title: Dutch Open Telescope

abstract: The Dutch Open Telescope (DOT) is an optical solar telescope located on Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma. With a main mirror of 45 centimeters, it can reach an 0.2 arcsec resolution for sustained periods. For further optimization of the images, the DOT uses the image despeckle mechanism. It was used to record movies of the 2004 Venus transit. The open design was a departure from vacuum-style solar telescopes, and helped pave the way for bigger solar telescopes.

text:
# Dutch Open Telescope

The **Dutch Open Telescope (DOT)** is an optical solar telescope located on Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma (near the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope). With a main mirror of 45 centimeters, it can reach an 0.2 arcsec resolution for sustained periods. For further optimization of the images, the DOT uses the image despeckle mechanism. It was used to record movies of the 2004 Venus transit.

The open design was a departure from vacuum-style solar telescopes, and helped pave the way for bigger solar telescopes.

## Cameras

The DOT has 6 cameras, each with a different filter. These filters can be used at the same time, and allows images to be taken at different wavelengths to be compared. Furthermore, some filters are tunable, allowing observers to take images at several points in the spectral lines.

## Open structure

The DOT is an open telescope, which means that the structure is physically open, and the wind can blow through. Because the wind blows along the mirror the air has a more or less constant temperature, and this prevents seeing. Conventional telescope designs have the problem that hot air from the ground (which is hotter due to solar heating) is blown up along the tower, and this causes air with different temperatures to blow along the telescope, which degrades the image. A drawback of this open structure is that the skeleton has to be very rigid (do not confuse with strong), to prevent the structure from moving in the wind. Normally a solid tower takes care of this (as is done with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST), for example), or the telescope is placed inside a dome. The DOT does not have this and thus has to be very rigid. The optical part of the telescope is mounted 2 meters in front of the main mirror, and to prevent blurred images, the cameras are mounted very rigidly and can move with a precision of micrometres.

The telescope mirror can be upgraded in size to 3/4 of a meter with small modification, and even larger with additional adaptions.

## Custom designed roof

Another novel feature of the DOT is the roof which is made of a special polymer fibre which retains its shape after being stretched and does not loosen after time. The shape of the several roof sections are made in such a way that they are always under tension when closed, so it is stronger (i.e., the sections are saddle-shaped). Patterning and test installation of this specific skin is done in cooperation with the team of Poly-Ned who made more retractable coverings for telescope structures. Example of other similar projects is: GREGOR project on Tenerife. A high UV resistance PVC coated Polyester weave is important for this kind of structures. We call them Textielarchitecture from the Dutch ground.

## Despeckle

The despeckle algorithm that improves the image quality allows observers to reach the diffraction limit of the telescope more often than the seeing would normally allow. The despeckle takes 100 images of the same object (e.g., a granule), but each with a temporal distance such that the atmosphere has changed drastically, but the object has not. Then by using statistics and high powered computing (a 35 dual-Xeon computer-cluster powers these despeckle algorithms) the image is improved. Before the summer of 2005 the computation took months after a day of observations, but the new cluster reduces this time to a night.

## InfoBox

Dutch Open Telescope
| The Dutch Open Telescope with the canopy closed. | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of | Roque de los Muchachos Observatory |
| Location(s) | La Palma, Atlantic Ocean, international waters |
| Coordinates | 28°45′35″N 17°52′53″W / 28.759642°N 17.881322°W / 28.759642; -17.881322 |
| Altitude | 2,350 m (7,710 ft) |
| Telescope style | optical telescope
reflecting telescope
solar telescope |
| Diameter | 0.45 m (1 ft 6 in) |
| Angular resolution | 0.2 arcsecond |
| Collecting area | 0.15 m2 (1.6 sq ft) |
| Focal length | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) |
| Mounting | equatorial mount |
| Enclosure | canopy |
| Website | www.dot.iac.es |
| Location of Dutch Open Telescope | |
| Related media on Commons | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Apostolic Nunciature to Eswatini

abstract: The Apostolic Nunciature to Eswatini is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Eswatini. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The title Apostolic Nuncio to Eswatini is held by the prelate appointed Apostolic Nuncio to South Africa; he resides in South Africa. Pope John Paul II established the Nunciature to Eswatini on 10 March 1992.

text:
# Apostolic Nunciature to Eswatini

The **Apostolic Nunciature to Eswatini** (formerly **Swaziland**) is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Eswatini. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The title Apostolic Nuncio to Eswatini is held by the prelate appointed Apostolic Nuncio to South Africa; he resides in South Africa.

Pope John Paul II established the Nunciature to Eswatini on 10 March 1992.

## List of papal representatives to Eswatini

Apostolic Delegates Apostolic Nuncios


title: 1972–73 Manchester City F.C. season

abstract: The 1972–73 season was Manchester City's 71st season of competitive football and 53rd season in the top division of English football. In addition to the First Division, the club competed in the FA Cup, Football League Cup, FA Charity Shield and the UEFA Cup. Despite not winning the FA Cup or First Division the previous season, City were invited to play in the Charity Shield against Aston Villa, the 1971/72 Third Division champions, at Villa Park. City won the match 1-0 with a Francis Lee penalty late on.

text:
# 1972–73 Manchester City F.C. season

The **1972–73 season** was Manchester City's 71st season of competitive football and 53rd season in the top division of English football. In addition to the First Division, the club competed in the FA Cup, Football League Cup, FA Charity Shield and the UEFA Cup. Despite not winning the FA Cup or First Division the previous season, City were invited to play in the Charity Shield against Aston Villa, the 1971/72 Third Division champions, at Villa Park. City won the match 1-0 with a Francis Lee penalty late on.

## First Division

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | Newcastle United | 42 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 60 | 51 | 1.176 | 45 |
| 10 | Birmingham City | 42 | 15 | 12 | 15 | 53 | 54 | 0.981 | 42 |
| 11 | Manchester City | 42 | 15 | 11 | 16 | 57 | 60 | 0.950 | 41 |
| 12 | Chelsea | 42 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 49 | 51 | 0.961 | 40 |
| 13 | Southampton | 42 | 11 | 18 | 13 | 47 | 52 | 0.904 | 40 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored

### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 42 | 15 | 11 | 16 | 57 | 60 | 0.95 | 41 | 12 | 4 | 5 | 36 | 20 | 28 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 21 | 40 | 13 |

Source:

### Results

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12 August 1972 | Liverpool | A | Anfield | 0 - 2 |  | 55,383 |
| 16 August 1972 | Everton | H | Maine Road | 0 - 1 |  | 38,525 |
| 19 August 1972 | Norwich City | H | Maine Road | 3 - 0 | Lee (2), Bell | 30,920 |
| 23 August 1972 | Derby County | A | Baseball Ground | 0 – 1 |  | 31,173 |
| 26 August 1972 | Chelsea | A | Stamford Bridge | 1 - 2 | Mellor | 30,845 |
| 29 August 1972 | Crystal Palace | A | Selhurst Park | 0 - 1 |  | 24,731 |
| 2 September 1972 | Leicester City | H | Maine Road | 1 – 0 | Marsh | 27,233 |
| 9 September 1972 | Birmingham City | A | St Andrews | 1 - 4 | Towers | 32,983 |
| 16 September 1972 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | Maine Road | 2 – 1 | Marsh (2) | 31,755 |
| 23 September 1972 | Stoke City | A | Victoria Ground | 1 – 5 | Lee | 26,448 |
| 30 September 1972 | West Bromwich Albion | H | Maine Road | 2 – 1 | Booth, Lee | 27,332 |
| 7 October 1972 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | H | Maine Road | 1 – 1 | Marsh | 31,198 |
| 14 October 1972 | Coventry City | A | Highfield Road | 2 – 3 | Marsh, Summerbee | 24,560 |
| 21 October 1972 | West Ham United | H | Maine Road | 4 – 3 | Towers, Marsh (2), Summerbee | 30,890 |
| 28 October 1972 | Arsenal | A | Highbury | 0 – 0 |  | 45,536 |
| 4 November 1972 | Derby County | H | Maine Road | 4 - 0 | Carrodus, Marsh, Bell, Todd (og) | 35,556 |
| 11 November 1972 | Everton | A | Goodison Park | 3 – 2 | Lee (2), Newton (og) | 32,924 |
| 18 November 1972 | Manchester United | H | Maine Road | 3 - 0 | Bell (2), Buchan (og) | 52,050 |
| 25 November 1972 | Leeds United | A | Elland Road | 0 – 3 |  | 39,879 |
| 2 December 1972 | Ipswich Town | H | Maine Road | 1 - 1 | Lee | 27,839 |
| 9 December 1972 | Sheffield United | A | Bramhall Lane | 1 – 1 | Bell | 19,208 |
| 16 December 1972 | Southampton | H | Maine Road | 2 – 1 | Marsh (2) | 24,825 |
| 23 December 1972 | Newcastle United | A | St James’ Park | 1 – 2 | Mellor | 28,249 |
| 26 December 1972 | Stoke City | H | Maine Road | 1 – 1 | Mellor | 36,334 |
| 30 December 1972 | Norwich City | A | Carrow Road | 1 – 1 | Towers | 24,203 |
| 20 January 1973 | Leicester City | A | Filbert Street | 1 – 1 | Bell | 18,761 |
| 27 January 1973 | Birmingham City | H | Maine Road | 1 – 0 | Donachie | 31,882 |
| 10 February 1973 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | White Hart Lane | 3 – 2 | Marsh, Lee (2) | 30,994 |
| 17 February 1973 | Liverpool | H | Maine Road | 1 - 1 | Booth | 40,528 |
| 3 March 1973 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | A | Molineux Stadium | 1 – 5 | Marsh | 25,047 |
| 6 March 1973 | Southampton | A | The Dell | 1 – 1 | Lee | 16,188 |
| 10 March 1973 | Coventry City | H | Maine Road | 1 – 2 | Booth | 30,448 |
| 17 March 1973 | West Ham United | A | Boleyn Ground | 1 – 2 | Doyle | 30,156 |
| 24 March 1973 | Arsenal | H | Maine Road | 1 – 2 | Booth | 32,032 |
| 27 March 1973 | Chelsea | H | Maine Road | 0 – 1 |  | 23,973 |
| 31 March 1973 | Leeds United | H | Maine Road | 1 – 0 | Towers | 35,772 |
| 7 April 1973 | Ipswich Town | A | Portman Road | 1 – 1 | Oakes | 19,109 |
| 14 April 1973 | Sheffield United | H | Maine Road | 3 – 1 | Lee, Bell, Marsh | 26,811 |
| 18 April 1973 | Newcastle United | H | Maine Road | 2 – 0 | Booth, Marsh | 25,156 |
| 21 April 1973 | Manchester United | A | Old Trafford | 0 – 0 |  | 61,500 |
| 25 April 1973 | West Bromwich Albion | A | The Hawthorns | 2 – 1 | Lee, Towers | 21,193 |
| 28 April 1973 | Crystal Palace | H | Maine Road | 2 – 3 | Lee (2) | 34,784 |

## FA Cup

### Results

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 January 1973 | 3rd Round | Stoke City | H | Maine Road | 3 – 2 | Bell, Marsh, Summerbee | 38,648 |
| 3 February 1973 | 4th Round | Liverpool | A | Anfield | 0 – 0 |  | 56,296 |
| 7 February 1973 | 4th Round Replay | Liverpool | H | Maine Road | 2 – 0 | Bell, Booth | 49,572 |
| 24 February 1973 | 5th Round | Sunderland | H | Maine Road | 2 – 2 | Towers, Montgomery (og) | 54,478 |
| 27 February 1973 | 5th Round Replay | Sunderland | A | Roker Park | 1 – 3 | Lee | 51,782 |

## Football League Cup

### Results

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 October 1972 | 3rd Round | Bury | A | Gigg Lane | 0 – 2 |  | 16,614 |

## Charity Shield

## UEFA Cup

### Results

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Venue | Result F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 September 1972 | 1st Round 1st leg | Valencia | H | Maine Road | 2 – 2 | Mellor, Marsh | 21,698 |
| 27 September 1972 | 1st Round 2nd leg | Valencia | A | Mestalla Stadium | 1 – 2 | Marsh | 35,000 |

## InfoBox

Manchester City
| 1972–73 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Manager | Malcolm Allison (to 30 Mar 1973)
Johnny Hart (from 30 Mar 1973) |
| Stadium | Maine Road |
| First Division | 11th |
| FA Cup | Fifth Round |
| League Cup | Third Round |
| FA Charity Shield | **Winners** |
| UEFA Cup | First Round |
| Top goalscorer | League: Rodney Marsh(15)
All: Rodney Marsh(19) |
| Highest home attendance | 54,478 vs Sunderland
24 February 1973 |
| Lowest home attendance | 23,973 vs Chelsea
27 March 1973 |
| Average home league attendance | 32,140 (8th highest in league) |
|  | |


title: Amiga 3000UX

abstract: The Amiga 3000UX is a model of the Amiga computer family that was released with Amiga Unix, a full port of AT&T Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4), installed along with AmigaOS. The system is otherwise equivalent to the standard A3000, once a right-click initiates a boot to Kickstart. Sun Microsystems and Unix International featured the Amiga 3000UX on their stands at the 1991 Uniforum event, ostensibly to promote Commodore's adoption of those exhibitors' technologies, specifically OPEN LOOK and SVR4. This may have led to unsubstantiated rumours about Sun potentially incorporating the model into its workstation range, sustained by persistent community perceptions of Commodore's managerial incompetence. It is possible that Commodore repurposed A3000UX machines for standard AmigaOS, as some standard A3000 models have been found with labeling suggesting they were originally to be sold as A3000UX machines.

text:
# Amiga 3000UX

The **Amiga 3000UX** is a model of the Amiga computer family that was released with Amiga Unix, a full port of AT&T Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4), installed along with AmigaOS. The system is otherwise equivalent to the standard A3000, once a right-click initiates a boot to Kickstart (Amiga's kernel).

Sun Microsystems and Unix International featured the Amiga 3000UX on their stands at the 1991 Uniforum event, ostensibly to promote Commodore's adoption of those exhibitors' technologies, specifically OPEN LOOK and SVR4. This may have led to unsubstantiated rumours about Sun potentially incorporating the model into its workstation range, sustained by persistent community perceptions of Commodore's managerial incompetence.

It is possible that Commodore (or a third party) repurposed A3000UX machines for standard AmigaOS, as some standard A3000 models have been found with labeling suggesting they were originally to be sold as A3000UX machines.

1. "Unix: The Latest Frontier". *Amiga World*. April 1991. p. 10. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
2. "Commodore: A3500". Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2010-12-28.

## InfoBox

Amiga 3000UX
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Workstation |
| Release date | 1990 (1990) |
| Discontinued | 1992 |
| Media | Magnetic tape data storage |
| Operating system | Amiga UNIX System V Release 4 |
| CPU | Motorola 68030 @ 25 MHz |
| Memory | 2 MB |
| Graphics | Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture |
| Connectivity | Ethernet |


title: 130th Engineer Brigade (United States)

abstract: The 130th Engineer Brigade is an engineer brigade of the United States Army headquartered in Schofield Barracks, Hawaii that provides engineering support to the United States Army Pacific. The brigade specializes in combat engineering, construction, and bridging operations. The brigade traces its lineage back to an engineering regiment active during World War II, but the brigade itself did not see real-world action until the mid-1990s. As a part of the V Corps for most of the Cold War, the brigade was stationed in western Europe as a deterrent to a possible Soviet aggression and/or invasion. It finally saw action in 1991 when the Brigades 317th Engineer Battalion was deployed for Operation Desert Shield/Storm. The 317th provided support for the 1st Infantry Division during the ground war and its Delta Company received a Presidential unit citation. The brigade was also deployed in Operation Joint Endeavor, providing bridging assistance for the international force in the Bosnia region. Several years later, the brigade was the primary engineering component during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. With numerous difficulties, the brigade was forced to take on several unexpected missions during its year in Iraq. It saw a second tour in 2005 and a third in 2009 in which it once again was the primary engineering component in the country. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan as the Theater Engineer Brigade in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from 2013 to 2014. The brigade had a long history of supporting V Corps of United States Army Europe from 1969 until 2007, during which it was based at Warner Barracks in the Bavarian town of Bamberg, Germany. That ended when the brigade was relocated to Hawaii to support United States Army Pacific as part of a major restructuring plan of the United States Army. Reactivated in 2008, the brigade is currently based out of Schofield Barracks in Hawaii.

text:
# 130th Engineer Brigade (United States)

The **130th Engineer Brigade** is an engineer brigade of the United States Army headquartered in Schofield Barracks, Hawaii that provides engineering support to the United States Army Pacific. The brigade specializes in combat engineering, construction, and bridging operations.

The brigade traces its lineage back to an engineering regiment active during World War II, but the brigade itself did not see real-world action until the mid-1990s. As a part of the V Corps for most of the Cold War, the brigade was stationed in western Europe as a deterrent to a possible Soviet aggression and/or invasion. It finally saw action in 1991 when the Brigades 317th Engineer Battalion was deployed for Operation Desert Shield/Storm. The 317th provided support for the 1st Infantry Division during the ground war and its Delta Company received a Presidential unit citation. The brigade was also deployed in Operation Joint Endeavor, providing bridging assistance for the international force in the Bosnia region. Several years later, the brigade was the primary engineering component during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. With numerous difficulties, the brigade was forced to take on several unexpected missions during its year in Iraq. It saw a second tour in 2005 and a third in 2009 in which it once again was the primary engineering component in the country. The brigade deployed to Afghanistan as the Theater Engineer Brigade in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from 2013 to 2014.

The brigade had a long history of supporting V Corps of United States Army Europe from 1969 until 2007, during which it was based at Warner Barracks in the Bavarian town of Bamberg, Germany. That ended when the brigade was relocated to Hawaii to support United States Army Pacific as part of a major restructuring plan of the United States Army. Reactivated in 2008, the brigade is currently based out of Schofield Barracks in Hawaii.

## Organization

The 130th Engineer Brigade is a subordinate unit of the 8th Theater Sustainment Command which is operationally controlled by United States Army Pacific. It provides engineering assistance to United States forces stationed throughout the Indo-Pacific region.

The Brigade's Headquarters and Headquarters Company is stationed at Schofield Barracks and permanently commands two subordinate battalions. The 11th Engineer Battalion located at Camp Humphreys, Korea, and the 84th Engineer Battalion located at Schofield Barracks. The total force of the brigade is approximately 1,600 personnel. As the brigade is modular in nature, it is able to take command and control of more units when deployed.

## History

### Origins

The 130th Engineer Brigade traces its lineage to the **1303rd Engineer General Service Regiment** which saw action in World War II. The regiment was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Ellis, Illinois. It was deployed to the European Theatre where it participated in the Battle of Normandy and subsequent invasion of Germany before being transferred to the Pacific after V-E Day. The 1303rd received campaign streamers for Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe, and the Asian-Pacific theatre. It was deactivated in Japan on 31 January 1946.

The regiment was re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 130th Engineer Aviation Brigade in Japan on 8 July 1955 before being activated in September of that year. Only a few months later, this brigade was inactivated on 25 June 1956 without having seen any deployment.

On 16 June 1969, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 130th Engineer Aviation Brigade was re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 130th Engineer Brigade and activated in Pioneer Kaserne, Hanau, Germany. The 130th Engineer Brigade was a consolidation of V Corps' 37th and 11th Engineer Groups into a single unit that would provide more efficient command and control. It was subsequently put under the command of V Corps, as part of United States Army Europe. The brigade received its shoulder sleeve insignia on 23 September 1969, and its distinctive unit insignia on 3 November 1969. Brigade members specially designed these with images alluding to the 1303rd Regiment's battle honors in World War II using scarlet and white, colors signifying US Army engineer units.

The brigade remained in Germany in support of V Corps for almost 25 years, on the Cold War frontline against the Warsaw Pact and Soviet 8th Guards Army. It underwent a shuffling of units as several of its battalions were reassigned elsewhere following the end of the Cold War in 1990, and it gained new battalions from units deactivating elsewhere. Though three of the brigade's subordinate battalions deployed to support Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, the brigade headquarters itself remained in Germany along with the rest of V Corps. The operations were conducted by VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps, which had significant engineer assets of their own. Throughout the early 1990s, the brigade would continue to see units come and go from its command as they were transferred from the restructuring 18th Engineer Brigade and the deactivating 7th Engineer Brigade (United States).

### Operation Joint Endeavour

From December 1995 to January 1996, all units in the brigade, except the 320th Engineer Company (Topographic), deployed to Croatia or Bosnia and Herzegovina in support of Operation Joint Endeavor. The 320th Engineer Company deployed their topographic surveying platoon the following year. The 130th Engineer Brigade was tasked with building an assault bridge over the Sava River. Despite severe flooding conditions around the river and international pressure against such a structure, the brigade sent its units to begin work on the bridge. In December 1995, the 502nd Engineer Company deployed to Zupanja, Croatia and placed the historic ribbon bridge over the river. This bridge, at 2,239 feet (682 m) was the longest assault floating bridge in military history. The company operated 24-hours a day for three months crossing critical traffic in support of Task Force Eagle and NATO's Implementation Force. The company also assisted in the construction of a second bridge over the Sava River in Brčko-Gunja. The 502nd Engineer Company redeployed in May 1996, with a rafting section remaining at Slavonski Brod to support the force restructuring of Task Force Eagle. The 130th Engineer Brigade would go on to construct seven fixed bridges in support of the operation. During the deployment, the brigade was also tasked with creating and maintaining maps and overlays of the area of operations. It would produce over 300,000 such maps. The 130th Engineer Brigade was also tasked with repairing and maintaining much of the Task Force's infrastructure.

The brigade returned to Germany after the operation was complete. Throughout 1998–2002 it would train with German engineers, including German units from Lahnstein and Speyer, as well as the German Engineering School. The brigade also set up marksman competitions with German units, to give US soldiers the chance to earn the German Armed Forces Badge of Marksmanship, the German Sports Badge, and other badges. Over 2,500 of these badges would be earned by soldiers of the 130th over the years that it served in Germany. It also trained extensively in bridging operations at rivers throughout Germany. In summer of 2000, the brigade participated in a joint engineering exercise in Moldova with US Navy Seabees and the 505th Engineer Brigade of the North Carolina Army National Guard. The exercise was the first ever conducted in Moldova and featured numerous training scenarios as well as the construction of a medical clinic. Several other such exercises were conducted in nations throughout Europe including Albania, Romania, Georgia, Latvia, Bulgaria and Macedonia. They also performed annual humanitarian missions to Poland, working on community projects around the country with the assistance of Polish Armed Forces every September, as a training exercise.

### Operation Iraqi Freedom

The 130th Engineer Brigade mobilized for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It was commanded by Colonel Gregg F. Martin. As preparations were being made for Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 130th Engineer Brigade was placed in charge of the largest engineering force in the theater. This included seven different engineering battalions as well as several separate group and company-sized elements. Units of the brigade were then deployed to Kuwait in early 2003, along with much of V Corps' staff. They would provide command and assistance for the 3rd Infantry Division, 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division as they crossed the border to Iraq and attacked to the capitol region of Baghdad from the south. Coupled with the landings of the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team to the north, the operation would see the US Forces surround and destroy Iraqi forces in and around the capitol.

The first obstacle facing the brigade was "the berm", a 10-kilometer-deep defensive obstacle complex that spanned Iraq's border with Kuwait. The berm consisted of large tank ditches, berms of dirt, electrified fencing, and razor wire. It was decided that the 3rd Infantry Division's Brigade Combat Teams would breach this berm in eight locations and move through. The 130th Engineer brigade analyzed the berms and provided a layout of them to coalition forces. The 130th Engineer Brigade then conducted the actual breaches in late March, using CEV, armored combat earthmovers to build roads for tracked vehicles, while armored vehicle-launched bridges set up for wheeled vehicles. The 130th worked with Kuwaiti engineers to breach the berm in 12 places, and the 3rd Infantry Division's Brigade Combat Teams moved through, starting the Iraq War. After combat forces moved through, the brigade and the Kuwaitis then sealed off ten of these breaches to prevent Iraqi forces from using then, leaving two open for US forces that followed from the 82nd and 101st.

After the breach, the 130th moved into Iraq. They provided support for the divisions as they advanced along the path to Baghdad. When a large sandstorm grounded aviation and large dust clouds became a problem, the brigade repurposed oil for use in dust abatement around airfields, allowing the 101st's fleet of AH-64 Apaches to take off and engage Iraqi ground forces on 24 March. Retreating Iraqi units detonated many bridges to slow the 3rd Infantry Division's advance. The 130th Engineers conducted rapid repairs to allow the brigades to continue to move through. The brigade supported combat elements moving through An Najaf, clearing roads and pathways of debris and obstacles to allow rapid movement through the city. The 565th Engineer Battalion built the "birthday bridge" – the longest float bridge constructed in a combat theatre with a span of 580 meters – over the Tigris River in Tikrit on Saddam Hussein's birthday, 28 April 2003.

After the invasion was over, the brigade was supposed to support the operation with bridging and infrastructure support. During the planning for the invasion, the engineers of the brigade were told that reconstruction in Iraq would be conducted by Department of Defense contractors and Iraqi civilians. They were not originally prepared to conduct major reconstruction efforts. When V Corps became the commanding element for the task force to rebuild Iraq, much of the invasion force, including the 130th Engineer Brigade, was sent to do jobs they had not been originally planned for, as basic utilities and sanitation conditions in Iraq were far below what was expected. Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004, the engineers engaged in a large number of initial reconstruction projects on basic utilities, including schools, water treatment plants, waste removal, and the nation's power grid. It was determined that the scale of these projects was much greater than what the US had expected or what had been encountered in previous contingencies. It was also decided that reconstruction was essential to the coalition since it would help win over the Iraqi people. By May 2003, the brigade had been completely repurposed. Though originally tasked with demolishing obstacles, building fortifications, and bridging operations, the brigade was tasked entirely with construction projects. This conversion was a difficult process, as the brigade did not have the equipment and specialist units designed to handle reconstruction on a national scale. As more US military reconstruction units arrived in Iraq, the brigade grew to eight battalions and three groups.

The 130th Engineer Brigade focused on bridging projects as was its specialty, but it ultimately found itself undertaking numerous different projects throughout the country for much of 2003 and into 2004. Not all of its units were confined entirely to construction, though. The 502nd Engineer Company also conducted river patrol operations in Baghdad and Tikrit. This new mission for the company was essential for force protection, troop transportation, search and cordon operations, and to protect against sabotage on fixed bridges. In September 2003, with the inactivation of the 38th Engineer Company (Medium Girder Bridge), the 502nd Engineer Company became a multi-role bridge company with both float and fixed bridging capabilities and the only active bridge company in USAREUR.

The 130th was headquartered at Logistical Support Area Anaconda for the majority of the deployment. Throughout Operation Iraqi Freedom, the headquarters commanded up to 15,000 engineers at one time, conducting missions including bridging, humanitarian assistance, topographic missions, dive missions, firefighting, base construction, river patrols, mine detection, missile removal and many more. Brigade units redeployed to Hanau in late 2003 and early 2004. Most of the brigade's soldiers returned to Hanau on 5 February 2004 after numerous logistical delays. Most of the 130th Engineer Brigade's subordinate units would receive Meritorious Unit Commendation for their roles in the invasion of Iraq, though the Brigade's headquarters did not.

### Second tour in Iraq

The 502nd Engineer Company became the first V Corps company-sized unit to return for a second tour in Iraq when it deployed in September 2004. The company returned to Hanau in September 2005. In December 2004, the 130th Engineer Brigade's headquarters was informed that it would be deployed back to Iraq the next year. The brigade mobilized and began this new deployment in September 2005; it began operating in the country the next month. The 54th Engineer Battalion followed in October. The brigade eventually replaced the 130th, 194th, and 20th Engineer Brigades, becoming the only engineer brigade operating in the country. By December 2006, the brigade commanded all engineering formations in Multi-National Corps - Iraq, including engineers from other branches of the US Military, for a total of 3,300 soldiers. During the tour they were supported by the 412th Engineer Command.

The 130th Engineers had a variety of reconstruction tasks during their second tour in Iraq. The top priority of the brigade was to "maintain and upgrade lines of communications" to "insure uninterrupted ground movement through the area of operations." This duty also included detection and removal of Improvised Explosive Devices. The brigade undertook numerous construction projects, primarily in building coalition forward operating bases, but they were tasked with construction projects for the Iraqi army and civilians as well. Many of the units of the brigade were integrated with military from other branches for projects. US Navy and US Marine Corps engineers operated side by side with 130th Engineer Brigade soldiers, and though commanders reported a "culture clash" between different branches of service, the soldiers, sailors, and Marines were able to adapt to the situation quickly.

The brigade's Headquarters Company managed the engineer battalions but it also undertook its own missions, including humanitarian missions and public affairs assignments. It was supported by the brigade's Special Troops Battalion which provided a wide range of duties for the Headquarters. The task of detecting and removing IEDs proved particularly difficult for the brigade, as IEDs were a serious issue for coalition forces and the leading cause of casualties at the time. The 54th Engineer Battalion under the 130th was specially tasked with counter-IED operations on the over 300 kilometers of roads that the brigade was responsible for. The 249th Engineer Battalion was charged with maintaining the power grid throughout Iraq. They were required to assess 200 power stations throughout the country and make repairs to each one individually. The 84th Engineer Battalion was tasked with most construction projects in the Forward Operating Bases. These projects involved expansion of many of the larger FOBs as smaller ones were shut down and consolidated. One of the main focuses of the Battalion was the expansion of living quarters at Al Asad Air Base. The 565th Engineer Battalion was responsible for maintaining the supply yards housing building materials for the rest of the Brigade's battalions, and to ensure that the materials were dispersed and used as efficiently as possible. The brigade's mechanical and vehicle maintenance duties were provided by civilian contractors. These contractors also handled transportation of construction vehicles and vehicle parts to the theater.

During the year of its deployment in Iraq, the brigade reported progress in numerous areas. Brigade commander Colonel Thomas Kula reported that "greater than 50 percent" of IEDs found on roads used by the Corps were recognized and disarmed before they could be used against coalition forces. The brigade also cleared 700 kilometers of road from trash and debris and filled more than 600 potholes caused by explosions. It also completed 1,800 mapping projects in the theater. The brigade also finished numerous building projects around Iraq. Soldiers of the 130th Engineer Brigade completed 345 construction projects during the year in the country, including emplacing four bridges and maintaining eight more, well digging projects throughout western Iraq, maintaining the power grid to 25 coalition bases, repairing and expanding services at FOBs throughout the region, and construction of outposts and checkpoints throughout the country's roadways with the assistance of Iraqi engineers. During the deployment, a total of 15 soldiers from the brigade were killed in action. The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Hanau from its second tour in Iraq in October 2006.

### Reactivation in Hawaii

With Army forces in Europe experiencing draw-downs and re-deployments, it was announced that V Corps would be eliminated, and the 130th Engineer Brigade would be moved elsewhere. The brigade formally left Hanau with a Casing of the Colors ceremony at Pioneer Kaserne on 4 May 2007. Casing the unit's colors was a tradition formally signifying its inactivation and, for all official purposes, the brigade had ceased to be an active Army unit. The brigade headquarters became part of U.S. Army Pacific on 16 June 2007.

The brigade had originally been slated to relocate to Fort Lewis, Washington to replace the 555th Engineer Brigade, which was scheduled to be inactivated. But with the announcement of the Grow the Army plan in early 2007, it was decided that no engineer brigades would be inactivated permanently, and the 130th Engineer Brigade would be moved to Hawaii instead. Both the 130th and 555th Engineer Brigades remained on active duty.

The brigade was inactive for a year while it was reconstructed in Hawaii. As a part of the transformation of the US Army, the brigade was reorganized into a modular force with new and updated equipment and new personnel. The Brigade stood up provisionally on 27 June 2008 as it neared ready status. On 23 October, the brigade's colors were formally uncased at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. This signified the end of the brigade's relocation to Hawaii as well as its completion and readiness to take on new missions.

The brigade took command of the 6th, 65th and 84th Engineer battalions.

### Third tour in Iraq

The brigade was alerted for another deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom in summer 2009. There, its missions will once again include construction, route clearance, and training of Iraqi engineers. Since being alerted for deployment, the brigade began conducting vigorous Mission Rehearsal Exercise (MRE) training at Schofield Barracks. Among this training has been updated strategies for detection and clearance of Improvised Explosive Devices. The brigade began its deployment on 17 July 2009, uncasing its colors in Mosul and taking command of construction projects in the area from the 18th Engineer Brigade.

The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Schofield Barracks Hawaii from Iraq on 4 June 2010.

### Theater Security Cooperation Program Exercises

Upon the 130th Engineer Brigade's return from Iraq in 2010, the 130th Engineer Brigade served as the Theater Engineer Brigade in the PACOM AOR. In this capacity, the brigade provided combat engineering, construction engineering and dive operations support to joint and combined partners at more than 30 Theater Security Cooperation Program (TSCP) exercises and multiple company sized deployments to Operations New Dawn and Enduring Freedom.

The 130th Engineer Brigade served as the Combined Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force (CJMOTF) for Balikatan 2011 in the Philippines. For over two months, the brigade headquarters along with platoons from the 84th Engineer Battalion built schools and all-purpose facilities. Meanwhile, the brigade's subordinate joint partners conducted veterinarian and medical events to help improve the lives of the Filipino people. This event sharpened the brigade's skills at responding to humanitarian aid and disaster response (HADR) events throughout the region. Upon completion of BK11, the brigade shifted its training focus from stability operations to major combat operations. Specifically, the brigade initiated a 9-month train-up plan for its MCTP graded war-fighter with the 2nd Infantry Division in Korea. Through a series of individual and collective training events the brigade honed, sharpened and in some cases re-learned the skills necessary to achieve victory in a high-intensity conflict. Through UFG12, 2ID's War-Path II Exercise, and finally the Full Spectrum Exercise in November 2011, the 130th Engineer Brigade earned some of the highest marks and accolades ever given to a brigade by the MCTP during a certification war-fighter exercise. Through these series of exercises, the 130th Engineer Brigade helped USFK, 8th Army, and 2ID refine and improve their most significant OPLANs by updating TPFDDs, task organizations, engineer concepts of operations, and combined arms gap-crossing plans. The 130th Engineer Brigade, along with 8th Army and 2ID remain ready to "Fight Tonight" if called upon.

### Operation Enduring Freedom

The 130th Engineer Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), and one of their subordinate battalions, the 65th Engineer Battalion (Combat Effects), deployed in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in September and October 2013. This marked the brigade headquarters' first deployment to Afghanistan. After a two-week handover period, the 130th Engineer Brigade officially took over on 2 October 2013 from the 555th Engineer Brigade (from Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA), Joint Task Force Triple Nickel, thus becoming Joint Task Force Sapper, overseeing U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force engineer units across Afghanistan. A direct subordinate element of ISAF Joint Command and U.S. Forces-Afghanistan, JTF Sapper constituted the fourth largest command in theater, behind only regional commands. The 130th Engineer Brigade became the core of a provisional multi-role brigade headquarters for engineer operations in Afghanistan with seven subordinate battalions, one Naval Mobile Construction Battalion, and one Engineer Prime Beef Squadron consisting of over 4,200 Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen operating in each Regional Command.

From September to December 2013, Joint Task Force Sapper's mission in theater was "The Theater Engineer Brigade trains, certifies and advises the ANA Engineers on construction, facility management, and assured mobility capabilities while supporting the retrograde of Coalition Forces through expeditionary construction and assured mobility across the CJOA-A."

From January to May 2014, Joint Task Force Sapper's mission in theater was "Joint Task Force Sapper partners with ANA engineers to enable their independent operations and support the redeployment and retrograde of Coalition Forces through expeditionary construction and deconstruction across the CJOA-A in order to set the conditions for the resolute support mission."

The 130th Engineer Brigade turned over responsibility as Operation Enduring Freedom's Theater Engineer Brigade to the 2nd Engineer Brigade (from Joint Base Elmedorf-Richardson, AK), Joint Task Force Trailblazer, on 29 May 2014. The 130th Engineer Brigade returned to Schofield Barracks, Hawaii from Afghanistan on 4 June 2014.

## Honors

### Unit Decorations

| Ribbon | Award | Year | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Meritorious Unit Commendation | 2003–2004 | For Service in Operation Iraqi Freedom |
|  | Meritorious Unit Commendation | 2005–2006 | For Service in Operation Iraqi Freedom |
|  | Meritorious Unit Commendation | 2009–2010 | For Service in Operation Iraqi Freedom |
|  | Meritorious Unit Commendation | 2013-2014 | For Service in Operation Enduring Freedom |
|  | Superior Unit Award | 1995–1996 | For Service in Operation Joint Endeavour |
|  | Superior Unit Award | 1996–1997 | For Service in Operation Joint Endeavour |

### Campaign streamers

| Conflict | Streamer | Year(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| World War II | Normandy | 1944 |
| World War II | Northern France | 1944 |
| World War II | Rhineland | 1944–1945 |
| World War II | Ardennes-Alsace | 1944–1945 |
| World War II | Central Europe | 1945 |
| World War II | Asiatic-Pacific Theater | 1945 |
| Iraq War | Operation Iraqi Freedom I | 2003–2004 |
| Iraq War | Operation Iraqi Freedom III | 2005–2006 |
| Iraq War | Operation Iraqi Freedom | 2009-2010 |
| GWOT | Operation Enduring Freedom | 2013–2014 |

## InfoBox

| 130th Engineer Brigade | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. 130th Engineer Brigade insignia | |
| Active | 5 May 1943 – 31 January 1946<br>25 September 1955 – 25 June 1956<br>16 June 1969 – 4 May 2007<br>23 October 2008 – present |
| Country | United States of America |
| Allegiance | United States Army |
| Branch | Regular Army |
| Type | Engineer Brigade |
| Role | Combat Engineering <br>Construction Engineering |
| Size | Brigade |
| Part of | 8th Theater Sustainment Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Schofield Barracks, Hawaii |
| Motto(s) | *SAPPERS IN!* |
| Engagements | Operation Joint Endeavour <br>Operation Iraqi Freedom<br>Operation Enduring Freedom |
| Commanders | |
| Current<br>commander | COL Margaret L. McGunegle (since 12 July 2022) |
| Command Sergeant Major | CSM Edwin Dirk |
| Notable<br>commanders | LTG Todd T. Semonite<br>MG Diana M. Holland |
| Insignia | |
| Distinctive Unit Insignia |  |


title: 1925 Michigan Wolverines football team

abstract: The 1925 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1925 Big Ten Conference football season. The 1925 season was Fielding H. Yost's 24th as the head football coach. Michigan compiled a 7–1 record and outscored opponents by a combined score of 227 to 3. The 1925 team won the Big Ten Conference championship and was ranked second in country behind Dartmouth in the Dickinson System rankings. The only points allowed by the team were in a 3 to 2 loss to Northwestern in a game played in a heavy rainstorm on a field covered in mud five or six inches deep in some places. Michigan shut out seven of its eight opponents and allowed only four first downs in the last three games of the season. Quarterback Benny Friedman and left end Bennie Oosterbaan, sometimes referred to as "The Benny-to-Bennie Show," were both consensus All-Americans and became known as one of the greatest passing combinations in college football history. Friedman finished second in close voting for the 1925 Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy, which is awarded to the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten. Both Friedman and Oosterbaan were later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Team captain and center Robert J. Brown and guard Tom Edwards also received first-team All-American honors from some selectors. At the end of the season, Yost called the 1925 Michigan team "the greatest football team I ever coached" and "the greatest football team I ever saw in action." He continued to maintain that the 1925 squad was his greatest team even years later. The team was retroactively named as a 1925 co-national champion by MIT statistician Jeff Sagarin.

text:
# 1925 Michigan Wolverines football team

1925 Big Ten Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 2 Michigan $ | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Northwestern | 3 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| No. 8 Wisconsin | 3 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Chicago | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Illinois | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Iowa | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Minnesota | 1 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Ohio State | 1 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Indiana | 0 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Purdue | 0 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from Dickinson System | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1925 Michigan Wolverines football team** represented the University of Michigan in the 1925 Big Ten Conference football season. The 1925 season was Fielding H. Yost's 24th as the head football coach. Michigan compiled a 71 record and outscored opponents by a combined score of 227 to 3. The 1925 team won the Big Ten Conference championship and was ranked second in country (tied with Alabama) behind Dartmouth in the Dickinson System rankings.

The only points allowed by the team were in a 3 to 2 loss to Northwestern in a game played in a heavy rainstorm on a field covered in mud five or six inches deep in some places. Michigan shut out seven of its eight opponents and allowed only four first downs in the last three games of the season.

Quarterback Benny Friedman and left end Bennie Oosterbaan, sometimes referred to as "The Benny-to-Bennie Show," were both consensus All-Americans and became known as one of the greatest passing combinations in college football history. Friedman finished second in close voting for the 1925 Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy, which is awarded to the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten. Both Friedman and Oosterbaan were later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Team captain and center Robert J. Brown and guard Tom Edwards also received first-team All-American honors from some selectors.

At the end of the season, Yost called the 1925 Michigan team "the greatest football team I ever coached" and "the greatest football team I ever saw in action." He continued to maintain that the 1925 squad was his greatest team even years later. The team was retroactively named as a 1925 co-national champion by MIT statistician Jeff Sagarin.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 3 | Michigan State* |  | W 39–0 | 30,000 |
| October 10 | Indiana | * Ferry Field * Ann Arbor, MI | W 63–0 | 36,000 |
| October 17 | at Wisconsin |  | W 21–0 | 44,000 |
| October 24 | at Illinois |  | W 3–0 | 67,000 |
| October 31 | Navy* | * Ferry Field * Ann Arbor, MI | W 54–0 | 47,000 |
| November 7 | at Northwestern |  | L 2–3 | 40,000 |
| November 14 | Ohio State |  | W 10–0 | 47,000 |
| November 21 | Minnesota |  | W 35–0 | 47,000 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | |

## Preseason

The 1924 Michigan Wolverines football team under first-year head coach George Little had compiled a 6–2 record but had suffered an embarrassing 39–14 loss to Illinois and Red Grange. On January 22, 1925, Little announced that he had accepted an offer from the University of Wisconsin to become that school's athletic director and head football coach. At the time, Little expressed his appreciation to Michigan's athletic director Fielding H. Yost, and Yost issued a statement noting, "Michigan's loss is Wisconsin's gain. It will take long thought and careful planning to fill the gap he leaves."

Following Little's resignation, Yost again took over as head coach, as he had for the prior 23 seasons, and Harry Kipke, an All-American for Michigan in the early 1920s, was hired to join Michigan's coaching staff as an assistant. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* wrote that it was anticipated that Tad Wieman and Kipke may be given principal responsibility for developing the team under Yost's supervision.

Benny Friedman held a grudge against Little for refusing to start him at quarterback during the 1924 season. He later recalled: "I could not play quarterback for Coach Little, because I did not personify what he wanted. Now, under Yost, I was the quarterback, and this game meant much to me."

The 1925 team returned a number of starters from the 1924 team, including 1925 team captain Robert J. Brown, quarterback Benny Friedman, tackle Tom Edwards, guard Harry Hawkins, and right end William Flora.

## Game summaries

### Michigan State

**Michigan State at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Michigan St 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 13 0 26 0 **39** |
| --- |

Michigan opened the 1925 season on October 3, with a 39–0 victory over Michigan State College in Ann Arbor. A crowd of 30,000 persons set a Ferry Field record for the first game of a season. The game was the 20th meeting in the Michigan – Michigan State football rivalry. Michigan had won nine straight games, eight by shutouts, dating back to 1916.

Michigan scored twice in the first quarter. The first touchdown came on a 65-yard run by Benny Friedman. Later in the quarter, Friedman completed a pass to Charles Grube for a 20-yard gain and then completed another pass to Bruce Gregory for a 30-yard gain and a touchdown. After a scoreless second quarter, Michigan led 13–0 at halftime.

In the third quarter, Michigan scored three touchdowns. The first came on a pass from sophomore halfback Louis Gilbert to fellow sophomore Bennie Oosterbaan for a 40-yard gain and a touchdown. The game marked the first in a Michigan uniform for both Gilbert and Oosterbaan. On the next drive, George Babcock ran 68 yards for a touchdown after "scooping up a fumble on the dead run." Gilbert kicked the extra point, and Michigan led, 27–0. Later in the quarter, Friedman intercepted a pass and then completed a pass to Oosterbaan for a 24-yard gain and a touchdown. *The New York Times* noted that Oosterbaan "sparkled in his play" and that both of his touchdowns came on "clever catches and smart running." Gilbert kicked two extra points, and Frederic Fuller kicked one.

Michigan's starting lineup was Grube (left end), Hawkins (left tackle), Lovette (left guard), Thisted (center), Edwards (right guard), George Babcock (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Fuller (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes for Michigan included Bennie Oosterbaan (left end), and Louis Gilbert (left halfback). Michigan's team captain and center Robert J. Brown did not appear in the game due to a foot injury.

### Indiana

**Indiana at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Indiana 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 28 0 14 21 **63** |
| --- |

In the second week of the season, the Wolverines defeated the Indiana Hoosiers, 63–0, at Ferry Field. The game was only the fifth meeting between the two programs and the first since 1903. Michigan had won the four prior games by a combined score of 156 to 0.

Benny Friedman threw five touchdown passes in the game, kicked eight extra points, and had a 55-yard touchdown run. In the *Chicago Daily Tribune*, Walter Eckersall, who served as the referee in the game, wrote that Friedman was "one of the best all around players in the conference." The *Associated Press* (AP) wrote that Friedman "sparkled in the smooth-working Michigan offense."

Bruce Gregory scored three touchdowns, and Bennie Oosterbaan scored two. Friedman, Louis Gilbert, William Flora, and Sam Babcock each scored one. Friedman kicked eight extra points, and Carl Stamman kicked one. In its account of the game, AP described Michigan's performance as being "a reincarnation of her famous point-a-minute team of old."

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), Tom Edwards (left tackle), John Lovette (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), Harry Hawkins (right guard), James Oade (right tackle), William Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Bo Molenda (fullback). Substitutes appearing in the game for Michigan included Sam Babcock (left halfback) and Carl Stamman (fullback).

### Wisconsin

**Michigan at Wisconsin**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Michigan** 14 7 0 0 21  Wisconsin 0 0 0 0 **0** |
| --- |

In the third week of the season, Michigan defeated Wisconsin, 21–0, at Madison, Wisconsin. In eight prior games between Wisconsin and Michigan teams coached by Yost, Michigan was undefeated. George Little was in his first year as Wisconsin's head coach after having been an assistant to Yost in 1922 and 1923 and Michigan's head coach in 1924. The game attracted a capacity crowd of 44,000 to Camp Randall Stadium.

On the first play from scrimmage, Friedman faked a pass to Bennie Oosterbaan who was sprinting downfield and threw a pass to Bruce Gregory for a 62-yard gain and a touchdown. Following the touchdown, Wisconsin kicked off, and Friedman returned the kickoff 85 yards for a touchdown. Friedman converted both extra points, and Michigan led, 14–0, after the first three plays. The AP noted: "It took just thirty-one seconds for Michigan to win the game at Madison and show the football world that Benny Friedman is destined for top rank among the great players developed by Yost."

In the second quarter, Tom Edwards intercepted a pass deep in Michigan territory. After the interception, Friedman completed a pass to Bennie Oosterbaan for the final score of the game. In its account of the game, the AP wrote that Michigan's line outplayed Wisconsin with "Edwards especially wrecking Wisconsin's attempts at a running game."

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), Hawkins (left tackle), Lovette (left guard), Brown (center), Edwards (right guard), George Babcock (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback).

### Illinois

**Michigan at Illinois**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Michigan** 0 3 0 0 3  Illinois 0 0 0 0 **0** |
| --- |

On October 24, Michigan won its fourth consecutive shutout with a 3–0 victory over Illinois at Champaign, Illinois. The victory came as Illinois celebrated homecoming in front of a record crowd of 67,000 at Memorial Stadium. In 1924, Illinois had defeated Michigan, 39–14, as Red Grange scored four touchdowns in the span of ten minutes. Stopping Grange was considered to be the key to beating Illinois in 1925. During the pre-season practice sessions, Michigan's line coach Tad Wieman dressed a player in a sweater with Grange's number (77) and sent his guards and tackles "after the mythical Grange with instructions to 'hit him hard.'" Before the game, Michigan coach Yost told reporters: "One of the greatest throngs in all football history is here. For weeks the game has been on every tongue. . . . Our players have been compared as to weight, speed, and ability. The stage is set."

The only points of the game were scored in the second quarter on a Benny Friedman field goal from the 25-yard line. The field goal was set up by a Bennie Oosterbaan interception and a long gain on a triple pass from Friedman to George Babcock who then handed the ball to Bruce Gregory. Earl Britton of Illinois attempted two field goals, but both missed the mark. The game was played on a rainsoaked field which was credited with handicapping Grange.

Michigan fullback Bo Molenda was also credited with stopping Grange. Grange played at quarterback for the first time in his career and was held to 56 net rushing yards on 25 carries. The AP wrote of Molenda's efforts: "Molenda was the principal reason why the Illini's aerial attack was unsuccessful. Time after time he got in the way to make the pass incomplete or to gather it in his arms." Molenda intercepted a pass thrown by Grange on the opening drive of the game and made a second interception of a pass thrown by Earl Britton later in the first quarter. He had two more interceptions in the fourth quarter, both on passes thrown by Daugherty. Multiple sources indicate that Molenda intercepted a total of five passes in the game.

In an increasingly rare display of ironman football, the same 22 players who started the game for Michigan and Illinois also finished the game. The AP noted: "The fact that the same men finished the game is causing wide comment, for such a happening has not occurred in Big Ten contests for a great many years. This seems to be the age of wholesale substitutions, and to have two elevens go through an important and hard contest without rushing in new men every few minutes is to upset modern football precedent."

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), George Babcock (left tackle), Lovette (left guard), Brown (center), Dewey (right guard), Hawkins (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback).

**Navy at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Navy 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 21 0 14 19 **54** |
| --- |

Michigan secured its fifth consecutive shutout with a 54–0 victory over Navy at Ferry Field on October 31. The game was the first meeting between the two traditional football powers. The 1925 Navy team came into the game undefeated, averaging almost 23 points a game, and featuring two players (Tom Hamilton and Frank Wickhorst) who were later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. The defeat was the worst suffered by a Navy football team up to that time.

On Michigan's second play from scrimmage, quarterback Benny Friedman completed a pass to Bruce Gregory for a 20-yard gain, and Bo Molenda then ran 18 yards for a touchdown. Michigan scored its second touchdown when William Flora blocked a punt and recovered the ball in the end zone. According to one account, Flora broke through the line so quickly that he was able to snatch the ball as it dropped from the punter's hand to his foot. On the next scoring drive, Friedman passed to Sammy Babcock and then threw an 18-yard touchdown pass to Molenda. Michigan led 21–0 at the end of the first quarter.

In the third quarter, Friedman passed 22 yards to Oosterbaan for the fourth touchdown. On the next drive, Friedman completed two passes to Oosterbaan, with Oosterbaan running out of bounds at the Navy one-foot line after the second pass. Molenda ran for the touchdown from there. In the fourth quarter, Michigan played its second-string backfield. William Herrnstein returned a punt 50 yard and then scored on a run from the 11-yard line. James Miller intercepted a pass and returned it 35 yards for a touchdown. And Leo Hoffman ran for a final touchdown just before the game ended. Friedman kicked five extra points in the game, and Miller added one.

Writing in *The New York Times*, Richards Vidmer opened his account of the game as follows: "The greatest naval disaster of them all took place on Ferry Field today when a hungry pack of Wolverines set upon the Navy eleven from Annapolis, snarled and snapped, chewed and clawed, and finally buried the Easterners under a defeat of 54 to 0. It probably was the worst defeat the Navy ever has suffered on land or sea." Vidmer added that the Michigan squad played "like one big monster" and opined that the team would probably go down in history as Fielding Yost's masterpiece. Writing in the *Chicago Daily Tribune*, James Crusinberry also employed a naval metaphor: "Under a maze of forward pass plays, double passes, delayed passes, and criss-cross, Uncle Sam's proud gridiron dreadnaught, rocked by a great Michigan tidal wave, limped into port tonight on the leeward side of a 54 to 0 score." Crusinberry opined that Michigan had "played more new football . . . than any team ever did in one game" and declared quarterback Benny Friedman the star of the game:

> "If any one man stood out, it was Benny Friedman, who hurled forward passes with accuracy and abandon time after time. . . . Besides that, Benny was a regular whirligig in carrying the ball. And it was Benny who was the field general. His selections of plays was something that would make any general envious."

Two day after the game, Crusinberry wrote a column in the *Chicago Daily Tribune* opining that Michigan's offense was the culmination of the new, less brutish game of football:

> "The old time player, who did his stuff by brute strength, has given way to the modern man with a head full of tricks. . . . And now we have Mr. Yost's new Michigan team, with not a Grange on it, but with one of the brainiest players of the age in Benny Friedman and a lot of smart fellows to work with him. Before Benny Friedman ends his career all the teams of the country, even the Navy, will have abandoned the old style football and will be using, or at least trying to use, smart and unexpected stuff. It gains ground, it is spectacular, and it wins."

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), George Babcock (left tackle), Lovette (left guard), Brown (center), Dewey (right guard), Hawkins (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes for Michigan were Norman Gabel (left tackle), Carl Thisted (center), Ray Baer (right guard), James Oade (right tackle), Charles Grube (right end), Bill Puckelwartz (quarterback), Frederic Fuller and Leo Hoffman (left halfback), Sam Babcock, James Miller, and William Herrnstein (right halfback), Carl Stamman and Wally Weber (fullback).

### Northwestern

**Michigan at Northwestern**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Michigan** 0 0 2 0 2  Northwestern 3 0 0 0 **3** |
| --- |

Michigan suffered its lone setback of the 1925 season with a 3–2 loss to Northwestern at Municipal Grant Park Stadium in Chicago. Michigan played the game without its All-American tackle Tom Edwards, who was recovering from an arm injury.

Although the official paid attendance was recorded as 40,000, newspaper accounts reported that only 20,000 actually attended, as the game was played in a heavy rainstorm on a cold afternoon. The rain turned the field into a "sea of mud" with an inch of standing water on top of the mud. In the *Chicago Daily Tribune*, Walter Eckersall (who also served as the game's referee) compared the field to a "bog" and added:

> "In my twenty-five years of football I have never seen worse conditions. Pools of water stood on parts of the field and in some places the players' feet sunk into the field five or six inches. It rained throughout the game and a strong wind from the north gave the team defending that goal a decided advantage."

The conditions on the field were so poor that the schools' marching bands declined the usual halftime parade across the field and instead played from the cinder path around the field.

The poor playing conditions resulted in frequent fumbles by both teams and prevented either team from converting a single first down. Only one pass was attempted in the game, an incomplete pass by Friedman. Northwestern's three points were the only ones allowed by Michigan during the 1925 season. Michigan kicked off to Northwestern to open the game. Seeking to take advantage of the weather conditions, Leland "Tiny" Lewis of Northwestern punted on the first play from scrimmage. Benny Friedman tried to scoop up the ball, but he fumbled it and Northwestern recovered on Michigan's three-yard line. Michigan's defense held on three straight runs by Northwestern. On fourth down, Lewis kicked a field goal from the 18-yard line with the ball having "barely enough power" to go over the crossbar.

Michigan's defense played a strong game, and its line was described as "a veritable stone wall." Throughout the game, both teams played a kicking game, punting on second or third down and hoping for a break. Walter Eckersall described the pattern of the game as follows:

> Each team would make two attempts to gain. The referee would then charge time out to himself so the centers could wipe off the ball before punting. The ball would be kicked, permitted to hit the ground, and be declared dead by the referee. This was the procedure throughout practically the entire game."

In the third quarter, Michigan had the wind at its back and had field position in its favor. On one drive, the Wolverines pushed the Wildcats' offense back to their own one-yard line. On fourth down, Northwestern faced the prospect of punting into the wind from its own end zone and giving Michigan its best scoring opportunity. Rather than punting, Northwestern captain Tim Lowry directed Lewis to down the ball behind the goal line, giving Michigan two points on the safety. Under the rules in effect at the time, Northwestern received possession of the ball at their 30-yard line after taking the safety. Walter Eckersall called Lowry's decision to take the safety "a smart piece of strategy" and "the deciding factor in an otherwise featureless game." Others described Lowry's call "a brilliant bit of generalship" and "a great exhibition of football brains." (The rule allowing the team giving up a safety to retake possession was changed the following year.)

Coach Yost expressed his thorough disgust with the condition of the field and said he may start a movement to postpone games under similar conditions. The *Chicago Daily Tribune* quipped that, after losing "in one of the best swimming matches Michigan has ever entered," it was a safe bet that Yost would "never again permit a Michigan football team to play a game on Soldiers' Field."

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), Gabel (left tackle), Lovette (left guard), Brown (center), George Babcock (right guard), Hawkins (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Herrnstein (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback).

### Ohio State

**Ohio State at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Ohio State 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 7 3 0 0 **10** |
| --- |

In the seventh game of the season, Michigan defeated Ohio State, 10–0, in front of a capacity crowd at Ferry Field. Michigan opened the game focused on the passing game with Benny Friedman throwing 10 passes in the first eight minutes of the game. In the entire game, Friedman completed seven of 26 passes for 71 passing yards. In the *Chicago Daily Tribune*, Irving Vaughan wrote that, with a dry field, "the Wolverines turned loose a veritable broadside of passes during the sixty minutes of combat, but it was grueling, old fashioned football that won the game."

The only touchdown of the game followed a blocked punt in the first quarter. William Flora of Michigan blocked a punt by "Windy" Wendler. Ohio State fell on the ball at their own one-yard line, but the ball went to Michigan on downs. From the one-yard line, Friedman twice handed off to left tackle Tom Edwards for no gain or a gain of a foot. Bo Molenda was stopped on third down, but carried the ball across the goal line on fourth down. Friedman kicked the extra point to give Michigan a 7–0 lead.

In the second quarter, Bennie Oosterbaan intercepted a pass at Ohio State's 18-yard line, but a fumble resulted in a loss of 15 yards. Friedman kicked a field goal "at a hazardous angle" from the 40-yard line.

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), Edwards (left tackle), Lovette (left guard), Brown (center), Baer (right guard), Hawkins (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Gregory (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes for Michigan were Charles Grube, George Babcock, Sam Babcock, William Herrnstein, and Carl Stamman.

### Minnesota

**Minnesota at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Minnesota 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 7 7 7 14 **35** |
| --- |

Michigan concluded its 1925 season with a 35–0 victory over Minnesota for the Wolverines' seventh shutout in eight games. The game was played at Ferry Field before a sellout, homecoming crowd of 47,000 on a warm Indian summer afternoon. Minnesota came into the game with a 5–1–1 record and a highly touted offense featuring Herb Joesting that was averaging 25 points per game. More than 3,000 Minnesotans and the 100-piece Minnesota band traveled to Ann Arbor on five special trains.

The AP wrote that Michigan won the game with "a driving line attack and a bewildering aerial game." Michigan's first touchdown drive was led by Benny Friedman's passing. He completed a pass to sophomore Bennie Oosterbaan for a 23-yard gain and followed with a pass to William Flora for an 11-yard gain. Fullback Bo Molenda then ran 24 yards for the touchdown, and Friedman kicked the extra point.

Michigan's second touchdown drive started with a 25-yard gain on a pass from Friedman to Oosterbaan. Sophomore halfback Louis Gilbert then ran 20 yards, and Molenda ran for the touchdown from the one-yard line. Friedman kicked the extra point, and Michigan led, 14–0, at halftime.

In the third quarter, Friedman threw a touchdown pass to Oosterbaan, and Friedman kicked his third extra point. In the fourth quarter, Minnesota opened up its passing game in an attempt to overcome Michigan's 21–0 lead. Halfway through the quarter, Louis Gilbert intercepted a pass and returned it 60 yards down the right side for a touchdown. In addition to the interception return, Gilbert also returned a punt 35 yards in the second quarter, handled the punting for Michigan, and was credited by the *Chicago Daily Tribune* with "sensational open field running."

Michigan's final touchdown was set up by another turnover, as Carl Stamman intercepted a pass and returned it 35 yards to the Minnesota nine-yard line. Friedman threw a pass to Oosterbaan for the touchdown. Benny Friedman completed seven of 16 pass attempts for 130 yards and converted all five extra point kicks to give Michigan a 35–0 victory.

On defense, Michigan did not allow Minnesota to complete a pass and held the Gophers to four first downs, two in each half, and 45 net rushing yards. Minnesota ran an offense featuring the "Spear shift," named for the team's head coach Clarence Spears. The shift failed to gain against Michigan's line, leading the *Chicago Daily Tribune* to write:

> "The famous Minnesota shift was a bloomer. The Gophers shifted and shifted and kept on shifting like a lot of hop toads and every time they shifted, the Michigan line shifted with them and knocked them flat as soon as the ball was snapped. To the Michigan team that shift was about as puzzling as a dog's bark."

Michigan's starting lineup was Oosterbaan (left end), Tom Edwards (left tackle), Ray Baer (left guard), Robert J. Brown (center), John Lovette (right guard), Harry Hawkins (right tackle), Flora (right end), Friedman (quarterback), Gilbert (left halfback), Wally Weber (right halfback), and Molenda (fullback). Players appearing in the game as substitutes for Michigan were George Babcock (left tackle), Norman Gabel (left guard), Syd Dewey (right guard), Charles Grube (right end), James Miller and Frederic Fuller (left halfback), Bruce Gregory (right halfback), and Carl Stamman (fullback).

## Post-season

### Controversy over Big Ten Championship

At the end of the season, Michigan and Northwestern each had one loss to conference opponents. However, Northwestern also lost two non-conference games. When it was reported that Coach Yost had given gold footballs emblematic of championship to members of his team, a riot broke out involving 1,200 Northwestern students in Evanston, Illinois. An abandoned fraternity house was set on fire, and firemen who tried to extinguish the fire were thrown aside and their fire hoses were cut. A large bonfire was also built in the middle of Fountain Square. When the mayor of Evanston tried to calm the crowd, he was slugged, and the automobile of the police chief was overturned and damaged. One police officer was disarmed and "so badly mauled that two ribs were broken." Evanston police fired "tear bombs" into the crowd, and the mayor threatened to order police to "shoot and shoot to kill" if such a disorder was repeated.

On the day after the riot, Northwestern's head coach and team captain sent a telegram to University of Michigan president C. C. Little disavowing any claim by Northwestern to the Big Ten football championship. They wrote: "In view of the remarkable showing that has been made by the 1925 football team of the University of Michigan, we believe that the University of Michigan is entitled to sole and undivided honors in the conference, and we wish you to know that Northwestern makes no claim for any share in them, but regards it as a privilege to be even for a few minutes placed in a class with the University of Michigan's team." Following the announcement, Evanston police continued to guard Northwestern's football field to prevent the burning of the wooden stands. The forces dispatched to the stands included a car mounted with a machine gun.

### Individual honors

At the close of the 1925 season, football writers were divided over whether Benny Friedman or Northwestern's Tim Lowry should receive the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference. Lowry won the award with 23 points to 18 for Friedman. The "Meyer Morton Award" went to Ray Baer.

Friedman and Bennie Oosterbaan were both selected as consensus first-team All-Americans. Oosterbaan received the most first-team honors, including first-team selections by the United Press, Associated Press, Collier's Weekly, Athlete & Sportsman magazine, the All-America Board, and Knute Rockne. The passing combination of Friedman and Oosterbaan, which became known as "The Benny-To-Bennie Show," is considered "one of the greatest passing combinations in college football history." Both players were later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame for their contributions as players at Michigan.

Michigan team captain and center Robert J. Brown was selected as a first-team All-American by Athlete & Sportsman magazine (selections made based on the votes of 228 leading football coaches), Billy Evans, Norman E. Brown, and Sam Willaman.

Walter Eckersall called the 1925 Michigan team "by far the best team in the conference" and selected three Wolverines as first-team selections on his All-Big Ten team. They were Friedman, Bennie Oosterbaan, and Tom Edwards. Eckersall also selected Robert J. Brown, Harry Hawkins, and William Flora for second-team All-Big Ten honors and included Bo Molenda and John Lovette as third-team honorees. On December 20, 1925, Eckersall announced his All-American selections. He picked Oosterbaan and Edwards as first-team All-Americans.

### Team honors and legacy

In national rankings for the 1925 season, Michigan was tied with Alabama for second place behind Dartmouth under the Dickinson System, a rating model developed by Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois.

Despite coaching six national championship teams at Michigan, Fielding H. Yost regarded the 1925 Michigan squad as the greatest team he ever coached. At the annual awards dinner in 1925, Yost told the players, "You are members of the greatest football team I ever coached; in fact you are the greatest football team I ever saw in action. I am making this statement cognizant of the wonderful record of the 1901 team and the Point-A-Minute teams that followed." Yost noted that Michigan had allowed only four first downs in the last three games of the season and added, "This is the most remarkable defensive record ever made in football."

In 1931, Yost told Grantland Rice that he still considered the 1925 team to be better than his "Point-a-Minute" from the early 1900s:

> "I still think the best team I ever coached was the 1925 bunch. They had everything. Those early teams had speed and power. But the game was simpler then. That 1925 bunch, which included Friedman and Oosterbaan, could run an end, buck a line, throw passes, kick, block, tackle, think, and do about everything needed on a football field to gain ground and keep other people from gaining ground. Don't forget about that 1925 team that our opponents had a hard time making first downs, much less winning the game."

Even years later, at the time of his 66th birthday in 1937, Yost continued to wear a watch charm identifying the 1925 team as a championship eleven and continued to maintain that the 1925 team was his greatest eleven.

## Personnel

### Depth chart

The following chart provides a visual depiction of Michigan's lineup during the 1925 season with games started at the position reflected in parentheses. The chart mimics Yost's short punt formation while on offense, with the quarterback under center.

| LE  Bennie Oosterbaan (7)   Charles Grube (1)    LT LG  RG RT  Dick Babcock (3) John H. Lovette (6) Robert J. Brown (7) Tom Edwards (3) Harry Hawkins (5)   Harry Hawkins (3) Ray Baer (1) Carl E. Thisted (1) Syd Dewey (2) Dick Babcock (2)   Tom Edwards (2) Norman Gabel (1)  John Lovette (2) James Oade (1)   Ray Baer (1)    RE  William R. Flora (8)   Charles Grube (0)    QB  Benny Friedman (8)   Bill Puckelwartz (0)    LHB RHB  Louis Gilbert (6) Bruce Gregory (5)   Frederic W. Fuller (1) Louis Gilbert (1)   Bruce Gregory (1) William Herrnstein (1)   Sam Babcock (0) Wally Weber (1)   Leo Hoffman (0) James Miller Jr. (0)    FB  Bo Molenda (8)   Carl Stamman (0) |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
|

### Varsity letter winners

|
|  |
| Number | Player | Position | Games<br>started | Hometown | Prep school | Height | Weight | Age |
|  | R. George "Dick" Babcock | Tackle | 5 | Royal Oak, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Sam Babcock | Halfback | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Ray Baer | Guard | 2 | Louisville, Kentucky |  |  |  |  |
|  | Robert J. Brown | Center | 7 | Ypsilanti, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Richard Sidney "Syd" Dewey | Guard | 2 | Monroe, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Tom Edwards | Guard, tackle | 5 | Central Lake, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | William R. Flora | End | 8 | Muskegon, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
| 27 | Benny Friedman | Quarterback | 8 | Cleveland, Ohio |  | 5'8" | 172 | 20 |
|  | Frederic W. Fuller | Halfback | 1 | Grand Rapids, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Norman Gabel | Tackle | 1 | Detroit, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Louis Gilbert | Halfback | 7 | Kalamazoo, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Bruce Gregory | Halfback | 8 | Ann Arbor, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | Charles Grube | End | 1 | Saginaw, Michigan | Arthur Hill H.S. |  |  |  |
|  | Harry Hawkins | Guard, tackle | 8 | Saginaw, Michigan | Arthur Hill H.S. |  |  |  |
|  | William H. Herrnstein Jr. | Halfback | 1 | Chillicothe, Ohio |  |  |  |  |
|  | John H. Lovette | Guard | 8 | Saginaw, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | James F. Miller Jr. | Halfback | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | John Molenda | Fullback | 8 | Detroit, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
|  | James Oade | Guard | 1 | Lansing, Michigan |  |  |  |  |
| 47 | Bennie Oosterbaan | End | 7 | Muskegon, Michigan |  | 6'0" | 180 | 19 |
|  | H. Frederick Parker | Halfback | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | William "Bill" Puckelwartz | Quarterback | 0 | Escanaba, Michigan |  |  |  | 20 |
|  | Carl Stamman | Fullback | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Carl E. Thisted | Center | 1 | Great Falls, Montana |  |  |  |  |
|  | Wally Weber | Halfback | 1 | Mt. Clemens, Michigan |  |  |  |  |

### aMa letter winners

|
|  |
| Player | Position | Hometown | Prep school | Height | Weight | Age |
| Victor E. Domhoff |  | Toledo, Ohio |  |  |  | 20 |
| Martin Garber |
| Henry S. Grinnell |
| LeRoy Heston | Halfback | Grant's Pass, Oregon |  |  |  | 22 |
| Leo W. Hoffman |
| Kent C. McIntyre |
| Maxwell Nickerson |
| John M. Palmeroli |
| John B. Schoenfeld |
| Stanley Skidmore |  | Battle Creek, Michigan |
| Dominic Sullo |
| Howard A. Webber |
|

### Scoring leaders

|
|  |
| Player | Touchdowns | Extra points | Field goals | Safeties | Points |
| Bennie Oosterbaan | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48 |
| Benny Friedman | 3 | 22 | 2 | 0 | 46 |
| Bo Molenda | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| Bruce Gregory | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| Louis Gilbert | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| William Flora | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| James Miller | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| George Babcock | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Sam Babcock | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| William Herrnstein | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Leo Hoffman | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Frederic Fuller | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Carl Stamman | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| na | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| **Total** | 32 | 27 | 2 | 1 | 227 |
|

### Coaching staff

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74. "Michigan Death Index, 1971-1996," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VZBJ-11J : 4 December 2014), William H Puckelwartz, 09 Feb 1976; from "Michigan, Deaths, 1971-1996," database, Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com : 1998); citing Gladstone, Delta, Michigan, death certificate number 8012, Michigan Department of Vital and Health Records, Lansing.
75. "Ohio Deaths, 1908-1953," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X6FF-TM1 : 8 December 2014), Victor E Domhoff, 19 Dec 1947; citing , reference certificate; FHL microfilm 2,246,514.
76. "United States Social Security Death Index," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:J2B5-GQS : 20 May 2014), Stanley L Skidmore, 05 Dec 1989; citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, ongoing).

## InfoBox

| 1925 Michigan Wolverines football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Co-national champion (Sagarin)<br>Big Ten champion | |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 7–1 (5–1 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive scheme | Short punt |
| Captain | Robert J. Brown |
| Home stadium | Ferry Field |
| Uniform | |
|  | |
|


title: 1646 in poetry

abstract: Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature.

text:
# 1646 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

## Works published

### Milton's *Poems*

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "\[year\] in poetry" article:

## InfoBox

| List of years in poetry (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In literature 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 |
| *+...* |


title: Antonio Macia

abstract: Antonio Macia is an American screenwriter and actor. The son of Argentine and Chilean immigrants, Antonio was born and raised in Stamford, Connecticut. He graduated from Middlebury College with a degree in International Studies. He then served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Toronto, Ontario, Canada where he worked with Hispanic communities. In 2002, Macia wrote and co-starred in his first feature film, Anne B. Real. The film was nominated for two Independent Spirit Awards. Macia wrote the screenplay for the 2010 film Holy Rollers.

text:
# Antonio Macia

**Antonio Macia** is an American screenwriter and actor. The son of Argentine and Chilean immigrants, Antonio was born and raised in Stamford, Connecticut. He graduated from Middlebury College with a degree in International Studies. He then served a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Toronto, Ontario, Canada where he worked with Hispanic communities.

In 2002, Macia wrote and co-starred in his first feature film, *Anne B. Real.* The film was nominated for two Independent Spirit Awards.

Macia wrote the screenplay for the 2010 film *Holy Rollers.*

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Blackjack: The Jackie Ryan Story* | Screenwriter |
| 2010 | *Holy Rollers* | Screenwriter |
| 2009 | *2k3* | Actor |
| 2003 | *Anne B. Real* | Screenwriter, actor |

## InfoBox

| Antonio Macia | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Stamford, Connecticut |
| Alma mater | Middlebury College |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter, actor |


title: Aphomia euchelliellus

abstract: Aphomia euchelliellus is a species of snout moth in the genus Aphomia. It was described by Snellen, in 1900, and is known from Java in Indonesia.

text:
# Aphomia euchelliellus

***Aphomia euchelliellus*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Aphomia*. It was described by Snellen, in 1900, and is known from Java in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Aphomia euchelliellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Aphomia* |
| Species: | ***A. euchelliellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aphomia euchelliellus***<br>(Snellen, 1900) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Melissoblaptes euchelliellus* Snellen, 1900 | |