title: Early life of Juan Perón

abstract: Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine military officer and politician, who served three times as President of Argentina.

text:
# Early life of Juan Perón

**Juan Domingo Perón** was an Argentine military officer and politician, who served three times as President of Argentina.

## Birth controversy

Perón's date and place of birth (October 8, 1895, in Lobos) are disputed by recent investigations by Hipólito Barreiro, who suggests October 7, 1893, in Roque Pérez.

Juan Domingo Perón was the son of Mario Tomás Perón and Juana Sosa. Their first son was Avelino Mario, born on November 30, 1891, in Lobos. Mario and Juana began to cohabitate the following year, in a house built in Roque Pérez (a small village near Lobos). They had a new son on October 7, 1893, named Juan, but they did not report the birth in Lobos. Mario reported his birth on October 8, 1895, as if Juan had been born the previous day. He added the middle name "Domingo" after the late Dominga Dutey de Perón, Juan's paternal grandmother. Oddly enough, the birth certificate reports only Juan's father, and not his mother.

Mario and Juana were not married, and their relationship was not stable. In 1894 Mario acknowledged only Avelino as his natural son, and Juan was baptized in 1895 as the son of Juana, without mention of Mario. Mario and Juana finally got married on September 25, 1901, and acknowledged both Avelino and Juan as their natural sons.

Juan Domingo Perón attended elementary school without problems, despite his complex legal situation. However, his grandmother feared in 1910 that he would not be accepted by the military school. Under the highly strict social customs of the time, an illegitimate son would not be accepted by the military, nor a child with indigenous ancestry. Juana Sosa was the daughter of a Tehuelche father and a Quechua mother. So, with the help of social relations of her late husband, she forged a birth certificate that would allow Juan to pass the requirements.

## Military career

Perón passed the exams to join the National Military College by the end of 1910, and was accepted by March 1911. He had no problems adapting to military discipline. The Argentine army was highly Germanophile, an influence that began about 1904 (predating the World Wars) and was based on not a rejection of democracy but an admiration of German military history. By his first year in college, Perón had chosen the infantry. He began boxing training as well, besides his military career, but he gave up after a bad punch injured the metacarpal bones in his hand.

There were political discussions in Argentina by this time about the implementation of universal suffrage, promoted by the Radical Civic Union and resisted by the governments, until it was sanctioned by the Sáenz Peña Law in 1912. It is unknown whether Perón had specific political views about these topics, but the usual isolation of military service, his weak family relations, and the unlikely political concerns of his grandmother and aunts (as few women were concerned about politics at the time) suggest that Perón focused his mind only on military topics. He distrusted the lessons of history, as he noticed that it focused on circumstantial details about José de San Martín's life as a moral example but did not analyze his reasons for leaving South America and spending his last years in Europe.

Basic training ended in 1913, with a military exercise conducted near Concordia, Entre Ríos. The exercise was organized by Agustín Pedro Justo and generated a press scandal as he left the army stationed in the open during the summer noon day sun. Half the recruits fainted of heatstroke, eventually the formation gave up the exercise and took the fainted recruits to Concordia's hospital. Perón became a sub lieutenant on December 18, 1913, and was assigned to Regiment 12 in Parana.

He was promoted to lieutenant in December 1915, and Regiment 12 moved to Santa Fe, serving under Bartolomé Descalzo. He voted for Hipólito Yrigoyen in the 1916 presidential elections. He was appointed to the Esteban de Luca Unit in 1918, in Buenos Aires.

### Tragic Week

There was a massive riot in January 1919 in Buenos Aires, known as the *Tragic Week*. A large number of anarchist workers started the riot, which was fought by both the police and the army. Historians disagree on Perón's precise role during those events: Peronist historians try to negate, conceal, or justify his intervention, and anti-Peronist historians view it as contradictory with his future ideas. Enrique Pavón Pereyra, a Peronist, wrote that Perón was located in Santa Fe province at the time and moved to Buenos Aires by mid-1919 and thus was absent from the events. However, his military records date his return to Buenos Aires in 1918 and his return to Santa Fe in February 1919, after the riots. Tomás Eloy Martínez, an anti-Peronist, conducted an interview with Perón that confirmed his intervention but that he used only the supply of ammunition that was present. Martínez had a later interview with Vicente Carlos Aloé, the governor of Buenos Aires Province during Perón's second presidency, suggesting that Perón was actively involved in the repression. However, Martínez did not check the validity of Aloé's claims. Aloé was not a direct witness of the event and did not know Perón until years later.

As a military man, it was unlikely that Perón supported the rioters because anarchism calls for the disestablishment of the government and the armed forces and rejects nationalism. However, he made sympathetic comments about the riot years later but rejected the anarchist or communist affiliation of the rioters and considered them as mere workers.

### Contact with labor conflicts

Perón returned to Regiment 12 in Santa Fe the following February. There were labor conflicts at the north of the province, where the British Forestal Land, Timber and Railways Company faced the first local strike action. Employees asked for better wages, the end of unjustified dismissals, and an eight-hour workday. The company rallied a band of thugs to attack the strikers, arranged blackouts, cut the water supply, and closed the single warehouse in the area. When Perón arrived there, the laborers explained the events. He then met with the warehouse owner, who refused to open it and claimed that the timber company was the only authority in the area. Perón resorted to a death threat to have the warehouse opened.

There was a new strike in December 1919. Although Perón also mediated that conflict, the details of his intervention are unknown. He returned to Buenos Aires in 1920 as a first lieutenant. He was assigned to Santiago del Estero.

### Sargento Cabral Military School

Perón joined the Sargento Cabral Military School on January 16, 1920, with good qualifications. He was paternalistic towards the soldiers under his command. He wrote many chapters of the *Applicant's Manual*, which was published by the army in 1924 and was his first published work. He was promoted to captain in December 1924, and Commander of the First Company of Infantry in 1925. In his spare time, he enjoyed practicing swordsmanship, polo, and basketball.

## First wife

Perón's first wife was Aurelia Tizón, a school teacher. When they met, Perón was aged 30 and Aurelia 17. Her middle-class family belonged to the Radical Civic Union. She was highly religious and had interests in the English and French languages, geography, history, and the arts. Perón took her to see movies and visited her family house. The relation helped him to reduce the *machismo* influence of his military life.

Peron continued both his military career, his history studies, and his romantic relation with Aurelia. Mario Perón, who was very ill, moved from Patagonia to Buenos Aires with Juana, and Juan Perón moved to live with his parents during their last years. By then, Perón was engaged to Aurelia. Mario died on November 10, 1928, a few days before Juan and Aurelia's wedding. They married in a private ceremony on January 5, 1929.

Juana returned to Patagonia with her son Mario Avelino (who visited Buenos Aires for his father's funeral); Juan Perón would have little contact with them afterwards. Juan and Aurelia had a brief honeymoon in Bariloche and returned to Buenos Aires.

## Infamous Decade

Hipólito Yrigoyen was elected for a second term as president in 1928. He was supported by the poor people and rejected by the conservatives and the press. In January 1929, Perón became an appointed official under the command of Francisco Fasola Castaño. Perón and Castaño made a trip to visit to the Andes in Patagonia.

When he returned, Yrigoyen was facing an even greater political crisis fostered by the economic crisis caused by the Great Depression, which started in the United States. The army began to plot against Yrigoyen, and Perón was invited to the discussions by Ángel Solari. Solari was aligned with José Félix Uriburu, one of the heads of the Argentine military in those years, the other being Agustín Pedro Justo. Perón had a positive view of Uriburu but did not trust some of Uriburu's allies and feared that the military plot had no clear ideas or notable support (hardly more than 20 members of the top military).

In later years, he would completely regret his role in the military plot and point out that he had focused only on his military career and that most of the military joined in it solely out of obedience to orders from superior officers.

## Bibliography

* Galasso, Norberto (2006). *Perón: Formación, ascenso y caída (1893-1955)*. Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 950-581-399-6.


title: .300 Winchester Magnum

abstract: The.300 Winchester Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked magnum rifle cartridge that was introduced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1963. The.300 Winchester Magnum is a magnum cartridge designed to fit in a standard rifle action. It is based on the.375 H&H Magnum, which has been blown out, shortened, and necked down to accept a.30 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet. The.300 Win Mag is extremely versatile and has been adopted by a wide range of users including big game hunters, target shooters, military units, and law enforcement departments. Many hunters have found the cartridge to be an effective all-around choice with bullet options ranging from the flatter shooting 150 grain to the harder-hitting 200+ grain selections available in factory ammunition. The.300 Win Mag remains the most popular.30 caliber magnum with American hunters, despite being not being as fast as more powerful.300 Magnums such as the.300 Weatherby Magnum and.30-378 Weatherby Magnum as well as the newer.300 Remington Ultra Magnum,.300 Norma Magnum,.30 Nosler, and.300 PRC, though all of these must be chambered in a long magnum action while the.300 Win Mag uses a standard length action, resulting in a lighter rifle. It was designed as a hunting cartridge and is widely used all over the world for hunting a wide range of mid-to-large-sized big game such as North American moose, elk, bighorn sheep, mule deer and white-tailed deer, making it one of the most versatile big game hunting cartridges. The.300 Win Mag is capable of delivering better long-range performance with heavier, large ballistic coefficient projectiles than any other standard and short length.30 caliber cartridge. Military and law enforcement departments have also adopted the cartridge as a long-range sniper round, intended to be used for shots at longer ranges than the.308 Winchester. As a testament to its accuracy, following its introduction, it went on to win several 1,000-yard (910 m) competitions.

text:
# .300 Winchester Magnum

The **.300 Winchester Magnum** (also known as **.300 Win Mag** or **.300 WM**) (7.62×67mmB, 7.62x66BR) is a belted, bottlenecked magnum rifle cartridge that was introduced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1963. The .300 Winchester Magnum is a magnum cartridge designed to fit in a standard rifle action. It is based on the .375 H&H Magnum, which has been blown out, shortened, and necked down to accept a .30 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet.

The .300 Win Mag is extremely versatile and has been adopted by a wide range of users including big game hunters, target shooters, military units, and law enforcement departments.

Many hunters have found the cartridge to be an effective all-around choice with bullet options ranging from the flatter shooting 150 grain to the harder-hitting 200+ grain selections available in factory ammunition. The .300 Win Mag remains the most popular .30 caliber magnum with American hunters, despite being not being as fast as more powerful .300 Magnums such as the .300 Weatherby Magnum and .30-378 Weatherby Magnum as well as the newer .300 Remington Ultra Magnum, .300 Norma Magnum, .30 Nosler, and .300 PRC, though all of these must be chambered in a long magnum action while the .300 Win Mag uses a standard length action, resulting in a lighter rifle.

It was designed as a hunting cartridge and is widely used all over the world for hunting a wide range of mid-to-large-sized big game such as North American moose, elk, bighorn sheep, mule deer and white-tailed deer, making it one of the most versatile big game hunting cartridges.

The .300 Win Mag is capable of delivering better long-range performance with heavier, large ballistic coefficient projectiles than any other standard and short length .30 caliber cartridge. Military and law enforcement departments have also adopted the cartridge as a long-range sniper round, intended to be used for shots at longer ranges than the .308 Winchester. As a testament to its accuracy, following its introduction, it went on to win several 1,000-yard (910 m) competitions.

## Cartridge history

Prior to the advent of the .300 Winchester Magnum there were already a number of .30 caliber (7.62 mm) cartridges billed as offering a "magnum" level of performance. Such rounds included the .30 Newton of 1913 and the .300 H&H Magnum of 1925. The .30 Newton saw limited commercial success, however, and the .300 H&H was too long for the standard length Mauser and Springfield rifle actions of the time, barring substantial modifications.

Beginning with the .270 Weatherby Magnum in 1943, Roy Weatherby introduced a popular line of rifle cartridges based on the H&H case shortened to fit a standard length (2.5 in \[63.50 mm\]) action. The Weatherby cartridges of any given caliber followed a formula of "improved" design, which entailed "blowing out" the H&H Magnum parent case, thereby reducing case taper and increasing usable powder capacity. The .300 Weatherby Magnum, an "improved", full-length cartridge derived from the .300 H&H was introduced in 1944.

The larger manufacturers soon noticed Weatherby's standard length magnum case, and in due time followed suit. From 1956 to 1959 Winchester introduced three such cartridges: the .264 Winchester Magnum, .338 Winchester Magnum and .458 Winchester Magnum, all based on the shortened and blown out .375 H&H Magnum case. The popular .30 caliber's omission from that lineup prompted a response by the shooting community and Winchester's competition. Wildcatters soon produced the .30-338 Winchester Magnum and Norma Projektilfabrik, who were by now manufacturing ammunition for Weatherby, took the standard length basic Weatherby brass and necked it down to .30 caliber (7.62 mm) to form the .308 Norma Magnum.

The .300 Winchester Magnum was introduced in 1963 by Winchester for use in the Model 70 rifle. Winchester developed the .300 Win Mag by taking the .338 Winchester Magnum, which was introduced in 1958, moving the shoulder forward by 4.0 millimetres (0.156 in) and lengthening it by 3.0 millimetres (0.120 in). This resulted in a cartridge with a neck somewhat shorter than the diameter of the bullet. Some gun writers have speculated that, had the cartridge been released earlier, its dimensions would have more closely matched the .30-338 Winchester Magnum wildcat cartridge.

The .300 Winchester Magnum was not an instant success, mainly due to competition from the comparable 7mm Remington Magnum cartridge introduced in 1962. However, interest among hunters and shooters grew with time, and it gradually became the most popular of the magnum cartridges.

The .300 Winchester Magnum's broad availability in popular rifles such as the Winchester Model 70, Ruger M77, Remington Model 700 and Weatherby Mark V, together with the wide availability of ammunition from a number of manufacturers, made the cartridge a popular choice among hunters and competitive shooters the world over. Although the .300 H&H Magnum, .300 Weatherby Magnum, .30-338 Winchester Magnum, and the .308 Norma Magnum had a head start on the .300 Win Mag, most of these cartridges eventually faded into obscurity. Only the .300 Win Mag and the .300 Weatherby Mag survived into the 21st century as readily available cartridges, with the Winchester round by far the more popular of the two. New .30 caliber magnums have since been introduced, including the .300 Winchester Short Magnum, .300 Remington Ultra Magnum, .30 Nosler, and 300 PRC; however, none of these have achieved the popularity that the .300 Win Mag retains.

## Design and specifications

The .300 Winchester Magnum uses the same case head design of the .375 H&H Magnum, its parent cartridge, though the taper of the round has been significantly reduced to ensure greater case volume. The larger dimensions of the .300 Win Mag compared to the .308 Norma Magnum and .30-338 Winchester Magnum cartridges ensures that rifles chambered in such rounds can readily be rechambered to the .300 Win Mag, though the shorter neck of the longer round necessitates comparable bullets must be seated more deeply in the case.

## Cartridge dimensions

The ammunition standards organizations SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) and C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) have provided specifications for the .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge. Almost no divergence between C.I.P. and SAAMI dimensional values exist for this cartridge.
However, case volume varies from manufacturer to manufacturer to such an extent that the reloading software suite QuickLOAD provides five differing cartridge case capacities for the cartridge. The SAAMI specification .300 Winchester Magnum case capacity is 91.5 grains of H2O (5.93 ml).
According to QuickLoad, the case capacities of .300 Win Mag brass produced by four ammunition manufacturers measure as follows:
Remington 88.0 grains of H2O (5.70 ml)
Federal 92.0 grains of H2O (5.96 ml)
Winchester 93.8 grains of H2O (6.08 ml)
Norma 95.5 grains of H2O (6.19 ml)

**.300 Winchester Magnum SAAMI cartridge dimensions**. All sizes in inches (in) and millimeters (mm). The projectile diameter should be 0.309 in (7.85 mm)

SAAMI recommends a bore diameter of 7.6 millimetres (0.300 in) and a groove diameter of 7.8 millimetres (0.308 in). SAAMI recommended a six-groove barrel with each groove being 2.8 millimetres (0.110 in) wide. Recommended twist ratio is 1:10 (254 mm).
C.I.P. defines the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge as 254 mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm (0.300 in), Ø grooves = 7.82 mm (0.308 in), land width = 2.79 mm (0.110 in), and the primer type is large rifle magnum.

The SAAMI Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 441.3 MPa (64,000 psi) piezo pressure (54,000 CUP).
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Winchester Magnum can handle up to 430.00 MPa (62,366 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .300 Winchester Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 537.50 MPa (77,958 psi) PE piezo pressure.

## Performance

Capable of stabilizing bullets weights ranging from 110 to 220 grains, the .300 Winchester Magnum happens to be a very versatile cartridge for different purposes and conditions including big game hunting, bench rest shooting and military applications.

The most useful bullet weights for the .300 Winchester Magnum are those weighing between 150–200 grains (9.7–13.0 g). However, bullets weighing between 7.1–16.2 g (110–250 gr) are available to the reloader for the .300 Winchester Magnum.

### 150-grain bullets

Although the 150 grain bullet may have a lower ballistic coefficient than heavier alternatives, this is compensated by its high velocities which extend its maximum point blank range making it suitable for light skinned big game such as deer and sheep, up to considerable distances. Winchester's factory ammunition for the .300 Winchester Magnum is capable of 990 m/s (3,260 ft/s) with the 150-grain (9.7 g) bullet and 910 m/s (3,000 ft/s) with the 12-gram (180 gr) bullet, however old Western "Power Point" soft point can reach past 1,000 metres per second (3,400 ft/s) with 9.7 g (150 gr) projectiles. The maximum point blank range for the 9.7 g (150 gr) bullet is 291 metres (318 yd) yards when zeroed at 250 metres (270 yd). The maximum point blank range for the 12 g (180 gr) bullet is 300 yards when zeroed at 232 metres (254 yd). The ability to zero the .300 Winchester Magnum and shoot without hold over to 270 metres (300 yd) makes the cartridge one of the flatter shooting cartridges.

### 165 grain bullets

The 165 grain bullet provides a higher ballistic coefficient than similarly shaped 150 grain bullet while maintaining a very high velocity which is translated into a flatter trajectory. Usually a 165 grain bullet shot from a .300 Win Mag has a muzzle velocity of approximately 3160 fps, which is 100 to 150 fps slower than the lighter 150 grain bullet. A almost similar 168 grain bullet is also popular among the .300 win mag as well as other .30 cal. magnum cartridges.

### 180-grain bullets

Probably the most popular weight for the 300 Win Mag is the 180 grain bullet, with high ballistic coefficient and capable of taking down light skinned big game of any weight. The 180 and 185 grain bullets are also considered the most versatile, with a muzzle velocity of 2950 fps from average factory loads.

### 190 to 220-grain bullets

Due to its high ballistic coefficients, the heavier bullets are usually preferred by long range shooters being extremely efficient in bucking wind as well as carrying downrange energy capable take down game of any size in America and Europe. These bullets are generally loaded to reach muzzle velocities of 2700 to 2800 fps.

### Comparison with other .30 caliber big game cartridges

| **Cartridge** | **Criteria** | **Muzzle** | **100-yard (91 m)** | **200-yard (180 m)** | **300-yard (270 m)** | **400-yard (370 m)** | **500-yard (460 m)** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **.308 Winchester (Winchester – SXP308) 150 gr (9.7 g)** | Velocity | 2,825 ft/s (861 m/s) | 2,616 ft/s (797 m/s) | 2,417 ft/s (737 m/s) | 2,226 ft/s (678 m/s) | 2,044 ft/s (623 m/s) | 1,871 ft/s (570 m/s) |
| | Energy | 2,658 ft⋅lbf (3,604 J) | 2,279 ft⋅lbf (3,090 J) | 1,945 ft⋅lbf (2,637 J) | 1,650 ft⋅lbf (2,240 J) | 1,392 ft⋅lbf (1,887 J) | 1,166 ft⋅lbf (1,581 J) |
| **.30-06 Springfield (Remington – PRA3006B) 165 gr (10.7 g)** | Velocity | 2,800 ft/s (850 m/s) | 2,597 ft/s (792 m/s) | 2,403 ft/s (732 m/s) | 2,217 ft/s (676 m/s) | 2,039 ft/s (621 m/s) | 1,870 ft/s (570 m/s) |
| | Energy | 2,872 ft⋅lbf (3,894 J) | 2,470 ft⋅lbf (3,350 J) | 2,115 ft⋅lbf (2,868 J) | 1,800 ft⋅lbf (2,400 J) | 1,523 ft⋅lbf (2,065 J) | 1,281 ft⋅lbf (1,737 J) |
| **.300 Winchester Magnum (Winchester – SXP300WM) 180 gr (12 g)** | Velocity | 3,160 ft/s (960 m/s) | 2,983 ft/s (909 m/s) | 2,813 ft/s (857 m/s) | 2,649 ft/s (807 m/s) | 2,492 ft/s (760 m/s) | 2,339 ft/s (713 m/s) |
| | Energy | 3,992 ft⋅lbf (5,412 J) | 3,556 ft⋅lbf (4,821 J) | 3,163 ft⋅lbf (4,288 J) | 2,806 ft⋅lbf (3,804 J) | 2,482 ft⋅lbf (3,365 J) | 2,187 ft⋅lbf (2,965 J) |
| **.300 Weatherby Magnum (Weatherby – N300180ACB) 180 gr (12 g)** | Velocity | 3,250 ft/s (990 m/s) | 3,051 ft/s (930 m/s) | 2,861 ft/s (872 m/s) | 2,678 ft/s (816 m/s) | 2,503 ft/s (763 m/s) | 2,335 ft/s (712 m/s) |
| | Energy | 4,223 ft⋅lbf (5,726 J) | 3,721 ft⋅lbf (5,045 J) | 3,271 ft⋅lbf (4,435 J) | 2,868 ft⋅lbf (3,888 J) | 2,505 ft⋅lbf (3,396 J) | 2,179 ft⋅lbf (2,954 J) |
| *Values courtesy of respective manufacturers* | | | | | | | | |

Compared with the 30-06 Springfield the .300 Winchester Magnum provides a roughly 400 ft/s (120 m/s) increase in velocity. This translates to about 20% greater energy advantage over the 30-06 Springfield cartridge. Due to the short neck, heavier bullets particularly those weighing greater than 13 grams (200 gr) and mono-metal bullets such as the Barnes X bullets will need to be seated more deeply into the cartridge. As the bullet will take up volume which could have been taken by the propellant velocity advantages diminish as the weight of the bullet increases.

The .300 Winchester Magnum is known for its accuracy and has been used for 910-metre (1,000 yd) and 1,000-metre (1,100 yd) competitions. While in hunting situations such accuracy is unnecessary, such accuracy does aid in the extending the range of the cartridge. Taken together with its performance it remains one of the most useful and popular cartridges today.

Although cartridges such as the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum, .300 Remington Ultra Magnum and the .300 Weatherby Magnum all exceed performance of the .300 Winchester Magnum none of these cartridges can be chambered in a standard length action. Few .30 caliber (7.62 mm) standard length cartridges can match the performance and versatility of the .300 Winchester Magnum.

The down side to this performance is recoil. The amount of recoil the cartridge generates is a step up from the non-magnum .30 caliber (7.62 mm) cartridges. Its recoil is about 30% greater than that of the .30-06 Springfield, which is known as a 'stout' cartridge. With the average load for the .300 Winchester Magnum, the recoil energy is roughly 30 ft lbs. This would put the .300 Winchester Magnum at the upper limit of what most shooters can shoot comfortably for extended shooting sessions. As a rough comparison, the recoil of the .300 Winchester Magnum is roughly comparable to a 12 gauge shotgun shooting 1 oz. slugs. This greater recoil can make the .300 Winchester Magnum, despite its inherent accuracy advantages, a harder cartridge to shoot accurately, when compared to non-magnum .30 caliber cartridges such as the .30-06 Springfield or the .308 Winchester. On the other hand, recoil is subjective (some are more sensitive to it than others) and one can get used to it with practice. Also, many rifles available today now have effective recoil attenuating features built into them, such as muzzle compensators and energy absorbing stocks and butt-pads, that can significantly lessen recoil as it is felt by the shooter.

Recoil from the .300 Win Mag is noticeably higher than the well-known and popular .30-06 Springfield. Subsequently, Remington has made low-recoil rounds called "Managed-Recoil" available for the .300 Win Mag, which recoil less while providing performance similar to the .30-06 Springfield.

## Hunting applications

The .300 Winchester Magnum is well-suited for a wide range of game. Due to its flat trajectory and high kinetic energy, the cartridge is a favored round for big game worldwide, and for ranged shots and mountain hunting. The cartridge is commercially loaded with bullets ranging from 150 to 220 grains.

It is often used when hunting the members of the ungulate family such as Dall sheep, mule deer, elk, and moose; being popular cartridge among hunters for these big game species. Elk can weigh as much as 450 kilograms (1,000 lb) and moose 640 kilograms (1,400 lb). Bullet weights of 10.7–13.0 grams (165–200 gr) are the preferred choices for these game species. Controlled expansion bullets are more effective than lighter bullets for these larger species of ungulate. Bullets weighing 9.7–10.7 g (150–165 gr) are adequate for smaller deer such as the mule deer and white-tailed deer.

150-grain bullets are generally used for hunting medium-sized game species. Factory loads are usually loaded to leave the muzzle at 3,250 feet per second, offering the hunter a flat trajectory for long range shots. Nevertheless, handloaders may increase muzzle velocities. 165 and 168-grain bullets also offer a flat trajectory with higher ballistic coefficients, which retain accuracy and kinetic energy over distance. The most popular bullet weight is the 180-grain, which is commercially loaded to a muzzle velocity of 3,000 fps. This load offers a balance between flat trajectory, ballistic coefficient, and energy, allowing large-size big game animals such as elk and moose to be killed at considerable distances. Loaded with heavier 200-grain bullets, the .300 Win Mag is effective in hunting thick-boned heavier game.

With its high velocity, low bullet drop and high energy retention, the .300 Winchester Magnum is useful for hunting sheep and other mountain game species, even at extended range. This may be considered unethical for many sport hunters.

The .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge is effective on dangerous game such as bear. Both black bears and grizzly bears are hunted using the cartridge. The .300 Winchester Magnum is a lighter cartridge than typically necessary for the largest bears; loaded with heavier bullets, hunters have had success with the cartridge against these large bears.

## Military and law enforcement applications

The .300 Win Mag sees use in long-range benchrest shooting competitions and has been adopted by law enforcement marksmen and by a few specific branches of the U.S. Military for use by snipers. Maximum effective range is generally accepted to be 1,210 yards (1,110 m) with ammunition incorporating low-drag projectiles. Sub 1 minute-of-angle (MOA) accuracy out to 1,000 yards (910 m) is not unusual in precision-built rifles firing match-grade ammunition.

The U.S. government purchased **MK 248 MOD 1 .300 Winchester Magnum** match-grade ammunition in 2009 for use in adapted M24 Sniper Weapon Systems and other .300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifles like the U.S. Navy Mk.13s. This ammunition was developed as a .300 Winchester Magnum Match Product Improvement (PIP) and uses the 220 gr (14.26 g) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail (HPBT) very-low-drag bullet fired at a nominal muzzle velocity of 2,850 ft/s plus or minus 50 ft/s (869 m/s ± 15.2 m/s). According to the U.S. Navy this ammunition should increase the maximum effective range of .300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifle systems to 1,500 yards (1,370 m), decrease wind deflection on bullets in flight and use Hodgdon H1000, a reduced muzzle flash propellant that remains temperature stable across an operational temperature range of −25 °F to +165 °F (−32 °C to 74 °C). The 3.55 in (90.2 mm) long MK 248 MOD 1 or alike ammunition is not offered commercially, since it exceeds SAAMI standards for overall length and maximum chamber pressure. However, the handloader can take advantage of modern advances in powder technology and actually exceed the velocity of the MK 248 MOD 1 cartridge while still loading to maximum SAAMI cartridge overall length, and maintaining safe pressure.

According to JBM Ballistics, using the 0.310 G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz, and a Weapon Employment Zone (WEZ) analysis of the XM2010 rifle with various .300 Winchester Magnum ammunition types by Bryan Litz, the MK 248 MOD 1 .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge, when fired at its nominal muzzle velocity of 869 m/s (2,850 ft/s), should have 1,286 to 1,289 m (1,406 to 1,410 yd) supersonic range under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m3).

In January 2014, the U.S. Department of Defense annual testing report found that the older A191 or MK 248 Mod 0 .300 Winchester Magnum service round loaded with aerodynamically less efficient 190 gr (12.32 g) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail (HPBT) bullets (0.270 G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz) fired from the XM2010 demonstrated adequate performance and lethality. Live fire tests were conducted in March 2013 against ballistics gelatin, light material barriers, and other targets to determine the projectile's ability to perforate targets. This was the first time the Pentagon's Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) tested the round, which can hit targets out to 1,200 m (1,312 yd).

Several companies, among them HS precision, Kimber and Remington manufacture rifles chambered for the .300 Winchester Magnum specifically targeted at law enforcement agencies. The Chattanooga Police Department and Minot Police Department S.W.A.T units and the L.A. County Sheriffs Department's Special Enforcement Bureau which have adopted the .300 Winchester Magnum in some capacity. Due to the power and performance of the .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge the cartridge is more likely to be employed by specialist units within a police department rather than as a general service weapon issued to law enforcement agents.

### Military and law enforcement firearms

## Criticism

The .300 Winchester Magnum was designed with a neck which is shorter than the diameter of its bullet. If Winchester had released the cartridge prior to 1960, the cartridge would have been similar to the .30-338 Winchester wildcat cartridge. However, by the time Winchester got around to designing their own .300, the .308 Norma Magnum and the .30-338 were already on the scene. To help differentiate it from the other .300 magnums, and to allow for the chambers of the standard length .300 magnums to be rebored to the .300 Winchester Magnum chamber dimensions, Winchester moved the shoulder forward and lengthened the cartridge slightly. This created the much criticized short neck of the .300 Winchester Magnum.

The short neck was thought to hinder accuracy because it would prevent the alignment of cartridge to the bore, but this is rarely an issue either today or when the cartridge was designed. The fact that the cartridge has gone to win many 1,000-yard (910 m) matches suggests that such a concern is unfounded.

## InfoBox

| .300 Winchester Magnum | |
| --- | --- |
| .300 Winchester Magnum (center) flanked by its parent cartridges: the .338 Winchester Magnum (left) and the .375 H&H Magnum (right). | |
| Type | Rifle, Large game |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Winchester Repeating Arms Company |
| Designed | 1963 |
| Specifications | |
| Parent case | .375 H&H Magnum |
| Case type | Belted, bottleneck |
| Bullet diameter | .308 in (7.8 mm) |
| Land diameter | .300 in (7.6 mm) |
| Neck diameter | .339 in (8.6 mm) |
| Shoulder diameter | .489 in (12.4 mm) |
| Base diameter | .513 in (13.0 mm) |
| Rim diameter | .532 in (13.5 mm) |
| Rim thickness | .050 in (1.3 mm) |
| Case length | 2.62 in (67 mm) |
| Overall length | 3.34 in (85 mm) |
| Case capacity | 94 gr H2O (6.1 cm3) |
| Rifling twist | 1 in 10 in (250 mm) |
| Primer type | Large Rifle Magnum |
| Maximum pressure (C.I.P.) | 62,366 psi (430.00 MPa) |
| Maximum pressure (SAAMI) | 64,000 psi (440 MPa) |
| Maximum CUP | 54,000 CUP |
| Ballistic performance | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy  150 gr (9.7 g) GMX 3,300 ft/s (1,000 m/s) 3,628 ft⋅lbf (4,919 J)  180 gr (11.7 g) BT 3,193 ft/s (973 m/s) 4,076 ft⋅lbf (5,526 J)  190 gr (12.3 g) BTSP 3,117 ft/s (950 m/s) 4,100 ft⋅lbf (5,600 J)  200 gr (13.0 g) Partition 3,029 ft/s (923 m/s) 4,092 ft⋅lbf (5,548 J)  220 gr (14.3 g) Sierra MatchKing (HPBT) 2,875 ft/s (876 m/s) 4,038 ft⋅lbf (5,475 J) | |
| Test barrel length: 24 inches (61 cm)
Source(s): Accurate Powders load guide v3.5 Hodgdon powders achieve approx 100fps less. | |


title: 1933 in country music

text:
# 1933 in country music

This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1933.

## Events

sales grew approximately 15% over 1932

## Top Hillbilly (Country) Recordings

The following songs were extracted from records included in Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954, record sales reported on the "Discography of American Historical Recordings" website, and other sources as specified. Numerical rankings are approximate, they are only used as a frame of reference.

| Rank | Artist | Title | Label | Recorded | Released | Chart Positions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Gene Autry and Jimmy Long | "The Yellow Rose Of Texas" | Melotone 12700 | March 1, 1933 | June 5, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #1 |
| 2 | Gene Autry | "The Last Round-Up" | Melotone 12832 | October 9, 1933 | November 1933 | US BB 1933 #133, US #12 for 1 week, 3 total weeks, US Hillbilly 1933 #2 |
| 3 | Jimmie Rodgers | "Peach-Pickin’ Time Down in Georgia" | Victor 23781 | August 15, 1932 | April 7, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #3 |
| 4 | Tex Ritter | "Rye Whiskey" | Melotone 12664 | February 14, 1933 | June 11, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #4 |
| 5 | Jimmie Rodgers | "Blue Yodel No. 12 (Barefoot Blues)" | Victor 24456 | May 17, 1933 | June 27, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #5 |
| 6 | The Allen Brothers | "Lightning Bug Blues" | Victor 23805 | December 5, 1932 | January 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #6 |
| 7 | Jimmie Rodgers | "No Hard Times - Blue Yodel" | Victor 23751 | August 15, 1932 | February 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #7, 4,258 sales |
| 8 | Gene Autry and Jimmy Long | "Cowboy's Heaven" | Melotone 12652 | March 1, 1933 | April 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #8 |
| 9 | Jimmie Davis and Rubye Blevins (Patsy Montana) | "Jealous Lover" | Victor 23778 | November 4, 1932 | March 24, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #9 |
| 10 | Rambling Red Foley with the Cumberland Ridge Runners | "The Lone Cowboy" | Melotone 12718 | April 11, 1933 | June 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #10 |
| 11 | Jimmie Rodgers | "Gambling Barroom Blues" | Victor 23766 | August 16, 1932 | February 24, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #11 |
| 12 | Rambling Red Foley with the Cumberland Ridge Runners | "Single Life Is Good Enough For Me" | Melotone 12718 | April 11, 1933 | June 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #12 |
| 13 | Jimmie Rodgers | "Miss the Mississippi and You" | Victor 23736 | August 29, 1932 | December 22, 1932 | US Hillbilly 1933 #13, 3,791 sales |
| 14 | Carter Family | "The Church in the Wildwood" | Victor 40317 | October 13, 1932 | March 24, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #14 |
| 15 | Jimmie Rodgers | "Blue Yodel No. 11 (I’ve Got a Gal)" | Victor 23796 | November 27, 1929 | June 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #15 |
| 16 | Bing Crosby | "The Last Round-Up" | Melotone 12832 | October 9, 1933 | November 1933 | US BB 1933 #20, US #2 for 2 weeks, 5 total weeks, US Hillbilly 1933 #16 |
| 17 | Cumberland Ridge Runners with John Lair | "Sally's Not The Same Old Sally" | Perfect 12914 | April 11, 1933 | September 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #17 |
| 18 | Jimmie Rodgers | "Mississippi Delta Blues" | Victor 23816 | May 24, 1933 | July 28, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #18 |
| 19 | Jimmie Rodgers | "I’m Free (From the Chain Gang Now)" | Victor 23830 | May 17, 1933 | September 8, 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #19 |
| 20 | Gene Autry and Jimmy Long | "Answer To Twenty-One Years" | Melotone 12690 | March 1, 1933 | August 1933 | US Hillbilly 1933 #20 |

## Births

* March 10 – Ralph Emery, radio and television personality.
* April 15 – Roy Clark, singer and multi-instrumentalist, host of television's *Hee Haw* (died 2018).
* April 30 – Willie Nelson, songwriter and key member of the 1970s "outlaw" movement.
* September 1 – Conway Twitty, singer-songwriter who successfully defected from 1950s rock music career to become a giant in the country genre from the 1960s through the early 1990s (died 1993).
* September 3 – Tompall Glaser, member of Tompall & the Glaser Brothers and leading member of the 1970s "outlaw" movement (died 2013).
* October 27 – Floyd Cramer, session pianist who had a series of hits in his own right (died 1997).
* November 21 – Jean Shepard, legendary female vocalist of the 1950s–1970s and a longtime Grand Ole Opry favorite (died 2016).

## Deaths

* May 26 – Jimmie Rodgers, 35, "The Singing Brakeman" who became country music's first bona fide superstar (tuberculosis).

## Further reading

* Kingsbury, Paul, "Vinyl Hayride: Country Music Album Covers 1947–1989," Country Music Foundation, 2003 (ISBN 0-8118-3572-3)
* Millard, Bob, "Country Music: 70 Years of America's Favorite Music," HarperCollins, New York, 1993 (ISBN 0-06-273244-7)
* Whitburn, Joel. "Top Country Songs 1944–2005 – 6th Edition." 2005.

## InfoBox

| List of years in country music (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: 1985 in Turkey

abstract: Events in the year 1985 in Turkey.

text:
# 1985 in Turkey

Events in the year **1985 in Turkey**.

## Parliament

## Incumbents

Necdet Calp (up to 27 June) Aydın Güven Gürkan (from 27 June)

## Ruling party and the main opposition

People’s Party (HP) (up to 3 November) Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) (from 3 November)

## Cabinet

45th government of Turkey

## Events

### January

### February

### March

### April

### June

### July

### October

* 20 October – Census (population 50,664,45)

### November

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Turkey |


title: Emil Darjes

abstract: Emil Darjes was a Luftwaffe fighter pilot in World War 2. He was a member of the German Luftwaffe and collected a total of 82 confirmed kills. He was a part of the unit JG 54, known for their symbol The Green Heart.

text:
# Emil Darjes

**Emil Darjes** was a Luftwaffe fighter pilot in World War 2. He was a member of the German Luftwaffe and collected a total of 82 confirmed kills. He was a part of the unit JG 54, known for their symbol The Green Heart.

## InfoBox

| Emil Darjes | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe |
| Unit | Jagdgeschwader 54 |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |


title: Archaeological Museum of Mystras

abstract: The Archaeological Museum of Mystras is a museum in Mystras in Greece. In spite of its naming it is classified as a Byzantine museum. It was inaugurated in 1951, but officially was founded in 1952 by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia in the west wing of the metropolitan complex, its exhibits range from the early Christian era to Post-Byzantine times, but also include older and more recent items.

text:
# Archaeological Museum of Mystras

The **Archaeological Museum of Mystras** (Greek: Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Μυστρά) is a museum in Mystras in Greece. In spite of its naming it is classified as a Byzantine museum. It was inaugurated in 1951, but officially was founded in 1952 by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia in the west wing of the metropolitan complex, its exhibits range from the early Christian era to Post-Byzantine times, but also include older and more recent items.

## History

The first informal museum on the east wing of the metropolitan complex was founded by the French Byzantine scholar Gabriel Millet in the late 19th century, were placed there sculptural architectural members from the temples of Mystras, later at the beginning of the 20th century the collection was enriched, with the contribution of the Metropolitan of Sparta Theoklitos Minopoulos.

In the year 2001 the permanent exhibition was reorganized, with a new thematic, museological and museographic approach, which was also dictated by the need to present the latest findings of the research.

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

Archaeological Museum of Mystras
| Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Μυστρά | |
| --- | --- |
| Outside view | |
|  | |
| Established | 1952 |
| Location | Mystras, Greece |
| Coordinates | 37°04′35″N 22°22′08″E / 37.07633398057739°N 22.368875379313334°E / 37.07633398057739; 22.368875379313334 |
| Type | Archaeological museum |
| Founder | Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia |


title: Emin Cemal Suda

abstract: Emin Cemal Suda was a Turkish far-right politician. He was elected to the parliament as a deputy from Bolu.

text:
# Emin Cemal Suda

**Emin Cemal Suda** (1877 – 23 November 1940) was a Turkish far-right politician. He was elected to the parliament as a deputy from Bolu.

## InfoBox

| Emin Cemal Suda | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1877<br>Chania, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 23 November 1940 |
| Nationality | Turkish |
|  | |


title: Emmanuel Eseme

abstract: Emmanuel Alobwede Eseme is a Cameroonian sprinter. In 2024, he won the gold medal in the men's 100 metres event at the 2023 African Games held in Ghana. He competed in the men's 200 metres at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He did not qualify to compete in the semi-finals. In the same year, he also competed in the men's 200 metres and men's 4 × 100 metres relay events at the 2019 African Games, in both cases without winning a medal. He represented Cameroon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, in the men's 200 meters event. He placed third at the 2023 Diamond League in Silesia, Poland in the men’s 100 metres event. In 2024, he competed in the men's 100 metres event at the Summer Olympics held in Paris, France.

text:
# Emmanuel Eseme

**Emmanuel Alobwede Eseme** (born 17 August 1993) is a Cameroonian sprinter. In 2024, he won the gold medal in the men's 100 metres event at the 2023 African Games held in Ghana. He competed in the men's 200 metres at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He did not qualify to compete in the semi-finals.

In the same year, he also competed in the men's 200 metres and men's 4 × 100 metres relay events at the 2019 African Games, in both cases without winning a medal.

He represented Cameroon at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, in the men's 200 meters event.

He placed third at the 2023 Diamond League in Silesia, Poland in the men’s 100 metres event.

In 2024, he competed in the men's 100 metres event at the Summer Olympics held in Paris, France.

## InfoBox

Emmanuel Eseme
| Emmanuel Eseme in 2022 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1993-08-17) 17 August 1993 |
| Height | 6 ft (184 cm) |
| Weight | 183 lb (83 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Cameroon |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event | Sprinting |
| Club | Sporting CP |
| Coached by | Patrice Kinang |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests | * 60 m: 6.52 (2024) * 100 m: 9.96 (2023) * 200 m: 20.31 (2019) |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  Cameroon  African Games  2023 Accra 100 m  African Championships  2022 Saint Pierre 200 m  2024 Douala 100 m  2024 Douala 200 m | |


title: Emin's pouched rat

abstract: Emin's pouched rat, also known as the African pouched rat, is a large rat of the muroid superfamily. It is related to Cricetomys gambianus, the Gambian pouched rat. Both species belong to Cricetomys, the genus of the giant pouched rats. These animals were introduced into the exotic pet trade, but have been banned by the CDC and FDA after an outbreak of monkeypox. They are easily tamed.

text:
# Emin's pouched rat

**Emin's pouched rat** (***Cricetomys emini***), also known as the **African pouched rat**, is a large rat of the muroid superfamily. It is related to *Cricetomys gambianus*, the Gambian pouched rat. Both species belong to *Cricetomys*, the genus of the giant pouched rats.

These animals were introduced into the exotic pet trade, but have been banned by the CDC and FDA after an outbreak of monkeypox. They are easily tamed.

## Comparison to Gambian pouched rats

They are native to Africa and are found along the edges of forests and along the plains. Emin's pouched rats are actually better climbers than their better known Gambian pouched rat cousins. These pouched rats are named for having cheek pouches much like a hamster.

Emin's pouched rat and the Gambian pouched rat have a few very noticeable physical differences:

* Emin's pouched rats have a distinct line of color difference between their lower abdomen area and upper body. The abdomen is grey/white, whereas their upper body is dark brown. The tail has a white tip to it. Gambian pouched rats have a greyish-brown color that is fairly uniform throughout their body, only gradually getting lighter on their abdomen.
* Emin's pouched rats are very sleek and muscular in appearance. They are quite slender-looking and are excellent climbers. Gambians are somewhat bulky, rough-looking, and have been reported to be less "arboreal" than the Emin's.
* Emin's pouched rats tend to weigh less and be slightly smaller than Gambian pouched rats.

## As pets

Both the Gambian pouched rat and Emin's pouched rat were introduced into the exotic pet trade. Unfortunately, many dealers and breeders failed to recognize the difference in the two species and some even tried breeding the two together. There have been reports of it being successful, and other reports of offspring dying at birth. Both species are sometimes kept as pets, but males can be territorial to others of the same species.

## InfoBox

| Emin's pouched rat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Nesomyidae |
| Genus: | *Cricetomys* |
| Species: | ***C. emini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cricetomys emini***
Wroughton, 1910 | |
|


title: Emin (esoteric movement)

abstract:
The Emin or The Emin Society is a spiritual movement based on the work of Raymond Armin, known to members as "Leo". Originally, The Emin was named The Eminent Way or The Way. The movement arose in the 1970s. The Template Network is a movement which offers activities inspired by the Emin philosophy.
The Emin has been called a cult in books such as Spying in Guru Land: Inside Britain's Cults, by William Shaw.

text:
# Emin (esoteric movement)

**The Emin** or **The Emin Society** is a spiritual movement based on the work of Raymond Armin, known to members as "Leo". Originally, The Emin was named *The Eminent Way* or *The Way*. The movement arose in the 1970s. The Template Network is a movement which offers activities inspired by the Emin philosophy. The Emin has been called a cult in books such as Spying in Guru Land: Inside Britain's Cults, by William Shaw .

## History

The movement started in London in 1973. It was first known as the Emin society and then Eminent Way, which was later abbreviated to "Emin". In 1977 an Israeli branch emerged, and a center was established in a Tel Aviv neighborhood in 1980. By 1978 there were also groups in the USA, Canada and Australia.

In Israel, Emin members established the village Ma'ale Tzviya in 1986. Over the years The Emin grew to have gatherings of people in many other countries including Ireland, France, Greece, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Brazil, and New Zealand.

### Raymond Armin (Leo)

Raymond Armin was born in London (1926) under the name Schirtenlieb, and did most of his schooling in London, living around the St.Johns Wood area. He started his working life as an apprentice tool maker at Borehamwood near London England. Armin did time during the war in the R.A.F. as a quartermaster (His rank was staff sergeant). He married Violet Burton from Waterloo who was 8 months pregnant at the time.

After the war, Armin worked at various locations around the London areas e.g. as manager of a furniture company based in Camden Town, London, and then as a market demonstrator. During the late 1940s, while still living in central London, he became father to five children, one died soon after birth, his name was Brian.

He relocated in 1958 to Yorkshire to follow a new profession as a traveling salesman, selling furniture polish and then a few years later as an encyclopaedia salesman. In 1963 Armin moved to Nottinghamshire, followed by a move back to London in 1965, where he worked as a civilian driver for the metropolitan police and then as a guard for a security firm.

In 1971 John Armin son of Leo met up with a group of people who were staying in London after traveling around the world 'looking for something'. They formed into a group under 'The Armins' leadership, and all met regularly over the next few years, primarily at Leo's flat in Stoke-newington London.

In 1973 'The group' began which took on the name 'The Emin Society' at which time Raymond Armin became known as 'Leo' and John as 'Orman' within the society. The society used many halls around the London areas, eventually occupying a small centre at Gospel Oak in London. Autumn of 1976 saw a relocation to a larger centre at Hotham Road Studios, Hotham Road, Putney, London.

During the early 1980's Raymond Armin (aka.Leo), moved with his wife (Violet) and a woman called Ethra aka.'Deborra McKay' from Iowa, to America, where years later they took on American citizenship.

From roughly the 1990's until his death, Armin (known as Leo), lived in a waterfront retreat at Jensen Beach Florida. Armin died in August 2002 from an aortic aneurysm. Violet Armin (Ruth) died in 2008 in her sleep. The Emin was Truly founded by 2 members of the Armin family (Orman- John and Leo- Raymond) followed by a gathering of friends interested in Ormans and Leos work. The Emin was consequential to the time of itself (1960 to 1981) and those that were its inspiration.

## Philosophy

### The Archives

Armin has left numerous lectures, written and recorded on audio and video tape. These include writings on psychology and personal development, theology, cosmology, history, meditation, and various practical personal development and perception exercises. Most, but not all, of these writings were written by Raymond Armin.

### The Template

The Template is a philosophical concept, introduced by Armin in 1992. It describes the spiritual development of the non-physical body through a hierarchically structured system of 16 spheres. Every sphere, with a symbolic name like *amethyst* or *ruby*, represents a level of consciousness.

## Offshoots

### The Template Network

The Template Network is an affiliation of groups involved with the Emin philosophy. It is an international network of independent groups, with interests including education, art, ecology, well-being, science and spirituality. As of 2009 there were some 1700 people regularly engaged within these groups. There are groups in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and United States. In the UK some of the groups make use of buildings and facilities run by the Template Foundation. There are also several independent organisations and companies offering courses on a commercial basis, that draw on Emin concepts and practices. These include Blue Rose Wellness, an Emin/Template center of spiritual healing, located in Brier, Washington state, United States, and the Ruby Care Foundation, an Emin/Template charity group concerned with grief and loss management.

One premise held by Template Network groups is that creation is continuously evolving and that human life is part of that evolution. Another is that human life is an opportunity to consciously find one's own purpose within that evolution. Each individual is responsible for his or her own development and destiny.

### Gemrod Foundation

In 1985, Emin established a centre in Leiden, Netherlands. In the 1990s it founded the Gemrod Foundation, which organized esoteric workshops, e.g. courses on clairvoyance and aura reading.

## Books

### Emin and Template publications

Various books have been published in limited editions. They include:

### Books inspired by the Template

* *The Seven Steps of Spiritual Intelligence* by Richard A. Bowell, Boston, Nicholas Brealey Publishing 2004 ISBN 1-85788-344-6. The back of the title page reads: *This book has been derived from and inspired by the philosophical writings and researches of Leo Armin under the title of the "Template"*.

### Books by outside observers

* *Despair and Deliverance – private salvation in contemporary Israel* by Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, State University of New York 1992 ISBN 0-7914-1000-5. The book analyzes various religious groups in Israel from a psychological and sociological perspective, inside the contemporary Israeli context of the 1970's.


title: Araafa

abstract: Araafa was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He won three of his ten races between July 2005 and November 2006 and was the top-rated British-trained colt of his generation. As a two-year-old he won on his debut and was placed in both the Acomb Stakes and the Horris Hill Stakes. In the following spring he finished fourth to George Washington in the 2000 Guineas before reversing the form to win the Irish 2,000 Guineas. He followed up with a win in the St James's Palace Stakes and later finished second to George Washington in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. He was then retired to stud but was not a success as a breeding stallion. He died in 2012 at the age of nine.

text:
# Araafa

**Araafa** (8 April 2003 – 15 June 2012) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He won three of his ten races between July 2005 and November 2006 and was the top-rated British-trained colt of his generation. As a two-year-old he won on his debut and was placed in both the Acomb Stakes and the Horris Hill Stakes. In the following spring he finished fourth to George Washington in the 2000 Guineas before reversing the form to win the Irish 2,000 Guineas. He followed up with a win in the St James's Palace Stakes and later finished second to George Washington in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. He was then retired to stud but was not a success as a breeding stallion. He died in 2012 at the age of nine.

## Background

Araafa was a dark-coated bay horse with a large white star and white sock on his left hind foot bred in Ireland by Sweetmans Bloodstock. He was from the first crop of foals sired by Mull of Kintyre, whose biggest win came in the 1999 running of the Gimcrack Stakes. Mull of Kintyre's also sired Mull of Killough who won two editions of the Earl of Sefton Stakes, but he was not considered a success as a breeding stallion and was exported to India. Araafa's dam Resurgence was a full-sister to the leading sprinter and sire Pivotal.

As a foal, Araafa was consigned by the Castletown Stud to the Tattersalls sale in November 2003 and was bought for 48,000 guineas by the bloodstock agent Paul Shanahan. The colt returned to Tattersalls in October 2004 and was sold for 150,000 guineas to Tony Nerses, acting on behalf of Saleh Al Homaizi and Imad Al Sagar. He was sent into training with Jeremy Noseda at Newmarket.

## Racing career

### 2005: two-year-old season

Araafa made his racecourse in a seven furlong maiden race at Newmarket Racecourse on 29 July 2005. Starting a 16/1 outsider, he recovered from a slow start to win by a neck from the odds-on favourite Kilworth. He was then moved up in class to contest the Listed Acomb Stakes at York Racecourse in August and finished second to Palace Episode, a colt who went on to win the Racing Post Trophy. The colt was stepped up in class again for the Group Three Somerville Tattersall Stakes in September and finished sixth of the nine runners behind Aussie Rules. Araafa produced a better effort on his final appearance of the season, as he finished third to Hurricane Cat in the Group Three Horris Hill Stakes at Newbury Racecourse on 22 October.

### 2006: three-year-old season

On his first appearance as a three-year-old, Araafa started a 66/1 outsider for the 2000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket on 6 May. Ridden for the first time by Alan Munro he stayed on well in the closing stages to finish fourth of the fourteen runners behind George Washington, Sir Percy and Olympian Odyssey. Three weeks later, Araafa was sent to Ireland to contest the Irish 2000 Guineas on soft ground at the Curragh and started the 12/1 fourth choice in the betting behind George Washington (unbeaten in over a year), Decado (winner of the Tetrarch Stakes) and Hurricane Cat. Munro tracked the leaders before sending Araafa into the lead three furlongs from the finish. Araafa opened up a clear lead approaching the final furlong and won by two lengths from George Washington, with Decado a length away in third. After the race Munro said "he travelled well and took me there easily, the way he travelled and quickened you would have to think the ground suited him well".

At Royal Ascot on 20 June, Araafa, with Munro again in the saddle, started 2/1 favourite for the Group One St James's Palace Stakes. He was again opposed by Decado as well as two runners from the Aidan O'Brien stable: Ivan Denisovich (July Stakes) and Marcus Andronicus (runner-up to Aussie Rules in the Poule d'Essai des Poulains). His strongest challenger, however, appeared to be the French-trained Stormy River, the winner of the Prix Djebel and the Prix de Fontainebleau. Arrafa raced in second place before taking the lead in the straight and was never seriously challenged, winning by two lengths from Stormy River. Following the colt's victory, Noseda commented "It was a great performance. He keeps progressing, and his work has improved again since Ireland. I was just a little edgy, hoping he would show that on the race course today, and I think we saw that."

On 2 August, Araafa was matched against older horses for the first time and started 11/10 favourite for the Sussex Stakes over one mile at Goodwood Racecourse. He took the lead two furlongs out but weakened in the closing stages and finished fifth of the seven runners behind the six-year-old Court Masterpiece. Christophe Soumillon took over from Munro when the colt contested the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes at Ascot in September. After briefly taking the lead in the straight he was overtaken and beaten one and a quarter lengths into second place by George Washington, with Court Masterpiece two lengths away in third. On his final start, Araafa was sent to the United States to contest the Breeders' Cup Mile on 4 November at Churchill Downs. Ridden by John Velazquez, he was made the 11/4 favourite but after reaching third place in the straight he weakened in the final furlong and finished ninth of the fourteen runners behind Miesque's Approval.

## Assessment

In the 2006 World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings, Araafa was given a rating of 122, making him the seventeenth best racehorse in the world and the best British-trained three-year-old colt.

## Stud record

Araafa was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at the Plantation Stud in Newmarket. He was not a success at stud, with the best of his offspring being Aeolus, who won the Sandy Lane Stakes in 2014. In 2012 he was transferred to the Woodlands Stud in County Galway. On 15 June 2012 Araafa died from a ruptured blood vessel in his heart shortly after covering a mare.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Araafa (IRE), bay stallion, 2003
| Sire
Mull of Kintyre (USA)
1997 | Danzig (USA)
1977 | Northern Dancer | Nearctic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Natalma |
| | Pas de Nom | Admiral's Voyage |
| | Petitioner |
| | Retrospective (USA)
1992 | Easy Goer | Alydar |
| | | Relaxing |
| | Hay Patcher | Hoist the Flag |
| | Turn to Talent |
| Dam
Resurgence (GB)
1998 | Polar Falcon (USA)
1987 | Nureyev | Northern Dancer |
| | | Special |
| | Marie d'Argonne | Jefferson |
| | Mohair |
| | Fearless Revival (GB)
1987 | Cozzene | Caro |
| | | Ride the Trails |
| | Stufida | Bustino |
| | Zerbinetta (Family: 7) |

## InfoBox

| Araafa | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Mull of Kintyre |
| Grandsire | Danzig |
| Dam | Resurgence |
| Damsire | Polar Falcon |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 8 April 2003 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Sweetmans Bloodstock |
| Owner | Saleh Al Homaizi & Imad Al Sagar |
| Trainer | Jeremy Noseda |
| Record | 10: 3-2-1 |
| Earnings | £392,500 |
| Major wins | |
| Irish 2,000 Guineas (2006)
St James's Palace Stakes (2006) | |
| Awards | |
| Top-rated British three-year-old colt (2006) | |


title: Ara trium Galliarum

abstract: The Ara trium Galliarum, or ‘Altar of the three Gallic provinces’, was a Roman sanctuary near Lugdunum. The altar was consecrated to the goddess Roma and Augustus. In the 2nd decade of the 1st century BC, Drusus built the ritual place as part of the preparation for his offensive in Germania. Once a year on August 1 the Concilium provinciae, the province council of the Gallic provinces, met at that place. The main function of the council was to sacrifice to the Roman Emperor, elect a priest of Rome and Augustus for the coming year, and arrange public games. In this way, the Gallic tribes demonstrated their allegiance to Rome. Analogous to the Ara trium Galliarum was the Ara Ubiorum, constructed in Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium for the Germanic provincial council.

text:
# Ara trium Galliarum

The ***Ara trium Galliarum***, or ‘Altar of the three Gallic provinces’, was a Roman sanctuary near Lugdunum (today Lyon in France). The altar was consecrated to the goddess Roma and Augustus.

In the 2nd decade of the 1st century BC, Drusus built the ritual place as part of the preparation for his offensive in Germania. Once a year on August 1 the *Concilium provinciae*, the province council of the Gallic provinces, met at that place. The main function of the council was to sacrifice to the Roman Emperor (see imperial cult), elect a priest of Rome and Augustus for the coming year, and arrange public games. In this way, the Gallic tribes demonstrated their allegiance to Rome.

Analogous to the *Ara trium Galliarum* was the *Ara Ubiorum*, constructed in Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (modern Cologne) for the Germanic provincial council.

* Werner Eck: *Köln in römischer Zeit. Geschichte einer Stadt im Rahmen des Imperium Romanum*. Köln 2004, ISBN 3-7743-0357-6, pp. 86f.
* Duncan Fishwick: *The dedication of the Ara trium Galliarum.* In: *Latomus*, Vol. 55, 1996, pp. 87–100.


title: Ara h 3

abstract: Ara h 3 is a seed storage protein from Arachis hypogaea (peanuts). It is a heat stable 11S legumin-like globulin with a stable trimeric form that comprises 19% of the total protein in peanut extracts.

text:
# Ara h 3

**Ara h 3** is a seed storage protein from *Arachis hypogaea* (peanuts). It is a heat stable 11S legumin-like globulin with a stable trimeric form that comprises 19% of the total protein in peanut extracts.

## Structure

Ara h 3 forms homotrimers and has a highly stable structure, mediated through hydrophobic interactions. It has been established as an allergen.

The trimeric assemblies are stabilized by multiple hydrogen bonds.

## Influence of Ara h 3 in peanut allergies

The protein **Ara h 3** plays an important role in peanut allergic reactions. Ara h 3 makes up 19% of the total protein in peanut extracts and is classified as a major peanut allergen because it provokes sensitization of patients with this allergy.

This protein is a very potent allergen and it causes a severe reaction. The symptoms can be:

* **Skin reaction**: urticarial, redness or edema.
* **Itchy reaction**: usually around the mouth and throat.
* **Digestive problems**: such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting.
* **Breath problems**: it has a relation with the inflammation reaction which causes the blockage of the air passages.
* **Heart problems**: histamine can cause a coronary artery spasm.
* **Anaphylaxis**: a whole-body allergic reaction that causes low blood pressure, suffocation and can bring a person to death.

## Treatment

No treatment is currently available, avoidance is the only option for peanut-allergic individuals. Unfortunately, consumers can be inadvertently exposed to peanut allergens when food becomes contaminated from processing lines shared with other peanut products. Therefore, there can be labelling mistakes because companies may not include peanuts as ingredients.

In consequence, therapeutic interventions and/or hypoallergenic peanuts are needed to prevent anaphylactic reactions caused by accidental ingestion of peanut-containing products by allergic individuals.

## InfoBox

| Ara h 3 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | Arachis hypogaea (peanut) |
| Symbol | ara h 3 |
| UniProt | B5TYU1 |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: 1988 Stockholm Open

abstract: The 1988 Stockholm Open was a men's tennis tournament played on hard courts and part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and took place at the Kungliga tennishallen in Stockholm, Sweden. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and was held from 31 October through 6 November 1988. Third-seeded Boris Becker won the singles title.

text:
# 1988 Stockholm Open

The **1988 Stockholm Open** was a men's tennis tournament played on hard courts and part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and took place at the Kungliga tennishallen in Stockholm, Sweden. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and was held from 31 October through 6 November 1988. Third-seeded Boris Becker won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Boris Becker defeated  Peter Lundgren, 6–4, 6–1, 6–1

* It was Becker's 6th singles title of the year and the 18th of his career.

### Doubles

Kevin Curren /  Jim Grabb defeated  Paul Annacone /  John Fitzgerald, 7–5, 6–4

## InfoBox

| 1988 Stockholm Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 31 October – 6 November |
| Edition | 20th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 56S / 28D |
| Prize money | $450,000 |
| Surface | Hard / indoor |
| Location | Stockholm, Sweden |
| Venue | Kungliga tennishallen |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Boris Becker | |
| Doubles | |
| Kevin Curren /  Jim Grabb | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1988 Strathkelvin District Council election was held on 5 May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts.

text:
# 1988 Strathkelvin District Council election

The **1988 Strathkelvin District Council election** was held on 5 May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts.

## Results

1988 Strathkelvin District Council election result
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 80.0 | 48.9 | 14,628 |  |
|  | Conservative | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 13.3 | 22.5 | 6,737 |  |
|  | SSLD | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12.6 | 3,755 |  |
|  | SNP | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 0.0 | 16.0 | 4,785 |  |

Source:

1. "Scottish District Elections 1988" (PDF). *Elections Centre*. Retrieved 25 September 2024.


title: 1989 Swatch Open

abstract: The 1989 Swatch Open, also known as the Nice Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and took place from 17 April through 23 April 1989. Sixth-seeded Andrei Chesnokov won the singles title.

text:
# 1989 Swatch Open

The **1989 Swatch Open**, also known as the Nice Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and took place from 17 April through 23 April 1989. Sixth-seeded Andrei Chesnokov won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Andrei Chesnokov defeated  Jérôme Potier 6–4, 6–4

* It was Chesnokov's 1st title of the year and the 3rd of his career.

### Doubles

Ricki Osterthun /  Udo Riglewski defeated  Heinz Günthardt /  Balázs Taróczy 7–6, 6–7, 6–1

* It was Osterthun's only title of the year and the 4th of his career. It was Riglewski's 2nd title of the year and the 4th of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1989 Swatch Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 17–23 April |
| Edition | 18th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $140,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Nice, France |
| Venue | Nice Lawn Tennis Club |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Andrei Chesnokov | |
| Doubles | |
| Ricki Osterthun /  Udo Riglewski | |
|  | |


title: 1987 Rajya Sabha elections

abstract: Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 1987, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.

text:
# 1987 Rajya Sabha elections

**Rajya Sabha elections** were held on various dates in 1987, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.

## Elections

Elections were held to elect members from various states.

### Members elected

The following members are elected in the elections held in 1987. They are members for the term 1987-1993 and retire in year 1993, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. *The list is incomplete.*

State - Member - Party

Rajya Sabha members for term 1987-1993
| State | Member Name | Party | Remark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Goa | John F Fernandez | INC |
|
| Gujarat | P Shiv Shankar | INC |
| Gujarat | Chhotubhai Sukhabhai Patel | INC |
| Gujarat | Jitendrabhai L Bhatt | INC |
|
| Sikkim | Khamsum Namgyal Pulger | SSP | res 01/03/1988 |
|
| West Bengal | Sunil Basuray | CPM |
| West Bengal | Tridib Chaudhuri | RSP |
| West Bengal | Dipen Ghosh | CPM |
| West Bengal | Ramnarayan Goswami | CPM |
| West Bengal | Samar Mukherjee | CPM |
| West Bengal | Dr R K Poddar | CPM |
|
|

## Bye-elections

The following bye elections were held in the year 1987.

State - Member - Party

1. Nagaland - S. C. Jamir \- INC ( ele 02/07/1987 term till 1992 ) res 02/02/1989 CM, NG
2. Haryana - Om Prakash Chautala \- JD ( ele 14/08/1987 term till 1990 )
3. Andhra pradesh - M K Rehman \- TDP ( ele 05/10/1987 term till 1988 )


title: Emmet (heraldry)

abstract: The emmet, also called the pismire, is an heraldic charge in European heraldry, particularly in English and German heraldry, representing historic names for the ant.

text:
# Emmet (heraldry)

The **emmet**, also called the **pismire**, is an heraldic charge in European heraldry, particularly in English and German heraldry, representing historic names for the **ant**.

## Significance

The emmet might be understood as a symbol of hard work and of wisdom, although symbolism in heraldry always has to be approached with skepticism, as the arms might be canting, or the symbolism might not apply in a particular case. In his *A Display of Heraldrie* (1610), John Guillim of the English College of Arms says:

> "By the Emmet or Pismire may be signified a Man of great Labour, Wisdom, and Providence in all his Affairs, and of a pregnant and ready Memory."

## Attitude

The emmet is often shown as tergiant, or with his back to the viewer, as seen from above.

## Examples

* Massy: *argent a bend azure between three emmets sable*
* Emmitt: *sable two cross bones saltierwise between four emmets or on a chief engrailed erminois two bulls' heads azure*


title: Emmet, Nebraska

abstract: Emmet is a village in Holt County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 48 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Emmet, Nebraska

**Emmet** is a village in Holt County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 48 at the 2010 census.

## History

Emmet was founded in 1882 when the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad was extended to that point. It was named after Irish nationalist Robert Emmet.

Like much of Holt County, the Emmet area is well suited for production of wild hay. Early settlers cut it as a cash crop; in the 1920s, the Emmet-Elkhorn Valley Hay Company was founded; its name was later abbreviated to the Emmet Hay Company. The community describes itself as the "Biggest Little Haytown in the World".

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.26 square miles (0.67 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 130 |  |  |
| 1930 | 88 |  | −32.3% |
| 1940 | 89 |  | 1.1% |
| 1950 | 62 |  | −30.3% |
| 1960 | 66 |  | 6.5% |
| 1970 | 70 |  | 6.1% |
| 1980 | 73 |  | 4.3% |
| 1990 | 70 |  | −4.1% |
| 2000 | 77 |  | 10.0% |
| 2010 | 48 |  | −37.7% |
| 2020 | 46 |  | −4.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 48 people, 20 households, and 13 families living in the village. The population density was 184.6 inhabitants per square mile (71.3/km2). There were 24 housing units at an average density of 92.3 per square mile (35.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 20 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, and 35.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.15.

The median age in the village was 49.5 years. 29.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 8.4% were from 25 to 44; 45.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 77 people, 26 households, and 21 families living in the village. The population density was 296.7 inhabitants per square mile (114.6/km2). There were 28 housing units at an average density of 107.9 per square mile (41.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.10% White, 1.30% African American, 2.60% from other races.

There were 26 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.1% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.43.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 36.4% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $36,875. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,074. There were 23.8% of families and 27.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 40.0% of under eighteens and 44.4% of those over 64.

Media related to Emmet, Nebraska at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Emmet, Nebraska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Post office in Emmet | |
| Location of Emmet, Nebraska | |
| Coordinates: 42°28′33″N 98°48′33″W / 42.47583°N 98.80917°W / 42.47583; -98.80917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Holt |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2) |
| Land | 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,024 ft (617 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 46 |
| Density | 178.29/sq mi (68.89/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 68734 |
| Area code | 402 |
| FIPS code | 31-15815 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2398829 |


title: Emmet, North Dakota

abstract: Emmet was a small rural community in McLean County, North Dakota, United States. It is about twelve miles west of Garrison. There is no longer anything at the location, although it may still be marked on some maps. Emmet was in existence until at least 1966.

text:
# Emmet, North Dakota

**Emmet** was a small rural community in McLean County, North Dakota, United States. It is about twelve miles west of Garrison. There is no longer anything at the location, although it may still be marked on some maps. Emmet was in existence until at least 1966.

## Naming

The community was founded in 1903 with the name of Robinson (not to be confused with the current Robinson, North Dakota, which is in an entirely different location). It was renamed Emmet by Charles Laudenbeck when he took over as postmaster on 2 September 1905. He named it after his young son, Emmet.

## Notable person

* James Kerzman, North Dakota state legislator, rancher, and farmer, lived on a farm near Emmet. Kerzman's parents were killed when the ambulance taking his mother to hospital with a newborn daughter was involved in a collision in 1965. The fifteen Kerzman children (including the daughter Mayruth from the ambulance crash) were brought up by relatives near Emmet. Kerzman's uncle, Francis Kerzman, built an extension to his house there to accommodate them all.

## InfoBox

| Emmet, North Dakota | |
| --- | --- |
| Emmet in 2009 | |
| Emmet, North DakotaEmmet, North Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 47°38′47″N 101°39′13″W / 47.64639°N 101.65361°W / 47.64639; -101.65361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | McLean |
| Elevation | 2,014 ft (614 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 701 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1028885 |


title: 1990 New Zealand general election

abstract: The 1990 New Zealand general election was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its two terms in office. The National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government. This election was the first time since 1975 that National had won the popular vote.

text:
# 1990 New Zealand general election

The **1990 New Zealand general election** was held on 27 October to determine the composition of the 43rd New Zealand parliament. The governing Labour Party was defeated, ending its two terms in office. The National Party, led by Jim Bolger, won a landslide victory and formed the new government.

This election was the first time since 1975 that National had won the popular vote.

## Background

The Labour Party had taken office after defeating the National Party under Robert Muldoon in the 1984 election. David Lange became prime minister and Roger Douglas became Minister of Finance. The economic program outlined by Douglas was deeply unpopular with Labour's traditional supporters, however – deregulation, privatisation, and free trade, all opposed by the party's more left-wing members, were a key part of the Rogernomics platform. This internal dissent was off-set somewhat by new social legislation and a strong stance against nuclear weapons.

Labour was re-elected in the 1987 election with its parliamentary majority untouched, but the internal disputes continued. Eventually Lange forced Douglas to resign in December 1988, but continued destabilisation of his leadership by Douglas had weakened Lange's position such that he resigned eight months later. He was replaced as prime minister by Geoffrey Palmer, but Palmer failed to revive Labour's falling popularity. Several months before the election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. The National Party was performing strongly – its leader, Jim Bolger, spoke repeatedly of "the Decent Society", saying that the reforms were doing significant damage to the social fabric of the country. The government was also being challenged by the NewLabour Party, founded by renegade MP Jim Anderton.

### MPs retiring in 1990

Five National MPs and eleven Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 42nd Parliament.

| Party | | Name | Electorate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National | George Gair | North Shore |
| | | Merv Wellington | Papakura |
| | | Ian McLean | Tarawera |
| | | Venn Young | Waitotara |
| | | Derek Angus | Wallace |
|  | Labour | Geoffrey Palmer | Christchurch Central |
| | | Stan Rodger | Dunedin North |
| | | Anne Collins | East Cape |
| | | Trevor Young | Eastern Hutt |
| | | Roger Douglas | Manurewa |
| | | Philip Woollaston | Nelson |
| | | Colin Moyle | Otara |
| | | Trevor de Cleene | Palmerston North |
| | | Bob Tizard | Panmure |
| | | Michael Bassett | Te Atatu |
| | | Russell Marshall | Wanganui |
|

## The election

The date for the 1990 election was 27 October. 2,202,157 people were registered to vote, and 85.2% of these people turned out. The number of seats being contested was 97 – this was the same as in the previous election, which had the largest number of seats for any Parliament until that point.

## Summary of results

The 1990 election eventually saw a victory for the National Party, then in opposition. National won nearly half (48%) of the vote and 67 (69%) of the seats, becoming the fourth National government. This was the highest number of seats the party had ever won, either in absolute terms or as a percentage. Four new (and young) National MPs: (Bill English, Tony Ryall, Roger Sowry and Nick Smith) were called the "brat pack" by Sir Robert Muldoon (himself one of the "Young Turks" of 1960).

The new Green Party gained the third-highest number of votes, but won no seats. The NewLabour Party won a single seat, due to Jim Anderton retaining the Sydenham seat he originally won as a Labour candidate.

The governing Labour Party, by contrast, suffered its worst-ever electoral defeat since it first won power in the 1935 election, winning only 29 (30%) of the seats and 35% of the vote (its lowest percentage since 1931), and losing 27 seats. Initially it appeared that twelve ministers and the Speaker had lost their seats, but Fran Wilde scraped in on special votes. Many of Labour's talented "class of 84" were sent away, though five of them, Annette King, Jim Sutton, Trevor Mallard, Richard Northey and Judy Keall, returned in 1993.

The result was primarily due to intense anger at Labour and its policies (shown by it losing 12% of the vote) rather than love of National (which only increased its vote by 4%).

## Detailed results

### Party totals

|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Election results | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won |
|  | National | 97 | 872,358 | 47.82 | **67** |
|  | Labour | 97 | 640,915 | 35.14 | **29** |
|  | Greens | 71 | 124,915 | 6.85 | **-** |
|  | NewLabour | 93 | 94,171 | 5.16 | **1** |
|  | Democrats | 91 | 30,455 | 1.67 | **-** |
|  | Social Credit | 68 | 17,897 | 0.98 | **-** |
|  | Mana Motuhake | 4 | 10,869 | 0.60 | **-** |
|
|  | McGillicuddy Serious | 59 | 10,058 | 0.55 | **-** |
|  | Christian Heritage | 18 | 9,591 | 0.53 | **-** |
| Minor parties and Independents | | 76 | 12,863 | 0.71 | **-** |
| Total | | 674 | 1,824,092 |  | **97** |

### Votes summary

| Popular Vote   **National**  47.82%  Labour  35.14%  Greens  6.85%  NewLabour  5.16%  Democrats  2.02%  Others  3.37% |
| --- |

| Parliament seats   **National**  69.07%  Labour  29.90%  NewLabour  1.03% |
| --- |

### Electorate results

The tables below shows the results of the 1990 general election:

**Key**

National   Labour   Democrats   NewLabour   Mana Motuhake

Electorate results for the 1990 New Zealand general election
| Electorate | Incumbent | | Winner | | Majority | Runner up | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **General electorates** | | | | | | | |
| Albany |  | Don McKinnon | | | 7,455 |  | June Allen |
| Ashburton |  | Jenny Shipley | | | 7,922 |  | Basil Moskovis |
| Auckland Central |  | Richard Prebble | | | 3,277 |  | Kathryn Hill |
| Avon |  | Larry Sutherland | | | 4,250 |  | Wendy Rush |
| Awarua |  | Jeff Grant | | | 4,964 |  | Heather Russell |
| Bay of Islands |  | John Carter | | | 5,285 |  | Bruce Raitt |
| Birkenhead |  | Jenny Kirk |  | Ian Revell | 2,813 |  | Jenny Kirk |
| Christchurch Central |  | Geoffrey Palmer |  | Lianne Dalziel | 3,769 |  | Ross Gluer |
| Christchurch North |  | Mike Moore | | | 2,148 |  | Peter Yarrell |
| Clevedon |  | Warren Kyd | | | 4,732 |  | Ann Batten |
| Clutha |  | Robin Gray | | | 6,527 |  | Jeff Buchanan |
| Coromandel |  | Graeme Lee | | | 6,342 |  | Margaret Hawkeswood |
| Dunedin North |  | Stan Rodger |  | Pete Hodgson | 2,336 |  | Gael Donoghue |
| Dunedin West |  | Clive Matthewson | | | 1,779 |  | Ian McMeeking |
| East Cape |  | Anne Collins |  | Tony Ryall | 1,968 |  | Dianne Collins |
| East Coast Bays |  | Murray McCully | | | 5,216 |  | Gary Knapp |
| Eastern Hutt |  | Trevor Young |  | Paul Swain | 801 |  | Rosemary Thomas |
| Eden |  | Richard Northey |  | Christine Fletcher | 1,524 |  | Richard Northey |
| Fendalton |  | Philip Burdon | | | 4,993 |  | Tony Day |
| Gisborne |  | Allan Wallbank |  | Wayne Kimber | 449 |  | Allan Wallbank |
| Glenfield |  | Judy Keall |  | Peter Hilt | 2,958 |  | Judy Keall |
| Hamilton East |  | Bill Dillon |  | Tony Steel | 2,121 |  | Bill Dillon |
| Hamilton West |  | Trevor Mallard |  | Grant Thomas | 1,563 |  | Trevor Mallard |
| Hastings |  | David Butcher |  | Jeff Whittaker | 728 |  | David Butcher |
| Hawkes Bay |  | Bill Sutton |  | Michael Laws | 2,895 |  | Bill Sutton |
| Heretaunga |  | Bill Jeffries |  | Peter McCardle | 1,122 |  | Bill Jeffries |
| Hobson |  | Ross Meurant | | | 6,641 |  | Howard Henry |
| Horowhenua |  | Annette King |  | Hamish Hancock | 624 |  | Annette King |
| Invercargill |  | Rob Munro | | | 4,137 |  | Barry Rait |
| Island Bay |  | Elizabeth Tennet | | | 3,635 |  | Ann Nolan |
| Kaimai |  | Robert Anderson | | | 8,147 |  | Gordon Dickson |
| Kaipara |  | Lockwood Smith | | | 8,610 |  | Wayne Sellwood |
| Kapiti |  | Margaret Shields |  | Roger Sowry | 1,599 |  | Margaret Shields |
| King Country |  | Jim Bolger | | | 7,274 |  | Cameron Gordon |
| Lyttelton |  | Peter Simpson |  | Gail McIntosh | 68 |  | Peter Simpson |
| Manawatu |  | David Robinson |  | Hamish MacIntyre | 3,089 |  | David Robinson |
| Mangere |  | David Lange | | | 4,039 |  | Bryan Archer |
| Manurewa |  | Roger Douglas |  | George Hawkins | 1,143 |  | Pat Baker |
| Maramarua |  | Bill Birch | | | 7,670 |  | Charles Chauvel |
| Marlborough |  | Doug Kidd | | | 7,187 |  | Barbara Hutchinson |
| Matamata |  | John Luxton | | | 8,501 |  | Bill Pepperell |
| Miramar |  | Peter Neilson |  | Graeme Reeves | 552 |  | Peter Neilson |
| Mt Albert |  | Helen Clark | | | 1,230 |  | Larry Bellshaw |
| Napier |  | Geoff Braybrooke | | | 1,265 |  | Colleen Pritchard |
| Nelson |  | Philip Woollaston |  | John Blincoe | 636 |  | L Baigent |
| New Lynn |  | Jonathan Hunt | | | 1,099 |  | Martyn Athol Bishop |
| New Plymouth |  | Harry Duynhoven |  | John Armstrong | 1,701 |  | Harry Duynhoven |
| North Shore |  | George Gair |  | Bruce Cliffe | 6,183 |  | Graeme Ransom |
| Ohariu |  | Peter Dunne | | | 783 |  | George Mathew |
| Onehunga |  | Fred Gerbic |  | Grahame Thorne | 612 |  | Fred Gerbic |
| Otago |  | Warren Cooper | | | 3,927 |  | Tony Cooke |
| Otara |  | Colin Moyle |  | Trevor Rogers | 1,226 |  | Taito Phillip Field |
| Pahiatua |  | John Falloon | | | 7,689 |  | Margo Martindale |
| Pakuranga |  | Maurice Williamson | | | 9,086 |  | Paul Charles Grant |
| Palmerston North |  | Trevor de Cleene |  | Steve Maharey | 349 |  | Paul Sherriff |
| Panmure |  | Bob Tizard |  | Judith Tizard | 1,098 |  | Gray Bartlett |
| Papakura |  | Merv Wellington |  | John Robertson | 5,665 |  | James Stubbs |
| Papatoetoe |  | Ross Robertson | | | 510 |  | Allan Brewster |
| Pencarrow |  | Sonja Davies | | | 384 |  | Ray Wallace |
| Porirua |  | Graham Kelly | | | 3,453 |  | P Faulkner |
| Raglan |  | Simon Upton | | | 5,442 |  | Olivia Scaletti-Longley |
| Rangiora |  | Jim Gerard | | | 5,273 |  | Judith Alison McLachlan |
| Rangitikei |  | Denis Marshall | | | 6,127 |  | Patricia Barton |
| Remuera |  | Doug Graham | | | 7,368 |  | Carl Harding |
| Roskill |  | Phil Goff |  | Gilbert Myles | 644 |  | Phil Goff |
| Rotorua |  | Paul East | | | 5,270 |  | Bruce Raitt |
| St Albans |  | David Caygill | | | 1,560 |  | David Dumergue |
| St Kilda |  | Michael Cullen | | | 1,886 |  | Bruce Alexander |
| Selwyn |  | Ruth Richardson | | | 5,441 |  | Val Elley |
| Sydenham |  | Jim Anderton | | | 1,443 |  | Linda Constable |
| Tamaki |  | Robert Muldoon | | | 7,592 |  | Malcolm Johnston |
| Taranaki |  | Roger Maxwell | | | 7,867 |  | Scott Dalziel |
| Tarawera |  | Ian McLean |  | Max Bradford | 5,152 |  | Malcolm Moore |
| Tasman |  | Ken Shirley |  | Nick Smith | 2,246 |  | Ken Shirley |
| Tauranga |  | Winston Peters | | | 9,314 |  | Bill Delaney |
| Te Atatu |  | Michael Bassett |  | Brian Neeson | 1,370 |  | Dan McCaffrey |
| Timaru |  | Maurice McTigue | | | 3,192 |  | Gary Clarke |
| Titirangi |  | Ralph Maxwell |  | Marie Hasler | 64 |  | Ralph Maxwell |
| Tongariro |  | Noel Scott |  | Ian Peters | 886 |  | Noel Scott |
| Waikaremoana |  | Roger McClay | | | 5,865 |  | David Davies |
| Waikato |  | Rob Storey | | | 6,172 |  | George Middleton |
| Waipa |  | Katherine O'Regan | | | 8,477 |  | Mark Apiata-Wade |
| Wairarapa |  | Wyatt Creech | | | 4,141 |  | Pauline Moran |
| Waitaki |  | Jim Sutton |  | Alec Neill | 2,905 |  | Jim Sutton |
| Waitotara |  | Venn Young |  | Peter Gresham | 7,192 |  | Dominic O'Sullivan |
| Wallace |  | Derek Angus |  | Bill English | 8,886 |  | David Soper |
| Wanganui |  | Russell Marshall |  | Cam Campion | 409 |  | Jill Pettis |
| Wellington Central |  | Fran Wilde | | | 246 |  | Pauline Gardiner |
| West Auckland |  | Jack Elder | | | 252 |  | Laurie Wicks |
| West Coast |  | Kerry Burke |  | Margaret Moir | 2,611 |  | Kerry Burke |
| Western Hutt |  | John Terris |  | Joy Quigley | 700 |  | John Terris |
| Whangarei |  | John Banks | | | 6,839 |  | Edna Tait |
| Yaldhurst |  | Margaret Austin | | | 42 |  | John Connelly |
| **Māori electorates** | | | | | | | |
| Eastern Maori |  | Peter Tapsell | | | 6,844 |  | Wi Kuki Kaa |
| Northern Maori |  | Bruce Gregory | | | 956 |  | Matiu Rata |
| Southern Maori |  | Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan | | | 7,614 |  | Tikirau Stevens |
| Western Maori |  | Koro Wētere | | | 5,466 |  | Eva Rickard |

Table footnotes:

### Summary of seat changes

* **Electoral redistributions:**
    + There was no redistribution of electoral boundaries between the 1987 and 1990 elections.
* **Seats captured:**
    + By National: *Birkenhead*, *East Cape*, *Eden*, *Gisborne*, *Glenfield*, *Hamilton East*, *Hamilton West*, *Hastings*, *Hawkes Bay*, *Heretaunga*, *Horowhenua*, *Kapiti*, *Lyttelton*, *Manawatu*, *Miramar*, *New Plymouth*, *Onehunga*, *Otara*, *Roskill*, *Tasman*, *Te Atatu*, *Titirangi*, *Tongariro*, *Waitaki*, *Wanganui*, *West Coast* and *Western Hutt* (27 seats) were captured from Labour. Seventeen of these (Gisborne, Hamilton East, Hamilton West, Hastings, Horowhenua, Lyttelton, Manawatu, Miramar, New Plymouth, Onehunga, Otara, Roskill, Te Atatu, Titirangi, Tongariro, Wanganui & the West Coast) were *one-term* gains, recaptured by Labour in 1993.
* **Seats transferred from departing MPs to new MPs**:
    + The seats of *North Shore*, *Papakura*, *Tarawera*, *Waitotara* and *Wallace*, all held by departing National MPs, were won by new National candidates.
    + The seats of *Christchurch Central*, *Dunedin North*, *Eastern Hutt*, *Manurewa*, *Nelson*, *Palmerston North* and *Panmure*, all held by departing Labour MPs, were won by new Labour candidates.

## Post-election events

A number of local by-elections were required due to the resignation of incumbent local body politicians following their election to Parliament:

* A by-election to the Auckland City Council was caused after Maungakiekie Ward councillor Grahame Thorne resigned his seat after he was elected MP for Onehunga, necessitating a by-election to fill the council vacancy. The by-election was won by Ken Graham with two candidates from the general election, Richard Northey (Labour candidate for Eden) and Laurie Ross (Green candidate for Onehunga), also contesting.
* A by-election to the Auckland Regional Council was caused after Panmure Ward councillor Judith Tizard resigned her seat after she was elected MP for Panmure, necessitating a by-election to fill the council vacancy. The by-election was won by Bruce Jesson with a retiring candidate at the general election, Bob Tizard (previously Labour MP for Panmure) also contesting.
* A by-election to the Wellington City Council was caused after Southern Ward councillor John Blincoe resigned his seat after he was elected MP for Nelson, necessitating a by-election to fill the council vacancy. The by-election was won by Margaret Bonner with two candidates from the general election, Ann Nolan (National candidate for Island Bay) and Jeff Montgomery (NewLabour candidate for Wellington Central), also contesting.

1. "The Royal Commission". *nzhistory.govt.nz*. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
2. "1890–1993 general elections". *Elections*. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
3.
4. Bassett 2008, p. 538.
5. "New Zealand Elections 1972–1993". New Zealand Election Study. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
6. Bassett, Michael (2013). *City of sails: the history of Auckland City Council, 1989–2010*. p. 382. ISBN 1927262003.
7. "Declaration of Result of Election". *The New Zealand Herald*. 5 December 1991. p. 14; 3.
8. "Voters go for new parties". *The New Zealand Herald*. 28 November 1991. p. 1.
9. Evans, Gavin (15 December 1990). "Blincoe Stalls Resignation". *The Evening Post*.
10. Bly, Ross (29 April 1991). Southern Ward By-Election (Report). Wellington City Council.
11. "Declaration of Result of Election". *The Evening Post*. 1 May 1991.
* Bassett, Michael (2008). *Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet*. Auckland: Hodder Moa. ISBN 978-1-86971-094-1.
* McLeay, E. M., ed. (1991). *The 1990 General Election, Perspectives on Political Change in New Zealand: Occasional Publications No 3, Department of Political Science*. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11202-4.
* Stringer, John (1990). *1990 Parliamentary Candidates for the New Zealand National Party*. Wellington: New Zealand National Party.
* Vowles, Jack; Aimer, Peter (1993). *Voters' Vengeance: The 1990 Election in New Zealand and the fate of the Fourth Labour Government*. Auckland: University Press. ISBN 1-86940-078-X.

## InfoBox

1990 New Zealand general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  All 97 seats in the House of Representatives
49 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Jim Bolger Mike Moore Jim Anderton  Party National Labour NewLabour  Leader since 26 March 1986 4 September 1990 1 April 1989  Leader's seat King Country Christchurch North Sydenham  Last election 40 seats, 44.02% 57 seats, 47.96% *New party*  Seats won **67** 29 1  Seat change  27  28  1  Popular vote **872,358** 640,915 94,171  Percentage **47.82%** 35.14% 5.16%  Swing  3.80%  12.82%  5.16% | |
| ---  Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
Mike Moore
Labour **Subsequent Prime Minister**
Jim Bolger
National | |