title: 1978 New Year Honours (New Zealand)

abstract: The 1978 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1977 and the beginning of 1978, and were announced on 31 December 1977. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.

text:
# 1978 New Year Honours (New Zealand)

The **1978 New Year Honours in New Zealand** were appointments by Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1977 and the beginning of 1978, and were announced on 31 December 1977.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.

## Knight Bachelor

## Order of the Bath

### Companion (CB)

Military division

## Order of Saint Michael and Saint George

### Companion (CMG)

## Order of the British Empire

### Knight Commander (KBE)

Civil division

### Commander (CBE)

Civil division * Sydney James Robert Chatten – of Lower Hutt. For services to business management.
* Leverick Joseph Kenneth Putter – Secretary of Trade and Industry 1975–1977.
* Esmond Allen Gibson OBE – of Wellington. For services to civil aviation.
* Stanislaus Francis Hoskins JP – of Wellington. For charitable and educational work.
* Emeritus Professor William Parker Morrell – of Dunedin. For services to literature and historical research.
* John Lorraine Sullivan – of Wellington. For services to rugby.
* Miraka Szászy – of Auckland. For services to the community and Māori people.

Military division

### Officer (OBE)

Civil division * (Isoleen) Heather Begg (Mrs King) – of Sydney, Australia. For services to opera.
* William Bryan JP – of Auckland. For services to the Royal New Zealand Foundation for the Blind.
* The Reverend Canon Samuel Corney – of Motueka. For services to the community.
* Albert Roy Frethey – of Esher, Surrey, England. For services to New Zealand interests in the United Kingdom.
* Alicia Doreen Grant JP – of Christchurch. For services to the community.
* Sheila Marie Horton – of Auckland. For services to the community.
* Anthony Frederick Hunter – of Auckland. For services to medicine and the community.
* Charles Frederick Jones – of Northland. For services to the community and farming industry.
* Joan Stewart MacCormick MBE – of Auckland. For services to the community.
* Dr Kingsley Edward Mortimer – of Auckland. For services to psychogeriatrics.
* Nancy Northcroft – of Christchurch. For services to town planning.
* Leslie George Piper JP – of Auckland. For services to the brewing industry and the community.
* Bartholomew Sheehan – of Rotorua. For services to Māori affairs.
* James Maxwell Somerville – of Te Kūiti. For services to local government.
* Edward Bickmore Ellison Taylor – of Christchurch. For public services.
* John Samuel Thorn – of Dunedin. For services to local government and the community.
* Herbert Lea Towers MBE – of Auckland. For services to sport and education.

Military division

### Member (MBE)

Civil division Military division * Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Neil Cameron – Royal New Zealand Navy.
* Lieutenant Commander John Wilfred Jennings – Royal New Zealand Navy.
* Major Anthony Leonard BirksRoyal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
* Major Harry Roberts Burt – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
* Major and Quartermaster Girvan Ross Hornbrook BEM – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
* Warrant Officer Class I Graham Nash – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
* Squadron Leader George Stephen Higgins – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
* Squadron Leader Thomas Michael Strang – Royal New Zealand Air Force.

## British Empire Medal (BEM)

Military division * Chief Radioman John Hamilton Bullock – Royal New Zealand Navy.
* Control Electrical Mechanician First Class John Ingram Johnson – Royal New Zealand Navy.
* Chief Engineering Mechanic Laurence Francis McGuire – Royal New Zealand Navy.
* Warrant Officer Class II Janice Marion Barlow – Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals.
* Warrant Officer Class II Robert Anthony Cowan – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
* Staff Sergeant Ivan Graham Goile – Royal New Zealand Engineers (Territorial Force).
* Corporal Nannette Grant – Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps.
* Staff Sergeant Peter Charles Sheppard – Royal New Zealand Army Service Corps.
* Flight Sergeant Murray Gordon Blakemore – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
* Warrant Officer Richard Norman Marshall – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
* Flight Sergeant Raymond Murphy – Royal New Zealand Air Force.

## Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)

### For community service

* Florence Baber – of Palmerston North.
* Edward Browse Gilberd – of Stokes Valley.
* The Reverend Malcolm Leadbetter – of Christchurch.

### For public services

## Queen's Service Medal (QSM)

### For community service

* Christine Cairns Balloch – of Kaitangata.
* Violet Blease – of Auckland.
* Eleanor Mary Burgess – of Wanganui.
* Alice Maud Campbell – of Auckland.
* Jocelyn Ann Carlton – of South Canterbury.
* Frederick Charles John Chittock – of Auckland.
* Rosea Merle Crawford – of Hāwera.
* Cyril Martin Croucher JP – of Taupō.
* Colin Henry Gilmour Curragh – of Christchurch.
* Elsie May De Mey – of Levin.
* Owen Cecil Finer – of New Plymouth.
* Ella Viola Fryer JP – of Dannevirke.
* Violet Patricia Harris – of Mount Maunganui.
* Gwendoline Lattey – of Palmerston North.
* Martha Iris McCurdy – of Southland,
* Ivy Elizabeth McGreevy – of Rotorua.
* Violet Adela Marie MacMillan – of Tauranga.
* Winifred Nora Mardon – of Palmerston North.
* Myra Isobel Mathewson – of Timaru.
* Dulcie Jessie Forrest Menzies – of Hamilton.
* The Reverend Father William Edward O'Donnell – of Petone.
* Roland Joshua Papps – of Nelson.
* Te Whairangi Kumeroa Ngoi Pewhairangi JP – of Tokomaru Bay.
* William Frank Ponder – of Lower Hutt.
* Elizabeth Colman Saunders – of Cambridge.
* Emily Shirley – of Nightcaps.
* Ralph Simpson – of Christchurch.
* Stuart Tichborne Campbell Sprott – of Wellington.
* Iris Myrtle Terry – of Palmerston North.
* Murray Thacker – of Banks Peninsula.
* Lily Elsie Walker – of Northland.
* Ronald Ernest Youngman – of Whangaparāoa.

### For public services

* John Bell Brotherston – of Wanganui.
* Dr Allen Lindsay Bryant – of Hokitika.
* Robert Burt Cleland JP – of Stratford.
* Eldred Ronald Comer – of Temuka.
* Arthur Rae Cox JP – of Northland.
* Ronald Donovan – of Duvauchelle.
* Huia Gray Gilpin JP – of Christchurch.
* Peter Edward Graham – of Levin.
* Oswald Bayly Hawken – of Wanganui.
* Charles William Hawkins JP – of Hawke's Bay.
* Thomas William Horgan – chief instructor, Christchurch Prison, Department of Justice.
* Myrtle Jessie Kay – of Dunedin.
* Gordon Robert Kear JP – of Palmerston North.
* Hector Berkley Lawry JP – of Tokoroa.
* Mary Catherine McNamara – principal nurse, Braemar Hospital, Nelson.
* Peter Forbes Orr – sergeant, New Zealand Police.
* Owen Stanley Priest – of South Canterbury.
* Ellesmere John Stalker – of Christchurch
* Harold Strode – of Naseby.
* Robert Frew Watson – of Southland.
* Frederick Charles Yule JP – of Greytown.

## Queen's Fire Services Medal (QFSM)

* Sidney Raymond Hide – senior station officer (officer-in-charge, Mount Maunganui), Tauranga Fire Brigade.
* Leslie George Houston – volunteer station officer, New Plymouth Fire Brigade.
* Edwin Wallace Saunders – chief fire officer, Area Commander, 5D/1, Greymouth.

## Queen's Police Medal (QPM)

* Frederick Timothy Foley – lately constable, New Zealand Police.
* Anzac Thomas Paratene – constable, New Zealand Police.

## Royal Red Cross

### Associate (ARRC)

## Air Force Cross (AFC)

* Flight Lieutenant Nigel Albert Davey – Royal New Zealand Air Force.

## Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air

* Flight Lieutenant Bruce Reid Ferguson – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
* Flight Lieutenant Gordon Lennox Wood – Royal New Zealand Air Force.


title: Asenathi Ntlabakanye

abstract: Asenathi Ntlabakanye is a South African professional rugby union player who currently plays for the Lions in the United Rugby Championship and Golden Lions in the Currie Cup. His regular position is prop. Ntlabakanye was named in the Lions squad for the Pro14 Rainbow Cup SA competition. He made his debut for the Lions in Round 2 of the Pro14 Rainbow Cup SA against the Sharks.

text:
# Asenathi Ntlabakanye

**Asenathi Ntlabakanye** (born 15 April 1999) is a South African professional rugby union player who currently plays for the Lions in the United Rugby Championship and Golden Lions in the Currie Cup. His regular position is prop.

Ntlabakanye was named in the Lions squad for the Pro14 Rainbow Cup SA competition. He made his debut for the Lions in Round 2 of the Pro14 Rainbow Cup SA against the Sharks.

## InfoBox

Asenathi Ntlabakanye
| Full name | Asenathi Ntlabakanye |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1999-04-15) 15 April 1999 |
| Place of birth | Plettenberg Bay, South Africa |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 153 kg (337 lb) |
| School | St Stithians College |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Prop  **Current team** Lions / Golden Lions  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2020– Lions  47  (15)  2020– Golden Lions  23  (5)  Correct as of 16 September 2024  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2018–2019 South Africa U20  10  (15)  Correct as of 8 May 2021 | |


title: FABP6

abstract: Fatty acid binding protein 6, ileal (gastrotropin), also known as FABP6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FABP6 gene.

text:
# FABP6

**Fatty acid binding protein 6, ileal (gastrotropin)**, also known as **FABP6**, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the *FABP6* gene.

## Function

This gene encodes the ileal fatty acid binding protein. Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. FABP6 and FABP1 (the liver fatty acid binding protein) are also able to bind bile acids. It is thought that FABPs roles include fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism. Transcript variants generated by alternate transcription promoters and/or alternate splicing have been found for this gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| FABP6 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | FABP6, I-15P, I-BABP, I-BALB, I-BAP, ILBP, ILBP3, ILLBP, fatty acid binding protein 6 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 600422; MGI: 96565; HomoloGene: 1108; GeneCards: FABP6; OMA:FABP6 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001040442
NM\_001130958
NM\_001445   NM\_008375   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001035532
NP\_001124430
NP\_001436   NP\_032401   Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 160.19 – 160.24 Mb Chr 11: 43.49 – 43.49 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: 2000 in Croatia

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 2000 in Croatia.

text:
# 2000 in Croatia

The following lists events that happened during **2000 in Croatia**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### January

### February

* February 7 – Presidential election run-off, won by Stjepan Mesić with 56% of the vote.
* February 18 – Stjepan Mesić formally inaugurated as President of Croatia.

### May

* May 28 – Nova TV, the first national commercial television network, begins broadcast.

## Arts and literature

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: Franco Solinas

abstract: Franco Solinas was an Italian writer and screenwriter. He is best known for the screenplays of The Battle of Algiers, which was nominated for three Academy Awards, and State of Siege. He also wrote the 1969 historical drama ¡Queimada!, starring Marlon Brando. Both films were directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. Solinas is also credited with writing several notable Zapata westerns, including Tepepa, The Mercenary, A Bullet for the General, and The Big Gundown.

text:
# Franco Solinas

**Franco Solinas** (19 January 1927 – 14 September 1982) was an Italian writer and screenwriter. He is best known for the screenplays of *The Battle of Algiers,* which was nominated for three Academy Awards, and *State of Siege*. He also wrote the 1969 historical drama *¡Queimada!,* starring Marlon Brando. Both films were directed by Gillo Pontecorvo.

Solinas is also credited with writing several notable Zapata westerns, including *Tepepa,* *The Mercenary,* *A Bullet for the General,* and *The Big Gundown*.

## InfoBox

| Franco Solinas | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 19 January 1927
Cagliari, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 14 September 1982(1982-09-14) (aged 55)
Fiumicino, Italy |
| Occupation | Screenwriter |
| Years active | 1951–1982 |


title: Eucosma campoliliana

abstract: Eucosma campoliliana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe, China, Japan and Russia. The wingspan is 13–18 mm. The head is adorned with white hairs, while the thorax is black with white spots on the sides. The ground colour of the forewings is snow white, with an interrupted, light brown cross-band in the middle and the wing tip mostly brown. There are areas with small black spots at the base and in the outer part of the wing. The hindwings are light grey-brown. The moth flies from June to August in western Europe. The larvae feed on Jacobaea vulgaris and Tephroseris species.

text:
# Eucosma campoliliana

***Eucosma campoliliana*** is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe, China (Jilin, Heilongjiang), Japan and Russia.

The wingspan is 13–18 mm. The head is adorned with white hairs, while the thorax is black with white spots on the sides. The ground colour of the forewings is snow white, with an interrupted, light brown cross-band in the middle and the wing tip mostly brown. There are areas with small black spots at the base and in the outer part of the wing. The hindwings are light grey-brown.

The moth flies from June to August in western Europe.

The larvae feed on *Jacobaea vulgaris* and *Tephroseris* species.

## InfoBox

| *Eucosma campoliliana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Eucosma* |
| Species: | ***E. campoliliana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucosma campoliliana***<br>(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tortrix campoliliana* \[Denis & Schiffermuller\], 1775 * *Tortrix albana* Haworth, \[1811\] * *Grapholitha capitinivana* Bruand, 1850 * *Grapholitha freyeriana* Fischer von Roslerstamm, 1839 * *Calosetia nigrimaculana* Barrett, 1874 * *Tortrix nigromaculana* Haworth, \[1811\] * *Anticlea nigromaculata* Wood, 1839 * *Steganoptycha nigromaculana* var. *ussuriana* Caradja, 1916 | |


title: 1970 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting

text:
# 1970 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting

Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1970 followed the system of annual elections in place since 1968. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from recent major league players and elected Lou Boudreau. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected three people: Earle Combs, Ford Frick, and Jesse Haines. A formal induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on July 27, 1970, with Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn presiding.

## BBWAA election

The BBWAA was authorized to elect players active in 1950 or later, but not after 1964; the ballot included candidates from the 1969 ballot along with selected players, chosen by a screening committee, whose last appearance was in 1964. All 10-year members of the BBWAA were eligible to vote.

Voters were instructed to cast votes for up to 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall. The ballot consisted of 46 players; a total of 300 ballots were cast, with 225 votes required for election. A total of 2,302 individual votes were cast, an average of 7.67 per ballot.

Candidates who were eligible for the first time are indicated here with a dagger (†). The one candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in ***bold italics***; candidates who have since been elected in subsequent elections are indicated in *italics*.

Joe Gordon, Tommy Henrich and Bucky Walters were on the ballot for the final time.

Players eligible for the first time who were *not* included on the ballot were: Gus Bell, Hal Brown, Bud Daley, Hank Foiles, Paul Foytack, Don Hoak, Sam Jones, Charlie Maxwell, Cal McLish, Bubba Phillips, Wally Post, Pete Runnels, Al Smith, Hal Smith, Gene Stephens, Tom Sturdivant, Johnny Temple, Lee Walls and Dick Williams (who would eventually be inducted into the Hall of Fame as a manager in 2008).

## J. G. Taylor Spink Award

Sid Mercer (1880–1945) received the J. G. Taylor Spink Award honoring a baseball writer. The award was voted at the December 1969 meeting of the BBWAA, and included in the summer 1970 ceremonies.

## InfoBox

1970 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
| New inductees | 4 |
| --- | --- |
| via BBWAA | 1 |
| via Veterans Committee | 3 |
| Total inductees | 118 |
| Induction date | July 27, 1970 |
|  | |


title: Enkū Museum

abstract: Enkū Museum Enkū Museum is a museum dedicated to Japanese monk and sculptor Enkū in the city of Seki, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Enkū was born in Mino Province, present-day Gifu Prefecture, in 1632 and died in Seki in 1695.

text:
# Enkū Museum

**Enkū Museum** (円空館, *Enkūkan*) is a museum dedicated to Japanese monk and sculptor Enkū in the city of Seki, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Enkū was born in Mino Province, present-day Gifu Prefecture, in 1632 and died in Seki in 1695.

## InfoBox

| Enkū Museum<br>円空館 | |
| --- | --- |
| Enkū Museum | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 2-30-1 Sakura Honmachi |
| Town or city | Seki, Gifu |
| Country | Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°30′21″N 136°53′25″E / 35.50583°N 136.89028°E / 35.50583; 136.89028 |
| Technical details | |
| Floor area | 308 sq m |
| Design and construction | |
| Architecture firm | AXS Satow |
| Website | |
| Homepage (in Japanese) | |


title: 1911 Chicago mayoral election

abstract: In the 1911 Chicago mayoral election, Democrat Carter Harrison Jr. was elected to his fifth non-consecutive term as mayor, tying the then-record set by his father Carter Harrison Sr. for the most Chicago mayoral election victories. Harrison defeated Republican nominee Charles E. Merriam and Socialist nominee William E. Rodriguez. The election was held on April 4. On February 28, 1911, for the first time, direct primary elections were held. Both major parties held primaries to determine their nominees, and both the Democratic and Republican primaries saw heated races. In the Democratic primary, former mayor Carter Harrison Jr. won a very narrow 0.97% margin of victory over former mayor Edward F. Dunne, also beating a competitive candidacy by banker Andrew J. Graham. With incumbent Republican mayor Fred A. Busse declining to seek a second term, the Republican Party also had an open race for its nomination. Charles E. Merriam won a strong victory over restaurateur John R. Thompson and former Illinois treasurer John F. Smulski, as well as two minor candidates.

text:
# 1911 Chicago mayoral election

In the **1911 Chicago mayoral election**, Democrat Carter Harrison Jr. was elected to his fifth non-consecutive term as mayor, tying the then-record set by his father Carter Harrison Sr. for the most Chicago mayoral election victories. Harrison defeated Republican nominee Charles E. Merriam and Socialist nominee William E. Rodriguez.

The election was held on April 4.

On February 28, 1911, for the first time, direct primary elections were held. Both major parties held primaries to determine their nominees, and both the Democratic and Republican primaries saw heated races. In the Democratic primary, former mayor Carter Harrison Jr. won a very narrow 0.97% margin of victory over former mayor Edward F. Dunne, also beating a competitive candidacy by banker Andrew J. Graham. With incumbent Republican mayor Fred A. Busse declining to seek a second term, the Republican Party also had an open race for its nomination. Charles E. Merriam won a strong victory over restaurateur John R. Thompson and former Illinois treasurer John F. Smulski, as well as two minor candidates.

## Nominations

In 1910, Illinois adopted a law to hold *direct* primary elections for public offices in the state. Illinois law changes scheduled for such primary elections to be held on the last Tuesday of February in the case of Chicago's municipal elections. Being the first Chicago mayoral election held since the law change, the Democratic and Republican primaries were the first direct primary elections for Chicago mayor. The primaries were incredibly tenuous, and even elicited incidents of election-day violence.

### Democratic primary

Carter Harrison Jr., who had previously served four terms as mayor, defeated former mayor Edward F. Dunne as well as Andrew J. Graham (a wealthy banker) in the Democratic primary on February 28. Harrison's margin of victory in the primary was very narrow.

Harrison had, in late 1910, formed a political alliance with William Randolph Hearst. Their mutual interest was that they both sought to oust political boss Roger Charles Sullivan and his network.

Dunne announced his candidacy on November 19, 1910. His candidacy came as somewhat of a surprise, as his chances of winning appeared unrealistic. However, he had a few factors that were still to his advantage. One was that he had strong support among the city's Irish middle class. Another was that he was a reform-minded politician in an election year in which reform seemed important to voters. Shortly after he announced his candidacy, he received backing from reformist figures such as alderman John J. Bradley (who would serve as manager of his campaign), William Emmett Dever, Margaret Haley, Clarence Darrow, and Raymond Robins. Dunne's platform called for improving service and lowering the prices of gas and electricity, nighttime waste collection, universal transfers, the construction of city-owned subways, a consolidation of Chicago and Cook County, and the creation of parks administrations. He also pledged to root out graft, bomb throwing. He pledged to instill a government which emphasized, "decency towards and fair treatment of the citizen from public officials". He would adopt "wet" stance, opposing prohibition of alcohol. While Dunne's campaign had an invigorated launch, receiving the support many reformist endorsers, most of the press and political professionals still disregarded his prospects.

Andrew J. Graham announce his candidacy on December 9, 1910. was backed by Roger Charles Sullivan. He, in essence, ran as Sullivan's hand-picked candidate. Graham was a prominent banker from the city's West Side, who was a longtime friend and associate of Sullivan's. Graham was known for acts of philanthropy which had earned him popularity in his locality of the city. With no political record, it was difficult for opponents to make political attacks on him. Graham's platform placed a focus on eliminating graft, pointing specifically to kinds of graft which incumbent mayor Busse's administration had been disgraced by. He also advocated a consolidation of Chicago and Cook County (something that would have served the political interests of Sullivan). He wanted subways and universal transfers. He supported "personal liberty", which was a euphemistic way of saying that he supported protecting access to alcoholic drinks. Less than a week after he declared his candidacy, Graham received the formal endorsement of the Democratic Party of Cook County Committee. He received 63 votes from the 84 members who were present at the vote (former Cook County sheriff John E. Traeger had received two votes and Harrison received no votes, and fourteen abstentions were made). Graham's official campaign manager was Thomas F. Flynn.

Other individuals that had been speculated as potential candidates for the Democratic nomination included Fred W. Blocki, John T. Connery, Henry Gibbons, Charles F. Gunther, Lockwood Honoré, Ernst Hummel, James Hamilton Lewis, Charles J. Vopicka, and Charles H. Wacker.

The platforms of candidates did not heavily differ on substance. The primary was heavily centered upon personal attacks between opponents. In its (biased) coverage, Hearst's Examiner emphasized Graham's connection with Sullivan, who the paper caricatured and portrayed as a villain. The Examiner reported on and exaggerated Sullivan's involvement with the local utility trust People's Gas Light & Coke Company, and claimed that Graham was running to simply keep gas prices high. Harrison used this narrative too, calling Sullivan the "gas dictator". Harrison declared himself to be the "Anti-Roger C. Sullivan and Anti-Gas candidate". He proclaimed that "Roger Sullivan is not a Democrat" and that neither was Graham. Roger's supporters went to great lengths to describe Sullivan as an immense villain. In an attempt to directly counter these attacks, for the first time in two decades, Sullivan delivered stump speeches, breaking his longtime policy of not delivering public speeches.

Graham ran an extensive billboard advertising campaign, utilizing as many as 3,000 billboards. At first, most of his billboards used simple slogans such as "No Graft at the City Hall" and "A Seat for Every Pupil in the Public Schools". Eventually, the campaign began using former Hearst quotes and cartoons from 1904 (when Harrison had opposed Hearst's presidential campaign) that vilified Harrison.

Graham received a celebrity endorsement from world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson.

Dunne, while for much of the race having not been widely covered by the press and largely ignored by his opponents, attacked both Harrison and Graham. He accused Harrison of sabotaging his reelection campaign in 1907, and called Graham a puppet of Sullivan, who he claimed had also for sabotaged his reelection campaign in 1907 . After weeks of the press and both of his opponents largely disregarding him, Dunne's candidacy had begun to gain momentum, and the race began to move in his favor. Dunne secured the endorsement of the Chicago Federation of Labor. The betting odds at James Patrick O'Leary's betting house, which had originally been 4-5 for Graham, 8-5 for Harrison, and 5-2 for Dunne, had changed to 3-5 for Graham, 9-5 for Harrison and 7-7 for Dunne.

By the closing weeks of the race, Graham's odds of winning had subsided. There were even some reports that members of Sullivan's own coalition were quietly changing their support over to Dunne's campaign. In the closing weeks of the race, Dunne had ceased attacks on Graham and Roger Sullivan in his stump speeches. He focused his campaign instead on appealing to reformist sentiments that had been strengthened by the scandals of Busse's administration and the scandals of William Lorimer. Harrison, meanwhile, focused his campaign on convincing Democrats that he had strong electability for the general election, as well as using promises of patronage to his advantage. Harrison seized on reports that part of Sullivan's coalition was shifting their support to Dunne, painting Dunne as being tied to Sullivan. By Election Day, Harrison and Dunne were seen as the only two with chances of winning the primary.

#### Results

The initial result was so narrow, with a 1,420 vote margin of victory of Harrison, that Dunne requested a recount. A recount was held, with Sullivan remaining the victor.

**Democratic Primary (February 28, 1911)**
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Carter Harrison Jr.** | **55,116** | **37.40** |
|  | Democratic | Edward F. Dunne | 53,696 | 36.43 |
|  | Democratic | Andrew J. Graham | 38,578 | 26.17 |
| Turnout | | | 147,390 |  |

### Republican primary

Incumbent mayor Fred A. Busse did not seek a second term. Despite the high hopes some supporters had for him, Busse's term had been rather uneventful in regards to achievements. Additionally, Busse's administration was plagued by allegations of graft. Busse reportedly believed that he would be able to defeat Merriam in the primary, but did not believe that he could beat a Democratic opponent in the general election.

Educator and politician Charles E. Merriam (a strong proponent of progressivism) defeated a number of candidates, including restaurateur John R. Thompson and former Illinois Treasurer John F. Smulski.

Smulski was considered to be a leader in the city's Polish community. He received the backing of Governor Charles Deneen and noted businessman John R. Thompson. He was seen as a natural heir to receive the support of Busse's political base. He ran on a campaign calling for clean and efficient government rooted in "Progressive Republicanism" based on "the value of conservation as applied to municipal affairs as in the relation to state and national interests". He aimed to launch "a straight challenge to the graft system, spoils system, and the special privilege system". Some of Dunne's reformist colleagues backed this Republican candidate over their Dunne, including Raymond Robins who campaigned extensively won Smulski's behalf. The Chicago Federation of Labor endorsed him for the Republican nomination.

During his run, Merriam's campaign manager was Harold Ickes.

Merriam benefited from a reformist sentiment that had been fed by revelations of municipal corruption that he had played a large role in originally uncovering.

#### Results

**Republican primary (February 28, 1911)**
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Charles E. Merriam** | **53,089** | **49.86** |
|  | Republican | John R. Thompson | 26,406 | 24.80 |
|  | Republican | John F. Smulski | 23,138 | 21.73 |
|  | Republican | Tom Murray | 2,799 | 2.63 |
|  | Republican | John Edward Scully | 1,052 | 0.99 |
| Turnout | | | 106,484 |  |

### Prohibition nomination

The Prohibition Party nominated William A. Brubaker, its 1907 mayoral nominee and the chairman of the Prohibition Central Committee of Cook County.

### Socialist nomination

William E. Rodriguez received the Socialist nomination.

## General election

Both the Democratic and Republican Party had been divided by their contentious primaries.

The general election was contentious.

For his 1911 campaign, Harrison adopted many progressive policies. The reform proposals which Harrison put forth were easily understood. "We plan to wage this fight on the theory that public utility corporations should be our servants instead of our masters. I believe that the gas company can sell its products not more than 70 cents for 1000 cubic feet." He also championed the Burnham Plan of Chicago. He portrayed himself as a pragmatic and experienced change-maker and Merriam as an overly-idealistic and bookish professor.

To ward off potential immigrant support for Merriam, Harrison accused him of being a prohibitionist (a stance that was unpopular in the city's immigrant communities). While Merriam was well connected to the "dry" side of the debate over alcohol, as a mayoral candidate he tried to frame his position on the matter as being more about home rule and democracy than an outright support of implementing such laws. He claimed to be opposed to blue laws, and said that he would respect the will of the people of Chicago as mayor, which he recognized as being overwhelmingly opposed to prohibition.

Allegations surfaced that Merriam had been a member of the Hyde Park Protective Association, which was anti saloons and had also earned a strongly anti-African American reputation. Merriam denied these allegations.

Due to Merriam's strong reformist views, many Republican machine operatives of political boss Lorimer had worked to strengthen Harrison's bid, sabotaging their own party's nominee.

Socialist candidate William E. Rodgriguez pledged that as mayor, he would focus on, “the problems of the working class,” which he stated included, “comfortable and sanitary dwellings at low cost” and “adequate street car service in the working-class districts.” He also pledged to pursue and an efficient health department, fair pay, and for the public schools to be open for public meetings.

### Results

Harrison was able to win a relatively-narrow victory.

**1911 Chicago mayoral election (general election)**
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Carter Harrison Jr.** | **177,997** | **48.53** |
|  | Republican | Charles E. Merriam | 160,673 | 43.81 |
|  | Socialist | William E. Rodriguez | 24,825 | 6.77 |
|  | Prohibition | William Brubaker | 2,239 | 0.61 |
|  | Socialist Labor | Anthony Prince | 1,053 | 0.29 |
| Turnout | | | 366,787 | 87 |

According to polls, Harrison received 68.91% of the Polish-American vote, while Merriam received 24.40% and Rodriguez received 5.60%.

## InfoBox

1911 Chicago mayoral election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Turnout | 87%  1 pp |
| Nominee **Carter Harrison Jr.** Charles E. Merriam William E. Rodriguez  Party Democratic Republican Socialist  Popular vote **177,997** 160,672 24,825  Percentage **48.53%** 43.81% 6.77% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Fred A. Busse
Republican **Elected mayor**
Carter Harrison Jr.
Democratic | |


title: 1979 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix

abstract: The 1979 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 29–1 July 1979 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.

text:
# 1979 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix

The **1979 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix** was the eighth round of the 1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 29–1 July 1979 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.

## Controversy

This race was notorious because the circuit of Spa had gotten a new layer of asphalt after the circuit's original length was reduced from 14.1 to 7 Kilometers. Because it was only finished two days before the start of the first free practices, there were a lot problems. The FIM had approved the new venue five weeks before the start of the grand prix, but when Kenny Roberts made a promotional visit to the track four weeks before the start of the race, he noted that the road surface did not have a top layer of asphalt and that no guard rails were placed yet.

During the free practices and qualifying, many riders fell off their bikes as a result. It turned out that a tar truck had spilled so much tar that even one of the steamrollers had slipped off the track that week, and that too much oil was also processed into the asphalt. As a response, the Belgian Minister of Public Works Guy Mathot mobilised many people of the Belgian Civil defense to clean up the slippery surface with fire brigade, brush and sweeper trucks all through the night. This however, did not help and top riders such as Roberts, Sheene, Ferrari and Hartog negotiated with the organisation and the FIM whether they should or should not ride this grand prix. On Saturday evening, the drivers gave a press conference in which they announced that they had nothing against the organization or the FIM, but that the circuit was not safe enough because too much oil was processed in the asphalt.

Eventually, all Factory teams boycotted the event after the Saturday qualifying due to the dangerous track conditions, which promptly enraged the tens of thousands of fans who already bought a ticket to see the race on Sunday. Once they found out about the decision, unrest and riots broke out. Angry fans tipped over cars and set them on fire, as well as the hay bales (which were lined up on the circuit as safety barriers for the riders) all through the night. Various fans had to be transported to the local hospital after various fights with the Belgian police had broken out.

Jack Middelburg and Boet van Dulmen originally were going to start the race because they believed that a track is also slippery when it's wet and because they didn't want to disappoint the many fans who came to see the race live, but when Dutch supporters of Wil Hartog, due to a lack of solidarity, threatened that they would throw beer bottles on the track when they would pass by, they also boycotted the race. In the end, Dennis Ireland would go on to win his only Motorcycle Grand Prix due to all the top racers not starting the race.

## Aftermath

After the race, the FIM initially suspended Kenny Roberts and Virginio Ferrari as the largest "rioters" and the Belgian Motorcyclist Association suspended four drivers, but the FIM Committee for Safety, Sports Coordination and Competitions converted the suspension into a conditional suspension and a fine and the BMB followed that example. After the training sessions of the next Grand Prix in Sweden, the drivers issued a communiqué in which it was first reported that the fine would not be paid. In addition, a number of requirements were set for the 1980 season:

* Full travel and accommodation allowance for the races in the US, Canada, Venezuela, Sweden, Finland and Spain.
* Additional safety measures at the Nürburgring, the Karlskoga Motorstadion, the Imatra Circuit and Spa-Francorchamps.
* Under no circumstances a possible Grand Prix of Switzerland, even if it was organized in another country.
* An increase of the minimum starting fee by 200%.
* Adequate press accommodation on all circuits.
* At the end of each season an election of three riders representatives in the CCR (Commission for Road Racing).
* On every circuit a decent (habitable) riders' quarter.

A few weeks later, 40 professional drivers, led by Kenny Roberts, presented a new organization and a new racing series: the *"World Series of Motorcycle Racing"*. From the 1980 season onward the riders would not participate in any race organized by the FIM but only start in eight races with two classes: Formula 1 (500 cc) and Formula 2 (250 cc). The prize money was determined by the drivers. The idea did not last long: within a few weeks, Yamaha announced that he would side the FIM and, if necessary, to let Freddie Spencer race as a substitute for Roberts, and Roberts himself began to get doubts after Giacomo Agostini talked to him. Hard words were spoken during a press conference by Barry Sheene, Kenny Roberts and manager Barry Coleman. Roberts would never drive in FIM-Grands Prix again and all drivers who had signed in Silverstone for the World Series would go to court if they would start in FIM races. Those drivers were in turn tied to factory contracts and could be forced by the brands to drive for the FIM. At the beginning of the 1980 season it was already clear that the World Series could only be found under the umbrella of the FIM passage, and of course the FIM did not give permission. In a meeting, Wil Hartog was considered a coward because he did not want to sign for the World Series, but in the end Kenny Roberts, who was the instigator of all the fuss, had to bow his head. In fact, he even started at the Nürburgring in 1980, one of the circuits that had been deemed unsafe by the riders.

Furthermore, the problems with the asphalt persisted and the outcry of the disastrous 1979 race, prompted the FIM to switch the venue and race at the Circuit Zolder for the 1980 season. This however, was not a success and the chosen venue for the 1981 season was once again the Spa circuit.

## Classification

### 500 cc

| Pos. | Rider | Team | Manufacturer | Time/Retired | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Dennis Ireland** | **Derry's Racing** | **Suzuki** | 57'09.670 | **15** |
| 2 | **Kenny Blake** |  | **Yamaha** | +5.250 | **12** |
| 3 | **Gary Lingham** |  | **Suzuki** | +11.080 | **10** |
| 4 | **Gustav Reiner** | **Dieter Braun Team** | **Suzuki** | +38.930 | **8** |
| 5 | **Henk de Vries** | **Team 77** | **Suzuki** | +1'38.230 | **6** |
| 6 | **Josef Hage** | **Dieter Braun Team** | **Suzuki** | +1'38.400 | **5** |
| 7 | **Jacky Matagne** |  | **Suzuki** | +2'46.860 | **4** |
| 8 | **Gerhard Vogt** | **Bill Smith Racing** | **Suzuki** | +2 laps | **3** |
| 9 | **Guy Cooremans** |  | **Suzuki** | +3 laps | **2** |
| 10 | **Dieter Heinen** |  | **Yamaha** | +4 laps | **1** |
| Ret | Philippe Chaltin |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Etienne Geeraerd |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | Steve Manship | Robinson Motorcycle Racing | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | John Newbold | Team Appleby Glade | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Klaus Nies |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | Carlo Perugini |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | Timo Pohjola |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Elmar Renner | Moto Team Krawehl | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Peter Sjöström | Ava MC Stockholm | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Toni Garcia |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Roland Mullender |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | Carlos Delgado de San Antonio |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | Børge Nielsen |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| DNS | Michel Rougerie |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Christian Sarron | Team Sonauto Gauloises | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Boet van Dulmen |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Olivier Chevallier |  | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Philippe Coulon |  | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Kenny Roberts | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Bernard Fau | Suzuki France | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Alex George |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Franck Gross |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Johnny Cecotto | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Jack Middelburg |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Sergio Pellandini |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Gianni Pelletier |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Wil Hartog | Riemersma Racing | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Gianni Rolando | Scuderia Naldoni | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Graziano Rossi | Morbidelli | Morbidelli | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Seppo Rossi | Kouv MK | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Max Wiener |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Steve Parrish | Texaco Heron Team Suzuki | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Barry Sheene | Texaco Heron Team Suzuki | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Virginio Ferrari | Team Gallina Nava Olio Fiat | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Gianni Rolando | Scuderia Naldoni | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Marco Lucchinelli |  | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Willem Zoet | Stimorol Racing | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Tony Head |  | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Sadao Asami |  | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Randy Mamola | Serge Zago | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Olivier Liégeois |  | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Ikujiro Takai | Yamaha Motor Company | Yamaha | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Franco Uncini | Team Zago International | Suzuki | Did not start |  |
| Sources: | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1979 Belgian Grand Prix
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Race 8 of 13 races in the<br>1979 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season | |
|  | |
| Date | 1 July 1979 |
| Official name | G.P. Moto |
| Location | Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps |
| Course | * Permanent racing facility * 6.947 km (4.317 mi) |
| 500cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Johnny Cecotto  Time  2:50.900  Fastest lap  Rider  Kenny Blake  Time  2:49.250  Podium  First  Dennis Ireland  Second  Kenny Blake  Third  Gary Lingham | |
| 350cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  No 350cc race was held  Fastest lap  Rider  No 350cc race was held  Podium  First  No 350cc race was held  Second  No 350cc race was held  Third  No 350cc race was held | |
| 250cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Chas Mortimer  Time  2:58.300  Fastest lap  Rider  Edi Stöllinger  Time  2:50.080  Podium  First  Edi Stöllinger  Second  Chas Mortimer  Third  Murray Sayle | |
| 125cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Ángel Nieto  Time  3:02.300  Fastest lap  Rider  Jean-François Lecureux  Time  3:01.280  Podium  First  Barry Smith  Second  Marcelino Garcia  Third  Martin van Soest | |
| 50cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Eugenio Lazzarini  Time  3:14.900  Fastest lap  Rider  Stefan Dörflinger  Podium  First  Henk van Kessel  Second  Theo Timmer  Third  Rudolf Kunz | |


title: 1945 Bournemouth by-election

abstract: The 1945 Bournemouth by-election was held on 15 November 1945. The by-election was held due to the elevation to hereditary peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Leonard Lyle. It was won by the Conservative candidate Brendan Bracken, who was a prominent supporter of Winston Churchill and Conservative parliamentarian who had lost his Paddington North seat to Labour in the 1945 Labour landslide. Somewhat unusually, there was a significant swing to the governing party, with Labour achieving a swing of more than 10%. This election had the biggest swing for an incumbent governing party in a by-election until the 2021 Hartlepool by-election.

text:
# 1945 Bournemouth by-election

The **1945 Bournemouth by-election** was held on 15 November 1945. The by-election was held due to the elevation to hereditary peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Leonard Lyle. It was won by the Conservative candidate Brendan Bracken, who was a prominent supporter of Winston Churchill and Conservative parliamentarian who had lost his Paddington North seat to Labour in the 1945 Labour landslide. Somewhat unusually, there was a significant swing to the governing party, with Labour achieving a swing of more than 10%.

This election had the biggest swing for an incumbent governing party in a by-election until the 2021 Hartlepool by-election.

Bournemouth by-election, 1945
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Unionist | Brendan Bracken | 22,980 | 46.85 | −8.60 |
|  | Labour | Edward Shackleton | 16,526 | 33.69 | +11.98 |
|  | Liberal | Basil Wigoder | 9,548 | 19.46 | −3.39 |
| Majority | | | 6,454 | 13.16 | −19.44 |
| Turnout | | | 49,054 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | -10.3 |  |


title: 1983 Wellington City mayoral election

abstract: The 1983 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1983, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including eighteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.

text:
# 1983 Wellington City mayoral election

The **1983 Wellington City mayoral election** was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1983, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including eighteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.

## Background

The election saw deputy mayor Ian Lawrence voted in as the new Mayor of Wellington to replace Sir Michael Fowler who had retired. Lawrence retained the Mayoralty for the Citizens' Association, seeing off a challenge from high profile Labour Party councillor Helene Ritchie. Given Lawrence's quiet style and low profile compared to Ritchie's more marked public reputation, most commentators and pollsters were predicting a very close result. The eventual outcome was a surprise to many with Lawrence winning by a margin exceeding 8,000 votes, with media dubbing him "Landslide Lawrence". Ritchie retrospectively blamed her loss on an "anti-woman vote".

The 1983 election was also notable as it saw former Citizens' councillor Leone Harkness re-elected to the council as an independent candidate, the first time a candidate without an official party ticket had been elected to the council since Berkeley Dallard in 1950. It also saw Jenny Brough (later Harris) retain her seat on the council after defecting from Labour in 1982. It also marked the last time in Wellington where local body elections elected councillors at large.

## Mayoralty results

1983 Wellington mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Ian Lawrence** | **19,952** | **49.28** |  |
|  | Labour | Helene Ritchie | 11,876 | 30.56 |  |
|  | Independent | Leone Harkness | 6,208 | 15.97 |  |
|  | Independent | Josie Bullock | 643 | 1.65 |  |
|  | Private Enterprise | Frank Moncur | 177 | 0.45 | −0.35 |
| Informal votes | | | 244 | 0.62 |  |
| Majority | | | 8,076 | 20.78 |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,856 | 37.59 |  |

Results by locality
| Locality | Lawrence | Ritchie | Harkness | Bullock | Moncur |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Onslow College** | 333 | 159 | 97 | 7 | 4 |
| **Johnsonville West School** | 228 | 64 | 56 | 4 | 0 |
| **Johnsonville Emergency Centre** | 122 | 127 | 36 | 3 | 1 |
| **Johnsonville Community Centre** | 243 | 162 | 61 | 4 | 1 |
| **Johnsonville School** | 298 | 163 | 113 | 3 | 1 |
| **Paparangi School** | 186 | 105 | 73 | 2 | 2 |
| **Rewa Rewa School** | 151 | 72 | 44 | 1 | 2 |
| **White's Garage** | 56 | 23 | 6 | 0 | 1 |
| **Bellvue School** | 161 | 63 | 41 | 3 | 0 |
| **Centennial Hall** | 375 | 211 | 102 | 3 | 2 |
| **Newlands Tennis Club** | 68 | 40 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| **Wallace's Garage** | 49 | 33 | 23 | 2 | 0 |
| **Churton Park School** | 202 | 57 | 65 | 2 | 0 |
| **Downer & Co.** | 52 | 14 | 14 | 2 | 1 |
| **Dragon St. Cafeteria** | 17 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| **Ohariu Hall** | 50 | 33 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
| **Raumati Beach School** | 12 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| **Cashmere Avenue School** | 219 | 75 | 64 | 5 | 0 |
| **Khandallah Scout Hall** | 225 | 50 | 55 | 1 | 0 |
| **St Barnabas Parish Hall** | 139 | 36 | 36 | 0 | 2 |
| **Khandallah Town Hall** | 907 | 251 | 165 | 7 | 2 |
| **Khandallah Masonic Hall** | 177 | 50 | 38 | 3 | 1 |
| **Ngaio School** | 46 | 43 | 11 | 0 | 1 |
| **Ngaio Kindergarten** | 115 | 64 | 32 | 2 | 0 |
| **Ngaio Town Hall** | 519 | 266 | 149 | 8 | 7 |
| **Union Church Hall** | 98 | 47 | 26 | 2 | 1 |
| **Ngaio Playcentre** | 90 | 43 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
| **Chartwell School** | 90 | 32 | 16 | 5 | 0 |
| **Wilton School** | 180 | 121 | 57 | 11 | 1 |
| **Wadestown School** | 78 | 44 | 27 | 2 | 0 |
| **St Luke's Hall** | 428 | 235 | 172 | 18 | 0 |
| **Thorndon Masonic Hall** | 125 | 75 | 51 | 8 | 0 |
| **Talavera Tennis Club** | 33 | 35 | 11 | 3 | 0 |
| **St Andrew's Hall** | 105 | 63 | 32 | 2 | 0 |
| **Victoria University** | 95 | 116 | 46 | 12 | 1 |
| **Kelburn Church Hall** | 300 | 271 | 161 | 20 | 2 |
| **Kelburn Normal School** | 82 | 76 | 40 | 2 | 1 |
| **Presbyterian Church Hall** | 57 | 55 | 29 | 2 | 1 |
| **Methodist Church Hall** | 218 | 143 | 103 | 8 | 5 |
| **Northland School** | 132 | 108 | 52 | 6 | 1 |
| **Coad's Garage** | 110 | 47 | 24 | 1 | 2 |
| **Karori Masonic Hall** | 140 | 70 | 46 | 4 | 0 |
| **Sprott House** | 269 | 56 | 76 | 9 | 2 |
| **St Mary's Parish Hall** | 245 | 74 | 75 | 2 | 1 |
| **Karori School** | 643 | 174 | 178 | 10 | 1 |
| **St John's Methodist Hall** | 486 | 185 | 133 | 8 | 5 |
| **Karori Pavilion** | 176 | 80 | 80 | 7 | 1 |
| **Karori West School** | 407 | 202 | 150 | 7 | 2 |
| **Makara Community Centre** | 36 | 27 | 15 | 8 | 0 |
| **Macalister Park** | 94 | 58 | 25 | 3 | 0 |
| **Kingston School** | 67 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
| **Ridgeway School** | 144 | 86 | 49 | 7 | 0 |
| **Vogelmorn Public Hall** | 67 | 40 | 18 | 1 | 0 |
| **Brooklyn Baptist Hall** | 261 | 179 | 104 | 8 | 2 |
| **Brooklyn Community Centre** | 109 | 108 | 27 | 6 | 0 |
| **St Matthew's Hall** | 166 | 111 | 51 | 8 | 1 |
| **Aro Valley Community Hall** | 133 | 317 | 75 | 18 | 1 |
| **Webb St. Depot** | 127 | 118 | 39 | 7 | 0 |
| **Willis St. Clinic** | 84 | 73 | 25 | 3 | 0 |
| **St John's Church Hall** | 88 | 113 | 40 | 3 | 2 |
| **Wellington Cathedral** | 91 | 98 | 33 | 2 | 1 |
| **Wellington Girls' College** | 50 | 52 | 27 | 2 | 0 |
| **Queen Margaret College** | 106 | 42 | 29 | 2 | 0 |
| **Wesley Church Hall** | 35 | 33 | 19 | 2 | 1 |
| **Wellington Polytechnic** | 59 | 78 | 38 | 7 | 0 |
| **Samoan Assembly of God** | 121 | 184 | 41 | 7 | 6 |
| **Berhampore School** | 120 | 161 | 68 | 6 | 1 |
| **Island Bay Church Hall** | 306 | 184 | 88 | 21 | 2 |
| **Island Bay Surf Club** | 55 | 38 | 15 | 1 | 0 |
| **Island Bay School** | 170 | 115 | 51 | 13 | 1 |
| **St Hilda's Church Hall** | 298 | 135 | 69 | 10 | 5 |
| **Owhiro Bay School** | 73 | 76 | 24 | 3 | 2 |
| **Houghton Valley School** | 67 | 58 | 29 | 3 | 2 |
| **Church of the Transfiguration** | 62 | 59 | 41 | 4 | 1 |
| **Newtown Fire Station** | 84 | 141 | 30 | 4 | 5 |
| **Salvation Army Hall** | 169 | 157 | 48 | 6 | 1 |
| **Newtown School** | 195 | 312 | 83 | 11 | 9 |
| **Wellington Hospital** | 78 | 89 | 31 | 0 | 0 |
| **Southern Cross Scout Hall** | 55 | 37 | 11 | 3 | 1 |
| **Methodist Church Hall** | 143 | 156 | 51 | 6 | 1 |
| **Rongotai College** | 154 | 143 | 42 | 7 | 3 |
| **Maranui Surf Lifesaving Club** | 147 | 92 | 66 | 9 | 11 |
| **Lyall Bay School** | 198 | 99 | 59 | 10 | 5 |
| **St Giles' Hall** | 263 | 161 | 61 | 10 | 4 |
| **All Saints' Church Hall** | 107 | 37 | 12 | 1 | 1 |
| **Samoan Methodist Church Hall** | 339 | 190 | 124 | 21 | 8 |
| **Sea Cadet Hall** | 50 | 15 | 24 | 1 | 0 |
| **Haitaitai School** | 309 | 143 | 83 | 5 | 0 |
| **Roseneath Church Hall** | 92 | 37 | 36 | 4 | 0 |
| **St Barnabas Church Hall** | 143 | 76 | 47 | 1 | 4 |
| **Freyberg Pool** | 198 | 80 | 45 | 11 | 3 |
| **Central Fire Station** | 168 | 142 | 55 | 8 | 1 |
| **Congregational Church Hall** | 105 | 150 | 45 | 6 | 0 |
| **St Mark's Church Hall** | 98 | 57 | 35 | 3 | 1 |
| **Miramar South School** | 152 | 80 | 49 | 4 | 0 |
| **Miramar Central School** | 548 | 265 | 130 | 17 | 5 |
| **Miramar North School** | 126 | 90 | 44 | 4 | 0 |
| **Marist Brothers' School** | 271 | 113 | 78 | 9 | 3 |
| **Miramar Co-op. Hall** | 199 | 98 | 43 | 3 | 2 |
| **St Christopher's Hall** | 48 | 53 | 39 | 3 | 0 |
| **Strathmore Park School** | 324 | 159 | 69 | 5 | 1 |
| **Breaker Bay Progressive Assn. Hall** | 30 | 24 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
| **Seatoun School** | 438 | 89 | 73 | 9 | 0 |
| **St George's Hall** | 141 | 43 | 42 | 4 | 1 |
| **Worser Bay Life Saving Club** | 47 | 23 | 16 | 6 | 1 |
| **Worser Bay School** | 150 | 48 | 54 | 11 | 0 |
| **Town Hall** | 455 | 399 | 203 | 25 | 2 |
| **Postal votes** | 666 | 327 | 189 | 15 | 6 |
| **Hospital votes** | 124 | 99 | 21 | 6 | 8 |
| **Special votes** | 612 | 546 | 184 | 25 | 4 |
| **Total** | **19,952** | 11,876 | 6,208 | 643 | 177 |

## Councillor results

1983 Wellington City Council election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Jenny Brough** | **20,019** | **51.52** | **+13.57** |
|  | **Labour** | **Keith Spry** | **19,807** | **50.97** | **+5.16** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Rosemary Young-Rouse** | **19,766** | **50.86** | **+8.26** |
|  | **Labour** | **Helene Ritchie** | **19,571** | **50.36** | **+2.42** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Gavin Wilson** | **19,166** | **49.32** | **+8.22** |
|  | **Independent** | **Leone Harkness** | **18,478** | **47.55** | **+10.32** |
|  | **Labour** | **Joe Aspell** | **18,272** | **47.02** | **+7.18** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Les Paske** | **18,236** | **46.93** | **+9.81** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Bryan Weyburne** | **17,939** | **46.17** |  |
|  | **Labour** | **Ros Noonan** | **17,936** | **46.16** | **−0.28** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **David Bull** | **17,567** | **45.21** | **−5.86** |
|  | **Labour** | **Hazel Bibby** | **17,321** | **44.57** | **+5.53** |
|  | **Labour** | **Tala Cleverley** | **16,901** | **43.49** | **+2.31** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Rex Nicholls** | **16,857** | **43.38** |  |
|  | **Labour** | **Margaret Bonner** | **16,696** | **42.96** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Arthur Kinsella** | **16,490** | **42.43** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Ruth Gotlieb** | **15,622** | **40.20** | **+20.80** |
|  | **Labour** | **Terry McDavitt** | **15,354** | **39.51** |  |
|  | Citizens' | Bruce Harris | 15,163 | 39.02 | −0.20 |
|  | Citizens' | Roger Ridley-Smith | 14,967 | 38.51 | +1.18 |
|  | Labour | Frank O'Flynn | 14,931 | 38.42 | −1.96 |
|  | Citizens' | Colin Dickie | 14,712 | 37.86 |  |
|  | Citizens' | Peter Isaac | 14,319 | 36.85 |  |
|  | Citizens' | Saul Goldsmith | 13,944 | 35.88 | +1.83 |
|  | Labour | Ken Boyden | 13,920 | 35.82 |  |
|  | Labour | Allan Levett | 13,235 | 34.06 |  |
|  | Citizens' | Sarah Lysaght | 12,970 | 33.37 |  |
|  | Citizens' | Terry Dykes | 12,904 | 33.20 |  |
|  | Citizens' | Michael Carney | 12,780 | 32.89 |  |
|  | Labour | John Blincoe | 12,321 | 31.70 |  |
|  | Labour | Paul Fitzgerald | 12,282 | 31.60 |  |
|  | Citizens' | Joseph Kenneally | 12,191 | 31.37 |  |
|  | Labour | Harry Holden | 12,160 | 31.29 |  |
|  | Labour | John Gilberthorpe | 11,986 | 30.84 |  |
|  | Labour | David Robinson | 11,665 | 30.02 | +0.94 |
|  | Labour | Geoff Turner | 11,004 | 28.31 |  |
|  | Labour | Joe McTaggart | 10,692 | 27.51 | +0.20 |
|  | Independent | Josie Bullock | 8,775 | 22.58 |  |
|  | Independent Citizens' | Eric Hughes | 4,314 | 11.10 |  |
|  | Private Enterprise | Frank Moncur | 3,228 | 8.30 | +2.53 |
|  | Independent | John Antonius Elise Pell | 2,244 | 5.77 |  |

Table footnotes:

1. Moran, Paul (28 September 1983). "Clear Choices in main-ticket mayoralty race". *The Dominion*.
2. Chetwin, Suzanne (24 May 1989). "Standing Alone". *The Evening Post*.
3. Dawson, P.L. (25 October 1983). Declaration of Result of Election (Report). Wellington City Council.
4. "Local Body Polls '83". *The Evening Post*. 10 October 1983.

## InfoBox

1983 Wellington City mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 38,856 (37.59%) |
| Candidate Ian Lawrence Helene Ritchie  Party Citizens' Labour  Popular vote 19,952 11,876  Percentage 49.28 30.56 | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Sir Michael Fowler
 **Elected mayor**
Ian Lawrence
 | |


title: 2.5D integrated circuit

abstract:
A 2.5D integrated circuit is an advanced packaging technique that combines multiple integrated circuit dies in a single package without stacking them into a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) with through-silicon vias (TSVs). The term "2.5D" originated when 3D-ICs with TSVs were quite new and still very difficult. Chip designers realized that many of the advantages of 3D integration could be approximated by placing bare dies side by side on an interposer instead of stacking them vertically. If the pitch is very fine and the interconnect very short, the assembly can be packaged as a single component with better size, weight, and power characteristics than a comparable 2D circuit board assembly. This half-way 3D integration was facetiously named "2.5D" and the name stuck.
Since then, 2.5D has proven to be far more than just "half-way to 3D."
Some benefits:
  - An interposer can support heterogeneous integration – that is, dies of different pitch, size, material, and process node.
  - Placing dies side by side instead of stacking them reduces heat buildup.
  - Upgrading or modifying a 2.5D assembly is as easy as swapping in a new component and revamping the interposer to suit; much faster and simpler than reworking an entire 3D-IC or System-on-Chip (SoC). Some sophisticated 2.5D assemblies even incorporate TSVs and 3D components. Several foundries now support 2.5D packaging.
The success of 2.5D assembly has given rise to "chiplets" – small, functional circuit blocks designed to be combined in mix-and-match fashion on interposers. Several high-end products already take advantage of these LEGO-style chiplets; some experts predict the emergence of an industry-wide chiplet ecosystem. Interposers can be larger than the reticle size which is the maximum area that can be projected by a photolithography scanner or stepper.

text:
# 2.5D integrated circuit

A 2.5D integrated circuit (2.5D IC) is an advanced packaging technique that combines multiple integrated circuit dies in a single package without stacking them into a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) with through-silicon vias (TSVs). The term "2.5D" originated when 3D-ICs with TSVs were quite new and still very difficult. Chip designers realized that many of the advantages of 3D integration could be approximated by placing bare dies side by side on an interposer instead of stacking them vertically. If the pitch is very fine and the interconnect very short, the assembly can be packaged as a single component with better size, weight, and power characteristics than a comparable 2D circuit board assembly. This half-way 3D integration was facetiously named "2.5D" and the name stuck. Since then, 2.5D has proven to be far more than just "half-way to 3D." Some benefits:

* An interposer can support heterogeneous integration – that is, dies of different pitch, size, material, and process node.
* Placing dies side by side instead of stacking them reduces heat buildup.
* Upgrading or modifying a 2.5D assembly is as easy as swapping in a new component and revamping the interposer to suit; much faster and simpler than reworking an entire 3D-IC or System-on-Chip (SoC).

Some sophisticated 2.5D assemblies even incorporate TSVs and 3D components. Several foundries now support 2.5D packaging. The success of 2.5D assembly has given rise to "chiplets" – small, functional circuit blocks designed to be combined in mix-and-match fashion on interposers. Several high-end products already take advantage of these LEGO-style chiplets; some experts predict the emergence of an industry-wide chiplet ecosystem. Interposers can be larger than the reticle size which is the maximum area that can be projected by a photolithography scanner or stepper.


title: Frankenstein's Army

abstract: Frankenstein's Army is a 2013 found footage horror film directed by Richard Raaphorst, written by Chris W. Mitchell and Miguel Tejada-Flores, and starring Karel Roden, Joshua Sasse, Luke Newberry, Alexander Mercury, Robert Gwilym, Andrei Zayats, Mark Stevenson and Hon Ping Tang. An international co-production of the United States, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands, the film is set on the Eastern Front of World War II, as seen from the point of view of a Red Army team. In the film, Soviet troops invading Germany encounter undead mechanical soldiers created by a mad scientist descended from Victor Frankenstein.

text:
# Frankenstein's Army

***Frankenstein's Army*** is a 2013 found footage horror film directed by Richard Raaphorst, written by Chris W. Mitchell and Miguel Tejada-Flores, and starring Karel Roden, Joshua Sasse, Luke Newberry, Alexander Mercury, Robert Gwilym, Andrei Zayats, Mark Stevenson and Hon Ping Tang. An international co-production of the United States, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands, the film is set on the Eastern Front of World War II, as seen from the point of view of a Red Army team. In the film, Soviet troops invading Germany encounter undead mechanical soldiers created by a mad scientist descended from Victor Frankenstein.

## Plot

During the closing days of World War II, a Soviet reconnaissance team consisting of Novikov, Sergei, Vassili, Alexei, Ivan, Sacha, and propagandist videographer Dmitri are on a mission to destroy a German sniper nest. After completing the objective, the squad receives a Soviet distress call that repeats without any response to their queries; at the same time, they lose radio contact with high command. Although the soldiers are skeptical of the presence of Soviet forces in the area, the team leader Novikov orders them to investigate. Meanwhile, Dmitri interviews the soldiers and documents the mission under orders to create a Soviet propaganda film featuring the heroic exploits of the Red Army.

As they draw closer to the designated coordinates, Dmitri takes an interest in, and films, several odd occurrences, such as unexplained dead Nazis, a burnt convent full of massacred nuns, and strange machinery. When the soldiers arrive at their destination, they find an abandoned church where they accidentally activate a 'zombot' - a reanimated corpse with mechanical implants fused onto its body. The zombot kills Novikov by disemboweling him before being killed by the rest of the men. Following this, Sergei takes charge as the new commander and though Vassili challenges his authority, the rest of the squad sides with Sergei.

The soldiers see an elderly caretaker enter the church and ambush him. He is interrogated by Dmitri, who asks for the location of the stranded Soviet soldiers they heard on the radio. The caretaker insists that the village is abandoned, with everyone killed or scared off by the creatures created by "The Doctor", but Vassili becomes impatient and cuts off his finger. Coerced by the torture, the caretaker agrees to lead them to the source of the Soviet distress call, but instead leads them into a zombot trap where Ivan is mortally wounded. The squad manages to escape, and back at the church they encounter a group of German survivors - elderly Fritz, young boy Hans, and nurse Eva - that had been hiding from the zombots. Vassili suggests killing them, but Eva convinces the Russians to spare her and her fellow survivors by offering to help the wounded Ivan. When she is unable to save him and he dies of his injuries, Vassili attacks her and knocks her unconscious. Suddenly, Alexei is ambushed and killed by a mosquito like zombot as more enter the church and close in on the group.

The survivors manage to escape into the church's catacombs, where Sergei discovers that Dmitri has been deceiving the squad by using a radio jammer to both block contact with high command and transmit the fake distress call they received. Dmitri reveals that he has a secret mission from the Soviet government to capture or kill the Nazi scientist who created the zombots, and to document their mission in case they cannot capture him. Furious that they were deceived and led unprepared into this mission, Sergei and Vassili threaten to kill Dmitri, but he asserts his authority by revealing that he is a Captain in the Red Army, outranking both of them, and threatens their families with retribution if they disobey his orders. As Dmitri leads the group deeper into the catacombs, they encounter increasingly bizarre aberrations and eventually find a chute which goes deeper into the factory. Sergei and Vassili force Hans to go down the chute to investigate and the boy is quickly killed by a zombot which then climbs up the chute and attacks the group; though they manage to destroy it, Fritz is killed in the struggle by having a piece of the zombot’s body jammed in his head. Sergei, Vassili, and Sacha then stage a mutiny against Dmitri and throw him and his film equipment down the chute.

Unable to climb back up, Dmitri goes deeper into the facility, eventually being discovered and chased by a multitude of zombots. While trying to escape, he encounters, and is knocked out by Ivan, who has been converted into a zombot. When Dmitri regains consciousness, he finds himself taken prisoner by the caretaker, who reveals himself to be Dr. Viktor Frankenstein, a deranged descendant of the original Victor Frankenstein, and creator of the zombots. The doctor gives Dmitri a tour of his facility, explaining how he created the zombots based on his grandfather's work, and how he went rogue from his Nazi superiors. Along the way, Dmitri sees Hans, converted into a zombot, and Sergei and Vassili, both captured, with the latter partially dismembered. Dmitri and Frankenstein then hear distant artillery fire, which Dmitri reveals is the approaching Red Army. Dmitri attempts to recruit Frankenstein on behalf of the Soviet government, but instead, Frankenstein proposes an experiment that he believes will end the war: fusing together one half each of a Soviet and a Nazi brain. To this end, he lobotomizes a kidnapped Nazi soldier, and then Sergei, who swears revenge on Dmitri before Frankenstein begins operating on him; during the surgery, Frankenstein is assisted by Eva, who has also been turned into a zombot. Frankenstein removes half of Sergei's brain and grafts the removed half of the Nazi soldier's brain into Sergei's head and then reanimates him with his generator. Frankenstein restrains Dmitri onto a table to begin experimenting on him, but the Red Army's artillery suddenly begins bombarding the factory. Frankenstein quickly gathers his documents and prepares to flee, but Sacha, who managed to evade capture, appears from behind and shoots him dead. Dmitri orders Sacha to free him, but Sacha ignores him, instead removing Frankenstein's head and taking it with him as proof that he succeeded in his mission, along with Dmitri's camera. Sacha flees the facility just as Sergei's body comes to life and kills Dmitri.

The "document" then ends with a photo of a newly promoted Sacha standing next to Stalin.

## Cast

* Karel Roden as Dr. Viktor Frankenstein
* Alexander Mercury as Dmitri
* Joshua Sasse as Sergei
* Andrei Zayats as Vassili
* Hon Ping Tang as Ivan, "Ivan Zombot"
* Mark Stevenson as Alexei
* Luke Newberry as Sacha
* Robert Gwilym as Novikov
* Cristina Catalina as Eva, "Nurse Zombot"
* Zdenek Barinka as Hans, "Pod Zombot"
* Jan de Lukowicz as Fritz
* Klaus Lucas as Dieter, The Dying Nazi Officer

## Production

Stories of Frankenstein's monster disturbed director Richard Raaphorst as a child. When he was thinking of ideas for a monster film, he instantly went back to the Frankenstein mythology, which he extended to World War II. Raaphorst said he was drawn the idea of an army of Frankensteins in World War II specifically because the idea was "insane". Raaphorst had worked on a similar film titled *Worst Case Scenario* but *Frankenstein's Army* is unrelated to it.

Principal photography began on March 5, 2012 at Karlovy Vary in Czechia. Although the film used CGI, most of the effects were practical; for example, stuntmen were set on fire. The practical effects, inspired by John Carpenter's *The Thing*, necessitated what Raaphorst described as long, complicated single takes. He said it was worth it in the end, though he experienced doubt during shooting when he became ill.

## Release

*Frankenstein's Army* premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam on January 26, 2013. It was released in the United States on July 26, 2013. MPI Media Group and Dark Sky released it on home video on September 10, 2013.

## Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, *Frankenstein's Army* holds an approval rating of 56% of 25 critics, and an average rating of 5.47/10. Metacritic rated it 49 out of 100 based on nine reviews.

Scott Foundas of *Variety* wrote that the film is "short on plot and long on ingeniously gruesome creature designs and practical special effects that hark back to the industrious 1980s schlockfests churned out by the likes of Frank Henenlotter and Stuart Gordon." Foundas also compared the film's "junkyard chic" to the steampunk films of Shinya Tsukamoto. John DeFore of *The Hollywood Reporter* wrote that the film's monsters and gory special effects will appeal to horror fans, but it should have focused more on black humor and satire to appeal to broader midnight movie audiences. Andy Webster of *The New York Times* described the monsters as steampunk cyborgs and wrote, "Narrative depth may be in short supply, but the energy, invention and humor are bracing."

Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of *The A.V. Club* rated it C− and called it "a ludicrous World War II horror flick bogged down by its found-footage gimmick" that only works near the end when the film plays up the "imaginatively grotesque monsters". Jason Jenkins of Dread Central rated it 3 out of 5 stars and called it "a fun, furious, goofy and gory good time" for forgiving horror fans. Lauren Taylor of *Bloody Disgusting* rated it 1.5 out of 5 stars and said that the visuals and effects did not make up for the lack of a plot and unnecessary "found footage" style. Bill Gibron of *PopMatters* called it "an amazing steampunk splatter fest" whose visual imagery makes up for its narrative faults.

Director Richard Raaphorst accused Capcom's *Resident Evil Village* of plagiarism in 2021 for the design of the monster Sturm, a walking corpse attached to a plane propeller which bears a similarity to a monster featured in *Frankenstein's Army*.

## InfoBox

| Frankenstein's Army | |
| --- | --- |
| North American DVD cover | |
| Directed by | Richard Raaphorst |
| Screenplay by | * Chris W. Mitchell * Miguel Tejada-Flores |
| Story by | * Richard Raaphorst * Miguel Tejada-Flores |
| Produced by | * Nick Jongerius * Daniel Koefoed * Todd Brown * Greg Newman |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Bart Beekman |
| Edited by | * Jasper Verhorevoort * Aaron Crozier |
| Music by | Reyn Ouwehand |
| Production<br>companies |  |
| Distributed by | MPI Media Group |
| Release dates | * January 26, 2013 (2013-01-26) (IFFR) * July 26, 2013 (2013-07-26) (United States) |
| Running time | 84 minutes |
| Countries | * United States * Czech Republic * Netherlands |
| Language | English |


title: Eucosma brachysticta

abstract: Eucosma brachysticta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China and Japan.

text:
# Eucosma brachysticta

***Eucosma brachysticta*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Tianjin, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Ningxia) and Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Eucosma brachysticta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Eucosma* |
| Species: | ***E. brachysticta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucosma brachysticta***<br>Meyrick, 1935 | |
|


title: Eubela mcgintyi

abstract: Eubela mcgintyi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Eubela mcgintyi

***Eubela mcgintyi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5.4 mm.

## Distribution

*E. mcgintyi* can be found in waters off both coasts of Florida atdepths between 55 m to 146 m .

* Schwengel, J. S. "New marine shells from Florida." The Nautilus 56.3 (1943): 75-78.
* Poirier, H. 1954. An Up-to-date Systematic List of 3200 Seashells from Greenland to Texas 215 pp.

* Biolib.cz: original image
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.

## InfoBox

| *Eubela mcgintyi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Eubela* |
| Species: | ***E. mcgintyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eubela mcgintyi***<br>Schwengel, 1943 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Daphnella macgintyi* Poirier, 1954 | |


title: Aygünlü

abstract: Aygünlü is a village and municipality in the Shabran Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,055.

text:
# Aygünlü

**Aygünlü** (also, **Aygyunli**, **Gonchi**, and **Mollakamalli**) is a village and municipality in the Shabran Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,055.

## InfoBox

| Aygünlü | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aygünlü | |
| Coordinates: 41°17′58″N 48°51′26″E / 41.29944°N 48.85722°E / 41.29944; 48.85722 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Shabran |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.04 km2 (2.72 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,055 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |
| Area code | AZ1721 |


title: Armadillidium jerrentrupi

abstract: Armadillidium jerrentrupi is a European species of woodlouse endemic to Greece. It is a relatively medium-sized species that probably belongs to the so-called "Armadillidium fossuligerum complex".

text:
# Armadillidium jerrentrupi

***Armadillidium jerrentrupi*** is a European species of woodlouse endemic to Greece. It is a relatively medium-sized species that probably belongs to the so-called "*Armadillidium fossuligerum* complex".

## Taxonomy

*Armadilliidum jerrentrupi* was described as a distinct species of Armadillidium in 2008, based on specimens collected as far back as 1990. The species is also thought to belong to the "*Armadillidium fossuligerum* complex", a group of 4 species (*A. jerenntrupi*, *A. fossuligerum* sensu lato, *A. petralonense* and *A. pieperi*) that occur in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula (mainly Greece and the adjacent areas of North Macedonia and Bulgaria). It can be separated from the latter two species by the shape of the telson (truncate instead of pointed) and from the allopatric, but extremely variable, *A. fossuligerum* sensu lato by the different coloration, the more slender secondary antennae, the ventral shape of the ischium of the seventh pereiopod of the male (concave in *A. fossuligerum* sensu lato vs straight in *A. jerrentrupi*) and the longer uropod-exopodites.

## Description

*Armadillidium jerrentrupi* is a medium-sized species, reaching maximum dimensions of about 17 x 7.3 mm. Its tergites are completely smooth. Two color morphs have been described: at the western part of its distribution, the specimens are uniformly dark grey, but at the eastern part, the epimera and hind margins of the tergites are yellowish. The frontal shield surpasses the anterior edge of the head, has a nearly straight upper margin and bears obliquely-rounded lateral angles. The secondary antennae have semicircular lobes and the two articles of the flagellum are more or less equal in length. The hind margins of the first pair of epimera have pronounced angles. The telson is conspicuously longer than wide, has nearly straight sides and a broadly truncated tip.

Concerning the sexual characters of the male, the first pereiopod has a brush of short spines on the carpus and the ischium of the seventh pereiopod is ventrally straight and decorated with a hair field at its apical part. The posterior lobe of the exopodite of the first pleopod is short and triangular and the apex of the endopodite is straight .

## Distribution

*Armadillidium jerrentrupi* is endemic to the Greek regional units of Kavala and Xanthi, in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. Specifically, all the known specimens have been collected in the area of the lower Nestos river system.

## Ecology

*Armadillidium jerrentrupi* has been found in three types of habitat: mixed forests, maquis shrublands and mixed maquis-*Castanea* forests.

## InfoBox

| *Armadillidium jerrentrupi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Suborder: | Oniscidea |
| Family: | Armadillidiidae |
| Genus: | *Armadillidium* |
| Species: | ***A. jerrentrupi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Armadillidium jerrentrupi***<br>Schmalfuss, 2008 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution of *Armadillidium jerrentrupi* (in red) | |


abstract: The 1979 Bendel State gubernatorial election occurred on July 28, 1979. UPN's Ambrose Alli won election for a first term to become Bendel State's first executive governor leading and defeating main opposition in the contest.

text:
# 1979 Bendel State gubernatorial election

The **1979 Bendel State gubernatorial election** occurred on July 28, 1979. UPN's Ambrose Alli won election for a first term to become Bendel State's first executive governor leading and defeating main opposition in the contest.

## Electoral system

The Governor of Bendel State is elected using the plurality voting system.

## Results

There were five political parties registered by the Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO) participated in the elections. Ambrose Folorunsho Alli of the NPN won the contest by polling the highest votes.

| Candidate | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Ambrose Folorunsho Alli | Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) |
|  | National Party of Nigeria (NPN) |
| Total | | |
|  | | |
| Source: Africa Spectrum | | |

## InfoBox

1979 Bendel State gubernatorial election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee Ambrose Folorunsho Alli    Party UPN | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
Abubakar Waziri
Nigerian military junta **Elected Governor**
Ambrose Folorunsho Alli
UPN | |


title: Arubolana

abstract: Arubolana is a genus of isopods in the family Cirolanidae. The species of the genus are entirely adapted to living subterraneanly.

text:
# Arubolana

***Arubolana*** is a genus of isopods in the family Cirolanidae. The species of the genus are entirely adapted to living subterraneanly.

## Species

*Arubolana* contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Arubolana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Isopoda |
| Family: | Cirolanidae |
| Genus: | *Arubolana*
Botosaneanu & Stock, 1979 |
|
| Type species | |
| Arubolana imula
 | |


title: FC Meshakhte Tkibuli

abstract: FC Meshakhte is a Georgian association football club based in Tkibuli. Since the 2018 season the club has been a member of Liga 3, the third tier of Georgian football.

text:
# FC Meshakhte Tkibuli

**FC Meshakhte** (*Georgian*: საფეხბურთო კლუბი მეშახტე) is a Georgian association football club based in Tkibuli. Since the 2018 season the club has been a member of Liga 3, the third tier of Georgian football.

## History

Meshakhte participated in the Georgian Soviet league and twice, in 1980 and 1981, became champions. In 1964 and 1976 they also won the domestic Cup.

The club spent 13 seasons in the Soviet third division with the following combined results:

| M | W | D | L | GF–GA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 303 | 127 | 60 | 116 | 414-399 |

The success of the club was attributed to the large coal mine industry based in Tkibuli which financed the local football as well.

First years after Georgian national league was formed, the club played in the second division. Between 1991 and 1996 they three times finished third and once, in 1997, came 2nd. Starting from 2005, Meshakhte spent thirteen consecutive seasons in Pirveli Liga.

The 3rd place taken in Group White in 2016 has been the best result achieved in the recent period. But the next season turned out troublesome. The team produced a seventeen-game unwinning run. Three points earned in the last round saved the club from automatic relegation, although a home-and-away play-off tie ended unfavourably.

After two years in Liga 3 Meshakhte, struggling the whole season, finished at the bottom in 2020. However, they avoided another relegation due to some changes, introduced in late January 2021, which increased the number of clubs in this league.

In 2022, Meshakhte took part in a long survival battle, but they lost a crucial game and ended up in the drop zone. Nevertheless, this time due to disqualification of another club, the Miners retained their place in this division.

In June 2024, 70% of the club's share was put up for auction. As a result, *Okriba Meshakhte Ltd* took over the management with the rest of the share remaining in municipal property.

## Seasons

| Year | League | Pos | P | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005/06 | Pirveli Liga | **13**/18 | 34 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 38 | 40 | 42 |
| 2006/07 | | **9**/18 | 34 | 15 | 6 | 13 | 53 | 40 | 51 |
| 2007/08 | | **2**/10 | 27 | 14 | 2 | 11 | 39 | 41 | 44 |
| 2008/09 | | **11**/11 | 30 | 4 | 4 | 22 | 20 | 61 | 16 |
| 2009/10 | | **12**/15 | 28 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 36 | 68 | 25 |
| 2010/11 | | **10**/17 | 32 | 10 | 5 | 17 | 32 | 48 | 35 |
| 2011/12 | Pirveli Liga | **10**/10 | 18 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 33 | 10 |
| | B Group | **4**/8 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 35 | 32 | 30 |
| 2012/13 | Pirveli Liga Group A | **5**/12 | 33 | 13 | 6 | 14 | 42 | 66 | 45 |
| 2013/14 | Pirveli Liga Group A | **7**/13 | 24 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 37 | 38 | 32 |
| 2014/15 | Pirveli Liga Group B | **7**/10 | 36 | 14 | 5 | 17 | 57 | 55 | 47 |
| 2015/16 | Pirveli Liga | **11**/18 | 34 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 28 | 31 | 42 |
| 2016 | Pirveli Liga Group White | **3**/9 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 25 | 12 | 29 |
| 2017 | Erovnuli Liga 2 | **9**/10 | 36 | 7 | 6 | 23 | 33 | 75 | 27 |
| 2018 | Liga 3 | **8**/20 | 38 | 17 | 6 | 15 | 59 | 54 | 57 |
| 2019 | | **8**/10 | 36 | 11 | 6 | 19 | 43 | 55 | 39 |
| 2020 | | **10**/10 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 10 | 45 | 6 |
| 2021 | | **10**/14 | 26 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 31 | 45 | 30 |
| 2022 | | **14**/16 | 30 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 35 | 39 | 35 |
| 2023 | | **5**/16 | 30 | 15 | 10 | 5 | 49 | 24 | 55 |

## Players

*As of 13 March 2024*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  GEO Levan Tkeshelashvili  2 DF  GEO Irakli Badzagua  3 DF  GEO Nikoloz Kenchadze  4 DF  GEO Saba Sidamonidze  6 MF  CMR Fabian King  7 MF  GEO Beka Verulidze  8 DF  GEO Nika Toklikishili  9 FW  GEO Davit Ebralidze  10 MF  GEO Iago Deisadze (C)  11 MF  GEO Giga Guldedava  12 MF  GEO Giorgi Balarjishvili  13 DF  GEO Guga Merlani  14 MF  GEO Mirian Jikia | No. Pos. Nation Player  15 DF  GEO Tato-Giorgi Tatunashvili  17 MF  GEO Sandro Melikishvili  18 MF  GEO Saba Somkhishvili  21 MF  GEO Zaza Gugeshashvili  22 DF  GEO Davit Todua  23 GK  UKR Zaur Makharadze  24 GK  GEO Shota Nadiradze  25 DF  NGA Momoh Oduduwa  27 MF  GEO Giorgi Burduli  30 MF  GEO Dimitri Ghurtskaia  33 FW  GEO Luka Dolidze  36 MF  NGA Shola Olukoya  DF  GEO Vakhtang Kapanadze |
| --- | --- |

## Stadium

When the central stadium was opened in 1968, initially it was 17,000-seater in a city with almost 23,000 residents. It is currently able to hold 6,000 spectators.

## Honours

## Name

In 1991, the club took part in the second division as *Okriba* only to regain the current name the next season.

*Meshakhte* literally means a miner. The name comes from *shakhta* which can be translated as a shaft in coal mine industry.

## InfoBox

FC Meshakhte
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Meshakhte Tkibuli |
| Founded | 1938 (1938) |
| Ground | Vladimer Bochorishvili stadium
Tkibuli, Georgia |
| Capacity | 6,000 |
| Chairman | Levan Japaridze |
| Manager | Lado Burduli |
| League | Liga 3 |
| 2023 | 5th of 16 in Liga 3 |


title: Ferrari V6 F1 engine

abstract: Ferrari made four naturally-aspirated V6 racing engines designed for Formula One; between 1958 and 1966. The Formula One regulations for 1954–1960 limited naturally aspirated engines to 2500 cc, and for the 1958 season, there was a change from alcohol fuels to avgas. The 246 F1 used a 2,417.34 cc Dino V6 engine with a 65° angle between the cylinder banks. The power output was 280 PS at 8500 rpm. This was the first use of a V6 engine in a Formula One car, but otherwise the 246 F1 was a conventional front-engine design. The Ferrari 246 F1 was good enough to win a World Championship for Mike Hawthorn and a second place in the Constructors' Championship for Ferrari. The Ferrari 246 F1 was not only the first V6-engined car to win a Formula One Grand Prix, the French Grand Prix at Reims in 1958, it was also the last front-engined car to win a Formula One Grand Prix. This occurred at the 1960 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, where the major British teams boycotted the race. In 1959, to make full use of the allowed capacity regulations, Ferrari enlarged the bore of the Dino V6 engine of the 246 F1 car by 1 mm to 86 mm. This allowed the total displacement to rise to 2,474.54 cc (151 cu in). The resulting power output was now 295 PS at 8600 rpm. The new car also received disc brakes as standard and a five-speed gearbox. Only Tony Brooks raced this model but he was outpaced by the mid-engined British cars. He still won in the French and German Grands Prix. In 1960, the Ferrari 246 designation was also used for the first mid-/rear-engined Ferrari, the 246 P Formula One car, and then again in 1966 for Ferrari's first three-litre era Formula One car. Ferrari started the season with a 65-degree Dino engine, then replaced by a new engine with the V-angle increased to 120-degrees and designed by Carlo Chiti. A V-6 engine with 120-degree bank is smoother at producing power because every 120-degree rotation of engine crankshaft produces a power pulse. This change increased the power by 7 kW (10 hp). Bore and stroke were 73.0 mm × 58.8 mm with a displacement of 1,476.60 cc (90.108 cu in) and a claimed 140 kW (188 hp) at 9500 rpm. For 1962, a 24-valve version was planned with 147 kW (197 hp) at 10,000 rpm, but never appeared.

text:
# Ferrari V6 F1 engine

Ferrari made four naturally-aspirated V6 racing engines designed for Formula One; between 1958 and 1966. The Formula One regulations for 1954–1960 limited naturally aspirated engines to 2500 cc, and for the 1958 season, there was a change from alcohol fuels to avgas. The 246 F1 used a 2,417.34 cc (2.4 L; 147.5 cu in) *Dino* V6 engine with a 65° angle between the cylinder banks. The power output was 280 PS (206 kW; 276 hp) at 8500 rpm. This was the first use of a V6 engine in a Formula One car, but otherwise the 246 F1 was a conventional front-engine design. The Ferrari 246 F1 was good enough to win a World Championship for Mike Hawthorn and a second place in the Constructors' Championship for Ferrari.

The Ferrari 246 F1 was not only the first V6-engined car to win a Formula One Grand Prix, the French Grand Prix at Reims in 1958, it was also the last front-engined car to win a Formula One Grand Prix. This occurred at the 1960 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, where the major British teams boycotted the race.

In 1959, to make full use of the allowed capacity regulations, Ferrari enlarged the bore of the Dino V6 engine of the 246 F1 car by 1 mm to 86 mm. This allowed the total displacement to rise to 2,474.54 cc (151 cu in). The resulting power output was now 295 PS (217 kW; 291 hp) at 8600 rpm. The new car also received disc brakes as standard and a five-speed gearbox. Only Tony Brooks raced this model but he was outpaced by the mid-engined British cars. He still won in the French and German Grands Prix.

In 1960, the Ferrari 246 designation was also used for the first mid-/rear-engined Ferrari, the 246 P Formula One car (using same Dino V6 engine of 2,417.34 cc (148 cu in)), and then again in 1966 for Ferrari's first three-litre era Formula One car.

Ferrari started the season with a 65-degree Dino engine, then replaced by a new engine with the V-angle increased to 120-degrees and designed by Carlo Chiti. A V-6 engine with 120-degree bank is smoother at producing power because every 120-degree rotation of engine crankshaft produces a power pulse. This change increased the power by 7 kW (10 hp). Bore and stroke were 73.0 mm × 58.8 mm (2.87 in × 2.31 in) with a displacement of 1,476.60 cc (90.108 cu in) and a claimed 140 kW (188 hp) at 9500 rpm. For 1962, a 24-valve version was planned with 147 kW (197 hp) at 10,000 rpm, but never appeared.

## 65°

Ferrari designers began work on the first Dino V6 engine in 1956 and the engine was running by the end of the year. The engine displaced 1,489 cc (1.5 L; 90.9 cu in). This engine was installed in the Dino 156 F2 car and was first raced in the Grand Prix of Naples in April 1957, where it finished in third place behind two Lancia-Ferrari V8 Formula One cars.

The result of the trio's creativity was the world's only 65° V6 engine. The extra 5° between cylinder banks gave Ferrari the straight intakes he wanted. As this engine was not a true V6 but had a separate crankpin for every connecting rod, the crankpins were offset by 55 degrees within every pair of cylinders. This ensured an even firing order for the complete engine as well as an even distance between firing pulses per cylinder bank. Thus the engine was as smooth running as a conventional 60-degree V6, but had greatly enhanced potential for the design of harmonically balanced exhaust manifolds, giving much better performance. Although the Dino V6 was discontinued with the introduction of the V8, the 65° design continues to this day: It reappeared on Ferrari's 1992 456 V12.

The 85 mm × 71 mm (3.35 in × 2.80 in) 2,417 cc (2.4 L; 147.5 cu in) engine used in the 246 S produced 280 PS (276 bhp; 206 kW) with dual overhead camshafts pushing two valves per cylinder. The rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout 1961 Ferrari 246 SP used this same engine, as did the 246 P F1.

## Applications

## InfoBox

| *Dino 246* 2.4 L V6 engine
*Dino 156* 1.5 L V6 engine
*Tipo 228* 2.4 L V6 engine | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Ferrari |
| Production | 19581966 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | 65° V6 |
| Displacement | 1.5 L (1,476 cc)
2.4 L (2,417 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 73 mm (2.9 in)
85 mm (3.3 in) |
| Piston stroke | 58.8 mm (2.3 in)
71 mm (2.8 in) |
| Compression ratio | 9.8:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Carburetor |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 185–295 hp (138–220 kW; 188–299 PS) |
| Torque output | 102.5–187 lb⋅ft (139–254 N⋅m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Dry weight | 135 kg (298 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Ferrari turbocharged V6 F1 engine (1981-1988) |


title: Audience scanning

abstract: Audience scanning is when a laser lighting display is directed towards its audience. Although this is preferred for many laser effects such as tunnels, it is potentially dangerous due to the high levels of laser radiation exposed to the eyes of audience members. Laser effects involving audience scanning are created by scanning the beam very rapidly across the audience, ensuring that the net exposure to any one eye is very small. Should the scanning mechanism fail, however, it is possible to expose people to laser light at levels that may produce eye injury.

text:
# Audience scanning

**Audience scanning** (sometimes called **crowd scanning**) is when a laser lighting display is directed towards its audience. Although this is preferred for many laser effects such as tunnels, it is potentially dangerous due to the high levels of laser radiation exposed to the eyes of audience members.

Laser effects involving audience scanning are created by scanning the beam very rapidly across the audience, ensuring that the net exposure to any one eye is very small. Should the scanning mechanism fail, however, it is possible to expose people to laser light at levels that may produce eye injury.

## Legality and regulation

International legislation concerning the legality of audience scanning varies greatly. The biggest point of contention is the method of calculating the level of exposure actually received. The MPE (maximum permissible exposure) is essentially the same throughout the world, but some countries are far more conservative in their estimations of the amount of light received by the eye. Audience scanning is not widely practiced in the United States; it is far more accepted in the United Kingdom, despite having been stopped for a period, and in the rest of Europe.

## Laser injury reports

The lasers used for many laser displays have energy levels that can exceed the MPE within a few tens of microseconds. Measurement and calculation techniques both show that the beam durations that audience members are routinely subjected would indicate that the MPE is being exceeded, often by a significant factor. Yet reported injuries from medical reports, and even anecdotal reports are rare.

For example, a 1996 study commissioned by a lasershow related company tried to find worldwide reports of audience scanning injuries at any time during the then-20 years of laser light shows. As reported in a 1997 paper presented at the International Laser Safety Conference, the study found only five accidents (claimed injuries) and two incidents (potential injury). Accounting for an estimated 90% under-reporting factor, the ILSC paper estimated that there were roughly 70 injuries per decade — a relatively small number considering the total number of concert-goers and disco patrons exposed to laser light, some night after night.

## Audience scanning calculations

In making safety calculations for audience scanning, there are two steps. The first is to determine the static laser beam parameters, such as laser power, divergence, audience distance etc. The result will give the irradiance, MPE, Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD), and other safety-related characteristics for a fixed beam at the closest point of audience access. This is the "worst case".

The second step is to calculate the effect of scanning this fixed beam. As the beam passes one or more times over the eye, it creates one or more pulses. Thus, single- and multiple-pulse MPEs come into play. For simple, repeated scan patterns, it is possible to calculate the maximum possible exposure, by looking at the location (such as an edge) where the beam is moving slowest (longest dwell time).

But for a laser show, where there are many different scan patterns, it is nearly impossible to calculate the "worst case" location for viewing the show. This is where making multiple measurements of the show can help.

Doing measurements requires caution in using the proper type of instruments, and in correctly setting up and interpreting the measurements. There is no single right answer, since a detector could "pass" the show in one location but "fail" it in another. Taking measurements at a number of different locations—say 10 or 20—can give a general indication as to the show's intensity.

There are a few commercial systems available which help with audience scanning calculations and measurements. One software program is available in a free "Lite" version which can be used to determine basic beam parameters, and worst-case static beam and single pulse calculations.

## ILDA Audience Scanning Guidelines

In November 1998, a panel of safety experts and laser operators, convened by the International Laser Display Association, issued a joint statement regarding audience scanning. It included guidelines and a cautionary statement.

> "No system or test can absolutely guarantee eye safety when deliberately scanning the audience. You should use accepted instruments and practices to check the questionable parts of your show. The following tips are general ways to make your show safer through good design practices, and if accepted instruments are not available at your show site."

"July 5, 2008 Russian accident", International Laser Display Association, statement on audience scanning accident.

"A Risk Assessment Methodology for the Use of Lasers in the Entertainment Industry", PhD thesis of John O'Hagan of the U.K. Health Protection Agency. See especially section 5.5, Scanned Laser Beams, starting at PDF page 7 (printed page 53)