title: Düren–Neuss railway

abstract: The Düren–Neuss railway is a line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The non-electrified main line originally ran from Düren to Neuss, but the Düren–Bedburg section has been closed and dismantled.

text:
# Düren–Neuss railway

The **Düren–Neuss railway** is a line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The non-electrified main line originally ran from Düren to Neuss, but the Düren–Bedburg section has been closed and dismantled.

## History

The Neuss–Duren section was opened on 1 September 1869 by the Rhenish Railway Company (*Rheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft*, RhE), which was nationalised in 1880. It formed the first cross connection between the two main lines to Aachen from Düsseldorf via Mönchengladbach and from Cologne, as the (Mönchengladbach –) Hochneukirch – Jülich – Stolberg (– Aachen) branch line was opened four years later and the current Mönchengladbach–Cologne main line was opened between 1889 and 1899.

The later emergence of the now more important and electrified Mönchengladbach–Cologne line is also the reason for the location of Grevenbroich station, which was initially built on the north-south running Neuss–Düren line. This meant that east-west running Mönchengladbach–Cologne line had to be built to the station on a large S-curve.

Even before the Second World War, about half of all trains on the Düren–Neuss line continued to and from Düsseldorf Hbf. A few trains at that time began in Grevenbroich or Gustorf. A pair of Sunday excursion trains running between Düsseldorf and Heimbach (Eifel) passed through some of the smaller stations without stopping.

On the morning of 5 September 1937, a serious railway accident occurred in Holzheim station: a special train running from Rommerskirchen with 800 pilgrims on pilgrimage to Kevelaer was derailed. 17 people died and 18 people were seriously injured.

### Timetable changes in the postwar period

After the Second World War, the rail service, which had been greatly reduced by the effects of the war, was successively rebuilt and upgraded. Thus, in the winter timetable 1952/53, there were two through trains from Jülich to Neuss, using the Bedburg–Ameln railway, in the morning. In the 1950s, the number of trains running from/to Düsseldorf also increased. Passenger services were abandoned on the branch from Bedburg to Ameln in 1953 and Sunday passenger services were abandoned on the Erft Railway from Bedburg via Bergheim to Horrem in 1963. However, due to the very limited interdependence of rail traffic on the Düren–Neuss line and the Erft Railway, this had practically no effect.

At the beginning of the 1950s, the new Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) established the so-called *Städteschnellverkehr* (city express, S-Zug) semi-fast services on many routes, mainly serving local and regional traffic. These were not successful everywhere. For example, a pair of S-Zug services between Stolberg-Hammer (Altstadt) and Mönchengladbach via Jülich was cancelled in May 1952. Also a pair of S-Zug services ran between Düren and Düsseldorf on weekday mornings and evenings, stopping only in Elsdorf, Bedburg, Grevenbroich and Neuss. This also soon disappeared from the timetable, while the service from Aachen to Bonn via Düren and Euskirchen, later ran for two decades as an Eilzug (semi-fast) service. However, on the Düren–Neuss route there were occasional semi-fast trains from year to year that did not stop at all stations. Often, however, they only operated as semi-fast trains on parts of the route, for instance between Düren and Grevenbroich, so that in practice only the two stops between Bedburg and Grevenbroich were omitted. Most of the semi-fast trains stopped in Elsdorf. The main purpose of skipping stations was clearly no longer to achieve shorter travel times, but to allow trains to run over a particular section of single-track line quickly enough that the trains running in the opposite direction before and after them were hindered as little as possible. As a rule, over the years not more than three trains per day and direction ran as (partial) semi-fast trains and the last semi-fast train ran on this line on 22 May 1982.

In the 1960s, during several timetable periods a motorail train ran with sleeping and couchette cars from Avignon to Düsseldorf and return over the Düren–Neuss line on Saturdays in the summer months. Since this train could only stop at car loading stations—so not between Düsseldorf and Aachen—and since neither the main line via Cologne nor the line via Mönchengladbach were electrified until 1966, this was hauled by a fast class 03 steam locomotive over the less congested line via Bedburg, which had been developed for operations at 100 km/h or more, which corresponded approximately at that time to the permissible maximum speed for car-carrying trains.

A direct afternoon commuter service from Neuss via Düren to Aachen was also added in the 1960s, but this disappeared a few years later. However, a direct Düsseldorf–Heimbach service on Sundays continued throughout this period. Apart from these exceptions, passenger traffic did not extend significantly beyond the core Düren–Düsseldorf route until the 1970s.

Until 1976, the line followed another route between Gustorf and Bedburg; this section included the stations of Harff and Kaster, which was only opened in 1971. As a result of the mining of lignite (brown coal) by *Rheinbraun AG* (now part of RWE) at Harff, the line was removed for the expansion of an open-cast mine. The railway line was relocated between Gustorf and Bedburg with a crossing loop at Neurath. About 20 years later, Deutsche Bahn dismantled the loop at Neurath in 1995, as it was no longer necessary for train services. It is intended to return the line to the old route after the exhaustion of the open-cast mine to reconnect Kaster with the railway. However, this has not been implemented to date.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the number of trains to and from Heimbach trains steadily increased and almost all trains ran to and from Düsseldorf and few trains ended in Neuss. In the summer timetable 1981, for example, 15 trains ran from Düren to Düsseldorf from Monday to Friday, two from Düren to Neuss, two from Grevenbroich to Düsseldorf and one from Bedburg to Neuss. Services continuing on the Erft Railway were very rare until 1988. Apart from the services to/from Heimbach, there were some rather short-lived services on other routes in the early 1980s. Thus, in the summer of 1980, an afternoon train was inserted from Düren via Grevenbroich to Mönchengladbach, apparently as a replacement for the trains from Düren via Jülich to Mönchengladbach, which could no longer operate due to the decommissioning of the Jülich–Hochneukirch section. For several years there was an early morning train from Grevenbroich to Wuppertal-Wichlinghausen (from 1983 to Krefeld). The longest regional service was a morning train from Düren via Düsseldorf, Dorsten and Coesfeld to Rheine that ran from June 1980 to May 1982 and was operated with a class VT 24 set, which was very unusual in the area of the cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf and Aachen, but many sets of this class were stationed in Westphalia. In the mid-1980s, these connections were decreased again, with only a few services passing on to the Erft Railway and a few more running to Heimbach. In the 1987/88 timetable two trains ran from Düsseldorf to Heimbach each day and four from Heimbach to Düsseldorf, with one more of each on Saturdays.

### Decline of the Düren–Bedburg section

With the commissioning of the so-called east-west S-Bahn (S 8) on 29 May 1988, the timetable concept of the Düren–Neuss line was modified. The new S-Bahn line between Mönchengladbach, Neuss, Düsseldorf and Hagen ran every 20 minutes and replaced commuter services on many sections. Therefore, most Düren–Düsseldorf services were shortened to the Düren–Neuss route. In addition, a regular interval timetable was established on the remaining Düren–Neuss section. At the time, this was a rare exception in regional transport, since before 1991 Deutsche Bundesbahn operated few services at regular intervals except on S-Bahn networks and Intercity services.

Because services every 20 minutes from Neuss towards Düren would have been excessive, only every second S-Bahn service was met by a connecting train, so a 40-minute service was operated between Neuss and Grevenbroich. Only every second train continued to Düren, so that a service ran every 80 minutes between Grevenbroich and Düren, which was not very useful for passengers. During the morning peak hour there were some deviations from the regular interval pattern and some additional services. During the afternoon peak hour, the 80-minute service was reinforced between Bedburg and Neuss to provide a 40-minute cycle. The end of the Düren–Bedburg section was approaching, as the redevelopment of the line in the next seven years was foreseen as a result of the expansion of the Hambach surface mine, which was approved in the 1970s. On Sundays, the entire line was served every two hours. In addition, in 1988, some direct connections were restored from Horrem to Neuss in the peak hour. Through trains continued to run to and from Heimbach, but less than before and mostly only to/from Neuss instead of to/from Düsseldorf. Their numbers continued to decline over the next few years; the 1990/91 timetable only listed one daily direct connection to Heimbach and two return services, with three on Saturdays in both directions.

On 2 June 1991, when DB introduced regular-interval services for regional services, the operating concept of the Düren–Neuss line was fundamentally changed. The trains now ran every hour on the whole line from Neuss to Horrem, but only on weekdays, as there had been no service from Saturday afternoon on the Erft Railway for nearly three decades. Additional services ran between Neuss and Grevenbroich on weekdays providing a service with intervals alternating between 20 and 40 minutes, services ran on the Erft Railway mostly at half-hourly intervals, and the previously prevailing break from 9:00 to 12:00 was abolished. As a result of this changeover, the intermediate stations north of Bedburg were given a much improved connection to Cologne. Since Cologne is not only larger than Aachen, but also closer to these stations, additional traffic was expected compared to the previous orientation to Düren and Aachen. In addition, of course, there would be improved connections from the Erft Railway to the commuter destination of Düsseldorf.

The disadvantage of these changes was that there were no longer any through services towards Heimbach. In addition, the Bedburg–Düren section was operated only as isolated shuttle service, although now it ran every hour, even on Sundays. Compared to the hourly express train service (Aachen –) Düren – Cologne – Düsseldorf (– Dortmund)—now the RE 1 Regional-Express service—established in 1991, the direct connection from Düren to Dusseldorf via Bedburg and Neuss was completely unattractive because of the need to change trains twice. To make matters worse, the connections in Bedburg were only convenient in one direction due to scheduling constraints, in the morning from Düren to Neuss and in the afternoon in the opposite direction; otherwise the wait to change trains in Bedburg was over 30 minutes.

This situation was improved on 31 May 1992: direct trains between Düren and Neuss were restored on Saturday afternoons and Sundays. On weekdays, however, the situation described above regarding transfers in Bedburg remained. The Düren–Bedburg line was thus one of the few that remained in operation until its closure at all times and on all days of the week. Direct weekend connections to Heimbach were not reintroduced, especially since the operation of the Düren–Heimbach railway was transferred to the Dürener Kreisbahn in May 1993.

On the evening of 27 May 1995, passenger services were discontinued on the Bedburg–Duren section. The following day, after 32 years, the Sunday operation on the Erft Railway between Bedburg and Horrem resumed. While the last train passed through Bedburg and Elsdorf with public commemorations, speakers and with great expressions of emotions by the population and thus was delayed by 27 minutes, little notice of this event was taken in Düren. The platform loudspeaker announced curtly: "Düren, hier Bahnhof Düren, Gleis 19. Verspätet eingefahrener Nahverkehrszug endet hier" (Düren, here at Düren station, track 19. Late delayed commuter train ends here).

On 31 December 1995, freight operations ended on the section. The line was closed on 2 June 1996. The Düren–Elsdorf section was located in the area of today's Hambach open pit mine and was subsequently dredged for lignite. The Elsdorf–Bedburg section was initially used for freight traffic, but it was later shut down due to lack of demand and dismantled.

### Recent developments

The rail service was extended throughout the day to Cologne from 15 December 2002.

In March 2006, the line was between Grevenbroich and Neuss-Holzheim was converted to the new Ks-signals, controlled from the electronic signalling centre in Duisburg. On 1 November 2007, the rest of the line was also connected to the electronic signalling centre. At the same time, all older level crossings were upgraded to the state of the art with flashing lights. The crossing at Bahnhofstraße in Holzheim had been equipped with a full barrier and a gatekeeper who visually checked whether the tracks were free of vehicles; this is now done with a radar scanner.

## Operations

### Düssel-Erft-Bahn

The Regionalbahn RB 39 (*Düssel-Erft-Bahn*, "Düssel-Erft railway", referring to the Düssel and Erft rivers at each end of the route) service runs from Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof via Neuss Hauptbahnhof to Bedburg. Beyond the Düren–Neuss railway, the Düssel-Erft-Bahn runs between Neuss and Düsseldorf on the Mönchengladbach–Düsseldorf railway. It is operated by the private transport company VIAS every half hour between Neuss and Grevenbroich, as well as every hour over the whole line.

Until the timetable change on 10 December 2017, the RB 38 (*Erft-Bahn*) operated from Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof or Neuss (on weekends) via Bedburg to Köln Messe/Deutz. This service, which is located in the area served by the *Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg* (Rhine-Sieg Transport association), was shortened to the Bedburg–Cologne section at the timetable change. Passengers wishing to travel beyond Bedburg now have to transfer there. The reason for this division are plans of the authority that is responsible for rail services south of Bedburg, the *Zweckverband Nahverkehr Rheinland* (Rhineland local transport association), to electrify the Bedburg–Cologne section and operate it as an S-Bahn service. Furthermore, first class has been dropped on the Erft-Bahn service, because of its low use and because trains are always crowded during the peak hour.

### Freight traffic

At the northern end of the Gustorf station, there is a connection to the extensive factory railway network of RWE Power AG (formerly *Rheinbraun*). Illustrated timetables of the 1980s show regular freight trains, which pass from the DB network to the Rheinbraun network and vice versa, both towards Neuss and Düren. Even today, Neusser Eisenbahn trains run between Neuss and Gustorf carrying gypsum, lime or brown coal dust to/from RWE power stations for supply and disposal. In addition DB Cargo, serves a customer in Holzheim from Neuss freight yard.

From the mid-1970s to May 1988, an ore train weighing over 1000 tonnes ran several times a week from Neuss-Hessentor (Rheinhafen) via Bedburg, Düren and Stolberg to Weisweiler (to the smelter of the *Gesellschaft für Elektrometallurgie*), but in some years took the detour via Cologne-Ehrenfeld, because the train could then be largely electrically hauled. Until the mid-1970s, this train usually took the shortest route over the Mönchengladbach–Stolberg railway, which was closed in 1980. Furthermore, at least until the mid-1990s local freight traffic was handled by so-called goods exchange trains. Until the early 1970s, there was also a 1400-ton freight train (Dg 7866) from Brunswick via Neuss to Elsdorf, apparently running to the local sugar factory.

### Rolling stock

After the end of the steam era—which in the area of the *Bundesbahndirektion Köln* (Railway division of Cologne) was marked by a steam locomotive farewell party at Stolberg depot on 3/4 April 1976—depending on the load of the trains, the freight traffic was usually hauled by diesel locomotives of classes 211 and 215, more rarely also 260 and 290. Passenger traffic had already been completely converted to modern types of traction a few years earlier, and in the 1970s and 1980s, it was served by class 211 diesel locomotives, class 515 accumulator cars and, to some extent, single-engine class 795 Uerdingen railbuses. However, since the trains became fuller as they approached Dusseldorf, the short railbuses were only suitable for low traffic periods. Of the 18 trains leaving Düren towards Neuss from Monday to Friday in the winter 1977/78 timetable, eleven trains were locomotive-hauled, five consisted of accumulator cars and two were railbuses; this distribution was typical of the 1970s.

Until about 1980, the diesel locomotives also hauled rebuilt coaches (Umbau-Wagen) from the post-war period. These trains had no control cars, so the locomotive had to be run around and reattached at each change of direction. After their withdrawal, the locomotive-hauled trains consisted only of Silberling coaches, usually with a control car. The shunting at the end of trips also involved the single-engine railbuses, which had trailers that could not run at the head of the train because they lacked cabs. The railbuses were replaced by other rolling stock in all of North Rhine-Westphalia to the west of the Rhine at the change to the summer 1978 timetable. Only two accumulator cars ran from Düren towards Neuss in the summer of 1978; all other trains were locomotive-hauled. The same applied in the following timetable periods up to and including the summer of 1980. In the winter timetable of 1980/81, however, suddenly 13 out of 17 trains were designated as railcars (including accumulator cars), but in the summer of 1981 and the winter of 1981/82 only one of 17 trains was not locomotive-hauled. From 1982, railcars were no longer marked as such in the timetable, but accumulator cars were used on the line until at least 1993.

In the 1990s, class 212 diesel locomotives and later class 215 and 218 locomotives were used together with Silberling carriages. In the late 1990s, the locomotive-hauled trains were replaced with class 628 diesel multiple units. In 2003, two and three carriage class 643 (Bombardier Talent) diesel multiple units was added, so that both vehicle classes were used until the timetable change of 2010/2011.

Currently RB 38 services are operated exclusively with class 628 diesel multiple units, mostly as coupled sets with four carriages. Single class 628 sets (two carriages) are used on the short shuttles between Düsseldorf/Neuss and Grevenbroich.

### Outlook

In the 1990s, it was planned (as part of a network targeted for 2015) to extend the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network from Horrem via Bedburg to Düsseldorf as line S 18. This meant that the line would be upgraded and electrified. Two new stations were planned at Neuss Polizeidirektion and Neuss Insel Hombroich.

The plans for the extension of the S-Bahn on the northern section of the line have not be pursued further by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR). The *Zweckverband Nahverkehr Rheinland* (NVR), which is responsible for the southern section and the connecting Erft Railway, is planning to operate the S 12 from Horrem via the Erft Railway to Bedburg. Since the timetable change in December 2017, the new RB 39 service has been running from Neuss in Bedburg. The RB 38 service continues to run between Cologne and Bedburg. Subject to an agreement with the VRR, the S-Bahn will later replace the Regionalbahn service to Grevenbroich.

The line from Bedburg to Elsdorf was finally abandoned as the result of a study. This assumed that the line would be served by 18 trains per direction each day and that the underlying cost for the reactivation of the existing line was estimated to be €12 million. The last passenger service ran on this section of the line in 1995 and the last freight train ran in 1996. Another issue is the low number of passengers (490) estimated to use it.

## Route

The line from Bedburg to Neuss Hauptbahnhof (main station) runs next to the Erft. The railway crosses the Erft twice between Bedburg and Gustorf. Over the Gustorf–Bedburg section, it flows over a longer distance almost parallel to the railway line. The line is mainly single track; it has two tracks only between Grevenbroich and Holzheim. From the crossing of the A57 autobahn, the line is single track again until shortly before Neuss station. In Grevenbroich station it crosses the Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway.

### Düren station

Düren has been connected to the railway network since 1841 via the Cologne–Aachen railway. The station was once the starting point for state railway lines running in a total of six directions and also had a track used only for freight trains and operational traffic to the central workshop of the Düren District Railway (*Dürener Kreisbahn*) in Distelrath. In addition until 1965, the tram lines of the private metre-gauge Dürener Eisenbahn AG ran towards Inden and until 1944 the district's own standard gauge railway, the *Dürener Kreisbahn*, ran towards the city centre and the south/southeast. In 1983, Deutsche Bundesbahn abandoned passenger services to Euskirchen. The lines to Jülich and Heimbach were also to be closed, but this was prevented by the Düren District in 1993, which took them over.

Today in Düren there are connections to the lines towards Aachen and Cologne as well as the Rurtalbahn (RB 21) to Jülich / Linnich and Heimbach, which are now used extensively in both commuter and leisure traffic. There are no longer any direct services from Linnich to Heimbach. In addition, the Börde Railway towards Euskirchen is used by passenger traffic on the weekend and regularly by freight traffic to Zülpich. From the junction next to Düren station, there is an access track to the workshop of the Düren–Distelrath railway (*Rurtalbahn*), which runs to Distelrath.

Until the closure of the railway from Düren to Bedburg via Elsdorf in 1995, the trains to Bedburg or Neuss or Dusseldorf mostly stopped at platforms 19 or 17, which ended in a turntable directly in front of the entrance building. The intervening track 18 served as a bypass track to allow the locomotives of incoming trains and rail buses to run around. Tracks 17 to 19 no longer exist, but their former location can be well recognised by the surrounding and still existing platforms of tracks 1 and 22 and the heritage-listed turntable.

Directly next to the station is the central bus station (ZOB), which is along with Kaiserplatz at the town hall an important hub for the approximately 40 municipal and regional bus routes operated by *Dürener Kreisbahn* and *BVR Busverkehr Rheinland*.

### Etzweiler freight yard

The only striking intermediate point on the approximately 15-kilometer-long line between Elsdorf and Düren was the station of Etzweiler on the eastern edge of the so-called Hambach Forest (Bürgewald) (at line-kilometre 11.2). This was once a station with a signal box, two passing tracks and a siding to the lignite mine at Morschenich, not to be confused with the block post of Morschenich, which is 6 km away. Etzweiler station was only used for freight to the *Union 103* colliery, which was once the largest underground lignite mine in the world, but was closed in 1955. Passenger trains never stopped there. In the 1980s, the station was rebuilt as a block post. Etzweiler was meanwhile relocated to Neu-Etzweiler near Elsdorf and the old town was dredged as part of the Hambach surface mine.

### Elsdorf (West) station

*Elsdorf (Rhld)*—short for Rhineland—station (meaning at line-kilometre 14.9 of the Düren–Neuss line was referred to in the timetables of the 1970s as *Elsdorf (Rhld) West*, as the town had another station, *Elsdorf (Rhld) Ost* (east), from which passenger trains ran to Bergheim (Erft) until 1961 and freight trains until 1967. In the 1980s, the entrance building of Elsdorf (West) was demolished together with signal box “Ent” on Köln-Aachener Straße and was replaced by a small shelter. From 27 May 1995 the passenger traffic was discontinued in the Düren–Bedburg section, on 31 December of the same year, the freight traffic. The line was closed permanently on 2 June 1996. The Düren–Elsdorf section was in the area of today's Hambach lignite mine and was therefore dredged. The Elsdorf–Bedburg section was initially still used for freight, bit it later closed due to lack of demand and dismantled. The site of the station is now a parking area. The former route through Elsdorf is now dismantled and will in future be converted into a park for cyclists and walkers. Part of the line became the property of the Elsdorf sugar factory.

### Bedburg station

Bedburg station is located at line-kilometre 21.2 and was opened in 1869. The line to Horrem was opened in 1897 and the Bedburg–Ameln railway, which was popularly known as the *Amelner Johännchen* (Ameln Johnny), commenced operations in 1898. Bedburg station was located at line-kilometre 0.2 of this line. The traffic on the line to Ameln was closed on 17 March 1953 as it was no longer profitable.

Today, it is hard to imagine how big the station in Bedburg used to be. Because of the Hambach open cast mine, the Düren–Bedburg section was closed in 1995 and dismantled in 1995. The remaining gravel on the former routes is a reminder of the once extensive track infrastructure. Bedburg had two signal boxes ("Bnf" and "Bsf"). "Bsf" was taken out of service in 1995 with the decommissioning of the section to Düren and demolished after a fire. "Bnf" took control of the remaining turnouts and signals until it was taken out of service with the commissioning of the electronic interlocking in 2007.

### Neurath station

Until 1971 Neurath had its own halt (*Haltepunkt*) for passenger services at line-kilometre 26.5.

### Frimmersdorf station

Frimmersdorf has a small halt at line-km 28.6 and a siding to the Frimmersdorf Power Station. The halt was opened with the relocation of the line in January 1976.

### Kaster and Harff stations

Kaster and Harff each received a rail connection in 1896. Harff station was at line-km 25.1 and Kaster station at line-km 24.0. Harff and Kaster stations were used for loading agricultural products and goods from the surrounding villages. Regular mining work began in 1975/76 and Harff and Kaster stations were abandoned with the relocation of the Erft Railway. As a substitute for the abolition of Harff station, the people of Kaster received a new halt on 21 May 1971, but this was only temporary.

Until the decommissioning of the old section of line on 11 January 1976, it ran from Harff station, through the *Tiergarten* forest, along the old Erft riverbed and past Kaster. At the cemetery, the line crossed the Hauptstraße/St. Rochusstraße level crossing. After Albert-Schweitzer-Straße, which connected to the new district of Morken-Harff for people relocated for mining, the line left Kaster and continued through fields to Lipp and Bedburg. The new section of the line has run since the late 1970s with a halt at Frimmersdorf through the area of the disused Frimmersdorf open cast mine, which has been restored as agricultural land, towards Bedburg.

### Gustorf station

The halt of Gustorf was opened in 1897 at line-km 31.2. Directly behind the station, a siding branches off to the railway network of RWE Power. Gustorf had two small signal boxes in operation from 1906 to 2006, which have been preserved.

### Grevenbroich station

Grevenbroich station was built in 1869 at line-km 34.3 and forms the junction of the Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway with the Düren–Neuss railway. It is served by the RB 38 (Erft-Bahn), RE 8 (Rhein-Erft-Express) and RB 27 (Rhein-Erft-Bahn) services and offers during the day connections every half-hour to the neighboring cities of Düsseldorf and Cologne and at least every hour to Mönchengladbach.

The first station building of Grevenbroich station was demolished after the Second World War because of significant war damage and was replaced in 1959 by a new entrance building, which still exists today.

In addition to the entrance building, passengers have two covered island platforms that serve tracks 1 to 4. The station also has a railway track to the west of the platforms, the remains of the former freight yard. This has been dismantled in recent years so that nothing is now left. Only a large vacant area gives an idea of its former extent. With the commissioning of the Grevenbroich electronic control centre for the Rheydt–Ehrenfeld line in 2007, the "Gnf" and "Gs" signal boxes became superfluous, but they still exist.

### Kapellen-Wevelinghoven station

The halt of Kapellen-Wevelinghoven connects the second largest district of Grevenbroich to the surrounding cities. The former entrance building has not been used for station purposes for a long time.

As part of an upgrade in 2006, modern raised platforms and a new waiting room were built.

### Holzheim (bei Neuss) station

Holzheim (bei Neuss) station is located in the southwest of Neuss Holzheim, which has been part of the city Neuss since 1975. Here, too, the historic station building is still preserved, but it has long not been used for its original purpose.

Until a few years ago, the Holzheimer station was staffed by a gatekeeper, who controlled the level crossing barriers at the station and the nearby level crossing, which was opened on request by telephone. As part of the track rehabilitation in 2006, the level crossings were automated and the gatekeeper was removed. The operations building was demolished a little later, after instances of vandalism. Furthermore, the station was equipped with modern raised platforms and a new shelter. The tracks were also redesigned, so that passengers no longer had to cross the tracks in the station area.

### Neuss Hauptbahnhof

Neuss Hauptbahnhof was opened in 1853 as an island station, which is located at the intersection of the Lower Left Rhine Railway (Cologne–Kleve) and the Mönchengladbach–Düsseldorf railway. Two other lines branch off: the Düren–Neuss railway and the Neuss–Viersen railway of the private Regiobahn, which has ended in Kaarst since 1984.

With the buses stopping at eight individual bus stops in the station forecourt and the rail services of various transport companies, Neuss Hauptbahnhof is a multimodal transport node.

Neuss Hauptbahnhof is home to a number of shops and has been modernised since 2006, including, among other things, the equipping of the platforms with lifts, which can be used by non-wheelchair users.

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Schlangen, Dieter (1997). *Die eiserne Bahn – Entwicklung und Bau entlang der Eisenbahnstrecke Düren–Neuss* (in German) (1 ed.). Grevenbroich-Elsen.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

51°5′35″N 6°34′50″E / 51.09306°N 6.58056°E / 51.09306; 6.58056

## InfoBox

| Düren–Neuss railway | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Line number | 2580 |
| Locale | North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany |
| Service | |
| Route number | 481 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 49.0 km (30.4 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 2: Grevenbroich – Holzheim |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Operating speed | 100 km/h (62 mph) |
| Route map | |


title: 1253

abstract: Year 1253 (MCCLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

text:
# 1253

1253 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1253
*MCCLIII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2006 |
| Armenian calendar | 702
ԹՎ ՉԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6003 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1174–1175 |
| Bengali calendar | 660 |
| Berber calendar | 2203 |
| English Regnal year | 37 Hen. 3  38 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1797 |
| Burmese calendar | 615 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6761–6762 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬子年 (Water Rat)
3950 or 3743
*to*
癸丑年 (Water Ox)
3951 or 3744 |
| Coptic calendar | 969–970 |
| Discordian calendar | 2419 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1245–1246 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5013–5014 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1309–1310 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1174–1175 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4353–4354 |
| Holocene calendar | 11253 |
| Igbo calendar | 253–254 |
| Iranian calendar | 631–632 |
| Islamic calendar | 650–651 |
| Japanese calendar | Kenchō 5
(建長５年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1162–1163 |
| Julian calendar | 1253
*MCCLIII* |
| Korean calendar | 3586 |
| Minguo calendar | 659 before ROC
民前659年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −215 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1795–1796 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳水鼠年
(male Water-Rat)
1379 or 998 or 226
*to*
阴水牛年
(female Water-Ox)
1380 or 999 or 227 |

Year **1253** (**MCCLIII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

## Events

### By place

#### Europe

#### England

* August 6  King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony, to repel a rumoured invasion from Castile. Meanwhile, Simon de Montfort returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry.
* Henry III meets with the nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of *Magna Carta* in exchange for taxation.

#### Levant

#### Asia

### By topic

#### Literature

#### Religion

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Dyschirius tricuspis

abstract: Dyschirius tricuspis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1929.

text:
# Dyschirius tricuspis

***Dyschirius tricuspis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1929.

## InfoBox

| *Dyschirius tricuspis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Dyschirius* |
| Species: | ***D. tricuspis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dyschirius tricuspis***<br>Andrewes, 1929 | |
|


title: Allan Browne

abstract: Allan Vincent Browne was an Australian jazz drummer and composer first known for his work in The Red Onion Jazz Band in the 1960s. Browne won the ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album in ARIA Music Awards of 1990 and ARIA Music Awards of 1996 with Paul Grabowsky Trio. Browne was awarded the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in 2013 for service to music as a jazz musician, and to the community.

text:
# Allan Browne

**Allan Vincent Browne** OAM (28 July 1944 – 13 June 2015) was an Australian jazz drummer and composer first known for his work in The Red Onion Jazz Band in the 1960s.

Browne won the ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album in ARIA Music Awards of 1990 and ARIA Music Awards of 1996 with Paul Grabowsky Trio.

Browne was awarded the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in 2013 for service to music as a jazz musician, and to the community.

## Awards and nominations

### AIR Awards

The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Une Saison En Enfer* | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |
| 2011 | *Shreveport Stomp* | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |
| 2013 | *Lost in the Stars* | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |
| 2015 | *Ithaca Bound* | Best Independent Jazz Album | Nominated |

### ARIA Music Awards

The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. Browne was nominated for six awards.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *Jumping Jazz* | Best Jazz Album | Nominated |  |
| 1995 | *Birdcalls* | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | |
| 1999 | *Sudden In A Shaft of Sunlight* (as Browne, Haywood and Stevens) | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | |
| 2001 | *East St Kilda Toodleloo* | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | |
| | | Best Independent Release | Nominated |
| 2011 | *Shreveport Stomp* (with Sam Anning & and Marc Hannaford) | Best Jazz Album | Nominated |  |
| 2015 | *Ithaca Bound* | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | |

### Australian Jazz Bell Awards

The Australian Jazz Bell Awards, (also known as the Bell Awards or The Bells), are annual music awards for the jazz music genre in Australia. They commenced in 2003.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (wins only) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Collected Works* – Allan Browne | Best Australian Classic Jazz Album | Won |
| 2004 | Allan Browne | Hall of Fame | inducted |
| 2007 | *Five Bells and Other Inspirations* – Allan Browne's Australian Jazz Band | Best Australian Classic Jazz Album | Won |
| 2010 | *Homage* – Sam Anning, Allan Browne, Marc Hannaford | Best Australian Classic Jazz Album | Won |
| 2016 | *Ithaca Bound* – Allan Browne Quintet | Best Australian Small Jazz Band | Won |

### Don Banks Music Award

The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | Allan Browne | Don Banks Music Award | awarded |

### Music Victoria Awards

The Music Victoria Awards are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Lost in the Stars* | Best Jazz Album | Won |  |
| 2015 | *Ithaca Bound* | Best Jazz Album | Nominated | |

## InfoBox

| Allan Browne | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Allan Vincent Browne |
| Born | (1944-07-28)28 July 1944
Deniliquin, New South Wales |
| Died | 13 June 2015(2015-06-13) (aged 70)
Melbourne |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation(s) | Drummer, composer |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Years active | 1960s–2015 |
| Labels | JazzHead, Newmarket Music |
|  | |
| Website | www.allanbrowne.alphalink.com.au |


title: Allan Bryce

abstract: Allan Bryce was an Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Allan Bryce

**Allan Bryce** (30 August 1905 - 16 November 1964) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Allan Bryce | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Allan MacIntyre Bryce | | |
| Date of birth | (1905-08-30)30 August 1905 | | |
| Place of birth | Kyabram, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 16 November 1964(1964-11-16) (aged 59) | | |
| Place of death | South Yarra, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Mentone | | |
| Height | 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 82 kg (181 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1927 | St Kilda | 2 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1927. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Allan Browne (cricketer)

abstract: Chester Allan Browne was a Barbadian cricketer who played first-class cricket for Barbados from 1907 to 1929. He represented West Indies in the days before West Indies played Test cricket. A batsman and occasional bowler, Browne played for West Indies against the touring English teams of 1910-11 and 1912-13. His only first-class century came when Barbados beat British Guiana in 1926–27, when he scored 131 not out, adding 216 for the eighth wicket with Barto Bartlett.

text:
# Allan Browne (cricketer)

**Chester Allan Browne** (20 July 1888 – 12 October 1941) was a Barbadian cricketer who played first-class cricket for Barbados from 1907 to 1929. He represented West Indies in the days before West Indies played Test cricket.

A batsman and occasional bowler, Browne played for West Indies against the touring English teams of 1910-11 and 1912-13. His only first-class century came when Barbados beat British Guiana in 1926–27, when he scored 131 not out, adding 216 for the eighth wicket with Barto Bartlett.

## InfoBox

Allan Browne
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Chester Allan Browne |
| Born | (1888-07-20)20 July 1888
Robert's Tenantry, St Michael, Barbados |
| Died | 12 October 1941(1941-10-12) (aged 53)
Collymore Rock, St Michael, Barbados |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Relations | Snuffy Browne (brother) |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1907-08 to 1929-30 | Barbados |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 23  Runs scored 950  Batting average 33.92  100s/50s 1/7  Top score 131  Balls bowled 340  Wickets 9  Bowling average 20.88  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 5/33  Catches/stumpings 11/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 12 October 2019 | |


title: Dębsko-Ostoja

abstract: Dębsko-Ostoja is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźminek, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Dębsko-Ostoja

**Dębsko-Ostoja** \[ˈdɛmpskɔ ɔsˈtɔja\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźminek, within Kalisz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Dębsko-Ostoja | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dębsko-Ostoja | |
| Coordinates: 51°48′49″N 18°21′18″E / 51.81361°N 18.35500°E / 51.81361; 18.35500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Kalisz |
| Gmina | Koźminek |


title: Alsigarh

abstract: Alsigarh is a village in Girwa Tehsil in Udaipur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located on hilly area above 540 meters above the sea level.

text:
# Alsigarh

**Alsigarh** is a village in Girwa Tehsil in Udaipur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located on hilly area above 540 meters above the sea level.

## Demographics

As of 2011 census total population of Alsigarh is 3,798 out of which 1,899 are males and 1,899 are females.

## Literacy

As of 2011, the literacy rate of Alsigarh is 32.6% thus Alsigarh village has lower literacy rate compared to 51.6% of Udaipur district.

24°28′N 73°35′E / 24.467°N 73.583°E / 24.467; 73.583

## InfoBox

| Alsigarh | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Udaipur |
| Tehsil | Girwa |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,798 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, Mewari |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 313031 |
| Vehicle registration | RJ- |
| Nearest city | Udaipur |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Udaipur |


title: Dye, Texas

abstract: Dye is an unincorporated community in Montague County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 200 in 2000.

text:
# Dye, Texas

**Dye** is an unincorporated community in Montague County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 200 in 2000.

## History

It was settled around 1880 and the community grew up around J. D. Bybee's general store. From 1884 to 1905, a branch of the post office was located in Dye. Throughout its existence, Dye has been a hub for local farmers. Its documented population has never exceeded 60, and there have been no population estimates available since the late 1940s through the 1990s. Three residences and a chapel were nearby in 1961. There was a cemetery indicated on the 1983 county highway map. 200 people lived there in 2000.

## Geography

Dye is located on a spur off Farm to Market Road 3206, 10 mi (16 km) southeast of Montague in southeastern Montague County.

## Education

Today, the community is served by the Forestburg Independent School District.

## InfoBox

| Dye, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| DyeDye | |
| Coordinates: 33°37′14″N 97°36′45″W / 33.62056°N 97.61250°W / 33.62056; -97.61250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Montague |
| Elevation | 1,181 ft (360 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 940 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1384230 |


title: Długie, Rypin County

abstract: Długie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąpielsk, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Wąpielsk, 10 km (6 mi) north-west of Rypin, and 49 km (30 mi) east of Toruń. It is situated on the eastern shore of Długie Lake in the Dobrzyń Land.

text:
# Długie, Rypin County

**Długie** \[ˈdwuɡʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąpielsk, within Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Wąpielsk, 10 km (6 mi) north-west of Rypin, and 49 km (30 mi) east of Toruń. It is situated on the eastern shore of Długie Lake in the Dobrzyń Land.

## History

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1941, the German gendarmerie, *Einsatzkompanie Thorn* and *Einsatzkompanie Gotenhafen* carried out expulsions of Poles, whose houses and farms were then handed over to German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy. Expelled Poles were placed in the Potulice concentration camp and then either enslaved as forced labour of new German colonists in the county or deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland.

## InfoBox

| Długie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Długie Palace | |
| Długie | |
| Coordinates: 53°7′N 19°20′E / 53.117°N 19.333°E / 53.117; 19.333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Rypin |
| Gmina | Wąpielsk |
| Population | 830 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | CRY |


title: Długie, Sanok County

abstract: Długie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zarszyn, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Zarszyn, 13 km (8 mi) west of Sanok, and 51 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Długie, Sanok County

**Długie** \[ˈdwuɡʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zarszyn, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Zarszyn, 13 km (8 mi) west of Sanok, and 51 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Długie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Długie | |
| Coordinates: 49°34′36″N 22°2′44″E / 49.57667°N 22.04556°E / 49.57667; 22.04556 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Sanok |
| Gmina | Zarszyn |
| Population | 2,600 |


title: Allocosa brasiliensis

abstract: Allocosa brasiliensis is a burrowing wolf spider species from southern South America. Long known to science, it remained almost unstudied until its unusual sexual behavior was described in the early 21st century. This ground-dwelling spider is native to mainly coastal areas, from southeastern Brazil via Uruguay and Argentina to southern Chile, though its known occurrences are patchy. To what extent it is found on the Atlantic coast south of the Río de la Plata remains largely unknown, for example. While the males have been known for over a century, the females were only described in 1980.

text:
# Allocosa brasiliensis

***Allocosa brasiliensis*** is a burrowing wolf spider species from southern South America. Long known to science, it remained almost unstudied until its unusual sexual behavior was described in the early 21st century.

This ground-dwelling spider is native to mainly coastal areas, from southeastern Brazil via Uruguay and Argentina to southern Chile, though its known occurrences are patchy. To what extent it is found on the Atlantic coast south of the Río de la Plata remains largely unknown, for example. While the males have been known for over a century, the females were only described in 1980.

## Description

*A. brasiliensis* is a mid-sized cryptic light brown spider of robust build, with a body size of well over 1 cm (0.5 in and more) when fully grown, up to almost twice this size in the largest specimens. The cephalothorax has an inconspicuous darker stripe pattern reminiscent of that found in many lycosids, but the opisthosoma is patterned with yellower and darker spots the approximate size of sand grains. Males and females look alike in color, but differ in size and genitals.

Adult females have a cephalothorax carapace some 4–5 mm wide and some 6–7 mm long on average. Quite unusually for spiders in general, adult males are about 20% larger. Still, as usual for wolf spiders the females are more robustly built, wider-bodied and shorter-legged. In both sexes the four middle legs are shortest, the hind pair longest and the front pair intermediate. Even the shortest four legs of the adult females usually measure more than 1 cm. The longest leg pair is usually 2 cm or more in adult males and may measure up to about 2.5 cm (1 in). In females, it may grow to almost 1 in, but is usually around 2 cm.

## Taxonomy

*A. brasiliensis* was first described to the New York Academy of Sciences in 1909 by Russian-American arachnologist A. Petrunkevitch; the description was based on a male from Brazil and published in the Academy's annual volume released in 1910. Petrunkevitch placed the species in a new genus ***Moenkhausiana***, due to its unusual and distinct spinnerets and leg proportions. Initially considered monotypic, C.F. de Mello-Leitão later described a presumed relative *"M." argentinensis*.

But soon thereafter, when he studied spiders from northern Argentina, he became so convinced of their distinctness as to consider them ant spiders (Zodariidae) and in 1945 re-described the present species as ***Glieschiella senex***, perhaps not recognizing it because he misidentified his specimen as a female (it was actually also a male, like the type specimen of *A. brasiliensis*). In the supposed ant spider genus, it was associated with *"G." alticeps* (see below) and the type species of *Glieschiella*, *"G." halophila*.

Yet in 1951 Mello-Leitão, when studying some spiders caught at Maullin (Chile), again described *A. brasiliensis* anew, in yet another monotypic genus ***Araucaniocosa***. Subsequently it was mainly studied under the 1951 name  ***Araucaniocosa difficilis*** , and affiliated closely with the "European tarantulas" (*Lycosa*), even included there as a sub-genus. When the females were first described, they were also treated under the 1951 name, as they were also based on individuals from Chile.

Today, *Moenkhausiana* and *Glieschiella* are treated as junior synonym of the large genus *Allocosa*, which is not considered to be very close to *Lycosa* as wolf spiders go. As regards the species which were historically affiliated with *A. brasiliensis*, *A. alticeps* is generally considered valid, while *"A. argentinensis"* and *"A. halophila"* are apparently based on immature specimens and considered *nomina dubia*. The former at least was described from outside the known range of *A. brasiliensis*  from Isla Tehuel Malal, Río Negro Province, southeastern Argentina , but restudy would be needed to determine whether any of them is a distinct taxon. Whether the (possibly widely allopatric) Chilean population is a taxonomically distinct subspecies has not been studied in detail; certainly however, it does not seem to be a distinct species and has no conspicuous difference in size.

## Ecology and behavior

*A. brasiliensis* is nocturnal, resting at daytime in burrows in sand dunes along river mouths and the coast of at least part of the Southern Cone. The burrows of adults are quite exactly 1 cm wide and usually run steeply down, with a length of a few cm (1–3 in). Male burrows tend to be longer/deeper, up to 10 cm and more (4 in). The spiders are more frequently found on the land-side of dunes, which is better protected against strong winds, and prefer open habitat to vegetation when outside their burrows. The reproductive peak takes place in January (after midsummer), with the highest surface and foraging activity shown during Southern hemisphere summer.

In general, the habitat is cool and humid for its region, at best subtropical, the air being constantly moistened, usually by brine that is carried from the sea by the wind. In typical habitat at El Pinar, Uruguay, average air and ground temperatures were measured just around 20 °C (68 °F) in November (early summer). Relative humidity was almost 100%, even though the air was constantly exchanged even in the area of ground effect. The vegetation was rather monotonous, dominated by ragwort (*Senecio*) and *Panicum* grass. Potential *A. brasiliensis* prey that was commonly encountered were *Acromyrmex* ants, *Tetragonoderus* ground beetles and striped earwigs of genus *Labidura*. Rhino beetles of the genus *Thronistes* were also common in that habitat, but presumably too tough for the spiders to eat. As a possible predator of the spiders, a dune-adapted species of tree iguana (*Liolaemus*) was noted.

Owing to its harsh habitat, with high variability of weather conditions and prey availability, *A. brasiliensis* is a highly opportunistic free-roaming predator, feeding mostly on spiders, beetles, flies and ants. Altogether, the species prefers to feed on spiders, which make up about one-third of its diet; indeed, other *Allocosa* are typically eaten more often than any other kind of prey during the life of any wild-living *A. brasiliensis*. But the mainstay food actually varies quite a lot between the seasons, and in general these spider's food choice is shaped by availability more than by preference. Less frequently other arthropods are caught, e.g. true bugs (Hemiptera) or crickets, grasshoppers etc. (Orthoptera). Ants such as *Acromyrmex* or *Dorymyrmex* are often caught on their trails or during their nuptial flights, and the nimble and well-camouflaged spiders manage to surprise Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) resting on the ground surprisingly often. As regards cannibalism, the adult female *A. brasiliensis* are if anything less prone to eat conspecifics than spiders in general, let alone the adult females which in many species are famous for habitually feeding on their mates. In *A. brasiliensis* by contrast, immatures are voraciously cannibalistic on each other and even more often eat females of the smaller sympatric relative *A. alticeps*. Most remarkably however, the adult males include a considerable number of conspecific females in their diet.

Adults reach maturity at around 9–10 months of age and after around 10 (up to one dozen) moults; females grow up somewhat faster than males, and often have one moult less. On average females tend to be slightly shorter-lived than males at least in captivity, where the latter typically live for almost 500 days. An extreme age of almost 2 years has been recorded in a captive female; generally the species seems to be semelparous.

In captivity, these spiders have been maintained from wild-collected eggs to maturity and senescence in petri dishes, one spider per dish. A thin layer of sea sand and a watered lump of clean cotton wool create a favorable microclimate and allow the spiders to drink. Spiderlings fared well in dishes of 3.5 cm diameter and about 1 cm height; as they grow (around the third to fourth instar) they will need to be housed in larger dishes (about 10 cm in diameter and over 1 cm in height). As captive-bred food, *Drosophila* flies up to the fourth instar and subsequently *Tenebrio* mealworms of appropriate size, and for adults also small Orange-spotted Cockroaches (*Blaptica dubia*), were used with success. Adults will need three such food items per week. Captive breeding attempts require sizeable terraria due to the spiders' burrowing and cannibalistic habits; a 15-cm (\>5 in) sand bottom with 5 cm (2 in) air above has been found to work; the base area should not be much less than 450 cm2 (0.5 ft2). The mating terrarium needs to be divided by a barrier, the above ground part of which is removed when male and female have constructed their burrow.

### Sexual role reversal

*A. brasiliensis* males use pheromones to attract females, in contrast to most other burrowing wolf spiders, where the females attract the males. Males have been observed to specifically cannibalize on older females that were lured into the male's burrow, while preferring mating with virgins. The first egg sac of *A. brasiliensis* females contains more eggs than later ones, which, together with the harsh habitat, gives this behavior an evolutionary advantage.

The smaller and stronger-marked relative *Allocosa alticeps*, which lives sympatrically in the same habitat, seems to show a similar sexual role reversal. Although cannibalism is not rare among spiders, the selective hunting of females by males is as of 2010 unknown in any other spider species; even *A. alticeps* does not seem to be conspicuously cannibalistic.

These *Allocosa* are the only known wolf spiders adapted to living on the Uruguayan coastline (though see above for possible relatives). Sexual size dimorphism seems to be more pronounced in *A. brasiliensis*, while *A. alticeps* females and males are often enough about the same size. Both sexes of the present species are usually found equally frequently; in *A. alticeps* females appear to outnumber males by far. Reproductive isolation is ultimately achieved via behavior and genital anatomy, but quite often inspecting the differently-sized and differently-smelling burrow entrance will already allow these spiders to identify conspecifics. In addition, the species also seem to have different microhabitat preferences.

## Footnotes

* Aisenberg, Anita & Costa, Fernando G. (2008): Reproductive isolation and sex-role reversal in two sympatric sand-dwelling wolf spiders of the genus *Allocosa*. *Canadian Journal of Zoology* **86**(7): 648-658. doi:10.1139/Z08-040 PDF fulltext
* Aisenberg, Anita; González, Macarena; Laborda, Álvaro; Postiglioni, Rodrigo & Simó, Miguel (2009): Reversed Cannibalism, Foraging, and Surface Activities of *Allocosa alticeps* and *Allocosa brasiliensis*: Two Wolf Spiders from Coastal Sand Dunes. *J. Arachnol.* **37**(2): 135-138. PDF
* Aisenberg, Anita; Baruffaldi, Luciana & González, Macarena (2010a): Behavioural evidence of male volatile pheromones in the sex-role reversed wolf spiders *Allocosa brasiliensis* and *Allocosa alticeps*. *Naturwissenschaften* **97**(1): 63-70. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0612-z PDF fulltext
* Capocasale, Roberto M. (1990): Las especies de la subfamilia Hippasinae de America del Sur (Araneae, Lycosidae) \["The South American species of subfamily Hippasinae"\]. *J. Arachnol.* **18**: 131-141 \[Spanish with English abstract\]. PDF fulltext
* Capocasale, Roberto M. (2001): Review of the South American species of the genera *Aulonia* and *Allocosa* (Araneae, Lycosidae). *J. Arachnol.* **29**: 270-272. PDF
* Casanueva, Maria E. (1980): Los licosidos de Chile. Estudio biologico y taxonomico por los metodos de sistematica alfa y taxonomica numerica (Araneae: Lycosidae) \["The wolf spiders of Chile. Biological and taxonomic study by means of alpha and numerical taxonomy"\]. *Gayana Zoologia* **42**: 1-76 \[Spanish\]. Fulltext at Internet Archive
* Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1945): Arañas de Misiones, Corrientes y Entre Ríos \["Spiders of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Rios provinces"\]. *Revista del Museo de La Plata Sección zoología* **4**: 213-302 \[Spanish\].
* Mello-Leitão, C. F. de (1951): Arañas de Maullin, colectadas por el ingeniero Rafael Barros V. \["Spiders of Maullin, collected by Engineer R. Barros V."\]. *Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat.* **51-53**: 327-338 \[Spanish\].
* Petrunkevitch, Alexander \[1910\]: Some new or little known American Spiders. *Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.* **19**(1): 205-224. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1909.tb56918.x (First page image)
* Platnick, Norman I. (2010): World Spider Catalog  Lycosidae. Version 11.5, 2010-DEC-15. Retrieved 2011-APR-12.

## Further reading

* Aisenberg, Anita; Viera, Carmen & Costa, Fernando G. (2007): Daring females, devoted males, and reversed sexual size dimorphism in the sand-dwelling spider *Allocosa brasiliensis* (Araneae, Lycosidae). *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology* **62**(1): 29-35. doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0435-x (HTML abstract and first page image)
* Aisenberg, Anita; Costa, Fernando G. & González, Macarena (in print): Male sexual cannibalism in a sand-dwelling wolf spider with sex role reversal. *Biol. J. Linn. Soc.*, in print. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01631.x (HTML abstract)
* Aisenberg, Anita; Costa, Fernando G.; González, Macarena; Postiglioni, Rodrigo & Pérez-Miles, F. (2010b): Sexual dimorphism in chelicerae, forelegs and palpal traits in two burrowing wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) with sex-role reversal. *J. Nat. Hist.* **44**(19-20): 1189-1202. doi:10.1080/00222931003632716 (HTML abstract)
* Aisenberg, Anita; González, Macarena; Laborda, Álvaro; Postiglioni, Rodrigo; Simó, Miguel (2011): Spatial distribution, burrow depth and temperature: implications for the sexual strategies in two *Allocosa* wolf spiders. *Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment* **46**(2): 147–152. doi:10.1080/01650521.2011.563985

## InfoBox

| *Allocosa brasiliensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| male *A. brasiliensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Allocosa* |
| Species: | ***A. brasiliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allocosa brasiliensis***
(Petrunkevitch, \[1910\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Allocosa difficilis* (Mello-Leitão, 1951)
*Allocosa senex* (Mello-Leitão, 1945)
*Araucaniocosa difficilis* Mello-Leitão, 1951
*Glieschiella senex* Mello-Leitão, 1945
*Lycosa difficilis* (Mello-Leitão, 1951)
*Moenkhausiana brasiliensis* Petrunkevitch, \[1910\] | |


title: Allocnemis vicki

abstract: Allocnemis vicki is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae. The IUCN conservation status of Allocnemis vicki is "EN", endangered. The species faces a high risk of extinction in the near future. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

text:
# Allocnemis vicki

***Allocnemis vicki*** is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae.

The IUCN conservation status of *Allocnemis vicki* is "EN", endangered. The species faces a high risk of extinction in the near future. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.

## InfoBox

| *Allocnemis vicki* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Platycnemididae |
| Genus: | *Allocnemis* |
| Species: | ***A. vicki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Allocnemis vicki***
Dijkstra & Schütte, 2015 | |
|


title: Dysgonia insignifica

abstract: Dysgonia insignifica is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1906. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Dysgonia insignifica

***Dysgonia insignifica*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1906. It is found in New Guinea.

1. Poole, R. W. (1989). *Lepidopterorum Catalogus* (New Series) Fascicle 118, Noctuidae. Archived September 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-916846-45-9.

## InfoBox

| *Dysgonia insignifica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Dysgonia* |
| Species: | ***D. insignifica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dysgonia insignifica***<br>(Bethune-Baker, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ophiusa insignifica* Bethune-Baker, 1906 * *Parallelia insignifica* (Bethune-Baker, 1906) | |


title: Dysgonia latifascia

abstract: Dysgonia latifascia is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Warren in 1888. It is found in India.

text:
# Dysgonia latifascia

***Dysgonia latifascia*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Warren in 1888. It is found in India.

1. Poole, R. W. (1989). *Lepidopterorum Catalogus* (New Series) Fascicle 118, Noctuidae. Archived September 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-916846-45-9.

## InfoBox

| *Dysgonia latifascia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Dysgonia* |
| Species: | ***D. latifascia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dysgonia latifascia***<br>Warren, 1888 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Parallelia latifascia* (Warren, 1888) | |


title: Dysgonia hicanora

abstract: Dysgonia hicanora is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1903. It is found in New Guinea and Fiji.

text:
# Dysgonia hicanora

***Dysgonia hicanora*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1903. It is found in New Guinea and Fiji.

1. Poole, R. W. (1989). *Lepidopterorum Catalogus* (New Series) Fascicle 118, Noctuidae. Archived September 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-916846-45-9.

## InfoBox

| *Dysgonia hicanora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Dysgonia* |
| Species: | ***D. hicanora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dysgonia hicanora***<br>(Turner, 1903) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Thyas hicanora* Turner, 1903 * *Parallelia hicanora* (Turner, 1903) * *Ophiusa vulgaris* Bethune-Baker, 1906 * *Dysgonia vulgaris* (Bethune-Baker, 1906) | |


title: 142nd New York State Legislature

abstract: The 142nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to June 16, 1919, during the first year of Al Smith's governorship, in Albany.

text:
# 142nd New York State Legislature

The **142nd New York State Legislature**, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to June 16, 1919, during the first year of Al Smith's governorship, in Albany.

## Background

Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1894, re-apportioned in 1917, 51 Senators and 150 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts consisted either of one or more entire counties; or a contiguous area within a single county. The counties which were divided into more than one senatorial district were New York (nine districts), Kings (eight), Bronx (three), Erie (three), Monroe (two), Queens (two), and Westchester (two). The Assembly districts were made up of contiguous area, all within the same county.

At this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Socialist Party, the Prohibition Party and the Socialist Labor Party also nominated tickets.

## Elections

The New York state election, 1918, was held on November 5. This was the first election at which women had the right to vote, and the right to run for elective offices. Two women were elected to the State Assembly: Ida B. Sammis (Rep.) and Mary M. Lilly (Dem.).

Al Smith and Harry C. Walker were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, both Democrats. The incumbent Governor Charles S. Whitman ran on the Republican and the Prohibition tickets for re-election, but was defeated by Smith in a tight race, with a plurality of about 15,000 votes out of more than two million.

The other five statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Republicans. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 1,010,000; Republicans 956,000; Socialists 122,000; Prohibition 39,000; and Socialist Labor 5,000.

In New York City, where in November 1917 ten Socialists had been elected to the Assembly by pluralities in three-way races, Republicans and Democrats combined to stem the "red flood", and nominated joint candidates in most of the "Socialist" districts. Thus they managed to outpoll the Socialists in eight of the ten districts; only two Socialists, August Claessens and Charles Solomon, managed to get elected.

## Sessions

The Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1919; and adjourned on April 19.

Thaddeus C. Sweet (R) was re-elected Speaker.

J. Henry Walters (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.

The Legislature met for a special session at the State Capitol in Albany in the evening of June 16. This session was called to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which established women's suffrage. The amendment was ratified by a vote of 44 to 0 in the Senate, and 137 to 0 in the Assembly. State Senator Henry M. Sage—who was an outspoken opponent of women's suffrage–was, on his request, excused from voting because "he did not care to vote against it, but could not possibly vote to ratify." The Legislature also passed four bills concerning the housing situation in New York City; and adjourned after four hours.

## State Senate

### Districts

### Members

The asterisk (\*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Peter J. McGarry, Kenneth F. Sutherland, Daniel F. Farrell, Jeremiah F. Twomey and Burt Z. Kasson changed from the Assembly to the Senate.

| District | Senator | Party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | George L. Thompson* | Republican | re-elected |
| 2nd | Frank F. Adel | Democrat | resigned his seat and ran unsuccessfully for
Municipal Court Judge in the 3rd District of Queens |
| 3rd | Peter J. McGarry* | Democrat |  |
| 4th | Kenneth F. Sutherland* | Democrat |  |
| 5th | Daniel F. Farrell* | Democrat |  |
| 6th | Loring M. Black Jr. | Democrat |  |
| 7th | Charles C. Lockwood* | Republican | re-elected |
| 8th | Alvah W. Burlingame Jr.* | Republican | re-elected |
| 9th | Charles E. Russell | Democrat |  |
| 10th | Jeremiah F. Twomey* | Democrat |  |
| 11th | Daniel J. Carroll* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 12th | Jimmy Walker* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 13th | John J. Boylan* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 14th | Bernard Downing* | Dem./Rep. | re-elected |
| 15th | Abraham Kaplan | Democrat |  |
| 16th | James A. Foley* | Democrat | re-elected; Minority Leader; resigned; on
November 4, 1919, elected Surrogate of New York Co. |
| 17th | Julius Miller | Democrat |  |
| 18th | Salvatore A. Cotillo* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 19th | Edward J. Dowling* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 20th | William C. Dodge | Democrat |  |
| 21st | Henry G. Schackno | Democrat |  |
| 22nd | Peter A. Abeles | Rep./Dem. |  |
| 23rd | John J. Dunnigan* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 24th | John A. Lynch | Democrat |  |
| 25th | George T. Burling | Republican |  |
| 26th | Walter W. Law Jr. | Republican |  |
| 27th | Caleb H. Baumes | Republican |  |
| 28th | James E. Towner* | Republican | re-elected |
| 29th | Charles W. Walton* | Republican | re-elected |
| 30th | Henry M. Sage* | Republican | re-elected |
| 31st | John J. Mackrell | Democrat |  |
| 32nd | James W. Yelverton* | Republican | re-elected |
| 33rd | Mortimer Y. Ferris | Republican |  |
| 34th | N. Monroe Marshall* | Republican | re-elected |
| 35th | Burt Z. Kasson* | Republican |  |
| 36th | Frederick M. Davenport | Republican |  |
| 37th | Fred B. Pitcher | Republican |  |
| 38th | J. Henry Walters* | Republican | re-elected; elected president pro tempore |
| 39th | Adon P. Brown* | Republican | re-elected |
| 40th | Clayton R. Lusk | Republican |  |
| 41st | Seymour Lowman | Republican |  |
| 42nd | Charles J. Hewitt* | Republican | re-elected |
| 43rd | William A. Carson* | Republican | re-elected |
| 44th | John Knight* | Rep./Dem. | re-elected |
| 45th | James L. Whitley | Republican |  |
| 46th | John B. Mullan* | Republican | re-elected |
| 47th | George F. Thompson* | Republican | re-elected |
| 48th | Ross Graves* | Republican | re-elected; resigned on December 27, after his election
as Commissioner of Finance and Accounts of Buffalo |
| 49th | Samuel J. Ramsperger* | Democrat | re-elected |
| 50th | Leonard W. H. Gibbs* | Republican | re-elected |
| 51st | J. Samuel Fowler* | Republican | re-elected |
|

### Employees

* Clerk: Ernest A. Fay
* Sergeant-at-Arms: Charles R. Hotaling
* Assistant Sergeant-at-Arms:
* Principal Doorkeeper:
* First Assistant Doorkeeper:
* Stenographer: John K. Marshall

## State Assembly

### Assemblymen

| District | | Assemblymen | Party | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albany | 1st | Clarence F. Welsh* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | John G. Malone* | Republican |  |
| | 3rd | James M. Gaffers* | Republican |  |
| Allegany | | William Duke Jr.* | Republican |  |
| Bronx | 1st | Earl H. Miller* | Democrat |  |
| | 2nd | Edward J. Flynn* | Democrat |  |
| | 3rd | Robert S. Mullen | Dem./Rep. |  |
| | 4th | M. Maldwin Fertig | Dem./Rep. |  |
| | 5th | William S. Evans | Dem./Rep. |  |
| | 6th | Thomas J. McDonald* | Democrat |  |
| | 7th | Joseph V. McKee* | Democrat |  |
| | 8th | J. Fairfax McLaughlin* | Democrat |  |
| Broome | 1st | Edmund B. Jenks* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Forman E. Whitcomb* | Republican |  |
| Cattaraugus | | DeHart H. Ames* | Republican |  |
| Cayuga | | L. Ford Hager* | Republican |  |
| Chautauqua | 1st | Hermes L. Ames* | Rep./Dem. |  |
| | 2nd | Joseph A. McGinnies* | Republican |  |
| Chemung | | John J. Richford* | Republican |  |
| Chenango | | Bert Lord* | Republican |  |
| Clinton | | Wallace E. Pierce* | Rep./Dem. |  |
| Columbia | | John W. Scott | Republican |  |
| Cortland | | Irving F. Rice | Republican |  |
| Delaware | | Lincoln R. Long | Republican |  |
| Dutchess | 1st | J. Griswold Webb | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Frank L. Gardner* | Republican |  |
| Erie | 1st | George E. D. Brady | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | John W. Slacer* | Republican |  |
| | 3rd | Nicholas J. Miller* | Republican |  |
| | 4th | Andrew T. Beasley | Dem./Rep. |  |
| | 5th | Alexander A. Patrzykowski* | Democrat |  |
| | 6th | George H. Rowe* | Republican |  |
| | 7th | Herbert A. Zimmerman* | Republican |  |
| | 8th | Nelson W. Cheney* | Republican |  |
| Essex | | Raymond T. Kenyon* | Rep./Dem. |  |
| Franklin | | Warren T. Thayer* | Republican |  |
| Fulton and Hamilton | | Eberly Hutchinson | Republican |  |
| Genesee | | Charles P. Miller | Rep./Dem. |  |
| Greene | | Harding Showers* | Republican |  |
| Herkimer | | Edward O. Davies* | Republican |  |
| Jefferson | | H. Edmund Machold* | Republican |  |
| Kings | 1st | John J. Griffith | Democrat |  |
| | 2nd | Thomas J. Cox | Democrat |  |
| | 3rd | Frank J. Taylor* | Democrat |  |
| | 4th | Peter A. McArdle* | Democrat |  |
| | 5th | James H. Caulfield Jr.* | Republican |  |
| | 6th | Martin Solomon | Democrat |  |
| | 7th | John J. Kelly | Democrat |  |
| | 8th | Edward J. Flanagan | Democrat |  |
| | 9th | Frederick S. Burr* | Democrat |  |
| | 10th | Hoxie W. Smith* | Democrat |  |
| | 11th | Thomas E. Brownlee* | Republican |  |
| | 12th | Albert Link* | Democrat |  |
| | 13th | Morgan T. Donnelly* | Democrat |  |
| | 14th | Joseph Lentol | Democrat |  |
| | 15th | Christian J. McWilliams | Democrat |  |
| | 16th | David Drechsler | Democrat |  |
| | 17th | Frederick A. Wells* | Republican |  |
| | 18th | Charles C. Johnson | Democrat |  |
| | 19th | Benjamin C. Klingmann* | Democrat |  |
| | 20th | George J. Braun* | Democrat |  |
| | 21st | Wilfred E. Youker* | Republican |  |
| | 22nd | James J. Morris* | Democrat |  |
| | 23rd | Charles Solomon | Socialist |  |
| Lewis | | Albert A. Copeley* | Republican |  |
| Livingston | | George F. Wheelock* | Republican |  |
| Madison | | Morell E. Tallett* | Republican |  |
| Monroe | 1st | James A. Harris* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Simon L. Adler* | Republican | Majority Leader |
| | 3rd | Harry B. Crowley* | Republican |  |
| | 4th | Frank Dobson* | Republican |  |
| | 5th | Franklin W. Judson* | Republican |  |
| Montgomery | | Alton A. Walrath | Republican |  |
| Nassau | 1st | Thomas A. McWhinney* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Franklin A. Coles* | Republican |  |
| New York | 1st | Peter J. Hamill* | Democrat |  |
| | 2nd | Caesar B. F. Barra* | Democrat |  |
| | 3rd | Peter P. McElligott* | Democrat |  |
| | 4th | Samuel Dickstein | Dem./Rep. |  |
| | 5th | Charles D. Donohue* | Democrat | Minority Leader |
| | 6th | Sol Ullman | Rep./Dem. |  |
| | 7th | Mary M. Lilly | Democrat |  |
| | 8th | Herman Weiss | Rep./Dem. |  |
| | 9th | Philip A. Walter | Democrat |  |
| | 10th | William W. Pellet | Republican |  |
| | 11th | William C. Amos* | Republican |  |
| | 12th | Martin G. McCue* | Democrat |  |
| | 13th | John J. Cronin | Democrat |  |
| | 14th | Mark Goldberg* | Democrat |  |
| | 15th | Joseph Steinberg | Republican |  |
| | 16th | Maurice Bloch* | Democrat |  |
| | 17th | August Claessens* | Socialist |  |
| | 18th | Owen M. Kiernan* | Democrat |  |
| | 19th | Martin J. Healy | Democrat |  |
| | 20th | Charles A. Winter* | Democrat |  |
| | 21st | John Clifford Hawkins | Republican |  |
| | 22nd | Earl A. Smith* | Democrat |  |
| | 23rd | B. Elliot Burston | Democrat |  |
| Niagara | 1st | William Bewley* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Nicholas V. V. Franchot II* | Republican |  |
| Oneida | 1st | Hartwell W. Booth | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Louis M. Martin* | Republican |  |
| | 3rd | George T. Davis* | Republican |  |
| Onondaga | 1st | Manuel J. Soule* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Gardner J. Chamberlin | Republican |  |
| | 3rd | George R. Fearon* | Republican |  |
| Ontario | | George M. Tyler* | Republican |  |
| Orange | 1st | William F. Brush* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Charles L. Mead* | Republican |  |
| Orleans | | Frank H. Lattin* | Republican |  |
| Oswego | | Thaddeus C. Sweet* | Republican | re-elected Speaker |
| Otsego | | Allen J. Bloomfield* | Republican |  |
| Putnam | | John P. Donohoe* | Republican |  |
| Queens | 1st | Peter A. Leininger* | Democrat |  |
| | 2nd | Bernard Schwab | Democrat |  |
| | 3rd | John Kennedy* | Democrat |  |
| | 4th | Frank E. Hopkins | Republican |  |
| | 5th | Albert J. Brackley* | Democrat |  |
| | 6th | William H. O'Hare* | Democrat |  |
| Rensselaer | 1st | John F. Shannon* | Democrat |  |
| | 2nd | Arthur Cowee* | Republican |  |
| Richmond | 1st | Thomas F. Curley* | Democrat |  |
| | 2nd | Henry A. Seesselberg* | Democrat |  |
| Rockland | | Gordon H. Peck* | Republican |  |
| St. Lawrence | 1st | Frank L. Seaker* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Edward A. Everett* | Republican |  |
| Saratoga | | Clarence C. Smith | Republican |  |
| Schenectady | 1st | Walter S. McNab* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | A. Edgar Davies* | Republican |  |
| Schoharie | | Harry M. Greenwald | Republican |  |
| Schuyler | | Hiram H. Graham* | Republican |  |
| Seneca | | Lewis W. Johnson* | Republican |  |
| Steuben | 1st | Samuel E. Quackenbush* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Delevan C. Hunter | Republican |  |
| Suffolk | 1st | John G. Downs | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Ida B. Sammis | Republican |  |
| Sullivan | | William J. Brown | Republican |  |
| Tioga | | Daniel P. Witter* | Republican |  |
| Tompkins | | Casper Fenner* | Republican |  |
| Ulster | | Joel Brink* | Republican |  |
| Warren | | Frank C. Hooper* | Republican |  |
| Washington | | Eugene R. Norton | Republican |  |
| Wayne | | Frank D. Gaylord* | Republican |  |
| Westchester | 1st | Bertrand G. Burtnett* | Republican |  |
| | 2nd | Walter W. Westall | Republican |  |
| | 3rd | Edward J. Wilson | Republican |  |
| | 4th | Charles Vezin Jr. | Republican |  |
| | 5th | George Blakely* | Republican |  |
| Wyoming | | Bert P. Gage* | Republican |  |
| Yates | | James M. Lown Jr.* | Republican |  |
|

### Employees

1. *2,916,974 MAY VOTE IN NEW YORK STATE* in NYT on October 27, 1918
2. *GOV. SMITH CALLS SUFFRAGE SESSION* in NYT on June 11, 1919
3. *WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT WINS IN LEGISLATURE* in NYT on June 17, 1919
4. Malcolm, James (1919). *The New York Red Book*. Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon Company. p. 185  via Google Books.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| 142nd New York State Legislature | |
| --- | --- |
| 141st 143rd | |
| New York State Capitol (1919) | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | New York State Legislature |
| Jurisdiction | New York, United States |
| Term | January 1 – December 31, 1919 |
| Senate | |
| Members | 51 |
| President | Lt. Gov. Harry C. Walker (D) |
| Temporary President | J. Henry Walters (R) |
| Party control | Republican
(29–22) |
| Assembly | |
| Members | 150 |
| Speaker | Thaddeus C. Sweet (R) |
| Party control | Republican
(96–52–2) |
| Sessions | |
| 1st January 1 – April 19, 1919  2nd June 16, 1919 | |


title: Aloe molederana

abstract: Aloe molederana is a criticially endangered species of aloe native to northern Somalia. It was first described in 1989 by John Jacob Lavranos and H.F. Glen.

text:
# Aloe molederana

***Aloe molederana*** is a criticially endangered species of aloe native to northern Somalia. It was first described in 1989 by John Jacob Lavranos and H.F. Glen .

## Flowers

Its flowers are fuzzy like *Aloe tomentosa* and are a pink-orange color. The flowers are tubular like all other aloe species. The inflorescences branch and the racemes are short.

## Description

*Aloe molederana* is a plant that grows in limestone and gypsum. It is similar in look to many aloes, such as *Aloe vera*. It is a large aloe rosette.

## Images

## InfoBox

| *Aloe molederana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *Aloe* |
| Species: | ***A. molederana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aloe molederana***
Lavranos & Glen (1989) | |
|


title: Aloe montis-nabro

abstract: Aloe montis-nabro is a species of Aloe native to the slopes of Mt. Nabro in Eritrea described in 2014 in the CactusWorld journal by Orlando and El Azzouni.

text:
# Aloe montis-nabro

***Aloe montis-nabro*** is a species of *Aloe* native to the slopes of Mt. Nabro in Eritrea described in 2014 in the CactusWorld journal by Orlando and El Azzouni.

## Description

Similar in leaf pattern to many aloes such as *Aloe dijboutiensis*, *Aloe matucana*, this aloe has white streaks on its leaves. This plant has white margins, with serrated edges. This aloe does clump, but not majorly, usually 2-6 plants are in a clump. This plant's leaves are brown when sun stressed, and olive green if not. Leaves are in a "triangle" shape and grow in a rosette like other aloes.

## Flowers

The inflorescence, branched has flowers like *Aloe vera*. The flowers are tubular, and orange with anthers and stigmas.

## Threats

In 2011, Mt. Nabro, the volcano this plant is native to and grows on erupted. It is unknown if this plant still exists in the wild as no botanists have gone to this plant's native habitat since the eruption.

## InfoBox

| *Aloe montis-nabro* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asphodelaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asphodeloideae |
| Genus: | *Aloe* |
| Species: | ***A. montis-nabro*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aloe montis-nabro***<br>Orlando & El Azzouni | |
|


title: ETAP 39s

abstract: The ETAP 39s is a Belgian sailboat that was designed by Slovenian designers J&J Design, as a cruiser and first built in 1998.

text:
# ETAP 39s

The **ETAP 39s** is a Belgian sailboat that was designed by Slovenian designers J&J Design, as a cruiser and first built in 1998.

## Production

The design was built by ETAP Yachting in Belgium from 1998 to 2005, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The ETAP 39s is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of polyester glassfibre-foam cored sandwich, with wood trim. It has a 7/8 fractional sloop rig with aluminum spars, a deck-stepped mast, wire standing rigging and a single set of swept spreaders. The hull has a raked stem, a reverse transom, with boarding steps, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or shoal draft keel, both with weighted bulbs. It displaces 14,991 lb (6,800 kg) and carries 4,960 lb (2,250 kg) of lead ballast.

The foam-cored construction renders the boat unsinkable.

The boat has a draft of 6.40 ft (1.95 m) with the standard keel and 4.92 ft (1.50 m) with the optional shoal draft keel.

The boat is fitted with a Swedish Volvo Penta MD-2040s diesel engine of 40 hp (30 kW) for docking and manoeuvring. The fuel tank holds 37 U.S. gallons (140 L; 31 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 92.5 U.S. gallons (350 L; 77.0 imp gal).

The design has sleeping accommodation for eight people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, a U-shaped settee with a drop-down table that forms a double berth in the main cabin and two aft cabins with a double berth on each side. The galley is located amidships, on the port side. The galley is equipped with a stove, an ice box and a double sink. The head is located aft of the galley, on the port side, just forward of the companionway ladder and has a separate shower stall. The bow cabin is also equipped with a sink. A navigation station is opposite the head, on the starboard side.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker of 777 sq ft (72.2 m2). The boat has a hull speed of 7.75 kn (14.35 km/h).

## Operational history

The boat was at one time supported by a class club, the *ETAP Owners Association*.

A 2001 review by Tim Murphy in Cruising World Magazine stated, "the two-cabin version we saw was comfortably laid out ... Boat of the Year judge Carol Hasse liked the aft head, which has a separate shower stall. However, it takes the spot near the companionway traditionally occupied by a U-shaped galley; the 39s's linear galley runs along the port side, an arrangement that none of our judges favored for cooking underway ... There were several details the BOTY judges didn't like. For example, the ports along the cabin top open outward ' onto the working deck. An extruded aluminum toerail, together with outward-angled stanchions, seemed a tripping hazard. Access to engine and through-hulls was tight. Under sail, she's a delight ... On the day we sailed her, she tracked along nicely, exhibiting no tendency to round up. Her balanced rudder felt light in our fingers."

In a 2001 review, naval architect Robert Perry wrote, "the Etap is built with what the brochure calls a "ship in ship" method, i.e., an outer hull and an inner hull with what the company describes as 'polyurethane foam with a minimum of 95-percent closed cells' injected between the two hulls. This increases the displacement of the structure to the point where the boat will not sink, even when holed. There are additional flotation cambers in the bow and the stern. I think what the company is telling us is that this is a liner-built boat with foam injected between the hull and the liner. While the term 'double skinned' may be factually accurate, it may also be misleading. The 'unsinkable' term makes me nervous. It's like tempting fate."

## InfoBox

ETAP 39s
| Development | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | J&J Design |
| Location | Belgium |
| Year | 1998 |
| Builder(s) | ETAP Yachting |
| Role | cruising sailboat |
| Name | ETAP 39s |
| Boat | |
| Displacement | 14,991 lb (6,800 kg) |
| Draft | 6.40 ft (1.95 m) |
| Hull | |
| Type | monohull |
| Construction | glassfibre |
| LOA | 38.98 ft (11.88 m) |
| LWL | 33.46 ft (10.20 m) |
| Beam | 12.63 ft (3.85 m) |
| Engine type | Volvo Penta MD-2040s 40 hp (30 kW) diesel engine |
| Hull appendages | |
| Keel/board type | fin keel |
| Ballast | 4,960 lb (2,250 kg) |
| Rudder(s) | internally-mounted spade-type rudder |
| Rig | |
| Rig type | Bermuda rig |
| foretriangle height | 43.33 ft (13.21 m) |
| foretriangle base | 12.08 ft (3.68 m) |
| mainsail luff | 46.67 ft (14.23 m) |
| mainsail foot | 16.58 ft (5.05 m) |
| Sails | |
| Sailplan | fractional rigged sloop |
| Mainsail area | 443 sq ft (41.2 m2) |
| Jib/genoa area | 392 sq ft (36.4 m2) |
| Gennaker area | 777 sq ft (72.2 m2) |
| Other sails | Storm jib: 161 sq ft (15.0 m2) |
| Upwind sail area | 835 sq ft (77.6 m2) |
| Downwind sail area | 1,221 sq ft (113.4 m2) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Earl E. Herrin

abstract: Earl Edward Herrin was an American businessman and politician. Herrin was born in St. Jacob, Madison County, Illinois. In 1906, he moved with his family to Edwardsville, Illinois. He went to the Edwardsville public schools and to Shurtleff College. Herrin owned an automobile business in Edwardsville. He served on the Madison County Board and as Madison County Treasurer. Herrin was a Republican. Herrin served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1925 and 1926. Herrin died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Highland, Illinois.

text:
# Earl E. Herrin

**Earl Edward Herrin** (March 17, 1892August 21, 1964) was an American businessman and politician.

Herrin was born in St. Jacob, Madison County, Illinois. In 1906, he moved with his family to Edwardsville, Illinois. He went to the Edwardsville public schools and to Shurtleff College. Herrin owned an automobile business in Edwardsville. He served on the Madison County Board and as Madison County Treasurer. Herrin was a Republican. Herrin served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1925 and 1926. Herrin died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Highland, Illinois.


title: 16 Biggest Hits (Alan Jackson album)

abstract: 16 Biggest Hits is the fifth greatest hits compilation album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 446,000 copies in the United States as of May 2013.

text:
# 16 Biggest Hits (Alan Jackson album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***16 Biggest Hits*** is the fifth greatest hits compilation album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It is part of a series of similar *16 Biggest Hits* albums released by Legacy Recordings. It has sold 446,000 copies in the United States as of May 2013.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chattahoochee" | Alan Jackson, Jim McBride | 3:59 |
| 2. | "Gone Country" | Bob McDill | 4:20 |
| 3. | "It Must Be Love" | McDill | 2:52 |
| 4. | "Midnight in Montgomery" | A. Jackson, Don Sampson | 3:47 |
| 5. | "Chasin' That Neon Rainbow" | A. Jackson, McBride | 3:07 |
| 6. | "Don't Rock the Jukebox" | A. Jackson, Roger Murrah, Keith Stegall | 2:53 |
| 7. | "Mercury Blues" | K. C. Douglas, Robert Geddins | 3:40 |
| 8. | "Here in the Real World" | Mark Irwin, Jackson | 3:40 |
| 9. | "Pop a Top" | Nat Stuckey | 3:06 |
| 10. | "That'd Be Alright" | Tim Nichols, Mark D. Sanders, Tia Sillers | 3:43 |
| 11. | "I Don't Even Know Your Name" | A. Jackson, Ron Jackson, Andy Loftin | 3:53 |
| 12. | "Gone Crazy" | A. Jackson | 3:50 |
| 13. | "I'll Go On Loving You" | Kieran Kane | 4:00 |
| 14. | "Little Man" | A. Jackson | 4:30 |
| 15. | "Who's Cheatin' Who" | Jerry Hayes | 4:02 |
| 16. | "Summertime Blues" | Jerry Capehart, Eddie Cochran | 3:12 |
| Total length: | | | 58:35 |

## Chart performance

*16 Biggest Hits* peaked at #22 on the U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart the week of August 25, 2007. It also peaked at #141 on the *Billboard* 200 the week of March 22, 2008.

## InfoBox

| 16 Biggest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Alan Jackson | |
| Released | August 7, 2007 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 58:35 |
| Label | Arista Nashville/Legacy Recordings |
| Producer | Al Quaglieri |
| Alan Jackson chronology | |
| *Live at Texas Stadium*
(2007) ***16 Biggest Hits***
(2007) *Good Time*
(2008) | |


title: Alonso Guzmán y Talavera

abstract: Alonso Guzmán y Talavera, O.S.H. was a Roman Catholic prelate who was appointed the first Bishop of Trujillo (1577).

text:
# Alonso Guzmán y Talavera

**Alonso Guzmán y Talavera, O.S.H.** was a Roman Catholic prelate who was appointed the first Bishop of Trujillo (1577).

## Biography

Alonso Guzmán y Talavera was ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Jerome. In 1577, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Trujillo. He was consecrated bishop but then immediately resigned from his posting for which the reason is not known.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend<br>Alonso Guzmán y Talavera | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop-Elect of Trujillo | |
| Alonso Guzmán y Talavera | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Trujillo |
| In office | 1577 |
| Predecessor | None |
| Successor | Francisco de Ovanda |


title: Alonso Hernández

abstract: Joaquín Alonso Hernández García is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward.

text:
# Alonso Hernández

**Joaquín Alonso Hernández García** (born March 1, 1994) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward.

## Club career

Hernandez began his youth career in the city of El Paso, Texas. His rising talent increased his chances of professional football, so he relocated to Ciudad Juarez, Mexico to pursue this goal, where he made his start in the Indios youth system. Hernandez moved up the ranks at Indios and made two brief appearances with the first team in the Liga de Ascenso during the 2010–11 season.

In December 2011, however, Indios was disbanded, and Hernandez, out of a club, found a home with C.F. Monterrey, where he joined the Rayados' U-17 team.

Hernandez moved up to Monterrey's U-20 team for his first full season with the club. On April 19, 2013, he was called up to the first team and made his Liga MX debut.

Hernandez went on loan to Juárez in Ascenso MX in 2015–2016. He then played for Monterrey Premier for 2016–2017 and led the league in goals with 15.

## Honors

**Atlante**

## InfoBox

Alonso Hernández
| Hernández with the United States U23 at the 2015 Toulon Tournament | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Joaquín Alonso Hernández García | | |
| Date of birth | (1994-03-01) March 1, 1994 | | |
| Place of birth | El Paso, Texas, United States | | |
| Height | 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Guanacasteca | | |
| Number | 21 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2010 | Indios | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2012 | Indios | 2 | (0) |
| 2012–2017 | Monterrey | 7 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Juárez (loan) | 17 | (0) |
| 2017 | Monterrey Premier (loan) | ? | (13) |
| 2018 | Atlético Reynosa | 14 | (3) |
| 2018–2019 | UAT | 24 | (7) |
| 2019 | Sonora | 13 | (2) |
| 2020 | Oaxaca | 6 | (0) |
| 2021–2022 | Atlante | 23 | (2) |
| 2022 | Oaxaca | 9 | (2) |
| 2023 | UdeG | 14 | (4) |
| 2023– | Guanacasteca | 19 | (7) |
| International career | | | |
| 2013 | United States U20 | 4 | (1) |
| 2014–2015 | United States U23 | 12 | (4) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of January 13, 2022 | | | |


title: 1711 in Denmark

abstract: Events from the year 1711 in Denmark.

text:
# 1711 in Denmark

Events from the year **1711 in Denmark**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* January  An outbreak of plaque his Helsingør.
* May 25 – Helsingør is put under military blockade to prevent an outbreak of plague from spreading to Copenhagen. A total of 1,809, about one third of Helsingør's population, are killed by the disease in 1711. The efforts to keep the disease from spreading fail and a total of 40,000 people in Copenhagen and northern Zealand are killed by the disease during the outbreak. The blockade of Helsingør is not lifted until 25 July 1712.

### Undated

## Births

### Date unknown

## Deaths

### Date unknown

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1711<br>List of years in Denmark |


title: 1818 in Wales

abstract: This article is about the particular significance of the year 1818 to Wales and its people.

text:
# 1818 in Wales

This article is about the particular significance of the year **1818** to Wales and its people.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Arts and literature

* Poet Felicia Hemans effectively separates from her husband, who goes to live in Rome for his health.

### Awards

### New books

### Music

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Wales<br>Timeline of Welsh history 1818 in The United Kingdom  Scotland Elsewhere |