title: Anna Fitziu

abstract: Anna Fitziu was an American soprano who had a prolific international opera career during the early part of the 20th century. Her signature roles included Fiora in L'amore dei tre re, Mimi in La bohème, Nedda in Pagliacci, and the title roles in Isabeau, Madama Butterfly, and Tosca. After her singing career ended, she embarked on a second career as a voice teacher. Among her notable pupils was opera singer Shirley Verrett.

text:
# Anna Fitziu

**Anna Fitziu** (April 1, 1887 – April 20, 1967) was an American soprano who had a prolific international opera career during the early part of the 20th century. Her signature roles included Fiora in *L'amore dei tre re*, Mimi in *La bohème*, Nedda in *Pagliacci*, and the title roles in *Isabeau*, *Madama Butterfly*, and *Tosca*. After her singing career ended, she embarked on a second career as a voice teacher. Among her notable pupils was opera singer Shirley Verrett.

## Early life and career

She was born as **Anna Powell** in Huntington, West Virginia, on April 1, 1887. Fitziu began her career as a chorus girl and concert soloist in New York City in 1902. At this point in her career she worked under the name "Anna Fitzhugh", taking the last name from an old Virginia family (a member of which included Continental Congress delegate William Fitzhugh) that she was related to. She went to Chicago in early 1903 to portray a number of smaller roles in the musical comedy *The Wizard*. She remained in Chicago through 1904 appearing in leading roles in operettas and musical comedies like *Baroness Fiddlesticks* and *Sergeant Brue*. From 1905 to 1906, she performed on the American vaudeville circuit.

## Opera career

In 1906 Fitziu went to Paris where she studied singing with William Thorn for several years. She adopted the stage name "Anna Fitziu" when she made her first opera appearance in 1910 at the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan as Elsa in Richard Wagner's *Lohengrin*. She remained in Italy for the next five years, performing in leading roles at such opera houses as the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, the Teatro di San Carlo, the Teatro Massimo, and La Fenice. She also made appearances at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires.

In 1915 Fitziu was offered a short-term contract at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. She accepted, making her debut with the company as Rosario in the world premiere of Enrique Granados's *Goyescas* on January 28, 1916, with Giovanni Martinelli as Fernando, Flora Perini as Pepa, Giuseppe De Luca as Paquiro, and Gaetano Bavagnoli conducting. It was the only role she ever performed at the Met, although she did appear in several Sunday Night Concerts at the house. In 1916 she was committed to the New Orleans Opera.

From 1917 to 1919, Fitziu was a principal soprano of the Chicago Opera Association. With the company she notably portrayed the title role in the world premiere of Henry Kimball Hadley's *Azora, the Daughter of Montezuma* on December 26, 1917, and portrayed the title role in the United States premiere of Alfredo Catalani's *Loreley* in 1919. She later sang with the Chicago Civic Opera from 1922 to 1926. In 1921 and 1926 she toured the United States with the San Carlo Opera Company. On November 6, 1924, she sang Mimì in *La bohème* for the very first performance presented by the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company. She also appeared in operas at the Ravinia Festival in the early 1920s and appeared at the Havana Opera in 1924 as Desdemona in *Otello* with Giovanni Martinelli in the title role.

## Work as a voice teacher and later life

In 1927 Fitziu retired from the stage after suffering a nervous breakdown. She turned to writing for a time and was able to publish some works of short fiction. She took up teaching singing privately in New York City in 1929. She continued to teach singing for the rest of her life, first in Chicago and then in Los Angeles. Among her notable pupils was Shirley Verrett.

She died on April 20, 1967, in Hollywood, California, at the age of 80, after falling down a staircase.

## Personal life

She was engaged to Andrés de Segurola in 1920, but they never married. She then married Dr. John J. Harty, who pre-deceased her.

## InfoBox

| Anna Fitziu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Anna Powell
(1887-04-01)April 1, 1887
Huntington, West Virginia |
| Died | April 20, 1967(1967-04-20) (aged 80)
Hollywood, California |


title: Apatopygus recens

abstract: Apatopygus recens is a species of sea urchin of the family Apatopygidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Apatopygus and lives in the sea. Apatopygus recens was first scientifically described in 1836 by Milne-Edwards, French zoologist.

text:
# Apatopygus recens

***Apatopygus recens*** is a species of sea urchin of the family Apatopygidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus *Apatopygus* and lives in the sea. *Apatopygus recens* was first scientifically described in 1836 by Milne-Edwards, French zoologist.

## InfoBox

| *Apatopygus recens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Cassiduloida |
| Family: | Apatopygidae |
| Genus: | *Apatopygus* |
| Species: | ***A. recens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Apatopygus recens***<br>(Milne-Edwards, 1836) | |
|


title: El-Marsa Forest

abstract: El-Marsa Forest, also referred to as Forest Roussegonia or Aguellou n'Tamentfoust, is a forest situated within the commune of El-Marsa, within the Algiers Province. It is overseen by the Directorate of Forests and the Green Belt (CFA), and its activities are subject to the supervision of the General Directorate of Forests (DGF).

text:
# El-Marsa Forest

**El-Marsa Forest**, also referred to as **Forest Roussegonia** or **Aguellou n'Tamentfoust**, is a forest situated within the commune of El-Marsa, within the Algiers Province. It is overseen by the Directorate of Forests and the Green Belt (CFA), and its activities are subject to the supervision of the General Directorate of Forests (DGF).

## Location

El-Marsa Forest is situated at a distance of 18 kilometers east of Algiers, 70 kilometers east of Tipaza, and 4 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea. It is located within the commune of El Marsa, within the Mitidja Plain, in the Petite Kabylie.

## History

El-Marsa Forest is overseen by Decree No. 45-84, dated February 18, 1984, which has been amended and supplemented by Decree No. 09-07, dated January 11, 2007. The forest constitutes the eastern boundary of the Bay of Algiers.

The shrubs that populate this forest were the source of its Phoenician name, "Roussegonia," which translates to "Head of the Shrubs."

The proximity of this woodland to the Tamenfoust Port also contributed to its Amazigh name, Aguellou n'Tamentfoust, which translates to "the forest on the right side." This name is derived from its location on the right side relative to the mountaineers who descended towards Icosium (ancient Algiers) in past centuries.

El-Marsa Forest is situated to the northeast of the ancient archaeological site of Roussegonia, to the east of the old city and the Tamentfoust Port. This forest once constituted the perimeter of the Bordj Tamentfoust, an Ottoman fortress dating back to the period of the Regency of Algiers.

## Reforestation

El-Marsa Forest has benefited from the national reforestation plan, which was designed to protect and enhance its natural forest resources. To protect the forest, the perimeter has been enclosed with fences; however, this area has been significantly reduced from 13 hectares to 9.5 hectares due to the expansion of the urban fabric.

## Wildlife

There are a few mammal species in the forest, such as the Algerian hedgehog (*Atelerix algirus*), the European rabbit (*Oryctolagus cuniculus*), the cape hare (*Lepus capensis*), and the wild boar (*Sus scrofa*).

## InfoBox

| El-Marsa Forest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Algeria |
| Coordinates | 36°48′40″N 3°14′50″E / 36.81111°N 3.24722°E / 36.81111; 3.24722 |
| Elevation | 50 m (160 ft) |
| Area | 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) |


title: Eubela calyx

abstract: Eubela calyx is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Eubela calyx

***Eubela calyx*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5 mm.

(Original description) The shell is decollate and with the aperture imperfect, having evidently the general form of *Eubela limacina*, but with a slightly more differentiated siphonal canal. The surface is smooth, polished, with a distinct suture in front of which the fasciole appears as a narrow raised band, with an incised line in front of it and marking its edge. The only other sculpture consists of six or seven sharply incised lines on the siphonal canal near its anterior end . The whorls and the base are full and rounded. The incremental lines are visible but faint. The color of the shell is yellowish white with about ten spiral bands of alternate whitish and reddish brown rectangles on the body whorl arranged like the squares on a checkerboard, except that, the white rectangles being longer than the brown ones and the latter being symmetrically arranged. The angles of the brown rectangles in one line do not generally connect with those of the lines in front and behind it. On the curve of the base the rectangles are drawn somewhat lozenge-shaped.

This specimen is but a fragment, yet its characters are so remarkable that a much smaller fragment would be recognizable at once, so the author decided to name it.

## Distribution

This marine species was found at a depth of 227 m off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA.

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295.
* W.H. Dall (1889) A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States, with illustrations of many of the species; Bulletin of the United States National Museum; no. 37

## InfoBox

| *Eubela calyx* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Eubela* |
| Species: | ***E. calyx*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eubela calyx***<br>(Dall, 1889) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Daphnella (Eubela) calyx* (Dall, 1889) * *Mangilia calyx* Dall, 1889 | |


title: American Mullet

abstract: American Mullet is a 2001 documentary film directed by Jennifer Arnold. The film documents the phenomenon of the mullet hairstyle and the people who wear it. Through their discussion of the mullet, the backgrounds of the people featured in the film are revealed.

text:
# American Mullet

***American Mullet*** (also known as ***The Mullet Chronicles***) is a 2001 documentary film directed by Jennifer Arnold. The film documents the phenomenon of the mullet hairstyle and the people who wear it. Through their discussion of the mullet, the backgrounds of the people featured in the film are revealed.

## InfoBox

| American Mullet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Jennifer Arnold |
| Written by | Jennifer Arnold |
| Produced by | Jennifer Arnold
Tom Gorai |
| Narrated by | Matthew Bose |
| Cinematography | Patricia Lee |
| Edited by | Jennifer Arnold
Zach Fine |
| Music by | Adam Cohen |
| Release date | * January 1, 2001 (2001-01-01) (Sundance Film Festival) |
| Running time | 52 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Drumlane

abstract: Drumlane is a townland situated near the village of Milltown, area 85.76 hectares, in County Cavan, Ireland. Drumlane is also the name of the civil parish in which the townland is situated. Saint Columba brought Christianity to Drumlane in 555, and Saint Máedóc of Ferns was the founder of an early Drumlane monastery. Saint Máedóc made the Connachta nobleman Faircheallaigh the first Abbot of Drumlane at the end of the sixth century and his Ó Faircheallaigh descendants became historically the Erenagh Abbots of Drumlane. The name Drumlane denotes the drumlin region of low hilly ribbed moraines formed over a limestone bedrock created by the movement of glacial ice and melt water during the last ice age. Several townlands in the neighbourhood are prefixed with the word 'Drum' ('Droim'), while several others are prefixed with the word 'Derry' ('Doire'), which is Irish for oak.

text:
# Drumlane

**Drumlane** (Irish: *Droim Leathan*, meaning 'The Broad Ridge') is a townland situated near the village of Milltown, area 85.76 hectares (211.93 acres), in County Cavan, Ireland. Drumlane is also the name of the civil parish in which the townland is situated. Saint Columba brought Christianity to Drumlane in 555, and Saint Máedóc of Ferns was the founder of an early Drumlane monastery. Saint Máedóc made the Connachta nobleman Faircheallaigh the first Abbot of Drumlane at the end of the sixth century and his Ó Faircheallaigh descendants became historically the Erenagh Abbots of Drumlane. The name Drumlane denotes the drumlin region of low hilly ribbed moraines formed over a limestone bedrock created by the movement of glacial ice and melt water during the last ice age. Several townlands in the neighbourhood are prefixed with the word 'Drum' ('Droim'), while several others are prefixed with the word 'Derry' ('Doire'), which is Irish for oak.

## History

There is recorded evidence of people living and farming around the neighbourhood of Drumlane for over two thousand years. This is seen mainly on maps and on land in the form of ringforts and enclosures. In the nearby Derrybrick lough there are the remains of crannogs which are man made islands used for accommodation. The most profoundly unique feature of this countryside comes in the form of a ruined Augustinian monastic church and round tower. The early Christian site at Drumlane is said to date back to Saint Columba around 555. Drumlane was later developed by Saint Máedóc (known locally as St. Mogue), from whom many miraculous stories and legends arise. Significant Church developments began in Ireland during the 12th century with St Malachy of Armagh creation of archbishoprics at Armagh and Cashel. A Synod of Kells in 1152 began further changes where the Kingdom of Breifni became the new *Tir Briuin* diocese boundary stretched from Kells in Meath to Sligo. Drumlane being the midpoint of the new Breifne *Tir Briuin* Diocese to come under the jurisdiction of the Abbot of Kells order of Arrosian Canons Regular St. Mary's Abbey of Kells. Drumlane priory formed around the year 1143 was called afterwards St. Mary's Priory Drumlane until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid-16th century.

Notable historic events went recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters and in the Annals of Clonmacnoise, that in 836 Drumlane was attacked by Viking raiders along with other abbeys at Devenish Island on the river Erne. Clones abbey was also attacked during these raids. The King of Breifne Tighearnan O'Ruairc (1124–1172) gave patronage to the early diocese, But in 1246 it went recorded that Drumlane church was burned during a feud between rival Breifne clans O'Rourke lords of West Breifne and the O'Reillys of East Breifne. Significant also then that Drumlane was once a town on the border line between east and west Breifne, also burial grounds for O'Rourke and O'Reilly clan chiefs. Battles at Drumlane took place from 1261 between Hugh O'Conor king of Connacht and Hugh O'Reilly, followed by further battles in 1314 and 1338 where the O'Conors and the Ruairc's defeated the O'Reilly clan. Eventually peace was settled in 1391 between the rival factions when Breifne was divided into Lordships between the rival O'Reilly and O'Ruairc clan leaders. In 1431 Papal records describe alms needed to rebuild Drumlane priory with cloisters and a refectory. Then in 1436 the Pope appointed Patrick Ó Faircheallaigh as Canon (Coarb) of St. Mary's Drumlane priory then a dependency under the Abbey of Kells. An interesting charter of 19 September 1438 exists which grants the erenaghship of Drumlane to Nicholas Ó Faircheallaigh. It was around this time that the Pope agreed to a request from Bishop McBrady to build a cathedral church for a Kilmore diocese within east Breifne. Drumlane would continue thereafter as a parish church together with a teaching house for priests of the Breifne/Kilmore diocese, combined under the secular rule of the independent Drumlane Augustinian priory.

Internal O'Reilly clan feuds continued, and in 1487, Edmund and Fergal O'Reilly attacked Clogh Oughter castle, occupied by their uncle John O'Reilly. Retribution came swiftly and Fergal was killed (buried at Drumlane) and Drumlane town where Edmund O'Reilly lived was burned in punishment. O'Reilly clan feuds around Drumlane continued in 1512, while the last mention from papal records was in 1538 before the priory and church was confiscated in 1539 under the rule of Henry VIII, King of England to the Archbishop of Dublin and later granted to Hugh O'Reilly in 1567 under lease. However the O'Reillys still carried out their depredations as we find a raid on Drumlane c.1570 by Toirdhealbhach, nicknamed 'An Prióir Balbh', the illegitimate son of the chief, Aodh Conallach O'Reilly. When Hugh O'Reilly died in 1583, it was disclosed that he had only ever paid one half of one years rent on all of his leased properties, leading to forfeiture of the Cavan monastic lands and sold as the crown administrators saw fit. Drumlane was Cavan's richest ecclesiastical foundation consisting 32 polls (around 800 acres of pasture and arable land). Drumlane church was re-granted to the reformed Anglican Diocese of Kilmore and used for Protestant church worship while the priory buildings were left to decay. A new church called St. Columba's was erected by the Church of Ireland by 1821 and the old Drumlane church was then un-roofed and abandoned.

## Drumlane architecture

The original monastic structures at Drumlane were built from wood gathered from the nearby oak forests, having deteriorated over centuries of weather and raids from Vikings and rival clans. From the twelfth century, when under Augustinian monastic jurisdiction the entire structure was rebuilt using local stone to a traditional Romanesque and Gothic Irish church and round tower design, using styles similar to many other monastic buildings in Connacht and elsewhere. The craftsmanship used in constructing the Romanesque round tower was a key statement of prestige for its time, that perhaps the O'Rourke kings of Breifne wanted to create 'pride of place' within the new Breifne Tir Briuin diocese. Other building works probably came from donations paid by prominent local farmers and pilgrims to view St. Mogues relics at Drumlane. From the mid-12 century Drumlane priory came under Arrosian Augustinian Canons jurisdiction from the abbot of St. Mary's abbey in Kells. The Drumlane church was a basic nave and screened chancel measuring (inside) 32.6 metres long by 6.1 metres wide. There is evidence of various stages of construction and significant modifications over the centuries, from the late twelfth and early thirteenth century became a 'Transition' period, when late stages of Hiberno Romanesque style architecture gave way to the English Gothic styles being introduced to church construction all around the country. Typical twelfth century works can be seen in the construction of the doors and windows of the round tower using rounded head openings. The west doorway of the church is similar round-headed fashioned with dog-tooth design typical of several twelfth century churches. The windows and doorways in the south and north walls come from a later period using medieval arched forms, while some are hooded (original English style) Gothic design which became popular from the early thirteenth century. The tall three light east window design is set with the remains of flamboyant tracery (probably 15th century). On the outside, set beside the east window there are the carved heads of a bearded king and his queen (perhaps 12th century benefactors of the church) along with the head of a bishop or abbot. Fragments of decorative masonry remain within the church and outside include the remains of medieval pillars and a richly carved 'impost' that could have supported an arched cloister or screen structure. Another richly carved stone believed to be a tomb slab stands inside the church against the north wall. There are tomb niches and sedilia located in the south wall, also a Romanesque style doorway chevron fragment (c1170), which perhaps could have come from the priory building once located about one hundred metres south from the church. Drumlane Round Tower shows signs that it was built or rebuilt in two stages. The symbolic stone structure which stands beside the church and is the only remaining round tower in the Church of Ireland Diocese of Kilmore.

Today the buttressed ruin of Drumlane church with its round tower standing 11.6 metres tall and 15.8 metres around the base circumference represents a significant structure of the monastic period, while little remains today of the old priory buildings which fell into decay after the dissolution of the monasteries in around 1538. The abbey church was then used for Anglican worship until around 1820 before becoming abandoned and allowed to decay. All structures now come under the care and stewardship of the OPW state agency and open to visitors. The cemetery meanwhile is still in use and is maintained by local parish communities.

## Archaeology Research at Drumlane

During the summer of 2021, a Topography and Geophysical survey was carried out of the lesser known St Mary Priory site by the local Drumlane History and Heritage Group, together with a large gathering of enthusiastic community helpers. The priory site is designated as a National Monument Ecclesiastical Residence and Field System, located in a farmer's pasture field around one hundred meters south from the church and round tower ruins. The project was financially supported by the Heritage Council, together with assistance from the Heritage Office of Cavan County Council. A resistance magnetic gradiometry survey was carried out over a large area of the field containing what was known from Ordnance Survey maps as an ecclesiastical residence. An earth resistance survey was carried out of the core area identifying the sub-surface footprint of a building measuring around 25 metres in length by 20 metres wide. Without trench digging, it is therefore reasonable to conjecture that this was in fact once a substantial range of ecclesiastical buildings, as described in historic documentation, including a chapel and accommodation for Augustinian canons from the late medieval period.

## Saints of Drumlane Abbey

* Saint Columba (founded Drumlane c. 555 AD)
* Saint Máedóc of Ferns (also known as Áedán)
* Saint Danem (Feast Day 13 November)
* Saint Indecht (Feast Day 11 August)

**Abbots of Drumlane** (heirs to the patron saint)

## Priors of Drumlane Abbey

## Parish Priests of Drumlane

* William Ó Faircheallaigh (–1400)
* Maurice Ó Faircheallaigh (1400–1401)
* David Ó Faircheallaigh (1401–1410)
* Brian Ó Faircheallaigh (–1484)
* Ferdinand Farrelly (1631–?)
* Andrew Magaghran (1652–1705)
* Edmund Magaghran (1705–1726)
* Bernard MacHenry (1739–1749)
* Thomas Fitzsimons (1750–1769)
* Owen O’Reilly (1782–1790)
* Farrell O’Reilly (1790–1807; later Bishop of Kilmore)
* Nicholas Brady (Upper Drumlane; 1815–1835)
* Patrick McCabe (Lower Drumlane; 1815–1835)
* Patrick McCabe (Upper & Lower Drumlane; 1835–1843)
* Philip Donegan (1843–1854)
* Patrick O’Reilly (1854–1880)
* Bernard Finegan (1880–1886; later Bishop of Kilmore)
* Edward MacGennis (1886–1888; later Bishop of Kilmore)
* James Brady (15 April 1888 – 18 February 1918; retired)
* Patrick Magauran (18 February 1918 – 11 July 1920; died)
* Bernard Carolan (27 August 1920 – 21 August 1923; died)
* Charles Magee (20 October 1923 – 28 December 1938; died)
* John Brady (21 March 1939 – 14 December 1943; transferred)
* Peter O’Reilly (14 December 1943 – 26 January 1949; transferred)
* Patrick MacGibney (26 January 1949 – 22 June 1955; died)
* Arthur J. MacMahon (27 August 1955 – 31 March 1982; retired)
* Patrick Callaghan (20 July 1974 – 21 August 1982; retired as Parish Priest, remained as Curate)
* Joseph C. Young (21 August 1982 – 26 August 1989; retired)
* Bernard Doyle (26 August 1989–)
* Gerard Comiskey (current Parish Priest)

## Curates of Drumlane

Drumlane parish had two curacies, one at Drumlane and one at Staghall.

**Staghall Curates**

* Patrick Trainor (1839–1840; transferred)
* Patrick Brady (1840–1841; died)
* Patrick Gilroy (1841–1853; transferred)
* Michael Clancy (1844–1846; transferred)
* Peter Brady (1878–1879; transferred)
* Bernard Carolan (1900–1905; transferred)
* John Brady (1906–1907; transferred)
* Thomas J. Bradley (1907–1909; transferred)
* Francis McGowan (1911–1920; died)
* Edward MacGennis (1924–1927; transferred)
* Laurence Corr (1927–1929; transferred)
* Alexander J. MacCabe (1929–1930; transferred)
* Walter J. McGrath (1930–1935; transferred)
* Thomas Galligan (1935–1939; transferred)
* Patrick Callaghan (1982–1986; retired)

**Milltown Curates**

* Charles O’Reilly (–1844–1851)
* Peter Connolly (–1919–)
* Thomas J. Bradley (1922–1934; transferred)

Notes Sources * "Breifny Antiquarian Society Journals from 1924 & 1925". Cavan library & online pdf at: www.cavanlibrary.ie. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* McGuinn, J., ed. (1995). *Staghall a History 1846–1996*. Cavan: A Church Committee Publication.
* Archaeological Inventory of County Cavan, published by OPW & Government of Ireland 1995
* Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings by Harold G Leask, MArch, Litt.D 1955
* The Geological Heritage of Cavan, Audit action undertaken in 2013 for Cavan County Council Heritage Plan 2006–2011

54°03′26″N 7°28′41″W / 54.05722°N 7.47806°W / 54.05722; -7.47806

## InfoBox

Drumlane
*Droim Leathain*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Monastery information | |
| Order | Augustinian |
| Established | 6th century |
| Disestablished | 16th century |
| Diocese | Diocese of Kilmore |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | Saint Columba |
| Important associated figures | Patron Saint Máedóc <br>Ó Faircheallaigh |
| Site | |
| Location | Milltown, County Cavan, Ireland |
|  | |
| National monument of Ireland | |
| Official name | Drumlane |
| Reference no. | 4 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Encrasicholina macrocephala

abstract: Encrasicholina macrocephala, the largehead anchovy, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Engraulidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean.

text:
# Encrasicholina macrocephala

***Encrasicholina macrocephala***, the **largehead anchovy**, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Engraulidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 5.6 cm (2.2 in).

## InfoBox

| Largehead anchovy | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Family: | Engraulidae |
| Genus: | *Encrasicholina* |
| Species: | ***E. macrocephala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Encrasicholina macrocephala***
Hata & Motomura, 2015 | |
|


title: Anti-Corruption Bureau (Andhra Pradesh)

abstract: Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh, abbreviated as ACB, is an agency specialized in fighting corruption in various departments of the government against public servants and private persons who abet the offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. It is established on 2 January 1961. Senior I.P.S. Officer Shri Pendyala Sitharama Anjaneyulu is the current Director General of the bureau. As the Andhra Pradesh government on 8 November had withdrawn the 'general' consent that was given to the members of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) to carry out search and operations in the state without informing the government, the bureau has to play a greater role in A.P.

text:
# Anti-Corruption Bureau (Andhra Pradesh)

**Anti-Corruption Bureau**, Andhra Pradesh, abbreviated as **ACB**, is an agency specialized in fighting corruption in various departments of the government against public servants and private persons who abet the offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. It is established on 2 January 1961. Senior I.P.S. Officer Shri Pendyala Sitharama Anjaneyulu is the current Director General of the bureau. As the Andhra Pradesh government on 8 November had withdrawn the 'general' consent that was given to the members of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) to carry out search and operations in the state without informing the government, the bureau has to play a greater role in A.P.

## InfoBox

Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh
| అవినీతి నిరోధక శాఖ | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| State agency overview | |
| Formed | 2 January 1961 (1961-01-02) |
| Jurisdiction | High Court of Andhra Pradesh |
| Headquarters | Vijayawada, India |
| Motto | Fighting Corruption |
| State agency executive | * Dr J Purnachandra Rao, IPS |
| Website | acb.ap.gov.in |
| Map | |
| Location of Andhra Pradesh (marked in red) in India | |
|  | |


abstract:
The 1975–76 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional season is the th tournament of El Salvador's Primera División since its establishment of the National League system in 1948. The tournament began on 6 April 1975 and finished on 25 January 1976.
Aguila secured the club first Primera División title after defeating Alianza F.C. in two series.

text:
# 1975–76 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional

The **1975–76 Primera División de Fútbol Profesional season** is the th tournament of El Salvador's Primera División since its establishment of the National League system in 1948. The tournament began on 6 April 1975 and finished on 25 January 1976. Aguila secured the club first Primera División title after defeating Alianza F.C. in two series.

## Team Information

### Personnel and sponsoring

| Team | Chairman | Head Coach | Captain | Kitmaker | Shirt sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ANTEL | TBD | Jorge Tupinambá | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Águila | TBD | Conrado Miranda | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Alianza | TBD | Ricardo Sepúlveda | TBD | *Nil* | *Nil* |
| Atlético Marte | TBD | Julio Marcos Baldovino | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| FAS | TBD | Mauricio Mora | TBD | *Nil* | *Nil* |
| Luis Angel Firpo | TBD | Jorge Venegas | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Municipal Limeno | TBD | Juan Francisco Barraza | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Negocios Internacionales/Juventud Olímpica | TBD | Victor Manuel Ochoa | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Platense | TBD | Juan Quarterone | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Sonsonate | TBD | Carlos Campuzano Ramos | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Tapachulteca | TBD | Mauricio Rodriguez | TBD | TBD | TBD |
| Universidad | TBD | Carlos Javier Mascaró | TBD | TBD | TBD |

## Notable events

### Notable death from January 1975 season and January 1976 season

The following people associated with the Primera Division have died between the middle of 2022 and middle of 2023.

* TBD (ex player\_

### Change of team

On 19 September 1975 Negocios Internacionales decided to sell their spot to a new ownership group which rebranded themselves back

### New stadium

The new national stadium Estadio Cuscatlán opened in July, 1975; however the stadium held its first division game on 19 October, 1975 with Platense defeating Juventud Olimpico 2-1, with Rafael Bucaro scored the first goal in the stadium.

## Managerial changes

### During the season

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Replaced by | Date of appointment | Position in table |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sonsonate | Carlos Campuzano Ramos | Sacked | 24 April 1974 | Gregorio Bundio | 25 April 1974 |  |
| FAS | Mauricio Mora | Resigned | 22 May 1975 | Raul Miralles | 23 May 1975 |  |
| Municipal Limeno | Juan Francisco Barraza | Resigned | 3 July 1975 | Luis “Chispo” Santana | July 1975 |  |
| LA Firpo | Jorge Venegas | Sacked | July 1975 | Raúl Magaña | 24 July 1975 |  |
| ANTEL | Jorge Tupinambá | Sacked | July 1975 | TBD | July 1975 |  |
| Negocios Internacionels | Victor Manuel Ochoa | Sacked | 1975 | Luis Grill Prieto | 1975 |  |
| Juventud Olímpica | Luis Grill Prieto | Club sold their spot | September 1975 | Julio “Búho” Ruano, Gualberto “Pulpo” Fernández and René Toledo Castro | September 1975 |  |
| Alianza | Ricardo Sepúlveda | Sacked | 22 September 1975 | Mario Rey | 23 September 1975 |  |
| Juventud Olímpica | Julio “Búho” Ruano, Gualberto “Pulpo” Fernández and René Toledo Castro | Sacked | October 1975 | Jorge Tupinambá | October 1975 |  |
|

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | C.D. Aguila | 33 | 22 | 5 | 6 | 79 | 41 | +38 | 49 | Champion |
| 2 | C.D. FAS | 33 | 18 | 7 | 8 | 55 | 38 | +17 | 43 |  |
| 3 | Alianza F.C. | 33 | 18 | 5 | 10 | 53 | 32 | +21 | | 41 |
| 4 | UES | 33 | 17 | 6 | 10 | 53 | 40 | +13 | | 40 |
| 5 | Platense | 33 | 17 | 5 | 11 | 53 | 41 | +12 | | 39 |
| 6 | Sonsonate | 33 | 16 | 6 | 11 | 40 | 48 | 8 | | 38 |
| 7 | Tapachulteca FC | 33 | 13 | 5 | 15 | 39 | 49 | 10 | | 31 |
| 8 | Firpo | 33 | 12 | 5 | 16 | 43 | 51 | 8 | | 29 |
| 9 | Atletico Marte | 33 | 10 | 7 | 16 | 39 | 41 | 2 | | 27 |
| 10 | ANTEL | 33 | 9 | 7 | 17 | 37 | 49 | 12 | | 25 |
| 11 | Juventud Olimpico | 33 | 7 | 4 | 22 | 33 | 55 | 22 | | 18 |
| 12 | Limeno | 33 | 6 | 4 | 23 | 37 | 76 | 39 | 16 | Relegated to the Liga B |

Updated to match(es) played on April 2023. Source:  (in Spanish)
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## Playoffs

### Semifinals 1st leg

| UES | 3-1 | Aguila |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mauricio Quintanilla  34' 69'
Julio Rolando Aguirre  89' |  | Luis Ramirez Zapata  84' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

---

| FAS | 2-1 | Alianza |
| --- | --- | --- |
| David Cabrera  37'
Roberto Casadei  52' |  | Julio Cesar Cortez penalty  3' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

### Semifinals 2nd leg

| Aguila | 5-1 | UES |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ismael “Cisco” Díaz  16'  63'
Joaquin Alonso Ventura  32'
Luis Ramírez Zapata  51'
Félix Pineda  54' |  | Herbert Hernández  60' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

---

| Alianza | 2-1 | FAS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Armando Cortez Sandoval  13'  28' |  | Guillermo Bou Rodriguez  65' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

| Alianza | 1-0 | FAS |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fernando Alva  62' |  | *Nil* |

Estadio Nacional Flor Blanca

### 3rd Place Match

| FAS | 4-1 | UES |
| --- | --- | --- |
| David Cabrera
Cesar Acevedo  3'
José Girón own goal  68' |  | Julio Sánchez  10' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

### Final

| Alianza | 1-1 | Aguila |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moisés González  38' |  | Hugo Otenssen  63' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

---

| Aguila | 3-1 | Alianza |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moisés González  1'
Ismael “Cisco” Díaz  17'
Félix Pineda  65' |  | Victor Manuel Valencia  24' |

Estadio Cuscatlán

| 1975-1976 |
| --- |
| **Aguila
7th title** |

## Records

### Team Records

* **Best home records**: TBD (00 points out of 33 points)
* **Worst home records**: TBD (0 points out of 33 points)
* **Best away records** : TBD (00 points out of 33 points)
* **Worst away records** : TBD (0 points out of 33 points)
* **Most goals scored**: Aguila (79 goals)
* **Fewest goals scored**: Juventud Olimpico (33 goals)
* **Fewest goals conceded** : Alianza (32 goals)
* **Most goals conceded** : Limeno (76 goals)

### Top scorers

| Pos | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Luis Ramirez Zapata | Aguila | 23 |
| 2. | David Cabrera | FAS | 21 |
| 3. | Rafael Bucaro | Platense | 17 |
| 4. | Juan Ramon Martinez | Alianza | 15 |
| 5. | Oscar Guerrero *Lotario* | Platense | 12 |
| 6. | Roberto Casadei | FAS | 12 |
| 7. | Moises Gonzalez | Aguila | 11 |
| 8. | Helio Rodriguez | Aguila | 10 |
| 9. | Felix Pineda | Aguila | 10 |
| 10. | Roberto Salala | Alianza F.C. | 10 |
| 11. | Jose Luis Rugamas | Atletico Marte | 10 |
| 12. | Elmer Rosas | LA Firpo | 10 |
| 13. | Dimas Blanco | Municipal Limeno | 10 |

### Scoring

## List of foreign players in the league

This is a list of **foreign players** in **1975-76 Campeonato**. The following players:

1. have played at least one apertura game for the respective club.
2. have not been capped for the El Salvador national football team on any level, independently from the birthplace

* "El Salvador - List of Final Tables". *RSSSF*. Retrieved 2015-03-07.
* "La primera copa gracias al Águila - El Gráfico". elgrafico.com. Retrieved 2015-03-07.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120318013927/www.historiagol.com/temporada-1975-1976/

## InfoBox

Primera División de Fútbol Profesional
| Season | 1975–76 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Aguila (7th Title) |
| Relegated | Municipal Limeno |
| 1974-75 1976–77 | |


title: Altenwalde

abstract: Altenwalde is a village in the town of Cuxhaven in Lower Saxony. Altenwalde was first mentioned in 1282 as Wolde. On July 1, 1972, Altenwalde was incorporated into Cuxhaven.

text:
# Altenwalde

**Altenwalde** is a village in the town of Cuxhaven in Lower Saxony.

Altenwalde was first mentioned in 1282 as Wolde.

On July 1, 1972, Altenwalde was incorporated into Cuxhaven.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Altenwalde | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Cuxhaven | |
|  | |
| Location in the town of Cuxhaven | |
| Altenwalde Altenwalde | |
| Coordinates: 53°48′57″N 08°39′37″E / 53.81583°N 8.66028°E / 53.81583; 8.66028 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Cuxhaven |
| Town | Cuxhaven |
| Area | |
| Total | 25.03 km2 (9.66 sq mi) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 6,158 |
| Density | 250/km2 (640/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 27478 |
| Dialling codes | 04723 |


title: Elijah 'Tap Tap' Makhatini

abstract: Elijah 'Tap Tap' Makhatini is a retired South African middleweight boxer. Makhatini was born in Eshowe in Zululand in 1942, he started his boxing career in Stanger, Natal in the 1970s. On 17 August 1974 Makhatini fought in South Africa's first multiracial boxing tournament, this tournament has held at the Rand Stadium in Johannesburg and was promoted by Maurice Toweel. Makhatini fought Juarez de Lima of Brazil, Makhatini won on points. In 1975 Makhatini faced Emile Griffith the U.S. Virgin Islands boxer in the Orlando Stadium in Soweto and beat him on points. He was awarded the Order of Ikhamanga in silver for boxing.

text:
# Elijah 'Tap Tap' Makhatini

**Elijah 'Tap Tap' Makhatini** (born 3 October 1942) is a retired South African middleweight boxer.

Makhatini was born in Eshowe in Zululand in 1942, he started his boxing career in Stanger, Natal in the 1970s.

On 17 August 1974 Makhatini fought in South Africa's first multiracial boxing tournament, this tournament has held at the Rand Stadium in Johannesburg and was promoted by Maurice Toweel. Makhatini fought Juarez de Lima of Brazil, Makhatini won on points.

In 1975 Makhatini faced Emile Griffith the U.S. Virgin Islands boxer in the Orlando Stadium in Soweto and beat him on points.

He was awarded the Order of Ikhamanga in silver for boxing.

### Citations

### Sources

### Further reading


title: 1868 Philadelphia mayoral election

abstract: The 1868 Philadelphia mayoral election saw the election of Daniel M. Fox. The margin of the election was close, and the results were contested and resolved in court.

text:
# 1868 Philadelphia mayoral election

The **1868 Philadelphia mayoral election** saw the election of Daniel M. Fox.

The margin of the election was close, and the results were contested and resolved in court.

## Results

1868 Philadelphia mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Daniel M. Fox** | **61,517** | **50.76%** |
|  | Republican | Hector Tyndale | 59,679 | 49.24% |
| Turnout | | | 121,196 |  |

## InfoBox

1868 Philadelphia mayoral election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nominee **Daniel M. Fox** Hector Tyndale   Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **61,517** 59,679  Percentage **50.76%** 49.24% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Morton McMichael
Republican **Elected mayor**
Daniel M. Fox
Democratic | |


title: 1868 Open Championship

abstract: The 1868 Open Championship was the ninth Open Championship and was held on 23 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Tom Morris, Jr. won the championship for the first time, by three shots from his father Tom Morris, Sr. Tom Morris, Jr. was just 17 years old and remains the youngest Open Championship winner. Tom Morris, Jr. lead after the first round with a score of 51. Robert Andrew was in second place on 53 with John Allan and Tom Morris, Sr. tied for third on 54. Tom Morris, Sr. and Willie Park, Sr. both scored 50 in their second rounds. This gave Tom Morris, Sr. a one stroke lead over his son. Tom Morris, Jr. then scored 49 in his final round for a total of 154. His father finished second, three shots behind with Robert Andrew third, a further two strokes behind. 154 was a new record for the Open Championship, the old record having been 162, set by Andrew Strath in 1865.

text:
# 1868 Open Championship

The **1868 Open Championship** was the ninth Open Championship and was held on 23 September at Prestwick Golf Club. Tom Morris, Jr. won the championship for the first time, by three shots from his father Tom Morris, Sr. Tom Morris, Jr. was just 17 years old and remains the youngest Open Championship winner.

Tom Morris, Jr. lead after the first round with a score of 51. Robert Andrew was in second place on 53 with John Allan and Tom Morris, Sr. tied for third on 54. Tom Morris, Sr. and Willie Park, Sr. both scored 50 in their second rounds. This gave Tom Morris, Sr. a one stroke lead over his son. Tom Morris, Jr. then scored 49 in his final round for a total of 154. His father finished second, three shots behind with Robert Andrew third, a further two strokes behind. 154 was a new record for the Open Championship, the old record having been 162, set by Andrew Strath in 1865.

## Final leaderboard

Source:

*Wednesday, 23 September 1868*

| Place | Player | Score | Money |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Tom Morris, Jr.** | 51-54-49=154 | £6 |
| 2 | Tom Morris, Sr. | 54-50-53=157 | £4 |
| 3 | Robert Andrew | 53-54-52=159 | £2 |
| 4 | Willie Park, Sr. | 58-50-54=162 |  |
| 5 | Bob Ferguson | 57-54-54=165 |  |
| 6 | Tom Dunn | 59-54-54=167 |  |
| 7 | Bob Kirk | 56-59-56=171 |  |
| T8 | John Allan | 54-55-63=172 |  |
| | Charlie Hunter | 60-54-58=172 | |
| 10 | Willie Dow | 61-58-60=179 |  |

Other sources give Tom Morris, Sr. a total of 155 and Willie Dow a score of 180.

## InfoBox

1868 Open Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 23 September 1868 |
| Location | Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland |
| Course(s) | Prestwick Golf Club |
| Statistics | |
| Field | 12 players |
| Prize fund | 12 |
| Winner's share | £6 |
| Champion | |
| Tom Morris, Jr. | |
| 154 | |
|  | |


title: Eubela aequatorialis

abstract: Eubela aequatorialis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

text:
# Eubela aequatorialis

***Eubela aequatorialis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Northeast Sumatra at a depth of 750 m.

* Thiele J., 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. In:. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898–1899 II. Teil, vol. 17, No. 2, Gustav Fischer, Berlin
* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295.
* Biolib.cz: original image
* Sysoev, Alexander (1997). Crosnier, A.; Bouchet, P. (eds.). "Mollusca Gastropoda: New deep-water turrid gastropods (Conoidea) from eastern Indonesia" (PDF). *Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM*. **16** (172). Mém. Mus. natn. Hist. nat: 325–355. ISBN 2-85653-506-2. Retrieved 11 October 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Eubela aequatorialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Raphitomidae |
| Genus: | *Eubela* |
| Species: | ***E. aequatorialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eubela aequatorialis***<br>Thiele, 1925 | |
|


title: Drumkul

abstract: Drumkul, also spelt Dirumkul, is an artificial freshwater lake in southern Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in eastern Tajikistan. The lake and its surrounds have been identified by BirdLife International as a 380 km⁲ Important Bird Area (IBA).

text:
# Drumkul

**Drumkul**, also spelt **Dirumkul**, is an artificial freshwater lake in southern Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in eastern Tajikistan. The lake and its surrounds have been identified by BirdLife International as a 380 km2 Important Bird Area (IBA).

## Description

Drumkul lies some 75 km east of the provincial capital of Khorog, in the northern part of the Shugnanskiy ridge of the Pamir Mountains. The area has a semi-arid climate. The lake is 3345 m above sea level and was formed by damming the Dumdara River, a tributary of the Shohdara river, which is fed by meltwater from the glaciers of the Rushan ridge. It is 3.5 km long, 200–300 m wide and has a maximum depth of 45 m. It contains submerged aquatic vegetation.

## Birds

The site qualifies as an IBA because the lake and its environs support significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as breeding or passage migrants. These include Himalayan snowcocks, ruddy shelducks, common mergansers, saker falcons, Himalayan vultures, ibisbills, snow pigeons, yellow-billed choughs, Hume's larks, sulphur-bellied warblers, wallcreepers, Himalayan rubythroats, white-winged redstarts, white-winged snowfinches, alpine accentors, rufous-streaked accentors, brown accentors, water pipits, plain mountain finches, black-headed mountain finches, crimson-winged finches, red-mantled rosefinches, Caucasian great rosefinches and red-fronted rosefinches.

## InfoBox

| Drumkul | |
| --- | --- |
| Drumkul | |
| Location | Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, Tajikistan |
| Coordinates | 37°16′50″N 72°05′35″E / 37.28056°N 72.09306°E / 37.28056; 72.09306 |
| Type | reservoir |


title: 1854 in sports

abstract: 1854 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

text:
# 1854 in sports

**1854 in sports** describes the year's events in world sport.

## Baseball

**Events**

* The Knickerbockers adopt some rule changes agreed in conference by their delegates with those of the Gothams and Eagles.
* The Eagles win their first two matches, with the Knickerbockers in mid-November, 21–4 and 22–21. The latter is the first time one team scores 21 but loses in "equal innings".

## Boxing

**Events**

* Harry Broome retains the Championship of England but there is no record of any fights involving him in 1854.
* American champion John Morrissey becomes involved in Democratic politics in New York City and from this develops a bitter rivalry with William Poole, also known as "Bill the Butcher", another prizefighter. Poole is also the leader of a notorious gang called the Bowery Boys who plan to seize ballot boxes and rig an election. Morrissey and others are hired to prevent this.
* 14 February — Tom Paddock defeats Harry Poulson at Mildenhall in 102 rounds; this is the third and effectively deciding bout between the two.
* 18 July — Paddock defeats Aaron Jones at Long Reach in 121 rounds.
* 26 July — Poole and Morrisey agree to fight each other at Amos Dock, New York, to settle their dispute. Morrissey is badly beaten and, worried about the presence of Poole's supporters, concedes defeat.
* 27 August — Tom Paddock issues challenges to English Champion Harry Broome and to former champion William Perry but both refuse. Paddock responds by claiming the Championship of England, but he is not recognised at this time.
* 20 October — Morrissey declines a challenge for his American title from retired former champion Tom Hyer. It will be exactly four years until Morrissey defends his title again.

## Cricket

**Events**

* The follow-on differential is reduced to 80 (or 60 in one day).

**England**

## Football

**Events**

## Horse racing

**England**

## Rowing

**The Boat Race**


title: 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15

abstract: The 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15 was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. Austrian and Czech guns were taken into Wehrmacht service after the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia as the 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze 15(t) or (ö). The M. 15 was adapted from a fortress turret howitzer called the 15 cm Turmhaubitze M15 designed to throw the same ammunition as the schwere Feldhaubitze M.14 some 3.5 kilometres (3,800 yd) further. It didn't normally breakdown for transport, but could be disassembled into four loads for transport in mountainous areas. The first five weapons were delivered in the first half of 1916. A total of 57 barrels and 56 carriages were completed by the end of the war. The Finns purchased twenty weapons after the end of the Winter War. They arrived on the SS Widor on 9 October 1940. They were initially issued to Heavy Artillery Battalions 21, 22 and 28. They were unpopular with the field artillery as they were thought to be too heavy and were withdrawn from field duty during the Continuation War. Some went to equip the Maaselkä Fortification Artillery Battalions.

text:
# 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15

The **15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15** was a heavy howitzer used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. Austrian and Czech guns were taken into Wehrmacht service after the Anschluss and the occupation of Czechoslovakia as the 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze 15(t) or (ö).

The M. 15 was adapted from a fortress turret howitzer called the *15 cm Turmhaubitze M15* designed to throw the same ammunition as the schwere Feldhaubitze M.14 some 3.5 kilometres (3,800 yd) further. It didn't normally breakdown for transport, but could be disassembled into four loads for transport in mountainous areas.

The first five weapons were delivered in the first half of 1916. A total of 57 barrels and 56 carriages were completed by the end of the war.

The Finns purchased twenty weapons after the end of the Winter War. They arrived on the SS *Widor* on 9 October 1940. They were initially issued to Heavy Artillery Battalions 21, 22 and 28. They were unpopular with the field artillery as they were thought to be too heavy and were withdrawn from field duty during the Continuation War. Some went to equip the Maaselkä Fortification Artillery Battalions.

* Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. *Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945*. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3
* Ortner, M. Christian. *The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics*. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7

## InfoBox

| 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15 | |
| --- | --- |
| 15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M. 15 in May 1916 | |
| Type | Heavy howitzer |
| Place of origin | Austria-Hungary |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1916–1945 |
| Used by | Austria-Hungary
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Nazi Germany
Finland |
| Wars | World War I
World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Skoda |
| Designed | 1914–1916 |
| Manufacturer | Skoda |
| Produced | 1916–1918 |
| No. built | 57 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 5,560 kilograms (12,260 lb) |
| Barrel length | 2.99 metres (9 ft 10 in) L/20 |
| --- | |
| Shell | separate-loading, cased charge |
| Caliber | 149.1 mm (5.87 in) |
| Breech | horizontal sliding-block |
| Recoil | hydro-pneumatic |
| Carriage | box trail |
| Elevation | -5° to +65° |
| Traverse |  |
| Rate of fire | 2 rpm |
| Muzzle velocity | 508 m/s (1,666 ft/s) |
| Maximum firing range | 11,500 metres (12,600 yd) |


title: 1972 Des Moines International

abstract: The 1972 Des Moines International was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Des Moines, Iowa in the United States that was part of the 1972 USLTA Indoor Circuit. It was the second edition of the event and was held from February 4 through February 6, 1972. Second-seeded Pancho Gonzales won the singles title and earned $3,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1972 Des Moines International

The **1972 Des Moines International** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Des Moines, Iowa in the United States that was part of the 1972 USLTA Indoor Circuit. It was the second edition of the event and was held from February 4 through February 6, 1972. Second-seeded Pancho Gonzales won the singles title and earned $3,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Pancho Gonzales defeated  Georges Goven 3–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–2

### Doubles

Jim Osborne /  Jim McManus defeated  Georges Goven /  Thomaz Koch 6–2, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 1972 Des Moines International | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | February 4–6 |
| Edition | 2nd |
| Category | USLTA Indoor Circuit |
| Draw | 16S / 8D |
| Prize money | $15,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Des Moines, Iowa, U.S. |
| Venue | Veterans Memorial Auditorium |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Pancho Gonzales | |
| Doubles | |
| Jim Osborne /  Jim McManus | |
|  | |


title: 1601 in Belgium

abstract: Events in the year 1601 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège.

text:
# 1601 in Belgium

Events in the year **1601 in the Spanish Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège** (predecessor states of modern Belgium).

## Incumbents

### Habsburg Netherlands

**Sovereigns**Archdukes Albert and Isabella

### Prince-Bishopric of Liège

**Prince-Bishop**Ernest of Bavaria

## Events

January March April June July * 4 July – Archduke Albert applies to the States of Flanders, in session in Bruges, for a "half hundredth penny" (a tax of 0.5%) to finance the Siege of Ostend.
* 5 July – Siege of Ostend begins.
* 10 July – Archduke Albert personally leads an assault on the defences of Ostend.
* 15 July – Sir Francis Vere arrives in Ostend with reinforcements.

August * 16 August – High tides at Ostend flood trenches.

November

## Publications

* *Verhael van een tsamen-sprekinge, gehouden tusschen een courtisan oft hovelinck ende een borgere, nopende den tegenwoordighen staet van Nederlant* (Leuven, Joannes Masius)
* Etienne Du Tronchet, *Lettres missives et familières, avec le monologue de la Providence Divine au peuple français* (Douai, Jean Bogard)
* Franciscus Costerus, *Catholijcke sermoonen, op de evangelien der sondaghen vanden advent to den vasten* (Antwerp, no address)
* Henricus van Cuyck, *Speculum concubinariorum* (Leuven, Joannes Masius)
* Justus Lipsius, *Epistolarum selectarum centuria singularis ad Italos & Hispanos* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)
* Justus Lipsius, *Epistolarum selectarum III. centuriae* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)
* Nicolas de Montmorency, *Spiritualis dulcedo quatuor libris* (Leuven, Gerard Rivius)
* Antonio Ortiz, *A relation of the solemnetie wherewith the Catholike princes K. Phillip the III. and Quene Margaret were receyued in the Inglish Colledge of Valladolid the 22. of August, 1600*, translated by Francis Rivers (Antwerp, Arnout Coninx)
* Andres de Soto, *Contemplacion del crucifixo, y consideraciones de Christo crucificado* (Antwerp, Plantin Press)

## Births

date uncertain

## Deaths

date uncertain

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1601<br>List of years in Belgium |


title: All About Diva

abstract: All About Diva is the first live album by Serbian singer Jelena Karleuša released in November 2010 by City Records. Directed by Zoran Birtašević, the album chronicles Karleuša's 2010 Belgrade concert and includes the full version of the video broadcast. The DVD contains the entire concert and the CD includes seventeen live songs. In 2012, the album was certified platinum by the label.

text:
# All About Diva

***All About Diva*** is the first live album by Serbian singer Jelena Karleuša released in November 2010 by City Records. Directed by Zoran Birtašević, the album chronicles Karleuša's 2010 Belgrade concert and includes the full version of the video broadcast. The DVD contains the entire concert and the CD includes seventeen live songs.

In 2012, the album was certified platinum by the label.

## Track listing

*All About Diva*
| No. | Title | From | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Samo za tvoje oči" | *Samo za tvoje oči* (2002) | 4:30 |
| 2. | "Moj dragi" | *Samo za tvoje oči* | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Candy Life" (Interlude) |  | 3:17 |
| 4. | "Slatka mala" | *Magija* (2005) | 3:04 |
| 5. | "Jelena" | *Jelena* (1998) | 3:42 |
| 6. | "Žene vole dijamante" | *Jelena* | 4:58 |
| 7. | "Baš je dobro biti ja" | *JK Revolution* (2008) | 4:58 |
| 8. | "Religion" (Interlude) |  | 2:42 |
| 9. | "Magija" | *Magija* | 3:46 |
| 10. | "Ko ti to baje" | *JK Revolution* | 4:07 |
| 11. | "Ne smem da se zaljubim u tebe" (featuring Saša Matić) | *Magija* | 3:57 |
| 12. | "Ko ovu dramu režira" | *Veštice, vile* (1997) | 4:05 |
| 13. | "Madness" (Interlude) |  | 3:30 |
| 14. | "Još te volim" | *Samo za tvoje oči* | 4:30 |
| 15. | "Ludača" | *Za svoje godine* (2001) | 3:51 |
| 16. | "Tihi ubica" | *JK Revolution* | 3:35 |
| 17. | "Manijak" | *Samo za tvoje oči* | 5:30 |

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Serbia | May 15, 2010 | CD, DVD | City Records |
|

## InfoBox

| All About Diva | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Jelena Karleuša | |
| Released | November 2010 (2010-11) |
| Recorded | May 15, 2010 |
| Venue | Belgrade Arena
(Belgrade, Serbia) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 67:18 (CD) |
| Label | City Records |
| Director | Zoran Birtašević |
| Jelena Karleuša chronology | |
| *The Diamond Collection*
(2009) ***All About Diva***
(2010) *Diva*
(2012) | |


title: Durham Stevens

abstract: Durham White Stevens was an American diplomat and later an employee of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, working for the Japanese colonial office in Korea, the Resident-General. He was fatally shot by Korean-American activists Jang In-hwan and Jeon Myeong-un in one of the first acts of nationalist rebellion by pro-Korean activists in the United States. Stevens' assassination took place at the same time as numerous other pro-Korean demonstrations, largely as a reaction to the 1905 treaty that established Korea as a colony of Japan. Itō Hirobumi was also assassinated, crowds in Korea attacked and burned down a pro-Japanese newspaper office, and crowds also clashed with Japanese guards at the Gyeongbokgung Palace.

text:
# Durham Stevens

| Durham Stevens | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 수지분 |
| Hanja | or |
| Revised Romanization | *Sujibun* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sujibun* |

**Durham White Stevens** (February 1, 1851 – March 25, 1908) was an American diplomat and later an employee of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, working for the Japanese colonial office in Korea, the Resident-General. He was fatally shot by Korean-American activists Jang In-hwan and Jeon Myeong-un in one of the first acts of nationalist rebellion by pro-Korean activists in the United States.

Stevens' assassination took place at the same time as numerous other pro-Korean demonstrations, largely as a reaction to the 1905 treaty that established Korea as a colony of Japan. Itō Hirobumi (the Japanese Resident-General) was also assassinated, crowds in Korea attacked and burned down a pro-Japanese newspaper office, and crowds also clashed with Japanese guards at the Gyeongbokgung Palace.

## Early life

Stevens was born and grew up in Washington, D.C. He enrolled as an undergraduate at Ohio's Oberlin College, from which he graduated in 1871.

## Career

Stevens returned to his hometown to study law at Columbian University and Howard University, and was admitted to the bar association of the District of Columbia in 1873 in a class with Joseph E. Lee, Jacksonville, Florida's first black lawyer, Henry Wagner, US Consul at Lyons, France, William E. Matthews, John S. Leary, J. H. Smith, and John A. Moss. His career with the Department of State began in October of that same year, when President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him secretary of the United States Legation at Tokyo, where he served under John Bingham, then United States Minister to Japan. Bingham had known Stevens's father, E. L. Stevens, who had also graduated from Oberlin like his son and had been involved in anti-slavery activities since the 1830s, a passion Bingham shared. He enthusiastically accepted his new position, in part due to his fondness for learning new languages; he had previously studied Latin, Greek, French, and German. He was initially one of only three staff members at the Legation. He served as secretary until July 1883, and also took up the post of chargé d'affaires ad interim in 1878–79, while Bingham was on home leave. After resigning his post, he returned to the United States.

### Working for the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs

In November 1883, Stevens entered the service of the Japanese Government as English Secretary to the Imperial Legation at Washington, a position which he obtained thanks to the influence his former superior Bingham had with the Japanese government. In 1884 he was ordered to Tokyo for service in the Foreign Office. In the winter of 1884–85 he accompanied Count Inoue Kaoru to Korea to assist in negotiations related to the murder of several Japanese citizens on Korean soil; for services rendered on that occasion, Emperor Meiji awarded him the Third Class of the Order of the Rising Sun. He served as Bureau du Protocole at an 1885–1887 Tokyo conference aimed at the renegotiation of unequal treaties imposed on Japan by Western countries; following the conference, he returned to Washington, D.C., with the rank of Honorary Counsellor of Legation. He served under Count Mutsu Munemitsu, then Minister at Washington; during that time, he assisted in the negotiation of the treaty with Mexico, which was the first treaty made by Japan fully recognizing her right to exercise all the sovereign powers of an independent state.

Soon after the start of hostilities in the First Sino-Japanese War, Stevens published an article in the *North American Review*, in which he sought to justify the war by asserting that the "dry rot of Chinese conservatism" blocked Korea's development, and that a reduction of Chinese influence in Korea and a corresponding increase in Japanese power would result in social and commercial reform. For services rendered during the war, he received the Second Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure. He travelled twice to Hawaii to represent Japanese interests there, once in 1901 and again in 1902. He was also decorated two more times by the Japanese government, the third time receiving the Second Class of the Order of the Rising Sun, and then in October 1904, the fourth time, being awarded the Grand Cross of the Sacred Treasure.

### Adviser to the Korean government

In November 1904, Stevens was appointed as adviser to the Korean Foreign Office. The Japanese government had urged the Korean government to appoint him to this position on the basis of the 1901 recommendation of Horace Allen. Stevens ignored several requests that a Korean consul be appointed in Hawaii; despite this, in 1905, Allen also commended Stevens to F. M. Swanzy, president of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association; Swanzy was interested in seeing Korean emigration to Hawaii resumed. The Japanese government expected that Stevens supported their efforts to block Korean emigration to Hawaii, but he was initially open to the idea. He had several meetings with Swanzy in Tokyo in mid-1905 on the subject, but in the end, Swanzy's efforts were unsuccessful. Later that year, he issued a statement that Japan would welcome legislation restricting the entry of Japanese immigrants into the United States, and that they were also in favor of stopping movement to Hawaii, "provided it can be done in a manner that would not be offensive to Japan or that would not affect her dignity"; he stated that the Japanese government hoped to induce potential emigrants to settle in Korea or northeast China instead. While officially under the employ of the Joseon government, he purportedly continued to receive tens of thousands of dollars in payments from the Japanese in order to "advance Japanese propaganda" among the American people, according to South Korea's Ministry of Patriots' and Veterans' Affairs.

In early 1906, Stevens made a bet with Kiuchi Jūshirō, a Japanese official resident in Korea, about the length of time before Japan would annex Korea. Kiuchi expected it would only take three years; Stevens's guess of five years would prove to be more nearly correct, as the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was signed in mid-1910. However, Stevens would not survive to see his prediction come true.

## Assassination

Stevens returned to the United States in March 1908 to visit his family in Washington, D.C., and vacation with his sisters at a cottage they owned in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Upon his arrival, he gave an interview with a San Francisco newspaper in which he stated that the common people of Korea were benefiting from the increasing Japanese presence and protection in their country, and that, in the state that Korea was in, Korea was not fit to be a liberated country. These statements provoked the ire of two local associations of Koreans, the *Daedong Bogukhoe* and the Independence Club, who held a joint meeting in which they agreed that something had to be done about Stevens. On March 22, 1908, four Korean men chosen by the associations accosted Stevens at the Fairmont Hotel, where he was staying. Their leader, a man by the name of Earl Lee who was described as fluent in English, asked him if he had indeed made the statements attributed to him in the newspaper, and whether "Japanese were not killing off the Koreans". He answered yes to the first question and no to the second, then proceeded to tell Lee that he had "probably been too long away from his country to know the exact condition of the Government." Upon this, the four men began to strike Stevens with chairs, knocking him down and causing him to strike his head against the marble flooring; Stevens backed up against the wall until help arrived. After the assault, Lee was quoted as saying, "We are all very sorry that we did not do more to him."

The following day, Jang In-hwan and Jeon Myeong-un, both Korean immigrants to the United States, approached Stevens at the Port of San Francisco as he prepared to catch a ferry to make a rail connection in Oakland and attacked him. Jeon fired his revolver at Stevens first, but missed, and instead rushed at him, using his weapon as a club to hit Stevens in the face. Jang, who was also seeking to assassinate Stevens, saw the fight and then fired into the melee, striking Stevens twice in the back; Jeon was also shot in the confusion. The crowd which had gathered urged that they be lynched on the spot; Jang was arrested and held without bail on a charge of murder, while Jeon was first hospitalized, and later charged as an accessory. In newspaper interviews after the attack, both Jeon and Jang offered no apology for the assassination, describing Stevens as a "traitor to Korea" and stating that "thousands of people have been killed through his plans".

One bullet had penetrated Stevens's lung, while another lodged in his groin; however, surgeons at the St. Francis Hospital initially expected that he would be able to make a recovery, and on the day of the attack he was apparently in good enough health to issue a statement to the press that the assault was "evidently the work of a small band of student agitators in and about San Francisco, who resent the fact that the Japanese have a protectorate over Korea and believe that I am to some extent responsible for this condition of affairs in their country". However, his condition began to deteriorate on the morning of March 25. His doctors, seeing signs of inflammation in his wounds, placed him under anesthesia and began to perform surgery at six that evening. He never regained consciousness after that, and died shortly after 11 pm, with Japanese Consul Chozo Koike at his bedside. He was buried in his hometown of Washington, D.C., after a funeral service at St. John's Episcopal Church; Secretary of State Elihu Root was among his pallbearers.

### Reaction to death

News of Stevens' assassination was greeted with sorrow in diplomatic circles in Japan and among American missionaries in Korea, to whom Stevens was well known; United States Ambassador to Japan Thomas O'Brien was quoted as saying that "the utmost grief is expressed by everyone", adding that he counted Stevens as a "true and useful friend". Yale University professor George Trumbull Ladd, in a letter to the editor of *The New York Times*, denounced the attacks as "cowardly and shockingly brutal", calling Koreans a "bloody race" and, comparing the Stevens case to a number of other assaults in Korea, such as that against American missionary George Heber Jones, concluded that politically motivated murders were not "an isolated or at all peculiar experience" in Korea, and stated that the events "furnish an instructive object lesson for the correct estimation of the Korean character and the Korean method of self-government".

Jang and Jeon both stood trial for Stevens's murder separately, as there was insufficient evidence to prove they had conspired with each other; Jeon had the charges against him dropped due to a lack of evidence. The judge then had him released without bail, after which he fled the country. The Korean community hired three lawyers to defend Jang, among whom one, Nathan Coughlan, eventually agreed to take on the case *pro bono*. During the trial, he planned to use Arthur Schopenhauer's theory of "patriotic insanity" to argue that Jang was not guilty by reason of insanity. The jury found Jang guilty of second-degree murder on December 23 of that same year. Later Korean accounts describe Stevens as a traitor to Korea and refer to Jeon and Jang as patriots and heroes.

## Publications

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Durham Stevens | |
| --- | --- |
| Stevens in a 1903 photo | |
| Born | (1851-02-01)February 1, 1851
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Died | March 25, 1908(1908-03-25) (aged 57)
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Assassination by gunshot |
| Education | Oberlin College
Columbian University
Howard University |
| Occupation | Diplomat |


title: Durham Thundercats

abstract: The Durham Thundercats, originally the Durham 72's, are a senior hockey team based out of Durham, Ontario, Canada. The Thundercats are members of the Ontario Elite Hockey League of the Ontario Hockey Association and Hockey Canada. The Thundercats date back to the town's Centennial, 1972, and have been an extremely successful team in all loops of the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior "AA" Hockey League.

text:
# Durham Thundercats

The **Durham Thundercats**, originally the Durham 72's, are a senior hockey team based out of Durham, Ontario, Canada. The Thundercats are members of the Ontario Elite Hockey League of the Ontario Hockey Association and Hockey Canada. The Thundercats date back to the town's Centennial, 1972, and have been an extremely successful team in all loops of the Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior "AA" Hockey League.

## The 72's

During the 1972 Centennial celebration in Durham, locals decided a second Men's hockey club could succeed and thus put into place the formation of the current Durham Thundercats. Working alongside but playing out of different leagues as the towns established team, the Huskies, the town applied to and was accepted to enter the Western Ontario Athletic Association's Northern league. The organization of this second team allowed many talented local players a place to play competitive Senior Hockey, and would lay the foundation for 40 years of Championship calibre teams.

The Durham 72's, as they were named, were founded as members of the Intermediate "C" loop of the WOAA. Their competition would be found in other local teams like Arthur, Woodford, Thornbury, Elora, and Chatsworth. The 72's finished their first season winning their loop but then lost the Major Intermediate "C" Championship to the Milverton Four Wheel Drives. The next season saw them finish first overall again with 14 wins 4 losses and 2 ties, but fall to Arthur in the loop final.

A third attempt at securing a championship finally paid off as the 72's won the 1975 WOAA Intermediate C championship. Unfortunately, the team would be required to take a two-year hiatus until a new arena was planned & developed. Returning to the ice in 1977/78, the 72's were playing at the Intermediate "B" level and were led by current coach Bruce Marshall. 'Beagle' as he is fondly known, led the league in scoring, (a feat he would repeat in the 1985/86 season) and the 72's defeated Palmerston (later known as the Palmerston 81's) to win the "B" Championship. The 72's were challenged by the Intermediate "C" Champion Lion's Head Northstars for the WOAA Grand Championship and lost a hard-fought battle that would lay the ground work for a tumultuous rivalry that would last for years to come.

Over the course of the next three seasons, Durham would endure successes but fall short of the ultimate goal, including the 1981 defeat at the hands of the Mitchell Red Devils, in the Intermediate "B" final. During the summer of 1981, the league underwent a major restructuring. The disbandment of two other local leagues (Central Grey-Bruce League, CGBHL and the Central Ontario Hockey League, COHL) increased the team numbers in The WOAA and required the creation of the Upper Tier Intermediate A Division and the Lower Tier Intermediate D Division.

Changes in the league format proved to be a good thing for Durham as in 1982, the 72's won their first ever Intermediate "A" Championship, beating Lions Head in seven games. Led by the League's leading scorer in Randy '12' Reay, the 7th and final game was played in Markdale, in front of a sold out crowd. The next season saw the 72's lose the Intermediate "A" Championship to the Woodford Royals, who in turn lost the Grand Championship to Lion's Head. In 1986, with coach Bev Nixon behind the bench, the 72's were led again by two-time league scoring champ Bruce 'Beagle' Marshall. Ultimately losing to Woodford in the play-offs, changes were again, on the horizon. With new coach Dennis 'Guido' Graham now calling the shots, the 72's moved to the newly formed Northern division with Lucknow, Ripley, Kincardine, Teeswater, and Lion's Head. After finishing first with 16 wins, 4 losses, and 2 ties, they won the Intermediate "A" Championship but lost the Grand Championship in 6 games.

The 1987-88 season would see the end of an era in regards to the Durham 72's. The lackluster season ended early with a record of 6 wins, 6 losses, and 4 ties and the winds of change soon came knocking. This marked the last season the team would be known as the Durham 72's.

## The Thundercats

The summer of 1988 would prove to be a major change for the team known only as the 72's, for the last 16yrs. Given a face lift, they traded in the "72's" for the "Thundercats" and switched the Green and Yellow for the Black and Silver. The effect was instantaneous as the Thundercats would terrorize the league for the next dozen years. Once again a change proved fruitful and the 1988-89 season had the T-Cats finish first in the league with 19 wins, 2 losses, and 2 ties. Solid goaltending from Scott MacMillan, Mark Taylor & Gord McGinnis, along with the 90pt seasons from Steve Reay and Todd Stoddart, they would defeat the Lucknow Lancers to win the Intermediate Grand Championship in their first year.

They followed this up in 1989/90 with another winning season, but lost a memorable hard-fought battle with Kincardine.

Over the course of the next 8yrs, the Thundercats would dominate the WOAA. In the 1990/91 newly formed Senior "A" finals, they were challenged by the Tavistock Royals. A hard-fought series ended when Brian Sweeney would score in overtime in the 6th game and allow the Thundercats to emerge victorious and Senior A Champions. Some members of the team took immediate vacations but halfway through they got word that the WOAA had been attempting to contact them to set up dates for a Grand Championship series with the Arthur Tigers, the Intermediate "B" champions. The 3 out of 5 series would go the distance with Arthur pulling off the upset to win the Grand Championship. The series of course was not without controversy. The two head coaches were longtime friends who would test that friendship severely. A questionable arena malfunction canceled game two in Arthur, which resulted in the series lasting an extra weekend longer. This resulted in the Cats losing the services of a couple of players for the last two games, due to prearranged trip commitments to Florida. Arthur would win game 5 in Durham in front the largest crowd ever (1,000+) people, to claim their only Sr. A Grand Championship.

After the previous years controversy, the Thundercats began the first of two consecutive, three year runs as Champion. Beating Tavistock and Lakeshore respectively in 1992 & 93', they were unopposed WOAA Senior Grand Champions. After winning a third consecutive title in 94' vs Tavistock, they were challenged by the Ripley Wolves. Durham swept the Wolves for their third straight Grand Championship. The once proud OHA Senior loop was now defunct and several teams now joined the WOAA. This required another level of league play and soon the Senior "AA" Level was adopted. The new teams and influx of OHA talent into the league also created an interesting challenge for the Thundercats, who only added 4 players from the now defunct OHA Durham Huskies.

In 1995, the T-Cats proved human and lost to the Tavistock Royals in the sixth game of the Senior "AA" championship. The rivalry of the late 70's and early 80's with Lions Head was now back seat to the dislike these two teams developed for each other over the course of the last 4 years. 3 Senior AA Championship series against each other would forge a lifetime of memories, and even a couple of friendships. The T-cats would come back with a vengeance though, returning to their winning ways and capturing Senior AA Championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Over the course of the last 10 seasons, the Thundercats won eight league championships.

Finding themselves once again in the finals in 1999, they would suffer defeat at the hands of the upstart Milverton Four Wheel Drives.

Prior to the 1999-00 season, the Thundercats engaged in a two-game home-and-home series against the Ontario Hockey Association's Senior AAA Cambridge Hornets. On September 25, the Thundercats won 4-3 and the next day the Hornets won 2-1. Such a matchup between WOAA and OHA senior teams was not seen again until September 30, 2017 when the Clinton Radars defeated the Whitby Dunlops 3-2 in a preseason game.

No longer playing but still feeling the competitive spirit, Todd Stoddart took over coaching duties in 2000. Regular season success did not pan out in the play-offs as a seventh game loss to Palmerston in the semi-finals would put an end to the season. With future Mayor Kevin Eccles now behind the bench, the T-Cat's would knocked off the Hensall Sherwoods to win the Senior "AA" crown in 01', but would lose to Milverton in 02'. Longtime 72 & T-Cat Rob Reed would take over coaching duties in 2002/03 and amassed and incredible regular season record of 22 wins and 2 losses, tying the record of 1989. Again, regular season success proved to be fodder as the Cat's couldn't sustain their winning ways.

In 2003/04, the Thundercats, with Reed behind the bench again, would plough their way through the regular season and then carry-on to win another Senior "AA" championship, defeating the Clinton Radars in the league final. 2004/05 proved to be an interesting season. With the 2004–05 NHL lockout looming, the Thundercats openly allowed the Ottawa Senators Chris Neil to practice with the team. With the cancellation of the season, Neil joined his three older brothers and signed with the Thundercats. Unfortunately he signed without permission from the WOAA. In the only game he played, Neil recorded one assist in a 5-4 win over the Mildmay Monarchs. Asked about Neil playing against his team, Monarchs coach's mentioned that it was unfortunate they were unaware Neil was playing, or they would have promoted it better. Mildmay's feelings however were not universal and soon after, the WOAA announced that they would not allow actively professional players compete in the WOAA regardless of the NHL lockout. For playing Neil without league permission, the win was taken away and awarded to Mildmay and Durham's coach Rob Reed was suspended. Without the ability to play with his brothers, Neil soon shipped off to the American Hockey League's Binghamton Senators, and they T-Cats were unable to duplicate the success of the previous year.

The 2005-06 season saw a new team president in Randy Reay, and a new Coach, in John Antonopolis. Antonopolis was already well known in the area, having already been suspended by the OHA after some successes but also for questionable coaching practices. With Reed in the assistant coach's role, Antonopolis weaved his magic and once again the T-Cats were providing Durham fans with the kind of hockey they were used to seeing in the 1990s. After edging out the Elora Rocks for first place in the WOAA with 22 wins and 3 losses, the Thundercats plowed through the playoffs to defeat those same Rocks 4-games-to-1 to win another WOAA Senior "AA" championship.

The 2006-07 was a winning season for the Thundercats with 15 wins, 8 losses, and a tie, but the Thundercats fell victim to a new system in the WOAA that segregates Senior "AA" from Senior "A" before the playoffs, not during the opening round. The T-Cats finished just out of reach for the Senior "AA" loop, but proved worthy by going on to add another Senior "A" title to the long list of Championships.

In 2007-08, the Cats limped through the regular season, both on the ice and off. Antonopolis was unable to revive the magic from previous years even while the core of the T-Cats remained virtually unchanged. Ending up 6th during the regular season the Cats won the first round of play-offs but lost in A Semi-Finals.

2008-09 proved much the same as the previous year, ending up 5th during the regular and losing in the A Semi-Finals

2009-10, 5th, lost in A Finals

## Commemoration

In remembrance of two of the greatest teams in Durham hockey history, the 1989 Greater Ontario Senior "AA" champion Durham Huskies who made it to the Hardy Cup semi-finals will play off against the 1989 WOAA Intermediate Grand Champion Durham Thundercats on April 4, 2009 in a 20th Anniversary Alumni game.

## Season-by-season record

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| Season | GP | W | L | T | OTL | GF | GA | PTS | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972-73 | Statistics Not Available | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1973-74 | 20 | 14 | 4 | 2 | - | 166 | 74 | 30 | 1st WOAA Int. C |  |
| 1974-75 | Statistics Not Available | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1975-77 | Hiatus - No Arena | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1977-83 | Statistics Not Available | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1982-83 | 21 | 9 | 10 | 2 | - | -- | -- | 20 | 4th WOAA Int. A | Lost Int. A Final |
| 1983-84 | 20 | 12 | 6 | 2 | - | -- | -- | 26 | 2nd WOAA Int. A | Lost Int. A Final |
| 1984-85 | 20 | 6 | 13 | 1 | - | -- | -- | 13 | 6th WOAA Int. A | Lost Round Robin QF |
| 1985-86 | 23 | 14 | 8 | 1 | - | 152 | 124 | 29 | 2nd WOAA North | Lost Int. C SF |
| 1986-87 | 22 | 16 | 4 | 2 | - | 154 | 93 | 34 | 1st WOAA North | **Int. A Champions** |
| 1987-88 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 4 | - | 108 | 98 | 16 | 4th WOAA North | Lost Int. A QF |
| 1988-89 | 23 | 19 | 2 | 2 | - | 207 | 97 | 40 | 1st WOAA North | **Int. A and Grand Champions** |
| 1989-90 | 21 | 11 | 4 | 6 | - | 162 | 116 | 28 | 3rd WOAA North | Lost Int. A SF |
| 1990-91 | 23 | 20 | 2 | 1 | - | 156 | 84 | 41 | 1st WOAA North | **Sr. A Champions** |
| 1991-92 | 25 | 20 | 3 | 2 | - | 206 | 110 | 42 | 1st WOAA North | **Sr. A and Grand Champions** |
| 1992-93 | 24 | 18 | 2 | 4 | - | -- | -- | 40 | 1st WOAA Sr. A | **Sr. A and Grand Champions** |
| 1993-94 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 3 | - | -- | -- | 31 | 2nd WOAA Sr. A | **Sr. A and Grand Champions** |
| 1994-95 | 24 | 22 | 2 | 0 | - | -- | -- | 44 | 1st WOAA Sr. A | Lost final |
| 1995-96 | 24 | 18 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 141 | 94 | 36 | 1st WOAA Sr. AA | **"AA" Champions** |
| 1996-97 | 24 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 143 | 105 | 32 | 2nd WOAA Sr. AA | **"AA" Champions** |
| 1997-98 | 26 | 19 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 182 | 98 | 41 | 1st WOAA Sr. AA | **"AA" Champions** |
| 1998-99 | 24 | 18 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 139 | 78 | 38 | 2nd WOAA Sr. AA | Lost final |
| 1999-00 | 25 | 17 | 5 | 2 | 1 | -- | -- | 37 | 2nd WOAA North |  |
| 2000-01 | 24 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 0 | -- | -- | 43 | 1st WOAA Sr | **"AA" Champions** |
| 2001-02 | 24 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 179 | 79 | 44 | 1st WOAA Sr | Lost final |
| 2002-03 | 24 | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 209 | 66 | 44 | 1st WOAA Sr |  |
| 2003-04 | 24 | 18 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 162 | 69 | 38 | 2nd of 17 WOAA | **Won Sr. AA Final** (Radars) |
| 2004-05 | 25 | 15 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 129 | 88 | 34 | 9th of 18 WOAA |  |
| 2005-06 | 25 | 22 | 3 | - | 0 | 171 | 76 | 44 | **1st of 18 WOAA** | Won Preliminary, 3-0 (Jets)
Won quarter-final, 4-1 (Radars)
Won semi-final, 4-0 (Lancers)
**Won Sr. AA Final**, 4-1 (Rocks) |
| 2006-07 | 24 | 15 | 8 | - | 1 | 124 | 97 | 31 | 5th of 9 North Div.
8th of 18 WOAA | Won Sr. A QF, 4-2 (Wildcats)
Won Sr. A SF, 4-1 (Bulls)
**Won Sr. A Final**, 4-3 (Wolves) |
| 2007-08 | 26 | 12 | 13 | - | 1 | 133 | 129 | 25 | 6th of 9 North
12th of 19 WOAA | Won Sr. A QF, 4-2 (Pirates)
Lost Sr. A SF, 1-4 (81's) |
| 2008-09 | 20 | 14 | 6 | - | 0 | 117 | 85 | 28 | 5th of 11 North Div.
8th of 21 WOAA | Lost Sr. A Qualifier, 0-4 (81's)
Won Sr. A QF, 4-0 (Icemen)
Lost Sr. A SF, 2-4 (Lancers) |
| 2009-10 | 20 | 11 | 8 | - | 1 | 101 | 107 | 23 | T-4th of 10 North Div.
T-7th of 19 WOAA | Lost North QF, 2-3 (Wolves)
Won Sr. A QF, 4-3 (Crushers)
Won Sr. A SF, 4-3 (Lancers)
Lost Sr. A Final, 1-4 (Four Wheel Drives) |
| 2010-11 | 26 | 11 | 12 | - | 3 | 107 | 143 | 25 | 7th of 10 North Div.
11th of 19 WOAA | Lost North QF, 0-4 (Rocks) |
| 2011-12 | 24 | 15 | 5 | - | 4 | 113 | 102 | 34 | 4th of 9 North Div.
5th of 18 WOAA | Won North QF, 4-1 (81's)
Lost North SF, 0-4 (Winterhawks) |
| 2012-13 | 24 | 13 | 9 | - | 2 | 99 | 87 | 28 | 5th of 8 North Div.
T-9th of 17 WOAA | Lost North QF, 1-4 (Wolves) |
| 2013-14 | 24 | 9 | 10 | - | 5 | 90 | 111 | 23 | 5th of 8 North Div.
12th of 16 WOAA | Won North QF, 4-0 (Crushers)
Lost North SF, 1-4 (81's) |
| 2014-15 | 24 | 18 | 4 | - | 2 | 117 | 65 | 38 | **1st of 8 North Div.**
**1st of 14 WOAA** | Lost North SF, 2-4 (Rocks) |
| 2015-16 | 24 | 17 | 5 | - | 2 | 115 | 87 | 36 | 2nd of 8 North Div.
3rd of 14 WOAA | Lost North SF, 2-4 (Winterhawks) |
| 2016-17 | 20 | 11 | 8 | - | 1 | 105 | 98 | 23 | 8th of 14 WOAA | Lost quarter-final, 1-4 (Winterhawks) |
| 2017-18 | 20 | 16 | 4 | - | 0 | 115 | 57 | 32 | 3rd of 13 WOAA | Won quarter-final, 4-0 (Winterhawks)
Won semi-final, 4-1 (Wolves)
Lost final, 0-4 (Radars) |
| 2018-19 | 22 | 14 | 5 | - | 3 | 145 | 99 | 31 | 3rd of 14 WOAA | Won quarter-final, 4-0 (Squires)
Lost semi-final, 2-4 (Wolves) |
| 2019-20 | 22 | 12 | 9 | - | 1 | 100 | 90 | 25 | 8th of 14 WOAA | Lost quarter-final, 3-4 (Wolves) |
| 2020-21 | Season cancelled due to Covid-19 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021-22 | 15 | 9 | 6 | - | 0 | 53 | 47 | 18 | 4th of 13 WOAA | Lost quarter-final, 1-4 (Centenaires) |

## List of championships

**The 72's**

* 1974-75 WOAA Intermediate "C" Champions
* 1978-79 WOAA Intermediate "B" Champions
* 1981-82 WOAA Intermediate "A" Champions
* 1986-87 WOAA Intermediate "A" Champions

*Runner-Up in: Int. "C" 1972-73, Int. "B" 1980-81, Int. "A" 1982-83, 1983-84*

**The Thundercats**

* 1988-89 WOAA Intermediate Grand-Champions
* 1990-91 WOAA Intermediate "A" Champions
* 1991-92 WOAA Senior Grand-Champions
* 1992-93 WOAA Senior Grand-Champions
* 1993-94 WOAA Senior Grand-Champions
* 1995-96 WOAA Senior "AA" Champions
* 1996-97 WOAA Senior "AA" Champions
* 1997-98 WOAA Senior "AA" Champions
* 2000-01 WOAA Senior "AA" Champions
* 2003-04 WOAA Senior "AA" Champions
* 2005-06 WOAA Senior "AA" Champions
* 2006-07 WOAA Senior "A" Champions

*Runner-Up in: Sr. "AA" 1994-95, 1998–99, 2001-02, Sr. "A" 2009-10*

## Notable alumni

1. "1999-2000". Archived from the original on 2004-06-04. Retrieved 2004-06-04.
2. "Joey's Corner: Radars defeat Dunlops in exhibition game". 2017-10-03.

## InfoBox

| Durham Thundercats | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Durham, Ontario |
| League | Ontario Elite Hockey League |
| Division | North |
| Founded | 1972 (1972) |
| Home arena | Durham Community Centre |
| Colours | Black, Red, and White |
| President | Melanie Buhrow |
| Head coach | John Antonopolous |
| Website | durhamthundercats.com |
| Franchise history | |
| 1972-1988 | Durham 72's |
| 1988-present | Durham Thundercats |


title: Due capricci (Ligeti)

abstract: Due capricci is a set of two capricci for piano written by Hungarian composer György Ligeti. Both of the capricci were finished in 1947.

text:
# Due capricci (Ligeti)

***Due capricci*** is a set of two capricci for piano written by Hungarian composer György Ligeti. Both of the capricci were finished in 1947.

## Composition

The two pieces were composed when Ligeti was still studying in Sandor Veress's class at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music, this is, as a part of his academic exercises. These represent the beginning of the shedding of Béla Bartók's and other Hungarian composer's influence, as he was asked to write it in his own style. Strangely, the second capriccio was composed first, in the spring of 1947, and the second capriccio was composed in November 1947. Both capricci are dedicated to Márta Kurtág. The set has been published by Schott Music together with Ligeti's *Invention* for piano, which is put in the middle and which the set is strongly associated with.

## Structure

These two short pieces take approximately 2 minutes each to perform.

* Capriccio No. 1: Allegretto capriccioso
* Capriccio No. 2: Allegro robusto

The first capriccio is in a form of a sonatina, with its sections to be played continuously. Widely chromatic and modern, it is a very structured and attractive piece, constructed little motives. The second capriccio is far more abrasive, with a clear influence of Bartók's Allegro barbaro. It consists of irregular Bulgarian Rhythms with shifting accents all along the capriccio.


title: Alison Stone (poet)

abstract: Alison Stone is an American poet.

text:
# Alison Stone (poet)

**Alison Stone** (born 1964) is an American poet.

## Biography

Alison Stone grew up in Framingham, Massachusetts and graduated summa cum laude from Brandeis University with a degree in poetry. Her work is published in nine full-length collections, and also appears in numerous publications including The Paris Review, Poetry, Ploughshares, Barrow Street, and Poet Lore. Two of her printed works are held in the permanent collection of the Poetry Foundation in Chicago, Illinois, and many of her poems appear in the foundation's online collection.

A licensed psychotherapist, Stone currently resides and practices in New York.

## Awards

## Bibliography

* *Informed*. NYQ Books. 2024. ISBN 978-1-63045-107-3.
* *To See What Rises*. CW Books. 2023. ISBN 978-1625494252.
* *Zombies at the Disco*. Jacar Press. 2020. ISBN 978-0-936481-41-8.
* *Caught in the Myth*. NYQ Books. 2019. ISBN 978-1-63045-060-1.
* Stone, Alison; Greinke, Eric (2019). *Masterplan*. Presa Press. ISBN 978-0-996502-68-9.
* *Dazzle*. Jacar Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-936481-18-0.
* *Ordinary Magic*. NYQ Books. 2016. ISBN 978-1-63045-031-1.
* *Dangerous Enough*. Presa Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-9888279-3-6.
* *They Sing at Midnight*. Many Mountains Moving Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-9888279-3-6.
* *From the Fool to the World*. UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press. 2012. ISBN 9781934795408.

## InfoBox

| Alison Stone | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1964 (age 5960)<br>Framingham, Massachusetts, United States |
| Occupation | Poet, psychotherapist |


title: Duke Xuan of Qin

abstract: Duke Xuan of Qin, personal name unknown, was duke of the Qin state from 675 to 664 BC. Duke Xuan was the eldest of the three sons of his father Duke De and succeeded his father as ruler of Qin when Duke De died in 676 BC, aged 34. He reigned for 12 years and died in 664 BC. Although Duke Xuan had nine sons, he passed the throne to his younger brother Duke Cheng, who would in turn pass the throne to the third brother Duke Mu.

text:
# Duke Xuan of Qin

**Duke Xuan of Qin** (Chinese: 秦宣公; pinyin: *Qín Xuān Gōng*, died 664 BC), personal name unknown, was duke of the Qin state from 675 to 664 BC.

Duke Xuan was the eldest of the three sons of his father Duke De and succeeded his father as ruler of Qin when Duke De died in 676 BC, aged 34. He reigned for 12 years and died in 664 BC. Although Duke Xuan had nine sons, he passed the throne to his younger brother Duke Cheng, who would in turn pass the throne to the third brother Duke Mu.

## InfoBox

| Duke Xuan of Qin<br>秦宣公 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ruler of Qin | |
| Reign | 675–664 BC |
| Predecessor | Duke De of Qin |
| Successor | Duke Cheng of Qin |
|  | |
| Died | 664 BC |
| Posthumous name  Duke Xuan (宣公) | |
| House | Ying |
| Dynasty | Qin |
| Father | Duke De of Qin |


abstract: Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children reports the progress of combating human trafficking to the Dutch government.

text:
# Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children

**Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children** (established in 2000) reports the progress of combating human trafficking to the Dutch government.

## History

The Dutch Rapporteur was established in 2000 to report on the progress of the Dutch Government in combating human trafficking, producing its first report in 2002. The National Rapporteur, Mrs. Corinne Dettmeijer, reports to and is independent from the Dutch government. The National Rapporteur has published multiple reports on human trafficking, child pornography and sexual violence against children.

## Trafficking in Human Beings

Trafficking in human beings is punishable under Dutch Law. Trafficking in human beings does not only occur inside the sex industry, but can also be found in other economic sectors in which people are forced to work under such bad conditions and circumstances that human rights are infringed upon. Trafficking in human beings also includes the removal of organs and forced surrogacy.

## Sexual Violence against Children

Besides reporting on human trafficking, the National Rapporteur also reports on sexual violence against children in the Netherlands. Her latest report on this matter is entitled On Solid Ground and was published in 2014.

In April 2016, the Rapporteur wrote that "child marriages occur in the Netherlands" and indicated that "between September 2015 and January 2016 around 60 child brides entered the Netherlands."

## Further reading

* Peter Wong (January 19, 2014). "Ore. law students get their day in Supreme Court". *USA Today*. Retrieved 2015-01-18.


title: Dutch Reformed Church, Aberdeen

abstract: The Dutch Reformed Church in Aberdeen is a congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Synod of Eastern Cape. It is one of six congregations established in 1855 in what was then the Cape Colony, and the penultimate of the year. Jansenville, also in the Eastern Province, was first on February 4, Ceres was second on March 21, Sutherland third, then Aberdeen, Heidelberg fifth and Simon's Town sixth. The church is the tallest congregation in the country.

text:
# Dutch Reformed Church, Aberdeen

The **Dutch Reformed Church in Aberdeen** is a congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Synod of Eastern Cape. It is one of six congregations established in 1855 in what was then the Cape Colony, and the penultimate of the year. Jansenville, also in the Eastern Province, was first on February 4, Ceres was second on March 21, Sutherland third, then Aberdeen, Heidelberg fifth and Simon's Town sixth. The church is the tallest congregation in the country.

## Ministers

* Thomas Menzies Gray, 1862–1886 (emeritus; returned to Scotland)
* Daniël Hendrik Cilliers, 1887–1917 (emeritus; his only congregation; died on 21 January 1925)
* Abraham Faure Louw, 1917–1920
* Jacobus Joubert Krige, 1948 – 14 March 1970 (emeritus)
* Frederik Simon Vivier, 1971–2003 (accepts his emeritus)
* Jury Hendrik Wessels, 2003–2007
* Abraham Jacobus Beyers, 2007 – 28 February 2022 (emeritus)

32°28′32″S 24°03′48″E / 32.4756°S 24.0633°E / -32.4756; 24.0633