title: Deutsche Jägerschaft

abstract: Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft was the official hunting society in Nazi Germany, 1934–1945. Membership was mandatory for all who possessed a hunting license.

text:
# Deutsche Jägerschaft

**Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft** (German Hunting Society) was the official hunting society in Nazi Germany, 1934–1945. Membership was mandatory for all who possessed a hunting license.

## Origin

The *Deutsche Jägerschaft* was created through the *Reichsjagdgesetz* (National Hunting Act) of 1934. Existing hunting societies were disbanded and the membership transferred to the new society.

## Mission

* Educate the hunting community to practice an ethical hunting culture.
* Preserve the wildlife population unchanged to the benefit of future generations.
* Jews were excluded from membership even if they owned hunting grounds.

## Organization

The *Deutsche Jägerschaft* was a statutory corporation with mandatory membership for all who possessed a hunting license. The membership was in hunting matters subordinate to the jurisdiction of the *Deutsche Jägerschaft* through its system of honorary courts. *Deutsche Jägerschaft* was led by Hermann Göring, as *Reichsjägermeister*, and was governed by the *Führerprinciple*. Elected officials did not exist; all functionaries were appointed by their superiors in the internal chain of command. Goring's deputy and leader of the daily work was Walter von Keudell until 1937. Administrative leader was *Oberstjägermeister* Ulrich Scherping.

"Deutsche Jägerschaft" was organized in a number of *Jagdgaus*. Some *Länder* had a *Landesjägermeister* as leader of the *Gaujägermeisters.* Each *Jagdgau* contained a number of *Jagdkreise* under a *Kreisjägermeister*. Each *Jagdkreis* had a number of *Hegeringen* (Game Management Areas) under a *Hegeringsleiter*. Thüringen, for instance, formed a *Jagdgau* with 15 *Jagdkreise* that were state wildlife agencies. The *Institute für Jagdkunde* (Hunting Science Institute) and the *Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Handfeuerwaffen* (German Research Station for Small Arms) also came under the *Deutsche Jägerschaft*.

## Rank structure

* *Reichsjägermeister* Göring
* *Oberstjägermeister* Ulrich Scherping
* *Landesjägermeister*
* *Gaujägermeister*
* *Oberjägermeister*
* *Stabsjägermeister* by *Landesjägermeister*/*Jägermeister* by *Reichsjägermeister*
* *Kreisjägermeister*
* *Stabsjägermeister* by *Gaujägermeister*/*Jägermeister* by *Landesjägermeister*
* *Hegeringsleiter*

Source:

## Dissolution

The Allied Powers dissolved the *Deutsche Jägerschaft* in 1945, and its assets and properties were confiscated.

## Flags

Source:

## InfoBox

Deutsche Jägerschaft
|
|  |
| Formation | 1934 |
| Founder | Hermann Göring |
| Dissolved | 1945 |
| Legal status | Statutory corporation |
| Purpose | Improve hunting culture<br>Propagate Nazi ideology |
| Headquarters | Berlin |
| Membership | Mandatory |
| Reichsjägermeister | Hermann Göring |
| Oberstjägermeister | Ulrich Scherping |
| Main organ | *Der deutsche Jäger* |


title: Ackworth, West Yorkshire

abstract: Ackworth is a village and civil parish in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It stands between Pontefract, Barnsley and Doncaster on the River Went. It has four parts: High Ackworth, Low Ackworth, Ackworth Moor Top, and Brackenhill. The 2001 census gave it a population of 6,493, which rose to 7,049 at the 2011 census. There is also a city ward called Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton, with a 2011 census population of 16,099.

text:
# Ackworth, West Yorkshire

**Ackworth** is a village and civil parish in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It stands between Pontefract, Barnsley and Doncaster on the River Went. It has four parts: High Ackworth, Low Ackworth, Ackworth Moor Top, and Brackenhill. The 2001 census gave it a population of 6,493, which rose to 7,049 at the 2011 census. There is also a city ward called Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton, with a 2011 census population of 16,099.

## History

### Name

The name of the village may derive from one of two sources. The first is from the Anglo-Saxon words *ake* or *aken*, meaning oak, and *uurt*, equivalent to "worth", meaning an enclosure or homestead. The other possibility is from the Anglo-Saxon name *Acca*, to make Acca's worth or Acca's enclosure. Several place names in the area show that the Anglo-Saxons had influence. Words such as "worth" and also "tun", meaning an enclosure or farmstead, are found in local names such as Badsworth, Hemsworth and Wentworth, and Fryston and Allerton. The name Ackworth was first recorded in the *Domesday Book* of 1086 as *Aceuurde* and is thought it have been formalised as 'Ackworth' in the 1800s.

### Early history

The area around Ackworth may have been settled about 500–600 by settlers from modern-day Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands after the departure of the Romans from Britain. The Romans were active around Ackworth, the nearby town of Castleford being the location of Lagentium, a Roman fort. The A639 Roman road to York also runs close by; a Roman milestone was found near its junction with Sandy Gate Lane on the parish boundary with Pontefract. In terms of Christianity, the first church may have appeared in Ackworth between 750 and 800, a well-established tradition being that the monks of Lindisfarne, escaping the Norse invasion, stopped there about 875, bringing with them the body of Saint Cuthbert. Evidence of Norse settlement can also be found locally in place names such as Thorpe Audlin and Grimethorpe, with the Norse term *thorpe* meaning a small settlement or a farm.

#### Domesday Book

The earliest mention of the village appears in the 1086 *Domesday Book*: "Manor in Ackworth. Erdulf & Osulf have six carucates of land to be taxed, where there might be five ploughs. Humphry now holds it of Ilbert. \[Humphry\] himself has there one plough and a half, and fourteen villains, and two boors. There is a Church there, and priest; one mill, of sixteen pence. Value in King Edward's time four pounds, now three pounds. *Domesday Book* 107. Land of Ilbert de Lacy" According to Domesday, Ilbert de Lacy was Lord of a manor able to employ five ploughs. His vassal was the Humphrey mentioned in the book, who himself owned one-and-a-half ploughs (about a quarter of the manor). The rest was divided between two farmers as Humphry's tenants. De Lacy was a Norman knight, who received land for services to William the Conqueror and built the first earth and timber motte and bailey castle in nearby Pontefract. Domesday suggests Ackworth was small – 14 villagers and two smallholders – but as only heads of families were counted, a likelier population would have been 30–40.

### Ackworth in the Middle Ages

Estate accounts for 1296 showed that Ackworth had developed by then. The Lord had 240 bondsmen working for him and the value of the mill had risen. Adam de Castleford had to pay 10 shillings (£0.5) rent for his land. His wife Isabella founded a Chapel of Our Lady in Ackworth Church in 1333. In 1341 the *Inquisitiones Nonarum* stated that the only inhabitants of Ackworth were working in agriculture. It has been speculated that the central village cross was erected by the Isabella de Castleford, who built the chapel in the church, which may date it around 1340. The cross itself was listed a grade II building in 1968, with a description as "late medieval", constructed as a "medieval shaft with a Tudor ball on top" and "prominently sited near junction with Pontefract road".

#### The Black Death and Plague

One reason given for erecting the cross was as a memorial to plague victims, possibly of the Black Death of 1349, which would have killed many. The Black Death reached Southern England in 1348 and by 1350 had killed a third of England's population. In nearby Pontefract it was estimated that 40 per cent of the population died. A reminder of how communities communicated and traded despite the plague remains in the Ackworth plague stone, although it is thought that it dates from a further plague outbreak in 1705. Standing at the junction of Sandy Gate Lane on the road into Pontefract, the stone too is a Grade II listed monument. Plague stones were "receptacles for sterilising coins in vinegar, normally at or close to parish boundaries." This suggests that the current location of the plague stone was the outer rim of the parish. The plague in 1645 was said to have killed 153, the bodies being buried in a "burial field... crossed by the footpath from Ackworth to Hundhill." The area had possibly been used for mass burial after a skirmish earlier in the year between Roundhead and Royalist forces during the English Civil War. The bubonic plague of 1645 was not confined to Ackworth: in Leeds over 1,300 people died, and a further 245 were thought to have died "in and around the Wakefield area". One theory was that it had been brought in by civil-war soldiers. Another version was retold by Henry Thompson in *A History of Ackworth School in its first 100 years*. A well-loved monk went to Rome and became "smitten by the plague and died". The monk, from the priory at Nostell would preach at the medieval cross in the centre of the village and was described as a "noble soul with a kindly heart", admired by young and old alike. After succumbing to the plague in Rome, his body was returned and passed through Ackworth, where "nothing could satisfy the ignorant but faithful love of the old hearers" and the coffin was opened. The village was then stricken with plague and the stone on Castle Syke Hill became "for many months the only contact between them and the outside world". The book relates how "upon that stone the Ackworth purchaser dropped his money into a vessel of water, for which, a few hours afterwards, he found his return in merchandise." Of this the author comments, "We make no idle comment.... We tell the tale as it was told to us."

### Battles and conflicts

The area round Ackworth saw several important battles, such as the 1460 Battle of Wakefield and the 1461 Battle of Towton during the Wars of the Roses. In 1489, four years after the War of the Roses ended, the new King Henry Tudor levied a tax that sparked an uprising in parts of Yorkshire. Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, was sent to quash this after the Earl of Northumberland had been killed by the rebels. Howard subdued it and hanged the leaders in York. In 1492 a further uprising occurred in Ackworth, of which little is known except that Howard again subdued the insurgents. An earlier link could be made with the Battle of Winwaed in 655 between Penda of Mercia and Oswiu of Northumbria, King of Berenicia. This was mentioned by Bede, but the location of the battle is unknown. Options include Oswestry in Shropshire, Winwick in Lancashire, Whinmoor, north-east of Leeds, and between Wentbridge and Ackworth, where the A639, once a Roman road, crosses the River Went. The battle was pivotal, as Penda had been a powerful pagan king and the victory of the Christian Oswiu could be seen as effectively ending Anglo-Saxon paganism.

The area around Ackworth was a hotbed for dissent against the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII. A revolt led by Robert Aske, styled the Pilgrimage of Grace, was thought to have marched through Ackworth on its way to capture Pontefract Castle in 1536. The rebels were eventually defeated by an army sent by Henry, and its leaders hanged at Tyburn, including Sir Nicholas Tempest of Ackworth. The nearby Priory of St Oswald at Nostell was dissolved in 1540 and the land bought by Rowland Winn. During the English Civil War, the Ackworth area was strongly Royalist, with four divisions of volunteers raised from Pontefract and surrounding villages to garrison the castle. In 1645, Ackworth was occupied by Roundhead soldiers, who damaged the church and replaced the cross on top of the medieval cross in the centre of the village with the ball shape that still sits there.

The Ackworth Hoard is a hoard of 52 gold coins, 539 silver coins, and a gold posy ring found in a garden in Ackworth in April 2011. Thought to date from the Civil War period, it was declared treasure and was later acquired by Pontefract Museum.

Ackworth war memorial, opened in 1999, recalls the soldiers from Ackworth who died in the two world wars: 80 soldiers and 40 respectively.

### Religious history

#### The Church of St Cuthbert

The first recorded mention of a church in Ackworth appears in the 1086 *Domesday Book*: "There is a Church there, and priest." Before this, it is thought there had been a church in Ackworth from about 750. Ackworth is noted in the porch of a Durham church as one of the places where the body of St Cuthbert was taken by monks from Lindisfarne as they journeyed round the country with his body in 875–882. The Church of St Cuthbert in the centre of High Ackworth is believed to have been dedicated when the monks stopped on their pilgrimage. The original church is believed to have been replaced in the 14th century with a stone church and tower. The tower remains, but the church was renovated and restored in 1852–1854, when it is thought that the roof was lifted and additional windows added. All the present stained glass windows date from that time. The restoration followed a 1852 fire that damaged the nave and chapel. During the restoration, remains of an earlier Norman chapel were found. The church was declared a Grade II listed building in 1968.

#### Thomas Bradley

By the entrance to St Cuthbert's is a stone font with a Latin inscription that translates: "Thomas Bradley D. D. Rector. H. A. and T. C., Churchwardens. This font, thrown down in the war of the Fanatics, was set up again in the year 1663." Thomas Bradley was chaplain to Charles I of England and supposedly attended him at his execution in 1649. Bradley was given the living of Castleford and Ackworth by the King, but under the Commonwealth of England it was taken over by Thomas Birkbeck and H. Moorhouse. Bradley sided with the Royalists in the English Civil War and is recorded as part of Sir George Wentworth's division in the garrison of Pontefract Castle. The castle survived three successive sieges before Oliver Cromwell set up headquarters at Knottingley and bombarded it. It was the last Royalist stronghold to surrender, on 24 March 1649, two months after the beheading of Charles I. During the Commonwealth period it was reported that Bradley "suffered intensively"; his house was looted and "himself, his lady, and all his children turned out of doors to seek their bread in desolate places." A library entrusted to a John Lake of Castleford was "betrayed into the hands of his enemies." After the 1660 Restoration, the living was restored to him and Thomas Birkbeck in turn ejected from the Rectory. In 1666 Bradley built two almshouses for poor women on the village green. He died on 10 October 1673.

### Village history

#### Ackworth School and the Society of Friends

In *A History of Ackworth School* (1853), Ackworth was called a "neat agricultural village, situate about three miles from Pontefract, and closely bordering on the great Yorkshire manufactories." The book underlines its location: "It is so completely removed from any great line of road, either of the old system or the new, that but for the world-wide celebrity it has obtained from the Society of Friends from its association with their school, it is probable that, at least as it regards them, it would have slumbered in undisturbed repose amidst the well cultivated lands by which it is surrounded."

The school was opened by John Fothergill, described in the book as an "eminent physician of London and a man of much influence in the Society of Friends". Originally built as a branch of the Foundling Hospital in London, work started in 1757 and cost about £13,000. The governors of the "Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children" had already established branches in Shrewsbury, Chester and Westerham. Their move to Ackworth was in view of the "great advantages from having one amongst the active and enterprising people of the northern counties." The hospital eventually closed in 1773 and remained empty for several years, during which time it seems to have avoided being turned into a "lunatic asylum" or "being sold and taken down for the materials." It was on hearing that the building may be "disposed of" that Fothergill bought it along with 85 acres of surrounding lands for £7,000. This purchase in 1777 was fully approved by the Society of Friends in 1778 and the school set up in 1779. Fothergill died in 1780, by which time 80 girls and 150 boys were being taught there.

##### The Foundling Hospital

Of its time as a foundling hospital, *A History of Ackworth School* paints an unflattering picture, in which "disease and death carried off great numbers annually," due to "starvation, and even murder, on the part of nurses who had the care of the infants, and of masters to whom the elder children were apprenticed." This "added to the mortality and, though the evidence is abundant of the untiring efforts of the directors to care for the children whilst in the hospital, and to protect their rights when they were apprenticed, evils and oppressions, unnumbered and insurmountable, paralyzed their exertions and the establishment was given up." Children were sent to Ackworth from London and other areas in which there was a branch of the hospital, with the children made to work, as "idleness was the parent of vice," or so it was seen by the governors. In 1759 a "woollen manufactory" was established at the hospital, with children spinning and weaving a cloth that soon became in demand, so much so that in 1762 profits were a significant £500. Meanwhile, other children worked on the farm, and all were taught to mend their own clothes. Whilst at the hospital, attempts were made to place the children as "apprentices" with business owners in the local area. At times the demand for apprentices was so high that the steward of the hospital, John Hargreaves, wrote to the London board asking for more children to be sent. The high demand for apprentices in turn led to checks on those taking the apprentices being relaxed, despite the instruction to ensure that all applicants for apprentices should be tested for suitability. As the demand grew and checks became rarer, "men unsuitable for the trust" were able to obtain credentials and then "treat the children they obtained on the strength of them, with little short of barbarity, and in more than one case murderous cruelty." Some children would be apprenticed as young as 6 and 7 until they reached 24, although in 1768 this changed to 21.

##### John Fothergill

After the foundling hospital closed in 1773, John Fothergill, who had arranged the purchase in 1777, turned the building into a school for the Society of Friends. Fothergill, a prominent Quaker born in Wensleydale, educated at Sedbergh School and apprenticed as an apothecary in Bradford. He studied medicine in Edinburgh, graduating in 1736 before moving to London to set up a practice. He was a keen botanist and developed an extensive garden at his home at Rooke Hall in Upton. A selection of some 2,000 sketches of his flowers and plants were sold after his death and eventually became the property of the Empress of Russia. Fothergill was a contemporary of Benjamin Franklin and took an interest in relations between England and the American Colonies, which were on the verge of war at the time. He had helped establish schools in New York and Philadelphia, and though never visiting the colonies, often saw patients crossing the Atlantic to seek his advice as a physician. His relation with Franklin was formed as Franklin visited Europe to try to find a settlement between the two countries. Fothergill wrote a paper on how the two sides might agree, and this was accepted by Franklin, but rejected by the British government. Fothergill intended Ackworth School to be a "boarding school for the education of children whose parents were not rich." He took a great interest in the running it, often travelling from London to serve on the committee and help with expenses, before his death in 1780. A hall built at the school in 1899 with seating for 400 people was named Fothergill Hall.

## Geography

At 53°30′0″N 1°20′0.8″W / 53.50000°N 1.333556°W / 53.50000; -1.333556 Ackworth is bounded by the City of Wakefield to the west, Pontefract to the north, with the villages of Thorpe Audlin and Kirk Smeaton to the east and Hemsworth to the south. The small River Went cuts through the village, as do the main A638 Doncaster to Wakefield road and the A628 from Barnsley to Pontefract. The underlying geology round High Ackworth consists of grey mud and silt stones associated with the Bolsovian series of rocks from the Upper Carboniferous period. An archaeological survey in 2008 described the soils as "well developed based on a pale orange silty clay natural probably glacially developed outwash upon which has developed a pale grey silty clay subsoil and a silty loam topsoil."

## Demography

The census of 2001 counted a population of 6,364 – 49.2 per cent male, 50.8 per cent female. The census statistics compared Ackworth with the rest of the Wakefield district and with the rest of England. In ethnicity, 97.7 per cent classified themselves as "white" – much higher than the national average of 90.9 per cent. In religion, 79.2 per cent of people classified themselves as "Christian" (national average: 71.7 per cent) and 11 per cent as of "no religion" (national average 14.6 per cent and district average of 11.7 per cent). The proportion of "economically active", at 67.8 per cent, was higher than that of the Wakefield district (64.3 per cent) and the national average (66.9 per cent). Educationally, the figure of 21.5 per cent for those with a degree-level qualification or higher was significantly higher than the 12.5 per cent for the rest of the Wakefield district (national average: 19.9 per cent).

| Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1951 | 1961 | 2001 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 1,432 | 1,322 | 1,575 | 1,660 | 1,828 | 1,835 | 2,222 | 2,647 | 3,394 | 4,183 | 4,831 | 4,370 | 4,360 | 4,089 | 6,364 |
|

## Economy

### Agriculture

Agriculture played an important role in developing the Ackworth area from the times it was first settled. Other place names in the area indicate that farming was a key feature in areas around Ackworth such as Badsworth and Hemsworth. Norse place names also indicate that this continued into the period of Scandinavian settlement, when places appeared with the name "thorpe", meaning a small homestead or a farm. Domesday noted that Ackworth had a mill and that the land could employ five ploughs. Accounts from 1296 show the mill as still important to the community, as its value had gone up. In 1341 the 'Inquisitiones Nonarum' noted that the only people living in Ackworth were those working in agriculture. The census of 1831 showed "agricultural labourer" as the commonest occupation, with a total of 100 men over the age of 20 employed in it. The second most populous was "retail and handicrafts" with 90 employees. There were 29 people classed as "farmers employing labourers" and 13 as "farmers not employing labourers". In the 1881 census, agriculture was still the second commonest employment in the area: 106 men and 1 woman. The commonest by this time for men was "workers in various mineral substances", and for women "domestic services or offices".

### Stone quarrying

Quarrying was also important around the areas of Moor Top and Brackenhill. There was a long tradition of quarrying and masonry, and the production of building stone and high-quality grindstones used in agriculture and tool-making. Saywell (1894) describes Brackenhill as "almost entirely inhabited by stoneworkers" and Moor Top consisting of "several good houses, the rest are the cottages of miners and quarryworkers". Saywell describes "extensive quarrying" in the south and south-west of the Ackworth area, with stone running "near the surface" in many areas. He calls Ackworth stone "good, but in places... exceptionally soft and unfit for building purposes, which accounts for so many faults". The 1848 *Topographical History of Great Britain* notes "extensive quarries" of stone found in Moor Top, with an abundant supply of "freestone of excellent quality".

The first stone quarry was said to have been opened by John Askew, whose initials supposedly appear on the lintel of the *Masons Arms*, a pub in Moor Top, one of the parish's oldest buildings. Green, in his 1910 *Historical Antiquities of Ackworth*, states that quarrying was carried out as early as 1611. In 1927 Kelly's directory of the West Riding confirmed that quarrying was still going strong and hinted that the stone was received by a global market: "At Moor Top and Brackenhill are several large quarries, from which great quantities of stone are sent to all parts of England and abroad." Brackenhill was still described as a place where men employed by the stone quarries dwelt, alongside those working in the Hemsworth colliery. The working men's club and institute in Moor Top was built in 1907 at a stated cost of £1,750.

### Coal mining

Saywell (1894) notes that "coal abounds in the vicinity" and tells how in 1860, an experimental bore of 153 feet was drilled in Long Lane, but coal was "not reached". However, "rich veins of iron are known to exist, at certain points, especially in Low Ackworth, inasmuch as many of the natural water springs are strongly oxidised." Picturing Ackworth in 50 years' time, he surmised that "it is not a too great stretch of imagination to \[say\] the picturesque village of Ackworth will have become one of the busiest mining centres of the West Riding of Yorkshire."

#### Hemsworth Colliery

Hemsworth Colliery, sunk in 1876, was initially called Fitzwilliam Main. By 1879 the pit employed over 300 men and boys, who travelled there from Kinsley, Hemsworth, Ackworth and Crofton. In 1879 an explosion killed five people, including three from Brackenhill. The *Wakefield Express* described how one of the men, John Mann, said he suffered a "compound fracture of the skull and also a scalp wound, his right arm had been fractured, and he was burnt in a shocking manner on the head, face, chest and back." It added that "the poor fellow expired about nine o'clock the same night." After the disaster, the colliery was taken over by the Hemsworth Colliery Coal Company in 1880, went into liquidation in 1890, and was in turn bought by a New Hemsworth Colliery Coal Company. In 1904 this became Fitzwilliam-Hemsworth Collieries and in 1907 just Hemsworth Colliery. Kelly's directory of 1927 noted that the area of Brackenhill was "inhabited chiefly by the men employed in the stone quarries and the Hemsworth colliery." A colliery was also sunk in Ackworth around 1910–1912.

## Transport

The village sits astride two main roads, the A638 between Wakefield and Doncaster and the A628 between Barnsley and Pontefract. *The Angel* pub and the *Boot & Shoe* were at one time stopping places for stage coaches as they made their way through the village, a route which would have taken them through Bell Lane, at one time a main thoroughfare, which even now has an old stone signpost at its junction.

### Rail services

Several railway stations once served the village, whose location in relation to them was given in 1927 as "3 miles from Hemsworth station on a branch line of the London and North Eastern railway from Doncaster to Wakefield, 3 miles south of Pontefract, 2 \[miles\] from the Featherstone station on the Wakefield and Goole branch of the Lancashire and Yorkshire railway, and 1 mile from Ackworth station on the Swinton and Knottingley branch of the London, Midland and Scottish and London and North Eastern railways." Ackworth Station was located in Low Ackworth, on the road to East Hardwick, and closed in 1951. There was also a goods station at Ackworth Moor Top opened by the Brackenhill Light Railway in 1914 and closed in 1962. It ran from Brackenhill Junction to Hemsworth Colliery and was mainly a goods service, running only 3¼ miles. The route can still be seen in places: the first mile from Brackenhill Junction to Cherry Tree Farm is used by railway maintenance road vehicles and the section from Mill Lane to Kinsley Common as a cycle path.

## Education

### Schools in Ackworth

Ackworth's schools include Ackworth School, a Quaker-run boarding school and day school for pupils aged 2–18. The three primary schools are Ackworth Mill Dam Junior and Infants, Bell Lane Junior and Infants and Ackworth Howard Church of England Junior and Infants school. 'Oakfield Park' is for students of 11–19 with learning difficulties.

| School | Type/Status | OfSTED |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ackworth School | Boarding School | SC041297 Archived 22 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine |
| Oakfield Park School | Community Special School | 133719 |
| Ackworth Mill Dam | Primary School | 130966 |
| Ackworth Howard | Primary School | 130977 |
| Bell Lane | Primary School | 130965 |

## Notable people

The Yorkshire and England fast bowler, Graham Stevenson, was born in Ackworth. John Gully, the pugilist, horseracer and Member of Parliament, is buried at High Ackworth in his private burial ground.

Luke Howard, amateur meteorologist and namer of clouds, lived at Ackworth Court. His daughter Rachel founded the Howard School, behind which is a Plymouth Brethren burial ground.

Theodore Kitching, Secretary to General William Booth and a Commissioner in The Salvation Army, was born in Ackworth in 1866.

After being evicted from a house owned in Berkshire, singer Dorothy Squires was asked to stay at the home of a local fan in the village, where she lived from 1988 until the host's death in 1995.

Dave Cooper and Graham Bilbrough, members of the 1970s TV and chart group Child, are residents of Ackworth.

1. There were many tales of cruelty to the apprentices after they were placed away from the hospital. In 1765 a Mr Brown of Leeds took 74 girls, all seven years old, and set them to work in his cloth business. Of the original 74, 22 died and an inspection revealed that the survivors were in a "dreadful condition of health", having to stand up all day, so much so that they had become weak in the hips, thighs and knees, meaning that they could only "with difficulty crawl over the floor". The sanitary arrangements were in a "shocking condition" and the sleeping arrangements "very unfit to refresh those weary limbs that have been kept the whole day to hard labour." The surviving children were returned to Ackworth. Another example was a tile smith from Sheffield indicted for murdering his apprentice, a boy named Nixon, yet found not guilty. In 1771 William Butterworth was accused of murdering one apprentice, Jemima Dixon, after treating them all in what was described as an "inhuman" way. *A History of Ackworth School during its first 100 years* describes this: "He had starved them within little short of their lives, had beaten their heads with shuttles, kicked them in the most brutal of all methods, and subjected the little murdered one to the most revolting punishments that an utterly malignant nature could devise."A History of Ackworth School during its first 100 years, chapter 1.

## InfoBox

| Ackworth | |
| --- | --- |
| The medieval cross in centre of High Ackworth | |
| AckworthLocation within West Yorkshire | |
| Population | 7,049 (2011 census) |
| OS grid reference | SE443176 |
| Civil parish | * Ackworth |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Pontefract |
| Postcode district | WF7 |
| Dialling code | 01977 |
|  | |
| Police | West Yorkshire |
| Fire | West Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Acla

abstract: Acla was a Spanish colonial town founded by order of the Governor of Castilla de Oro, Pedrarias Dávila, in 1515. It was located on the central coastline of the modern-day Guna Yala, to the northeast of Panamá. The town's name means bones of men in the indigenous language. The name comes from the large number of bones strewn about the nearby plains, which supposedly came from the conflicts between two indigenous brothers who fought to become chiefs of the region. The town was established principally to be the Caribbean anchor of a trail that was planned to lead to a future town on the Gulf of San Miguel on the Pacific Ocean, which had recently been discovered by Vasco Núñez de Balboa. This town is mostly famous because it was the site of the judgement and decapitation of Núñez de Balboa in 1519 at the hands of Governor Dávila. Due to the unhealthy nature of the climate and terrain surrounding the town, and especially after the founding of Panama City and Nombre de Dios a few months later, it was slowly abandoned until it was left totally deserted in 1532. However, a document from the General Archive of Indies documenting an Assault to the town of Acla dates back to May 31st, 1535.

text:
# Acla

**Acla** was a Spanish colonial town founded by order of the Governor of Castilla de Oro, Pedrarias Dávila, in 1515. It was located on the central coastline of the modern-day Guna Yala, to the northeast of Panamá. The town's name means *bones of men* in the indigenous language. The name comes from the large number of bones strewn about the nearby plains, which supposedly came from the conflicts between two indigenous brothers who fought to become chiefs of the region.

The town was established principally to be the Caribbean anchor of a trail that was planned to lead to a future town on the Gulf of San Miguel on the Pacific Ocean, which had recently been discovered by Vasco Núñez de Balboa. This town is mostly famous because it was the site of the judgement and decapitation of Núñez de Balboa in 1519 at the hands of Governor Dávila.

Due to the unhealthy nature of the climate and terrain surrounding the town, and especially after the founding of Panama City and Nombre de Dios a few months later, it was slowly abandoned until it was left totally deserted in 1532. However, a document from the General Archive of Indies (Archivo General de Indias) documenting an Assault to the town of Acla dates back to May 31st, 1535.

8°50′02.47″N 77°37′54.47″W / 8.8340194°N 77.6317972°W / 8.8340194; -77.6317972


title: Acutiramus

abstract: Acutiramus is a genus of giant predatory eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Acutiramus have been discovered in deposits of Late Silurian to Early Devonian age. Eight species have been described, five from North America and two from the Czech Republic. The generic name derives from Latin acuto and Latin ramus ("branch"), referring to the acute angle of the final tooth of the claws relative to the rest of the claw. Acutiramus is classified as part of the eurypterid family Pterygotidae, a family differentiated from other eurypterids by their flattened telsons and their modified chelicerae, ending in well-developed chelae (claws). Many pterygotid eurypterids, such as Jaekelopterus and Pterygotus, grew to gigantic proportions. Acutiramus was no exception, with the largest species, A. bohemicus, surpassing 2 metres in length. All species were not this large though, with some only reaching lengths of 20 centimetres (7.9 in). Other giant pterygotid eurypterids, such as Jaekelopterus and Pterygotus, were very visually acute in a similar way to modern predatory arthropods and possessed robust and crushing chelae. Studies on the compound eyes and chelicerae of Acutiramus has revealed that it would have had a comparably low visual acuity and claws adapted for slicing and shearing, rather than crushing. This suggests that the ecological role of Acutiramus was distinct from that of other pterygotids, it potentially lived a lifestyle of ambush predation or scavenging on soft-bodied animals, feeding during the night or in otherwise low-light conditions.

text:
# Acutiramus

***Acutiramus*** is a genus of giant predatory eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of *Acutiramus* have been discovered in deposits of Late Silurian to Early Devonian age. Eight species have been described, five from North America (including *A. cummingsi*, the type species) and two from the Czech Republic (with one of them potentially found in Australia as well). The generic name derives from Latin *acuto* ("acute" or "sharp") and Latin *ramus* ("branch"), referring to the acute angle of the final tooth of the claws relative to the rest of the claw.

*Acutiramus* is classified as part of the eurypterid family Pterygotidae, a family differentiated from other eurypterids by their flattened telsons (the most posterior segment of the body) and their modified chelicerae (frontal appendages), ending in well-developed chelae (claws). Many pterygotid eurypterids, such as *Jaekelopterus* and *Pterygotus*, grew to gigantic proportions. *Acutiramus* was no exception, with the largest species, *A. bohemicus*, surpassing 2 metres (6.6 feet) in length. All species were not this large though, with some (such as *A. floweri*) only reaching lengths of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).

Other giant pterygotid eurypterids, such as *Jaekelopterus* and *Pterygotus*, were very visually acute (possessed good and sharp eyesight) in a similar way to modern predatory arthropods and possessed robust and crushing chelae. Studies on the compound eyes and chelicerae of *Acutiramus* has revealed that it would have had a comparably low visual acuity and claws adapted for slicing and shearing, rather than crushing. This suggests that the ecological role of *Acutiramus* was distinct from that of other pterygotids, it potentially lived a lifestyle of ambush predation or scavenging on soft-bodied animals, feeding during the night or in otherwise low-light conditions.

## Description

*Acutiramus* was one of the largest eurypterids, perhaps only smaller than the gigantic *Jaekelopterus rhenaniae*. At a length of 2.1 metres (6.9 feet), *A. bohemicus* is the largest known species of the genus, whilst the smallest were *A. floweri* and *A. perryensis* both at a length of 20 cm (7.9 in). The body of *Acutiramus* was very slender, with members of the genus being almost five times as long as they were wide.

*Acutiramus* can be distinguished from other pterygotids by the distal margin of the chelae (pincers), where the final tooth is at an acute angle relative to the rest of the claw. The large tooth in the center of the claw is distally inclined (points forwards). The prosoma (head) is subquadrate (nearly square-shaped), with compound eyes located at the edge of the front corners. The telson (the posteriormost segment of its body) has a low row of knobs running down its center.

*Acutiramus* is classified as part of the pterygotid family of eurypterids, a group of highly derived eurypterids of the Silurian to Devonian periods that differ from other groups by a number of features, perhaps most prominently in the chelicerae (the first pair of limbs) and the telson. The chelicerae of the Pterygotidae were enlarged and robust, clearly adapted to be used for active prey capture and more similar to the claws of some modern crustaceans, with well-developed teeth on the claws, than to the chelicerae of other eurypterid groups. Another feature distinguishing the group from other eurypterid groups were their flattened and expanded telsons, likely used as rudders when swimming. Their walking legs were small and slender, without spines, and they were likely not capable of walking on land.

*A. bohemicus* was once estimated to have reached lengths of 2.3 to 2.5 metres (7.5 to 8.2 ft) based on the largest known chelicerae and coxae. This would have made it the largest known arthropod, but recent estimates have revised the upper size limits to 2.1 metres (6.9 feet). *A. bohemicus* is surpassed in size among the eurypterids only by *Jaekelopterus rhenaniae*, which measured 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) in length. Likewise, *A. cummingsi* was also once thought to have been the largest eurypterid (before the discovery of larger individuals in *Acutiramus* and *Jaekelopterus*), with fragmentary fossils suggesting great lengths. The largest preserved tergite suggests that the species could grow up to 1.65 metres in length, while a gnathobase (a lower appendage used to macerate, or soften and cut, food) from Buffalo was estimated to have belonged to a specimen reaching 2 metres (6.6 feet) in length. *A. macropthalmus* was also large in size, with fragmentary tergites from Litchfield, New York suggesting sizes in the range of 1.65 to 2 metres (5.4 to 6.6 ft).

## History of research

### Original description as *Pterygotus*

The earliest species of *Acutiramus* to be named was *A. macropthalmus* (as a species of *Pterygotus*, *Pterygotus macrophthalmus*) in 1859. The type specimen, the carapace of a young individual, was discovered in waterlime deposits of Upper Silurian age in Litchfield, New York. At virtually the same time, the type specimen of another species of *Pterygotus*, *P. osborni*, was described from the same locality, this specimen preserving the prosoma and four abdominal segments but not the carapace. Later more complete remains from the locality allowed the two species to be synonymized in 1912 by John Mason Clarke and Rudolf Ruedemann as the fossils of *P. osborni* proved identical to more complete remains referred to *P. marcophthalmus*.

*A. bohemicus* was likewise first named as a species of *Pterygotus* in 1872 based on an incomplete coxa (L23505) from the Přídolí Formation, Upper Silurian in age. Since the discovery of that specimen, other fossils referred to *A. bohemicus* have yielded other parts of the body, including chelicerae, more coxae, segments of the appendages, genital appendages and incomplete metastomas (a large plate that is part of the abdomen) and telsons. Furthermore, some Early Devonian *Acutiramus* fossils found in Australia have been tentatively assigned to *A. bohemicus*, although it is possible that they represent a new species.

The species that would eventually be designated as the type species of *Acutiramus*, *A. cummingsi*, was described as *Pterygotus cummingsi* in 1875, based on a fragmentary coxa (the base of the leg, with which it attaches to the body) of the fourth walking leg discovered during quarrying operations in cement rock near Buffalo, New York. Another species, *P. buffaloensis* would be named six years later based on an incomplete fourth walking leg with the coxa included. Clarke and Ruedemann synonymized these taxa in 1912, choosing *P. buffaloensis* as the name because they considered *P. cummingsi* to "not be properly defined".

The principal differences between *A. cummingsi* and other species of *Acutiramus* is in its telson. The telson of *A. cummingsi* is not as obovate (ovate with a narrow end at its base) or elongated as that of *A. macrophthalmus* (which possesses a telson that is six times as long as it is wide), the telson of *A. cummingsi* is most often just as long as it is wide. The shape of the metastoma of *A. bohemicus* has been compared to other species in the genus, especially to that of *A. cummingsi*, which preserves a metastoma that is almost identical in morphology. *A. bohemicus* is generally agreed to be the species closest in relation to *A. cummingsi*, though they are differentiated by characteristics in the dentition of the chelae, many of the teeth being larger in *A. bohemicus*. There may be additional differences, but the incomplete nature of the *A. bohemicus* material makes further comparisons impossible.

### Identification as separate genus

Clarke and Ruedemann noted in 1912 that *P. macrophthalmus* was easily distinguished from other species of *Pterygotus*. While it was obviously closely related to *P. anglicus* based on features of the telson, the two species could easily be differentiated by several characteristics, notably the fishhook-like shape of the teeth of the chelae (claws) and the direction they pointed in being different. These features of the claw were noted as being similar to those of *P. osiliensis*, a species with a highly distinct bilobed telson. Furthermore, Clarke and Ruedemann noted that *P. macrophthalmus* appeared to have a free ramus intermediate in shape between species of *Pterygotus* and *A. cummingsi*. With the exception of the primary tooth, which is long and curved, all teeth on the claws are small and lack serrations. The gnathobase is similar to that of *A. cummingsi*, and *A. macrophthalmus* would likely possess appendages and carapaces that are similar in form and size.

With species being named as part of *Pterygotus* becoming increasingly diverse, researchers began to name subgenera, such as *Pterygotus* (*Erettopterus*), named by John William Salter in 1859 for species of *Pterygotus* with a bilobed telson, such as *P. osiliensis*. The family Pterygotidae would be erected by Clarke & Ruedemann in 1912, and new subgenera were named for *Pterygotus* by Ruedemann in 1935. These subgenera included *Pterygotus* (*Curviramus*) and *Pterygotus* (*Acutiramus*) and were differentiated from other *Pterygotus* by the curvature of the denticles (teeth) of the chelicerae. The name "*Acutiramus*" derives from Latin *acuto* ("acute" or "sharp") and Latin *ramus* ("branch"), referring to the acute angle of the final tooth of the claws relative to the rest of the claw. The species originally included in the subgenus were *P.* (*A.*) *bohemicus*, *P.* (*A.*) *buffaloensis* and *P.* (*A.*) *macrophthalmus.* *P. buffaloensis* was designated as the type species of the subgenus *Acutiramus*. Adhering to the rule of nomenclatural priority, the earliest used name should have priority. This was pointed out by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in a 1955 publication, stating that using *P. buffaloensis* over *P. cummingsi* was "subjective" and in 1961, Kjellesvig-Waering recognised *P. cummingsi* as the name of the type species. *Acutiramus* continued to be treated as a subgenus of *Pterygotus* until it was raised to the level of a separate genus by Leif Størmer in 1974.

### Discovery of further species

*A. floweri* was described in 1955, based on a single fossilized claw (NYSM 10712), preserving the fixed and free rami and parts of the palm. The fossil was recovered from Oneida Creek, located to the southeast of Kenwood, New York, in deposits that suggest that it lived in a lagoonal environment in the Ludfordian stage of the Silurian. *A. floweri* occurred together with other eurypterids, notably *Eurypterus pittsfordensis* and, more rarely, *Mixopterus*.

*A. suwanneensis* was named from a single specimen in 1955. The specimen includes the part and counterpart of an almost complete fixed ramus and hand of a chelicera. Together, the ramus and hand of the chelicera measure 31 mm in length. The chelicera is similar to that of other species in the genus and to other members of the Pterygotidae with the hand being rectangular and measuring about 7 mm in length. A highly fragmentary species, *A. suwanneensis* can be distinguished from other *Acutiramus* by the numerous teeth in its chelicerae that, while high in number, are not as many as in other species of the genus. Additionally, the central and main tooth (measuring 5.7 mm, or 0.2 inches, in length) is pointed forward but lacks the serrations commonly present in other species. Overall, the morphology of the chelicerae of *A. suwanneensis* is thin and slender. Estimates of the total length of the species revealed that it would have been relatively small, measuring at most 45.7 cm (18.0 in) in length. As such, it has been speculated that it might represent a juvenile or subadult, the lack of serrations on the teeth could be due to its possibly juvenile nature. Later size estimates place its length at 50 cm (20 in). The fossil was recovered in a core from the Gulf Oil Corporation in Columbia County, Florida and was dated to have been Upper Silurian in age. The fossil was found associated with fragmentary remains of *Ceratiocaris*, a genus of phyllocarid crustaceans.

*A. perneri* was named in honour of Czech paleontologist Jaroslav Perner in 1994 and is known from fossilized remains consisting of several chelicerae, operculum with a genital appendage, coxae and several fragmentary body segments. The species was originally included in *A. bohemicus*, which is very similar and is known from the same time and region. The pattern of denticulation on the chelicerae is virtually identical, but the chelicerae themselves are slightly more narrow, with more angled tips and the teeth are less prominent and shorter. *A. perneri* was regarded as a direct descendant of *A. bohemicus* by Chlupáč (1994). Using measurements of preserved chelicerae, the maximum body length of *A. perneri* was originally estimated to have been between 1.4 and 1.6 metres (4.6 and 5.2 ft), later being revised to 1.1 metres (3.6 feet). Just like *A. bohemicus*, *A. perneri* occurs in Bohemia (in the Czech Republic), though in strata of Lochkovian (earliest Devonian) age.

In addition, it has been demonstrated that the enigmatic arthropod *Bunodella horrida* from the Silurian, known from one single fossil, actually represents the coxa of a swimming leg of an indeterminate species of *Acutiramus*. The type species of *Bunodella*, NBMG 3000 (housed at the New Brunswick Museum), is incomplete and poorly preserved, but shows the characteristic ornamentation of the pterygotids composed of semilunate scales. The first to eight denticles of originally twelve or thirteen are also preserved. The enlarged anterior denticle and the curvature present in the anterior margin of the coxal neck suggest an assignment to *Acutiramus* rather than other genera in Pterygotidae. However, *B. horrida* has not been formally synonymized with *Acutiramus* due to the lack of more diagnostic material, and therefore remains as a dubious name.

## Classification

*Acutiramus* is classified within the family Pterygotidae in the superfamily Pterygotioidea. *Acutiramus* is notably similar to the other two derived giant genera of the family, *Pterygotus* and *Jaekelopterus*. Based on similarities of the genital appendage it has been suggested that the three genera could be synonymous, though differences have been noted in chelicerae, chelicerae have been questioned as the basis of generic distinctions in eurypterids since their morphology is dependent on lifestyle and vary throughout ontogeny. Genital appendages can vary even within genera, for instance the genital appendage of *Acutiramus* changes from species to species, being spoon-shaped in earlier species and then becoming bilobed and eventually beginning to look similar to the appendage of *Jaekelopterus*. An inclusive phylogenetic analysis with multiple species of *Acutiramus*, *Pterygotus* and *Jaekelopterus* is required to resolve whether or not the genera are synonyms of each other.

The cladogram below is based on the nine best-known pterygotid species and two outgroup taxa (*Slimonia acuminata* and *Hughmilleria socialis*). The cladogram also contains the maximum sizes reached by the species in question, which have been suggested to possibly have been an evolutionary trait of the group per Cope's rule ("phyletic gigantism").

## Paleobiology

The cheliceral morphology and visual acuity of the pterygotid eurypterids separates them into distinct ecological groups. The primary method for determining visual acuity in arthropods is by determining the number of lenses in their compound eyes and the interommatidial angle (shortened as IOA and referring to the angle between the optical axes of the adjacent lenses). The IOA is especially important as it can be used to distinguish different ecological roles in arthropods, being low in modern active arthropod predators.

In contrast to all other pterygotid genera, notably the very visually acute *Pterygotus* and *Jaekelopterus*, the eyes of *Acutiramus* were low in visual acuity (with few lenses in the compound eyes and high IOA values), inconsistent with the traditionally assumed pterygotid lifestyle of "active and high-level visual predators". The IOA values of *Acutiramus* changed during ontogeny but in a way opposite to other pterygotids. Vision becomes less acute in larger specimens, whilst vision tends to get more acute in adults in other genera, such as in *Jaekelopterus*. Pterygotids may thus have been almost equally visually acute early in their life cycle, becoming more differentiated during growth.

The chelicerae of other pterygotids mainly served grasping functions and could also potentially be used for crushing and puncturing in *Pterygotus* and *Jaekelopterus*, with large and robust claws. In contrast, the chelicerae of *Acutiramus* likely served a slicing or shearing function. The chelicerae themselves were large, but with differentiated denticles out of which one was serrated, long and strongly inclined.

The differences from other pterygotids on the basis of visual acuity and the morphology of the claws indicates that *Acutiramus* occupied an ecological role distinct from other members of the group and was a significantly less active predator. The weaker visual system and shearing claws of *Acutiramus* suggest that it might have been an ambush predator, or possible a scavenger, that fed on soft-bodied animals, feeding during the night or in otherwise low-light conditions.

## Paleoecology

In Bohemia, pterygotid eurypterids occur in strata that were once marine environments, associated with common and diverse marine fossils. *A. bohemicus* occurs together with trilobite fossils such as *Prionopeltis* and *Schariya* as well as in assemblages where orthocone cephalopods are common. In these regions, *Acutiramus* appears to have been a dominant predator, with some (though far fewer) occurrences of species of *Pterygotus*. Fossils tentatively classified as *A. bohemicus* have also been discovered in the Pragian-aged Wilson Creek Shale in Victoria, Australia. In the Silurian Cunningham Creek Formation of New Brunswick, Canada, fossils of *Acutiramus* occur together with fossils of various jawless fish, such as *Ctenopleuron nerepisense*, *Thelodus macintoshi* and *Cyathaspis acadica*. In the Pozary Formation in the Czech Republic, *Acutiramus* occurs together with conodonts of various genera, including *Ozarkodina*, *Wurmiella*, *Oulodus*, *Belodella* and *Pseudooneotodus*. The environment of both these formations was marine during the Silurian.

The Silurian-Devonian boundary did not have any noticeable impact on *Acutiramus*, with *A. bohemicus* evolving into *A. perneri* in Bohemia and still constituting a major part of the typical marine fauna present in its environment. The environment itself was offshore, but relatively shallow water, with some influence of benthic life and anoxic conditions but generally a pelagic living environment with normal levels of salinity. In some regions, *Acutiramus* represents the most commonly recovered eurypterid, such as *A. bohemicus* in Bohemia, but in others, notably in southern Ontario, Canada (*A. macrophthalmus* and *A. cummingsi*) and Williamsville, New York (*A. cummingsi*) the genus represents a very rare component of the fauna.

## InfoBox

| *Acutiramus*
Temporal range: Late Silurian-Pragian, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil of *A. cummingsi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Order: | Eurypterida |
| Superfamily: | Pterygotioidea |
| Family: | Pterygotidae |
| Genus: | *Acutiramus*
Ruedemann, 1935 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Acutiramus cummingsi***
Grote & Pitt, 1875 | |
| Species | |
| * ***A. bohemicus*** Barrande, 1872 * ***A. cummingsi*** Grote & Pitt, 1875 * ***A. floweri*** Kjellesvig-Waering & Caster, 1955 * ***A. macrophthalmus*** Hall, 1859 * ***A. perneri*** Chlupáč, 1994 * ***A. perryensis*** Leutze, 1958 * ***A. suwanneensis*** Kjellesvig-Waering, 1955 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Synonyms of *A. bohemicus* * *Pterygotus comes*
Barrande, 1872 * *Pterygotus mediocris*
Barrande, 1872 * *Pterygotus blahai*
Semper, 1898 * *Pterygotus fissus*
Seemann, 1906  Synonyms of *A. cummingsi* * *Pterygotus acuticaudatus*
Pohlman, 1882 * *Pterygotus buffaloensis*
Pohlman, 1881 * *Pterygotus quadraticaudatus*
Pohlman, 1882  Synonyms of *A. macrophthalmus* * *Pterygotus osborni*
Hall, 1859 * *Pterygotus cobbi* var. *juvenis*
Clarke & Ruedemann, 1912 | |


abstract: Acoma Township is a township in McLeod County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,130 at the 2020 census. Acoma Township was named after the Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico.

text:
# Acoma Township, McLeod County, Minnesota

**Acoma Township** (/ˈækəmə/ *AK-ə-mə*) is a township in McLeod County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,130 at the 2020 census.

Acoma Township was named after the Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico.

## Geography

The township is in the northwest corner of McLeod County. It is bordered to the north and west by Meeker County and to the southeast by the city of Hutchinson, the largest city in McLeod County. Minnesota State Highway 7 crosses the southwest part of the township, leading southeast into Hutchinson and west to Cosmos.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.9 square miles (90 km2), of which 31.5 square miles (82 km2) are land and 3.4 square miles (8.8 km2), or 9.62%, are water. Cedar Lake and Belle Lake are in the north, and there are at least nine other named lakes in the township. The township is drained by the South Fork of the Crow River. The Crow River watershed runs east and then northeast to the Mississippi River at Dayton.

The Acoma Township hall address is 23486 230th St, Hutchinson, MN 55350 and is also the polling place for that area.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 93 |  |  |
| 1870 | 392 |  | 321.5% |
| 1880 | 588 |  | 50.0% |
| 1890 | 716 |  | 21.8% |
| 1900 | 732 |  | 2.2% |
| 1910 | 664 |  | −9.3% |
| 1920 | 733 |  | 10.4% |
| 1930 | 735 |  | 0.3% |
| 1940 | 670 |  | −8.8% |
| 1950 | 673 |  | 0.4% |
| 1960 | 788 |  | 17.1% |
| 1970 | 848 |  | 7.6% |
| 1980 | 881 |  | 3.9% |
| 1990 | 1,040 |  | 18.0% |
| 2000 | 1,185 |  | 13.9% |
| 2010 | 1,149 |  | −3.0% |
| 2020 | 1,130 |  | −1.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,185 people, 387 households, and 332 families residing in the township. The population density was 37.7 inhabitants per square mile (14.6/km2). There were 397 housing units at an average density of 12.6/sq mi (4.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.07% White, 0.08% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.

There were 387 households, out of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.1% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.2% were non-families. 11.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the township the population was spread out, with 32.2% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $67,292, and the median income for a family was $71,458. Males had a median income of $41,563 versus $31,667 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,302. About 2.4% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Acoma Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Acoma TownshipAcoma Township | |
| Coordinates: 44°56′35″N 94°26′15″W / 44.94306°N 94.43750°W / 44.94306; -94.43750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | McLeod |
| Area | |
| Total | 34.87 sq mi (90.3 km2) |
| Land | 31.51 sq mi (81.6 km2) |
| Water | 3.36 sq mi (8.7 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,086 ft (331 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,130 |
| Density | 35.9/sq mi (13.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 55350 (Hutchinson) |
| FIPS code | 27-085-00136 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0663376 |
| Website | www.acomatownship.com |


title: Devoucoux

abstract: Devoucoux, named after its founder, is a French manufacturing company that produces high-end horse saddles.

text:
# Devoucoux

**Devoucoux,** named after its founder, is a French manufacturing company that produces high-end horse saddles.

## History

The company was founded in the year 1985 by Jean-Michel Devoucoux in his workshop in the Basque village of Sare. Devoucoux was an ex-apprentice groom from Ciboure in the Pyrénées Atlantiques and had trained to make both harnesses and saddles. The company now has sixty employees.

The initial US product line was launched in 1999.

In 2007, Director Brice Goguet was replaced by Benjamin Auzimour for United States operations, and Didier Brailly took over in the UK.

In 2008, the company supported the British Horse Society by offering a saddle as a prize to new members.

## Sponsorship

Devoucoux is an active sponsorship brand, sponsoring riders including Thomas Carlile, Gilles Pons, Rodolphe Scherer, Stanislas de Zuchovitch, Pippa Funnell, Dani Evans, and Jennie Brannigan.

Devoucoux was the sponsor of the $30,000 Otter Creek Grand Prix, a show jumping competition held over five weeks at the 2006 Vermont Summer Festival. They were also a sponsor of the $25,000 Devoucoux Wild Card Grand Prix, HITS Culpeper, Virginia.

## InfoBox

Devoucoux
| Industry | manufacturing of travel items, leather goods and saddlery |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1985 (1985) in Sare, Pyrénées-Atlantiques |
| Founder | Jean-Michel Devoucoux |
| Number of employees | 77 |
| Website | https://devoucoux.com |


title: Adalberto Martínez Flores

abstract: Adalberto Martínez Flores is a Paraguayan prelate of the Catholic Church who was named as the Archbishop of Asunción in 2022. He has been a bishop since 1997. Flores was created a cardinal by Pope Francis at a consistory on 27 August 2022. He is the first cardinal from Paraguay.

text:
# Adalberto Martínez Flores

**Adalberto Martínez Flores** (born 8 July 1951) is a Paraguayan prelate of the Catholic Church who was named as the Archbishop of Asunción in 2022. He has been a bishop since 1997.

Flores was created a cardinal by Pope Francis at a consistory on 27 August 2022. He is the first cardinal from Paraguay.

## Biography

Adalberto Martínez Flores was born in Asunción, Paraguay, on 8 July 1951. He studied economics at the National University of Asunción for three years and then studied advanced English in Washington, D.C., and then philosophy at Oblate College in San Antonio, Texas. In 1977, he moved to Frascati to study at the International School for Priests of the Focolare Movement. He completed his studies in philosophy and theology at the Pontifical Lateran University in 1981. He was ordained a priest on 24 August 1985 by Seán O'Malley, then bishop coadjutor of St. Thomas.

He served as priestly minister in the Diocese of Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands from 1985 to 1994, first on St. Croix and then on St. Thomas. He was then incardinated in the Archdiocese of Asunción in 1994, he was parish priest of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary parish from 1994 to 1997.

On 14 August 1997, Pope John Paul II appointed him as an auxiliary bishop of Asunción. He received his episcopal consecration on 8 November from Felipe Santiago Benitez Avalos, Archbishop of Asunción.

On 18 May 2000, he was appointed the first bishop of the new Diocese of San Lorenzo. On 19 February 2007, he was transferred to the Diocese of San Pedro and on 14 March 2012 appointed to the Military Ordinariate of Paraguay. On 23 July 2018, he was transferred to Villarrica del Espíritu Santo while continuing as apostolic administrator of the Military Ordinariate. In November 2018, he was elected to a three-year term as president of the Episcopal Conference of Paraguay and he was elected to another term in November 2021.

On 17 February 2022, Pope Francis appointed him Archbishop of Asunción.

On 27 August 2022, Pope Francis made him a cardinal priest, assigning him the title of San Giovanni a Porta Latina.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Adalberto Martínez Flores | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Asunción | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Asunción |
| See | Asunción |
| Appointed | 17 February 2022 |
| Installed | 6 March 2022 |
| Predecessor | Edmundo Ponziano Valenzuela Mellid |
| Other post(s) | President of the Paraguayan Episcopal Conference (2018-)
Apostolic Administrator of the Military Ordinariate of Paraguay (2018-) |
| Previous post(s) | Titular Bishop of Tatilti (1997-2000)
Auxiliary Bishop of Asunción (1997-2000)
Bishop of San Lorenzo (2000-07)
Bishop of San Pedro (2007-12)
General Secretary of the Paraguayan Episcopal Conference (2011-15)
Military Ordinary of Paraguay (2012-18)
Bishop of Villarrica (2018-22) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 24 August 1985
by Seán Patrick O'Malley |
| Consecration | 8 November 1997
by Felipe Santiago Benítez Ávalos |
| Created cardinal | 27 August 2022
by Pope Francis |
| Rank | Cardinal Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Adalberto Martínez Flores
(1951-07-08) 8 July 1951
Asunción, Paraguay |
| Alma mater | Universidad Nacional de Asunción
Pontifical Lateran University |
| Motto | *Ut omnes unum sint*
("That they may all be one") |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Adayazı, Emirdağ

abstract: Adayazı is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 938 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

text:
# Adayazı, Emirdağ

**Adayazı** is a village in the Emirdağ District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 938 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (*belde*).

## InfoBox

| Adayazı | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| AdayazıLocation in TurkeyAdayazıAdayazı (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 39°03′48″N 31°16′22″E / 39.06329°N 31.27265°E / 39.06329; 31.27265 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Afyonkarahisar |
| District | Emirdağ |
| Population (2021) | 938 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium

abstract: Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium is a stadium in Dhaka, Bangladesh that hosts domestic and inter-collegiate cricket matches. It is the home of the Dhaka division cricket team.

text:
# Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium

**Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium** is a stadium in Dhaka, Bangladesh that hosts domestic and inter-collegiate cricket matches. It is the home of the Dhaka division cricket team.

## InfoBox

Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium
| Location | Dhaka |
| --- | --- |
| Capacity | 9,000 |
| Owner | Dhanmondi Cricket Academy |
| Operator | Dhaka Division, Dhaka Metropolis, Dhanmondi Cricket Academy |
| As of 30 June 2009<br>Source: Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium, Cricinfo | |


title: Dhanmandal railway station

abstract: Dhanmandal railway station is a railway station on the East Coast Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Dhanmandal village. Its code is DNM. It has three platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express trains halt at Dhanmandal railway station.

text:
# Dhanmandal railway station

**Dhanmandal railway station** is a railway station on the East Coast Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Dhanmandal village. Its code is **DNM**. It has three platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express trains halt at Dhanmandal railway station.

## Major trains

## InfoBox

| Dhanmandal | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Dhanmandal, Odisha<br>India |
| Coordinates | 20°41′12″N 86°06′42″E / 20.686745°N 86.111785°E / 20.686745; 86.111785 |
| Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
| Line(s) | Howrah–Chennai main line |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground) |
| Parking | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | DNM |
| Zone(s) | East Coast Railway |
| Division(s) | Khurda Road |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Dhanmandal railway stationLocation within IndiaDhanmandal railway stationDhanmandal railway station (Odisha) | |


title: Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School

abstract: Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School (DGBHS) is a public boys' school located in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is a state run educational institution located at the intersection of Mirpur Road and Manik Miah Avenue. Originally started as the model government school to educate the children of higher government officials, member of parliaments, and prominent businessman of the capital, the school is now open to every student despite their background. With a diverse group of successful and well known alumni network all over the world, DGBHS has been grooming the best of the country till date. DGBHS also played a very vital role in help sheltering the Mukti Bahini during the Liberation War, resulting the total demolition of the school campus by an air strike by the Pakistan Air Force. Continuing the legacy, DGBHS students were one of the core organisers of the 2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests.

text:
# Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School

**Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School** (**DGBHS**) is a public boys' school located in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is a state run educational institution located at the intersection of Mirpur Road and Manik Miah Avenue. Originally started as the model government school to educate the children of higher government officials, member of parliaments, and prominent businessman of the capital, the school is now open to every student despite their background. With a diverse group of successful and well known alumni network all over the world, DGBHS has been grooming the best of the country till date. DGBHS also played a very vital role in help sheltering the Mukti Bahini during the Liberation War, resulting the total demolition of the school campus by an air strike by the Pakistan Air Force. Continuing the legacy, DGBHS students were one of the core organisers of the 2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests.

## Daily assembly

Assembly is called every day before schooling. Students recite Surah and pay respect to every religion. Finally, the students sing the national anthem of Bangladesh.

## Uniform

From classes 1 to 3, the school uniform is a white shirt with navy blue shorts, white shoes, and a navy blue sweater (for winter only). From classes 4 to 10, the uniform is a white shirt with full-length navy blue pants, white shoes, and a navy blue sweater (for winter only). Two pieces of printed school badges are usually provided by the school authority.

## Exam system and results

There are two terms in a year. The first is the "half-yearly" term (January – June), and the second is the "annual" term (July – December). Two class tests are taken before both half yearly and annual examination. Students get their results digitally printed. The final result is announced taking 40% numbers from 'Half-yearly' term and 40% number from 'Annual' Term and 20% number from class test examinations. For classes 8, and 10, students sit for a "test exam" instead of an "annual exam."

## Teachers-guardians conference

Teacher-guardian conferences are called periodically.

## Library

The books in the library were largely bought by coeval sanctioned money during the establishment of the school. Others were bought by annually approved money. For the reason of *Enam Committee* the post 'librarian' was discontinued but now it is running under a teacher of this school.

## School magazine

The name of the school magazine is *ANKUR*. The magazine is sourced by current students writing every year.

## Students' association

The former students of DGBHS are known as *DExSAn* (sometimes referred to *Dboys*), a phrase initially proposed by *Dboys' Ex-Students Association (DExSA)* just before its wider acceptance. DExSA, however, is the alumni association of the institution.

## Extracurricular sports

The annual sports competition is organised by the school authority in February each year and it includes sprints (100 to 400 meters), long jump, and high jump etc.

## Clubs and societies

* Dhanmondi Govt. Boys' High School Scouts Group
* Dhanmondi Govt Boys' Debating Society
* DGBHS Bangladesh National Cadet Core
* DGBHS Youth Red Crescent Society
* DGBHS Film and Photography Club
* Science Club of DGBHS
* Quizzing Society Of D. Boyzists
* Dhanmondi Govt. Boys' Language and Reading Club
* Dhanmondi Govt. Boys'High School Sports and Games Club

## SSC results

| Year | Total Examinees | Pass | Percentage | GPA-5 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | 259 | 257 | 97.29% | 52 |
| 2005 | 268 | 265 | 99.25% | 123 |
| 2006 | 260 | 260 | 100% | 123 |
| 2007 | 265 | 265 | 100% | 149 |
| 2008 | 289 | 289 | 100% | 213 |
| 2009 | 292 | 290 | 98.28% | 167 |
| 2010 | 283 | 283 | 99.65% | 200 |
| 2011 | 322 | 322 | 100% | 218 |
| 2012 | 299 | 299 | 100% | 208 |
| 2013 | 299 | 297 | 99.35% | 109 |
| 2014 | 317 | 317 | 100% | 217 |
| 2015 | 316 | 314 | 99.37% | 107 |
| 2016 | 318 | 317 | 99.69% | 214 |
| 2017 | 294 | 288 | 97.96% | 169 |
| 2018 | 302 | 300 | 99.34% | 113 |
| 2019 | 324 | 311 | 95.99% | 123 |
| 2020 | 335 | 330 | 98.51% | 138 |
| 2021 | 293 | 293 | 100% | 129 |
| 2022 | 333 | 330 | 99.1% | 196 |
| 2023 | 313 | 307 | 98.08% | 159 |

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Dhanmondi Government Boys' High School
ধানমণ্ডি গভঃ বয়েজ হাই স্কুল | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Mirpur Road
Dhaka
Bangladesh | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public boys' school |
| Motto | ★ ঈমান ★ শৃঙ্খলা ★ শিক্ষা ★ চরিত্র ★ উন্নতি ★
(★ Faith ★ Discipline ★ Education ★ Character ★ Prosperity ★) |
| Established | 1965 |
| Founder | Syed Jafor Abbas Rizvi |
| Headmaster | Farida Yasmin |
| Teaching staff | 75 |
| Grades | 10 |
| Gender | Male |
| Age range | 6–18 |
| Number of students | More than 2500 (as 2019) |
| Language | Bengali |
| Campus | Urban |
| Campus size | 26 Acres |
| Color(s) | White and   Navy blue |
| Athletics | DGBHS |
| Sports | Football
cricket
basketball
volleyball
table tennis
hockey
badminton |
| Accreditation | Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dhaka |
| Yearbook | *Ankur* |
| Alumni | DExSA |
| Website | www.dgbhs.edu.bd |


title: Adam Brodecki (ice hockey)

abstract: Adam Brodecki is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for the JYP Jyväskylä of the Finnish Liiga.

text:
# Adam Brodecki (ice hockey)

**Adam Brodecki** (born February 22, 1995) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for the JYP Jyväskylä of the Finnish Liiga.

## Playing career

Brodecki made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Brynäs IF during the 2013–14 SHL season.

He returned for a second stint with Brynäs IF after three seasons with Växjö Lakers and Linköping HC, signing a one-year deal for the 2019–20 season on 26 August 2019. In his return, Brodecki contributed with 6 goals and 14 points in 37 games before he left the club mid-season in a trade with the Malmö Redhawks while agreeing to a two-year contract extension on 10 February 2020.

On 3 September 2021, Brodecki left the SHL after eight seasons and signed a one-year deal with Finnish Liiga club, JYP Jyväskylä.

## InfoBox

| Adam Brodecki | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1995-02-22) February 22, 1995
Stockholm, Sweden | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) | | |
| Weight | 168 lb (76 kg; 12 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shoots | Right | | |
| Liiga team
Former teams | *JYP Jyväskylä*
Brynäs IF
Växjö Lakers
Linköping HC
Malmö Redhawks | | |
| Playing career | 2013present | | |


title: Adam Brideson

abstract: Adam Brideson is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s for the Canterbury Bulldogs.

text:
# Adam Brideson

**Adam Brideson** (born 17 April 1981) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s for the Canterbury Bulldogs.

## Background

Brideson was born in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.

## Playing career

Brideson played his Junior Football in the Toowoomba Rugby League Team for the Southern Suburbs Tigers, Brideson usually played in the second row. Brideson made his debut for Canterbury against Canberra on 25 August 2002 and had played over 200 first grade games in Reserve Grade for the Club including being part of the 2002 reserve grade premiership winning team.

## Post playing

Brideson was an Australian Apprenticeships Ambassador for the Australian Government and an Apprentice Mentor in the NRL's Trade UP with the NRL Program. Brideson coached the Wynnum Manly Seagulls to the Grand Final vs the Burleigh Bears in the 2019 QLD Intrust Super Cup.

## InfoBox

Adam Brideson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Adam Brideson |
| Born | (1981-04-17) 17 April 1981<br>Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 92 kg (14 st 7 lb) |
| Position | Second-row, Hooker |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2002–07 Canterbury Bankstown 22 2 0 0 8 | |
| Source: | |


title: Acritus komai

abstract: Acritus komai is a species of clown beetles in the family Histeridae. It is found in Africa, Australia, Europe and Northern Asia, North America, Oceania, and Southern Asia.

text:
# Acritus komai

***Acritus komai*** is a species of clown beetles in the family Histeridae. It is found in Africa, Australia, Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, Oceania, and Southern Asia.

* Bousquet, Yves, and Serge Laplante (2006). "Coleoptera Histeridae". *The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, part 24*, xiii + 485.
* Mazur, Slawomir (1997). "A world catalogue of the Histeridae (Coleoptera: Histeroidea)". *Genus, International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy (Supplement)*, 373.

## Further reading

* Arnett, R. H. Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley and J. H. Frank. (eds.). (21 June 2002). *American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea*. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida ISBN 978-0-8493-0954-0.
* Ross H. Arnett (30 July 2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0212-1.
* Richard E. White. (1983). *Peterson Field Guides: Beetles*. Houghton Mifflin Company.

## InfoBox

| *Acritus komai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Histeridae |
| Genus: | *Acritus* |
| Species: | ***A. komai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acritus komai***<br>Lewis, 1879 | |
|


title: Acritus tuberisternus

abstract: Acritus tuberisternus, is a species of clown beetle found in Indo-Pacific regional countries such as Japan, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Taiwan.

text:
# Acritus tuberisternus

***Acritus tuberisternus***, is a species of clown beetle found in Indo-Pacific regional countries such as Japan, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Acritus tuberisternus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Histeridae |
| Genus: | *Acritus* |
| Species: | ***A. tuberisternus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acritus tuberisternus***<br>Cooman, 1932 | |
|


title: Acritus attaphilus

abstract: Acritus attaphilus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Acritus attaphilus

***Acritus attaphilus*** is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Acritus attaphilus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Histeridae |
| Genus: | *Acritus* |
| Species: | ***A. attaphilus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Acritus attaphilus***<br>Wenzel, 1939 | |
|


title: Adelaide (disambiguation)

abstract: Adelaide is the capital city of South Australia. Adelaide may also refer to:

text:
# Adelaide (disambiguation)

**Adelaide** is the capital city of South Australia.

**Adelaide** may also refer to:

## People

## Places

### Australia

### Canada

### United States

### Elsewhere

## Arts, entertainment, and media

### Fictional characters

### Music

#### Classical music and operas

#### Songs

* "Adelaide", a song by Anberlin from the album *Cities*
* "Adelaide", a song by John Cale from the album *Vintage Violence*
* "Adelaide", a song by Thomas Dybdahl from the album *...That Great October Sound*
* "Adelaide", a song by Ben Folds
* "Adelaide", a song by Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls from the album *Gossip*
* "Adelaide", a song from the film of *Guys and Dolls*, written and composed by Frank Loesser
* "Adelaide", a song by Meg Myers
* "Adelaide", a song by the Old 97's from the album *Drag It Up*
* "Adelaide", a hymntune composed by George C. Stebbins for the lyrics of "Have Thine Own Way" by Adelaide A. Pollard

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

## Ships

## Other uses


title: Adductor muscles (bivalve)

abstract: The adductor muscles are the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks. In many parts of the world, when people eat scallops, the adductor muscles are the only part of the animal which is eaten. Adductor muscles leave noticeable scars or marks on the interior of the shell's valves. Those marks are often used by scientists who are in the process of identifying empty shells to determine their correct taxonomic placement. Bivalve mollusks generally have either one or two adductor muscles. The muscles are strong enough to close the valves of the shell when they contract, and they are what enable the animal to close its valves tightly when necessary, such as when the bivalve is exposed to the air by low water levels, or when it is attacked by a predator. Most bivalve species have two adductor muscles, which are located on the anterior and posterior sides of the body. Some families of bivalves have only one adductor muscle, or rarely even three adductor muscles. When the adductor muscles relax, the valves of the shell are automatically pulled open to some extent by a ligament, which joins the valves together and which is usually located on the hinge line between the umbos of the shell. The resiliency of the ligament is what causes the valves of the bivalve mollusk to open when the adductor muscles relax. Scallops and file clams can swim by opening and closing their valves rapidly by alternatingly contracting and relaxing their adductor muscles; water is ejected on either side of the hinge area and they move with the flapping valves in front.

text:
# Adductor muscles (bivalve)

The **adductor muscles** are the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks (e.g. in clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc.). In many parts of the world, when people eat scallops, the adductor muscles are the only part of the animal which is eaten. Adductor muscles leave noticeable scars or marks on the interior of the shell's valves. Those marks (known as adductor muscle scars) are often used by scientists who are in the process of identifying empty shells to determine their correct taxonomic placement.

Bivalve mollusks generally have either one or two adductor muscles. The muscles are strong enough to close the valves of the shell when they contract, and they are what enable the animal to close its valves tightly when necessary, such as when the bivalve is exposed to the air by low water levels, or when it is attacked by a predator. Most bivalve species have two adductor muscles, which are located on the anterior and posterior sides of the body. Some families of bivalves have only one adductor muscle, or rarely even three adductor muscles.

When the adductor muscles relax, the valves of the shell are automatically pulled open to some extent by a ligament, which joins the valves together and which is usually located on the hinge line between the umbos of the shell. The resiliency of the ligament is what causes the valves of the bivalve mollusk to open when the adductor muscles relax.

Scallops and file clams can swim by opening and closing their valves rapidly by alternatingly contracting and relaxing their adductor muscles; water is ejected on either side of the hinge area and they move with the flapping valves in front.

1. *Bivalves* by J.H. Leal, Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum, Florida, USA "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2012-11-13.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. Huber, Markus (2010). Compendium of Bivalves. A Full-color Guide to 3,300 of the World's Marine Bivalves. A Status on Bivalvia after 250 Years of Research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. pp. 901 pp. + CD. ISBN 978-3-939767-28-2, at p. 57
3. Steven Vogel (2003) *Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World.* Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p. at p. 304
4. Carefoot, Tom (2010). "Learn about whelks and relatives: foods, feeding and growth". *A snail's odyssey*. Archived from the original on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 2012-04-19.


title: Dharampani, Tanahun

abstract: Dharampani is a market center in Bandipur Municipality in Tanahu District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. The formerly Village Development Committee was merged to form new municipality since 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3444 people living in 616 individual households.

text:
# Dharampani, Tanahun

**Dharampani** is a market center in Bandipur Municipality in Tanahu District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. The formerly Village Development Committee was merged to form new municipality since 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3444 people living in 616 individual households.

1. "72 new municipalities announced". My Republica.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
2. "Government announces 72 new municipalities". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
3. "Nepal Census 2001", *Nepal's Village Development Committees*, Digital Himalaya, archived from the original on 12 October 2008, retrieved 15 November 2009.

## InfoBox

| Dharampani धरमपानी | |
| --- | --- |
| DharampaniLocation in NepalDharampaniDharampani (Nepal) | |
| Coordinates: 27°53′N 84°23′E / 27.88°N 84.38°E / 27.88; 84.38 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Gandaki Zone |
| District | Tanahu District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 3,444 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Adelphostigma occipitalis

abstract: Adelphostigma occipitalis is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is widely distribution in South America and occurs from northeastern Peru and Colombia south and east to large parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. It is oviparous.

text:
# Adelphostigma occipitalis

***Adelphostigma occipitalis*** is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is widely distribution in South America and occurs from northeastern Peru and Colombia south and east to large parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. It is oviparous.

## InfoBox

| *Adelphostigma occipitalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Adelphostigma* |
| Species: | ***A. occipitalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Adelphostigma occipitalis***<br>(Jan, 1863) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Coronella elegans* Günther, 1858 * *Dromicus miolepis* Boettger, 1891 * *Dromicus (Lygophis) wuchereri* Günther, 1863 * *Echinanthera occipitalis* Dibernardo, 1992 * *Enicognathus occipitalis* Jan, 1863 * *Liophis occipitalis* Amaral, 1929 * *Rhadinaea occipitalis* Boulenger, 1894 | |


title: Adelphostigma

abstract: Adelphostigma is a genus of snakes of the family Colubridae.

text:
# Adelphostigma

***Adelphostigma*** is a genus of snakes of the family Colubridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Adelphostigma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Subfamily: | Dipsadinae |
| Genus: | *Adelphostigma*<br>Abegg, Santos-Jr, Costa, Battilana, Graboski, Vianna, Azevedo, Fagundes, Castille, Prado, Bonatto, Zaher, & Grazziotin, 2008 |
|


title: Dhandhaniya Sasan

abstract: Dhandhaniya Sasan is a village in Balesar, Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India.

text:
# Dhandhaniya Sasan

**Dhandhaniya Sasan** is a village in Balesar, Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India.

## History

The ancient name of Dhandhaniya village was Ratnakar. This village was given as Jagir to the Charans by Inda (Pratihar) Rajputs. The main ancestors of this village were Depoji Lalas, Ratanji Lalas, Junjhar Daan, Bhopdan Lalas. The family goddess of the charans here is "Shri Dugaya Mata". People of Lalas Gotra worship "Sheni Mata". Here Dhandhaniya and Dhandhaniya Barda were one and the same village. Dhandhaniya Barda village was given in dowry to the charans of Varnasur caste.

## InfoBox

| Dhandhaniya Sasan | |
| --- | --- |
| Dhandhaniya SasanLocation in Rajasthan, IndiaDhandhaniya SasanDhandhaniya Sasan (India) | |
| Coordinates: 26°18′34.4″N 72°33′54.1″E / 26.309556°N 72.565028°E / 26.309556; 72.565028 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Jodhpur |
| Tehsil | Balesar |
| Elevation | 273 m (896 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 901 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 342001 |
| ISO 3166 code | RJ-IN |


title: Adelotremus

abstract: Adelotremus is a small genus of combtooth blennies which are found in the Indo-Pacific region. The name of the genus is a compound of the Greek Adelos meaning "concealed" and trema meaning "hole", this was coined to reflect that the type of Adelotremus leptus was discovered hiding in a tube made by a polychaete.

text:
# Adelotremus

***Adelotremus*** is a small genus of combtooth blennies which are found in the Indo-Pacific region. The name of the genus is a compound of the Greek *Adelos* meaning "concealed" and *trema* meaning "hole", this was coined to reflect that the type of *Adelotremus leptus* was discovered hiding in a tube made by a polychaete.

## Species

There are currently two species recognised in the genus *Adelotremus*:

## InfoBox

| *Adelotremus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Subfamily: | Blenniinae |
| Genus: | *Adelotremus*
Smith-Vaniz & Rose, 2012 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Adelotremus leptus*
Smith-Vaniz & Rose, 2012 | |


title: Dibble Glacier

abstract: Dibble Glacier in Antarctica is a prominent channel glacier flowing from the continental ice and terminating in a prominent tongue at the east side of Davis Bay. It was delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47), and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Jonas Dibble, ship's carpenter on the sloop Peacock of the United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42) under Charles Wilkes. Dibble is credited with leaving his sick bed and working 24 hours without relief with other carpenters to repair a broken rudder on the Peacock, when the ship was partially crushed in an ice bay in 151°19′E and forced to retire northward.

text:
# Dibble Glacier

**Dibble Glacier** in Antarctica is a prominent channel glacier flowing from the continental ice and terminating in a prominent tongue at the east side of Davis Bay. It was delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47), and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Jonas Dibble, ship's carpenter on the sloop *Peacock* of the United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42) under Charles Wilkes. Dibble is credited with leaving his sick bed and working 24 hours without relief with other carpenters to repair a broken rudder on the *Peacock*, when the ship was partially crushed in an ice bay in 151°19′E and forced to retire northward.

## Important Bird Area

A 500 ha site on fast ice about 5 km from the north-eastern margin of the glacier has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of emperor penguins, with an estimate of some 12,500 individuals based on 2009 satellite imagery.

66°17′S 134°36′E / 66.283°S 134.600°E / -66.283; 134.600

## InfoBox

| Dibble Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Emperor penguins breed in the IBA | |
| Location of Dibble Glacier in Antarctica | |
| Location | Wilkes Land |
| Coordinates | 66°17′S 134°36′E / 66.283°S 134.600°E / -66.283; 134.600 |
| Thickness | unknown |
| Terminus | Davis Bay |
| Status | unknown |


title: Dick Mauney

abstract: Richard Mauney was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who worked in 53 Major League games for the Philadelphia Phillies from 1945 to 1947. Born in Concord, North Carolina, he stood 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and weighed 164 pounds (74 kg). Mauney's 1943–47 pro career spanned both the wartime and post-World War II eras. Unlike many players who were called to the Majors during the war whose performance suffered in 1946, when Major League veterans returned from military service, Mauney enjoyed a better 1946 than his 1945 campaign. He posted a winning record (6–4) in 1946 and lowered his earned run average by 0.38 to 2.70, although he did pitch in 322⁄3 fewer innings in 1946. Altogether, Mauney appeared in 229 Major League innings pitched, allowing 240 hits and 52 bases on balls. He struck out 72, and recorded nine complete games, three shutouts and four saves.

text:
# Dick Mauney

**Richard Mauney** (January 26, 1920 – February 6, 1970) was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who worked in 53 Major League games (24 as a starting pitcher) for the Philadelphia Phillies from 1945 to 1947. Born in Concord, North Carolina, he stood 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and weighed 164 pounds (74 kg).

Mauney's 1943–47 pro career spanned both the wartime and post-World War II eras. Unlike many players who were called to the Majors during the war whose performance suffered in 1946, when Major League veterans returned from military service, Mauney enjoyed a better 1946 than his 1945 campaign. He posted a winning record (6–4) in 1946 and lowered his earned run average by 0.38 to 2.70, although he did pitch in 3223 fewer innings in 1946.

Altogether, Mauney appeared in 229 Major League innings pitched, allowing 240 hits and 52 bases on balls. He struck out 72, and recorded nine complete games, three shutouts and four saves.

## InfoBox

| Dick Mauney | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1920-01-26)January 26, 1920
Concord, North Carolina | |
| **Died:** February 6, 1970(1970-02-06) (aged 50)
Albemarle, North Carolina | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 13, 1945, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 22, 1947, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 12–14 |
| Earned run average | 2.99 |
| Strikeouts | 72 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Adolph F. Heidkamp

abstract: Adolph F. Heidkamp was a member of the Michigan Senate.

text:
# Adolph F. Heidkamp

**Adolph F. Heidkamp** was a member of the Michigan Senate.

## Biography

Heidkamp was born in Port Washington, Wisconsin. He would become a banker.

Heidkamp was the son of Adolph N. Heidkamp, a newspaper publisher and Probate Judge in Ozaukee County who immigrated from Odenthal Germany in 1852; and Anne-Marie Hansen from Redange, Everlange in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. His Mother was previously married to Francois (Franz) Gengler, with whom she had three children: John, Marguerite and Elizabeth. She married Senator Heidkamp's father in 1854 and bore him four children who survived into adulthood: Louise (married to Nicholas Watry), Anna Elizabeth (married to William Diederich), Adolph F. and Emil Michael (married to Rose Isabel Young). Senator Heidkamp remained a bachelor his entire life.

Senator Heidkamp served as President of the village of Lake Linden in northern Michigan for 24 years before serving in the Michigan Senate. He was also Secretary-Treasurer of Bosch Brewery in Houghton prior to serving in the Michigan State Senate

During his term as President Pro Temp of the Michigan State Senate, Heidkamp authored the motion that allowed the Michigan Assembly to hold a special convention on April 10, 1934, so it would become the first state to ratify the 21st Amendment (which nullified the 18th Amendment and Prohibition).

## Political career

Heidkamp was a member of the Senate from 1929 to 1936. Previously, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1924 and 1926 and was one again in 1938 and 1940. He was a Republican.