title: 1992 World Karate Championships

abstract: The 1992 World Karate Championships are the 11th edition of the World Karate Championships, and were held in Granada, Spain from November 19 to November 22, 1992.

text:
# 1992 World Karate Championships

The **1992 World Karate Championships** are the 11th edition of the World Karate Championships, and were held in Granada, Spain from November 19 to November 22, 1992.

## Medalists

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Individual kata | Luis María Sanz
Spain | Ryoki Abe
Japan | Laurent Riccio
France |
| Team kata | Japan | Spain | France |
| Kumite −60 kg | Veysel Buğur
Turkey | David Luque
Spain | Norimassa Fujita
Japan |
| | | | Damien Dovy
France |
| Kumite −65 kg | Jesús Juan Rubio
Spain | Bahattin Kandaz
Turkey | Janne Timonen
Finland |
| | | | Murat Uysal
Germany |
| Kumite −70 kg | William Thomas
Great Britain | Junichi Watanabe
Japan | Ronny Rivano
Netherlands |
| | | | Massimiliano Oggianu
Italy |
| Kumite −75 kg | Wayne Otto
Great Britain | Jørn-Ove Hansen
Norway | Berthold Bürkle
Germany |
| | | | Tomás Herrero
Spain |
| Kumite −80 kg | José Manuel Egea
Spain | Miroslav Gachulinec
Czechoslovakia | Dudley Josepa
Curaçao |
| | | | Christophe Pinna
France |
| Kumite +80 kg | Brian Peakall
Australia | Serge Tomao
France | Juan Hernández
Spain |
| | | | Hans Roovers
Netherlands |
| Kumite open ippon | Akira Hayashi
Japan | *None awarded* | Toni Dietl
Germany |
| | | | *None awarded* |
| Team kumite | Spain | Sweden | Japan |
| | | | France |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Individual kata | Yuki Mimura
Japan | Melanie Genung
United States | Maite San Narciso
Spain |
| Team kata | Japan | United States | Spain |
| Kumite −53 kg | Charlene Machin
Australia | Jillian Toney
Great Britain | Özgür Yaman
Turkey |
| | | | Marise Mazurier
France |
| Kumite −60 kg | Molly Samuel
Great Britain | Chiara Stella Bux
Italy | Tanja Petrović
Yugoslavia |
| | | | Carmen García
Spain |
| Kumite +60 kg | Catherine Belrhiti
France | Nurhan Fırat
Turkey | Silvia Wiegärtner
Germany |
| | | | Yukiko Yoneda
Japan |
| Team kumite | Great Britain | Netherlands | France |
| | | | Italy |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spain | 4 | 2 | 5 | 11 |
| 2 | Japan | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 3 | Great Britain | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | Australia | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Turkey | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 | France | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 |
| 7 | United States | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 8 | Italy | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| | Netherlands | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 10 | Czechoslovakia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Norway | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Sweden | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | Germany | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 14 | Curaçao | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Finland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Yugoslavia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (16 entries) | | 16 | 15 | 27 | 58 |

* Athletes from Yugoslavia competed as *Independent Participants* and under Olympic flag.

## InfoBox

1992 World Karate Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Granada, Spain |
| Dates | 19–22 November |
| Main venue | Palacio Municipal de Deportes |
|  | |


title: Enea Bortolotti

abstract: Enea Bortolotti was an Italian mathematician born in Rome.

text:
# Enea Bortolotti

**Enea Bortolotti** (28 September 1896 – 22 June 1942) was an Italian mathematician born in Rome.

## Biography

He graduated in mathematics in 1920 at the Universities of Pisa, where he was a student of Luigi Bianchi. He taught analytic and descriptive geometry at the Universities of Cagliari and Florence. He was mainly involved in differential geometry: it was a specialist in the theory of linear connections.

## InfoBox

| Enea Bortolotti | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1896-09-28)28 September 1896
Rome |
| Died | 22 June 1942(1942-06-22) (aged 45)
Firenze |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Alma mater | Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa |
| Known for | Differential Geometry |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
|  | |


title: Arley, Cheshire

abstract: Arley is a small village in the civil parish of Aston by Budworth, Cheshire, England, adjacent to Arley Hall. 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the east is a small group of houses known as Arley Green. The village is 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south of Lymm and 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Northwich. The buildings now comprising Arley Green originally formed Cowhouse Farm. Rowland Egerton-Warburton converted the half-timbered barn into a school and adapted another 18th-century building into a terrace of Tudor-style buildings. The farmhouse was converted into a parsonage.

text:
# Arley, Cheshire

**Arley** is a small village in the civil parish of Aston by Budworth, Cheshire, England, adjacent to Arley Hall. 0.7 miles (1.1 km) to the east is a small group of houses known as Arley Green. The village is 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south of Lymm and 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Northwich.

The buildings now comprising Arley Green originally formed Cowhouse Farm. Rowland Egerton-Warburton converted the half-timbered barn into a school and adapted another 18th-century building into a terrace of Tudor-style buildings. The farmhouse was converted into a parsonage.

53°19′26″N 2°29′46″W / 53.324°N 2.496°W / 53.324; -2.496

## InfoBox

| Arley | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | * Aston by Budworth |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
|


title: Enora Latuillière

abstract: Enora Latuillière is a French biathlete. She competed in the 2014/15 World Cup season, and represented France at the Biathlon World Championships 2015 in Kontiolahti.

text:
# Enora Latuillière

**Enora Latuillière** (born 31 July 1992) is a French biathlete. She competed in the 2014/15 World Cup season, and represented France at the Biathlon World Championships 2015 in Kontiolahti.

## InfoBox

Enora Latuillière
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's biathlon | | |
| Representing  France | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 2015 Kontiolahti | 4 x 6 km relay |
| World Military Games | | |
|  | 2017 Sochi | 15 km patrol race |
|  | 2017 Sochi | 7,5 km team sprint |
|  | 2017 Sochi | Mixed relay |


title: 1987 European Tour

abstract: The 1987 European Tour, titled as the 1987 PGA European Tour, was the 16th season of the European Tour, the main professional golf tour in Europe since its inaugural season in 1972.

text:
# 1987 European Tour

The **1987 European Tour**, titled as the **1987 PGA European Tour**, was the 16th season of the European Tour, the main professional golf tour in Europe since its inaugural season in 1972.

## Changes for 1987

The season was made up of 27 tournaments counting for the Order of Merit, and several non-counting "Approved Special Events".

There were several changes from the previous season, with the addition of the Moroccan Open and the German Masters, the return of the Volvo Belgian Open and the loss of the Car Care Plan International.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 1987 season.

| Date | Tournament | Host country | Purse
() | Winner | OWGR
points | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 22 Mar | Moroccan Open | Morocco | 175,000 | Howard Clark (9) | 16 | New tournament |
| 12 Apr | Jersey Open | Jersey | 100,000 | Ian Woosnam (5) | 16 |  |
| 12 Apr | **Masters Tournament** | United States | US$875,000 | **Larry Mize** (n/a) | 100 | Major championship |
| 19 Apr | Suze Open | France | 150,000 | Seve Ballesteros (34) | 22 |  |
| 26 Apr | Cepsa Madrid Open | Spain | 175,000 | Ian Woosnam (6) | 22 |  |
| 3 May | Lancia Italian Open | Italy | 150,000 | Sam Torrance (12) | 18 |  |
| 10 May | Epson Grand Prix of Europe Matchplay Championship | Wales | 250,000 | Mats Lanner (1) | 42 | Limited-field event |
| 17 May | Peugeot Spanish Open | Spain | 175,000 | Nick Faldo (12) | 42 |  |
| 25 May | Whyte & Mackay PGA Championship | England | 225,000 | Bernhard Langer (17) | 44 |  |
| 31 May | London Standard Four Stars National Pro-Celebrity | England | 150,000 | Mark McNulty (4) | 16 | Pro-Am |
| 7 Jun | Dunhill British Masters | England | 200,000 | Mark McNulty (5) | 40 |  |
| 13 Jun | Peugeot Open de France | France | 250,000 | José Rivero (2) | 38 |  |
| 20 Jun | Volvo Belgian Open | Belgium | 150,000 | Eamonn Darcy (3) | 14 |  |
| 21 Jun | **U.S. Open** | United States | US$825,000 | **Scott Simpson** (n/a) | 100 | Major championship |
| 27 Jun | Johnnie Walker Monte Carlo Open | France | 200,000 | Peter Senior (2) | 22 |  |
| 5 Jul | Carroll's Irish Open | Ireland | 225,000 | Bernhard Langer (18) | 44 |  |
| 11 Jul | Bell's Scottish Open | Scotland | 200,000 | Ian Woosnam (7) | 44 |  |
| 19 Jul | **The Open Championship** | Scotland | 650,000 | **Nick Faldo** (13) | 100 | Major championship |
| 26 Jul | KLM Dutch Open | Netherlands | 175,000 | Gordon Brand Jnr (5) | 40 |  |
| 2 Aug | Scandinavian Enterprise Open | Sweden | 200,000 | Gordon Brand Jnr (6) | 34 |  |
| 9 Aug | PLM Open | Sweden | 150,000 | Howard Clark (10) | 16 |  |
| 9 Aug | **PGA Championship** | United States | US$900,000 | **Larry Nelson** (n/a) | 100 | Major championship |
| 16 Aug | Benson & Hedges International Open | England | 200,000 | Noel Ratcliffe (2) | 42 |  |
| 23 Aug | Lawrence Batley International | England | 150,000 | Mark O'Meara (n/a) | 22 |  |
| 30 Aug | German Open | West Germany | 275,000 | Mark McNulty (6) | 38 |  |
| 6 Sep | Ebel European Masters Swiss Open | Switzerland | 350,000 | Anders Forsbrand (1) | 42 |  |
| 13 Sep | Panasonic European Open | England | 225,000 | Paul Way (3) | 48 |  |
| 20 Sep | Trophée Lancôme | France | 300,000 | Ian Woosnam (8) | 46 | Limited-field event |
| 11 Oct | German Masters | West Germany | 275,000 | Sandy Lyle (13) | 46 | New tournament |
| ~~25 Oct~~ | Barcelona Open | Spain |  | *Cancelled* |  |  |
| 1 Nov | Portuguese Open | Portugal | 100,000 | Robert Lee (2) | 12 |  |

### Unofficial events

The following events were sanctioned by the European Tour, but did not carry official money, nor were wins official.

| Date | Tournament | Host country | Purse
() | Winner(s) | OWGR
points | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27 Sep | Vernons Open | England | 60,000 | David Llewellyn | 12 |  |
| 27 Sep | Ryder Cup | United States | n/a | Team Europe | n/a | Team event |
| 4 Oct | Dunhill Cup | Scotland | US$1,000,000 | Team England | n/a | Team event |
| 13 Oct | Equity & Law Challenge | England | 120,000 | Barry Lane | n/a | New tournament |
| 18 Oct | Suntory World Match Play Championship | England | 275,000 | Ian Woosnam | 32 | Limited-field event |
| 8 Nov | Kirin Cup | Japan | US$950,000 | Team USA | n/a | Team event |
| | Kirin Cup Individual Trophy | | n/a | Tom Kite | n/a |  |
| 21 Nov | World Cup | United States | US$750,000 | David Llewellyn and
Ian Woosnam | n/a | Team event |
| | World Cup Individual Trophy | | | Ian Woosnam | n/a |  |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was titled as the **Epson Order of Merit** and was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Pound sterling.

| Position | Player | Prize money () |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ian Woosnam | 253,717 |
| 2 | Mark McNulty | 189,304 |
| 3 | Nick Faldo | 181,833 |
| 4 | Gordon Brand Jnr | 147,787 |
| 5 | Bernhard Langer | 141,394 |
| 6 | Seve Ballesteros | 138,843 |
| 7 | Peter Senior | 126,091 |
| 8 | Rodger Davis | 122,754 |
| 9 | Sam Torrance | 122,556 |
| 10 | Howard Clark | 122,535 |

## Awards

| Award | Winner | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Golfer of the Year | Ian Woosnam |  |
| Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year | Peter Baker |  |

1. "Tour History". European Tour. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
2. Davies, David (28 October 1986). "Money for European Tour raised to £6.5m". *The Guardian*. London, United Kingdom. p. 31. Retrieved 7 June 2020  via Newspapers.com.
3. "German event lifts tour pool to record". *The Times*. London, United Kingdom. 18 February 1987. p. 38. Retrieved 7 June 2020  via The Times Digital Archive.
4. "PGA's road to Morocco". *The Guardian*. London, United Kingdom. 16 December 1986. p. 27. Retrieved 27 May 2020  via Newspapers.com.
5. "1987 Tournament schedule". European Tour. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
6. "Sport in brief | Golf". *The Guardian*. London, United Kingdom. 15 October 1987. p. 30. Retrieved 7 June 2020  via Newspapers.com.
7. Miller, David (20 October 1987). "Threat to the welfare of golf". *The Times*. London, United Kingdom. p. 48. Retrieved 7 June 2020  via The Times Digital Archive.
8. "Final statistics from European and US Tours | Top European earners". *The Daily Telegraph*. London, United Kingdom. 17 November 1987. p. 40. Retrieved 20 October 2023  via Newspapers.com.
9. Moseley, Ron (15 December 1987). "Ian is Ritz golfer of year". *Reading Evening Post*. Reading, United Kingdom. p. 18. Retrieved 20 October 2023  via Newspapers.com.
10. "Rookie prize pays for tour". *Evening Post*. Nottingham, United Kingdom. 9 December 1987. p. 18. Retrieved 20 October 2023  via Newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

1987 European Tour season
| Duration | 19 March 1987 (1987-03-19) – 1 November 1987 (1987-11-01) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 27 |
| Most wins | Ian Woosnam (4) |
| Order of Merit | Ian Woosnam |
| Golfer of the Year | Ian Woosnam |
| Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year | Peter Baker |
| 1986 1988 | |


title: Arnold Moss

abstract: Arnold Moss was an American character actor.

text:
# Arnold Moss

**Arnold Moss** (January 28, 1910 – December 15, 1989) was an American character actor.

## Early years

Born in Flatbush, Moss was a third-generation Brooklyn native. He attended Brooklyn's Boys High School. His first involvement with acting came when he was in college, after which he joined the Eva Le Gallienne Apprentice Group.

## Career

### Radio

Moss was an announcer at two Baltimore, Maryland, radio stations, moving to WCAO in 1931 after having worked at WTAM. In 1932, he was the youngest announcer at CBS.

He played Dr. Fabian in *Cabin B-13* on CBS radio in 1948–49, played in *Cafe Istanbul* on ABC radio in 1952, was Ahmed on *Stella Dallas*, was Philip Cameron in *Against the Storm* and was the first voice of the character of Ted White on the radio serial, *The Guiding Light*, from April 1948 to May 1949.

### Teaching

In the early 1930s, Moss taught speech at the Brooklyn branch of City College of New York.

### Film

Moss made two appearances in Bob Hope films, as Hope's Casablanca contact in the espionage spoof *My Favorite Spy* and as a conniving Venetian doge in *Casanova's Big Night*. Moss appeared in the feature film *The 27th Day* (1957) as The Alien. In *Kim* (1950) he played Lurgan, the shopkeeper and secret spy trainer.

### Stage

Moss's stage career began when he acted and directed for Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory Theatre, with his first production being *Peter Pan* (1929). He played Prospero in Margaret Webster's 1945 production of Shakespeare's *The Tempest* for a combined total of 124 performances, the longest run of the play in Broadway history. He appeared in the original Broadway production of the Hal Prince/Stephen Sondheim musical *Follies*, playing impresario Dimitri Weismann.

Moss also was narrator for orchestras in Boston, Detroit, and Milwaukee.

### Television

Moss appeared in dozens of television programs during the golden age of TV. On November 22, 1950, he starred in "Lord Mountdrago" on *Somerset Maugham TV Theatre*. He appeared on television in *Star Trek* (1966) as mysterious actor Anton Karidian, alter-ego of the tyrannical Gov. Kodos of Tarsus IV, in the episode "The Conscience of the King". He also played in *The Rifleman* as the school teacher, Mr. Griswald, and as Chief Lonespear in *Bonanza* episode "In Defense of Honor" in 1968. Other television appearances include *The Time Tunnel*, *The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.*, *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.*, and the anthology series *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour*, *General Electric Theater*, *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*, *Suspense*, *Tales of Tomorrow*, *Studio One*, and *Kraft Television Theatre*.

## Personal life

Moss married Stella Reynolds, an actress who performed with him in the La Gallienne troupe.

## Death

Moss died from lung cancer at his home in New York City on December 15, 1989. He was 79.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Arnold Moss | |
| --- | --- |
| Moss in a screenshot from the TV series
*Suspense* (1952) | |
| Born | (1910-01-28)January 28, 1910
Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. |
| Died | December 15, 1989(1989-12-15) (aged 79)
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1946–1976 |
| Spouse | Stella Reynolds (1933–?) |
| Children | 2 |


title: 18 til I Die (song)

abstract: "18 til I Die" is a song written by Canadian guitarist, singer and composer Bryan Adams with Robert John "Mutt" Lange for Adams' seventh studio album, 18 til I Die (1996). Its lyrics are about maintaining youthful traits, even as one grows older. Released as a single in Canada in 1996 and in the United Kingdom on April 7, 1997, it peaked at number 21 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart and number 22 on the UK Singles Chart. Six songs recorded live at Adams' Wembley Stadium concert on July 27, 1996, were included as B-sides to its single release, spread out over two discs. They were later included in the album release of the concert. Adams continues to play this song at his concerts.

text:
# 18 til I Die (song)

"**18 til I Die**" is a song written by Canadian guitarist, singer and composer Bryan Adams with Robert John "Mutt" Lange for Adams' seventh studio album, *18 til I Die* (1996). Its lyrics are about maintaining youthful traits, even as one grows older. Released as a single in Canada in 1996 and in the United Kingdom on April 7, 1997, it peaked at number 21 on the Canadian *RPM* Top Singles chart and number 22 on the UK Singles Chart. Six songs recorded live at Adams' Wembley Stadium concert on July 27, 1996, were included as B-sides to its single release, spread out over two discs. They were later included in the album release of the concert. Adams continues to play this song at his concerts.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from *Billboard* wrote, "The title cut to Adams' sadly underappreciated current album kicks with the kind of guitar-happy rock heat that makes radio fun to listen to during the summer. Fans of the singer who still go back to oldies like "Summer Of '69" would be wise to give this jam a listen, as it has a similar "forever young" energy and a stomping, anthemic beat. A perfect choice for car-stereo belters and closet air-guitar heroes." Another editor, Paul Verna felt that "he is far less effective when he tries to sound adolescent, as he does on the title track". Daina Darzin from *Cash Box* stated that it "is sure to be a radio fave of yuppies everywhere".

Dominic Pride from *Music & Media* commented, "In this pean to puberty Adams jokes about "being 18 goin' on 55"—possibly, one suspects, without a stroke of irony. The Canadian rocker continues to deliver rock standards which radio will use into the next decade, and this one is an anthem which you can easily see Adams using as a closing number at any one of his epic gigs."

## Charts

| Chart (1996–1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 7 |
| Canada Top Singles (*RPM*) | 21 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 85 |
| Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) | 36 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 86 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 25 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 22 |
| UK Rock & Metal (OCC) | 2 |

## InfoBox

| "18 til I Die" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Bryan Adams | |
| from the album  *18 til I Die* | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | A&M |
| Songwriter(s) | Bryan Adams, Robert John "Mutt" Lange |
| Producer(s) | Bryan Adams, Robert John "Mutt" Lange |
| Bryan Adams singles chronology | |
| "Star"
(1996) "**18 til I Die**"
(1996) "I Finally Found Someone"
(1996) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "18 til I Die" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States was a collection of friendly rugby union games undertaken by the Australia national rugby union team against various invitational teams from Canada and the U.S, and also against the US national team.

text:
# 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States

The **1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States** was a collection of friendly rugby union games undertaken by the Australia national rugby union team against various invitational teams from Canada and the U.S, and also against the US national team.

## The squad's leadership

Dr. Otto Martin Bohrsmann (1869–1944) was tour manager. He was a Sydney physician who served as New South Wales Rugby Union treasurer for a number of years. Howell attributes the team's poor performance to a lack of discipline stemming from weakly imposed tour management. Bohrsmann's name would later be given to the landmark Mona Road, Darling Point, Sydney property Otto, which he bought in 1925 and which was retained by his descendants until 2010. His sister Altona would give her name to another Sydney landmark, a Point Piper home which in 2007 set the mark as Australia's most expensive home when it sold for A$50million.

Billy Hill was the secretary of the New South Wales Rugby Union, he toured with the squad as Assistant Manager and refereed some of the matches. At this time team coaches were frowned upon, with the team captain expected to fulfill these duties.

Ward Prentice had toured with the 1908 Wallabies and had played both Tests of that tour. He had made three further Test appearances for Australia in 1910. He was a rugged on-field leader and the 1912 tour marked his swan-song in international rugby, appearing in fifteen of the sixteen matches. After World War I he had a brief first-grade rugby league career Sydney in 1920.

Tom Richards had also toured with the 1908 Wallabies and had played 1st grade rugby all over the world, making district representative sides in Queensland, New South Wales, South Africa and England. He was a leader in the forwards and a natural selection as tour vice-captain. He would later see active service with the AIF, landing on day one of the Gallipoli Campaign on 25 April 1915 and he would be awarded the Military Cross for conspicuous gallantry on the Western Front.

## Tour itinerary

The squad travelled by ship from Sydney to the US on the *SS Moana* with a number of the touring party confined to their cabins with sea-sickness for the first four days. Howell attributes the team's poor performance record to a focus placed on socialising. The squad was billeted out in college fraternity houses in California where the hospitality played havoc with team discipline. Howell quotes squad member Bob Adamson who spoke of the tour: *"We were never in bed. That was the trouble. I've never had such a time in my life"*

## Tour statistics

The tour took in 16 games with only 11 won by the Wallabies, including the sole Test of the tour played against the US All three matches played in Canada were lost by the Wallabies as well as one of the two matches against Stanford University and one of the three matches played against UC Berkeley. The team played in the light-blue jersey of New South Wales with a Waratah emblem and the word *Australia* on the chest.

## Touring party

The second match of the 1912 New South Wales v Queensland interstate series acted as a selection trial for the tour and the Blues won the match 12–3 in Sydney. The selectors chose only six Queenslanders in the squad including Tom Richards, Jimmy Flynn, Lou Meibusch, Copper Kent, Peter Cunningham and Bob Willocks. Willocks withdrew from the touring squad before departure and his place was taken by fellow Queenslander William Murphy. Flynn and Meisbusch were still aged 18 years at the start of the tour.

### Management

### Full backs

### Three-quarters

### Half backs

### Forwards

## Match summary

Complete list of matches played by the *Wallabies* in the Canada and the United States:

Test matches

| # | Date | Rival | City | Venue | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 Oct | Barbarians | San Francisco | St. Ignatius Field | 29–8 |
| 2 | 6 Oct | Santa Clara Broncos | Santa Clara | Golden Gate Stadium | 20–8 |
| 3 | 12 Oct | Stanford Cardinal | Palo Alto | Stanford Park | 6–0 |
| 4 | 16 Oct | Stanford Cardinal | Palo Alto | Stanford Park | 12–13 |
| 5 | 19 Oct | Olympic Club | San Francisco | St. Ignatius Field | 20–0 |
| 6 | 26 Oct | California Golden Bears | Berkeley | California Field | 18–0 |
| 7 | 27 Oct | Saint Mary's Gaels | San Francisco | St. Ignatius Field | 27–0 |
| 8 | 30 Oct | California Golden Bears | Berkeley | California Field | 5–6 |
| 9 | 2 Nov | California Golden Bears | Berkeley | California Field | 23–3 |
| 10 | 5 Nov | Nevada Wolf Pack | Reno | University Ground | 57–6 |
| 11 | 10 Nov | Santa Clara Broncos | Santa Clara | Golden Gate Stadium | 19–8 |
| 12 | 13 Nov | USC Trojans | Los Angeles | Boyard Field | 41–0 |
| 13 | 16 Nov | United States | Berkeley | California Field | 12–8 |
| 14 | 20 Nov | Vancouver | Vancouver | Stanley Park | 3–6 |
| 15 | 23 Nov | British Columbia RU | Vancouver | Stanley Park | 0–15 |
| 16 | 27 Nov | Victoria | Victoria | Oak Bay Ground | 11–13 |

**Balance**
| Pl | W | D | L | Ps | Pc |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 303 | 94 |

## Match details

### United States

| United States | 8–12 | Australia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Try:** Harrigan
**Con:** Erb
**Pen:** Erb | Report | **Try:** Carroll, Meibusch,
Richards
**Pen:** Prentince |

### Bibliography

* Howell, Max (2005) *Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains*, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ
* The Newcastle Herald, Tuesday 2 March 1982, page 16 (re H.A. Jones)

## InfoBox

| 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Coach(es) | Otto Bohrsmann |
| Tour captain(s) | Ward Prentice |
|  | |
| Summary | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| Total | 16  11 00 05 |
| Test match | 01 01 00 00 |
|  | |
| Opponent | P **W** **D** **L** |
|  | |
| United States | 1  1  0  0 |


title: 1912 Campeonato Carioca

abstract: In the 1912 season of the Campeonato Carioca, two championships were disputed, each by a different league.

text:
# 1912 Campeonato Carioca

In the 1912 season of the **Campeonato Carioca**, two championships were disputed, each by a different league.

## AFRJ Championship

As a punishment for having left the league, Botafogo was forbidden to participate in LMSA's 1912 championship, which led Botafogo to form a rival league to LMSA, the AFRJ (*Associação de Football do Rio de Janeiro*, or Rio de Janeiro Football Association); However, Botafogo failed in getting the adherence of any of the other LMSA teams, and as such, the league was mostly populated by minor teams that weren't members of that league. To add to that, Botafogo had also fallen under a financial crisis that led it to sell its field in the Voluntários da Pátria street to the city, and thus, Botafogo moved to a field in the São Clemente street, where most of the championship's matches were held.

The edition of the Campeonato Carioca organized by AFRJ kicked off on May 12, 1912 and ended on October 27, 1912. Seven teams participated, including Petropolitano, the first team from outside the city of Rio de Janeiro or Niterói to participate in the Carioca championship. Its participation, which turned out to be their only one, proved to be short, as the team abandoned the league protesting against the rescheduling of their fourth round match against Botafogo. Botafogo won the championship for the 3rd time. no teams were relegated.

### Participating teams

| Club | Home location | Previous season |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Americano | Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro |  |
| Botafogo | Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro | 5th |
| Cattete | Catete, Rio de Janeiro |  |
| Germânia | Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro |  |
| Internacional | Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro |  |
| Paulistano | Centro, Rio de Janeiro |  |
| Petropolitano | Centro, Petrópolis |  |
|

### System

The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.

### Championship

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Botafogo | 11 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 41 | 6 | +35 | 20 | Champions |
| 2 | Americano | 11 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 46 | 12 | +34 | 19 |  |
| 3 | Paulistano | 11 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 17 | 26 | 9 | | 12 |
| 4 | Cattete | 11 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 18 | 22 | 4 | | 8 |
| 5 | Germânia | 11 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 12 | 39 | 27 | | 7 |
| 6 | Internacional | 11 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 8 | 42 | 34 | | 3 |
| 7 | Petropolitano | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 4 | +5 | 3 | Withdrew |

Updated to match(es) played on October 27, 1912. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

## LMSA Championship

Campeonato Carioca
| Season | 1912 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Paysandu |
| Matches played | 54 |
| Goals scored | 266 (4.93 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Harry Robinson (Paysandu) – 26 goals |
| Biggest home win | Flamengo 14-0 Mangueira (September 8, 1912) |
| Biggest away win | Mangueira 2-16 Flamengo (May 3, 1912) |
| Highest scoring | Mangueira 2-16 Flamengo (May 3, 1912) |
| 1911 1913 | |

The edition of the Campeonato Carioca organized by LMSA (*Liga Metropolitana de Sports Athleticos*, or Metropolitan Athletic Sports League) kicked off on May 3, 1912 and ended on November 1, 1912. Paysandu won the championship for the 1st time. no teams were relegated.

### Participating teams

The league was expanded that year from six to eight teams, with the four participants of the previous year's championship, the three best teams from the second level, and Flamengo, a rowing club that had formed its own football department, mostly comprising former Fluminense players that had a falling out with the club's officialdom in the previous year.

| Club | Home location | Previous season |
| --- | --- | --- |
| América | Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro | 2nd |
| Bangu | Bangu, Rio de Janeiro | 1st (Second level) |
| Flamengo | Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro |  |
| Fluminense | Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro | 1st |
| Mangueira | Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro | 3rd (Second level) |
| Paysandu | Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro | 4th |
| Rio Cricket | Praia Grande, Niterói | 3rd |
| São Cristóvão | São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro | 2nd (Second level) |
|

### System

The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.

### Championship

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Paysandu | 14 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 64 | 13 | +51 | 24 | Champions |
| 2 | Flamengo | 14 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 65 | 16 | +49 | 22 |  |
| 3 | América | 14 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 37 | 16 | +21 | | 20 |
| 4 | Rio Cricket | 14 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 29 | 19 | +10 | | 17 |
| 5 | Fluminense | 14 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 25 | +2 | | 16 |
| 6 | Bangu | 14 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 24 | 51 | 27 | | 5 |
| 7 | São Cristóvão | 14 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 10 | 46 | 36 | | 5 |
| 8 | Mangueira | 14 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 79 | 69 | | 3 |

Updated to match(es) played on November 1, 1912. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) number of goals scored.

## InfoBox

Campeonato Carioca
| Season | 1912 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Botafogo |
| Matches played | 29 |
| Goals scored | 151 (5.21 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Mimi Sodré (Botafogo) - 12 goals |
| Biggest home win | Botafogo 10-0 Germânia (September 29, 1912) |
| Biggest away win | Germânia 1-9 Americano (July 28, 1912) |
| Highest scoring | Americano 10-1 Internacional (September 22, 1912) |
| 1911 1913 | |


title: 1912 Campeonato Paulista

abstract: The 1912 Campeonato Paulista, organized by the LPF, was the 11th season of São Paulo's top association football league. Americano won the title for the 1st time. No teams were relegated. Mackenzie's Arthur Friedenreich was the top scorer, with 16 goals.

text:
# 1912 Campeonato Paulista

The **1912 Campeonato Paulista**, organized by the LPF (Liga Paulista de Football), was the 11th season of São Paulo's top association football league. Americano won the title for the 1st time. No teams were relegated. Mackenzie's Arthur Friedenreich was the top scorer, with 16 goals.

## System

The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.

## Championship

Despite the fact that AA das Palmeiras had left the league the previous year, the championship expanded, with the return of Mackenzie and Internacional. The last four matches of the championship were cancelled because a São Paulo XI team would tour Rio Grande do Sul in November, which would leave the teams short of important players if the matches were to be held.

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Americano | 11 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 25 | 9 | +16 | 18 | Champions |
| 2 | Paulistano | 10 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 28 | 15 | +13 | 15 |  |
| 3 | Germânia | 12 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 27 | 20 | +7 | | 13 |
| 4 | Mackenzie | 10 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 35 | 19 | +16 | | 12 |
| 5 | Internacional | 10 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 21 | 10 | | 7 |
| 6 | São Paulo Athletic | 11 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 28 | 12 | | 7 |
| 7 | Ypiranga | 12 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 20 | 50 | 30 | | 4 |

Updated to match(es) played on October 27, 1912. Source: RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) wins; 4) head-to-head points.

## InfoBox

Campeonato Paulista
| Season | 1912 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Americano |
| Matches played | 38 |
| Goals scored | 162 (4.26 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Arthur Friedenreich (Mackenzie) – 16 goals |
| Biggest home win | Mackenzie 8-2 Ypiranga (May 3, 1912) |
| Biggest away win | Ypiranga 0-8 Germânia (October 13, 1912) |
| Highest scoring | Paulistano 8-3 Ypiranga (April 14, 1912) |
| 1911 1913 | |


title: 1993 Romanian Open

abstract: The 1993 Romanian Open was a men's tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts in Bucharest, Romania that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 13 September through 19 September 1993. Top-seeded Goran Ivanišević won the singles title and earned $71,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1993 Romanian Open

The **1993 Romanian Open** was a men's tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts in Bucharest, Romania that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour . It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 13 September through 19 September 1993. Top-seeded Goran Ivanišević won the singles title and earned $71,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Goran Ivanišević defeated  Andrei Cherkasov 6–2,7–6<sup>(7–5)</sup>

* It was Ivanišević's 1st singles title of the year and the 7th of his career.

### Doubles

Menno Oosting /  Libor Pimek defeated  George Cosac /  Ciprian Petre Porumb 7–6, 7–6

## InfoBox

| 1993 Romanian Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13–19 September |
| Edition | 1st |
| Category | World Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $500,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Bucharest, Romania |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Goran Ivanišević | |
| Doubles | |
| Menno Oosting /  Libor Pimek | |
|  | |


title: Arnold School

abstract: Arnold School was an independent school in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, established on the Fylde coast in 1896 during the Victorian expansion of public boarding schools in England. The school was in the United Church Schools Trust group of schools and was a long-standing member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. In September 2012, Arnold School merged with King Edward VII and Queen Mary School in Lytham St Annes to form Arnold KEQMS, and from September 2013 the new school was fully co-located at the Lytham St Annes site.

text:
# Arnold School

**Arnold School** was an independent school in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, established on the Fylde coast in 1896 during the Victorian expansion of public boarding schools in England.

The school was in the United Church Schools Trust group of schools and was a long-standing member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. In September 2012, Arnold School merged with King Edward VII and Queen Mary School in Lytham St Annes to form Arnold KEQMS (now AKS Lytham), and from September 2013 the new school was fully co-located at the Lytham St Annes site.

## History

Arnold School was founded by Frank Truswell Pennington on 4 May 1896. Known initially as South Shore Collegiate School, the school moved to a site in Lytham Road when Pennington took over and gradually expanded the buildings of an earlier Victorian Public School. He then adopted the former school's name of Arnold House School, named after Dr Thomas Arnold, Headmaster of Rugby School. The name was later shortened to Arnold School. The school was founded on Christian principles and a tradition of service. Following Pennington's death, the school enlarged as a Direct Grant boys' grammar school, flanked by a sister Arnold High School for Girls. The abolition of the Direct Grant system placed Arnold School back into independence, and in 1938 the school was then given to the Old Boys, who elected a Governing Council. Arnold High School for Girls became a separate institution and continued as a local authority maintained grammar school. The step towards co-education was taken during the leadership of Cameron Cochrane in 1973 -1978. Richard Rhodes, then deputy head, afterwards became the Headmaster, before leaving and becoming headteacher at Rossall School. Arnold merged with King Edward VII and Queen Mary School (KEQMS) in September 2012, forming ArnoldKEQMS which operated on the sites of both original schools until September 2013 when it became wholly based in Lytham St Annes.

## Coat of arms

The school was granted a new Coat of Arms in 1999. The shield bears three red roses of Lancashire on a silver field between wedges of Arnold green. The crest is a red rose between two laurel leaves (for scholarship), standing on silver and blue waves (for Blackpool).

## Expansion and development

The Victorian school saw significant developments in the mid-20th century and the early 21st century. Some developments include the completion of a new Sixth Form Centre and Preparatory School in 1972; the Art and Music departments in 1981; the Design Centre in 1990; the all-weather playing field in 1993; the Kindergarten in 1995; the Information Technology Centres in 1997; the Modern Languages Faculty in 1997; the Centenary Complex in 1998; the opening of the Windmill Charities Room in 2003.

On 1 June 2008 Arnold School joined the United Church Schools Trust. There followed an immediate investment in the infrastructure of the school, and the installation of the latest technologies available. Major refurbishments of the Sixth Form Centre, Fifth Form Lounge, and Dining Room were also undertaken.

## Amalgamation

Arnold merged with King Edward VII & Queen Mary School (KEQMS) in September 2012. The new school is called AKS Lytham. Contentiously, parent groups opposed to the merger submitted objections to the Charity Commission which prompted a review prior to allowing the merger to proceed. The Charity Commission completed their report and announced on 11 November 2011 that they had approved the decision. A KEQMS parent group immediately announced their intention to appeal against the Charity Commission decision. The appeal was lodged with HM Courts and Tribunal Service – First Tier Tribunal on Friday 9 December 2011. The appeal was heard on 11 and 12 April 2012 and a decision was released by the tribunal on 17 May 2012 stating that the merger was going to proceed. The parents group did not appeal this decision and the merger went ahead successfully over the course of 2013. United Church Schools Trust (a large education charity), the group responsible for the merger, committed to an expenditure in excess of £9 million, in order to upgrade the infrastructure at the Lytham site so as to accommodate the expanded school.

## Headmasters

* 1896–1932 F. T. Pennington
* 1932–1933 H. C. Cooke MA.
* 1933–1938 F. T. Pennington.
* 1938–1966 F. W. Holdgate MA.
* 1966–1973 O. C. Wigmore MA.
* 1973–1979 A. J. C. Cochrane MA.
* 1979–1987 R. D. W. Rhodes JP., BA. (Later headmaster of Rossall School)
* 1987–1993 J. A. B Kelsall MA.
* 1993–2003 W. T. Gillen MA. (Previously headmaster at The King's School, Tynemouth)
* 2003–2010 B. M. Hughes BSc.
* 2010–2012 J. E. Keefe BA.

## Notable Old Arnoldians

Honours  Academic  Public life / Commerce  Sport  Arts/Theatre/TV  Literature

## Further reading

* Holdgate, Martin (2009). *Arnold: the story of a Blackpool school*. Hayloft Publishing. ISBN 978-1-90452-463-2.
* Shenton, Kenneth (1989). *The History of Arnold School Blackpool*. Carnegie P. ISBN 978-0948789427.

## InfoBox

| Arnold School | |
| --- | --- |
| School buildings after closure (2015) | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Lytham Road
Blackpool, Lancashire, FY4 1JG
England | |
| Coordinates | 53°47′22″N 3°02′49″W / 53.78946°N 3.04687°W / 53.78946; -3.04687 |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent school Public school |
| Motto | Honor Virtutis Praemium
("Honour is the reward of virtue") |
| Established | 1896 |
| Founder | F. T. Pennington |
| Closed | 2013 |
| Local authority | Blackpool |
| Department for Education URN | 119839 Tables |
| Head teacher | J. Keefe |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Age | 2 to 18 |
| Houses | * Howarths * Listons * Penningtons * School |
| Colour(s) | Arnold Green, White |
| Former pupils | Old Arnoldians |
| Website | www.akslytham.com |


title: Arnold Schulman

abstract: Arnold Schulman was an American playwright, screenwriter, producer, songwriter and novelist. He was a stage actor long associated with the American Theatre Wing and the Actors Studio.

text:
# Arnold Schulman

**Arnold Schulman** (August 11, 1925 – February 4, 2023) was an American playwright, screenwriter, producer, songwriter and novelist. He was a stage actor long associated with the American Theatre Wing and the Actors Studio.

## Biography

Born to a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Schulman attended the University of North Carolina where he took writing courses. He served with the U.S. Navy during World War II, and in 1946 came to New York City, where he began to write in earnest. He studied playwriting with Robert Anderson (*Tea and Sympathy*) in classes at New York's American Theatre Wing, scripted for television during the early 1950s, making a transition to Hollywood films in 1957.

Schulman died at his Santa Monica home on February 4, 2023, at the age of 97.

## Awards

Schulman received Oscar nominations for Best Original Screenplay for *Love with the Proper Stranger* in 1963 and for Best Adapted Screenplay for *Goodbye, Columbus* in 1969. He also received three Writers Guild nominations for Best Screenplay for *Wild Is the Wind*, *A Hole in the Head* and *Love with the Proper Stranger*, and a Writers Guild award for *Goodbye, Columbus*. He was also the recipient of a Humanitas Prize award in 1994 for his work on *And the Band Played On*.

Schulman was credited as the screenwriter of *Players*, although the script was rewritten without his consent, and by contract he wasn't able to take his name off.

## Credits

## Bibliography

* Schulman, Arnold. *Baba*. Viking Press, New York, 1971. (Biography of Schulman's guru Sathya Sai Baba)

## InfoBox

| Arnold Schulman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1925-08-11)August 11, 1925
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | February 4, 2023(2023-02-04) (aged 97)
Santa Monica, California, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, producer, songwriter, actor |


title: Ensign Records

abstract: Ensign Records was a record label started in 1976 by London-born Nigel Grainge, elder brother of UMG Chairman Sir Lucian Grainge.

text:
# Ensign Records

**Ensign Records** was a record label started in 1976 by London-born Nigel Grainge, elder brother of UMG Chairman Sir Lucian Grainge.

## History

Nigel Grainge began his career in the record business as a sales office assistant at Phonogram UK in 1970. After a promotion to US-affiliated labels manager, he was responsible for the marketing and chart success of many hits by acts such as Faron Young, The Detroit Emeralds, The Stylistics, Chuck Berry, Rod Stewart (switching "Maggie May" from an original 'B' side), and eventually became the company's head of A&R from 1974 to 1976. He directly signed Thin Lizzy, 10cc, The Steve Miller Band, and a worldwide license for the successful All Platinum label (hits by Shirley & Co, the Moments, etc.), among others, before deciding to leave and set up his own independent label, funded by Phonogram Inc., which distributed it.

Ensign had early success with The Boomtown Rats in 1977, who went on to have 13 UK Top 20 entries including two at number 1 – "Rat Trap" and "I Don't Like Mondays". Ensign also had a constant stream of UK and European hits with Flash and the Pan, Eddy Grant, Light of the World, and Phil Fearon & Galaxy. Grainge's cohort throughout the life of the label was London DJ Chris Hill.

Grainge sold the company to Chrysalis Records in 1984 and continued to run it from their offices in Notting Hill until the mid-1990s. The roster had reached its most credible peak with Sinéad O'Connor, The Waterboys, World Party, and the Blue Aeroplanes. The Waterboys' contract with Ensign expired in 1991.

By 1990, millions of records had been sold by O'Connor, the biggest success being "Nothing Compares 2 U" which hit number one in over 30 countries.

After EMI acquired Chrysalis Records in 1991, Grainge felt stifled by the corporate changes and requested to leave the company, and the label was folded into its parent.

With the acquisition of the EMI group by Universal in 2012, the ownership of the Ensign catalogue of artists was transferred to Parlophone/Warner Music Group, and in 2016 Ensign and Chrysalis were acquired by Blue Raincoat Music.

Chris Hill continues to DJ in the London area, and Grainge relocated to Santa Monica, California in 2002, where he co-founded cultural search-engine TunesMap, owned by G. Marq Roswell, and worked as a special advisor on the HBO series *Vinyl*. He died, at age 70, on 11 June 2017.

## InfoBox

| Ensign Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company |  |
| Founded | 1976 |
| Founder | Nigel Grainge |
| Status | Defunct |
| Distributor(s) | Reservoir Media Management (post-1984 catalogue)<br>EMI Records (post-2020)/Mercury Records (pre-1984 catalogue) |
| Genre | Various |
| Country of origin | UK |


title: Endococcus thelommatis

abstract: Endococcus thelommatis is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Lichenotheliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologists Jana Kocourková and Kerry Knudsen. The fungus grows on the lichen Thelomma santessonii, a common saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen that is endemic to the coast and islands of Southern California and Mexico's Baja California. Endococcus thelommatis is the first lichenicolous fungus to have been reported from this lichen.

text:
# Endococcus thelommatis

***Endococcus thelommatis*** is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Lichenotheliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologists Jana Kocourková and Kerry Knudsen. The fungus grows on the lichen *Thelomma santessonii*, a common saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen that is endemic to the coast and islands of Southern California and Mexico's Baja California. *Endococcus thelommatis* is the first lichenicolous fungus to have been reported from this lichen.

## InfoBox

| *Endococcus thelommatis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Lichenotheliales |
| Family: | Lichenotheliaceae |
| Genus: | *Endococcus* |
| Species: | ***E. thelommatis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endococcus thelommatis***<br>Kocourk. & K.Knudsen (2011) | |
|


title: Endoclita williamsi

abstract: Endoclita williamsi is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from the Philippines.

text:
# Endoclita williamsi

***Endoclita williamsi*** is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Endoclita williamsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hepialidae |
| Genus: | *Endoclita* |
| Species: | ***E. williamsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endoclita williamsi***<br>Tindale, 1958 | |
|


title: 1988 European Taekwondo Championships

abstract: The 1988 European Taekwondo Championships were held in Ankara, Turkey. The event took place from 26 to 29 May, 1988.

text:
# 1988 European Taekwondo Championships

The **1988 European Taekwondo Championships** were held in Ankara, Turkey. The event took place from 26 to 29 May, 1988.

## Medal summary

*   Host nation (Turkey)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Turkey | 6 | 5 | 2 | 13 |
| 2 | Spain | 4 | 3 | 6 | 13 |
| 3 | Netherlands | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 4 | Italy | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 5 | West Germany | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| 6 | Denmark | 1 | 0 | 5 | 6 |
| 7 | Switzerland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Austria | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 9 | Finland | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 10 | France | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Yugoslavia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (12 entries) | | 16 | 16 | 31 | 63 |

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| –50 kg | Harun Ateş
Turkey | Vicky Rumeon
Netherlands | Óscar Blanco
Spain
Dario Manca
Italy |
| –54 kg | Geremia Di Constanzo
Italy | Reinhard Langer
West Germany | Thomas Mayr
Austria
Josef Salim
Denmark |
| –58 kg | José Sanabria
Spain | Nuno Damaso
Switzerland | Şakir Bezcir
Turkey
Christian Herberth
West Germany |
| –64 kg | Jesús Tortosa Alameda
Spain | Cengiz Yağız
Turkey | Thomas Filio
Denmark
Hubert Sinègre
France |
| –70 kg | Nusret Ramazanoğlu
Turkey | José Eles
Spain | Markku Parviainen
Finland
Ruben Thijs
Netherlands |
| –76 kg | Osman Şener Özsoy
Turkey | John Wright Díaz
Spain | Marcello Pezzolla
Italy
Robert Tomašević
Yugoslavia |
| –83 kg | Markus Woznicki
West Germany | Metin Şahin
Turkey | Miguel Jordán
Spain
Jari Kaila
Finland |
| +83 kg | Tonny Sørensen
Denmark | Ali Şahin
Turkey | José Luis Álvarez
Spain
Henk Meijer
Netherlands |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| –43 kg | María Rosa Moreno
Spain | Emine Güler
Turkey | Sonja Galvano
Italy
Charlotte König
West Germany |
| –47 kg | Piera Muggiri
Italy | Anita van der Pas
Netherlands | Bettina Engelking
West Germany
Regina Singer
Austria |
| –51 kg | Sultan Demir
Turkey | Roberta Parisella
Italy | Fatma-Ayse Kayadelen
West Germany
Josefina López
Spain |
| –55 kg | Züleyha Tan
Turkey | Kerstin Aaslepp
West Germany | Amparo Dols
Spain
Anne-Mette Christensen
Denmark |
| –60 kg | Sibel Dinçer
Turkey | Jolanda van Duren
Netherlands | Karin Schwartz
Denmark
Juana Usurbil
Spain |
| –65 kg | Coral Bistuer
Spain | Sonny Seidel
West Germany | Petra Adler
Sweden
Sabina Luciani
Denmark |
| –70 kg | Mandy de Jongh
Netherlands | Elena Navaz
Spain | Michaela Huber
Austria
Şeyda Şerifoğlu
Turkey |
| +70 kg | Anne-Mieke Buijs
Netherlands | Mine Arduç
Turkey | Ute Güster
West Germany |

## InfoBox

| 1988 European Taekwondo Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Ankara, Turkey |
| Start date | 26 May |
| End date | 29 May |
|


title: Army Ballistic Missile Agency

abstract: The Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was formed to develop the U.S. Army's first large ballistic missile. The agency was established at Redstone Arsenal on 1 February 1956, and commanded by Major General John B. Medaris with Wernher von Braun as technical director.

text:
# Army Ballistic Missile Agency

The **Army Ballistic Missile Agency** (**ABMA**) was formed to develop the U.S. Army's first large ballistic missile. The agency was established at Redstone Arsenal on 1 February 1956, and commanded by Major General John B. Medaris with Wernher von Braun as technical director.

## History

The Redstone missile was the first major project assigned to ABMA. The Redstone was a direct descendant of the V-2 missile developed by the von Braun team in Germany during World War II. After the Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard was chosen by the DoD Committee on Special Capabilities, over the ABMA's proposal to use a modified Redstone ballistic missile as a satellite launch vehicle, ABMA was ordered to stop work on launchers for satellites and focus, instead, on military missiles.

Von Braun continued work on the design for what became the Jupiter-C rocket. This was a three-stage rocket, designed to test Jupiter missile components which, by *coincidence*, could be used to launch a satellite in the Juno I configuration (that is, with an added fourth stage). In September 1956, a Jupiter-C was launched with a 14 kg (31 lb) dummy satellite on a suborbital flight. It was generally believed that the ABMA could have put a satellite into orbit at that time, had the U.S. government allowed ABMA to do so. A year later, the Soviets launched Sputnik 1. When the Vanguard rocket failed, a Redstone-based Jupiter-C with an added fourth stage and thus designated as Juno I rocket, launched America's first satellite, Explorer 1, on 1 February 1958 (GMT). Redstone was later used as a launch vehicle in Project Mercury. Redstone was also deployed by the U.S. Army as the PGM-11, the first missile to carry a nuclear warhead.

Studies began in 1956 for a replacement for the Redstone missile. Initially called the Redstone-S (S for solid), the name was changed to MGM-31 Pershing and a contract was awarded to The Martin Company, beginning a program that lasted 34 years.

In early 1958, NACA's "Stever Committee" included consultation from the ABMA's large booster program, headed by Wernher von Braun. Von Braun's Group was referred to as the "Working Group on Vehicular Program".

In March 1958, ABMA was placed under the new U.S. Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) along with Redstone Arsenal, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, White Sands Proving Ground, and the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA). General Medaris was placed in command of AOMC and BG John A. Barclay took command of ABMA.

On 1 July 1960, the AOMC space-related missions and most of its employees, facilities, and equipment were transferred to NASA, forming the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Wernher von Braun was named MSFC director.

BG Richard M. Hurst took command of ABMA from May 1960 until December 1961 when both ABMA and ARGMA were abolished and the remnants were folded directly into AOMC. In 1962, AOMC (the part that hadn't been transferred to NASA) was restructured into the new U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM).

### Redstone

In the aftermath of World War II, a number of German rocket scientists and engineers were moved to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip. Rocketry was at that time considered to be a sort of long-range artillery, and naturally fell to the Army to explore. The group was settled at Fort Bliss, Texas – where they aided General Electric's Project Hermes efforts to build and test a variety of V-2-derived designs at the nearby White Sands Proving Ground.

Around the same time, North American Aviation (NAA) won the contract to build a long-range cruise missile that became the SM-64 Navaho. This used ramjet power and needed to be boosted up to operational speed by a rocket. Their Propulsion Division was given two V-2 engines to work with to meet this requirement, along with a wealth of research papers from the original V-2 engine team. The NAA team discovered that a major upgrade to the V-2's original Model 39 engine was planned through the use of a new fuel injector design, but the Germans were not able to cure lingering combustion problems. Attacking this task, NAA successfully solved the problems and began using this new injector. This became the XLR-41 Phase III engine, which provided 330,000 N (74,000 lbf) of thrust, one third greater than the Model 39, and was lighter and smaller than the German design.

The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 led to calls for the rapid deployment of new missiles, and the U.S. Army responded by developing a requirement for a ballistic missile with 800 km (500 mi) range while carrying a 230 kg (510 lb) warhead that could be operational as rapidly as possible. The fastest solution was to provide the German team with anything they needed to achieve this goal by adapting the V-2 design. The team, under the leadership of Wernher von Braun, began work on the problem at Fort Bliss. In 1951, they moved to the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, home to the Army's Ordnance commands. Initially known as the Ordnance Guided Missile Center, then the Guided Missile Development Division (GMDD), in 1956 they finally became the **Army Ballistic Missile Agency**, or ABMA.

Taking the XLR-41, renamed as the NA-75-110 in U.S. Army use, they wrapped it in the largest airframe it could lift, increasing fuel load and extending the range. The result was essentially a larger version of the V-2. As tensions of the Cold War mounted, the Army changed the requirement to be able to carry smallest nuclear warheads in the inventory – with a warhead weight of 3,100 kg (6,800 lb), range was reduced to only 282 km (175 mi). Design work was complete in 1952 and on 8 April 1952 it became known as the SSM-G-14 Redstone (Surface-to-Surface Missile, G for ground). The first ABMA-built prototype flew in August 1953, the first production-line model from Chrysler in July 1956, and the Redstone entered service in 1958.

While the PGM-11 Redstone program continued, NAA was receiving a continual stream of orders from the U.S. Air Force to extend the range and payload of their Navaho design. This required a much larger missile, and a much larger booster to launch it. As a result, NAA was continually introducing new versions of their engines. By the mid-1950s, NAA had a version known as the XLR-43 running at 530,000 N (120,000 lbf) thrust, while further reducing weight at the same time. Much of this was due to the introduction of the tubular wall combustion chamber, which was much lighter than the cast-steel designs of the V-2, while also offering much better cooling which allowed the combustion rate, and thus thrust, to be increased.

While the Navajo program dragged on, NAA split the team into three groups, Rocketdyne handled engines, Autonetics developed inertial navigation systems (INS) and the Missile Division retained the Navaho itself. With this breakup of duties, both Rocketdyne and Autonetics were soon asked to provide solutions for other projects. In particular, the Air Force asked Rocketdyne to provide an engine for their SM-65 Atlas which they did by adapting the XLR-43 to run on JP-4 instead of alcohol, becoming the LR89. In addition to the switch to JP-4, the engine did away with the hydrogen peroxide system of the XLR-41 that powered the turbopumps and replaced it with a turbine that ran on the rocket fuel itself, simplifying the overall design.

Von Braun's team initially considered making a version of the Redstone using the LR89 and adding a second stage, stretching the range to 1,900 km (1,200 mi). But ongoing work on the LR89 suggested that the engine could be further improved, and in 1954, the Army approached Rocketdyne to provide a similar design with a thrust of 600,000 N (130,000 lbf). Over this period the weight of nuclear warheads was rapidly falling, and by combining this engine with a warhead of 910 kg (2,010 lb) they could build a single-stage missile able to reach 2,800 km (1,700 mi) while being significantly less complicated and easier to handle in the field than a two-stage model. This engine was continually upgraded, ultimately reaching 670,000 N (150,000 lbf). This last model, known to the Army as the NAA-150-200, became much better known by its Rocketdyne model number, S-3.

### Initial IRBM battles

In January 1955, the Air Force's Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) urged the Air Force to develop a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM). They felt that it was far less technically risky than the SM-65 Atlas ICBM the Air Force was developing, and would enter service earlier. General Bernard Schriever, leader of the U.S. Air Force's Western Development Division in charge of Atlas development, was opposed to the concept, feeling that it would divert resources from the Atlas efforts.

In February 1955, the United Kingdom expressed an interest in obtaining an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) that could strike the Soviet Union from bases within the United Kingdom. This added impetus to desires for a MRBM, but this ran afoul of ongoing concerns about the sharing of nuclear information. Later that same month, the initial report of the Killian Committee was published. Among its many recommendations was the statement that the U.S. should build an IRBM as soon as possible. They based their argument on the fact that an IRBM could strike any point in Europe from any point in Europe. It was believed that this type of weapon would be highly desirable to the Soviets and thus since they were very likely to develop such a system, the U.S. should build one first.

In March 1955, the Army approached the Air Force about their MRBM design. When the Air Force had split from the Army in 1947, the two forces had a tacit agreement that the Army would be responsible for designs flying less than 1,600 km (990 mi), while the Air Force took over those with greater range. The new design's 2,400 km (1,500 mi) range placed it within the umbrella of the Air Force, so the Army offered to design and build the missile for operation by the Air Force. In spite of addressing the calls for an Air Force M/IRBM, and that taking it over would keep the Army out of the long-range missile game, General Schriever dismissed the idea outright:

> It would be naive to think that the Army would develop a weapon and then turn it over to the Air Force for operation. Therefore, I strongly recommend that our relationship with Redstone \[Arsenal\] remain on an exchange of information basis.

As the calls for an IRBM continued, Schriever finally acquiesced and suggested that an IRBM could be created out of a down-scaled Atlas, thereby avoiding any duplication of effort. Contract tenders for such designs were sent out in May 1955. However, by July 1955, the Joint Coordinating Committee on Ballistic Missiles concluded that there were enough differences between the two concepts that an entirely new design should be built for the role.

The Army, meanwhile, did not give up on their design. In September 1955, von Braun briefed the U.S. Secretary of Defense and the Armed Services Policy Council on long range missiles, pointing out that a 2,400 km (1,500 mi) missile was a logical extension of the Redstone. He proposed a six-year development program costing US$240 million (equivalent to $2.73 billion in 2023) with a total production of 50 prototype missiles.

### Jupiter-A

To test various parts of the Jupiter equipment, ABMA began launching Jupiter hardware on previously planned Redstone development missions. These were known under the name Jupiter-A. Among the systems tested by Jupiter-A were the ST-80 INS, angle-of-attack sensors, fusing systems and the explosive bolts that separated the booster from the upper stage.

ABMA and the Air Force disagree on how many flights were part of the Jupiter-A series. ABMA lists Redstone RS-11 as the first Jupiter-A launch on 22 September 1955, with RS-12 following on 5 December 1955. This means these flights took place before the Jupiter program was even official. The Air Force states the first was on 14 March 1956. Likewise the Air Force does not claim the last three Redstone flights, RS-46, CC-43 and CC-48, to be part of the Jupiter-A program, while ABMA lists them.

In total, ABMA lists 25 launches as part of the Jupiter-A series, every Redstone launched between September 1955 and 11 June 1958. The Air Force lists only the 20 in the middle of this period.

### Jupiter-C

While development of the Jupiter missile was underway, design of the reentry vehicle was progressing rapidly. In order to gain test data on the design before the missile would be ready to launch it, ABMA designed the Jupiter-C, short for "Jupiter Composite Test Vehicle". This was not really a Jupiter at all, but a Redstone with an 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) stretch to hold more fuel, topped with two upper stages consisting of clusters of small solid fuel rockets, topped by a subscale version of the Jupiter reentry vehicle.

The bare Jupiter-C flew for the first time on 20 September 1956, flying further and faster than any previous rocket. The complete system with a dummy reentry vehicle flew twice in 1957, the first on 15 May and the second on 8 August 1957. The second of these tests also used a new three-stage upper that had been designed for the Juno I rocket, a further expansion of the Jupiter-C intended for future space launches. It was a Juno I that launched the U.S.'s first satellite, Explorer 1, on 1 February 1958 (GMT).

### Jupiter versus Thor

ABMA's work on the Jupiter progressed throughout the U.S. Navy's brief involvement, especially work on the INS. The goal had originally been to match Redstone's accuracy at the Jupiter's much extended range, but as development continued it became clear the ABMA team could improve on that considerably. This led to a period in which "The Army would lay down a particular accuracy, and wait for our arguments whether it was possible. We had to promise a lot, but were fortunate".

This process ultimately delivered a design intended to provide 0.8 km (0.50 mi) accuracy at the full range, a radius one fourth that of the best INS designs being used by the Air Force. The system was so accurate that a number of observers expressed their skepticism about the Army's goals, with the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) suggesting they were hopelessly optimistic.

The Army's desire for accuracy was a side-effect of their mission concept for nuclear weapons. They saw the weapons as part of a large-scale battle in Europe, in which both sides would use nuclear weapons during a limited war that did not include the use of strategic weapons on each other's cities. In that case, "if wars were to be kept limited, such weapons would have to be capable of hitting only tactical targets". This approach saw support of a number of influential theorists, notably Henry Kissinger, and was seized on as a uniquely Army mission.

Although the Air Force had started their own IRBM to compete with Jupiter, development was lackadaisical. They had the much more impressive Atlas to worry about, and even that saw relatively little interest in a force dominated by Strategic Air Command's bomber-centric strategic vision. Curtis LeMay, leader of SAC, was generally uninterested in Atlas, considering it useful only as a way to blast holes in the Soviet defensive systems to let his bombers through. But as the Jupiter program began to progress they became increasingly concerned that it would enter service before Atlas, potentially handing the Army some sort of strategic role in the short term.

The Air Force vision of war was significantly different from the Army's, consisting of a massive attack on the Soviet Union in the event of any sort of major military action, the so-called "Sunday punch". The possibility of a major war that did not escalate to the point where strategic weapons were used was a serious concern to Air Force planners. If the Soviets became convinced the U.S. would respond to tactical nuclear use in kind, and that such use would not automatically unleash SAC, they might be more willing to chance a war in Europe where they might maintain superiority.

The Air Force began to agitate against Jupiter, saying that the Army's vision of a low-scale nuclear war was destabilizing, while claiming that their own Thor missile did not represent this sort of destabilizing force as it was purely strategic. They may also have been motivated by the WSEG's comments that if the Jupiter team's accuracy claims were true, "they would indicate that Jupiter is the most promising weapon for development".

### Army to Air Force

As the Air Force's arguments against Jupiter grew more vocal, the argument came to encompass several other ongoing projects that the two forces had in common, including surface-to-air missiles and anti-ballistic missiles. By the middle of 1956, both forces were engaged in tit-for-tat attacks in the press, with the Air Force calling the Army "unfit to guard the nation" on the front page of *The New York Times* and sending out press releases about how bad their SAM-A-25 Nike Hercules missile was compared to the Air Force's IM-99 Bomarc.

Tired of the internecine fighting, Secretary of Defense Wilson decided to end it once and for all. Examining a wide variety of complaints between the two forces, on 18 November 1956, he published a memo that limited the Army to weapons with a range of 320 km (200 mi) or less, and those dedicated to air defense to half that. Jupiter's 2,400 km (1,500 mi) range was well over this limit, but instead of forcing them to cancel the project, Wilson had the ABMA team continue development and the Air Force to ultimately deploy it. This was precisely the plan that Schriever had rejected the year before.

The Army were apoplectic, and let the press know it. This ultimately led to the court-martial of Colonel John C. Nickerson Jr., after he leaked information about various Army projects, including the then-secret Pershing missile.

The Air Force were no happier, as they had little real interest in anything other than Atlas, and didn't see a strong need for one IRBM, let alone two. Through 1957 the situation between the Air Force and ABMA was almost nonfunctional, with ABMA requests for updates on the project going unanswered for months. The Air Force did, however, reduce the production rate from two missiles per month to one. They then began a review process with the thinly disguised goal of canceling Jupiter.

### Army to NASA

When the Army was stripped of their long-range surface-to-surface role, the question arose as to what to do with the ABMA team. The large team built up for the Redstone and Jupiter efforts would not be needed for the short range missiles fitting the Wilson range limits, but breaking up the team was something no one wanted.

The team soon began working on non-military rockets, which did not fall under the Wilson range requirements. This led to a series of designs extending the existing Juno series, using various combinations of parts from Army and Air Force missiles to meet a wide variety of performance goals. During a visit by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the various plans were presented, notably the Juno V concept which ABMA saw as a solution for launching the spy satellites the Air Force was designing. The Air Force was, unsurprisingly, planning to use its own launcher for this, an expanded version of the upcoming Titan II. ARPA then provided ABMA with initial funding to keep the Juno V project moving, and assigned it von Braun's preferred name of "Saturn", meaning "the one after Jupiter".

Meanwhile, President Eisenhower was interested in handing the job of space exploration to a civilian body, which would avoid any potential issues over the militarization of space. This was formed as NASA in late 1958. Some months later ABMA was handed over to NASA to become the Marshall Space Flight Center.

When the next president, John F. Kennedy, announced the goal of landing on the Moon on 25 May 1961, two competing designs were considered for the booster, Marshall's Saturn V and the NASA Nova. The subsequent selection of the smaller Saturn was a factor in the success of the Apollo project.

1. "Reach for the Stars". *Time*. 17 February 1958. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007.
2. Roger E. Bilstein (1996). "FROM NACA TO NASA". *Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, p. 33*. foreword (1979) by William R. Lucas, Director, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. NASA. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
3. "Redstone Arsenal Complex Chronology, Part II: Nerve Center of Army Missilery, 1950–62 – Section B: The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956–62". *Redstone Arsenal Historical Information*. United States Army. Archived from the original on 16 July 2006. Retrieved 28 June 2006.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
4. "A Jump Start in the Missile Race". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.
5. Healy 1958, p. 1.
6. Kyle 2011, IRBM Battle.
7. Kyle 2011, The Design.
8. Neufeld 1990, p. 121.
9. Neufeld 1990, p. 144.
10. Kyle 2011, Testing Jupiter, Jupiter A.
11. Kyle 2011, Testing Jupiter, Jupiter-C.
12. Mackenzie 1993, p. 131.
13. Mackenzie 1993, p. 132.
14. Mackenzie 1993, p. 129.
15. Neufeld 1990, p. 142.
16. Mackenzie 1993, p. 127.
17. Mackenzie 1993, p. 123.
18. "Air Force Calls Army Unfit to Guard Nation". *The New York Times*. 21 May 1956. p. 1.
19. Larsen, Douglas (1 August 1957). "New Battle Looms Over Army's Newest Missile". *Sarasota Journal*. p. 35. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
20. Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003, pp. 27–30, 37.
21. "Nickerson Accuses Wilson Of 'Grave Errors' On Missiles". *The News and Courier*. 28 June 1957. p. B-14. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
22. "The Nickerson Case". *Time*. 18 March 1957.
23. "Army Weights Court-Martial Over Missiles". *The St. Petersburg Times*. 25 February 1957. p. 1. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
24. Kyle 2011, Air Force Gains Control.
25. Bilstein 1996, p. 25.
26. Bilstein 1996, pp. 32–33.
27. Bilstein 1996, p. 34.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Army Ballistic Missile Agency
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Military overview | |
| Formed | 1 February 1956 (1956-02-01) |
| Dissolved | 1961 |
| Jurisdiction | Government of the United States |
| Headquarters | Madison County, Alabama |


title: Amax Double Eagle TT

abstract: The Amax Double Eagle TT is an Australian autogyro that was designed and produced by Amax Engineering of Donvale, Victoria in the late 1990s. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction. The "TT" designation indicates "Tall Tail". The aircraft has higher landing gear, allowing the engine to be placed on the vertical center of gravity, which eliminates pitch changes with throttle application.

text:
# Amax Double Eagle TT

The **Amax Double Eagle TT** is an Australian autogyro that was designed and produced by Amax Engineering of Donvale, Victoria in the late 1990s. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

The "TT" designation indicates "Tall Tail". The aircraft has higher landing gear, allowing the engine to be placed on the vertical center of gravity, which eliminates pitch changes with throttle application.

## Design and development

The Double Eagle TT was designed to comply with amateur-built aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a two-seats-in tandem open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a four-cylinder, liquid-cooled, four-stroke, single-ignition 150 hp (112 kW) Subaru EA82 automotive engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel tubing, with some aluminum parts. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of 30.00 ft (9.1 m). The aircraft has a typical empty weight of 575 lb (261 kg) and a gross weight of 1,150 lb (520 kg), giving a useful load of 575 lb (261 kg). With full fuel of 12 U.S. gallons (45 L; 10.0 imp gal) the payload for the pilot, passengers and baggage is 503 lb (228 kg).

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a 150 hp (112 kW) engine is 200 ft (61 m) and the landing roll is 10 ft (3 m).

The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 100 hours.

## Specifications (Double Eagle TT)

*Data from* Purdy

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Capacity:** one passenger
* **Length:** 13 ft 0 in (3.96 m)
* **Empty weight:** 575 lb (261 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 1,150 lb (522 kg)
* **Fuel capacity:** 12 U.S. gallons (45 L; 10.0 imp gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Subaru EA82 four cylinder, liquid-cooled, four stroke automotive engine, 150 hp (110 kW)
* **Main rotor diameter:** 31 ft 0 in (9.45 m)
* **Main rotor area:** 754 sq ft (70.0 m2)
* **Propellers:** 3-bladed ground adjustable, composite

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 70 mph (110 km/h, 61 kn)
* **Range:** 300 mi (480 km, 260 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
* **Rate of climb:** 1,000 ft/min (5.1 m/s)
* **Disk loading:** 1.5 lb/sq ft (7.3 kg/m2)

## InfoBox

| Double Eagle TT | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Autogyro |
| National origin | Australia |
| Manufacturer | Amax Engineering |
| Status | Production completed |


title: M-tree

abstract:
In computer science, M-trees are tree data structures that are similar to R-trees and B-trees. It is constructed using a metric and relies on the triangle inequality for efficient range and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) queries.
While M-trees can perform well in many conditions, the tree can also have large overlap and there is no clear strategy on how to best avoid overlap. In addition, it can only be used for distance functions that satisfy the triangle inequality, while many advanced dissimilarity functions used in information retrieval do not satisfy this.

text:
# M-tree

In computer science, **M-trees** are tree data structures that are similar to R-trees and B-trees. It is constructed using a metric and relies on the triangle inequality for efficient range and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) queries. While M-trees can perform well in many conditions, the tree can also have large overlap and there is no clear strategy on how to best avoid overlap. In addition, it can only be used for distance functions that satisfy the triangle inequality, while many advanced dissimilarity functions used in information retrieval do not satisfy this.

## Overview

As in any tree-based data structure, the M-tree is composed of nodes and leaves. In each node there is a data object that identifies it uniquely and a pointer to a sub-tree where its children reside. Every leaf has several data objects. For each node there is a radius $r$ that defines a Ball in the desired metric space. Thus, every node $n$ and leaf $l$ residing in a particular node $N$ is at most distance $r$ from $N$, and every node $n$ and leaf $l$ with node parent $N$ keep the distance from it.

## M-tree construction

### Components

An M-tree has these components and sub-components:

1. Non-leaf nodes
    1. A set of routing objects N*RO*.
    2. Pointer to Node's parent object O*p*.
2. Leaf nodes
    1. A set of objects N*O*.
    2. Pointer to Node's parent object O*p*.
3. Routing Object
    1. (Feature value of) routing object O*r*.
    2. Covering radius r(O*r*).
    3. Pointer to covering tree T(O*r*).
    4. Distance of O*r* from its parent object d(O*r*,P(O*r*))
4. Object
    1. (Feature value of the) object O*j*.
    2. Object identifier oid(O*j*).
    3. Distance of O*j* from its parent object d(O*j*,P(O*j*))

### Insert

The main idea is first to find a leaf node N where the new object O belongs. If N is not full then just attach it to N. If N is full then invoke a method to split N. The algorithm is as follows:

```
**Algorithm** Insert
  Input: Node N of M-Tree MT, Entry $O_{n}$
  Output: A new instance of MT containing all entries in original MT plus $O_{n}$
```

```
  $N_{e}\gets N$'s routing objects or objects
  **if** N is not a leaf **then**
  {
       /* Look for entries that the new object fits into */
       let $N_{in}$ be routing objects from $N_{e}$'s set of routing objects $N_{RO}$ such that $d(O_{r},O_{n})\leq r(O_{r})$
       **if** $N_{in}$ is not empty **then**
       {
          /* If there are one or more entry, then look for an entry such that is closer to the new object */
          $O_{r}^{*}\gets \min _{r}\in N_{in}d(O_{r},O_{n})$
       }
       **else**
       {
          /* If there are no such entry, then look for an object with minimal distance from */
          /* its covering radius's edge to the new object */
          $O_{r}^{*}\gets \min _{r}\in N_{in}d(O_{r},O_{n})-r(O_{r})$
          /* Upgrade the new radii of the entry */
          $r(O_{r}^{*})\gets d(O_{r}^{*},O_{n})$
       }
       /* Continue inserting in the next level */
       **return** insert( $T(O_{r}^{*}),O_{n}$);
  **else**
  {
       /* If the node has capacity then just insert the new object */
       **if** N is not full **then**
       { store( $N,O_{n}$) }
       /* The node is at full capacity, then it is needed to do a new split in this level */
       **else**
       { split( $N,O_{n}$) }
  }
```
* "" denotes assignment. For instance, "*largest*  *item*" means that the value of *largest* changes to the value of *item*.
* "**return**" terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value.

### Split

If the split method arrives to the root of the tree, then it choose two routing objects from N, and creates two new nodes containing all the objects in original N, and store them into the new root. If split methods arrives to a node N that is not the root of the tree, the method choose two new routing objects from N, re-arrange every routing object in N in two new nodes $N\_{1}$ and $N\_{2}$, and store these new nodes in the parent node $N\_{p}$ of original N. The split must be repeated if $N\_{p}$ has not enough capacity to store $N\_{2}$. The algorithm is as follow:

```
**Algorithm** Split
  Input: Node N of M-Tree MT, Entry $O_{n}$
  Output: A new instance of MT containing a new partition.
```

```
  /* The new routing objects are now all those in the node plus the new routing object */
  let be NN entries of $N\cup O$
  **if** N is not the root **then**
  {
     /*Get the parent node and the parent routing object*/
     let $O_{p}$ be the parent routing object of N
     let $N_{p}$ be the parent node of N
  }
  /* This node will contain part of the objects of the node to be split */
  Create a new node N'
  /* Promote two routing objects from the node to be split, to be new routing objects */
  Create new objects $O_{p1}$ and $O_{p2}$.
  Promote($N,O_{p1},O_{p2}$)
  /* Choose which objects from the node being split will act as new routing objects */
  Partition($N,O_{p1},O_{p2},N_{1},N_{2}$)
  /* Store entries in each new routing object */
  Store $N_{1}$'s entries in N and $N_{2}$'s entries in N'
  **if** N is the current root **then**
  {
      /* Create a new node and set it as new root and store the new routing objects */
      Create a new root node $N_{p}$
      Store $O_{p1}$ and $O_{p2}$ in $N_{p}$
  }
  **else**
  {
      /* Now use the parent routing object to store one of the new objects */
      Replace entry $O_{p}$ with entry $O_{p1}$ in $N_{p}$
      **if** $N_{p}$ is no full **then**
      {
          /* The second routing object is stored in the parent only if it has free capacity */
          Store $O_{p2}$ in $N_{p}$
      }
      **else**
      {
           /*If there is no free capacity then split the level up*/
           split( $N_{p},O_{p2}$)
      }
  }
```
* "" denotes assignment. For instance, "*largest*  *item*" means that the value of *largest* changes to the value of *item*.
* "**return**" terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value.

## M-tree queries

### Range query

A range query is where a minimum similarity/maximum distance value is specified. For a given query object  $Q\in D$ and a maximum search distance  $r(Q)$, the range query **range**(Q, r(Q)) selects all the indexed objects  $O\_{j}$ such that  $d(O\_{j},Q)\leq r(Q)$.

Algorithm RangeSearch starts from the root node and recursively traverses all the paths which cannot be excluded from leading to qualifying objects.

```
**Algorithm** RangeSearch
Input: Node N of M-Tree MT,  Q: query object, $r(Q)$: search radius
```

```
Output: all the DB objects such that $d(Oj,Q)\leq r(Q)$
```

```
{
  **let** $O_{p}$ **be** the parent object of node N;

  **if** N **is not** a leaf **then** {
    **for each** entry( $O_{r}$) **in** N **do** {
          **if** $|d(O_{p},Q)-d(O_{r},O_{p})|\leq r(Q)+r(O_{r})$ **then** {
            Compute $d(O_{r},Q)$;
            **if** $d(O_{r},Q)\leq r(Q)+r(O_{r})$ **then**
              RangeSearch(*ptr( $T(O_{r}$)),Q, $r(Q)$);
          }
    }
  }
  **else** {
    **for each** entry( $O_{j}$) **in** N **do** {
          **if** $|d(O_{p},Q)-d(O_{j},O_{p})|\leq r(Q)$ **then** {
            Compute $d(O_{j},Q)$;
            **if** $d(O_{j},Q)$ ≤ $r(Q)$ **then**
              add $oid(O_{j})$ to the result;
          }
    }
  }
}
```
* "" denotes assignment. For instance, "*largest*  *item*" means that the value of *largest* changes to the value of *item*.
* "**return**" terminates the algorithm and outputs the following value.

* $oid(O\_{j})$ is the identifier of the object which resides on a separate data file.
* $T(O\_{r})$ is a sub-tree – the covering tree of $O\_{r}$

### *k*-NN queries

*k*-nearest neighbor (*k*-NN) query takes the cardinality of the input set as an input parameter. For a given query object Q ∈ D and an integer *k* ≥ 1, the *k*-NN query NN(Q, k) selects the *k* indexed objects which have the shortest distance from Q, according to the distance function d.


title: Domingo M. Almenara Butler

abstract: Manuel Domingo Melquiades Almenara Butler was a Peruvian lawyer, judge and politician. He was a member of the Civilista Party. He was Prime Minister of Peru. He simultaneously served as minister of the interior in the Government of Peru. He was Minister of Finance from 1900 to 1901. He was President of the Supreme Court of Peru (1914–1916). He died in Lima, Peru.

text:
# Domingo M. Almenara Butler

**Manuel Domingo Melquiades Almenara Butler** (August 4, 1848 – June 20, 1931) was a Peruvian lawyer, judge and politician. He was a member of the Civilista Party. He was Prime Minister of Peru (October 1900 – September 1901). He simultaneously served as minister of the interior in the Government of Peru. He was Minister of Finance from 1900 to 1901. He was President of the Supreme Court of Peru (1914–1916). He died in Lima, Peru.

## Bibliography

* Basadre, Jorge: *Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933*, Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Tomos 8 y 9. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998.
* Tauro del Pino, Alberto: *Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú*. Tercera Edición. Tomo 1. AAA/ANG. Lima, PEISA, 2001. ISBN 9972-40-150-2


title: Lydia Yu-Jose

abstract: Lydia N. Yu-Jose was a professor of political science and Japanese Studies at the Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines. A graduate of Sophia University, she was best known for her research into the history of Japan–Philippines relations, as well as aiding in the development of Japanese studies in the Philippines as a separate academic discipline.

text:
# Lydia Yu-Jose

**Lydia N. Yu-Jose** (March 27, 1944 – August 3, 2014) was a professor of political science and Japanese Studies at the Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines. A graduate of Sophia University, she was best known for her research into the history of Japan–Philippines relations, as well as aiding in the development of Japanese studies in the Philippines as a separate academic discipline.

## Life and career

Lydia Yu-Jose was born on March 27, 1944, and spent her childhood in Santa Ana, Manila. She went to Santa Ana Elementary School for her elementary education, then graduated with honors from the Felipe G. Calderon High School. She then pursued her undergraduate education at Far Eastern University, graduating with a degree in education in 1965, and afterward teaching for two years at the Malate Catholic School.

In 1967, she first entered the Ateneo de Manila University, where she was hired as a graduate assistant at the Department of Political Science while simultaneously pursuing her master's degree in history. She eventually shifted concentrations, finished her MA in Political Science and began teaching at the Ateneo in 1970. In addition, she was taking classes at the Ateneo de Manila's newly established Japanese Studies Program, ostensibly out of boredom with her Political Science classes, and in 1969, at the suggestion of its director, she applied for and was awarded a Monbukagakusho scholarship by the Japanese government to study at the International Christian University, where she stayed until 1971.

In 1989, Yu-Jose was appointed director of the Japanese Studies Program, a position she held until 1993, then again from 1995 to 1996. The following year, she was appointed chair of the Department of Political Science, a position she held until 2001. She also served as director of the Ateneo Center for Asian Studies from 2004 to 2013. She was one of the founders of the Japanese Studies Association in South East Asia(JSA-ASEAN) in 2004.

Yu-Jose was conferred the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon in 2012, in recognition of her contributions to the development of Japanese studies as a separate academic discipline in the Philippines, as well as for fostering understanding between the two countries.

On August 3, 2014, Yu-Jose died after a six-year-long battle with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

## Personal life

Yu-Jose was married to Ricardo T. Jose, who she met while studying for her doctorate at Sophia University. He is also the director of the Third World Studies Center at the University of the Philippines Diliman, and the son of pianist Regalado Jose, who taught at the UP College of Music.

## Publications

Books authored or co-authored by Lydia Yu-Jose * *Basic Nihongo* (1992)
* *Japan views the Philippines, 1900–1944* (1992)
* *International and domestic factors that affected Japanese emigration to the Philippines* (1994)
* *The Japanese occupation of the Philippines: a pictorial history* (1997; co-authored with Ricardo T. Jose)
* *An annotated bibliography on Philippines-Japan relations, 1935 to 1956* (1998; co-authored with Ricardo T. Jose)
* *Filipinos in Japan and Okinawa, 1880s-1972* (2002)

Books edited by Lydia Yu-Jose * *Philippine external relations: a centennial vista* (1998; edited with Aileen Baviera)
* *Philippines and Japan: directions and challenges (selected papers from the third and fourth international conferences on Japanese studies)* (2000; edited with Rosalina Palanca-Tan)
* *Philippines-Japan relations* (2003; edited with Ikehata Setsuho)
* *Asian cooperation: problems and challenges in the new century* (2005)
* *Tatlong nikkeijin and six photos: culture, people and state power* (2008)
* *The Past, love, money and much more: Philippines-Japan relations since the end of the Second World War* (2008)
* *Civil society organizations in the Philippines: a mapping and strategic assessment* (2011)
* *Japan: migration and a multicultural society* (2014; edited with Johanna O. Zulueta)

Scholarly articles written by Lydia Yu-Jose * "Philippines-Japan Economic Partnership: Where is the Philippines in Japan's Plan?" (2004)
* "Global Environmental Issues: Responses from Japan" (2004)
* "American Colonialism in the Philippines: Different but still Colonialism" (2005)
* "Boundary, Fluidity and Ideology: A Comparison of Japan's pre-World War II and Present Regionalisms" (2012)

Translations Unpublished manuscripts * "Comparison of the role of education in the political development of Japan and the Philippines." (master's thesis; 1970)

## InfoBox

| Lydia Yu-Jose | |
| --- | --- |
| Lydia Yu-Jose being conferred the Order of the Rising Sun in Makati City on June 13, 2012 | |
| Born | March 27, 1944
City of Greater Manila, Philippines |
| Died | August 3, 2014(2014-08-03) (aged 70)
Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines |
| Nationality | Filipino |
| Known for | Japanese studies, history of Japan–Philippines relations |
| Awards | Order of the Rising Sun (2012) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Far Eastern University
Ateneo de Manila University
Sophia University |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Ateneo de Manila University |
|  | |


title: Allan Simpson

abstract: Larry Allan Simpson is a former baseball pitcher. Simpson pitched for the Philadelphia Phillies Double-A affiliate, the Reading Phillies in 2007. Simpson has pitched in the majors for the Cincinnati Reds, Colorado Rockies, and Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball.

text:
# Allan Simpson

**Larry Allan Simpson** (born August 26, 1977) is a former baseball pitcher. Simpson pitched for the Philadelphia Phillies Double-A affiliate, the Reading Phillies in 2007. Simpson has pitched in the majors for the Cincinnati Reds, Colorado Rockies, and Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball.

## Career

Simpson made his Major League debut on May 17, 2004. He played for the Colorado Rockies in 2004 and 2005, Cincinnati Reds in 2005, and Milwaukee Brewers in 2006. On July 7, 2008, Simpson signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. Simpson retired at the end of the season.

## InfoBox

| Allan Simpson | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1977-08-26) August 26, 1977<br>Springfield, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 17, 2004, for the Colorado Rockies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 6, 2006, for the Milwaukee Brewers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 2–2 |
| Earned run average | 6.06 |
| Strikeouts | 57 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Army Base Repair Organisation

abstract: The Army Base Repair Organisation (ABRO) was an executive agency which reported to the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. It provided engineering, repair and re-manufacturing services to the British Armed Forces and also to the police and some local councils. ABRO traced its history back to the foundation of the Corps of Armourers in 1858.

text:
# Army Base Repair Organisation

The **Army Base Repair Organisation** (ABRO) was an executive agency which reported to the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. It provided engineering, repair and re-manufacturing services to the British Armed Forces and also to the police and some local councils. ABRO traced its history back to the foundation of the Corps of Armourers in 1858.

## History

On 1 April 1993, the Army's static workshops in Great Britain, previously under the control of the Equipment Support Organisation, were reorganised as the Army Base Repair Organisation. It comprised the headquarters at Andover, a contract repair branch and a network of base and district workshops. It employed 3,581 civilian workers and 219 military staff.

Apart from the HQ at Andover, there were other major units at Bovington, Old Dalby, Leics, Catterick, Colchester, Donnington, Stirling and Warminster. Smaller sites were located at Bicester, Edinburgh, Sennybridge and York.

On 1 April 2002, the Army Base Repair Organisation was established as a trading fund under the name ABRO.

Its services included:

* Maintenance, repair and overhaul
* Complex service and repair
* Assembly, integration and test
* Calibration
* Diagnostics
* Fleet management
* Mobile support teams
* Obsolescence management
* Re-manufacture
* Workshop management

ABRO's annual turnover was typically in excess of £147 million and each year carried out work on over 1,000 product lines of military and commercial vehicles and equipment, as well as over 55,000 ad hoc repair tasks.

On 22 May 2007, it was announced by the Minister of State for Defence Equipment and Support, Lord Drayson, that ABRO would be merged with DARA, the Defence Aviation Repair Agency to become the Defence Support Group with effect from 1 April 2008.


title: Aneurinibacillus soli

abstract: Aneurinibacillus soli is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Aneurinibacillus which has been isolated from soil from the mountain Hallasan.

text:
# Aneurinibacillus soli

***Aneurinibacillus soli*** is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of *Aneurinibacillus* which has been isolated from soil from the mountain Hallasan.

## InfoBox

| *Aneurinibacillus soli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Paenibacillaceae |
| (unranked): | *Aneurinibacillus* group |
| Genus: | *Aneurinibacillus* |
| Species: | ***Aneurinibacillus soli***<br>Lee et al. 2014 |
|
| Type strain | |
| CB4 | |


title: 17th May Stadium

abstract: 17th May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. It is the home stadium of Barito Putera and Peseban Banjarmasin, which was considered one of the major football clubs in Indonesia in 1994/95 Premier Division.

text:
# 17th May Stadium

**17th May Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium located in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. It is the home stadium of Barito Putera and Peseban Banjarmasin, which was considered one of the major football clubs in Indonesia in 1994/95 Premier Division.

## History

The stadium was originally opened to the public on 17 May 1974 as a multi-purpose stadium. It has undergone renovations several times. The first upgrade happened in 1984, with a second 1995, a third in 2007, a fourth in 2010 and a fifth in 2013.

3°19′0.3″S 114°34′48.5″E / 3.316750°S 114.580139°E / -3.316750; 114.580139

## InfoBox

Stadion 17 Mei
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | 17th May Stadium |
| Location | Banjarmasin, Indonesia |
| Owner | South Kalimantan KONI |
| Capacity | 30,000 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Opened | 17 May 1974 |
| Tenants | |
| Barito Putera<br>Peseban Banjarmasin | |