title: 1986 TranSouth 500

abstract: The 1986 TranSouth 500 was the sixth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 13, 1986, in Darlington, South Carolina, at Darlington Raceway, a 1.366 miles (2.198 km) permanent egg-shaped oval racetrack. The race took the scheduled 367 laps to complete. In a race of attrition, Richard Childress Racing's Dale Earnhardt managed to fend off Junior Johnson & Associates' Darrell Waltrip on the final restart with two laps left, completing a dominant performance where he led 335 of the total 367 laps. The victory was Earnhardt's 16th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, the aforementioned Waltrip and Stavola Brothers Racing's Bobby Allison finished second and third, respectively.

text:
# 1986 TranSouth 500

The **1986 TranSouth 500** was the sixth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 13, 1986, in Darlington, South Carolina, at Darlington Raceway, a 1.366 miles (2.198 km) permanent egg-shaped oval racetrack. The race took the scheduled 367 laps to complete.

In a race of attrition, Richard Childress Racing's Dale Earnhardt managed to fend off Junior Johnson & Associates' Darrell Waltrip on the final restart with two laps left, completing a dominant performance where he led 335 of the total 367 laps. The victory was Earnhardt's 16th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, the aforementioned Waltrip and Stavola Brothers Racing's Bobby Allison finished second and third, respectively.

## Background

**Darlington Raceway** is a race track built for NASCAR racing located near Darlington, South Carolina. It is nicknamed **"The Lady in Black"** and **"The Track Too Tough to Tame"** by many NASCAR fans and drivers and advertised as "A NASCAR Tradition." It is of a unique, somewhat egg-shaped design, an oval with the ends of very different configurations, a condition which supposedly arose from the proximity of one end of the track to a minnow pond the owner refused to relocate. This situation makes it very challenging for the crews to set up their cars' handling in a way that is effective at both ends.

### Entry list

* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.

| # | Driver | Team | Make | Sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sterling Marlin | Ellington Racing | Chevrolet | Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce |
| 01 | Earle Canavan | Canavan Racing | Pontiac | Gates Hydraulics |
| 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Wrangler |
| 4 | Rick Wilson | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Cap'n Coty's |
| 5 | Geoff Bodine | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Levi Garrett |
| 6 | Trevor Boys | U.S. Racing | Chevrolet | U.S. Racing |
| 7 | Kyle Petty | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 7-Eleven |
| 8 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Stavola Brothers Racing | Chevrolet | Miller American |
| 9 | Bill Elliott | Melling Racing | Ford | Coors |
| 11 | Darrell Waltrip | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | Budweiser |
| 12 | Neil Bonnett | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | Budweiser |
| 15 | Ricky Rudd | Bud Moore Engineering | Ford | Motorcraft Quality Parts |
| 17 | Doug Heveron | Hamby Racing | Chevrolet | Protecta Truck Bed Liner |
| 18 | Tommy Ellis | Freedlander Motorsports | Chevrolet | Freedlander Financial |
| 22 | Bobby Allison | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | Miller American |
| 23 | Michael Waltrip **(R)** | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | Hawaiian Punch |
| 25 | Tim Richmond | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Folgers |
| 26 | Joe Ruttman | King Racing | Buick | Quaker State |
| 27 | Rusty Wallace | Blue Max Racing | Pontiac | Alugard |
| 28 | Cale Yarborough | Ranier-Lundy Racing | Ford | Hardee's |
| 33 | Harry Gant | Mach 1 Racing | Chevrolet | Skoal Bandit |
| 35 | Alan Kulwicki **(R)** | AK Racing | Ford | Quincy's Steakhouse |
| 36 | H. B. Bailey | Bailey Racing | Pontiac | Almeda Auto Parts |
| 43 | Richard Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | STP |
| 44 | Terry Labonte | Hagan Enterprises | Oldsmobile | Piedmont Airlines |
| 47 | Morgan Shepherd | Race Hill Farm Team | Chevrolet | Race Hill Farm Team |
| 48 | Ronnie Thomas | Hylton Motorsports | Chevrolet | Hylton Motorsports |
| 52 | Jimmy Means | Jimmy Means Racing | Pontiac | Jimmy Means Racing |
| 55 | Benny Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Copenhagen |
| 64 | Connie Saylor | Langley Racing | Ford | Sunny King Ford |
| 66 | Phil Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | Skoal |
| 67 | Buddy Arrington | Arrington Racing | Ford | Pannill Sweatshirts |
| 68 | Mike Potter | Jimmy Walker Enterprises | Ford | Jimmy Walker Enterprises |
| 70 | J. D. McDuffie | McDuffie Racing | Pontiac | Rumple Furniture |
| 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Pontiac | Helen Rae Special |
| 74 | Bobby Wawak | Wawak Racing | Chevrolet | Superior Piping |
| 75 | Jody Ridley | RahMoc Enterprises | Pontiac | Nationwise Automotive |
| 82 | Mark Stahl | Stahl Racing | Ford | Auto Bell Car Wash |
| 88 | Buddy Baker | Baker–Schiff Racing | Oldsmobile | Crisco |
| 90 | Ken Schrader | Donlavey Racing | Ford | Red Baron Frozen Pizza |
| 91 | David Sosebee | Sosebee Racing | Chevrolet | Sosebee Racing |
| 92 | Jonathan Lee Edwards | Edwards Racing | Buick | Edwards Racing |
| 94 | Eddie Bierschwale | Eller Racing | Pontiac | Kodak Film |
| 95 | Davey Allison | Sadler Brothers Racing | Chevrolet | Martha Washington Inn |
| 98 | Ron Bouchard | Curb Racing | Pontiac | Valvoline |

## Qualifying

Qualifying was split into two rounds. The first round was held on Thursday, April 10, at 3:00 PM EST. Each driver had one lap to set a time. During the first round, the top 20 drivers in the round were guaranteed a starting spot in the race. If a driver was not able to guarantee a spot in the first round, they had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time in a second round qualifying run, held on Friday, April 11, at 2:00 PM EST. As with the first round, each driver had one lap to set a time. For this specific race, positions 21-40 were decided on time, and depending on who needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two were given.

Geoff Bodine, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, won the pole, setting a time of 30.890 and an average speed of 159.197 miles per hour (256.203 km/h) in the first round.

Five drivers failed to qualify.

### Full qualifying results

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 | Geoff Bodine | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | **30.890** | **159.197** |
| 2 | 25 | Tim Richmond | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 30.928 | 159.002 |
| 3 | 55 | Benny Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 30.949 | 158.891 |
| 4 | 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 31.009 | 158.586 |
| 5 | 12 | Neil Bonnett | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | 31.215 | 157.540 |
| 6 | 26 | Joe Ruttman | King Racing | Buick | 31.380 | 156.711 |
| 7 | 1 | Sterling Marlin | Ellington Racing | Chevrolet | 31.404 | 156.592 |
| 8 | 15 | Ricky Rudd | Bud Moore Engineering | Ford | 31.418 | 156.522 |
| 9 | 33 | Harry Gant | Mach 1 Racing | Chevrolet | 31.451 | 156.358 |
| 10 | 11 | Darrell Waltrip | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | 31.529 | 155.971 |
| 11 | 44 | Terry Labonte | Hagan Enterprises | Oldsmobile | 31.546 | 155.887 |
| 12 | 22 | Bobby Allison | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 31.549 | 155.872 |
| 13 | 27 | Rusty Wallace | Blue Max Racing | Pontiac | 31.563 | 155.803 |
| 14 | 88 | Buddy Baker | Baker–Schiff Racing | Chevrolet | 31.567 | 155.783 |
| 15 | 47 | Morgan Shepherd | Race Hill Farm Team | Buick | 31.578 | 155.729 |
| 16 | 43 | Richard Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 31.589 | 155.674 |
| 17 | 75 | Jody Ridley | RahMoc Enterprises | Pontiac | 31.707 | 155.095 |
| 18 | 8 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 31.725 | 155.007 |
| 19 | 23 | Michael Waltrip **(R)** | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | 31.806 | 154.612 |
| 20 | 66 | Phil Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Pontiac | 31.813 | 154.578 |
| Failed to lock in the first round | | | | | | |
| 21 | 9 | Bill Elliott | Melling Racing | Ford | 31.821 | 154.539 |
| 22 | 90 | Ken Schrader | Donlavey Racing | Ford | 31.927 | 154.026 |
| 23 | 28 | Cale Yarborough | Ranier-Lundy Racing | Ford | 31.942 | 153.954 |
| 24 | 98 | Ron Bouchard | Curb Racing | Pontiac | 32.052 | 153.426 |
| 25 | 4 | Rick Wilson | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 32.139 | 153.010 |
| 26 | 95 | Davey Allison | Sadler Brothers Racing | Chevrolet | 32.158 | 152.920 |
| 27 | 7 | Kyle Petty | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 32.232 | 152.569 |
| 28 | 36 | H. B. Bailey | Bailey Racing | Pontiac | 32.253 | 152.470 |
| 29 | 35 | Alan Kulwicki **(R)** | AK Racing | Ford | 32.352 | 152.003 |
| 30 | 6 | Trevor Boys | U.S. Racing | Chevrolet | 32.399 | 151.782 |
| 31 | 52 | Jimmy Means | Jimmy Means Racing | Pontiac | 32.439 | 151.595 |
| 32 | 18 | Tommy Ellis | Freedlander Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 32.451 | 151.539 |
| 33 | 94 | Eddie Bierschwale | Eller Racing | Pontiac | 32.453 | 151.530 |
| 34 | 48 | Ronnie Thomas | Hylton Motorsports | Chevrolet | 32.462 | 151.488 |
| 35 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | 32.637 | 150.676 |
| 36 | 17 | Doug Heveron | Hamby Racing | Oldsmobile | 32.717 | 150.307 |
| 37 | 64 | Connie Saylor | Langley Racing | Ford | 32.822 | 149.826 |
| 38 | 70 | J. D. McDuffie | McDuffie Racing | Pontiac | 32.937 | 149.303 |
| 39 | 74 | Bobby Wawak | Wawak Racing | Buick | 33.057 | 148.761 |
| 40 | 82 | Mark Stahl | Stahl Racing | Ford | 33.990 | 144.678 |
| Failed to qualify (results unknown) | | | | | | |
| 41 | 01 | Earle Canavan | Canavan Racing | Pontiac | -\* | -\* |
| 42 | 67 | Buddy Arrington | Arrington Racing | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| 43 | 68 | Mike Potter | Walker Enterprises | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| 44 | 91 | David Sosebee | Sosebee Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* |
| 45 | 92 | Jonathan Lee Edwards | Edwards Racing | Buick | -\* | -\* |
| Official first round qualifying results | | | | | | |
| Official starting lineup | | | | | | |

## Race results

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status | Pts | Winnings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 | 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 367 | 335 | running | 185 | $52,250 |
| 2 | 10 | 11 | Darrell Waltrip | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | 367 | 13 | running | 175 | $31,600 |
| 3 | 12 | 22 | Bobby Allison | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 366 | 1 | running | 170 | $13,355 |
| 4 | 5 | 12 | Neil Bonnett | Junior Johnson & Associates | Chevrolet | 366 | 0 | running | 160 | $16,480 |
| 5 | 2 | 25 | Tim Richmond | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 364 | 5 | running | 160 | $7,305 |
| 6 | 13 | 27 | Rusty Wallace | Blue Max Racing | Pontiac | 364 | 0 | running | 150 | $12,575 |
| 7 | 16 | 43 | Richard Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 364 | 0 | running | 146 | $9,600 |
| 8 | 21 | 9 | Bill Elliott | Melling Racing | Ford | 362 | 0 | running | 142 | $13,685 |
| 9 | 27 | 7 | Kyle Petty | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 361 | 0 | running | 138 | $11,030 |
| 10 | 22 | 90 | Ken Schrader | Donlavey Racing | Ford | 356 | 0 | running | 134 | $10,525 |
| 11 | 29 | 35 | Alan Kulwicki **(R)** | AK Racing | Ford | 344 | 0 | running | 130 | $3,900 |
| 12 | 28 | 36 | H. B. Bailey | Bailey Racing | Pontiac | 343 | 0 | running | 127 | $3,195 |
| 13 | 19 | 23 | Michael Waltrip **(R)** | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | 340 | 0 | engine | 124 | $3,515 |
| 14 | 9 | 33 | Harry Gant | Mach 1 Racing | Chevrolet | 330 | 10 | running | 126 | $11,435 |
| 15 | 25 | 4 | Rick Wilson | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 329 | 0 | running | 118 | $3,065 |
| 16 | 40 | 82 | Mark Stahl | Stahl Racing | Ford | 320 | 0 | running | 115 | $2,520 |
| 17 | 38 | 70 | J. D. McDuffie | McDuffie Racing | Pontiac | 319 | 0 | running | 112 | $6,585 |
| 18 | 37 | 64 | Connie Saylor | Langley Racing | Ford | 313 | 0 | running | 0 | $6,365 |
| 19 | 39 | 74 | Bobby Wawak | Wawak Racing | Buick | 300 | 0 | accident | 106 | $2,190 |
| 20 | 17 | 75 | Jody Ridley | RahMoc Enterprises | Pontiac | 292 | 0 | running | 103 | $6,585 |
| 21 | 6 | 26 | Joe Ruttman | King Racing | Buick | 285 | 0 | radiator | 100 | $1,995 |
| 22 | 23 | 28 | Cale Yarborough | Ranier-Lundy Racing | Ford | 267 | 0 | engine | 97 | $2,535 |
| 23 | 15 | 47 | Morgan Shepherd | Race Hill Farm Team | Buick | 234 | 0 | accident | 94 | $1,825 |
| 24 | 30 | 6 | Trevor Boys | U.S. Racing | Chevrolet | 227 | 0 | brakes | 91 | $5,575 |
| 25 | 31 | 52 | Jimmy Means | Jimmy Means Racing | Pontiac | 212 | 0 | accident | 88 | $5,435 |
| 26 | 8 | 15 | Ricky Rudd | Bud Moore Engineering | Ford | 207 | 1 | accident | 90 | $9,605 |
| 27 | 35 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | 201 | 1 | water pump | 87 | $4,965 |
| 28 | 3 | 55 | Benny Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 199 | 1 | engine | 84 | $1,580 |
| 29 | 32 | 18 | Tommy Ellis | Freedlander Motorsports | Oldsmobile | 197 | 0 | accident | 76 | $1,460 |
| 30 | 14 | 88 | Buddy Baker | Baker–Schiff Racing | Chevrolet | 149 | 0 | valve | 73 | $1,420 |
| 31 | 20 | 66 | Phil Parsons | Jackson Bros. Motorsports | Pontiac | 147 | 0 | accident | 70 | $1,380 |
| 32 | 11 | 44 | Terry Labonte | Hagan Enterprises | Oldsmobile | 146 | 0 | timing chain | 67 | $8,090 |
| 33 | 7 | 1 | Sterling Marlin | Ellington Racing | Chevrolet | 140 | 0 | engine | 64 | $1,300 |
| 34 | 33 | 94 | Eddie Bierschwale | Eller Racing | Pontiac | 130 | 0 | a-frame | 61 | $1,265 |
| 35 | 36 | 17 | Doug Heveron | Hamby Racing | Oldsmobile | 111 | 0 | engine | 58 | $4,440 |
| 36 | 34 | 48 | Ronnie Thomas | Hylton Motorsports | Chevrolet | 83 | 0 | engine | 55 | $4,250 |
| 37 | 24 | 98 | Ron Bouchard | Curb Racing | Pontiac | 65 | 0 | brakes | 52 | $3,950 |
| 38 | 18 | 8 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Stavola Brothers Racing | Buick | 42 | 0 | accident | 49 | $3,925 |
| 39 | 26 | 95 | Davey Allison | Sadler Brothers Racing | Chevrolet | 1 | 0 | accident | 46 | $1,195 |
| 40 | 1 | 5 | Geoff Bodine | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 1 | 0 | camshaft | 43 | $11,005 |
| Failed to qualify (results unknown) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 41 |  | 01 | Earle Canavan | Canavan Racing | Pontiac |  | | | | |
| 42 | | | 67 | Buddy Arrington | Arrington Racing | Ford |
| 43 | | | 68 | Mike Potter | Walker Enterprises | Ford |
| 44 | | | 91 | David Sosebee | Sosebee Racing | Chevrolet |
| 45 | | | 92 | Jonathan Lee Edwards | Edwards Racing | Buick |
| Official race results | | | | | | | | | | |

## Standings after the race

## InfoBox

1986 TranSouth 500
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 6 of 29 in the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series | | | |
| The 1986 TranSouth 500 program cover, featuring Bill Elliott and Jack Ingram. | | | |
| Date | April 13, 1986 | | |
| Official name | 30th Annual TranSouth 500 | | |
| Location | Darlington, South Carolina, Darlington Raceway | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>1.366 mi (2.198 km) | | |
| Distance | 367 laps, 501.322 mi (806.799 km) | | |
| Scheduled Distance | 367 laps, 501.322 mi (806.799 km) | | |
| Average speed | 128.994 miles per hour (207.596 km/h) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Hendrick Motorsports |
| Time | 30.890 | | |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing |
| Laps | 335 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | ESPN | | |
| Announcers | Bob Jenkins, Jack Arute | | |
| Radio in the United States | | | |
| Radio | Motor Racing Network | | |


title: Emília de Oliveira

abstract: Emília de Oliveira (1874–1968) was a Portuguese theatre and film actress.

text:
# Emília de Oliveira

**Emília de Oliveira** (1874–1968) was a Portuguese theatre and film actress.

## Early life

Emília de Oliveira was born on 25 November 1874, in the parish of Arroios in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon. She was the daughter of António and Maria Paula de Oliveira. Her first theatre performance was in December 1899, when she played alongside Adelina Abranches at the *Teatro do Príncipe Real* (later known as the *Teatro Apolo*) in Lisbon.

## Theatrical career

In 1901, Oliveira was part of a company organized by Eduardo Vitorino that went on tour to Brazil. During the tour she replaced the female lead, Georgina Pinto, who died. Returning from Brazil, she joined the cast of Taveira company in several musical shows, at the *Teatro da Trindade*. She then joined the Rosas & Brazão Company at the *Teatro D. Amélia* (later the *Teatro da República* and now the *Teatro São Luiz*), for whom she performed a range of plays. António de Sousa Bastos described her early career at several theatres as follows: "She was extraordinarily above all other artists, showing that she had a lot of value... She stood out alongside the first figures of the company... very elegant, dressed capriciously, speaking well, with a harmonious voice and with intelligence".

Oliveira performed at all the major theatres in Lisbon. In addition to the *Trindade* she worked at the *Teatro da Rua dos Condes* and at the *D. Maria II National Theatre*, playing with the Rey Colaço-Robles Monteiro theatre company. She also worked at the *Teatro Avenida* with the company of Alves da Cunha. She performed with most of the major Portuguese actors of the time, including Eduardo Brazão, Ângela Pinto, Chaby Pinheiro, and Alves da Cunha. From 1906 she made several more trips to Brazil. In 1906, while in Brazil, she made a recording of songs. Her trips to Brazil continued during World War I even though there was always danger of an attack by German submarines.

## Cinema

In cinema, Oliveira debuted in the silent film *Velha Gaiteira* (1921). Her other films were:

* *Cláudia* (1923)
* *Lucros... Ilícitos* (1923)
* *Os Olhos da Alma* (1923)
* *A Alma do Mar* (1923)
* *O Fado* (1924)
* *Lisboa, Crónica Anedótica* (1930)
* *As Pupilas do Senhor Reitor* (1935)
* *A Revolução de Maio* (1937)
* *Maria Papoila* (1937)
* *A Rosa do Adro* (1938)
* *Os Fidalgos da Casa Mourisca* (1938)
* *O Chapéu Florentino* (1939)
* *João Ratão* (1940)
* *Feitiço do Império* (1940)
* *Pão Nosso* (1940)
* *O Pai Tirano* (1941)
* *Lobos da Serra* (1942)
* *Amor de Perdição* (1943)
* *O Violino do João* (1944)
* *A Menina da Rádio* (1944)
* *A Vizinha do Lado* (1945)
* *Fogo!* (1949)

## Death

Oliveira retired at the end of the 1940s. She died on 20 July 1968, in Lisbon, and is buried at the Prazeres Cemetery in Lisbon. She had never married and had no children.

## InfoBox

| Emília de Oliveira | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Emília de Oliveira
25 November 1874
Lisbon, Portugal |
| Died | 20 July 1968 Aged 93
Lisbon |
| Resting place | Prazeres Cemetery, Lisbon |
| Occupation | actor |
| Years active | 50 |
| Known for | Lisbon theatre and Portuguese movies |


title: Emília Vášáryová

abstract: Emília Vášáryová, Doctor Artis Dramaticae (hon.) is a Slovak stage and screen actress, whom Variety and other publications refer to as the "First Lady of Slovak Theater". During a career of more than five decades, she has received numerous awards including Meritorious Artist (1978), the Alfréd Radok Award (1996), the Czech Lion Award, the Golden Goblet Award (2008), and a 2010 ELSA award from the Czech Film and Television Academy (2010). Because her younger sister is former diplomat Magdaléna Vášáryová, the daily newspaper iDNES said fans consider her an "Honorary Consul of Czech and Slovak Relations".

text:
# Emília Vášáryová

**Emília Vášáryová**, Doctor Artis Dramaticae (hon.) (Slovak pronunciation: \[ˈemiːlija ˈʋaːʂarijɔʋa\]; born 18 May 1942) is a Slovak stage and screen actress, whom *Variety* and other publications refer to as the "First Lady of Slovak Theater". During a career of more than five decades, she has received numerous awards including Meritorious Artist (1978), the Alfréd Radok Award (1996), the Czech Lion Award, the Golden Goblet Award (2008), and a 2010 ELSA award from the Czech Film and Television Academy (2010). Because her younger sister is former diplomat Magdaléna Vášáryová, the daily newspaper iDNES said fans consider her an "Honorary Consul of Czech and Slovak Relations".

## Biography

### Early years

Vášáryová was born in Horná Štubňa, the First Slovak Republic. However, and along with younger sister Magdaléna (who also became a popular actor), she was raised in Banská Štiavnica, where both their parents taught. Her father, Jozef Vášáry was a member of a Hungarian noble family. He taught Slovak literature and grammar at a gymnasium. Her mother, Hermína, taught German.

As a child and young woman, Vášáryová participated in amateur theater and gymnastics. While at JSŠ high school in Štiavnica, she received a cameo role in the Slovak/Hungarian film St. Peter's Umbrella. She had an uncredited role as a servant girl with only one line, "I'm coming, I'm coming!".

### 1960s

She hoped to study languages or art history at university, but she lacked the so-called "confidential files" (issued by Communist Party of Czechoslovakia). Eventually she was able to enroll at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava to study theater.

During college she had supporting roles in two black-and-white films, *Marching Is Not Always Fun* (1960), and *Midnight Mass* (1962). The film *Young Ages* (1962) also marked her television debut. Her big break came when she was cast in the lead (as "Diana") in Vojtěch Jasný's *The Cassandra Cat*, in which a magic cat reveals the true nature of everyone he sees. It premiered at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival, taking two major awards, the C.S.T. Prize and Special Jury prize. The film also won awards at various international festivals in Spain, Greece, Colombia, and Italy.

In December 1963, *A Face at the Window* (directed by Peter Solan) opened with her cast alongside leads Ladislav Chudík and Štefan Kvietik, both of whom had a significant impact on her career. The following year Chudík invited her to join the ensemble of the Slovak National Theatre, over the objections of some of the senior actors who thought she was too young and inexperienced for such a prominent national stage. She did bring some experience to this opportunity, however, because she had previously spent one season at the Bratislava main stage New Scene. Thanks to the influence of Magda Husáková-Lokvencová, wife of Czech President Gustáv Husák, she appeared in four productions.

Her debut rule at the national playhouse was as Ophelia in *Hamlet*. In 1967 she received the Janko Borodáč award on the basis of two roles, Helena in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Florelle in Lope de Vega's comedy *The Dancing Master*.

> I didn't want to be an actress, and so I'd cry out whole days – that's what Magda \[sister\] says at least. I don't much recall it yet.

Emília Vášáryová

She also became more prominent in feature films, including *A Jester's Tale*, which drew international attention when it brought director Karel Zeman two awards at the San Francisco IFF '64 (for Best Film and Best Direction), and also first prize at Addis Ababa IFF '64 in Ethiopia.

Her other feature films include *St. Elizabeth Square* (1965), *Master Executioner* (1966), *Trailer People* (1966), *The Dragon's Return* (1967) and *There's No Other Way* (1968). During this period, Vášáryová also launched her television career, receiving Most Popular Actress in Brno in 1967, and winning the first edition of the national TV contest Golden Croc in 1968.\[X\]

### 1970s

Along with acting onstage (in *Herodes and Herodias* by Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, Gorky's *Vassa Zheleznova* and *The Last Ones*, Palárik's *Thanksgiving Adventure*, the Sophocles play *Antigone* and Leo Tolstoy and Erwin Piscator's *War and Peace*, Vášáryová continued her television career, with roles in *The Balade for the Seven Hanged* (1968), *Parisian Mohicans* (1971), *Noodledom* (1971), *The Shepherd Wife* (1972), *Monna Vanna* (1973), and *Impatient Heart* (1974; in which her sister Magda co-starred). She was cast in several films, including *Copper Tower*, directed by Martin Hollý Jr. (who had collaborated with Vášáryová in *The Balade for the Seven Hanged*), which earned a Special Prize at the 21st Film Festival of Proletariats (FFP) in 1970. Martin Ťapák's *The Day Which Does Not Die* received various domestic awards for best director and best lead male actor for Štefan Kvietik).

The second half of the 70s was a successful period, and she performed strong roles in both film and theater. She played "Zuza" in *Who Leaves in the Rain* (directed by Martin Hollý Jr), and she received in Prague ZČDU Award for Best Actress at the 13th Festival of Czechoslovak Film (FČSF) in 1975.

*Red Wine* by Andrej Lettrich, who received the State Prize of Klement Gottwald for his direction, brought her much popularity on screen, and also on television where the drama was presented as a two-episode TV series. Another Lettrich film, *The Lawyer*, won the Best Film award at the 16th Festival of Czechoslovak Film (FČSF) in České Budějovice in 1978, and brought Vášáryová her second ZČDU Award at the 21st Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, where she also received the ÚV SZŽ Gold Plaque. She was also awarded the honorary title of Meritorious Artist.

### 1980s

> Fame? Never. Neither at the times of much success, I would glorify my work. And that's why I don't want to watch my movies.

Emília Vášáryová

The 1980s were not significant years for major films, and her film career stalled when she reached her forties. However, she did appear in more than 30 television movies. The only two big-screen films she co-starred in were the fairy tale *Plavčík and Vratko* (1981), directed by Martin Ťapák as their third collaboration (their earlier films featured *Journey to San Jago* and *the Day Which Does Not Die*), an adaptation of a short story by Peter Solan, 1984's *About Fame and Grass*. The Costume designer for both productions became Vášáryová's second husband, Milan Čorba.

Because of this lull in film opportunities, she focused more on her stage career. She played the lead role in Goethe's *Iphigenia in Tauris*. At the end of the decade, Vášáryová lectured on theater topics at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava. Barbora Bobuľová was one of her students, and she later launched an international career with much recognition, including earning the David di Donatello and Nastro d'Argento awards.

### 1990s

The Ministry of Culture gave her a lifetime achievement award in 1991. Then Vášáryová launched the fourth decade of her career, concentrating again mostly on TV roles. She did at least sixteen major film roles on television in the 'nineties, including the lead female role opposite Martin Huba) in Marguerite Duras's play *La Musica*, for which she won a 1992 *Telemuse Award* for Best TV Actress. It had now been almost eight years since her last appearance on the big screen, but she returned to major films, playing the part of "Silvia" in *Red Gypsy* (1992), directed by Branislav Mišík. Her role in *Hazard* (1995) was cast by Roman Petrenko (Czech director, not to be confused with the Russian media executive) making his directing debut. She co-starred in this film based on a true story with Marek Vašut. Tomáš Krnáč cast Vášáryová in his short film, *The Higher Power* (1996), playing the role of a diva diagnosed with a serious illness. In theater, she earned acclaim for her performance as "the Younger Sister" in the Thomas Bernhard play *Ritter, Dene, Voss*, presented at the Divadlo na Zábradlí Theatre in Prague in 1996. It earned the Best Play of 1996 award.

By the second half of the 'nineties Vášáryová was in her fifties, and successfully revived her legendary screen career. She began to engage more challenging roles. Following *The Cage*, she left television for almost a decade. She appeared in Martin Šulík's *Orbis Pictus*, and it was lauded at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg. Vášáryová played the role of mother. She starred in Eva Borušovičová's official debut *Blue Heaven* (1997), a film that was nominated at several festivals, including at the 32nd Karlovy Vary IFF, and at the independent Cinequest Film Festival held annually in San Jose, California. *Return to Paradise Lost* by Vojtěch Jasný was a Montréal WFF nominee. Her next picture, *Cosy Dens* (1999), was a comedy directed by Jan Hřebejk. Vášáryová became that young director's muse and canvas, starring for him throughout in the 2000s. In her stage work, she played the role of Agnes in the Edward Albee play, *A Delicate Balance*, and she received the *Crystal Wing* in 1999 as Best Artist in Theater/Film.

### 2000s

> A good role is a challenge, responsibility and duty not to betray a good author and reward him for this opportunity by work which exhausts \[the\] actor's abilities. Also trying to be an adequate partner, to serve the work of art which has proven its qualities.

Emília Vášáryová

In the year 2000, for her 1999 role as the Old Woman in Ionesco's absurdist tragedy *The Chairs*, she received the Dosky Award, the Jozef Kroner Award. She also received the Literature Fund award. In 2001, Vášáryová won recognition from a national pool of Czech journalists who rated her as the "Actress of the Century". She acted in over ten stage roles during this period, performing as Maria Callas in Terrence McNally's *Master Class*, for which she received both the DOSKY and LitFond Awards in 2002. In 2009 she played the main role in *Mother Courage and Her Children* by Berthold Brecht and Paul Dessau, and in 2011 she was cast as Violet Weston in Tracy Letts' *August: Lost in Oklahoma*. For the role of Stevie Gray in Edward Albee's *The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?* she received yet another DOSKY award in 2004. She also appeared in other local theatres, such as L&S Studio (*Three Versions of Life* in 2003, or *Kingfisher* in 2009) and GUnaGU Theater (*Turn-away Side of the Moon* in 2015). She also starred in stage productions in Prague, mostly working for the Studio DVA theater.

Her television work in the 2000s include a soap opera *The Consulting Room at Pink Garden* (2007), the series *The Old Town's Crime Stories* (2010), and a Czech TV movie, *Picnic*, directed by Hynek Bočan (2014).

**Notes**

* **^X**  The original show ran until 1989. A similar production, 'Television Bells', had been running in Czechoslovakia since 1985. In 1990 the Golden Croc was replaced by the "I Like" award. Beginning in 1991 the TýTý Awards were given in the Czech Republic, whereas Slovakia founded the OTO Awards in 2000.

## Filmography

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work(s) | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cinema | | | | |
| 1975 | ZČDU Award | * Best Actress | *Who Leaves in the Rain...* | Won |
| 1978 | | | *The Lawyer* | Won |
| | | | ÚV SZŽ Gold Plaque | Won |
| 2004 | Czech Lion | | *Up and Down* | Won |
| 2005 | Cinema Award | | Won |
| | SFZ Award | | Won |
| | ÚSTT Award | | Won |
| | LitFond Award | | Yes |
| 2008 | Golden Goblet | | *Václav* | Won |
| | Czech Lion | * Best Supporting Actress | *Nasty* | NominatedA |
| 2014–2015 | Sun in Net Award | * Best Actress | *Eva Nová* | Won |
| Television | | | | |
| 1968 | Golden Croc | * Most Popular Actress | various TV performances | Won |
| 1992 | Telemuse | * Best Actress | *La Musica* (by M.Duras) / *Mother of Jesus* | Won |
| 1995 | |  | *The Broken Hearts* | Won |
| 1999 | | Golden Loop | *Guarding Tess* | Won |
| 2001 | Igric Award | * Best Actress | *The Cage* | Won |
| | *OTO* Award |  | various TV performances | NominatedB |
| | | | 2002 | NominatedC |
| | | | 2003 | NominatedD |
| | | | 2004 | NominatedE |
| | | | 2005 | NominatedE |
| | | | 2009 | NominatedF |
| | ELSA Award | * Best Actress | *The Archive* | Won |
| 2010 | *OTO* Award |  | various TV performances | Won |
| 2011 | | | | Nominated |
| Stage | | | | |
| 1967 | Janko Borodáč Award | * Best Actress | *The Dancing Master* (by Lope de Vega)
*A Midsummer Night's Dream* | Won |
| 1983 | Andrej Bagar Award | | *Iphigenia in Tauris* | Won |
| 1996 | Alfréd Radok Award | | *Ritter, Dene, Voss* | Won |
| | LitFond Award | * Theater Act | *The Cherry Orchard* | Won |
| 1998 | Crystal Wing | * Best Act – Theater/Film | *A Delicate Balance* | Won |
| 2000 | DOSKY Award | * Best Actress | *The Chairs* | Won |
| | Jozef Kroner Award | | | Won |
| | LitFond Award | | | Won |
| | 2002 | | *Master Class* | Won |
| | | | DOSKY Award | Won |
| 2003 | Tatra Banka Award | * Best Performance | Unknown | Won |
| 2004 | DOSKY Award | * Best Actress | *The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?* | Won |
| 2006 | Kobanadi Award | | *Joseph and Marie* (by Peter Turrini) | Won |
| | To Najlepšie z Humoru Festival | * Audience Choice | *The Last Cigar* (by B.Ahlfors) | Won |

**Notes**

Lifetime honors and other achievements
| Year | Award/Category | Nominated work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | For Outstanding Work | Herself | Honored |
| 1978 | Meritorious Artist | | Honored |
| 1991 | Slovak Ministry of Culture Prize | | Honored |
| 2001 | Actress of the Century (by the Slovak Journalists Syndicate) | | Honored |
| | Actor's Mission Award | | Honored |
| 2002 | Order of Ľudovít Štúr 1st Class (State decoration) | | Honored |
| 2003 | Karel Čapek Award 2002 | | Honored |
| | Václav Havel PrizeThe Medal of Merit | | Honored |
| 2005 | Pavol Strauss Award (by UKF Nitra) | | Honored |
| 2007 | LitFond Award | | Honored |
| 2008 | *OTO* AwardHall of Fame | | Honored |
| 2009 | Artis Bohemiae Amicis (by Czech Ministry of Culture) | | Honored |
| 2010 | Doctor Artis Dramaticae Honoris Causa (by JAMU) | | Honored |
| 2012 | Bratislavian Blueberry (by Honorary Council of J.Satinský) | | Honored |
| 2016 | The Film Walk of Fame (by IFF Bratislava) | | Honored |

**General**

* "Emília Vášáryová – Biography -\> Stageography -\> Awards". *Slovak National Theater* (in Slovak). Slovenské národné divadlo. snd.sk. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
* Renáta Šmatláková (ed.). "Emília Vášáryová – Cinematography -\> Awards". *Slovak Film Database*. Slovak Film Institute. sfd.sfu.sk. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2011. (in Slovak and English)
* "Emília Vášáryová – Filmography". *Czech-Slovak Film Database*. POMO Media Group. csfd.cz. Retrieved 31 March 2011. (in Czech and Slovak)

**Specific**

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Emília Vášáryová | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1942-05-18) 18 May 1942
Horná Štubňa, Slovak Republic |
| Other names | * Milka Vášáryová * Emília Vášáryová-Horská * Emília Čorbová (per marriage) |
| Occupations | * Actress * professor |
| Years active | 1958–present |
| Employers |  |
| Organization(s) | VŠMU, Bratislava |
| Spouses | *   Ivan Horský  (m. 1968; div. 1976) *   Milan Čorba  (m. 1977; w. 2013) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives |  |
| Website | Slovak National Theater |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: 1993 Comcast U.S. Indoor

abstract: The 1993 Comcast U.S. Indoor was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the Championship Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 26th edition of the tournament and was played at the Spectrum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States from February 15 to February 22, 1993. Unseeded Mark Woodforde won the singles title.

text:
# 1993 Comcast U.S. Indoor

The **1993 Comcast U.S. Indoor** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the Championship Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 26th edition of the tournament and was played at the Spectrum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States from February 15 to February 22, 1993. Unseeded Mark Woodforde won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Mark Woodforde defeated  Ivan Lendl 5–4 (Lendl retired)

* It was Woodforde's only singles title of the year and the 4th of his career.

### Doubles

Jim Grabb /  Richey Reneberg defeated  Marcos Ondruska /  Brad Pearce 6–7, 6–3, 6–0

* It was Grabb's only title of the year and the 16th of his career. It was Reneberg's 3rd title of the year and the 11th of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1993 Comcast U.S. Indoor | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | February 15–22 |
| Edition | 26th |
| Category | Championship Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $575,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Philadelphia, U.S. |
| Venue | Spectrum |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Mark Woodforde | |
| Doubles | |
| Jim Grabb /  Richey Reneberg | |
|  | |


title: 1887 AHAC season

abstract: The 1887 AHAC season was the inaugural season of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. Play was in challenges. The Montreal Crystals defeated the Montreal Victorias to win the final challenge of the season to claim the Canadian championship and the first league championship.

text:
# 1887 AHAC season

The **1887 AHAC season** was the inaugural season of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. Play was in challenges. The Montreal Crystals defeated the Montreal Victorias to win the final challenge of the season to claim the Canadian championship and the first league championship.

## League business

The AHAC was organized on December 8, 1886, when the representatives of various hockey clubs met at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal at the instigation of the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal. The first executive was composed of:

* President: Thomas D. Green, Ottawa.
* First vice-president: Jack Arnton, Victorias.
* Second vice-president: Robert Laing, Crystals.
* Secretary-treasurer: E. Stevenson, Victorias.
* Council: James Stewart, Crystals; J. G. Monk, Victorias; Hanbury A. Budden, McGill; E. Sheppard, M.A.A.A.: Percy Myles, Ottawa.

## Regular season

A.E. Swift from the Quebec HC played four games for the Victorias, being possibly the first hockey player to play for a city other than their home.

The season's final match, held in the Victoria Rink on March 11 ended 3–2 for Montreal Crystals over the Montreal Victorias. The Vics had won the previous two meetings between the clubs. The Crystals changed their lineup, replacing F. Dowd, R. Laing and J. McGoldrick. The Crystals took the early lead on two goals by S. McQuisten. The Vics appeared to score a goal, but it was ruled to be too high and did not count. In the second half, D. Brown, one of the replacements, scored the third for Crystals before two goals by T. Arnton made it close.

### Overall record

| Team | Games played | Wins | Losses | Ties | Goals for | Goals against |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Montreal Victorias | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 27 | 7 |
| **Montreal Crystals** | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 12 |
| Montreal HC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| Ottawa HC | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| McGill University | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
|

† National Champion

Source: *Ultimate Hockey*

## Schedule and results

| Date | Team | Score | Team | Score | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibition | | | | | |
| January 6 | Montreal Victorias | 0 | Montreal HC | 4 | Victoria Rink |
| Challenge play | | | | | |
| January 7 | Montreal Crystals | 3 | McGill | 1 | Crystal Rink |
| January 14 | Montreal Crystals | 0 | Montreal Victorias | 4 | Crystal Rink |
| January 21 | Montreal Victorias | 5 | Montreal HC | 2 | Victoria Rink |
| January 27 | Montreal Victorias | 5 | Ottawa HC | 1 | Victoria Rink |
| February 4 | Montreal Victorias | 3 | Montreal Crystals | 0 | Victoria Rink |
| February 12 | Montreal Victorias | 6 | McGill | 0 | Victoria Rink |
| February 24 | Montreal Victorias | 2 | Montreal Crystals | 1 | Victoria Rink |
| March 11 | Montreal Victorias | 2 | Montreal Crystals | 3 | Victoria Rink |
|

Source:

**Montreal Crystals final champions of the season.**

Source: *Montreal Gazette*

## Player statistics

### Scoring leaders

Note: GP=Games played, G=Goals

| Name | Club | GP | G |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Albert Swift | Victorias | 4 | 8 |
| Billy Hodgson | Montreal | 4 | 4 |
| J. Craven | Victorias | 6 | 4 |
| Jack Campbell | Victorias | 7 | 3 |
| Frank Dowd | Crystals | 3 | 2 |
| Sam McQuisten | Crystals | 3 | 2 |
| John Findley | Montreal | 4 | 2 |
| Jack Arnton | Victorias | 5 | 2 |
| Andy Shearer | Victorias | 7 | 2 |
|

### Goaltender averages

Note: GP = Games played, GA = Goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average

| Name | Club | GP | GA | SO | GAA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tom Arnton | Victorias | 7 | 7 | 3 | 1.0 |
| Tom Paton | Montreal | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2.0 |
| W. Norris | Crystals | 3 | 7 | 0 | 2.3 |
| George Boon | Crystals | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2.5 |
| Albert Shanks | McGill | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3.0 |
| William Hutchinson | Montreal | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3.0 |
| Albert Low | Ottawa | 1 | 5 | 0 | 5.0 |
| C.H. McNutt | McGill | 1 | 6 | 0 | 6.0 |
|

## Winter Carnival Tournament

In February, the Montreal teams of the AHAC participated in the Montreal Winter Carnival ice hockey tournament. The tournament, which was scheduled to play outdoors on an ice rink at the Ice Palace, was disrupted by two days of storms, and was not completed until February 25. During this time, no AHAC challenges were played.

| Date | Team | Score | Team | Score | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibitions | | | | | |
| February 7 | Montreal Victorias | 2 | Montreal HC | 0 | Victoria Rink |
| February 11 | Montreal Crystals | 5 | Montreal HC (second) | 0 | Crystal Rink |
| "Tournament" (second teams) | | | | | |
| February 17 | Montreal Crystals | 6 | Montreal HC | 3 | Crystal Rink |
| February 23 | Montreal Victorias | 5 | McGill | 1 | Victoria Rink |
| February 25 | Montreal Victorias | 1 | Montreal HC | 1 | Victoria Rink |
| Tournament | | | | | |
| February 21 | Montreal Crystals | 0 | Montreal HC | 1 | Crystal Rink |
| February 23 | Montreal Victorias | 8 | McGill | 0 | Crystal Rink |
| February 25 | Montreal Victorias | 0 | Montreal HC | 1 | Crystal Rink |

**Montreal HC wins Winter Carnival Tournament**.

Source: *The Montreal Gazette*, *The Montreal Daily Herald*, *Montreal Daily Witness*, *The Montreal Daily Post*

### Bibliography

* Kitchen, Paul (2000). "Before The Trail of the Stanley Cup". In Diamond, Dan (ed.). *Total Hockey*. pp. 8–15. ISBN 1-892129-85-X.
* Weir, Glen (1991). *Ultimate Hockey*. Stoddart Publishing.

### Notes

## InfoBox

| 1887 AHAC season | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Amateur Hockey Association of Canada |
| Sport | Ice hockey |
| Duration | January 6 – March 11, 1887 |
| Number of teams | 5 |
| 1887 | |
| Champions | Montreal Crystals |


abstract: The 1990–91 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team represented Florida State University in the program's final season as members of the Metro Conference during the 1990–91 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by head coach Pat Kennedy, the Seminoles reached the second round of the NCAA tournament. The team finished with an overall record of 21–11.

text:
# 1990–91 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team

1990–91 Metro Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 25 Southern Miss | 10 |  | 4 |  | .714 |  |  | 21 |  | 8 |  | .724 |
| Florida State | 9 |  | 5 |  | .643 |  |  | 21 |  | 11 |  | .656 |
| Cincinnati | 8 |  | 6 |  | .571 |  |  | 18 |  | 12 |  | .600 |
| Tulane | 7 |  | 7 |  | .500 |  |  | 15 |  | 13 |  | .536 |
| Memphis | 7 |  | 7 |  | .500 |  |  | 17 |  | 15 |  | .531 |
| Virginia Tech | 6 |  | 8 |  | .429 |  |  | 13 |  | 16 |  | .448 |
| South Carolina | 5 |  | 9 |  | .357 |  |  | 20 |  | 13 |  | .606 |
| Louisville | 4 |  | 10 |  | .286 |  |  | 14 |  | 16 |  | .467 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1991 Metro Conference tournament winner
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1990–91 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team** represented Florida State University in the program's final season as members of the Metro Conference during the 1990–91 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by head coach Pat Kennedy, the Seminoles reached the second round of the NCAA tournament. The team finished with an overall record of 21–11 (9–5 Metro).

## Roster

| 1990–91 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  4 Chuck Graham 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 190 lb (86 kg) So Richmond Academy Augusta, Georgia  5 Malcolm Nicholas 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 180 lb (82 kg) So Miami Senior Miami, Florida  10 Chad Copeland 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 170 lb (77 kg) So Bradley Cleveland, Tennessee  11 Lorenzo Hands 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Jr Twin Lakes West Palm Beach, Florida  12 Charlie Ward 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Fr Central Thomasville, Georgia  20 Aubry Boyd 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 203 lb (92 kg) Sr Southwest Macon, Georgia  21 Jesse Salters 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Fr Chamberlain Tampa, Florida  22 Derrick Myers 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jr Allegany JC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  23 Ron Miller 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Jr Mercer Tallahassee, Florida  32 Doug Edwards 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 220 lb (100 kg) So Miami Senior Miami, Florida  34 Rodney Dobard 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 210 lb (95 kg) So Atlantic Delray Beach, Florida  45 Michael Polite 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Sr Mainland Daytona Beach, Florida | Head coach Assistant coach(es)* Kenny Williamson * David Zimroth * Tom Carlson  ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 27, 1990*
 |  | vs. Texas Southern | **W** 95–71 | 1–0
 | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
Tallahassee, FL |
| Nov 30, 1990*
 |  | Florida | **L** 68–85 | 1–1
 | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
Tallahassee, FL |
| Dec 3, 1990*
 |  | Morgan State | **W** 89–48 | 2–1
 | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
Tallahassee, FL |
| Dec 9, 1990*
 |  | La Salle | **W** 83–74 | 3–1
 | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
Tallahassee, FL |
| Dec 15, 1990*
 |  | at Auburn | **L** 96–99 | 3–2
 | Beard–Eaves–Memorial Coliseum
Auburn, AL |
| Dec 18, 1990*
 |  | South Florida | **W** 80–72 | 4–2
 | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
Tallahassee, FL |
| Dec 22, 1990*
 |  | at No. 1 UNLV | **L** 69–101 | 4–3
 | Thomas & Mack Center
Las Vegas, NV |
| Dec 29, 1990*
 |  | at Florida International | **W** 92–73 | 5–3
 | U.S. Century Bank Arena
Miami, FL |
| Jan 3, 1991
 |  | at Tulane | **L** 61–77 | 5–4
(0–1) | Avron B. Fogelman Arena
New Orleans, LA |
| Mar 2, 1991
 |  | South Carolina | **W** 70–59 | 17–10
(9–5) | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center
Tallahassee, FL |
| Metro Conference tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 7, 1991*
 |  | vs. South Carolina
*Metro Conference tournament Quarterfinal* | **W** 65–55 | 18–10
 | Roanoke Civic Center
Roanoke, VA |
| Mar 8, 1991*
 |  | vs. Virginia Tech
*Metro Conference tournament Semifinal* | **W** 91–71 | 19–10
 | Roanoke Civic Center
Roanoke, VA |
| Mar 9, 1991*
 |  | vs. Louisville
*Metro Conference tournament championship* | **W** 76–69 | 20–10
 | Roanoke Civic Center
Roanoke, VA |
| NCAA Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 14, 1991*
 | (7 W) | vs. (10 W) USC
*First Round* | **W** 75–72 | 21–10
 | Freedom Hall
Louisville, KY |
| Mar 16, 1991*
 | (7 W) | vs. (2 W) No. 3 Indiana
*Second Round* | **L** 60–82 | 21–11
 | Freedom Hall
Louisville, KY |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
SE=Southeast.
All times are in Eastern. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1990–91 Florida State Seminoles men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Metro Conference tournament champions | |
| NCAA tournament, Second round | |
| Conference | Metro Conference |
| Record | 21–11 (9–5 Metro) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center |
|


title: 1990–91 Football Conference

abstract: The Football Conference season of 1990–91 was the twelfth season of the Football Conference.

text:
# 1990–91 Football Conference

**The Football Conference season of 1990–91** (known as the **GM Vauxhall Conference** for sponsorship reasons) was the twelfth season of the Football Conference.

## Overview

Barnet finished the season as Conference champions and were promoted to the Football League Fourth Division, finishing narrowly ahead of Colchester United, who had been relegated to the Conference a year earlier.

There was no relegation from the Fourth Division to the Conference this year, due to expansion of the Football League.

## New teams in the league this season

## Final league table

| Pos | Team | Pld | HW | HD | HL | HGF | HGA | AW | AD | AL | AGF | AGA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barnet | 42 | 13 | 4 | 4 | 50 | 23 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 53 | 29 | +51 | 87 | Football Conference Champions, promoted to Football League Fourth Division |
| 2 | Colchester United | 42 | 16 | 4 | 1 | 41 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 27 | 22 | +33 | 85 |  |
| 3 | Altrincham | 42 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 48 | 22 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 39 | 24 | +41 | | 82 |
| 4 | Kettering Town | 42 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 38 | 19 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 29 | 26 | +22 | | 80 |
| 5 | Wycombe Wanderers | 42 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 46 | 17 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 29 | 29 | +29 | 74 | FA Trophy winners |
| 6 | Telford United | 42 | 11 | 3 | 7 | 30 | 21 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 32 | 31 | +10 | 67 |  |
| 7 | Macclesfield Town | 42 | 11 | 4 | 6 | 38 | 22 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 25 | 30 | +11 | | 63 |
| 8 | Runcorn | 42 | 12 | 4 | 5 | 44 | 29 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 25 | 38 | +2 | | 58 |
| 9 | Merthyr Tydfil | 42 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 37 | 24 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 25 | 37 | +1 | | 57 |
| 10 | Barrow | 42 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 34 | 24 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 25 | 41 | 6 | | 57 |
| 11 | Welling United | 42 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 33 | 27 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 22 | 30 | 2 | | 54 |
| 12 | Northwich Victoria | 42 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 33 | 30 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 32 | 45 | 10 | | 52 |
| 13 | Kidderminster Harriers | 42 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 33 | 30 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 23 | 37 | 11 | | 52 |
| 14 | Yeovil Town | 42 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 38 | 29 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 20 | 29 | 0 | | 50 |
| 15 | Stafford Rangers | 42 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 30 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 25 | 3 | | 50 |
| 16 | Cheltenham Town | 42 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 29 | 25 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 25 | 47 | 18 | | 48 |
| 17 | Gateshead | 42 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 32 | 38 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 20 | 54 | 40 | | 48 |
| 18 | Boston United | 42 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 40 | 31 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 38 | 14 | | 47 |
| 19 | Slough Town | 42 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 31 | 29 | 4 | 2 | 15 | 20 | 51 | 29 | | 45 |
| 20 | Bath City | 42 | 9 | 4 | 8 | 39 | 27 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 34 | 6 | | 42 |
| 21 | Sutton United | 42 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 29 | 33 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 33 | 49 | 20 | 39 | Relegated to the Isthmian League |
| 22 | Fisher Athletic | 42 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 22 | 30 | 2 | 6 | 13 | 16 | 49 | 41 | 30 | Relegated to the Southern League |

Source:
Notes:

## Results

| Home \ Away | ALT | BAR | BRW | BAT | BOS | CHL | COL | FIS | GAT | KET | KID | MAC | MER | NOR | RUN | SLO | STA | SUT | TEL | WEL | WYC | YEO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Altrincham |  | 4–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 3–2 | 1–2 | 5–2 | 9–2 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 2–2 |
| Barnet | 0–0 |  | 3–1 | 2–0 | 5–0 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 8–1 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 3–1 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 6–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 |
| Barrow | 1–0 | 4–2 |  | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 |
| Bath City | 2–3 | 1–4 | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 3–3 | 4–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 6–1 | 4–0 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 |
| Boston United | 2–6 | 1–3 | 0–2 | 3–0 |  | 2–1 | 1–3 | 4–1 | 5–1 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 4–0 |
| Cheltenham Town | 1–4 | 1–4 | 3–1 | 0–0 | 5–0 |  | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 3–2 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 1–0 | 1–0 |
| Colchester United | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 3–1 |  | 2–1 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 4–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 |
| Fisher Athletic | 0–0 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 |  | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 5–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 2–3 | 2–1 |
| Gateshead | 0–3 | 1–3 | 5–1 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 3–3 | 1–2 | 1–0 |  | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 0–4 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 0–9 | 5–1 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 1–1 |
| Kettering Town | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 5–1 | 1–0 | 3–2 | 1–0 |  | 4–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 5–2 | 2–5 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 |
| Kidderminster Harriers | 0–1 | 0–3 | 3–1 | 3–2 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 3–3 | 2–3 | 3–0 |  | 0–0 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 |
| Macclesfield Town | 0–1 | 3–2 | 3–0 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 4–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 |  | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 4–2 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 2–1 |
| Merthyr Tydfil | 0–2 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 7–0 | 3–1 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 0–2 |  | 3–2 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 2–4 | 1–1 |
| Northwich Victoria | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 5–2 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 3–2 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 0–3 |  | 1–4 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–0 |
| Runcorn | 1–3 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2–2 | 0–3 | 5–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 5–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 2–1 |  | 3–1 | 1–0 | 5–1 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 0–3 |
| Slough Town | 3–3 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–3 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–2 | 2–4 | 2–1 |  | 2–1 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 3–3 | 2–0 |
| Stafford Rangers | 2–1 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 3–4 |  | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 1–1 |
| Sutton United | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 0–1 | 3–1 | 3–3 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 1–3 | 5–2 | 0–3 |  | 0–3 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–0 |
| Telford United | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 4–2 |  | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 |
| Welling United | 2–2 | 1–4 | 4–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 6–0 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 4–5 | 2–2 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–1 |  | 1–1 | 0–3 |
| Wycombe Wanderers | 3–0 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 5–1 | 2–3 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 2–1 | 3–0 | 4–1 | 3–2 | 4–1 |  | 2–0 |
| Yeovil Town | 2–3 | 1–4 | 0–3 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 0–1 | 4–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 2–1 | 3–3 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 7–2 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–2 |  |

Updated to match(es) played on unknown. Source: *Rothmans Football Yearbook 1991–92*. Queen Anne Press, Macdonald Futura Publishers, London & Sydney, 1991.
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. AltrinchamBarnetBarrowBath CityBoston UnitedCheltenham TownColchester UnitedFisher AthleticGatesheadKettering TownKidderminster HarriersMacclesfield TownMerthyr TydfilNorthwich VictoriaRuncorn F.C. HaltonSlough TownStafford RangersSuttonTelford UnitedWelling UnitedWycombe WanderersYeovil Townclass=notpageimage|Locations of the **Football Conference teams 1990–1991** BarnetFisher AthleticSuttonWellingclass=notpageimage|Locations of the **Football Conference teams 1990–1991**

## Top scorers in order of league goals

| Rank | Player | Club | League | FA Cup | FA Trophy | League Cup | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | **Gary Bull** | **Barnet** | **30** | 2 | 0 | 0 | 32 |
| 2 | Mark West | Wycombe Wanderers | 24 | 6 | 3 | 0 | **33** |
| 3 | Ken McKenna | Altrincham | 22 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 30 |
| 4 | Mark Carter | Barnet | 19 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 21 |
| = | Paul Randall | Bath City | 19 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 22 |
| 6 | Colin Cowperthwaite | Barrow | 18 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 21 |
| = | Terry Robbins | Welling United | 18 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 21 |
| 8 | Mario Walsh | Colchester United | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 |
| 9 | Paul Cavell | Boston United | 16 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 24 |
| = | Nicky Evans | Barnet | 16 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
| 11 | Charlie Butler | Gateshead | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 |
| = | Peter Howell | Kidderminster Harriers | 15 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 20 |
| 13 | John Askey | Macclesfield Town | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| = | John Brady | Altrincham | 14 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 17 |
| = | Kim Casey | Cheltenham Town | 14 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 17 |

## Promotion and relegation

### Relegated

1. Jack Rollin (ed.), *Rothmans Football Yearbook 1991–92*. Queen Anne Press, MacDonald & Co., London and Sydney, 1991.

## InfoBox

Football Conference
| Season | 1990–91 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | **Barnet** (1st Football Conference title) |
| Promoted to the Football League | Barnet |
| Conference League Cup winners | Sutton United |
| FA Trophy winners | Wycombe Wanderers |
| Relegated to Level 6 | Fisher Athletic,
Sutton United |
| Matches played | 462 |
| Goals scored | 1,364 (2.95 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Gary Bull *(Barnet)*, 30 |
| Biggest home win | AltrinchamMerthyr Tydfil 9–2 (16 February 1991);
BarnetFisher Athletic 8–1 (16 October 1990);
Merthyr TydfilFisher Athletic 7–0 (24 November 1990) |
| Biggest away win | GatesheadSutton 0–9 (22 September 1990) |
| Highest scoring | AltrinchamMerthyr Tydfil 9–2 (16 February 1991);
BarnetFisher Athletic 8–1 (16 October 1990);
Yeovil TownSlough Town 7–2 (6 April 1991);
Welling UnitedNorthwich Victoria 4–5 (29 September 1990);
GatesheadSutton 0–9 (22 September 1990) |
| Longest winning run | Barnet, Kettering Town, 7 matches |
| Longest unbeaten run | Altrincham, 28 matches |
| Longest losing run | Yeovil Town, 7 matches |
| Highest attendance | Colchester United v Altrincham, 7,221 (20 April 1991) |
| Lowest attendance | ? |
| Average attendance | 1,415 (– 0.09% compared to previous season) |
| 1989–90 1991–92 | |


title: Höstena springs

abstract: Höstena springs are the collective name for several springs in Ljungby, Falkenberg, Sweden. The largest of the springs is Kalle brunnar, which actually consists of two springs close to each other. The water from the springs ends up in the river Ätran. The springs were previously called Larängs källor. The minor of the springs has been closed. Rangeli brunnar/Ragnhilds källa can be found a few hundred meters south west of Kalle brunnar. It is associated with several legends. A third spring, Lyngbacka-källan, is associated with legends as well.

text:
# Höstena springs

**Höstena springs** (Swedish: *Höstena källor*) are the collective name for several springs in Ljungby, Falkenberg, Sweden.

The largest of the springs is **Kalle brunnar**, which actually consists of two springs close to each other. The water from the springs ends up in the river Ätran. The springs were previously called **Larängs källor**. The minor of the springs has been closed.

**Rangeli brunnar/Ragnhilds källa** can be found a few hundred meters south west of Kalle brunnar. It is associated with several legends. A third spring, **Lyngbacka-källan**, is associated with legends as well.

## Sources

* *En bok om Ljungby, Kommittén för kulturforskning i Vinbergs kommun. 1971. Falkenberg: Hallands Nyheter AB* (in Swedish)

57°00′29″N 12°38′53″E / 57.0081°N 12.64815°E / 57.0081; 12.64815


title: Dylan ail Don

abstract: Dylan ail Don is a character in the Welsh mythic Mabinogion tales, particularly in the fourth tale, "Math fab Mathonwy". The story of Dylan reflects ancient Celtic myths that were handed down orally for some generations before being written down during the early Christian period by clerics. The story as it has been preserved therefore exhibits elements and archetypes characteristic of both Celtic pagan and Christian mythologies. His name translates as "Dylan the Second Wave." In some interpretations of legend, Dylan represents darkness while his twin brother Lleu Llaw Gyffes represents light. But the more common interpretation is that Dylan is a Welsh sea-god. Dylan was killed by his uncle, and it has been said that "The clamour of the waves dashing upon the beach is the expression of their longing to avenge their son." In Wales, Dylan is one of the most popular traditional Welsh names for boys.

text:
# Dylan ail Don

**Dylan ail Don** (Welsh pronunciation: \[ˈdəlan ˈail ˈdɔn\]) (in Middle Welsh) is a character in the Welsh mythic Mabinogion tales, particularly in the fourth tale, "*Math fab Mathonwy*". The story of Dylan reflects ancient Celtic myths that were handed down orally for some generations before being written down during the early Christian period by clerics. The story as it has been preserved therefore exhibits elements and archetypes characteristic of both Celtic pagan and Christian mythologies. His name translates as *"Dylan the Second Wave."*

In some interpretations of legend, Dylan represents darkness while his twin brother Lleu Llaw Gyffes represents light. But the more common interpretation is that Dylan is a Welsh sea-god. Dylan was killed by his uncle, and it has been said that "The clamour of the waves dashing upon the beach is the expression of their longing to avenge their son."

In Wales, Dylan is one of the most popular traditional Welsh names for boys.

## Biography

In *Math fab Mathonwy* it is told that Dylan's great uncle Math would die if he did not keep his feet in the lap of a virgin when not at war. Math's original foot-holder, Goewin, is raped by Gilfaethwy who is punished severely when Math returns, turning Gilfaethwy and Gwydion into a series of mated pairs of animals. Math then marries Goewin to alleviate her shame, but must find a new virgin to hold his feet. Gwydion suggests his sister, Arianrhod. Math magically tests Arianrhod to confirm that she is a virgin, at which point she gives birth to twin sons.

### Dylan's baptism

One of the sons, Lleu Llaw Gyffes, is borne away by Gwydion as a "lump of flesh" and concealed in a chest until maturity, but the other, a sturdy blonde boy, was immediately forsaken by his mother yet was acknowledged by his great uncle Math and given the name Dylan. As soon as Dylan comes in contact with his baptismal waters, he plunges into the sea and takes on characteristics of a sea creature, moving through the seawater as perfectly as any fish:

> 'So they had the boy baptised, and as they baptised him he plunged into the sea. And immediately when he was in the sea, he took its nature, and swam as well as the best fish that was therein. And for that reason was he called Dylan, the son of the Wave'

### Dylan's death

Dylan is accidentally killed by his uncle Gofannon in the end.

> 'And the blow whereby he came to his death, was struck by his uncle Gofannon. The third fatal blow was it called'.

## Mythological elements

In literature on Celtic mythology, the character Dylan is sometimes taken to be the vestige of an ancient Celtic God. According to this line of thinking, representation of Dylan in Welsh literature and in folklore alludes to the attributes of his supposed divine ancient Celtic prototype. Squire (2000:158) prefers to see in Dylan the remnants of a god of darkness:

> "\[T\]wo sons were born at one birth – Dylan and Lleu, who are considered as representing the twin powers of darkness and light. The clamour of the waves dashing upon the beach is the expression of their longing to avenge their son. The sound of the sea rushing up the mouth of the River Conwy is still known as "Dylan's death-groan". A small promontory on the Carnarvonshire side of the Menai Strait, called Pwynt Maen Tylen, or Pwynt Maen Dulan, preserves his name."

Dylan's rock is located north of the Church of St Beuno's Church at Clynnog Fawr on the seashore, which must be on or near the location of his grave as told in Englynion y Beddau (Stanzas of the Grave) of the Black Book of Carmarthen xxxii:

> "ynydvna ton tolo." (Where the wave makes a sullen sound)
>
> "Bet dilan llan bevno. (The grave of Dylan in Llan Beuno.)

On the other hand, MacCulloch (1911, Ch. VI) has preferred to see Dylan simply as the remnants of a local sea-god of Gwynedd (North Wales):

> ‘Dylan, however, has no dark traits and is described as a blonde. The waves lament his death, and, as they dash against the shore, seek to avenge it. His grave is "where the wave makes a sullen sound," but popular belief identifies him with the waves, and their noise as they press into the Conwy is his dying groan. Not only is he Eil Ton, "son of the wave," but also Eil Mor, "son of the sea." He is thus a local sea-god, and like Manannan identified with the waves, and yet separate from them, since they mourn his death. The Mabinogi gives us the débris of myths explaining how an anthropomorphic sea-god was connected with the goddess Arianrhod and slain by a god Govannon.

## Genealogy

In the Mabinogion, Dylan's mother, Arianrhod, is the daughter of Dôn and the sister of Gwydion and Gilfaethwy. Her Uncle, Math ap Mathonwy, is the King of Gwynedd, and during the course of the story, Arianrhod gives birth to her two sons; Dylan ail Don and Lleu Llaw Gyffes through magical means.

In the Welsh Triads, we are given a context for an actual Arianrhod who appears as the daughter of Beli Mawr and the sister of Caswallawn (the historical Cassivellaunus). Whether this reference is the result of the merging of a myth and history is unclear. It is possible that a later historic Arianrhod has become identified and merged with an earlier legendary/mythological Arianrhod.

## Literary reference

Dylan is the subject of a eulogy entitled Marwnad Dylan Ail Don attributed to the bard Taliesin:

> One God Supreme, divine, the wisest, the greatest his habitation,
> when he came to the field, who charmed him in the hand of the extremely liberal.
> Or sooner than he, who was on peace on the nature of a turn.
> An opposing groom, poison made, a wrathful deed,
> Piercing Dylan a mischievous shore, violence freely flowing
> Wave of Iwerdon, and wave of Manau, and wave of the North,
> And wave of Prydain, hosts comely in fours.
> I will adore the Father God, the regulator of the country, without refusing.
> Creator in Heaven, may he admit us into merry.

## Etymology

The etymology of the name *Dylan* is somewhat complex. In Welsh, there is a bound item *dylanw*\- which appears in *dylanwad* ‘influence,’ *dylanwadol* ‘influential’ and *dylanwadu* ‘to influence’. This element *dylanw*\- appears itself to be a compound of the prefix *dy*\- and the noun *llanw* ‘tidal flow’. The prefix *dy*\- appears in numerous words in Welsh and is reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as *\- with the meaning of ‘off, away’. The item *llanw* is reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as **φlanwo*\- ‘flood, filling.’ This **φlanwo*\- may plausibly have had a reduced form **φlanu*\- ‘flood.’ This etymology is echoed in the following Gaelic (Irish) words:

* \[*tuinne*\] nf. in : gob na tuinne, the water edge
* \[*tòn*\] nf. g. tòine; d. tòin; pl.+an, the fundament
* \[*tonn*\] nm. g.v. tuinn; pl.+an and tuinn, wave, surge, billow

## Further reading

* Bromwich, Rachel (2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University Of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.
* Ellis, Peter Berresford (1994). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. (Oxford Paperback Reference) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508961-8.
* Ford, Patrick K. (1977). The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03414-7.
* Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
* Guest, C. (translator) (1877). *The Mabinogion*. Chicago: Academy Press Limited.
* MacCulloch, J. A. (1911). *The religion of the ancient Celts*. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42765-X.
* MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280120-1.
* Squire, C. (1905). *The mythology of the British Islands: an introduction to Celtic myth, legend, poetry and romance*. London & Ware: UCL & Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
* Wood, Juliette (2002). The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art. Thorsons Publishers. ISBN 0-00-764059-5.


title: Eager (novel)

abstract: Eager is a children's science-fiction novel written by Helen Fox, and first published in 2003. Eager is the name of a self-aware robot in a futuristic society controlled by a company called LifeCorp. Eager was shortlisted for the West Sussex Children's Book Award 2005–2006.

text:
# Eager (novel)

***Eager*** is a children's science-fiction novel written by Helen Fox, and first published in 2003. Eager is the name of a self-aware robot in a futuristic society controlled by a company called *LifeCorp*. *Eager* was shortlisted for the West Sussex Children's Book Award 2005–2006.

## Plot summary

The plot is set in Britain at the end of the 21st Century and revolves around an experimental type of robot that can think for itself, EGR3 (called Eager). Eager learns by experience as a human would, is intellectually curious, and capable of emotion. He can feel wonder, excitement, and loss. His inventor sends him as an assistant to an old-fashioned robot, Grumps, who acts as a butler to the Bell family. Though much-loved, Grumps is running down and can no longer be repaired.

Mr. Bell works for the all-powerful technocratic corporation, LifeCorp, which supplies the robots which cater to every human need. His children Gavin and Fleur learn of an underground group that opposes LifeCorp, and there is a danger of a robot rebellion brewing. The ultra-high-tech, eerily human BDC4 robots are behaving suspiciously and the Bell children and Eager are drawn into a great adventure. Eager's extraordinary abilities are tested to the limit and he tries to find out the answer to the question: what does it mean to be alive?

## Themes

Questions of where technology may be heading, what constitutes life and death, and the morality of creating self-aware machines to serve, or sometimes replace, humans, are raised. Eager is the first of three novels

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews describe *Eager* as "The Jetsons in a lightweight dystopia." but also "While Eager’s adventure isn’t thrilling, his discoveries about life, formed through amusing conversations with virtual reality Socrates, are thought-provoking." A review posted to The Guardian.com called it "A very funny book and at one point a lesson in paranoia against technology."

## Sequels

Two sequels were published; *Eager's Nephew* (2005) and *Eager and the Mermaid* (2007).

## InfoBox

EAGER
| Cover of first paperback edition 2004 | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Helen Fox |
| Cover artist | Adam Willis |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction <br>Children's literature |
| Publisher | Hodder Children's Books |
| Publication date | 2003 |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 297 |
| ISBN | 0-340-87583-6 |
| OCLC | 56462603 |


title: Edyta Geppert

abstract: Edyta Geppert is a popular Polish singer. Geppert was born to a Polish father and Hungarian mother. She is married to Piotr Loretz. They have one son Mieczysław.

text:
# Edyta Geppert

**Edyta Geppert** (born 27 November 1953 in Nowa Ruda, Poland) is a popular Polish singer.

Geppert was born to a Polish father and Hungarian mother. She is married to Piotr Loretz. They have one son Mieczysław (born in 1988).

## Awards

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Sales | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | POL
 | | |
| *Och, życie kocham cię nad życie* | * Released: 1986 * Label: Arston/Polskie Nagrania * Formats: LP, CD |  |  |  |
| *Historie prawdziwe* | * Released: 1991 * Label: ZPR Records * Formats: CD |  |  |  |
| *Follow The Call* | * Released: 1992 * Label: ZPR Records * Formats: CD, CS |  |  |  |
| *Śpiewajmy* | * Released: 1994 * Label: Kompania Muzyczna Pomaton * Formats: CD |  |  |  |
| *Pytania do księżyca* | * Released: 1997 * Label: PolyGram Mercury * Formats: CD |  |  |  |
| *Pamiętnik, czyli kocham cię życie* | * Released: 1998 * Label: ZPR Records * Formats: CD |  | * POL: 50,000+ |  |
| *Debiut* | * Released: 5 May 1999 * Label: PolyGram Poland * Formats: CD |  |  |  |
| *Wierzę piosence* | * Released: 18 November 2002 * Label: Universal Music Poland * Formats: CD |  |  |  |
| *Śpiewam życie* (with Kroke) | * Released: 2 October 2006 * Label: Agencja Artystyczna Edyta/EMI * Formats: CD, digital download | 11 | * POL: 15,000+ |  |
| *Nic nie muszę – 25-Lecie* | * Released: 29 September 2008 * Label: Agencja Artystyczna Edyta/EMI * Formats: CD | 8 | * POL: 15,000+ |  |
| *Święta z bajki* | * Released: 14 November 2011 * Label: Agencja Artystyczna Edyta/EMI * Formats: CD | 37 |  |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Live albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Sales | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | POL
 | | |
| *Edyta Geppert Recital – Live* | * Released: 1986 * Label: Pronit/P.Z. Polmark * Formats: LP, CD |  |  |  |
| *Moje królestwo*
(with Krzysztof Herdzin) | * Released: 2 May 2006 * Label: Agencja Artystyczna Edyta/EMI * Formats: CD | 24 | * POL: 15,000+ |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Edyta Geppert | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1953-11-27) 27 November 1953 |
| Origin | Nowa Ruda, Poland |
| Genres | Sung poetry
jazz |
| Occupation | singer |
| Years active | 1970s–present |
| Labels | PolyGram Poland, Universal Music Poland, Agencja Artystyczna Edyta |
|  | |
| Website | Official Website of Edyta Geppert |


# 1810 United States House of Representatives election in Ohio

Ohio elected its member October 9, 1810. This was the last election in which Ohio had a single at-large district. Due to rapid population growth in the state, the at-large district had become disproportionately populous by this point.

| District | Incumbent | | | This race | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Representative | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Ohio at-large | Jeremiah Morrow | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | **Jeremiah Morrow** (Democratic-Republican) 99.4%<br>Others 0.6% |


title: Dome, Ghana

abstract: Dome is a town in the Ga East Municipal District, a district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. As of 2012, Dome is the nineteenth largest settlement in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 78,785 people.

text:
# Dome, Ghana

**Dome** (pronounced Dor-mi) is a town in the Ga East Municipal District, a district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. As of 2012, Dome is the nineteenth largest settlement in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 78,785 people.

5°39′18″N 0°14′06″W / 5.655°N 0.235°W / 5.655; -0.235

## InfoBox

| Dome | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| DomeLocation in Ghana | |
| Coordinates: 5°39′18″N 0°14′06″W / 5.655°N 0.235°W / 5.655; -0.235 | |
| Country | Ghana |
| Region | Greater Accra Region |
| District | Ga East Municipal District |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 78,785 |
|  | Ranked 20th in Ghana |
| Time zone | GMT |
| Summer (DST) | GMT |


title: Hydraulic hybrid vehicle

abstract: Hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHVs) use a pressurized fluid power source, along with a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), to achieve better fuel economy and reductions in harmful emissions. They capture and reuse 70–80% of the vehicle's kinetic braking/decelerating energy and potential descending energy compared to 55% for electric hybrids. For trucks and buses, this can also be less expensive than electric systems, due to the price of batteries required for the latter. Hydraulic hybrid vehicle systems can also weigh less than electric systems, due to the high weight of the batteries. This can lead to a lower impact on payload capacity, especially for heavy vehicle classes.

text:
# Hydraulic hybrid vehicle

**Hydraulic hybrid vehicles** (**HHVs**) use a pressurized fluid power source, along with a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE), to achieve better fuel economy and reductions in harmful emissions. They capture and reuse 70–80% of the vehicle's kinetic braking/decelerating energy and potential descending energy compared to 55% for electric hybrids. For trucks and buses, this can also be less expensive than electric systems, due to the price of batteries required for the latter. Hydraulic hybrid vehicle systems can also weigh less than electric systems, due to the high weight of the batteries. This can lead to a lower impact on payload capacity, especially for heavy vehicle classes.

## Principle of operation

Hydraulic hybrid vehicle systems consists of four main components: the working fluid, reservoir, pump/motor (in parallel hybrid system) or in-wheel motors and pumps (in series hybrid system), and accumulator. In some systems, a hydraulic transformer is also installed for converting output flow at any pressure with a very low power loss. In an electric hybrid system, energy is stored in the battery and is delivered to the electric motor to power the vehicle. During braking the kinetic energy of the vehicle is used to charge the battery through the regenerative braking. In hydraulic hybrid system, the pump/motor extracts the kinetic energy during braking to pump the working fluid from the reservoir to the accumulator. Working fluid is thus pressurized, which leads to energy storage. When the vehicle accelerates, this pressurized working fluid provides energy to the pump/motor to power the vehicle. For a parallel hybrid system, fuel efficiency gains and emissions reductions result from reduced mechanical load on the internal combustion engine due to the torque provided by the hybrid system.

## Efficiency gains

The US EPA claims that in laboratory tests, the city fuel economy of an urban delivery truck was 60–70% increased miles per gallon versus a similar, conventionally powered internal combustion truck. The CO2 emissions of the same demonstration delivery truck were claimed to be over 40% lower, and the hydrocarbon and particulate matter production were also much lower (50% and 60% respectively).

The EPA calculated for this test vehicle, the hybrid technology added a cost of about US$7,000 over a comparable conventional truck, while the lifetime fuel savings over 20 years were estimated above $50,000.

## Types of hydraulic hybrid vehicles

Like the electric hybrid system, there are several possible drivetrain architectures.

In a parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicles, the pump/motor is typically installed between the engine and gearbox, or between the gearbox and differential transmission box. The role of pump/motor is to provide assistance to the engine during acceleration and recapture energy under braking that would otherwise be lost as heat in the conventional brakes. As with electric hybrids, the pump/motor may or may not be able to drive the vehicle alone with the engine off.

In a series hydraulic hybrid vehicle, the pump/motor directly connects to the driveshaft, or the in-wheel motors provide driving torque directly to the wheel. The internal combustion engine is only connected to a pump, and is set to operate in its most efficient power range to maintain the optimal hydraulic pressure in the accumulator. The traction motor must supply all the torque required to propel the vehicle, meaning maximum acceleration performance is available with the engine running or stopped. Its main disadvantage is in steady-state cruising, where the double conversion of energy introduces additional losses.

## Advantages and disadvantages

In some cases hydraulic hybrid systems may be more cost-effective than electrical hybrid systems because no complicated or expensive materials (such as those required for batteries) are used. However, in most designs the pressure tanks of accumulators are made of carbon fiber that make the pressure tanks somewhat expensive, but the price of carbon fiber has been forecasted to drop as economies of scale and manufacturing energy efficiency is reduced by 60% according to Oak Ridge National Laboratory can lower the cost of manufacturing the tanks.

Hydraulic hybrids recover, or harvest, the vehicle's kinetic energy during braking and decelerating significantly more efficiently than electric systems; hydraulic hybrids can recover up to 70–80% of the vehicle's kinetic energy compared to 55% for electric hybrids.

Reduced cost, complexity, and weight for additional power take-off devices such as water pumps, hydraulic lifts, and winches.

Technical challenges with hydraulic hybrid vehicles include noise, size, and complexity. Technical advances, such as very Large Diameter, Flat Format (LDFF) hydraulic motors which produce very high torque in limited drive line space, enable heavy vehicles like refuse trucks and city buses to be fitted with hydraulic hybrid systems. Sophisticated control software results in hydraulic hybrid vehicles which are safe, driveable, reliable and efficient.


title: 1888 in Germany

abstract: Events in the year 1888 in Germany, the 'Year of the Three Emperors'.

text:
# 1888 in Germany

Events in the year **1888 in Germany**, the 'Year of the Three Emperors'.

## Incumbents

### National level

### State level

#### Kingdoms

#### Grand Duchies

#### Principalities

#### Duchies

#### Colonial Governors

## Events

## Literature

## Music

## Sport

## Miscellaneous

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1888<br>History of Germany    Timeline    Years |


title: Hösseringen

abstract: Hösseringen is a village in the collective municipality of Suderburg and lies southwest of Uelzen in the German state of Lower Saxony.

text:
# Hösseringen

**Hösseringen** is a village in the collective municipality of Suderburg and lies southwest of Uelzen in the German state of Lower Saxony.

## Geography

Hösseringen lies between Hamburg and Hanover in the middle of the Lüneburg Heath. The village is dominated by the landscape of the High Heath (*Hohe Heide*) and extensive forests that surround it and that stretch as far as Eschede to the southwest.

### Geology

Terminal moraines from the penultimate ice age run through the parish forming several hillocks and low ridges. The Hardau stream rises about 2 km southeast of the village centre, running through the Hardau valley between Holxen and Holdenstedt before emptying into the Gerdau.

## History

The village was first recorded in 1247.

## Culture and sights

### Tourism

Aside from agriculture, tourism is an important source of income for the village.

The village is known nationally for the Hösseringen Museum Village which covers an area of about 10 ha. The museum village is also a starting point for the Schooten forest educational trail that runs through the forest of the same name and describes the development of agriculture and forestry in the Lüneburg Heath at 10 information points.

In the immediate vicinity of the museum village is the *Landtagsplatz*, which was the place of assembly in the Middle Ages (1355-1652) for the provincial parliament or *Landtag*. The *Landtagsplatz* consists of numerous glacial erratics that were used as seats for the representatives of the villages in the district of Uelzen.

In addition Hösseringen is also the starting point for the 26 km long water experience path that runs as far as Uelzen. Stations along the way include the water-treading trough at the village pond and the artificial lake of the Hardausee, near to which there is also a campsite and barbecue area.

Another attraction is the 34-metre-high (112 ft) observation tower, built in 2003, that is situated between Hösseringen and Räber. The tower acts simultaneously as a bearer for mobile telephone antennas.

There is also a watermill on the Lower Saxon Mill Road near the village centre; although it is no longer in use.

## Sources

* Tilman Grottian: *Geschichte der Gemeinde Suderburg. Festschrift zum 1000-jährigen Jubiläum im Jahr 2004*. 1st ed. Edition: Anderweit, May 2004, ISBN 3-931824-33-0

## InfoBox

| Hösseringen | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Suderburg | |
| Location of Hösseringen | |
| Hösseringen Hösseringen | |
| Coordinates: 52°51′37″N 10°25′05″E / 52.86028°N 10.41806°E / 52.86028; 10.41806 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Uelzen |
| Municipal assoc. | Suderburg |
| Municipality | Suderburg |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.68 km2 (14.16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 71 m (233 ft) |
| Population (2017-12-31) | |
| Total | 571 |
| Density | 16/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 29556 |
| Dialling codes | 05826 |


title: Egerkingen

abstract: Egerkingen is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

text:
# Egerkingen

**Egerkingen** is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## History

Egerkingen is first mentioned in 1201 as *in Egrichen*. In 1212 it was mentioned as *in Egerchingen*.

## Geography

Egerkingen has an area, as of 2009, of 6.94 square kilometers (2.68 sq mi). Of this area, 1.72 km2 (0.66 sq mi) or 24.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.44 km2 (1.33 sq mi) or 49.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.74 km2 (0.67 sq mi) or 25.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 (4.9 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 9.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.6%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.2% of the area. Out of the forested land, 48.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 17.6% is used for growing crops and 5.3% is pastures, while 1.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Gäu district, at the southern foot of the Jura Mountains between Olten and Oensingen.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure two Fir Trees issuant from as many Mounts all Vert between three Fleurs-de-lis or the middle one inverted.*

## Demographics

Egerkingen has a population (as of December 2020) of 4,041. As of 2008, 26.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 14.1%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (2,522 or 87.4%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (81 or 2.8%) and Turkish being third (56 or 1.9%). There are 14 people who speak French and 2 people who speak Romansh.

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The population was made up of 1,114 Swiss men (35.2% of the population) and 486 (15.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,127 Swiss women (35.6%) and 439 (13.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 892 or about 30.9% were born in Egerkingen and lived there in 2000. There were 680 or 23.6% who were born in the same canton, while 662 or 23.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 535 or 18.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

In 2008 there were 29 live births to Swiss citizens and 16 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 15 deaths of Swiss citizens and 2 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 14 while the foreign population increased by 14. There were 4 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland and 6 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 12 non-Swiss men and 17 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 71 and the non-Swiss population increased by 60 people. This represents a population growth rate of 4.6%.

The age distribution, as of 2000, in Egerkingen is; 221 children or 7.7% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 463 teenagers or 16.1% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 168 people or 5.8% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 982 people or 34.0% are between 25 and 44, and 665 people or 23.1% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution is 280 people or 9.7% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 105 people or 3.6% who are over 80.

As of 2000, there were 1,187 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,359 married individuals, 178 widows or widowers and 160 individuals who are divorced.

As of 2000, there were 1,138 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 338 households that consist of only one person and 84 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,152 households that answered this question, 29.3% were households made up of just one person and there were 6 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 352 married couples without children, 374 married couples with children There were 55 single parents with a child or children. There were 13 households that were made up of unrelated people and 14 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

In 2000 there were 378 single family homes (or 64.0% of the total) out of a total of 591 inhabited buildings. There were 123 multi-family buildings (20.8%), along with 55 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (9.3%) and 35 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.9%). Of the single family homes 45 were built before 1919, while 77 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (62) were built between 1971 and 1980.

In 2000 there were 1,202 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 398. There were 45 single room apartments and 399 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,123 apartments (93.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 54 apartments (4.5%) were seasonally occupied and 25 apartments (2.1%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 5.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 1.35%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.29% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (27.47%), the FDP (24.92%) and the SP (8.23%). In the federal election, a total of 884 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.4%.

## Economy

As of  2010, Egerkingen had an unemployment rate of 4.2%. As of 2008, there were 30 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 675 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 29 businesses in this sector. 1,815 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 177 businesses in this sector. There were 1,599 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.5% of the workforce.

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 2,095. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 17, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 625 of which 550 or (88.0%) were in manufacturing, 4 or (0.6%) were in mining and 71 (11.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,453. In the tertiary sector; 672 or 46.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 115 or 7.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 258 or 17.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 11 or 0.8% were in the information industry, 38 or 2.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 96 or 6.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 42 or 2.9% were in education and 110 or 7.6% were in health care.

In 2000, there were 1,826 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,028 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.8 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 9.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 60.2% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,540 or 53.4% were Roman Catholic, while 620 or 21.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 64 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.22% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.14% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 25 individuals (or about 0.87% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 221 (or about 7.66% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 24 individuals who were Buddhist, 13 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 321 (or about 11.13% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 51 individuals (or about 1.77% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Egerkingen about 1,105 or (38.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 254 or (8.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 254 who completed tertiary schooling, 72.0% were Swiss men, 16.5% were Swiss women, 9.1% were non-Swiss men and 2.4% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2010-2011 school year there were a total of 277 students in the Egerkingen school system. The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 73 children in kindergarten. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In the municipality there were 204 students in primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower secondary students from Egerkingen attend their school in a neighboring municipality.

As of 2000, there were 67 students in Egerkingen who came from another municipality, while 116 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Egerkingen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Old Mill in Egerkingen | |
|  | |
| Location of Egerkingen | |
| EgerkingenEgerkingen | |
| Coordinates: 47°19′N 7°48′E / 47.317°N 7.800°E / 47.317; 7.800 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Solothurn |
| District | Gäu |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.93 km2 (2.68 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 440 m (1,440 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 3,683 |
| Density | 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 4622 |
| SFOS number | 2401 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SO |
| Surrounded by | Gunzgen, Hägendorf, Härkingen, Holderbank, Langenbruck (BL), Neuendorf, Oberbuchsiten |
| Website | www.egerkingen.ch
SFSO statistics |