingdom also support such work.

### The British Association for American Studies

American Studies as an academic course of study is generally considered to have begun in the U.S. in the late 1930s, at a time when little research or study was undertaken in Britain. During World War II, the British government encouraged the study of America and the American government began to see the need to support American Studies abroad during the Cold War, in the belief that "the more people knew about the United States, the more they would come to admire its political and economic values, and its foreign policy". In the early 1950s, the Rockefeller Foundation and the United States Education Commission (USEC) organised a series of Anglo-American conferences, which became known as the 'Fulbright Conferences' after the Fulbright Act of 1946. The British Association for American Studies (BAAS) was founded at the fourth conference in 1955; many of its members were influenced by the experiences of exchange programmes with the United States, such as the Commonwealth Fellowships, and contacts with Rhodes Scholars, and realised that much American culture and literature was unknown or misunderstood. The impetus to form the Association came from the Cultural Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in London, Dick Taylor, who wrote to the members of the eventual founding committee that he knew of "concrete interest" from an unnamed American foundation that wished to support the founding of an American Studies association. Taylor also proposed the founding of a center for American Studies at Ditchley Park, with an American school and conference center along the lines of the British School at Athens. The fledgling Association could not support this venture and, concerned with their independence from the U.S. State Department, unsuccessfully sought funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. Taylor's successor at the Embassy, Myron Koenig, offered a $20,000 grant to survey British library resources and $100,000 to establish the society. Membership fees provided a small income, and although BAAS accepted the grant for the library survey, they were able to decline the larger sum in the interests of intellectual and political independence. In 1956, the society received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. BAAS has continued to provide a focus for American Studies in Britain, organizing a series of conferences and administrating various awards and funds for research.

### Political influence

American Studies has always been influenced to some degree by contemporary politics. For example, the Special relationship between the two countries has contributed to a long tradition of scholarly exchange and support from U.S. organizations, such as the United States Department of State for the study of America in Britain. During World War II, The British Government also sought to "counter the Hollywood image of America as a land of violence and corruption by a vigorous campaign to develop American studies". As noted above, the development of the British university system and interest in the U.S. as a result of the Cold War and increasingly dominant U.S. popular culture led to the development of several American Studies courses at institutions including the universities of Keele and East Anglia.

More recently, in 2004 the Guardian columnist, Polly Toynbee suggested in an article revealingly called "A degree in bullying and self-interest? No thanks" that the Iraq war and the so-called "War on Terror" had led to a positive resistance to American Studies. Others, such as Shelley Fisher Fishkin argued that American Studies needs more transnational perspectives and that the U.S.'s engagement with the world demands more, not less, study.

### Expansion, contraction and consolidation

University growth allowed the expansion of American Studies in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s. By the 1980s, the European Association for American Studies estimated that there were at least two thousand Americanists employed in Britain and the Continent. Most major British universities could boast a historian of the U.S. or a literature specialist. American Studieshttps://studyabroad-consultancy.com/about-us/ also began to extend its range, incorporating Film Studies and the newer fields of Cultural and Gender Studies. Americanists also began to seek the 'meaning of America' outside the traditional areas of political institutions and dominant social class but in marginalized groups. During the 1980s, as Pells comments, the canon became 'contemporary, ethnic, and feminist'. The decade also witnessed a tranche of retirements from the profession, which, because of financial constraints on universities, were not replaced. Several key figures, such as Marcus Cunliffe, left Britain for American university posts. By the early 1990s, some American Studies departments were closed.

The end of the Cold War in the late 1980s marked a revival in interest in the remaining superpower, and student numbers rose, along with the number of professors. Most notable was the Rothermere Centre at Oxford (established 2001.) This revival was generally maintained until the controversial election of Bush in 2000, then 9/11, the subsequent "War on Terror" and the invasion of Iraq which put together encouraged a critical attitude to the United States in the public sphere which eventually had a negative effect on recruitment and caused a number of programmes to close (for instance at Reading) or amalgamate with English, History or other departments (see above reference to Polly Toynbee.)

With the election of Barack Obama in 2008 sparking renewed interest in the United States and its history and culture, the British Association for American Studies reported increasing demand for American-themed modules in many undergraduate degree programmes and a steady rise in applications to American Studies courses. That trend was exemplified when, in 2012, the announcement was made by Northumbria University of the most ambitious new initiative in American Studies for more than a generation, spearheaded by Brian Ward, former professor of American Studies at the University of Manchester. The first cohort of American Studies undergraduates was admitted to Northumbria in September 2013.

## Key figures and works

### Historians and named chairs

* 1922, Harmsworth Chair in American History, University of Oxford, intended for visiting American scholars.
* 1930, Commonwealth Professorship in American History, University of London.
* Harold Laski, historian and political scientist, published *The American Democracy* in 1948, which lamented Europe's 'absurd and willful ignorance of American institutions and culture'
* D. W. Brogan, *The American Character*, 1944.
* Peter J. Parish
* Esmond Wright.

### Literary critics

* Marcus Cunliffe, *The Literature of the United States* (1954).
* Professor Dennis Welland (1919–2002). Following a 12-month Rockefeller scholarship to the University of Minnesota, he began one of the first American Studies courses at the University of Nottingham in 1953. He helped to found the British Association of American Studies and acted as its first treasurer, secretary, and chair (1980–83). Welland was the founding editor of the Journal of American Studies (1976). His publications include *Arthur Miller* (1961), *Twain in England* (1978), and *The Life and Times of Mark Twain* (1991).
* Malcolm Bradbury, who suggested that America offered an escape from the 'constraining, class-oriented, provincial embrace' of Britain.
* Eric Knowle William Mottram (1924–1995) (Professor of English and American Literature, King's College, London).

### Anthropologists

### Journalists and writers

Thomas Paine, William Cobbett, Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, Rudyard Kipling, Alistair Cooke and Christopher Hitchens, have written about the political and cultural differences between Britain and America.

### Publishers

### U.S. institutional support

The Fulbright Program, which began in 1948, has been the backbone of many scholarly exchanges between Britain and the United States

## Schools and movements

As a heterodox discipline, American Studies incorporates many fields, from literature to international relations. Various schools, such as that of the Myth and Symbol approach have strongly influenced research. Although these approaches can be seen in \[American Studies\] in the U.S. and elsewhere, there have been distinctive British contributions.

### Birmingham School

The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies was a research center at the University of Birmingham. It was founded in 1964 by Richard Hoggart, its first director. Its object of study was the then-new field of Cultural Studies and it soon became known as the Birmingham School. Although no clear method emerged, the influence of Marxism and other theories, such as post-structuralism informed a politically engaged, sophisticated analysis of contemporary society. Its members included Jorge Larrain, the Chilean sociologist and cultural historian, author of *Identity and Modernity in Latin America*. The School has influenced many Area Studies scholars, including American Studies specialists.

## American Studies at GCSE and A-Level

O-levels and A-levels (AS/A2) in American studies have not been offered since the introduction of GCSEs and the UK National Curriculum however, American Studies is a component of history and politics A-level curricula whilst, the civil rights movement is studied as a unit as part of GCSE History.

## American Studies programmes at UK universities and higher education institutions

A list of institutions can be found at the Eccles Centre for American Studies website. Currently (2008) 37 institutions offer an American Studies degree.

## American Studies societies and centers in the UK

* British Association for American Studies
* Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library
* The Institute of North American Studies at King's College London
    + "The Institute of North American Studies at King's College London offers versatile and diverse academic programmes for the study of the cultures, societies, and arts of the United States and the Americas at graduate levels. It is the only Institute of its kind at the University of London and one of the leading centers in its field in the country. Though established in 2010, in fact, the institute draws upon a long tradition of teaching American culture and literature at King's, a tradition that goes back to the early sixties when the College appointed the very first full-time lecturer in American Literature in the country."
* Cunliffe Centre for the Study of the American South at University of Sussex
    + "Based in the American Studies Department at the University of Sussex, the Cunliffe Centre offers a concentration of scholars of the history of the South unparalleled anywhere outside the United States. The principal purpose of the Cunliffe Centre is to build upon this strength by enhancing research networks between scholars in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States, and to provide channels for the transfer of knowledge in the field to the broader public."
* Centre for American Studies at University of Leicester
    + "Voted in the "Top 2" by The Times, The Guardian, and The Independent in 2008, the Centre for American Studies at Leicester is firmly established as one of the UK's most important providers of American Studies degrees."
* Institute for the Study of the Americas at the School of Advanced Study, University of London
    + "The Institute for the Study of the Americas promotes, coordinates and provides a focus for research and postgraduate teaching on the Americas – Canada, the US, Latin America, and the Caribbean – in the University of London"
* School of American & Canadian Studies at University of Nottingham
    + "The School of American and Canadian Studies – which includes the Institute of Film and Television Studies – is the only Five Star Research School in its subject area and is the largest undergraduate and postgraduate center for American Studies in the country. It has a thriving programme at all levels and a teaching and research culture of the highest quality."
* The American Studies Centre at Liverpool John Moores University
    + The Centre provides an educational service to students, teachers, and the general public in the UK on all aspects of American culture. The ASRC is staffed by student research assistants under the directorship of Dr Bella Adams. The *ARN*et website is fundamental to the Centre's educational service, allowing it to disseminate information about American Studies courses, conferences, and events. *ARN*et also provides an annotated list of links to American Studies resources on the internet, covering a range of topics from the environment and education to online publications. *ARN*et also has its own online publication *American Studies Today **Online***, which features scholarly articles and book reviews. *American Studies Today* is published annually in hard copy form and is free to subscribers and contributors. *American Studies Today Online* is also free and features additional material, including longer articles and 'Letters from America.'
* School of American Studies at Richmond University
    + As the UK's only American studies programme based in an American Liberal Arts university, Richmond's BA in American Studies aims to develop an understanding of the United States of America from an international perspective. The programme enables students to take courses in American history, politics, and foreign policy alongside courses on film, literature, popular music, globalisation and contemporary popular culture – sharing courses with students majoring in International Relations, Politics, History, Communications, Journalism, and other disciplines. Students studying American Studies will have the opportunity to benefit from the numerous exchange possibilities with universities and colleges in the United States and Canada.
* Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford
    + "The Rothermere American Institute, which was opened on 25 May 2001 by former US President Bill Clinton, is an international center of excellence dedicated to the interdisciplinary and comparative study of the United States. Bringing together scholars, intellectuals, policy-makers, and public figures from around the world, the Rothermere American Institute will promote a greater public and academic understanding of the history, culture, and politics of the United States. The newly built institute also hosts the finest library of Americana to be found outside the USA."
* The Institute for the Study of the Americas, School of Advanced Study, arranges a series of events and conferences in London

## Hard to find sources for American Studies in the UK

Although many collections of materials can be located through the online or automated catalogs of archives and libraries, many resources are not listed in this fashion and may be difficult to locate.

### Microform collections

### Manuscript collections

### Newspaper collections

Many American newspapers are available in the United Kingdom, either in their original format or in microform. American newspapers often contain reports of events in Britain and details of trans-atlantic relations. A database can be found on the BAAS newspaper database.

A digital collection of Historical American Newspapers is held by the British Library, which complements the extensive paper and microform collections; important collections are also held by the National Library of Scotland.

### Digital collections

United States Congressional Serial Set is part of Readex's Archive of Americana. It is held at the British Library and the University of Oxford. The University of Sussex holds the full set of the Archive of Americana.

1. The Eccles Centre for American Studies (2005). *American Studies in the United Kingdom*. British Library. ISBN 0-7123-4442-X. and H: "American Studies in Britain," American Quarterly (Summer,1966): 251–269. American history, for example, is listed as a component and cited in several examples, of Key Stage 3 History: http://www.nc.uk.net/nc\_resources/html/download/cHi.pdf Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
2. Palmer, Niall. "American Studies". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
3. Giles, P, "Virtual Americas: The Internationalization of American Studies and the Ideology of Exchange," *American Quarterly* 50:3 (1998): 523–547
4. Lawson-Peebles, R, "Dean Acheson and the Potato Head Blues, or British Academic Attitudes to America and its Literature,", Gutman, H. *As Others Read Us: International Perspectives on American Literature,* University of Massachusetts Press, 2001, pp. 30–1. ISBN 0-87023-629-6 and Laville, H., "The Importance of Being (In) Earnest", in *The US Government, Citizen Groups And the Cold War: The State-Private Network,* Routledge, 2006.
5. http://www.asrp.info/ Archived 2006-12-05 at the Wayback Machine accessed 2006-12-06
6. D. Reynolds, *From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s*, Oxford University Press, 2006, 3 and Ch. 10; R. Pells, *Not Like Us: How Europeans have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II*, New York: Basic Books, 1997, 94.
7. A. Fisher "Double Vision, Double Analysis", in H. Laville and H. Wilford, *The US Government, Citizen Groups and the Cold War. The State-Private Network*, London & New York: Routledge, 2006, 145–50.
8. Reynolds, D., *From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s*, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 3 and Ch. 10.
9. Toynbee, P, "A degree in bullying and self-interest? No thanks", Guardian, 25 August 2004 (Accessed 2006-12-06)
10. Fisher Fishkin, S., "Crossroads of Cultures: The Transnational Turn in American Studies—Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, November 12, 2004," *American Quarterly*, 57:1 (2005): 17–57
11. Pells, *Not Like Us*, 123-29. Guardian article
12. American Studies in the UK, 2000–2010 http://www.baas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/american%20studies%20in%20the%20uk%202000-2010.pdf
13. David Whestone, "An American Adventure," The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne), October 4, 2012 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/An+American+adventure%3B+The+race+for+the+White+House+is+intensifying...-a0308567153, "United Studies of America": http://www.northumbria.ac.uk/browse/ne/uninews/archive/2012news/AmericanStudies?view=Standard&news=archive Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
14. R. Pells, *Not Like Us*, 95.
15. Peter J. Parish Archived 2006-05-14 at the Wayback Machine Obituary in *American Studies in Britain*
16. Esmond Wright Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine Obituary in *American Studies in Britain*
17. Obituary, *Guardian*, 26 September 2002.
18. Pells, *Not Like Us*, 117.
19. Poetry Wars, Salt Publishing, 2006, p. 223
20. Obituary, *The Times*, 17 November 2006
21. Fisher,"Double Vision".
22. Wolff, Janet, "Symposia; Sociology and Border Disciplines: Cultural Studies and the Sociology of Culture", *Contemporary Sociology* 28: 5 (1999)
23. How well is American Studies doing in Britain today?, http://www.americansc.org.uk/Online/question.htm Retrieved 2006 12 06
24. Cunliffe Centre for the Study of the American South
25. The Institute for the Study of the Americas
26. "Rothermere American Institute, Oxford". Archived from the original on 2007-03-23. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
27. *A Guide to the manuscripts relating to America in Great Britain and Ireland,* London: Published for the British Association for American Studies by Meckler BooksMansell Publishing, 1979. This volume lists many of the institutional holdings of American materials. Not all of these institutions have automated catalogs.

## Sources

Study in the USA or North America


title: American Car Rental Association

abstract: The American Car Rental Association (ACRA) is a formal trade organization based in Long Lake, New York, composed of rental car companies, that advocates and lobbies on behalf of the car rental industry with elected officials and consumer advocates at the federal, state and local levels of government.

text:
# American Car Rental Association

The **American Car Rental Association** (**ACRA**) is a formal trade organization based in Long Lake, New York, composed of rental car companies, that advocates and lobbies on behalf of the car rental industry with elected officials and consumer advocates at the federal, state and local levels of government.

## History

In 1978, a number of major car rental companies and larger independent car rental owners formed a national association that would share a unified voice when representing the car rental industry at legislative hearings. The association's goal was to represent as many voters as possible so they welcomed the smaller auto rental franchise systems and companies to join ACRA.

ACRA was chartered in San Francisco, California in April 1978. The first president was Eldon Barnard. Original members including Avis, National, Budget, Alamo, Thrifty Car Rental, Dollar, and numerous other rental car companies.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, there were many Senior Level company Executives, including some CEO's of major rental car systems serving as president of the association. This list of distinguished industry executives included Joe James with National Car Rental, Don Himelfarb with Thrifty Car Rental, Gary Paxton with Dollar Rent A Car, Phil Schailer with Alamo Rent A Car, Sandford Miller with Budget Rent A Car, Bill McPike, Dan Huntoon and David Schaefer with Avis, and Wayne Kauffman with Enterprise Car Rental.

ACRA is the industry voice on public policy issues facing the car rental industry. It is governed by a board of directors that represents a large cross-section of the car rental industry and acts in strict compliance with the antitrust laws. The association provides strategic media communications and consistent public “voice”.

## Areas of activity

The American Car Rental Association operates on behalf of the U.S. car rental business by: (a) lobbying on the state and federal level, (b) analyzing and reporting on federal, state and local laws, (c) educating its membership about recent developments in public policy and court decisions, (d) providing appropriate services as needed to support these goals and organizing and (e) participating in the annual International Car Rental Show and the annual D.C. Conference.

## Accomplishments

ACRA is actively lobbying to eliminate excise taxes on car rental transactions in state and local governments. In Arizona, Florida, and the State of Washington taxes were eliminated or stopped. ACRA is actively engaged in pursuing federal legislation that would prohibit future excise taxes imposed solely on the car rental industry as discriminatory.

ACRA fought hard to reduce MFR (Minimum Financial Responsibility) levels for rental car companies in Maine and thwarted efforts to increase these levels in New York.

ACRA helped pass legislation in Arizona that shifted the company's liability to a secondary position rather than primary thereby making the tortfeasor the first in line to pay personal injury claims when other insurance is available.

ACRA was instrumental in the elimination of vicarious liability on a federal level, the Graves Amendment, and has been in the forefront of defeating numerous attempts at a repeal of this legislation. ACRA members have also prevailed in legal challenges to this law.

## Members

The American Car Rental Association is composed of rental car company members (“regular” members) and associate or vendor members.

The major car rental companies include:

## Board of Directors

* Sharon Faulkner - Executive Director
* Sharky Laguana - President
* Robert E. Muhs, Esq.
* William Harris
* Gordon Reel
* Michael L. DeLorenzo
* Jim East
* Bill Wallschlaeger
* Jennifer Gelder
* Trey Breckenridge
* Bert Sheppard
* Eric Rothman
* Carlos A. Bazan
* Paul Hemmert


title: 1886 Nova Scotia general election

abstract: The 1886 Nova Scotia general election was held from 8 June to 15 June 1886 to elect members of the 29th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Liberal party.

text:
# 1886 Nova Scotia general election

The **1886 Nova Scotia general election** was held from 8 June to 15 June 1886 to elect members of the 29th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Liberal party.

## Results

### Results by party

| **29** | **8** | **1** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Liberal** | **Liberal-Conservative** | **Independent** |

Official results
| Party | | Party leader | \# of
candidates | Seats | | | | Popular vote | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1882 | | | Dissolution | Elected | Change | # | % | Change (pp) |
|  | Liberal | William Stevens Fielding | 39 | 24 | 24 | 29 | +5 | 62,361 | 54.88% | +3.14% |
|  | Liberal-Conservative | Adam Carr Bell | 37 | 14 | 14 | 8 | -6 | 50,149 | 44.13% | -3.05% |
|  | Independent/Other | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | +1 | 1,120 | 0.99% | -0.09% |
|  | Vacant | | | | 0 |  | | | | |
| Total valid votes | | | | | | | | 113,630 | 100.00% |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Blank and invalid ballots | | | | | | | | 0 | 0.00% |  |
| **Total** | | | **78** | **38** | **38** | **38** |  | **113,630** | **100.00%** |  |

| Popular vote   Liberal  54.88%  Liberal-Conservative  44.13%  Independent/Other  0.99% |
| --- |

| Seats summary   Liberal  76.32%  Liberal-Conservative  21.05%  Independent/Other  2.63% |
| --- |

## Retiring incumbents

Liberal Liberal-Conservative

## Nominated candidates

1886 Nova Scotia Provincial Election

**Legend**
**bold** denotes party leader
† denotes an incumbent who is not running for re-election or was defeated in nomination contest

### Valley

| Electoral district | Candidates | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Liberal | | Liberal-Conservative | | Independent/Other | | |
| Annapolis |  | James Wilberforce Longley
1,556
25.25% |  | R. J. Ellison
1,531
24.85% |  |  |  | James Wilberforce Longley |
| |  | Henry M. Munro
1,535
24.91% |  | Frank Andrews
1,540
24.99% |  |  |  | Henry M. Munro |
| Digby |  | Henri M. Robicheau
1,108
42.35% |  | Robert G. Munroe
522
19.95% |  |  |  | Henri M. Robicheau |
| |  | John S. McNeill
986
37.69% |  |  |  |  |  | John S. McNeill |
| Hants |  | Allen Haley
1,552
25.50% |  | Allan MacDougall
1,508
24.77% |  |  |  | Allen Haley |
| |  | Archibald Frame
1,522
25.00% |  | Nathaniel Spence
1,505
24.72% |  |  |  | Nathaniel Spence |
| Kings |  | Alfred P. Welton
1,535
24.92% |  | William C. Bill
1,560
25.32% |  |  |  | Thomas Lewis Dodge |
| |  | Leander Rand
1,635
26.54% |  | Thomas R. Harris
1,430
23.21% |  |  |  | Thomas R. Harris |

### South Shore

| Electoral district | Candidates | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Liberal | | Liberal-Conservative | | Independent/Other | | |
| Lunenburg |  | Charles Edward Church
1,924
29.13% |  | Charles A. Smith
1,475
22.33% |  |  |  | Charles Edward Church |
| |  | George A. Ross
1,798
27.22% |  | Aubrey B. Caldwell
1,408
21.32% |  |  |  | George A. Ross |
| Queens |  | Jason M. Mack
787
29.25% |  | Leander Ford
622
23.11% |  |  |  | Jason M. Mack |
| |  | Joseph H. Cook
762
28.32% |  | James C. Bartling
520
19.32% |  |  |  | Joseph H. Cook |
| Shelburne |  | Thomas Johnston
1,188
30.97% |  | Alfred K. Smith
860
22.42% |  |  |  | Thomas Johnston |
| |  | William F. MacCoy
1,063
27.71% |  | Charles Cahan
725
18.90% |  |  |  | William F. MacCoy |
| Yarmouth |  | Albert Gayton
1,643
39.43% |  |  |  |  |  | Albert Gayton |
| |  | William Law
1,745
41.88% |  | Thomas Corning
779
18.69% |  |  |  | Thomas Corning |

### Fundy-Northeast

| Electoral district | Candidates | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Liberal | | Liberal-Conservative | | Independent/Other | | |
| Colchester |  | George Clarke
2,053
27.47% |  | S. E. Gourley
1,700
22.75% |  |  |  | William Blair |
| |  | Frederick Andrew Laurence
1,938
25.93% |  | William Albert Patterson
1,782
23.85% |  |  |  | William Albert Patterson |
| Cumberland |  | Thomas Reuben Black
2,083
25.15% |  | C. J. Macfarlane
1,855
22.40% |  | James B. Wilson
341
4.12% |  | Thomas Reuben Black |
| |  | George W. Forrest
1,939
23.41% |  | Richard L. Black
2,064
24.92% |  |  |  | William Thomas Pipes |

### Halifax

| Electoral district | Candidates | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Liberal | | Liberal-Conservative | | Independent/Other | | |
| Halifax |  | **William Stevens Fielding**
4,042
19.76% |  | John Y. Payzant
2,816
13.76% |  |  |  | William Stevens Fielding |
| |  | Michael Joseph Power
3,822
18.68% |  | J. N. Lyons
2,866
14.01% |  |  |  | Michael Joseph Power |
| |  | William Roche
3,931
19.21% |  | William D. Harrington
2,981
14.57% |  |  |  | William D. Harrington |

### Central Nova

| Electoral district | Candidates | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Liberal | | Liberal-Conservative | | Independent/Other | | |
| Antigonish |  | Angus McGillivray
1,384
34.30% |  | Rod K. McDonald
482
11.95% |  |  |  | Angus McGillivray |
| |  | Colin Francis McIsaac
1,269
31.45% |  | Charles B. Whidden
900
22.30% |  |  |  | Charles B. Whidden |
| Guysborough |  | James A. Fraser
1,036
33.67% |  | Joseph William Hadley
565
18.36% |  |  |  | John A. Fraser |
| |  | Otto Schwartz Weeks
931
30.26% |  | J. F. L. Parsons
545
17.71% |  |  |  | Otto Schwartz Weeks |
| Pictou |  | Jeffrey McColl
2,606
16.70% |  | Robert Hockin
2,565
16.44% |  |  |  | Robert Hockin |
| |  | John D. McLeod
2,514
16.11% |  | Charles H. Munro
2,578
16.52% |  |  |  | Charles H. Munro |
| |  | Robert Drummond
2,498
16.01% |  | **Adam Carr Bell**
2,844
18.22% |  |  |  | Adam Carr Bell |

### Cape Breton

| Electoral district | Candidates | | | | | | Incumbent | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Liberal | | Liberal-Conservative | | Independent/Other | | |
| Cape Breton |  | George Henry Murray
1,253
24.13% |  | Colin Chisholm
1,633
31.44% |  |  |  | Alonzo J. White |
| |  | Ronald Gillies
745
14.35% |  | William MacKay
1,562
30.08% |  |  |  | William Buchanan† |
| Inverness |  | John McKinnon
1,854
31.13% |  | Angus MacLennan
1,363
22.89% |  |  |  | Angus MacLennan |
| |  | Daniel McNeil
1,764
29.62% |  | Alexander Campbell
974
16.36% |  |  |  | Alexander Campbell |
| Richmond |  | Angus S. McLean
455
19.65% |  | David A. Hearn
534
23.07% |  |  |  | Isidore LeBlanc |
| |  | Joseph Matheson
616
26.61% |  | Murdoch McRae
316
13.65% |  |  |  | Murdoch McRae |
| |  | | | | | | | Charles LeNoir
394
17.02% |
| Victoria |  | John J. McCabe
385
13.21% |  | Murdoch G. McLeod
463
15.89% |  | John Lemuel Bethune
779
26.74% |  | John Archibald McDonald |
| |  | John A. Fraser
510
17.51% |  | John Morrison
408
14.01% |  |  |  | William F. McCurdy |
| | |  | John Munroe
368
12.63% | | | | |

## InfoBox

1886 Nova Scotia general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  38 seats of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
20 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party  **Con**  Leader William Stevens Fielding Adam Carr Bell  Party Liberal Liberal-Conservative  Leader since 1884 1882  Leader's seat Halifax Pictou  Last election 24 14  Seats won 29 8  Seat change 5 6  Popular vote 62,361 50,149  Percentage 54.88% 44.13%  Swing 3.14pp 3.05pp | |
| ---  **Premier before election**
William Stevens Fielding
Liberal **Premier after election**
William Stevens Fielding
Liberal | |


title: American Music Theatre Project

abstract: The American Music Theatre Project (AMTP) is a project at Northwestern University that associates the faculty and students at Northwestern with professional working artists of the music theatre to develop new musicals. It was founded in 2005.

text:
# American Music Theatre Project

The **American Music Theatre Project (AMTP)** is a project at Northwestern University that associates the faculty and students at Northwestern with professional working artists of the music theatre to develop new musicals. It was founded in 2005.

## History

In 2022 AMTP announced Alexander Gemignani as its new artistic director.

## Musicals Produced

* *Was* (October 28 – November 13, 2005): Music by Joe Thalken, Book and lyrics by Barry Kleinbort, Based on the novel by Geoff Ryman, Directed by Tina Landau; Barber Theater
* *Paradise Lost* (February 11-12, 2006): Composed and conducted by Eric Whitacre; Pick Staiger Concert Hall
* *Edges* (June 22–25, 2006): By Benj Pasek & Justin Paul; Directed by Travis Greisler; Louis Theater
* *The Boys Are Coming Home* (Opened July 28, 2006): Music and lyrics by Leslie Arden; Book by Berni Stapleton; Inspired by an idea from Timothy French; Directed by Gary Griffin; Barber Theater
* *Asphalt Beach* (October 27–November 12, 2006): Music and lyrics by Andrew Lippa; Book by T.C. Smith and Peter Spears; Directed by Amanda Dehnert; Louis Theater
* *In The Bubble* (July 27–August 12, 2007): Music and lyrics by Michael Friedman and Joe Popp; Book by Rinne Groff; Directed by Michael Greif; Barber Theater
* *Time After Time* (November 13, 2007): Book and Lyrics Stephen Cole; Music Jeffrey Saver; Directed by Philip Markle; Louis Theater
* *Dangerous Beauty* (July 25 – August 17, 2008 ): Book by Jeannine Dominy; Lyrics by Amanda McBroom; Music by Michele Brourman; Directed by Sheryl Kaller; Barber Theater
    + Adapted from the screenplay The Honest Courtesan written by Jeannine Dominy, released as the film *Dangerous Beauty* Inspired by the scholarly book *The Honest Courtesan* by Margaret Rosenthal
* Moby Dick: An American Opera (November 24, 2008): Book and lyrics Mark St. Germain; Music by Doug Katsaros; Directed by Geoff Button; Wallis Theater
* *Next Thing You Know* (February 20–22, 2009): Music Joshua Salzman; Lyrics Ryan Cunningham; Directed by David Bell; Struble Theater
* *Girls vs. Boys* (July 10–August 2, 2009): Music by Kevin O'Donnell; Book and lyrics by Chris Mathews, Jake Minton and Nathan Allen; Choreography by Tommy Rapley; Directed by Nathan Allen; Wallis Theater
* *A Doctor in Spite of Himself* (August 8, 2009): Musical comedy based on *Le Medicin malgre lui* by Molière; Book Jean-Baptiste Poquelin; English adaptation, score and additional dialogue Sheldon Harnick; Directed by Dominic Missimi; Barber Theater
* *Ace* (September 25–27, 2009): Book & Lyrics Robert Taylor and Richard Oberacker; Directed by David H. Bell; Wallis Theater
* *Not Wanted on The Voyage* (July 16 – August 8, 2010): Music and lyrics by Neil Bartram; Book by Brian Hill; Based on the novel by Timothy Findley; Directed by Amanda Dehnert; Barber Theater
* *Fly By Night: A New Musical* (February 14–27, 2011): Directed by Bill Fennelly; Struble Theater
* *Painted Alice: A New Musical* (March 3 – 13, 2011): Music and Lyrics by Michael Mahler; Book by Bill Donnelley; Directed by David H. Bell
* *Hero* (September 5–18, 2011): Music and Lyrics by Michael Mahler; Book by Aaron Thielen; Directed by Jess McLeod; Struble Theater
* *Triangle* (September 19–October 2, 2011): Music by Curtis Moore, Lyrics by Thomas Mizer, Book by Thomas Mizer, Curtis Moore and Joshua Scherer; Directed by Meredith McDonough; Struble Theater
* *The Verona Project* (October 19–November 4, 2012): Written and Directed by Amanda Dehnert; Louis Theater
* *Found* (May 29–31, 2013): By Hunter Bell, Lee Overtree and Eli Bolin; Directed by Lee Overtree; Wallis Theater
* *Mr. Chickee's Funny Money* (July 29 – August 9, 2013): Based on the book by Christopher Paul Curtis; Book by David Ingber; Music and Lyrics by Lamont Dozier and Paris Dozier; Directed by Derrick Sanders; Wallis Theater
* *The Rules of Love* (March 12, 2013; March 4–9, 2014): Music by Demir Demirkan and Sertab Erener; Lyrics and Book by David H. Bell; Directed by David H. Bell; Wallis Theater
* *The Legend of New York* (May 18–30, 2014): Music by Joshua Salzman Lyrics and Book by Ryan Cunningham Directed by John Simpkins; Wallis Theater
* *Scrooge In Love!*: Book by Duane Poole Music by Larry Grossman Lyrics by Kellen Blair Directed by Geoff Button WORKSHOP: November 13–23, 2014 | Wallis Theater PREMIERE: 2016 | Eureka Theatre
* *The Proxy Marriage* (2017)
* *The Woman in Question* (November 29–December 6, 2017): directed by Ryan Cunningham
* *Picture Perfect* (February 3–10 2018): directed by Scott Evans
* *Marie in Tomorrowland* (February 17–24, 2018): Directed by Sam Pinkleton
* *\[re: CLICK\]* (June 18-30 2021)

42°03′07″N 87°40′23″W / 42.0519444°N 87.6730556°W / 42.0519444; -87.6730556


title: EcoPark (Hong Kong)

abstract: EcoPark located in Tuen Mun Area 38, on west side of Hong Kong, is similar to an industrial park exclusively for waste recycling and environmental engineering. This is the first of its kind in Hong Kong.

text:
# EcoPark (Hong Kong)

**EcoPark** (Chinese: 環保園) located in Tuen Mun Area 38, on west side of Hong Kong, is similar to an industrial park exclusively for waste recycling and environmental engineering. This is the first of its kind in Hong Kong.

## Introduction

In December 2003, the Hong Kong Government mapped out a strategy on waste management emphasized waste reduction and recovery. Hong Kong currently recycles 48% of its municipal solid waste (MSW), but over 99% of recovered recyclable materials are exported to Mainland China for further re-processing while less than 1% are treated locally and re-manufactured into useful products. With the measures to promote waste recovery, recycling and reuse in place, a local waste management area like EcoPark is a viable option for furthering Hong Kong's recycling program.

EcoPark aims to promote the local recycling industry and jump-start a circular economy to provide a sustainable solution to the city's waste problems. By encouraging and promoting the reuse, recovery and recycling of waste resources and returning them to the consumption loop, the EcoPark will help realize the full potential of the local recycling industry and alleviate the heavy reliance on the export of recyclable materials recovered from Hong Kong.

## Design and construction

The EcoPark occupies 200,000 square metres of land in Tuen Mun Area 38 and will be developed in two phases. As pledged in the Policy Framework, the aim is to commission Phase I of EcoPark (80,000 square metres) towards the end of 2006 and Phase II (120,000 square metres) in 2009. Hong Kong Government funding will be used to build the basic infrastructure of EcoPark.

The EcoPark will be divided into lots of different sizes. Lots in EcoPark will be tendered for specific recovered materials and processes that help achieve Hong Kong's government waste management objectives, in particular, in recycling local wastes. Admission criteria will be developed with priority given to processes involving value-added technologies, and target materials of the proposed Producer Responsibility Schemes.

## Progress

All six lots in EcoPark Phase I has been allocated for recycling of waste cooking oil, waste computer equipment, waste metals, waste wood, waste plastics and waste car batteries. Some of them are already in operation, while the rest of tenants will start their operation shortly.

Construction works of the EcoPark Phase II have already completed. Two lots have been allocated to non-government organisations for recycling of plastics and waste electrical appliances. The remaining lots in EcoPark Phase II will be available for tendering in late 2010.

## Phase I tenants

Champway Technology Limited \- Recycling of waste cooking oil into biodiesel
Li Tong Group \- Recycling of waste computer equipment
Shiu Wing Steel Limited \- Recycling of waste metals
Hong Kong Hung Wai Wooden Board Company \- Recycling of waste wood
Hong Kong Telford Envirotech Company Limited \- Recycling of waste plastics
Cosmos Star Company Limited - Recycling of car batteries

## Phase II lots

Tendering of Phase II lots (with a total area of 100,000 square metres) will start in late 2010. Further information on the tendering can be obtained from EcoPark management office.

## Visitor Centre

The 1,000-square metre EcoPark Visitor Centre is the first education centre in Hong Kong with a main theme of solid waste management. Admission is free and docent service will be provided. Online and telephone booking can be arranged through the EcoPark Management Office.

## Public consultation

Hong Kong Government has consulted the Tuen Mun District Council and members support the development of EcoPark and agree that EcoPark will help promote development of local recycling industry and create job opportunities in Tuen Mun. The Council hopes that EcoPark will become a landmark for Tuen Mun.

Local trade associations and recyclers were also consulted and they support the development of EcoPark, agreeing that by providing long-term land at affordable cost, together with supporting infrastructure, EcoPark will help enhance recycling technology development and improve waste recovery rates in Hong Kong.

## Environmental considerations

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried out in respect of air and water quality, waste management, land contamination, landfill gas hazard and hazard to life, in which a wide range of recycling processes for different material types were examined. The assessment recommends a list of materials and processes to be allowed and also recommends a number of mitigation measures. With these measures in place, the EIA concludes that there will be no significant environmental impacts to the surrounding areas.

22°22′00.2″N 113°55′38.01″E / 22.366722°N 113.9272250°E / 22.366722; 113.9272250


title: Eberhard Fjord

abstract: Eberhard Fjord is an arm of Seno Ultima Esperanza in the Patagonian region of Chile. This surface water body was named after Hermann Eberhard, the first European to explore this region. Eberhard used the fjord to find the Cueva del Milodón, where he discovered remains of the extinct Giant sloth; archaeological recovery of evidence of prehistoric man was also found at this cave complex. Geologically this fjord is within the Magallanes Basin.

text:
# Eberhard Fjord

**Eberhard Fjord** is an arm of Seno Ultima Esperanza in the Patagonian region of Chile. This surface water body was named after Hermann Eberhard, the first European to explore this region. Eberhard used the fjord to find the Cueva del Milodón, where he discovered remains of the extinct Giant sloth; archaeological recovery of evidence of prehistoric man was also found at this cave complex. Geologically this fjord is within the Magallanes Basin.

* Ben Box (2004) *South American Handbook* 2004 Published by Footprint Travel Guides, 1584 pages ISBN 1-903471-70-2, ISBN 978-1-903471-70-8
* C. Michael Hogan, *Cueva del Milodon*, Megalithic Portal, 13 April 2008

## Line notes


title: 1887 Brooklyn Hill Football Club season

abstract: The 1887 Brooklyn Hill football team was an American football team that represented the Brooklyn Hill Football Club. Despite not being part of the American Football Union any longer, the Hills were still able to play a competitive schedule and compiled record of at least 0–3 against collegiate and semi-professional opponents. In their match against the Polytechnic Institute in March, the Hills team and a congregation from the Adelphi Academy combined to play the Polys, but still lost 20 to 4.

text:
# 1887 Brooklyn Hill Football Club season

The **1887 Brooklyn Hill football team** was an American football team that represented the Brooklyn Hill Football Club. Despite not being part of the American Football Union any longer, the Hills were still able to play a competitive schedule and compiled record of at least 0–3 against collegiate and semi-professional opponents. In their match against the Polytechnic Institute in March, the Hills team and a congregation from the Adelphi Academy combined to play the Polys, but still lost 20 to 4.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March 12 |  | Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn |  | L 4–20 |  |
| October 7 | 4:20 p.m. | at Crescent Athletic Club | * Crescent Athletic Club grounds * Brooklyn, NY | L 0–29 |  |
| October 30 | 3:50 p.m. | at Princeton Freshmen |  | L 0–48 |  |

## 1887 Brooklyn Heights Football Club schedule

Whether or not the Brooklyn Heights football club was a separate organization from the Brooklyn Hills team is unknown. There is some evidence though that points to the Heights team as being its own athletic club, and not just another way to describe the hills club, most notably the limited roster differences. Another solution is that the Brooklyn Heights team was a secondary squad for the more prominent Hills team, although no historical newspapers can substantiate this theory.

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 8 | nearly 11:00 a.m. | Columbia Freshmen |  | W 4–0 |  |
| November 26 |  | Stevens Institute High School | * Prospect Park * Brooklyn, NY | L 12–20 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1887 Brooklyn Hills football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Head coach | * William Halsey (2nd season) |
| Captain | William Halsey (center rush) |
| Home stadium | Parade Grounds, Prospect Park |
|


title: 1916 Argentine Primera División

abstract: The 1916 Argentine Primera División was the 25th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on March 23 and ended on December. Racing win its 4th consecutive league championship.

text:
# 1916 Argentine Primera División

The **1916 Argentine Primera División** was the 25th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on March 23 and ended on December.

Racing win its 4th consecutive league championship.

## Final standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Racing (C) | 21 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 39 | 10 | +29 | 34 |
| 2 | Platense | 21 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 25 | 13 | +12 | 30 |
| 3 | River Plate | 21 | 10 | 9 | 2 | 27 | 10 | +17 | 29 |
| 4 | Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP) | 21 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 21 | 12 | +9 | 27 |
| 5 | Huracán | 21 | 11 | 4 | 6 | 31 | 16 | +15 | 26 |
| 6 | Estudiantil Porteño | 21 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 37 | 22 | +15 | 26 |
| 7 | San Lorenzo | 21 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 16 | 25 | 9 | 23 |
| 8 | Porteño | 21 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 32 | 26 | +6 | 22 |
| 9 | Gimnasia y Esgrima (BA) | 21 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 31 | 29 | +2 | 21 |
| 10 | Tigre | 21 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 22 | 28 | 6 | 21 |
| 11 | Argentino (Q) | 21 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 25 | 23 | +2 | 20 |
| 12 | Estudiantes (LP) | 21 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 20 |
| 13 | San Isidro | 21 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 29 | 32 | 3 | 20 |
| 14 | Boca Juniors | 21 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 25 | 29 | 4 | 20 |
| 15 | Independiente | 21 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 4 | 20 |
| 16 | Columbian | 21 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 24 | 26 | 2 | 19 |
| 17 | Atlanta | 21 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 17 | 24 | 7 | 17 |
| 18 | Banfield | 21 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 20 | 31 | 11 | 16 |
| 19 | Estudiantes (BA) | 21 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 27 | 33 | 6 | 15 |
| 20 | Ferro Carril Oeste | 21 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 28 | 39 | 11 | 15 |
| 21 | Belgrano AC (R) | 21 | 5 | 3 | 13 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 13 |
| 22 | Quilmes (R) | 21 | 2 | 4 | 15 | 12 | 36 | 24 | 8 |

Source:
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:   1. Argentina 1916 by Osvaldo Gorgazzi at RSSSF.com

## InfoBox

Primera División
| Racing Club, champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 1916 |
| Champions | Racing (4th title) |
| Promoted | Gim. y Esg. (LP) |
| Relegated | Belgrano AC
Quilmes |
| 1916 Copa Aldao | Racing |
| Top goalscorer | Marius Hiller
(16 goals) |
| 1915 1917 | |


abstract: List of champions of the 1893 U.S. National Championships tennis tournament. The men's singles competition was held from August 22 to August 28 on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The men's doubles event was played at the St. George Cricket Club in Chicago from July 25 through July 29. The women's singles and doubles events, as well as the mixed doubles, were held from June 20 to June 23 on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the 13th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.

text:
# 1893 U.S. National Championships (tennis)

List of champions of the **1893 U.S. National Championships** tennis tournament (now known as the US Open). The men's singles competition was held from August 22 to August 28 on the outdoor grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island. The men's doubles event was played at the St. George Cricket Club in Chicago from July 25 through July 29. The women's singles and doubles events, as well as the mixed doubles, were held from June 20 to June 23 on the outdoor grass courts at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the 13th U.S. National Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year.

## Finals

### Men's singles

Robert Wrenn defeated  Oliver Campbell w/o

### Women's singles

Aline Terry defeated  Augusta Schultz 6–1, 6–3

### Men's doubles

Clarence Hobart /  Fred Hovey defeated  Oliver Campbell /  Bob Huntington 6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–2

### Women's doubles

Aline Terry /  Harriet Butler defeated  Augusta Schultz /  Ms Stone 6–4, 6–3

### Mixed doubles

Ellen Roosevelt /  Clarence Hobart defeated  Ethel Bankson /  Robert Willson Jr. 6–1, 4–6, 10–8, 6–1

## InfoBox

| 1893 U.S. National Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | June 20 – 23 (WS, WD, MX)
July 25 – 29 (MD)
August 22 – 28 (MS) |
| Edition | 13th |
| Category | Grand Slam |
| Surface | Grass / outdoor |
| Location | Philadelphia, PA (WS, WD, MX)
Chicago, IL (MD)
Newport, R.I. (MS) |
| Champions | |
| Men's singles | |
| Robert Wrenn | |
| Women's singles | |
| Aline Terry | |
| Men's doubles | |
| Clarence Hobart /  Fred Hovey | |
| Women's doubles | |
| Aline Terry /  Harriet Butler | |
| Mixed doubles | |
| Ellen Roosevelt /  Clarence Hobart | |
|  | |


title: Ed Kolenovsky

abstract: Edward Frank "Ed" Kolenovsky, Sr. was an American photojournalist and longtime photographer for the Associated Press, from 1948 to January 1992. Kolenovsky, who joined the AP in 1948 at their Dallas bureau, became the Associated Press' first full-time Houston-based photographer in 1959. He covered the space program at the Johnson Space Center, Hurricane Carla in 1961, and the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. Kolenovsky died from complications of dementia and Parkinson's disease at the home of his son and daughter-in-law in the Houston area on May 17, 2016, at the age of 87.

text:
# Ed Kolenovsky

**Edward Frank** "**Ed**" **Kolenovsky, Sr.** (January 13, 1929 – May 17, 2016) was an American photojournalist and longtime photographer for the Associated Press, from 1948 to January 1992. Kolenovsky, who joined the AP in 1948 at their Dallas bureau, became the Associated Press' first full-time Houston-based photographer in 1959. He covered the space program at the Johnson Space Center, Hurricane Carla in 1961, and the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986.

Kolenovsky died from complications of dementia and Parkinson's disease at the home of his son and daughter-in-law in the Houston area on May 17, 2016, at the age of 87.


abstract: The American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology is an American multidisciplinary professional organization dedicated to improving care in the medical disciplines of pediatric hematology and oncology. As of 2018, it had 2,000 members.

text:
# American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

The **American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology** (abbreviated **ASPHO**) is an American multidisciplinary professional organization dedicated to improving care in the medical disciplines of pediatric hematology and oncology. As of 2018, it had 2,000 members.

## History

The American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology was founded in 1981, largely because of the efforts of physician Carl Pochedly, who served as its secretary-treasurer for fourteen years. After holding meetings jointly with the American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research, the ASPHO held its first independent meeting in Chicago, Illinois, in 1988. The society was incorporated in the state of Illinois in 1989.

## Publications

Since 2004, the official journal of ASPHO has been *Pediatric Blood & Cancer*. Its official journal was originally the *Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology*, which was established by Pochedly in 1979 as the *American Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology*.

## InfoBox

American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
| Abbreviation | ASPHO |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | Non-profit |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois |
| Membership (2018) | 2,000 |
| President | Patrick Leavey |
| Immediate Past President | Amy Billett |
| Website | aspho.org |


abstract: The 1910–11 New Mexico Lobos men's basketball team represented the University of New Mexico during the 1910–11 NCAA college men's basketball season. The head coach was Ralph Hutchinson, coaching his first season with the Lobos.

text:
# 1910–11 New Mexico Lobos men's basketball team

The **1910–11 New Mexico Lobos men's basketball team** represented the University of New Mexico during the 1910–11 NCAA college men's basketball season. The head coach was Ralph Hutchinson, coaching his first season with the Lobos.

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jan 6, 1911
 | New Mexico Highlands | **W** 21–19 | 1–0
 |
Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| Jan 13, 1911
 | Albuquerque High School | **W** 34–12 | 2–0
 |
Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| Jan 27, 1911
 | New Mexico State
*Rivalry* | **W** 15–09 | 3–0
 |
Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| Feb 3, 1911
 | at New Mexico State
*Rivalry* | **W** 18–10 | 4–0
 |
Las Cruces, New Mexico |
| Feb 10, 1911
 | New Mexico Highlands | **L** 11–26 | 4–1
 |
Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| *Non-conference game. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1910–11 New Mexico Lobos men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 4–1 |
| Head coach |  |
|


title: 1910–11 Ottawa Hockey Club season

abstract: The 1910–11 Ottawa Hockey Club season was the club's 26th season, second in the National Hockey Association. Ottawa won the league championship for the O'Brien Cup and took over the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers.

text:
# 1910–11 Ottawa Hockey Club season

The **1910–11 Ottawa Hockey Club season** was the club's 26th season, second in the National Hockey Association. Ottawa won the league championship for the O'Brien Cup and took over the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers.

## Regular season

The team opened the season with ten consecutive wins, not losing until February in Renfrew. This matched the club record of ten consecutive wins set in 1909–10. Marty Walsh and "Dubbie" Kerr led the league in goals with 37 and 32.

### Final standings

National Hockey Association
|  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ottawa Hockey Club** | 16 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 122 | 69 |
| Montreal Canadiens | 16 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 66 | 62 |
| Renfrew Creamery Kings | 16 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 91 | 101 |
| Montreal Wanderers | 16 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 73 | 88 |
| Quebec Bulldogs | 16 | 4 | 12 | 0 | 65 | 97 |

***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

## Schedule and results

| No. | Date | Visitor | Score | Home | Score | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | December | | | | | |
| 1 | 31 | Ottawa | 5 | Canadiens | 3 | 1–0 |
|  | January | | | | | |
| 2 | 7 | Wanderers | 5 | Ottawa | 10 | 2–0 |
| 3 | 10 | Ottawa | 5 | Renfrew | 4 | 3–0 |
| 4 | 14 | Quebec | 5 | Ottawa | 13 | 4–0 |
| 5 | 21 | Canadiens | 4 | Ottawa | 5 (overtime) | 5–0 |
| 6 | 24 | Renfrew | 5 | Ottawa | 19 | 6–0 |
| 7 | 28 | Ottawa | 8 | Wanderers | 2 | 7–0 |
|  | February | | | | | |
| 8 | 4 | Ottawa | 6 | Quebec | 4 | 8–0 |
| 9 | 11 | Wanderers | 4 | Ottawa | 9 | 9–0 |
| 10 | 18 | Ottawa | 7 | Quebec | 2 | 10–0 |
| 11 | 24 | Ottawa | 7 | Renfrew | 8 | 10–1 |
| 12 | 28 | Quebec | 2 | Ottawa | 6 | 11–1 |
|  | March | | | | | |
| 13 | 2 | Ottawa | 7 | Wanderers | 11 | 11–2 |
| 14 | 4 | Renfrew | 7 | Ottawa | 6 | 11–3 |
| 15 | 8 | Ottawa | 4 | Canadiens | 3 | 12–3 |
| 16 | 10 | Canadiens | 0 | Ottawa | 5 | 13–3 |
|

## Player statistics

### Goaltending averages

| Name | Club | GP | GA | SO | Avg. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Percy LeSueur | Ottawa | 16 | 69 | 1 | 4.3 |
|

### Leading scorers

| Name | Club | GP | G |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Marty Walsh | Ottawa | 16 | 37 |
| "Dubbie" Kerr | Ottawa | 16 | 32 |
| Bruce Ridpath | Ottawa | 16 | 22 |
| Jack Darragh | Ottawa | 16 | 18 |
|

## Stanley Cup challenges

Ottawa played two challenges after the season at The Arena in Ottawa.

### Galt vs. Ottawa

Five members of the Galt team were from the Ottawa area or had played for Ottawa: Hague, Baird, Murphy, Smith and Berlinguette. Odds given before the game had Ottawa as 3–1 favourites. Bruce Ridpath who had been knocked out in the final game of the season played in the challenge game. Only 2,500 attended the game, which was described as a 'poor exhibition' with 'water covering the ice in several places.' Ottawa led 5–0 before Galt scored two. The teams traded goals to the finish to make the final 7–4.

March 13, 1911
| Galt | 4 | at | Ottawa | 7 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Billy Hague |  | G | Percy LeSueur |  |  |
| Billy Baird |  | P | Fred Lake | 1 |  |
| Mike Murphy |  | CP | Hamby Shore |  |  |
| Tommy Smith | 1 | F | Jack Darragh |  |  |
| Ken Mallen |  | F | Marty Walsh | 3 |  |
| Louis Berlinguette | 2 | F | Bruce Ridpath | 2 |  |
| Fred Doherty | 1 | F | "Dubbie" Kerr | 1 |  |
|

Referee: Russell Bowie Umpire: Duncan Campbell

### Port Arthur vs. Ottawa

Marty Walsh was a "one-man wrecking crew", scoring ten goals against Port Arthur.

March 16, 1911
| Port Arthur | 4 | at | Ottawa | 13 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| H. Zeigler |  | G | Percy LeSueur |  |  |
| McDonough |  | P | Fred Lake |  |  |
| Eddie Carpenter | 1 | CP | Hamby Shore |  |  |
| Jack Walker | 1 | F | Jack Darragh |  |  |
| O'Leary |  | F | Marty Walsh | 10 |  |
| W. McGregor | 1 | F | Bruce Ridpath | 2 |  |
| Wellington | 1 | F | "Dubbie" Kerr | 1 |  |

* Podnieks, Andrew; Hockey Hall of Fame (2004). Lord Stanley's Cup. Triumph Books, 12, 50. ISBN 1-55168-261-3.
* Coleman, Charles (1966). *The Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol. 1, 1893–1926 inc*. NHL.

## InfoBox

| 1910–11 Ottawa Hockey Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Stanley Cup champions | |
| O'Brien Trophy winners | |
| 1910–11 record | 13–3–0 |
| Home record | 7–1–0 |
| Road record | 6–2–0 |
| Goals for | 122 |
| Goals against | 69 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | R. R. Boon |
| Coach | Pete Green |
| Captain | Marty Walsh |
| Arena | The Arena |
| Average attendance | 4,500 |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Marty Walsh (37) |
| Wins | Percy LeSueur (13) |
| Goals against average | Percy LeSueur (4.3) |
|