abstract: The effect of gait parameters on energetic cost is a relationship that describes how changes in step length, cadence, step width, and step variability influence the mechanical work and metabolic cost involved in gait. The source of this relationship stems from the deviation of these gait parameters from metabolically optimal values, with the deviations due to environmental, pathological, and other factors.

text:
# Effect of gait parameters on energetic cost

**The effect of gait parameters on energetic cost** is a relationship that describes how changes in step length, cadence, step width, and step variability influence the mechanical work and metabolic cost involved in gait. The source of this relationship stems from the deviation of these gait parameters from metabolically optimal values, with the deviations due to environmental, pathological, and other factors.

## Cost of transport \[COT\]

In human gait, to travel a particular distance, chemical energy must be expended by the body. This relationship can be expressed by the dimensionless term, cost of transport (COT)., that describes the amount of metabolic energy needed to move a body a unit of distance. Healthy humans walking at self-selected speeds have a cost of transport of approximately 0.8 calorie/meter/kilogram. Depending on speed, stability conditions, and other internal and external factors, the cost of transport for gait can change. These measured metabolic changes are attributed to variations in step length, step width, and other parameters of gait, which have a direct bearing on COT

## Preferred Gait

Metabolic cost is naturally optimized by selection of a nominal gait. While external factors such as instability and perceived dangers may temporarily alter the body's priorities, the primary goal of minimizing a task-dependent energetic expenditure ultimately dominates the determination of preferred walking gait. As a result, humans tend to select a preferred walking speed that minimizes their cost of transport. The relationship between walking and cost of transport is parabola-like with the preferred walking speed at the minimum, meaning walking at a slower or faster speed can incur a similar increase in energetic cost for a 1-kilometer walk. Within each walking speed, the step length and cadence are also optimized for metabolic cost. While multiple proportional combinations of step length and cadence can be used to achieve the same walking speed, taking faster and shorter steps or slower and longer steps than the optimal combination leads to increased cost of transport.

## Gait Parameter Definitions

The parameters of gait for a fixed walking speed all vary with the size (e.g. leg length) of different individuals. However, a typical or average self-selected value can be estimated based on average human size. The mechanical work and metabolic cost associated with these parameters can be described by the dynamic walking model.

### Step Length

Step length is a measure of the distance, parallel to the direction of travel, between the initial point of contact of one foot and the successive initial point of contact of the opposite foot. The step lengths for left and right are similar in normal gait. Another metric similar to step length is known as stride length, which measures the distance between successive points of initial contact of the same foot, and left and right stride lengths are normally equivalent. At self-selected walking speeds, normal step length is approximately 0.75 meters for men and slightly less for women due to a gender-specific shorter average leg length. For other walking speeds, the preferred step length can be approximately predicted based on the relationship $\textstyle s\\;\alpha \\;v^{0.42}$, where $\textstyle s$ is step length and $\textstyle v$ is walking speed.

### Cadence

Cadence is a metric of walking rate, typically measured in number of steps per minute. This parameter is also termed as step frequency. At self-selected walking speeds, the step frequency is approximately 100 steps/min.

### Step Width

Step width is a measure of the distance, perpendicular to the each foot midline, between the initial point of contact of one foot and the successive initial point of contact of the opposite foot. At self-selected walking speeds, step width is typically around 10 to 12 cm. This is based on the relationship that equates step width to $\textstyle 0.12L$, where $\textstyle L$ is leg length.

### Step Variability

Step variability is a measure of the standard deviation of step length and step width calculated from all valid steps during a single walking trial. At self-selected walking speeds, step width variability (~2.8 cm) is almost always greater than step length variability (~1.8 cm)

## Dynamic Walking as a Framework for COT

In dynamic walking, the human body can be modeled as the center of mass (COM) supported by a massless rigid leg in single support and two massless legs during double-support, which is consistent with passive dynamics of the inverted pendulum, otherwise known as the inverted pendulum theory of gait. In single support, no work is done since the ground reaction force is perpendicular to the COM motion. In double support, the trailing leg works in conjunction with the leading leg to redirect the COM motion upward. During this step-to-step transition period, the trailing leg exerts positive mechanical work on the COM while the leading leg exerts negative mechanical work on the COM. To maintain steady walking gait requires the sum of these work terms, or the net work, to be equal to zero since any changes in system energy would impart different COM velocities between the start and end of transition. While the ideal net mechanical work of this system is zero, muscle contractions are necessary to generate the ground reaction forces, implying that the metabolic energy expended is nonzero.

### Leg Swing Mechanics

The massless leg assumption in the inverted pendulum theory omits the amount of work required to swing the contralateral leg during single support. Due to the similarity of leg swing with the hanging pendulum paradigm, the work performed is dominated by gravity. In the case that the leg is swung at a rate outside of the natural frequency, the hip torque generated by muscle action becomes significantly larger. For typical steady gait, it is approximated that the energy expended to perform leg swing accounts for 10% to 30% of the total metabolic energy consumed.

### Gait Parameters and Energetic Cost

Changes to each individual gait parameter affects the energetic cost of walking. However, these same changes also affect other gait parameters, leading to trade offs that require the human body to apply optimizations that minimize energetic cost.

* **Step Length**

Energetic cost increases with longer step lengths due to increased ground reaction forces during double-support and more hip torque during the swing phase. According to the dynamic walking model, mechanical work in the step-to-step transitions increases proportional to step length and can be described by $\textstyle {\dot {W}\\;\alpha \\;l^{4}}$, where $\textstyle {\dot {W}}$ is mechanical work rate and $\textstyle l$ is step length, which equates to a proportional increase in net metabolic rate. This relationship is due to reduced vertical force contribution for redirecting the COM at the wider step angles associated with longer step lengths. Larger step lengths also require additional hip torque during the swing phase to travel a wider angle, which contributes to the rate of metabolic cost by a factor of leg length squared

* **Cadence**

Increase in cadence yields more instances of leg swings and step-to-step transitions within a unit of time, leading to an increase in the rate of energetic cost. The relationship between mechanical work and step frequency can be described by $\textstyle {\dot {W}\\;\alpha \\;f^{3}}$ for the step-to-step transitions, where $\textstyle {\dot {W}}$ is the mechanical work rate and $\textstyle f$ is the step frequency. Rate of metabolic cost also follows this relationship. The impact of cadence on leg swing metabolic cost is approximated as $\textstyle {\dot {E}\\;\alpha \\;f^{4}}$, where $\textstyle {\dot {E}}$ is the rate of metabolic cost and $\textstyle f$ is the step frequency

* **Step Width**

Similar to selection of stride length and frequency, humans also select for a metabolically optimal step width. Adopting a wider stance increases the stability of a passive dynamic system, as well as increases the lateral clearance of the swing leg from the stance leg. According to the dynamic walking model, the mediolateral "rocking" of the legs can be also described by the inverted pendulum paradigm, and a wider stance would similarly require increased ground reaction force to redirect the COM, and thus increase the metabolic demand. For a narrower stance, due to insufficient clearance, hip torque may be increased to project the swing leg out laterally, leading to increased metabolic cost as well. The relationship between step width and energetic cost for the step-to-step transitions can be described as $\textstyle {\dot {E}\\;\alpha \\;{\dot {W}\\;\alpha \\;w^{2}}}$, where $\textstyle {\dot {E}}$ is the rate of metabolic cost, $\textstyle {\dot {W}}$ is the mechanical work rate, and $\textstyle w$ is the step width.

* **Step Variability**

Step width variability is associated with the active control of the nervous system for walking stability, and is reduced in the presence of external stabilizers while increased with exposure to balance perturbations. Step length variability is similarly attributed due to a coupling that exists between medio-lateral and fore-aft motion in walking, but to a diminished degree. Step width variability is positively correlated with rate of metabolic cost, and with respect to the variability associated with mediolateral balance, accounts for about 6% of metabolic cost in preferred gait. While some of the energetic cost encountered with step variability may arise due to the net changes in step width and step length, there exists a portion of the cost that can be attributed to the effort of stability control during walking.

## Constrained Optimization

Since multiple distinct gait parameters have a significant impact on the energetic cost of walking, each of these parameters have to be considered when examining the primary goal of metabolic cost optimization. The visualization of such an optimization for walking speed, cadence, and step length can be expressed in the form of a contour map, in which parameter combinations that lie on the same contour line share the same cost of transport (cal/kg/m). The green, red, and blue, dotted lines represent values where cadence, walking speed, and step length are constrained, respectively. These lines can be formed by finding the tangent points that lines representative of several constant parameter values form with the constant COT contours. For example, the optimal COT's for constrained walking speeds (red) can be found by drawing vertical lines and noting where they form a tangent with a contour, as seen with point B in the diagram. A series of these intersections can then form the curve for optimal COT under constrained walking speed. These constrained optimization values not only reflect the naturally selected preferred gait parameters that are observed by fixing a single parameter at different values, but also form part of a predictive map that allows for the identification of the cost of transport for a multivariate system.


title: Empress Xiang

abstract: Empress Xiang was a Chinese empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Shenzong of Song. She acted as co-regent of China during the reign of her adopted son, Emperor Huizong of Song, in 1100.

text:
# Empress Xiang

**Empress Xiang** (欽聖皇后; 1047–1102) was a Chinese empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Shenzong of Song. She acted as co-regent of China during the reign of her adopted son, Emperor Huizong of Song, in 1100.

## Life

### Empress consort

Empress Xiang was elevated to the rank of Empress to Emperor Shenzong in 1068. She had only one child, a daughter Shuhuai who was born in 1067, and died in 1078. However, as the empress, she was the legal mother of the emperor's heir and successor, the future Emperor Zhezong of Song, born to Consort Zhu. She was also the legal mother of the future Emperor Huizong of Song, son of Consort Chen (d. 1085).

### Reign of Emperor Zhezong

In 1085, her stepson and adoptive son, Emperor Zhezong of Song, succeeded to the throne, until 1093 under the regency of her mother-in-law, Empress Dowager Gao. During the reign of Zhezong, Xiang was ceremoniously honoured as the legal mother of the Emperor. Reportedly, she had a long dislike toward the biological mother of the Emperor, Consort Dowager Zhu (1051 — 1102).

She had a good relationship with her first daughter-in-law, Empress Meng, whom she considered educated in both literature and wifely manners, and she disapproved when Emperor Zhezong deposed Meng from the position of Empress after a witch trial in 1096. She later claimed, that the edict deposing the empress, which had been issued in her name as empress dowager, had been forged and that she had not even seen it.

In 1099, she and Consort Dowager Zhu selected the brides and concubines of the emperor's brothers, prince Bi and prince Huizong. In 27 December 1100, Consort Liu was elevated to the position of empress, which was not approved by Xiang. When the Emperor died in 1100, the succession was not clear, and Empress Xiang called upon the officials of state, and selected the next heir to the throne.

### Reign of Emperor Huizong: regency

When her younger adoptive son, Emperor Huizong of Song, succeeded his brother on the throne at the age of seventeen in 1100, he expressed a wish to the Council of State that his mother was to act as his regent. Because he was seventeen years old and therefore no longer regarded as a minor, his wish caused some debate among the ministers as to how this could be arranged, and to find a precedence case to legitimatize it. On two occasions, and Empress Dowager had ruled during the minority of an Emperor: in the case of Emperor Renzong of Song, and in the case of Emperor Zhezong of Song, during which the child Emperor and Empress Dowager regent both sat together behind a screen in the audience chamber when the Council of State spoke to them, and the birthday of the Empress Dowager was ritually celebrated as that of the ruler and she was declared as such to the Liao state by diplomats. A different precedence was that of Emperor Yingzong of Song, who had not been a minor, but were the Empress Dowager Cao had been regent during his illness, during which the Council of State had formally called first at the Emperor, but then visited the audience hall of the Empress Dowager, repeated their subject and then adjusted to her words: in that case, the Empress Dowager regent had not been ritually treated as the ruler, and the measure was treated as temporary. Zeng Bu of the Council of State concluded that the latter arrangements were more appropriate in the case of the co-regency of Empress Xiang: he informed the Emperor, and they continued to inform Empress Xiang. She assured the Council that she had not been behind the wish to co-rule with her son, and that she accepted to be regent on the same terms as the Empress Cao. It was decided, that she would not appear in the Imperial audience chamber, nor would she be ritually celebrated as a ruler or referred to as such in the diplomatic reports; but that the Council of State would visit her in the Inner Eastern Gate every time they had visited the Emperor, and give her the same report of the affairs of state.

During her co-reign, Empress Xiang was active foremost within palace affairs. She gave audiences and conferred with the government, expressed concerns that she was not suitable because she had difficulty in reading. She wrote a statement, in which she promised to step down from her position as soon as the funeral rituals of her late spouse was completed. She reported suspicions to Zeng Bu that she suspected the biological mother of Emperor Zhezong, Consort Zhu, of at least two plots for placing her other son, Prince Si, on the throne. Xiang also used her power as co-regent to push her view, that Emperor Zhezong had done wrong by demoting Empress Meng in favor of Empress Liu. She declared, that the demotion had been forged, and that Meng should be given back the states of Empress, while Liu should bee stripped from hers. This led to a conflict with the council, who argued that an emperor could not change the status of his late brother's widow. The affairs ended with a compromise: on 23 June 1100, Xiang succeeded with having the status of empress returned to Meng, but was prevented from stripping Liu of her title, resulting in Emperor Zhezong having two Empresses Dowager. The affair, however, also resulted in concern in the Council of State that the influence of Xiang was in danger of becoming to great, and that a rivaling power fraction could form around her. When the son of Emperor Huizong of Song had been born, the Council of State therefore pointed out to the emperor, that as he was now the father of a son, he was no longer in need of a co-regent. Xiang has been portrayed as a conservative: however, she successfully prevented the attempts to remove reformist Cai Jing from government.

Empress Dowager Xiang stepped down from co-regency on 1 June 1100.


title: Andrés Héctor Carvallo

abstract: Andrés Héctor Carvallo Acosta was a Paraguayan politician. He served as President of the Chamber of Deputies. Later he served as Vice President from 1898 to 1902, and as acting President of Paraguay between 9 January 1902 and 25 November 1902. He was a member of the Colorado Party.

text:
# Andrés Héctor Carvallo

**Andrés Héctor Carvallo Acosta** (8 November 1862, Asunción – 16 August 1934) was a Paraguayan politician.

He served as President of the Chamber of Deputies. Later he served as Vice President from 1898 to 1902, and as acting President of Paraguay between 9 January 1902 and 25 November 1902. He was a member of the Colorado Party.

## InfoBox

| Andrés Héctor Carvallo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 15th President of Paraguay | |
| **In office**
9 January 1902  25 November 1902 | |
| Vice President | *Vacant* |
| Preceded by | Emilio Aceval |
| Succeeded by | Juan Antonio Escurra |
| 9th Vice President of Paraguay | |
| **In office**
25 November 1898  9 January 1902 | |
| President | Emilio Aceval |
| Preceded by | Facundo Ynsfrán |
| Succeeded by | Manuel Domínguez |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 November 1862
Asunción, Paraguay |
| Died | 16 August 1934(1934-08-16) (aged 71)
Asunción, Paraguay |
| Political party | Colorado Party |
|  | |


title: 1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election

abstract: The 1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1958, and was a race for Governor of Oklahoma. Democrat J. Howard Edmondson defeated Republican Phil Ferguson and Independent D. A. 'Jelly' Bryce.

text:
# 1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election

The **1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election** was held on November 4, 1958, and was a race for Governor of Oklahoma. Democrat J. Howard Edmondson defeated Republican Phil Ferguson and Independent D. A. 'Jelly' Bryce.

## Results

1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **J. Howard Edmondson** | **399,504** | **74.1%** | **+15.5%** |
|  | Republican | Phil Ferguson | 107,495 | 19.9% | −21.4% |
|  | Independent | D. A. "Jelly" Bryce | 31,840 | 5.9% | N/A |
| Majority | | | 291,910 | 54.2% |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing | +15.5% |  |

## InfoBox

1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **J. Howard Edmondson** Phil Ferguson D. A. "Jelly" Bryce  Party Democratic Republican Independent  Popular vote **399,504** 107,495 31,840  Percentage **74.1%** 19.9% 5.9% | |
| ---  County results
**Edmondson**:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      \>90% | |
| ---  **Governor before election**
Raymond D. Gary
Democratic **Elected Governor**
J. Howard Edmondson
Democratic | |


title: Edward M. Gregg Farm

abstract: The Edward M. Gregg Farm is a historic farm located near Jerome, Idaho. The property includes a farmhouse, bunk house, well house, barn, and chicken house. The buildings were built with lava rock, a popular building material in south central Idaho in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The one-story house was built in 1914 for Edward M. Gregg, and the remaining buildings were added over the next two decades. The early 1930s well house was designed by local stonemason H.T. Pugh. The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.

text:
# Edward M. Gregg Farm

The **Edward M. Gregg Farm** is a historic farm located near Jerome, Idaho. The property includes a farmhouse, bunk house, well house, barn, and chicken house. The buildings were built with lava rock, a popular building material in south central Idaho in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The one-story house was built in 1914 for Edward M. Gregg, and the remaining buildings were added over the next two decades. The early 1930s well house was designed by local stonemason H.T. Pugh.

The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Edward M. Gregg Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Gregg FarmLocation of farm in IdahoGregg FarmLocation in the United States | |
| Nearest city | Jerome, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 42°40′49″N 114°30′2″W / 42.68028°N 114.50056°W / 42.68028; -114.50056 |
| Area | 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) |
| Built | 1914 (1914) |
| Built by | R.W. Grant, Brannock Duffy |
| MPS | Lava Rock Structures in South Central Idaho TR (64000165) |
| NRHP reference No. | 83002347 |
| Added to NRHP | 8 September 1983 |


title: 1963 Mongolian parliamentary election

text:
# 1963 Mongolian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia on 9 June 1963. At the time, the country was a one-party state under the rule of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The MPRP won 216 of the 270 seats, with the remaining 54 seats going to non-party candidates, who had been chosen by the MPRP due to their social status. Voter turnout was reported to be 100%, with only 13 registered voters failing to cast a ballot.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |  | | 216 | +9 |
|  | Non-party members |  | | 54 | –6 |
| Total | |  | | 270 | +3 |
|  | | | | | |
| Total votes | | 543,518 |  |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 543,531 | 100.00 |  | |
| Source: Nohlen *et al*. | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1963 Mongolian parliamentary election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 270 seats in the State Great Khural
136 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Seats +/–  MPRP Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal 216 +9  Non-party members  54 −6   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.  Chairmen of the Council of Ministers before Chairmen of the Council of Ministers after  Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
MPRP Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal
MPRP | |


title: 1963 Moroccan general election

text:
# 1963 Moroccan general election

Parliamentary elections were held for the first time in Morocco on 17 May 1963. They followed the approval of a constitution in a referendum the previous year. The result was a victory for the pro-Monarchy Front for the Defence of Constitutional Institutions (FDIC), which won 69 seats. However, the two main opposition parties, the Istiqlal Party and the National Union of Popular Forces, won exactly the same number of seats. Voter turnout was 71.8%. However, in November the Supreme Court annulled the results of several seats won by the opposition. By-elections held in January 1964 gave the FDIC control of Parliament, which was eventually dissolved by King Hassan II in 1965.

Indirect elections to the House of Councillors were held on 12 October, with the FDIC winning 102 of the 120 seats.

## Electoral system

The 120 members of the House of Councillors were elected by three electoral colleges; members of provincial and prefectural assemblies elected 80 members, professional bodies elected 35 members (of which industrial workers elected 14, farmers elected 16 and craftsmen elected 5) and business councils elected five.

## Results

### House of Representatives

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Front for the Defence of Constitutional Institutions | 1,159,932 | 34.78 | 69 |
|  | Istiqlal Party | 1,000,506 | 30.00 | 41 |
|  | National Union of Popular Forces | 751,056 | 22.52 | 28 |
|  | Moroccan Communist Party | 2,345 | 0.07 | 0 |
|  | Independents | 421,479 | 12.64 | 6 |
| Total | | 3,335,318 | 100.00 | 144 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 3,335,318 | 96.72 |  |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 113,221 | 3.28 |  |
| Total votes | | 3,448,539 | 100.00 |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 4,803,654 | 71.79 |  |
| Source: Nohlen *et al.* | | | | |

### House of Councillors

| Party | | Assembly members | | | Industrial workers | | | Farmers | | | Craftspeople | | | Business councils | | | Total
seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats ||
|  | Front for the Defence of Constitutional Institutions |  |  | 74 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 0 | 102 |
|  | Istiqlal Party |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 0 | 9 |
|  | General Union of Moroccan Workers |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 3 | 3 |
|  | Others |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 2 | 2 |
|  | Independents |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  |  | 0 | 4 |
| **Total** | |  |  | **80** |  |  | **14** |  |  | **16** |  |  | **5** |  |  | **5** | **120** |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 9,525 | 96.20 |  | 239 | 92.28 |  | 206 | 87.29 |  | 184 | 90.20 |  | 1,345 | 86.55 |  | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 376 | 3.80 |  | 20 | 7.72 |  | 30 | 12.71 |  | 20 | 9.80 |  | 209 | 13.45 |  | |
| **Total** | | **9,901** | **100** |  | **259** | **100** |  | **236** | **100** |  | **204** | **100** |  | **1,554** | **100** |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 11,610 | 85.28 |  | 281 | 92.17 |  | 312 | 75.64 |  | 225 | 90.67 |  | 3,188 | 48.75 |  | |
| Source: Sternberger et al. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1963 Moroccan general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  144 seats in the House of Representatives
120 seats in the House of Councillors | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats  House of Representatives  FDIC Ahmed Bahnini 34.8 69  Istiqlal Allal al-Fassi 30.0 41  UNFP Mehdi Ben Barka 22.5 28  Independent  12.6 6  House of Councillors  FDIC Ahmed Bahnini  102  Istiqlal Allal al-Fassi  9  UGTM   3  Other parties   2  Independent   4   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.   Prime Minister after  Ahmed Bahnini
FDIC | |


title: 1963 Moscow protest

abstract: On 18 December 1963, a number of students from Ghana and other African countries organized a protest on Moscow's Red Square in response to the alleged murder of the medical student Edmund Assare-Addo. The number of participants was reported at 500–700, but the Ghanaian physician Edward Na, who participated in the events, claimed there were at most 150 protesters. The ambassador of Ghana in the Soviet Union, John Banks Elliott, requested militsiya protection of the Ghanaian embassy. This was the first recorded political protest on the Red Square since the late 1920s.

text:
# 1963 Moscow protest

On 18 December 1963, a number of students from Ghana and other African countries organized a protest on Moscow's Red Square (Russian SFSR, USSR) in response to the alleged murder of the medical student Edmund Assare-Addo. The number of participants was reported at 500–700, but the Ghanaian physician Edward Na, who participated in the events, claimed there were at most 150 protesters. The ambassador of Ghana in the Soviet Union, John Banks Elliott, requested militsiya protection of the Ghanaian embassy.

This was the first recorded political protest on the Red Square since the late 1920s.

## Background

Edmund Assare-Addo was a 29-year-old student of the Kalinin Medical Institute. His body was found in a stretch of wasteland along a country road leading to the Moscow Ring Road. African students alleged that he was knifed by a Soviet man because Assare-Addo was courting a Russian woman. The African students based their allegation on the unlikelihood of a student venturing into that remote place. The Soviet authorities stated that Assare-Addo froze to death in the snow while drunk. According to the autopsy, performed by Soviet medics with two advanced medical students from Ghana as observers, the death was "an effect of cold in a state of alcohol-induced stupor". No signs of physical trauma were found, with the possible exception of a small scar on the neck.

Discussing the protest with Soviet officials, Elliott claimed officials stationed at the Western embassies in Moscow ("the U.S., England, France, the FRG, or even Holland") were probably involved in instigating the protestors. Elliott went so far as to suggest that students who "behaved poorly" and "skipped class" should be expelled from the Soviet Union. Before the students' march to the Red Square, Elliott alleged that the students broke into the Ghanaian embassy and damaged furniture and pictures.

## Protest

The protesters were African students studying at Soviet universities and institutes. Having assembled on the morning of 18 December 1963, they wrote a memorandum to present to Soviet authorities. The protesters carried placards with the slogans "Moscow – center of discrimination", "Stop killing Africans!" and "Moscow, a second Alabama", while shouting in English, Russian, and French. The protesters marched to the Spasskiye Gates of the Kremlin, where they posed for photographs and gave interviews to Western correspondents. The Soviet TASS news agency responded with a statement: "It is to be regretted that the meetings of the Ghanaian students which began in connection with their claims to the embassy of their country resulted in the disturbance of public order in Moscow streets. It is quite natural that this is resented by the Russian people".

On 20 December, the students returned to classes and the militsiya ceased the protection of the Ghanaian embassy.

## InfoBox

1963 Moscow protest
| Red Square, the location of the protest, in 1963 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 18 December 1963 (1963-12-18) |
| Location | Red Square |
| Type | Protest |
| Cause | The alleged murder of the medical student Edmund Assare-Addo |
| Participants | Students from Ghana and other African countries |


abstract: The 1963 North Sumatra gubernatorial election was an indirect election held to elect the Governor of North Sumatra for the 1963–1968 term. All members of the Regional People's Representative Council of North Sumatra were eligible to vote for this election.

text:
# 1963 North Sumatra gubernatorial election

The **1963 North Sumatra gubernatorial election** was an indirect election held to elect the Governor of North Sumatra for the 1963–1968 term. All members of the Regional People's Representative Council of North Sumatra were eligible to vote for this election.

## Background

Following the resignation of Raja Junjungan Lubis as the Governor of North Sumatra, Eny Karim was appointed by the Minister of Internal Affairs as the acting governor of North Sumatra. His main task was to held the elections for a new governor.

## Candidates

There were several names were nominated for the candidate of the election, but only two names managed to become the candidate in the election. The first candidate, Abdul Munir Hamid, was supported by almost all of the political parties in the council, except the Indonesian Communist Party. Hamid a manager of several provincial owned companies, such as the Dirga Surya Hotel and the Puri Kayangan public company, which produces cooking oil and washing soap. Meanwhile, the second candidate, Ulung Sitepu, was supported by the Indonesian Communist Party. Sitepu was a military officer who served as the former chief of staff of the Bukit Barisan Military Regional Command.

## Election results

| Candidate | Percentage |
| --- | --- |
| Abdul Munir Hamid | 65% |
| Ulung Sitepu | 35% |
| Source: | |

## Inauguration

Although Abdul Munir Hamid won the election, the Minister of Internal Affairs inaugurated Ulung Sitepu instead. Sitepu was inaugurated as the Governor of North Sumatra on 15 July 1963.

## Aftermath

### Reaction

The inauguration of Ulung Sitepu as the Governor of North Sumatra was protested by the supporters of Abdul Munir Hamid. Afterwards, clashes occurred between the supporters of Hamid and Sitepu.

### Trial of Hamid

The conflict between Sitepu and Hamid lasted long after the election. Sitepu accused Hamid of corruption, and the communist masses — the main support base for Sitepu — demanded Hamid to be tried at the court. The chairman of the Medan District Court, Marthias, rejected the accusation, citing the lack of evidence.

According to Effendi Nasution, a staunch anti-communist, the communist masses launched another demonstration, demanding Marthias to be fired from his office and Hamid to be hanged. Marthias was later replaced by Palti Raja Siregar, who tried Hamid and sentenced him to 12 years in prison. Hamid appealed his case, and in 1966, his sentence was reduced to 7 years.

Raja Maimunah, the wife of Hamid, recalled that during the trial of Hamid, the communist masses threatened to destroy Hamid's house and the district court building if Munir was not sentenced. Maimunah also stated that Hamid's house was regularly guarded by soldiers due to this threat.

An investigative team formed by the efforts of Hamid supporters began looking into the accusations. The team concluded that there was no corruption conducted by Hamid in the companies. Following the publication of the conclusions, Hamid appealed a review of his case to the Supreme Court of Indonesia in 1967, but his appeal was rejected. He appealed his case again on 16 March 1982, and the Supreme Court instructed the Medan District Court to investigate the issue on 13 August 1983. The district court stated that it could not investigate the issue due to the loss of documents relating to the case.

1. Tempo, 25 April 1992, cites Hamid sentence as 14 years in prison.

## InfoBox

1963 North Sumatra gubernatorial election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate Abdul Munir Hamid Ulung Sitepu  Percentage 65% 35% | |


title: Andrew L. Moore

abstract: Andrew Lambdin Moore is an American photographer and filmmaker known for large format color photographs of Detroit, Cuba, Russia, the American High Plains, and New York's Times Square theaters. Moore's photographs employ the formal vocabularies of architectural and landscape photography and the narrative approaches of documentary photography and journalism to detail remnants of societies in transition. His photographic essays have been published in monographs, anthologies, and magazines including The New York Times Magazine, Time, The New Yorker, National Geographic, Harper's Magazine, The New York Review of Books, Fortune, Wired, and Art in America. Moore's video work has been featured on PBS and MTV; his feature-length documentary about the artist Ray Johnson, How to Draw a Bunny, won the Special Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. Moore teaches in the MFA Photography, Video and Related Media program at the School of Visual Arts in New York.

text:
# Andrew L. Moore

**Andrew Lambdin Moore** (born 26 March, 1957) is an American photographer and filmmaker known for large format color photographs of Detroit, Cuba, Russia, the American High Plains, and New York's Times Square theaters. Moore's photographs employ the formal vocabularies of architectural and landscape photography and the narrative approaches of documentary photography and journalism to detail remnants of societies in transition. His photographic essays have been published in monographs, anthologies, and magazines including *The New York Times Magazine*, *Time*, *The New Yorker*, *National Geographic*, *Harper's Magazine*, *The New York Review of Books*, *Fortune*, *Wired*, and *Art in America*. Moore's video work has been featured on PBS and MTV; his feature-length documentary about the artist Ray Johnson, *How to Draw a Bunny,* won the Special Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. Moore teaches in the MFA Photography, Video and Related Media program at the School of Visual Arts in New York.

## Early life

Andrew Lambdin Moore, born March 26, 1957, grew up in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. His father Sydney Hart Moore, was a commercial architect, and his mother Patricia Lambdin Moore, was an editor at the New York Graphic Society, a fine art publisher. Moore's parents supported his early interest in photography; his father built him an attic darkroom and his mother introduced him to the works of Peter Beard, whose book, *Eyelids of the Morning*, a study of Nile crocodiles on Lake Rudolf, was being published by NYGS. Beard learned of Moore's interest in photography and signed two prints to him from this series. Moore is related to the Victorian era artists George Cochran Lambdin, known for his paintings of flowers, and Alfred A. Hart, an official photographer for the Central Pacific Railroad, who documented the construction of the western half of the first transcontinental railroad.

In 1975, Moore enrolled at Princeton University, where he worked on an independent major in photography under the guidance and mentorship of the historian Peter Bunnell and the photographer Emmet Gowin, who at the time, was completing his first monograph. During that time, Moore also had the benefit of working with visiting artists including Frederick Sommer, Jim Dow, and Joel Meyerowitz. Moore graduated summa cum laude in 1979.

## Early career

After a brief stint working with commercial photographers in New York City, Moore moved to New Orleans, where he continued a body of work first started for his senior thesis. Over the next two years, he focused on the city's disappearing commercial district, where he found subjects such as a coffin workshop, a broom factory, and a raw furrier–places employing artisans and out-dated machinery. The New Orleans Downtown Development District awarded Moore a grant which enabled him to produce a portfolio of one-hundred 8x10 color contact prints, which were placed in the city's archives.

In 1981, Moore returned to New York City, where he began a three-year project documenting the rapid changes to the urban landscape, specifically at the South Street Seaport and Fulton Fish Market in lower Manhattan. At the start of his project, demolition for the present marketplace and shopping pier was just getting under way. Moore returned many times over the following months, often photographing at night to portray the architecture and ambiance of the surrounding neighborhood amidst massive, rapid transformation. For this work, Moore and two other photographers, Barbara Mensch and Jeff Perkell, were awarded grants from the JM Kaplan Foundation, and the New York State Council on the Arts, which enabled the completed project, "South Street Survey" to be shown at the Municipal Art Society in 1985.

During this time, Moore was also working on a series of photographs of grain elevators in Buffalo, New York with the assistance of a NYSCA individual grant. In Buffalo, Moore met a group of artists working with appropriated imagery, which inspired him to begin using mechanical and chemical processes to incorporate multiple negatives, paintings, drawings, and xeroxes into complex montage images outside of strict documentary practice. This method of recombination, in the era before Photoshop, created images of "convulsive beauty" and were the subject of Moore's first solo exhibition in New York at Lieberman and Saul Gallery in 1986, following his first solo show at Real Art Ways in Hartford, CT in 1985.

Moore continued this method of montaging imagery for the next 7 years, expanding his practice into experimental short films. During this time, Moore collaborated on short films with others including the artists Lee Breuer and David Byrne. His film "Nosferatu" 1989 was nationally broadcast on MTV and PBS's New Television series.

## Mid-career

### 42nd Street

In 1995, Moore returned to his roots in documentary practice as the texture of New York's 42nd Street was rapidly changing. With all of the theaters between 7th and 8th avenues scheduled to be razed or refurbished, Moore sought permission to photograph the torn seats and faded fire curtains which told the stories of those spaces. In 1997, Moore showed these photographs at Yancey Richardson Gallery in New York. Despite his change of style, the work was well received; in a review for *The New Yorker*, Andrew Long noted, "The straight forward treatment is a departure for the photographer, who characteristically produces multi-image evocations of New York City. Nothing is lost however— his earlier poetic constructs now give way to broader arenas for the imagination to roam."

### Cuba

Moore first traveled to Cuba in 1998 to photograph Havana's decaying theaters. The project soon expanded in scope to document the larger effects of Cuba's permanent Revolution, which were particularly apparent during the economic depression known as the "Período especial." Moore's large-scale color photographs of Havana reveal an elegant but crumbling metropolis of muted pastel interiors, courtyards, and scenes of daily life. Moore returned to photograph Cuba's architecture and environment over the next 14 years, in the process publishing two monographs *Inside Havana* (Chronicle Books, 2002) and *Cuba* (Damiani, 2012). Moore has said his work intends to show, "how contemporary history, and specifically cultures in transition, are expressed through architecture." The photographer Julius Shulman wrote of Inside Havana, "Exhibited throughout Moore's work is a genuine flavor of ‘presence'. He does not attempt to gloss over questionable conditions, nor does he try to contort reality. With tremendous sensitivity, Moore creates art statements of the architecture he shows us. His images are painterly and poetic." Moore's photographs from Cuba appeared as a cover story in the September 23, 2012 issue of *The New York Times Magazine*.

### Russia

While working in Cuba, Moore became interested in the island nation's long relationship with Russia. This led him to photograph the architectural environments where Russian history and politics collide in unexpected ways. Between 2000 and 2004 Moore made 8 trips around Russia from St. Petersburg to the remotest parts of the country. *The New Yorker* wrote of the work, "in taking Russia–its contradictions and gorgeous ruins–at face value, he captures a country's diversity and history." For example, Moore photographed a "czarist church \[that\] was turned into a soap factory during the Soviet period, and now has been restored into a kind of youth center." Moore remarked, "For me these kinds of subjects present a cross section through time: they address Russia's complex past, as well as the larger compacting and collapsing processes of contemporary history." In 2004, Moore published the monograph *Russia Beyond Utopia* (Chronicle Books, 2004).

### *How to Draw a Bunny*

From 1995 to 2001, Moore produced and photographed the film *How to Draw a Bunny: A Ray Johnson Portrait,* a collage-style feature-length documentary about the Detroit-born pop and performance artist Ray Johnson. Moore worked with the director and editor John Walter to delve into the mysterious life and death of Johnson, an artist whose "world was made up of amazing coincidences, serendipities and karmic gags," according to Michael Kimmelman of *The New York Times*. After Johnson's suicide, Moore and Walter conducted interviews with artists including Christo, Chuck Close, Roy Lichtenstein, Judith Malina, and James Rosenquist. In addition, they gathered photographs, works of art, and home movies, which were edited into a fast-paced narrative exploring the artist's life. The filmmakers "couldn't have chosen a more elusive subject for a movie; their success in evoking Johnson, and in documenting his world, is a triumph of sympathy over psychology, memory over historicism," wrote Stuart Klawans for *The Nation*. The film premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Special Jury Prize. The film also won the Grand Prix du Public 2002 at the Rencontres Internationales de Cinema in Paris and was nominated for a 2003 Independent Spirit Award and listed in *New York Magazine'*s "Top Ten of 2004."

### Detroit

In 2008 and 2009, Moore traveled to Detroit to portray in photographs "the idea that in an urban setting you could also have a landscape happening, the forces of nature intersecting with American urbanism, the process of decline also intersecting with the revival of nature." In 2010, Moore released Detroit Disassembled (Damiani, 2010), with an introduction by Detroit-native and Poet Laureate Philip Levine, to coincide with an exhibition at the Akron Art Museum. He was originally invited to document the city by two young French photographers, Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre, who had been photographing Detroit's abandoned spaces since 2005. While Moore's Detroit series follows the themes of transformation and decaying space explored in previous bodies of work, his focus on the motor city generated controversy in the pages of *The New Republic* and the journal *Guernica*. The photographs were decried as "ruin porn," which Mike Rubin defined in *The New York Times* as "urban decay as empty cliché, smacking of voyeurism and exploitation." Curator Sarah Kennel writes in *The Memory of Time*, an exhibition catalog from the National Gallery of Art, that, "in Moore's photographs, ruination serves more explicitly as an allegory of modernity's failure." Other critics argue that whether or not Moore's Detroit photographs fit the category of "ruin porn" is a matter of academic debate. Joseph Stanhope Cialdella argues in the journal *Environmental History* that Moore's work instead conveys the "aesthetic of a postindustrial sublime" which "gives nature the authority to transform the image of Detroit into a novel, yet disturbing landscape that blurs the lines between wilderness and the city." Dora Apel writes in *Beautiful Terrible Ruins* that Moore's "pictures of Detroit tend to emphasize the relationship of nature and culture, with nature in the ascendancy." Apel ultimately argues that the "ruin porn" images and debate fail to focus on the political and economic policies that are the root causes of the ruins.

### Dirt Meridian

From 2005 to 2014, Moore photographed the people and landscape of "great American Desert," which roughly includes the area west of the 100th meridian to the Rocky Mountains, from Texas north to Canada. The area is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the country, "where the daily reality is often defined by drought and hardship." To make many of the photographs, Moore collaborated with Doug Dean, the pilot of a single-engine aircraft, to create bird's-eye perspectives revealing the vastness of the land. Rather than flying high above the plains, Moore chose perspectives that have "the sense of being within the landscape rather than above it." For an essay accompanying Moore's photographs in *The New York Times Magazine*, Inara Verzemnieks wrote, "From above, the land is like one endless, unpunctuated idea — sand, tumbleweed, turkey, bunch stem, buffalo, meadow, cow, rick of hay, creek, sunflower, sand — and only rarely did a house or a windmill or a barn suddenly appear to suspend the sense of limitlessness." On the ground, Moore photographed the people who inhabit this unforgiving landscape and the evidence of their efforts, from active homesteads to abandoned schoolhouses. These photographs are published in Moore's newest monograph: *Dirt Meridian* (Damiani, 2015).

## Teaching

Since 2004, Moore has taught a graduate seminar in the MFA Photography, Video, and Related Media program at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. He lectured on photography at Princeton University from 2001 to 2010.

## Personal life

Moore lives in New York City with his wife, two daughters, and son.

## Publications

* *Inside Havana.* San Francisco: Chronicle, 2002. ISBN 9780811833431.
* *Governors Island: Photographs By Lisa Kereszi & Andrew Moore.* New York: Public Art Fund, 2004. ISBN 0960848835.
* *Russia Beyond Utopia.* San Francisco: Chronicle, 2005. ISBN 9780811843225.
* *Cuba.* Bologna, Italy: Damiani, 2012. ISBN 9788862082525.
* *Detroit Disassembled.* Bologna, Italy: Damiani, 2010. ISBN 9788862081184.
* *Making History.* Terre Haute, IN: Indiana State University, 2011.
* *Dirt Meridian.* Bologna, Italy: Damiani, 2015. ISBN 9788862084123.
* *Blue Alabama.* Bologna, Italy: Damiani, 2019. ISBN 9788862086547.

## Films

* *Nosferatu* (1991) – short film, scored by Eliot Sokolov; selected for MTV's *Artbreaks* series, and WGBH-TV's *New Television*
* *Chiaroscuro* (1994)
* *La Dolce Vito: A Profile of the artist Vito Acconci* (1995) *City Arts*, Thirteen-WNET; about Vito Acconci
* *Edison, The Wizard of Electricity* (1995) – director of photography; directed by John Walter for *American Experience* series
* Director of Photography for *Supermarket* (1995) – directed by David Byrne
* Flight Sequence for *Peter and Wendy* (1996) – a Mabou Mines Production, directed by Lee Breuer
* *How to Draw a Bunny* (1996) – producer/director of photography

## Awards


# Effect of World War I on children in the United States

Though the United States was in combat for only a matter of months, the reorganization of society had a great effect on life for children in the United States. More than 116,000 members of the U.S. military died in the war, far fewer than combatants from other countries. No one has estimated how many orphans resulted. Additionally, as the male workforce left for battle, mothers and sisters began working in factories to take their positions, and the family dynamic began to change; this affected children as they had less time to spend with family members and were expected to grow up faster and help with the war effort. Similarly, Woodrow Wilson called on children involved in youth organizations to help collect money for war bonds and stamps in order to raise money for the war effort. This was a way to mobilize public opinion and shame adults who did not donate. The Office of War Information and other agencies implemented programs and created posters and pamphlets to encourage war support.

## Background of World War I

The United States was involved in World War I for the last 19 months of the war (April 1917 to November 1918), 4,355,000 men were conscripted into service. By summer 1918, they were trained and shipped to France at the rate of 10,000 military personnel a day.

Meanwhile, every farm, town and city, and every economic sector, was mobilized for the war effort. Tens of millions of parents took war jobs or joined voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross. This involvement changed the course of the war and directly affected children's daily life, education, and family structures in the United States. The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in 1917, there had been very little planning or recognition of the British and other Allies' problems on their homefronts. As a result, the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months, then efficiency took control.

### Home life

Over 21 million people were killed or injured in World War I; in many cases, all of the men in one family were killed, numerous cities in Europe were destroyed, and family life throughout the world was greatly affected. As the war draft suddenly removed many men from factory work, the factories began soliciting for women workers in traditionally male-dominated areas. Therefore, women had less time to spend at home with the children, as many of them would have before the war. Additionally, women moving into new roles in society had lasting effects on children and family life after the war. President Woodrow Wilson stated, "We have made partners of the women in this war; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?" As women began working, more of society began to realize the need for women's rights; while women had been granted suffrage (voting rights) to varying degrees in several states beginning in the late 19th century, they were now guaranteed full suffrage throughout the United States by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed in August, 1920. This also paved the way for the children of future generations by creating greater career opportunities for girls and women; as women gained a stronger voice, girls became more involved in the workforce and education and prepared for roles outside of the home.

Over the course of the war, the United States mobilized hundreds of thousands of men and endured an estimated 117,465 casualties. Of the men who survived and returned home, post-traumatic stress disorder created a major impact on society. During this time, and still today, post-traumatic stress (then more likely to be known as "shell shock") was not fully understood, but because of the traumatic nature of battle, many men were negatively affected after the war. Some men were forced to leave battle, which many people considered cowardice, and there were asylums throughout Europe housing men suffering from this condition. In some extreme cases, men were even shot for showing weakness. There are still people living today who lost family members because of this practice, which created lasting impacts on these children. Additionally, many of these men were teenagers when they left for war, and virtually all were under the age of 30; therefore many of these soldiers were barely out of childhood themselves.

Furthermore, because over a million young men were deployed overseas, marriage and childbearing had to be postponed.

### Technology

On the home front, domestic appliances were being created, alleviating the amount of time that women needed to spend on chores, so they had more time to work outside of the home. Additionally, this lessened the need for female servants, as things like laundry services and food preparation services became popular. Therefore, women were able to move into more traditionally male-dominated areas, as technology began to do the service jobs that women primarily were responsible for. Additionally, this showed young girls that they could eventually work outside of the home and more opportunities were available to them after they completed their education.

## Impact on education

Even though the United States was only involved in World War I for a short period of time, the government created several programs to help support education such as the Committee of Public Information (CPI), the National Education Association (NEA), and the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, all of which promoted nationalist movements and changes to education. Woodrow Wilson and the United States government, through these programs, funded a series of pamphlets, posters, bulletins, and speeches, which promoted strong nationalism and anti-German sentiments. These pamphlets also focused on a new movement of social efficacy, which strongly favored students growing as people and becoming involved, patriotic citizens. Another main goal of these educational programs was a move away from state education systems and toward a nationalized system of education, which would keep curriculums similar and promote a unified nation among students. For example, the national government changed textbooks to portray the American Revolution in a way that didn't make Britain appear malevolent. This was important because the United States allied with Great Britain. These programs also promoted things like volunteering with federal organizations such as the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and buying War Bonds to support the government.

Starting as early as the elementary level, patriotic and pro-war lessons were instituted in public schools. They included things such as weekly fifteen-minute periods on patriotism for first and second grades. They stressed that teachers instruct the children so that they viewed the war in a positive manner and portrayed war in terms of celebrations, and victories, not destructive realities. An elementary pamphlet stated, "In teaching the war to young pupils, the appeal should be directed primarily to the imagination and to the emotions. It is not enough that our pupils shall be informed of the events of the war...Their imaginations must be awakened and their feelings aroused to an appreciation of the significance of the great happenings of the times." Therefore, starting at a very early level, students were taught that the war was a good thing and the importance of patriotism.

The patriotic sentiments were also carried out in secondary settings. Specific programs and in-school curricula targeted the patriotic development of children, especially teens. New history curricula introduced rewrote the story of the American past to de-emphasize the friction between the colonies and Britain, and to deconstruct historical American and German amity, to vilify the Germans. For example, every senior in high school received their own pamphlet in January 1918 called "Study of the Great War." This attempted to encourage enmity for Germany and emphasized the importance of an Allied victory. Things like the importance of the ROTC program were also stressed during this time. Nationalist posters and other forms of propaganda were placed in public areas throughout the country and again showed the importance of patriotism. Posters, like the Boy Scout poster shown below, depicted teenagers contributing to the war effort as being courageous and admired. This form of propaganda was especially influential on teenagers because most of them were trying to figure out their roles in society and desired to fit in; therefore, posters showing their peers serving their country and receiving recognition and respect, were particularly influential in persuading teenagers to join the war effort in whatever way they could.

### Post-war

After the war ended, nationalist movements changed to a larger focus on international peace. There were strong government movements toward peace and anti-war sentiments and the need to avoid further wars. Additionally, there was a focus on internationalization of higher education. For example, in 1920, the Belgian American Educational Foundation instituted a program with over 700 students, in which American students went to study in Belgium and vice versa in order to promote international understanding.

## Youth organizations

### Boy Scouts

Due to the large nationalist movement during World War I, many youth organizations were developed or expanded, including the Boy Scouts of America. During World War I, Woodrow Wilson placed a great importance on the Boy Scouts of America, asking them to encourage war support and educate the public sources about the importance of the war. They helped distribute the war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war. Additionally, they were involved in many acts that helped the national government, such as locating black walnut to use in war materials and peach pits for gas masks. The Boy Scouts were involved in five Liberty Bond drives in which they helped sell Liberty Bonds to benefit the American Government. During the first campaign, they raised a total of $23,000,000 and in the second drive they collected $. For the third campaign, known as the "Wake Up, America" rally, beginning on April 27, 1918, 400,000 Boy Scouts embarked on a door to window program selling Liberty Bonds as well as war stamps. At the end of the five campaigns, the Boy Scouts raised $354,859,262 in bond subscriptions and $43,043,698 in war stamps. When a Boy Scout sold a bond or stamp, he would record the sale and send in a post card to his local post office, which would then forward it to the bonds and stamps, he would receive an "Ace Medal".

### Camp Fire Girl

During World War I Camp Fire Girls helped to sell over one million dollars in Liberty Bonds and over $900,000 in Thrift Stamps; 55,000 girls helped to support French and Belgian orphans, and an estimated 68,000 girls earned honors by conservation of food.

## Aftermath

After the conclusion of World War I, the United States and the rest of the world changed. Those who were children during World War I grew up to become the adults of World War II. These children were exposed to propaganda and indoctrinated to value strong nationalism and loyalty to the United States and its allies. Therefore, when World War II was on the forefront, many of the adults in the United States still harbored negative feelings toward the Germans because of their schooling during World War I.

Additionally, women were granted suffrage shortly after World War I. This was partly due to the fact that they had moved away from their traditional roles and filled the factory jobs that the men were forced to leave in order to serve in World War I. Women showed their importance in society, which fueled many women's rights movements post–World War I. The girls who were in school during World War I were also learning about the importance of nationalism, and saw their mothers fulfilling traditionally male-dominated roles. This desire for nationalism and exposure to wider opportunities helped to enable these girls to grow up and become involved in securing rights for themselves.

Sources and further reading  * Adams, Simon. *Eyewitness World War I.* London: DK Publishing, Inc., 2001. ISBN 978-0-7566-3007-2.
* Cohen, Debra Rae. *Remapping the Home Front.* Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55553-533-X (hardcover).
* Fromkin, David. *In the Time of the Americans: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, Marshall, MacArthur – The Generation That Changed America's Role in the World.* New York: Aldred A. Knopf, Inc., 1995. ISBN 0-394-58901-7.
* Greenwald, Maurine Weiner. *Women, War, and Work: the Impact of World War I on Women Workers in the United States*. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1990. ISBN 0-8014-9733-7.
* Guisepi, Robert (editor). "World War One, The Great War."<sup>\[usurped\]</sup> *World History International: World History Essays From Prehistory To The Present.* 2001. Web. 13 April 2010.
* Heyman, Neil. *World War I.* Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. ISBN 0-313-29880-7.
* Horne, John, ed. *State, society and mobilization in Europe during the First World War.* United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-56112-4 (hardcover).
* Kennedy, David M. *Over Here: The First World War and American Society* (2004), is the standard scholarly history
* Mackaman, Douglas Peter., and Michael Mays. *World War I and the Cultures of Modernity.* Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi, 2000. ISBN 1-57806-243-8.
* McDermott, T. P.  *SOSSI Journal: USA's Boy Scouts and World War I Liberty Loan Bonds.* Accessed 22 March 2010.
* Remack, Joachim, ed. *The First World War: Causes, Conduct, Consequences.* New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1971. ISBN 0-471-71635-9.
* Spring, Joel. *Images of American Life.* Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7914-1069-2.
* Snowman, McCowan, and Biehler. "Psychology Applied to Teaching." United States of America: Cengage Learning, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4240-8070-0.
* Strachan, Hew. *The First World War.* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-19-820877-4.
* Wit, Hans De. *Internationalization of Higher Education in the United States of America and Europe: a Historical, Comparative, and Conceptual Analysis.* Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2002. ISBN 978-1-60752-066-5.
* "Wilson Makes Suffrage Appeal, But Senate Waits". *The New York Times*, 1 October 1918, 1.

### Books for elementary school children

* Dowswell, Paul. *True Stories of the First World War.* U.S.A.: First Scholastic Printing, February 2007. ISBN 978-0-439-93237-0.


title: Effect of caffeine on memory

text:
# Effect of caffeine on memory

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug. It can have both positive and negative effects on different aspects of memory.

## Short-term memory

The effect of caffeine on short-term memory (STM) is debated amongst academics. Studies conclude that caffeine intake improves the performance of short-term and working memory, specifically associating caffeine intake with a shortened reaction time. However, these findings are inconsistent and other studies conclude that caffeine has a detrimental effect on working memory. Increasing memory capacity would result in retaining more information for extended periods of time and encoding information from STM to long-term memory. However, research consensus indicates that caffeine's effect on working memory depends largely on its dosage, and the working memory load.

### Auditory effects within short-term memory

Caffeine's effects in memory were also investigated in the auditory system. The Auditory-Verbal Learning Test is a memory test that assesses recall of heard lists of words in single and multiple trials. Caffeinated subjects recalled fewer words than control subjects, and caffeinated subjects showed a greater deficit in recalling the middle- to end-portions of the lists.

### Working memory effects

Caffeine's effects on short term and working memory have been investigated in relation to the tip of the tongue effect. Older research suggests that caffeine decreases the number and duration of tip of the tongue effects by improving short-term memory capacity. More recent research has shown that improved performance attributed to caffeine is due to phonological loop priming, not to general "alertness effects". Subjects were asked to listen to and recall lists of words. The number of tip of the tongue occurrences were counted under two priming conditions: The word lists contained either phonologically similar or phonologically distinct words. Caffeinated subjects had fewer tip of the tongue events when primed with phonologically similar words and a marked increase of tip of the tongue events when primed with phonologically distinct words. The control group showed a significant increase of tip of the tongue events when primed with phonologically similar words, the opposite of the caffeinated group. This led the researchers to conclude that caffeine effects phonological priming rather than memory storage.

A study in which caffeinated subjects were tested for recall after fast and slow presentation of word lists found no significant effects of caffeine for male subjects. Female subjects showed decreased recall after slow presentation.

### Time-of-day effects

Short-term memory has been thought to be influenced differently throughout the day when caffeine has been ingested. Three groups of caffeine intake (low, medium, and high) were compared during four daytime hours (01:00, 07:00, 13:00, 19:00). People with low caffeine intake have a decreased performance later in the day, compared to moderate and a high-level caffeine intake. Thus the effect of caffeine on short-term memory can differ due to many other factors and thus cannot be instantly generalized.

### State Dependent Memory

Caffeine users are subject to state dependent memory effects when under the effects of caffeine. For example, a study tasked two groups of subjects to remember word lists; half of them had caffeine while the other half were given placebos. When brought back the next day, each original group was now split in half, half of them given the same treatment they were encoded under, the other half given the opposite treatment. Ultimately the study showed that subjects that were under the same treatment in both encoding and retrieval outperformed the other groups. This study does not support a decline or enhancement in working memory due to caffeine but rather a state-dependent effect instead.

## Long-term memory

Caffeine has been shown to have positive, negative, and no effects on long-term memory. When studying the effects of this and any drug, potential ethical restraints on human study procedures may lead researchers to conduct studies involving animal subjects in addition to human subjects.

### Positive effects of caffeine on long-term memory

Positive effects of caffeine on long-term memory have been shown in a study analyzing habitual caffeine intake of coffee or tea in addition to consuming other substances. Their effect on cognitive processes was observed by performing numerous cognitive tasks. Words were presented and delayed recall was measured. Increased delayed recall was demonstrated by individuals with moderate to high habitual caffeine intake (mean 710 mg/week) as more words were successfully recalled compared to those with low habitual caffeine intake (mean 178 mg/week). Therefore, improved performance in long-term memory was shown with increased habitual caffeine intake due to better storage or retrieval. A similar study assessing effects of caffeine on cognition and mood resulted in improved delayed recall with caffeine intake. A dose-response relationship was seen as individuals were able to recall more words after a period of time with increased caffeine. Improvement of long-term memory with caffeine intake was also seen in a study using rats and a water maze. In this study, completion of training sessions prior to performing numerous trials in finding a platform in the water maze was observed. Caffeine was consumed by the rats before and after the training sessions. There was no effect of caffeine consumption before the training sessions; however, a greater effect was seen at a low dosage immediately afterward. In other words, the rats were able to find the platform faster when caffeine was consumed after the training sessions rather than before. This implies that memory acquisition was not affected, while increases in memory retention were.

### Negative effects of caffeine on long-term memory

Researchers have found that long-term consumption of low dose caffeine slowed hippocampus-dependent learning and impaired long-term memory in mice. Caffeine consumption for 4 weeks also significantly reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, a process by which the brain creates new neurons to assist in memory retention, compared to controls during the experiment. The conclusion was that long-term consumption of caffeine could inhibit hippocampus-dependent learning and memory partially through inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis.

In another study, mice were introduced into a lighted box with a dark box attached (a step-through passive-avoidance task). Mice are naturally drawn to the dark but entering the dark box would cause them to receive an electric shock. Caffeine was given before the task in doses ranging from 11.55 mg/kg to 92.4 mg/kg (the human equivalent of between 4 and 28, 8 oz cups of coffee). The next day, the mice were reintroduced into the apparatus and their delay in entering the dark box was measured. Caffeine administered at high doses correlated to a decrease in delay from 180 seconds to 105 seconds. Lower doses of caffeine had no significant effect. Linear regression analysis suggested a dose-response relationship between caffeine intake and dark box avoidance.

### No effect of caffeine on long-term memory

Alternatively, other studies have shown that caffeine intake has no effect on long-term memory. This was expressed in a study whereby either caffeine or a placebo was assigned to several subjects at two different times. Some subjects received caffeine first, while others received a placebo. All participants were shown a word list which would eventually be tested. Two days later, the same process was repeated, with random distribution of the two substances. This was also observed in a study involving the assessment of delayed recall using a verbal memory test. Two studies were completed using different control drinks containing caffeine.

## Age differences

### Effects on young adults

The measured effects for this age group (15-25) are the most variable and conflicting. On the one hand, caffeine effects appear to be detrimental to short-term memory, working memory included, whereas the effects are somewhat positive for memory over the long term (for example, remembering something better many days later if caffeine was ingested during encoding as well as retrieval, as opposed to no caffeine). Many of the effects reported were for subjects who were not regular caffeine consumers. Regular consumers of caffeine, on the other hand, showed only positive effects when it came to memory tasks. An important factor to consider is that there was fairly wide-range daily caffeine consumption previous to the study, and this could have had a significant effect on performance of the task because not everyone is at the same baseline. Another study used a much larger subject pool and found that age-related differences were quite minimal for attentional memory, but that over the long term, regular caffeine consumption was fairly beneficial to younger subjects.

### Effects on the middle aged

As previously stated, the most pronounced effect of caffeine on memory appears to be on middle-aged subjects (26-64). None of the studies provide reasoning for why this group would be most affected, but one could hypothesize that because of cognitive decline due to age, caffeine has a powerful effect on brain chemistry (although this would suggest the older the person, the stronger the effect of caffeine). Furthermore, this age group is most likely to be the largest consumer of caffeine. The main studies reporting this finding show that at low, acute doses of caffeine consumption, working memory only slightly affects those in this age group, while no effect is observed for younger or older subjects. The authors conclude that larger doses may be needed to produce results that are supported by previous literature, and this is an avenue for further research. Furthermore, it is argued that consumption of caffeine generally aids cognitive performance for this age group, as long one does not exceed the recommended dose of 300 mg per day.

### Effects on the elderly

In older adults, memory is typically best in the morning and gradually declines over the day. Those who consumed caffeine in the morning showed much better memory, both short-term and long-term than those who consumed a placebo, especially in late afternoon, where memory and attention may be most crucial to daily functioning for the elderly. This is further supported by a study which showed that adults over the age of 65 who regularly consume caffeine in the morning are much more alert and function at a higher cognitive level throughout the day. The authors conclude that it is beneficial for older adults to regularly consume average doses of caffeine in the morning to boost cognitive performance and alertness in the afternoon. Again, one should not exceed the recommended dose of about 300 mg per day, otherwise memory performance declines due to over-consumption.

## Sex differences

Many studies provide support for the idea that caffeine has different effect on males versus females when related to memory. These differences can be seen through a number of memory types (short-term, long-term, etc.), with various theories accounting for these differing effects.

### Short-term memory

Caffeine has been shown to have an impairing effect on females (but not males) in a word-list test of short-term memory. One prevailing theory which aims to explain this sex difference identifies estrogen levels in the body as an important factor relating to caffeine's effect on memory performance As a result, the female menstrual cycle (which influences overall estrogen levels in the body) may play a role in modifying the effect of caffeine on memory. Following this theory, researchers tested females within the first 5 days of their menstrual cycle and found that caffeine had a facilitative effect on female performance on a short-term memory test. A particular finding in this study relating to male memory performance revealed that at a lower dose, caffeine had an impairing effect; but at higher doses, no impairment was shown. Differing speeds of testing (words delivered slowly or quickly) in males served as a modifying factor on the effect of caffeine: higher doses aided in recall with faster presentation of words, and lower doses aided in recall with slower presentation of words.

### Long-term memory

Limited research on long-term memory and sex differences indicates no notable difference in the effect of caffeine between males and females. Sex differences have not been thoroughly covered in the literature concerning caffeine's effect on memory. Since most studies do not report significant sex differences in this area of memory study, it is reasonable to assume that there is not strong evidence to support sex differences in caffeine's effect on memory. Further specific research into sex differences would be needed to fully understand the impacts of this popular drug on its users.


title: Anette Granstedt

abstract: Anette Nilsson-Granstedt is a Swedish orienteering competitor. She is Relay World Champion from 1993, as a member of the Swedish winning team. She also has a silver medal from 1995, and a bronze medal from 1999.

text:
# Anette Granstedt

**Anette Nilsson-Granstedt** (born 24 January 1968) is a Swedish orienteering competitor. She is Relay World Champion from 1993, as a member of the Swedish winning team. She also has a silver medal from 1995, and a bronze medal from 1999.

## InfoBox

Anette Granstedt
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's orienteering | | |
| Representing  Sweden | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1993 Harriman | Relay |
|  | 1995 Detmold | Relay |
|  | 1999 Inverness | Relay |
| World Games | | |
|  | 2001 Akita | Short |
|  | 2001 Akita | Relay |


title: 1959–60 Dundee United F.C. season

abstract: The 1959–60 season was the 52nd year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1959 to 30 June 1960. United finished in second place in the Second Division and therefore promoted to the First Division.

text:
# 1959–60 Dundee United F.C. season

The **1959–60 season** was the 52nd year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1959 to 30 June 1960. United finished in second place in the Second Division and therefore promoted to the First Division.

## Match results

Dundee United played a total of 44 competitive matches during the 1959–60 season.

### Legend

|
|  |
| Win |
| Draw |
| Loss |

All results are written with Dundee United's score first. Own goals in italics

### Second Division

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19 August 1959 | East Fife |  | 3–1 | 2,500 |  |
| 5 September 1959 | St Johnstone |  | 0–1 | 7,000 |  |
| 9 September 1959 | Dumbarton |  | 3–1 | 3,000 |  |
| 12 September 1959 | Queen's Park |  | 8–1 | 1,740 |  |
| 19 September 1959 | Stranraer |  | 2–1 | 4,100 |  |
| 23 September 1959 | Dumbarton |  | 2–1 | 3,000 |  |
| 26 September 1959 | Stenhousemuir |  | 3–0 | 3,000 |  |
| 3 October 1959 | Brechin City |  | 3–1 | 5,500 |  |
| 10 October 1959 | East Stirlingshire |  | 0–1 | 1,500 |  |
| 17 October 1959 | Greenock Morton |  | 1–1 | 4,000 |  |
| 24 October 1959 | Albion Rovers |  | 0–0 | 25,000 |  |
| 31 October 1959 | Hamilton Academical |  | 0–2 | 3,500 |  |
| 7 November 1959 | Cowdenbeath |  | 2–1 | 1,000 |  |
| 14 November 1959 | Montrose |  | 1–2 | 2,500 |  |
| 21 November 1959 | Alloa Athletic |  | 2–1 | 2,200 |  |
| 28 November 1959 | Forfar Athletic |  | 3–1 | 1,000 |  |
| 5 December 1959 | Queen of the South |  | 4–3 | 4,100 |  |
| 12 December 1959 | Falkirk |  | 1–0 | 3,100 |  |
| 19 December 1959 | Berwick Rangers |  | 2–1 | 1,554 |  |
| 26 December 1959 | East Fife |  | 6–0 | 5,500 |  |
| 1 January 1960 | St Johnstone |  | 1–1 | 16,000 |  |
| 2 January 1960 | Queen's Park |  | 3–1 | 9,500 |  |
| 9 January 1960 | Stranraer |  | 0–3 | 1,200 |  |
| 16 January 1960 | Stenhousemuir |  | 1–2 | 8,500 |  |
| 23 January 1960 | Brechin City |  | 1–1 | 2,000 |  |
| 30 January 1960 | Cowdenbeath |  | 2–3 | 3,000 |  |
| 6 February 1960 | East Stirlingshire |  | 6–1 | 5,000 |  |
| 20 February 1960 | Greenock Morton |  | 3–3 | 5,500 |  |
| 27 February 1960 | Albion Rovers |  | 4–1 | 1,500 |  |
| 5 March 1960 | Hamilton Academical |  | 5–1 | 11,300 |  |
| 19 March 1960 | Montrose |  | 3–1 | 6,000 |  |
| 26 March 1960 | Alloa Athletic |  | 2–3 | 6,000 |  |
| 2 April 1960 | Forfar Athletic |  | 4–0 | 4,300 |  |
| 16 April 1960 | Queen of the South |  | 4–4 | 7,000 |  |
| 23 April 1960 | Falkirk |  | 2–1 | 7,000 |  |
| 30 April 1960 | Berwick Rangers |  | 1–0 | 16,900 |  |

### Scottish Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 January 1960 | R1 | Partick Thistle |  | 2–2 | 14,000 |  |
| 17 January 1960 | R1 R | Partick Thistle |  | 1–4 | 9,500 |  |

### League Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 August 1959 | G9 | East Stirlingshire |  | 2–0 | 5,600 |  |
| 12 August 1959 | G9 | Montrose |  | 1–1 | 2,500 |  |
| 15 August 1959 | G9 | Stranraer |  | 2–0 | 3,800 |  |
| 29 August 1959 | G9 | Queen's Park |  | 4–0 | 3,725 |  |
| 31 August 1959 | Play Off | Falkirk |  | 1–1 | 8,000 |  |
| 2 September 1959 | Play Off | Falkirk |  | 0–3 | 11,500 |  |

## InfoBox

Dundee United
| 1959–60 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | J. Johnston-Grant |
| Manager | Jerry Kerr |
| Scottish Second Division | 2nd <br>W22 D6 L8 F90 A45 P50 |
| Scottish Cup | Round 2 |
| League Cup | Play off after group stage |
|  | |


abstract: The 1959–60 Eastern Michigan Hurons men's basketball team represented Eastern Michigan University, in the 1959–60 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. The team finished with a record of 7–13 and 1–11 in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Frank Manley was the team captain, Tom MacKenzie was the captain-elect and Rod Treais was the team MVP. The team was the Flint Christmas Tournament champions for the second year in a row. The team was led by sixth year head coach James Skala.

text:
# 1959–60 Eastern Michigan Hurons men's basketball team

The **1959–60 Eastern Michigan Hurons men's basketball team** represented Eastern Michigan University, in the 1959–60 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. The team finished with a record of 7–13 and 1–11 in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Frank Manley was the team captain, Tom MacKenzie was the captain-elect and Rod Treais was the team MVP. The team was the Flint Christmas Tournament champions for the second year in a row. The team was led by sixth year head coach James Skala.

## Roster

| Number | Name | Position | Class | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Tom MacKenzie | Center |  | Ypsilanti, MI |
|  | Ronald Gulyas |  |  |  |
|  | D. Lamiman |  |  |  |
|  | J. Seeney |  |  |  |
| 23 | Bill Stephens |  | Senior |  |
| 32 | Rod Treais |  | Senior |  |
| 33 | Frank Manley |  |  |  |
|  | Dick Montre |  | Senior |  |
|  | C. Kraszewski |  |  |  |
|  | W. Lowery |  |  |  |
|

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| December 1, 1959*
 | at Albion | **W** 71–52 | 1–0
 | Kresge Gymnasium
Albion, MI |
| December 5, 1959*
 | at Baldwin Wallace | **L** 64–77 | 1–1
 | Rudolph Ursprung Gymnasium
Berea, OH |
| December 11, 1959
 | Central Michigan | **W** 54–48 | 2–1
(1–0) | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| December 14, 1959*
 | Hillsdale | **W** 71–64 | 3–1
 | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| December 17, 1959
 | at Northern Illinois | **L** 69–84 | 3–2
(1–1) | Chick Evans Field House
DeKalb, IL |
| December 21, 1959*
 | vs. Hillsdale
*Flint Christmas Tournament* | **W** 75-62 | 4–2
 |
Flint, MI |
| December 22, 1959*
 | at Flint Community Junior College
*Flint Christmas Tournament* | **W** 75–74 | 5–2
 |
Flint, MI |
| January 8, 1960
 | Eastern Illinois | **L** 72–79 | 5–3
(1–2) | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 9, 1960
 | Southern Illinois | **L** 76–87 | 5–4
(1–3) | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 12, 1960*
 | Baldwin-Wallace | **W** 84-70 | 6–4
 | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 15, 1960
 | at Illinois State | **L** 71-100 | 6–5
(1–4) | Horton Field House
Normal, IL |
| January 16, 1960
 | at Western Illinois | **L** 67-129 | 6–6
(1–5) |
Macomb, IL |
| January 20, 1960*
 | Albion | **W** 58-46 | 7–6
 | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 23, 1960
 | Northern Illinois | **L** 68-83 yes | 7–7
(1–6) | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 12, 1960
 | at Eastern Illinois | **L** 57-64 | 7–8
(1–7) | Health Education Building
Charleston, IL |
| February 13, 1960
 | at Southern Illinois | **L** 61-101 | 7–9
(1–8) | Davies Gym
Carbondale, IL |
| February 19, 1960
 | Illinois State | **L** 54-64 | 7–10
(1–9) | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 20, 1960
 | Western Illinois | **L** 69-82 | 7–11
(1–10) | Bowen Field House
Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 22, 1960*
 | at Hillsdale | **L** 73-76 | 7–12
 | Stock Field House
Hillsdale, MI |
| February 25, 1960
 | Central Michigan | **L** 62–74 | 7–13
(1–11) | Finch Fieldhouse
Mount Pleasant, MI |
| *Non-conference game. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Game Notes

### January 16, 1960

129 points is the most scored in a single game for Western Illinois.

### February 12, 1960

Eastern Illinois has a score of 56-64.

### February 22, 1960

Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association has a score of 72-76.

## InfoBox

| 1959–60 Eastern Michigan Hurons men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Flint Christmas Tournament Champions | |
| Conference | Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference |
| Record | 7–13 (1–11 IIAC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coach | G. Smoot |
| Home arena | Bowen Field House |
|


title: 1953 English Greyhound Derby

abstract: The 1953 Greyhound Derby Final took place during June with the final being held on 27 June 1953 at White City Stadium. The winner was Daws Dancer and the winning owner Mr D J Fitzgerald received £1,250.

text:
# 1953 English Greyhound Derby

The **1953 Greyhound Derby Final** took place during June with the final being held on 27 June 1953 at White City Stadium. The winner was Daws Dancer and the winning owner Mr D J Fitzgerald received £1,250.

## Final result

At White City (over 525 yards):

| Position | Name of Greyhound | Breeding | Trap | SP | Time | Trainer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | Daws Dancer | Daw - Castleview Dancer | 5 | 10-1 | 29.20 | Paddy McEvoy (Private) |
| 2nd | Galtee Cleo | Sandown Champion - Cleopatra | 1 | 4-5f | 29.24 | Jack Harvey (Wembley) |
| 3rd | Small Town | Bah's Choice - Pretty Waltzer | 3 | 11-2 | 29.42 | Leslie Reynolds (Wembley) |
| 4th | Tonic | Sandown Champion - Simple Jess | 6 | 100-8 | 29.60 | Ronnie Melville (Wembley) |
| 5th | Glittering Look | Glittering Smack - Knockrour Favourite | 2 | 4-1 | 29.70 | Tom 'Paddy' Reilly (Walthamstow) |
| 6th | Baytown Caddie | Bah's Choice - Baytown Blossom | 4 | 8-1 | 29.74 | Jack Harvey (Wembley) |

### Distances

½, 2¼, 2¼, 1¼, ½ (lengths)
The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1950 one length was equal to 0.08 of one second.

## Competition Report

Endless Gossip returned to defend his Derby title that he won in 1952 and was quoted 8-1 joint second ante-post favourite by the bookmakers for the event along with Pall Mall Stakes champion Marsh Harrier. The market leader at 7-1 was Ollys Pal. On the eve of the first round Marsh Harrier and another leading runner Bargain Hunter were both withdrawn lame. The first round brought some surprises, Dublin Darkie won at 20-1 and then a puppy called Daws Dancer beat Endless Gossip, but the latter still progressed and remained favourite for the competition. Ollys Pal encountered a large amount of trouble but impressed by still qualifying.

The second round resulted with many favourites being eliminated. A four way battle between Glittering Look, Small Town, Daws Dancer and Endless Gossip ended with a photo finish that showed Daws Dancer holding on for third place by a short head from the defending champion. Polonius claimed the heat that saw the elimination of Ollys Pal, whilst Galtee Cleo had posted 28.76 in the same round and was installed as the new favourite.

Glittering Look won the first semi-final holding off the challenge of Daws Dancer and Small Town but Galtee Cleo remained the favourite after winning the second semi-final to remain unbeaten in the competition.

The draw for the final (which did not carry seeding\*) resulted in the wide running Galtee Cleo drawing trap one. Daws Dancer a 10-1 shot, had made it through to the final with two third place finishes and made a good break in the decider leading Galtee Cleo to the first bend; Galtee Cleo swung wide as expected and was baulked and also interfered with others including Glittering Look who was going well at this stage. Galtee Cleo recovered well but could not make up the ground lost to Daws Dancer.

Note\* Seeding (the allocation of greyhounds and trap numbers based on their running style)

1953 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

## InfoBox

| 1953 English Greyhound Derby | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | White City Stadium |
| Start date | 13 June |
| End date | 27 June |
| Total prize money | £1,250 (winner) |
|


title: Edward Meeks Gregory

abstract: Edward Meeks "Pope" Gregory was an Episcopal priest in Richmond, Virginia. He held the first gay marriage ceremony in Virginia at St. Peter's Church in Richmond in August 1978.

text:
# Edward Meeks Gregory

**Edward Meeks "Pope" Gregory** (September 30, 1922 – January 25, 1995) was an Episcopal priest in Richmond, Virginia. He held the first gay marriage ceremony in Virginia at St. Peter's Church in Richmond in August 1978.

## Biography

Edward Meeks Gregory was born the fifth of seven children of Constance Adela (née Heath) Gregory (1890–1982) and George Craghead Gregory (1887–1956) at "Granite Hall", the family estate in northwestern Chesterfield County, Virginia, on September 30, 1922. His father was a prominent attorney, businessman and historian.

He became an Episcopal priest in Richmond, Virginia. He served Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia; Christchurch School in Christchurch, Virginia; St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Richmond, Virginia; and lastly, St. Peter's Episcopal Church also in Richmond. During the era of Massive Resistance and the desegregation crisis post-Brown v. Board of Education in Virginia, when Prince Edward County’s public schools were closed, Gregory raised money for black students to attend private schools from 1959 to 1964. He conducted the first gay marriage ceremony in Virginia at St. Peter's Church in Richmond in August 1978. In 1979, while serving on Richmond'’s Human Relations Commission, Gregory became a big proponent, albeit unsuccessfully, of adding sexual orientation to the city code's nondiscrimination policies. He served as president of the Richmond-Petersburg Council on Human Relations and the Richmond Area Council on Human Relations. Gregory also helped found the Daily Planet, which services the needs of the homeless, and was the clerical advisor and member of the Richmond branch of Dignity/Integrity, the lesbian, gay, transgender, and bisexual caucuses of the Roman Catholic and Episcopal Church in the United States.

He died in 1995. His tombstone in Richmond’s Hollywood Cemetery bears the Latin inscription *Pontificeamus* (“Let us build bridges.”).

The annual Edward Meeks Gregory Service Award at Christchurch School is given to a worthy student each year. On January 22, 2007, a stained glass window honoring the Rev. Edward Meeks "Pope" Gregory was dedicated in the Chapel of Richmond Hill, an ecumenical Christian fellowship and residential community in a former monastery in Richmond, Va. The Reverend Edward Meeks Gregory Papers are open for research at James Branch Cabell Library of Virginia Commonwealth University.

## Further reading

* Claflin, Mary Anne; Richardson, Elizabeth Guy (1977), *Bon Air: A History*, Richmond, Virginia: Hale Publishing
* Sorely, Merrow Egerton (1935), *Lewis of Warner Hall*


title: Efim Fradkin

abstract: Efim Samoilovich Fradkin was a Russian physicist. Fradkin was born in Shchedrin near Zhlobin, then in the Soviet Union, in 1924. From 1942 to 1947, Fradkin served in the Soviet Army and in 1945 became a member of the CPSU. In 1948 he graduated from the University of L’vov. That same year he began working at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. His major works are devoted to quantum field theory, quantum statistics, and hydrodynamics. Fradkin has used the methods of functional analysis in the theory of relativists fields. He developed a modified perturbation theory for the theory of interacting particles. He obtained renormalized field theory equations and studied their solution. He also introduced functional methods into quantum statistics, in which he developed the diagram technique. He was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1953, Igor Tamm Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1980, and the Dirac Prize of ICTP in 1989. In 1996–1997, Fradkin was a guest professor of the director-general of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and a member of the organization's Theory Division.

text:
# Efim Fradkin

**Efim Samoilovich Fradkin** (Russian: *Ефим Самойлович Фрадкин*) (November 30, 1924  May 25, 1999) was a Russian physicist.

Fradkin was born in Shchedrin near Zhlobin (now Belarus), then in the Soviet Union, in 1924.

From 1942 to 1947, Fradkin served in the Soviet Army and in 1945 became a member of the CPSU. In 1948 he graduated from the University of L’vov. That same year he began working at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. His major works are devoted to quantum field theory, quantum statistics, and hydrodynamics. Fradkin has used the methods of functional analysis in the theory of relativists fields. He developed a modified perturbation theory for the theory of interacting particles. He obtained renormalized field theory equations and studied their solution. He also introduced functional methods into quantum statistics, in which he developed the diagram technique.

He was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1953 (Stalin Prize of First Degree), Igor Tamm Prize of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1980, and the Dirac Prize of ICTP in 1989.

In 1996–1997, Fradkin was a guest professor of the director-general of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and a member of the organization's Theory Division.