title: Economic determinism

abstract: Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships are the foundation upon which all other societal and political arrangements in society are based. The theory stresses that societies are divided into competing economic classes whose relative political power is determined by the nature of the economic system. In the writing of American history the term is associated with historian Charles A. Beard (1874–1948), who was not a Marxist but who emphasized the long-term political contest between bankers and business interest on the one hand, and agrarian interests on the other.

text:
# Economic determinism

**Economic determinism** is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other societal and political arrangements in society are based. The theory stresses that societies are divided into competing economic classes whose relative political power is determined by the nature of the economic system.

In the writing of American history the term is associated with historian Charles A. Beard (1874–1948), who was not a Marxist but who emphasized the long-term political contest between bankers and business interest on the one hand, and agrarian interests on the other.

## Relation to Marxist philosophy

According to Marx, each social mode of production produces the material conditions of its reproduction. Otherwise said, it is the ideology that is responsible for grounding secondary civil services such as politics, legislature, and even culture to an extent. Roughly speaking, ideology is the guiding influence of the mode of production, and without it, difficulties would theoretically arise with reproduction. Marx did not believe that the same economic rules governed all of history, but that each new era brought with it new economic factors. Furthermore, Marx and Engels are said to have believed, should a revolutionary force change the mode of production, the dominant class will immediately set out to create a new society to protect this new economic order. In the modernity of their era, Marx and Engels felt the propertied class had essentially accomplished the establishment of a new societal and economic order, instinctively creating a society protective of their capitalist interests. They made this statement to the Bourgeoisie in the *Communist Manifesto*: "Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class, made into law for all, a will whose essential character and direction are determined by the economic conditions of the existence of your class." Marx also believed that the same ideas could not grow out of just any economic system:" Don Quixote long ago paid the penalty for wrongly imagining that knight-errantry was compatible with all economical forms of society."

Other Marxists and Marx-scholars—including Eduard Bernstein, Gerald Hubmann, György Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Maurice Godelier, Franz Jakubowski, Edward P. Thompson and Michael Löwy—completely reject the interpretation of Marx and Engels as "economic determinists". They claim this idea is based on a poor and selective reading of Marx and Engels' work. They argue that this interpretation originated in the early years of the Second International and was popularised by Paul Lafargue and Nikolai Bukharin, among others. They refer to the disclaimers by Engels (see historical materialism) to the effect that while Marx and himself had focused a lot on the economic aspects, they were very aware that this did *not* in fact constitute the totality of society or of social life. In *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*, Engels notes how the same material conditions and class situation led to different political situations in Britain as that society tried to adapt to the results of the French Revolution and other external events. Richard Wolff also notes that Marx studied things he thought under appreciated by mainstream academia, but did not proclaim or think their theories to be irrelevant.

## Notable economic determinists

American geostrategist Thomas P. M. Barnett describes himself as an economic determinist in his book *The Pentagon's New Map*. Maurice Rea Davie describes William Graham Sumner as an economic determinist, albeit not of the Marxian variety, in his book about the former social scientist.

## Further reading

* Helmut Fleischer, *Marxism and History*. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1973.
* Friedrich Engels, *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*. London: Mondial, 2006.


abstract: Economic development in Milford, Connecticut, has increased the size of the city and added both opportunities and some congestion, which has created controversy.

text:
# Economic development of Milford, Connecticut

**Economic development in Milford, Connecticut**, has increased the size of the city and added both opportunities and some congestion, which has created controversy.

## In the late Twentieth century

During post-World War II period, Milford underwent significant suburbanization. Interstate 95 was routed through the city and the Milford section was completed by 1960.

In a July 2006 article in The Hartford Courant, Milford's community development director, Robert B. Gregory, said "The biggest change to Milford was I-95 with seven exits and entrances."

In the 1960s and '70s, Milford developed further with the construction of the Westfield Connecticut Post Mall, one of the state's largest shopping malls, and the extensive commercial development of the town's stretch of the Boston Post Road.

During this time the city also became host to several headquarters of multinational corporations such as the Subway fast-food corporation and the U.S. headquarters of the Bic Corporation, which has in recent years moved most of its operation outside of the city. In December 2005, the Mountain Development Corporation bought many of Bic's former manufacturing facilities.

## In the Twenty-first century

In the summer of 2005, the city's government began the relocation of 174 families from the Ryder Mobile Home Park to create space for the construction of the Milford Crossing plaza. This relocation was met with a large amount of controversy from locals that included protests, nature preserve studies, and court battles. During this same period other projects in Milford were undertaken including an expansion of the Westfield Connecticut Post Mall, the construction of a new hotel, a newly constructed high-end shopping plaza on the old Huffman Koos grounds, and a Lowe's Home Improvement Warehouse store that replaced the space once occupied by Milford Jai-Alai.

## Recent economic development

Due to the city's location at the mouth of the Housatonic River and bordering the Long Island Sound, The City of Milford's debate of land development versus preservation is a constant challenge that government officials face.

Downtown Milford has undergone a rapid revitalization in the last few decades, with development centered primarily on Daniel Street. New venues such as Café Atlantique, the Daniel Street Club, SBC Restaurant, Stonebridge Restaurant, Cabo, Bistro Basque and a number of smaller businesses account for downtown Milford's new-found popularity in the area.


title: 1918 Copa Ibarguren

abstract: The 1918 Copa Ibarguren was the sixth edition of the national cup of Argentina. It was played by the champions of the two leagues, Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football in 1918. Racing faced Newell's Old Boys in a match in Gimnasia y Esgrima Stadium in Palermo, on November 24, 1918. Racing won 4–0 achieving its fifth Ibarguren trophy in six years.

text:
# 1918 Copa Ibarguren

The **1918 Copa Ibarguren** was the sixth edition of the national cup of Argentina. It was played by the champions of the two leagues, Primera División and Liga Rosarina de Football in 1918.

Racing (Primera División champion) faced Newell's Old Boys (Liga Rosarina champion) in a match in Gimnasia y Esgrima Stadium in Palermo, on November 24, 1918. Racing won 4–0 achieving its fifth Ibarguren trophy in six years.

## Qualified teams

| Team | Qualification | Previous appearances |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Racing | 1918 Primera División champion | **1913, 1914**, 1915, **1916, 1917** |
| Newell's Old Boys | 1918 Copa Nicasio Vila champion | 1913 |

Note * **Bold** indicates winning years

## Match details

GEBA Stadium, venueA moment of the matchNewell's Old Boys team   1918 Copa Ibarguren

| Racing | 4–0 | Newell's Old Boys |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Vivaldo  19'
N. Perinetti  28', 73'
Zavaleta  66' | Report |  |

Estadio GEBA, Buenos AiresReferee: E. Palma

## InfoBox

1918 Copa Ibarguren
| Racing Club, champions | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | November 24, 1918 (1918-11-24) |
| Venue | Estadio GEBA, Buenos Aires |
| Referee | E. Palma |
|


title: 1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship

abstract: The 1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 31st staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. Redmonds were the defending champions, however, the club refused to field a team in the championship after a dispute with the county board after the suspension of some players from their Gaelic football team. On 28 September 1918, Carrigtwohill won the championship following a 4–1 to 1–7 defeat of Blackrock in the final. This was their first championship title ever.

text:
# 1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship

The **1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship** was the 31st staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.

Redmonds were the defending champions, however, the club refused to field a team in the championship after a dispute with the county board after the suspension of some players from their Gaelic football team.

On 28 September 1918, Carrigtwohill won the championship following a 4–1 to 1–7 defeat of Blackrock in the final. This was their first championship title ever.

## Results

### Quarter-finals

| Quarter-final | **Carrigtwohill** | **w/o - scr.** | **Redmonds** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Semi-finals

| 1 September Semi-final | **Blackrock** | **3-04 - 2-04** | **Collegians** | Cork Athletic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 8 September 1918 Semi-final | **Carrigtwohill** | **6-04 - 3-01** | **St. Finbarr's** | Cork Athletic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Final

| 29 September 1918 Final | **Carrigtwohill** | **4-01 – 1-07** | **Blackrock** | Cork Athletic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

### Miscellaneous

## InfoBox

1918 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
| Champions | Carrigtwohill (1st title)
Billy Kennedy (captain) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Blackrock
Andy Buckley (captain) |
| 1917 (Previous) (Next) 1919 | |


title: Ectogoniella

abstract: Ectogoniella is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Strand in 1920.

text:
# Ectogoniella

***Ectogoniella*** is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Strand in 1920.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Ectogoniella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Hypeninae |
| Genus: | ***Ectogoniella***<br>Strand, 1920 |
|


title: Ectohomoeosoma

abstract: Ectohomoeosoma is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Roesler in 1965, and is known from Hungary. It contains the species E. kasyellum. It is found in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.

text:
# Ectohomoeosoma

***Ectohomoeosoma*** is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Roesler in 1965, and is known from Hungary. It contains the species ***E. kasyellum***. It is found in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.

## InfoBox

| *Ectohomoeosoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | ***Ectohomoeosoma***
Roesler, 1965 |
| Species: | ***E. kasyellum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ectohomoeosoma kasyellum***
Roesler, 1965 | |
|


title: Edd Bowers

abstract: Edd William Bowers was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa from 1956 to 1959 and Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa from 1960 to 1978, compiling a career college football coaching record of 89–105–2. Bowers was also the head men's basketball coach at Grinnell from 1973 to 1974.

text:
# Edd Bowers

**Edd William Bowers** (September 4, 1922 – September 16, 2008) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa from 1956 to 1959 and Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa from 1960 to 1978, compiling a career college football coaching record of 89–105–2. Bowers was also the head men's basketball coach at Grinnell from 1973 to 1974.

## Head coaching record

### College football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa Wesleyan Tigers** *(Iowa Conference)* (1956–1959) | | | | | | | | |
| 1956 | Iowa Wesleyan | 5–4 | 5–3 | 4th |  |
| 1957 | Iowa Wesleyan | 2–7 | 1–7 | 9th |  |
| 1958 | Iowa Wesleyan | 6–3 | 6–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1959 | Iowa Wesleyan | 5–4 | 5–3 | 4th |  |
| **Iowa Wesleyan:** | | 18–18 | 17–15 |  | | | | |
| **Grinnell Pioneers** *(Midwest Conference)* (1960–1978) | | | | | | | | |
| 1960 | Grinnell | 4–4 | 4–4 | 5th |  |
| 1961 | Grinnell | 6–2 | 6–2 | T–1st |  |
| 1962 | Grinnell | 7–0–1 | 7–0–1 | 1st |  |
| 1963 | Grinnell | 5–3 | 5–3 | T–3rd |  |
| 1964 | Grinnell | 5–3 | 5–3 | T–4th |  |
| 1965 | Grinnell | 6–2 | 6–2 | 2nd |  |
| 1966 | Grinnell | 2–6 | 1–3 | 8th |  |
| 1967 | Grinnell | 2–6 | 2–6 | 9th |  |
| 1968 | Grinnell | 3–5 | 3–5 | T–6th |  |
| 1969 | Grinnell | 6–3 | 6–3 | T–3rd |  |
| 1970 | Grinnell | 5–4 | 4–4 | 5th |  |
| 1971 | Grinnell | 2–7 | 1–7 | T–8th |  |
| 1972 | Grinnell | 2–7 | 1–7 | 9th |  |
| 1973 | Grinnell | 0–9 | 0–8 | 810th |  |
| 1974 | Grinnell | 3–6 | 2–5 | 6th |  |
| 1975 | Grinnell | 4–5 | 3–5 | 6th |  |
| 1976 | Grinnell | 3–5 | 0–5 | 6th (West) |  |
| 1977 | Grinnell | 4–4–1 | 1–3–1 | T–4th (West) |  |
| 1978 | Grinnell | 2–6 | 0–4 | 5th (Blue) |  |
| **Grinnell:** | | 71–87–2 | 57–79–2 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 89–105–2 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Edd Bowers
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1922-09-04)September 4, 1922 |
| Died | September 16, 2008(2008-09-16) (aged 86)
Grapevine, Texas, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| Football | |
| 1940 | Grinnell |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1947–1953 | Mount Pleasant HS (IA) |
| 1956–1959 | Iowa Wesleyan |
| 1960–1978 | Grinnell |
| Basketball | |
| 1973–1974 | Grinnell |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1956–1960 | Iowa Wesleyan |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 89–105–2 (college football)
4–16 (college basketball) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| Football
2 MWC (1961–1962) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ectenessidia metallica

abstract: Ectenessidia metallica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Napp and Martins in 2006.

text:
# Ectenessidia metallica

***Ectenessidia metallica*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Napp and Martins in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Ectenessidia metallica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Ectenessidia* |
| Species: | ***E. metallica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ectenessidia metallica***<br>Napp & Martins, 2006 | |
|


title: American University of Nigeria

abstract: American University of Nigeria The American University of Nigeria (AUN) is a private university in Yola the capital of Adamawa, Nigeria. It offers an American-style liberal arts higher education at undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. Founded in 2003, AUN, Africa’s first “Development University,” is accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC). Its current faculty numbers 93, its undergraduate and graduate enrollment is 1500 students. It is known as the first American-style university in Sub-Saharan Africa. AUN is accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC).

text:
# American University of Nigeria

**American University of Nigeria** The American University of Nigeria (AUN) is a private university in Yola the capital of Adamawa, Nigeria. It offers an American-style liberal arts higher education at undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. Founded in 2003, AUN, Africa’s first “Development University,” is accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC). Its current faculty numbers 93, its undergraduate and graduate enrollment is 1500 students. It is known as the first American-style university in Sub-Saharan Africa. AUN is accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC).

## History

Founded in 2003 by a former Vice President of Nigeria and Peoples Democratic Party presidential candidate in the 2019 election, Atiku Abubakar, American University of Nigeria enrolled its first students in 2005. The university is located in Yola, the state capital of Adamawa.

The university was originally named the ABTI American University of Nigeria before it was renamed to AUN. AUN is the first *American-style institution of higher learning* in sub-Saharan Africa (the only other such university in Africa is the American University in Cairo in Egypt). AUN is a member of the Global Liberal Arts Alliance.

The university's current president is Professor. DeWayne P. Frazier, preceded by Dr. David Huwiler, Dr. Michael Smith, Dr. Margee Ensign (2010-2016), (2021-2022), Dr. Dawn Dekle.

The institution was conceived as a university that would focus on development issues while providing an education modeled after the best US practices in content and pedagogy. The three original constituent schools were Arts & Sciences, Business & Entrepreneurship, and IT & Computing. In 2007, the name of the institution was changed to its present name of the American University of Nigeria (AUN). The pioneer class of 92 students graduated in 2009. Every class since then has graduated on schedule.

In 2008, the National Universities Commission (NUC) accredited AUN programs and re-accredited them in 2013. In 2012, AUN launched a graduate program, the Executive Master’s degree in Information Technology. Since then, more programs up to the Ph.D. level have been approved by the NUC.

In 2014, it opened the Robert A. Pastor Library and e-Learning Center.

## Location

AUN is located in Yola, the capital city of Adamawa State. The AUN campus occupies a serene savannah vegetation most of which was used as farmland.

## Campus

The main campus comprises 17 buildings including nine Residence Halls, a spacious cafeteria, a 3,500-capacity Commencement Hall which also serves as indoor basketball and volleyball court, a dedicated Students Hub, an environmentally-themed administrative building, School of Arts & Sciences building, and Peter Okocha building which houses the School of Law and its library. A new, more spacious building for the School of Law with a 100-seater auditorium opens in 2022. The Robert A. Pastor Library and E-Learning Center, which won the American Library Associations’ 2013 Presidential Citation for Innovative International Library Projects, contains a library section with over 250,000 digital holdings, classrooms, study rooms, reading zones, the Writing Center, classrooms for the New Foundation program, Advising Unit and the Honor Society tutoring center. The North Campus, which used to be the temporary site, is located across the street from the main campus.

## Student Life

Freshmen begin community service from the first semester during Freshmen Orientation. Throughout their four years, students are encouraged to volunteer actively in any of the regular, extracurricular outings that the Office organizes almost every day of the week. Students work with people and organizations in the community, including schools, health clinics, community associations, and the local government.

## Academics

The university consists of six schools, offering the following undergraduate majors and graduate programs:

### School of Arts and Sciences (SAS)

* BSc Communications & Multimedia Design
* BSc Natural & Environmental Sciences
* BSc Petroleum Chemistry
* BA Economics
* BA Politics & International Studies
* BA English Language & Literature

### School of Business & Entrepreneurship (SBE)

* BSc Business Administration (with specialties)
* BSc Accounting
* BSc Finance
* BSc Marketing
* BSc Entrepreneurship Management

### School of Law (SOL)

* LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)

### School of Engineering (SOE)

* BEng Chemical Engineering
* BEng Computer Engineering
* BEng Electrical/Electronics Engineering
* BEng Telecommunication Engineering

### School of Information Technology & Computing (SITC)

* BSc Software Engineering
* BSc Data Science & Analytics
* BSc Computer Science
* BSc Information Systems
* BSc Telecommunications & Wireless Technologies

### School of Basic Medical and Allied Health Sciences (SBMAHS)

* BSc Nursing Science
* BSc Public Health

### School of Graduate Studies

* Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM)
* Master of Business Administration (MBA)
* MSc Business Administration
* PhD Business Administration
* MSc Communication & Multimedia (CMD)
* PhD Communication & Multimedia (CMD)
* MSc Communication for Social & Behaviour Change (in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF)
* M.A English Language & Literature
* Masters of Information Technology
* Masters of Telecommunications
* Masters of Information Systems Security Management
* MSc Computer Science
* MSc Information Systems
* PhD Computer Science
* PhD Information Systems
* MSc Petroleum Chemistry
    + Oil & Gas Chemistry
    + Petrochemical & Polymer Science
* PhD Petroleum Chemistry

### Hybrid/On-Campus Professional Masters Programs

* Master of Business Administration (MBA) - Hybrid
* Master of Information & Communication Science (MICS)
* Master of Telecommunication & Wireless Technologies (MTWT)

## Facilities

AUN is a residential campus situated on 2,400 hectares. It is home to approximately 1,500 undergraduate students and 93 faculty members.

The university's e-Library Project received the American Library Association's Presidential Citation for Innovative International Library Projects in 2013.

## Notable alumni

## Governance

The AUN Board of Trustees consists of one American, Tulane Professor of Public Health, Dr. William Ellis Bertrand, and 12 eminent Nigerians, with Senator Ben Obi as Chairman of the Governing Council. AUN’s BoT members come from diverse backgrounds in academia, private and public sectors. The President/Vice-Chancellor of AUN is the Chief Executive Officer. The President’s Executive Council (PEC) is the top management organ and has as its members the Provost/VP for Academic Affairs, deans of the six Schools, the Vice Presidents for Administration/Registrar, Finance, and Student Affairs/Residence Life; and heads of Security, Enrolment Management, Technology Support, Physical Planning, Marketing & Communications, and University Events. The Senate is responsible for academic discipline and curriculum oversight while the Congregation, which comprises all staff with a minimum of a first degree, meets at least once every semester to receive a report of the University’s progress from the President.

### List of presidents

* "The American University of Nigeria to Host 4th Annual Homecoming - Premium Times Nigeria". Retrieved 2015-08-07.
* "National Universities Commission". www.nuc.edu.ng. Archived from the original on 2015-08-15. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
* "Home". www.aaicu.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
* "Schools - American University of Nigeria". www.aun.edu.ng. Archived from the original on 2015-08-14. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
* "Facilities - American University of Nigeria". www.aun.edu.ng. Archived from the original on 2015-08-14. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
* "ALA Presidential Citation for Innovative International Library Projects | International Relations Round Table (IRRT)". www.ala.org. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
* Shaw, Claire (2013-08-07). "Library futures: American University of Nigeria, Nigeria". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
* Brotherton, Phaedra (2 December 2004). "American University Assists Nigeria In Establishing U.S.-Style University". \*Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ...AU has designated Dr. David Huwiler, the former president of the American University of Central Asia (AUCA) as the first president of AAUN.
* Anderson, Dan (25 February 2010). "Former Elon faculty member named president of The American University of Afghanistan". Elon University. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

## InfoBox

American University of Nigeria
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 2004 |
| President | DeWayne P. Frazier |
| Location | Yola, Adamawa, Nigeria<br>9°11′28″N 12°29′59″E / 9.191132°N 12.499648°E / 9.191132; 12.499648 |
| Campus | Rural |
| Website | www.aun.edu.ng |


title: Edamalakkudy

abstract: Edamalakkudy, or Idamalakkudy, is a remote tribal village and gram panchayat between the Idamalayar Reserve Forest and Mankulam Forest Division of the Anaimalai Hills in the Idukki district of the Indian state of Kerala.

text:
# Edamalakkudy

**Edamalakkudy**, or **Idamalakkudy**, is a remote tribal village and gram panchayat between the Idamalayar Reserve Forest and Mankulam Forest Division of the Anaimalai Hills in the Idukki district of the Indian state of Kerala.

## Location

Edamalakudy is located at an elevation of 1100–1700 metres, 22 km north-west of Pettimudi, a village about 4 km west of the Anamudi, the tallest mountain peak in South India on the border of Ernakulam district and Idukki district. Pettimudi was hit by a landslide in 2018 and the debris have not been cleared. Pettimudi is not very remote, but is still not easy to reach as the path is hilly and fog is common and often intense, passing through the Eravikulam National Park, 16 km from Munnar by road and 18 km from Aanakkulam by walking through thick forests. Edamalakkudy is located in a large and mostly remote forest area between Malakkappara and Marayoor in the Anamalais, mainly spread over Ernakulam district, Idukki district, and a part of Thrissur district, which contains the Idamalayar Reserve Forest, covering a large area to the north, west and south of the Edamalayar Dam. The Idamalayar Reserve Forest covers various other tribal villages, spread over parts of eastern Ernakulam district, including Kappayam and Kaserapara. The western parts of the Edamalakkudy gram panchayat, such as Mulakutharakudy are also part of the Idamalayar Reserve Forest, while the rest comes under the Mankulam Forest Division of Kuttampuzha gram panchayat. The forests are surrounded to the south by a range of high-altitude grasslands, which include the village of Pettimudi and the highest peak in South India, the Anamudi. To the south-west is the Idamalayar-Pooyamkutty Valley, and various settlements including Pooyamkutty and Kuttampuzha, as well as Aanakkulam. Edamalakkudy is on this border, Valparai being on the Tamil Nadu side. While the area in Kerala consists of thick and remote forests, the Tamil Nadu area has mostly been deforested for tea plantations. Edamalakkudy was initially not very remote, but the Great flood of 99 which occurred in July 1924 destroyed the old Aluva-Munnar road making it hard to reach. The principal way of reaching Edamalakkudy was via Kuttampuzha-Mankulam at the time. The road was rebuilt till Pooyamkutty. The route via Idamalayar forest was closed to the public in 1985 due to environmental concerns after the construction of the Idamalayar Dam. Therefore, the route via Eravikulam National Park, which is a tourist location, is preferred today.

## Tiger trail

The tourism department of the Government of Kerala has decided to make this village an adventure tourism destination. A tiger trail project is being launched in the village. The trekking program will last four days and will start from Kochi. It involves 18 km of walking in forest tracks and staying at the Edamalakudy forest camp. Two jeeps will be used to transport the tourists.

## Travel book

In 2016, the first book on Edamalakudy was published by a tribal teacher called P.K.Muraleedharan. The book is called *Edamalakkudy Orrum Porulum* or 'The truth of Edamalakkudy'. Mr.Muraleedharan was a teacher at Edamalakkudy for seventeen years. He had to trek early in the morning to reach the school He had to evade elephants, snakes and leeches to reach the village. The book was published by SPSS, Kottayam. The book gives details about the lifestyle of the Muthuvan tribal people. Edamalakkudy is a cluster of 26 hamlets scattered in an area of 106 km (66 mi) forest.

## Transportation

Aluva railway station and Ernakulam Junction railway station are the nearest major railway stations. Aluva railway station is about 65 km from Aanakkulam and Ernakulam Junction is about 74 km away. Edamalakkudy is 8 km by walk from Aanakkulam. It is possible to reach Idamalayar Dam via Kothamangalam and Bhoothathankettu by road. By walk, Edamalakkudy is about 13 km south-east of the Idamalayar Dam. However, this area is forbidden to the public as it is ecologically sensitive. From Cochin International Airport, Aluva railway station and Ernakulam Junction, buses are available to Munnar. From Munnar it is 18 km by jeep(taking about an hour) to reach Pettimudi village near Rajamala by going through the Eravikulam National Park.From the Eravikulam National Park, jeeps are provided by the Forest Department. The work on the 22 km stretch to Edamalakkudy will be delayed. The government of Kerala allotted Rs.2 crore for the road. Another Rs.8 crore was allotted for the development of the village. The road contract was first given to VSS and later to KITCO. The road is required of the villagers as they are unable to use vehicles to transport goods. However, it is unlikely that the Forest Department will approve of it as the area is protected and ecologically sensitive.

## Economy

The tribal people live by selling cardamom. Tapioca is grown across the village on hills. The population density of the village is low, with houses standing far away from each other. Facilities available include a hospital, gram panchayat office and two schools.

## Administration

In 2010, a separate panchayath was created for administering Edamalakkudy-it was earlier part of Kuttampuzha panchayat. Thus it became the first tribal panchayath of Kerala state. A new road was also planned under the NREWP. Edamalakudy is panchayath included in Kothamangalam Taluk in Ernakulam District of Kerala in India. It was earlier part of Idukki district, but in 1998, Kuttampuzha panchayat was added to Ernakulam district. It belongs to Central Kerala Division. It is located 88 km east of the district headquarters Kakkanad and 205 km from State capital Thiruvananthapuram. Edamalakudy has the pincodes is 685561 and 685612:685561 which covers a large and mostly remote forest areas from Malakkappara to Marayoor, over three districts, Thrissur district, Ernakulam district and Idukki district, containing only one town, Adimali, the rest being inside forest, while 685612 has its headquarters in Munnar. The villagers need to post or receive letters from either Adimali or Munnar. Distance to nearby settlements:Kuttampuzha(33 km), Pooyamkutty(26 km), Aanakkulam(8 km), Kothamangalam(53 km), Mankulam(12 km), Vellathooval (42 km), Pallivasal (40 km), Munnar (43 km), Chinnakanal (56 km), Rajakkad (50 km), and Malakkappara(about 23–25 km). Edamalakudy is surrounded by the Idamalayar Dam-Pooyamkutty area and Malakkappara to the north-west and west, Aanakkulam to the south-West, Devikulam to the south, Marayoor to the east, and Valparai to the North.

## Demography

About 600 people live in Edamalakkudy in 18 houses. Recent interventions by the Kerala government looked into issues like food security, education, medical facilities and drinking water supply.

In 2015, all the villagers of Edamalakkudy were given the Indian social security card Aadhaar. A special camp was held for this purpose at the nearby village of **Societykudy**. The panchayat office of Edamalakkudy is also located at **Societykudy**. The government is planning to provide e-banking facility and internet facility in the near future.

## Education

There is one tribal primary school and ten nursery schools in this village. There is a school at Erupukalkudy, located between the main hamlet of Edamalakkudy and Aanakkulam. The government conducts teacher training programs for the tribals. Free study materials are also distributed to the students.

## Elections, 2016

During the legislative elections of 2016, 180 government officials applied for this location in spite of its remoteness. 12 were selected to conduct the election. To reach the polling station, they had to travel 44 km by road and then walk three km deep inside the forest. The polling team was assisted by another 40 officials including the police, forest and medical team. Ham radio was used for communication as other modes were not accessible. There were nearly 1,800 voters in this station. The government officers opted this hard location because it is otherwise restricted to visitors. Volunteers of various political parties also visited the village for campaigning. During the trip to the polling station deep inside the forest, there were many hitches like the presence of wild animals. In spite of some delay, the polling team managed to arrive at the station well in time. The village has no motor-able road, no power or communication network. 700 families live here.

## Infrastructure

The village council sits not in Edamalakkudy but in the next village called *Societykudy*. The work of the village council is a little challenging as there is no electric and internet connection. Telephones are also absent. An extension office of the village council is situated at Devikulam town. During the monsoon, the footpath from Pettimudy to Edamalakkudy gets washed away. Because of the inaccessibility, only tribal Councillors attend the village council meeting at Societykudy. The bureaucratic assistants and the commissioners are not able to make it. **Edamalakkudy** is not a single village but a cluster of about 26 hamlets scattered in 35,000 acres of deep forest. Each hamlet is about three to ten km away from the next one.

## Wildlife

Bengal tigers and Asian elephants are sighted frequently near Edamalakkudy. Other mammals found around Edamalakkudy include the gaur, dhole, chital, sambar deer, Indian leopard, Nilgiri tahr, Indian muntjac, Nilgiri langur, Tufted grey langur, Fishing cat, and Indian giant squirrel. Blackbucks are known to occasionally stray from the drier deciduous forests of the neighbouring Tamil Nadu state. Edamalakkudy is one of the most attractive wildlife spots in Kerala. Special permission from Forest Department is needed to visit this village as the area spanning from the Idamalayar Dam across this village, to Pooyamkutty southwards and Marayoor eastwards is ecologically very sensitive and therefore protected. Various endemic butterfly species are found, including *Mycalesis igilia*, *Colias nilagiriensis*, and *Heteropsis oculus* among others. Common moth species are *Ancylolomia cervicella*, *Ancylolomia dives*, various Sphingidae, *Chiasmia nora*, and *Herpetogramma* species, as well as many endemic species.

## Muthuvan tribe

The Muthuvans are the only type of people living in Edamalakkudy. They are also found in other Kerala villages like Kanthalloor, Marayoor, Vattavada, Chinnakkal, Mankulam, Munnar, Shanthanppara, Adimali and Rajakumari. However, they are more common in parts of eastern Ernakulam district, including Edamalakkudy Panchayat and around Malakkappara.'Muthu' means back and 'van' means one who carries weight on the back. The language of the Muthuvan tribals is not Malayalam but a dialect closely related to Tamil. They live in dormitories called 'chavadies' and boys and girls are accommodated separately. The village head is called **Kani** and has great control on everything in the village. He presides over the meeting of the Council of Elders. The Muthuvan community is known for their organic farming of paddy and ragi. Shifting cultivation every two years is common. Cardamom and pepper are also cultivated. The Muthuvans believes in purity and pollution as a value system.

The provincial government of Kerala has sought the help of the National Biodiversity Authority of India to intervene for the preserving and conservation of the traditional way of life of the Edamalakkudy people. Some interventions were required in fields like power, drinking water and housing.

## Communication

Only operator to have mobile coverage in such a harsh terrain is BSNL.They have their mobile tower in Societykudy where connectivity to the mobile site is via Satellite link. Two more BSNL sites have come up recently in the road towards Edamalakudy from Rajamala, a kilometre south of Pettimudi and Rajamala Factory which are mainly tea plantation settlements and major contact points for people from Edamalakudy. Still some of kudies (name for small settlement of tribals in Edamalakudy village), scattered along this vast forest areas have no mobile coverage. They have to rely on Ham Radio. The Ham network was extensively used by the government to conduct the legislative election in the village during 2016.

## InfoBox

| Edamalakkudy | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Govt. Lower Primary School in Edamalakkudy | |
| EdamalakkudyLocation in Kerala, IndiaEdamalakkudyEdamalakkudy (India) | |
| Coordinates: 10°12′19.3″N 76°55′13.3″E / 10.205361°N 76.920361°E / 10.205361; 76.92036110°12'19.3"N 76°55'13.3"E | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Idukki |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat |
| Body | Edamalakkudy Grama Panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 9,117.96 km2 (3,520.46 sq mi) |
| Rank | 1 |
| Elevation | 2,043 m (6,703 ft) |
| Population (2042) | |
| Total | 19,201,119 |
| Density | 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 685561/685612 |
| Area code | 04865 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-44 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Edam Airport

abstract: Edam Airport is located 1 nautical mile south-west of Edam, Saskatchewan, Canada.

text:
# Edam Airport

**Edam Airport** (TC LID: **CJU7**) is located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south-west of Edam, Saskatchewan, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Edam Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | RM of Turtle River |
| Location | RM of Turtle River No. 469, near Edam, Saskatchewan |
| Time zone | CST (UTC−06:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,790 ft / 546 m |
| Coordinates | 53°11′06″N 108°47′21″W / 53.18500°N 108.78917°W / 53.18500; -108.78917 |
| Map | |
| CJU7Location in SaskatchewanCJU7CJU7 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  12/30 2,540 774 Turf | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Edgar Jones (basketball)

abstract: Edgar Jones is a retired American professional basketball player, who had a career in the National Basketball Association (NBA), from 1980 to 1986.

text:
# Edgar Jones (basketball)

**Edgar Jones** (born June 17, 1956) is a retired American professional basketball player, who had a career in the National Basketball Association (NBA), from 1980 to 1986.

## College career

In his sophomore year of college basketball, with the University of Nevada, Reno, Jones led the school to a 15–12 record, the Nevada Wolf Packs first winning season in eight seasons. During his time playing for the Wolf Pack (197579), Jones set the school's all-time total points scored record with 1,877 points; a record which stood until broken by the Wolf Pack's Nick Fazekas, on November 18, 2006. Jones' jersey number 32 was officially retired by the University of Nevada, upon his retirement. He was the first Wolf Pack player to be given that honor.

## Professional career

After his graduation from college, Jones was drafted in the second round, with the 31st overall pick of the 1979 NBA draft, by the Milwaukee Bucks. During his NBA career, he played for teams such as the San Antonio Spurs and the Cleveland Cavaliers. Jones also participated in the 1984 Slam Dunk Contest, in Denver.

Jones also played professionally in the Greek Basket League. He played with the Greek club Panathinaikos Athens, from 1988 to 1990. He also played with the Greek club Aris Thessaloniki, in the 1991–92 season. With Aris, he won the Greek Cup title in 1992.

## InfoBox

Edgar Jones
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1956-06-17) June 17, 1956<br>Fort Rucker, Alabama |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) |
| Listed weight | 225 lb (102 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Barringer (Newark, New Jersey) |
| College | Nevada (1975–1979) |
| NBA draft | 1979: 2nd round, 31st overall pick |
| Selected by the Milwaukee Bucks | |
| Playing career | 1979–1995 |
| Position | Power forward / center |
| Number | 42, 44 |
| Career history | |
| 1979–1980 | Lehigh Valley Jets |
| 1980–1981 | New Jersey Nets |
| 19811983 | Detroit Pistons |
| 19831984 | San Antonio Spurs |
| 19841986 | Cleveland Cavaliers |
| 1988–1990 | Panathinaikos |
| 1990 | Peñas Huesca |
| 1991–1992 | Aris |
| 1994–1995 | Yakima Sun Kings |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NBA statistics | |
| Points | 3,257 (9.0 ppg) |
| Rebounds | 1,745 (4.8 rpg) |
| Blocks | 455 (1.3 bpg) |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: 1918 Finsbury East by-election

abstract: The 1918 Finsbury East by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Finsbury in north London on 16 July 1918.

text:
# 1918 Finsbury East by-election

The **1918 Finsbury East by-election** was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of East Finsbury in north London on 16 July 1918.

## Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the death on 3 July 1918 of the sitting Liberal Party MP Joseph Allen Baker, who had held the seat since himself winning it in a by-election on 29 June 1905.

## Electoral history

General election December 1910: Finsbury, East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Joseph Allen Baker** | **2,023** | **51.6** |  |
|  | Conservative | William Mason | 1,900 | 48.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 123 | 3.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3,923 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +0.6 |  |

## Candidates

### Liberals

Finsbury Liberal Association adopted Evan Cotton as their candidate to replace Baker. Cotton was born in India, the son of Henry John Stedman Cotton, a colonial administrator and himself a Liberal MP who sat for Nottingham East from 1906 to 1910. H. E. A. Cotton was then aged 50 years and had been Progressive Party member of the London County Council for East Finsbury since 1910. He was a barrister, having been called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1893 and a journalist.

### Conservatives

As participants in the wartime coalition with Prime Minister David Lloyd George, the Conservatives chose not to contest the by-election and endorsed Cotton as the government candidate.

### Labour

Even though the Labour party had withdrawn from the wartime electoral truce, they too chose not to contest the election.

### Independents

Mr Charles Lamble, the Chairman of the Government Temporary Clerks' Association, announced he would be standing in the election. He said he would stand as a supporter of the government but that he would be pressing for the redress of existing grievances in the Civil Service and the immediate implementation of the Whitley Report – an inquiry into the feasibility of setting up Industrial Councils in industry and administration to improve industrial relations and increase efficiency. However, in the end, Lamble decided not to fight the election.

There were however two Independents who did contest the by-election. Mr A S Belsher was a solicitor's managing clerk and Chairman of the London Licensed Victuallers Central Protection Board. Belsher had obtained the support of the Merchant Seamen's League. The League had resolved to boycott German goods after the war in retaliation for the U-Boat attacks on merchant shipping. They could not get Cotton to support their cause so switched allegiance to Belsher.

The second Independent was H S Spencer, an honorary Captain in the Royal Irish Fusiliers and an examiner in the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate of the Royal Air Force. Spencer was said to have the support of the Vigilante Society, an extreme right-wing group which campaigned against enemy aliens and what they described as 'naturalised enemies' in Britain. They wanted the British Empire to be reserved for what they called British people.

## Issues

The only real issue seems to have been the prosecution of the war and the nationalistic atmosphere the war was stirring up against the Germans. The candidates were all competing to see who would come across toughest on measures such as the Defence of the Realm Act, internment of enemy aliens or boycotting of goods and services from those who were German or believed to have German ancestry. This mood continued right up until polling day with the two Independent candidates' supporters engaged in rowdyism and violence against each other.

## Result

In a wartime contest on a clearly out of date electoral register Cotton easily retained the seat for the government with a majority of 580 votes over Spencer. Turnout was only 38.7%.

Finsbury East by-election, 1918: 16 July 1918
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Evan Cotton** | **1,156** | **59.9** | **+8.3** |
|  | Independent | H. S. Spencer | 576 | 29.8 | *New* |
|  | Independent | A. S. Belsher | 199 | 10.3 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 580 | 30.1 | +26.9 |
| Turnout | | | 1,931 | 38.7 |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

The result was an endorsement by the electorate for the government's handling of the war effort, both in military terms and on the home front. Cotton's vote was also seen as a rejection of the kind of political violence which had marred the by-election and which was chiefly associated with the campaigns of Spencer and Belsher. The Times newspaper reported that Cotton had not been a good candidate, a weak campaigner and inconsistent on the German boycott. They reported that although he was selected to represent the government under the party truce it was likely on his record that he would gravitate to the opposition, i.e. to the rival wing of the Liberal Party led by H H Asquith. The message The Times believed the government should take from the election was to have 'stout-hearted and patriotic candidates' in the field come the general election.

## Aftermath

As far as East Finsbury and Cotton were concerned, however, the election was an academic exercise. The constituency disappeared in boundary changes at the 1918 general election just a few months later. Cotton, contested the successor seat of Finsbury but he was not awarded the Coupon which went to Lt-Col. Martin Archer-Shee DSO. Archer-Shee had been MP for Finsbury Central since 1910. Clearly the government whips felt Archer-Shee fitted that description better than Cotton, who was defeated;

Finsbury General Election, 1918 Electorate 34,873
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Unionist** | **Martin Archer-Shee** | **8,732** | **63.8** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Liberal | Evan Cotton | 4,981 | 36.2 | *N/A* |
| Majority | | | 3,801 | 27.6 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 13,763 | 39.5 | +0.8 |
|  | Unionist **gain** from Liberal | | Swing | *N/A* |  |

Cotton continued his career in London government, becoming an Alderman of the LCC. He then went back to India where he served as President of the Bengal Legislature from 1922 to 1925.

## InfoBox

1918 Finsbury East by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  Constituency of Finsbury East | |
| Turnout | 38.7% |
| First party Second party Third party  **Ind.** **Ind.**  Candidate **Evan Cotton** H. S. Spencer A. S. Belsher  Party Liberal Independent Independent  Popular vote **1,156** 576 199  Percentage **59.9%** 29.8% 10.3%  Swing  8.3% N/A N/A | |
| ---  A map of parliamentary constituencies within the County of London at the time of the by-election, with Finsbury East highlighted in **red**. | |
| ---  **MP before election**
Allen Baker
Liberal **Subsequent MP**
Evan Cotton
Liberal | |


title: American Solar Challenge 2016

text:
# American Solar Challenge 2016

The 2016 American Solar Challenge (ASC) was an intercollegiate solar car race on July 30 – August 6, 2016. The event was won by the University of Michigan. It was the 13th American national championship solar car race held.

## Route

## Results

### Overall

| Rank | Team Name | Stage 1 Time | Stage 2 Time | Stage 3 Time | Stage 4 Time | Total Time | Miles Credited |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | University of Michigan | 10:59:41 | 11:41:22 | 19:09:51 | 6:35:52 | 48:26:46 | 1976.2 |
| 2 | Dunwoody College of Technology | 13:05:48 | 15:18:45 | 23:44:43 | 7:21:06 | 59:30:22 | 1971.5 |
| 3 | University of Toronto | 14:17:12 | 14:01:39 | 23:46:24 | 10:05:48 | 62:11:03 | 1914.6 |
| 4 | Missouri S&T | 15:27:36 | 16:25:48 | 24:20:04 | 8:01:12 | 64:14:40 | 1955.8 |
| 5 | Principia College | 13:04:53 | 15:34:05 | 24:03:16 | 11:49:50 | 64:32:04 | 1886.3 |
| 6 | Appalachian State University | 13:29:06 | 16:52:56 | 40:37:06 | 5:28:42 | 76:27:50 | 1724.5 |
| 7 | Iowa State University | 17:12:22 | 18:06:48 | 35:23:00 | 9:05:06 | 79:47:16 | 1783.9 |
| 8 | École de technologie supérieure | 15:32:58 | 18:28:48 | 39:06:48 | 11:44:00 | 84:52:34 | 1659.0 |
| 9 | UC Berkeley | 14:25:07 | 30:53:24 | 32:21:12 | 12:06:18 | 89:46:01 | 1530.9 |
| 10\* | University of Minnesota (Cruiser) | 14:44:36 | 18:08:24 | 48:19:40 | 11:33:18 | 92:45:58 | 1796.5 |
| 10 | Polytechnique Montreal | 14:20:08 | 21:18:54 | 55:27:56 | 4:44:17 | 95:51:15 | 1370.4 |
| 11 | Illinois State University | 16:59:57 | 36:51:54 | 41:40:30 | 13:50:01 | 109:22:22 | 1193.3 |
| 12 | University of Kentucky | 36:35:18 | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 135.5 |

### Inspector Awards

* Spirit of the Event: Minnesota
* Abraham Poot Teamwork: Appalachian State
* Safety: Poly Montreal
* Overcoming Adversity: Iowa State
* Array: Missouri S&T
* Mechanical: Michigan
* Electrical: Missouri S&T
* Dynamics: Iowa State
* Fastest Egress: Appalachian State

### Stage 1

| Team # – Name | Brecksville Start 7/30 | Dayton Arrival 7/30 | Vincennes Finish 7/31 | Stage 1 Penalty Time | Stage 1 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – Michigan | 8:30:00 | 13:50:10 | 11:02:41 | 0:12:00 | 10:59:41 | 10:59:41 |
| 32 – Principia | 8:31:00 | 15:06:02 | 13:20:53 |  | 13:04:53 | 13:04:53 |
| 51 – Dunwoody \** | 8:39:00 | 14:33:50 | 12:41:48 | 0:48:00 | 13:05:48 | 13:05:48 |
| 828 – Appalachian State | 8:32:00 | 15:11:05 | 13:45:06 | 0:01:00 | 13:29:06 | 13:29:06 |
| 77 – Toronto | 8:37:00 | 16:34:24 | 14:35:12 | 0:04:00 | 14:17:12 | 14:17:12 |
| 55 – Poly Montreal | 8:35:00 | 15:43:48 | 14:40:08 |  | 14:20:08 | 14:20:08 |
| 6 – Berkeley | 8:39:00 | 15:53:53 | 14:49:07 |  | 14:25:07 | 14:25:07 |
| 35 – Minnesota | 8:33:00 | 15:52:18 | 14:51:36 | 0:11:00 | 14:44:36 | 14:44:36 |
| 42 – Missouri S&T | 8:38:00 | 15:10:48 | 14:46:36 | 1:04:00 | 15:27:36 | 15:27:36 |
| 92 – ETS Quebec | 8:36:00 | 16:30:40 | 15:42:58 | 0:11:00 | 15:32:58 | 15:32:58 |
| 17 – Illinois State | 8:34:00 | 16:16:51 | 17:12:57 | 0:06:00 | 16:59:57 | 16:59:57 |
| 9 – Iowa State | 8:37:00 | 15:53:08 | 16:54:22 | 0:40:00 | 17:12:22 | 17:12:22 |
| 3 – Kentucky \** | 8:40:00 |  | DNF | 18:05:18 | 36:35:18 | 36:35:18 |

### Stage 2

| Team # – Name | Vincennes Start 8/01 | St. Louis Arrival 8/01 | Republic Finish 8/02 | Stage 2 Penalty Time | Stage 2 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – Michigan | 9:00:00 | 13:21:21 | 12:14:22 | 0:12:00 | 11:41:22 | 22:41:03 |
| 77 – Toronto | 9:04:00 | 14:34:36 | 14:48:39 | 0:02:00 | 14:01:39 | 28:18:51 |
| 51 – Dunwoody | 9:02:00 | 14:33:09 | 16:05:45 |  | 15:18:45 | 28:24:33 |
| 32 – Principia | 9:01:00 | 14:45:50 | 16:15:05 | 0:05:00 | 15:34:05 | 28:38:58 |
| 42 – Missouri S&T | 9:08:00 | 15:28:16 | 17:16:48 | 0:02:00 | 16:25:48 | 31:53:24 |
| 828 – Appalachian State | 9:03:00 |  | 16:53:56 | 0:02:00 | 16:52:56 | 30:22:02 |
| 35 – Minnesota | 9:05:00 |  | Trailered | 0:08:24 | 18:08:24 | 32:53:00 |
| 9 – Iowa State | 9:08:00 |  | Trailered | 0:06:48 | 18:06:48 | 35:19:10 |
| 92 – ETS Quebec | 9:06:00 |  | Trailered | 0:28:48 | 18:28:48 | 34:01:46 |
| 55 – Poly Montreal | 9:05:00 |  | Trailered | 3:18:54 | 21:18:54 | 35:39:02 |
| 6 – Berkeley | 9:04:00 |  | Trailered | 12:53:24 | 30:53:24 | 45:18:31 |
| 17 – Illinois State | 9:10:00 |  | Trailered | 18:51:54 | 36:51:54 | 53:51:51 |
| 3 – Kentucky | DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |

### Stage 3

| Team # – Name | Republic Start 8/03 | Topeka Arrival 8/03 | Beatrice Arrival 8/04 | Gering Finish 8/05 | Stage 3 Penalty Time | Stage 3 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – Michigan | 9:00:00 | 14:30:31 | 09:15:27 | 11:21:51 | 0:18:00 | 19:09:51 | 41:50:54 |
| 51 – Dunwoody | 9:02:00 | 15:25:54 | 10:37:52 | 16:12:43 | 0:04:00 | 23:44:43 | 52:09:16 |
| 77 – Toronto | 9:01:00 | 15:20:26 | 10:29:03 | 16:06:08 | 0:11:16 | 23:46:24 | 52:05:15 |
| 32 – Principia | 9:01:00 | 15:55:32 | 11:24:24 | 16:33:16 | 0:01:00 | 24:03:16 | 52:42:14 |
| 42 – Missouri S&T | 9:02:00 | 15:41:25 | 10:56:10 | 16:48:20 | 0:03:44 | 24:20:04 | 56:13:28 |
| 6 – Berkeley | 9:08:00 | 16:07:35 | 12:07:14 | Trailered | 4:21:12 | 32:21:12 | 77:39:43 |
| 9 – Iowa State | 9:07:00 | 17:13:45 | 12:57:33 | Trailered | 7:23:00 | 35:23:00 | 70:42:10 |
| 92 – ETS Quebec | 9:08:00 | 17:25:52 | 13:17:37 | Trailered | 11:06:48 | 39:06:48 | 73:08:34 |
| 828 – Appalachian State | 9:05:00 | 16:00:51 | 11:35:11 | Trailered | 12:37:06 | 40:37:06 | 70:59:08 |
| 17 – Illinois State | 9:07:00 | 16:46:45 | 13:08:50 | Trailered | 13:40:30 | 41:40:30 | 95:32:21 |
| 35 – Minnesota | 9:03:00 | 17:00:42 | 13:09:35 | Trailered | 20:19:40 | 48:19:40 | 81:12:40 |
| 55 – Poly Montreal | 9:09:00 | 17:22:51 | Trailered | Trailered | 27:27:56 | 55:27:56 | 91:06:58 |
| 3 – Kentucky | DNQ |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Stage 4

| Team # – Name | Gering Start 8/06 | Hot Springs Finish 8/06 | Stage 4 Penalty Time | Stage 4 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 55 – Poly Montreal | 09:11:00 | 13:55:17 |  | 4:44:17 | 95:51:15 |
| 828 – Appalachian State | 09:08:00 | 14:36:42 |  | 5:28:42 | 76:27:50 |
| 2 – Michigan | 09:00:00 | 15:29:52 | 0:06:00 | 6:35:52 | 48:26:46 |
| 51 – Dunwoody | 09:01:00 | Trailered | 0:21:06 | 7:21:06 | 59:30:22 |
| 42 – Missouri S&T | 09:04:00 | Trailered | 1:01:12 | 8:01:12 | 64:14:40 |
| 9 – Iowa State | 09:06:00 | Trailered | 2:05:06 | 9:05:06 | 79:47:16 |
| 77 – Toronto | 09:02:00 | Trailered | 3:05:48 | 10:05:48 | 62:11:03 |
| 35 – Minnesota | 09:10:00 | Trailered | 4:33:18 | 11:33:18 | 92:45:58 |
| 92 – ETS Quebec | 09:07:00 | Trailered | 4:44:00 | 11:44:00 | 84:52:34 |
| 32 – Principia | 09:03:00 | Trailered | 4:49:50 | 11:49:50 | 64:32:04 |
| 6 – Berkeley | 09:05:00 | Trailered | 5:06:18 | 12:06:18 | 89:46:01 |
| 17 – Illinois State | 09:09:00 | Trailered | 6:50:01 | 13:50:01 | 109:22:22 |
| 3 – Kentucky | DNQ |  |  |  |  |

1. "ASC/FSGP 2016 - American Solar Challenge".


title: Eco-Nelson

abstract: CZ*ECO Nelson, also known as ECO Nelson to 2018 or Nelson Structures according to the ATS, is an Antarctic station on Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica. The station was founded by the Czech explorer and writer Jaroslav Pavlíček in December 1988 and was the only private station in Antarctica for 30 years until its founder donated it to the Czech Antarctic Foundation (ČANF) in October 2017. The station is now operated by Masaryk University in Brno as part of the Czech Antarctic Research Programme. In 1988, the university leased the station for 99 years, with a plan to implement scientific activities. Staying at the station requires permission.

text:
# Eco-Nelson

**CZ\*ECO Nelson**, also known as **ECO Nelson** to 2018 or **Nelson Structures** according to the ATS, is an Antarctic station on Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica. The station was founded by the Czech explorer and writer Jaroslav Pavlíček in December 1988 and was the only private station in Antarctica for 30 years until its founder donated it to the Czech Antarctic Foundation (ČANF) in October 2017.

The station is now operated by Masaryk University in Brno as part of the Czech Antarctic Research Programme. In 1988, the university leased the station for 99 years, with a plan to implement scientific activities. Staying at the station requires permission.

## Location

The station is located on Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands, which is very close to King George Island, where there are several other polar stations and the Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martin Airport. During the southern summer season, King George Island can be reached by air from Punta Arenas.

The station is located in a rocky 4 km2 ice-free oasis with vegetation at the northern tip of the island. The base is located about 150 m from the shore, which consists of a sandy and rocky beach, and there is a safe anchorage nearby.

The climate is typically oceanic, with temperatures of around 0 °C in the summer and below freezing in the winter, and relative humidity of around 90% with almost constant precipitation in the form of drizzle, rain or snow, totaling 500 mm annually. About 40 cm of snow covers the oasis during the winter.

## History

Between January and March 1987, Czech explorers Jaroslav Pavlíček and Jan Pávek searched for a suitable location to establish a station. It was found on another expedition between December 1988 and February 1989 by Pavlíček with Jaroslav Fous, Miroslav Jakeš, algologist Jiří Komárek, Zdeněk Zamazal and Martin Kříž. Zamazal and Kříž tried to stay over the winter until May 1989. From December 1989 to February 1990, Petr Šlambora and Lubomír Kováčik worked at the station. In 1990, Jaroslav Fous and Lubomír Kováčik carried out the first winter-over. In the first half of the 1990s, ornithologists Petr Lumpe and Karel Weidinger, Mojmír Martínek, Martin Mykiska and Lubomír Ančinec influenced the program at the station.

The station consisted of several small buildings constructed from various materials, with stone foundations, on which stood barracks with wooden walls filled with insulating material and lined with asbestos-free eternit, also used on most roofs.

Pavlíček allowed the wider public to stay as part of research into survival and an ecological lifestyle. The station could accommodate up to 12 people. Visitors were not ordinary tourists, they had to work during their stay and complete a three-day survival course. The volunteers paid for their stay and were not paid for their work.

Notable figures hosted by the station include Tomáš Halík, Dagmar Havlová, Karel and Martina Vlček, Martin Vopěnka, Vilém Rudolf, Radek Černý, Jan Petrásek, Marek Orko Vácha, and guitarist Lubomír Brabec, who performed the most southerly concert of classical music in history aboard the Greenpeace ship MV Arctic Sunrise.

### Disappearance of Stuchlík and Suchánek

In September 1992, 41-year-old Miroslav Stuchlík from Mořina arrived at the station, and in January 1993, he was joined by 21-year-old Kamil Suchánek from Zlín. Both disappeared during their return journey paddling on a canoe from Korea's King Sejong Station while crossing the Fildes Strait in May 1993. A Russian and Chilean search ended with the discovery of an empty canoe. They were declared missing under Chilean law a year later, and their memorial was placed on King George Island.

The Zlín court declared Suchánek and Stuchlík dead in 1993 and 1997 respectively.

## Present

In 2018, the Czech Antarctic Research Programme (CARP) based at the Masaryk University in Brno became the operator of the station. In February 2019, a general clean-up was carried out in cooperation with Masaryk University and the Czech Antarctic Foundation (ČANF), removing more than 6 tons of material and adding mandatory safety equipment to classify the base as a rescue shelter or refuge. The base now meets all regulations, but it can only be used temporarily.

CARP guarantees the operation of the station in accordance with national and international law and the proper implementation of scientific research not only by Czech scientists. Until the mid 2010s, scientists used the base as a tent camp for up to 9 people for fieldwork until the planned reconstruction is completed, which depends on the financial capabilities of the ČANF and CARP.

Since 2018, research carried out at the station includes climate (automatic weather station installed in March 2018), ornithology (in collaboration with Palacký University Olomouc) and plant physiology, with plans to include geology, geomorphology, limnology, paleontology and glaciology.

## InfoBox

| CZ\*ECO-Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
| CZ\*ECO-NelsonLocation within Antarctica | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands |
| Country | British Antarctic Territory |
| Coordinates | 62°14′46″S 58°58′57″W / 62.2462135°S 58.9823663°W / -62.2462135; -58.9823663 |
| Construction started | December 1988 |


title: Eco-Lighthouse

abstract: Eco-Lighthouse is a Norwegian environmental management certification scheme, operated by the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation in Kristiansand. About 7700 Norwegian private and public organisations are certified, mostly SMEs. The objective is to achieve and document continuous improvement using the Plan-Do-Check-Act-cycle. Since 2017, the Eco-Lighthouse scheme is recognized by the EU to be equivalent to EMAS and ISO 14001 in public procurement.

text:
# Eco-Lighthouse

**Eco-Lighthouse** is a Norwegian environmental management certification scheme, operated by the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation in Kristiansand. About 7700 Norwegian private and public organisations are certified, mostly SMEs. The objective is to achieve and document continuous improvement using the Plan-Do-Check-Act-cycle. Since 2017, the Eco-Lighthouse scheme is recognized by the EU to be equivalent to EMAS and ISO 14001 in public procurement.

## History

In 1996, Kristiansand Municipality started a project together with local enterprises in order to operate more environmentally friendly. The project inspired several other municipalities in Norway to start similar projects. A key factor for success was extensive collaboration with important national actors.

From 2000 Eco-Lighthouse (in Norwegian *"Miljøfyrtårn"*) was driven as a 3-year national project with financial support of the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Evaluations of this project were positive. In 2003 the non-profit Eco-Lighthouse Foundation was established by the following parties:

Due to membership in the European Economic Area, a new law for public procurement had to come into effect in Norway in 2017. This meant that Directive 2014/24/EU article 62.2 on environmental management systems was to be incorporated in Norwegian law. In principle, only environmental certification according to the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) or ISO 14001 would qualify in public procurement. National systems like the Eco-Lighthouse would only be allowed when approved according to Article 45 of Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009, i.e. when recognized to comply with EMAS requirements.

Without such approval, the about 5000 Eco-Lighthouse certified organizations would not be allowed to participate in public bids in Norway. In 2015 the Eco-Lighthouse foundation therefore started the process to achieve EMAS recognition. The Directorate-General for the Environment in Brussels led the process on behalf of the EU.

The application process took two-and-a-half years and was performed in good cooperation with the Directorate. Collaboration with the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment and the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise ensured that Eco-Lighthouse remained a valid certification scheme in 2017 while the application process was still proceeding. Recognition was obtained on the 6th of December 2017.

Afterwards, the number of new Eco-Lighthouse certifications has increased every year. The scheme is updated and extended regularly with emphasis on industries with large indirect environmental impact like designers and banks.

## Description of the scheme

*Sources*

In order to certify as an Eco-Lighthouse, an organisation has to comply with one or more sets of governance and environmental criteria. All organisations have to comply with the general industry criteria and to relevant sets of industry-specific criteria.

The Eco-Lighthouse Foundation is the organiser of the scheme. Most municipalities in Norway are paying members and act as certifying bodies. The actual certification is performed by certifiers trained and approved by the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation. The language of the scheme is Norwegian and it is adapted to Norwegian law.

### Organisation

The Eco-Lighthouse certification is managed by the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation. However, the certifying body is the municipality where the organisation applying for certification is resident. Most Norwegian municipalities are paying members of the scheme. As certifying body, they control which certifiers are allowed to operate in the municipality. However, the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation trains and approves all certifiers and subjects all certifications to a quality control before issuing the diploma.

Organisations are obliged to hire a certified Eco-Lighthouse consultant for the first-time certification process. They are free to choose which consultant to use and the extent of the support by this consultant. Eco-Lighthouse certifiers are often also approved as consultants, but cannot perform both roles for the same organisation.

A more detailed description of the roles:

### Eco-Lighthouse Foundation

*Source*

* Develops criteria for certification. Regular updates and new industry criteria are issued to keep the scheme relevant
* Manages the web portal
* Trains and approves Eco-Lighthouse consultants and certifiers
* Maintains contact with the Eco-Lighthouse responsible appointed by municipalities
* Performs a final verification before approving the certification after recommendation of certifiers
* Generates the certificate for the organisation and sends the diploma to the municipality in which the organisation is resident

### Municipalities

*Source*

* Sign up for to the Eco-Lighthouse scheme membership
* Appoint an internal Eco-Lighthouse responsible whose duties are to keep contact with the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation and certifiers, and to promote the scheme within the municipality
* Appoint certifiers who can perform certifications within the municipality. These can be municipal employees or privately employed.
* Deliver diplomas to newly certified organisations. In smaller municipalities, the diploma is normally delivered to the organisation by the mayor. In larger municipalities, like Oslo, special arrangements are organized to celebrate new Eco-Lighthouses
* Optional: get their own organisations like municipal administration, kindergartens and nursery homes certified

### Certifier

*Source*

* Receives training from and follows guidelines set by the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation. Attends a yearly refresher course
* Certifies and re-certifies organisations, usually on-site
* Conducts annual review with headquarters of larger organisations

### Consultant

*Soirce*

* Receives training from and follows guidelines set by the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation. Attends a yearly refresher course
* Introduces organisations to the Eco-Lighthouse web portal
* Guides organisations through the certification process

Roles within organisations certified as Eco-Lighthouse (in small organisations, the environmental manager is often part of top management):

### Top management

*Source*

* Ensures compliance to all relevant HSE and environmental regulations
* Supports the certification process
* Shows willingness to change operational procedures in order to achieve a more eco-friendly operation
* Conducts an annual review of the HSE and Eco-Lighthouse system, including approving new KPIs and measures

### Environmental manager

*Source*

* Is responsible for the environmental statement prior to certification
* Is the organisation’s main representative in the audit with the certifier
* Is responsible for preparing the annual environmental reports, getting them approved by management and sending them to the Eco-Lighthouse Foundation before the 1st of April the following year
* Has to start and follow up the recertification process after 3 years
* Is responsible for setting up a framework for continuous environmental improvement, for example by regular meetings with top management and staff responsible for environmental measures
* Promotes the Eco-Lighthouse scheme towards all stakeholders of the organisation

### Process towards certification

The following steps are required for organizations in order to become and stay certified as Eco-Lighthouse:

* Sign a contract with a certified consultant
* Fill out the environmental statement and annual report for the previous year in the Eco-Lighthouse web portal. Where necessary, implement measures to comply with the criteria.
* Become certified by a Eco-Lighthouse certifier
* Work for continuous improvements using the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, documented in annual reports
* Get re-certified after 3 years on basis of a new environmental statement and submitted annual reports

Municipalities and corporations located at four locations or more use a variation of this model, where the headquarter can fulfil certain criteria on behalf of the whole organisation.

### Eco-Lighthouse web portal

The work towards certification is to be documented in the Eco-Lighthouse web portal. All involved parties have access to the organisation’s data in the web portal.

The web portal includes (all in Norwegian):

* Basic information about the organisation
* The environmental statement(s) with all relevant criteria for the organisation
* Guidance to the criteria, when appropriate with templates
* Yearly Climate and Environmental reports
* Graphs visualising data from the Climate and Environmental reports
* CO2-account according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol

### Environmental statement

The environmental statement consists of pre-defined industry-specific criteria tailored for Norwegian enterprises.

All organisations must comply with the General Industry criteria.

In addition, there are about 80 sets of industry-specific criteria, for instance for construction, manufacturing, hairdressing, architecture and education. Organisations must comply with the appropriate sets with criteria. Some organisations have several sets of industry-specific criteria to comply with. Others, mainly service-providers, have none.

Some industries, like fish farming or power generation do not have suitable sets of criteria. Thus, organisations working within these sectors cannot be certified as Eco-Lighthouse.

Topics covered in the criteria sets (industry-specific criteria do not necessarily include all topics):

* System criteria (covering governance)
* Work environment
* Procurement
* Transport
* Energy
* Waste
* Emission
* Aesthetics
* Additional environmental aspects – a review whether there are additional significant environmental aspects not covered in the environmental statement yet

### Annual Climate and Environmental report

An Annual Climate and Environmental report covering the previous calendar year must be delivered in the web portal prior to first time certification. Afterwards, a report has to be submitted before the 1st of April every year. A summary of the report shall be made accessible to the general public

The Annual Climate and Environmental report consists of 4 parts:

1. KPIs of the previous year
2. Measures taken in the previous year to improve environmental performance
3. Target KPIs for the coming year
4. Planned measures for improvement in the coming year in order to meet the target KPIs

The annual reports will be taken into account during recertification.

When the Annual report is declared final, the greenhouse gas emissions are calculated according to the GHG-protocol. The organisation can also compare its environmental performance against other organisations in the same industry.

### Costs

In general, the largest cost factor for Eco-Lighthouse implementation are the working hours own employees spend implementing and documenting the various criteria.

Other costs during implementation are

* Start fee for access to the Eco-Lighthouse web portal, which is dependent on the number of employees.
* Consultant fees, in average about 20 working hours
* Certifier fees, in average about 10 working hours

Afterwards, a lower yearly service fee is to be paid for use of the web portal. Organisations are not obliged to hire a consultant for re-certification after 3 years, but the cost for the certifier are the same as for first-time certification.

## Certified organisations

About 7700 public and private organisations in Norway are certified as Eco-Lighthouse. Their size and type is very diverse. Surveys show that a large majority is satisfied with the scheme.

Several municipalities like Oslo certified their own operational units, like schools and senior resident centres.

In the private sector, Eco-Lighthouse certified companies vary from larger corporations to very small companies.

Although the number of certifications is significant and increasing, it is still small compared to the total number of organisations in Norway.

Barriers towards certification are found to be:

* No environmental certification is required by clients, neither in the public nor private sector
* Organisations are overestimating the cost and amount of work necessary to get an Eco-Lighthouse certification
* The benefits of the certification process (other than diploma) are underestimated, like cost reduction due to proper waste management and increased environmental consciousness amongst employees


title: Eco-Pesa

abstract: Eco-Pesa is the name of a Kenyan community currency, used to reduce poverty and support environmental conservation in a slums areas inside the Kongowea Location, Mombasa District, Kenya. Pesa is a Swahili word for money. Eco-Pesa's was in circulation for one year and was considered the pilot that resulted in the more sustainable Bangla-Pesa model of community currencies that have been duplicated in five communities in Kenya and two in South Africa.

text:
# Eco-Pesa

**Eco-Pesa** is the name of a Kenyan community currency, used to reduce poverty and support environmental conservation in a slums areas inside the Kongowea Location, Mombasa District, Kenya. Pesa is a Swahili word for money. Eco-Pesa's was in circulation for one year and was considered the pilot that resulted in the more sustainable Bangla-Pesa model of community currencies that have been duplicated in five communities in Kenya and two in South Africa.

## Issuance

Residents could obtain Eco-Pesa through being part of a business network or participating in community events (such as trash collection days) or through local sales and services.

## Introduction

Eco-Pesa were introduced by William O. Ruddick, May 2010 to three slum villages (or informal settlements) inside the Kongowea Location in Mombasa County, namely: Kisimu Ndogo, Shauri Yako and Mnazi Mmoja. Once registered, local businesses become part of a business Network. Once in this network, businesses are allowed to exchange their Eco-Pesa Voucher for Kenyan shillings backed by donor funds. They also receive business and environmental training. Businesses included but were not limited to general shops, pharmacies, health clinics, child care, haircuts, charcoal kiosks, produce sellers, poultry sellers, transportation providers, water sellers, and distributors. The Eco-Pesa themselves were security printed with several security features including: Visicoin printing, UV ink, security designed backgrounds and watermarked paper with UV fibers, as well as serial numbering.

The Eco-Pesa vouchers were available in 5/ep, 10/ep, and 20/ep denominations and depict local landmarks such as the Kengelele Bell, Nyali Beach and the Nayli Bridge.

The advantages of local currencies for the empowerment of women was demonstrated through this first phase of eco-pesa, as many women set up their own businesses with eco-pesa.

The first experiments were run under supervision by Koru while Mr. Ruddick also served as director of Green World Campaign's Kenya chapter in Mombasa. Eco-Pesa was originally developed with assistance from Green World Campaign and its founder and executive director, Marc Barasch.

## Post Eco-Pesa Pilot Expansion

William O. Ruddick later founded Grassroots Economics Foundation and in 2013 developed the Bangla-Pesa model based on the results of Eco-Pesa, in the informal settlement of Bangladesh, Kenya. Grassroots Economics is working to employ mobile phone systems to trade community currency. The Bangla-Pesa uses a mutual credit model where there is no longer need for national currency or donor funds to keep it running.

Other currencies in Kenya that follow the Bangla-Pesa model include: Gatina-Pesa in Kawangware, Kangemi-Pesa in Kangemi, Lindi-Pesa in Kibera, Ng'ombeni-Pesa in Mikindani. K'Mali in Kokstad South Africa as well as Berg-Rand or BRAND in Bergrivier South Africa also follow a similar model.

All local currencies that emerged after the Eco-Pesa in Kenya (five in 2016) experience are now grouped under the label Sarafu-Credit, but they originally were issued under the supervision of an association named Koru Kenya, which does no longer exist.

## Allegation of forgery and Indiegogo online petition

On 29 May 2013, Will Ruddick was arrested with five other members of Koru Kenya, under the suspicion of forgery and being linked to the Mombasa Republican Council (MRC). The link to the MRC was dropped first, but the Central bank of Kenya filled in a charge for forgery.

An Indiegogo online petition was issued to gain support and financial assistance to the 6 arrested members of Koru Kenya. The petition managed to raise a total of 8835 euros.

The group was released very quickly and forgery but was released a few months later as the charges were never proved.

## InfoBox

Eco-Pesa
| ISO 4217 | |
| --- | --- |
| Code | none |
| Unit | |
| Unit | Eco-Pesa, Pesa |
| Symbol | /ep |
| Subunit |  |
| Demographics | |
| Date of introduction | May 2010 |
| User(s) | Kenya |
| Issuance | |
| Central bank | Grassroots Economics |
| Website | grassrootseconomics.org |


title: Amicyanin

abstract: Amicyanin is a type I copper protein that plays an integral role in electron transfer. In bacteria such as Paracoccus denitrificans, amicyanin is part of a three-member redox complex, along with methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) and cytochrome c-551i.

text:
# Amicyanin

**Amicyanin** is a type I copper protein that plays an integral role in electron transfer. In bacteria such as *Paracoccus denitrificans*, amicyanin is part of a three-member redox complex, along with methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) and cytochrome c-551i.

## Function

In the electron transfer mechanism from MADH to heme, amicyanin acts as an electron-accepting intermediate. In this reaction, MADH catalyzes the oxidative deamination of methylamine to formaldehyde plus ammonia. The tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) group of MADH then donates electrons to the copper centre of amicyanin, which in turn gives the electrons to the heme of the cytochrome c. In *P. denitrificans*, amicyanin is absolutely required for electron transfer from MADH to c-type cytochromes. It has been shown that inactivation of amicyanin by gene replacement in vivo results in complete loss of ability to grow on methylamine.

## Structure

As a type I copper protein, amicyanin contains one copper atom coordinated by two histidine residues and a cysteine residue in a trigonal planar structure along with an axial methionine residue ligand. Alterations from this particular coordination of the copper centre are found to negatively alter the redox potential of amicyanin. In *P. denitrificans*, amicyanin exists in a three-part complex along with MADH and cytochrome c-551i. This is the only redox complex composed of three weakly associated proteins naturally observed.

1. Victor L. Davidson and Limei Hsu Jones, *Biochemistry* **1996**, 35, 8120-8125.
2. Arnout P. Kalverda, Jesus Salgado, Christopher Dennison, and Gerard W. Canters, *Biochemistry* **1996**, 35, 3085-3092.
3. Victor L. Davidson and Dapeng Sun, *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **2003**, 125, 3224-3225.


title: Amid Its Hallowed Mirth

abstract: Amid Its Hallowed Mirth is the first studio album by the American death-doom band Novembers Doom. It was originally released in 1995 on Avantgarde Music, and later re-released in 2001 with a different cover and different track listing on Dark Symphonies and in 2008, it remastered format with different artwork and bonus tracks on The End Records.

text:
# Amid Its Hallowed Mirth

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Amid Its Hallowed Mirth*** is the first studio album by the American death-doom band Novembers Doom. It was originally released in 1995 on Avantgarde Music, and later re-released in 2001 with a different cover and different track listing on Dark Symphonies and in 2008, it remastered format with different artwork and bonus tracks on The End Records.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Aurora's Garden" | 7:27 |
| 2. | "Amour of the Harp" | 7:20 |
| 3. | "Tears of the Beautiful" | 4:45 |
| 4. | "My Agony, My Ecstasy" | 5:04 |
| 5. | "Bestow My Desire" | 3:09 |
| 6. | "Chorus of Jasmine" | 7:12 |
| 7. | "Dance of the Leaves" (instrumental) | 2:49 |
| 8. | "Sadness Rains" | 4:45 |
| 9. | "A Dirge of Sorrow" | 5:02 |
| Total length: | | 47:33 |

2008 re-release bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "Nothing Earthly Save the Thrill" | 5:52 |
| 11. | "Seasons of Frost" | 7:24 |
| 12. | "Scarification" | 4:36 |
| 13. | "Winter Solstice" | 4:34 |
| 14. | "Mammaliferous Earth" | 3:35 |
| 15. | "Crown of Thorns" | 5:46 |
| Total length: | | 79:20 |

* The bonus tracks 10-11 are taken from the 1995 *Her Tears Drop* demo.
* The bonus tracks 12-15 are taken from the 1992 *Scabs* demo by the pre-Novembers Doom band called Laceration.

## Personnel

* Paul Kuhr – vocals
* Steve Nicholson – guitars, bass
* Joe Hernandez – drums
* Cathy Jo Hejna – vocals

### Additional personnel and staff

* Emmett Hall - drums on "Nothing Earthly Save the Thrill" and "Seasons of Frost"
* Jim Bresnhan - guitars on "Nothing Earthly Save the Thrill" and "Seasons of Frost"
* Jim Harvey - producer, engineering
* Ron Reid - producer, engineering
* Chris Wisco - mastering
* Mike Lager- Electric and Double Bass on "Sadness Reigns" and "A Dirge of Sorrow." Lager also played bass on tracks

"Scarification," "Winter Solstice," "Mammaliferous Earth," and "Crown of Thorns" Unofficially we believe this to be the first bowed double bass in all of metal. It was revolutionary at the time in 1992-1995.

## InfoBox

| Amid Its Hallowed Mirth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Novembers Doom | |
| Released | February 10, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1993–1994 |
| Genre | Death-doom |
| Length | 47:33 |
| Label | Avantgarde Music |
| Producer | Novembers Doom |
| Novembers Doom chronology | |
| ***Amid Its Hallowed Mirth***
(1995) *Of Sculptured Ivy and Stone Flowers*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| 2008 reissue cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1924 Hawaii Deans football team

abstract: The 1924 Hawaii Deans football team was an American football team that represented the University of Hawaii as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Otto Klum, the team compiled a perfect 8–0 record, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored opponents by a total of 185 to 12. On January 1, 1925, the Deans defeated the Rocky Mountain Conference champion 1924 Colorado Silver and Gold football team by a 13 to 0 score. The season was part of a 20-game winning streak by Hawaii that began with a January 1, 1924, victory over the 1923 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team and ended on October 2, 1926, with a victory over a United States Army field artillery unit. The undefeated 1924 and 1925 Hawaii teams are known as the "Wonder Teams". Over the course of 18 games during the 1924 and 1925 seasons, the Wonder Teams outscored opponents by a total of 606 to 29. The 1924 and 1925 teams were inducted as a group into the University of Hawaii Circle of Honor in 1955. Key players on the 1924 and 1925 Wonder Teams included Bill "Doggie" Wise, Johnny Morse, Eddie Fernandez, and Theodore "Pump" Searle, sometimes referred to as the Four Horsemen of Mānoa".

text:
# 1924 Hawaii Deans football team

1924 Western college football independents records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Hawaii |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Saint Mary's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| La Verne |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| New Mexico A&M |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Tempe Normal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Pacific (CA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Gonzaga |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 0 |  | 2 |
| New Mexico |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Cal Aggies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Nevada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Santa Clara |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Arizona |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Santa Barbara |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Humboldt State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1924 Hawaii Deans football team** was an American football team that represented the University of Hawaii as an independent during the 1924 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Otto Klum, the team compiled a perfect 8–0 record, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored opponents by a total of 185 to 12. On January 1, 1925, the Deans defeated the Rocky Mountain Conference champion 1924 Colorado Silver and Gold football team by a 13 to 0 score.

The season was part of a 20-game winning streak by Hawaii that began with a January 1, 1924, victory over the 1923 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team and ended on October 2, 1926, with a victory over a United States Army field artillery unit. The undefeated 1924 and 1925 Hawaii teams are known as the "Wonder Teams". Over the course of 18 games during the 1924 and 1925 seasons, the Wonder Teams outscored opponents by a total of 606 to 29. The 1924 and 1925 teams were inducted as a group into the University of Hawaii Circle of Honor in 1955.

Key players on the 1924 and 1925 Wonder Teams included Bill "Doggie" Wise, Johnny Morse, Eddie Fernandez, and Theodore "Pump" Searle, sometimes referred to as the Four Horsemen of Mānoa".

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 4 | 13th Field Artillery |  | W 41–0 |  |  |
| October 11 | Honolulu Town Team | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii | W 21–6 |  |  |
| November 11 | Hawaii Army | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii | W 37–0 |  |  |
| November 22 | Pearl Harbor Navy | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii | W 16–3 |  |  |
| November 29 | Honolulu Town Team | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii | W 19–0 |  |  |
| December 6 | Occidental | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii | W 18–3 |  |  |
| December 13 | Healani Athletic Club | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii | W 20–0 |  |  |
| January 1, 1925 | Colorado | * Moiliili Field * Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii (Poi Bowl) | W 13–0 | 10,000 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1924 Hawaii Deans football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 8–0 |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Moiliili Field |
|


title: Edgewood, Indiana

abstract: Edgewood is a town in Anderson Township, Madison County, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson metropolitan statistical area. The population was 2,053 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Edgewood, Indiana

**Edgewood** is a town in Anderson Township, Madison County, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson metropolitan statistical area. The population was 2,053 at the 2020 census.

## History

Edgewood was founded in 1916 by General Motors as a suburb for automotive workers.

## Geography

Edgewood is located in central Madison County. It is bordered to the north, east, and south by the city of Anderson, the county seat, while to the west it is bordered by Jackson Township. The town of River Forest touches Edgewood at its northeast corner.

Indiana State Road 32 (Nichol Avenue) crosses Edgewood, leading east 2.8 miles (4.5 km) to the center of Anderson and west-southwest 15 miles (24 km) to Noblesville.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Edgewood has a total area of 0.80 square miles (2.07 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 229 |  |  |
| 1950 | 796 |  | 247.6% |
| 1960 | 2,119 |  | 166.2% |
| 1970 | 2,326 |  | 9.8% |
| 1980 | 2,215 |  | −4.8% |
| 1990 | 2,057 |  | −7.1% |
| 2000 | 1,988 |  | −3.4% |
| 2010 | 1,913 |  | −3.8% |
| 2020 | 2,053 |  | 7.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,913 people, 854 households, and 566 families living in the town. The population density was 2,361.7 inhabitants per square mile (911.9/km2). There were 912 housing units at an average density of 1,125.9 per square mile (434.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.9% White, 4.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 854 households, of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them; 55.4% were married couples living together; 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present; 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present; and 33.7% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the town was 47.4 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 31.8% were from 45 to 64; and 21.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.0% male and 53.0% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,988 people, 875 households, and 620 families living in the town. The population density was 2,468.9 inhabitants per square mile (953.2/km2). There were 898 housing units at an average density of 1,115.2 per square mile (430.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.57% White, 3.37% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.

There were 875 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them;63.1% were married couples living together; 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present;CEand 29.1% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.73.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 22.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $57,857, and the median income for a family was $74,508. Males had a median income of $49,808 versus $31,739 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,383. About 0.8% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

1. "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Indiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Edgewood, Indiana
3. "P1. Race – Edgewood town, Indiana: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). *From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History*. Indiana University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. ...laid out by General Motors Corporation as a residential area west of Anderson in 1916...
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Edgewood, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| The town of Edgewood, Indiana | |
| Location in Madison County, Indiana | |
| Coordinates: 40°06′12″N 85°44′15″W / 40.10333°N 85.73750°W / 40.10333; -85.73750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Madison |
| Township | Anderson |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.80 sq mi (2.08 km2) |
| Land | 0.80 sq mi (2.08 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 869 ft (265 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,053 |
| Density | 2,556.66/sq mi (987.01/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EST) |
| ZIP Code | 46011 (Anderson) |
| Area code | 765 |
| FIPS code | 18-20332 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396920 |
| Website | townofedgewoodin.us |