abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the South West Region in Western Australian state elections from the region's creation in 1989 until the present. Legislation to abolish the region, along with all other Western Australian electoral regions, was passed in November 2021, with the 2025 state election to use a single state-wide electorate of 37 members.

text:
# Electoral results for the South West Region

This is a list of **electoral results for the South West Region** in Western Australian state elections from the region's creation in 1989 until the present.

Legislation to abolish the region, along with all other Western Australian electoral regions, was passed in November 2021, with the 2025 state election to use a single state-wide electorate of 37 members.

## Election results

### 2021

2021 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 29,300 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Sally Talbot (elected 1)
2. Alannah MacTiernan (elected 3)
3. Jackie Jarvis (elected 4)
4. John Mondy
5. Ben Dawkins
6. Kylie Fitzgerald | 114,713 | 55.93 | +19.49 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Steve Thomas (elected 2)
2. Greg Stocks
3. Anita Shortland
4. Hayden Burbidge | 37,736 | 18.40 | −4.28 |
|  | National | 1. James Hayward (elected 6)
2. Louise Kingston
3. Rod Pfeiffer | 12,254 | 5.97 | −6.06 |
|  | Greens | 1. Diane Evers
2. Donald Clarke
3. Jodie Moffat | 12,220 | 5.96 | −1.62 |
|  | Shooters, Fishers, Farmers | 1. Rick Mazza
2. Russell McCarthy
3. Ray Hull | 5,178 | 2.52 | −1.59 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | 1. Sophia Moermond (elected 5)
2. Nicola Johnson | 4,531 | 2.21 | +2.21 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Colin Tincknell
2. Paul Howard
3. Michael Pelle | 3,841 | 1.87 | −8.76 |
|  | Christians | 1. Laurence Van der Plas
2. Joan Albany | 3,782 | 1.84 | +0.15 |
|  | No Mandatory Vaccination | 1. Keith Bunton
2. Elisabeth Bluntschli | 2,504 | 1.22 | +1.22 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 1. Eli Bernstein
2. David Fishlock | 2,014 | 0.98 | +0.03 |
|  | Western Australia | 1. Terri Sharp
2. Joanne Munro | 1,420 | 0.69 | +0.55 |
|  | Sustainable Australia | 1. Daniel Minson
2. Heather Scott | 904 | 0.44 | +0.44 |
|  | WAxit | 1. Chas Hopkins
2. Malcolm Gilmour | 810 | 0.39 | +0.20 |
|  | Animal Justice | 1. Vicki Bailey
2. Sarah Gould | 798 | 0.39 | −0.40 |
|  | Health Australia | 1. Justin Zwartkruis
2. Hayley Green | 493 | 0.24 | +0.24 |
|  | Great Australian | 1. Nick Robinson
2. Andy Gleeson | 461 | 0.22 | +0.22 |
|  | Liberals for Climate | 1. Mark Bentley
2. Pieter Lottering | 410 | 0.20 | −0.23 |
|  | Daylight Saving | 1. Garry Spiers
2. Lizabeth Taylor | 283 | 0.14 | −0.22 |
|  | Independent | 1. Yasmin Bartlett
2. Karen Perttula | 242 | 0.12 | +0.12 |
|  | Independent | Dave Schumacher | 170 | 0.08 | +0.08 |
|  | Independent | 1. George Seth
2. Noel Avery | 145 | 0.07 | +0.07 |
|  | Independent | 1. John Banks
2. Phillip Spencer | 101 | 0.05 | +0.05 |
|  | Independent | Bob Burdett | 89 | 0.04 | +0.04 |
| Total formal votes | | | 205,099 | 97.92 | +0.83 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,357 | 2.08 | −0.83 |
| Turnout | | | 209,456 | 86.20 | −1.00 |

### 2017

2017 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 27,727 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Sally Talbot (elected 1)
2. Adele Farina (elected 3)
3. John Mondy
4. Barry Winmar
5. Jessica Short | 70,734 | 36.44 | +5.91 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Steve Thomas (elected 2)
2. Wade De Campo
3. Robyn McSweeney
4. Tony Norment
5. Heather Reid
6. Douglas McLarty | 44,014 | 22.68 | −21.27 |
|  | National | 1. Colin Holt (elected 5)
2. Louise Kingston
3. Bevan Eatts
4. Kylie Kennaugh | 23,360 | 12.04 | +1.06 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Colin Tincknell (elected 4)
2. Cameron Bartkowski
3. Sean Butler | 20,636 | 10.63 | +10.63 |
|  | Greens | 1. Diane Evers (elected 6)
2. Hsien Harper | 14,705 | 7.58 | −0.34 |
|  | Shooters, Fishers, Farmers | 1. Nigel Hallett
2. Craig Carbone
3. Ray Hull | 7,994 | 4.12 | +1.75 |
|  | Christians | 1. Greg Spaanderman
2. Rachael Dowdell | 3,292 | 1.70 | +0.24 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 1. Nathan Dyson
2. Damian Coletta | 1,849 | 0.95 | +0.95 |
|  | Family First | 1. Linda Rose
2. Dave Bolt | 1,792 | 0.92 | −0.60 |
|  | Animal Justice | 1. Alicia Sutton
2. Eric Gobbert | 1,541 | 0.79 | +0.79 |
|  | Flux the System! | 1. Daithí Gleeson
2. Mark Bentley | 841 | 0.43 | +0.43 |
|  | Daylight Saving | 1. Brett Tucker
2. Janet Wilson | 686 | 0.35 | +0.35 |
|  | Independent | 1. Tim Hartley
2. Julio Pieraldi | 622 | 0.32 | +0.32 |
|  | Fluoride Free WA | 1. Hayley Green
2. John Vukovich | 579 | 0.30 | +0.30 |
|  | Micro Business | 1. Jeff Casson
2. Devinder Chinna | 373 | 0.19 | +0.19 |
|  | Independent | 1. Eric Thern
2. Katrina De Ruyck | 291 | 0.15 | +0.15 |
|  | Matheson for WA | 1. Stephen Phelan
2. Blake Phelan | 285 | 0.15 | +0.15 |
|  | Independent | Kyle Hammond | 267 | 0.14 | +0.14 |
|  | Independent | John Higgins | 155 | 0.08 | +0.08 |
|  | Independent | Zyggi Uchwal | 72 | 0.04 | +0.04 |
| Total formal votes | | | 194,088 | 97.29 | +0.04 |
| Informal votes | | | 5,411 | 2.71 | −0.04 |
| Turnout | | | 199,499 | 88.25 | −2.41 |

### 2013

2013 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 24,134 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Robyn McSweeney (elected 1)
2. Barry House (elected 3)
3. Nigel Hallett (elected 5)
4. Ian Morison
5. Paul Fitzpatrick
6. Michelle Steck | 74,248 | 43.95 | +4.54 |
|  | Labor | 1. Sally Talbot (elected 2)
2. Adele Farina (elected 4)
3. John Mondy
4. Ian Bishop
5. Aaron Dean
6. Pearl Lim | 51,576 | 30.53 | -2.53 |
|  | National | 1. Colin Holt (elected 6)
2. Sam Harma
3. Dudley Greathead | 18,541 | 10.98 | +0.21 |
|  | Greens | 1. Giz Watson
2. Hsien Harper | 13,374 | 7.92 | -0.71 |
|  | Shooters and Fishers | 1. Daniel Strijk
2. Mark Mazza | 3,997 | 2.37 | +2.37 |
|  | Family First | 1. Bev Custers
2. David Bolt | 2,577 | 1.53 | -2.38 |
|  | Christians | 1. Justin Moseley
2. Tim Schoof | 2,453 | 1.45 | -0.66 |
|  | Independent | 1. Nataporn Sri-Innop Ross
2. Janet Grogan | 1,205 | 0.71 | +0.71 |
|  | Independent | Don Hyland | 960 | 0.57 | +0.57 |
| Total formal votes | | | 168,931 | 97.25 | −0.13 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,776 | 2.75 | +0.13 |
| Turnout | | | 173,707 | 90.67 | +2.22 |

### 2008

2008 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 17,908 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Robyn McSweeney (elected 1)
2. Nigel Hallett (elected 3)
3. Barry House (elected 6)
4. Paul Fitzpatrick
5. Dennis Wellington
6. Ross Ryan | 60,684 | 39.41 | +0.3 |
|  | Labor | 1. Sally Talbot (elected 2)
2. Adele Farina (elected 4)
3. John Mondy
4. Wendy Perdon
5. Christopher Hossen
6. Elizabeth Nedela | 50,908 | 33.06 | -4.4 |
|  | National | 1. Colin Holt (elected 5)
2. Patricia Hughes | 16,592 | 10.77 | +5.2 |
|  | Greens | 1. Paul Llewellyn
2. Rae McPherson | 13,285 | 8.63 | +1.0 |
|  | Family First | 1. Dan Sullivan
2. Linda Rose | 6,024 | 3.91 | +0.9 |
|  | Christian Democrats | 1. John Lewis
2. Ray Moran | 3,251 | 2.11 | +0.4 |
|  | One Nation | Brian Burns | 995 | 0.65 | -1.5 |
|  | Independent | 1. Elaine Green
2. Terry O'Leary | 881 | 0.57 | +0.6 |
|  | Daylight Savings | Kara Pascoe | 626 | 0.41 | +0.41 |
|  | Independent | Filip Guglielmana | 328 | 0.21 | +0.2 |
|  | New Country | Judy Pearce | 220 | 0.14 | -0.5 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | 1. Ian Tuffnell
2. Allan Dilley | 205 | 0.13 | +0.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 153,999 | 97.38 | +0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,150 | 2.62 | −0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 158,149 | 88.45 | −2.7 |

### 2005

2005 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 17,908 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Barry House (elected 1)
2. Robyn McSweeney (elected 3)
3. Nigel Hallett (elected 5)
4. Ken Robinson
5. Kerrol Gildersleeve
6. Philippa Reid
7. Narelle King | 55,894 | 39.0 | +3.6 |
|  | Labor | 1. Adele Farina (elected 2)
2. Sally Talbot (elected 4)
3. Matt Benson-Lidholm (elected 6)
4. Liam Costello
5. Jullianne Slater
6. Jasper Trendall | 54,036 | 37.7 | +7.0 |
|  | Greens | 1. Paul Llewellyn (elected 7)
2. Kingsley Gibson | 10,842 | 7.6 | -0.9 |
|  | National | 1. Steve Dilley
2. Colin Holt | 7,734 | 5.4 | -0.8 |
|  | Family First | 1. Linda Rose
2. Coleen Heine | 4,330 | 3.0 | +3.0 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Alan Giorgi
2. Kenneth Waters | 3,091 | 2.2 | -12.0 |
|  | Christian Democrats | 1. Justin Moseley
2. Kerry Watterson | 2,375 | 1.7 | +0.4 |
|  | Independent | Ken Gunson | 1,538 | 1.1 | -0.1 |
|  | Public Hospital Support Group | 1. Ray Goodwin
2. Val Goodwin | 1,165 | 0.8 | +0.8 |
|  | New Country | 1. Paddy Embry
2. Frances Chester | 936 | 0.7 | +0.7 |
|  | Democrats | 1. Adam Welch
2. John Partridge | 770 | 0.5 | -1.3 |
|  | Liberals for Forests | 1. June Bennett
2. Judy Pryer | 549 | 0.4 | +0.4 |
| Total formal votes | | | 143,260 | 96.7 | −0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,849 | 3.3 | +0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 148,109 | 91.1 | −1.0 |

### 2001

2001 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 16,882 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Barry House (elected 1)
2. Bill Stretch (elected 4)
3. Robyn McSweeney (elected 6)
4. John Silcock
5. Nigel Hallett
6. Robert Nicholson
7. Craig Carbone | 47,862 | 35.4 | * |
|  | Labor | 1. John Cowdell (elected 2)
2. Adele Farina (elected 5)
3. Matt Benson-Lidholm
4. Ursula Richards
5. Patricia Creevey
6. Garry Newman | 41,516 | 30.7 | +2.6 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Paddy Embry (elected 3)
2. Peter O'Reilly
3. Judith South | 19,152 | 14.2 | +14.2 |
|  | Greens | 1. Chrissy Sharp (elected 7)
2. Basil Schur
3. Judy Trembath | 11,442 | 8.5 | +1.0 |
|  | National | 1. Mal Cameron
2. Steve Dilley
3. Gordon Smith | 8,339 | 6.2 | * |
|  | Democrats | 1. Alf Denman
2. Alison Wylie | 2,361 | 1.7 | -2.7 |
|  | Christian Democrats | Justin Moseley | 1,791 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
|  | Independent | Ken Gunson | 1,633 | 1.2 | +1.2 |
|  | Curtin Labor Alliance | Terry Iturbide | 640 | 0.5 | +0.5 |
|  | Seniors | Glen Wood | 318 | 0.2 | +0.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 135,054 | 97.4 | +0.4 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,618 | 2.6 | −0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 138,672 | 92.1 | +0.2 |

* The Liberal and National parties ran a joint ticket for South West in the 1996 election. The overall swing against the Coalition in the South West region was -10.8.

### 1996

1996 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 15,037 |  |  |
|  | Liberal/National Coalition | 1. Barry House (elected 1)
2. Bill Stretch (elected 3)
3. Muriel Patterson (elected 5)
4. Murray Montgomery (elected 6)
5. John Silcock
6. Robyn McSweeney
7. Rick Beatty
8. Pauline McLeod
9. Steve Thomas
10. Nigel Hallett | 63,032 | 52.4 | -1.4 |
|  | Labor | 1. Bob Thomas (elected 2)
2. John Cowdell (elected 4)
3. Lois Anderson
4. Marilyn Elson
5. Gary De Jager | 33,766 | 28.1 | -6.3 |
|  | Greens | 1. Chrissy Sharp (elected 7)
2. Basil Schur
3. Len Howard | 9,028 | 7.5 | +2.4 |
|  | Democrats | 1. Malcolm McKercher
2. Helen van Noort | 5,325 | 4.4 | +2.3 |
|  | Australia First | J.J. Amelia | 4,161 | 3.5 | +3.5 |
|  | Marijuana | Paul Roth | 3,201 | 2.7 | +2.7 |
|  | Call to Australia | 1. Justin Moseley
2. Laurie Sugg | 1,511 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
|  | Natural Law | 1. Ian Sandwell
2. Elspeth Clairs | 271 | 0.2 | +0.2 |
| Total formal votes | | | 120,295 | 97.0 | −0.4 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,774 | 3.0 | +0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 124,069 | 91.9 | −3.1 |

### 1993

1993 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 13,721 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Barry House (elected 1)
2. Bill Stretch (elected 3)
3. Muriel Patterson (elected 5)
4. John Silcock
5. Ian Mabey
6. Peter Giumelli
7. Gabi Ghasseb | 48,052 | 43.78 | +1.79 |
|  | Labor | 1. Bob Thomas (elected 2)
2. John Cowdell (elected 4)
3. Doug Wenn (elected 6)
4. Brian Procter
5. Lois Anderson | 37,798 | 34.44 | -3.07 |
|  | National | 1. Murray Montgomery (elected 7)
2. David Pover
3. Robert Teale | 10,980 | 10.00 | +0.58 |
|  | Greens | 1. Paul Davis
2. Lyn Serventy | 5,633 | 5.13 | +5.13 |
|  | Independent | Trish Townsend | 3,113 | 2.84 | +2.84 |
|  | Democrats | 1. David Churches
2. Lila Ward | 2,290 | 2.09 | -0.06 |
|  | Independent | Sandy Lewis | 628 | 0.57 | +0.57 |
|  | Grey Power | Doug Ratcliffe | 367 | 0.33 | -2.82 |
|  | CALM Resistance Movement | Robert Moir | 318 | 0.29 | +0.29 |
|  | Independent | Ted Stone | 273 | 0.25 | +0.25 |
|  | Independent | J J Amelia | 163 | 0.15 | +0.15 |
|  | Republican | Jane King | 151 | 0.14 | +0.14 |
| Total formal votes | | | 109,766 | 97.40 | −0.16 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,930 | 2.60 | +0.16 |
| Turnout | | | 112,696 | 94.98 |  |

### 1989

1989 Western Australian state election: South West
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 11,987 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Barry House (elected 1)
2. Muriel Patterson (elected 3)
3. Bill Stretch (elected 5)
4. Adrian Fawcett
5. Suzanne Carter
6. Jonathan Youngs | 40,268 | 41.99 |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Doug Wenn (elected 2)
2. Beryl Jones (elected 4)
3. Bob Thomas (elected 6)
4. Josephine Lynch
5. Dane Carroll | 35,966 | 37.51 |  |
|  | National | 1. Murray Montgomery (elected 7)
2. Terence House
3. Jennifer Barrett | 9,029 | 9.42 |  |
|  | Group D | 1. Marie-Louise Duxbury
2. Lynette Serventy | 4,549 | 4.74 |  |
|  | Grey Power | Herbert Cattrall | 3,024 | 3.15 |  |
|  | Democrats | 1. David Churches
2. Daphne Wallace | 2,065 | 2.15 |  |
|  | Independent | Paul Roth | 992 | 1.03 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 95,894 | 97.56 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 2,394 | 2.44 |  |
| Turnout | | | 98,288 | 92.83 |  |


title: 1975 Baltimore International

abstract: The 1975 Baltimore International was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Towson State College in Baltimore, Maryland in the United States. The event was part of the 1975 USLTA-IPA Indoor Circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from January 13 through January 19, 1975. Third-seeded Brian Gottfried won the singles title.

text:
# 1975 Baltimore International

The **1975 Baltimore International** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Towson State College in Baltimore, Maryland in the United States. The event was part of the 1975 USLTA-IPA Indoor Circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from January 13 through January 19, 1975. Third-seeded Brian Gottfried won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Brian Gottfried defeated  Allan Stone 3–6, 6–2, 6–3

* It was Gottfried' 1st singles title of the year and the 4th of his career.

### Doubles

Dick Crealy /  Ray Ruffels defeated  Ismail El Shafei /  Frew McMillan 6–4, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 1975 Baltimore International | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | January 13–19 |
| Edition | 4th |
| Category | USLTA-IPA Indoor Circuit |
| Draw | 16S / 8D |
| Prize money | $30,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Baltimore, MD, U.S. |
| Venue | Towson State College |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Brian Gottfried | |
| Doubles | |
| Dick Crealy /  Ray Ruffels | |
|  | |


title: Elements (Roger Glover album)

abstract: Elements is the second solo album from Deep Purple bassist Roger Glover. It was recorded in early 1977 but wasn't released until April 1978 on PolyGram Records. The album's main concept is based on the four elements.

text:
# Elements (Roger Glover album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Elements*** is the second solo album from Deep Purple bassist Roger Glover. It was recorded in early 1977 but wasn't released until April 1978 on PolyGram Records. The album's main concept is based on the four elements.

## Track listing

1. "The First Ring Made of Clay" (Roger Glover) 7:45
2. "The Next a Ring of Fire" (Glover) 9:45
3. "The Third Ring's Watery Flow" (Glover) 9:00
4. "The Fourth Ring with the Wind" (Glover, Martin Birch) 6:33
5. "Finale" (Glover, Birch) 2:17

## Personnel

## Production notes

* Produced by Martin Birch and Roger Glover
* Recorded and mixed at Musicland Studios, Munich, Germany, 1977
* Engineered by Martin Birch assisted by Hans Menzel
* Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York by Greg Calbi

## InfoBox

| Elements | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Roger Glover | |
| Released | April 1978 |
| Recorded | 1977 |
| Studio | Musicland, Munich, Germany |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 35:20 |
| Label | PolyGram |
| Producer | Roger Glover, Martin Birch |
| Roger Glover chronology | |
| *The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast*
(1974) ***Elements***
(1978) *Mask*
(1984) | |


title: Anti-Corruption (film)

abstract: Anti-Corruption is a 1975 film written and directed by Ng See Yuen. It was the first film produced by Ng's company Seasonal Film Corporation. Anti-Corruption was co-produced by Eternal Film. The film shows the incidents that precipitated the creation of the Independent Commission Against Corruption in 1974. Anti-Corruption is a crime thriller that depicts police corruption and was based on an inquiry into the activities of the drug lord Wu Xihao between 1973 and 1974. It was a low-budget film that did well at the box office. On 12 October 1979, the scholar Bo Yang penned a 4,000-word essay about the film in the China Times. Anti-Corruption's success led to many more Hong Kong films about police and criminals to be made.

text:
# Anti-Corruption (film)

***Anti-Corruption*** (simplified Chinese: 廉政风波; traditional Chinese: 廉政風暴; pinyin: *Lian zheng feng bo*; lit. 'Storm of Integrity') is a 1975 film written and directed by Ng See Yuen. It was the first film produced by Ng's company Seasonal Film Corporation. *Anti-Corruption* was co-produced by Eternal Film.

The film shows the incidents that precipitated the creation of the Independent Commission Against Corruption in 1974. *Anti-Corruption* is a crime thriller that depicts police corruption and was based on an inquiry into the activities of the drug lord Wu Xihao between 1973 and 1974. It was a low-budget film that did well at the box office. On 12 October 1979, the scholar Bo Yang penned a 4,000-word essay about the film in the *China Times*. *Anti-Corruption*'s success led to many more Hong Kong films about police and criminals to be made.

## Cast

Footnotes Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Anti-Corruption | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Ng See Yuen |
| Written by | Ng See Yuen |
| Starring | Bill Lake, Ling Hon |
| Distributed by | Eternal Film |
| Release date | * 21 August 1975 (1975-08-21) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Mandarin Chinese |


title: 15 de Septiembre de Trujillo

abstract: 15 de Septiembre was a Peru football club, located in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad. The club was founded with the name of Club 15 de Septiembre.

text:
# 15 de Septiembre de Trujillo

**15 de Septiembre** was a Peru football club, located in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad. The club was founded with the name of **Club 15 de Septiembre**.

## History

The club has played at the highest level of Peruvian football on three occasions, in the 1988 Torneo Descentralizado until 1990 Torneo Descentralizado, when it was relegated.

## Honours

### Regional

Runner-up (1): 1987

## InfoBox

15 de Septiembre
| Full name | Club 15 de Septiembre |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Mansiche, Trujillo, Peru |
| League | Copa Perú |


abstract: The 15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf), sometimes referred to as the Sturmpanzer II Bison, was a German assault gun used during World War II. The dozen vehicles produced were assigned to the 90th Light Infantry Division in North Africa during the war.

text:
# 15 cm sIG 33 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf)

The **15 cm sIG 33 *auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen* II (Sf)**, sometimes referred to as the ***Sturmpanzer* II Bison**, was a German assault gun used during World War II. The dozen vehicles produced were assigned to the 90th Light Infantry Division in North Africa during the war.

## Development

The 15-centimetre (5.9 in) sIG 33 gun was used as direct-fire artillery in support of assaulting infantry. To improve its mobility 38 guns were mounted on a *Panzerkampfwagen* I chassis in February 1940. The 15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) *auf Panzerkampfwagen* I *Ausf* B that had participated in the Invasion of France in 1940 had proven to be too heavy for its chassis as well as being enormously tall.

The same gun was mated to the *Panzerkampfwagen* II chassis in an attempt to drastically lower its height while using a stronger chassis. The prototype used a standard Panzer II Ausf. B chassis when it was built in February 1941, but this was too cramped for use. The chassis was lengthened by 60 centimetres (24 in), which required adding a sixth roadwheel, and widened by 32 centimetres (13 in) to better accommodate the gun while preserving its low silhouette. 15-millimetre (0.6 in) plates formed the front and sides of the open-topped fighting compartment, which was also open at the rear. Its sides were notably lower than the front, which made the crew vulnerable to small arms fire and shell fragments. Large hatches were added to the rear deck to better cool the engine. The vehicle carried 30 rounds for the gun which could traverse a total of 5° left and right and used a Rblf36 sight.

## Combat use

Twelve were built in December 1941 – January 1942. They were shipped to North Africa later that year, where they formed *schwere Infanteriegeschütz-Kompanien* (mot.S.) ("Heavy Self-propelled Infantry Gun Companies") 707 and 708. They were used as close support mobile artillery, with the former assigned to *Schützen-Regiment 155* and the latter to *Schützen-Regiment 200*, both part of the 90. *leichte Afrika-Division*. Both companies fought until the Axis surrender in Tunisia in May 1943.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Chamberlain, Peter, and Hilary L. Doyle. Thomas L. Jentz (Technical Editor). *Encyclopedia of German Tanks of World War Two: A Complete Illustrated Directory of German Battle Tanks, Armoured Cars, Self-propelled Guns, and Semi-tracked Vehicles, 1933–1945*. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1978 (revised edition 1993) ISBN 1-85409-214-6
* Doyle, Hilary Louis, Friedli, Lukas and Jentz, Thomas. *Sturmpanzer: Sturminfanteriegeschütz 33, Sturmpanzer and Munitionspanzer Development and Production from 1942 to 1945*. Panzer Tracts No. 8-1. Boyds, Maryland: Panzer Tracts, 2014.
* Trojca, Waldemar and Jaugitz, Markus. *Sturmtiger and Sturmpanzer in Combat*. Katowice, Poland: Model Hobby, 2008 ISBN 978-83-60041-29-1

## Further reading

* Jentz, Thomas L. *Rommel's Funnies*. Darlington, Maryland: Darlington Productions, 1997. ISBN 0-9648793-6-0
* Jentz, T. L. *Artillerie Selbstfahrlafetten. 15 cm s.I.G.33 auf Pz.Kpfw.I (ohne Aufbau) to Karl-Geraet (54 cm)* (Panzer Tracts № 10). Boyds, MD: Panzer Tracts, 2002 ISBN 0-97084-075-6

## InfoBox

| 15 cm sIG 33 *auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen* II (Sf) | |
| --- | --- |
| Wrecked example, captured by the Israelis from Egypt in 1948 | |
| Type | Heavy assault gun |
| Place of origin | Nazi Germany |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1942–1943, 1948 |
| Used by | Nazi Germany
Egypt |
| Wars | World War II
1948 Arab–Israeli War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Alkett |
| Produced | 1941–1942 |
| No. built | 12 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 11.2  (11.0 long tons; 12.3 short tons) |
| Length | 5.41 m (17.7 ft) |
| Width | 2.6 m (8.5 ft) |
| Height | 1.9 m (6.2 ft) |
| Crew | 4 |
| --- | |
| Armor | 5–30 mm (0.20–1.18 in) |
| Main
armament | 1 × 15 cm (5.9 in) sIG 33 heavy infantry gun |
| Secondary
armament | 1 × 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 |
| Engine | Bussing-NAG engine |
| Transmission | 6 forward, 1 reverse gears |
| Suspension | leaf-spring |
| Operational
range | 160 km (99 mi) |
| Maximum speed | 40 km/h (25 mph) |


title: Annemarie Spilker

abstract: Annemarie Spilker is a Dutch photographer best known for her self-portraits and landscapes. Spilker attended The Photography Academy in Amsterdam where she graduated cum laude in 2003, with the series self-portraits "Searching to fill the emptiness..." Spilker's photography focuses on penetrating self-portraits with an uncomfortable and confronting atmosphere, in which she searched for the hidden places in her own personality. Her landscapes appear almost unreal due to the unprecedented silence and timelessness. Since college, Spilker has worked mainly with a medium format Hasselblad, the reason most of her images are square. Sometimes she works with antique medium format cameras from around 1930–1940. She is a member of the World Photography Organisation. In 2012 Annemarie started the art collaboration Bulbfiction. Bulbfiction is a collaboration of 5 artists living in De Duin en Bollenstreek in Holland. They are working in their own fields of art and with their own styles but all with the same theme, The Flower District. Annemarie currently lives and works in Bergschenhoek, The Netherlands.

text:
# Annemarie Spilker

**Annemarie Spilker** (born 1980, Hillegom) is a Dutch photographer best known for her self-portraits and landscapes. Spilker attended The Photography Academy in Amsterdam where she graduated cum laude in 2003, with the series self-portraits "Searching to fill the emptiness..."

Spilker's photography focuses on penetrating self-portraits with an uncomfortable and confronting atmosphere, in which she searched for the hidden places in her own personality. Her landscapes appear almost unreal due to the unprecedented silence and timelessness. Since college, Spilker has worked mainly with a medium format Hasselblad, the reason most of her images are square. Sometimes she works with antique medium format cameras from around 1930–1940.

She is a member of the World Photography Organisation.

In 2012 Annemarie started the art collaboration Bulbfiction. Bulbfiction is a collaboration of 5 artists living in De Duin en Bollenstreek (Flower District) in Holland. They are working in their own fields of art and with their own styles but all with the same theme, The Flower District. Annemarie currently lives and works in Bergschenhoek, The Netherlands.

## Awards

* *Honorable Mention category Fine Art, 12th International Color Awards 2019*
* *Honorable Mention, Lucie Awards 2013* (The Lucie Foundation)
* *Honorable Mention, Lucie Awards 2012* (The Lucie Foundation)
* *2 Honorable Mentions, Lucie Awards 2011* (The Lucie Foundation)
* *Bronze Award, The 5th Photograph of the year Competition 2011* (Better Photography Magazine)
* *Nomination Gouden Gerbera 2011, fine-art prize* (Kunstzinnig.nl)
* *Artmajeur Silver Award 2011* (Artmajeur.com)
* *Nomination category People 5th Black and White Spider Awards 2010* (World Photographic Arts Corporation)
* *Artmajeur Silver Award 2010* (Artmajeur.com)
* *Extra price Academy Award 2003* (Photo Academy Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
* *2 Nominations Academy Award 2003* (Photo Academy Amsterdam, the Netherlands)

## Exhibitions

* *Frozen Memories*, Galerie de Burgerij, Vorden, The Netherlands, 2013
* *Black and white*, Galerie de Oude Pomp, Warmond, The Netherlands, 2013
* *Fine Art Competition*, Galerie 't Oude Raadhuis, Warmond, The Netherlands, 2012
* *Silent Impressions!*, Galerie 't Oude Raadhuis, Warmond, The Netherlands, 2011
* *Frozen memories!*, Hilton Hotel Slussen, Stockholm, Sweden, 2011
* *Gouden Gerbera Award Winners Show*, Het Glazen Huis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2011
* *Lente*, Le Bon Mangeur, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, 2011
* *Frozen Memories*, Spaarne Ziekenhuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands, 2011
* *Dit ben ik!*, Galerie de Stoker, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2011
* *Frozen Memories*, Theehuis Rhijnauwen, Bunnik, The Netherlands 2010
* *Klik*, Galerie Fotogram, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2004
* *Klik*, Hotel Arena, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2003
* *Academy Award*, Galerie Fotogram, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2003


title: Annemarie Schulz

abstract: Annemarie Schulz was a female international table tennis player from Germany. She won five World Championship medals starting with two bronze medals at the 1933 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Anita Felguth and in the mixed doubles with Nikita Madjaroglou. This was followed by another bronze in the mixed doubles at the 1936 World Table Tennis Championships with Helmut Ullrich and then two more in the 1937 World Table Tennis Championships in the team event and doubles with Marie Kettnerová.

text:
# Annemarie Schulz

**Annemarie Schulz** was a female international table tennis player from Germany.

She won five World Championship medals starting with two bronze medals at the 1933 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Anita Felguth and in the mixed doubles with Nikita Madjaroglou.

This was followed by another bronze in the mixed doubles at the 1936 World Table Tennis Championships with Helmut Ullrich and then two more in the 1937 World Table Tennis Championships in the team event and doubles with Marie Kettnerová.

## InfoBox

Annemarie Schulz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Medal record      Representing  Germany   World Table Tennis Championships  1933 Women's doubles  1933 Mixed doubles  1936 Mixed doubles  1937 Women's doubles  1937 Women's team | |


title: Annemarie Seidel

abstract: Annemarie Seidel was a German actress and proofreader.

text:
# Annemarie Seidel

**Annemarie Seidel** (born November 28, 1894, in Braunschweig \- August 30, 1959 in Munich) was a German actress and proofreader.

## Life

Annemarie Seidel, called Mirl, was a younger sister of the writer Ina Seidel (1885–1974). When she was barely a year old, her family left Braunschweig, where Annemarie Seidel had been born. Her father, Hermann Seidel, took his own life in November 1895. The cause was presumably an impending disciplinary proceeding against the physician for incorrect treatment. The family first moved to Marburg and later to Munich, where Annemarie Seidel made a career as an actress at the beginning of the Weimar Republic. During this time, she met Carl Zuckmayer, with whom she lived together in 1921/22. After falling dangerously ill, she had to leave Zuckmayer's damp basement apartment in Matthäikirchstraße 4 - the writer Julius Elias lived in the same house. Her "savior" in this situation was the Dutch millionaire and musicologist Anthony van Hoboken. He became Annemarie Seidel's first husband. This marriage lasted from 1922 to 1932. In 1935 she married Peter Suhrkamp. Her marriage to Peter Suhrkamp suffered from Annemarie Seidel's alcoholism in later years. The divorce had already been decided, but Suhrkamp died on March 31, 1959, two days before the court hearing. Annemarie Seidel died only a few months later.

Annemarie Seidel worked as an editor for Suhrkamps Verlag. She also translated the novel *The Grass Harp* by Truman Capote into German together with Friedrich Podszus. Friedrich Podszus was also the heir to her last apartment in Munich's Ohmstraße.

## Correspondence

Annemarie Seidel and Carl Zuckmayer remained friends for many years. Their correspondence lasted until 1957 and was published in 2003.

The publication of Peter Suhrkamp's letters to his wife under the title *Letters to Mirl* was planned for May 2009. The letters date from the period between 1935 and Peter Suhrkamp's death in 1959. They had long been considered lost. Letters from Annemarie Seidel to Peter Suhrkamp had not been found until then. In May 2009, however, the editor Wolfgang Schopf found more than 40 letters from Annemarie Seidel to her husband from the period from April 1944 to February 1945. The project *Letters to Mirl* was thus expanded at the last moment. On March 28, 2016, Peter Suhrkamp's 125th birthday, a total of 450 letters that Suhrkamp and Annemarie Seidel had exchanged were finally published under the title "Nun leb wohl! And be well!" were published.

1. Jannik Sachweh (2018), Reinhard Bein (ed.), "Annemarie Seidel (28.11.1894 - 30-08.1959) Schauspielerin", *Braunschweiger Frauen in ihrer Zeit*, Braunschweig, pp. 190–197
2. Hessische Biografie: *Suhrkamp, Peter*, siehe Abschnitt *Partner*
3. Gunther Nickel, ed. (2003), *Carl Zuckmayer, Annemarie Seidel: Briefwechsel*, Göttingen: Wallstein, ISBN 3-89244-646-6
4. Rezension des Briefwechsels mit Carl Zuckmayer: *Die Diskreteste der Diskreten* welt.de, 7. Juni 2003
5. Ankündigung der geplanten Veröffentlichung Suhrkamp Verlag, 30. März 2009
6. Peter Suhrkamp, Annemarie Seidel: *„Nun leb wohl! Und hab's gut!“ Briefe 1935–1959.* Hrsg. von Wolfgang Schopf. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2016, 847 Seiten, ISBN 978-3518420713.
7. Buchbeschreibung, Pressestimmen und Bilder von originalen Briefen Suhrkamp Verlag, 2016
8. Rezension des Briefwechsels zwischen Peter Suhrkamp und Annemarie Seidel: *Geschichte einer Ehe: Daseinswach, geisteshell* sueddeutsche.de, 28. März 2016


title: 1973–74 Algerian Championnat National

abstract: The 1973–74 Algerian Championnat National was the 12th season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962. A total of 16 teams contested the league, with JS Kawkabi as the defending champions.

text:
# 1973–74 Algerian Championnat National

The **1973–74 Algerian Championnat National** was the 12th season of the Algerian Championnat National since its establishment in 1962. A total of 16 teams contested the league, with JS Kawkabi as the defending champions.

## Team summaries

### Promotion and relegation

**Teams promoted from Algerian Division 2 1973–1974**

**Teams relegated to Algerian Division 2 1974–1975**

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | JS Kawkabi | 30 | 17 | 7 | 6 | 43 | 32 | +11 | 71 |
| 2 | MO Constantine | 30 | 18 | 3 | 9 | 41 | 32 | +9 | 69 |
| 3 | NA Hussein Dey | 30 | 14 | 8 | 8 | 45 | 31 | +14 | 66 |
| 4 | CR Belcourt | 30 | 13 | 8 | 9 | 40 | 26 | +14 | 64 |
| 5 | MC Alger | 30 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 53 | 35 | +18 | 62 |
| 6 | NAR Alger | 30 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 35 | 39 | 4 | 62 |
| 7 | ES Sétif | 30 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 33 | 29 | +4 | 62 |
| 8 | MC Oran | 30 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 49 | 48 | +1 | 60 |
| 9 | Hamra Annaba | 30 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 43 | 34 | +9 | 60 |
| 10 | USM Bel-Abbès | 30 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 28 | 33 | 5 | 58 |
| 11 | WA Boufarik | 30 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 35 | 42 | 7 | 57 |
| 12 | USM Blida | 30 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 30 | 40 | 10 | 57 |
| 13 | USM Sétif | 30 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 36 | 53 | 17 | 56 |
| 14 | JSM Tiaret | 30 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 29 | 39 | 10 | 55 |
| 15 | ASM Oran | 30 | 10 | 3 | 17 | 34 | 49 | 15 | 53 |
| 16 | WA Tlemcen | 30 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 22 | 48 | 26 | 49 |

Source: rsssf.com
Notes:

## InfoBox

Algerian Championnat National
| Season | 1973–74 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | JS Kawkabi |
| Relegated | JSM Tiaret
ASM Oran
WA Tlemcen |
| Matches played | 240 |
| Goals scored | 596 (2.48 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Omar Betrouni (17 goals) |
| Biggest home win | CR Belcourt 7 – 0 WA Tlemcen |
| 1972–73 1974–75 | |


title: Annabelle Cleeland

abstract: Annabelle Cleeland is an Australian politician who is the current member for the district of Euroa in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. She is a member of the Nationals and was elected in the 2022 state election, replacing retiring MLA Steph Ryan.

text:
# Annabelle Cleeland

**Annabelle Cleeland** is an Australian politician who is the current member for the district of Euroa in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. She is a member of the Nationals and was elected in the 2022 state election, replacing retiring MLA Steph Ryan.

## InfoBox

| Annabelle CleelandMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
for Euroa | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
26 November 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Steph Ryan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | National |
|  | |


title: Elena Shinohara

abstract: Elena Shinohara is a Japanese-born American rhythmic gymnast and social media personality. She was a member of the U.S. National Rhythmic Gymnastics Team.

text:
# Elena Shinohara

| Elena Shinohara | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Erena Shinohara
(2000-04-06) 6 April 2000
Saitama, Japan |
| Nationality | * Japanese * American |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2021–present |
| **Twitch information** | |
| Channel |  |
| Genre(s) | Flexibility, Gaming |
| Followers | 10.5 thousand |
|  | |
| **YouTube information** | |
| Channel |  |
| Genre | * Rhythmic Gymnastics |
| Subscribers | 1.24 million |
| Total views | 760 million |
| Creator Awards  100,000 subscribers 2021  1,000,000 subscribers 2023 | |
| ---  *Last updated:* 14 December 2023 | |
|  | |

**Elena Shinohara** (born April 6, 2000) is a Japanese-born American rhythmic gymnast and social media personality. She was a member of the U.S. National Rhythmic Gymnastics Team.

## Personal life

Elena Shinohara was born in Japan on April 6, 2000. She moved with her family to the United States when she was five months old. Her mother, Nancy Shinohara, is a former member of the Japanese national rhythmic gymnastics team, and she coaches Elena. She graduated from Collins Hill High School in 2018. She graduated from Georgia Tech, and she majored in biochemistry. She planned on becoming a dermatologist after her gymnastics career is over. Her father, Minoru Shinohara, runs the Human Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory at Georgia Tech. Elena resides in California as of 2023.

## Gymnastics career

Shinohara is the only elite-level rhythmic gymnast in the state of Georgia. She was named to the Junior U.S. National team in 2015.

Shinohara made her international debut at the 2018 Luxembourg Cup. She placed fourth in the ball, fifth in the ribbon, and seventh in the hoop. She also competed at the 2019 Irina Cup in Warsaw, Poland where she finished eighth in clubs. At the 2019 Amsterdam Masters, she won the silver medal in the all-around and the gold medal in the hoop.

At the 2019 National Championships, she finished tenth in the all-around, seventh in clubs and ribbon, and eighth in ball. She was then named to the Senior U.S. National team. She also won the 2019 Sportsperson of the Year Award, which was voted on by the top twelve rhythmic gymnasts at the competition. At the 2020 Rhythmic Challenge in Lake Placid, New York, she finished fifth in the all-around and won the bronze medal in clubs.

## Social media

Shinohara posts training and flexibility videos on TikTok. As of June 2021, she has 4.8 million followers on TikTok. In honor of Asian Pacific American Heritage Month in May 2021, TikTok named her an API TikTok Trailblazer.

## InfoBox

| Elena Shinohara | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Elena Shinohara |
| Country represented | United States |
| Born | (2000-04-06) April 6, 2000
Saitama, Japan |
| Hometown | Suwanee, Georgia, United States |
| Discipline | Rhythmic gymnastics |
| Level | Senior International Elite |
| Years on national team | 2019-present |
| Club | Rhythmic Brains |
| Head coach(es) | Nancy Shinohara |


title: Elena Shaddow

abstract: Elena Shaddow is an American singer and actress. She is originally from Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

text:
# Elena Shaddow

**Elena Shaddow** is an American singer and actress. She is originally from Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

## Biography

Shaddow attended New York University, graduating with a music degree.

She has performed on Broadway, Off-Broadway, regionally, in national tours, and in London.

Her Broadway credits include *Les Misérables*, *Sweet Smell of Success*, *Nine*, *Fiddler on the Roof*, *The Woman in White* and *The Visit*.

She has performed twice at the Tony Awards, on *The Today Show*, and on *The Rosie O'Donnell Show*. She can be heard on the recordings of *Illyria*, *Carols for a Cure*, the new Broadway cast recording of *Nine*, the original cast recording of *The Water Coolers*, and on the original cast recording of *Sweet Smell of Success*.

She has been nominated twice for a Helen Hayes Award for Best Actress, once for her work in *Senor Discretion Himself* at Arena Stage (2005) and once for the national tour of *The Light in the Piazza* (2007, Outstanding Lead Actress, Non-Resident Production).

She starred as Anne Dindon in the 2010 Tony-winning revival of *La Cage aux Folles* in 2010–2011. In August 2013, she was in the world premiere of Jason Robert Brown's new musical, *The Bridges of Madison County* at the Williamstown Theatre Festival, starring alongside Steven Pasquale.

### Tours

She toured as Clara Johnson in Adam Guettel's *The Light in the Piazza* in the 2006 US national tour before leaving in 2007 and being replaced by Katie Rose Clarke. She toured as Anna in the US tour of the Lincoln Center production of *The King and I* in 2018.

## Personal

Shaddow and Michael Harrington were married on October 24, 2004. The two met as students at New York University. Their child, a girl was born in 2008. They have a second child, a boy, born in 2011.

## Career

Broadway

Source: Playbill

National Tour London Off-Broadway Regional Readings/Workshops Concert University (NYU Steinhardt)


# 1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres

The men's 200 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August, and 1 September 1978.

The winning margin was 0.45 seconds. With the conclusion of the 2024 championships, this remains the greatest winning margin in the men's 200 metres at these championships, a feat which was equalled in 2012 by Churandy Martina of the Netherlands.

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 26 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.

## Results

### Heats

31 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 20.70 |  |
| 2 | Leszek Dunecki | Poland | 21.01 |  |
| 3 | Dragan Zarić | Yugoslavia | 21.13 |  |
| 4 | David Jenkins | Great Britain | 21.16 |  |
| 5 | Roland Bombardella | Luxembourg | 21.17 |  |
| 6 | Lambert Micha | Belgium | 21.36 |  |
|  | | | Wind: +0.5 m/s | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Aleksandr Aksinin | Soviet Union | 20.97 |  |
| 2 | Joseph Arame | France | 21.32 |  |
| 3 | Antti Rajamäki | Finland | 21.34 |  |
| 4 | Klaus Thiele | East Germany | 21.36 |  |
| 5 | Luděk Bohman | Czechoslovakia | 21.39 |  |
| 6 | Mike Bayle | Luxembourg | 21.48 |  |
| 7 | Vilmundur Vilhjálmsson | Iceland | 21.80 |  |
|  | | | Wind: -1.5 m/s | |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pascal Barré | France | 20.78 |  |
| 2 | Vladimir Ignatenko | Soviet Union | 20.98 |  |
| 3 | Luis Sarría | Spain | 21.18 |  |
| 4 | Martin Pelach | Czechoslovakia | 21.48 |  |
| 5 | Pavel Pavlov | Bulgaria | 21.50 |  |
|  | Renno Roelandt | Belgium | DNF |  |
|  | | | Wind: -0.2 m/s | |

#### Heat 4

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Zenon Licznerski | Poland | 20.82 |  |
| 2 | Vladimir Ivanov | Bulgaria | 20.96 |  |
| 3 | Olaf Prenzler | East Germany | 20.97 |  |
| 4 | Peter Muster | Switzerland | 21.04 |  |
| 5 | Trevor Hoyte | Great Britain | 21.24 |  |
| 6 | Patrick Barré | France | 21.27 |  |
| 7 | Marián Králik | Czechoslovakia | 21.47 |  |
|  | | | Wind: +0.2 m/s | |

### Semi-finals

31 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 20.40 |  |
| 2 | Peter Muster | Switzerland | 20.63 |  |
| 3 | Leszek Dunecki | Poland | 20.64 |  |
| 4 | Olaf Prenzler | East Germany | 20.69 |  |
| 5 | Vladimir Ignatenko | Soviet Union | 20.74 |  |
| 6 | Joseph Arame | France | 21.08 |  |
| 7 | Antti Rajamäki | Finland | 21.19 |  |
| 8 | Martin Pelach | Czechoslovakia | 21.59 |  |
|  | | | Wind: -0.2 m/s | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pascal Barré | France | 20.96 |  |
| 2 | Vladimir Ivanov | Bulgaria | 20.96 |  |
| 3 | Aleksandr Aksinin | Soviet Union | 21.08 |  |
| 4 | Zenon Licznerski | Poland | 21.10 |  |
| 5 | Luis Sarría | Spain | 21.24 |  |
| 6 | Dragan Zarić | Yugoslavia | 21.28 |  |
| 7 | David Jenkins | Great Britain | 21.59 |  |
|  | Klaus Thiele | East Germany | DNF |  |
|  | | | Wind: 0.0 m/s | |

### Final

1 September

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Pietro Mennea | Italy | 20.16 | CR |
|  | Olaf Prenzler | East Germany | 20.61 |  |
|  | Peter Muster | Switzerland | 20.64 |  |
| 4 | Leszek Dunecki | Poland | 20.68 |  |
| 5 | Pascal Barré | France | 20.70 |  |
| 6 | Zenon Licznerski | Poland | 20.74 |  |
| 7 | Aleksandr Aksinin | Soviet Union | 20.87 |  |
| 8 | Vladimir Ivanov | Bulgaria | 20.92 |  |
|  | | | Wind: -0.2 m/s | |

## InfoBox

| Men's 200 metres <br>at the 1978 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Stadion Evžena Rošického |
| Location | Prague |
| Dates | * 31 August (heats & semi-finals) * 1 September (final) |
| Competitors | 26 from 15 nations |
| Winning time | 20.16 |
| Medalists | |
| Italy  Switzerland  East Germany | |
|


abstract: The men's 400 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29, 30, and 31 August 1978.

text:
# 1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles

The **men's 400 metres hurdles** at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29, 30, and 31 August 1978.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Harald Schmid
*West Germany* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Dmitriy Stukalov
*Soviet Union* |
| **Bronze** | Vasiliy Arkhipenko
*Soviet Union* |

## Results

### Final

31 August

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Harald Schmid | West Germany | 48.51 | **CR** |
|  | Dmitriy Stukalov | Soviet Union | 49.72 |  |
|  | Vasiliy Arkhipenko | Soviet Union | 49.77 |  |
| 4 | Franz Meier | Switzerland | 49.84 |  |
| 5 | Harry Schulting | Netherlands | 50.07 |  |
| 6 | Jean-Claude Nallet | France | 50.10 |  |
| 7 | José Alonso | Spain | 50.19 |  |
| 8 | Horia Toboc | Romania | 50.46 |  |

### Semi-finals

30 August

#### Semi-final 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Harald Schmid | West Germany | 50.07 | **Q** |
| 2 | José Alonso | Spain | 50.32 | **Q** |
| 3 | Horia Toboc | Romania | 50.42 | **Q** |
| 4 | Dmitriy Stukalov | Soviet Union | 50.51 | **Q** |
| 5 | Stavros Tziortzis | Greece | 50.83 |  |
| 6 | Peter Haas | Switzerland | 51.29 |  |
| 7 | Axel Salander | West Germany | 51.63 |  |
| 8 | Yanko Bratanov | Bulgaria | 52.39 |  |

#### Semi-final 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vasiliy Arkhipenko | Soviet Union | 49.92 | **Q** |
| 2 | Jean-Claude Nallet | France | 49.98 | **Q** |
| 3 | Franz Meier | Switzerland | 50.12 | **Q** |
| 4 | Harry Schulting | Netherlands | 50.22 | **Q** |
| 5 | Georgios Parris | Greece | 50.66 |  |
| 6 | Rok Kopitar | Yugoslavia | 50.98 |  |
| 7 | Lars-Åke Welander | Sweden | 50.99 |  |
| 8 | Thomas Löwe | West Germany | 51.96 |  |

### Heats

29 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Dmitriy Stukalov | Soviet Union | 50.35 | **Q** |
| 2 | Harry Schulting | Netherlands | 50.39 | **Q** |
| 3 | Peter Haas | Switzerland | 50.45 | **Q** |
| 4 | José Carvalho | Portugal | 51.02 |  |
| 5 | Christer Gullstrand | Sweden | 51.03 |  |
| 6 | Gary Oakes | Great Britain | 52.08 |  |
| 7 | Felix Rummele | Austria | 52.13 |  |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Thomas Löwe | West Germany | 50.34 | **Q** |
| 2 | Yanko Bratanov | Bulgaria | 50.45 | **Q** |
| 3 | Horia Toboc | Romania | 50.75 | **Q** |
| 4 | Oleg Bulatkin | Soviet Union | 50.90 |  |
| 5 | Claude Anicet | France | 51.68 |  |
| 6 | Miroslav Kodejš | Czechoslovakia | 51.98 |  |
| 7 | Bill Hartley | Great Britain | 52.15 |  |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Harald Schmid | West Germany | 49.78 | **Q** |
| 2 | Rok Kopitar | Yugoslavia | 50.43 | **Q** |
| 3 | Georgios Parris | Greece | 50.45 | **Q** |
| 4 | Jean-Claude Nallet | France | 50.49 | **q** |
| 5 | Alan Pascoe | Great Britain | 50.95 |  |
| 6 | Ladislav Kárský | Czechoslovakia | 51.38 |  |
| 7 | Lars Nilsen | Denmark | 51.48 |  |

#### Heat 4

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vasiliy Arkhipenko | Soviet Union | 50.15 | **Q** |
| 2 | José Alonso | Spain | 50.27 | **Q** |
| 3 | Stavros Tziortzis | Greece | 50.49 | **Q** |
| 4 | Axel Salander | West Germany | 50.55 | **q** |
| 5 | Franz Meier | Switzerland | 50.66 | **q** |
| 6 | Lars-Åke Welander | Sweden | 50.72 | **q** |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 27 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Men's 400 metres hurdles
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |


title: Anthidium penai

abstract: Anthidium penai is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.

text:
# Anthidium penai

***Anthidium penai*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Anthidium penai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Anthidium* |
| Species: | ***A. penai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anthidium penai***<br>Moure, 1957 | |
|


title: Anthidium psoraleae

abstract: Anthidium psoraleae is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.

text:
# Anthidium psoraleae

***Anthidium psoraleae*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter, carder, or mason bees.

## Distribution

North America

## InfoBox

| *Anthidium psoraleae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Anthidium* |
| Species: | ***A. psoraleae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anthidium psoraleae***<br>Robertson, 1902 | |
|


title: 1975–76 Minnesota North Stars season

abstract: The 1975–76 Minnesota North Stars season was the North Stars' ninth season. Coached by Ted Harris, the team compiled a record of 20–53–7 for 47 points, to finish the regular season 4th in the Smythe Division and failed to qualify for the playoffs.

text:
# 1975–76 Minnesota North Stars season

The **1975–76 Minnesota North Stars season** was the North Stars' ninth season.

Coached by Ted Harris, the team compiled a record of 20–53–7 for 47 points, to finish the regular season 4th in the Smythe Division and failed to qualify for the playoffs.

## Offseason

## Regular season

### Final standings

Smythe Division
|  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Chicago Black Hawks** | 80 | 32 | 30 | 18 | 254 | 261 | 82 |
| **Vancouver Canucks** | 80 | 33 | 32 | 15 | 271 | 272 | 81 |
| **St. Louis Blues** | 80 | 29 | 37 | 14 | 249 | 290 | 72 |
| Minnesota North Stars | 80 | 20 | 53 | 7 | 195 | 303 | 47 |
| Kansas City Scouts | 80 | 12 | 56 | 12 | 190 | 351 | 36 |

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.

### Record vs. opponents

| Smythe Division record vs. opponents |
| --- |
|  |

## Schedule and results

| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | L | October 8, 1975 | 2–3 | Vancouver Canucks (1975–76) | 0–1–0 |
| 2 | L | October 11, 1975 | 5–9 | Philadelphia Flyers (1975–76) | 0–2–0 |
| 3 | W | October 15, 1975 | 4–1 | California Golden Seals (1975–76) | 1–2–0 |
| 4 | L | October 18, 1975 | 1–3 | Chicago Black Hawks (1975–76) | 1–3–0 |
| 5 | L | October 19, 1975 | 2–3 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1975–76) | 1–4–0 |
| 6 | L | October 22, 1975 | 2–4 | @ California Golden Seals (1975–76) | 1–5–0 |
| 7 | L | October 24, 1975 | 2–4 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1975–76) | 1–6–0 |
| 8 | L | October 26, 1975 | 2–4 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1975–76) | 1–7–0 |
| 9 | W | October 29, 1975 | 2–0 | Kansas City Scouts (1975–76) | 2–7–0 |
| 10 | W | November 1, 1975 | 7–3 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1975–76) | 3–7–0 |
| 11 | L | November 5, 1975 | 1–4 | St. Louis Blues (1975–76) | 3–8–0 |
| 12 | L | November 7, 1975 | 2–3 | @ Atlanta Flames (1975–76) | 3–9–0 |
| 13 | L | November 9, 1975 | 0–3 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1975–76) | 3–10–0 |
| 14 | L | November 11, 1975 | 0–6 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1975–76) | 3–11–0 |
| 15 | L | November 13, 1975 | 0–6 | @ Boston Bruins (1975–76) | 3–12–0 |
| 16 | L | November 15, 1975 | 2–5 | New York Rangers (1975–76) | 3–13–0 |
| 17 | W | November 18, 1975 | 5–1 | @ St. Louis Blues (1975–76) | 4–13–0 |
| 18 | L | November 19, 1975 | 0–6 | Montreal Canadiens (1975–76) | 4–14–0 |
| 19 | L | November 22, 1975 | 3–6 | Atlanta Flames (1975–76) | 4–15–0 |
| 20 | L | November 26, 1975 | 1–9 | New York Islanders (1975–76) | 4–16–0 |
| 21 | W | November 29, 1975 | 5–3 | Washington Capitals (1975–76) | 5–16–0 |
| 22 | W | December 3, 1975 | 3–1 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1975–76) | 6–16–0 |
| 23 | W | December 6, 1975 | 4–0 | Kansas City Scouts (1975–76) | 7–16–0 |
| 24 | L | December 7, 1975 | 1–6 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1975–76) | 7–17–0 |
| 25 | L | December 9, 1975 | 0–6 | @ New York Islanders (1975–76) | 7–18–0 |
| 26 | W | December 11, 1975 | 5–3 | @ Kansas City Scouts (1975–76) | 8–18–0 |
| 27 | W | December 13, 1975 | 2–1 | Chicago Black Hawks (1975–76) | 9–18–0 |
| 28 | T | December 14, 1975 | 4–4 | @ Washington Capitals (1975–76) | 9–18–1 |
| 29 | W | December 17, 1975 | 3–2 | Atlanta Flames (1975–76) | 10–18–1 |
| 30 | L | December 18, 1975 | 2–5 | @ Buffalo Sabres (1975–76) | 10–19–1 |
| 31 | W | December 20, 1975 | 5–3 | Detroit Red Wings (1975–76) | 11–19–1 |
| 32 | L | December 21, 1975 | 0–2 | @ New York Rangers (1975–76) | 11–20–1 |
| 33 | T | December 26, 1975 | 1–1 | @ Washington Capitals (1975–76) | 11–20–2 |
| 34 | L | December 27, 1975 | 1–2 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1975–76) | 11–21–2 |
| 35 | W | December 29, 1975 | 2–1 | Los Angeles Kings (1975–76) | 12–21–2 |
| 36 | L | December 31, 1975 | 1–6 | Boston Bruins (1975–76) | 12–22–2 |
| 37 | L | January 3, 1976 | 2–3 | @ St. Louis Blues (1975–76) | 12–23–2 |
| 38 | L | January 7, 1976 | 1–2 | Montreal Canadiens (1975–76) | 12–24–2 |
| 39 | L | January 8, 1976 | 0–5 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1975–76) | 12–25–2 |
| 40 | W | January 10, 1976 | 2–0 | St. Louis Blues (1975–76) | 13–25–2 |
| 41 | L | January 14, 1976 | 5–6 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1975–76) | 13–26–2 |
| 42 | W | January 17, 1976 | 7–3 | Washington Capitals (1975–76) | 14–26–2 |
| 43 | L | January 18, 1976 | 1–4 | @ Buffalo Sabres (1975–76) | 14–27–2 |
| 44 | W | January 21, 1976 | 5–1 | Vancouver Canucks (1975–76) | 15–27–2 |
| 45 | L | January 23, 1976 | 3–8 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1975–76) | 15–28–2 |
| 46 | T | January 25, 1976 | 1–1 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1975–76) | 15–28–3 |
| 47 | L | January 27, 1976 | 3–4 | @ New York Islanders (1975–76) | 15–29–3 |
| 48 | W | January 28, 1976 | 9–3 | Kansas City Scouts (1975–76) | 16–29–3 |
| 49 | T | January 31, 1976 | 3–3 | Philadelphia Flyers (1975–76) | 16–29–4 |
| 50 | L | February 1, 1976 | 2–3 | @ New York Rangers (1975–76) | 16–30–4 |
| 51 | L | February 4, 1976 | 0–5 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1975–76) | 16–31–4 |
| 52 | L | February 7, 1976 | 3–4 | Buffalo Sabres (1975–76) | 16–32–4 |
| 53 | L | February 8, 1976 | 1–4 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1975–76) | 16–33–4 |
| 54 | L | February 11, 1976 | 2–5 | Boston Bruins (1975–76) | 16–34–4 |
| 55 | L | February 14, 1976 | 2–3 | Detroit Red Wings (1975–76) | 16–35–4 |
| 56 | L | February 15, 1976 | 3–7 | California Golden Seals (1975–76) | 16–36–4 |
| 57 | L | February 17, 1976 | 1–2 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1975–76) | 16–37–4 |
| 58 | L | February 18, 1976 | 3–6 | @ California Golden Seals (1975–76) | 16–38–4 |
| 59 | L | February 20, 1976 | 0–7 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1975–76) | 16–39–4 |
| 60 | W | February 22, 1976 | 6–3 | @ Kansas City Scouts (1975–76) | 17–39–4 |
| 61 | L | February 24, 1976 | 2–7 | New York Islanders (1975–76) | 17–40–4 |
| 62 | L | February 26, 1976 | 2–3 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1975–76) | 17–41–4 |
| 63 | W | February 28, 1976 | 5–3 | New York Rangers (1975–76) | 18–41–4 |
| 64 | L | March 1, 1976 | 2–4 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1975–76) | 18–42–4 |
| 65 | L | March 2, 1976 | 2–6 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1975–76) | 18–43–4 |
| 66 | L | March 6, 1976 | 0–5 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1975–76) | 18–44–4 |
| 67 | L | March 7, 1976 | 3–4 | Vancouver Canucks (1975–76) | 18–45–4 |
| 68 | L | March 10, 1976 | 1–4 | Atlanta Flames (1975–76) | 18–46–4 |
| 69 | L | March 13, 1976 | 1–4 | Chicago Black Hawks (1975–76) | 18–47–4 |
| 70 | L | March 14, 1976 | 2–8 | Buffalo Sabres (1975–76) | 18–48–4 |
| 71 | W | March 16, 1976 | 3–1 | @ New York Islanders (1975–76) | 19–48–4 |
| 72 | L | March 17, 1976 | 1–3 | @ New York Rangers (1975–76) | 19–49–4 |
| 73 | T | March 21, 1976 | 4–4 | Los Angeles Kings (1975–76) | 19–49–5 |
| 74 | T | March 23, 1976 | 3–3 | Philadelphia Flyers (1975–76) | 19–49–6 |
| 75 | W | March 24, 1976 | 4–1 | @ Kansas City Scouts (1975–76) | 20–49–6 |
| 76 | L | March 27, 1976 | 3–6 | @ St. Louis Blues (1975–76) | 20–50–6 |
| 77 | L | March 28, 1976 | 3–5 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1975–76) | 20–51–6 |
| 78 | L | March 30, 1976 | 3–5 | St. Louis Blues (1975–76) | 20–52–6 |
| 79 | L | April 2, 1976 | 2–4 | @ Atlanta Flames (1975–76) | 20–53–6 |
| 80 | T | April 4, 1976 | 2–2 | @ Boston Bruins (1975–76) | 20–53–7 |

## Playoffs

## Player statistics

## Awards and records

## Transactions

## Draft picks

Minnesota's draft picks at the 1975 NHL Amateur Draft held in Montreal.

| Round | # | Player | Nationality | College/Junior/Club team (League) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 | Bryan Maxwell | Canada | Medicine Hat Tigers (WCHL) |
| 3 | 40 | Paul Harrison | Canada | Oshawa Generals (OMJHL) |
| 3 | 41 | Alex Pirus | Canada | University of Notre Dame (WCHA) |
| 4 | 58 | Steve Jensen | United States | Michigan Tech University (WCHA) |
| 5 | 76 | Dave Norris | Canada | Hamilton Fincups (OMJHL) |
| 6 | 94 | Greg Clause | Canada | Hamilton Fincups (OMJHL) |
| 7 | 112 | Francois Robert | Canada | Sherbrooke Castors (QMJHL) |
| 8 | 130 | Dean Magee | Canada | Colorado College (WCHA) |
| 9 | 147 | Terry Angel | Canada | Oshawa Generals (OMJHL) |
| 10 | 163 | Michel Blais | Canada | Kingston Canadians (OMJHL) |
| 11 | 177 | Earl Sargent | United States | Fargo Sugar Kings (MWJHL) |
| 12 | 190 | Gilles Cloutier | Canada | Shawinigan Dynamos (QMJHL) |

## Farm teams

## InfoBox

| 1975–76 Minnesota North Stars | |
| --- | --- |
| Division | 4th Smythe |
| Conference | Campbell |
| 1975–76 record | 20–53–7 |
| Goals for | 195 |
| Goals against | 303 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Jack Gordon |
| Coach | Ted Harris |
| Captain | Bill Goldsworthy |
| Alternate captains | None |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Bill Goldsworthy (24) |
| Assists | Dennis Hextall (35) |
| Points | Tim Young (51) |
| Penalty minutes | Dennis O'Brien (187) |
| Wins | Cesare Maniago (13) |
| Goals against average | Cesare Maniago (3.35) |
|


title: Elijah M. Brown

abstract: Elijah M. Brown is an American scholar, minister, human rights activist, and executive officer. He is the current General Secretary of the Baptist World Alliance (BWA), assuming office on January 1, 2018.

text:
# Elijah M. Brown

**Elijah M. Brown** is an American scholar, minister, human rights activist, and executive officer. He is the current General Secretary of the Baptist World Alliance (BWA), assuming office on January 1, 2018.

## Early life and education

Brown, born in Texas, United States, earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor with a double major in religion and history. He later completed his Ph.D. in divinity with a focus on World Christianity at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

## Ministry and career

Brown began his involvement with the Baptist World Alliance in 2005. Before assuming the role of General Secretary, he served the global Baptist family in various capacities, including Regional Secretary for North America and General Secretary for the North American Baptist Fellowship.

Brown specializes in human rights and religious liberty. He previously served as Executive Vice President of 21Wilberforce and as an associate professor of religion at East Texas Baptist University.

He was the keynote speaker at Howard Payne University’s 16th annual Currie-Strickland Distinguished Lectures in Christian Ethics in January 2024 and commencement speaker at Union University in December 2023.

## Accolades

In 2007, Brown was named one of 35 global emerging leaders by the Baptist World Alliance and in 2019, Brown was presented with the Campbellsville University Leadership Award by Campbellsville University in Kentucky.

## InfoBox

| Elijah M. Brown | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Edinburgh (Ph.D.) |
| Occupations | * Church minister * human rights activist * executive officer * professor |
| Organization | Baptist World Alliance |
| Spouse | Amy Brown |
| Children | 3 |


title: 1647 Menelaus

abstract: 1647 Menelaus is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 42 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 23 June 1957 by American astronomer Seth Nicholson at the Palomar Observatory in California, and later named after the Spartan King Menelaus from Greek mythology. The dark asteroid has a rotation period of 17.7 hours. It is the principal body of the proposed Menelaus cluster, which encompasses several, mostly tentative Jovian asteroid families.

text:
# 1647 Menelaus

**1647 Menelaus** /mɛnəˈləs/ is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 42 kilometers (26 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 23 June 1957 by American astronomer Seth Nicholson at the Palomar Observatory in California, and later named after the Spartan King Menelaus from Greek mythology. The dark asteroid has a rotation period of 17.7 hours. It is the principal body of the proposed Menelaus cluster, which encompasses several, mostly tentative Jovian asteroid families.

## Orbit and classification

*Menelaus* is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60 ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). Since the discovery of the first Jupiter trojan, 588 Achilles, by astronomer Max Wolf in 1906, more than 7000 Jovian asteroids have already been discovered.

It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.1–5.3 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,347 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 6 with respect to the ecliptic. *Menelaus* was first imaged at Palomar in November 1951. This precovery extends the body's observation arc by more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.

### Menelaus cluster

In 1993, Andrea Milani suggested that *Menelaus* might be the parent body of an asteroid family based on a modified HCM-analysis. The finding was also mentioned by David Jewitt in 2004, who noted that the Menelaus family is the largest proposed dynamical family to exist among the Jupiter trojans, despite having only 8 members.

In 2008, Fernando Roig and Ricardo Gil-Hutton described this particular aggregation of Jupiter trojans as the "Menelaus clan", which, similar to the Flora family in the inner asteroid belt, is composed of several families (or subfamilies). In this publication, the Menelaus clan encompasses a dozen clusters, if the separation criteria used in the HCM analysis are sufficiently relaxed. The principal bodies of these proposed family-like clusters include: 1647 Menelaus, 3548 Eurybates, 1749 Telamon, 12973 Melanthios, 13062 Podarkes, 5436 Eumelos, 2148 Epeios, 4007 Euryalos, 4138 Kalchas, 3063 Makhaon and others.

With the exception of the Eurybates family, which was studied in more detail by Jakub Rozehnal and Miroslav Brož in 2011 *(also see 3548 Eurybates § Eurybates family)*, all other proposed families with their principal bodies in the Menelaus clan, including *Menelaus* itself, are tentative and not listed neither on the Asteroids—Dynamic Site (Milani and Knežević), nor included in the robust HCM-analysis by Nesvorný *(also see Asteroid family § All families)*. Instead, these bodies are considered non-family asteroids of the Jovian background population.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Greek mythological figure, Menelaus, husband of Helen of Troy, brother of Agamemnon, and king and leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the Trojan War. The discoverer followed the convention to name bodies located in the camp to the east of Jupiter after famous Greek heroes.

The *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* also mentions that the lunar crater *Menelaus* was named after the Greek hero. However, based on the official International Astronomical Union–WGPSN nomenclature, it is named after Greek geometer and astronomer Menelaus of Alexandria (70–140). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in June 1960 (M.P.C. 2019).

## Physical characteristics

*Menelaus* is an assumed C-type, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-type asteroids. It has a V–I color index of 0.866.

### Rotation period

The Palomar Transient Factory in California obtained a rotational lightcurve of *Menelaus* from photometric observation in the R-band in October 2010. It gave a rotation period of 17.7390 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude in the R-band (U=2). In February 2014, a refined period of 17.74±0.01 hours with an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude was determined by American astronomer Robert D. Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (U=3-).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Menelaus* measures 42.72 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.056. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 44.22 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.5.

100+ largest Jupiter trojans

| Largest Jupiter Trojans by survey(A)
(mean-diameter in kilometers; YoD: Year of Discovery) | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Designation |  | WISE | IRAS | Akari | Ln | RP | V–I | YoD | Ref |
| 624 Hektor | 7.2 | *225* | *233* | 230.99 | L4 | 6.92 | 0.930 | 1907 | list |
| 617 Patroclus | 8.19 | 140.362 | 140.92 | 140.85 | L5 | 102.80 | 0.830 | 1906 | list |
| 911 Agamemnon | 7.89 | 131.038 | 166.66 | 185.30 | L4 | 6.59 | 0.980 | 1919 | list |
| 588 Achilles | 8.67 | 130.099 | 135.47 | 133.22 | L4 | 7.31 | 0.940 | 1906 | list |
| 3451 Mentor | 8.4 | 126.288 | *116.30* | 117.91 | L5 | 7.70 | 0.770 | 1984 | list |
| 3317 Paris | 8.3 | 118.790 | 116.26 | 120.45 | L5 | 7.09 | 0.950 | 1984 | list |
| 1867 Deiphobus | 8.3 | 118.220 | 122.67 | 131.31 | L5 | 58.66 | 0.930 | 1971 | list |
| 1172 Äneas | 8.33 | 118.020 | 142.82 | 148.66 | L5 | 8.71 | 0.950 | 1930 | list |
| 1437 Diomedes | 8.3 | 117.786 | 164.31 | 172.60 | L4 | 24.49 | 0.810 | 1937 | list |
| 1143 Odysseus | 7.93 | 114.624 | 125.64 | 130.81 | L4 | 10.11 | 0.860 | 1930 | list |
| 2241 Alcathous | 8.64 | 113.682 | 114.63 | 118.87 | L5 | 7.69 | 0.940 | 1979 | list |
| 659 Nestor | 8.99 | 112.320 | 108.87 | 107.06 | L4 | 15.98 | 0.790 | 1908 | list |
| 3793 Leonteus | 8.7 | 112.046 | 86.26 | 87.58 | L4 | 5.62 | 0.780 | 1985 | list |
| 3063 Makhaon | 8.4 | 111.655 | 116.14 | 114.34 | L4 | 8.64 | 0.830 | 1983 | list |
| 1583 Antilochus | 8.6 | 108.842 | 101.62 | 111.69 | L4 | 31.54 | 0.950 | 1950 | list |
| 884 Priamus | 8.81 | 101.093 | *96.29* | 119.99 | L5 | 6.86 | 0.900 | 1917 | list |
| 1208 Troilus | 8.99 | 100.477 | 103.34 | 111.36 | L5 | 56.17 | 0.740 | 1931 | list |
| 1173 Anchises | 8.89 | 99.549 | 126.27 | 120.49 | L5 | 11.60 | 0.780 | 1930 | list |
| 2207 Antenor | 8.89 | 97.658 | 85.11 | 91.32 | L5 | 7.97 | 0.950 | 1977 | list |
| 2363 Cebriones | 9.11 | 95.976 | 81.84 | 84.61 | L5 | 20.05 | 0.910 | 1977 | list |
| 4063 Euforbo | 8.7 | 95.619 | 102.46 | 106.38 | L4 | 8.85 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 2357 Phereclos | 8.94 | 94.625 | 94.90 | 98.45 | L5 | 14.39 | 0.960 | 1981 | list |
| 4709 Ennomos | 8.5 | 91.433 | 80.85 | 80.03 | L5 | 12.28 | 0.690 | 1988 | list |
| 2797 Teucer | 8.7 | 89.430 | 111.14 | 113.99 | L4 | 10.15 | 0.920 | 1981 | list |
| 2920 Automedon | 8.8 | 88.574 | 111.01 | 113.11 | L4 | 10.21 | 0.950 | 1981 | list |
| 15436 Dexius | 9.1 | 87.646 | 85.71 | 78.63 | L4 | 8.97 | 0.870 | 1998 | list |
| 3596 Meriones | 9.2 | 87.380 | *75.09* | 73.28 | L4 | 12.96 | 0.830 | 1985 | list |
| 2893 Peiroos | 9.23 | 86.884 | 87.46 | 86.76 | L5 | 8.96 | 0.950 | 1975 | list |
| 4086 Podalirius | 9.1 | 85.495 | 86.89 | 85.98 | L4 | 10.43 | 0.870 | 1985 | list |
| 4060 Deipylos | 9.3 | 84.043 | 79.21 | 86.79 | L4 | 9.30 | 0.760 | 1987 | list |
| 1404 Ajax | 9.3 | 83.990 | 81.69 | 96.34 | L4 | 29.38 | 0.960 | 1936 | list |
| 4348 Poulydamas | 9.5 | 82.032 | *70.08* | 87.51 | L5 | 9.91 | 0.840 | 1988 | list |
| 5144 Achates | 9.0 | 80.958 | 91.91 | 89.85 | L5 | 5.96 | 0.920 | 1991 | list |
| 4833 Meges | 8.9 | 80.165 | 87.33 | 89.39 | L4 | 14.25 | 0.940 | 1989 | list |
| 2223 Sarpedon | 9.41 | 77.480 | 94.63 | 108.21 | L5 | 22.74 | 0.880 | 1977 | list |
| 4489 Dracius | 9.0 | 76.595 | 92.93 | 95.02 | L4 | 12.58 | 0.950 | 1988 | list |
| 2260 Neoptolemus | 9.31 | 76.435 | 71.65 | 81.28 | L4 | 8.18 | 0.950 | 1975 | list |
| 5254 Ulysses | 9.2 | 76.147 | 78.34 | 80.00 | L4 | 28.72 | 0.970 | 1986 | list |
| 3708 Socus | 9.3 | 75.661 | 79.59 | 76.75 | L5 | 6.55 | 0.980 | 1974 | list |
| 2674 Pandarus | 9.1 | 74.267 | 98.10 | 101.72 | L5 | 8.48 | 1.000 | 1982 | list |
| 3564 Talthybius | 9.4 | 73.730 | 68.92 | 74.11 | L4 | 40.59 | 0.900 | 1985 | list |
| 4834 Thoas | 9.1 | 72.331 | 86.82 | 96.21 | L4 | 18.19 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 7641 Cteatus | 9.4 | 71.839 | 68.97 | 75.28 | L4 | 27.77 | 0.980 | 1986 | list |
| 3540 Protesilaos | 9.3 | 70.225 | *76.84* | 87.66 | L4 | 8.95 | 0.940 | 1973 | list |
| 11395 Iphinous | 9.8 | 68.977 | 64.71 | 67.78 | L4 | 17.38 |  | 1998 | list |
| 4035 Thestor | 9.6 | 68.733 | *68.23* | 66.99 | L4 | 13.47 | 0.970 | 1986 | list |
| 5264 Telephus | 9.4 | 68.472 | 73.26 | 81.38 | L4 | 9.53 | 0.970 | 1991 | list |
| 1868 Thersites | 9.5 | 68.163 | *70.08* | 78.89 | L4 | 10.48 | 0.960 | 1960 | list |
| 9799 Thronium | 9.6 | 68.033 | 64.87 | 72.42 | L4 | 21.52 | 0.910 | 1996 | list |
| 4068 Menestheus | 9.5 | 67.625 | 62.37 | 68.46 | L4 | 14.40 | 0.950 | 1973 | list |
| 23135 Pheidas | 9.9 | 66.230 | *58.29* | 68.50 | L4 | 8.69 | 0.860 | 2000 | list |
| 2456 Palamedes | 9.3 | 65.916 | 91.66 | 99.60 | L4 | 7.24 | 0.920 | 1966 | list |
| 3709 Polypoites | 9.1 | 65.297 | 99.09 | 85.23 | L4 | 10.04 | 1.000 | 1985 | list |
| 1749 Telamon | 9.5 | 64.898 | 81.06 | 69.14 | L4 | 16.98 | 0.970 | 1949 | list |
| 3548 Eurybates | 9.6 | 63.885 | 72.14 | 68.40 | L4 | 8.71 | 0.730 | 1973 | list |
| 4543 Phoinix | 9.7 | 63.836 | 62.79 | 69.54 | L4 | 38.87 | 1.200 | 1989 | list |
| 12444 Prothoon | 9.8 | 63.835 | 64.31 | 62.41 | L5 | 15.82 |  | 1996 | list |
| 4836 Medon | 9.5 | 63.277 | 67.73 | 78.70 | L4 | 9.82 | 0.920 | 1989 | list |
| 16070 Charops | 9.7 | 63.191 | 64.13 | 68.98 | L5 | 20.24 | 0.960 | 1999 | list |
| 15440 Eioneus | 9.6 | 62.519 | 66.48 | 71.88 | L4 | 21.43 | 0.970 | 1998 | list |
| 4715 Medesicaste | 9.7 | 62.097 | *63.91* | 65.93 | L5 | 8.81 | 0.850 | 1989 | list |
| 34746 Thoon | 9.8 | 61.684 | *60.51* | 63.63 | L5 | 19.63 | 0.950 | 2001 | list |
| 38050 Bias | 9.8 | 61.603 | *61.04* | 50.44 | L4 | 18.85 | 0.990 | 1998 | list |
| 5130 Ilioneus | 9.7 | 60.711 | 59.40 | 52.49 | L5 | 14.77 | 0.960 | 1989 | list |
| 5027 Androgeos | 9.6 | 59.786 | 57.86 | n.a. | L4 | 11.38 | 0.910 | 1988 | list |
| 6090 Aulis | 9.4 | 59.568 | 74.53 | 81.92 | L4 | 18.48 | 0.980 | 1989 | list |
| 5648 Axius | 9.7 | 59.295 | *63.91* | n.a. | L5 | 37.56 | 0.900 | 1990 | list |
| 7119 Hiera | 9.7 | 59.150 | 76.40 | 77.29 | L4 | 400 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 4805 Asteropaios | 10.0 | 57.647 | *53.16* | 43.44 | L5 | 12.37 |  | 1990 | list |
| 16974 Iphthime | 9.8 | 57.341 | 55.43 | 57.15 | L4 | 78.9 | 0.960 | 1998 | list |
| 4867 Polites | 9.8 | 57.251 | *58.29* | 64.29 | L5 | 11.24 | 1.010 | 1989 | list |
| 2895 Memnon | 10.0 | 56.706 | *55.67* | n.a. | L5 | 7.50 | 0.710 | 1981 | list |
| 4708 Polydoros | 9.9 | 54.964 | *55.67* | n.a. | L5 | 7.52 | 0.960 | 1988 | list |
| (21601) 1998 XO89 | 10.0 | 54.909 | *55.67* | 56.08 | L4 | 12.65 | 0.970 | 1998 | list |
| 12929 Periboea | 9.9 | 54.077 | *61.04* | 55.34 | L5 | 9.27 | 0.880 | 1999 | list |
| 17492 Hippasos | 10.0 | 53.975 | *55.67* | n.a. | L5 | 17.75 |  | 1991 | list |
| 5652 Amphimachus | 10.1 | 53.921 | *53.16* | 52.48 | L4 | 8.37 | 1.050 | 1992 | list |
| 2759 Idomeneus | 9.9 | 53.676 | 61.01 | 52.55 | L4 | 32.38 | 0.910 | 1980 | list |
| 5258 Rhoeo | 10.2 | 53.275 | *50.77* | n.a. | L4 | 19.85 | 1.010 | 1989 | list |
| *(12126) 1999 RM11* | 10.1 | 53.202 | *n.a.* | n.a. | L5 | n.a. | ? | 1999 | list |
| (15502) 1999 NV27 | 10.0 | 53.100 | *55.67* | 50.86 | L5 | 15.13 | 0.875 | 1999 | list |
| 4754 Panthoos | 10.0 | 53.025 | 53.15 | 56.96 | L5 | 27.68 |  | 1977 | list |
| 4832 Palinurus | 10.0 | 52.058 | *53.16* | n.a. | L5 | 5.32 | 1.000 | 1988 | list |
| 5126 Achaemenides | 10.5 | 51.922 | *44.22* | 48.57 | L4 | 53.02 |  | 1989 | list |
| 3240 Laocoon | 10.2 | 51.695 | *50.77* | n.a. | L5 | 11.31 | 0.880 | 1978 | list |
| 4902 Thessandrus | 9.8 | 51.263 | *61.04* | 71.79 | L4 | 738 | 0.960 | 1989 | list |
| 11552 Boucolion | 10.1 | 51.136 | *53.16* | 53.91 | L5 | 32.44 |  | 1993 | list |
| (20729) 1999 XS143 | 10.4 | 50.961 | *46.30* | n.a. | L4 | 5.72 | 1.000 | 1999 | list |
| 6545 Leitus | 10.1 | 50.951 | *53.16* | n.a. | L4 | 16.26 | 0.910 | 1986 | list |
| 4792 Lykaon | 10.1 | 50.870 | *53.16* | n.a. | L5 | 40.09 | 0.960 | 1988 | list |
| 21900 Orus | 10.0 | 50.810 | *55.67* | 53.87 | L4 | 13.45 | 0.950 | 1999 | list |
| 1873 Agenor | 10.1 | 50.799 | 53.76 | 54.38 | L5 | 20.60 |  | 1971 | list |
| 5028 Halaesus | 10.2 | 50.770 | *50.77* | n.a. | L4 | 24.94 | 0.900 | 1988 | list |
| 2146 Stentor | 9.9 | 50.755 | *58.29* | n.a. | L4 | 16.40 |  | 1976 | list |
| 4722 Agelaos | 10.0 | 50.378 | *53.16* | 59.47 | L5 | 18.44 | 0.910 | 1977 | list |
| 5284 Orsilocus | 10.1 | 50.159 | *53.16* | n.a. | L4 | 10.31 | 0.970 | 1989 | list |
| 11509 Thersilochos | 10.1 | 49.960 | *53.16* | 56.23 | L5 | 17.37 |  | 1990 | list |
| 5285 Krethon | 10.1 | 49.606 | 58.53 | 52.61 | L4 | 12.04 | 1.090 | 1989 | list |
| 4791 Iphidamas | 10.1 | 49.528 | 57.85 | 59.96 | L5 | 9.70 | 1.030 | 1988 | list |
| 9023 Mnesthus | 10.1 | 49.151 | *50.77* | 60.80 | L5 | 30.66 |  | 1988 | list |
| 5283 Pyrrhus | 9.7 | 48.356 | 64.58 | 69.93 | L4 | 7.32 | 0.950 | 1989 | list |
| 4946 Askalaphus | 10.2 | 48.209 | 52.71 | 66.10 | L4 | 22.73 | 0.940 | 1988 | list |
| (22149) 2000 WD49 | 10.2 | 48.190 | *50.77* | 50.37 | L4 | 7.84 | 1.090 | 2000 | list |
| (32496) 2000 WX182 | 10.2 | 48.017 | *50.77* | 51.63 | L5 | 23.34 | 0.950 | 2000 | list |
| 5120 Bitias | 10.2 | 47.987 | *50.77* | n.a. | L5 | 15.21 | 0.780 | 1988 | list |
| 12714 Alkimos | 10.1 | 47.819 | 61.04 | 54.62 | L4 | 28.48 |  | 1991 | list |
| 7352 Hypsenor | 9.9 | 47.731 | *55.67* | 47.07 | L5 | 648 | 0.850 | 1994 | list |
| 1870 Glaukos | 10.6 | 47.649 | *42.23* | n.a. | L5 | 5.99 |  | 1971 | list |
| 4138 Kalchas | 10.1 | 46.462 | *53.16* | 61.04 | L4 | 29.2 | 0.810 | 1973 | list |
| (23958) 1998 VD30 | 10.2 | 46.001 | *50.77* | 47.91 | L4 | 562 | 0.990 | 1998 | list |
| 4828 Misenus | 10.4 | 45.954 | *46.30* | 43.22 | L5 | 12.87 | 0.920 | 1988 | list |
| 4057 Demophon | 10.1 | 45.683 | *53.16* | n.a. | L4 | 29.82 | 1.060 | 1985 | list |
| 4501 Eurypylos | 10.4 | 45.524 | *46.30* | n.a. | L4 | 6.05 |  | 1989 | list |
| 4007 Euryalos | 10.3 | 45.515 | *48.48* | 53.89 | L4 | 6.39 |  | 1973 | list |
| 5259 Epeigeus | 10.3 | 44.741 | 42.59 | 44.42 | L4 | 18.42 |  | 1989 | list |
| 30705 Idaios | 10.4 | 44.546 | *46.30* | n.a. | L5 | 15.74 |  | 1977 | list |
| 16560 Daitor | 10.7 | 43.861 | *51.42* | 43.38 | L5 |  |  | 1991 | list |
| (15977) 1998 MA11 | 10.4 | 43.530 | *46.30* | 51.53 | L5 | 250 | 0.906 | 1998 | list |
| 7543 Prylis | 10.6 | 42.893 | *42.23* | n.a. | L4 | 17.80 |  | 1973 | list |
| 4827 Dares | 10.5 | 42.770 | *44.22* | n.a. | L5 | 19.00 |  | 1988 | list |
| 1647 Menelaus | 10.5 | 42.716 | *44.22* | n.a. | L4 | 17.74 | 0.866 | 1957 | list |
| (A) Used sources: WISE/NEOWISE catalog (NEOWISE\_DIAM\_V1 PDS, Grav, 2012); IRAS data (SIMPS v.6 catalog); and Akari catalog (Usui, 2011); RP: rotation period and V–I (color index) taken from the LCDB *Note:* missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB (query) and from the LCDB (query form) for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100. | | | | | | | | | |

1. "1647 Menelaus (1957 MK)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
2. Noah Webster (1884) *A Practical Dictionary of the English Language*
3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1647) Menelaus". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 131. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1648. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
4. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1647 Menelaus (1957 MK)" (2017-06-03 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
5. "List of Jupiter Trojans". *Minor Planet Center*. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
6. "Asteroid (1647) Menelaus – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
7. Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Masiero, J. R.; Nugent, C. R. (November 2012). "WISE/NEOWISE Observations of the Jovian Trojan Population: Taxonomy". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **759** (1): 10. arXiv:1209.1549. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759...49G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/49. S2CID 119101711. Retrieved 22 June 2018. (Grav (2012) Grav (2011))
8. Stephens, Robert D.; Coley, Daniel R.; Warner, Brian D.; French, Linda, M. (October 2016). "Lightcurves of Jovian Trojan Asteroids from the Center for Solar System Studies: L4 Greek Camp and Spies". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **43** (4): 323–331. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..323S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 22 June 2018.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
9. "LCDB Data for (1647) Menelaus". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
10. Hainaut, O. R.; Boehnhardt, H.; Protopapa, S. (October 2012). "Colours of minor bodies in the outer solar system. II. A statistical analysis revisited". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **546**: 20. arXiv:1209.1896. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A.115H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219566. S2CID 54776793.
11. Milani, Andrea (October 1993). "The Trojan asteroid belt: Proper elements, stability, chaos and families". *Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy*. **57** (1–2): 59–94. Bibcode:1993CeMDA..57...59M. doi:10.1007/BF00692462. ISSN 0923-2958. S2CID 189850747. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
12. Jewitt, David C.; Sheppard, Scott; Porco, Carolyn C. (2004). "Jupiter's Outer Satellites and Trojans – 12.4.2 Families" (PDF). In Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.). *Jupiter: The planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere*. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
13. Roig, F.; Ribeiro, A. O.; Gil-Hutton, R. (June 2008). "Taxonomy of asteroid families among the Jupiter Trojans: comparison between spectroscopic data and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **483** (3): 911–931. arXiv:0712.0046. Bibcode:2008A&A...483..911R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079177. S2CID 118361725.
14. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). "Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families". *Asteroids IV*. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu\_uapress\_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131. S2CID 119280014.
15. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature – Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Menelaus on Moon". *International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)*. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
16. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. Bibcode:2009dmpn.book.....S. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7.
17. Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". *The Astronomical Journal*. **150** (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75. S2CID 8342929.

## InfoBox

1647 Menelaus
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | S. B. Nicholson |
| Discovery site | Palomar Obs. |
| Discovery date | 23 June 1957 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1647) Menelaus |
| Pronunciation | /mɛnəˈləs/ |
| Named after | Menelaus
(Greek mythology) |
| Alternative designations | 1957 MK |
| Minor planet category | Jupiter trojan
Greek **·** background |
| Adjectives | Menelaian |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 23 March 2018 (JD 2458200.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 65.57 yr (23,949 d) |
| Aphelion | 5.3255 AU |
| Perihelion | 5.1006 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 5.2130 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0216 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 11.90 yr (4,347 d) |
| Mean anomaly | 101.16 |
| Mean motion | 0° 4m 58.08s / day |
| Inclination | 5.6507° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 240.32° |
| Argument of perihelion | 298.95° |
| Jupiter MOID | 0.1563 AU |
| TJupiter | 2.9900 |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 42.72±0.517 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 17.74±0.01 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.056±0.009 |
| Spectral type | (assumed)
V–R = 0.428±0.043
V–I = 0.866±0.043 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 10.5 |
|  | |


title: 1975 Norwegian Football Cup

abstract: The 1975 Norwegian Football Cup was the 70th edition of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Cup was won by Bodø/Glimt after beating Vard in the cup final with the score 2–0. This was Bodø/Glimt's first Norwegian Cup title.

text:
# 1975 Norwegian Football Cup

The **1975 Norwegian Football Cup** was the 70th edition of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Cup was won by Bodø/Glimt after beating Vard in the cup final with the score 2–0. This was Bodø/Glimt's first Norwegian Cup title.

## First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aksla | 0–10 | **Molde** |
| Arna | 1–3 | **Varegg** |
| **Askim** | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | Aurskog |
| **Baune** | 1–0 | Florvåg |
| **Bodø/Glimt** | 3–0 | Kabelvåg |
| **Brann** | 1–0 | Bjarg |
| **Brumunddal** | 3–0 | Faaberg |
| Dale Fjaler | 1–4 | **Eid** |
| Djerv 1919 | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Haugar |
| **Eidsvold Turn** | 4–0 | Øvrevoll |
| **Eik** | 2–0 | Larvik Turn |
| Falken | 0–1 | **Nessegutten** |
| Fana | 0–2 | **Ny-Krohnborg** |
| Fauske/Sprint | 0–2 | **Mo** |
| Folldal | 0–2 (a.e.t.) | **Tynset** |
| **Fram (Larvik)** | 1–0 | Brevik |
| **Grorud** | 3–0 | Ull/Kisa |
| Gvarv | 0–4 | **Pors** |
| **HamKam** | 4–0 | Ottestad |
| Henning | 3–5 | **Stjørdals/Blink** |
| Hof | 0–2 | **Grue** |
| **Hødd** | 1–0 | Sykkylven |
| Jarl | 1–4 | **Viking** |
| Jevnaker | 1–2 | **Gjøvik-Lyn** |
| **Kirkenes** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Norild |
| **Kongsvinger** | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | Ørje |
| Kopervik | 2–3 (a.e.t.) | **Vard** |
| Kristiansund | 0–3 | **Clausenengen** |
| Kvinesdal | 1–2 | **Vigrestad** |
| **Landsås** | 2–0 | Mjølner |
| Leksvik | 1–2 | **Strindheim** |
| **Lillestrøm** | 2–1 | Røa |
| **Lisleby** | 1–0 | Borgen Sarpsborg |
| Løkken | 1–4 | **Rosenborg** |
| **Mjøndalen** | 6–0 | Teie |
| **Moss** | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Kvik (Halden) |
| **Namsos** | 1–0 | Steinkjer |
| **Navestad** | 3–2 | Fredrikstad |
| **Neset** | 2–1 | Nidelv |
| **Nybergsund** | 4–2 | Otta |
| Odd | 0–1 | **Tjølling** |
| Raufoss | 1–2 | **Vardal** |
| **Sarpsborg** | 5–2 | Greåker |
| **Skarbøvik** | 2–0 | Bergsøy |
| Sogndal | 0–1 | **Jotun** |
| Sola | 0–1 | **Bryne** |
| Stabæk | 0–4 | **Lyn** |
| **Stavanger** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Brodd |
| **Stord** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Odda |
| Strømmen | 2–4 | **Frigg** |
| **Strømsgodset** | 5–1 | Oppsal |
| Tistedalen | 0–3 | **Østsiden** |
| **Tromsø** | 2–0 | Stein |
| Træff | 0–1 | **Aalesund** |
| **Urædd** | 2–0 | Drafn |
| **Vidar** | 3–2 | Ulf |
| Vigør | 0–2 | **Start** |
| Vikersund | 0–1 | **Skeid** |
| Voss | 0–3 | **Os** |
| **Vålerengen** | 1–0 | Speed |
| **Ørn** | 3–1 | Skiold |
| Ørsta | 2–3 | **Langevåg** |
| Åndalsnes | 0–1 | **Sunndal** |
| Åssiden | 0–1 | **Kongsberg** |
| *Replay* | | |
| **Haugar** | 2–1 | Djerv 1919 |

## Second round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Askim | 1–3 | **Moss** |
| **Bryne** | 2–1 | Stavanger |
| Eid | 0–3 | **Aalesund** |
| Frigg | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Ørn |
| Gjøvik-Lyn | 0–2 | **Lillestrøm** |
| **Grorud** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Sarpsborg |
| **Grue** | 5–2 | Eidsvold Turn |
| Jotun | 0–3 | **Brann** |
| Kongsberg | 1–3 | **Vålerengen** |
| Kongsvinger | 0–1 | **HamKam** |
| Landsås | 1–7 | **Bodø/Glimt** |
| Langevåg | 1–3 | **Hødd** |
| **Lisleby** | 2–1 | Eik |
| **Mo** | 3–0 | Namsos |
| **Molde** | 5–0 | Skarbøvik |
| Nessegutten | 0–2 | **Neset** |
| Nybergsund | 0–4 | **Brumunddal** |
| **Os** | 4–2 | Ny-Krohnborg |
| **Pors** | 3–2 | Lyn |
| Skeid | 2–2 (a.e.t.) | Navestad |
| **Start** | 2–0 | Urædd |
| **Strindheim** | 1–0 | Stjørdals/Blink |
| Sunndal | 0–1 | **Clausenengen** |
| Tjølling | 1–2 | **Strømsgodset** |
| **Tromsø** | 3–1 | Kirkenes |
| Tynset | 0–3 | **Rosenborg** |
| **Vard** | 7–1 | Stord |
| Vardal | 3–4 | **Mjøndalen** |
| **Varegg** | 3–1 | Baune |
| Vigrestad | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Haugar |
| **Viking** | 3–0 | Vidar |
| **Østsiden** | 3–1 | Fram (Larvik) |
| *Replay* | | |
| **Haugar** | 2–1 | Vigrestad |
| Navestad | 1–3 | **Skeid** |
| **Ørn** | 2–0 | Frigg |

## Third round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **25 June 1975** | | |
| Vålerengen | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Østsiden |
| Bryne | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Start |
| **Clausenengen** | 3–0 | Hødd |
| **Bodø/Glimt** | 4–0 | Tromsø |
| Os | 3–7 (a.e.t.) | **Vard** |
| **Lillestrøm** | 3–0 | Pors |
| **HamKam** | 1–0 | Grue |
| **Aalesund** | 1–0 | Molde |
| **26 June 1975** | | |
| Haugar | 0–3 | **Viking** |
| **Brann** | 1–0 | Varegg |
| **Rosenborg** | 5–1 | Neset |
| **1 July 1975** | | |
| **Moss** | 2–0 | Ørn |
| **2 July 1975** | | |
| **Mjøndalen** | 5–0 | Grorud |
| **3 July 1975** | | |
| **Mo** | 2–0 | Strindheim |
| Brumunddal | 1–2 (a.e.t.) | **Skeid** |
| Strømsgodset | 1–3 | **Lisleby** |
| *Replay*: **2 July 1975** | | |
| Østsiden | 1–2 | **Vålerengen** |
| *Replay*: **11 July 1975** | | |
| **Start** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Bryne |

## Fourth round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **17 August 1975** | | |
| **Vard** | 2–1 | Brann |
| Lillestrøm | 1–2 | **Moss** |
| **HamKam** | 3–2 | Vålerengen |
| Skeid | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Bodø/Glimt |
| **Viking** | 5–0 | Clausenengen |
| Lisleby | 0–1 | **Mjøndalen** |
| Mo | 0–1 | **Rosenborg** |
| **Start** | 3–1 | Aalesund |
| *Replay*: **21 August 1975** | | |
| **Bodø/Glimt** | 3–1 | Skeid |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **7 September 1975** | | |
| **Bodø/Glimt** | 2–1 | Viking |
| Moss | 0–2 | **Vard** |
| **Start** | 3–2 | HamKam |
| **Rosenborg** | 2–1 | Mjøndalen |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **8 October 1975** | | |
| **Bodø/Glimt** | 1–0 | Start |
| **Vard** | 4–2 | Rosenborg |

## Final

| Bodø/Glimt | 2–0 | Vard |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Solhaug  70'<br>Hanssen  88' | Report |  |

Ullevaal Stadion, OsloAttendance: 24,778Referee: Kaare Lindboe (Vidar)

This was the first time a team from Northern Norway played in (and won) a cup final. Both teams played in the second division at the time.

## InfoBox

1975 Norwegian Football Cup
| Norgesmesterskapet i fotball for menn 1975 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Country | Norway |
| Teams | 128 (main competition) |
| Defending champions | Skeid |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Bodø/Glimt (1st title) |
| Runner-up | Vard |
|  | |


abstract: 16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album of 16 Top 40 hits that Bobby Vinton had for Epic Records. It is the last of 29 collections in the 16 Most Requested Songs series that was released by Epic. Unlike most collections of Vinton's music, the song "Roses Are Red" is the last track on this album, rather than the first. Inside the album cover is a biographical essay about Vinton's life and career that was written by Will Friedwald. Although this album was released in 1991, it did not enter the charts until five years later. It was the first compilation of Vinton's music in the charts since the release of Bobby Vinton Sings the Golden Decade of Love 21 years before.

text:
# 16 Most Requested Songs (Bobby Vinton album)

***16 Most Requested Songs*** is a compilation album of 16 Top 40 hits that Bobby Vinton had for Epic Records. It is the last of 29 collections in the *16 Most Requested Songs* series that was released by Epic. Unlike most collections of Vinton's music, the song "Roses Are Red (My Love)" is the last track on this album, rather than the first. Inside the album cover is a biographical essay about Vinton's life and career that was written by Will Friedwald (the author of *Jazz Singing*). Although this album was released in 1991, it did not enter the charts until five years later. It was the first compilation of Vinton's music in the charts since the release of *Bobby Vinton Sings the Golden Decade of Love* 21 years before.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blue Velvet" | Bernie Wayne, Lee Morris | 2:48 |
| 2. | "Tell Me Why" | Al Alberts, Marty Gold | 2:36 |
| 3. | "To Know You Is to Love You" | Phil Spector | 2:21 |
| 4. | "Take Good Care of My Baby" | Gerry Goffin, Carole King | 2:46 |
| 5. | "There, I've Said It Again" | Redd Evans, David Mann | 2:21 |
| 6. | "Coming Home Soldier" | Gene Allen, Bobby Vinton | 2:29 |
| 7. | "Over the Mountain; Across the Sea" | Rex Garvin | 2:26 |
| 8. | "Halfway to Paradise" | Gerry Goffin, Carole King | 2:39 |
| 9. | "Please Love Me Forever" | John Malone, Ollie Blanchard | 2:35 |
| 10. | "Blue on Blue" | Hal David, Burt Bacharach | 2:29 |
| 11. | "L-O-N-E-L-Y" | Bobby Vinton | 2:24 |
| 12. | "Just as Much as Ever" | Charlie Singleton, Larry Coleman | 2:21 |
| 13. | "I Love How You Love Me" | Barry Mann, Larry Kolber | 2:29 |
| 14. | "My Heart Belongs to Only You" | Frank Daniels, Dorothy Daniels | 2:43 |
| 15. | "Mr. Lonely" | Bobby Vinton, Gene Allan | 2:40 |
| 16. | "Roses Are Red" | Paul Evans, Al Byron | 2:38 |

## Album credits

* Digital producer: Nedra Olds-Neal
* Digitally remixed and remastered by Mark Wilder, Sony Music Studios, New York
* Product manager: Joanne Beattie
* Packaging coordinator: Hope Chasin
* Illustration: Bill Nelson

## Charts

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

**Album** \- Billboard (North America)

| Year | Chart | Position |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | The Billboard 200 | 199 |
|

## InfoBox

| 16 Most Requested Songs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Bobby Vinton | |
| Released | September 3, 1991 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 40:45 |
| Label | Epic/Legacy |
| Bobby Vinton chronology | |
| *Greatest Polka Hits of All Time*
(1991) ***16 Most Requested Songs***
(1991) *As Time Goes By*
(1992) | |


abstract: 16 Most Requested Songs is a compilation album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in 1986 by Columbia Records and features 12 tracks representing his time with the label from 1956 to 1963, including his Billboard top 10 hits "Chances Are", "It's Not for Me to Say", "The Twelfth of Never", "Gina", and "What Will Mary Say" as well as his signature song, "Misty". The remaining four selections were recorded with Columbia between 1969 and 1977. On August 4, 2000, the album received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000 copies.

text:
# 16 Most Requested Songs (Johnny Mathis album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***16 Most Requested Songs*** is a compilation album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in 1986 by Columbia Records and features 12 tracks representing his time with the label from 1956 to 1963, including his *Billboard* top 10 hits "Chances Are", "It's Not for Me to Say", "The Twelfth of Never", "Gina", and "What Will Mary Say" as well as his signature song, "Misty". The remaining four selections ("Evergreen (Love Theme from *A Star Is Born*)", "Love Theme from *Romeo and Juliet* (A Time for Us)", "(Where Do I Begin) Love Story", and "Didn't We") were recorded with Columbia between 1969 and 1977.

On August 4, 2000, the album received Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 500,000 copies.

## Reception

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic retrospectively gave the collection a good review. "Although other sets may have a few more tracks, this is a very entertaining sampler."\<allmusic/\>

## Track listing

1. "Chances Are" (Robert Allen, Al Stillman) – 3:03
2. "It's Not for Me to Say" (Robert Allen, Al Stillman) – 3:05
3. "Misty" (Johnny Burke, Erroll Garner) – 3:34
4. "Wild Is the Wind" (Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington) – 2:26
5. "Wonderful! Wonderful!" (Sherman Edwards, Ben Raleigh) – 2:50
6. "Maria" (Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim) – 3:45
7. "The Twelfth of Never" (Jerry Livingston, Paul Francis Webster) – 2:28
8. "Small World" (Stephen Sondheim, Jule Styne) – 3:18
9. "Evergreen (Love Theme from *A Star Is Born*)" (Barbra Streisand, Paul Williams) – 3:15
10. "Love Theme from *Romeo and Juliet* (A Time for Us)" (Larry Kusik, Nino Rota, Eddie Snyder) – 2:58
11. "What Will Mary Say" (Eddie Snyder, Paul Vance) – 3:09
12. "When Sunny Gets Blue" (Marvin Fisher, Jack Segal) – 2:41
13. "A Certain Smile" (Sammy Fain, Paul Francis Webster) – 2:47
14. "(Where Do I Begin) Love Story" (Francis Lai, Carl Sigman) – 2:46
15. "Didn't We" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:49
16. "Gina" (Leon Carr, Paul Vance) – 2:46

## Personnel

## Bibliography

* Whitburn, Joel (2009), *Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 1955-2008*, Record Research Inc., ISBN 0898201802

## InfoBox

| 16 Most Requested Songs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Johnny Mathis | |
| Released | July 11, 1986 |
| Recorded | 1956–1962
1969–1977 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 47:40 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Johnny Mathis chronology | |
| *Right from the Heart*
(1985) ***16 Most Requested Songs***
(1986) *Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis*
(1986) | |


# 16 March 2022 Chernihiv breadline attack

On 16 March 2022, a Russian attack killed at least 18 and injured 26 civilians in Chernihiv, Ukraine, who were waiting in a line for bread.

## Background

The Ukrainian city of Chernihiv has seen attacks by Russian forces since 24 February 2022, the day in which the Russian invasion of Ukraine started. The battles of Chernihiv have caused heavy civilian losses. On 3 March, the city suffered a bombing that killed 47 people. Russian major general Andrei Sukhovetsky, then deputy commander of the 41st Combined Arms Army, was killed on 4 March, the day after the bombing, becoming the first Russian general to die during the Russian invasion. On 10 March, the city entered a siege which lasted until 31 March when the Ukrainian forces managed to undo the encirclement of the city.

As fighting continued, more civilians died in Chernihiv. On 16 March, the Governor of Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus reported that the Russian attacks on Chernihiv on that day alone had killed a total of 53 people.

## Attack

The event was reported by Chaus as well as the United States Embassy in Kyiv. On Ukrainian television, Chaus said the attack, which he described as a bombing, was "not the first such incoming shell, nor is it the first shelling of civilians by the enemy". The US Embassy reported that the people had been "shot and killed". 18 people were reported dead by local authorities. The incident happened at around 10:00 UTC+3. Victims of the incident were killed following a blast shot from heavy artillery. These civilians were unarmed and some of them survived the shelling; they were taken to medical facilities by Chernihiv police.

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Video of the aftermath | |

James Whitney Hill, a 67-year-old US citizen from Minnesota was killed in the attack. Chernihiv Patrol Police and the US State Department confirmed the death of a US citizen. James, known on social media as "Jimmy Hill", was an English-language teacher and refused to leave Ukraine when the war started to provide care for his partner Iryna, a Ukrainian citizen.

## Reactions

Around four hours after the incident, the Chernihiv Regional Prosecutor's Office filed a legal case regarding the attack. The Chernihiv Oblast branch of the Security Service of Ukraine also started an investigation.

## InfoBox

| 16 March 2022 Chernihiv breadline attack | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Siege of Chernihiv | |
| Civilians killed in the attack | |
| Location | Chernihiv, Ukraine |
| Date | 16 March 2022 <br>Around 10:00 (UTC+2) |
| Target | Civilians in Chernihiv |
| Deaths | 18 |
| Injured | 26 |
| Perpetrators | Russian Armed Forces |