title: Edmund Stinnes

abstract: Edmund Hugo Stinnes was a German-born American industrialist, professor and heir who was primarily based in the United States. He was the oldest son of Hugo Stinnes.

text:
# Edmund Stinnes

**Edmund Hugo Stinnes** (23 March 1896 – 11 August 1980) was a German-born American industrialist, professor and heir who was primarily based in the United States. He was the oldest son of Hugo Stinnes.

## Early life and education

Stinnes was born 23 March 1896 in Mülheim, German Empire, the eldest of seven children, born to Hugo Stinnes and Clara Stinnes (née Wagenknecht). Stinnes was raised in his city of birth where his father had a variety of business interests mainly in the coal and mining industry. He attended *Staatliches Gymnasium* and then studied mechanical engineering at the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin), where he completed his PhD in 1922.

## Emigration and career

In the mid-1930s, Stinnes and his newly wed wife, permanently relocate to the United States, where he began teaching at Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania. He completely broke with the Nazism and later became a U.S. citizen. Through financial help he helped several Jewish refugees to immigrate to the United States.

In 1945, Stinnes provided his house on Lago Maggiore as a conference point for Allen Dulles and the Office of Strategic Services in ceasefire negotiations. The negotiations on the American side were led by his brother-in-law Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz.

## Personal life

Stinnes was briefly married to Emilie Margarethe Hartmann, with whom he had two children. In 1930, he wed Margiana "Marga" von Schulze-Gaevernitz, who was a daughter of former member of the Reichstag, Gerhart von Schulze-Gaevernitz. They had two daughters together, one of whom was Veronica Margiana Stinnes (1933–2021). Stinnes was a naturalized U.S. citizen.

## InfoBox

| Edmund Stinnes | |
| --- | --- |
| Stinnes, c. 1925 | |
| Born | Edmund Hugo Stinnes
(1896-03-23)23 March 1896
Mülheim, German Empire |
| Died | 11 August 1980(1980-08-11) (aged 84)
Ascona, Switzerland |
| Nationality | American
German |
| Alma mater | Technische Universität Berlin (PhD) |
| Occupation | Industrialist |
| Spouses | *   Emilie Margarethe Hartmann
(m. 1923; div. 1926) *   Margiana von Schulze-Gaevernitz
(m. 1930) |
| Father | Hugo Stinnes |
| Relatives | Gerhart von Schulze-Gaevernitz (father-in-law)
Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz (brother-in-law)
Mathias Stinnes (great-grandfather) |


title: 1987 Trans-Am Series

abstract: The 1987 Trans-Am Series was the 22nd running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. Merkur nearly swept the season, with Porsche winning at Brainerd.

text:
# 1987 Trans-Am Series

The **1987 Trans-Am Series** was the 22nd running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. Merkur nearly swept the season, with Porsche winning at Brainerd.

## Results

| Round | Date | Circuit | Winning driver | Winning vehicle |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 April | Long Beach | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 2 | 31 May | Sears Point | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 3 | 7 June | Portland | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 4 | 20 June | Detroit | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 5 | 12 July | Mid Ohio | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 6 | 19 July | Brainerd | Elliott Forbes-Robinson | Porsche 944 |
| 7 | 1 August | Lime Rock Park | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 8 | 29 August | Road America | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 9 | 13 September | Memphis | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 10 | 20 September | Mosport | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 11 | 11 October | Road Atlanta | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |
| NP | 7 November | St. Petersburg<br>(Non-points special) | Pete Halsmer | Merkur XR4Ti |
| 12 | 8 November | St. Petersburg | Scott Pruett | Merkur XR4Ti |

## Championship standings (Top 10)

| Pos | Driver | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Scott Pruett | 191 |
| 2 | Les Lindley | 129 |
| 3 | Pete Halsmer | 120 |
| 4 | Jim Derhaag | 111 |
| 5 | Deborah Gregg | 109 |
| 6 | Elliott Forbes-Robinson | 73 |
| 7 | Bruce Nesbitt | 55 |
| 8 | Paul Gentilozzi | 53 |
| 9 | Bill Doyle | 52 |
| 10 | Jerry Thompson | 50 |


title: Appleton Stakes

abstract: The Appleton Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually near the end of March at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida. A Listed event raced on turf at a distance of 1 mile, it is open to horses age four and older.

text:
# Appleton Stakes

The **Appleton Stakes** is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually near the end of March at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida. A Listed event raced on turf at a distance of 1 mile, it is open to horses age four and older.

## Race history

The race was run in two divisions in 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973–1982, 1984–1985, and 1987.

### Race distance

* 1952- 1+116 mile
* 19531964 – 1+18 mile
* 19651966 – 7 furlongs
* 19671971 – 1 mile
* 1972 – 7 furlongs
* 19731982 – 1 mile
* 1983 – 7 furlongs
* 19841990 – 1 mile
* 1991 – 1 mile and 70 yards
* 19922000 – 1+116 mile
* 20012008 – 1 mile
* 20092010 – 7+12 furlongs
* 2011 onwards – 1 mile

## Records

**Most wins:**

* 2 – Better Bee (1958, 1959)

## Winners since 1999

| Year
 | Winner
 | Age
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Owner
 | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | Social Paranoia | 4 | Florent Geroux | Todd Pletcher | The Elkstone Group LLC | 1:32.81 |
| 2019 | Dr. Edgar | 6 | Julien Leparoux | Barclay Tagg | Peter & Eloise Canzone | 1:34.65 |
| 2018 | *no race held* | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | All Included | 6 | Javier Castellano | Todd Pletcher | Wertheimer et Frère | 1:33.12 |
| 2016 | Reporting Star | 6 | Luis Saez | Brendan P. Walsh | Merriebelle Stable | 1:35.52 |
| 2015 | War Correspondent | 5 | John R. Velazquez | Christophe Clement | Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners | 1:34.81 |
| 2014 | Hey Leroy | 4 | Alex O. Solis | Manuel J. Azpurua | Rontos Racing Stable | 1:32.49 |
| 2013 | Za Approval | 5 | Jose Lezcano | Christophe Clement | Live Oak Plantation | 1:33.99 |
| 2012 | Corporate Jungle | 4 | Javier Castellano | Chad Brown | Mary & Gary West Racing Stables | 1:33.99 |
| 2011 | Little Mike | 4 | Joe Bravo | Dale Romans | Priscilla Vaccarezza | 1:32.87 |
| 2010 | Society's Chairman | 7 | Jose Lezcano | Roger Attfield | Charles E. Fipke | 1:27.79 |
| 2009 | Kiss The Kid | 5 | Elvis Trujillo | Amy Tarrant | Hardacre Farm | 1:28.01 |
| 2008 | Buffalo Man | 4 | Edgar Prado | Cam Gambolati | Ol Memorial Stable | 1:34.86 |
| 2007 | Silver Tree | 7 | Edgar Prado | William I. Mott | Peter Vegso | 1:32.12 |
| 2006 | Gulch Approval | 6 | Roberto Alvarado Jr. | Reynaldo Abreu | Marylou Whitney | 1:32.80 |
| 2005 | Mr. Light | 6 | Cornelio Velásquez | Angel Penna Jr. | Earle I. Mack | 1:32.98 |
| 2004 | Millennium Dragon | 5 | Richard Migliore | Kiaran McLaughlin | Darley Racing | 1:34.40 |
| 2003 | Point Prince | 4 | Manoel Cruz | Dale L. Romans | Team Valor | 1:37.84 |
| 2002 | Pisces | 5 | Roger Velez | Mohammed Moubarak | Diamond C Stable | 1:39.41 |
| 2001 | Associate | 6 | Jorge F. Chavez | Leslie Weiner | James Orr Jr. | 1:33.69 |
| 2000 | Band Is Passing | 4 | Eibar Coa | Stanley M. Ersoff | Stanley M. Ersoff | 1:40.11 |
| 1999 | Behaviour | 7 | Shane Sellers | Martin D. Wolfson | David Feldman | 1:45.77 |
|

## Earlier winners

* 1998 – Sir Cat
* 1997 – Montjoy
* 1996 – The Vid
* 1995 – Dusty Screen
* 1994 – Paradise Creek
* 1993 – Cigar Toss
* 1992 – Royal Ninja
* 1991 – Jolies Halo
* 1990 – Highland Springs
* 1989 – Fabulous Indian
* 1988 – Yankee Affair
* 1987 – Regal Flier
* 1987 – Racing Star
* 1986 – Cool
* 1985 – Smart And Sharp
* 1985 – Star Choice
* 1984 – Super Sunrise
* 1984 – Great Substance
* 1983 – Northrop
* 1982 – Gleaming Channel
* 1982 – King of Mardi Gras
* 1981 – North Course
* 1981 – Drums Captain
* 1980 – Morning Frolic
* 1980 – Pipedreamer
* 1979 – Fleet Gar
* 1979 – Regal And Royal
* 1978 – Do Lishus
* 1978 – Qui Native
* 1977 – Gay Jitterbug
* 1977 – Cinteelo
* 1976 – Step Forward
* 1976 – Improviser
* 1975 – Duke Tom
* 1975 – Beau Bugle
* 1974 – Right On
* 1973 – Windtex
* 1973 – Life Cycle
* 1972 – No No Billy
* 1972 – Mr. Pow Wow
* 1971 – Rocky Mount
* 1971 – Brokers Tip
* 1970 – Prevailing
* 1969 – Quite An Accent
* 1969 – Go Marching
* 1968 – Rego
* 1967 – Canal
* 1966 – Pollux
* 1965 – Ampose
* 1964 – Frankies Nod
* 1963 – Key Issue
* 1962 – Beau Purple
* 1961 – Tudor Way
* 1960 – Oligarchy
* 1959 – Better Bee
* 1958 – Better Bee
* 1957 – Bardstown
* 1956 – Mielleux
* 1955 – Fly Wheel
* 1954 – Dr. Stanley
* 1953 – Battlefield
* 1952 – Alerted

## InfoBox

Appleton Stakes
| Listed race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Gulfstream Park
Hallandale Beach, Florida, United States |
| Inaugurated | 1952 |
| Race type | ThoroughbredFlat racing |
| Website | www.gulfstreampark.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1 mile |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Left-handed |
| Qualification | Three-year-olds & up |
| Weight | 124 lbs. with allowances |
| Purse | US$150,000 (2023) |


title: Arreton Manor

abstract: Arreton Manor is a manor house in Arreton, Isle of Wight, England. Its history is traced to 872 AD to the time of King Alfred the Great and his parents. It was left by King Alfred by his will to his youngest son Aethelweard. Once owned by William the Conqueror, as mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086, in the 12th century it became part of Quarr Abbey and was used by the monks for over 400 years. In 1525, it was leased to the Leigh family. The manor was rebuilt between 1595 and 1612. Built in Jacobean style, it is in the shape of a "H".

text:
# Arreton Manor

**Arreton Manor** is a manor house in Arreton, Isle of Wight, England. Its history is traced to 872 AD to the time of King Alfred the Great and his parents. It was left by King Alfred by his will to his youngest son Aethelweard. Once owned by William the Conqueror, as mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086, in the 12th century it became part of Quarr Abbey and was used by the monks for over 400 years. In 1525, it was leased to the Leigh family. The manor was rebuilt between 1595 and 1612. Built in Jacobean style, it is in the shape of a "H".

## History

### Early history

Arreton Manor's history dates back to at least 872 AD. In his will, King Alfred the Great bequeathed the manor of Arreton to his youngest son, Aethelweard, in 885. Previously, it had been owned by his mother, Osburga, and her father Oslac, Chief Butler of England. The manor was owned by King Edward before the Norman conquest.

After 1086, it was owned by William the Conqueror. In 1100, it was granted to Richard de Redvers, and was part of an endowment given to the monks of the Quarr Abbey by his son Baldwin in 1131. It was confirmed to the convent by Isabel de Fortibus in 1278. The manor was farmed by the monks in Quarr Abbey for about 400 years until 1525.

### 16th–17th centuries

In 1525, it was leased by Abbot William Rippon to a parish landholder, John Leigh. The manor was rebuilt between 1595 and 1612. Charles I visited the manor several times. Sir Thomas Bennet added the new porch and oak panelling in the major rooms. The original manor house was far older, however. It is claimed that Queen Mary often visited Arreton Manor.

Arreton Manor was leased to several different farmers until 1628, when it was granted by the king to trustees to settle the king's debts to the City of London. It was then bought by two merchants from the trustees. It was later bought by Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, Governor of the Isle of Wight. On Lord Culpeper's death, his daughter Lady Katherine, acquired the property. Lady Katherine married Lord Fairfax and it stayed in the Fairfax family for 230 years. Its history then followed that of the island community, and the manor was farmed by the abbot's steward till 1525, when it was leased by the last Abbot William Rippon to John Leigh, who already held land in the parish. After the Dissolution, it was granted to various farmers by the Crown until 1628, when it was granted by the king by trustees for the payment of his debts to the City of London. The manor then followed the same descent as that of Newport to the Wykeham-Martin family, in whose hands it remained until the 20th century. Queen Victoria supposedly planted a conifer on the manor's south lawn.

### 20th century

The house was purchased from Count Slade de Pomeroy by Jeanne Schroeder in 1987. She sold it to a family named Clark, who closed the house to the public in 1999. It was subsequently bought by Andy and Julia Gray-Ling in 2004, and re-opened to the public, during which time it displayed a Living History display by the Church, State and Household group every August before it was closed and made a private residence again. In August 2017, the manor was purchased by Nathalie Pulford and the manor is still a private residence.

## Architecture

### Style

Arreton is a typical example of the Jacobean manor house of the old Isle of Wight. It was rebuilt over an older house between 1637 and 1639 by Humphrey Bennett. He had purchased the old house in 1630. The manor was built as a two storied structure in an "H" layout; such a centre block with projecting wings was common in the 17th century. The extended portion on the left side, which was added in 1832 in the same architectural style, has disturbed the structure's symmetry. The interior woodwork is elaborate, but the exterior is plain.

### Interior

The original inner door with its knocker still remains. The plan has a central hall with rooms on either side; the western portion is comparatively modern. In the room to the right of the hall, the panelling is noteworthy, though some of it has evidently been brought from elsewhere. The cornice is supported by well-proportioned turned columns, with square pilasters below the mantelshelf. Also seen is a frieze of the foliage and garlands suspended from the lions’ mouths. The house has 17th century panelling with Ionic pilasters which have decorations of vine stems, particularly on the west wall. The windows in the manor house are "mullioned in the range of three to five". On the east wall, there is pilaster of "stylized figure under cocked hat". The hall has panelling of simple design with fluted pilasters. The east side of the hall has the staircase (with rounded newels and widely spaced balustrades) concealed by an ordinary looking screen. On the first floor, in the bedroom, is an oak mantelpiece with a curious carved panel above, representing the offering up of Isaac. It is Flemish in character, and it is doubtful if it belongs to the rest of the chimney piece. The cellar of the house contains concrete block bearing a Rosy Cross, and such a cross was previously included in a stained glass window. This may suggest that Rosicrucians met at Arreton, probably within living memory.

Percy Stone’s *Antiquities of the Isle of Wright* illustrates many manor house chimney designs; Arreton Manor had two such chimneys, one in-situ in the manor house while the other has been shifted to Priory Bay Hotel in St Helens. This chimney piece, located in the west wing of the hall, reaching from floor to ceiling, is an excellent specimen of the work of the period. In the centre is a shield of arms: Gules a bezant between three demi-lions argent with the difference of a crescent, which are the coat of arms of Bennet in an arched frame, impaling a fess with three trefoils in the chief; on either side are panels cross patterned representing Peace and War or "Mars and the Goddess of Plenty" (small carvings in relief). The stone fireplace here is simple.

### Exterior

The building was constructed with "limestone rubble with freestone dressings". It has gabled roofs with a symmetrical front elevation. The porch is double storied and the hall on the southeast is entered through this porch. The porch, with its date tablet of 1639, is an addition put up soon after the house was finished.

## Grounds

Arreton Manor House lies under the south slope of the chalk down. The manor is close to the church. To the east of the house is a 16th–17th century dovecote with a four-centred arched opening and stone mullioned windows, and to the south stands a 17th-century barn of noble proportions, with a chestnut roof worthy of notice.

## Cultural references

Arreton Manor, fictionalised as "Arden Manor", is a central location of the 1889 Maxwell Gray novel, *The Reproach of Annesley*.

*This article includes text incorporated from William Page's "A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 5 (1912)", a publication now in the public domain*

## InfoBox

| Arreton Manor | |
| --- | --- |
| Arreton Manor | |
| Location within Isle of Wight | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Jacobean |
| Town or city | Arreton, Isle of Wight |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 50°40′40″N 1°14′46″W / 50.67778°N 1.24611°W / 50.67778; -1.24611 |
| Construction started | 872 |


title: Emperor Kazan

abstract: Emperor Kazan was the 65th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kazan's reign spanned the years from 984 through 986.

text:
# Emperor Kazan

**Emperor Kazan** (花山天皇, *Kazan-tennō*, November 29, 968 – March 17, 1008) was the 65th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Kazan's reign spanned the years from 984 through 986.

## Biography

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (*imina*) was Morosada*-shinnō* (師貞親王).

Morasada was the eldest son of Emperor Reizei. The prince's mother was Fujiwara no Kaneko/*Kaishi* (藤原懐子), who was a daughter of *sesshō* Fujiwara no Koretada. Morasada was also the brother of Emperor Sanjō.

## Events of Kazan's life

Prince Morasada was seventeen years of age at the time of the succession.

* **October 6, 984** (*Eikan 1, 27th day of the 8th month*): In the 15th year of Emperor En'yu's reign (円融天皇十五年), he abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by a nephew. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kazan is said to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*).

He commissioned the Shūi Wakashū.

* **985** (*Kanna 1, 4th month*): Fujiwara no Tokiakira and his brother, Yasusuke, contended with Fujiwara no Sukitaka and Ōe-no Masahira in a sword fight in Kyoto. Masahira lost the fingers of his left hand. The two brothers fled; and after careful searching, Tokiakira was eventually located in Ōmi Province.

He faced a tough political struggle from the Fujiwara family; and at the age of nineteen, he was manipulated into abandoning the throne by Fujiwara no Kaneie. Kaneie told him that Ichijo (Kaneie's maternal grandson) already held the Regalia, and that there was no purpose in Kazan continuing to rule. Under some pressure, Kazan acquiesced, and went to the Gangyō-ji temple. He was accompanied by Kaneie's second son, Michikane, who was also to enter religion. When they arrived, however, Michikane said he would like to see his parents one final time while he was still a layman. Michikane never came back.

* **986** (*Kanna 2, 6th month*): Kazan abdicated, and took up residence at Gangyō-ji where he became a Buddhist monk; and his new priestly name was Nyūkaku.
* **August 23, 986** (*Kanna 2, 16th day of the 7th month*): Iyasada*-shinnō* was appointed as heir and crown prince at age 11. This followed the convention that two imperial lineages took the throne in turn, although Emperor Ichijō was in fact Iyasada's junior. He thus gained the nickname *Sakasa-no moke-no kimi* (the imperial heir in reverse). When Emperor Kanzan abandoned the world for holy orders, one grandson of Kaneie ascended to the throne as Emperor Ichijō (the 66th sovereign); and in due course, another grandson would follow on the throne as Emperor Sanjō (the 67th sovereign).

Nyūkaku went on various pilgrimages and 're-founded' the Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage, which was established in the early 8th century by a monk to the name of Tokudo Shonin. This pilgrimage involves travelling to 33 locations across the eight provinces of the Western Japan.

Some scholars doubt that Kazan, in his unstable mental condition at the time was involved with the founding of the pilgrimage, thereby leaving all of the credit to Shonin.

It is suggested by many scholars that the mental health of Kazan, particularly in later life, was not stable; and therefore, living as a monk may have caused deteriorating behavior.

*Daijō-tennō* Kazan died at the age of 41 on the 8th day of the 2nd month of the fifth year of *Kankō* (1008).

The actual site of Kazan's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) at Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kazan's mausoleum. It is formally named *Kamiya no hotori no misasagi*.

He is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryōan-ji Temple in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Kazan is today named *Kinugasa-yama.* The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Kazan died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (*misasagi*) which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.

### Kugyō

*Kugyō* (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kazan's reign, this apex of the *Daijō-kan* included:

## Eras of Kazan's reign

The years of Kazan's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or *nengō*.

## Consorts and children

Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no *Shishi* (藤原忯子; 969–985), Fujiwara no Tamemitsu’s daughter

Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no *Teishi* (藤原諟子; d.1035), Fujiwara no Yoritada’s daughter

Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no *Chōshi* (藤原姚子; 971–989), Fujiwara no Asateru's daughter

Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Enshi (婉子女王; 972–998), Imperial Prince Tamehira's daughter

Nakatsukasa (中務), Taira no Sukeyuki's daughter, – Nurse of Emperor Kazan

* Imperial Prince Kiyohito (清仁親王; ca. 998–1030) – Ancestor of Shirakawa family (白川家)
* princess (d.1024), Fujiwara no *Shoshi*’s lady-in-waiting
* princess

Nakatsukasa (中務), Taira no *Heishi* (平平子), Taira no Suketada's daughter

* Imperial Prince Akinori (昭登親王; 998–1035)
* princess
* princess

(from unknown women)

* Kakugen (覚源; 1000–1065), a Buddhist monk (Gon-no-Sōjō, 権僧正)
* Shinkan (深観; 1001–1050), a Buddhist monk (Gon-no-Daisōzu, 権大僧都)

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Emperor Kazan
花山天皇 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | September 24, 984 – August 1, 986 |
| Enthronement | November 5, 984 |
| Predecessor | En'yū |
| Successor | Ichijō |
|  | |
| Born | November 29, 968
Heian Kyō (Kyōto) |
| Died | March 17, 1008(1008-03-17) (aged 39)
Heian Kyō (Kyōto) |
| Burial | *Kamiyagawa no hotori no misasagi* (紙屋川上陵) (Kyoto) |
| Issue
*more...* | * Prince Kiyohito * Prince Akinori * Kakugen * Shinkan |
| Posthumous name  *Tsuigō*:
Emperor Kazan (花山院 or 花山天皇) | |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Reizei |
| Mother | Fujiwara no Kaishi |


abstract: The 1944–45 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team represented the University of Arkansas in the 1944–45 college basketball season. The Razorbacks played their home games in the Men's Gymnasium in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It was former Razorback All-American Eugene Lambert's third season as head coach of the Hogs. The Razorbacks finished second in the Southwest Conference standings with a record of 9–3 and 17–9 overall. Arkansas received a bid to the NCAA tournament, its second appearance in the tournament overall after not being able to participate the year before due to a serious car crash that killed a staff member, Everett Norris, and injured two starters, Deno Nichols and Ben Jones. Arkansas beat Oregon in the first round of the tournament to advance to its second Final Four in as many tournament appearances before losing to eventual champion Oklahoma A&M in the two clubs' fourth meeting of the season. Center George Kok was named First Team All-SWC for the season.

text:
# 1944–45 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team

1944–45 Southwest Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Rice | 12 |  | 0 |  | 1.000 |  |  | 20 |  | 1 |  | .952 |
| Arkansas | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |  |  | 17 |  | 9 |  | .654 |
| SMU | 7 |  | 5 |  | .583 |  |  | 11 |  | 10 |  | .524 |
| TCU | 7 |  | 5 |  | .583 |  |  | 9 |  | 20 |  | .310 |
| Texas | 5 |  | 7 |  | .417 |  |  | 10 |  | 10 |  | .500 |
| Texas A&M | 2 |  | 10 |  | .167 |  |  | 3 |  | 18 |  | .143 |
| Baylor | 0 |  | 12 |  | .000 |  |  | 0 |  | 17 |  | .000 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1944–45 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team** represented the University of Arkansas in the 1944–45 college basketball season. The Razorbacks played their home games in the Men's Gymnasium in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It was former Razorback All-American Eugene Lambert's third season as head coach of the Hogs. The Razorbacks finished second in the Southwest Conference standings with a record of 9–3 and 17–9 overall.

Arkansas received a bid to the NCAA tournament, its second appearance in the tournament overall after not being able to participate the year before due to a serious car crash that killed a staff member, Everett Norris, and injured two starters, Deno Nichols and Ben Jones. Arkansas beat Oregon in the first round of the tournament to advance to its second Final Four in as many tournament appearances before losing to eventual champion Oklahoma A&M in the two clubs' fourth meeting of the season.

Center George Kok was named First Team All-SWC for the season.

## Roster

Roster retrieved from HogStats.com.

| 1944–45 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  72 Melvin McGaha 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Fr Mabelvale Oak Grove, Louisiana  37 Bill Flynt 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  Jr Beebe
Ouachita Baptist Beebe, Arkansas  Ocie Richie 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)  So Natchitoches
Northwestern State Natchitoches, Louisiana  15 Mike Schumchyk   So Center Moriches Long Island, New York  71 Earl Wheeler   Jr   24 Tony Byles   Fr Marthaville Robeline, Louisiana  40 Kenneth Kearns   Fr Denton Denton, Texas  78 Frank Schumchyk   Jr N/A Long Island, New York  Charles Joliff   Jr   55 Jady Copeland      42 George Kok 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Fr Ottawa Hills Grand Rapids, Michigan | Head coach Eugene Lambert (Arkansas)
Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster
Last update: June 29, 2021 |

## Schedule and Results

Schedule retrieved from HogStats.com.

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 7, 1944*
 |  | at Kansas State Teachers College of Pittsburg | **W** 45–30 | 1–0
 |
Pittsburg, Kansas |
| December 9, 1944*
 |  | Blytheville AAB | **W** 76–45 | 2–0
 | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| December 16, 1944*
 |  | vs. City College of New York | **W** 59–47 | 3–0
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, New York |
| December 19, 1944*
 |  | at Westminster College | **L** 61–71 | 3–1
 |
New Wilmington, Pennsylvania |
| December 27, 1944*
 |  | vs. Denver
*All College Tournament* | **W** 50–36 | 4–1
 | Municipal Auditorium
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| December 28, 1944*
 |  | vs. Oklahoma
*All College Tournament* | **W** 54–51 | 5–1
 | Municipal Auditorium
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| December 29, 1944*
 |  | vs. Oklahoma A&M
*All College Tournament* | **L** 34–43 | 5–2
 | Municipal Auditorium
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| January 5, 1945
 |  | Baylor | **W** 94–28 | 6–2
(1–0) | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| January 6, 1945
 |  | Baylor | **W** 90–30 | 7–2
(2–0) | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| January 9, 1945*
 |  | Phillips 66ers | **L** 40–60 | 7–3
(2–0) | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| January 12, 1945*
 |  | vs. Oklahoma A&M | **W** 41–38 | 8–3
(2–0) |
Little Rock, Arkansas |
| January 13, 1945*
 |  | vs. Oklahoma A&M | **L** 40–49 | 8–4
(2–0) |
El Dorado, Arkansas |
| January 19, 1945
 |  | at Texas | **L** 40–49 | 8–5
(2–1) | Gregory Gymnasium
Austin, Texas |
| January 20, 1945
 |  | at Texas | **W** 74–38 | 9–5
(3–1) | Gregory Gymnasium
Austin, Texas |
| January 26, 1945
 |  | at Rice | **L** 46–57 | 9–6
(3–2) |
Houston, Texas |
| January 27, 1945
 |  | at Rice | **L** 56–69 | 9–7
(3–3) |
Houston, Texas |
| February 2, 1945
 |  | at TCU | **W** 37–33 | 10–7
(4–3) | TCU Fieldhouse
Fort Worth, Texas |
| February 3, 1945
 |  | at TCU | **W** 60–35 | 11–7
(5–3) | TCU Fieldhouse
Fort Worth, Texas |
| February 8, 1945*
 |  | Kansas State Teachers College of Pittsburg | **W** 76–45 | 12–7
(5–3) | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| February 16, 1945
 |  | at SMU | **W** 59–52 | 13–7
(6–3) | Perkins Gymnasium
Dallas, Texas |
| February 17, 1945
 |  | at SMU | **W** 65–49 | 14–7
(7–3) | Perkins Gymnasium
Dallas, Texas |
| February 23, 1945
 |  | Texas A&M | **W** 80–21 | 15–7
(8–3) | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| February 24, 1945
 |  | Texas A&M | **W** 87–36 | 16–7
(9–3) | Men's Gymnasium
Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| February 28, 1945*
 |  | at Phillips 66ers | **L** 34–62 | 16–8
(9–3) | Bartlesville High School
Bartlesville, Oklahoma |
| NCAA Tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 23, 1945*
 |  | vs. Oregon
*Elite Eight* | **W** 79–76 | 17–8
(9–3) | Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri |
| March 24, 1945*
 |  | vs. Oklahoma A&M
*Final Four* | **L** 41–68 | 17–9
(9–3) | Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Central Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1944–45 Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NCAA tournament, Final Four | |
| Conference | Southwest Conference |
| Record | 17–9 (9–3 SWC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Men's Gymnasium |
|


title: Edmund Stone

abstract: Edmund Stone was an autodidact Scottish mathematician who lived in London and primarily worked as an editor of mathematical and scientific texts and translator from French and Latin into English. He is especially known for his translations of Nicholas Bion's Mathematical Instruments and the Marquis de l'Hospital's Analyse des Infiniment Petits (1730), and for his New Mathematical Dictionary. Stone was celebrated for having risen from uneducated gardener's son to accomplished scholar.

text:
# Edmund Stone

**Edmund Stone** FRS (c. 1690 – March or April 1768) was an autodidact Scottish mathematician who lived in London and primarily worked as an editor of mathematical and scientific texts and translator from French and Latin into English. He is especially known for his translations of Nicholas Bion's *Mathematical Instruments* (1723, 1758) and the Marquis de l'Hospital's *Analyse des Infiniment Petits* (1730), and for his *New Mathematical Dictionary* (1726, 1743). Stone was celebrated for having risen from uneducated gardener's son to accomplished scholar.

## Biography

The date and place of Edmund Stone's birth are unknown, as are the names of his parents, but he was probably born in Argyllshire, Scotland, at least a few years before 1700. What little is known about his early life comes from a letter by Andrew Michael Ramsay to Louis-Bertrand Castel, excerpted by the *Journal de Trévoux*. (See § Appendix: Letter from Ramsay below for the letter and a translation.) According to this letter, Stone was the son of the gardener of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll. He never attended any formal school, but after being taught by a servant to read at age 18, he taught himself arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and French. As the story goes, the Duke found a copy of Isaac Newton's *Principia* in the grass in his garden, and was astonished to find it belonged to the 28-year-old Stone, and that he understood Latin and advanced mathematics. However, Stone's description of himself having studied mathematical instruments from the age of twelve seems inconsistent with this story. The Duke became his patron.

With the Duke's support, Stone moved to London c. 1720, where he likely worked as a mathematics tutor. He published translations of the Marquis de l'Hospital's posthumous book about conic sections in 1720 and Christopher Clavius's translation of Theodosius's *Spherics* in 1721. In 1723 he published a translation of Nicholas Bion's *Construction and Principal Uses of Mathematical Instruments*, to which he added descriptions of the English variants of the French instruments described by Bion; this book became the standard reference about the subject in English throughout the 18th century. In 1725 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and from 1725 until at least 1736 he was a member of the Board of Green Cloth. His *New Mathematical Dictionary* appeared in 1726, a cheaper alternative to John Harris's *Lexicon Technicum*. He also translated Euclid's *Elements* (1728); l'Hospital's differential calculus book *Analyse des Infiniment Petits*, to which he adjoined a second part about integral calculus, as *The Method of Fluxions* (1730); and Isaac Barrow's *Geometrical Lectures* (1735).

In 1736 Stone submitted a paper to the *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society* (published 1740) about two cubic plane curves not cataloged by Isaac Newton or James Stirling, but unbeknownst to him the two had been previously published in 1731 by François Nicole and 1733 by Nicolaus Bernoulli, respectively. In 1742 Stone submitted a 21-page paper "On Sir Isaac Newton's five diverging Parabolas", which was read to the Society but apparently never published.

In 1742, Stone resigned as a Fellow of the Royal Society, perhaps for inability to pay the small annual membership fee. In October 1743 Stone's patron the Duke of Argyll died. Little is known about Stone's life afterward, though he made another translation of Euclid's *Elements* in 1752, and he published a second edition of Bion's *Mathematical Instruments* in 1758, with a long appendix covering advancements of the intervening years. In a 1760 review in *The Critical Review*, Tobias Smollett wrote of Stone's situation, "His abilities are universally acknowledged, his reputation unblemished, his services to the public uncontested, and yet he lives to an advanced age unrewarded, except by a mean employment that reflects dishonour on the donor". In 1766 Stone published a contrarian polemic contesting the scientific validity of the spherical shape of the Earth and suggesting contemporary evidence was insufficient to discount the possibility Earth is an irregular roundish polyhedron; biographers have suggested this book was the product of cognitive decline. Stone died in March or April 1768.

## Works

## Appendix: Letter from Ramsay

A letter from Andrew Michael Ramsay to Louis-Bertrand Castel was excerpted by the *Journal de Trévoux* 1732, pp. 109–112, as part of a review of Stone's *The Method of Fluxions* (1730). Here is the excerpt reproduced, along with an English translation:

Lettre de M. le C. D. R. au P. C. J.

Le véritable génie surmonte tous les désavantages de la fortune, de la naissance, de l'education. M. *Stone* en est un rare exemple: né fils du Jardinier du Duc d'*Argyle*, il parvint à l'âge de 18. ans, sans sçavoir lire; son pére ne sçavoit pas lui apprendre son métier de cette maniére élevée, qui rend le jardinage & l'agriculture une partie très-utile & très-noble de la Cosmographie & de la Physique.

Par hazard, un domestique ayant appris au jeune *Stone* les Lettres de l'Alphabet, il n'en falut pas d'avantage pour faire éclore son génie & pour le déveloper. Il s'appliqua lui-même, il étudia, il parvint aux connoissances de la plus sublime géométrie, & du calcul, sans maître, sans conducteur, sans autre guide que le pur génie.

A l'âge de 28. ans il avoit fait tous ces progrès sans être connu, & sans connoître lui-même les prodiges qui se passoient en lui.

Mylord Duc d'*Argyle*, qui joint à toutes les vertus militaires & à tous les sentimens d'un Héros, une connoissance universelle de tout ce qui peut orner & perfectioner l'esprit d'un homme de son rang, se promenant un jour dans son jardin, vit fur l'herbe le fameux Livre du Chevalier Newton en Latin. Il appella quelqu'un pour le ramasser & le reporter dans la Bibliothéque.

Le jeune Jardinier lui dit que ce Livre lui appartenoit. *A vous*, répondit le Mylord? *Entendés-vous la Géometrie, le Latin, M. Newton?* *J'entends un peu de tout cela*, repliqua *Stone* avec un air de simplicité fondé sur l'ignorance profonde de ses propres talens, & de l'excès de son sçavoir.

Mylord Duc fut très surpris: mais comme il a le goût de ces sciences, il daigna entrer en conversation avec le nouveau Géométre: il lui fit plusieurs questions, & demeura étonné de la force, de la justesse, & de la candeur de ses réponses.

„Mais comment, dit le Mylord, es-tu parvenu à toutes ces connoissances? L'autre répond: un domestique m'apprit, il y a dix ans, à lire: a-t'on besoin de sçavoir autre chose que les 24. lettres pour apprendre tout ce qu'on veut„? La curiosité du Duc redouble; il soupçonne que les démarches de ce génie marveilleux étoient encore plus surprenantes que ses progrès; il s'affeoit sur un banc, & lui demande le detail de tout ce qu'il a fait pour devenir habile.

„J'appris d'abord à lire, dit *Stone*, les massons travailloient alors à vôtre maison: je m'approchai d'eux un jour, & je vis que l'Architecte usoit d'une régle, d'un compas, & qu'il calculoit. Je demandai ce qu'il faisoit là, & à quoi tout cela étoit bon; & je compris qu'il y avoit une science qu'on appelloit Arithmétique. J'achetai un Livre d'Arithmetique, & je l'appris.

„On m'avoit dit qu'il y en avoit une autre appellée Géométrie: j'achetai des Livres, & j'appris la Géometrie. Je vis à force de lire qu'il y avoit de beaux Livres sur ces deux sciences en Latin: j'achetai un Dictionaire, & j'appris le Latin. J'appris aussi qu'il y avoit de beaux Livres de même espéce en François: j'achetai un Dictionaire, & j'appris le François. Voila, Monseigneur, tout ce que j'ai fait, il me semble qu'on peut tout apprendre quand on sçait les 24. lettres de l'Alphabet„.

Ce récit charma Mylord Duc. Il tira ce génie merveilleux de l'obscurité; & il le pourvut d'un emploi que lui laisse tout le tems de s'appliquer aux sciences. Il découvrit en lui le même génie pour la musique, pour la peinture, pour l'architecture, pour toutes les sciences que dépandent du calcul & des proportions.

J'ai vû le Sr. *Stone*. C'est un homme d'une simplicité admirable. Il sçait à présent qu'il sçait: mais il n'en est pas enflé. Il est possédé d'un amour pur & desintéressé pour la Géométrie. Il ne se soucie pas de passer pour Géométre. Le bel esprit & la vanité n'ont aucune part aux travaux infinis, qu'il subit pour exceller dans ce genre. Il méprise aussi la fortune, & m'a sollicité vingt fois de prier Milord de lui donner un moindre emploi, qui ne valoit que la moitié de celui qu'il a, afin d'être plus solitaire, & moins distraît de ses études favorites. Il découvre quelquesfois, par des méthodes qui lui sont propres, les mêmes vérités que d'autres on déja trouvées. Il est charmé de voir qu'il n'en est pas l'inventeur, & que les hommes ont fait plus de progrès qu'il ne croyoit. Loin d'être plagiare, il attribuë les solutions ingénieuses & admirables, qu'il donne de certains Problémes, aux indices qu'il en trouve dans les autres, quoiqu'elles n'en découlent que par des conséquences fort éloignées, &c.

Letter from Mr. the \[Chevalier de Ramsay\] to the \[Father Castel Jesuit\]

True genius overcomes all the disadvantages of fortune, of birth, of education. Mr. Stone is a rare example: born son of the gardener to the Duke of Argyle, he reached the age of 18 years without knowing how to read; his father did not know how to teach him his trade in that elevated way, which makes gardening and agriculture a very useful and very noble part of cosmography and physics.

By chance, a servant having taught the young Stone the letters of the alphabet, it took nothing further to hatch his genius and to develop it. He applied himself, he studied, he arrived at the knowledge of the most sublime geometry, and of calculation, without master, without conductor, with no other guide than pure genius.

At the age of 28 years he had made all this progress without being known, and without knowing himself the wonders that happened in him.

Milord Duke of Argyle, who joins to all the military virtues and all the feelings of a hero, a universal knowledge of all that can adorn and perfect the mind of a man of his rank, while walking one day in his garden saw on the grass the famous book of Sir Isaac Newton in Latin. He called someone to pick it up and return it to the library.

The young gardener told him that this book belonged to him. "To *you*?" replied the Duke. "Do you understand geometry, Latin, Mr. Newton?" "I understand a bit of all that", replied Stone with an air of simplicity based on profound ignorance of his own talents and the excess of his knowledge.

Milord Duke was very surprised: but as he has the taste for these sciences, he deigned to enter into conversation with the new geometer: he posed several questions to him, and remained astonished at the force, the accuracy, and the candor of his responses.

"But how", said the Duke, "have you come to all this knowledge?" The other replied, "a servant taught me, ten years ago, to read: does one need to know anything other than the 24 letters to learn everything one wants?" The Duke's curiosity redoubled; he suspected that the process of this marvelous genius would be even more surprising than his progress; he sat down on a bench, and asked him to detail all he had done to become skillful.

"I first learned to read", said Stone, "the masons were then working at your house: I approached them one day, and I saw that the architect was using a ruler, a compass, and that he calculated. I asked what he was doing there, and what it was all good for; and I comprehended that there was a science called arithmetic. I bought an arithmetic book, and I learned it.

"I was told there was another called geometry: I bought books, and I learned geometry. I perceived by way of reading that there were fine books on these two sciences in Latin: I bought a dictionary, and I learned Latin. I also learned that there were fine books of the same kind in French: I bought a dictionary, and I learned French. So you see, Sir, everything I have done, it seems to me that anyone can learn it all when one knows the 24 letters of the alphabet."

This story charmed milord Duke. He drew this marvelous genius from obscurity; and he provided him with a job that left him all the time to apply himself to the sciences. He discovered in him the same genius for music, for painting, for architecture, for all the sciences that depend on calculation and proportions.

I have seen Mr. Stone. He is a man of admirable simplicity. He now recognizes his own knowledge: but he is not inflated. He is possessed of a pure and disinterested love for geometry. He does not worry about passing for a geometer. Wit and vanity have no part in the infinite labors he undergoes to excel in this subject. He also despises fortune, and has asked me twenty times to entreat milord to give him a lesser job, worth only half the one he has, in order to have more time alone, less distracted from his favorite studies. He sometimes discovers, by his own methods, the same truths that others have already found. He is charmed to see that he is not their inventor, and that men have made more progress than he had supposed. Far from being a plagiarist, he attributes the ingenious and admirable solutions he gives of certain problems to the hints he finds of them in others, even though they only follow by a very circuitous chain of causes, &c.

## InfoBox

| Edmund StoneFRS | |
| --- | --- |
| *A New Mathematical Dictionary* (1726) | |
| Born | c. 1690
unknown, likely Argyllshire, Scotland |
| Died | March or April 1768
unknown |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Patrons | John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll |
|  | |


title: Edmund Sonuga-Barke

abstract: Edmund James Stephen Sonuga-Barke,, is a developmental psychologist and academic. He has held professorships at King's College London and the University of Southampton (1997–2017).

text:
# Edmund Sonuga-Barke

**Edmund James Stephen Sonuga-Barke**, FBA, FMedSci, MAE, (born 1962) is a developmental psychologist and academic. He has held professorships at King's College London (since 2017) and the University of Southampton (1997–2017).

## Early life and education

Edmund James Stephen Barke was born in Derby in 1962; he later adopted a double-barrelled surname for his academic work, combining his family name with that of his wife, Funke Sonuga, whom he married in 1987. They have two children. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the University College of North Wales, Bangor, in 1984, and four years later the University of Exeter awarded him a doctorate for his thesis "Studies in the development of economic behaviour".

## Career

After a year as a research psychologist at the University of London, Sonuga-Barke was appointed to a lectureship at the Institute of Psychiatry in 1988. The next year, he moved to the University of Southampton where he was lecturer (1989–95), reader (1995–97) and professor (from 1997) of developmental psychopathology. He was head of Southampton's Department of Psychology from 1997 to 2002. In 2017, Sonuga-Barke joined King's College London as Professor of Developmental Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience. In 2016, he was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and in 2018 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy, the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. In 2023 he was elected to the Academia Europaea. In 2019 he was made an Honorary Skou Professor at Aarhus University, Denmark, and in 2023, a Visiting Research Professor at the University of Hong Kong. He is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry.

According to the British Academy's profile, his research focuses on "The developmental psychopathology and neuroscience of child and adolescent mental health and disorder". In the field of ADHD he is known for introducing new concepts and theories such as the delay aversion hypothesis, the dual pathway model and the default mode interference hypothesis. Together with Professor Sir Michael Rutter he led the English and Romanian Adoptees study which, discovered how exposure to early childhood severe institutional deprivation can lead to variants of neuro-developmental conditions such as ADHD and autism that strongly persist into adulthood. In 2020, Sonuga-Barke chaired a Lancet Group Commission on 'Institutionalisation and de-institutionalisation of children' which, after a comprehensive review of the literature, concluded with recommendations to "prioritise the role of families in the lives of children to prevent child separation and to strengthen families, to protect children without parental care by providing high-quality family-based alternatives, and to strengthen systems for the protection and care of separated children" .


title: Edgar O. Amm

abstract: Major Edgar Oxenham Amm was a South African flying ace during World War I, credited with ten aerial victories. He returned to service during World War II. Between the wars, and after World War II, he was a farmer and businessman.

text:
# Edgar O. Amm

Major **Edgar Oxenham Amm** DFC & Bar (19 August 1898 – 25 March 1953) was a South African flying ace during World War I, credited with ten aerial victories. He returned to service during World War II. Between the wars, and after World War II, he was a farmer and businessman.

## Early life and background

Amm was born in Johannesburg, the fourth child (and second son) of Edwin John Amm and Amy Celia Hill.

## World War I

After leaving school Amm joined the Royal Flying Corps in South Africa as a temporary second lieutenant (on probation). Having successfully completed his basic flight training, he was confirmed in his rank and made a flying officer on 19 November 1917. He travelled to Britain in early 1918.

On 1 April 1918, the Army's Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) were merged to form the Royal Air Force. Amm was posted to France in early July 1918, to fly the S.E.5a single-seat fighter in No. 29 Squadron RAF. He was almost immediately successful, setting a German Fokker D.VII fighter on fire on 12 August 1918. He gained two more victories in August, two in September, three in October. On 9 November, he drove down one Fokker D.VII and set another on fire. In turn, he was shot down by a third D.VII, but was captured unharmed. Initially listed as missing he spent a very short spell as a prisoner of war; one version of his repatriation has him riding a bicycle into his old unit on 24 November; another says he was held for only 48 hours. A summary of Amm's victories credits him with seven enemy aircraft and an observation balloon destroyed, and two aircraft driven down out of control.

Amm was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 3 December 1918. His citation read:

Lieutenant Edgar Oxenham Amm. "A gallant and dashing airman who has, destroyed four enemy machines and balloon. On 17th September, in company with six other machines, this officer took part in an engagement with seventeen hostile aircraft; eight of these were destroyed, Lieutenant Amm accounting for one."

On 3 June 1919 he was awarded a bar to his Distinguished Flying Cross in recognition of his "distinguished services rendered during the war", and on 15 July 1919 was granted unrestricted permission to wear the *Croix de guerre* conferred on him by the King of the Belgians.

Amm declined an opportunity to return home on the first flight ever from England to South Africa, citing a promise to his father to never fly again. After he returned home, he farmed.

### List of aerial victories

|
|  |
Combat record
| No. | Date/time | Aircraft/
Serial no. | Opponent | Result | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 August 1918
@ 1940 | S.E.5a
(D6964) | Fokker D.VII | Destroyed in flames | South-east of Bailleul, France |
| 2 | 17 August 1918
@ 0830 | S.E.5a
(E5974) | Hannover C | Destroyed | East of Estaires, France |
| 3 | 18 August 1918
@ 1752 | S.E.5a
(E5974) | Halberstadt C | Destroyed | South-east of Bailleul, France |
| 4 | 16 September 1918
@ 0835 | S.E.5a
(E5974) | Fokker D.VII | Destroyed | Bois Warneton, France |
| 5 | 29 September 1918
@ 1000 | S.E.5a
(C1135) | Balloon | Destroyed | East of Armentières, France |
| 6 | 5 October 1918
@ 0855 | S.E.5a
(C1133) | Fokker Dr.I | Destroyed | North-west of Courtrai, Belgium |
| 7 | 8 October 1918
@ 1339 | S.E.5a
(F853) | Fokker D.VII | Out of control | South-east of Roulers, Belgium |
| 8 | 8 October 1918
@ 1425 | S.E.5a
(F853) | Fokker D.VII | Destroyed | North of Roulers, Belgium |
| 9 | 9 November 1918
@ 0945 | S.E.5a
(C1141) | Fokker D.VII | Out of control | South-east of Audenarde, Belgium |
| 10 | 9 November 1918
@ 1035 | S.E.5a
(C1141) | Fokker D.VII | Destroyed in flames | Laerne-Lemberge, Belgium |
|

## Later life

Amm married Annie Joyce Peppercorn; they had two daughters and a son, all born in the 1930s. During World War II he joined the South African Air Force, serving as a flying instructor; he then served in Egypt and the Middle East, as well as Italy, with the rank of major. After the war, he sold his farm and founded the South Coast Aviation Company. From there, he moved on to citrus farming, managing Valencia Estates at Letaba. His last known occupation was general manager of Tzaneen Co-operative Citrus Company Ltd., Politsi, Tzaneen, Mpumalanga, South Africa.

## Death

Amm died in a nursing home in Johannesburg on 25 March 1953. His death certificate showed him as ten years younger than his actual age.

**Citations**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| Edgar Oxenham Amm | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Porkey |
| Born | (1898-08-19)19 August 1898
Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Died | 25 March 1953(1953-03-25) (aged 54)
Park Nursing Home, Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom
Union of South Africa |
| Service/branch | British Army
Royal Air Force
South African Air Force |
| Years of service | 1917–1919
1939–1945 |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit | No. 29 Squadron RAF |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar
*Croix de guerre* (Belgium) |
| Other work | Farmer and businessman |


title: 1939 Governor General's Awards

abstract: The 1939 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the fourth rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1939 and were presented in 1940. There were no cash prizes. There was one award in each of three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

text:
# 1939 Governor General's Awards

The **1939 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit** were the fourth rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1939 and were presented in 1940. There were no cash prizes.

There was one award in each of three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

## Winners


title: Edith's Diary

abstract: Edith's Diary (1977) is a psychological thriller novel by Patricia Highsmith, the seventeenth of her 22 novels. It was first published in the UK by Heinemann. One critic described it as "a relentless dissection of an unexceptional life that burns itself out from a lack of love and happiness".

text:
# Edith's Diary

***Edith's Diary*** (1977) is a psychological thriller novel by Patricia Highsmith, the seventeenth of her 22 novels. It was first published in the UK by Heinemann. One critic described it as "a relentless dissection of an unexceptional life that burns itself out from a lack of love and happiness".

## Composition

Highsmith replicated the dislocation she used in *The Cry of the Owl* years earlier, moving her characters from New York City to small-town Pennsylvania. She also replicated her own obsessive diary writing in the lead character. The dedication reads simply: To Marion, which was the way her sometime lover, Marion Aboudaram, asked to be referenced.

Knopf rejected the manuscript in 1976. It apparently encountered problems because of its failure to fit into the recognizable genres of crime, suspense, mystery, or even traditional fiction. It was published the next year, first by Heinemann in London, then by Simon & Schuster in New York.

As in most of Highsmith's novels, there is a murder committed in this one, though its significance for the plot and the characters is negligible.

## Synopsis

The novel describes "the externally and internally imposed exile of the discarded middle-aged woman". The story begins in the late 1950s and focuses on Edith Howland, a housewife who, with her journalist husband, Brett, and their 10-year-old son, Cliffie, relocates from New York City to small-town Pennsylvania. Cliffie has been exhibiting generally problematic and anti-social behavior; on the family's last night in New York, he tries to kill their pet cat.

The novel presents the increasingly stark contrasts between the life Edith records in her diary and her daily reality. In the diary, she details an imaginary life in which both she and Cliffie achieve grand success and gratification; friendships are more easy-going and she enjoys grandchildren.

In 1965, Brett abandons Edith for a younger woman. She is left living with an alcoholic, delinquent Cliffie and her husband's senile uncle, George. Even as she retreats into her diary, and recasts her personal life, she remains always aware of the tangible world's social injustices. Having always been a woman of liberal political views, she notably maintains a sharp critique of U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

As years pass, friends and acquaintances become extremely concerned about Edith's psychological well-being. Her ex-husband sets about forcing her to see a psychiatrist. When Edith's family doctor brings a psychiatrist friend of his to her home, she is overtaken by fear and paranoia surrounding the possibility of others getting their hands on her diary. After she rushes to conceal it, she dies accidentally. Alone in the house, Cliffie ponders his own worries about someone inspecting the diary.

## Reception

*The New Yorker* called this novel "her strongest, her most imaginative, and by far her most substantial".

In *The New York Times*, Jane Larkin Crane wrote: "*Edith's Diary* takes the form of an old-fashioned psychological chiller, but there is also something stronger, the poignancy of her struggle not to go under. She is betrayed by such ordinary dreams."

*Edith's Diary* has been described as "one of \[Highsmith's\] bleakest" novels, that "presents a narrative of a woman's life that offers no redemptive possibilities and is portrayed instead as a slow but unremitting descent into madness".

## Adaptation

*Edith's Diary* was adapted into the German film *Edith's Diary* (1983), directed by Hans W. Geißendörfer and starring Angela Winkler as Edith. Highsmith called the film "dreadful" and said: "Making the son in love with the mother is a lot of Oedipal crap."

## InfoBox

Edith's Diary
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Patricia Highsmith |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fiction |
| Published | Heinemann, UK; Simon & Schuster, US |
| Publication date | 1977 |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 320 |


title: 1935 Tour de Suisse

abstract: The 1935 Tour de Suisse was the third edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 24 August to 31 August 1935. The race started and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Gaspard Rinaldi.

text:
# 1935 Tour de Suisse

The **1935 Tour de Suisse** was the third edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 24 August to 31 August 1935. The race started and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Gaspard Rinaldi.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Gaspard Rinaldi (FRA) 55h 16' 24"  2  Leo Amberg (SUI) \+ 1' 44"  3  Henri Garnier (BEL) \+ 4' 56"  4  Carlo Romanatti (ITA) \+ 11' 46"  5  Adrien Buttafocchi (FRA) \+ 13' 05"  6  Benoît Faure (FRA) \+ 20' 43"  7  Alfred Bula (SUI) \+ 21' 24"  8  Werner Buchwalder (SUI) \+ 40' 26"  9  Augusto Introzzi (ITA) \+ 42' 29"  10  Albert Büchi (SUI) \+ 43' 08" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1935 Tour de Suisse
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 24–31 August 1935 |
| Stages | 7 |
| Distance | 1,708 km (1,061 mi) |
| Winning time | 55h 16' 24" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Gaspard Rinaldi (FRA)  Second  Leo Amberg (SUI)  Third  Henri Garnier (BEL) | |
|


title: Eduard Kägu

abstract: Eduard Kägu was an Estonian politician. He was a member of the I Riigikogu, representing the Central Committee of Tallinn Trade Unions, from 20 October 1921 until he resigned on 6 December 1922. He replaced Johannes-August Allikso and was succeeded by Aleksander Leopold Raudkepp. He died in the 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt.

text:
# Eduard Kägu

**Eduard Kägu** (14 June 1900, in Võtikvere Parish (now Mustvee Parish), Kreis Dorpat – 1 December 1924, in Tallinn) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of the I Riigikogu, representing the Central Committee of Tallinn Trade Unions, from 20 October 1921 until he resigned on 6 December 1922. He replaced Johannes-August Allikso and was succeeded by Aleksander Leopold Raudkepp.

He died in the 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt.


title: Aphareus rutilans

abstract: Aphareus rutilans, the rusty jobfish, ironjaw snapper, red smalltooth job, silvermouth or small tooth jobfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

text:
# Aphareus rutilans

***Aphareus rutilans***, the **rusty jobfish**, **ironjaw snapper**, **red smalltooth job**, **silvermouth** or **small tooth jobfish**, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.

## Description

*Aphareus rutilans* has an elongated, compressed and fusiform body. It has a lower jaw which projects beyond the upper and the mouth extends to the centreline of the eye. It has a flat area between the eyes. The jaws are quilted with thin bands of small teeth and there are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. The dorsal fin has 10 spines and 10, occasionally 11, soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. These fins lack scales. The rearmost ray in both the dorsal and anal fins are elongated. The caudal fin is deeply forked or lunate in shape. The overall colour is bluish-grey to mauve or reddish with the dorsal, pectoral and caudal fins being yellowish to reddish. The lips of the upper jaw are dark. This species attains a maximum total length of 110 cm (43 in), although 79 cm (31 in) is more typical, and a maximum weight of 11.3 kg (25 lb).

## Distribution

*Aphareus rutilans* has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It extends from the Gulf of Aqaba in Israel and Jordan south through the Red Sea and along the East African coast as far south as South Africa through the Indian Ocean, including its islands, and east into the Pacific Ocean. In the Pacific its range extends east to Hawaii, north to the Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands of southern Japan and south to Australia. in Australia it is found at the Scott Reef of Western Australia, in the Arafura Sea off the Northern Territory, and the northern Great Barrier Reef as well as reefs in the Coral Sea off Queensland. The larvae have been recorded as far south as Crowdy Head in New South Wales.

## Habitat and biology

*Aphareus rutilans* is found at depths between 10 and 330 m (33 and 1,083 ft) where it is found in reefs and areas with rocky bottoms, although it is most common at depths of 100 to 250 m (330 to 820 ft). It is a predatory species which feeds on fish, squid and crustaceans. Spawning was recorded as taking place in the spring and summer in Vanuatu, reaching its peak in November and December.

## Taxonomy

*Aphareus rutilans* was first formally described in 1830 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier with the type locality given as the Red Sea but it may also have been Mauritius or Indonesia. The specific name *rutilans* means “rusty”, a reference to the reddish colour of the back and fins.

## Fisheries

*Aphareus rutilans* is frequently encountered in fish markets in its range, it is largely caught using handlines and vertical long lines. It is also caught by spear fishing. It is a locally common species throughout much of its range and so makes up an important component of the catch for many deep water fisheries. In Hawaii it is not targeted and is caught as bycatch, the stock is considered to have been depleted and catch limits have been imposed.

## InfoBox

| *Aphareus rutilans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Lutjanidae |
| Genus: | *Aphareus* |
| Species: | ***A. rutilans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aphareus rutilans***
(Cuvier, 1830) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Aphareus thompsoni* Fowler, 1923 | |


title: Emin County

abstract:
Emin County, the official romanized name, also transliterated from Mongolian as Dörbiljin County, is a county situated in the north of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Tacheng Prefecture, bordering Kazakhstan's districts of Tarbagatay and Zaysan.
It has an area of 9,092 km⁲ (3,510 sq mi) with a population of 200,000. The Postcode is 834600. Geographically, the county is located on the southern slopes of the Tarbagatai Mountains and in the Emin Valley. The main watercourse is the Emin (Emil) River.

text:
# Emin County

| Emin County | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 额敏县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 額敏縣 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Émǐn xiàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping ngaak6man5 jyun2 | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 杜尔布勒津县 |
| Traditional Chinese | 杜爾布勒津縣 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Dù'ěrbùlēijīn Xiàn | |
| Mongolian name | |
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Дөрвөлжин шянь |
| Mongolian script | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ |
| Transcriptions  SASM/GNC Dörbeljin siyan | |
| Uyghur name | |
| Uyghur | دۆربىلجىن ناھىيىسى |
| Transcriptions  Latin Yëziqi Dörbiljin Nahiyisi  Yengi Yeziⱪ Dɵrbiljin Naⱨiyisi  SASM/GNC Dörbiljin Naⱨiyisi  Siril Yëziqi Дөрбилҗин Наһийиси | |
| Kazakh name | |
| Kazakh | ءدوربىلجىن اۋدانى   ---  Kazakh Cyrillic: Дөрбілжін ауданы
---  Kazakh Latin alphabet: *Dórbiljin aýdany* |
|  | |

**Emin County**, the official romanized name, also transliterated from Mongolian as **Dörbiljin County**, is a county situated in the north of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Tacheng Prefecture, bordering Kazakhstan's districts of Tarbagatay and Zaysan. It has an area of 9,092 km2 (3,510 sq mi) with a population of 200,000. The Postcode is 834600.

Geographically, the county is located on the southern slopes of the Tarbagatai Mountains and in the Emin Valley. The main watercourse is the Emin (Emil) River.

## Name

The place was originally named Dörbiljin. In 1918, Yang Zengxin, the governor of Xinjiang, petitioned to have a county set up in the Emin Valley. The new county was named after the Emin (Emil) River. Nevertheless, the official Kazakh and Uyghur name of the county is still "Dörbiljin".

## Transportation

The Karamay–Tacheng Railway (under construction as of 2017) will serve Emin County.

## Demographics

| The proportion of nationalities in Emin (Dörbiljin) County  Nationality  Percentage  Han People  51.6%  Kazakhs  36.3%  Uyghurs  3.9%  Hui People  3.7%  Mongols  2.9%  Russian  0.2%  Kyrgyz  0.1%  Manchu people  0.1%  Uzbek people  0.1%  Others  1.3%  Source of the population statistics : |
| --- |

## Administrative divisions

Emin County is divided into 6 towns, 3 townships, and 2 ethnic townships.

| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Kazakh (Arabic script) | Kazakh (Cyrillic script) | Notes | Administrative division code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Towns** | | | | | | | | |
| Dörbiljin Town
(Emin Town) | 额敏镇 | *Émǐn Zhèn* | دۆربىلجىن بازىرى | *dörbiljin baziri* | ءدوربىلجىن قالاشىعى | *Дөрбілжін қалашығы* |  | 654221100 |
| Üsh Qarasu Town | 玉什喀拉苏镇 | *Yùshíkālāsū Zhèn* | ئۈچ قاراسۇ بازىرى | *Üch qarasu baziri* | ءۇشقاراسۋ قالاشىعى | *Үшқарасу қалашығы* |  | 654221101 |
| Jël'aghash Town | 杰勒阿尕什镇 | *Jiélè'āgǎshí Zhèn* | جېلئاغاش بازىرى | *jël'aghash baziri* | جەلاعاش قالاشىعى | *Желағаш қалашығы* |  | 654221102 |
| Shanghu Town | 上户镇 | *Shànghú Zhèn* | شاڭخۇ بازىرى | *shangxu baziri* | شاڭحۋ قالاشىعى | *Шaңхy қалашығы* |  | 654221103 |
| Maralsu Town | 玛热勒苏镇 | *Mǎrèlèsū Zhèn* | مارالسۇ بازىرى | *maralsu baziri* | مارالسۋ قالاشىعى | *Маралсу қалашығы* |  | 654221104 |
| Qara'ëmil Town | 喀拉也木勒镇 | *Kālāyěmùlè Zhèn* | قارا ئېمىل بازىرى | *qara'ëmil baziri* | قاراەمىل قالاشىعى | *Қараеміл қалашығы* |  | 654221105 |
| **Township** | | | | | | | | |
| Jiaoqu Township (City Outskrits Township) | 郊区乡 | *Jiāoqū Xiāng* | شەھەر ئەتراپى يېزىسى | *sheher Etrapi yëzisi* | قالا ماڭى اۋىلى | *Қала маңы ауылы* |  | 654221200 |
| Küre Township | 喇嘛昭乡 | *Lǎmazhāo Xiāng* | كۈرە يېزىسى | *küre yëzisi* | كۇرە اۋىلى | *Күре ауылы* |  | 654221207 |
| Gürti Township
(Erdaoqiao Township) | 二道桥乡 | *Èrdàoqiáo Xiāng* | گۈرتى يېزىسى | *gürti yëzisi* | كۇرتى اۋىلى (ارداۋچياۋ) | *Күрті ауылы (Ардаучиау)* |  | 654221207 |
| **Ethnic Townships** | | | | | | | | |
| Emalgulin Mongol Ethnic Township | 额玛勒郭楞蒙古民族乡 | *Émǎlèguōléng Ménggǔ Mínzúxiāng* | ئېمالغۇلىن موڭغۇل يېزىسى | *Ëmalghulin mongghul yëzisi* | ەمالعولىن موڭعۇل ۇلتتىق اۋىلى | *Емалғұлин Моңғұл Ұлттық ауылы* | (Mongolian)
ᠡᠮᠢᠯᠢ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ
Эмиль Голын монгол үндэстэний шиян | 654221202 |
| Hujeriti Mongol Ethnic Township | 霍吉尔特蒙古民族乡 | *Huòjí'ěrtè Ménggǔ Mínzúxiāng* | خۇجېرىتى موڭغۇل يېزىسى | *xujëriti mongghul yëzisi* | قوجىرتى موڭعۇل ۇلتتىق اۋىلى | *Құжырты Моңғұл Ұлттық ауылы* | (Mongolian)
ᠭᠤᠤᠵᠡᠭᠡᠷᠳᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ
Гуузээрд монгол үндэстэний шиян | 654221208 |
|

Others

* Erzhihe Ranch (Quyghansu) (二支河牧场) (قۇيغانسۇ چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى) (قۇيعانسۋ مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
* Jarbulaq Farm (加尔布拉克农场) (جاربۇلاق دېھقانچىلىق مەيدانى) (جاربۇلاق اۋىل شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
* Kuoshibike Pedigree Ranch (阔什比克良种场) (كۆشبىك ئۇرۇق مەيدانى) (كوشبيكە سورتتى تۇقىم الاڭىنداعى)
* Saryemil Ranch (萨尔也木勒牧场) (سار ئېمىل چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى) (سارىەمىل مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
* Emil Ranch (也木勒牧场) (ئېمىل چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى) (ەمىل مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
* Tacheng Prefectural Pedigree Sheep Farm (塔城地区种羊场) (تارباغاتاي ۋىلايەتلىك نەسىللىك قوي فېرمىسى) (تارباعاتاي ايماقتىق اسىل تۇقىمدى قوي فەرماسى)
* Uzunbulaq Ranch (吾宗布拉克牧场) (ئۇزۇنبۇلاق چارۋىچىلىق مەيدانى) (ۇزىنبۇلاق مال شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
* Unity Farm of 9th Division, XPCC (兵团农九师团结农场) (ئىتتىپاق دېھقانچىلىق مەيدانى) (بىرلىك اۋىل شارۋاشىلىعى الاڭىنداعى)
* 165th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团一百六十五团) (165-تۇەن مەيدانى) (165-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)
* 166th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团一百六十六团) (166-تۇەن مەيدانى) (166-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)
* 167th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团一百六十七团) (167-تۇەن مەيدانى) (167-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)
* 168th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团一百六十八团) (168-تۇەن مەيدانى) (168-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)
* 169th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团一百六十九团) (169-تۇەن مەيدانى) (169-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)
* 170th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团一百七十团) (170-تۇەن مەيدانى) (170-تۋان الاڭىنداعى)

## Climate

| Climate data for Emin, elevation 522 m (1,713 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.3
(43.3) | 8.3
(46.9) | 25.5
(77.9) | 33.8
(92.8) | 37.5
(99.5) | 38.3
(100.9) | 41.3
(106.3) | 41.1
(106.0) | 37.5
(99.5) | 32.1
(89.8) | 21.2
(70.2) | 11.4
(52.5) | 41.3
(106.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.1
(22.8) | −1.5
(29.3) | 6.5
(43.7) | 18.4
(65.1) | 24.4
(75.9) | 29.4
(84.9) | 31.2
(88.2) | 30.3
(86.5) | 24.4
(75.9) | 16.2
(61.2) | 5.3
(41.5) | −3.1
(26.4) | 14.7
(58.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.9
(10.6) | −8.5
(16.7) | 0.1
(32.2) | 11.0
(51.8) | 16.9
(62.4) | 21.8
(71.2) | 23.5
(74.3) | 22.2
(72.0) | 16.3
(61.3) | 8.4
(47.1) | −0.8
(30.6) | −9.1
(15.6) | 7.5
(45.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −17.0
(1.4) | −14.1
(6.6) | −5.1
(22.8) | 4.9
(40.8) | 10.2
(50.4) | 14.9
(58.8) | 16.6
(61.9) | 15.1
(59.2) | 9.3
(48.7) | 2.5
(36.5) | −5.1
(22.8) | −13.6
(7.5) | 1.5
(34.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −37.8
(−36.0) | −33.9
(−29.0) | −29.8
(−21.6) | −11.2
(11.8) | −3.0
(26.6) | 2.5
(36.5) | 8.3
(46.9) | 3.9
(39.0) | −2.6
(27.3) | −14.1
(6.6) | −31.8
(−25.2) | −34.1
(−29.4) | −37.8
(−36.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.3
(0.72) | 15.6
(0.61) | 19.6
(0.77) | 33.3
(1.31) | 34.9
(1.37) | 23.1
(0.91) | 28.9
(1.14) | 20.2
(0.80) | 18.9
(0.74) | 20.9
(0.82) | 33.3
(1.31) | 24.0
(0.94) | 291
(11.44) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 99 |
| Average snowy days | 10.9 | 10.7 | 6.9 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 8.5 | 12.6 | 53.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 73 | 68 | 53 | 47 | 49 | 52 | 49 | 48 | 58 | 72 | 76 | 60 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143.4 | 164.5 | 223.1 | 256.0 | 317.0 | 325.0 | 330.5 | 317.7 | 267.4 | 208.4 | 136.7 | 119.4 | 2,809.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 50 | 55 | 59 | 62 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 74 | 73 | 63 | 50 | 45 | 62 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. Xinjiang: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
2. 额敏县历史沿革 Archived 10 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
3. 克塔铁路站后工程开工建设, 2017-9-28
4. 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 \[3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)\]. *tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn* (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
5. 2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：额敏县. National Bureau of Statistics of China.
6. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
7. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

## InfoBox

| Emin County 额敏县 (Chinese)
دۆربىلجىن ناھىيىسى (Uyghur)
ءدوربىلجىن اۋدانى (Kazakh)Omin, Durbuldzin, Dörbiljin | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Location of Emin County (red) within Tacheng Prefecture (yellow) and Xinjiang | |
| EminLocation of the seat in XinjiangEminEmin (Xinjiang)EminEmin (China) | |
| Coordinates: 46°34′00″N 83°36′00″E / 46.5667°N 83.6°E / 46.5667; 83.6 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture | Tacheng |
| County seat | Dörbiljin (Emin) |
| Area | |
| Total | 9,157.81 km2 (3,535.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 188,642 |
| Density | 21/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www.xjem.gov.cn |


title: Anacrusis ruptimacula

abstract: Anacrusis ruptimacula is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador in Loja and Napo provinces.

text:
# Anacrusis ruptimacula

***Anacrusis ruptimacula*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ecuador in Loja and Napo provinces.

## InfoBox

| *Anacrusis ruptimacula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Anacrusis* |
| Species: | ***A. ruptimacula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anacrusis ruptimacula***<br>(Dognin, 1904) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tortrix ruptimacula* Dognin, 1904 | |


title: 2003 County Championship

abstract: The 2003 County Championship season, known as the Frizzell County Championship, was the 103rd County Championship. It was contested through two divisions: Division One and Division Two. Each team played all the others in their division both home and away. The top three teams from Division Two were promoted to the first division for the 2004 season, while the bottom three sides from Division 1 were relegated.

text:
# 2003 County Championship

The **2003 County Championship** season, known as the **Frizzell** **County Championship**, was the 103rd County Championship. It was contested through two divisions: Division One and Division Two. Each team played all the others in their division both home and away. The top three teams from Division Two were promoted to the first division for the 2004 season, while the bottom three sides from Division 1 were relegated.

## Division One

### Standings

* 12 points for a win
* 6 points for a tie
* 4 points for a draw
* 4 points for an abandoned game
* A maximum of 5 batting bonus points and 3 bowling bonus points

| P
 | Team
 | Pld
 | W
 | L
 | Tie
 | D
 | Aban
 | Bat
 | Bowl
 | Deduct
 | Pts
 | Promoted / Relegated
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sussex | 16 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 62 | 47 | 0 | **257** | Winners of Championship |
| 2 | Lancashire | 16 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 64 | 43 | 0 | **223** |
| 3 | Surrey | 16 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 63 | 44 | 0 | **219** |
| 4 | Kent | 16 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 47 | 47 | 0 | **198** |
| 5 | Warwickshire | 16 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 50 | 37 | 2.5 | **171.5** |
| 6 | Middlesex | 16 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 46 | 41 | 0 | **169** |
| 7 | Essex | 16 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 34 | 45 | 0 | **156** | Relegated to
Championship Division 2 |
| 8 | Nottinghamshire | 16 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 36 | 45 | 1 | **132** | |
| 9 | Leicestershire | 16 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 36 | 40 | 0.5 | **125.5** | |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd matches won; 3rd fewest defeats
**P** = Position; **Pld** = Matches played; **W** = Matches won; **L** = Matches lost; **Tie** = Matches tied; **D** = Matches drawn; **Aban** = Matches abandoned; **Deduct** = Points deducted; **Pts** = Points

## Division two

### Standings

| P
 | Team
 | Pld
 | W
 | L
 | Tie
 | D
 | Aban
 | Bat
 | Bowl
 | Deduct
 | Pts
 | Promoted / Relegated
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Worcestershire | 16 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 42 | 44 | 0.25 | **245.75** | Promoted to
Championship Division 1 |
| 2 | Northamptonshire | 16 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 45 | 44 | 8 | **237** | |
| 3 | Gloucestershire | 16 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 38 | 46 | 0 | **190** | |
| 4 | Yorkshire | 16 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 54 | 47 | 1.5 | **183.5** |
| 5 | Glamorgan | 16 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 45 | 45 | 1 | **183** |
| 6 | Durham | 16 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 31 | 43 | 0.75 | **159.25** |
| 7 | Somerset | 16 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 41 | 44 | 0 | **157** |
| 8 | Hampshire | 16 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 36 | 44 | 0 | **140** |
| 9 | Derbyshire | 16 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 30 | 44 | 0 | **114** |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd matches won; 3rd fewest defeats
**P** = Position; **Pld** = Matches played; **W** = Matches won; **L** = Matches lost; **Tie** = Matches tied; **D** = Matches drawn; **Aban** = Matches abandoned; **Deduct** = Points deducted; **Pts** = Points

## InfoBox

2003 County Championship
| Administrator(s) | England and Wales Cricket Board |
| --- | --- |
| Cricket format | First-class cricket (4 days) |
| Tournament format(s) | League system |
| Champions | Sussex (1st title) |
| Participants | 18 |
| Matches | 144 |
| Most runs | Stuart Law  (1,820 for Lancashire) |
| Most wickets | Mushtaq Ahmed  (103 for Sussex) |
|


title: 1984 Catalan regional election

abstract: The 1984 Catalan regional election was held on Sunday, 29 April 1984, to elect the 2nd Parliament of the autonomous community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election.

text:
# 1984 Catalan regional election

The **1984 Catalan regional election** was held on Sunday, 29 April 1984, to elect the 2nd Parliament of the autonomous community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election.

## Overview

### Electoral system

The Parliament of Catalonia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Catalan Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president. Transitory Provision Fourth of the Statute established a specific electoral procedure for elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, of application for as long as a regional electoral law was not approved, to be supplemented by the provisions within the national electoral law. Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Catalonia and in full enjoyment of their political rights.

The 135 members of the Parliament of Catalonia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, with each being allocated a fixed number of seats:

| Seats | Constituencies |
| --- | --- |
| **85** | Barcelona |
| **18** | Tarragona |
| **17** | Gerona |
| **15** | Lérida |

In smaller constituencies, the use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.

### Election date

The term of the Parliament of Catalonia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The President of the Government was required to call an election fifteen days prior to the date of expiry of parliament, with election day taking place within sixty days after the call. The previous election was held on 20 March 1980, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 20 March 1984. The election was required to be called no later than 5 March 1984, with it taking place on the sixtieth day from the call, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Friday, 4 May 1984.

The Parliament of Catalonia could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament except in the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot. In such a case, the Parliament was to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called.

## Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one-thousandth of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election—with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

| Candidacy | | Parties and
alliances | Leading candidate | | Ideology | Previous result | | Gov. | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes (%) | | | Seats | || |
|  | **CiU** | List |  | Jordi Pujol | Catalan nationalism
Centrism | 27.83% | **43** |  |  |
|  | **PSC–PSOE** | List |  | Raimon Obiols | Social democracy | 22.43% | **33** |  |  |
|  | **PSUC** | List |  | Antoni Gutiérrez | Communism
Catalanism | 18.77% | **25** |  |  |
|  | **ERC** | List |  | Heribert Barrera | Catalan nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy | 8.90% | **14** |  |  |
|  | **AP–PDP–UL** | List |  | Eduard Bueno | Conservatism
Christian democracy | 2.37% | **0** |  |  |

## Opinion polls

The tables below lists opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

### Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 68 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Catalonia.

### Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

### Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

### Preferred President

The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become president of the Government of Catalonia.

## Results

### Overall

Summary of the 29 April 1984 Parliament of Catalonia election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Convergence and Union (CiU) | 1,346,729 | 46.80 | +18.97 | **72** | +29 |
|  | Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) | 866,281 | 30.11 | +7.68 | **41** | +8 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL)1 | 221,601 | 7.70 | +5.33 | **11** | +11 |
|  | Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) | 160,581 | 5.58 | –13.19 | **6** | –19 |
|  | Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) | 126,943 | 4.41 | –4.49 | **5** | –9 |
|  | Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC)2 | 68,836 | 2.39 | +2.09 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Agreement of the Catalan Left (EEC)3 | 35,937 | 1.25 | –0.41 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) | 8,714 | 0.30 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Social Democratic Party of Catalonia (PSDC) | 6,768 | 0.24 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 5,381 | 0.19 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 3,533 | 0.12 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) | 2,694 | 0.09 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Workers' Party of Catalonia (PCOC) | 2,593 | 0.09 | –0.39 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) | 1,861 | 0.06 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) | 1,834 | 0.06 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Democratic Party (PDE) | 1,110 | 0.04 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Party of Lleida (PLL) | 856 | 0.03 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Unity of Aran–Aranese Nationalist Party (UA–PNA) | 787 | 0.03 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Movement of Catalonia (MCC)4 | 164 | 0.01 | –1.21 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Centrists of Catalonia (CC–UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –10.61 | 0 | –18 |
|  | Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –2.66 | 0 | –2 |
| Blank ballots | | 14,313 | 0.49 | –0.17 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 2,877,516 |  | | 135 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 2,877,516 | 99.48 | –0.02 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 14,970 | 0.52 | +0.02 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 2,892,486 | 64.36 | +3.02 | |
| Abstentions | | 1,601,854 | 35.64 | –3.02 | |
| Registered voters | | 4,494,340 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

| Popular vote   CiU  46.80%  PSC–PSOE  30.11%  AP–PDP–UL  7.70%  PSUC  5.58%  ERC  4.41%  PCC  2.39%  EEC  1.25%  Others  1.34%  Blank ballots  0.49% |
| --- |

| Seats   CiU  53.33%  PSC–PSOE  30.37%  AP–PDP–UL  8.15%  PSUC  4.44%  ERC  3.70% |
| --- |

### Distribution by constituency

| Constituency | CiU | | PSC | | CP | | PSUC | | ERC | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S |
| Barcelona | 44.3 | **41** | 32.3 | **29** | 7.6 | **7** | 6.1 | **5** | 4.1 | **3** |
| Girona | 59.6 | **11** | 21.5 | **4** | 5.6 | **1** | 3.2 |  | 6.1 | **1** |
| Lleida | 57.7 | **10** | 19.9 | **3** | 8.8 | **1** | 2.8 |  | 5.7 | **1** |
| Tarragona | 48.1 | **10** | 26.7 | **5** | 10.2 | **2** | 5.3 | **1** | 4.6 |  |
| **Total** | 46.8 | **72** | 30.1 | **41** | 7.7 | **11** | 5.6 | **6** | 4.4 | **5** |
|  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | | | | | |

## Aftermath

| **Investiture**
Jordi Pujol (CDC) | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ballot → | | 30 May 1984 |
| Required majority → | | 68 out of 135 |
|  | Yes | 87 / 135 |
|  | No | 44 / 135 |
|  | Abstentions | 4 / 135 |
|  | Absentees | 0 / 135 |
| Sources | | |

Opinion poll sources  1. "Pujol va en cabeza, cerca de la mayoría". *El Periódico de Catalunya* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
2. "El liderazgo de Jordi Pujol determina una decisiva ventaja de CiU sobre el PSC-PSOE". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
3. "Tres cuartas partes del censo ha adoptado ya una opción política". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
4. "Sondejos". *Generalitat de Catalunya* (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
5. "Convergència i Unió y Esquerra Republicana suman escaños suficientes para acercarse a la mayoría absoluta". *El País* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
6. "Ficha técnica". *El País* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
7. "Comienza la guerra de encuestas ante las elecciones catalanas". *ABC* (in Spanish). 3 April 1984.
8. "Convergencia se acerca a la mayoría absoluta, pero necesitará apoyos para poder gobernar". *ABC* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
9. "La desaparición de UCD ha redistribuido el voto en Cataluña". *ABC* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
10. "Gran parte del electorado ya ha decidido el sentido de su voto". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 1 April 1984.
11. "Predominio femenino en CiU y AP, masculino en ERC y PSUC y situación equilibrada en el PSC". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 1 April 1984.
12. "Preelectoral elecciones autonómicas Cataluña 1984 (Estudio nº 1.412. Abril 1984)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 25 April 1984.
13. "Preelectoral Cataluña 1984 (VI) (Estudio nº 1.408. Abril 1984)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 15 April 1984.
14. "El electorado da su confianza a CiU". *La Vanguardia* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
15. "Estudio nº 1.407 (Panel 2ª vuelta. Abril 1984)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 10 April 1984.
16. "Preelectoral Cataluña 1984 (V) (Estudio nº 1.405. Marzo-abril 1984)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 1 April 1984.
17. "Preelectoral Cataluña 1984 (IV) (Estudio nº 1404. Marzo 1984)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 1 March 1984.
18. "Preelectoral Cataluña 1984 (III) (Estudio nº 1.389. Enero 1984)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 1 January 1984.
19. "Estudio 1.377 (Diciembre 1983)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 1 November 1983.
20. "Preelectoral Cataluña 1984 (I) (Estudio 1366)" (PDF). *CIS* (in Spanish). 1 September 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
21. "Un 36% de los electores votaría a Jordi Pujol para presidente, frente al 22% de Obiols". *El País* (in Spanish). 22 April 1984.
Other  1. Ley Orgánica 4/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña (Organic Law 4) (in Spanish). 18 December 1979. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
2. Ley 3/1982, de 23 de marzo, del Parlamento, del Presidente y del Consejo Ejecutivo de la Generalidad (Law 3) (in Spanish). 23 March 1982. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
3. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
4. Ley 3/1982, de 23 de marzo, del Parlamento, del Presidente y del Consejo Ejecutivo de la Generalidad (Law 3) (in Spanish). 23 March 1982. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
5. Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
6. "Electoral results. Parliament of Catalonia election 1984". *resultats.dadeselectorals.gencat.cat* (in Catalan). Government of Catalonia. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
7. "Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya (1980 - 2021)". *Historia Electoral.com* (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
8. "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1984. Barcelona". *gencat.cat* (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
9. "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1984. Girona". *gencat.cat* (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
10. "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1984. Lleida". *gencat.cat* (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
11. "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1984. Tarragona". *gencat.cat* (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

## InfoBox

1984 Catalan regional election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 135 seats in the Parliament of Catalonia
68 seats needed for a majority | |
| Opinion polls | |
| Registered | 4,494,340 1.4% |
| Turnout | 2,892,486 (64.4%)
3.0 pp |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Jordi Pujol Raimon Obiols Eduard Bueno  Party CiU PSC–PSOE AP–PDP–UL  Leader since 17 November 1974 12 July 1983 10 November 1983  Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona  Last election 43 seats, 27.8% 33 seats, 22.4% 0 seats, 2.4%  Seats won 72 41 11  Seat change 29 8 11  Popular vote 1,346,729 866,281 221,601  Percentage 46.8% 30.1% 7.7%  Swing 19.0 pp 7.7 pp 5.3 pp   ---  Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Antoni Gutiérrez Heribert Barrera  Party PSUC ERC  Leader since 1982 1980  Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona  Last election 25 seats, 18.8% 14 seats, 8.9%  Seats won 6 5  Seat change 19 9  Popular vote 160,581 126,943  Percentage 5.6% 4.4%  Swing 13.2 pp 4.5 pp | |
| ---  Election result by constituency | |
| ---  **President before election**
Jordi Pujol
CDC (CiU) **Elected President**
Jordi Pujol
CDC (CiU) | |


title: Bajazet (Gasparini opera)

abstract: Bajazet is an opera by Francesco Gasparini, a revision of his 1711 work Tamerlano. It was first performed at the Teatro Pubblico in Reggio Emilia in 1719, with designs by Pietro Righini. The first production included Francesco Borosini in the title role, Antonio Bernacchi (Tamerlano), Marina Benta Bulgarelli (Asteria), Faustina Bordoni (Irene), Diana Vico (Andronico), Antonio Piasi (Clearco), Battista Roberti (Leone) and Girolamo Bartoluzzi Regiano (Zaida). A second production was staged in Venice in 1723. Three versions of the work are known, but it is only the 1719 one for which all the music is known to have survived.

text:
# Bajazet (Gasparini opera)

***Bajazet*** (Italian pronunciation: \[baʒaˈze\]) is an opera by Francesco Gasparini, a revision of his 1711 work *Tamerlano*. It was first performed at the Teatro Pubblico in Reggio Emilia in 1719, with designs by Pietro Righini.

The first production included Francesco Borosini in the title role, Antonio Bernacchi (Tamerlano), Marina Benta Bulgarelli (Asteria), Faustina Bordoni (Irene), Diana Vico (Andronico), Antonio Piasi (Clearco), Battista Roberti (Leone) and Girolamo Bartoluzzi Regiano (Zaida).

A second production was staged in Venice in 1723. Three versions of the work are known, but it is only the 1719 one for which all the music is known to have survived.

## Composition

*Bajazet* was a nearly complete rewrite of *Tamerlano* \- there are only six arias in common between them. The rewriting was prompted by the need to rework the material around the renowned tenor Francesco Borosini. The original libretto by Agostino Piovene was extensively rewritten by Ippolito Zanelli - the role of Bajazet was expanded and made central to the new work, with his suicide now shown on stage rather than merely described.

The number of parts and the distribution of arias also changed significantly between *Tamerlano* and *Bajazet*. Musically the focus of *Tamerlano* was Asteria, who had 9 arias, with only 6 for Bajazet and 5 for Tamerlano. The parts in *Bajazet* are more evenly balanced, and the minor characters were rewritten and given more arias to sing.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tamerlano, *the emperor of the Tartars* | alto castrato | Antonio Bernacchi |
| Bajazet, *the emperor of the Turks, now a prisoner to Tamerlano* | tenor | Francesco Borosini |
| Asteria, *daughter of Bajazet, in love with Andronicus* | soprano | Marianna Benti Bulgarelli, "la Romanina" |
| Irene, *princess of Tresbisond, promised in marriage to Tamerlane* | soprano | Faustina Bordoni |
| Andronicus, *a prince from Greece, ally of Tamerlane* | contralto in travesti | Diana Vico |
| Clearco, *another prince from Greece, ally of Tamerlane* | ? castrato | Antonio Pasi |
| Leone,  *Bajazet's general, a confidant of Asteria* | ? castrato | Giovan Battista Roberti |
| Zaida, *a Moor with Asteria* | soprano castrato (in travesti) | Girolamo Bartoluzzi |
|

## Influence

When Borosini went to London in 1724, he brought with him the score for *Bajazet* and showed it to George Frideric Handel. Handel had already written his own opera *Tamerlano* on the basis of the 1711 Piovene libretto, simplifying it by eliminating all the secondary characters except Leone. However when Borosini showed him the score for *Bajazet* he rewrote his own material again, adding in a death scene for Borosini in the title role. The libretto Handel eventually used was written for him by Nicola Francesco Haym and amalgamated elements from Gasparini’s libretto from both 1711 and 1719. Handel also cut much of the recitative in Gasparini’s version, as was his usual practice.

## Modern revival

Gasparini’s 1719 score may have been performed once of twice after the Reggio Emilia production, but the work was then neglected until 2014, when it was revived by Auser Musici and performed at the Opera Barga Festival.