title: American Planning and Civic Association

abstract: The American Planning and Civic Association (APCA) was an American organization for improving living conditions in the United States, with an emphasis on improving the physical and structural growth of communities. Its purpose was briefly stated as "the cultivation of higher ideals of civic life and beauty in America, the promotion of city, town and neighborhood improvement, the preservation and development of landscape and the advancement of outdoor art." For the first ten years of its existence, it was known simply as the American Civic Association or ACA. The ACA was a municipal reform organization, and one of the few such organizations, national in its scope, that had no set parameters for its goals, but instead operated for the general betterment of municipal administration.

text:
# American Planning and Civic Association

The **American Planning and Civic Association** (**APCA**) was an American organization for improving living conditions in the United States, with an emphasis on improving the physical and structural growth of communities. Its purpose was briefly stated as "the cultivation of higher ideals of civic life and beauty in America, the promotion of city, town and neighborhood improvement, the preservation and development of landscape and the advancement of outdoor art." For the first ten years of its existence, it was known simply as the **American Civic Association** or **ACA.** The ACA was a municipal reform organization, and one of the few such organizations, national in its scope, that had no set parameters for its goals, but instead operated for the general betterment of municipal administration.

## History

### Founding and the City Beautiful movement

In the latter part of the 19th century, rapid industrialism and urbanization had appeared to spawn an inordinate desire for material and commercial aggrandizement. Urban dwellers turned elsewhere to regenerate the spirit of man, and this they found in the wonders and beauties of nature which alone could "sustain life and make life worth sustaining." Many organizations arose in the larger cities to campaign for more city parks, new recreation areas, development of outdoor art, and the elimination of advertising billboards. In 1900 these groups joined to form the American League for Civic Improvement, and four years later this group became the American Civic Association. J. Horace McFarland, a civic leader and newspaper editor in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, spearheaded the Association's activities and broadened its scope of action to campaign for state and national parks.

The general offices of the American Civic Association were established in Washington, D.C., in January 1910. Its principal founding officers were J. Horace McFarland, President; Clinton Rogers Woodruff of Philadelphia, vice-president; William B. Howland of New York, treasurer; and Richard B. Watrous of Washington, secretary. Under McFarland's hand, and with the influence of powerful industrialist and conservationist Stephen Mather who was an ACA member, the organization was one of the big supporters of the United States' national park policy. The ACA was an early supporter of the push to have the national park system organized and administered under a single dedicated government body.

### Merger with the National Conference on City Planning and urban Reform

In 1921, the American Civic Association and the National Conference on City Planning merged to become the American Planning and Civic Association. After the merger, the leadership changed. Frederic A. Delano became president and Harlean James was recruited to the role of executive director. The organization was well-connected nationally at the height of its activities. In 1926, its board included J. C. Nichols, John Nolen, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Lorado Taft, Eleanor Roosevelt, Harland Bartholomew, George Dealey, John Barton Payne, Vance C. McCormick, Albert Shaw (journalist), Henry Barnes (traffic engineer), Harold Caparn, Frank Albert Waugh, Charles H. Wacker, John Campbell Merriam, Warren H. Manning, Electus D. Litchfield, Maie Bartlett Heard, Alice Ames Winter, Caroline Bartlett Crane, and Henry Drinker.

Between 1923 and 1933, it was closely involved in the establishment of planning in Washington, D.C., and the implementation of the McMillan Plan. It ran several nationwide campaigns overseen by Harlean James. Given that the District of Columbia lacked self-government, they established "Federal City Committees" in multiple cities across the country to influence Congress. Within D.C. itself, they worked with the Washington Board of Trade to organize the Committee of 100 on the Federal City from elite Washingtonians, to exert social pressure on congressional representatives.

Their campaign was successful, leading to the creation of the National Capital Park Commission. The subsequently campaigned to expand its powers to form the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Finally, their campaign would help pass a massive bond issuance, known as the Capper-Cramton Act, that funded park expansion across D.C.

## InfoBox

| Abbreviation | APCA |
| --- | --- |
| Predecessor | American Civic Association |
| Merged into | National Conference on City Planning |
| Successor | National Urban Coalition |
| Founder | J. Horace McFarland |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Purpose | City Beautiful, urban planning, and conservation. |
| President, 1910-1927 | J. Horace McFarland |
| President, 1927-1937 | Frederic A. Delano |
| Key people | Harlean James |


title: Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor

abstract: Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor (ECT) is a benign intraoral tumor with presumed origin from undifferentiated (ecto)mesenchymal cells. There are some who think it is a myoepithelial tumor type.

text:
# Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor

**Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor** (ECT) is a benign intraoral tumor with presumed origin from undifferentiated (ecto)mesenchymal cells. There are some who think it is a myoepithelial tumor type.

## Controversies about origin

* Derived from ectomesenchymal cells migrating from neural crest (there is immunophenotypic support for this theory).
* Equivalent to soft tissue myoepithelioma. There is morphologic and immunohisthochemical support for this theory, with some authors advocating interchangeable terms.

## Signs and Symptoms

Patients present with a painless, slow-growing mass usually within the tongue (most commonly the anterior dorsal tongue). There is an intact surface epithelium.

## Management

* Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, with recurrences only when there is incomplete excision.

## Pathology findings

### Macroscopic

* Submucosal circumscribed but not encapsulated nodular mass, often with entrapped muscle bundles at the edge. It may have a gelatinous appearance. Most tumors are small, up to 2 cm (given the confines of the tongue, a larger mass would cause significant clinical problems).

### Microscopic Pathology

* Submucosal unencapsulated but well-delineated or circumscribed nodule, often separated from the periphery and internally by fibrous connective tissue bands. The cells are arranged in cords, nests, and net-like sheets. The cells may extend into and entrap soft tissue structures including skeletal muscle and nerve bundles.
* The tumor is made up of small round, oval, spindle, or stellate cells that have a very monotonous appearance. There are small dark nuclei with variably amounts of light to basophilic cytoplasm.
* Nuclear pleomorphism, multinucleation, and mitotic figures are usually not seen. Atypical mitoses and necrosis is absent.
* There is a background stroma composed of chondromyxoid to myxoid material. Sometimes large cells are seen in chondroid or cartilaginous areas. Swirling formations give the appearance of neural tissue.
* Importantly, there is an absence of glands or myoepithelial components.

### Immunohistochemistry

### Ancillary Studies

* Alcian blue will give a blue staining to the stromal matrix material.
* Mucicarmine will also highlight the stromal matrix (pink).
* There is a specific recurrent *RREB1-MKL2* gene fusion present in these tumors.

### Differential diagnoses

The tumor is quite unique, but other tumors are considered in the differential diagnosis histologically. They included pleomorphic adenoma, myoepithelioma, myxoid neurofibroma, neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma), chondroid choristoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, focal oral mucinosis, and an ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of soft parts.

## Epidemiology

Exceedingly rare, this tumor develops in a wide age range, although often in young patients without a sex predilection. The vast majority develop within the anterior dorsal tongue, with palate and base of tongue rarely affected.

## Further reading


title: 1918 Copa de Honor MCBA Final

abstract: The 1918 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was a football match that decided the champion of the 13th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in Estadio GEBA in Buenos Aires, Independiente defeated Platense 1–0. winning its first Copa de Honor trophy.

text:
# 1918 Copa de Honor MCBA Final

The **1918 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final** was a football match that decided the champion of the 13th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in Estadio GEBA (home of Gimnasia y Esgrima) in Buenos Aires, Independiente defeated Platense 1–0. winning its first (and only) Copa de Honor trophy.

## Qualified teams

| Team | Previous final app. |
| --- | --- |
| Independiente | (none) |
| Platense | (none) |

Note * **Bold** indicates winning years

## Overview

The 1918 edition was contested by 28 clubs, 20 within Buenos Aires Province, and 8 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Independiente eliminated Columbian (4–3 at Estadio Crucecita in playoff after both teams had tied 1–1 in Boca Juniors Stadium), then arch-rival Racing Club 2–1 at home, Boca Juniors 2–1 in semifinals at Porteño's field in Palermo (goals by Galeano and Soro).

On the other hand, Platense defeated Estudiantes (LP) at Estadio Jorge Luis Hirschi, then eliminated Sportivo Barracas 2–1 in extra time, Tigre 3–0, Gimnasia y Esgrima 20 (both matches at their home venue) and finally Central Córdoba 3–2 in a match held in Club Gimnasia y Esgrima de Rosario's venue in Parque Independencia.

The final was held in Estadio GEBA on 1 November 1918. Independiente defeated Platense 1–0, to win their Copa de Honor trophy.

## Road to the final

* H: home
* A: away
* N: neutral

| Independiente | | | Round | Platense | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Result | | Stage | Opponent | Result | |
|  |  | | Preliminary round | Estudiantes (LP) | 2–1 (A) | |
| Columbian | 1–1 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (N) | | First Round | Sportivo Barracas | 2–1 (a.e.t.) (H) | |
| Racing Club | 2–1 (H) | | Second Round | Tigre | 3–0 (H) | |
| Boca Juniors | 2–1 (a.e.t.) (N) | | Semifinal (BA) | Gimnasia y Esgrima | 2–0 (H) | |
|  |  | | Semifinal (Arg.) | Central Córdoba (R) | 3–2 (N) | |

Notes

## Match details

1918 Copa de Honor MCBA Final

| Independiente | 1–0 | Platense |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Galeano | Report |  |

Estadio GEBA, Buenos Aires      1. Argentina - Copa de Honor "Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires" - 1918 by Osvaldo Gorgazzi on the RSSSF
2. "Argentina: Copa de Honor 1ra. División Asociación Argentina 1918" by José Carluccio on Historia y Fútbol. 17 Dec 2008
3. Platense-Independiente, una rivalidad con 111 años de historia at Platense website, 31 Jul 2021
4. Campeones de Primera División y Copas Nacionales on AFA website
5. Boca 1 - Independiente 2 at Historia de Boca website
6. Los diez mejores Independiente vs. Platense de la historia by Alejandro Fabbri at TyCSports.com, 4 Feb 2023
7. Campeón Copa de Honor Municipalidad Ciudad de Buenos Aires 1918 on Soydelrojo.com

## InfoBox

1918 Copa de Honor Final
| Independiente, champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1918 Copa de Honor <br>"Municipalidad de Buenos Aires" |
|  | |
| Date | 1 November 1918 |
| Venue | Estadio GEBA, Buenos Aires |
|


title: Ectenesseca

abstract: Ectenesseca clavula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Ectenesseca.

text:
# Ectenesseca

***Ectenesseca clavula*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus ***Ectenesseca***.

## InfoBox

| *Ectenesseca* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Ectenesseca* |
| Species: | ***E. clavula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ectenesseca clavula***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2005 | |
|


title: 1894 Birthday Honours

abstract: The 1894 Birthday Honours were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The Queen, and were published in the London Gazette on 25 May 1894. and in The Times on 26 May 1894. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes and then divisions as appropriate.

text:
# 1894 Birthday Honours

The **1894 Birthday Honours** were appointments by Queen Victoria to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The Queen, and were published in the *London Gazette* on 25 May 1894. and in *The Times* on 26 May 1894.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, *etc.*) and then divisions (Military, Civil, *etc.*) as appropriate.

## United Kingdom and British Empire

### Privy Councillor

The Queen appointed the following to Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:

### Baronetcies

### Knight Bachelor

### The Most Honourable Order of the Bath

#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)

Military Division

#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)

Military Division * General James Frankfort Manners Browne CB Royal Engineers.
* Surgeon-General James Mouat VC CB late Army Medical Department, Honorary Surgeon to the Queen.
* Honorary Major-General James Mansfield Nuttall CB retired full pay, late Indian Staff Corps.
* General James Abbott CB Royal (late Bengal) Artillery.
* General Robert Cadell CB Royal (late Madras) Artillery.
* General Henry Hastings Affleck Wood CB Indian Staff Corps.
* Major-General Frederick William Edward Forestier-Walker CB CMG Commanding the Force in Egypt.
* Lieutenant-General Edward Newdigate Newdegate CB
* Lieutenant-General Henry Brackenbury CB Royal Artillery, Ordinary Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India.
* Honorary Major-General Robert John Hughes CB
* Rear-Admiral John Arbuthnot Fisher CB Controller of the Navy.
* Colonel William Green CB
* Lieutenant-General Robert John Hay CB Royal Artillery, Director of Artillery.

Civil Division

#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)

Military Division * Deputy Surgeon-General William George Nicholas Manley VC late Army Medical Department.
* Colonel Edward Lutwyche England.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Horace Moule Evans, Indian Staff Corps.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Francis James Caldecott, Royal (late Bombay) Artillery, Indian Ordnance Department.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Francis Eddowes Hastings, Indian Army.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Charles McInroy, Indian Staff Corps.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Francis William Ward, Royal (late Bengal) Artillery, Colonel on Staff (for Royal Artillery), Bengal.
* Colonel John Jopp, Indian Staff Corps, Commanding a Second Class District in India.
* Colonel (temporary Major-General) Hugh Thomas Jones-Vaughan, Colonel on the Staff Commanding the Troops in the Straits Settlements.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Edmund Henry Eyre, Indian Staff Corps, Quartermaster-General, Madras.
* Colonel William Freeman Kelly.
* Colonel Charles More Stockley, Regimental District.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel the Hon. George Hugh Gough, 14th Hussars.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel John Henry Barnard CMG *Aide-de-Camp* to the Queen.
* Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Thomas Hungerford Holdich, Royal Engineers.
* Colonel Edward Thomas Henry Hutton, *Aide-de-Camp* to the Queen, Commandant Colonial Forces, New South Wales.
* Veterinary Lieutenant-Colonel William B. Walters, late Army Veterinary Department.
* Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Broadfoot, Royal Artillery.

*The following appointments to the Most Honourable Order of the Bath given in recognition of the services in the recent operations against Fodey Silah in Combo on the Gambia:*

* Major and Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Domville Corbet, Royal Marine Light Infantry.
* Fleet Surgeon William Rogerson White.

Civil Division * Richard Davis Awdry, Assistant Secretary to the Admiralty.
* The Hon. Hamilton John Agmondesham Cuffe, Assistant Solicitor to the Treasury.
* Frederic Fitzjames Cullinan, Principal Clerk in the Chief Secretary's Office, Dublin Castle.
* Daniel Robert Fearon, Secretary to the Charity Commissioners.
* Sir George Grove Kt Director of the Royal College of Music.
* Andrew Charles Howard, Assistant Commissioner of Metropolitan Police.
* Colonel Herbert Locock, Royal Engineers, Deputy Inspector-General of Fortifications, War Office.
* Alfred Milner, Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue.
* Walter Murton, Solicitor to the Board of Trade.
* Edmund Constantine Henry Phipps, a Minister Plenipotentiary in Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service, Secretary to Her Majesty's Embassy at Paris.
* The Reverend Thomas Wetherhead Sharpe, Senior Chief Inspector of Schools, Education Department.

### The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India

#### Knight Commander (KCSI)

#### Companion (CSI)

* Major-General Robert Charles Boileau Pemberton, Royal Engineers.
* Arthur Charles Trevor, Indian Civil Service, Member of Council, Bombay.

### The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George

#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)

* The Hon. Sir Henry Ayers KCMG five times Premier of South Australia, and subsequently for many years President of the Legislative Council of that Colony.

#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)

* Lieutenant-General Arthur James Lyon Fremantle CB Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Island of Malta.
* The Hon. James Brown Patterson, Premier and Chief Secretary of the Colony of Victoria.
* The Hon. John Lackey, President of the Legislative Council of the Colony of New South Wales.
* George Thomas Michael O'Brien CMG Colonial Secretary of the Colony of Hong Kong.
* Edwyn Sandys Dawes, for services in connection with the Colony of Queensland, and in developing steam communication between England and certain of Her Majesty's Colonial Possessions.

Honorary Knight Commander

#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)

* Charles-Eugène Boucher de Boucherville, Senator of the Dominion of Canada.
* Colonel Frederick Cardew, now Administering the Government of the Colony of Sierra Leone, and lately Acting Resident Commissioner in Zululand.
* Charles Bletterman Elliott  General Manager of Railways of the Cape of Good Hope.
* Capt. Hamilton John Goold-Adams, Commandant of the British Bechuanaland Border Police.
* Robert Grieve  Surgeon-General of the Colony of British Guiana.
* Emanuel Charles Poupinel de Valencé, President of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius, and Vice-President of the General Board of Health in that Colony.

### The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire

#### Companion (CIE)

* Colonel Thomas Hungerford Holdich, Royal Engineers, Superintendent, Survey Department.
* His Highness Mir Hasan Ali Khan.
* Colonel Frank William Chatterton, Commandant Administrative Battalion, Calcutta Volunteers, and Honorary *Aide-de-Camp* to the Viceroy of India.
* George Abraham Grierson, Indian Civil Service.
* Francis Joseph Edward Spring, Joint Secretary to Government, Public Works Department, Railway Branch, Bombay.
* Edwin Welsh Kellner, Accountant-General, Punjab.
* Major Ivar Macivor, Indian Staff Corps
* Cowasjee Dinshaw, of Aden
* Thomas Blaney, President of the Municipal Corporation, Bombay.
* Graham Anderson.
* Tikka Raghunath Singh, of Bashahr.
* Rao Bahadur Sri Ram Bhikaji Jatar.

#### Distinguished Service Order (DSO)


title: Eclassan

abstract: Eclassan is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

text:
# Eclassan

**Eclassan** (French pronunciation: \[eklasɑ̃\]; also **Éclassan**) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 528 |  |
| 1968 | 598 | +13.3% |
| 1975 | 533 | −10.9% |
| 1982 | 573 | +7.5% |
| 1990 | 633 | +10.5% |
| 1999 | 702 | +10.9% |
| 2008 | 864 | +23.1% |

## InfoBox

| Eclassan | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Petit Chaleat, in Eclassan | |
| Location of Eclassan | |
| EclassanEclassan | |
| Coordinates: 45°09′32″N 4°45′43″E / 45.1589°N 4.7619°E / 45.1589; 4.7619 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Ardèche |
| Arrondissement | Tournon-sur-Rhône |
| Canton | Sarras |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20212026) | Pierre Madinier |
| Area**1** | 15.93 km2 (6.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,038 |
| Density | 65/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 07084 /07370 |
| Elevation | 273–530 m (896–1,739 ft)
(avg. 400 m or 1,300 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: 1918 Eighth Avenue

abstract: 1918 Eighth Avenue is a 500-foot-tall (150 m) skyscraper in the Denny Regrade neighborhood of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. It was completed in 2009 and has 36 floors, consisting mostly of office space. On August 25, 2008, the tower gained its first tenant, law firm Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro. The firm leased 21,000 square feet (2,000 m⁲) of the building. The 658,744-square-foot (61,199.3 m⁲) building was developed by Schnitzer West, LLC and is now owned by an affiliate of JPMorgan Chase, which purchased it for $350 million after Schnitzer put it up for sale in May 2011, shortly after Amazon.com signed a long-term lease for more than two thirds of the office space.

text:
# 1918 Eighth Avenue

**1918 Eighth Avenue** is a 500-foot-tall (150 m) skyscraper in the Denny Regrade neighborhood of Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. It was completed in 2009 and has 36 floors, consisting mostly of office space. On August 25, 2008, the tower gained its first tenant, law firm Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro. The firm leased 21,000 square feet (2,000 m2) of the building. The 658,744-square-foot (61,199.3 m2) building was developed by Schnitzer West, LLC and is now owned by an affiliate of JPMorgan Chase, which purchased it for $350 million after Schnitzer put it up for sale in May 2011, shortly after Amazon.com signed a long-term lease for more than two thirds of the office space.

## InfoBox

| 1918 Eighth Avenue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location within downtown Seattle | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | office |
| Location | 1918 8th Ave, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States |
| Coordinates | 47°36′57″N 122°20′10″W / 47.6157°N 122.3361°W / 47.6157; -122.3361 |
| Completed | 2009 |
| Owner | JPMorgan Chase |
| Height | |
| Roof | 500 ft (150 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 36 |
| Floor area | 658,744 sq ft (61,199.3 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | NBBJ |
| Main contractor | Sellen Construction |


title: American Solar Challenge 2014

text:
# American Solar Challenge 2014

The 2014 American Solar Challenge (ASC) was an intercollegiate solar car race on July 21–28, 2014. The event was won by the University of Michigan. It was the 12th American national championship solar car race held.

## Route

## Results

### Overall

| Rank | Team Name | Stage 1 Time | Stage 2 Time | Stage 3 Time | Stage 4 Time | Stage 5 Time | Total Time | Miles Credited |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | University of Michigan | 10:49:38 | 10:21:20 | 5:49:00 | 10:27:00 | 4:00:31 | 41:27:29 | 1722.55 |
| 2 | University of Minnesota | 11:23:44 | 12:00:58 | 6:05:36 | 11:47:35 | 4:01:16 | 45:19:09 | 1722.55 |
| 3 | Iowa State University | 11:43:47 | 13:01:30 | 6:57:54 | 14:20:30 | 4:15:05 | 50:18:46 | 1722.55 |
| 4 | Polytechnique Montreal | 13:30:20 | 13:31:38 | 6:56:40 | 14:53:24 | 4:17:57 | 53:09:59 | 1722.55 |
| 5 | Principia College | 12:27:34 | 13:41:27 | 7:14:47 | 15:39:19 | 4:27:48 | 53:30:55 | 1722.55 |
| 6 | Oregon State University | 14:27:51 | 13:20:20 | 7:21:20 | 15:54:08 | 5:25:20 | 56:28:59 | 1722.55 |
| 7 | Western Michigan University | 15:42:25 | 16:40:06 | 8:38:54 | 19:39:09 | 5:20:15 | 66:00:49 | 1684.35 |
| 8 | Qazvin Islamic Azad University | 15:13:51 | 18:05:00 | 13:57:00 | 32:42:54 | 4:39:07 | 84:37:52 | 1328.25 |
| 9 | University of Texas | 22:32:00 | DNQ |  |  |  | DNF | 347.3 |
|  | École de technologie supérieure | Withdrawn |  |  |  |  | DNS | 0 |

### Inspector Awards

* Electrical Design Award: Principia
* Mechanical Design Award: Iowa State
* Safety Award: Oregon State
* Most Arduous Journey: QIAU HAVIN
* Teamwork Award: Oregon State
* Spirit of the Event: Polytechnique Montreal
* Solar Car Lifetime Achievement Award: Abraham Poot

### Stage 1

| Team # – Name | Austin Start 7/21 | Weatherford Arrival 7/21 | Norman Finish 7/22 | Stage 1 Penalty Time | Stage 1 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – University of Michigan | 9:00:00 | 14:59:40 | 11:48:38 | 0:01:00 | 10:49:38 | 10:49:38 |
| 35 – University of Minnesota \** | 9:04:00 | 15:09:05 | 12:23:44 |  | 11:23:44 | 11:23:44 |
| 9 – Iowa State: PrISUm | 9:02:00 | 15:21:38 | 12:43:47 |  | 11:43:47 | 11:43:47 |
| 32 – Principia College \** | 9:07:00 | 15:19:26 | 13:27:34 |  | 12:27:34 | 12:27:34 |
| 55 – Polytechnique Montreal: Esteban \** | 9:06:00 | 16:52:23 | 14:30:20 |  | 13:30:20 | 13:30:20 |
| 256 – Oregon State | 9:01:00 | 16:26:55 | 14:39:51 | 0:02:00 | 14:27:51 | 14:27:51 |
| 73 – Qazvin Islamic Azad: QIAU HAVIN | 9:03:00 | 17:34:47 | 16:13:51 |  | 15:13:51 | 15:13:51 |
| 20 – Western Michigan: Sunseeker \** | 9:05:00 | 17:33:23 | 16:42:25 |  | 15:42:25 | 15:42:25 |
| 8 – UT Austin \** | 9:08:00 | - | Trailered | 4:32:00 | 22:32:00 | 22:32:00 |
| 92 – ETS Quebec: Eclipse \** | Withdrawn |  |  |  |  |  |

### Stage 2

| Team # – Name | Norman Start 7/23 | Wichita Arrival 7/23 | Overland Park Finish 7/24 | Stage 2 Penalty Time | Stage 2 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – University of Michigan | 9:00:00 | 14:14:43 | 11:21:20 |  | 10:21:20 | 21:10:58 |
| 35 – University of Minnesota | 9:01:00 | 14:45:39 | 12:58:58 | 0:02:00 | 12:00:58 | 23:24:42 |
| 9 – Iowa State: PrISUm | 9:01:00 | 16:11:03 | 14:01:30 |  | 13:01:30 | 24:45:17 |
| 32 – Principia College | 9:03:00 | 16:15:06 | 14:41:27 |  | 13:41:27 | 26:09:01 |
| 55 – Polytechnique Montreal: Esteban | 9:04:00 | 15:40:36 | 14:31:38 |  | 13:31:38 | 27:01:58 |
| 256 – Oregon State | 9:02:00 | 15:28:41 | 14:20:20 |  | 13:20:20 | 27:48:11 |
| 20 – Western Michigan: Sunseeker | 9:03:00 | 16:46:14 | 17:40:06 |  | 16:40:06 | 32:22:31 |
| 73 – Qazvin Islamic Azad: QIAU HAVIN | 9:06:00 | - | - | 0:05:00 | 18:05:00 | 33:18:51 |

### Stage 3

| Team # – Name | Overland Park Start 7/25 | Omaha Finish 7/25 | Stage 3 Penalty Time | Stage 3 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – University of Michigan | 9:00:00 | 14:49:00 |  | 5:49:00 | 26:59:58 |
| 35 – University of Minnesota | 9:01:00 | 15:05:36 | 0:01:00 | 6:05:36 | 29:31:18 |
| 9 – Iowa State: PrISUm | 9:02:00 | 15:59:54 |  | 6:57:54 | 31:43:11 |
| 32 – Principia College | 9:03:00 | 16:17:47 |  | 7:14:47 | 33:23:48 |
| 55 – Polytechnique Montreal: Esteban | 9:04:00 | 16:00:40 |  | 6:56:40 | 33:58:38 |
| 256 – Oregon State | 9:05:00 | 16:26:20 |  | 7:21:20 | 35:09:31 |
| 20 – Western Michigan: Sunseeker | 9:06:00 | 17:44:54 |  | 8:38:54 | 41:01:25 |
| 73 – Qazvin Islamic Azad: QIAU HAVIN | 9:04:00 | Trailered | 4:57:00 | 13:57:00 | 47:15:51 |

### Stage 4

| Team # – Name | Omaha Start 7/26 | Ames Arrival 7/26 | La Crosse Finish 7/27 | Stage 4 Penalty Time | Stage 4 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – University of Michigan | 9:00:00 | 13:17:11 | 11:21:00 | 0:06:00 | 10:27:00 | 37:26:58 |
| 35 – University of Minnesota | 9:01:00 | 13:59:03 | 12:43:35 | 0:04:00 | 11:47:35 | 41:17:53 |
| 9 – Iowa State: PrISUm | 9:02:00 | 14:57:03 | 15:29:30 |  | 14:20:30 | 46:03:41 |
| 55 – Polytechnique Montreal: Esteban | 9:04:00 | 15:20:04 | 15:53:24 |  | 14:53:24 | 48:52:02 |
| 32 – Principia College | 9:03:00 | 15:32:24 | 16:36:19 | 0:04:00 | 15:39:19 | 49:03:07 |
| 256 – Oregon State | 9:05:00 | - | 15:51:08 | 0:03:00 | 15:54:08 | 51:03:39 |
| 20 – Western Michigan: Sunseeker | 9:05:00 | 16:34:33 | Trailered | 1:54:36 | 19:39:09 | 60:40:34 |
| 73 – Qazvin Islamic Azad: QIAU HAVIN | 9:07:00 | Trailered | Trailered | 14:42:54 | 32:42:54 | 79:58:45 |

### Stage 5

| Team # – Name | La Crosse Start 7/28 | Minneapolis Finish 7/28 | Stage 5 Penalty Time | Stage 5 Elapsed Time | Overall Elapsed Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 – University of Michigan | 9:00:00 | 12:48:31 | 0:12:00 | 4:00:31 | 41:27:29 |
| 35 – University of Minnesota | 9:01:00 | 12:58:16 | 0:04:00 | 4:01:16 | 45:19:09 |
| 9 – Iowa State: PrISUm | 9:02:00 | 13:17:05 |  | 4:15:05 | 50:18:46 |
| 55 – Polytechnique Montreal: Esteban | 9:03:00 | 13:14:57 | 0:06:00 | 4:17:57 | 53:09:59 |
| 32 – Principia College | 9:04:00 | 13:31:48 |  | 4:27:48 | 53:30:55 |
| 256 – Oregon State | 9:05:00 | 14:30:20 |  | 5:25:20 | 56:28:59 |
| 20 – Western Michigan: Sunseeker | 9:05:00 | 14:25:15 |  | 5:20:15 | 66:00:49 |
| 73 – Qazvin Islamic Azad: QIAU HAVIN | 9:06:00 | 13:45:07 |  | 4:39:07 | 84:37:52 |

1. "ASC/FSGP 2014 | American Solar Challenge".


title: Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

abstract: The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is a voluntary environmental management instrument, which was developed in 1993 by the European Commission. It enables organizations to assess, manage and continuously improve their environmental performance. The scheme is globally applicable and open to all types of private and public organizations. In order to register with EMAS, organisations must meet the requirements of the EU EMAS-Regulation. Currently, more than 4,600 organisations and more than 7,900 sites are EMAS registered.

text:
# Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

The **Eco-Management and Audit Scheme** (**EMAS**) is a voluntary environmental management instrument, which was developed in 1993 by the European Commission. It enables organizations to assess, manage and continuously improve their environmental performance. The scheme is globally applicable and open to all types of private and public organizations. In order to register with EMAS, organisations must meet the requirements of the EU EMAS-Regulation. Currently, more than 4,600 organisations and more than 7,900 sites are EMAS registered.

## Regulation: structure

The EU EMAS Regulation entails 52 Articles and 8 Annexes:

* Chapter I: General provisions
* Chapter II: Registration of organisations
* Chapter III: Obligations of registered organisations
* Chapter IV: Rules applicable to Competent Bodies
* Chapter V: Environmental verifier's
* Chapter VI: Accreditation and Licensing Bodies
* Chapter VII: Rules applicable to Member States
* Chapter VIII: Rules applicable to the Commission
* Chapter IX: Final provisions
* Annex I: Environmental review
* Annex II: Environmental management system requirements (based on EN ISO 14001:2004) and additional issues to be addressed by organisations implementing EMAS
* Annex III: Internal environmental audit
* Annex IV: Environmental reporting
* Annex V: EMAS logo
* Annex VI: Information requirements for registration
* Annex VII: Environmental verifier's declaration on verification and validation activities
* Annex VIII: Correlation table (EMAS II/EMAS III)

Although EMAS is an official EU Regulation, it is binding only for organisations which voluntarily decide to implement the scheme. The EMAS Regulation includes the environmental management system requirements of the international standard for environmental management, ISO 14001, and additional requirements for EMAS registered organisations such as employee engagement, ensuring legal compliance or the publication of an environmental statement. Because of its additional requirements, EMAS is known as the premium instrument for environmental management.

## Implementation

In order to register with EMAS an organisation must comply with the following implementation steps (Article 4 of the EMAS-Regulation):

1. Environmental review: initial comprehensive analysis of the organization's activities, products and services and their environmental impact; cataloging applicable environmental law, etc.
2. Environmental policy: definition of the organisation's overarching environmental objectives; commitment to continuous improvement of environmental performance.
3. Environmental program: description of measures, responsibilities and means to achieve environmental objectives and targets.
4. Environmental management system: part of an organisation's management entailing structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environmental policy and managing the environmental aspects.
5. Environmental audit: systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of the organisation's environmental performance, management system and processes designed to protect the environment, conducted by internal auditor(s).
6. Environmental statement: comprehensive, regular reports to the public on the organisation's structure and activities; environmental policy and management system; environmental aspects and impacts; environmental programme, objectives and targets; environmental performance and compliance with applicable environmental law etc.
7. Verification and Registration: The steps above must be verified by an accredited/licensed environmental verifier; the validated environmental statement needs to be sent to the EMAS Competent Body (exists in each EU country) for registration and made publicly available before an organisation can use the EMAS logo.

### Key performance indicators

The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme provides core indicators or key performance indicators (KPIs) with which registered organisations can measure their environmental performance and monitor their continual environmental improvement against set targets.

#### Key benefits of indicators

* Environmental performance can be reviewed and tracked regularly, which provides a basis for managerial decision-making leading to performance improvements
* Performance can also be compared against competitors to arrive at a benchmark
* The use of indicators leads to consistent monitoring and reporting throughout a (potentially globally dispersed) organisation
* External stakeholders gain an understanding of an organisation's environmental protection practices and are able to express opinions and suggest improvements

#### An indicator set according to EMAS

Entered into force in January 2010, EMAS III requires registered organisations to report on key performance indicators in six key environmental areas. The indicators focus on direct environmental aspects and apply to all EMAS registered organisations.

##### Energy efficiency

EMAS registered organisations have to report on two energy efficiency indicators:

```
    **En1: Total annual energy consumption, expressed in MWh or GJ**
```

The indicator En1 is a measure of the energy consumed, e.g. to produce a certain product. By applying the indicator, organisations can identify energy "hot spots", assess possible improvement measures and benchmark their production processes against similar organisations.

```
    **En2: Percentage of En1 from renewable energy sources produced by the organisation**
```

Through the application of En2, organisations can see how climate-friendly their energy use is. Renewable energy sources include:

##### Material efficiency

The EMAS environmental core indicator of material efficiency is:

```
    **Ma: Annual mass flow of different materials used, expressed in tonnes**
```

The indicator is useful for identifying the most important materials used and monitoring the effectiveness of improvement measures.

##### Water

The EMAS environmental core indicator on water is:

```
    **W: Total annual water consumption, expressed in m3**
```

The indicator enables organisations to assess the success of the measures taken to reduce water consumption.

##### Waste

The EMAS environmental core indicators on waste are:

```
    **Wa1: Total annual generation of waste, broken down by type, expressed in tonnes**
```

```
    **Wa2: Total annual generation of hazardous waste, expressed in kilograms or tonnes**
```

Hazardous wastes cause harmful environmental effects. As a result, the EMAS Regulation is clear on the fact that hazardous waste has to be reported under a specific indicator.

##### Biodiversity

The EMAS environmental core indicator on biodiversity is:

```
    **B: Use of land, expressed in m2 of built-up area**
```

By using the indicator, organisations can start monitoring their impact on ecosystems or habitats, through their land use.

##### Emissions

The EMAS environmental core indicators on emissions are:

```
    **Em1: Total annual emissions of greenhouse gases, expressed in tonnes of CO2 equivalent**
```

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of an organisation indicate an organisation's impact on the climate. The indicator does not only focus on carbon dioxide emissions but also on other GHGs (see list above).

```
    **Em2: Total annual air emission**
```

The indicator requires an organisation to report on several air emissions (see list above). Using this indicator gives an organisation a thorough understanding of its impact on air quality.

## ISO 14001

All organisations listed in the EMAS-Register run an environmental management system according to the EMAS requirements. Because ISO 14001 is an integral part of EMAS, these organisations automatically comply with the requirements that the international standard demands as well. However, EMAS registered organisations fulfill requirements that go beyond the scope of ISO 14001. EMAS registered organisations demonstrate:

* Credibility: the proper implementation of EMAS is assessed by qualified and independent environmental verifiers.
* Transparency: by periodically reporting on their environmental performance. Those reports include information on key performance indicators. The reports must be validated by an environmental verifier.
* Continuous improvement process: by committing themselves to continuous improvement of their actual environmental performance. This performance is also evaluated by an environmental verifier. ISO 14001 only requires improving the environmental management system itself.
* Compliance: by fully complying with applicable environmental legislation.
* Stakeholder engagement: by involving employees and other stakeholders in order to benefit from their commitment, ideas, skills and experiences.

## Benefits and costs

EMAS is a comprehensive and demanding premium label, whose implementation requires some financial and personnel resources. In return, EMAS provides organisations with many advantages that can easily outweigh these costs. As EMAS is tailored to individual performance improvements, each organisation has to consider different environmental and economic factors. Given the heterogeneity of registered organisations, calculating average benefits and costs of EMAS is nearly unfeasible. The financial benefits of an EMAS registered organisation can differ per country. For example, some countries offer substantial reductions of waste fees, lower permitting costs, faster licensing procedures, etc. Nevertheless, several studies have been undertaken to provide reference points on the benefits and costs. In 2009, the European Commission published the Study on the Costs and Benefits of EMAS to Registered Organisations. The results of this study are summarised in a factsheet.

### Key benefits

* Environmental and financial performance through a systematic framework: e.g. increased resource and energy efficiency, waste reduction.
* Risk and opportunity management: e.g. legal compliance, regulatory relief.
* Credibility, transparency and reputation: e.g. environmental statement, key performance indicators, verification and validation through independent environmental verifiers.
* Employee empowerment and motivation: e.g. improved involvement of staff, higher awareness, often leading to innovations.

### Costs

* Fixed costs: validation/verification fees, registration fees, integrating EMAS logo into corporate design.
* External costs: consultancy expertise to support implementation and reporting, even if not mandatory, is often necessary.
* Internal costs: personnel and technical resources needed for implementing, administering and reporting.

## EMAS Awards

The EMAS Awards praise efforts on environmental protection made by EMAS registered organisations. The European Commission has handed out these awards every year since 2005. EMAS Awards in environmental management are handed out annually to companies and public authorities in six categories. EMAS Awards have a different focus every year. Each year, the EMAS Awards winners are cited for their achievements in a specific area of their environmental performance. Past themes have encompassed a variety of topics, including resource efficiency and waste management. The theme of the 2011 EMAS Awards is *Stakeholder involvement leading to continuous improvement*.

## Development

The first EMAS Regulation (EMAS I) was adopted in 1993 and became operational in 1995. It was originally restricted to companies in industrial sectors.

With the first revision of the EMAS Regulation in 2001 (EMAS II), the scheme opened to all economic sectors including public and private services. In addition, EMAS II was strengthened by the integration of the environmental management requirements of ISO 14001; by adopting a new EMAS logo to signal engagement to stakeholders; and by considering more strongly indirect effects such as those related to financial services or administrative and planning decisions.

The latest revision of EMAS came into effect on 11 January 2010 (EMAS III). With the introduction of EMAS III, the scheme is globally applicable and no longer limited to EU Member States. With EMAS III the EU also introduced obligatory Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in order to harmonize reporting on environmental performance. The number of EMAS registered organisations increased from 2,140 in 1997 to 4,659 in 2011.


title: Eddie O'Brien (hurler)

abstract: Eddie O'Brien is a former Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Passage and with the Cork senior inter-county team in the 1960s and 1970s.

text:
# Eddie O'Brien (hurler)

**Eddie O'Brien** (born 12 January 1945 in Passage West, County Cork) is a former Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Passage and with the Cork senior inter-county team in the 1960s and 1970s.

## Playing career

### Club

O'Brien played his club hurling with his local club in Passage. He enjoyed some success at juvenile levels before moving onto the club’s top team. Passage played in the county intermediate championship and last won the title in 1960, prior to O'Brien's playing days. He played with the club's tp team throughout the 1960s and 1970s, however, he enjoyed little success apart from a city division senior football title in 1969. O'Brien was regarded as a better Gaelic footballer than a hurler and is considered to be Passage's greatest ever footballer.

### Inter-county

O'Brien first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork minor hurling team in the early 1960s. He lined out for Cork in this grade in 1963, however, his side was defeated in the early rounds of the championship. In 1964 O'Brien was a key member of both the Cork under-21 hurling team. Success was slow in coming but the big breakthrough for Cork and O'Brien came in 1966. That year he won a Munster title with the under-21 team following a 5-12 to 2-6 defeat of Limerick . The subsequent All-Ireland final saw Cork play Wexford in an interesting encounter. After an entertaining sixty minutes of hurling both sides finished level with Cork scoring 3-12 to Wexford’s 5-6. The replay took place shortly afterwards, however, both sides finished all square again with 4-9 apiece. A second replay had to be played to eventually find a winner. At the third time of asking Cork emerged victorious with a huge tally of 9-9 to 5-9. This victory gave Cork their first All-Ireland title in this grade and gave O'Brien an All-Ireland under-21 medal.

By this stage O'Brien was already a member of the Cork senior hurling team. He made his debut in 1965, however, Cork were thrashed by Tipperary in the Munster final. In spite of this O'Brien was not a member of the panel in 1966 when Cork captured both the Munster and All-Ireland titles.

By 1969, however, O'Brien was back on the senior team. That year he tasted success early in the year Cork defeated Wexford by 3-12 to 1-14 to take the National Hurling League title. This victory gave Cork a huge boost going into the Munster campaign where the team qualified to meet Tipperary in the final. Cork were out to avenge the nine-point defeat administered by the same side in 1968 while Tipp were out to capture a third provincial title in-a-row. The game was a major triumph for Cork as ‘the Rebels’ won by 4-6 to 0-9. It was a victory that made up for all the beatings that Tipp had dished out to Cork in the early part of the decade and it gave O'Brien a first Munster winners’ medal. This victory paved the way for an All-Ireland showdown with Kilkenny. The game was there for the taking for Cork, particularly after Kilkenny forward Pat Delaney left the field on a stretcher. ‘The Rebels’ led ‘the Cats’ coming into the last quarter, however, Kilkenny scored five unanswered points in the last seven minutes to win by 2-15 to 2-9.

In 1970 Cork were still regarded as one of the best teams in the country and expectations were high. At the start of the year Cork defeated New York with an aggregate score of 5-21 to 6-16 to take the National League title. It was O'Brien's second winners’ medal in the competition. For the third year in-a-row Cork qualified for the Munster final where Tipperary provided the opposition. It was the first eighty-minute final in the history of the provincial championship and a close affair developed. At the final whistle Cork were the victors by 3-10 to 3-8 and O'Brien captured his second Munster title. Cork later qualified for the All-Ireland final where Wexford were the opponents. On the night before the final O'Brien has admitted to sneaking away from the hotel where his team mates were staying and went to a pub in Dún Laoghaire where he drank nine pints of Guinness. This didn't affect his impact on the game the following day in a game that broke all records with a huge 64-point score line. O'Brien scored a hat-trick of goals to help his team to a 6-21 to 5-10 victory. It was his only All-Ireland medal.

## Career statistics

### Club

| Team | Year | SHC | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Score |
| Passage | 1963 | 2 | 0-01 |
| | 1964 | 2 | 1-01 |
| | 1965 | 2 | 1-05 |
| | 1966 | 2 | 1-02 |
| | 1967 | 1 | 1-00 |
| | 1968 | 2 | 1-01 |
| | 1969 | 1 | 0-02 |
| | 1970 | 2 | 1-03 |
| Ballygunner | 1971 | 3 | 2-04 |

### Inter-county

| Team | Year | National League | | | Munster | | All-Ireland | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score |
| Cork | 1964-65 | Division 1A | 0 | 0-00 | 3 | 1-05 |  | | 3 | 1-05 |
| | 1965-66 | Division 1B |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| | | 1966-67 |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| | | 1967-68 | 2 | 1-01 | 0 | 0-00 |  | | 2 | 1-01 |
| | | 1968-69 | 5 | 2-03 | 4 | 0-03 | 1 | 0-01 | 10 | 2-07 |
| | | 1969-70 | 7 | 2-04 | 2 | 2-00 | 2 | 4-01 | 11 | 8-05 |
| Career total | | | 14 | 5-08 | 9 | 3-08 | 3 | 4-02 | 26 | 12-18 |

## Honours

Passage Cork

## InfoBox

Eddie O'Brien
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Éamonn Ó Briain* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Left wing-forward | | |
| Born | (1945-01-12) 12 January 1945
Passage, County Cork | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | | |
| Nickname | Eddie O | | |
| Occupation | Corporate security | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1963-1970
1971 | Passage
Ballygunner | 14 (6-15)
3 (2-04) |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1965-1970 | Cork | 12 (7-10) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 2 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NHL | 2 | | |


title: 1922 Liechtenstein tax law referendum

text:
# 1922 Liechtenstein tax law referendum

A referendum on a tax law was held in Liechtenstein on 24 December 1922. It was approved by 59.6% of voters.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| For | 1,078 | 59.6 |
| Against | 731 | 40.4 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 65 |  |
| **Total** | **1,874** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,075 | 90.3 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | | |

## InfoBox

1922 Liechtenstein tax law referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Referendum on a 1922 tax law | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  **Yes** **1,078** **59.59%**  **No** 731 40.41%  Valid votes 1,809 96.53%  Invalid or blank votes 65 3.47%  **Total votes** **1,874** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 2,075 90.31% | |


title: 1922 Leicester East by-election

abstract: The 1922 Leicester East by-election was held on 30 March 1922. The by-election was held due to the appointment as Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales of the incumbent Coalition Liberal MP, Gordon Hewart. It was won by the Labour candidate George Banton.

text:
# 1922 Leicester East by-election

The **1922 Leicester East by-election** was held on 30 March 1922. The by-election was held due to the appointment as Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales of the incumbent Coalition Liberal MP, Gordon Hewart. It was won by the Labour candidate George Banton.

## Candidates

The Labour Party selected Leicester Council Alderman George Banton as their candidate. Leicester Council Alderman and former Mayor, Sir Jonathan North was approached to be the Coalition Liberal candidate. However, Albert E. Marlow, President of the Federation of Boot and Shoe Manufacturers ended up as the Coalition Liberal candidate. The Liberal Party approached Alderman Wakerley to be their candidate. Arnold Lupton a former Lincolnshire MP was an advocate of Liberal re-union and offered to stand as a compromise candidate. The Liberals ultimately selected St Albans City Councillor Wilberforce Allen.

## Result

Leicester East by-election, 1922
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **George Banton** | **14,062** | **52.9** | **+25.8** |
|  | National Liberal | Albert E. Marlow | 8,710 | 32.8 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal | Ronald Wilberforce Allen | 3,825 | 14.4 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 5,352 | 20.1 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 26,597 | 71.3 | +5.7 |
|  | Labour **gain** from National Liberal | | Swing | *N/A* |  |


title: Edgewood, Louisville

abstract: Edgewood is a neighborhood on the south side of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Fern Valley Road to the south, I-65 to the west and Preston Highway to the north. Streets were laid out in the 1920s, but development was halted by the Great Depression. The area was also far from the city and had poor infrastructure. An improved sewage system after World War II and the large expansion of Standiford Field spurred development of Edgewood and its annexation by Louisville in 1957. The airport was increasingly a threat to the neighborhood, with the city buying many houses in the 1980s and noise becoming a problem after the expansion. A voluntary buyout plan was announced in 1996 for all residents of Edgewood.

text:
# Edgewood, Louisville

**Edgewood** is a neighborhood on the south side of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are Fern Valley Road to the south, I-65 to the west and Preston Highway to the north. Streets were laid out in the 1920s, but development was halted by the Great Depression. The area was also far from the city and had poor infrastructure. An improved sewage system after World War II and the large expansion of Standiford Field (now Louisville International Airport) spurred development of Edgewood and its annexation by Louisville in 1957.

The airport was increasingly a threat to the neighborhood, with the city buying many houses in the 1980s and noise becoming a problem after the expansion. A voluntary buyout plan was announced in 1996 for all residents of Edgewood.

1. "Edgewood". *The Encyclopedia of Louisville* (1 ed.). 2001.

38°10′01″N 85°42′56″W / 38.16694°N 85.71556°W / 38.16694; -85.71556


title: Amin Husain

abstract: Amin Husain is a Palestinian-American activist and adjunct professor at New York University, though as of January 2024 he has been suspended from that position. He has founded, organized, participated in, and demonstrated with many social activist organizations.

text:
# Amin Husain

**Amin Husain** is a Palestinian-American activist and adjunct professor at New York University, though as of January 2024 he has been suspended from that position.

He has founded, organized, participated in, and demonstrated with many social activist organizations.

## Academic career

He has a B.A. in philosophy and political science from Valparaiso University, a J.D. from Indiana University School of Law, and an LL.M. from Columbia Law School.

He joined the New York University faculty as a part-time adjunct professor in 2016. His academic work focuses on resistance and liberation and postcolonial theory. Prior to NYU, he taught at The New School, before leaving in 2019.

In January 2024, Husain was suspended as an adjunct professor at NYU after denying sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel and describing New York as a "Zionist city" at a Students for Justice in Palestine rally.

## Activism

He is a founding member of Global Ultra Luxury Faction; founding member and managing editor of the magazine *Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy*; founding member of the collective MTL; and founding member of NYC Solidarity with Palestine. He has directed and produced an experimental documentary film about Palestinian Territories titled, *On This Land*. He is a supporter of New York City Students for Justice in Palestine and is an active supporter of the Boycott, Sanctions and Divestment (BDS) movement, emphasizing the cultural and academic boycott of Israel.

As of 2017, he was the lead organizer of Decolonize This Place whose organization is founded on five main issues: Free Palestine, Indigenous Struggle, Black Liberation, Global Wage Workers, and de-gentrification. He was also co-founder of the MTL+ Collective.

In 2018-2019, he led (via Decolonize) the weekly protest at the Whitney Museum in New York, called the "Nine Weeks of Art and Action" to protest Warren Kanders' position as the vice-chair of Whitney's board. At the end of the protest on May 17, 2019, the protestors walked to Kanders' home.

## InfoBox

| Amin Husain | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | B.A. in Philosophy and Political Science from Valparaiso University, J.D. from Indiana University School of Law, LL.M. from Columbia Law School |
| Occupation(s) | Activist, academic |
| Organization(s) | Decolonize This Place, MTL+ |


title: Edebük, Tercan

abstract: Edebük is a village in the Tercan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 78 in 2021.

text:
# Edebük, Tercan

**Edebük** is a village in the Tercan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 78 in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Edebük | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| EdebükLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 39°41′38″N 40°27′04″E / 39.694°N 40.451°E / 39.694; 40.451 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Erzincan |
| District | Tercan |
| Population (2021) | 78 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Edegarike

abstract: Edegarike is a 2012 Indian Kannada crime drama film directed by Sumana Kittur. It is based on the novel of the same name written by Agni Shridhar and stars Aditya in the lead role, while Atul Kulkarni, Achyuth Kumar, Srujan Lokesh, Dharma and Aakanksha Mansukhani play supporting roles. The film is based on the real-life incidents that occurred in the 1990s and is about cult figures in the Karnataka underworld such as Sridhar, Muthappa Rai and Bachchan. The film opened to widespread critical acclaim upon theatrical release. It won the Special Jury Award at the 6th Bangalore International Film Festival. It was screened at the Indo-French International Film Festival in Bengaluru in 2023.

text:
# Edegarike

***Edegarike*** (transl. Guts) is a 2012 Indian Kannada crime drama film directed by Sumana Kittur. It is based on the novel of the same name written by Agni Shridhar and stars Aditya in the lead role, while Atul Kulkarni, Achyuth Kumar, Srujan Lokesh, Dharma and Aakanksha Mansukhani play supporting roles.

The film is based on the real-life incidents that occurred in the 1990s and is about cult figures in the Karnataka underworld such as Sridhar, Muthappa Rai and Bachchan. The film opened to widespread critical acclaim upon theatrical release. It won the Special Jury Award at the 6th Bangalore International Film Festival. It was screened at the Indo-French International Film Festival in Bengaluru in 2023.

## Plot

Sona is a hitman, who works under Bhai in Mumbai. One day, Sona meets a social worker where the two fall for each other after many meetings. From Bhai's advisor Tukaram Shetty, Sona completes various assignments for Bhai, including killing his mentor Dholakia, where he hides himself in Bangalore. However, Rashmi gets captured by Crime Branch Inspector J. Nayak where she learns about Sona's true profession.

Rashmi calls Sona and tells him to surrender to the police. Sona relucantly agrees and decides to retire from the crime syndicate by surrendering to the police and lead a peaceful life with Rashmi. Bhai learns about this and hires Muthappanna to eliminate Sona. Muthappanna hires Sridhar Murthy and Bachchan for the job, where they arrive in Bangalore and meets Sona. However, Sridhar learns that the cops are hunting for Sona and police protection has been increased by the city's newly appointed police commissioner where the duo, along with Sona escape to a dense forest.

After learning Sona's past, Sridhar feels guilty and decide to help Sona escape from Bhai's wrath, but is opposed by Bachchan. During a chat in the afternoon, Sona reveals that he already knew that Sridhar and Bachchan were hired by Bhai to kill him and is ready to die. Learning that Sridhar is hesitant to kill Sona due to their friendship, Bachchan kills Sona while Sridhar walks away and receives a call from Rashmi on Sona's phone, where Sridhar lies about Sona getting killed in an accident (Sona gave his phone and told Sridhar to lie about his death to Rashmi as his last wish). After this, Sridhar writes a book about Sona titled *Edegarike*.

## Cast

## Production

### Development

*Edegarike* was a crime novel written by journalist Agni Shridhar in the early 2000s about the India Mafia circling around Mumbai and Bangalore headed a mafia leader from Dubai. The novel had been a chart topper for several weeks and proved a hit among readers. Since then, around 15 attempts were made to adapt it into a film. Following this, Sumana Kittur who had earlier directed *Slum Bala* and *Kallara Santhe* took up the project.

### Casting and filming

Following the announcement of the film in October 2010, reports said Kishore would be playing one of the three lead roles of mafia dons in the film. Bhavana had been signed in to play the female lead in the film. However, she had to back out due to health grounds, a role that eventually went to Aakanksha Mansukhani, who had earlier appeared and won praise for her performance in the 2011 Kannada film *Olave Mandhara*. Aditya was then signed in to play the lead role in the film, with Srujan Lokesh to play a supporting character. Filming that began in late-2011 continued for a period of 35 days in places such as Bangalore, Sakleshpur, Mangalore. It completed in June 2012.

## Soundtrack

| Edegarike | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Sadhu Kokila | |
| Released | November 2012 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 3:48 |
| Label | Anand Audio |
| Sadhu Kokila chronology | |
| *Sanju Weds Geetha*
(2011) ***Edegarike***
(2012) *Myna*
(2013) | |

Sadhu Kokila composed music for the film's soundtrack, and the lyrics were written by Sumana Kittur. The album consists of one soundtrack. Kokila also sung the track.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Neenondu Mugiyada Mouna" | Sumana Kittur | Sadhu Kokila | 3:48 |
| Total length: | | | | 3:48 |

## Release and reception

### Screenings

As a part of screening marking 100 years of Indian cinema, *Edegarike* was screened at the Puerto Rico Film Institute in 2013. It was then screened at the first edition of the Mumbai Women's International Film Festival in October 2013, as the only Indian film. Following this the film was screened at the 6th edition of the Bangalore International Film Festival in January 2014, where it was awarded the Special Jury Award.

### Critical reception

Upon release, *Edegarike* opened to positive reviews from critics and audience with praise towards the film's direction, writing, cast performances and technical aspects.

G. S. Kumar of *The Times of India* reviewed the film giving it a rating of four out of five and wrote, "Gripping narration and excellent screenplay with a touch of romance make the story quite interesting." He concluding writing praises of the performances of actors playing pivotal roles in the film". Shruti I. L. From DNA wrote, "The film remains loyal to the book and comes only with a few changes that are needed to cater to cinematic sensibilities. The script and screenplay is aptly supported by hard hitting and thought provoking dialogues" and added, "Director Suman Kittur has managed to extract stellar performances from each of her actors. Lead actors Adithya and Atul Kulkarni steal the show with their understated acts." B S Srivani from Deccan Herald wrote "The dialogues emphasise this tension very well. Rakesh’s camerawork is excellent. Sadhu Kokila single-handedly lends that much-needed balance to a taut drama with a soulful rendition of Kittur’s lyrics. A clean effort. Reserved for a leisurely watch when pondering over life’s mechanics".

## Awards

| Award / Film Festival | Category | Recipient | Result | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bangalore International Film Festival | Special Jury Award | Sumana Kittur | Won |  |
| Karnataka State Film Awards | Third Best Film | Syed Aman Bachchan, M. S. Ravindra | Won |  |
| | Best Cinematographer | B. Rakesh | | |
| Filmfare Awards South | Best Film – Kannada | Syed Aman Bachchan, M. S. Ravindra | Nominated |  |
| | Best Director – Kannada | Sumana Kittur | Nominated | |
| | Best Actor – Kannada | Aditya | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actor – Kannada | Atul Kulkarni | Won | |
| Udaya Film Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Dharma | Won |  |
| | Best Male Playback Singer | Sadhu Kokila | | |
| Bangalore Times Film Awards | Best Film | Syed Aman Bachchan, M. S. Ravindra | Nominated |  |
| | Best Director | Sumana Kittur | | |
| | Best Actor – Male | Aditya | | |

## InfoBox

| Edegarike | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | D. Sumana Kittur |
| Written by | Agni Shridhar |
| Screenplay by | * Agni Shridhar * D. Sumana Kittur |
| Based on | *Edegarike*
by Agni Shridhar |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | B. Rakesh |
| Edited by | Ruben |
| Music by | Sadhu Kokila |
| Production
company | Megha Movies |
| Release date | * 23 November 2012 (2012-11-23) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Amit Pachhara

abstract: Amit Pachhara is an Indian cricketer who plays for Services. He made his first-class debut on 15 November 2015 in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut on 17 December 2015 in the 2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut for Services in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 29 January 2017.

text:
# Amit Pachhara

**Amit Pachhara** (born 8 September 1995) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Services. He made his first-class debut on 15 November 2015 in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut on 17 December 2015 in the 2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut for Services in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 29 January 2017.

## InfoBox

Amit Pachhara
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Amit Rakesh Pachhara |
| Born | (1995-09-08) 8 September 1995<br>Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right arm off-break |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 13 December 2015 | |


title: Edgar Myles

abstract: Captain Edgar Kinghorn Myles, was a British Army officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

text:
# Edgar Myles

Captain **Edgar Kinghorn Myles**, VC, DSO (29 July 1894 – 31 January 1977) was a British Army officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Military career

Myles was deployed with the 8th (Service) Battalion, Welsh Regiment, British Army, attached to 9th (Service) Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment. On 9 April 1916 at Sanna-i-Yat, Mesopotamia, during combat, Second lieutenant Myles went out alone several times in front of British advanced trenches to assist wounded men on the battlefield. While under heavy rifle fire, and at great personal risk, he carried in a wounded officer to safety. For his service he received the Victoria Cross. The citation for his award read:

> 2nd Lt Edgar Kinghorn Myles, Welsh R. For most conspicuous bravery. He went out alone on several occasions in front of our advance trenches, and, under heavy rifle fire and at great personal risk, assisted wounded men lying in the open. On one occasion he carried in a wounded officer to a place of safety under circumstances of great danger.

Myles transferred to the King's Regiment (Liverpool) as a lieutenant in 1923 and was later promoted to captain.

Myles' Victoria Cross is displayed at Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum in Worcester, England.

## Bibliography

* Gliddon, Gerald (2005). *The Sideshows*. VCs of the First World War. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-2084-1.

## InfoBox

| Edgar Kinghorn Myles | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1894-07-29)29 July 1894
East Ham, Essex, England |
| Died | 31 January 1977(1977-01-31) (aged 82)
Bishopsteignton, Devon, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1928
1939–1940 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Service number | 9311 |
| Unit | Welsh Regiment
Worcestershire Regiment
King's Regiment (Liverpool) |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Victoria Cross
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in dispatches |


title: 1919 Norwegian Football Cup

abstract: The 1919 Norwegian Football Cup was the 18th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF. Odd won their seventh title, having beaten Frigg in the final. Kvik (Fredrikshald) were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Fram (Larvik) in the quarterfinal.

text:
# 1919 Norwegian Football Cup

The **1919 Norwegian Football Cup** was the 18th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF. Odd won their seventh title, having beaten Frigg in the final. Kvik (Fredrikshald) were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Fram (Larvik) in the quarterfinal.

## First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 September 1919 | | |
| **Brage** | 2–1 | Hamar FL |
| **Brann** | 2–1 | Trygg |
| Brodd | 1–3 (a.e.t.) | **Lyn** |
| **Braatt** | 6–4 | Kristiansund |
| **Donn** | 3–1 | Viking |
| **Drammen** | 3–2 | Larvik Turn |
| **Fram** | 2–1 | Sportsklubben av 1910 |
| **Frigg** | 5–1 | Kristiania-Kameratene |
| **Kjapp (Rjukan)** | 5–4 | Sandefjord |
| Kongsvinger | 2–6 | **Kristiania BK** |
| **Kvik (Fredrikshald)** | 5–1 | Storm |
| Neset | 0–3 | **Freidig** |
| Ready | 2–6 | **Urædd** |
| **Sarpsborg** | 11–0 | Lillestrøm |
| **Skiold** | 4–2 | Lyn (Gjøvik) |
| **Skotfos** | 4–2 | Agnes |
| Norrøna | 1–3 (a.e.t.) | **Moss** |
| **Tønsberg Turn** | 2–0 | Mercantile |
| Tønset | 2–5 | **Sverre** |
| **Ørn** | 7–0 | Pors |
| **Aalesund** | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | Fremad |

## Second round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 September 1919 | | |
| Donn | 2–10 | **Start** |
| **Drammen** | 2–1 | Sarpsborg |
| Fredrikstad | 0–2 | **Ørn** |
| Freidig | 2–1 | **Eidsvold** |
| Frem (Bergen) | 0–5 | **Stavanger** |
| **Frigg** | 6–1 | Mjøndalen |
| **Kristiania BK** | 2–1 | Brann |
| **Kvik (Fredrikshald)** | 1–0 | Tønsberg Turn |
| **Lyn** | 10–1 | Skiold |
| Moss | 1–4 | **Drafn** |
| **Odd** | 4–0 | Snøgg |
| Urædd | 0–1 | **Kjapp (Rjukan)** |
| **Sverre** | 3–2 | Brage |
| **Vidar** | 6–0 | Hardy |
| **Aalesund** | 3–2 | Braatt |

## Third round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **7 September 1919** | | |
| Ørn | 0–1 | **Odd** |
| Vidar | 2–5 | **Stavanger** |
| **Kvik (Fredrikshald)** | 60 | Start |
| **Frigg** | 2–0 | Drammen |
| Kjapp | 1–4 | **Fram (Larvik)** |
| Drafn | 0–2 | **Lyn** |
| Eidsvold | 1–2 | **Kristiania** |
| **Sverre** | 3–0 | Aalesund |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **28 September 1919** | | |
| **Odd** | 1–0 | Stavanger |
| **Fram (Larvik)** | 2–1 | Kvik (Fredrikshald) |
| **Lyn** | 8–0 | Kristiania BK |
| **Frigg** | 3–0 | Sverre |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **5 October 1919** | | |
| **Odd** | 1–0 | Fram (Larvik) |
| **Frigg** | 3–1 | Lyn |

## Final

| Odd | 1–0 | Frigg |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gundersen  13' | Report |  |

Fram sportsplass, LarvikAttendance: 10,000Referee: Peder Christian Andersen (Kristiania BK)

| **Odd:**   GK  Ingolf Pedersen  DF  Thaulow Goberg  DF  Peder Henriksen  MF  H. Halvorsen  MF  Per Haraldsen  MF  Tidemann Nilsen  FW  Nils Thorstensen  FW  Haakon Haakonsen  FW  Sverre Andersen  FW  Einar Gundersen  FW  Jonas Aas | **Frigg:**   GK  Asbjørn Aamodt  DF  Rolf Thorstvedt  DF  Yngvar Tørnros  MF  Jens Olsen  MF  Ellef Mohn  MF  Gellon Nielsen  FW  Trygve Smith  FW  David Andersen  FW  Per Bekkedahl  FW  Bjarne Olsen  FW  Frithjof Resberg |
| --- | --- |

* "Norwegian cup 1919". RSSSF Norway. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
* "Cup final in Larvik, October 12". RSSSF Norway. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
* Jorsett, Per; Arne Scheie (December 1999). *Cupen 1902-1999*. J.M. Stenersens forlag. ISBN 82-7201-275-8.

## InfoBox

1919 Norwegian Football Cup
| Norgesmesterskapet i fotball for menn 1919 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Country | Norway |
| Teams | 53 |
| Defending champions | Kvik (Fredrikshald) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Odd (7th title) |
| Runner-up | Frigg |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 52 |
|  | |


title: Amitabha Mukhopadhyay

abstract: Amitabha Mukhopadhyay is an Indian cell biologist and a professor at the National Institute of Immunology. He is known for his studies on host-pathogens interaction and drug discovery and is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India. Mukhopadhyay, an alumnus of the University of Calcutta from where he earned an MSc, secured a Ph.D. from Jadavpur University after doing his research at the Institute of Microbial Technology. Subsequently, he joined the National Institute of Immunology, India where he holds the position of a professor. He also serves as a visiting scientist at Washington University School of Medicine, and Cornell University Medical School. He has carried out research on the host-parasite interactions of Salmonella and Leishmania, two microbial pathogens. He is reported to have identified the survival mechanisms of salmonella against host macrophages and his work has assisted in widening the understanding of hemoglobin endocytosis in Leishmania, thus assisting in exploring new drug targets for diseases such as typhoid fever and kala azar. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the online repository of scientific articles of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 24 of them. Mukhopadhyay is a recipient of the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology in 2000. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biological sciences in 2002.

text:
# Amitabha Mukhopadhyay

**Amitabha Mukhopadhyay** (born 5 February 1959) is an Indian cell biologist and a professor at the National Institute of Immunology. He is known for his studies on host-pathogens interaction and drug discovery and is an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India.

Mukhopadhyay, an alumnus of the University of Calcutta from where he earned an MSc, secured a Ph.D. from Jadavpur University after doing his research at the Institute of Microbial Technology. Subsequently, he joined the National Institute of Immunology, India where he holds the position of a professor. He also serves as a visiting scientist at Washington University School of Medicine, and Cornell University Medical School. He has carried out research on the host-parasite interactions of Salmonella and Leishmania, two microbial pathogens. He is reported to have identified the survival mechanisms of salmonella against host macrophages and his work has assisted in widening the understanding of hemoglobin endocytosis in Leishmania, thus assisting in exploring new drug targets for diseases such as typhoid fever and kala azar. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the online repository of scientific articles of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 24 of them.

Mukhopadhyay is a recipient of the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology in 2000. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biological sciences in 2002.

## Selected bibliography

* Srividya, S.; Roy, R. P.; Basu, S. K.; Mukhopadhyay, A. (2000). "Scavenger receptor-mediated delivery of muramyl dipeptide activates antitumor efficacy of macrophages by enhanced secretion of tumor-suppressive cytokines". *Journal of Leukocyte Biology*. **67** (5): 683–690. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90502-N. PMID 8373443.
* Mukherjee, Konark; Parashuraman, Seetharaman; Raje, Manoj; Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha (2001). "Sope acts as an Rab5-specific nucleotide exchange factor and recruits non-prenylated Rab5 on Salmonella-containing phagosomes to promote fusion with early endosomes". *Journal of Biological Chemistry*. **276** (26): 23607–23615. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101034200. PMID 11316807.
* Singh, B. Sudha; Tandon, Ruchi; Krishnamurthy, Ganga; Vikram, Rajagopal; Sharma, Nimisha; Basu, K. Sandip; Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha (2003). "Rab5-mediated endosome–endosome fusion regulates hemoglobin endocytosis in Leishmania donovani". *The EMBO Journal*. **22** (21): 5712–5722. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg557. PMC 275414. PMID 14592970.
* Patel, Nitin; Singh, Sudha B.; Basu, Sandip K.; Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha (2008). "Leishmania requires Rab7-mediated degradation of endocytosed hemoglobin for their growth". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*. **105** (10): 3980–3985. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.3980P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800404105. PMC 2268841. PMID 18319337.

1. "Faculty Profile - Mukhopadhyay". *National Institute of Immunology, India*. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
2. "Fellow profile". Indian Academy of Sciences. 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
3. "NASI fellows". National Academy of Sciences, India. 12 November 2017. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
4. "Brief Profile of the Awardee". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
5. "On ResearchGate". 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
6. "Browse by Fellow". Indian Academy of Sciences. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
7. "Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development" (PDF). Department of Biotechnology. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
8. "View Bhatnagar Awardees". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.

## InfoBox

| Amitabha Mukhopadhyay | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-01-05) 5 January 1959<br>West Bengal, India |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Studies on host-pathogens interaction and drug discovery |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Amitabha Singh

abstract: Amitabha Singh is an Indian cinematographer and producer known for the film Khosla Ka Ghosla and the award-winning Chillar Party, among others. The Good Road, a 2013 film he produced, fetched numerous accolades and was screened at various international film festivals. It was also nominated as India's official entry in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the 86th Academy Awards. It won the award for Best Gujarati film at the 60th National Film Awards. Singh started his career in 1994. In 2016, he launched the social enterprise Cinevidya, which organizes workshops and festivals to expose children to filmmaking tools and techniques.

text:
# Amitabha Singh

**Amitabha Singh** is an Indian cinematographer and producer known for the film *Khosla Ka Ghosla* and the award-winning *Chillar Party*, among others. *The Good Road*, a 2013 film he produced, fetched numerous accolades and was screened at various international film festivals. It was also nominated as India's official entry in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the 86th Academy Awards. It won the award for Best Gujarati film at the 60th National Film Awards. Singh started his career in 1994. In 2016, he launched the social enterprise Cinevidya, which organizes workshops and festivals to expose children to filmmaking tools and techniques.

## Selected filmography

**As cinematographer**

**As producer**

**As director**

* *Shortcut Safari* (2016)

## InfoBox

| Amitabha Singh | |
| --- | --- |
| Singh in 2014 | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1994–present |


title: Amitabha Chattopadhyay

abstract: Amitabha Chattopadhyay is an Indian scientist working in the areas of membrane and receptor biology and biophysics. He is presently a CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow at the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology and served as the founding dean of biological sciences at the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR). In addition, he is a distinguished visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, adjunct professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (Kolkata), Swinburne University of Technology (Australia), and honorary professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (Bangalore). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013 and Royal Society of Biology in 2017. Chattopadhyay has authored more than 300 research papers and has an h-index of 65. In 2016, Chattopadhyay won The World Academy of Sciences in Biology for his seminal contribution in understanding the role of membrane cholesterol in the organization and function in healthy and diseased conditions.

text:
# Amitabha Chattopadhyay

**Amitabha Chattopadhyay** is an Indian scientist working in the areas of membrane and receptor biology and biophysics . He is presently a CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow at the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology and served as the founding dean of biological sciences at the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR). In addition, he is a distinguished visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, adjunct professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (Kolkata), Swinburne University of Technology (Australia), and honorary professor at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (Bangalore). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013 and Royal Society of Biology in 2017. Chattopadhyay has authored more than 300 research papers and has an h-index of 65.

In 2016, Chattopadhyay won The World Academy of Sciences in Biology for his seminal contribution in understanding the role of membrane cholesterol in the organization and function in healthy and diseased conditions.

## Education

Chattopadhyay's schooling was in Ballygunge Govt High School in kolkata. He passed Higher Secondary in the year 1973. Chattopadhyay received B.Sc. with honors in chemistry from St. Xavier's College (Kolkata), holds an M.Sc. from IIT Kanpur, a doctorate in philosophy from State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, and was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Davis.

## Research

Chattopadhyay's work is focused on monitoring organization, dynamics and function of biological membranes in healthy and diseased conditions. His group has developed and applied novel, innovative and sensitive techniques based on fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring solvent relaxation in membranes, membrane-mimetic media, and proteins. Chattopadhyay's group focuses on the role of membrane cholesterol in regulating the organization, dynamics and function of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Pioneering work from his group showed that membrane cholesterol is necessary for the function and organization of GPCRs. In addition, his work has provided novel insight in the role of membrane cholesterol in the entry of pathogens into host cells. He has used fluorescence-based microscopic approaches such as Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP), Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to provide useful insight into organization, dynamics and function of membrane receptors.

## Honors and awards

Chattopadhyay's contributions in membrane and receptor biology and biophysics have been recognized by several awards and prizes. These include The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, Ranbaxy Research Award, Prof. G.N. Ramachandran Gold Medal, SERB Distinguished Fellowship, Prof. G.N. Ramachandran 60th Birthday Medal and J.C. Bose Fellowship. He is an elected Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Biology, Royal Society of Chemistry, and all the Indian Academies of Science.

## InfoBox

| Amitabha Chattopadhyay | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Alma mater | IIT Kanpur, SUNY, Stony Brook University of California, Davis |
| Known for | Research on the organization, dynamics and function of biological membranes, and the role of membrane cholesterol in the function of GPCRs |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Membrane and GPCR biophysics and biology |
| Institutions | Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology |
| Doctoral advisor | Erwin London, Mark McNamee |
|  | |
| Website | e-portal.ccmb.res.in/e-space/amit/Pages/Index.htm |


title: Amitabha Ghosh (academic, born 1941)

abstract: Amitabha Ghosh is an Indian researcher, administrator and educator. He currently holds the position of Honorary Scientist, Indian National Science Academy and Honorary Distinguished Professor in the Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department at the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal. He is an Emeritus Senior Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and a Fellow of The National Academy of Sciences, India, of which he was elected a Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellow in 2012. Ghosh has made contributions in various fields, including fundamental and applied research, technology development, administration and social development.

text:
# Amitabha Ghosh (academic, born 1941)

**Amitabha Ghosh** is an Indian researcher, administrator and educator. He currently holds the position of Honorary Scientist, Indian National Science Academy and Honorary Distinguished Professor in the Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department at the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal. He is an Emeritus Senior Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and a Fellow of The National Academy of Sciences, India, of which he was elected a Senior Scientist Platinum Jubilee Fellow in 2012. Ghosh has made contributions in various fields, including fundamental and applied research, technology development, administration and social development.

## Early life and education

Amitabha Ghosh was born on December 3, 1941, in the village of Barhra in the Birbhum district near the Jharkhand border. After completing his preparatory education at the Barhra High School, he matriculated at Suri Vidyasagar College in 1956, and received his Intermediate Science degree from University of Calcutta in 1958. He then enrolled in Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur, now known as the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, earning bachelor's (1962) and master's (1964) degrees in mechanical engineering from University of Calcutta. He received three University of Calcutta Gold Medals for posting the highest grades in his BE and ME examinations. He subsequently joined the College faculty as a lecturer in mechanical engineering in May 1965 and continued his doctoral research, receiving the D Phil degree from University of Calcutta in 1969. His research at the college resulted in the discovery of a new tribological effect when magnetic fields are imposed on ferromagnetic bodies.

## Academic career

In 1971 he joined IIT Kanpur as an assistant professor of mechanical engineering and became a professor in 1975. He taught courses in manufacturing science, design and dynamics, and robotics, and his lab developed techniques for improving the life of cutting tools, detected chaos in mechanical systems for the first time (in 1978) and laid the groundwork for the development of micro-welding and micro-fused deposition welding. Fundamental research led to applications in manufacturing operations, as well as practical devices such as improved brakes and traction for rickshaws, lens polishing machines, electrochemical discharge machines and large transmission ratio drives with high power transmission capacity. The first Centre for Robotics at IIT Kanpur was opened in 1986 supported by a grant from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. It was renamed the Centre for Mechatronics in 1989. Ghosh was the centre's founding Head from 1986 to 1989 as well as the Head of the Engineering Department.

Ghosh was appointed to the position of Director of IIT Kharagpur in 1997 for a five-year term. During his tenure as director, three new research centres were inaugurated, namely the Centre for Theoretical Studies, the Advanced Technology Centre and the Space Technology Centre (later renamed the Kalpana Chawla Space Technology Cell); while a separate biotechnology department was established to administer undergraduate biotechnology courses. He also oversaw the establishment of the School of Medical Science and Technology in order to offer post graduate education to MBBS doctors and conduct medical research, bringing medical sciences into the IIT system for the first time in India, and presided over the creation of the Very Large Scale Integration Lab at IIT Kharagpur.

Since 2005, he has regularly organized specialized short courses on physics and astronomy for senior school students drawing on funds from science academies, the Indian Department of Science and Technology's INSPIRE program and from IUCAA Pune. He was course director of the Science Education Program on Foundations of Physics held at the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur in 2005. and is the founding president of the South Howrah Citizens’ Forum, which organizes science education programs for students and technical training programs for school dropouts.

## International collaborations

Amitabha Ghosh has contributed to several international collaborations. From 1998 to 2006 he was the Indian Coordinator of the Indo-Japan Science Collaboration Programme in Engineering administered by the Department of Science and Technology (DST, Government of India) and the Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS, Government of Japan). He was also the Indian Coordinator of the Indo-US Joint Centre for Research Excellence in Futuristic Manufacturing & Fabrionics funded by the DST and NSF through the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum, from 2006 to 2013. The collaboration brings together five participating institutions each from India and the United States. The term "fabrionics" was coined by Amitabha Ghosh.

## Professional distinctions

He has been a member of numerous academic, research and executive councils, and has been the recipient of several government appointments. From January 2001 to July 2013 he served as Chairman of the Research Council of the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, the national laboratory for mechanical engineering in India under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). From 2000 to 2004 he chaired the Engineering Science Committee of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and from 2002 to 2004, headed the Project Appraisal Committee, Robotics and Manufacturing in the Department of Science and Technology. He also chaired the Engineering Committee for Major Funding to Develop Science and Technology Infrastructure (FIST) in Major Institutions from 2002 to 2008, and served as Chairman of the Governing Body of the National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Bhopal from 2009 to 2014. This facility is a national institute within the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India. He was a co-author of the Anandrakrishnan Report, which recommended upgrading five existing institutions to form the new IIEST system in India.

In the field of research, he and co-researchers are credited with the discovery of the effect of the magnetic field on wear, development of methods to enhance damping through introduced stress concentration, analysis of kinetoelastodynamic problems of high speed compliant mechanisms and the detection of the phenomenon of chaos in mechanical systems.

## Awards and honours

* Calcutta University Gold Medal for standing First in the B.E. examination, 1962
* Calcutta University A.H. Pandya Gold Medal for standing First among all branches of engineering of the university in the B.E. examination, 1962
* Calcutta University Gold Medal for standing First in the M.E. examination, 1964
* Mechanical Engineering Design Award, National Design & Research Forum, Institution of Engineers (India), 1998
* Distinguished Teacher Award, IIT. Kanpur 2002
* Engineering Personality Award, 20th Indian Engineering Congress, 2005
* Doctor of Science (honoris causa), Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, 2009
* Prof Jai Krishna Award for Research Excellence, Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi, 2012
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Systems Society of India, 2012
* Distinguished Alumnus Award, Bengal Engineering and Science University, 2014
* Institute Fellow of IIT Kanpur, IIT Kanpur, 2014
* Doctor of Science (honoris causa), National Institute of Technology, Sikkim, 2017

## Fellowships and memberships

Amitabha Ghosh is a member of all four academies of science in India, and was elected a Senior Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 1977, entailing a series of residencies at RWTH Aachen University in Germany from 1977–8 to 2012. His Indian fellowships are as follows:

* Fellow, Institution of Engineers (India)
* Fellow, Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi
* Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore
* Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi
* Fellow, The National Academy of Sciences, India, Allahabad
* Honorary Life Fellow, Association for Machines and Mechanisms

## Scientific publications

Amitabha Ghosh has authored and collaborated in numerous journal articles in the fields of mechanical engineering, robotics and dynamics as well as gravitational physics. In his early engineering research, starting with his D Phil thesis at Calcutta University on cutting tool wear, he investigated the effect of magnetic fields on wear. During this period he also investigated the influence of stress on damping mechanisms in a collaboration with A. K. Mallik, and joined A.K Chakravorty in devising a solution for circular plates on an elastic foundation. Later, in a pair of 1980 papers co-authored with P. K. Nath, he turned his attention to kinetoelastodynamic analysis, and in 1982-3 devoted a series of articles with H. Hatwal and A. K. Mallik to the study and discovery of chaos in mechanical systems. In 1984 he embarked on the first of a series of studies on an extension of Newtonian mechanics leading to a modification of the laws of motion, followed by applications of the model to problems of solar system dynamics and galactic physics.

## Books

Amitabha Ghosh has also written and contributed to a number of books. The textbooks which he has written or co-authored span the fields of mechanisms and machines, manufacturing science, prototyping, the history of science and dynamics. His contributions have "made a lasting impression on the way the subjects are taught now in India and abroad."

* Ghosh, A. and Mallik, A. K. – *Theory of Mechanisms and Machines*, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 1st ed., 1976, 2nd ed., 1988, 3rd ed., 1998, (29 printings)
* Ghosh, A. and Mallik, A. K. – *Manufacturing Science*, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 1st ed., 1985, 2nd ed., 2010, (34 printings)
* Mallik, A. K., Ghosh, A. and Dittrich, G. – *Kinematic Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanisms*, CRC Press, USA, 1994, Indian Edition, 2015
* Ghosh, A. – *Rapid Prototyping*, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 1995
* Ghosh, A. – *Origin of Inertia: Extended Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences*, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 2002
* Ghosh, A. – "Scaling Laws," in *Mechanics over Micro and Nano Scales*, Suman Chakraborty (ed), Springer Science+Business Media, 2011
* Ghosh, A. – *Astronomy*, Vol. 1, Pt. 2 of the series "History of Science in India," The National Academy of Sciences, India and Ramkrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata, March 2015
* Ghosh, A. and Corves, B. – *Introduction to Micromechanisms and Microactuators*, Springer, 2015
* Ghosh, A. – *Introduction to Dynamics*. Springer Science+Business Media, May 2018
* Ghosh, A. – *Conceptual Evolution of Newtonian and Relativistic Mechanics*. Springer, November, 2017
* Ghosh, A. – *Descriptive Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Indian Chronology*, Springer, May, 2020

## Further reading

Indian National Science Academy - Amitabha Ghosh

National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training & Research - Amitabha Ghosh

## InfoBox

| Amitabha Ghosh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Director at Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur | |
| **In office**
1997–2002 | |
| Preceded by | K. L. Chopra |
| Succeeded by | Shishir Dube |
| Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1941 (age 8283) |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | University of Calcutta
IIEST, Shibpur |
| Profession | Professor |
|  | |