title: 2006 Monaco Grand Prix

abstract: The 2006 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 28 May 2006 at the Circuit de Monaco. The 78-lap race was the seventh round of the 2006 Formula One season. Prior to the race, Renault's Fernando Alonso had finished on the podium in all of the previous six Grands Prix, winning three of those races. His main championship rival, Michael Schumacher was looking to win the race as it would equal Ayrton Senna's record at Monaco for most wins (six). The race was remembered by many people for Michael Schumacher's actions during the closing stages of the qualifying session for the race, where he stopped his car in La Rascasse corner, thus preventing his rival Fernando Alonso from attempting to improve his time. Schumacher maintained that this was an innocent mistake; his actions were deemed deliberate by the race stewards and he was demoted to the back of the grid as punishment for his actions, promoting Alonso from second to pole position. It was also remembered for Schumacher coming back from his penalty during the race to finish fifth on a circuit that is notorious for overtaking being almost impossible. Fernando Alonso went on to win the race, his first in Monaco. Juan Pablo Montoya came second, scoring his last podium and David Coulthard took full advantage of Jarno Trulli's late hydraulic failure to finish in third, scoring Red Bull Racing's first ever podium finish and also first ever podium for Ferrari as an engine supplier for a customer team since 2003 United States Grand Prix when Sauber was a Ferrari customer team but badged as Petronas. It was also his first podium finish since the 2003 Japanese Grand Prix.

text:
# 2006 Monaco Grand Prix

The **2006 Monaco Grand Prix** (formally known as the **Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2006**) was a Formula One motor race held on 28 May 2006 at the Circuit de Monaco. The 78-lap race was the seventh round of the 2006 Formula One season. Prior to the race, Renault's Fernando Alonso had finished on the podium in all of the previous six Grands Prix, winning three of those races. His main championship rival, Michael Schumacher was looking to win the race as it would equal Ayrton Senna's record at Monaco for most wins (six).

The race was remembered by many people for Michael Schumacher's actions during the closing stages of the qualifying session for the race, where he stopped his car in *La Rascasse* corner, thus preventing his rival Fernando Alonso from attempting to improve his time. Schumacher maintained that this was an innocent mistake; his actions were deemed deliberate by the race stewards and he was demoted to the back of the grid as punishment for his actions, promoting Alonso from second to pole position. It was also remembered for Schumacher coming back from his penalty during the race to finish fifth on a circuit that is notorious for overtaking being almost impossible.

Fernando Alonso went on to win the race, his first in Monaco. Juan Pablo Montoya came second, scoring his last podium and David Coulthard took full advantage of Jarno Trulli's late hydraulic failure to finish in third, scoring Red Bull Racing's first ever podium finish and also first ever podium for Ferrari as an engine supplier for a customer team since 2003 United States Grand Prix when Sauber was a Ferrari customer team but badged as Petronas. It was also his first podium finish since the 2003 Japanese Grand Prix.

## Report

### Background

During the break between the Spanish Grand Prix and the Monaco Grand Prix, a test session was held at the Circuit Paul Ricard. Fernando Alonso topped the times on the first day of testing, under a tenth of a second faster than the Ferrari of Felipe Massa who was second fastest. Toyota also had a promising day testing their new car, the Toyota TF106B, with Jarno Trulli coming in third place, who was also less than a tenth of a second behind Alonso. Heikki Kovalainen in the second Renault was fourth ahead of both the McLarens of Räikkönen and Montoya. Alonso was top on day two as well, with Kovalainen second in the other Renault. Jacques Villeneuve was third in his BMW Sauber, a second slower than the Renaults. Klien, Trulli and Massa completed the top six respectively. Villeneuve got the better of the two Renaults on day three, the Canadian was over four tenths faster than his nearest rival, Heikki Kovalainen. Toyota were fastest on day four, Olivier Panis was fastest ahead of Ricardo Zonta and the two McLarens of Pedro de la Rosa and Gary Paffett.

As well as testing in Paul Ricard, some teams, namely Honda and Williams, were testing at an Italian circuit near Vallelunga, which had recently had a new chicane added to it to help simulate Monaco's characteristics. Honda's Anthony Davidson was top of the time sheet on day one, with Alexander Wurz's Williams around 4 tenths behind him. Honda continued to their advantage over Williams on day two of testing, with Jenson Button topping the times; Davidson was second and Mark Webber was third. Honda were fastest again on day three, this time Rubens Barrichello was fastest with Jenson Button in second and Mark Webber third. Williams were left on their own in Vallelunga on day four, Mark Webber and Narain Karthikeyan driving for Williams. The Australian was fastest with Karthikeyan around 4 tenths slower than him.

### Friday drivers

The bottom 6 teams in the 2005 Constructors' Championship and Super Aguri were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

| Constructor | Nat | Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Williams-Cosworth |  | Alexander Wurz |
| Honda |  | Anthony Davidson |
| Red Bull-Ferrari |  | Robert Doornbos |
| BMW Sauber |  | Robert Kubica |
| MF1-Toyota |  | Giorgio Mondini |
| Toro Rosso-Cosworth |  | Neel Jani |
| Super Aguri-Honda |  | - |

### Practice

Fernando Alonso showed he had intention of winning his first Monaco Grand Prix as he was fastest in the opening practice session, recording a best lap of 1:16.712, a tenth of a second faster than Honda test driver Anthony Davidson, who recorded a personal best of 1:16.872. Underlining Renault's challenge was third-fastest Giancarlo Fisichella, who was right behind Mondini, with a best time of 1:16.88.

Alexander Wurz was fastest in the second practice session, one tenth faster than Mondini and two tenths faster than third fastest, Juan Pablo Montoya. Wurz was very pleased with his performance in practice, "I went through my tyre choice and I have to say the way the circuit is progressing, it is coming to us just as it did at the Nürburgring, which is good. This makes me quite confident and positive that we will have a good weekend" he said. Anthony Davidson had dislodged a marker stick in the "*Swimming Pool*" to cause the red flag at the start of the session. After the restart, Davidson got his entry to the "*Ste Devote*" corner wrong and understeered into the tyre wall, removing the Honda's front wing and left front wheel.

Alonso was quickest in the Saturday morning session. Michael Schumacher, who had challenged Alonso all through the session, was second, 2 tenths slower than Alonso. Fisichella was third, Coulthard fourth, Nico Rosberg fifth, and Montoya sixth.

### Qualifying

Conditions were warm and sunny for the qualifying session for the race the following day, perhaps the biggest challenge for the drivers was getting a "clear track", meaning the drivers wanted a qualifying run without any cars in their way as this can seriously compromise a driver's time with the lack of width around the track so there was a possibility of a "big-name" going out before the top ten shootout. Vitantonio Liuzzi was the first driver to set a time in the session. By the time everyone, except Michael Schumacher, had set a time, Felipe Massa lost control of his Ferrari at *Casino Square*; so the Brazilian would start from the back of the grid and the session was red flagged. The session restarted at 1:10pm local time and Schumacher did set a time and was safely through to the second phase. Scott Speed had a good chance of qualifying for the second session, but an error at the chicane meant he was eliminated from qualifying. Rubens Barrichello made a last-ditch effort to get out of the elimination zone and did as he moved up to eighth. At the end of the first session Michael Schumacher was fastest, while Christijan Albers, Tiago Monteiro, Takuma Sato, Franck Montagny, Scott Speed and Felipe Massa were eliminated.

Nick Heidfeld was the first to set a time in the second session before being beaten by the Renault of Fernando Alonso and McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen who would later battle for the fastest time for the remainder of the session. So the 2005 pole position man, Kimi Räikkönen, was fastest with Fernando Alonso closely behind. David Coulthard was the surprise addition to the final session in his Red Bull. Ralf Schumacher, Christian Klien, Vitantonio Liuzzi, Jenson Button, Jacques Villeneuve and Nick Heidfeld were eliminated.

The final qualifying session was overshadowed by Michael Schumacher's actions in the dying moments of the session as his rival, Fernando Alonso, was on a flying lap and was, at sector two, over two tenths of a second faster than the German. However, Schumacher slid into and stopped his car against the barriers in the *Rascasse* corner, which compromised Alonso's lap. When asked about the incident, Schumacher responded by saying that he "locked up the front and went wide." The consensus in the paddock was that it was a deliberate act and the issue was raised with the race stewards. The stewards agreed and punished Schumacher by sending him to the back of the grid, alongside his teammate, making this the first time ever in the history of the sport that two Ferrari team cars would start a race on the back row. Ferrari's Managerial Director, Jean Todt, said that he was "disgusted" by the decision. Steward Joaquin Verdegay commented, "He performed some absolutely unnecessary and pathetic counter-steering, and that lasted five metres, until there was no more chances of going through the turn normally. He lost control of the car while travelling at 16 km/h (9.9 mph). That's something completely unjustifiable." Former driver Keke Rosberg said of the incident, "It was the cheapest, dirtiest thing I have ever seen in F1. He should leave F1 and go home."

Schumacher was not the only driver to be punished in qualifying; Giancarlo Fisichella was also punished by the stewards for blocking David Coulthard from improving his time and the Italian lost his three fastest lap times and dropped five places on the grid.

### Race

With Schumacher starting from the back of the grid and Mark Webber between him and his closest rival, Kimi Räikkönen, Fernando Alonso was in a good position. Like the qualifying session the day before, the sun was out and was most certainly staying out for the entire race. Coming into first corner, Alonso led the Williams of Webber and the two McLarens of Räikkönen and Montoya, nearly all 22 cars escaped the first corner unscathed, only Tiago Monteiro had picked up a problem, losing his front wing after a minor collision with his teammate, Christijan Albers. By the end of lap one, Michael Schumacher had already passed Takuma Sato after starting the race from the pit lane and Alonso led the race by 8 tenths of a second from Mark Webber. The Australian ran wide at *St Devote* and was overtaken by Räikkönen at *Casino Square* during lap two and was now catching Alonso by setting the fastest lap and by lap four Räikkönen had Alonso in his sight.

In the mid-field, Schumacher was up in 16th place and was right behind the Honda of Jenson Button, but he would not get past Button until the 21st lap when he overtook the Briton in the Chicane. By lap 14, the leaders had already caught up with the backmarkers of the two Super Aguris and Monteiro's Midland. Albers was given a stop-and-go penalty on lap 18 for causing an avoidable collision with his teammate and took his penalty a lap later. By lap 21, the first round of pit stops had begun, Tiago Monteiro, who had already been into the pits, was the first driver to make a scheduled stop. Räikkönen was the first of the top three drivers to pit, which was on lap 22. Alonso pitted from the lead two laps later, leaving Mark Webber in the race lead. After a fast in-lap, Webber pitted from the lead and had the potential to come out ahead of Räikkönen. But he failed to come out in front of the Finnish driver and retained his position. By lap 34, Schumacher was up in 13th position, behind David Coulthard, but two laps later Schumacher came in for his first stop of the race and, with a stop of 9.1 seconds, was fueled until the end of the race.

By lap 46, Rubens Barrichello, who had been off pace for the entire race, pitted in for his first and only stop of the race. Webber was having a good race for Williams that afternoon, but it was to be cut short due to an exhaust failure; as the Australian completed his 48th lap, smoke started to appear at the back of his car and it blew up in flames at the exit of the pit lane. The safety car was deployed so marshals could get Webber's Williams off track so the rest of the field could resume racing without running into the immobile Williams. The entire field took advantage of the safety car period, and pitted a lap later for new tires and fuel. After two laps under the safety car, Räikkönen had bad luck as well when a heat shield, which had caught fire before in the first practice session, caught fire again, burning through the car's wiring and, judging by the on-board footage, cutting off the electricity to the engine; Räikkönen parked his McLaren at the exit of the Portier turn. Following this, the Finn opted to return to his private yacht as the race carried on.

With the safety car coming back into the pits, Alonso restarted in first place with Juan Pablo Montoya right behind him and Rubens Barrichello third; Coulthard and Schumacher were in the points as well. By lap 57, Alonso had a commanding lead of over 15 seconds to Montoya. Christian Klien retired a lap later, promoting his teammate David Coulthard to fifth and Michael Schumacher to sixth. Jacques Villeneuve got a drive-through penalty on lap 59 because he overtook under safety car conditions. Schumacher was closing fast on sixth-place Coulthard at about five seconds a lap, lapping in the 1:15's, but the Scot was over 35 seconds ahead of him. Barrichello, who was having a good Grand Prix up to lap 63, when he was given a drive through penalty for speeding in the pit lane; thus promoting Jarno Trulli up to third place and Coulthard to fourth. Barrichello came back in fifth place.

With a podium almost certain for Trulli, his Toyota team were pleased with the new car's performance but, on lap 72, the Italian had a hydraulic failure that shut the car down on the way up to the Casino, promoting Coulthard to third, who was now on course to take Red Bull's first podium, and moving Trulli's teammate, Ralf Schumacher, who had had a very quiet Grand Prix, up into the points. By lap 75 and with only a few laps to go, Michael Schumacher had closed right up on his old Ferrari teammate, Rubens Barrichello, but despite a number of attempts, Schumacher failed to get past the Honda and finished fifth. Giancarlo Fisichella was sixth in the sister Renault; Nick Heidfeld was seventh, and Ralf Schumacher took the final point up for grabs in eighth.

On the podium, Coulthard wore a Superman cape, given that Red Bull was in that race promoting the superhero's newest film, *Superman Returns*. No champagne was sprayed due to death of Édouard Michelin on Friday.

### Post-race

Schumacher's actions in the qualifying session would serve as ammunition for Schumacher's critics to go along with his actions in the 1994 Australian Grand Prix and the 1997 European Grand Prix, although Schumacher never accepted the allegations that he "parked" his Ferrari on purpose to block Fernando Alonso from taking pole position off him. However, this race is also regarded as one of Schumacher's best performances owing to the immense difficulty to overtake in Monaco, which did not stop him from overtaking at least 11 cars on the narrow track.

The Grand Prix was also the last time that Juan Pablo Montoya stepped onto a Formula One podium (and, as of 2024, the last for a Colombian driver) as well as Red Bull Racing's first podium finish. This would also be the last Monaco Grand Prix for Montoya and Jacques Villeneuve. Michael Schumacher did not return to Monaco until the 2010 Formula One season.

## Classification

### Qualifying

| Pos. | No. | Driver | Constructor | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Grid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Fernando Alonso | Renault | 1:14.232 | 1:13.622 | **1:13.962** | 1 |
| 2 | 9 | Mark Webber | Williams-Cosworth | 1:14.305 | 1:13.728 | 1:14.082 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 | Kimi Räikkönen | McLaren-Mercedes | **1:13.887** | **1:13.532** | 1:14.140 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 | Juan Pablo Montoya | McLaren-Mercedes | 1:14.483 | 1:14.295 | 1:14.664 | 4 |
| 5 | 11 | Rubens Barrichello | Honda | 1:14.766 | 1:14.312 | 1:15.804 | 5 |
| 6 | 8 | Jarno Trulli | Toyota | 1:14.883 | 1:14.211 | 1:15.857 | 6 |
| 7 | 14 | David Coulthard | Red Bull-Ferrari | 1:15.090 | 1:13.687 | 1:16.426 | 7 |
| 8 | 10 | Nico Rosberg | Williams-Cosworth | 1:14.888 | 1:13.909 | 1:16.636 | 8 |
| 9 | 2 | Giancarlo Fisichella | Renault | 1:14.614 | 1:13.647 | 1:17.260 | 9 |
| 10 | 7 | Ralf Schumacher | Toyota | 1:14.412 | 1:14.398 |  | 10 |
| 11 | 15 | Christian Klien | Red Bull-Ferrari | 1:14.489 | 1:14.747 |  | 11 |
| 12 | 20 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Toro Rosso-Cosworth | 1:15.314 | 1:14.969 |  | 12 |
| 13 | 12 | Jenson Button | Honda | 1:15.085 | 1:14.982 |  | 13 |
| 14 | 17 | Jacques Villeneuve | BMW Sauber | 1:15.316 | 1:15.052 |  | 14 |
| 15 | 16 | Nick Heidfeld | BMW Sauber | 1:15.324 | 1:15.137 |  | 15 |
| 16 | 19 | Christijan Albers | MF1-Toyota | 1:15.598 |  |  | 16 |
| 17 | 18 | Tiago Monteiro | MF1-Toyota | 1:15.993 |  |  | 17 |
| 18 | 21 | Scott Speed | Toro Rosso-Cosworth | 1:16.236 |  |  | 18 |
| 19 | 22 | Takuma Sato | Super Aguri-Honda | 1:17.276 |  |  | 19 |
| 20 | 23 | Franck Montagny | Super Aguri-Honda | 1:17.502 |  |  | 20 |
| 21 | 6 | Felipe Massa | Ferrari | No time |  |  | 21 |
| NC | 5 | Michael Schumacher | Ferrari | 1:15.118 | 1:13.709 | 1:13.898 | PL |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

Notes * **^1**  – Giancarlo Fisichella set the 5th fastest time of 1:14.396. However, as he was found to have impeded David Coulthard on a flying lap, Fisichella had his three fastest lap times deleted, dropping him behind Montoya, Barrichello, Trulli, Coulthard and Rosberg. He thus started from 9th position.
* **^2**  – Felipe Massa failed to set a qualifying time as his car was unfit to race after he damaged it during the first knock-out phase.
* **^3**  – Michael Schumacher set the fastest time of 1:13.898. However, during the final lap of qualifying, Schumacher came to a stop at the La Rascasse hairpin, resulting in a yellow flag, meaning that other drivers could not go at maximum speed. After the session there was immediate complaint from the other teams that this has been a deliberate move by Ferrari to ensure Schumacher started in pole position, since Alonso had been on pace to beat his time. Although Schumacher insisted he had simply made an error, a stewards' inquiry resulted in all his qualifying times being deleted. Later on, Schumacher opted to start from the pitlane.

### Race

| Pos. | No. | Driver | Constructor | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | **Fernando Alonso** | **Renault** | 78 | 1:43:43.116 | 1 | **10** |
| 2 | 4 | **Juan Pablo Montoya** | **McLaren-Mercedes** | 78 | +14.567 | 4 | **8** |
| 3 | 14 | **David Coulthard** | **Red Bull-Ferrari** | 78 | +52.298 | 7 | **6** |
| 4 | 11 | **Rubens Barrichello** | **Honda** | 78 | +53.337 | 5 | **5** |
| 5 | 5 | **Michael Schumacher** | **Ferrari** | 78 | +53.830 | PL | **4** |
| 6 | 2 | **Giancarlo Fisichella** | **Renault** | 78 | +1:02.072 | 9 | **3** |
| 7 | 16 | **Nick Heidfeld** | **BMW Sauber** | 77 | +1 lap | 15 | **2** |
| 8 | 7 | **Ralf Schumacher** | **Toyota** | 77 | +1 lap | 10 | **1** |
| 9 | 6 | Felipe Massa | Ferrari | 77 | +1 lap | 21 |  |
| 10 | 20 | Vitantonio Liuzzi | Toro Rosso-Cosworth | 77 | +1 lap | 12 |  |
| 11 | 12 | Jenson Button | Honda | 77 | +1 lap | 13 |  |
| 12 | 19 | Christijan Albers | MF1-Toyota | 77 | +1 lap | 16 |  |
| 13 | 21 | Scott Speed | Toro Rosso-Cosworth | 77 | +1 lap | 18 |  |
| 14 | 17 | Jacques Villeneuve | BMW Sauber | 77 | +1 lap | 14 |  |
| 15 | 18 | Tiago Monteiro | MF1-Toyota | 76 | +2 laps | 17 |  |
| 16 | 23 | Franck Montagny | Super Aguri-Honda | 75 | +3 laps | 20 |  |
| 17 | 8 | Jarno Trulli | Toyota | 72 | Hydraulics | 6 |  |
| Ret | 15 | Christian Klien | Red Bull-Ferrari | 56 | Transmission | 11 |  |
| Ret | 10 | Nico Rosberg | Williams-Cosworth | 51 | Throttle | 8 |  |
| Ret | 3 | Kimi Räikkönen | McLaren-Mercedes | 50 | Fire | 3 |  |
| Ret | 9 | Mark Webber | Williams-Cosworth | 48 | Exhaust | 2 |  |
| Ret | 22 | Takuma Sato | Super Aguri-Honda | 46 | Electrical | 19 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

## Championship standings after the race

* **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

## Footnotes

1. "Monaco". *Formula1.com*. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
2. "Paul Ricard day one - Alonso by a whisker" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
3. "Paul Ricard day two - Renault one-two" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
4. "Paul Ricard day three - BMW best Renault" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
5. "Paul Ricard day four - Toyota edge McLaren" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
6. "Vallelunga day one - Davidson on top" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
7. "Vallelunga day two - Honda head Williams" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
8. "Vallelunga day three - Honda finish on top" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
9. "Williams, Ferrari wrap up Italian tests" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
10. "F1DB \> Monaco GP 2006 \> Classification". F1db.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
11. "Thursday practice - selected driver quotes" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
12. "Wurz quickest after Davidson crash" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
13. "Post-qualifying press conference - Monaco" Formula1.com. Retrieved 2 October 2006
14. "Schumacher is stripped of pole". Formula One official site. 2006-05-27. Archived from the original on 2007-05-30.
15. "Monaco 2006 Race Report". F1 Rejects. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2006.
16. "Schumacher in the dock". BBC Sport. 28 May 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
17. "Fisichella punished by stewards". Formula One official site. 2006-05-27. Archived from the original on 2006-10-19.
18. "A bird? A plane? No, it's David Coulthard". *ESPN UK*. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
19. "Décès d'Edouard Michelin". *Eurosport* (in French). 27 May 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
20. Domenjoz, Luc; et al. (February 2007). *Formula One Yearbook 2006-2007*. Chronosports S.A. p. 122. ISBN 978-2-84707-110-8.
21. Domenjoz, Luc; et al. (February 2007). *Formula One Yearbook 2006-2007*. Chronosports S.A. p. 129. ISBN 978-2-84707-110-8.
22. "Monaco 2006 - Championship • STATS F1". *www.statsf1.com*. Retrieved 19 March 2019.

43°44′4.74″N 7°25′16.8″E / 43.7346500°N 7.421333°E / 43.7346500; 7.421333

## InfoBox

| 2006 Monaco Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 7 of 18 in the 2006 Formula One World Championship | | | |
| The Monaco circuit, last modified in 2003 | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 28 May 2006 | | |
| Official name | Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2006 | | |
| Location | Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo | | |
| Course | Street circuit | | |
| Course length | 3.340 km (2.075 miles) | | |
| Distance | 78 laps, 260.520 km (161.880 miles) | | |
| Weather | Fine | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Renault |
| Time | 1:13.962 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Michael Schumacher | Ferrari |
| Time | 1:15.143 on lap 74 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Renault |
| Second |  | McLaren-Mercedes |
| Third |  | Red Bull-Ferrari |
| Lap leaders * | | | |


title: Asprinio bianco

abstract: Asprinio bianco is a white Italian wine grape variety grown primarily in southwest Italy, around the Naples region of Campania. It is currently not believed to be related to the similarly named French wine grape of the Languedoc region, Aspiran. In Naples the grape is used to make lightly sparkling frizzante wine.

text:
# Asprinio bianco

**Asprinio bianco** is a white Italian wine grape variety grown primarily in southwest Italy, around the Naples region of Campania. It is currently not believed to be related to the similarly named French wine grape of the Languedoc region, Aspiran. In Naples the grape is used to make lightly sparkling *frizzante* wine.

## Synonyms

Among the synonyms Asprinio is known under include Asprinia di Aversa, Asprinio, Asprino, Greco, Lacrima, Olivese, Ragusano, Ragusano Bianco, Uva Asprina and Uva Asprinia. DNA profiling has shown that some plantings in Italy, Greco and *Asprinio* were genetically identical.


title: Bartolus de Saxoferrato

abstract: Bartolus de Saxoferrato was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. The admiration of later generations of civil lawyers is shown by the adage nemo bonus íurista nisi bartolista — no one is a good lawyer unless he is a Bartolist.

text:
# Bartolus de Saxoferrato

**Bartolus de Saxoferrato** (Italian: *Bartolo da Sassoferrato*; 1313  13 July 1357) was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. The admiration of later generations of civil lawyers is shown by the adage *nemo bonus íurista nisi bartolista*  no one is a good lawyer unless he is a Bartolist (i.e. a follower of Bartolus).

## Life and works

Bartolus was born in the village of Venatura, near Sassoferrato, in the Italian region of Marche. His father was Franciscus Severi, and his mother was of the Alfani family. He read civil law at the University of Perugia under Cinus, and in the University of Bologna under Oldradus and Belviso, and graduated to doctor of law in 1334. In 1339 he started teaching first in Pisa, then in Perugia. He raised the character of Perugia's law school to a level with that of Bologna, and this city made him an honorary citizen in 1348. In 1355, Emperor Charles IV appointed him as his *consiliarius*. In Perugia Baldus de Ubaldis and his brothers Angelus and Petrus became pupils of Bartolus. Bartolus died in Perugia at the age of 43, and was interred in the church of San Francisco with a monument inscribed with "Ossa Bartoli".

Despite his short life, Bartolus left an extraordinary number of works. He wrote commentaries on all parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis. He is also the author of a large number of treatises on specific subjects. Among these treatises is his famous book on the law relating to rivers (*De fluminibus seu Tyberiadis*). There are also almost 400 legal opinions (*consilia*) written at the request of judges or private parties seeking legal advice.

Bartolus developed many novel legal concepts, which became part of the civil law tradition. Among his most important contributions were those to the area of conflict of laws – a field of great importance in 14th century Italy, where every city-state had its own statutes and customs. Bartolus also dealt with a variety of constitutional law issues. In his treatise *De insigniis et armis* he discussed not only the law of Arms but also some problems of trademark law.

Bartolus also wrote on political issues, including the legitimacy of city governments, partisan divisions and the regimes of Italy's petty tyrants. His political thought balanced respect for the Empire with defense of the legitimacy of local Italian governments.

Bartolus is believed to be the first theorist of international law. He and his disciple Baldus of Ubaldis defined a set of norms which enforced the reciprocal independency and autonomy of the city-states of northern Italy, but into the cornerstone of a common discipline established by the Empire. While the city-states were internally self-governing, their mutual relationships were governed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

## Legacy

Already famous in his lifetime, Bartolus was later regarded as the greatest jurist after the renaissance of Roman law. This is evident not only from the above-quoted saying, but also from the fact that statutes in Spain 1427/1433 and Portugal 1446 provided that his opinions should be followed where the Roman source texts and the Accursian gloss were silent. Lorenzo Valla was driven out of the University of Pavia in 1431 for his critique of Bartolus' Latin style. Even in England, where the civil law he had worked on was not applicable, Bartolus was held in high esteem. He influenced civilian writers such as Alberico Gentili and Richard Zouch.

Due to Bartolus' fame, his name was used for the character of a lawyer in many Italian plays and other works, for example Dr. Bartolo in Pierre Beaumarchais' *The Barber of Seville (play)*, and hence Gioachino Rossini's opera *The Barber of Seville* and Mozart's *The Marriage of Figaro*.

## Works

* *Consilia, quaestiones et tractatus* (in Latin). Lyon: Thomas Berthelier. 1547.
* *De fluminibus seu Tyberiadis* (in Latin).

### Catalogs of manuscripts

Catalogs:

* Casamassima, Emanuele, *Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti* 1, *Iter Germanicum* (Firenze: Olschki, 1971).
* Dolezalek, Gero, *Verzeichnis der Handschriften zum römischen Recht bis 1600*, 4 vols. (Frankfurt: Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, 1972).
* García y García, Antonio, *Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti* 2, *Iter Hispanicum* (Firenze: Olschki, 1973).
* Izbicki, Thomas M., and Patrick Lally, "Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," *Manuscripta* 35 (1991): 146–155.
* Izbicki, Thomas M., "Additional Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," *Manuscripta* 55 (2011): 146–155.
* Izbicki, Thomas M., "Manuscript Works of Bartolus de Saxoferrato in the Vatican Library," *Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune* 23 (2012): 147-210.
* Krafzik, Sebastian: *Die Herrschereinsetzung aus der Sicht des Bartolus von Sassoferato* In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 39–43, (ISSN 2042-6402).
* Kuttner, Stephan, and Reinhard Elze, *A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library*, 2 vols. (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986–1987). Volume 1: Codices Vaticani latini 541-2299; volume 2: Codices Vaticani latini 2300-2746.

## Sources

Primary sources * Diego Quaglioni, *Politica e diritto nel trecento italiano. Il "De tyranno" di Bartolo da Sassoferrato (1314–1357). Con l'edizione critica dei trattati "De Guelphis et Gebellinis", "De regimine civitatis", e "De tyranno"*, Olschki, Firenze, 1983.

Secondary sources * Maria Ada Benedetto (1958). *Bartolo da Sassoferrato*. In *Novissimo Digesto Italiano. Vol 2*. ISBN 88-02-01797-2. pp. 279–280.
* Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1850). *Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Vol. 6*. pp. 137–184.
* Walter Ullmann (1962). *Bartolus and English Jurisprudence*. In *Bartolo da Sassoferrato. Studi e Documenti per il VI centenario. Vol. 1*. pp. 47–73.
* Ephraim Emerton, *Humanism and Tyranny* (Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1964 \[c1925\]). Includes translations of Bartolus, "De tyrannia" and "De Guelphis et Gebellinis".
* Osvaldo Cavallar et al., *A grammar of signs: Bartolo da Sassoferrato's Tract on insignia and coats of arms* (Berkeley, CA: Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley, 1994).
* Osvaldo Cavallar,"River of Law," in *A Renaissance of conflicts: visions and revisions of law and society in Italy and Spain*, ed. John A Marino and Thomas Kuehn (Toronto, Ont.: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004), pp. 31–129. (Includes editions of parts of the *Tyberiadis* and of a *consilium*.)
* Anna T. Sheedy, *Bartolus on Social Conditions in the Fourteenth Century* (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942).
* C. N. S. Woolf, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought (Cambridge, 1913).

## InfoBox

| Bartolus de Saxoferrato | |
| --- | --- |
| Bartolo de Sassoferrato | |
|  | |
| Born | 1313
Venatura, Marche, Italy |
| Died | 13 July 1357
Perugia, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Alma mater | University of Perugia University of Bologna |
| Occupation | Law professor |


title: 1982 Montreal Concordes season

abstract: The 1982 Montreal Concordes finished the season in fourth place in the East Division with a 2–14 record and missed the playoffs. After the Montreal Alouettes folded after the 1981 season, the CFL awarded Expos owner Charles Bronfman a replacement franchise, the Montreal Concordes. Bronfman retained the Alouettes' history and records, along with the CFL rights to the Alouettes players.

text:
# 1982 Montreal Concordes season

The **1982 Montreal Concordes** finished the season in fourth place in the East Division with a 2–14 record and missed the playoffs. After the Montreal Alouettes folded after the 1981 season, the CFL awarded Expos owner Charles Bronfman a replacement franchise, the Montreal Concordes. Bronfman retained the Alouettes' history and records, along with the CFL rights to the Alouettes players.

## Preseason

| Game | Date | Opponent | Results | | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Score | Record | | |
| A | June 10 | at Toronto Argonauts | L 11–20 | 0–1 | Exhibition Stadium | 26,329 |
| B | June 16 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 9–31 | 0–2 | Olympic Stadium | 6,749 |
| C | June 22 | vs. Ottawa Rough Riders | L 13–26 | 0–3 | Olympic Stadium | 7,665 |
| D | June 29 | at Ottawa Rough Riders | L 13–31 | 0–4 | Lansdowne Park | 14,997 |

## Regular season

### Standings

|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | GP | W | L | T | Pts | PF | PA | Div | Stk |  |
| **Toronto Argonauts** | 16 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 19 | 426 | 426 | 4–2 | W2 | *Details* |
| **Hamilton Tiger-Cats** | 16 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 396 | 401 | 5–1 | W1 | *Details* |
| **Ottawa Rough Riders** | 16 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 10 | 267 | 518 | 2–4 | L1 | *Details* |
| Montreal Concordes | 16 | 2 | 14 | 0 | 4 | 241 | 506 | 1–5 | L7 | *Details* |

### Schedule

| Week | Game | Date | Opponent | Results | | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Score | Record | | |
| 1 | *Bye* | | | | | | |
| 2 | 1 | July 16 | vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers | L 0–36 | 0–1 | Olympic Stadium | 14,700 |
| 3 | 2 | July 23 | at Toronto Argonauts | L 13–16 | 0–2 | Exhibition Stadium | 31,875 |
| 4 | 3 | July 29 | at Ottawa Rough Riders | L 5–55 | 0–3 | Lansdowne Park | 18,991 |
| 5 | 4 | Aug 6 | vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats | W 21–10 | 1–3 | Olympic Stadium | 17,762 |
| 6 | 5 | Aug 15 | at Edmonton Eskimos | L 8–46 | 1–4 | Commonwealth Stadium | 56,354 |
| 7 | 6 | Aug 22 | vs. BC Lions | L 9–45 | 1–5 | Olympic Stadium | 15,208 |
| 8 | 7 | Aug 27 | vs. Calgary Stampeders | L 30–31 | 1–6 | Olympic Stadium | 12,268 |
| 9 | 8 | Sept 6 | at Hamilton Tiger-Cats | L 9–28 | 1–7 | Ivor Wynne Stadium | 17,370 |
| 10 | 9 | Sept 12 | vs. Saskatchewan Roughriders | W 16–13 | 2–7 | Olympic Stadium | 14,111 |
| 11 | 10 | *Bye* | | | | | | |
| 12 | 10 | Sept 25 | at Winnipeg Blue Bombers | L 16–19 | 2–8 | Winnipeg Stadium | 24,462 |
| 13 | 11 | Oct 2 | vs. Toronto Argonauts | L 9–25 | 2–9 | Olympic Stadium | 15,622 |
| 14 | 13 | Oct 9 | at Calgary Stampeders | L 24–34 | 2–10 | McMahon Stadium | 24,599 |
| 15 | 13 | Oct 16 | vs. Edmonton Eskimos | L 39–53 | 2–11 | Olympic Stadium | 16,375 |
| 16 | 14 | Oct 24 | at Saskatchewan Roughriders | L 20–25 | 2–12 | Taylor Field | 26,470 |
| 17 | 15 | Oct 31 | vs. Ottawa Rough Riders | L 32–34 | 2–13 | Olympic Stadium | 17,179 |
| 18 | 16 | Nov 6 | at BC Lions | L 16–32 | 2–14 | Empire Stadium | 15,071 |

## InfoBox

| 1982 Montreal Concordes season | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Charles Bronfman |
| General manager | Sam Etcheverry |
| Head coach | Joe Galat |
| Home field | Olympic Stadium |
| Results | |
| Record | **2–14** |
| Division place | **4th, East** |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: Bachhrawan Assembly constituency

abstract: Bachhrawan is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Bachhrawan in the Rae Bareli district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Bachhrawan is one of five assembly constituencies in the Lok Sabha constituency of Rae Bareli. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 177 amongst 403 constituencies.

text:
# Bachhrawan Assembly constituency

**Bachhrawan** is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the city of Bachhrawan in the Rae Bareli district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Bachhrawan is one of five assembly constituencies in the Lok Sabha constituency of Rae Bareli. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 177 amongst 403 constituencies.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | Rameshwar Prasad |  | Indian National Congress |
| | Chandrika Prasad | | |
| 1962 | Bhagwan Din |  | Socialist Party |
| 1967 | Ram Dularey |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1969 | | | |
| 1974 | | | |
| 1977 | | | |
| 1980 | Shiv Darshan |  | Indian National Congress (I) |
| 1985 | |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1989 | | |
| 1991 | | |
| 1993 | Raja Ram Tyagi |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1996 | Shyam Sunder Bharti |  | Bahujan Samaj Party |
| 2002 | Ram Lal Akela |  | Samajwadi Party |
| 2007 | Raja Ram Tyagi |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2012 | Ram Lal Akela |  | Samajwadi Party |
| 2017 | Ram Naresh Rawat |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | Shyam Sunder Bharti |  | Samajwadi Party |

## Election results

### 2022

2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Bachhrawan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **SP** | **Shyam Sundar Bharti** | **65,747** | **31.38** |  |
|  | AD(S) | Lakshmikant Rawat | 62,935 | 30.04 |  |
|  | INC | Sushil Pasi | 56,835 | 27.13 |  |
|  | BSP | Lajwanti Kuril | 13,730 | 6.55 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 2,200 | 1.05 |  |
|  |  | Rest of the candidates | ~8,000 | 3.60 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,812 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | SP **gain** from BJP | | Swing |  |  |

### 2017

Bharatiya Janta Party candidate Ram Naresh Rawat won in 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating Indian National Congress candidate Shahab Sharan by a margin of 22,309 votes.

## InfoBox

| Bachhrawan | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 177 for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Rae Bareli |
| Total electors | 3,37,025 |
| Reservation | SC |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Shyam Sunder Bharti** | |
| Party | Samajwadi Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Galenara

abstract: Galenara is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1920.

text:
# Galenara

***Galenara*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1920.

## Species

## Distribution

China.

## InfoBox

| *Galenara* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Ennominae |
| Tribe: | Melanolophiini |
| Genus: | ***Galenara***<br>McDunnough, 1920 |
|


title: Erik Mueggler

abstract: Erik Mueggler is an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Michigan.

text:
# Erik Mueggler

**Erik Mueggler** is an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Michigan.

## Life

Mueggler attended Deep Springs College and graduated from Cornell University with a B.A. in socio-cultural anthropology, and Johns Hopkins University with a Ph.D. in anthropology.

## Awards

## Works

* "Spectral Chains: Remembering the Great Leap Forward Famine in a Yi Community", *Re-envisioning the Chinese revolution: the politics and poetics of collective memories in reform China*, Editors Ching Kwan Lee, Guobin Yang, Stanford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8047-5853-6
* "Dancing Fools: Politics of Culture and Place in a 'Traditional Nationality Festival.' *Modern China* 28(1). 2002.
* *The Age of Wild Ghosts. Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China*, Berkeley: *University of California Press*. 2001, ISBN 978-0-520-22631-9
* "Spectral Subversions: Rival Tactics of Time and Agency in China." *Comparative Studies in Society and History* 41(3): 458-481. 1999.
* "The Poetics of Grief and the Price of Hemp in Southwest China." *Journal of Asian Studies* 57(4): 979-1008. 1998.

The Paper Road: Archive and Experience in the Botanical Exploration of West China and Tibet (University of California Press, 2011)

* "Other Chinas: The Yao and the Politics of National Belonging" (review), *Anthropological Quarterly* \- Volume 75, Number 1, Winter 2002, pp. 221–224
* "Book Reviews", *Anthropologica*, 2003
* Interview with Mueggler on "New Books in East Asian Studies"

## InfoBox

| Erik Mueggler | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Deep Springs College
Cornell University (BA)
Johns Hopkins University (PhD) |
| Awards | MacArthur Fellows Program |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Anthropology |
| Institutions | University of Michigan |
|  | |


title: Erich Jarvis

abstract: Erich Jarvis is an American professor at Rockefeller University. He is the head of a team of researchers who study the neurobiology of vocal learning, a critical behavioral substrate for spoken language. By studying animals including songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds, his research attempts to show that bird groups have similar learning abilities to humans in the context of sound, such as learning new sounds and then passing on vocal repertoires from one generation to the next. Jarvis focuses on the molecular pathways involved in the perception and production of learned vocalizations, and the development of brain circuits for vocal learning. In 2002, the National Science Foundation awarded Jarvis the Alan T. Waterman Award. In 2005 he was awarded the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award providing funding for five years to researchers pursuing innovative approaches to biomedical research. In 2008, Jarvis was selected as Investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

text:
# Erich Jarvis

**Erich Jarvis** is an American professor at Rockefeller University. He is the head of a team of researchers who study the neurobiology of vocal learning, a critical behavioral substrate for spoken language. By studying animals including songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds, his research attempts to show that bird groups have similar learning abilities to humans in the context of sound, such as learning new sounds and then passing on vocal repertoires from one generation to the next. Jarvis focuses on the molecular pathways involved in the perception and production of learned vocalizations, and the development of brain circuits for vocal learning.

In 2002, the National Science Foundation awarded Jarvis the Alan T. Waterman Award. In 2005 he was awarded the National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award providing funding for five years to researchers pursuing innovative approaches to biomedical research. In 2008, Jarvis was selected as Investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

## Life and career

Erich Jarvis was born in Harlem, New York in 1965. Jarvis was one of four children of Sasha McCall, a gospel singer, and James Jarvis, a musician and amateur scientist. Since the age of six, he was primarily raised by his mother, after his parents divorced in 1970. Jarvis credits his family, and primarily his father's mind and enthusiasm for science, for his interest in biology. His father had drug-induced schizophrenia and was homeless, living in various parks, prior to becoming the victim of a fatal shooting in 1989. Jarvis attended the High School for the Performing Arts in Manhattan, where he studied ballet. Jarvis turned down an Alvin Ailey American Dance theater audition to study at Hunter College, where he received a B.A. in Biology and Mathematics in 1988. During his undergraduate years at Hunter, he had six scientific publications. He continued his education at Rockefeller University, earning a Ph.D. in Animal Behavior and Molecular Neurobehavior under Fernando Nottebohm in 1995. He continued his postdoctoral education at Rockefeller University until 1998.

Jarvis became an assistant and an adjunct assistant professor at Rockefeller University from 1995 to 2002. He then was an associate professor of neurobiology at Duke University Medical Center until December 2016, when he returned to Rockefeller University, where he is professor and head of the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language.

The focus of Jarvis' research is the vocal learning capabilities in birds and how they learn to mimic sounds. His research with songbirds is being used to show the evolution of human language capacity and speech disorders. His research combines behavioral, anatomical, electrophysiological, molecular biological, and genomic techniques. The discoveries of Jarvis and his collaborators include the first findings of natural behaviorally regulated gene expression in the avian brain, social context dependent gene regulation, convergent vocal learning systems across distantly related animal groups, the FOXP2 gene in vocal learning birds, and the finding that vocal learning systems may have evolved out of ancient motor learning systems.

His research identifies the neurological basis of birdsong at the tissue, cellular and genetic levels. A recent project seeks to transform birds without songs such as pigeons into birds that sing by genetic neuro-engineering, e.g. injecting new genes into the forebrain. If successful, this could have implications for treating patients with loss of speech after stroke.

## Awards and honors

* 1986 First Place Award for Excellence in Biomedical Research, NIH-MBRS Annual Symposium
* 1988 MARC-NIGMS Pre-doctoral National Research Service Award
* 1988 FORD Foundation Pre-Doctoral Fellowship
* 2000 Esther & Joseph Klingenstein Award in Neuroscience
* 2000 Whitehall Foundation Award in Neuroscience
* 2000 David and Lucille Packard Foundation Award
* 2001 Duke University Provost Bioinformatic Award
* 2002 Duke University Provost Computational Biology Award
* 2002 Hall of Fame: Alumni Association of Hunter College
* 2002 Human Frontiers in Science Program Young Investigators Award
* 2002 NSF Alan T. Waterman Award. NSF's highest award for young investigators given annually to one scientist or engineer who under the age of 35 made a significant discovery/impact in science. Awarded for molecular approach and findings to map brain areas involved in behavior.
* 2003 The 2003 Distinguished Alumni Award of the City University of New York.
* 2005 Dominion Award: Strong Men and Women of Excellence: African American Leaders. Prior awardees include Arthur Ashe, Maya Angelou, Oprah Winfrey, and Michael Jordan.
* 2005 NIH Director's Pioneer Award
* 2006 Discover magazine top 100 science discoveries of 2005; avian brain nomenclature listed at #51
* 2006 Diverse magazine's top 10 emerging scholars of 2006
* 2006 Popular Science Magazine: Named in Fifth Annual Brilliant Ten
* 2008 HHMI Investigator Award
* 2014 Summit Award with NSF and NINDS from the American Society of Association Executives for successes of the Society for Neuroscience's Scholars Program
* 2015 Ernest Everett Just Award, American Society for Cell Biology

## InfoBox

| Erich D. Jarvis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1965-05-06)May 6, 1965<br>Harlem, New York City, NY, US |
| Education |  |
| Known for | Birdsong, language |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Neuroscience |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: 1995 Gold Coast City Council election

abstract: The 1995 Gold Coast City Council election was held on 11 March 1995 to elect a mayor and 14 councillors to the City of Gold Coast, a local government area (LGA) of Queensland, Australia. The election was one of three held in 1995 following several amalgamations, which included the Shire of Albert being absorbed into Gold Coast City. Ray Stevens, the outgoing mayor of Albert, won the mayoral election, defeating incumbent Gold Coast mayor Gary Baildon as well as five other candidates.

text:
# 1995 Gold Coast City Council election

The **1995 Gold Coast City Council election** was held on 11 March 1995 to elect a mayor and 14 councillors to the City of Gold Coast, a local government area (LGA) of Queensland, Australia.

The election was one of three held in 1995 following several amalgamations, which included the Shire of Albert being absorbed into Gold Coast City.

Ray Stevens, the outgoing mayor of Albert, won the mayoral election, defeating incumbent Gold Coast mayor Gary Baildon as well as five other candidates.

## Background

Albert, created in 1948, had seen a rapid expansion from the late 1960s onwards. However, the Shire of Logan was separately incorporated in 1978, and Albert lost 110.0 km2 (42.5 sq mi) of its area and 54,650 people in the change − almost three-quarters of its population. With the astronomic growth levels experienced by the Gold Coast area from the late 1970s onwards, the new Albert grew from 18,753 at the 1976 census to 143,697 in 1991.

Although the commission's recommendations only included boundary adjustments between Albert and the City of Gold Coast, the outcome following much public debate was a decision by the Queensland Government to absorb Albert into Gold Coast City.

## InfoBox

1995 Gold Coast City Council election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout |  |
| First party Second party  **IND**  **IND**  Candidate Ray Stevens Gary Baildon  Party Ind. Liberal Independent | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Gary Baildon
Independent **Subsequent Mayor**
Ray Stevens
Ind. Liberal | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 2009–10 Azerbaijan Cup

abstract: The Azerbaijan Cup 2009–10 was the 18th season of the annual cup competition in Azerbaijan. It started on 17 September 2009 with four games of the preliminary round and ended on 22 May 2009 with the Final held at Tofiq Bahramov Stadium in Baku. FK Karabakh were the defending champions. Twenty teams competed in this year's competition.

text:
# 2009–10 Azerbaijan Cup

The **Azerbaijan Cup 2009–10** was the 18th season of the annual cup competition in Azerbaijan. It started on 17 September 2009 with four games of the preliminary round and ended on 22 May 2009 with the Final held at Tofiq Bahramov Stadium in Baku. FK Karabakh were the defending champions. Twenty teams competed in this year's competition.

## Preliminary round

Eight lower division teams qualified for this competition played against each other over two legs and the winners of these legs joined the twelve teams of the Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 in the next round. The first legs were played on 17 September 2009 and the second legs were played on 22 and 23 September 2009.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Ganca** | 3–1 | Ravan Baku | 1–1 | 2–0 |
| ANSAD-Petrol | 3–4 | **Sahdag Qasar** | 1–1 | 2–3 |
| FK MKT-Araz | 2–5 | **Bakili Baku** | 1–3 | 1–2 |
| MOIK Baku | 2–3 | **Neftchi ISM** | 2–1 | 0–2 |

## First round

The four winners from the preliminary round joined the 12 teams of the Azerbaijan Premier League 2009–10 in this round. The first legs took place on 4 and 5 November 2009 and the second legs took take place on 11 and 12 November 2009.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Simurq** | 3–0 | FK Ganca | 2–0 | 1–0 |
| **Olimpik-Shuvalan** | 2–1 | Qäbälä | 2–0 | 0–1 |
| **Qarabağ** | 4–0 | Sahdag Qasar | 4–0 | 0–0 |
| **Khazar Lankaran** | 4–1 | Mughan | 3–1 | 1–0 |
| **Baku** | 6–0 | Bakili Baku | 6–0 | 0–0 |
| **Standard Sumgayit** | 3–1 | Turan Tovuz | 3–1 | 0–0 |
| **Neftchi Baku** | 7–0 | Neftchi ISM | 5–0 | 2–0 |
| **Inter Baku** | 7–2 | Karvan | 4–0 | 3–2 |

## Quarterfinals

The eight winners from the first round matched up in this round. The first legs took place on 6 and 7 March 2010 and the second legs took place on 17 and 18 March 2010.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Simurq | 0–0
(2–4 p.) | **Olimpik-Shuvalan** | 0–0 | 0–0 (aet) |
| Qarabağ | 2–2 () | **Khazar Lankaran** | 2–1 | 0–1 |
| **Baku** | 4–2 | Standard Sumgayit | 1–1 | 3–1 |
| Neftchi Baku | 1–5 | **Inter Baku** | 0–3 | 1–2 |

## Semifinals

The four winners from the Quarterfinals matched up in this round. The first legs took place on 27 April 2010 and the second legs took place on 5 and 6 May 2010.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Olimpik-Shuvalan | 2–3 | **Khazar Lankaran** | 1–1 | 1–2 |
| **Baku** | 3–2 | Inter Baku | 0–1 | 3–1 |

## Final

The two winners from the Semifinals matched up in this match.

| Khazar Lankaran | 1–2 (a.e.t.) | Baku |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Beqiri  120' | Summary | Skulić  100'
Šolić  104' |

Tofiq Bahramov Stadium, BakuAttendance: 26,000Referee: Elchin Mämmädov

## Scorers

**4 goals:**

**3 goals:**

**2 goals:**

**1 goals:**

**Unknown:**

**2 Own goals:**

**1 Own goal:**

## InfoBox

2009–10 Azerbaijan Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Teams | 16 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Baku |
| Runner-up | Khazar Lankaran |
| UEFA Europa League | Baku |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 29 |
| Goals scored | 93 (3.21 per match) |
| Top goal scorer(s) | Mario Sergio, Khazar Lankaran (4) |
|  | |


title: 2013 EPZ Omloop van Borsele

abstract: The 2013 EPZ Omloop van Borsele is the 11th running of the Omloop van Borsele, a women's cycling event in 's-Heerenhoek, the Netherlands. For women's there was an individual time trial over 19.5 kilometres on 19 April and a road race over 120 kilometres on 20 April 2013. The race was rated by the UCI as 1.2 category race. Ellen van Dijk won for the second consecutive year the individual time trial. Due to illness Van Dijk did not start in the road race which she also won in the 2012 edition. Vera Koedooder was this year the fastest.

text:
# 2013 EPZ Omloop van Borsele

The **2013 EPZ Omloop van Borsele** is the 11th running of the Omloop van Borsele, a women's cycling event in 's-Heerenhoek, the Netherlands. For women's there was an individual time trial over 19.5 kilometres (12.1 miles) on 19 April and a road race over 120 kilometres (74.6 miles) on 20 April 2013. The race was rated by the UCI as 1.2 category race.

Ellen van Dijk won for the second consecutive year the individual time trial. Due to illness Van Dijk did not start in the road race which she also won in the 2012 edition. Vera Koedooder was this year the fastest.

## Time trial

The individual time trial was held on 19 April over a distance of 19.5 kilometres (12.1 miles).

### Results

|  | Cyclist | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | **Ellen van Dijk (NED)** | **Specialized–lululemon** | **26' 11.88"** |
| 2 | Loes Gunnewijk (NED) | Orica–AIS | +25.79" |
| 3 | Gillian Carleton (CAN) | Specialized–lululemon | +31.38" |
| 4 | Lisa Brennauer (GER) | Team Specialized–lululemon | +35.64" |
| 5 | Shara Gillow (AUS) | Orica–AIS | +36.46" |
| 6 | Kristin McGrath (USA) | Exergy TWENTY16 | +1' 12.75" |
| 7 | Megan Guarnier (USA) | Rabobank–Liv Giant | +1' 13.25" |
| 8 | Tayler Wiles (USA) | Specialized–lululemon | +1' 15.73" |
| 9 | Katarzyna Pawłowska (POL) | GSD Gestion-Kallisto | +1' 27.02" |
| 10 | Lucinda Brand (NED) | Rabobank–Liv Giant | +1' 28.05" |

Source

## Road race

The road race was held on 20 April over a distance of 120 kilometres (74.6 miles).

### Results

|  | Cyclist | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Vera Koedooder (NED) | Sengers Ladies Cycling Team | 3h 05' 56" |
| 2 | Loes Gunnewijk (NED) | Orica–AIS | s.t. |
| 3 | Lucinda Brand (NED) | Rabobank–Liv Giant | +27" |
| 4 | Chloe Hosking (AUS) | Hitec Products UCK | +53" |
| 5 | Nina Kessler (NED) | Dolmans-Boels Cycling Team | +1' 05" |
| 6 | Oxana Kozonchuk (RUS) | RusVelo | +2' 16" |
| 7 | Amanda Spratt (AUS) | Orica–AIS | +2' 32" |
| 8 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | Rabobank–Liv Giant | +2' 48" |
| 9 | Adrie Visser (NED) | Dolmans-Boels Cycling Team | +2' 48" |
| 10 | Ilona Hoeksma (NED) | Parkhotel Valkenburg p/b Math Salden | +2' 48" |

Source

## InfoBox

2013 EPZ Omloop van Borsele
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 20 April 2013 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 120 km (74.56 mi) |
| Winning time | 3h 05' 56" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Vera Koedooder (NED)  (Sengers Ladies Cycling Team)  Second  Loes Gunnewijk (NED)  (Orica–AIS)  Third  Lucinda Brand (NED)  (Rabobank–Liv Giant) | |
|


abstract: The 2014 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 22 May 2014 to elect members of Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council in England. This election was held on the same day as other local elections. After the election, the composition of the council was:

text:
# 2014 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election

The **2014 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election** took place on 22 May 2014 to elect members of Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council in England. This election was held on the same day as other local elections.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

| Party | | Seats | ± |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | **38** | **1** |
|  | Conservative | 21 | 1 |
|  | Liberal Democrat | 6 |  |
|  | Green | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent | 0 | 1 |
|

## Election results

### Overall election result

Overall result compared with 2012.

| Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election result, 2014 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidates | | | | | | Votes | | | | |
| | Stood | Elected | Gained | Unseated | Net | % of total | % | No. | Net % |
|  | Labour | 23 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 54.5 | 38.6 | 33,145 | 6.0 |
|  | Conservative | 23 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 31.8 | 28.0 | 24,105 | 2.6 |
|  | UKIP | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 0.0 | 17.2 | 14,793 | 9.8 |
|  | Green | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 6,835 | 2.1 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 18 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  | 9.1 | 7.8 | 6,728 | 3.1 |
|  | Independent | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 239 | 0.1 |
|  | TUSC | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 0.0 | 0.1 | 91 | 0.1 |

### Changes in council composition

**Prior to** the election the composition of the council was:

| **37** | **22** | **6** | **1** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Lab** | **Con** | **LD** | **I** |

**After** the election the composition of the council was:

| **38** | **21** | **6** | **1** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Lab** | **Con** | **LD** | **G** |

## Ward results

Results compared directly with the last local election in 2012.

### Bebington

Bebington
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Walter Smith*** | **2,165** | **48.7** | **5.1** |
|  | Conservative | Des Drury | 1,013 | 22.8 | 8.8 |
|  | UKIP | Hilary Jones | 873 | 19.6 | 11.5 |
|  | Green | Anthony Smith | 289 | 6.5 | 2.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Peter Faulkner | 110 | 2.5 | 0.4 |
| Majority | | | 1,152 | 25.9 | 3.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,956 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 37.3 | 3.1 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 1.9 |  |

### Bidston and St James

Bidston and St James
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Ann McLachlan*** | **1,701** | **64.6** | **13.6** |
|  | UKIP | Cathy Williams | 540 | 20.5 | 15.2 |
|  | Conservative | Geoffrey Dormant | 190 | 7.2 | 0.2 |
|  | Green | Colin Dignam-Gill | 106 | 4.0 | 0.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Roy Wood | 53 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
|  | TUSC | Greg North | 43 | 1.6 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 1,161 | 44.1 | 27.1 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,932 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 26.6 | 0.6 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 13.6 |  |

### Birkenhead and Tranmere

Birkenhead and Tranmere
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Green** | **Pat Cleary** | **1,658** | **47.6** | **6.6** |
|  | Labour | *Brian Kenny* | 1,421 | 40.8 | 8.9 |
|  | UKIP | Laurence Sharpe-Stevens | 334 | 9.6 | 6.3 |
|  | Conservative | June Cowin | 69 | 2.0 | 0.2 |
| Majority | | | 237 | 6.8 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 9,882 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 35.4 | 4.2 |
|  | Green **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 7.8 |  |

### Bromborough

Bromborough
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Irene Williams*** | **1,709** | **49.9** | **14.9** |
|  | UKIP | Sue Colquhoun | 772 | 22.6 | 14.2 |
|  | Conservative | Peter Taylor | 469 | 13.7 | 0.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Penelope Golby | 247 | 7.2 | 1.2 |
|  | Green | Percy Hogg | 225 | 6.6 | 1.3 |
| Majority | | | 937 | 27.3 | 24.3 |
| Majority | | | 1,152 | 25.9 | 3.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,312 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 30.4 | 2.0 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 12.2 |  |

### Clatterbridge

Clatterbridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Tracey Smith** | **1,911** | **40.6** | **6.4** |
|  | Labour | Jenny Holliday | 1,491 | 31.6 | 2.8 |
|  | UKIP | Roger Jones | 802 | 17.0 | 9.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Matthew Donnelly | 266 | 5.6 | 1.5 |
|  | Green | Colin Thompson | 241 | 5.1 | 1.4 |
| Majority | | | 420 | 9.0 | 3.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,684 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 40.5 | 0.2 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 1.8 |  |

### Claughton

Claughton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Denise Roberts*** | **1,912** | **53.3** | **12.3** |
|  | UKIP | Philip Griffiths | 760 | 21.2 | 12.8 |
|  | Conservative | Barbara Sinclair | 522 | 14.5 | 1.4 |
|  | Green | Paul Cartlidge | 222 | 6.2 | 1.3 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Chris Teggin | 172 | 4.8 | 0.4 |
| Majority | | | 1,152 | 32.1 | 17.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,184 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 32.2 | 0.5 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 8.8 |  |

### Eastham

Eastham
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | **Chris Carubia** | **1,558** | **39.5** | **10.8** |
|  | Labour | Mike Thompson | 1,180 | 29.9 | 6.1 |
|  | UKIP | Ryan Bingham | 592 | 15.0 | 9.9 |
|  | Conservative | Keith Jack | 469 | 11.9 | 4.5 |
|  | Green | Oliver Downing | 147 | 3.7 | 2.4 |
| Majority | | | 378 | 9.6 | 4.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,889 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 36.4 | 2.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 2.4 |  |

### Greasby, Frankby and Irby

Greasby, Frankby and Irby
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | ***Wendy Clements*** | **2,193** | **38.6** | **1.3** |
|  | **Conservative** | **Tom Anderson** | **1,687** |  |  |
|  | Labour | Julie McManus | 1,186 | 20.9 | 2.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Peter Reisdorf | 1,076 | 19.0 | 7.1 |
|  | Labour | Lee Rushworth | 838 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | John Creswell | 749 |  |  |
|  | UKIP | Derek Snowden | 809 | 14.3 | 5.7 |
|  | Green | Rachel Markey | 208 | 7.3 | 3.0 |
| Majority | | | 1,007 | 17.7 | 6.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,501 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 43.0 | 0.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 3.3 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### Heswall

Heswall
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | ***Les Rowlands*** | **2,398** | **55.7** | **7.0** |
|  | UKIP | David Scott | 773 | 17.9 | 8.5 |
|  | Labour | Mike Holliday | 668 | 15.5 | 2.3 |
|  | Green | Barbara Burton | 277 | 6.4 | 0.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | David Tyrrell | 191 | 4.4 | 0.2 |
| Majority | | | 1,625 | 37.8 | 0.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,894 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 39.7 | 0.8 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 3.6 |  |

### Hoylake and Meols

Hoylake and Meols
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | ***Eddie Boult*** | **1,912** | **46.7** | **6.9** |
|  | Labour | Pat Glasman | 1,075 | 26.2 | 0.3 |
|  | UKIP | George Robinson | 531 | 13.0 | 6.1 |
|  | Green | Yvonne McGinley | 423 | 10.3 | 1.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Joseph McDowell | 155 | 3.8 | 0.9 |
| Majority | | | 837 | 20.5 | 6.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,403 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 39.5 | 0.7 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 3.3 |  |

### Leasowe and Moreton East

Leasowe and Moreton East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Treena Johnson** | **1,819** | **45.5** | **5.5** |
|  | Conservative | *Ian Lewis* | 1,633 | 40.8 | 2.5 |
|  | UKIP | Frank Whitham | 433 | 10.8 | 7.3 |
|  | Green | David Dubost | 116 | 2.9 | 0.7 |
| Majority | | | 186 | 4.7 | 3.2 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,691 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 37.5 | 1.8 |
|  | Labour **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | 1.5 |  |

### Liscard

Liscard
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Matthew Daniel** | **1,619** | **46.9** | **3.0** |
|  | UKIP | Lynda Williams | 815 | 23.6 | 13.0 |
|  | Conservative | Ann Lavin | 649 | 18.8 | 14.6 |
|  | Green | Craig Reynolds | 273 | 7.9 | 1.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Daniel Clein | 94 | 2.7 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 804 | 23.3 | 6.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,120 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 31.2 | 3.3 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 3.4 |  |

### Moreton West and Saughall Massie

Moreton West and Saughall Massie
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Bruce Berry** | **1,817** | **43.9** | **13.5** |
|  | Labour | Karl Greaney | 1,484 | 35.9 | 1.3 |
|  | UKIP | Susan Whitham | 678 | 16.4 | 10.8 |
|  | Green | Perle Sheldricks | 160 | 3.9 | 1.5 |
| Majority | | | 333 | 8.0 | 14.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,885 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 38.1 | 0.9 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 7.4 |  |

### New Brighton

New Brighton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Christine Spriggs** | **1,658** | **42.3** | **10.5** |
|  | Conservative | Tony Pritchard | 1,348 | 34.4 | 5.9 |
|  | UKIP | John Brown | 492 | 12.6 | 2.5 |
|  | Green | John Howe | 418 | 10.7 | 2.2 |
| Majority | | | 310 | 7.9 | 16.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,823 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 36.3 | 2.3 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 8.2 |  |

### Oxton

Oxton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal Democrats** | ***Alan Brighouse*** | **1,620** | **38.3** | **7.5** |
|  | Labour | Angela Davies | 1,483 | 35.1 | 4.7 |
|  | UKIP | David Martin | 563 | 13.3 | 7.5 |
|  | Conservative | Peter Hartley | 310 | 7.3 | 2.1 |
|  | Green | Liz Heydon | 250 | 5.9 | 2.5 |
| Majority | | | 137 | 3.2 | 2.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,281 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 37.5 | 2.4 |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing | 1.4 |  |

### Pensby and Thingwall

Pensby and Thingwall
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Louise Reecejones** | **1,334** | **32.6** | **0.2** |
|  | Conservative | Denis Knowles | 1,172 | 28.7 | 0.3 |
|  | UKIP | Jan Davison | 916 | 22.4 | 13.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Damien Cummins | 390 | 9.5 | 15.7 |
|  | Green | Allen Burton | 274 | 6.7 | 2.3 |
| Majority | | | 162 | 4.0 | 0.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,520 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 39.0 | 2.1 |
|  | Labour **gain** from Independent | | Swing | 0.2 |  |

### Prenton

Prenton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Denise Realey*** | **1,731** | **47.0** | **6.9** |
|  | UKIP | James Bradshaw | 802 | 21.8 | 13.6 |
|  | Conservative | Hilary Jones | 578 | 15.7 | 6.4 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Allan Brame | 310 | 8.4 | 15.0 |
|  | Green | Moira Gommon | 265 | 7.2 | 2.0 |
| Majority | | | 929 | 25.2 | 5.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,820 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 34.2 | 2.0 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 2.7 |  |

### Rock Ferry

Rock Ferry
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Moira McLaughlin*** | **1,478** | **58.1** | **12.6** |
|  | UKIP | Ann Flynn | 531 | 20.9 | 13.8 |
|  | Conservative | Barbara Poole | 195 | 7.7 | 0.3 |
|  | Green | Karl Cumings | 164 | 6.4 | 2.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Brian Hall | 64 | 2.5 | 0.6 |
|  | Independent | James Pritchard | 64 | 2.5 | 0.3 |
|  | TUSC | Clay Brady | 48 | 1.9 | 2.8 |
| Majority | | | 947 | 37.2 | 26.1 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,654 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 26.5 | 2.2 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 13.1 |  |

### Seacombe

Seacombe
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Adrian Jones*** | **1,616** | **59.2** | **15.6** |
|  | UKIP | Christopher Wellstead | 688 | 25.2 | 14.8 |
|  | Conservative | Suzanne Sheppick | 211 | 7.7 | 2.0 |
|  | Green | Jayne Clough | 162 | 5.9 | 0.8 |
|  | Independent | Karl Mercer | 53 | 1.9 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 928 | 34.0 | 30.4 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,286 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 26.7 | 0.8 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 15.2 |  |

### Upton

Upton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | ***Stuart Whittingham*** | **1,932** | **48.8** | **10.8** |
|  | UKIP | Geoffrey Caton | 942 | 23.8 | 14.7 |
|  | Conservative | Geoffrey Gubb | 760 | 19.2 | 3.4 |
|  | Green | Jim McGinley | 206 | 5.2 | 0.3 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Alan Davies | 117 | 3.0 | 0.9 |
| Majority | | | 990 | 25.0 | 12.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,101 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 32.9 | 1.7 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 6.0 |  |

### Wallasey

Wallasey
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | ***Lesley Rennie*** | **2,216** | **48.8** | **7.3** |
|  | Labour | Paul Ronayne | 1,291 | 28.5 | 5.1 |
|  | UKIP | Brian Farrell | 594 | 13.1 | 7.3 |
|  | Green | Cynthia Stonall | 288 | 6.3 | 1.9 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | John Codling | 148 | 3.3 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 925 | 20.3 | 2.2 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,752 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 38.7 | 1.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 1.1 |  |

### West Kirby and Thurstaston

West Kirby and Thurstaston
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | ***Jeff Green*** | **2,070** | **47.6** | **4.3** |
|  | Labour | Helen Campbell | 1,192 | 27.4 | 1.6 |
|  | UKIP | David Evennett | 553 | 12.7 | 7.2 |
|  | Green | Shirley Johnson | 259 | 5.9 | 0.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Mike Redfern | 157 | 3.6 | 1.9 |
|  | Independent | Charles Barnes | 122 | 2.8 | 2.1 |
| Majority | | | 878 | 20.2 | 5.9 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,365 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 42.2 | 1.3 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 3.0 |  |

*italics* denote the sitting councillor • **bold** denotes the winning candidate

1. "Election Result for 22 May 2014 Summary". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
2. "Local Election Results 2014 Wirral". Local Elections Archive Project.
3. "Election Result for Bebington ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
4. "Councillor Walter Smith". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
5. "Election Result for Bidston and St James ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
6. "Councillor Ann McLachlan". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
7. "Election Result for Birkenhead and Tranmere ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
8. "Councillor Pat Cleary". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. 4 July 2023.
9. "Councillor Brian Kenny". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
10. "Election Result for Bromborough ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
11. "Councillor Irene Williams". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
12. "Election Result for Clatterbridge ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
13. "Councillor Tracey Pilgrim". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
14. "Election Result for Claughton ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
15. "Councillor Denise Roberts". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
16. "Election Result for Eastham ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
17. "Councillor Chris Carubia". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. 4 July 2023.
18. "Election Result for Greasby, Frankby and Irby ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
19. "Councillor Wendy Clements". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
20. "Councillor Tom Anderson". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
21. "Councillor Julie McManus". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. 4 July 2023.
22. "Councillor Peter Reisdorf". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
23. "Election Result for Heswall ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
24. "Councillor Les Rowlands". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
25. "Election Result for Hoylake and Meols ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
26. "Councillor Eddie Boult". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
27. "Councillor Patricia Glasman". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
28. "Election Result for Leasowe and Moreton East ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
29. "Councillor Treena Johnson". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
30. "Councillor Ian Lewis". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. 4 July 2023.
31. "Election Result for Liscard ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
32. "Election Result for Moreton West and Saughall Massie ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
33. "Councillor Bruce Berry". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
34. "Election Result for New Brighton ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
35. "Councillor Christine Spriggs". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
36. "Councillor Tony Pritchard". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
37. "Election Result for Oxton ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
38. "Councillor Alan Brighouse". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
39. "Councillor Angela Davies". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. 4 July 2023.
40. "Election Result for Pensby and Thingwall ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
41. "Councillor Louise Reecejones". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
42. "Councillor Denis Knowles". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
43. "Election Result for Prenton ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
44. "Councillor Denise Realey". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
45. "Councillor Allan Brame". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. 4 July 2023.
46. "Election Result for Rock Ferry ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
47. "Councillor Moira McLaughlin". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
48. "Election Result for Seacombe ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
49. "Councillor Adrian Jones". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
50. "Election Result for Upton ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
51. "Councillor Stuart Whittingham". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
52. "Election Result for Wallasey ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
53. "Councillor Lesley Rennie". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
54. "Election Result for West Kirby and Thurstaston ward on 22 May 2014". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.
55. "Councillor Jeff Green". Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council.

## InfoBox

2014 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  23 of 66 seats (One Third and one by-election)<br>to Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council<br>34 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 35.6% (0.8%) |
| First party Second party   Leader Phil Davies Jeff Green  Party Labour Conservative  Leader's seat Birkenhead<br>and<br>Tranmere West Kirby<br>and<br>Thurstaston  Last election 13 seats,<br>44.6% 6 seats,<br>30.6%  Seats before 37 22  Seats won 12 8  Seats after **38** 21  Seat change **1** 1  Popular vote **33,145** 24,105  Percentage **38.6%** 28.0%  Swing 6.0% 2.6%   ---  Third party Fourth party   Leader Phil Gilchrist Pat Cleary  Party Liberal Democrats Green  Leader's seat <br>Eastham Birkenhead<br>and<br>Tranmere  Last election 2 seats,<br>10.9% 0 seats,<br>5.9%  Seats before 6 0  Seats won 2 1  Seats after 6 1  Seat change  1  Popular vote 6,728 6,835  Percentage 7.8% 8.0%  Swing 3.1% 2.1% | |
| ---  Map of results of 2014 election | |
| ---  **Leader of the Council before election**<br>Phil Davies<br>Labour **Leader of the Council after election** <br>Phil Davies<br>Labour | |


title: Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co

abstract: Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas 1218 is a landmark English contract law, restitution and UK company law case. It concerned rescission for misrepresentation and how the impossibility of counter restitution may be a bar to rescission. It is also an important illustration of how promoters of a company stand in a fiduciary relationship to subscribers.

text:
# Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co

***Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co*** (1878) 3 App Cas 1218 is a landmark English contract law, restitution and UK company law case. It concerned rescission for misrepresentation and how the impossibility of counter restitution may be a bar to rescission. It is also an important illustration of how promoters of a company stand in a fiduciary relationship to subscribers.

## Facts

Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger was a Parisian banker. He bought the lease of the Anguilla island of Sombrero for phosphate mining for £55,000. He then set up the New Sombrero Phosphate Co. Eight days after incorporation, he sold the island to the company for £110,000 through a nominee. One of the directors was the Lord Mayor of London, who himself was independent of the syndicate that formed the company. Two other directors were abroad, and the others were mere puppet directors of Erlanger. The board, which was effectively Erlanger, ratified the sale of the lease. Erlanger, through promotion and advertising, got many members of the public to invest in the company.

After eight months, the public investors found out the fact that Erlanger (and his syndicate) had bought the island at half the price the company (now with their money) had paid for it. The New Sombrero Phosphate Co sued for rescission based on non-disclosure, if they gave back the mine and an account of profits, or for the difference.

## Judgment

The House of Lords unanimously held that promoters of a company stand in a fiduciary relationship to investors, meaning they have a duty of disclosure. Further, they held, by majority (Lord Cairns LC dissenting), that the contract could be rescinded, and that rescission was not barred by laches.

Lord Blackburn decided that delay did not bar rescission. As a general "condition to a rescission there must be a *restitutio in integrum*." There was a question over this, since phosphate had been mined, and it was not so easy to put the phosphate back. He observed it would "be obviously unjust that a person who has been in possession of property under the contract which he seeks to repudiate should be allowed to throw that back on the other party’s hands without accounting for any benefit he may have derived from the use of the property… \[or\] making compensation for that deterioration." In this case, however, adequate compensate could be paid. So there was no impossibility in counter restitution. His judgment ran as follows.

> Throughout the Companies Act, 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. c. 89), the word “promoters” is not anywhere used. It is, however, a short and convenient way of designating those who set in motion the machinery by which the Act enables them to create an incorporated company.
>
> Neither does this Act in terms impose any duty on those promoters to have regard to the interests of the company which they are thus empowered to create. But it gives them an almost unlimited power to make the corporation subject to such regulations as they please, and for such purposes as they please, and to create it with a managing body whom they select, having powers such as they choose to give to those managers, so that the promoters can create such a corporation that the corporation, as soon as it comes into being, may be bound by anything, not in itself illegal, which those promoters have chosen. And I think those who accept and use such extensive powers, which so greatly affect the interests of the corporation when it comes into being, are not entitled to disregard the interests of that corporation altogether. They must make a reasonable use of the powers which they accept from the Legislature with regard to the formation of the corporation, and that requires them to pay some regard to its interests. And consequently they do stand with regard to that corporation when formed, in what is commonly called a fiduciary relation to some extent. Some reference was made in the argument to the Companies Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 131, s. 38), on the construction of which there has been a great diversity of judicial opinion. That section does contain the word “promoters,” which, as I have already observed, is not to be found in the Companies Act 1862, but it imposes no fresh duty on them with regard to the company. It imposes a fresh duty towards, and gives a new cause of action to, persons who take shares in the company as individuals; it does not affect the obligation of the promoters towards the corporation. I think that the extent of that fiduciary relation, which, as already said, in my opinion, the promoters bear to the company, is a very important consideration in construing that section; and I am desirous to avoid prejudging that question by saying in this case more than is necessary for its decision. I think, as already said, that the promoters are in a situation of confidence to some extent towards the company they form.
>
> Where, as in the present case, the company is formed for the purpose of becoming purchasers from the promoters as vendors, the interests of the promoters and of the company clash. It is the vendor's interest to get as high a price as possible, and they have a strong bias to overvalue the property which they are selling; it is the purchasers' interest to give as low a price as possible, and to secure that the price actually given is not more than the property is really worth to them.
>
> Lord Eldon, in *Gibson v Jeyes*, says that “it is a great rule of the Court that he who bargains in matters of advantage with a person placing confidence in him, is bound to shew that a reasonable use has been made of that confidence—a rule applying to trustees, attorneys, or any one else.” I think persons having property to sell may form a company for the purpose of buying it in such a manner as to shew this, and when they do so, the sale will be unimpeachable. I will not attempt to define how this may be done. Probably there are many ways. What I shall do is to inquire what, on the evidence, appears to have been done in this case, and then to confine myself to saying whether, on the facts of this particular case, it appears that an unreasonable use has been made of that confidence which the company did not indeed place in the promoters, for the company did not then exist, but which the Legislature did place in them for the company when it gave the promoters power to create it...
>
> ... the burden of proof lies on the fiduciary agents, agents selling to those to whom they owed a duty to prove, if not that sufficient protection had been afforded, at least that they had sufficient reasons for bonâ fide believing that sufficient protection had been afforded to their purchasers. If they could have proved that Sir Thomas Dakin was told that the price at which the property had been recently bought was £55,000, and also that the knew that Westall, by whom the prospectus was prepared, from evidence which he had collected, was not a disinterested attorney, but one having a strong bias in favour of the vendors, they should have done so. If such proof had been given, and it had been shewn that Sir Thomas Dakin, well aware that for these reasons he should receive the statements and evidence of value with caution, had satisfied himself that the bargain was a good one at £110,000, the case would have been very different. I doubt whether the opinion of one disinterested person so obtained would have been enough protection, but that it is not necessary to consider if, as I think, it is not proved that even this slight degree of protection was given.
>
> My Lords, I have felt much doubt and difficulty as to the second question, though, on the whole, I think the Plaintiffs have not lost their remedy.
>
> Several points were made and argued, as to which I think it unnecessary to say more than that I think they were satisfactorily disposed of in the judgments below. That on which I have difficulty, and to which I shall confine my remarks, is whether laches and acquiescence is made out to such an extent as to deprive the company of the remedy by rescission which they had if they had come promptly. Some things are to my mind clear. The contract was not void, but only voidable at the election of the company.
>
> In *Clough v The London and North Western Railway Company*, in the judgment of the Exchequer Chamber, it is said, “We agree that the contract continues valid till the party defrauded has determined his election by avoiding it. In such cases, (i.e., of fraud) the question is, Has the person on whom the fraud was practised, having notice of the fraud, elected not to avoid the contract? Or, Has he elected to avoid it? Or, Has he made no election? We think that so long as he has made no election he retains the right to determine it either way; subject to this, that if, in the interval whilst he is deliberating, an innocent third party has acquired an interest in the property, or if, in consequence of his delay the position even of the wrongdoer is affected, it will preclude him from exercising his right to rescind.” It is, I think, clear on principles of general justice, that as a condition to a rescission there must be a restitutio in integrum . The parties must be put in statu quo . See per Lord Cranworth in *Addie v The Western Bank*. It is a doctrine which has often been acted upon both at law and in equity. But there is a considerable difference in the mode in which it is applied in Courts of Law and Equity, owing, as I think, to the difference of the machinery which the Courts have at command. I speak of these Courts as they were at the time when this suit commenced, without inquiring whether the Judicature Acts make any, or if any, what difference.
>
> It would be obviously unjust that a person who has been in possession of property under the contract which he seeks to repudiate should be allowed to throw that back on the other party's hands without accounting for any benefit he may have derived from the use of the property, or if the property, though not destroyed, has been in the interval deteriorated, without making compensation for that deterioration. But as a Court of Law has no machinery at its command for taking an account of such matters, the defrauded party, if he sought his remedy at law, must in such cases keep the property and sue in an action for deceit, in which the jury, if properly directed, can do complete justice by giving as damages a full indemnity for all that the party has lost: see *Clarke v Dixon*, and the cases there cited.
>
> But a Court of Equity could not give damages, and, unless it can rescind the contract, can give no relief. And, on the other hand, it can take accounts of profits, and make allowance for deterioration. And I think the practice has always been for a Court of Equity to give this relief whenever, by the exercise of its powers, it can do what is practically just, though it cannot restore the parties precisely to the state they were in before the contract. And a Court of Equity requires that those who come to it to ask its active interposition to give them relief, should use due diligence, after there has been such notice or knowledge as to make it inequitable to lie by. And any change which occurs in the position of the parties or the state of the property after such notice or knowledge should tell much more against the party in morâ, than a similar change before he was in morâ should do.
>
> In *Lindsay Petroleum Company v Hurd*, it is said: “The doctrine of laches in Courts of Equity is not an arbitrary or a technical doctrine. Where it would be practically unjust to give a remedy, either because the party has, by his conduct done that which might fairly be regarded as equivalent to a waiver of it, or where, by his conduct and neglect he has, though perhaps not waiving that remedy, yet put the other party in a situation in which it would not be reasonable to place him if the remedy were afterwards to be asserted, in either of these cases lapse of time and delay are most material. But in every case if an argument against relief, which otherwise would be just, is founded upon mere delay, that delay of course not amounting to a bar by any statute of limitations, the validity of that defence must be tried upon principles substantially equitable. Two circumstances always important in such cases are the length of the delay and the nature of the acts done during the interval, which might affect either party and cause a balance of justice or injustice in taking the one course or the other, so far as relates to the remedy.” I have looked in vain for any authority which gives a more distinct and definite rule than this; and I think, from the nature of the inquiry, it must always be a question of more or less, depending on the degree of diligence which might reasonably be required, and the degree of change, which has occurred, whether the balance of justice or injustice is in favour of granting the remedy or withholding it. The determination of such a question must largely depend on the turn of mind of those who have to decide, and must therefore be subject to uncertainty; but that, I think, is inherent in the nature of the inquiry.
>
> The Plaintiffs in this case are an incorporated company; but I think that in considering the question of laches the Court cannot divest itself of the knowledge that the corporation is an aggregate of individuals. The knowledge of one shareholder is not the knowledge of the others; but I think great injustice might sometimes be done if it were held that where it is shewn that all the shareholders who paid reasonable attention to the affairs of the company had notice sufficient to make it laches in them not to act promptly, there could not be laches in the company unless the notice was brought home to the company in its corporate capacity. But at the same time it should be recollected that shareholders who seek to set aside a contract made by the governing body, have practically first to change that governing body, and must have time to do so. Now in the present case every allottee had from the beginning by the prospectus full notice that the vendor, John Marsh Evans, was also one of their directors, which alone might have given them an equity to set aside the contract, though in every other respect it was unimpeachable. If that had been the only ground on which the shareholders were entitled to relief, its seems clear that it would have been impossible to give it even the day after the directors took possession and paid the price. They had, however, much more substantial equities, but they had also notice of more, for the prospectus referring to the contract, which was open to inspection at the office, I think each allottee was fixed with the knowledge, which he would have had if he had read it, that Evans had purchased from Chatteris so recently as the 30th of August, not quite three weeks before he sold to the company. He would have not known at what price it had been purchased, but as that was known to all who had an interest in the company under liquidation, either as creditors or contributors, it could very easily have been ascertained. And, in fact, it was known and stated at the meeting in February. Now though this was not actual knowledge that the other four directors had not made independent inquiry before making the purchase, it was enough, in my opinion, to have put any reasonable shareholder upon inquiry. And the circumstances attending the nature of the property, which are mentioned by the Lord Chancellor in his opinion, were such as to make it proper for those who intended to get rid of the bargain to act with considerable promptitude. What weighs most with me is that it appears that if the price of phosphate had not fallen below £5 a ton, there would have been a profit of £1 a ton, and the bargain would not have been a bad one; if it had risen the bargain would have been a good one, and would no doubt have been approved. But I see nothing to lead to the conclusion that the shareholders were waiting to see how the market turned out. Prices no doubt began to fall about February, 1872, and continued to fall, but not with a sudden fall. If I thought the shareholders had been waiting to see how the market ruled it might have made a difference in my opinion. If no steps to repudiate a purchase of a lottery ticket were taken till after the ticket came up a blank, so that the purchaser, if it came up a prize, might have kept it, it would surely be inequitable to set aside the contract then. And though not nearly so strong a case, such delay seems to be somewhat of that nature...
>
> On the other hand, I feel that there is much force in the observation that those who deal inequitably with a company know that it must necessarily be slow in its proceedings, and are not entitled to complain that time elapses; and that it is not desirable that such a rule should be laid down as would practically deprive a company when defrauded of relief. And this is a reason against considering a company as precluded from that relief to which it would otherwise be entitled, on account of delay, unless the delay is excessive. I can find no case in which even a private individual has been precluded by mere delay, except where the delay has been very much greater than in this case. In *Prendergrast v Turton* nine years elapsed. In *Clegg v Edmondson*, nearly as long; and in both cases the Plaintiff had lain by whilst the Defendants were investing money in the mine, until that investment proved to be remunerative. It was clearly not equitable to leave the Defendants to all the risk of loss, and claim to themselves a profit; and this seems to be what Lord Eldon principally relied on in *Norway v Rowe*. In the present case that is no ground for imputing to the Plaintiffs what Lord Lyndhurst in *Prendergrast v Turton* calls a “conditional acquiescence.” As is pointed out in *Clarke v Hart*, there was in *Prendergrast v Turton* very nearly, if not quite a legal defence. Here, taking the time at which the active shareholders were put upon exerting diligence to be February, there was not quite nine months before the filing of the bill; that is not very long for getting the majority of shareholders to make an inquiry, turn out the board, and get proper advice, before instituting a Chancery suit. And having come to the conclusion before, that the company had once had the right to this relief, I think the burthen is on the Defendants to shew that the company have precluded themselves from the relief to which they had a right. I do not think this is made out.

Lord Penzance, Lord Hatherley, Lord O'Hagan, Lord Selborne and Lord Gordon concurred.

American cases * *Smith v. Bolles*, 132 U.S. 125 (1889) damages for misrepresentation of share sale did not entitle the buyer to get money as if the representation were true

* A Burrows, J Edelman and E McKendrick, *Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution* (2nd Ed, OUP, Oxford, 2007)

## InfoBox

| Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co | |
| --- | --- |
| Sombrero Lighthouse | |
| Court | House of Lords |
| Citation | (1878) 3 App Cas 1218, 48 LJ Ch 73, 27 WR 65, \[1874-80\] All ER Rep 271, 39 LT 269 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Lord Blackburn, Lord Penzance, Lord Cairns LC, Lord Hatherley, Lord O'Hagan, Lord Selborne and Lord Gordon |