abstract: The 1926 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1926. Incumbent Lieutenant Governor William I. Nolan of the Republican Party of Minnesota defeated Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party challenger Emil E. Holmes and Minnesota Democratic Party candidate Charles D. Johnson.

text:
# 1926 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election

The **1926 Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election** took place on November 2, 1926. Incumbent Lieutenant Governor William I. Nolan of the Republican Party of Minnesota defeated Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party challenger Emil E. Holmes and Minnesota Democratic Party candidate Charles D. Johnson.

## Results

1926 Lieutenant Gubernatorial Election, Minnesota
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **William I. Nolan (incumbent)** | **373,940** | **56.36%** | **+5.49%** |
|  | Farmer–Labor | Emil E. Holmes | 236,307 | 35.62% | −7.27% |
|  | Democratic | Charles D. Johnson | 53,189 | 8.02% | +1.77% |
| Majority | | | 137,633 | 20.74% |  |
| Turnout | | | 663,436 |  |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

Minnesota lieutenant gubernatorial election, 1926
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **William I. Nolan** Emil E. Holmes Charles D. Johnson  Party Republican Farmer–Labor Democratic  Popular vote **373,940** 236,307 53,189  Percentage **56.36%** 35.62% 8.02% | |
| ---  **Lieutenant Governor before election**
William I. Nolan
Republican **Elected Lieutenant Governor**
William I. Nolan
Republican | |


title: Bathurst '75 FC

abstract: Bathurst LXXV Football Club, commonly referred to as Bathurst 75, is an Australian amateur football club based in Bathurst, New South Wales. The club currently competes in Bathurst District Football junior and senior levels. The club was founded, hence its name, in 1975, with players like Archie Thompson, Nathan Burns and Rhyan Grant having played for the club at junior and senior levels. In the 2018 season, Bathurst 75 fielded over 320 players within 30 teams, in both juniors and seniors. Twenty non-competitive sides teams took part in the Small Sided, alongside six junior competitive teams and four senior teams. Bathurst 75 ceased to feature in the Australian league system at the end of the 2012 Football NSW season, after an $80,000 water bill at its old ground, Alec Lamberton Field, proved to costly, meaning the club had to move its operation to Proctor Park and Police Paddock. Western NSW Mariners FC replaced Bathurst 75 as the region's representative side.

text:
# Bathurst '75 FC

**Bathurst LXXV Football Club**, commonly referred to as Bathurst 75, is an Australian amateur football club based in Bathurst, New South Wales. The club currently competes in Bathurst District Football junior and senior levels.

The club was founded, hence its name, in 1975, with players like Archie Thompson, Nathan Burns and Rhyan Grant having played for the club at junior and senior levels.

In the 2018 season, Bathurst 75 fielded over 320 players within 30 teams, in both juniors and seniors. Twenty non-competitive sides teams took part in the Small Sided (Grassroots - Aldi MiniRoos), alongside six junior competitive teams and four senior teams.

Bathurst 75 ceased to feature in the Australian league system at the end of the 2012 Football NSW season, after an $80,000 water bill at its old ground, Alec Lamberton Field, proved to costly, meaning the club had to move its operation to Proctor Park and Police Paddock. Western NSW Mariners FC replaced Bathurst 75 as the region's representative side.

## Honours

Premiers (2): 1979, 1983 Runners-Up (2): 1978, 1992 Winners (2): 1979, 1992 Premiers (6): 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005 Runners-Up (4): 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008

## InfoBox

Bathurst 75
| Full name | Bathurst LXXV Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | 75s |
| Founded | 1975 (1975) |
| Ground | Proctor Park |
| League | Bathurst District Football |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: B.P. Marine Academy

abstract: B.P. Marine is a maritime training academy located at Navi Mumbai. B.P. Marine Academy operates in two campuses at Belapur and Panvel, hence the name, both are situated in Navi Mumbai in an area of about 40 acres (160,000 m⁲).

text:
# B.P. Marine Academy

B.P. Marine is a maritime training academy located at Navi Mumbai. **B.P. Marine Academy** operates in two campuses at Belapur and Panvel, hence the name, both are situated in Navi Mumbai in an area of about 40 acres (160,000 m2).

## Introduction

It is approved by the Directorate General of Shipping of the Government of India's Ministry of Surface Transport. It also offers Higher Nautical Diploma training programs in collaboration with South Tyneside College & City of Glasgow College, approved by Maritime and Coastguard Agency (M.C.A) Govt. of UK.

## Courses

The institute conducts streams of fully residential courses & several other modular courses (STCW courses)

Ø GP Rating (Lower Nautical Diploma)

Ø Certificate Course in Maritime Catering (CCMC)

Ø Electro Technical Officer course (ETO)

Ø BSc in Nautical Science

Ø Deck-Cadet Higher Nautical Diploma in Nautical science

Ø Engine-Cadet Higher Nautical Diploma in Marine Engineering

Ø BSc in Hospitality/Hotel Management

## Sources

## InfoBox

B.P. Marine Academy
| Established | 1997 |
| --- | --- |
| Address | B.P. Marine Academy, Navi Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, India |
| Affiliations | Ministry of Shipping (India) |
| Website | bpmarineacademy.co.in |


title: 1967–68 Serie A (ice hockey) season

abstract: The 1967–68 Serie A season was the 34th season of the Serie A, the top level of ice hockey in Italy. Four teams participated in the league, and SG Cortina won the championship by defeating HC Diavoli Milano in the final.

text:
# 1967–68 Serie A (ice hockey) season

The **1967–68 Serie A season** was the 34th season of the Serie A, the top level of ice hockey in Italy. Four teams participated in the league, and SG Cortina won the championship by defeating HC Diavoli Milano in the final.

## Regular season

|  | Club | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | SG Cortina | **14** |
| 2. | HC Diavoli Milano | **12** |
| 3. | HC Bolzano | **4** |
| 4. | HC Turin | **0** |

## Final


title: 1975 Cricket World Cup statistics

text:
# 1975 Cricket World Cup statistics

This is a list of statistics for the 1975 Cricket World Cup.

## Team statistics

### Highest team totals

The following table lists the five highest team scores during the tournament.

| Team | Total | Opponent | Ground |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| England | 334/4 | India | Lord's, London |
| Pakistan | 330/6 | Sri Lanka | Trent Bridge, Nottingham |
| Australia | 328/5 | Sri Lanka | The Oval, London |
| New Zealand | 309/5 | East Africa | Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham |
| West Indies | 291/8 | Australia | Lord's, London |

## Batting statistics

### Most runs

The top five highest run scorers in the tournament are included in this table.

| Player | Team | Runs | Innings | Avg | Highest score | 100s |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Glenn Turner | New Zealand | **333** | 3 | 166.50 | 171 not out | 2 |
| Dennis Amiss | England | **243** | 4 | 60.75 | 137 | 1 |
| Majid Khan | Pakistan | **209** | 3 | 69.66 | 84 | 0 |
| Keith Fletcher | England | **207** | 3 | 69.00 | 131 | 1 |
| Alan Turner | Australia | **201** | 5 | 40.20 | 101 | 1 |

### Highest scores

This table contains the top five highest scores of the tournament made by a batsman in a single innings.

| Player | Team | Score | Balls | 4s | 6s | Opponent | Ground |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Glenn Turner | New Zealand | **171 not out** | 201 | 16 | 2 | East Africa | Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham |
| Dennis Amiss | England | **137** | 147 | 18 | 0 | India | Lord's, London |
| Keith Fletcher | England | **131** | 147 | 13 | 0 | New Zealand | Trent Bridge, Nottingham |
| Glenn Turner | New Zealand | **114\*** | 177 | 13 | 0 | India | Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester |
| Clive Lloyd | West Indies | **102** | 85 | 12 | 2 | Australia | Lord's, London |
|

### Highest partnerships

The following tables are lists of the highest partnerships for each wicket during the tournament.

| Wicket | Runs | Team | Players | Opposition | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | **182** | Australia | Rick McCosker and Alan Turner | Sri Lanka | The Oval, London |
| 2nd | **176** | England | Dennis Amiss and Keith Fletcher | India | Lord's, London |
| 3rd | **149** | New Zealand | Glenn Turner and John Parker | East Africa | Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham |
| 4th | **149** | West Indies | Rohan Kanhai and Clive Lloyd | Australia | Lord's, London |
| 5th | **89\*** | England | Dennis Amiss and Chris Old | India | Lord's, London |
| 6th | **99** | Australia | Ross Edwards and Rod Marsh | West Indies | The Oval, London |
| 7th | **55** | India | Syed Abid Ali and Madan Lal | New Zealand | Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester |
| 7th | **55\*** | Australia | Doug Walters and Gary Gilmour | England | Headingley, Leeds |
| 8th | **48** | New Zealand | Brian McKechnie and Dayle Hadlee | England | Trent Bridge, Nottingham |
| 9th | **60** | India | Syed Abid Ali and Srinivas Venkataraghavan | New Zealand | Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester |
| 10th | **64\*** | West Indies | Deryck Murray and Andy Roberts | Pakistan | Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham |

## Bowling statistics

### Most wickets

The following table contains the five leading wicket-takers of the tournament.

| Player | Team | Wickets | Matches | Bowling average | Best bowling |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gary Gilmour | Australia | **11** | 2 | 5.63 | 6/14 |
| Bernard Julien | West Indies | **10** | 5 | 17.70 | 4/20 |
| Keith Boyce | West Indies | **10** | 5 | 18.50 | 4/50 |
| Dayle Hadlee | New Zealand | **8** | 4 | 20.25 | 3/21 |
| Andy Roberts | West Indies | **8** | 5 | 20.62 | 3/39 |

### Best bowling figures

This table lists the top five best bowling analyses in the tournament.

| Player | Team | Overs | Figures | Opponent | Ground |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gary Gilmour | Australia | 12.0 | **6/14** | England | Headingley, Leeds |
| Dennis Lillee | Australia | 12.0 | **5/34** | Pakistan | Headingley, Leeds |
| Gary Gilmour | Australia | 12.0 | **5/48** | West Indies | Lord's, London |
| John Snow | England | 12.0 | **4/11** | East Africa | Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham |
| Bernard Julien | West Indies | 12.0 | **4/20** | Sri Lanka | Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester |

## Fielding statistics

### Wickket-keeping dismissals

This is a list of the wicket-keepers who made the most dismissals in the tournament.

| Player | Team | Matches | Dismissals | Caught | Stumped |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rod Marsh | Australia | 5 | **10** | 9 | 1 |
| Deryck Murray | West Indies | 5 | **9** | 9 | 0 |
| Wasim Bari | Pakistan | 3 | **6** | 6 | 0 |
| Ken Wadsworth | New Zealand | 4 | **4** | 3 | 1 |
| Farokh Engineer | India | 3 | **2** | 2 | 0 |
|

### Most catches

This is a list of the outfielders who took the most catches in the tournament.

| Player | Team | Matches | Catches | Max |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Clive Lloyd | West Indies | 5 | **4** | 3 |
| Tony Opatha | Sri Lanka | 3 | **3** | 2 |
| Zaheer Abbas | Pakistan | 3 | **3** | 2 |
| Brian Hastings | New Zealand | 4 | **3** | 2 |
| Greg Chappell | Australia | 5 | **3** | 1 |


title: Entrance Island (South Australia)

abstract: Entrance Island is a low island located inside the mouth of Franklin Harbor, Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The island comprises approximately 100 hectares, and falls within the boundaries of the Franklin Harbor Conservation Park and Franklin Harbor Marine Park. Its maximum elevation is approximately 4 metres. The island provides roosting and nesting habitat for a variety of sea and shorebird species. On September 23, 1910, some shearers working on Entrance Island observed a distressed whale reported to be 90 feet long. It had become stranded at low tide, and it escaped when the tide rose. Smaller southern right whales have also been observed from Entrance Island.

text:
# Entrance Island (South Australia)

**Entrance Island** is a low island located inside the mouth of Franklin Harbor, Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The island comprises approximately 100 hectares (250 acres), and falls within the boundaries of the Franklin Harbor Conservation Park and Franklin Harbor Marine Park. Its maximum elevation is approximately 4 metres. The island provides roosting and nesting habitat for a variety of sea and shorebird species.

On September 23, 1910, some shearers working on Entrance Island observed a distressed whale reported to be 90 feet long. It had become stranded at low tide, and it escaped when the tide rose. Smaller southern right whales have also been observed from Entrance Island.

1. Property Location Browser V2 Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine *Government of South Australia*. Accessed 2014-01-11.
2. Entrance Island *Geoview.info* Retrieved 2014-01-11.
3. Eyre Peninsula Coastal Action Plan & Conservation Priority Study Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine *Government of South Australia, Eyre Peninsula Natural Resource Management* (2011)*.* Retrieved 2014-01-11.
4. "A whale at Cowell" *The Advertiser* (1910-09-27). Retrieved 2014-01-11.

33°43′3.79″S 136°58′13.6″E / 33.7177194°S 136.970444°E / -33.7177194; 136.970444

## InfoBox

Entrance Island
| Entrance Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Spencer Gulf |
| Administration | |
| **Australia** | |


title: Ashraf Garda

abstract: Ashraf Garda is a media host in South Africa. He is a radio presenter on SAfm and hosts the show "Media@SAfm", as well as SAfm's "Afternoon Talk" and became the host of the South African Broadcasting Corporation's investigative program "Special Assignment" in April 2011. During the 2010 World Cup Ashraf provided analysis on the games as well as the social impact of the World Cup on CNN, Al Jazeera, CBC Canada and SABC 2's Morning Live.

text:
# Ashraf Garda

**Ashraf Garda** is a media host in South Africa. He is a radio presenter on SAfm and hosts the show "Media@SAfm", as well as SAfm's "Afternoon Talk" and became the host of the South African Broadcasting Corporation's investigative program "Special Assignment" in April 2011.

During the 2010 World Cup Ashraf provided analysis on the games as well as the social impact of the World Cup on CNN, Al Jazeera, CBC Canada and SABC 2's Morning Live.

## Biography

Born in Johannesburg, South Africa on 4 June 1962. Ashraf lived with his parents in Fietas until they had to relocate to Lenasia due to the Group Areas Act of the South African Apartheid regime. He married Jamela Cassim and together they started a business retailing textiles in the Oriental Plaza, called "Fabric Fantasy". Ashraf's entry into radio began when he hosted sports shows on community radio stations "Radio az-Zaheer" and later "the Voice,95.4fm".

## Radio

Ashraf landed the sports news role on the popular South African radio station 5fm and later on SAfm. Garda now hosts the "Afternoon Talk" show from 2-4pm daily and does the Media@SAfm show every Sunday 9-11am.

## Television

Garda often guest hosted "Interface", SABC's leading current affairs show and is the host of SABC's multi award-winning investigative documentary program "Special Assignment".

## Awards

2007 South African Breweries Sports insert of the year (Safm)

2012 Turquoise Harmony Institute:Ubuntu lecture and dialogue award (media award)

## InfoBox

| Ashraf Garda | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Known for | Radio presenting, television presenting, journalism, Motivational Speaking |
| Spouse | Jamela Garda |


abstract: The men's javelin throw event at the 1998 Commonwealth Games was held on 21 September in Kuala Lumpur.

text:
# Athletics at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Men's javelin throw

The **men's javelin throw** event at the 1998 Commonwealth Games was held on 21 September in Kuala Lumpur.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Marius Corbett | South Africa | 88.75 | **CR** |
|  | Steve Backley | England | 87.38 |  |
|  | Mick Hill | England | 83.80 |  |
| 4 | Mark Roberson | England | 80.98 |  |
| 5 | Andrew Currey | Australia | 80.05 |  |
| 6 | Diggory Brooke | New Zealand | 75.55 |  |
| 7 | James Goulding | Fiji | 73.68 |  |
| 8 | Nigel Bevan | Wales | 73.06 |  |
| 9 | Erin Bevans | Canada | 72.37 |  |
| 10 | Adrian Hatcher | Australia | 68.99 |  |
| 11 | Yazid Imran | Malaysia | 62.49 |  |
|  | Paul Langat | Kenya | NM |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's javelin throw <br>at the Commonwealth Games | |
| --- | --- |


title: Aschenberg

abstract: Aschenberg is a small village in the district of Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is part of the Ortschaft Höfer within the municipality of Eschede.

text:
# Aschenberg

**Aschenberg** is a small village in the district of Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is part of the *Ortschaft* Höfer within the municipality of Eschede.

## InfoBox

| Aschenberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Village of Eschede | |
| Location of Aschenberg | |
| Aschenberg Aschenberg | |
| Coordinates: 52°42′N 10°16′E / 52.700°N 10.267°E / 52.700; 10.267 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Celle |
| Municipality | Eschede |
| Elevation | 64 m (210 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 29361 |
| Dialling codes | 05145 |
| Vehicle registration | CE |


title: Ann Brockman

abstract: Ann Brockman (1895–1943) was an American artist who achieved success as a figurative painter following a successful career as an illustrator. Born in California, she spent her childhood in the American Far West and, upon marrying the artist William C. McNulty, relocated to Manhattan at the age of 18 in 1914. She took classes at the Art Students League where her teachers included two realist artists of the Ashcan School, George Luks and John Sloan. Her career as an illustrator began in 1919 with cover art for four issues of a fiction monthly called Live Stories. She continued providing cover art and illustrations for popular magazines and books until 1930 when she transitioned from illustrator to professional artist. From that year until her death in 1943, she took part regularly in group and solo exhibitions, receiving a growing amount of critical recognition and praise. In 1939 she told an interviewer that making money as an illustrator was so easy that it "almost spoiled [her] chances of ever being an artist." In reviewing a solo exhibition of her work in 1939, the artist and critic A.Z Kruse wrote: "She paints and composes with a thorough understanding of form and without the slightest hesitancy about anatomical structure. Add to this a magnificent sense of proportion, and impeccable feeling for color and an unmistakable knowledge of what it takes to balance the elements of good pictorial composition and you have a typical Ann Brockman canvas."

text:
# Ann Brockman

**Ann Brockman** (18951943) was an American artist who achieved success as a figurative painter following a successful career as an illustrator. Born in California, she spent her childhood in the American Far West and, upon marrying the artist William C. McNulty, relocated to Manhattan at the age of 18 in 1914. She took classes at the Art Students League where her teachers included two realist artists of the Ashcan School, George Luks and John Sloan. Her career as an illustrator began in 1919 with cover art for four issues of a fiction monthly called *Live Stories*. She continued providing cover art and illustrations for popular magazines and books until 1930 when she transitioned from illustrator to professional artist. From that year until her death in 1943, she took part regularly in group and solo exhibitions, receiving a growing amount of critical recognition and praise. In 1939 she told an interviewer that making money as an illustrator was so easy that it "almost spoiled \[her\] chances of ever being an artist." In reviewing a solo exhibition of her work in 1939, the artist and critic A.Z Kruse wrote: "She paints and composes with a thorough understanding of form and without the slightest hesitancy about anatomical structure. Add to this a magnificent sense of proportion, and impeccable feeling for color and an unmistakable knowledge of what it takes to balance the elements of good pictorial composition and you have a typical Ann Brockman canvas."

## Early life and training

Brockman was born in Northern California in 1895 and spent much of her youth in nearby Oregon, Washington, and Utah. She met the artist William C. McNulty in Seattle where he was employed as an editorial cartoonist. They married in March 1914 and promptly moved to Manhattan where he worked as a freelance illustrator. At the time of their marriage, Brockman was 18 years old. Over the next few years, her career generally followed that path that her husband had previously taken. His art training had been at the Art Students League beginning in 1908; she began her training there after moving to New York in 1914. After an early career as an editorial cartoonist, he freelanced as a magazine and book illustrator beginning in 1914; she began her career as a magazine and book illustrator in 1919. He embarked on a teaching career in the early 1930s and not long after, she began giving art instruction. While they both adhered to the realist tradition in art, their usual subjects were different. His prominently depicted urban cityscapes in the social realist whereas hers generally focused on rural landscapes. He was best known for his etchings and she for her oils and watercolors.

Brockman returned to the Art Students League in 1926 to take individual instruction for a month at a time from George Luks and John Sloan. Despite their help, one critic said McNulty's "sympathetic encouragement and guidance" was more important to her development as a professional artist.

## Career in art

In the course of her career as illustrator, Brockman would sometimes paint portraits of celebrities before drawing them, as for example in 1923 when she painted the French actress Andrée Lafayette who had traveled to New York to play title role in a film called Trilby. She would also sometimes accept commissions to make portrait paintings and in 1929 painted two Scottish terriers on one such commission. During this time, she also produced landscapes. In 1924 she displayed a New England village street scene painting in the Second Annual Exhibition of Paintings, Watercolors, and Drawings in the J. Wanamaker Gallery of Modern Decorative Art. Available sources show no further exhibitions until in 1930 a critic for the *Boston Globe* described one of her portraits as "well done" in a review of a Rockport Art Association exhibition held that summer.

Between 1931 and her death in 1943, Brockman participated in over thirty group exhibitions and five solos. Her paintings appeared in shows of the artists' associations to which she belonged, including the Rockport Art Association, Salons of America, Society of Independent Artists, and National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors.Between 1932 and 1935, her paintings appeared frequently in New York's Macbeth Gallery. She won an award for a painting she showed at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1940. In 1942, the Whitney Museum bought one of the paintings she showed in its Biennial of that year. Critical praise for her work steadily increased during the decade that ended with her untimely death in 1943. In 1932, her painting called "The Camera Man" was called "a clever piece of illustration." Three years later, a painting called "Small Town" gave a critic "the impression of freshness, honesty, and skill". In 1938, a critic described her "Folly Cove" as "masterful" and said "Pigeon Hill Picnic" was "sustained by excellence of execution". At that time, Howard Devree of the *New York Times* saw "evidence of gathering powers" in her work and wrote "she imparts a dramatic feeling to landscape. She even manages this time to do trees touched by Autumn tints without calendar effect, which is no small praise." Three years later, a *Times* critic reported Brockman had "set herself a new high" in the watercolors she presented, and another critic said the gallery where she was showing had not "for some time" shown "so outstanding a solo exhibitor as Ann Brockman." Shortly before her death, a critic for *Art News* maintained that she was "one of America's most talented women painters".

After she had died, a critic said Brockman's paintings "displayed real power", adding that she was "highly rated among the nation's professional artists" and was known to give "aid and encouragement, always with a smile," both artists and to her students. in reviewing the memorial exhibition at the Kraushaar Galleries held in 1945, reviewers wrote about the strength and vibrancy of her personality, the quality of her painting ("every bit as good, possibly better than people had thought"), called her "one of the best of our twentieth century women painters", and credited "her sense of the vividness of life" as a contributor to "the unusual breadth that is so characteristic of her work. One noted that her work was "widely recognized throughout the country" and could be found in the collections of prominent museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Art Institute of Chicago. Writing in the *Times*, Devree wrote, "even those who had followed the steady growth of this artist for more than a decade, each successive show being at once an evidence of new achievement and an augury of still better work to come, may well be surprised at the combined impact of the selected paintings in the present showing," and writing in the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle*, A.Z Kruse said she had made "extraorginary accomplishments", painted with "inordinate distinction" showing a "lyrical majesty," and possessed "a keen esthetic sense which did not deviate from truth."

### Artistic style

(1) Ann Brockman, undated drawing, black chalk on paper, 18 x 22 inches(2) Ann Brockman, High School Picnic, about 1935, oil on canvas, 34 1/4 x 44 1/4 inches(3) Ann Brockman, untitled landscape, about 1943, watercolor and pencil on paper, 15 1/4 x 22 1/2 inches(4) Ann Brockman, North Coast, undated watercolor, 21 1/2 x 30 inches (5) Ann Brockman, On the Beach, 1942, watercolor on paper, 16 1/2 x 20 inches(6) Ann Brockman, Lot's Wife, 1942, oil on canvas, 46 x 35 inches(7) Ann Brockman, New York Harbor, 1934, watercolor on paper, 13 1/2 x 19 1/4 inches(8) Ann Brockman, Youth, 1942, oil on board, 13 1/2 x 11 1/2 inches

Brockman was a figurative painter whose main subjects were rural landscapes and small-town and coastal scenes. She worked in oils and watercolors, becoming better known for the latter late in her career. Most of her paintings were relatively small. Although she made figure pieces infrequently, the nudes and circus and Biblical scenes she painted were seen to be among her best works. In 1938, Howard Devree wrote: "Her gray-day marines and coast scenes are familiar to gallery goers and are favorites with her fellow artists. Her figure pieces have attained a sculptural quality without losing warmth or taking on stiffness. One spirited circus incident of equestriennes about to enter the big tent compares not unfavorably with many of the similar pictures by a long line of painters who have been fascinated by the theme. She imparts a dramatic feeling to landscape. She even manages this time to do trees touched by Autumn tints without calendar effect, which is no small praise." Similarly, a critic for *Art Digest* wrote that year: "Fluently and virilely painted, \[her\] canvases suggest a close affinity between nature and humans. The artist takes her subjects out in the open where they may picnic or bathe with space and air about them. A fast tempo is felt in the compositions of restless horses and nimble entertainers busily alert for the coming performance. Miss Brockman is also interested in portraying frightened groups of people, hurrying to safety or standing half-clad in the lowering storm light."

Her palette ranged from vivid colors in bright sunlight to somber ones in the overcast skies of stormy weather. Of the former, one critic spoke of the rich colors and "sun-drenched rocks" of her coastal scenes and another of her "summery landscapes of coves and picnics." Of the latter, Howard Devree said she "painted so many moody Maine coast vignettes of lowering skies and uneasy seas that artists have been heard to refer to an effect as 'an Ann Brockman day'".

Brockman's handling of Biblical subjects can be seen in the oil called "Lot's Wife", shown above, Image No. 6. Her watercolor called "On the Beach" and her oil portrait called "Youth" may both indicate the "sculptural quality" that Devree said was typical of her figure pieces (Image No. 8, above).

An example of Brockman's bright palette in a typical summer theme is the oil painting called "High School Picnic" shown above, Image No. 2. Next to it is a painting, an untitled landscape of about 1943 whose medium, watercolor on paper, shows off the sunny palette she often used (Image No. 3).

Among the darkest of her works was an untitled 1942 drawing she made in black chalk (shown above, Image No. 1). In a book called *Drawings by American Artists* (1947), the artist and art editor Norman Kent noted that this study influenced her painting through its use of "forms" that were "elastic" and suggested "color". He said its "massing of dark and light" created "a definite mood" that was "impressionistic" and had "the strength of a man's work". Brockman's undated watercolor called "North Coast" (shown above, Image No. 4) is an example of the paintings to which Kent referred.

## Illustrator

(9) Ann Brockman, cover, March 12, 1917, Every Week magazine(10) Illustration of an article, "The Taking of a Salient" by Henry Russell Miller, Illustrated by Ann Brockman in Christian Herald magazine, April 5, 1919(11) Ann Brockman, cover, September 1922, Shadowland magazine, portrait of Betty Compson(12) Ann Brockman, cover, Motion Picture Magazine Fall-Winter 1922, (13) Ann Brockman, cover, Ainslee's magazine, December 1926(14) Ann Brockman, illustrations for "What and Why Are Nursery Schools", Parents' Magazine, September 1928(15) Ann Brockman, illustration for "Party Times Are Coming", by Mabel Claire, Smart Set magazine, October 1929(16) Ann Brockman, author and illustrator, "Some Children I Know", Parents' Magazine, November 1929

Throughout her career as an illustrator, Brockman made more than twenty-five covers for popular magazines and nearly as many illustrations for articles, stories, and ads. She also contributed illustrations for children's books. These included *The Harrison Children; a Story for Girls and Boys*, by Otto M. and Mabel S. Becker (frontispiece by Ann Brockman, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday Page & Company, 1927), *We five*, by Edna Osborne Whitcomb (illustrated by Ann Brockman, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleclay, Doran & Company, 1928), *Betty and Jack; a Primer*, by A. C. Lisson and Evelyn V. Thonet (illustrated by Ann Brockman, F. A. Owen, Dansville, N. Y. 1930) *Helen and Bob; a First Reader*, by Albert C. Lisson, Evelyn V. Thomet (illustrated by Ann Brockman, F. A. Owen, Dansville, N. Y. 1930) *The house in Hidden lane, Two Mysteries for Younger Girls*, by Augusta Huiell Seaman (illustrated by Ann Brockman, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Doran & company, 1931).

One of Brockman's first covers appeared in the March 12, 1917 issue of a short-lived Sunday magazine called *Every Week* (see Image No. 9, above). Many of the covers showed screen actors, including French actress Andrée Lafayette, the Talmadge sisters, Constance and Norma, Alice Terry, Claire Windsor, and Betty Compson (see Image No. 11, above). Her cover of Jackie Coogan is shown above, Image No. 12. In 1926, she drew the cover for the final issue of a literary periodical called' *Ainslee's Magazine* that had become known for publishing writers such as Stephen Crane, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Bret Harte, and Dorothy Parker (see Image No. 13, above). One of her first story illustrations appeared in the issue for a news weekly called the *Christian Herald*. The piece was a fictionalized account of one of the last battle fought by American forces during World War I (see Image No. 10, above). Throughout the 1920s, Brockman illustrated articles for *Parents magazine* and for *American Girl*, the monthly magazine of the Girl Scouts. Many of Brockman's illustrations accompanied stories that had female protagonists. Drawings in the December 1927 issue of *American Girl*, entitled "What Is the Matter with Mary Jane?" is full of slangy teenage dialogue among members of a Girl Scout troop who get help from a visiting and very posh Girl Guide from England in making last-minute preparations for a Christmas entertainment. Brockman illustrations for nonfiction articles often focused on the evolving role of women as homemakers and parents. By the end of the 1920s, a confluence of what one writer called "the emancipation of women and the spirit of scientific inquiry" had produced what the writer called "a body of knowledge by which the modern woman" could "realize her capacity for initiative and management". Newspapers and magazines of the period discussed the implication of this dramatic shift in the role of women as wives and mothers. An article that Brockman illustrated in 1928 in *Parents Magazine* was of this type. Called " What and Why Are Nursery Schools", it discussed the benefits of preschools for parents and their children (see Image No. 14, above).

In 1919, Jack Bechdolt and his wife Mabel took rooms in the townhouse that Brockman and her husband had rented in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. Bechdolt was a newsman, short story writer, and illustrator. His wife was a sculptor, businesswoman, and author. On the publication of her first book, *The Busy Woman's Cook Book of Cooking by the Clock*, she told an interviewer she taught herself to be an efficient cook because she could not otherwise keep house for herself and her husband while still maintaining her busy schedule as artist and maker of small gifts and exotic candles. When her success at efficient kitchen management became apparent, her friends and acquaintances urged her to write an instruction book on the subject. The book was a success, leading her to drop sculpting and crafts work and devote herself to writing. By 1929, she had achieved success as an author of self-help guides for young wives. In that year, she began writing regular articles in a monthly literary magazine called *The Smart Set* for which Brockman prepared illustrations. The first few were headed "The Busy Woman Cooks". In addition to recipes, the articles treated all aspects of meal preparation and such matters as the efficient hosting of social events. Titles included "Party Times Are Coming", "Picnicking Made Easy", "A Sixty Minute Menu For a Holiday Dinner", and "You'll Get Your Man" (see Image No. 15, above).

Brockman wrote short poems to accompany a page of illustrations in the November 1929 issue of *Parents' Magazine* (see image No. 16, above).

## Art instructor

inches 1931, Brockman's husband William C. McNulty began teaching a class with live models at the Art Students League. Over the next ten years or so, she would occasionally take over instruction when he was ill or otherwise unavailable. In 1926, the couple began spending the warm months in a place called Bearskin Neck on the Massachusetts coast. In 1938, they began a small summer school there that they called the "Cape Ann Art School". An Italian-born painter named Jon Corbino joined with McNulty and Brockman to teach the school's students and in its issue for June 13, 1938 *Life* magazine printed an article on Corbino at Bearskin Neck. One of its photos showed him in his studio in front of a portrait of Brockman he had made.

## Personal life and family

Brockman's death certificate records her birth date as September 6, 1895. Other sources give her birth year as 1896, 1899, and 1900. Most sources give her maiden name and the name she used professionally as Ann Brockman. Her marriage certificate gives Queen Anne Brockman as her name. Early census reports give her given name as Queenie or Queene. Her given name was also recorded as Anna or Anne.

Brockman's father was a traveling salesman named Harry G. Brockman. Her mother was Lillian Fliedner Brockman. Her mother and father divorced sometime before 1910 and in that year Brockman and her mother were living apart from her father and her mother apparently ran a costume shop to support the two of them. Late in life, her mother's mental health deteriorated and she was a patient in a Seattle mental institution from 1939 until she died in 1947.

Brockman was eighteen years old and living in Seattle when she married William Charles McNulty, who was then a newspaper cartoonist in that city. Soon after the wedding, the couple moved to New York and in 1917 began renting a townhouse in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, which would be her principal residence for the rest of her life.

The lives of Brockman and McNulty showed similarities to the lives of Mabel Claire and William C. Bechdolt. All four were born within a few years of each other. Both marriages took place in Seattle. Both husbands worked for newspapers. Three of the four studied at the Art Students League. Claire and Bechdolt rented rooms from Brockman and McNulty during the 1920s.

Brockman became ill in 1941. After a long decline in health, she died in the Park East Hospital in Manhattan on March 29, 1943. Her remains were cremated and buried in Fresh Pond Crematory, Brooklyn.

Following her death, news reports brought attention to her personality, which one said had been "warm and vital". Another said: "As so many still remember, Ann Brockman had great personal qualities generosity, graciousness, à sense of the vividness of life, and above all, enduring courage. Perhaps it was this fulfillment of personality that contributed to the unusual breadth that is so characteristic of her work. Another said the force of her personality had made it difficult to make objective evaluations of her work, "so strong and vibrant was her personality." Another note that "she offered aid and encouragement, always with a smile, to fellow artist-contemporaries as well as students. Her untimely death brings sorrow to all who knew her, and they were legion."

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18. "Seventh Show of Women Artists". *San Francisco Examiner*. San Francisco, California. 1931-11-01. p. 50.
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41. "Chicago Views the State of American Art in Its Annual". *Art News*. **39** (7). New York, New York: Brant Publications: 8. 1940-11-16.
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45. "Ranking Americans in Lively Group". *Art Digest*. **16** (16). New York, New York: Arts Communications Group, L.P.: 11 1942-05-15.
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47. Howard Devree (1935-12-22). "A Reviewer's Notebook; Briefs on a Score of Attractions in the Art Galleries as the Holidays Begin". *New York Times*. New York, New York. p. X13.
48. "Eclectic Landscape Scenes Painted by Ann Brockman". *Art News*. **36** (24). New York, New York: Brant Publications: 15. 1938-01-29.
49. "Ann Brockman Delves into Genesis". *Art Digest*. **14** (9). New York, New York: Arts Communications Group, L.P.: 16 1940-02-01.
50. "Ann Brockman Turns to the Dramatic". *Art Digest*. **16** (7). New York, New York: Arts Communications Group, L.P.: 7 1942-01-01.
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53. Jo Gibbs (1945-12-15). "Ann Brockman Given Memorial Exhibition". *Art Digest*. **20** (6). New York, New York: Arts Communications Group, L.P.: 8.
54. "Memorial Show and Two Others". *New York Sun*. New York, New York. 1945-12-22. p. 9.
55. Howard Devree (1945-12-23). "Among New Exhibitions; In a Memorial Exhibition". *New York Times*. New York, New York. p. X4.
56. "Ann Brockman Turns "Toward the Romantic"". *Art Digest*. **12** (12). New York, New York: Arts Communications Group, L.P.: 15 1938-03-15.
57. Howard Devree (1940-02-11). "A Reviewer's Notebook: Segonzac and Dufy in Sharp Contrast-Ann Brockman, Andree Ruellan, Others". *New York Times*. New York, New York. p. 136.
58. Norman Kent (1947). *Drawings by American Artists*. New York, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, Inc. p. 36.
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62. "Jackie Coogan". *Motion Picture Magazine*. M.P. Publishing Co. January 1922. p. 1.
63. "Constance Talmadge cover art by Anne Brockman". *Picture-Play Magazine*. Vol. 16, no. 4. Street & Smith Corp., New York City. January 1922. p. 1.
64. "Claire Windsor". *Motion Picture Magazine*. M.P. Publishing Co. September 1922. p. 1.
65. "Patsy Ruth Miller". *Picture-Play Magazine*. Vol. 16, no. 9. Street & Smith Corp., New York City. June 1922. p. 1.
66. "Actress Alice Terry by Ann Brockman". *Picture-Play Magazine*. Vol. 16, no. 9. Street & Smith Corp., New York City. July 1922. p. 1.
67. "Leatrice Joy painted by Ann Brockman". *Picture-Play Magazine*. Vol. 17, no. 3. Street & Smith Corp., New York City. November 1922. p. 1.
68. "Betty Compson Painted by Ann Brockman From an Edwin Bower Hesser photograph". *Shadowland*. Vol. 7, no. 1. Brewster Publications, Inc., Jamaica, NY. September 1922. p. 8.
69. "Cover Illustration by Ann Brockman". *Parents Magazine*. Vol. 11, no. 10. Gruner + Jahr USA Publishing. October 1936. p. 1.
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72. Paul Everman, illustrated by Ann Brockman (1921-06-11). "Strictly Disputatious Emily; Her Suitor Tries a New Tack". *Christian herald, an Illustrated News Weekly for the Home*. New York, New York: Graham Patterson. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
73. Mabel Claire (May 1929). "When the Busy Woman Cooks". *Smart Set*. Vol. 84, no. 3. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 122.
74. Mabel Claire (June 1929). "When the Busy Woman Cooks; Entertaining for the June Bride". *Smart Set*. Vol. 84, no. 4. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 128.
75. Mabel Claire (July 1929). "Picnicking Made Easy". *Smart Set*. Vol. 84, no. 5. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 96.
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79. Mabel Claire (November 1929). "Ten-Minute Desserts". *Smart Set*. Vol. 85, no. 3. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 100.
80. Mabel Claire (December 1929). "A Sixty Minute Menu For a Holiday Dinner". *Smart Set*. Vol. 85, no. 4. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 92.
81. Mabel Claire (February 1930). "You'll Get Your Man". *Smart Set*. Vol. 85, no. 6. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 88.
82. Mabel Claire (March 1930). "Use These Diet Menus". *Smart Set*. Vol. 86, no. 1. New York, New York: Magus Publishing Co. p. 71.
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## InfoBox

| Ann Brockman | |
| --- | --- |
| Ann Brockman in 1940 | |
| Born | Queen Ann Brockman<br>(1895-09-06)September 6, 1895<br>Alameda, California, US |
| Died | March 29, 1943(1943-03-29) (aged 47)<br>New York City, US |
| Resting place | Fresh Pond Crematory, Brooklyn |


title: Bathurst-class corvette

abstract: The Bathurst-class corvettes were a class of general purpose vessels designed and built in Australia during World War II. Originally classified as minesweepers, but widely referred to as corvettes, the Bathurst-class vessels fulfilled a broad anti-submarine, anti-mine, and convoy escort role. A total of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes were built, at eight Australian shipyards: 36 were paid for by the Australian government and 24 were built on British Admiralty orders. Of these UK-owned vessels, 20 were officially commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), and manned by RAN personnel, while four served in the Royal Indian Navy; none of the UK-owned vessels was commissioned into the Royal Navy. An order for three more Bathursts, to be constructed in India, was cancelled before they were laid down. Although the Bathursts were designed for the anti-submarine and anti-mine roles, they also served as troop and supply transports, provided air defence for convoys and disabled ships, participated in shore bombardments, and undertook hydrographic surveys. Three ships were lost during the war: one to an air attack and two to collisions with friendly merchant ships. After the war, the Admiralty ships were sold to the Turkish Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, and civilian operators, while several RAN-owned vessels were transferred to the Royal New Zealand Navy, temporarily reactivated to facilitate National Service Training, or sold to civilians. Four of the Dutch Bathursts were transferred to the Indonesian Navy; one of these was destroyed in 1956 by anti-government rebels. The rest of the RAN and Admiralty ships were sold for scrap to help fund other projects. Two vessels are preserved as museum ships.

text:
# Bathurst-class corvette

The ***Bathurst*-class corvettes** were a class of general purpose vessels designed and built in Australia during World War II. Originally classified as minesweepers, but widely referred to as corvettes, the *Bathurst*-class vessels fulfilled a broad anti-submarine, anti-mine, and convoy escort role.

A total of 60 *Bathurst*-class corvettes were built, at eight Australian shipyards: 36 were paid for by the Australian government and 24 were built on British Admiralty orders. Of these UK-owned vessels, 20 were officially commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), and manned by RAN personnel, while four served in the Royal Indian Navy; none of the UK-owned vessels was commissioned into the Royal Navy. An order for three more *Bathurst*s, to be constructed in India, was cancelled before they were laid down.

Although the *Bathurst*s were designed for the anti-submarine and anti-mine roles, they also served as troop and supply transports, provided air defence for convoys and disabled ships, participated in shore bombardments, and undertook hydrographic surveys. Three ships were lost during the war: one to an air attack and two to collisions with friendly merchant ships. (Following the war, a fourth vessel sank after hitting a mine while sweeping the Great Barrier Reef.)

After the war, the Admiralty ships were sold to the Turkish Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, and civilian operators, while several RAN-owned vessels were transferred to the Royal New Zealand Navy, temporarily reactivated to facilitate National Service Training, or sold to civilians. Four of the Dutch *Bathurst*s were transferred to the Indonesian Navy; one of these was destroyed in 1956 by anti-government rebels. The rest of the RAN and Admiralty ships were sold for scrap to help fund other projects. Two vessels are preserved as museum ships.

## Background

In 1937, in an initially-unrelated development, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) approved the procurement of three net-laying boom defence vessels. However, in February 1938, the ACNB also identified a need for a class of general purpose, 'local defence vessels' that were easy to construct and operate. (This need emerged from plans for a training tender attached to the RAN anti-submarine warfare training school.) The ships had to be capable of both anti-submarine and minesweeping duties. Consequently, the number of Bar-class boom defence vessels ordered was reduced to two, and resources for the third were re-allocated to a prototype local defence vessel.

During July 1938, the RAN Director of Engineering, Rear Admiral Percival McNeil, was instructed to develop plans for a local defence vessel, with a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), and a range of 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km; 2,300 mi). McNeil completed his drawings in February 1939; his proposal called for a 680-ton vessel, with a speed of 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph), and a range of 2,850 nautical miles (5,280 km; 3,280 mi). McNeil's unbuilt prototype – sometimes known as HMAS *Kangaroo* – more closely resembled a sloop than the original concept of a local defence vessel; the increase in size and speed also meant the vessel would have been more versatile than originally envisioned. It would have been equipped with a 4-inch gun, ASDIC and either depth charge launchers or minesweeping equipment, depending on operational requirements. In the meantime, however, the order for three net-laying vessels was re-instated before construction of McNeil's prototype could begin. (The second of these Bar-class boom vessels to be commissioned was instead named *Kangaroo*.)

Although McNeil's "Kangaroo class" was never built, his general concept attracted interest in Australian naval circles, as it offered advantages over existing minesweeper and anti-submarine classes and could be built in Australia with local resources, with the exception of weapons and some specialised instrumentation. Although not perfectly suited for any specific role, the all-round general capability for minesweeping, anti-submarine warfare, patrol, and escort duties was seen as a good short-term solution until better vessels could be requisitioned or constructed.

In September 1939, following the outbreak of war, there was a new procurement process for seven ships of a design based on McNeil's concept. Additional orders were soon placed by both the ACNB and the British Admiralty, and a total of 60 *Bathurst*-class ships were built, including 36 ordered by the RAN for home duties and 24 paid for by the Admiralty. Of these British-ordered vessels, 20 vessels were commissioned into the RAN and crewed by Australian personnel, on the understanding that they would be attached to Royal Navy fleets; a further four vessels were commissioned into the Royal Indian Navy.

The *Bathurst* class were officially classified as "Australian Minesweepers" (AMS) to hide their intended primary role in anti-submarine duties, although the *Bathurst*s were popularly referred to as corvettes.

## Design

Each ship's company varied in size: the standard complement was 85, including 6 commissioned and 12 to 13 non-commissioned officers. Over 20,000 personnel served on a *Bathurst* during the war: the early ships were primarily manned by reservists, while the majority of the 'Hostilities Only' personnel recruited during the war served on a *Bathurst*-class vessel sometime during their career. Sailors were accommodated in ten-man messdecks, which were small, poorly lit rooms that were perpetually damp from seawater and sweat. In anything but calm weather, hatches and portholes would have to be closed: sunlight and fresh air was a rarity inside the hull. Because of the conditions, high rates of sickness (particularly pneumonia and tuberculosis) were experienced. Officers slept in cabins with bunks (as opposed to hammocks), and ate and relaxed in each ship's wardroom, complete with bar and steward service. The difference in conditions between officers and sailors prompted tensions between these two groups.

Six large escort vessels based on a scaled-up version of the *Bathurst* design were considered for construction in mid-1941, but the design was determined to be inferior to the River-class frigate.

### Armament and equipment

The most common armament for *Bathurst*-class corvettes was a 12-pounder gun or a 4-inch Mark XIX high-angle gun, three Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, two Lewis .303 machine guns, and two .303 Vickers machine guns. The corvettes carried up to 40 depth charges, which were deployed by 4 throwers and 2 chutes. Many of the 12-pounder carrying corvettes were refitted with the 4-inch during their service life, while one of the Oerlikons was often replaced with a Bofors 40 mm gun. *Bathurst*s equipped with the 4-inch main gun were primarily allocated to northern waters, because of the increased air threat and the greater anti-aircraft capabilities of the 4-inch compared to the 12-pounder gun mounted on other corvettes.

Due to the variety of shipyards constructing the corvettes, as well as the varying roles the *Bathurst*s were pressed into, there was no true standardisation of armament. Some ships varied significantly from the common armament profile, while an individual ship's weapons outfit could vary significantly for different periods of her career. At one stage, HMAS *Geraldton* carried six Oerlikon cannons, a number later reduced to four. By comparison, the outfit of HMAS *Junee* consisted of a single 4-inch gun and a single 40 mm gun.

The *Bathurst*s were equipped with modified Type 128 asdic equipment, redesigned to be used without a gyroscopic stabiliser. Minesweeping equipment also varied across the class: ships equipped with the newer 'LL' minesweeping gear were distributed as evenly as possible throughout major Australian ports.

Each was fitted with a triple expansion steam engine (usually fabricated by railway workshops) to drive two propellers at a theoretical maximum speed of 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph), although this required ideal conditions and was rarely achieved.

## Construction

Construction of the ships required a significant expansion of the Australian shipbuilding industry. This was achieved by bringing disused dockyards back into production and establishing new facilities. The lead shipyard was Cockatoo Docks & Engineering Company in Sydney, which laid down the first ship, HMAS *Bathurst*, in February 1940, and produced a further seven vessels. The other seven shipyards involved were Walkers Limited in Maryborough, Queensland (7 ships), Evans Deakin & Company in Brisbane (11 ships), Mort's Dock & Engineering Company in Sydney (14 ships), Poole & Steel in Sydney (7 ships), State Dockyard at Newcastle, New South Wales (1 ship), HMA Naval Dockyard at Williamstown, Victoria (8 ships), and BHP at Whyalla, South Australia (4 ships). Each ship cost approximately 250,000 to build.

The initial rate of construction was slow, due to a variety of factors: delays in equipment delivery from overseas, industrial problems, a lack of qualified labour, and the difficulty of naval overseers in supporting all eight shipyards at once primary among them. The initial prediction was that two vessels per month would enter service through 1941, but by June 1940, only five of the seventeen ordered so far had been laid down, and the RAN was advised at the end of 1940 that only seven would be completed December 1940. The prioritisation of Admiralty orders by the Australian government meant that RAN-ordered ships were further delayed, although the Admiralty later allowed the first four of their ships to remain in local waters until replacements entered service. Rate of construction increased by late 1941, although the increasing need of shipbuilding resources for repairs as the war progressed slowed the rate of construction back down. The corvette's build time was comparable to that of an *Essex*-class aircraft carrier; the fourteen-month construction time for USS *Franklin* was equal to or faster than the individual build time of half the corvettes.

Three additional *Bathurst*s were to be built for the Royal Indian Navy by Garden Reach of Calcutta. All three were laid down on 3 May 1943, but were cancelled and broken up on the slipways in March 1945. Instead, three Flower-class corvettes were transferred from the Royal Navy to India.

## Role

The two main purposes the ships were intended for were minesweeping and anti-submarine escort. However, the corvettes found themselves performing a wide range of duties, including troop and supply transport, bombardment, assault landings support, survey and hydrography mapping, and providing aid to disabled ships. The *Bathurst*s were seen as 'maids of all work' by the RAN, even though the design was inappropriate for some roles; being too small, too slow, or inadequately armed or equipped. It was not until March 1943 that sufficient ships were available to take the individual variations and capabilities of the *Bathurst*s into account: prior to this, they were the first (and often only) available vessel.

Because of the dual, conflicting roles of local defence vessel and ocean-going escort, *Bathurst*s based in Australia were under two different controllers for the first part of the Pacific War; operationally under the US Navy's Naval Commander South West Pacific Area Forces (COMSOUWESTPAC), and administratively under the Naval Officer In Charge (NOIC) of the ship's homeport. Following multiple incidents where a ship would be assigned to two different tasks simultaneously; conflicts between local needs, escort schedules, and maintenance requirements; and protests from the NOIC in Fremantle and Darwin, the Australian-based corvettes were placed completely under NOIC control in May 1942. Instead of directly assigning ships to convoys, COMSOUWESTPAC would indicate that ships would be needed from a particular port for escort duties, leaving the NOIC of that port free to allocate available ships.

*Bathurst*-class ships were assigned up to three different pennant numbers during the course of their career. With the exception of HMAS *Ararat* (K34), all of the *Bathurst*-class corvettes were given numbers with the 'J' flag superior, designating them as minesweepers. Ships of the class that served with the British Pacific Fleet, like many other ships serving with the fleet, had their pennant numbers changed to ones with a 'B' flag superior. At the end of World War II, a reorganisation of the pennant system saw the Bathursts given new numbers with 'M' as the flag superior, which was the new designator for minesweepers.

## Operational history

### World War II

In the early part of their war service, *Bathurst*s were involved in the evacuation of several locations which fell to the initial Japanese advance, and in the transportation of supplies and reinforcements to Australian and Dutch guerrilla operations in Timor. HMAS *Armidale* was the only ship of the class destroyed by enemy action; she was sunk by torpedoes from Japanese aircraft on the afternoon of 1 December 1942 while transporting personnel of the Netherlands East Indies Army to Betano, Timor.

The *Bathurst*s were involved in several attacks on submarines during the war. On 20 January 1942, the Japanese submarine *I-124* was sunk outside Darwin. This, the first RAN kill of a full-size submarine, was credited to HMAS *Deloraine*, with sister ships *Katoomba* and *Lithgow* assisting. On 11 September 1943, HMAS *Wollongong* assisted in the destruction of the German submarine *U-617*. On 11 February 1944, the corvettes *Ipswich* and *Launceston*, along with the Indian sloop HMIS *Jumna*, were responsible for the sinking of the Japanese submarine *Ro-110* in the Bay of Bengal.

In November 1942, an Indian *Bathurst*, HMIS *Bengal*, along with the Dutch tanker *Ondina* she was escorting, engaged and sank the Japanese commerce raider *Hōkoku Maru*, and drove off her sister ship *Aikoku Maru*.

In early 1943, HMA Ships *Benalla* and *Shepparton* were modified to serve as hydrographic survey ships. The corvettes were assigned to Task Group 70.5 of the United States Seventh Fleet, and were used to survey waters prior to several amphibious landings during the war.

Eight corvettes were deployed to the Mediterranean in May 1943. Their anti-aircraft armament made them appropriate for escort duties during the Allied invasion of Sicily. A month later, four Bathursts were part of an eight-ship escort for a 40-strong convoy to Gibraltar when it was attacked by 50 German torpedo bombers; the corvettes' air defence destroyed nine aircraft, and only two merchant ships received damage. During their time in the Mediterranean, several corvettes reached the Atlantic Ocean.

In early 1945, eighteen *Bathurst*-class corvettes were assigned to the British Pacific Fleet. Eight of these ships cleared Victoria Harbour before the BPF arrived in Hong Kong at the end of the Japanese occupation, while three-*Ballarat*, *Cessnock*, and *Ipswich*-were present in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed.

The poor working and living conditions aboard the ships, combined with the heavy and often difficult workloads, led to mutinous acts aboard four ships during the war: *Toowoomba*, *Lithgow*, *Geraldton*, and *Pirie*. The incidents in *Geraldton* and *Lithgow* were minor and resolved without disciplinary charges, while the 'mutiny' aboard *Toowoomba* was caused by a lack of communication: after a hard day loading supplies, the sailors did not respond to an order to assemble on the quarterdeck as they felt they had laboured enough that day, but changed their mind when informed that the order to assemble was so the captain could thank them for their efforts, and reward them with drinks. However, the *Pirie* mutiny was far more serious: the ship's company were unable to respect their commanding officer, who was an ineffective leader but an overly strict disciplinarian with a superiority complex. This lack of respect was compounded while repairs were made to the corvette following an air attack off Oro Bay in April 1943, when the captain forced the rest of the company to live aboard, while he took residence at a hotel. A lack of pay, mail, and shore leave contributed to the sailors' frustration, and in response, 45 junior sailors refused to report for duties on 9 May until they could present their grievances to the commander. In response, he had the ship surrounded by armed guards and disabled the main gun. A Board of Inquiry failed to identify any ringleaders, and the problem was handed back to *Pirie*'s commander to solve as he saw fit: fourteen men were charged with mutiny, with ten sent to prison. Relationships between commander and company did not improve until he was replaced at the end of 1943 for his botched handling of the event.

Only three *Bathurst*-class corvettes were lost during World War II. As well as *Armidale*, the other two ships were lost following collisions with merchant vessels of the United States: HMAS *Wallaroo* in June 1943, and HMAS *Geelong* in October 1944.

### Post-war

After the war, the 20 Admiralty-owned vessels were disposed of; five to the Turkish Navy, eight to the Royal Netherlands Navy, and one to China, with the rest converted and sold for civilian use or broken up for scrap. Four of the Dutch Bathursts were later sold on to the Indonesian Navy. One of these, HMAS *Ipswich*, renamed KRI *Hang Tuah*, was bombed and sunk on 28 April 1958 by a CIA-operated Douglas B-26 Invader operating in support of Permesta rebels opposed to the Guided Democracy in Indonesia established the previous year.

Of the 33 surviving RAN vessels, twelve were formed into the 20th Minesweeping Flotilla and tasked with clearing minefields deployed during the war in the waters of Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomons. HMAS *Warrnambool* was sunk by an Australian mine in the Great Barrier Reef in September 1947. Several ships were also used to transport soldiers and liberated prisoners of war. The corvettes were then placed in operational reserve, with the intention that they be reactivated for escort work in the event of another war or international crisis. Most were sold off during the 1950s, including four to the Royal New Zealand Navy, to help offset the cost of acquiring and operating two aircraft carriers. Four corvettes (*Colac*, *Cowra*, *Gladstone*, and *Latrobe*) were recommissioned in 1951 as training vessels for the National Service Program. *Junee* was reactivated in 1953 for the same purpose. The RAN component of the program ended in 1957.

The last ship to leave RAN service was HMAS *Wagga* on 28 October 1960. The gradual loss of minesweeping-capable ships was not rectified until late 1962, when the RAN purchased six Ton-class minesweepers from the Royal Navy.

The 56 corvettes commissioned as Australian vessels travelled a combined total of 6,700,000 nautical miles (12,400,000 km; 7,700,000 mi) during their service with the RAN. A total of 83 personnel were killed in service across the entire service life of the class.

## Operators

### World War II

### Post-war

## Surviving examples and monuments

Of the 60 vessels, only two examples remain. HMAS *Castlemaine* is a museum ship in Williamstown, Victoria. HMAS *Whyalla* is a land-based tourist attraction in Whyalla.

A monument to the 56 Australian-operated corvettes is located at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre, at Garden Island, Sydney. The monument, *Corvettes*, was unveiled by Rear Admiral Peter Sinclair on 12 November 1995. Also at Garden Island, Sydney, a stained glass window listing the names of the corvettes frames the upper balcony doors of the Naval Chapel.

The Royal Australian Navy Corvettes memorial at the Fremantle War Memorial was dedicated on 7 October 1984.

## Citations

### Books

### News and journal articles

### Websites and other media

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| HMAS *Latrobe* | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders |  |
| Operators | **World War II**  Royal Australian Navy  Royal Indian Navy **Post-war**<br>Indian Navy  Indonesian Navy  Royal New Zealand Navy  Royal Netherlands Navy  Turkish Naval Forces  People's Liberation Army Navy  Pakistan Navy |
| Succeeded by | Ton-class minesweeper (RAN) |
| Cost | 250,000 per vessel |
| Built | 1940–1942 |
| In commission | 1940–1960 (RAN) |
| Completed | 60 |
| Cancelled | 3, plus a 1938 prototype |
| Lost | 5 |
| Preserved | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Australian minesweeper (corvette) |
| Displacement | 1,025 tons (full war load) |
| Length | 186 ft (57 m) |
| Beam | 31 ft (9.4 m) |
| Draught | 8.5 ft (2.6 m) |
| Propulsion | Triple expansion, 2 shafts. 2,000 hp |
| Speed | 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | Normally 85 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | Type 128 asdic |
| Armament |  |
| Notes | Characteristics varied between vessels, see individual ships for details |


title: 1959 Liberian general election

text:
# 1959 Liberian general election

General elections were held in Liberia in May 1959. In the presidential election, William Tubman of the True Whig Party was re-elected for a fourth term, defeating independent candidate William O. Davies Bright, who received just 55 votes. For the first time, a woman was elected to the legislature, with Ellen Mills Scarbrough winning a seat in the House of Representatives.

## Results

### President

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | William Tubman | True Whig Party | 530,566 | 99.99 |
|  | William O. Davies Bright | Independent | 55 | 0.01 |
| Total | | | 530,621 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Source: Nohlen *et al*. | | | | |

## InfoBox

1959 Liberian general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Presidential election | |
| Nominee **William Tubman** William O. Davies-Bright   Party TWP Independent  Popular vote 530,566 55  Percentage 99.99% 0.01% | |
| ---  **President before election**
William Tubman
TWP **Elected President**
William Tubman
TWP | |
|  | |


title: Elisabeth Samson House

abstract: The Elisabeth Samson House is a residential building which used to be owned by Elisabeth Samson, the first Afro-Surinamese millionaire. It is located on Wagenwegstraat in the centre of Paramaribo, Suriname, and is a monument. After Samson's death, it was bought by the State, and in the early 21st century, it was in a neglected state. Cynthia McLeod wanted the building restored. On 19 January 2021, the building was bought by the Elisabeth Samson Foundation, and will be turned into a museum.

text:
# Elisabeth Samson House

The **Elisabeth Samson House** is a residential building which used to be owned by Elisabeth Samson, the first Afro-Surinamese millionaire. It is located on Wagenwegstraat in the centre of Paramaribo, Suriname, and is a monument. After Samson's death, it was bought by the State, and in the early 21st century, it was in a neglected state. Cynthia McLeod wanted the building restored. On 19 January 2021, the building was bought by the Elisabeth Samson Foundation, and will be turned into a museum.

## History

Elisabeth Samson (1715-1771) was born as a child of two freed slaves. She owned two coffee plantations, and started an affair with Carl Otto Creutz, a German coffee plantation owner. Around 1742, Samson and Creutz built a house on Wagenwegstraat. They owned 40 house slaves. Slaves were usually living in dwellings in the yard of house. Samson's slaves were housed in buildings next door and across the street. The Elisabeth Samson House was lavishly furnished. At Samson's death in 1771, the inventory of the house was 31 folios long, and her estate was valued at 1,138,000 guilders (In 2016: € 9,415,447).

Herman Zobre, her Caucasian husband, squandered the money, and the building became property of the government. Up to 2012, the Ministry of Labour was headquartered in the Elisabeth Samson House. Cynthia McLeod, a prominent Surinamese author, considered the dilapidated state of the building shameful, and established the Elisabeth Samson Foundation in order to restore the building to its original condition.

In 2017, the Government of Suriname decided not to restore the building, and sell it to the highest bidder. The building is located 150 metres outside the perimeter of the Unesco World Heritage Site. Thanks to a donation of the Nationale Postcode Loterij, the building was bought by the Elisabeth Samson Foundation on 19 January 2021. It will be restored to its original shape. After the restoration, the building will be used to house the Elisabeth Samson Museum.

## Building

The building is located at the corner of Wagenwegstraat with Malebatrumstraat. The property extends all the way to Herenstraat. The building has a brick cellar which at the time Samson lived there, contained a large wine cellar. The house measures five stories, three of which are in the attic. There are dormers on the side of the house. The building has two entrances. The main entrance has two quarter round stairs, and there is an additional entrance on the eastern side.

1. "Elisabeth Samson Huis: Restauratie en Conservatie". *Suriname View* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
2. "Monumentenlijst (2014)". *City of Paramaribo* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
3. "Elisabeth Samson huis en Cynthia McLeod". *Atria* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
4. "Stichting Elisabeth Samson's Huis koopt pand aan Wagenwegstraat van de Staat". *Waterkant* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
5. McLeod 1998, p. 7.
6. McLeod 1998, p. 8.
7. McLeod 1998, p. 9.
8. "\[Literature\] Elisabeth Samson". *Suriname.nu*. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
9. "De waarde van de gulden / euro". *Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
10. McLeod 1998, p. 12.
11. "HUIS ELISABETH SAMSON WORDT MUSEUM". *United News.sr* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
12. "Wagenwegstraat 22". *City of Paramaribo* (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 March 2021.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Samson House | |
| --- | --- |
| Elisabeth Samson House (2016) | |
| Location within Paramaribo | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Paramaribo |
| Country | Suriname |
| Coordinates | 5°49′44″N 55°09′28″W / 5.82900°N 55.15786°W / 5.82900; -55.15786 |
| Completed | ca. 1742 |
| Client | Elisabeth Samson Museum |


title: Erik Pöysti (director)

abstract: Erik Pöysti is a Finnish film director and actor. He is the son of Finnish actors Lasse Pöysti and Birgitta Ulfsson.

text:
# Erik Pöysti (director)

**Erik Pöysti** (Finnish: \[ˈeːrik ˈpøy̯sti\]; born 20 August 1955) is a Finnish film director and actor. He is the son of Finnish actors Lasse Pöysti and Birgitta Ulfsson.

## Biography

Pöysti studied at the University of Helsinki between 1975 and 1976. He worked at the Swedish Theatre during the early 1980s before moving onto the Lilla Teatern. In more recent years he has worked as a theatre teacher.

He currently lives in Ekenäs. His daughter Alma Pöysti is also an actress.

## Filmography

* Breaking Out (1982)
* Kiertue (1982)

## InfoBox

| Erik Pöysti | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1955-08-20)20 August 1955<br>Helsinki, Finland |
| Occupation | director |


title: Ann Brockman (writer)

abstract: Ann Brockman, born Ann Bunce and known as Ann, Lady Brockman, was an English writer on medicine. She ran an estate in Kent and she compiled a "Book of Receits" listing a wide range of medicines to treat maladies from headache to plague.

text:
# Ann Brockman (writer)

**Ann Brockman**, born **Ann Bunce** and known as **Ann, Lady Brockman** (c.1600 – 29 November 1660), was an English writer on medicine. She ran an estate in Kent and she compiled a "Book of Receits" listing a wide range of medicines to treat maladies from headache to plague.

## Life

Brockman was born in or before 1600. Her parents were Dorothy (born Grimsdiche) and Simon Bunce of Linstead. Nothing else is known until 28 May 1616 when she married Sir William Brockman of Newington Manor and went to live at his estates in Kent. Her husband also owned Cheriton and Beachborough Manor which had been bought by his grandfather.

She is known because of her writing. In 1638 she began her *A book of receits*. On pages she set out the recipe for making medicines to treat what we call now a thin cough, a chesty cough, ringworm, headache and backache. Her handwriting was italic and it can be seen that later additions were made because of the different inks. The medicines did not appear to be just for her family but for all the workers on her estate. The ailments can be quite small but a later addition includes a medicine for plague.

As the civil war progressed her husband took the side of the King. He was arrested in 1642 and in 1643 she wrote a petition, like many wives did, for the release of her husband. Correspondence indicates that she and William operated as a team and she had financial freedom to spend their money. Her husband was released in 1645.

In 1648 he was involved in the siege of Maidstone and he was imprisoned again and another petition was sent. During all of this letters were sent showing that she was empowered to pay taxes and deal with the estates. William died in 1654 and her son James inherited the estate, but Ann was clearly involved. She was given an allowance of 130 pounds a year. She died on 29 November 1660 and was buried in Newington.

## Private life

She and her husband had five children, Martha, Anne, James, Helen, and Margery, who lived to be adults. Their first child died aged four and a sepulchre was created for Henry at the local church.

## InfoBox

| Ann Brockman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c.1600 |
| Died | 29 November 1660 |
| Nationality | Kingdom of England |
| Subject | Medicine |


abstract: The 1925 Michigan State Spartans football team was an American football team that represented Michigan State College as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its third year under head coach Ralph H. Young, the team compiled a 3–5 record and was outscored by a total of 106 to 105.

text:
# 1925 Michigan State Spartans football team

1925 Midwestern college football independents records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Northern Illinois State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Dayton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Marquette |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Notre Dame |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Haskell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Western State Normal (MI) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Loyola (IL) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Central Michigan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |  | 3 |
| Adrian |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Butler |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 2 |
| Michigan Mines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Detroit City College |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Detroit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Assumption (ON) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Kent State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 3 |
| Michigan State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Muncie Normal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| John Carroll |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Saint Louis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Valparaiso |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1925 Michigan State Spartans football team** was an American football team that represented Michigan State College as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its third year under head coach Ralph H. Young, the team compiled a 3–5 record and was outscored by a total of 106 to 105.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 26 | Adrian |  | W 16–0 |  |  |
| October 3 | at Michigan |  | L 0–39 | 30,000 |  |
| October 10 | Lake Forest | * College Field * East Lansing, MI | L 0–6 |  |  |
| October 17 | Centre | * College Field * East Lansing, MI | W 15–13 |  |  |
| October 24 | at Penn State |  | L 6–13 | 4,000 |  |
| November 1 | Colgate | * College Field * East Lansing, MI | L 0–14 |  |  |
| November 8 | Toledo | * College Field * East Lansing, MI | W 58–0 |  |  |
| November 15 | at Wisconsin |  | L 10–21 |  |  |
| * Homecoming | | | | | | | |

## Game summaries

### Michigan

**Michigan State at Michigan**
| 1 2 3 4 Total  Michigan State 0 0 0 0 0  **Michigan** 13 0 26 0 **39** |
| --- |

On October 3, 1925, the Spartans lost to Michigan by a 39 to 0 score before a crowd of 30,000 persons for a Ferry Field record. The game was the 20th meeting in the Michigan – Michigan State football rivalry. Michigan had won nine straight games, eight by shutouts, dating back to 1916. Michigan scored twice in the first quarter. The first touchdown came on a 65-yard run by Benny Friedman. Later in the quarter, Friedman completed a pass to Charles Grube for a 20-yard gain and then completed another pass to Bruce Gregory for a 30-yard gain and a touchdown. After a scoreless second quarter, Michigan led 13–0 at halftime. In the third quarter, Michigan scored three touchdowns. The first came on a pass from sophomore halfback Louis Gilbert to fellow sophomore Bennie Oosterbaan for a 40-yard gain and a touchdown. On the next drive, George Babcock ran 68 yards for a touchdown after "scooping up a fumble on the dead run." Gilbert kicked the extra point, and Michigan led, 27–0. Later in the quarter, Friedman intercepted a pass and then completed a pass to Oosterbaan for a 24-yard gain and a touchdown. *The New York Times* noted that Oosterbaan "sparkled in his play" and that both of his touchdowns came on "clever catches and smart running." Gilbert kicked two extra points, and Frederic Fuller kicked one.

## InfoBox

| 1925 Michigan State Spartans football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 3–5 |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Donald H. Haskins |
| Home stadium | College Field |
|


title: 1978 Florida state elections

text:
# 1978 Florida state elections

## Governor and lieutenant governor

Seven tickets ran for the Democratic nomination for governor of Florida.

Jim Williams, the lieutenant governor, ran for governor with former state Senator Betty Castor of Florida, as his running mate. Hans G. Tanzler, the mayor of Jacksonville, ran with Manuel "Manolo" Arques, a Cuban-American real estate and insurance executive from Miami. State Secretary of State Bruce Smathers (who resigned to run) ran with state Representative Charles W. Boyd.

Claude R. Kirk, Jr. of Palm Beach, who was the Republican governor of Florida from 1967 to 1971, returned to the party he left 28 years prior, switching his party affiliation to Democratic on July 5, 1978 (the month prior to re-registering as an independent and launching an abortive signature drive to get on the ballot as an independent. He chose as his running mate Mary L. Singleton, the former director of the state Division of Elections and the first black woman to sit on the Jacksonville City Council.

**Democratic primary**

**Republican primary**

**Democratic primary runoff**

**General election**

## Attorney general

**Democratic primary**

**Democratic primary runoff**

## Secretary of state

**Democratic primary**

**Democratic primary runoff**

**General election**

## Comptroller

**Democratic primary**

## Treasurer

**Democratic primary**

**General election**

## Commissioner of Education

## United States House of Representatives

### 1st congressional district

**Democratic primary** \- **Runoff Indicated**

**Democratic primary runoff**

**General election**

* **Earl Hutto** (DEM) - 85,608 (63.3%)
* Warren Briggs (REP) - 49,715 (36.7%)

### 2nd congressional district

**Democratic primary**

**General election**

### 4th congressional district

### 5th congressional district

**Democratic primary** \- **Runoff Indicated**

**Democratic primary runoff**

**General election**

### 6th congressional district

### 7th congressional district

**Democratic primary**

### 9th congressional district

**Democratic primary**

**Republican primary**

**General election'**

### 11th congressional district

**Democratic primary**

**General election**

### 12th congressional district

**Democratic primary** \- **Runoff Indicated**

**Democratic primary runoff'**

**Republican primary**

**General election**

### 14th congressional district

**Democratic primary**

* Marcus Ambrose - 2,901 (7.4%)
* Sam Brenner - 4,513 (11.6%)
* **Claude Pepper** \- 31,597 (81.0%)

**Republican primary**

**General election**

### 15th congressional district

## State senate

**District 2**

**District 11**

**District 14**

**District 16**

**District 18**

**District 20**

**District 23**

**District 24**

**District 36**

**District 28**

**District 30**

**District 32**

**District 36**

**District 38**

**District 40**

## State House

**District 2 Democratic primary**

**District 3 Democratic primary**

**District 3**

**District 4 Democratic primary**

**District 4 Democratic runoff**

**District 5 Democratic primary**

**District 5 Democratic runoff**

**District 5**

**District 6**

**District 8**

**District 19**

**District 23**

**District 24**

**District 25**

* **Frank Williams** (DEM) - 12,737 (60.9%)
* Howard Dunn (REP) - 8,167 (39.1%)

**District 26**

**District 28**

**District 33**

**District 34**

**District 35**

**District 38**

**District 39**

**District 40**

**District 41**

**District 42**

* Suzanne Campbell (DEM) - 34,133 (38.9%)
* **Toni Jennings** (REP) - 53,575 (61.1%)

**District 43**

**District 44**

**District 45**

**District 46**

**District 47**

**District 53**

**District 55**

**District 57**

**District 58**

**District 59**

**District 61**

**District 62**

**District 65**

**District 73**

**District 75**

**District 76**

**District 77**

**District 78**

**District 79**

**District 80**

**District 81**

**District 82**

**District 83**

**District 84 Republican primary**

**District 84**

**District 85**

**District 86**

**District 87**

**District 88 Republican primary**

**District 88 general election**

**District 89 Republican primary**

**District 89 general election**

**District 90**

**District 91**

**District 95**

**District 96**

**District 98**

**District 100**

**District 103**

**District 105**

**District 109**

**District 110**

**District 111**

**District 112 Republican primary**

**District 112**

**District 113**

**District 114**

**District 116 Democratic runoff**

**District 116**

**District 117 Democratic primary**

**District 117 general election**

**District 118**

**District 119 Democratic primary**

**District 119 Democratic runoff**

**District 120**

## Constitutional Amendments

**Revision of Florida Constitution (basic document)**

* Yes - 623,703 (29.2%)
* **No** \- 1,512,106 (70.8%)

**Declaration of rights (rev. of Art. I, Sec. 2)**

* Yes - 1,002,479 (43.1%)
* **No** \- 1,323,497 (56.9%)

**Legislative \[Single-Member Districts and Reapportionment Commission\] (rev. Art. III, Sec. 16)**

* Yes - 982,747 (46.9%)
* **No** \- 1,113,394 (53.1%)

**Executive \[Cabinet\] (rev. Art. IV, Secs. (g) 3, 4, 5, 6, 8(a); Art. XI, Sec. 2)**

* Yes - 540,979 (25.1%)
* **No** \- 1,614,630 (74.9%)

**Executive \[Public Service Commission and Public Counsel\] (rev. Art. IV, Sec. 10; Art. V, Sec. 3(b)(3))**

* Yes - 772,066 (35.9%)
* **No** \- 1,375,548 (64.1%)

**Judiciary \[Selection and retention of circuit and county judges\] (rev. Art. V, Secs. 10 and 11 (a) and (b))**

* Yes - 1,058,574 (49.1%)
* **No** \- 1,095,756 (50.9%)

**Finance and Taxation (rev. Art. VII; Art. X, Sec. 12(h))**

* Yes - 779,389 (36.3%)
* **No** \- 1,368,346 (63.7%)

**Education (rev. Art. IX)**

* Yes - 771,282 (36.3%)
* **No** \- 1,353,986 (63.7%)

**Casino gambling (Art. X, Sec. 15)**

* Yes - 687,460 (28.6%)
* **No** \- 1,720,275 (71.4%)

## State Attorney and Public Defender

**State Attorney (Circuit 20)**

**Public Defender (Circuit 20)**

## District Court of Appeal

Florida First District Court of Appeal

**Shall Judge Woodrow M. Melvin, Sr. be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 194,993 (54.9%)
* No - 160,183 (45.1%)

Florida Second District Court of Appeal

**Shall Judge Edward F. Boardman be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 378,388 (61.3%)
* NO - 238,714 (38.7%)

**Shall Judge Paul W. Danahy, Jr. be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 384,035 (63.2%)
* NO - 223,636 (36.8%)

**Shall Judge Herboth S. Ryder be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 383,128 (63.3%)
* NO - 222,439 (36.7%)

Florida Third District Court of Appeal

**Shall Judge Thomas H. Barkdull, Jr. be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 182,157 (68.5%)
* NO - 83,837 (31.5%)

**Shall Judge Robert M. Haverfield be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 181,789 (70.4%)
* NO - 76,580 (29.6%)

**Shall Judge James W. Kehoe be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 184,840 (71.8%)
* NO - 72,458 (28.2%)

Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal

**Shall Judge Spencer C. Cross be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 324,882 (62.0%)
* NO - 199,315 (38.0%)

**Shall Judge John H. Moore, II be retained in office?**

* **YES** \- 334,680 (64.6%)
* NO - 183,693 (35.4%)

## Circuit Judge

**Circuit 4, Group 17**

**Circuit 5, Group 1**

**Circuit 9, Group 1**

**Circuit 11, Group 30**

**Circuit 17, Group: 4**

**Circuit 19, Group 1**

**Circuit 20, Group 2**