abstract: Elections to Wolverhampton City Council were held on 1 May 2008 in Wolverhampton, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour group lost overall control after losing eight seats across the City. Turnout across the City was 34.6%, with variations in turnout ranging from 22.1% in the Bushbury South & Low Hill ward up to 45.4% in Tettenhall Wightwick. Following the election, an alliance between the Conservative and Liberal Democrat groups was formed, ending 14 years of Labour Party rule.

text:
# 2008 Wolverhampton City Council election

**Elections to Wolverhampton City Council** were held on 1 May 2008 in Wolverhampton, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour group lost overall control after losing eight seats across the City.

Turnout across the City was 34.6%, with variations in turnout ranging from 22.1% in the Bushbury South & Low Hill ward up to 45.4% in Tettenhall Wightwick.

Following the election, an alliance between the Conservative and Liberal Democrat groups was formed, ending 14 years of Labour Party rule.

## Composition

Due to the only Liberal Councillor officially joining the Liberal Democrats, the Liberal Democrats had increased their number of Councillors in 2007 from 3 to 4.

Prior to the election, the composition of the council was:

Following the election, the composition of the council is:

## Election result

Wolverhampton Local Election Result 2008
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 28 | 0 | -8 | -8 | 46 | 34.4 | 21300 | -3244 |
|  | Conservative | 27 | 8 | 0 | +8 | 45 | 48.2 | 29833 | +5763 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 5 | 1 | 0 | +1 | 8 | 15.6 | 9630 | +482 |
|  | BNP | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 1158 | -1964 |
|  | Green | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 340 | -252 |
|  | Equal Parenting Alliance | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 101 | +101 |
|  | Independent | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1808 |

## Ward results

Bilston East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Thomas Turner | 1168 | 47.2 | +0.2 |
|  | Conservative | Nick Thompson | 969 | 39.1 | +13.6 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Geoffrey Cockayne | 339 | 13.7 | +6.2 |
| Majority | | | 199 | 7.98 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2476 | 26.2 | −3.2 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 6.7 |  |

Bilston North
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Gillian Fellows | 1272 | 44.6 | +6.9 |
|  | Labour | Trudy Bowen | 1180 | 41.4 | −3.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Alexandra Lawrence | 209 | 7.3 | −1.4 |
|  | Green | Edward Clarke | 189 | 6.6 | −1.7 |
| Majority | | | 92 | 3.21 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2850 | 31.8 | +0.8 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 5.4 |  |

Blakenhall
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | John Rowley | 1855 | 56.7 | −6.9 |
|  | Conservative | Avtar Sidhu | 1218 | 37.2 | +8.0 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Frances Heap | 198 | 6.1 | −1.1 |
| Majority | | | 637 | 19.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3271 | 37.9 | −1.2 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 7.5 |  |

Bushbury North
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Carl Husted | 1723 | 47.9 | +9.9 |
|  | Labour | Paula Brookfield | 1024 | 28.5 | +1.1 |
|  | BNP | Simon Patten | 580 | 16.1 | −6.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Susan Bem | 269 | 7.5 | −4.3 |
| Majority | | | 699 | 19.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3596 | 39.0 | +1.4 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 4.4 |  |

Bushbury South and Low Hill
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Peter Bilson | 982 | 48.0 | −7.8 |
|  | Conservative | Annette Pugh | 751 | 36.7 | +13.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Ian Jenkins | 311 | 15.2 | +5.5 |
| Majority | | | 231 | 11.3 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2044 | 22.1 | −1.0 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 10.7 |  |

East Park
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Stephen Hall | 1309 | 46.6 | +25.7 |
|  | Labour | Patricia Byrne | 975 | 34.7 | −11.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Darren Friel | 528 | 18.8 | +1.7 |
| Majority | | | 334 | 11.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2812 | 31.5 | +3.0 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 18.7 |  |

Ettingshall
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Bishan Dass | 1546 | 58.5 | −8.6 |
|  | Conservative | Ranjit Kaur | 648 | 24.5 | +4.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Roger Gray | 448 | 17.0 | +3.8 |
| Majority | | | 898 | 34.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2642 | 28.2 | −2.0 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 6.7 |  |

Fallings Park
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | James Wilson | 1536 | 49.7 | +18.5 |
|  | Labour | Geoffrey Foster | 1239 | 40.1 | −2.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Stephen Birch | 316 | 10.2 | +2.1 |
| Majority | | | 297 | 9.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3091 | 34.0 | −1.6 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 10.6 |  |

Graiseley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | John Reynolds | 1603 | 49.5 | −7.2 |
|  | Conservative | Paul Armstrong | 1227 | 37.9 | +5.6 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Bryan Lewis | 409 | 12.6 | +1.6 |
| Majority | | | 376 | 11.6 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3239 | 36.5 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | 6.4 |  |

Heath Town
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Margaret Findlay | 1063 | 54.1 | +29.9 |
|  | Labour | Milkinderpal Jaspal | 903 | 45.9 | +2.7 |
| Majority | | | 160 | 8.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1966 | 25.7 | −2.2 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 13.6 |  |

Merry Hill
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | John Pask | 2391 | 67.7 | +4.9 |
|  | Labour | Navjit Rana | 677 | 19.2 | −3.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Edward Pringle | 466 | 13.2 | −1.7 |
| Majority | | | 1714 | 48.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3534 | 37.5 | 0.0 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Independent | | Swing | 4.1 |  |

Oxley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Jennifer Brewer | 1591 | 51.1 | +1.9 |
|  | Labour | Christine Irvine | 1277 | 41.0 | −1.1 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | John Steatham | 247 | 7.9 | −0.8 |
| Majority | | | 314 | 10.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3115 | 34.0 | +1.7 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 1.5 |  |

Park
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Claire Darke | 1490 | 42.0 | +6.7 |
|  | Labour | Jennifer Cromie | 1117 | 31.5 | −0.2 |
|  | Conservative | Arun Photay | 940 | 26.5 | +1.6 |
| Majority | | | 373 | 10.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3547 | 41.7 | −2.4 |
|  | Liberal Democrats **gain** from Labour | | Swing |  |  |

Penn
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Patricia Bradley | 2731 | 66.1 | +19.0 |
|  | Labour | Ricky Chima | 946 | 22.9 | −7.4 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | June Hemsley | 452 | 10.9 | −11.6 |
| Majority | | | 1785 | 43.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 4129 | 41.2 | −1.8 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 13.2 |  |

Spring Vale
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Richard Whitehouse | 1987 | 64.3 | +4.9 |
|  | Labour | Mangoo Mal | 583 | 18.9 | −7.2 |
|  | Conservative | Peter Dobb | 519 | 16.8 | +5.1 |
| Majority | | | 1404 | 45.5 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3089 | 34.8 | +1.0 |
|  | Liberal Democrats **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

St Peter's
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Roger Lawrence | 964 | 44.7 | −11.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Zahid Shah | 811 | 37.6 | +18.0 |
|  | Conservative | Catherine Bisbey | 381 | 17.7 | +1.4 |
| Majority | | | 153 | 7.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2156 | 29.9 | +2.0 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Tettenhall Regis
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | John Davis | 2822 | 73.9 | +3.0 |
|  | Labour | Julie Hodgkiss | 643 | 16.8 | −1.4 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Richard Fellows | 352 | 9.2 | −1.6 |
| Majority | | | 2179 | 57.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3817 | 41.3 | +0.2 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 2.2% |  |

Tettenhall Wightwick
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Joan Stevenson | 3149 | 76.0 | +5.7 |
|  | Labour | Jagnandan Ghera | 491 | 11.9 | −3.4 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Sarah Sinclair | 401 | 9.7 | +1.2 |
|  | Equal Parenting Alliance | Raymond Barry | 101 | 2.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 2658 | 64.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 4142 | 45.4 | −0.1 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 5.8 |  |

Wednesfield North
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Hazel Keirle | 1699 | 45.2 | +10.5 |
|  | Labour | Philip Bateman | 1296 | 34.5 | +4.7 |
|  | BNP | Dennis Organ | 578 | 15.4 | −6.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Colin Ross | 186 | 4.9 | +4.9 |
| Majority | | | 403 | 10.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3759 | 41.5 | +0.5 |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Labour | | Swing | 2.9 |  |

Wednesfield South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | Simon Jevon | 1894 | 61.4 | +18.4 |
|  | Labour | Helen King | 831 | 26.9 | −10.5 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Carole Jenkins | 211 | 6.8 | +0.3 |
|  | Green | Stuart Hinde | 151 | 4.9 | +4.9 |
| Majority | | | 1063 | 34.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 3087 | 35.5 | −1.4 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 14.5 |  |


title: Azoic Age

abstract: Azoic Age, Azoic Era, Azoic Period and Azoic Eon were terms used before 1950 to describe the age of rocks formed before the appearance of life in the geologic sequence. The word "Azoic" is derived from the Greek a- meaning without and zoön meaning animal, it was first used to mean without death. Azoic was used as early as 1846 by a geologist named Adams, and gradually replaced the earlier term Primitive. Due to the controversy over evolution, "Azoic" was replaced, by 1900, in most usages by the term "Archaean" or "Archaeozoic The Archaean was later subdivided into the Archaean and the even earlier Hadean. Many of the rocks that had originally been thought to be of Azoic time were reclassified as Archaean, but the period itself is now essentially the Hadean. J.D. Dana in 1863, said that the Azoic "stands as the first [age] in geologic history, whether science can point out unquestionably the rocks of that age or not." He went on to say that when fossils had been found in strata which had previously been classified as Azoic, the boundary was simply moved lower. "Such changes are part of the progress of the science."

text:
# Azoic Age

**Azoic Age**, **Azoic Era**, **Azoic Period** and **Azoic Eon** were terms used before 1950 to describe the age of rocks formed before the appearance of life in the geologic sequence. The word "Azoic" is derived from the Greek *a-* meaning without and *zoön* meaning animal (or living being), it was first used to mean *without death*.

Azoic was used as early as 1846 by a geologist named Adams, and gradually replaced the earlier term *Primitive*. Due to the controversy over evolution, "Azoic" was replaced, by 1900, in most usages by the term "Archaean" or "Archaeozoic The Archaean was later subdivided into the Archaean and the even earlier Hadean. Many of the rocks that had originally been thought to be of Azoic time were reclassified as Archaean, but the period itself is now essentially the Hadean.

J.D. Dana in 1863, said that the Azoic "stands as the first \[age\] in geologic history, whether science can point out unquestionably the rocks of that age or not." He went on to say that when fossils had been found in strata which had previously been classified as Azoic, the boundary was simply moved lower. "Such changes are part of the progress of the science."


title: Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On

abstract: "Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On" is a song written by Bob McDill and recorded by American country music artist Mel McDaniel. It was released in October 1984 as the lead-off single from his album Let It Roll. It was a number-one hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in February 1985, and Mel McDaniel's only number-one single.

text:
# Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On

"**Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On**" is a song written by Bob McDill and recorded by American country music artist Mel McDaniel. It was released in October 1984 as the lead-off single from his album *Let It Roll*. It was a number-one hit on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart in February 1985, and Mel McDaniel's only number-one single.

## Background

Conway Twitty received the song but decided John Anderson's vocals were better suited for it, so he sent it to him. Not knowing who had sent him the song, Anderson turned it down. Mel McDaniel eventually received the song, and he recorded it.

## Critical reception

Kip Kirby, of *Billboard* magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it a "change of pace for McDaniel, who here ogles the national treasure alluded to in the title, while absolving the bearer of lascivious intent."

## Covers

Sammy Kershaw covered this song on his 2006 album *Honky Tonk Boots*, where it was released as a single, although his version failed to chart. He also released a music video for his version.

## Charts

"Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On" debuted at number 75 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles for the week of November 10, 1984.

## InfoBox

| "Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Mel McDaniel | |
| from the album  *Let It Roll* | |
| B-side | "The Gunfighter's Song" |
| Released | October 12, 1984 |
| Recorded | August 23, 1984 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:59 |
| Label | Capitol Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Bob McDill |
| Producer(s) | Jerry Kennedy |
| Mel McDaniel singles chronology | |
| "All Around the Water Tank"
(1984) "**Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On**"
(1984) "Let It Roll (Let It Rock)"
(1985) | |


title: Baby's Got a Temper

abstract: "Baby's Got a Temper" is a song by English electronica group the Prodigy, released as a non-album single on 1 July 2002 by record labels XL and Maverick. It was the band's first single in five years after 1997's "Smack My Bitch Up", and was also their first release after dancer Leeroy Thornhill left the band in 2000. The single, as well as the accompanying music video, was controversial, and was met with a negative response from critics. The song's lyrics, written by Keith Flint, were criticised in particular for heavily playing upon the misuse of the "date rape" drug Rohypnol. Liam Howlett later disowned the single. Despite this criticism, the song was a top-five hit on the Canadian and UK Singles Charts.

text:
# Baby's Got a Temper

"**Baby's Got a Temper**" is a song by English electronica group the Prodigy, released as a non-album single on 1 July 2002 by record labels XL and Maverick. It was the band's first single in five years after 1997's "Smack My Bitch Up", and was also their first release after dancer Leeroy Thornhill left the band in 2000.

The single, as well as the accompanying music video, was controversial, and was met with a negative response from critics. The song's lyrics, written by Keith Flint, were criticised in particular for heavily playing upon the misuse of the "date rape" drug Rohypnol. Liam Howlett later disowned the single. Despite this criticism, the song was a top-five hit on the Canadian and UK Singles Charts.

## Recording and composition

The song was written by Keith Flint when he was in Flint, a side project of the Prodigy. Flint performed several gigs, with their first being a brief set at the Download Festival on 1 June 2003. Having thought that the band were in the industrial metal genre, Flint decided that the song would largely contrast with the band's style, and invited Jim Davies to be featured in the song. Liam Howlett, the song's producer, would later argue he disowned the single. The original demo, "NNNN (No Name No Number)", was released as a hidden track on Flint's promo album *Device #1*.

"Baby's Got a Temper" briefly samples the Prodigy's earlier hit "Firestarter", while its tempo is set in 100 BPM. The band generated controversy by including references to the so-called "date rape" drug Rohypnol in the lyrics; however, they explained that the song mentions only personal use and makes no statements on drugging others. Howlett later described the song as "too introverted", as it focuses on Flint's personal experiences with the drug.

## Release and reception

The single was initially intended to support their then-upcoming album, *Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned*. However, the album got reworked and the song was removed from its track listing. Because of the song's release as a non-album single, in 2008, the band's official website's discography classified it as an EP.

Many critics disliked "Baby's Got a Temper" when released. *PopMatters* wrote that the song "doesn’t sound like a great leap forward from the last Flint-fronted tracks, and that's a big disappointment considering that we've been waiting five years for it." In addition, *NME* panned the song, and called the Prodigy "just total fucking idiots" while unfavorably comparing it to glue. The song was banned from radio stations in the UK due to "glamorising" Rohypnol. BBC Radio 1 thought that the record would be "too strong to stomach".

Despite negative reviews, it was a commercial success, with the single being a top-five hit on the Canadian Singles Chart and the UK Singles Chart.

## Music video

A Traktor-directed music video for the song was released as a DVD single that included a short "making of" film. It featured three ordinary men, dressed in suits, who walk into a disused funfair. They enter a makeup trailer, dress up and apply makeup, walk out to a stage where they turn out to be the band members, Howlett, Flint, and Maxim. The three perform before a crowd consisting of cattle, which are milked by women strippers. The milk is then passed to a booth and sold to the public waiting outside who is desperate to get some in an addict manner. The video was apparently based upon one of Howlett's dreams.

The video was shot in June 2002 in Kladno, Czech Republic (around 50°09′04″N 14°07′26″E / 50.151°N 14.124°E / 50.151; 14.124). There are many Czechoslovak communist era properties—the car in the opening scene is the last model Škoda 120 L, the time clock is classical Elektročas model and the carousels include flying (hydraulic arm) swans made in Bílovice.

## Track listings

## Charts

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Baby's Got a Temper"
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 3 June 2002 |  | Maverick |  |
| United Kingdom | 1 July 2002 | * 12-inch vinyl * CD | XL |  |
| Australia | 15 July 2002 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| "Baby's Got a Temper" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by the Prodigy | |
| Released | 1 July 2002 (2002-07-01) |
| Recorded | Essex, England |
| Length | 4:27 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Liam Howlett |
| The Prodigy singles chronology | |
| "Smack My Bitch Up"
(1997) "**Baby's Got a Temper**"
(2002) "Girls"
(2004) | |


title: Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye

abstract: "Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye" is a song written by Tony Martin and Troy Martin, and recorded by American country music singer George Strait. It was released in December 1988 as the first single from the album Beyond the Blue Neon.

text:
# Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye

**"Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye"** is a song written by Tony Martin and Troy Martin, and recorded by American country music singer George Strait. It was released in December 1988 as the first single from the album *Beyond the Blue Neon*.

## Content

The narrator is a man who is learning that his woman has left him and probably for good this time. She didn't shed a single tear as she left and he knows she's perfected goodbye this time.

## Critical reception

Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying that the single "is so closely associated with my discovery of George Strait’s music and country music as a whole that I can’t separate the experience enough to give 'Baby’s Gotten Good at Goodbye' an objective evaluation."

## Chart positions

"Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye" reached number 1 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart.

| Chart (1988–1989) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 1 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1989) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 71 |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 26 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by George Strait | |
| from the album  *Beyond the Blue Neon* | |
| B-side | "Bigger Man Than Me" |
| Released | December 26, 1988 |
| Recorded | October 13, 1988 |
| Genre | Neotraditional country |
| Length | * 3:30 (album version) * 2:55 (single edit) |
| Label | MCA 53486 |
| Songwriter(s) | Tony Martin, Troy Martin |
| Producer(s) | Jimmy Bowen, George Strait |
| George Strait singles chronology | |
| "If You Ain't Lovin' (You Ain't Livin')"
(1988) "**Baby's Gotten Good at Goodbye**"
(1988) "What's Going On in Your World"
(1989) | |


title: 1981 World Championship Tennis Finals

abstract: The 1981 World Championship Tennis Finals was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 11th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas in the United States and was held from April 27 through May 3, 1981. The winners of the eight WCT tournaments that were part of the 1981 Grand Prix circuit qualified for the tournament augmented by the next best performers in the WCT points standings. Guillermo Vilas qualified by winning the last tournament held just before the WCT Finals, the River Oaks Tournament in Houston, but was unavailable to play. Jimmy Connors withdrew before the tournament due to gastroenteritis and Yannick Noah could not participate due to a shoulder injury. They were replaced by Sandy Mayer and Sam Giammalva respectively. First-seeded John McEnroe won the title and $100,000 prize money.

text:
# 1981 World Championship Tennis Finals

The **1981 World Championship Tennis Finals** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 11th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas in the United States and was held from April 27 through May 3, 1981. The winners of the eight WCT tournaments that were part of the 1981 Grand Prix circuit qualified for the tournament augmented by the next best performers in the WCT points standings. Guillermo Vilas qualified by winning the last tournament held just before the WCT Finals, the River Oaks Tournament in Houston, but was unavailable to play. Jimmy Connors withdrew before the tournament due to gastroenteritis and Yannick Noah could not participate due to a shoulder injury. They were replaced by Sandy Mayer and Sam Giammalva respectively. First-seeded John McEnroe won the title and $100,000 prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

John McEnroe defeated  Johan Kriek 6–1, 6–2, 6–4

* It was McEnroe's 5th singles title of the year and the 29th of his career.

## Hall of Fame Classic

During the tournament a Hall of Fame Classic event was organized featuring four former Grand Slam tournament winners Ken Rosewall, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and John Newcombe. Rosewall won the event, defeating Newcombe in the final 4–6, 7–6, 6–4.

## InfoBox

| 1981 World Championship Tennis Finals | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April 27 – May 3 |
| Edition | 11th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 8S |
| Prize money | $250,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Dallas, Texas, US |
| Venue | Reunion Arena |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| John McEnroe | |
|  | |


title: Baccharis wrightii

abstract: Baccharis wrightii is a North American species of shrubs in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Wright's baccharis or false willow. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern and south-central United States.

text:
# Baccharis wrightii

***Baccharis wrightii*** is a North American species of shrubs in the family Asteraceae known by the common name **Wright's baccharis** or **false willow**. It is native to northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sonora) and the southwestern and south-central United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Utah).

## Description

*Baccharis wrightii* is a shrub up to 80 cm (32 inches) tall, the branches woody only at the bases. Flowering heads are usually borne one at a time on the ends of branches. The species grows on dry, sandy plains.

## InfoBox

| *Baccharis wrightii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Baccharis* |
| Species: | ***B. wrightii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Baccharis wrightii***
A.Gray 1852 not Sch. Bip. 1856 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Baccharis squarrosa* Kunth * *Neomolina wrightii* (A.Gray) F.H.Hellw. | |


title: Back from the Rains

abstract: Back from the Rains is the sixth album by English band Eyeless in Gaza, released in 1986 by record label Cherry Red.

text:
# Back from the Rains

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Trouser Press* | favourable |

***Back from the Rains*** is the sixth album by English band Eyeless in Gaza, released in 1986 by record label Cherry Red.

## Critical reception

"The final Eyeless in Gaza release before the duo's temporary split, *Back from the Rains* builds on the pop sense of *Rust Red September* excellently. Beginning with the brief a cappella piece "Between These Dreams," Bates' vocals treated with a bit of a hollow-room sound that creates some subtly effective drama, the duo shifts into the bright, almost straightforward glow of "Twilight," a fine representation of the album as a whole... \[Bates\] and Becker, as always, make an excellent team, the latter surrounding the former's vocal and guitar parts with detailed, energetic arrangements and overdubs. "Catch Me" and the soul-touched "Welcome Now" may have straight-up rhythms for once, but it's still a meta-pop of the kind that could chart high but never does." – Ned Raggett, AllMusic

"*Back from the Rains* has a charming, Aztec Camera-like beat-pop sound; Bates’ vocals aren’t quite up to it, but the duo (aided by a drummer and a female backing singer) shows a real facility for shimmering studio arrangements. Just shy of being commercial, this is nonetheless a delight." – Trouser Press

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Martyn Bates and Peter Becker

1. "Between These Dreams"
2. "Twilight"
3. "Back from the Rains"
4. "Lie Still, Sleep Long"
5. "Catch Me"
6. "Evening Music"
7. "She Moves Thru the Fair"
8. "Sweet Life Longer"
9. "New Love Here"
10. "Welcome Now"
11. "Your Rich Sky"
12. "Flight of Swallows"
13. "My Last, Lost Melody"

## InfoBox

| Back from the Rains | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eyeless in Gaza | |
| Released | 1986 (1986) |
| Label | Cherry Red |
| Producer | John Brand |
| Eyeless in Gaza chronology | |
| *Rust Red September*
(1983) ***Back from the Rains***
(1986) *Fabulous Library (1993), Orchid* | |


title: Baby2Baby

abstract: Baby2Baby is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides diapers, formula, clothing and other basic necessities for children living in poverty across the country. Baby2Baby has distributed over 450 million essential items to children in homeless shelters, domestic violence programs, foster care, hospitals, and underserved school districts. Baby2Baby reaches over one million children in all 50 states and has requests for 1.5 billion diapers from the families they serve. The organization has distributed 200 million diapers and launched its own diaper manufacturing system to make them at 80% less than the retail cost, allowing them to distribute five times more.

text:
# Baby2Baby

**Baby2Baby** is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides diapers, formula, clothing and other basic necessities for children living in poverty across the country. Baby2Baby has distributed over 450 million essential items to children in homeless shelters, domestic violence programs, foster care, hospitals, and underserved school districts.

Baby2Baby reaches over one million children in all 50 states and has requests for 1.5 billion diapers from the families they serve. The organization has distributed 200 million diapers and launched its own diaper manufacturing system to make them at 80% less than the retail cost, allowing them to distribute five times more.

## History

Kelly Sawyer Patricof and Norah Weinstein are the Co-CEOs of Baby2Baby and assumed leadership of the organization in 2011.

Baby2Baby gained attention for producing diapers that are 80% cheaper than the retail price.

Baby2Baby’s annual Gala has garnered support from business leaders, philanthropists, and celebrities. It is one of four nonprofits that the Duke and Duchess of Sussex suggested people might donate to instead of sending gifts for their newborn son Archie in 2019.

Baby2Baby has formed partnerships across the country from local organizations and diaper banks to large-scale disaster response organizations like the Red Cross. It also has a large network of partners, including celebrity supporters.

## Work

The nonprofit's "Disaster Relief and Emergency Response program" has provided 60 million critical items to U.S. families impacted by natural disasters including fires, floods, hurricanes and other crises. in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017, Baby2Baby sent 1.1 million items to Texas. Baby2Baby has also delivered millions of critical items to families impacted by the Maui wildfires, flooding in California and tornadoes in Mississippi, Arkansas, and more.

In 2020, Baby2Baby worked with FEMA to distribute baby formula, which was undergoing a shortage in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Baby2Baby successfully advocated for the removal of the diaper tax in California and several states have followed suit since then.

In 2021, Baby2Baby donated 20 million diapers to establish a diaper bank in New York, providing diapers through food banks throughout the state.

In 2023, Baby2Baby was selected by the White House to pilot a program to combat the maternal mortality crisis and improve maternal mental health in partnership with the Department of Health and Human Services to deliver critical items like diapers, hygiene products, breastfeeding supplies, postpartum care, and educational resources to new moms immediately after giving birth. The program was initially launched in Louisiana, Arkansas, and New Mexico — three states with the highest maternal mortality and child poverty rates — and expanded in 2024 to include California, New York, Texas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia.

## InfoBox

Baby2Baby
| Formation | 2011 (2011) |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Region | Nationwide |
| Co-CEO | Kelly Sawyer Patricof |
| Co-CEO | Norah Weinstein |


title: 2010 Miami Hurricanes football team

abstract: The 2010 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami during the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Hurricanes were coached by Randy Shannon during the regular season, then coached by Jeff Stoutland (interim) during their bowl game and played their home games at Sun Life Stadium. They are members of the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 7–6, 5–3 in ACC play and were invited to the Sun Bowl where they were defeated by Notre Dame, 33–17.

text:
# 2010 Miami Hurricanes football team

2010 Atlantic Coast Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| Atlantic Division | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 17 Florida State x |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 4 |  |
| No. 23 Maryland |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  |
| No. 25 NC State |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 4 |  |
| Boston College |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |
| Clemson |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |
| Wake Forest |  | 1 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 9 |  |
| Coastal Division | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| No. 16 Virginia Tech x$ |  | 8 |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 3 |  |
| Miami (FL) |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 6 |  |
| Georgia Tech |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 7 |  |
| North Carolina |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  |
| Duke |  | 1 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 9 |  |
| Virginia |  | 1 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 8 |  |
| Championship: **Virginia Tech 44**, Florida State 33 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  BCS representative as conference champion * x  Division champion/co-champions Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2010 Miami Hurricanes football team** represented the University of Miami during the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Hurricanes were coached by Randy Shannon during the regular season, then coached by Jeff Stoutland (interim) during their bowl game and played their home games at Sun Life Stadium. They are members of the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 7–6, 5–3 in ACC play and were invited to the Sun Bowl where they were defeated by Notre Dame, 33–17.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 2 | 7:30 pm | Florida A&M* | No. 13 |  | ESPN3 | W 45–0 | 53,674 |
| September 11 | 3:30 pm | at No. 2 Ohio State* | No. 12 |  | ESPN | **NC** 24–36 (vacated by Ohio St) | 105,454 |
| September 23 | 7:30 pm | at Pittsburgh* | No. 19 |  | ESPN | W 31–3 | 58,115 |
| October 2 | 12:00 pm | at Clemson | No. 16 |  | ESPN2 | W 30–21 | 82,313 |
| October 9 | 8:00 pm | No. 23 Florida State | No. 13 | * Sun Life Stadium * Miami Gardens, FL (rivalry) | ABC | L 17–45 | 75,115 |
| October 16 | 1:00 pm | at Duke |  |  | ESPN3 | W 28–13 | 25,911 |
| October 23 | 7:30 pm | North Carolina | No. 25 | * Sun Life Stadium * Miami Gardens, FL | ESPN2 | W 33–10 | 43,584 |
| October 30 | 12:00 pm | at Virginia | No. 22 |  | ESPN | L 19–24 | 39,528 |
| November 6 | 12:00 pm | Maryland |  | * Sun Life Stadium * Miami Gardens, FL | ESPNU | W 26–20 | 55,434 |
| November 13 | 12:00 pm | at Georgia Tech |  |  | ACCN | W 35–10 | 47,425 |
| November 20 | 3:30 pm | No. 14 Virginia Tech | No. 24 | * Sun Life Stadium * Miami Gardens, FL (rivalry) | ESPN | L 17–31 | 40,101 |
| November 27 | 12:00 pm | South Florida* |  | * Sun Life Stadium * Miami Gardens, FL | ESPNU | L 20–23 OT | 41,148 |
| December 31 | 2:00 pm | vs. Notre Dame* |  |  | CBS | L 17–33 | 54,021 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Eastern time | | | | | | | |

## Pre-season

Following Miami's loss to Wisconsin in the Champs Sports Bowl, defensive lineman Allen Bailey, wide receiver Leonard Hankerson, and offensive lineman Orlando Franklin announced they would be returning for their senior seasons despite being considered possible candidates to enter the 2010 NFL draft.

In January it was reported that defensive line coach and recruiting coordinator Clint Hurtt would be leaving to go to the University of Louisville to become their new defensive line coach. On January 27, Miami hired Rick Petri to replace Hurtt as the defensive line coach. Petri had previously coached at the University of Kentucky and had once coached the defensive line before at Miami between 1993 and 1995. Wide receivers coach Aubrey Hill was named the new recruiting coordinator. In February, running backs coach Tommie Robinson left to take the same position for the Arizona Cardinals. He was replaced by Mike Cassano, who was previously running backs coach and recruiting coordinator at Florida International University, and had also coached at the University of Massachusetts Amherst under current Miami offensive coordinator Mark Whipple. Head coach Randy Shannon later announced that defensive assistant Michael Barrow would be returning to his position of full-time linebackers coach after defensive coordinator John Lovett had filled the position during the 2009 season. Barrow had been the linebackers coach in 2007 and 2008.

Miami began spring practice on February 23. Quarterback Jacory Harris only participated in non-throwing drills while recovering from a shoulder injury. Miami concluded spring practice with its spring game on March 27.

In March 2010, the Miami track team signed Latwan Anderson, who was also a four-star defensive back recruit in football. Anderson will walk on to the football team in the fall. Anderson's track scholarship will convert to a football scholarship once he plays in his first football game.

On May 12, Randy Shannon signed a new four-year contract with Miami.

On July 9, *The New York Times* reported that offensive lineman Seantrel Henderson, one of the top high school recruits in the nation, would attend the University of Miami in August 2010, academically cleared to play the 2010 season. Henderson previously signed a national letter of intent to join the USC Trojans. Henderson signed with the Trojans after assurances from coach Lane Kiffin that the Trojans football program would not be hit with major penalties following infractions made in previous seasons. After the NCAA penalized the Trojans in June 2010, Henderson was released from his letter of intent, allowing him to freely sign with another football program.

Senior defensive end Stephen Wesley was dismissed from the team at the end of July, reportedly for academic reasons. On August 2, junior wide receiver Thearon Collier was also dismissed due to team violations.

Miami began fall practice on August 5.

### 2010 recruiting class

| Player | Position | Height | Weight | Hometown | High School/Prep School/Junior College |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Latwan Anderson | Safety | 5-10 | 185 | Cleveland, OH | Glenville HS |
| Jermaine Barton | Offensive Lineman | 6-6 | 270 | Ft. Lauderdale, FL | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| Jeffrey Brown | Defensive tackle | 6-3 | 275 | Evanston, IL | Evanston HS |
| Malcolm Bunche | Offensive Lineman | 6-6 | 325 | Newark, DE | Newark HS/Milford Academy |
| Kelvin Cain | Linebacker | 6-4 | 210 | Clovis, CA | Buchanan HS |
| Eduardo Clements | Running back | 5-10 | 185 | Miami, FL | Booker T Washington HS |
| Asante-Jabari Cleveland | Tight end | 6-5 | 230 | Sacramento, CA | Christian Brothers HS |
| Tyrone Cornelius | Linebacker | 6-2 | 195 | Stone Mountain, GA | Stephenson HS |
| Devont'a Davis | Defensive back | 6-2 | 180 | Gainesville, FL | Gainesville HS |
| Jeremy Davis | Corner Back | 5-11 | 162 | Ft. Myers, FL | Ft. Myers HS |
| Johnathan Feliciano | Offensive Tackle | 6-4 | 283 | Davie, FL | Western HS |
| Chase Ford | Tight end | 6-6 | 245 | Kilgore, TX | Kilgore J.C. |
| James Gaines | Linebacker | 6-3 | 205 | Buffalo, NY | Canisius HS |
| Tavadis Glenn | Offensive Tackle | 6-5 | 265 | Jacksonville, FL | Terry Parker HS |
| Maurice Hagens | Fullback | 6-1 | 235 | Tampa, FL | Tampa Bay Tech HS |
| Darion Hall | Running back | 6-1 | 200 | Naples,FL | Lely HS |
| Seantrel Henderson | Offensive Tackle | 6-8 | 340 | Saint Paul, MN | Cretin-Derham Hall |
| Allen Hurns | Wide receiver | 6-2 | 175 | Miami, FL | Carol City HS |
| Storm Johnson | Runningback | 6-1 | 217 | Loganville, GA | Loganville HS |
| Brandon Linder | Offensive Lineman | 6-6 | 290 | Ft. Lauderdale, FL | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| Shane McDermott | Center | 6-3 | 266 | Wellington, FL | Palm Beach Central HS |
| Stephen Morris | Quarterback | 6-2 | 186 | Miami Shores, FL | Monsignor Pace HS |
| Kevin Nelson | Linebacker | 6-1 | 220 | Gainesville, FL | Gainesville HS |
| Cobie Okafor | Corner Back | 5-10 | 180 | Miami, FL | Booker T Washington HS |
| Keion Payne | Corner Back | 6-0 | 165 | Ft. Lauderdale, FL | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| David Perry | Defensive end | 6-6 | 230 | Ft. Lauderdale, FL | University School HS |
| Kacy Rodgers | Corner Back | 6-2 | 185 | Southlake, TX | Carroll HS |
| Andrew Tallman | Tight end | 6-5 | 237 | Dorchester, MA | Boston College HS |
| Delmar Taylor | Defensive tackle | 6-4 | 265 | Miami Beach, FL | Miami Beach HS |
| Clive Walford | Tight end | 6-6 | 225 | Belle Glade, FL | Glades Central HS |
| Travis Williams | Linebacker | 6-2 | 189 | Norfolk, VA | Monsignor Pace HS |

## Roster

| 2010 Miami Hurricanes football team roster | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Players | | | Coaches |
| **Offense**  Pos. # Name Class  OL `73` Jermaine Barton Fr  WR `3` Travis Benjamin Jr  RB `20` Damien Berry Sr  WR  Ben Bruneau So  OL `79` Malcolm Bunche Fr  WR `47` LaRon Byrd Jr  FB `43` John Calhoun Jr  RB `32` Lee Chambers Jr  RB `23` Eduardo Clements Fr  TE `82` Asante Cleveland Fr  RB `2` Graig Cooper Sr  OL `70` Jonathan Feliciano Fr  OL `61` Joel Figueroa Sr  TE `9` Chase Ford Jr  OL `74` Orlando Franklin Sr  TE `84` Richard Gordon Sr  OL `66` Harland Gunn Jr  RB `33` Maurice Hagens Fr  RB `19` Darion Hall Fr  WR `85` Leonard Hankerson Sr  QB `12` Jacory Harris Jr  OL `77` Seantrel Henderson Fr  QB `11` A.J. Highsmith So  FB `30` Patrick Hill Sr  OL `63` Tyler Horn Jr  WR `80` Allen Hurns Fr  RB `5` Mike James So  WR `4` Aldarius Johnson Jr  WR `81` Davon Johnson So  OL `78` Jermaine Johnson  Fr  RB `24` Storm Johnson Fr  OL `55` Ben Jones So  OL `65` Brandon Linder Fr  OL  Eduardo Lopez  Fr  OL `62` Shane McDermott Fr  RB `6` Lamar Miller  Fr  QB `17` Stephen Morris Fr  TE `88` Billy Sanders  Fr  WR `86` Tommy Streeter So  TE `87` Andrew Tallman Fr  WR `83` Kendal Tompkins So  FB  David Thompson  Fr  QB `89` Gustav Carson  Fr  TE `46` Clive Walford Fr  OL `72` Brandon Washington So  OL `75` Jared Wheeler  Fr  QB `16` Spencer Whipple Jr  OL `71` Cory White  Fr | **Defense**  Pos. # Name Class  DB `26` Ray-Ray Armstrong So  DL `57` Allen Bailey Sr  DL `91` Jeffrey Brown Fr  LB `45` Ramon Buchanan Jr  RB `94` Michael Vargas Fr  DB `37` Jared Campbell Sr  LB `39` Tyrone Cornelius Fr  DB `18` Devont'a Davis Fr  DL `49` Dyron Dye  Fr  DL `99` Marcus Fortson So  LB `58` Jordan Futch Jr  LB `59` James Gaines Fr  DB  Nathan Gholston So  LB `69` Sean Goldstein So  LB `51` Shayon Green  Fr  DL `95` Gavin Hardin So  DB `1` Brandon Harris Jr  DB `13` Ryan Hill Sr  DB `29` Joshua Livesley Fr  DL `92` Josh Holmes Sr  LB `34` C.J. Holton So  DL `98` Jeremy Lewis Jr  LB  Erik Lichter So  LB `44` Colin McCarthy Sr  DB `21` Brandon McGee So  DB `38` Cory Nelms Sr  LB `52` Kevin Nelson Fr  DB `29` JoJo Nicolas Jr  DL `97` Adewale Ojomo Jr  DB `24` Cobie Okafor  Fr  LB `53` Levi Paalua So  DB `29` Keion Payne Fr  DL `96` Curtis Porter So  DL `54` Micanor Regis Jr  DB `15` Jamal Reid  Fr  LB `36` Kylan Robinson Sr  DL `93` Luther Robinson  Fr  DL `56` Marcus Robinson Jr  DB `22` Kacy Rodgers Fr  DL `48` Andrew Smith Jr  LB `31` Sean Spence Jr  DB `7` Vaughn Telemaque So  DB `16` James Klein So  DB `8` DeMarcus Van Dyke Sr  DL `35` Olivier Vernon So  LB `41` Travis Williams Fr | **Special teams**  Pos. # Name Class  P/K `25` Matt Bosher Sr  LS `60` Chris Ivory Jr  `40` Jake Wieclaw So | Head coach Coordinators/assistant coaches   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Redshirt  ---  Roster
Last update: January 2, 2011 |

## Depth chart

(prior to Game 12 versus South Florida)

## Rankings

Ranking movements
**Legend:** ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking
— = Not ranked RV = Received votes
|  | Week | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Poll | Pre | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Final |
| AP | 13 | 12 | 17 | 19 | 16 | 13 | RV | 25 | 22 | RV | RV | 24 | RV |  |  |  |
| Coaches | 13 | 12 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 14 | RV | 25 | 22 | RV | RV | 21 | RV |  |  |  |
| Harris | Not released | | | | | | RV | 24 | 22 | RV | RV | 24 | RV |  |  | Not released |
| BCS | Not released | | | | | | |  | 22 |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | Not released |

## Regular season

### Florida A&M

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FAMU | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **0** |
| **#13 Miami** | 14 | 21 | 7 | 3 | **45** |

* **1st quarter**
    + Leonard Hankerson 19 yard touchdown pass from Jacory Harris. Bosher PAT Good. (7-0 MIA)
    + Leonard Hankerson 40 yard touchdown pass from Jacory Harris. Bosher PAT Good. (14-0 MIA)
* **2nd quarter**
    + Damien Berry 32 yard touchdown pass from Jacory Harris. Bosher PAT Good. (21-0 MIA)
    + Ray Ray Armstrong 22 yard interception return. Bosher PAT Good. (28-0 MIA)
    + Mike James 1 yard touchdown run. Bosher PAT Good. (35-0 MIA)
* **3rd quarter**
    + Lamar Miller 5 yard touchdown run. Bosher PAT Good. (42-0 MIA)
* **4th quarter**
    + Matt Bosher 24 yard field goal. (45-0 MIA)

### Ohio State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #12 Miami | 7 | 10 | 0 | 7 | **24** |
| **#2 Ohio State** | 3 | 23 | 10 | 0 | **36** |

Miami and Ohio State last played when they met in the 2003 Fiesta Bowl playing for the national championship, a game won by Ohio State in double overtime, 31–24. In 2010, Miami lost to Ohio State 36–24, but the Buckeyes' win was later vacated after an NCAA investigation of their program.

### Pittsburgh

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#19 Miami** | 7 | 3 | 7 | 14 | **31** |
| Pittsburgh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | **3** |

Miami and Pittsburgh last met in 2003 at Pittsburgh in a game won by Miami 28–14. Miami is 21–9–1 all time against Pittsburgh.

### Clemson

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#17 Miami** | 7 | 20 | 0 | 3 | **30** |
| Clemson | 7 | 7 | 7 | 0 | **21** |

Miami and Clemson last met in 2009 at Miami in a game won by Clemson 40–37. Miami is 5–3 all time against Clemson.

### Florida State

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#24 Florida State** | 7 | 17 | 7 | 14 | **45** |
| #14 Miami | 0 | 7 | 10 | 0 | **17** |

Jermaine Thomas scored a career-high three touchdowns, all in the first 21 minutes, and Chris Thompson ended the scoring with a 90-yard touchdown run in the 4th quarter. The 90-yard run is the longest run Miami has ever allowed in the history of its football program. The 23rd ranked Seminoles enjoyed a surprisingly easy 45-17 victory. The 45 points is the second-most points Florida State has scored in the series.

### Duke

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Miami** | 0 | 14 | 14 | 0 | **28** |
| Duke | 3 | 0 | 7 | 3 | **13** |

Miami and Duke last met in 2009 at Miami in a game won by Miami 34–16. Miami is 6–1 all time against Duke.

### North Carolina

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North Carolina | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | **10** |
| **#25 Miami** | 0 | 13 | 13 | 7 | **33** |

Miami and North Carolina last met in 2009 at Chapel Hill in a game won by North Carolina 33–24. Miami is 5–8 all time against North Carolina.

### Virginia

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #22 Miami | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | **19** |
| **Virginia** | 0 | 14 | 3 | 7 | **24** |

Miami and Virginia last met in 2009 at Miami in a game won by Miami 52–17. Miami is 5–3 all time against Virginia.

### Maryland

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maryland | 0 | 17 | 0 | 3 | **20** |
| **Miami** | 6 | 9 | 3 | 8 | **26** |

Miami and Maryland last met in 2006 at College Park in a game won by Maryland 14–13. Miami is 7–8 all time against Maryland.

### Georgia Tech

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Miami** | 14 | 0 | 14 | 7 | **35** |
| Georgia Tech | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | **10** |

Miami and Georgia Tech last met in 2009 at Miami in a game won by Miami 33–17. Miami is 5–10 all time against Georgia Tech.

### Virginia Tech

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#15 Virginia Tech** | 7 | 3 | 7 | 14 | **31** |
| #21 Miami | 7 | 3 | 7 | 0 | **17** |

Miami and Virginia Tech last met in 2009 at Blacksburg in a game won by Virginia Tech 31–7. Miami is 17–10 all time against Virginia Tech.

### South Florida

|  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | OT | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **South Florida** | 0 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 6 | **23** |
| Miami | 0 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 3 | **20** |

Miami was upset by South Florida losing to the Bulls in over time 23–20. Miami is now 2–1 all time against South Florida.

### Sun Bowl: Notre Dame

## Shannon fired, Al Golden hired

Head coach Randy Shannon was fired the day following the South Florida loss.

On December 12, 2010, ESPN reported that Miami had offered the new head coaching position to former Temple University head coach Al Golden.

In press-conference remarks upon his hiring on December 13, 2010, Golden emphasized the importance of the Miami legacy. "It's the most recognizable brand in college football," he said; "I go back to the former players that are here, the five national championships, 20 national award winners, countless All-Americans, incredible tradition; it's a dream job."

Golden also announced after the bowl game that offensive coordinator Mark Whipple would not be retained and his replacement could come from the NFL.

## InfoBox

| 2010 Miami Hurricanes football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sun Bowl, L 33–17 vs. Notre Dame | |
| Conference | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| Division | (Coastal) |
| Record | 7–6 (5–3 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Mark Whipple (2nd season) |
| Offensive scheme | Pro-style |
| Defensive coordinator | John Lovett (2nd season) |
| Base defense | 4–3, Cover 2 |
| Home stadium | Sun Life Stadium
(Capacity: 74,916) |
|


title: BFSP2

abstract: BFSP2 is a gene that encodes the protein phakinin in humans. More than 99% of the vertebrate ocular lens consists of terminally differentiated lens fiber cells. Two lens-specific intermediate filament proteins, the protein product of this gene and filensin, are expressed only after fiber cell differentiation has begun. Both proteins are found in a structurally unique cytoskeletal element that is referred to as the beaded filament (BF). Mutations in this gene have been associated with juvenile-onset, progressive cataracts and Dowling-Meara epidermolysis bullosa simplex. The two BFSP proteins are put into a "type VI" of intermediate filament (IF) classification. Unlike other IFs that form unbranched links, the two proteins form a network of filaments together with CRYAA.

text:
# BFSP2

**BFSP2** is a gene that encodes the protein **phakinin** ("beaded filament structural protein 2") in humans.

More than 99% of the vertebrate ocular lens consists of terminally differentiated lens fiber cells. Two lens-specific intermediate filament proteins, the protein product of this gene (CP49 or phakinin) and filensin (also known as CP115), are expressed only after fiber cell differentiation has begun. Both proteins are found in a structurally unique cytoskeletal element that is referred to as the beaded filament (BF). Mutations in this gene have been associated with juvenile-onset, progressive cataracts and Dowling-Meara epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

The two BFSP proteins are put into a "type VI" of intermediate filament (IF) classification. Unlike other IFs that form unbranched links, the two proteins form a network of filaments together with CRYAA.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| BFSP2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | BFSP2, CP47, CP49, CTRCT12, LIFL-L, PHAKOSIN, beaded filament structural protein 2 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 603212; MGI: 1333828; HomoloGene: 20791; GeneCards: BFSP2; OMA:BFSP2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003571   NM\_001002896
NM\_001364514   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003562   NP\_001002896
NP\_001351443   Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 133.4 – 133.48 Mb Chr 9: 103.3 – 103.36 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


abstract: The 1982–83 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team represented Duke University. The head coach was Mike Krzyzewski and the team finished the season with an overall record of 11–17 and did not qualify for the NCAA tournament.

text:
# 1982–83 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team

1982–83 ACC men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 8 North Carolina | 12 |  | 2 |  | .857 |  |  | 28 |  | 8 |  | .778 |
| No. 4 Virginia | 12 |  | 2 |  | .857 |  |  | 29 |  | 5 |  | .853 |
| Maryland | 8 |  | 6 |  | .571 |  |  | 20 |  | 10 |  | .667 |
| No. 16 NC State | 8 |  | 6 |  | .571 |  |  | 26 |  | 10 |  | .722 |
| Wake Forest | 7 |  | 7 |  | .500 |  |  | 20 |  | 10 |  | .667 |
| Georgia Tech | 4 |  | 10 |  | .286 |  |  | 13 |  | 15 |  | .464 |
| Duke | 3 |  | 11 |  | .214 |  |  | 11 |  | 17 |  | .393 |
| Clemson | 2 |  | 12 |  | .143 |  |  | 11 |  | 20 |  | .355 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1983 ACC tournament winner
Rankings from AP poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1982–83 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team** represented Duke University. The head coach was Mike Krzyzewski and the team finished the season with an overall record of 11–17 and did not qualify for the NCAA tournament.

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| November 27, 1982*
 |  | East Carolina | **W** 70–65 | 1–0
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| November 29, 1982*
 |  | Appalachian State | **W** 73–57 | 2–0
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| December 2, 1982*
 |  | at Colorado | **L** 70–79 | 2–1
 | CU Events/Conference Center
Boulder, CO |
| December 4, 1982*
 |  | vs. California | **L** 71–76 | 2–2
 | Oracle Arena
Oakland, CA |
| December 8, 1982
 |  | No. 1 Virginia | **L** 91–104 | 2–3
(0–1) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| December 11, 1982*
 |  | at Vanderbilt | **L** 65–74 | 2–4
 | Memorial Gymnasium
Nashville, TN |
| December 14, 1982*
 |  | Davidson | **W** 63–60 | 3–4
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| December 29, 1982*
 |  | New Hampshire | **W** 84–48 | 4–4
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| January 3, 1983*
 |  | George Mason | **W** 90–79 | 5–4
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| January 5, 1983*
 |  | Wagner | **L** 77–84 | 5–5
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| January 8, 1983*
 |  | at La Salle | **W** 61–60 | 6–5
 | Palestra
Philadelphia, PA |
| January 12, 1983*
 |  | No. 9 Louisville | **L** 76–91 | 6–6
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| January 15, 1983
 |  | at Maryland | **W** 86–67 | 7–6
(1–1) | Cole Field House
College Park, MD |
| January 19, 1983
 |  | Wake Forest | **L** 84–88 | 7–7
(1–2) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| January 22, 1983
 |  | at No. 3 North Carolina
*Rivalry* | **L** 82–103 | 7–8
(1–3) | Carmichael Auditorium
Chapel Hill, NC |
| January 26, 1983
 |  | at NC State | **L** 79–94 | 7–9
(1–4) | Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh, NC |
| January 29, 1983
 |  | Clemson | **W** 99–96 | 8–9
(2–4) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| February 2, 1983
 |  | William & Mary | **W** 73–71 | 9–9
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| February 5, 1983
 |  | at No. 3 Virginia | **L** 84–105 | 9–10
(2–5) | University Hall
Charlottesville, VA |
| February 9, 1983
 |  | at Georgia Tech | **L** 66–67 | 9–11
(2–6) | Alexander Memorial Coliseum
Atlanta, GA |
| February 16, 1983
 |  | Stetson | **W** 89–80 | 10–11
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| February 19, 1983
 |  | at Wake Forest | **L** 104–110 | 10–12
(2–7) | Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, NC |
| February 21, 1983
 |  | Maryland | **L** 90–101 | 10–13
(2–8) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| February 23, 1983
 |  | NC State | **L** 79–96 | 10–14
(2–9) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| February 26, 1983
 |  | Georgia Tech | **W** 106–81 | 11–14
(3–9) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| March 2, 1983
 |  | at Clemson | **L** 86–93 | 11–15
(3–10) | Littlejohn Coliseum
Clemson, SC |
| March 5, 1983
 |  | No. 8 North Carolina
*Rivalry* | **L** 81–105 | 11–16
(3–11) | Cameron Indoor Stadium
Durham, NC |
| ACC Tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 11, 1983
 | (7) | vs. (2) No. 2 Virginia
*Quarterfinals* | **L** 66–109 | 11–17
 | Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, GA |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
Source: Duke media guide | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1982–83 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Atlantic Coast Conference |
| Record | 11–17 (3–11 ACC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | Cameron Indoor Stadium |
|


# 1979 United States Virgin Islands constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in the United States Virgin Islands on 6 March 1979. Federal law passed by the United States Congress authorized the Virgin Islands and Guam to pass constitutions and form governments. A Constitutional Council had subsequently been elected in the 1977 general elections. The Council wrote and then unanimously adopted a draft constitution which provided for an elected governor and treasurer, a 17-seat Legislature, a local justice system and protections for Virgin Islander culture.

The draft constitution was rejected by the voters in the referendum.

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Approve new constitution | 4,696 | 43.96 |
| Reject new constitution | 5,986 | 56.04 |
| Invalid votes |  |  |
| **Total** | **10,682** | **100** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 27,732 | 38.23 |
| Source: Direct Democracy | | |

## InfoBox

1979 United States Virgin Islands constitutional referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  Yes 4,696 43.96%  No **5,986** **56.04%**  Valid votes 10,682 100.00%  Invalid or blank votes 0 0.00%  **Total votes** **10,682** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 27,732 38.52% | |


title: 1979 Italian Indoor Open

abstract: The 1979 Italian Indoor Open, also known as the Bologna Open or Bologna Indoor, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix circuit and took place in Bologna, Italy. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 19 November through 25 November 1979. Fourth-seeded Butch Walts won the singles title.

text:
# 1979 Italian Indoor Open

The **1979 Italian Indoor Open**, also known as the Bologna Open or Bologna Indoor, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix circuit and took place in Bologna, Italy. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 19 November through 25 November 1979. Fourth-seeded Butch Walts won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Butch Walts defeated  Gianni Ocleppo 6–3, 6–2

* It was Walts' 2nd and last singles title of the year and the 4th and last of his career.

### Doubles

Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe defeated  Fritz Buehning /  Ferdi Taygan 6–1, 6–1

## InfoBox

| 1979 Italian Indoor Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 19–25 November |
| Edition | 5th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $75,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Bologna, Italy |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Butch Walts | |
| Doubles | |
| Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe | |
|  | |


title: 1982 Austrian Grand Prix

abstract: The 1982 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 15 August 1982. It was the thirteenth race of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. The 53-lap race was won by Italian driver Elio de Angelis, driving a Lotus-Ford. De Angelis held off Finland's Keke Rosberg in the Williams-Ford to win by just 0.05 seconds, or less than half a car length, claiming the first victory for Lotus since the 1978 Dutch Grand Prix and the last in the lifetime of team founder Colin Chapman, who died at the end of 1982. Frenchman Jacques Laffite finished third in a Ligier-Matra, one lap behind.

text:
# 1982 Austrian Grand Prix

The **1982 Austrian Grand Prix** was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 15 August 1982. It was the thirteenth race of the 1982 Formula One World Championship.

The 53-lap race was won by Italian driver Elio de Angelis, driving a Lotus-Ford. De Angelis held off Finland's Keke Rosberg in the Williams-Ford to win by just 0.05 seconds, or less than half a car length, claiming the first victory for Lotus since the 1978 Dutch Grand Prix and the last in the lifetime of team founder Colin Chapman, who died at the end of 1982. Frenchman Jacques Laffite finished third in a Ligier-Matra, one lap behind.

## Report

A chicane had been added at the entrance to the pits earlier in the year. Nelson Piquet's Brabham led into the first corner from pole position, while Renault's Alain Prost passed Piquet's team-mate Riccardo Patrese for second. Further back, there was a collision which eliminated the two Alfa Romeos of Andrea de Cesaris and Bruno Giacomelli, as well as the Williams of Derek Daly. Prost's advantage over Patrese lasted only a few corners before the Italian re-passed him. On lap 2, Patrick Tambay punctured the right rear tyre on his Ferrari, Michele Alboreto crashed his Tyrrell at the Bosch Kurve, Patrese took the lead from Piquet and the two Brabhams immediately began to pull away on their half-full tanks.

Shortly before half distance, Piquet made the first planned mid-race fuel and tyre pit stop in modern F1 history. He rejoined in fourth place, behind Prost and Elio de Angelis, and just ahead of Keke Rosberg. Shortly afterwards, Patrese made his stop, having built up a sufficient lead to rejoin the race still in first place. However, the Italian suffered an engine failure three laps later, leaving Prost to inherit a comfortable lead from de Angelis.

Piquet was back up to third but was now in trouble, unable to make any inroads into the leaders and struggling to stay ahead of Rosberg. On lap 32, the Brazilian retired with an electrical failure. Free of the Brabham, Rosberg began closing in on de Angelis, who at this point was ten seconds ahead.

Prost was leading by half a minute when on lap 49, five from the end, his Renault suffered a mechanical failure. This left de Angelis and Rosberg – neither of whom had won a Grand Prix before – battling for the lead. At the start of the last lap de Angelis was 1.6 seconds ahead. Rosberg closed rapidly on the final tour and was right on the Lotus's gearbox heading into the final corner, the Rindt Kurve. De Angelis calmly defended the inside line, but slid wide on the exit of the corner. Rosberg dived inside on the home straight, only to come up short by 0.050 seconds, or less than half a car length.

De Angelis joyfully celebrated his maiden win, while Rosberg had nonetheless boosted his Driver's Championship chances, moving into second place ahead of John Watson, who had suffered an engine failure. Ligier's Jacques Laffite completed the podium, coming home a lap down, while Patrick Tambay was fourth in the sole Ferrari, having recovered from a puncture early in the race. Watson's McLaren team-mate Niki Lauda was fifth, with Mauro Baldi taking the final point in his Arrows.

This was the 150th World Championship race victory for the Cosworth DFV engine. However, it was also to be the last hailed by Colin Chapman's famous act of throwing his cloth cap into the air after a Lotus victory, as Chapman would die four months later. It was also the last win by a Chapman-built Lotus, and the team's last win until the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix.

## Classification

### Qualifying

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Q1 | Q2 | Gap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-BMW | **1:27.612** | 1:28.398 |  |
| 2 | 2 | Riccardo Patrese | Brabham-BMW | **1:27.971** | 1:28.296 | +0.359 |
| 3 | 15 | Alain Prost | Renault | 1:29.867 | **1:28.864** | +1.252 |
| 4 | 27 | Patrick Tambay | Ferrari | **1:29.522** | 1:29.856 | +1.910 |
| 5 | 16 | René Arnoux | Renault | no time | **1:30.261** | +2.649 |
| 6 | 6 | Keke Rosberg | Williams-Ford | 1:31.108 | **1:30.300** | +2.688 |
| 7 | 11 | Elio de Angelis | Lotus-Ford | 1:32.686 | **1:31.626** | +4.014 |
| 8 | 3 | Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell-Ford | **1:31.814** | 1:34.534 | +4.202 |
| 9 | 5 | Derek Daly | Williams-Ford | 1:34.114 | **1:32.062** | +4.450 |
| 10 | 8 | Niki Lauda | McLaren-Ford | 1:33.005 | **1:32.131** | +4.519 |
| 11 | 22 | Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo | 1:33.353 | **1:32.308** | +4.696 |
| 12 | 12 | Nigel Mansell | Lotus-Ford | 1:34.070 | **1:32.881** | +5.269 |
| 13 | 23 | Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo | 1:34.431 | **1:32.950** | +5.338 |
| 14 | 26 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 1:34.530 | **1:32.957** | +5.345 |
| 15 | 35 | Derek Warwick | Toleman-Hart | 1:33.878 | **1:33.208** | +5.596 |
| 16 | 14 | Roberto Guerrero | Ensign-Ford | 1:34.796 | **1:33.555** | +5.943 |
| 17 | 36 | Teo Fabi | Toleman-Hart | 1:34.690 | **1:33.971** | +6.359 |
| 18 | 7 | John Watson | McLaren-Ford | 1:34.668 | **1:34.164** | +6.554 |
| 19 | 4 | Brian Henton | Tyrrell-Ford | **1:34.184** | 1:36.228 | +6.572 |
| 20 | 20 | Chico Serra | Fittipaldi-Ford | 1:35.724 | **1:34.187** | +6.575 |
| 21 | 29 | Marc Surer | Arrows-Ford | **1:34.422** | 1:34.579 | +6.810 |
| 22 | 25 | Eddie Cheever | Ligier-Matra | **1:34.620** | 1:34.815 | +7.008 |
| 23 | 30 | Mauro Baldi | Arrows-Ford | 1:35.653 | **1:34.715** | +7.103 |
| 24 | 17 | Rupert Keegan | March-Ford | 1:36.274 | **1:34.770** | +7.158 |
| 25 | 9 | Manfred Winkelhock | ATS-Ford | 1:35.666 | **1:34.984** | +7.372 |
| 26 | 33 | Tommy Byrne | Theodore-Ford | 1:35.318 | **1:34.985** | +7.373 |
| 27 | 18 | Raul Boesel | March-Ford | **1:35.149** | 1:35.654 | +7.537 |
| 28 | 31 | Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella-Ford | 1:35.622 | **1:35.206** | +7.594 |
| 29 | 10 | Eliseo Salazar | ATS-Ford | 1:35.581 | **1:35.271** | +7.659 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Tyre | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 11 | **Elio de Angelis** | **Lotus-Ford** |  | 53 | 1:25:02.212 | 7 | **9** |
| 2 | 6 | **Keke Rosberg** | **Williams-Ford** |  | 53 | \+ 0.050 | 6 | **6** |
| 3 | 26 | **Jacques Laffite** | **Ligier-Matra** |  | 52 | \+ 1 Lap | 14 | **4** |
| 4 | 27 | **Patrick Tambay** | **Ferrari** |  | 52 | \+ 1 Lap | 4 | **3** |
| 5 | 8 | **Niki Lauda** | **McLaren-Ford** |  | 52 | \+ 1 Lap | 10 | **2** |
| 6 | 30 | **Mauro Baldi** | **Arrows-Ford** |  | 52 | \+ 1 Lap | 23 | **1** |
| 7 | 20 | Chico Serra | Fittipaldi-Ford |  | 51 | \+ 2 Laps | 20 |  |
| 8 | 15 | Alain Prost | Renault |  | 48 | Injection | 3 |  |
| Ret | 7 | John Watson | McLaren-Ford |  | 44 | Engine | 18 |  |
| Ret | 4 | Brian Henton | Tyrrell-Ford |  | 32 | Engine | 19 |  |
| Ret | 1 | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-BMW |  | 31 | Electrical | 1 |  |
| Ret | 33 | Tommy Byrne | Theodore-Ford |  | 28 | Spun off | 26 |  |
| Ret | 29 | Marc Surer | Arrows-Ford |  | 28 | Engine | 21 |  |
| Ret | 2 | Riccardo Patrese | Brabham-BMW |  | 27 | Engine | 2 |  |
| Ret | 25 | Eddie Cheever | Ligier-Matra |  | 22 | Engine | 22 |  |
| Ret | 12 | Nigel Mansell | Lotus-Ford |  | 17 | Engine | 12 |  |
| Ret | 16 | René Arnoux | Renault |  | 16 | Injection | 5 |  |
| Ret | 9 | Manfred Winkelhock | ATS-Ford |  | 15 | Spun off | 25 |  |
| Ret | 35 | Derek Warwick | Toleman-Hart |  | 7 | Suspension | 15 |  |
| Ret | 36 | Teo Fabi | Toleman-Hart |  | 7 | Transmission | 17 |  |
| Ret | 14 | Roberto Guerrero | Ensign-Ford |  | 6 | Spun off | 16 |  |
| Ret | 3 | Michele Alboreto | Tyrrell-Ford |  | 1 | Spun off | 8 |  |
| Ret | 17 | Rupert Keegan | March-Ford |  | 1 | Steering | 24 |  |
| Ret | 5 | Derek Daly | Williams-Ford |  | 0 | Collision | 9 |  |
| Ret | 22 | Andrea de Cesaris | Alfa Romeo |  | 0 | Collision | 11 |  |
| Ret | 23 | Bruno Giacomelli | Alfa Romeo |  | 0 | Collision | 13 |  |
| DNQ | 18 | Raul Boesel | March-Ford |  |  |  |  |  |
| DNQ | 31 | Jean-Pierre Jarier | Osella-Ford |  |  |  |  |  |
| DNQ | 10 | Eliseo Salazar | ATS-Ford |  |  |  |  |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

## Championship standings after the race

* **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

## InfoBox

| 1982 Austrian Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 13 of 16 in the 1982 Formula One World Championship | | | |
| The Österreichring (last modified in 1977) | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 15 August 1982 | | |
| Official name | XX Holiday Großer Preis von Österreich | | |
| Location | Österreichring, Spielberg, Styria, Austria | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 5.942 km (3.692 miles) | | |
| Distance | 53 laps, 314.926 km (195.686 miles) | | |
| Weather | Sunny, hot | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Brabham-BMW |
| Time | 1:27.612 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Nelson Piquet | Brabham-BMW |
| Time | 1:33.699 on lap 5 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Lotus-Ford |
| Second |  | Williams-Ford |
| Third |  | Ligier-Matra |
| Lap leaders * | | | |


title: 1982 Avon Championships of Houston

abstract: The 1982 Avon Championships of Houston was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Summit in Houston, Texas in the United States that was part of the 1982 Avon Championships Circuit. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from February 15 through February 21, 1982. Third-seeded Bettina Bunge won the singles title and earned $22,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1982 Avon Championships of Houston

The **1982 Avon Championships of Houston** was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Summit in Houston, Texas in the United States that was part of the 1982 Avon Championships Circuit. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from February 15 through February 21, 1982. Third-seeded Bettina Bunge won the singles title and earned $22,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Bettina Bunge defeated  Pam Shriver 6–2, 3–6, 6–2

* It was Bunge's 1st singles title of her career.

### Doubles

Kathy Jordan /  Pam Shriver defeated  Sue Barker /  Sharon Walsh 7–6<sup>(8–6)</sup>, 6–2

## Prize money

| **Event** | **W** | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Prel. round |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singles | $22,000 | $11,000 | $6,050 | $3,000 | $1,650 | $900 |

## InfoBox

| 1982 Avon Championships of Houston | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | February 15–21 |
| Edition | 12th |
| Category | Virginia Slims circuit |
| Draw | 17S / 10D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Surface | Carpet (Sporteze) / indoor |
| Location | Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Venue | The Summit |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Bettina Bunge | |
| Doubles | |
| Kathy Jordan /  Ann Kiyomura | |
|  | |


title: 1982 Avon Championships of Boston

abstract: The 1982 Avon Championships of Boston was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Boston University Walter Brown Arena in Boston, Massachusetts in the United States that was part of the 1982 Avon Championships circuit. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from March 15 through March 21, 1982. Unseeded Kathy Jordan won the singles title and earned $30,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1982 Avon Championships of Boston

The **1982 Avon Championships of Boston** was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Boston University Walter Brown Arena in Boston, Massachusetts in the United States that was part of the 1982 Avon Championships circuit. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from March 15 through March 21, 1982. Unseeded Kathy Jordan won the singles title and earned $30,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Kathy Jordan defeated  Wendy Turnbull 7–5, 1–6, 6–4

* It was Jordan's 1st singles title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

### Doubles

Kathy Jordan /  Anne Smith defeated  Rosemary Casals /  Wendy Turnbull 7–6<sup>(9–7)</sup>, 2–6, 6–4

## Prize money

| **Event** | **W** | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singles | $30,000 | $15,000 | $7,350 | $3,600 | $1,900 | $1,100 |

## InfoBox

| 1982 Avon Championships of Boston | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | March 15–21 |
| Edition | 9th |
| Category | Virginia Slims circuit |
| Draw | 33S / 16D |
| Prize money | $150,000 |
| Surface | Carpet (Sporteze) / indoor |
| Location | Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Venue | Walter Brown Arena |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Kathy Jordan | |
| Doubles | |
| Kathy Jordan /  Anne Smith | |
|  | |


title: 2010 Cook Islands general election

text:
# 2010 Cook Islands general election

General elections were held in the Cook Islands on 17 November 2010 in order to elect 24 MPs to the Cook Islands Parliament. The elections were won by the Cook Islands Party, which won 16 of the 24 seats. Voter turnout was 78%.

A binding referendum on whether the number of MPs should be reduced from 24 was held at the same time as the election.

Parliament will sit for the first time following the election in February 2011.

## Background

The Democratic Party government of Prime Minister Jim Marurai, which had governed since 2004, effectively collapsed in December 2009 after Finance Minister Terepai Maoate was sacked for his mishandling of a bid to buy the Toa fuel tank farm. This resulted in a mass-resignation of Democratic Party cabinet members, the expulsion of Marurai and his supporters, and the withdrawal of support for the government. Marurai then refused to reconvene Parliament in order to forestall a confidence vote. A formal split in the Democratic Party was averted in June 2010 when a party conference readmitted Marurai and the other Cabinet members, and appointed Deputy Prime Minister Robert Wigmore as party leader, with Wilkie Rasmussen as his deputy. However, several senior MPs, including former leader Terepai Maoate and former President John Tangi subsequently failed to win reselection and ran as independents.

In the leadup to the election two sitting MPs announced their retirement: Piho Rua and Speaker of the House Mapu Taia. Both were members of the Democratic Party.

Parliament was dissolved on 24 September. Candidate registration closed on 15 October. 70 candidates registered, including 24 from the Cook Islands Party, 23 from the Democrats, 6 from the Te Kura O Te ‘Au People's Movement and 16 independents. Of the 70 candidates, eight were women.

## Campaign

The Democratic Party launched its campaign on October 7 in vaka Takitumu with the campaign slogan "Our Future. Now." The party promised stability, benefit increases, and public service cuts. It contested every electorate except Arutanga-Nikaupara-Reureu.

The Cook Islands Party launched their campaign on October 8, promising an increased child benefit, a $1000 "baby bonus", water tanks for every household and to address the cost of living. They also promised to prevent "reckless" public spending by making Ministers and public servants personally liable for any misspent funds.

## Opinion polls

On 11 September 2010, a poll of 182 voters conducted by the *Cook Islands News* reported that the Democratic Party had 33% support, the Cook Islands Party 26%, and independents 14%. The margin of error of the poll was 7%.

A poll of 100 Rarotongans conducted by the *Cook Islands Herald* on 1 November found that 24% named Democratic Party leader Robert Wigmore as their preferred Prime Minister, 18% preferred Wilkie Rasmussen, 8% Prime Minister Jim Marurai, 5% Cook Islands Party leader Henry Puna, 2% CIP deputy Teina Bishop and 10% others, with 33% undecided.

## Results

The election resulted in a two-thirds majority for the Cook Islands Party. Following the election, CIP leader Henry Puna was sworn in as Prime Minister.

Four electoral petitions were subsequently lodged, challenging the results in the electorates of Pukapuka-Nassau, Rakahanga, Tamarua and Vaipae-Tautu. The petitions were heard in January and February 2011. The results in Rakahanga and Tamarua were upheld. Pukapuka-Nassau held a new election in 2011.

|  | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|  | Cook Islands Party | 3,753 | 43.80 | 16 | +9 |
|  | Democratic Party | 3,302 | 38.54 | 8 | –6 |
|  | Party Tumu | 160 | 1.87 | 0 | New |
|  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu People's Movement | 145 | 1.69 | 0 | New |
|  | Independents | 1,208 | 14.10 | 0 | –2 |
| Total | | 8,568 | 100.00 | 24 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 10,346 |  |  | |
| Source: ESG Cook-Islands, IFES | | | | | |

### By electorate

| Constituency | Candidate | Party | | Votes | % | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Akaoa | **Teariki Heather** |  | Cook Islands | 203 | 53.42 | Re-elected |
| | Teremoana Tapi Taio |  | Democratic | 177 | 46.58 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Amuri-Ureia | **Toanui Isamaela** |  | Cook Islands | 172 | 48.86 | Elected |
| | Terepai Maoate Jnr |  | Democratic | 143 | 40.63 | Unseated |
| | Ngatuaine Tutai Tom |  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu | 27 | 7.67 |
| | John Tini |  | Independent | 10 | 2.84 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara | **Teina Bishop** |  | Cook Islands | 186 | 55.52 | Re-elected |
| | May Kavana |  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu | 84 | 25.07 |
| | Harold Arthur Browne |  | Independent | 65 | 19.40 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Avatiu-Ruatonga-Palmerston | **John Henry** |  | Cook Islands | 269 | 46.86 | Elected |
| | Albert (Peto) Nicholas |  | Party Tumu | 160 | 27.87 | Unseated |
| | Sam Crocombe |  | Democratic | 135 | 23.52 |
| | Mike Tavioni |  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu | 10 | 1.74 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Ivirua | **Jim Marurai** |  | Democratic | 69 | 93.24 | Re-elected |
| | Moe Lucre |  | Cook Islands | 5 | 6.76 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Manihiki | **Henry Puna** |  | Cook Islands | 100 | 54.64 | Elected |
| | Apii Piho |  | Democratic | 73 | 39.89 | Unseated |
| | Rangi Mitaera |  | Independent | 10 | 5.46 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Matavera | **Kiriau Turepu** |  | Cook Islands | 324 | 57.96 | Elected |
| | Cassey Eggelton |  | Democratic | 235 | 42.04 | Unseated |
|  | | | | | | |
| Mauke | **Tai Tura** |  | Cook Islands | 124 | 59.33 | Elected |
| | Hugh Richard Graham |  | Democratic | 85 | 40.67 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Mitiaro | **Tangata Vavia** |  | Democratic | 65 | 60.19 | Re-elected |
| | Tuakeu Tangatapoto |  | Cook Islands | 43 | 39.81 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Murienua | **Tom Marsters** |  | Cook Islands | 193 | 42.70 | Re-elected |
| | James Vini Beer |  | Democratic | 127 | 28.10 |
| | Teariki Unuka |  | Independent | 75 | 16.59 |
| | Angeline Tuara |  | Independent | 54 | 11.95 |
| | Tepaki Nooapii Tepaki |  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu | 3 | 0.66 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Ngatangiia | **Atatoa Herman** |  | Cook Islands | 218 | 40.15 | Elected |
| | Mann Moetarauri Short |  | Democratic | 175 | 32.23 |
| | Terepai Maoate |  | Independent | 150 | 27.62 | Unseated |
|  | | | | | | |
| Nikao-Panama | **Ngamau Munokoa** |  | Democratic | 255 | 39.97 | Re-elected |
| | Tangee Tangi Kokaua |  | Cook Islands | 202 | 31.66 |
| | Philip Vakariti Rongo Nicholas |  | Independent | 181 | 28.37 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Oneroa | **Winton Pickering** |  | Democratic | 123 | 56.94 | Re-elected |
| | Tangatataia Vavia |  | Cook Islands | 54 | 25.00 |
| | Junior Areai Enoka |  | Independent | 39 | 18.06 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Penrhyn | **Wilkie Rasmussen** |  | Democratic | 71 | 50.00 | Re-elected |
| | Willie John |  | Independent | 61 | 42.96 |
| | Tini Ford |  | Cook Islands | 10 | 7.04 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Pukapuka-Nassau | **Tekii Lazaro** |  | Cook Islands | 88 | 35.34 | Elected |
| | Vai Peua |  | Independent | 84 | 33.73 | Unseated |
| | Tai Ravarua |  | Democratic | 77 | 30.92 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Rakahanga | **Taunga Toka** |  | Democratic | 30 | 51.72 | Elected |
| | Toka Hagai |  | Cook Islands | 28 | 48.28 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Ruaau | **William (Smiley) Heather** |  | Democratic | 383 | 64.70 | Re-elected |
| | David Akanoa |  | Cook Islands | 169 | 28.55 |
| | Ngamau-O-Rongo Tou |  | Independent | 40 | 6.76 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Takuvaine-Tutakimoa | **Mark Brown** |  | Cook Islands | 344 | 63.70 | Elected |
| | Ngai Tupa |  | Democratic | 196 | 36.30 | Unseated |
|  | | | | | | |
| Tamarua | **Pukeiti Pukeiti** |  | Cook Islands | 31 | 50.82 | Re-elected |
| | Andy Matapo |  | Democratic | 30 | 49.18 |
| | Mimau Tom |  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu | 0 | 0.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Teenui-Mapumai | **Norman George** |  | Cook Islands | 79 | 69.91 | Re-elected |
| | Pukeiti Ngametua |  | Democratic | 34 | 30.09 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Tengatangi-Areora-Ngatiarua | **Nandi Glassie** |  | Cook Islands | 90 | 56.60 | Re-elected |
| | Eugene Tatuava |  | Democratic | 69 | 43.40 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Titikaveka | **Robert Wigmore** |  | Democratic | 328 | 45.81 | Re-elected |
| | Taivero Isamaela |  | Cook Islands | 228 | 31.84 |
| | Teariki Matenga Jnr |  | Independent | 94 | 13.13 |
| | Teava Iro |  | Independent | 66 | 9.22 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Tupapa-Maraerenga | **George Angene** |  | Cook Islands | 430 | 44.51 | Elected |
| | Nooroa Tupa |  | Democratic | 263 | 27.23 |
| | Timothy Paul Arnold |  | Independent | 181 | 18.74 |
| | John Tangi |  | Independent | 92 | 9.52 | Unseated |
|  | | | | | | |
| Vaipae-Tautu | **Mona Ioane** |  | Cook Islands | 163 | 46.70 | Elected |
| | Kete Ioane |  | Democratic | 159 | 45.56 | Unseated |
| | Simiona Teva Robert |  | Te Kura O Te ʻAu | 21 | 6.02 |
| | Punua Marsters |  | Independent | 6 | 1.72 |

## InfoBox

2010 Cook Islands general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 24 seats in the Parliament
13 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  Cook Islands Henry Puna 43.80 16 +9  Democratic Robert Wigmore 38.54 8 −6   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.  Prime Minister before Prime Minister after  Jim Marurai
Democratic Henry Puna
Cook Islands | |


title: BK Grodno-93

abstract: BK Grodno-93 is a basketball club based in Grodno, Belarus that plays in the Premier League.

text:
# BK Grodno-93

**BK Grodno-93** is a basketball club based in Grodno, Belarus that plays in the Premier League.

## Trophies

1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

## InfoBox

| Grodno-93 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Leagues | Premier League |
| Founded | 1933 (1933) |
| Arena | Victoria |
| Capacity | 800 |
| Location | Grodno, Belarus |
| Team colors | Blue, Black, White
 |
| Head coach | Andrew Vasylivka |
| Championships | **8** Belarusian Leagues
**8** Belarusian Cups |
| Website | www.grodno93.org |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Evelyn Zupke

abstract: Evelyn Zupke is a specialist care and social worker who came to prominence in the German Democratic Republic during the 1980s as a democracy activist. She was a co-organiser of the project to uncover and publicise state mandated electoral fraud in the local government elections of 7 May 1989, which was a key step in the buildup to the Peaceful Revolution and prepared the way for reunification, formally in October 1990.

text:
# Evelyn Zupke

**Evelyn Zupke** (born Evelyn Wiehler, 28 February 1962) is a specialist care and social worker who came to prominence in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) during the 1980s as a democracy activist.

She was a co-organiser of the project to uncover and publicise state mandated electoral fraud in the local government elections of 7 May 1989, which was a key step in the buildup to the Peaceful Revolution and prepared the way for reunification, formally in October 1990.

## Life

Evelyn Wiehler was born in Binz, the largest coastal resort on the East German island of Rügen. Her mother was a school teacher. In 1980 Evelyn successfully passed her school leaving exams (*Abitur*) which for most people would have opened the way to a university level education. When she was 18 she resigned from the FDJ, which was the youth wing of the country's ruling Socialist Unity Party (*Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands* / SED). By the time she left school she had been identified as a political non-conformist and a university level education was therefore not available to her. Instead she trained for work in the catering sector.

Rügen was a major holiday destination and she was able to work as a waitress and selling ice cream with the holiday service of the National Trades Union Federation. She resisted pressure to study for further qualifications since this would have necessitated becoming a member of the ruling SED (party). In 1984 she refused to take part in phony "Zettelfalten" local government elections, which led to further problems in her work.

She then switched sectors to work in the "Care of the mentally disabled", which in East Germany was organised partly under the auspices of the evangelical churches alliance diaconate. In 1987 she relocated to East Berlin. Her son Philipp was born iaround 1986. She now came into contact with the Weißensee Peace Circle (*"Friedenskreis Weißensee"*), one of the opposition groups emerging in East Germany in response to the changing political mood coming out of Moscow. By 1987 she was a member of the Weißensee Peace Circle.

For the local government elections held on 7 May 1989 a number of East German opposition groups co-ordinated their activities to evaluate the fairness of the process, through simple observation at the polling stations and counting. The implausibility of reported election results in East Germany was nothing new, but the mood of openness and the increase in citizen dissatisfaction with the system supported a move to identify and publicise what was done. Although observation and analysis took place across the country, the election monitoring undertaken by citizens in the Berlin quarter of Weißensee was particularly detailed, due in part to Evelyn Zupke's careful organisation of it and in part to the number of people participating in the exercise. In contrast to other towns and districts, in Weißensee there were observers at virtually every polling station. Of the 66 polling stations only one operated unobserved. This was the polling station at the prestigious Weißensee Arts Academy where, as Zupke later observed, the opposition groups had no contacts. "Students did not belong to the opposition circles" (*"Studenten gehörten nicht zum oppositionellen Milieu."*). Elections in the German Democratic Republic were organised according to a "Single list" system. Voters were given a piece of paper listing the officially approved candidates and could endorse it by placing their voting slip in the appropriate ballot box. For voters not wishing to endorse the candidates listed there was a separate ballot box at the far end of the polling station. This was intended to discourage people from voting the wrong way, but it also made it relatively easy for observers to count the votes, independently of any officially declared results. In Zupke's apartment there was a parallel counting station operated by the Peace Circle. Actual results were communicated by the opposition groups to western media, as a result of which the election details were reported widely in West Germany.

The East German authorities were not insensitive to the public relations impact of the attention paid by the western media to their election process. The chairman of the electoral commission, better known to later generations as the country's last leader, was Egon Krenz. He was able to announce that 12.2 million of those entitled to vote had voted in favour of the ruling party's candidate list. This represented 98.85% of those entitled to vote. It was the first time in the country's forty-year history that the authorities had announced fewer than 99% of eligible voters in support of their list, which was a clear acknowledgement of an increase in the registered negative votes. However, the opposition groups were able to report, based on their observation, that the total proportion of votes against the party list stood between 3% and 30%, and they computed that overall voter turnout had been between 60% and 80% of those entitled to vote. Scholars subsequently questioned some of the extrapolations involved, but there was clearly a massive discrepancy between the election results announced by the authorities and the actual results observed by the opposition groups.

During the next few months Zupke was centrally involved in organising follow-up protest actions. On 7 June 1989, exactly one month after the fraudulent local election, a major commemorative celebration of it was held in Belin's Sophienkirche (Church of St. Sophia) under the slogan "Nie genug vom Wahlbetrug" (loosely: *"never enough \[attention paid to\] election fraud"*). Exactly a month after that, on 7 July 1989, a larger demonstration highlighting the issue was held in the Alexanderplatz. The demonstration on 7 August took place at the Church of Hope in Berlin-Pankow. On 7 September and 7 October the commemorative demonstration returned to the Alexanderplatz. In the course of these demonstrations she was arrested and briefly detained by the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) on 7 July and again on 7 September. The Stasi arrest on 7 September 1989 was combined with a particularly vicious assault. All this was taking place in the context of a rising tide of street protest in the East German cities more generally. Zupke was also working on the ad hoc telephone call centre which opposition activists had been able to set up at the Gethsemane Church, and taking part in the "Dauermahnwache" (vigil) set up on 2 October in support of demonstrators in Leipzig who had been arrested the previous month and remained in detention.

More significant than the breach of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 was the dawning realisation that the Soviet troops in East Germany had no orders to intervene. This triggered a succession of steps along the path to German reunification. Evelyn Zupke participated in these political developments in various ways. She participated in the "Round Table" forums of 1989/90 in Berlin-Weißensee and worked on the Committee for the Dissolution of the Stasi. In March 1990 she was a member of the electoral commission for the first and, as matters turned out, last democratic election in the German Democratic Republic. Along with that she worked in the Initiative for Peace and Human Rights (*Initiative Frieden und Menschenrechte* / IFM) and in the Matthias Domaschk Archive at the newly created Robert Havemann Society.

She subsequently returned to her career as a specialist care and social worker, having relocated to Hamburg.

On 5 March 2009 The Green Party group in the Berlin regional parliament nominated Zupke as one of several "alternates" to the Federal Convention, which is periodically convened when it becomes necessary to elect a new German President. The effect of this was that Zupke was a member of the "electoral college" that on 23 May 2009 elected Horst Köhler to the presidency (although it seems likely that her own vote will have gone to a rival candidate).

## Awards and honours (not a complete list)

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Zupke | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Evelyn Wiehler
(1962-02-28) February 28, 1962
Binz, Rügen Nordbezirke, East Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Care and Social worker |
| Known for | Democracy activist |
| Spouse | y |
| Children | 1 s (born 1986) |