title: Eskilsø Monastery

abstract: Eskilsø Monastery was an Augustinian monastery on Eskilsø Island in Roskilde Fjord.

text:
# Eskilsø Monastery

**Eskilsø Monastery** (Danish: *Eskilsø Kloster*) was an Augustinian monastery on Eskilsø Island in Roskilde Fjord.

## History

The monastery was established in the 12th century and dedicated to Saint Thomas. No records exist of exactly when the monastery was built, but it was likely founded by Eskil during his tenure as the Bishop of Roskilde (1134–1137). This timeline is supported by the fact that Asser, who was elected bishop of Roskilde in 1139, was a former cloistered resident of the monastery.

The monks of the monastery were canons regular, and besides religious and theological immersion they were responsible for the upkeep and development of the monastery and its belongings. In addition to the lands of Eskilsø, which were primarily used for grazing, it was endowed with properties in and around Jyllinge, including Jyllinge Church, a water mill, and a few corvée farms. Monks from the monastery generally officiated at mass in Jyllinge Kirke.

As the bishop of Roskilde, Absalon decided in 1165 to reform the monastery. He called on his friend William, a canon regular of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris, where Absalon had studied theology in his youth, and instated him as the abbot of Eskilsø Monastery. The remaining six canons of Eskilsø clashed with William, as he insisted on strict monastic discipline and an ascetic and vegetarian life style, and two of them were dismissed when they refused to submit to the new rule. The new canons following William from France found the climate in Denmark too cold and the surroundings of the small monastery too insignificant, and they all soon returned to France. William also considered surrendering and going home, but eventually he agreed with Absalon that Eskilsø was an unfit location, and in 1175 the monastery moved to Æbelholt in Tjæreby Parish near Hillerød after being endowed with several farms, the tithes from many north Zealand churches, and several mills.

After the move Æbelholt Abbey kept the old monastery buildings on Eskilsø as a farm and orchard, and until shortly before the Reformation a canon from Eskilsø was the priest in Jyllinge Church.

## Ruins

The ruins of the small monastery church are still visible on the highest point of northern Eskilsø. The church was about 24 meters long and 7 meters wide with 1-meter-thick walls, constructed in stone and travertine in the Romanesque style. The church consisted of a nave, possibly with a small tower, a choir and an apse.

The church ruins were formally granted historic preservation in 1809 out to a distance of 3 ells from the outer walls. In 1990 an excavation south and east of the church revealed traces from additional monastery buildings, including a stone cellar, a fireplace, and multiple post holes. Since then a larger area around the complex has been exempt from farming and grazing. Between 1998 and 2000 the ruins were restored to ensure their preservation.

55°44′18″N 12°04′40″E / 55.7382°N 12.0777°E / 55.7382; 12.0777


title: Avro 501

abstract: The Avro Type H, Type 501, and Type 503 were a family of early British military seaplanes. They were a development of the Avro 500 design and were originally conceived of as amphibious, the prototype being fitted with a single large main float under the fuselage, and two outrigger floats under the wings.

text:
# Avro 501

The **Avro Type H**, **Type 501**, and **Type 503** were a family of early British military seaplanes. They were a development of the Avro 500 design and were originally conceived of as amphibious, the prototype being fitted with a single large main float (equipped with wheels) under the fuselage, and two outrigger floats under the wings.

## Design and development

Tests were conducted on Windermere in January 1913. It was later converted to a twin-float configuration and bought by the British Admiralty. It now, however, proved too heavy and was converted again – this time to a landplane.

An improved version, designated the **503**, was demonstrated to the Inspector of Naval Aircraft, who placed an order for three machines. The prototype itself was demonstrated for the Imperial German Navy in its seaplane trials in June 1913 and was purchased by the government of the German Empire for evaluation purposes. This machine subsequently became the first aircraft to fly across the North Sea, from Wilhelmshaven to Heligoland, in September 1913. Gotha purchased a licence from Avro and produced the type as the **WD.1** (*Wasser Doppeldecker* – "Water Biplane").

## Operators

German Empire  United Kingdom  Turkey

## Specifications (501 seaplane)

*Data from* Avro Aircraft since 1908

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
* **Wingspan:** 47 ft 6 in (14.48 m)
* **Height:** 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m)
* **Wing area:** 478 sq ft (44.4 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 1,740 lb (789 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 2,700 lb (1,225 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Gnome Omega Omega 14-cyl two row air-cooled rotary piston engine , 100 hp (75 kW)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 55 mph (89 km/h, 48 kn)

**Related lists**

## Further reading

* Metzmacher, Andreas (2021). *Gotha Aircraft 1913-1954: From the London Bomber to the Flying Wing Jet Fighter*. Brimscombe, Stroud: Fonthill. ISBN 978-1-78155-706-8.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions. p. 91.
* *World Aircraft Information Files*. London: Bright Star Publishing. pp. File 889 Sheet 93.

## InfoBox

| 501 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Military utility seaplane |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Avro |
| Number built | 1 – 501
4 – 503 |
| History | |
| First flight | January 1913 |


abstract: The 1998–99 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team represented the University of Minnesota during the 1998–99 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by 13th-year head coach Clem Haskins, the Golden Gophers advanced to the NCAA tournament and finished with a 17–11 record.

text:
# 1998–99 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team

1998–99 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 2 Michigan State | 15 |  | 1 |  | .938 |  |  | 33 |  | 5 |  | .868 |
| No. 19 Indiana | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 23 |  | 11 |  | .676 |
| No. 18 Wisconsin | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 22 |  | 10 |  | .688 |
| No. 21 Iowa | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 20 |  | 10 |  | .667 |
| Purdue | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 21 |  | 13 |  | .618 |
| Northwestern | 6 |  | 10 |  | .375 |  |  | 15 |  | 14 |  | .517 |
| Penn State | 5 |  | 11 |  | .313 |  |  | 13 |  | 14 |  | .481 |
| Illinois | 3 |  | 13 |  | .188 |  |  | 14 |  | 18 |  | .438 |
| No. 14 Ohio State\** | 1 |  | 1 |  | .500 |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | .500 |
| Minnesota\*** | 0 |  | 8 |  | .000 |  |  | 0 |  | 11 |  | .000 |
| Michigan* | 0 |  | 11 |  | .000 |  |  | 0 |  | 19 |  | .000 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1999 Big Ten tournament winner
Rankings from AP poll
\*Michigan: 12 games vacated due to sanctions against the program
\**Ohio State: 34 games including 5 NCAA Tourn. games vacated due to sanctions against the program
\*** Minnesota vacated 17 games including 1 NCAA Tourn. game due to sanctions against the program
Disputed records: Michigan: 12–19, 5–11; Ohio State: 27–9, 12–4; Minnesota: 17–11, 8–8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1998–99 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team** represented the University of Minnesota during the 1998–99 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by 13th-year head coach Clem Haskins, the Golden Gophers advanced to the NCAA tournament and finished with a 17–11 record (8–8 Big Ten).

## Roster

| 1998–99 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  20 Quincy Lewis 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)  Sr Little Rock, Arkansas  50 Joel Przybilla 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) 235 lb (107 kg) Fr | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 21, 1998*
 |  | Appalachian State | **W** 81–67 | 1–0
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Nov 24, 1998*
 |  | Seton Hall | **W** 77–70 | 2–0
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Nov 28, 1998*
 |  | Winthrop | **W** 68–59 | 3–0
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Nov 30, 1998*
 |  | Oregon | **W** 72–61 | 4–0
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Dec 4, 1998*
 |  | at Fresno State | **W** 77–65 | 5–0
 | Selland Arena
Fresno, California |
| Dec 12, 1998*
 | No. 24 | Eastern Michigan | **W** 72–53 | 6–0
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Dec 16, 1998*
 | No. 17 | No. 4 Cincinnati | **L** 61–62 OT | 6–1
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Dec 19, 1998*
 | No. 17 | at Nebraska | **W** 55–51 | 7–1
 | Bob Devaney Sports Center
Lincoln, Nebraska |
| Dec 22, 1998*
 | No. 17 | Montana State | **W** 78–64 | 8–1
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Dec 29, 1998*
 | No. 16 | Sacramento State | **W** 98–57 | 9–1
 | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Big Ten regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Jan 6, 1999
 | No. 16 | Northwestern | **L** 55–58 | 9–2
(0–1) | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Jan 9, 1999
 | No. 16 | Penn State | **W** 75–60 | 10–2
(1–1) | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Jan 13, 1999
 | No. 19 | at No. 14 Michigan State | **L** 55–71 | 10–3
(1–2) | Breslin Student Events Center
East Lansing, Michigan |
| Jan 16, 1999
 | No. 19 | No. 12 Iowa | **W** 75–70 | 11–3
(2–2) | Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Feb 27, 1999
 |  | at Northwestern | **W** 58–51 | 17–9
(8–8) | Welsh-Ryan Arena
Evanston, Illinois |
| Big Ten Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 4, 1999*
 |  | vs. Illinois
*Quarterfinals* | **L** 64–67 OT | 17–10
 | United Center
Chicago, Illinois |
| NCAA Tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 11, 1999*
 | (7 W) | vs. (10 W) Gonzaga
*First round* | **L** 63–75 | 17–11
 | KeyArena
Seattle, Washington |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Rankings

## InfoBox

| 1998–99 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NCAA tournament, Sweet 16 | |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 17–11 (8–8 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Williams Arena |
|


title: Farm to Market Road 50

abstract: Farm to Market Road 50 is a Farm to Market Road in the U.S. state of Texas maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The 52.9-mile (85.1 km) route begins at State Highway 105 near Brenham and passes to the north through Independence to U.S. Route 79 and U.S. Route 190 near Hearne. The road has a brief concurrency with SH 21 along a bridge crossing the Brazos River. The road is in Washington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson counties. The road was originally designated in 1942 along the portion of the present route north of SH 21. The road was briefly extended through Snook to SH 36 at Lyons before being rerouted over its current route through Independence to SH 105.

text:
# Farm to Market Road 50

**Farm to Market Road 50** (**FM 50**) is a Farm to Market Road in the U.S. state of Texas maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The 52.9-mile (85.1 km) route begins at State Highway 105 near Brenham and passes to the north through Independence to U.S. Route 79 and U.S. Route 190 near Hearne. The road has a brief concurrency with SH 21 along a bridge crossing the Brazos River. The road is in Washington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson counties.

The road was originally designated in 1942 along the portion of the present route north of SH 21. The road was briefly extended through Snook to SH 36 at Lyons before being rerouted over its current route through Independence to SH 105.

## History

The portion of FM 50 south of Independence was originally designated SH 211 on August 1, 1934. SH 211 was extended north to Clay on January 26, 1935, but on July 15, 1935, this extension was cancelled. On January 6, 1939, SH 211 was decommissioned. SH 211 was reinstated on January 22, 1940.

FM 50 was first designated on April 29, 1942, between US 79 and SH 21 and then extended on May 20, 1942, to the intersection of the present FM 60 known before then as SH 230 and then continued to the southwest along the current FM 60 through Snook and Center Line to SH 36 at Lyons. SH 230 was then decommissioned being replaced by an extended FM 50 to Lyons and the newly designated FM 60 to College Station.

On August 24, 1943, another section of FM 50 from FM 60 east of Snook to SH 211 in Independence was added. On October 6, 1943, the stretch of road from east of Snook to Lyons was added as an extension of FM 60, and FM 50 was extended south from Independence incorporating most of SH 211 to the former SH 90, now SH 105, near Brenham. The remainder of SH 211 was redesignated as Spur 197, now FM 390 and FM Spur 390.

## Route description

FM 50 begins at SH 105 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Brenham in Washington County. The road proceeds to the north passing Brenham Municipal Airport and intersecting FM 2621 near Prairie Hill before crossing FM 390 at Independence. The road continues northward passing through Jerry's Quarters and crossing Yegua Creek where the road enters Burleson County. North of the creek, the road crosses the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway at Clay.

Further north, FM 50 intersects FM 1361 at Wilcox. After crossing Old River, the road changes course to the northwest crossing FM 60 north of Snook and FM 166 near Foster Store. Further northwest, the road passes through Grant before merging with SH 21. The combined route to the northeast crosses the Brazos River entering Brazos County with FM 50 separating from SH 21 on the other side. The route then goes to the north largely following the Union Pacific Railroad through Law, Sims, an intersection with FM 1687 at Mudville, and Mooring.

North of Mooring, FM 50 crosses into Robertson County and crosses merging Union Pacific tracks at Mumford. The road then follows along the railroad to the northwest crossing the tracks immediately before the road terminates at the combined route of US 79 and US 190 southeast of Hearne.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Washington |  | 0 | 0.0 | SH 105 Brenham, Navasota | Southern terminus |
| |  | 3.6 | 5.8 | FM 2621 Sandy Hill |  |
| | Independence | 8.6 | 13.8 | FM 390 Gay Hill, William Penn |  |
| Burleson | Wilcox | 18.2 | 29.3 | FM 1361 Somerville |  |
| |  | 26.6 | 42.8 | FM 60 Snook, College Station |  |
| |  | 27.4 | 44.1 | FM 166 Caldwell |  |
| |  | 34.8 | 56.0 |
SH 21 west Caldwell | West end of SH 21 overlap |
| Brazos |  | 36.2 | 58.3 |
SH 21 east Bryan | East end of SH 21 overlap |
| | Mudville | 39.4 | 63.4 | FM 1687 (Sandy Point Rd.) |  |
| Robertson |  | 52.9 | 85.1 | US 79 / US 190 Rockdale, Hearne, Cameron | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 50KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Farm to Market Road 50 | |
| --- | --- |
| FM 50 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TxDOT | |
| Length | 51.378 mi (82.685 km) |
| Existed | 1942–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SH 105 near Brenham |
| Major intersections | SH 21 |
| North end | US 79 / US 190 near Hearne |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| Counties | Washington, Burleson, Brazos, Robertson |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| FM 49   FM 51 | |


abstract: The 2018–19 George Mason Patriots Men's basketball team represented George Mason University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The season marked the 53rd for the program, the fourth under head coach Dave Paulsen, and the sixth as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. The Patriots played their home games at EagleBank Arena in Fairfax, Virginia. They finished the season 18-15, 11-7 in A-10 Play to finish in 5th place. They defeated George Washington in the second round of the A-10 tournament before losing in the quarterfinals to St. Bonaventure.

text:
# 2018–19 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team

2018–19 Atlantic 10 men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| VCU | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 25 |  | 8 |  | .758 |
| Davidson | 14 |  | 4 |  | .778 |  |  | 24 |  | 10 |  | .706 |
| Dayton | 13 |  | 5 |  | .722 |  |  | 21 |  | 12 |  | .636 |
| St. Bonaventure | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 18 |  | 16 |  | .529 |
| George Mason | 11 |  | 7 |  | .611 |  |  | 18 |  | 15 |  | .545 |
| Saint Louis | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 23 |  | 13 |  | .639 |
| Duquesne | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 19 |  | 13 |  | .594 |
| Rhode Island | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |  |  | 18 |  | 15 |  | .545 |
| La Salle | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |  |  | 10 |  | 21 |  | .323 |
| Saint Joseph's | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 14 |  | 19 |  | .424 |
| Richmond | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 13 |  | 20 |  | .394 |
| George Washington | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 9 |  | 24 |  | .273 |
| Massachusetts | 4 |  | 14 |  | .222 |  |  | 11 |  | 21 |  | .344 |
| Fordham | 3 |  | 15 |  | .167 |  |  | 12 |  | 20 |  | .375 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 Atlantic 10 tournament winner
 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2018–19 George Mason Patriots Men's basketball team** represented George Mason University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The season marked the 53rd for the program, the fourth under head coach Dave Paulsen, and the sixth as members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. The Patriots played their home games at EagleBank Arena in Fairfax, Virginia. They finished the season 18-15, 11-7 in A-10 Play to finish in 5th place. They defeated George Washington in the second round of the A-10 tournament before losing in the quarterfinals to St. Bonaventure.

## Previous season

They finished last season 16–17, 9–9 in A-10 play to finish in a four-way tie for fifth place. As the No. 5 seed in the A-10 tournament, they defeated Massachusetts in the second round before losing to Saint Joseph's in the quarterfinals.

## Offseason

### 2018 recruiting class

US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
| Name | Hometown | High school / college | Height | Weight | Commit date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Jamal Hartwell II**
*G* | Los Angeles, CA | Fairfax High School | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | 150 lb (68 kg) | Apr 7, 2018 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Jordan Miller**
*G* | Purcellville, VA | Loudoun Valley High School | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 185 lb (84 kg) | May 22, 2017 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Jason Douglas-Stanley**
*G* | Mount Vernon, NY | Mount Vernon High School | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | 157 lb (71 kg) | Oct 16, 2017 |
| | **Recruiting star ratings:** Rivals: *N/A*   247Sports: *N/A* | | | | | | |
| **Overall recruiting rankings:** | | | | | | |
| * *Note*: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight. * In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.  *Sources:*
* "ESPN". ESPN.com. * "2018 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. | | | | | | |

Source

## Preseason

From July 31 to August 8, the men's basketball team toured Spain, visiting Madrid, Valencia and Barcelona among other cities. As part of the trip, the team played three games against Spanish semi-professional teams. The Patriots won games against Club Baloncesto Alcobendas and the Mataro All-Stars and lost to Baloncesto CP La Roda.

## Honors and awards

*Atlantic 10 Player of the Week*

* Otis Livingston II - Dec. 3
* Justin Kier - Jan. 14
* Justin Kier - Jan. 21

*Atlantic 10 All-Conference 2nd Team*

* Justin Kier

*Atlantic 10 Most Improved Player*

* Justin Kier

## Roster

| 2018–19 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  0 Goanar Mar  6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 209 lb (95 kg) So DeLaSalle High School Mankato, MN  1 Justin Kier 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Jr Spotswood High School Grottoes, VA  2 Zach Garrett **(W)** 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 202 lb (92 kg) So Heritage High School Woodbridge, VA  4 Otis Livingston II 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 172 lb (78 kg) Sr Linden High School Linden, NJ  5 Jaire Grayer  6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Sr IMG Academy Flint, MI  10 Jamal Hartwell II 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 150 lb (68 kg) Fr Fairfax High School Los Angeles, CA  11 Jordan Miller 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Fr Loudoun Valley High School Purcellville, VA  12 A. J. Wilson 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 201 lb (91 kg) RS So Elev8 Prep Academy Lanham, MD  13 Logan Samuels 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 185 lb (84 kg) RS Sr Potomac High School / Hampden-Sydney College Bowie, MD  20 Jason Douglas-Stanley 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 179 lb (81 kg) Fr Mount Vernon High School Mount Vernon, NY  21 Jack Tempchin 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) 155 lb (70 kg) RS So Blake High School Silver Spring, MD  23 Javon Greene 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 190 lb (86 kg) So Henry County High School McDonough, GA  24 Nick Diclementi **(W)** 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 208 lb (94 kg) GS Middleburg Academy Leesburg, VA  F/C 31 Jarred Reuter 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 260 lb (118 kg) RS Jr Brewster Academy / UVA Marion, MA  32 Ian Boyd 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Jr Apex High School Cary, NC  33 Greg Calixte 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 225 lb (102 kg) So Mount Vernon High School Mount Vernon, NY | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster |

## Player statistics

| Player | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3FG% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **Justin Kier** | 32 | 30 | 34.8 | .474 | .373 | .762 | 6.5 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 14.3 |
| **Otis Livingston II** | 32 | 32 | 33.0 | .394 | .317 | .873 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 13.1 |
| **Jordan Miller** | 16 | 15 | 29.4 | .607 | .313 | .644 | 7.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 10.3 |
| **Jaire Grayer** | 7 | 7 | 22.3 | .412 | .405 | .650 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 10.0 |
| **Javon Greene** | 32 | 27 | 28.5 | .454 | .315 | .915 | 4.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 9.6 |
| **Jarred Reuter** | 32 | 30 | 18.6 | .469 | .000 | .667 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 7.6 |
| **Ian Boyd** | 30 | 1 | 16.7 | .445 | .338 | .636 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 5.4 |
| **Greg Calixte** | 29 | 2 | 14.0 | .615 | .000 | .404 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 4.5 |
| **A.J. Wilson** | 29 | 0 | 11.2 | .512 | .000 | .571 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 3.9 |
| **Goanar Mar** | 18 | 15 | 21.6 | .286 | .233 | .600 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 3.1 |
| **Jamal Hartwell II** | 30 | 1 | 10.6 | .369 | .469 | .625 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
| **Jason Douglas-Stanley** | 22 | 0 | 9.1 | .237 | .255 | .750 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| **Jack Tempchin** | 7 | 0 | 0.9 | .500 | .000 | .000 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
| **Nick DiClementi** | 5 | 0 | 0.8 | .000 | .000 | .000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | High points | High rebounds | High assists | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Exhibition | | | | | | | | | | | |
| November 1, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Johns Hopkins | **W** 60–50 |
 | 18  Kier | 11  Reuter | 2  Kier, Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (2,408)
Fairfax, VA |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| November 6, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Penn | **L** 71–72 | 0–1
 | 15  Reuter | 8  Kier | 3  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (5,767)
Fairfax, VA |
| November 9, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | American | **L** 75–78 OT | 0–2
 | 18  Greene | 12  Greene | 10  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (5,774)
Fairfax, VA |
| November 13, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | at Georgia Southern | **L** 89–98 | 0–3
 | 25  Grayer | 7  Grayer, Greene | 6  Livingston II | Hanner Fieldhouse (2,638)
Statesboro, GA |
| November 17, 2018*
4:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Southern
*Emerald Coast Classic Opener* | **W** 69–65 | 1–3
 | 17  Livingston II | 11  Wilson | 4  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (3,281)
Fairfax, VA |
| November 20, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | NC Central
*Emerald Coast Classic Opener* | **W** 78–63 | 2–3
 | 24  Reuter | 5  Boyd | 7  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (2,603)
Fairfax, VA |
| November 23, 2018*
7:00 pm, CBSSN |  | vs. Cincinnati
*Emerald Coast Classic semifinals* | **L** 55–71 | 2–4
 | 11  Greene | 4  Wilson | 5  Livingston II | The Arena at NFSC (1,250)
Niceville, FL |
| November 24, 2018*
4:00 pm |  | vs. Baylor
*Emerald Coast Classic 3rd place game* | **L** 61–72 | 2–5
 | 26  Livingston II | 6  Kier | 1  *Tied* | The Arena at NFSC (1,250)
Niceville, FL |
| November 28, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Morgan State | **W** 82–75 | 3–5
 | 22  Livingston II | 8  Greene | 7  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (2,591)
Fairfax, VA |
| December 1, 2018*
4:00 pm |  | at William & Mary | **W** 87–84 | 4–5
 | 18  Livingston II | 8  Kier | 10  Livingston II | Kaplan Arena (3,332)
Williamsburg, VA |
| December 3, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Vermont | **L** 67–72 | 4–6
 | 32  Kier | 7  Mar | 2  Mar | EagleBank Arena (2,704)
Fairfax, VA |
| December 7, 2018*
7:00 pm, MASN |  | James Madison
*A10–CAA Challenge* | **W** 66–53 | 5–6
 | 21  Livingston II | 11  Kier | 4  Kier | EagleBank Arena (5,065)
Fairfax, VA |
| December 21, 2018*
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Navy | **W** 84–63 | 6–6
 | 30  Livingston II | 10  Kier | 5  Kier | EagleBank Arena (3,419)
Fairfax, VA |
| December 29, 2018*
8:00 pm, FSKC/ESPN3 |  | at Kansas State | **L** 58–59 | 6–7
 | 15  Kier | 8  Reuter | 3  Reuter | Bramlage Coliseum (9,973)
Manhattan, KS |
| A-10 regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| January 3, 2019
7:30 pm, CBSSN |  | at Saint Joseph's | **W** 85–60 | 7–7
(1–0) | 18  Kier | 14  Kier | 7  Livingston II | Hagan Arena (2,989)
Philadelphia, PA |
| January 6, 2019
4:00 pm, NBCSN |  | St. Bonaventure | **W** 68–53 | 8–7
(2–0) | 15  Kier | 14  Kier | 4  Reuter | EagleBank Arena (4,028)
Fairfax, VA |
| January 9, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Davidson | **L** 56–61 | 8–8
(2–1) | 26  Kier | 12  Kier | 4  Kier | EagleBank Arena (3,012)
Fairfax, VA |
| January 13, 2019
5:30 pm, NBCSN |  | at Rhode Island | **W** 84–67 | 9–8
(3–1) | 19  Kier | 10  Kier | 7  Livingston II | Ryan Center (5,383)
Kingston, RI |
| January 16, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | at Massachusetts | **W** 68–63 | 10–8
(4–1) | 22  Kier | 9  Kier | 5  Reuter | Mullins Center (2,412)
Amherst, MA |
| January 19, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Fordham | **W** 71–68 | 11–8
(5–1) | 18  Kier | 9  Kier, Reuter | 6  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (3,892)
Fairfax, VA |
| January 23, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | at Dayton | **W** 67–63 | 12–8
(6–1) | 14  Reuter | 6  Calixte | 4  Livingston II | UD Arena (12,895)
Dayton, OH |
| January 26, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | George Washington
*Revolutionary Rivalry* | **W** 62–55 | 13–8
(7–1) | 15  Livingston II | 11  Kier | 4  Greene, Reuter | EagleBank Arena (6,683)
Fairfax, VA |
| February 2, 2019
6:30 pm, NBCSN |  | at VCU
*Rivalry* | **L** 63–79 | 13–9
(7–2) | 15  Reuter | 13  Miller | 4  Livingston II | Siegel Center (7,637)
Richmond, VA |
| February 6, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | at Richmond | **L** 67–81 | 13–10
(7–3) | 20  Livingston II | 8  Miller | 7  Kier | Robins Center (4,769)
Richmond, VA |
| February 10, 2019*
2:00 pm, Stadium |  | La Salle | **W** 84–76 | 14–10
(8–3) | 21  Greene | 8  Kier | 5  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (4,909)
Fairfax, VA |
| February 13, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Massachusetts | **W** 80–75 OT | 15–10
(9–3) | 21  Livingston II | 7  Reuter | 5  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (3,206)
Fairfax, VA |
| February 17, 2019
2:00 pm, Stadium |  | at St. Bonaventure | **L** 56–79 | 15–11
(9–4) | 21  Kier | 7  Reuter | 3  Livingston II | Reilly Center (4,803)
Olean, NY |
| February 23, 2019
4:00 pm, MASN |  | Duquesne | **L** 78–79 | 15–12
(9–5) | 18  Greene | 11  Miller | 5  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (7,309)
Fairfax, VA |
| February 27, 2019
7:00 pm, ESPN+ |  | Richmond | **W** 77–63 | 16–12
(10–5) | 15  Hartwell II | 10  Miller | 6  Livingston II | EagleBank Arena (3,281)
Fairfax, VA |
| March 2, 2019
3:00 pm, NBCSN |  | at Saint Louis | **L** 71–81 | 16–13
(10–6) | 15  Miller | 9  Miller | 5  Kier | Chaifetz Arena (6,814)
St. Louis, MO |
| March 5, 2019
7:30 pm, Stadium |  | VCU
*Rivalry* | **L** 36–71 | 16–14
(10–7) | 11  Miller | 10  Miller | 2  Greene | EagleBank Arena (6,177)
Fairfax, VA |
| March 9, 2019
2:00 pm, Stadium |  | at George Washington
*Revolutionary Rivalry* | **W** 81–65 | 17–14
(11–7) | 17  Miller | 9  Miller | 9  Kier | Charles E. Smith Center (3,024)
Washington, D.C. |
| A-10 tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 14, 2019
2:30 pm, NBCSN | (5) | vs. (12) George Washington
*Second Round* | **W** 61–57 | 18–14
 | 26  Kier | 10  Miller | 5  Kier | Barclays Center (4,278)
Brooklyn, NY |
| March 15, 2019
2:30 pm, NBCSN | (5) | vs. (4) St. Bonaventure
*Quarterfinals* | **L** 57–68 | 18–15
 | 20  Kier | 8  Miller | 3  Reuter | Barclays Center (7,194)
Brooklyn, NY |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

2018–19 George Mason Patriots women's basketball team

## InfoBox

| 2018–19 George Mason Patriots men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Atlantic 10 Conference |
| Record | 18–15 (11–7 A-10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | EagleBank Arena |
|


title: 2014 Plus Fitness Phillip Island 400

abstract: The 2014 Plus Fitness Phillip Island 400 was a motor race meeting for the Australian sedan-based V8 Supercars. It was the thirteenth and penultimate event of the 2014 International V8 Supercars Championship. It was held on the weekend of 14–16 November at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, at Phillip Island, Victoria. It was a horrible start to the weekend for Kiwis Shane van Gisbergen and Fabian Coulthard as they came together after turn 1 at the start Race 33 Qualifying. Fellow Kiwi Scott McLaughlin claimed pole for Race 33 and converted it to a win. Triple Eight Race Engineering teammates Craig Lowndes and Jamie Whincup finished second and third respectively. Whincup managed to claim pole and win for Race 34. The win for Whincup also meant that he secured the 2014 Championship, and his sixth V8 Supercar Championship title. Closest championship rivals Lowndes finished the race in second place and Mark Winterbottom in third place. Whincup and McLaughlin started on the front row for Race 35, but it was McLaughlin who took the lead from Whincup at turn 2 on the first lap. At a quarter race distance, the Safety Car was called out after David Wall ran wide at the final turn. This meant that all cars were called in to do mandatory pit stops, as well as Garth Tander taking the lead from McLaughlin in the process. Tander and McLaughlin remained together for the rest of the race until the final lap. After the final corner on the last lap, Tander's car ran out of fuel. This allowed McLaughlin to snatch the lead only metres before the finish line and take the race win, with Tander coasting to second place. Winterbottom narrowly beat pole sitter Whincup to the line to finish third.

text:
# 2014 Plus Fitness Phillip Island 400

The **2014 Plus Fitness Phillip Island 400** was a motor race meeting for the Australian sedan-based V8 Supercars. It was the thirteenth and penultimate event of the 2014 International V8 Supercars Championship. It was held on the weekend of 14–16 November at the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, at Phillip Island, Victoria.

It was a horrible start to the weekend for Kiwis Shane van Gisbergen and Fabian Coulthard as they came together after turn 1 at the start Race 33 Qualifying. Fellow Kiwi Scott McLaughlin claimed pole for Race 33 and converted it to a win. Triple Eight Race Engineering teammates Craig Lowndes and Jamie Whincup finished second and third respectively.

Whincup managed to claim pole and win for Race 34. The win for Whincup also meant that he secured the 2014 Championship, and his sixth V8 Supercar Championship title. Closest championship rivals Lowndes finished the race in second place and Mark Winterbottom in third place.

Whincup and McLaughlin started on the front row for Race 35, but it was McLaughlin who took the lead from Whincup at turn 2 on the first lap. At a quarter race distance, the Safety Car was called out after David Wall ran wide at the final turn. This meant that all cars were called in to do mandatory pit stops, as well as Garth Tander taking the lead from McLaughlin in the process. Tander and McLaughlin remained together for the rest of the race until the final lap. After the final corner on the last lap, Tander's car ran out of fuel. This allowed McLaughlin to snatch the lead only metres before the finish line and take the race win, with Tander coasting to second place. Winterbottom narrowly beat pole sitter Whincup to the line to finish third.

| Supercars Championship | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Previous race:
2014 Castrol Edge Gold Coast 600 | **2014 Supercars Championship** | Next race:
2014 Sydney NRMA 500 |
| Previous year:
2013 Sargent Security Phillip Island 360 | **Phillip Island 400** | Next year:
2015 WD-40 Phillip Island Super Sprint |

## InfoBox

**2014 Plus Fitness Phillip Island 400**
| Event Information | |
| --- | --- |
| Round 13 of 14 in the 2014 International V8 Supercars Championship | |
|  | |
| Date | 14–16 November 2014 |
| Location | Phillip Island, Victoria |
| Venue | Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit |
| Weather | Fine |
| Results | |
| Race 1  Distance  23 laps  100 km  Pole position Scott McLaughlin
Garry Rogers Motorsport  1:31.3935  Winner Scott McLaughlin
Garry Rogers Motorsport  36:00.0974 | |
| Race 2  Distance  23 laps  100 km  Pole position Jamie Whincup
Triple Eight Race Engineering  1:31.0578  Winner Jamie Whincup
Triple Eight Race Engineering  35:54.1514 | |
| Race 3  Distance  45 laps  200 km  Pole position Jamie Whincup
Triple Eight Race Engineering  1:31.1812  Winner Scott McLaughlin
Garry Rogers Motorsport  1:13:59.6920 | |


title: 2014 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach

abstract: The 2014 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach was the 40th annual running of the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach and the second race of the 2014 IndyCar Series season. It took place on April 13, 2014 in Long Beach, California on its temporary street circuit. It was won by Mike Conway.

text:
# 2014 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach

The **2014 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach** was the 40th annual running of the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach and the second race of the 2014 IndyCar Series season. It took place on April 13, 2014 in Long Beach, California on its temporary street circuit. It was won by Mike Conway.

## Classification

### Qualifying

| Pos | Name | Grp. | Round 1 | Round 2 | Firestone Fast 6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ryan Hunter-Reay | 1 | 1:08.0667 | 1:07.9244 | 1:07.8219 |
| 2 | James Hinchcliffe | 1 | 1:07.9328 | 1:07.9683 | 1:07.9403 |
| 3 | Sébastien Bourdais | 1 | 1:07.9060 | 1:07.7913 | 1:07.9580 |
| 4 | Josef Newgarden | 1 | 1:08.0558 | 1:07.9105 | 1:08.0097 |
| 5 | Jack Hawksworth **(R)** | 2 | 1:08.0968 | 1:07.9640 | 1:08.0525 |
| 6 | Simon Pagenaud | 2 | 1:08.0761 | 1:07.8592 | 1:08.0732 |
| 7 | Scott Dixon | 2 | 1:08.0626 | 1:07.9981 |  |
| 8 | Marco Andretti | 2 | 1:08.0179 | 1:08.0930 |  |
| 9 | Hélio Castroneves | 2 | 1:08.1119 | 1:07.8860 |  |
| 10 | Justin Wilson | 1 | 1:07.9777 | 1:08.1218 |  |
| 11 | Carlos Muñoz **(R)** | 2 | 1:07.8746 | 1:08.1506 |  |
| 12 | Oriol Servià | 1 | 1:08.3350 | 1:08.3532 |  |
| 13 | Tony Kanaan | 1 | 1:08.4424 |  |  |
| 14 | Will Power | 2 | 1:08.1159 |  |  |
| 15 | Takuma Sato | 1 | 1:08.5660 |  |  |
| 16 | Juan Pablo Montoya | 2 | 1:08.3649 |  |  |
| 17 | Mike Conway | 1 | 1:08.5702 |  |  |
| 18 | Ryan Briscoe | 2 | 1:08.3699 |  |  |
| 19 | Charlie Kimball | 1 | 1:08.6507 |  |  |
| 20 | Mikhail Aleshin **(R)** | 2 | 1:08.4321 |  |  |
| 21 | Carlos Huertas **(R)** | 1 | 1:08.7051 |  |  |
| 22 | Sebastián Saavedra | 2 | 1:08.9619 |  |  |
| 23 | Graham Rahal | 2 | 1:09.0562 |  |  |
|

### Race results

| Pos | Driver | Team | Engine | Laps | Time/Retired | Pit Stops | Grid | Laps Led | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | Mike Conway | Ed Carpenter Racing | Chevrolet | 80 | 1:51:41.6418 | 2 | 17 | 3 | **51** |
| **2** | Will Power | Team Penske | Chevrolet | 80 | \+ 0.9005 | 2 | 14 |  | **40** |
| **3** | Carlos Muñoz **(R)** | Andretti Autosport | Honda | 80 | \+ 1.5591 | 2 | 11 |  | **35** |
| **4** | Juan Pablo Montoya | Team Penske | Chevrolet | 80 | \+ 2.0226 | 3 | 16 |  | **32** |
| **5** | Simon Pagenaud | Schmidt Peterson Motorsports | Honda | 80 | \+ 2.8169 | 3 | 6 |  | **30** |
| **6** | Mikhail Aleshin **(R)** | Schmidt Peterson Motorsports | Honda | 80 | \+ 3.8574 | 4 | 20 |  | **28** |
| **7** | Oriol Servià | Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing | Honda | 80 | \+ 4.9621 | 2 | 12 |  | **26** |
| **8** | Marco Andretti | Andretti Autosport | Honda | 80 | \+ 8.1948 | 4 | 8 |  | **24** |
| **9** | Sebastián Saavedra | KV Racing Technology | Chevrolet | 80 | \+ 8.9029 | 3 | 21 | 3 | **23** |
| **10** | Carlos Huertas **(R)** | Dale Coyne Racing | Honda | 80 | \+ 24.2295 | 3 | 21 |  | **20** |
| **11** | Hélio Castroneves | Team Penske | Chevrolet | 80 | \+ 30.0552 | 6 | 9 |  | **19** |
| **12** | Scott Dixon | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 80 | \+ 30.7310 | 3 | 7 | 22 | **19** |
| **13** | Graham Rahal | Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing | Honda | 79 | \+ 1 Lap | 4 | 23 |  | **17** |
| **14** | Sébastien Bourdais | KV Racing Technology | Chevrolet | 77 | \+ 3 Laps | 5 | 3 |  | **16** |
| **15** | Jack Hawksworth **(R)** | Bryan Herta Autosport | Honda | 77 | \+ 3 Laps | 4 | 5 |  | **15** |
| **16** | Justin Wilson | Dale Coyne Racing | Honda | 64 | Contact | 2 | 10 |  | **14** |
| **17** | Ryan Briscoe | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 60 | \+ 20 Laps | 4 | 18 |  | **13** |
| **18** | Tony Kanaan | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 55 | Contact | 3 | 13 |  | **12** |
| **19** | Josef Newgarden | Sarah Fisher Hartman Racing | Honda | 55 | Contact | 2 | 4 | 1 | **12** |
| **20** | Ryan Hunter-Reay | Andretti Autosport | Honda | 55 | Contact | 2 | 1 | 51 | **14** |
| **21** | James Hinchcliffe | Andretti Autosport | Honda | 55 | Contact | 2 | 2 |  | **9** |
| **22** | Takuma Sato | A. J. Foyt Enterprises | Honda | 55 | Contact | 3 | 15 |  | **8** |
| **23** | Charlie Kimball | Chip Ganassi Racing | Chevrolet | 41 | Off course | 1 | 19 |  | **7** |

Notes

Points include 1 point for leading at least 1 lap during a race, an additional 2 points for leading the most race laps, and 1 point for Pole Position.

## Championship standings after the race

* **Note:** Only the top five positions are included.

## InfoBox

2014 Long Beach
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| 2nd round of the 2014 IndyCar Series season | |
|  | |
| Date | April 13, 2014 |
| Official name | Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach |
| Location | Streets Of Long Beach
Long Beach, California |
| Course | Temporary street circuit
1.968 mi / 3.167 km |
| Distance | 80 laps
157.44 mi / 253.375 km |
| Pole position | |
| Driver | Ryan Hunter-Reay (Andretti Autosport) |
| Time | 1:07.8219 |
| Fastest lap | |
| Driver | Hélio Castroneves (Team Penske) |
| Time | 1:09.0691 (on lap 76 of 80) |
| Podium | |
| First | Mike Conway (Ed Carpenter Racing) |
| Second | Will Power (Team Penske) |
| Third | Carlos Muñoz (Andretti Autosport) |


title: Eskimal

abstract: Eskimal is a 2011 Mexican short primarily stop motion animated film created by Homero Ramírez Tena. The film is about climate change, specifically melting ice at the poles.

text:
# Eskimal

***Eskimal*** is a 2011 Mexican short primarily stop motion animated film created by Homero Ramírez Tena. The film is about climate change, specifically melting ice at the poles.

## Synopsis

The film is set in a fantastical version of the polar regions that is threatened by pollution. Eskimal and Morsa (the walrus) have to save the Great Glacier.

## Production

The film was created as Ramírez's graduation project at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, produced in 2008 with the help of the university television station and the Mexican Film Institute. It was filmed in 2009, and used several techniques to make the plush puppets appear life like, including using reference footage of the action and deep background green screens. There is also some CGI animation used, for example with liquids and to overlay snowdrifts on top of the image. The film won a 2011 grant for postproduction of animated short films, from IMCINE.

## Release

The film was released on Vimeo. It has also been screened at over 100 film festivals around the world, including the Toronto Kids International Film Festival (Canada), Havana International Film Festival (Cuba) and the Festival International du Film D'environnement (Paris), and the Giffoni Film Festival.

## Reception

The film has won several international awards, including Best Animated Short at both Sydney Latin American Film Festival (Australia 2012) and at the Margarita Latin American and Caribbean Film Festival (Venezuela 2012). It has also won an environment award.

## InfoBox

| Eskimal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Homero Ramírez Tena |
| Written by | Homero Ramírez Tena |
| Produced by | IMCINE - CONACULTA
Bajo Cero Films
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |
| Starring | Mario Martínez
Claudia Acereto |
| Music by | César Urbina González |
| Release date | * 15 November 2011 (2011-11-15) (Mexico) |
| Running time | 8 minutes 48 seconds |
| Country | Mexico |
| Budget | MX$800,000 |


abstract: The 1965 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 17th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix season. The season consisted of thirteen Grand Prix races in six classes: 500cc, 350cc, 250cc, 125cc, 50cc and Sidecars 500cc. It began on 21 March, with United States Grand Prix and ended with Japanese Grand Prix on October, 24.

text:
# 1965 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

The **1965 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season** was the 17th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix season. The season consisted of thirteen Grand Prix races in six classes: 500cc, 350cc, 250cc, 125cc, 50cc and Sidecars 500cc. It began on 21 March, with United States Grand Prix and ended with Japanese Grand Prix on October, 24.

## Season summary

Mike Hailwood easily claimed his fourth successive 500 class crown for MV Agusta, although he was beginning to show his disenchantment with the autocratic Count Agusta by accepting a 250 class ride from Honda. Newcomer Giacomo Agostini riding for MV Agusta would battle Honda's reigning champion Jim Redman for the 350 title. The outcome wouldn't be decided until the final race of the year in Japan, when Agostini's MV Agusta suffered a mechanical failure, handing the championship to Redman.

The Yamaha duo of Phil Read and Michelle Duff finished first and second in the 250 class, as Honda's Redman battled early season injuries. Hugh Anderson won six races to claim his second 125 championship for Suzuki while Honda's Ralph Bryans took the 50cc crown ahead of his Honda teammate Luigi Taveri.

## 1965 Grand Prix season calendar

| Round | Date | Grand Prix | Circuit | 50cc winner | 125cc winner | 250cc winner | 350cc winner | 500cc winner | Sidecars 500cc winner | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 21 March | United States Grand Prix | Daytona Speedway | Ernst Degner | Hugh Anderson | Phil Read |  | Mike Hailwood |  | Report |
| 2 | 25 April | West German Grand Prix | Nürburgring Sudschleife | Ralph Bryans | Hugh Anderson | Phil Read | Giacomo Agostini | Mike Hailwood | Scheidegger / Robinson | Report |
| 3 | 9 May | Spanish Grand Prix | Montjuïc circuit | Hugh Anderson | Hugh Anderson | Phil Read |  |  | Deubel / Hörner | Report |
| 4 | 15 May | French Grand Prix | Rouen-Les-Essarts | Ralph Bryans | Hugh Anderson | Phil Read |  |  | Camathias / Ducret | Report |
| 5 | 14 June | Isle of Man TT | Snaefell Mountain | Luigi Taveri | Phil Read | Jim Redman | Jim Redman | Mike Hailwood | Deubel / Hörner | Report |
| 6 | 26 June | Dutch TT | TT Circuit Assen | Ralph Bryans | Michelle Duff | Phil Read | Jim Redman | Mike Hailwood | Scheidegger / Robinson | Report |
| 7 | 4 July | Belgian Grand Prix | Spa-Francorchamps | Ernst Degner |  | Jim Redman |  | Mike Hailwood | Scheidegger / Robinson | Report |
| 8 | 18 July | East German Grand Prix | Sachsenring |  | Frank Perris | Jim Redman | Jim Redman | Mike Hailwood |  | Report |
| 9 | 25 July | Czechoslovakian Grand Prix | Masaryk Circuit |  | Frank Perris | Phil Read | Jim Redman | Mike Hailwood |  | Report |
| 10 | 7 August | Ulster Grand Prix | Dundrod Circuit |  | Ernst Degner | Phil Read | Frantisek Stastny | Dick Creith |  | Report |
| 11 | 22 August | Finnish Grand Prix | Imatra Circuit |  | Hugh Anderson | Michelle Duff | Giacomo Agostini | Giacomo Agostini |  | Report |
| 12 | 5 September | Nations Grand Prix | Monza |  | Hugh Anderson | Tarquinio Provini | Giacomo Agostini | Mike Hailwood | Scheidegger / Robinson | Report |
| 13 | 24 October | Japanese Grand Prix | Suzuka Circuit | Luigi Taveri | Hugh Anderson | Mike Hailwood | Mike Hailwood |  |  | Report |

## Standings

### Scoring system

Points were awarded to the top six finishers in each race. Only the best of six races were counted in 50cc, 350cc and 500cc championships, best of seven in 125cc and 250cc championships, while in the Sidecars, only the best of four races were counted.

| Position | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Points | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |

#### 500cc final standings

| Pos Rider Bike USA
 GER
 MAN
 HOL
 BEL
 DDR
 CZE
 ULS
 FIN
 NAC
 Pts  1  Mike Hailwood MV Agusta *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1* *1*   *1* **48** (64)  2  Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta  2 Ret 2 2 2 2  *1* 2 **38** (44)  3  Paddy Driver Matchless Ret Ret Ret 3 4 3 4 *2* 2  **26**  4  Fred Stevens Matchless     5 5 5 5 3 4 **15**  5  Jack Ahearn Norton  Ret 9 5 9 4 3    **9**  6  Dick Creith Norton        1   **8**  7  Jack Findlay Matchless  4 10 11 12 11 9 4 5 8 **8**  8  Joe Dunphy Norton   2   Ret  Ret   **6**  9  Buddy Parriott Norton 2          **6**  10  Frantisek Stastny Jawa       6  8 3 **5**  11  Chris Conn Norton   Ret 7 7   3   **4**  12  Derek Minter Norton   Ret Ret 3      **4**  13  Roger Beaumont Norton 3          **4**  =  Michelle Duff Matchless   3        **4**  =  Walter Scheimann Norton  3         **4**  16  Ian Burne Norton  Ret 4 Ret 8 6 10  Ret 10 **4**  17  John Cooper RD Norton   Ret 4 Ret   Ret   **3**  18  Jouko Ryhänen Matchless      Ret   4  **3**  19  Kenneth King Norton 4          **3**  20  Edy Lenz Norton  5 Ret Ret  9 Ret   7 **2**  21  Selwyn Griffiths Matchless   5     9   **2**  22  Ed LaBelle Norton 5          **2**  =  Giuseppe Mandolini Moto Guzzi          5 **2**  24  Gyula Marsovszky Matchless  Ret 8 Ret 6    Ret 6 **2**  25  Lewis Young Matchless  7  14 Ret 8 Ret  6  **1**  26  Dan Shorey Norton  Ret 18 6 10 10 7 10  12 **1**  27  Billy McCosh Matchless   6     8   **1**  28  Billie Nelson Norton  6 12 Ret       **1**  29  Robin Fitton Norton    Ret    6   **1**  30  David Lloyd Norton 6          **1**  31  Eric Hinton Norton   Ret   Ret Ret  7  **0**  32  Gustav Havel Jawa       Ret 7 Ret  **0**  =  Malcolm Stanton Norton   Ret   7  Ret   **0**  34  Alan Dugalde Norton   7        **0**  =  Fred Simone BMW 7          **0**  36  Rudi Thalhammer Norton    9   8   9 **0**  37  Karl Hoppe Matchless    8       **0**  =  Al Johnson BMW 8          **0**  =  Hans-Jürgen Melcher Norton  8         **0**  40  Roy Robinson Norton      14 11  9  **0**  41  Hans-Otto Butenuth BMW  9 16        **0**  42  Ray Dey Norton 9          **0**  43  Syd Mizen Matchless   Ret 10 Ret      **0**  44  Wester Cooley Norton 10          **0**  =  Hannu Kuparinen Matchless         10  **0**  =  Hans Schmidt BMW  10         **0**  47  Griff Jenkins Lancefield Norton   Ret     Ret  11 **0**  48  Dave Croxford Matchless   11        **0**  =  Carl Eshoo Triumph 11          **0**  =  Manfred Gäckle Norton  11         **0**  =  Pentti Lehtelä Norton         11  **0**  =  Ian McGregor Norton        11   **0**  53  Derek Lee Matchless  Ret 15   16 12  13  **0**  54  Philippe Canoui Norton / Matchless      15   12 Ret **0**  55  Bo Granath Matchless   Ret  Ret 12   Ret  **0**  56  Stuart Graham Matchless   Ret 12 Ret      **0**  57  Bernhard Bockelmann Norton  12         **0**  =  Bruce Carter BSA 12          **0**  =  Ron Wilson Norton        12   **0**  60  Ernst Weiss Norton  14    Ret 13    **0**  61  Roy Ingram Norton   Ret 13       **0**  =  Gordon Keith Norton   13     Ret   **0**  63  Billy Andersson AJS      13     **0**  =  Giuseppe Dardanello Norton          13 **0**  =  Stan Friduss Norton 13          **0**  =  Jimmy Jones Norton        13   **0**  =  Siegfried Springenberg Horex  13         **0**  68  Davy Crawford Norton        14   **0**  =  Jan Hennek Norton       14    **0**  =  Tony Wilmott Norton   14        **0**  71  Maurice Hawtorne Norton  Ret    Ret 15    **0**  72  György Kurucz Norton      15 Ret    **0**  =  Alf Shaw Norton   Ret     15   **0**  74  Hans Föhr Matchless  15         **0**  =  John Mawby Norton    15       **0**  76  Jack Saunders Matchless   31     16   **0**  77  John Brown Norton        17   **0**  =  Carl Ward Norton   17        **0**  79  John Simmonds Norton   19        **0**  80  Robert Haldane Matchless   20     Ret   **0**  81  Ron Chandler Matchless   21        **0**  82  Peter Richards Norton   22        **0**  83  Brian Proctor Norton   23        **0**  84  Tom Gill Matchless   24        **0**  85  Marvin Wright Norton   25        **0**  86  Bob Ritchie Norton   26     Ret   **0**  87  John Rudge Triton   27        **0**  88  Colin Cross Norton   28        **0**  89  Abbey de Kock Norton  Ret 29   Ret Ret    **0**  90  Bill Hawthorne BSA-Norton   30        **0**  -  John Denty Norton   Ret   Ret  Ret   **0**  -  John Somers Norton    Ret  Ret   Ret  **0**  -  Hartmut Allner BMW  Ret     Ret    **0**  -  Bo Brolin Matchless      Ret   Ret  **0**  -  Agne Carlsson Matchless      Ret   Ret  **0**  -  Graham Dickson Norton  Ret    Ret     **0**  -  Bill Ivy Matchless   Ret Ret       **0**  -  Endel Kiisa Vostok  Ret     Ret    **0**  -  Ron Robinson Norton      Ret Ret    **0**  -  Bill Smith Matchless / DKW   Ret       Ret **0**  -  Dennis Ainsworth Norton    Ret       **0**  -  Derek Blackmore Norton   Ret        **0**  - Stan Brassey Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Rex Butcher Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Heiner Butz Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Louis Carr Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Antonio de Simone Norton          Ret **0**  -  Arnold Dobbs Matchless        Ret   **0**  -  Vincent Duckett Matchless   Ret        **0**  -  Bobby Duncan Triumph   Ret        **0**  -  Dean Dyess Ducati Ret          **0**  -  Klaus Enders Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Karl-Heinz Ewing Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Franco Farne Ducati Ret          **0**  -  Ray Flack Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Fred Gailey Norton Ret          **0**  -  Andreas Georgeades Matchless   Ret        **0**  -  Peter Gould Ducati Ret          **0**  -  Jack Gow Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Sven-Olov Gunnarson Norton      Ret     **0**  -  Albert Häring Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Oliver Howe Norton  Ret         **0**  -  John Hudson Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Alan Hunter Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Dave Jackson Matchless Ret          **0**  -  Lothar John Norton  Ret         **0**  -  David Johnson Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Derek Jones BSA   Ret        **0**  -  Wilber Lawson Triumph Ret          **0**  -  Ivor Lloyd Norton Ret          **0**  -  Gerald MacDonald Paton Ret          **0**  -  Emanuele Maugliani Norton          Ret **0**  -  Stuart Morin Matchless Ret          **0**  -  Albert Moule Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Bert Oosterhuis Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Gianni Perrone Bianchi          Ret **0**  -  John Pinckney Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Laurence Povey Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Robert Reid Norton        Ret   **0**  -  Bryan Scobie Norton      Ret     **0**  -  Horst Seidl Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Nikolai Sevostyanov Vostok       Ret    **0**  -  John Smith Norton     Ret      **0**  -  Hans Sommerhalder Matchless   Ret        **0**  -  Brian Taggart Norton        Ret   **0**  -  Rolf Thiemig Norton  Ret         **0**  -  Franco Trabalzini Gilera          Ret **0**  -  William Walton Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Monty Ward Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Dave Williams MW Norton   Ret        **0**  -  Anthony Woodman Matchless  Ret         **0**  -  Derek Woodman Matchless   Ret        **0**  -  Benedetto Zambotti Norton          Ret **0**  -  Manfred Zeller Matchless  Ret         **0**  Pos Rider Bike USA
 GER
 MAN
 HOL
 BEL
 DDR
 CZE
 ULS
 FIN
 NAC
 Pts | Colour Result  Gold Winner  Silver Second place  Bronze Third place  Green Points finish  Blue Non-points finish  Non-classified finish (NC)  Purple Retired (Ret)  Red Did not qualify (DNQ)  Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)  Black Disqualified (DSQ)  White Did not start (DNS)  Withdrew (WD)  Race cancelled (C)  Blank Did not practice (DNP)  Did not arrive (DNA)  Excluded (EX)   **Bold** – Pole
*Italics* – Fastest Lap |
| --- | --- |

### 350cc Standings

| Place | Rider | Number | Country | Machine | Points | Wins |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Jim Redman |  | Rhodesia | Honda | 38 | 4 |
| 2 | Giacomo Agostini |  | Italy | MV Agusta | 32 | 3 |
| 3 | Mike Hailwood |  | United Kingdom | MV Agusta | 20 | 1 |
| 4 | Bruce Beale |  | Rhodesia | Honda | 15 | 0 |
| 5 | Frantisek Stastny |  | Czechoslovakia | Jawa | 14 | 1 |
| 6 | Derek Woodman |  | United Kingdom | MZ | 14 | 0 |
| 7 | Gustav Havel |  | Czechoslovakia | Jawa | 12 | 0 |
| 8 | Renzo Pasolini |  | Italy | Aermacchi | 9 | 0 |
| 9 | Phil Read |  | United Kingdom | Yamaha | 6 | 0 |
| = | Silvio Grassetti |  | Italy | Benelli | 6 | 0 |
| 11 | Frantisek Bocek |  | Czechoslovakia | Jawa | 6 | 0 |
| 12 | Gilberto Milani |  | Italy | Aermacchi | 6 | 0 |
| 13 | Nicolaï Sevostianov |  | USSR | Vostok | 4 | 0 |
| = | Tarquinio Provini |  | Italy | Benelli | 4 | 0 |
| = | Isamu Kasuya |  | Japan | Honda | 4 | 0 |
| 16 | Chris Conn |  | United Kingdom | Norton | 3 | 0 |
| = | Agne Carlsson |  | Sweden | AJS | 3 | 0 |
| = | Isao Yamashita |  | Japan | Honda | 3 | 0 |
| 19 | Griff Jenkins |  | United Kingdom | Norton | 3 | 0 |
| = | John Cooper |  | United Kingdom | Norton | 3 | 0 |
| 21 | Endel Kiisa |  | USSR | CKEB | 2 | 0 |
| = | Lewis Young |  | United Kingdom | AJS | 2 | 0 |
| 23 | Dan Shorey |  | United Kingdom | Norton | 2 | 0 |
| 24 | Paddy Driver |  | South Africa | AJS | 1 | 0 |
| = | Eric Hinton |  | Australia | Norton | 1 | 0 |
| = | Bill Smith |  | United Kingdom | Norton | 1 | 0 |

### 250cc Standings

| Place | Rider | Number | Country | Machine | Points | Wins |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Phil Read |  | United Kingdom | Yamaha | 56 | 7 |
| 2 | Michelle Duff |  | Canada | Yamaha | 42 | 1 |
| 3 | Jim Redman |  | Rhodesia | Honda | 34 | 3 |
| 4 | Heinz Rosner |  | East Germany | MZ | 18 | 0 |
| 5 | Derek Woodman |  | United Kingdom | MZ | 15 | 0 |
| 6 | Bruce Beale |  | Rhodesia | Honda | 14 | 0 |
| 7 | Tarquinio Provini |  | Italy | Benelli | 11 | 1 |
| 8 | Ramón Torras |  | Spain | Bultaco | 10 | 0 |
| 9 | Frank Perris |  | United Kingdom | Suzuki | 9 | 0 |
| 10 | Mike Hailwood |  | United Kingdom | Honda | 8 | 1 |
| 11 | Frantisek Stastny |  | Czechoslovakia | ČZ | 8 | 0 |
| 12 | Isamu Kasuya |  | Japan | Honda | 6 | 0 |
| 13 | Ralph Bryans |  | United Kingdom | Honda | 6 | 0 |
| 14 | Yoshimi Katayama |  | Japan | Suzuki | 6 | 0 |
| 15 | Giuseppe Visenzi |  | Italy | Aermacchi | 5 | 0 |
| 16 | Silvio Grassetti |  | Italy | Morini | 4 | 0 |
| = | Barry Smith |  | Australia | Bultaco | 4 | 0 |
| = | Remo Venturi |  | Italy | Benelli | 4 | 0 |
| = | Bill Ivy |  | United Kingdom | Yamaha | 4 | 0 |
| 20 | Ginger Molloy |  | New Zealand | Bultaco | 4 | 0 |
| 21 | Jean-Claude Guénard |  | France | Bultaco | 3 | 0 |
| = | Gosuke Yamashita |  | Japan | Honda | 3 | 0 |
| 23 | Günter Beer |  | West Germany | Honda | 3 | 0 |
| 24 | José Busquets |  | Spain | Montesa | 2 | 0 |
| = | Kevin Cass |  | Australia | Cotton | 2 | 0 |
| = | Rex Avery |  | United Kingdom | Bultaco | 2 | 0 |
| = | Hiroshi Hasegawa |  | Japan | Yamaha | 2 | 0 |
| 28 | John Buckner |  | United States | Yamaha | 1 | 0 |
| = | Gilberto Milani |  | Italy | Aermacchi | 1 | 0 |
| = | Alberto Pagani |  | Italy | Aermacchi | 1 | 0 |
| = | Alain Barbaroux |  | France | Aermacchi | 5 | 0 |
| = | Dave Williams |  | United Kingdom | FB-Mondial | 1 | 0 |
| = | Bob Coulter |  | United Kingdom | Bultaco | 1 | 0 |

### 125cc Standings

| Place | Rider | Number | Country | Machine | Points | Wins |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hugh Anderson |  | New Zealand | Suzuki | 56 | 7 |
| 2 | Frank Perris |  | United Kingdom | Suzuki | 44 | 2 |
| 3 | Derek Woodman |  | United Kingdom | MZ | 28 | 0 |
| 4 | Ernst Degner |  | West Germany | Suzuki | 23 | 1 |
| 5 | Luigi Taveri |  | Switzerland | Honda | 14 | 0 |
| 6 | Michelle Duff |  | Canada | Yamaha | 12 | 1 |
| 7 | Klaus Enderlein |  | East Germany | MZ | 11 | 0 |
| 8 | Ralph Bryans |  | United Kingdom | Honda | 11 | 0 |
| 9 | Joachim Leitert |  | East Germany | MZ | 10 | 0 |
| 10 | Phil Read |  | United Kingdom | Yamaha | 8 | 1 |
| 11 | Yoshimi Katayama |  | Japan | Suzuki | 6 | 0 |
| = | Dieter Krumpholz |  | East Germany | MZ | 6 | 0 |
| 13 | Bill Ivy |  | United Kingdom | Yamaha | 6 | 0 |
| 14 | Bruce Beale |  | Rhodesia | Honda | 6 | 0 |
| 15 | Ramón Torras |  | Spain | Bultaco | 4 | 0 |
| = | Heinz Rosner |  | East Germany | MZ | 4 | 0 |
| 17 | Roland Rentzsch |  | East Germany | MZ | 4 | 0 |
| 18 | Rick Schell |  | United States | Honda | 3 | 0 |
| = | Bruno Spaggiari |  | Italy | Ducati | 3 | 0 |
| 20 | Giuseppe Visenzi |  | Italy | Honda | 3 | 0 |
| 21 | Jeff Tate |  | United States | Honda | 2 | 0 |
| = | Hans-Georg Anscheidt |  | West Germany | MZ-Kreidler | 2 | 0 |
| = | Yasuhara Yuzawa |  | Japan | Honda | 2 | 0 |
| 24 | Bob Gehring |  | United States | Bultaco | 1 | 0 |
| = | Walter Scheimann |  | West Germany | Honda | 1 | 0 |
| = | Arthur Fegbli |  | Switzerland | Honda | 1 | 0 |
| = | Jürgen Lenk |  | East Germany | MZ | 1 | 0 |
| = | Frantisek Bocek |  | Czechoslovakia | ČZ | 1 | 0 |
| = | Tommy Robb |  | United Kingdom | Bultaco | 1 | 0 |
| = | Ginger Molloy |  | New Zealand | Bultaco | 1 | 0 |
| = | Hironori Matsushima |  | Japan | Yamaha | 1 | 0 |

### 50cc Standings

| Place | Rider | Number | Country | Machine | Points | Wins |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ralph Bryans |  | United Kingdom | Honda | 36 | 3 |
| 2 | Luigi Taveri |  | Switzerland | Honda | 32 | 2 |
| 3 | Hugh Anderson |  | New Zealand | Suzuki | 32 | 1 |
| 4 | Ernst Degner |  | West Germany | Suzuki | 26 | 2 |
| 5 | Mitsuo Itoh |  | Japan | Suzuki | 16 | 0 |
| 6 | Michio Ichino |  | Japan | Suzuki | 6 | 0 |
| 7 | Hans-Georg Anscheidt |  | West Germany | Kreidler | 6 | 0 |
| 8 | José Busquets |  | Spain | Derbi | 4 | 0 |
| 9 | Jacques Roca |  | France | Derbi | 4 | 0 |
| 10 | Haruo Koshino |  | Japan | Suzuki | 3 | 0 |
| = | Charlie Mates |  | United Kingdom | Honda | 3 | 0 |
| 12 | Angel Nieto |  | Spain | Derbi | 2 | 0 |
| = | Ian Plumridge |  | United Kingdom | Derbi | 2 | 0 |
| 14 | Cees van Dongen |  | Netherlands | Kreidler | 2 | 0 |
| 15 | Gastón Biscia |  | Uruguay | Suzuki | 1 | 0 |
| = | Barry Smith |  | Australia | Derbi | 1 | 0 |
| = | Leslie Griffiths |  | United Kingdom | Honda | 1 | 0 |
| = | Akira Itoh |  | Japan | Honda | 1 | 0 |


title: Avro 504

abstract: The Avro 504 is a single-engine biplane bomber made by the Avro aircraft company and under licence by others. Production during World War I totalled 8,970 and continued for almost 20 years, making it the most-produced aircraft of any kind that served in any military capacity during the First World War. More than 10,000 were built from 1913 until production ended in 1932.

text:
# Avro 504

The **Avro 504** is a single-engine biplane bomber made by the Avro aircraft company and under licence by others. Production during World War I totalled 8,970 and continued for almost 20 years, making it the most-produced aircraft of any kind that served in any military capacity during the First World War. More than 10,000 were built from 1913 until production ended in 1932.

## Design and development

First flown from Brooklands by Fred "Freddie" Raynham on 18 September 1913, powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda seven-cylinder rotary engine, the Avro 504 was a development of the earlier Avro 500, designed for training and private flying. It was a two-bay all-wooden biplane with a square-section fuselage.

### Manufacturers

The following companies are recorded as manufacturing the Avro 504 under licence.

## Operational history

Small numbers of early aircraft were purchased by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) prior to the start of the First World War, and were taken to France when the war started. One of the RFC aircraft was the first British aircraft to be shot down by the Germans, on 22 August 1914. The pilot was 2nd Lt. Vincent Waterfall and his navigator Lt Charles George Gordon Bayly (both of 5 Sqn RFC) The RNAS used four 504s to form a special flight to bomb the Zeppelin works at Friedrichshafen on the shores of Lake Constance. Three set out from Belfort in north-eastern France on 21 November 1914, carrying four 20 lb (9 kg) bombs each. While one aircraft was shot down, the raid was successful, with several direct hits on the airship sheds and the destruction of the hydrogen generating plant.

Soon obsolete as a frontline aircraft, it came into its own as a trainer, with thousands being built during the war, with the major production types being the 504J and the mass production 504K, designed with modified engine bearers to accommodate a range of engines to cope with engine shortages. 8,340 Avro 504s had been produced by the end of 1918.

In the winter of 1917–18 it was decided to use converted 504Js and 504Ks to equip Home Defence squadrons of the RFC, replacing ageing B.E.2cs, which had poor altitude performance. These aircraft were modified as single-seaters, armed with a Lewis gun above the wing on a Foster mounting, and powered by 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome or 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône engines. 274 converted Avro 504Js and Ks were issued to eight home defence squadrons in 1918, with 226 still being used as fighters at the end of the First World War.

Following the end of the war, while the type continued in service as the standard trainer of the RAF, large numbers of surplus aircraft were available for sale, both for civil and military use. More than 300 504Ks were placed on the civil register in Britain. Used for training, pleasure flying, banner towing and even barnstorming exhibitions (as was ongoing in North America following World War I with the similar-role, surplus Curtiss JN-4s and Standard J-1s); civil 504s continued flying in large numbers until well into the 1930s.

The embryonic air service of the Soviet Union, formed just after the First World War, used both original Avro 504s and their own *Avrushka* (" Little Avro") copy of it for primary training as the **U-1** in the early 1920s, usually powered by Russian-made copies of the Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine. This Russian version of the 504 was replaced by what would become the most produced biplane in all of aviation history, the Polikarpov Po-2, first known as the **U-2**; the type remained in Soviet service till the late 1920s, and much later elsewhere.

Although Avro 504s sold to China were training versions, they participated in battles among warlords by acting as bombers with the pilot dropping hand grenades and modified mortar shells .

The improved, redesigned and radial-engined 504N with a new undercarriage was produced by Avro in 1925. After evaluation of two prototypes, one powered by the Bristol Lucifer and the other by the Armstrong-Siddeley Lynx, the Lynx-powered aircraft was selected by the RAF to replace the 504K. 592 were built between 1925 and 1932, equipping the RAF's five flying training schools, while also being used as communication aircraft. The 504N was also exported to the armed forces of Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Greece, Siam and South Africa, with licensed production taking place in Denmark, Belgium, Canada, Siam and Japan.

The RAF's 504Ns were finally replaced in 1933 by the Avro Tutor, with small numbers continuing in civilian use until 1940, when seven were impressed into RAF service, where they were used for target- and glider-towing.

The 504 was the first British aeroplane to strafe troops on the ground as well as the first British aircraft to make a bombing raid over Germany. It was also the first Allied aeroplane to be downed by enemy anti-aircraft fire and was the first aircraft flown by many future aces, including Billy Bishop.

The 504 is easily recognisable because of the single skid between the wheels, referred to as the "toothpick" in the RAF.

## Variants

Original model * **504A**:

Modified with smaller ailerons and broader struts. 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome engine. * **504B**

Version for RNAS with larger fin. 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome or Le Rhône engine. * **504C**

Single-seat anti-zeppelin aircraft for the RNAS. The 504C was fitted with an extra fuel tank, in place of the observer. * **504D**

Single-seat anti-zeppelin aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps. Six built. * **504E**

100 hp (75 kW) Gnome Monosoupape engine. Ten built. * **504F**

75 hp (56 kW) Rolls-Royce Hawk engine. One built. * **504G**

Two-seat weapons training variant of the Type 504B for the RNAS. The Avro 504G was intended as a bombing/gunnery trainer, with provision for a Scarff ring mounted on the upper longerons, though the final ten delivered had no provision for a gun. Fitted with one 80 hp Gnome powerplant. 50 built and delivered between June 1917 and January 1918. 30 built by Avro and 20 constructed by The Regent Carriage Company. * **504H**

504C modified for catapult trials. 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome engine. * **504J**

504A modified to mount a 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome engine. * **504K**

Two-seat training aircraft. The 504K had a universal mount to take different engines. Single-seat fighter (**Comic**) conversion used for anti-zeppelin work. Several were assembled in Australia by Australian Aircraft & Engineering. 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget 9B, 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome Monosoupape or 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône 9J engines. * **504K Mk.II**

Hybrid trainer based on 504K fuselage with 504N undercarriage and wings and powered by rotary engine. Built under licence in Mexico as **Avro Anahuac**. * **504L**

Floatplane version. 150 hp (110 kW) Bentley BR1, 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget or 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône engines. * **504M**

Three-seat cabin biplane. Only one was ever built. 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome engine. * **504N**

Two-seat training aircraft. Redesigned postwar trainer for RAF with 160 hp (120 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine. 598 built. * **504O**

Floatplane version of 504N. First aircraft to fly above the Arctic Circle in 1923 Oxford Expedition. * **504P**

Unbuilt version of the 504N with side-by-side seating. * **504Q**

Three-seat cabin biplane. The 504Q was built for the Oxford University Arctic Expedition. Only one was ever built, powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine. * **504R Gosport**

Reworked trainer with revised, lightweight structure. Five prototypes flown 1926 to 1927 with various engines (100 hp/75 kW Gnome Monosoupape, 100 hp/75 kW) Avro Alpha, (140 hp/104 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major and (150 hp/110 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose), with the Mongoose chosen for production aircraft. Ten were sold to Argentina, with 100 more built by FMA under licence in Argentina. Twelve were exported to Estonia, remaining in service until 1940, and an unknown number to Peru. * **504S**

Two-seat training aircraft. Built under licence in Japan by Nakajima. * **540**

Observer training version of 504K for Japan. * **582**

Experimental version of 504N, with new wings of RAF 30 aerofoil section, Frise ailerons on the bottom mainplanes, wing struts reduced to a "K" arrangement and a simplified undercarriage. Converted back to 504N standard in 1928 for Bristol Titan engine test bed. * **585**

504R modified with 504N undercarriage and 90 hp (67 kW) Avro Alpha engine. * **598 Warregull**

Two-seat trainer based on 504N for Australia, not built. * **599 Warregull II**

Redesigned version of Type 598, not built. * **Yokosuka K2Y1**

Japanese version of the Avro 504N, given the long designation **Yokosuka Navy Type 3 Primary Trainer**, powered by a 130 hp (97 kW) Mitsubishi-built Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose radial piston engine, 104 built. * **Yokosuka K2Y2**

Improved version of the K2Y1, powered by a 160 hp (120 kW) Gasuden Jimpu 2 radial piston engine. 360 built (K2Y1 and K2Y2). Watanabe built aircraft were given the long designation **Watanabe Navy Type 3-2 Land-based Primary Trainer**. * **U-1 (Uchebnyi – 1)** *Avrushka*

Russian copy of the 504K. Over 700 built. * **MU-1 (Morskoy Uchebnyi – 1)**

Russian seaplane version.

## Operators

Argentina  Australia  Belgium * Belgian Air Force purchased 50 British-built 504Ks from 1920 to 1922, with a further 27 being built under license by SABCA These were replaced by the 504N, 17 being built by Avro in 1929–31, and 31 being built under license.

Bolivia  Brazil  Canada  Chile  China  China-Nanjing  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  Greece  Guatemala  British India  Iran  Ireland  Japan  Latvia  Federated Malay States  Mexico  Mongolia  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Peru  Poland  Portugal  Russian Empire  South Africa  Soviet Union * Soviet Air Force – With original British-built examples, and Soviet built U-1 *Avrushka* copy.

Kingdom of Spain  Sweden   Switzerland  Siam (Thailand)  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States  Uruguay

## Surviving aircraft and replicas

Australia Canada Finland New Zealand * A202 – 504K airworthy at The Vintage Aviator in Masterton, Wellington. It was purchased by the New Zealand Permanent Air Force in 1925, and subsequently operated as a civilian aircraft.

Norway * Unknown – 504K on static display at the Norwegian Aviation Museum in Bodø, Nordland. It was in service from July 1921 to 1928 and has been on display at the museum since 1995. It is painted with the registration number 103, which belonged to 504A that crashed in 1919.

Russia United Kingdom * BK892 – 504K airworthy at the Shuttleworth Collection in Old Warden, Bedfordshire. It was originally given the serial number H5199, but was converted to a 504N and sold into civilian ownership. However, it was later impressed into RAF service during World War II as a glider tug, at which point it was given a new serial number. Again returned to civilian use after the war, it was used in the filming of Reach for the Sky.
* D7560 – 504K on static display at the Science Museum in London.
* H2311 – 504K on static display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester.
* Composite – 504K on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. It is made up of the fuselage of G-EBJE and the wings of G-EBKN.
* Replica – 504K on static display at the Brooklands Museum in Weybridge, Surrey. Marked as G-AACA, it was originally built as a taxiable replica for the 1970s BBC TV series 'Wings'; later acquired by the RAF Museum, Hendon and stored at RAF Henlow then loaned to Brooklands Museum c.1987. Later donated to Brooklands Museum, fitted with an original rotary engine and restored to represent one of two 504s used by the Brooklands School of Flying in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
* Replica – 504J on static display at Solent Sky in Southampton, Hampshire. It is marked as C4451 and was built by ADJ, BAPC No 210.
* Replica-504K built by Pursang in Argentina in 2010, bought by Eric Vernon-Roe, grandson of Alliot Vernon-Roe, founder of Avro, and then to the UK. Registered as G-EROE, it displays with the Great War Display Team.

United States

## Specifications (Avro 504K)

*Data from* *The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft*,  *and Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 29 ft 5 in (8.97 m)
* **Wingspan:** 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)
* **Height:** 10 ft 5 in (3.18 m)
* **Wing area:** 330 sq ft (31 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 1,231 lb (558 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 1,829 lb (830 kg)
* **Fuel capacity:** 25.5 imp gal (31 US gal; 116 L) fuel ; 6 imp gal (7 US gal; 27 L) castor oil
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Le Rhône 9J 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine, 110 hp (82 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed Avro fixed-pitch wooden propeller, 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) diameter 8 ft 8 in (2.6 m) pitch

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 95 mph (153 km/h, 83 kn) at sea level

87 mph (76 kn; 140 km/h) at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) 85 mph (74 kn; 137 km/h) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) * **Cruise speed:** 74 mph (119 km/h, 64 kn) at 75% power at 8,000 ft (2,400 m)

71 mph (62 kn; 114 km/h) at 75% power at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) * **Stall speed:** 40 mph (64 km/h, 35 kn)
* **Range:** 250 mi (400 km, 220 nmi)
* **Endurance:**

* 2 hours at sea level at maximum speed
* 2 hours 8 minutes at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at maximum speed
* 3 hours at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) at maximum speed
* 3 hours 42 minutes at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at cruise speed
* 4 hours 15 minutes at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) at cruise speed
* **Service ceiling:** 16,000 ft (4,900 m)
* **Rate of climb:** 700 ft/min (3.6 m/s)
* **Time to altitude:**

* 3,500 ft (1,100 m) in 5 minutes
* 8,000 ft (2,400 m) in 10 minutes
* 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 16 minutes
* **Wing loading:** 5.54 lb/sq ft (27.0 kg/m2)
* **Power/mass:** 0.06 hp/lb (0.099 kW/kg)

**Armament**
1 fixed .303 Lewis atop upper wing (single-seat night fighter variants)

## Notable appearances in media

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

**Related lists**

## Footnotes

1. "Avro 504". *britishaviation-ptp.com*. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
2. Holmes, 2005. p 23.
3. "Avro 504 (Foreign Derivatives)". *britishaviation-ptp.com*. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
4. "Avro 504J & Avro 504K". *BAE Systems | International*. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
5. Jackson 1990, p.52.
6. *Flight* 1954 p87
7. Gregorie, Martin C. "The Avro 504K". *Martin Gregorie's Home Page*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
8. "Peace Loan Aeroplane crashes in Gympie (1919) | State Library Of Queensland". *www.slq.qld.gov.au*. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
9. "Casualty Details:Vincent Waterfall". *Commonwealth War Graves Commission*. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
10. Jackson 1990, p.56.
11. Mason 1994, p.21.
12. Bruce 16 July 1954, p.87.
13. Mason 1992, p.127.
14. Bruce 9 July 1954, p.43.
15. Lindqvist, Sven (2001). *A history of bombing*. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-625-7. OCLC 44794868.
16. Wilson, Stewart (1994). *Military Aircraft of Australia*. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications. p. 216. ISBN 1875671080.
17. Jackson 1990, p.105.
18. Jackson 1990, p.127.
19. Jackson 1990, p. 129-133.
20. Mikesh and Abe 1990, p. 276.
21. Jackson 1990, p. 104.
22. "DANISH AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE" (PDF). *ole-nikolajsen.com*. Copenhagen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
23. Magnusson 2007, p. 155
24. Ay, Carlos (15 August 2013). "Catálogo Ilustrado de Aeronaves de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina". *Gaceta Aeronautica* (in Spanish).
25. Jackson 1990, p.88.
26. Jackson 1990, p.123.
27. Jackson 1990, p.124.
28. Morgała, Andrzej (1997). *Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1918–1924* \[Military aircraft in Poland 1918–1924\] (in Polish). Warsaw: Lampart. p. 118. ISBN 83-86776-34-X.
29. Garlicki, Jarosław (2001). *Historia lotnictwa wojskowego Królestwa Tajlandii w latach 1912 – 1945. Część 2.* "Militaria i Fakty". 1-2/2001, p. 34-35 (in Polish)
30. *World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL)*, archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 30 August 2012
31. "Avro 504K two-seat biplane elementary trainer : A3-4". *Australian War Memorial*. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
32. "Qantas Founders Museum Aircraft Collection". *Qantas Founders Museum*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
33. "Avro 504K E3747". *RAAF Museum*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
34. "AVRO 504K (G-CYFG)". *Canada Aviation and Space Museum*. Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
35. Hine, Colin (August 2013). "Canada Aviation and Space Museum Aircraft: Avro 504K RCAF Registrations: G-CYFG & G-CYCK" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2017.
36. "AVRO 504K (G-CYCK)". *Canada Aviation and Space Museum*. Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
37. "KUVIA BREGUET-PROJEKTISTA". *Suomen Ilmavoimamuseo* (in Finnish). Retrieved 23 May 2017.
38. "Avro 504K". *Ilmailumuseot.fi* (in Finnish). Retrieved 23 May 2017.
39. "Aircraft ZK-ACU Data". *Airport-Data.com*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
40. "Airframe Dossier – Avro 504K, c/r ZK-ACU". *Aerial Visuals*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
41. Prince, Ivan; Cowan, Brendan (6 December 2013). "RNZAF Avro 504K 201 to 206 & RAF Serials". *NZDF Serials*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
42. "Avro 504". *Norsk Luftfartsmuseum*. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
43. "WWI – Aircraft". *Military Aviation Museum*. Military Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
44. "FAA REGISTRY \[N504K\]". *Federal Aviation Administration*. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
45. "AVRO 504K". *Shuttleworth*. Shuttleworth. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
46. "Airframe Dossier – Avro 504K, s/n BK892 RAF, c/n R3/LE/61400, c/r G-ADEV". *Aerial Visuals*. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
47. "GINFO Search Results \[G-ADEV\]". *Civil Aviation Authority*. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
48. "Avro 504K biplane D7560 with 130hp Clerget engine, c 1917". *Science Museum*. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
49. "Avro 504K Plane". *Science Museum*. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
50. "Airframe Dossier – Avro504, s/n H2311 RAF, c/n H2311, c/r G-ABAA". *Aerial Visuals*. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
51. "Avro 504K". *Royal Air Force Museum*. Trustees of the Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
52. Simpson, Andrew (2014). "INDIVIDUAL HISTORY \[E449\]" (PDF). *Royal Air Force Museum*. Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
53. "Avro 504K (replica)". *Brooklands Museum*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
54. "Our Exhibits". *Solent Sky*. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
55. Von Reuter, Jennifer (22 September 2009). "Company Making Antique Airplanes". *NBC29.com*. Frankly Media. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
56. Gaertner, John, "Building The Avro 504... A 25 Year Dream", *WW1 Aero*
57. McCullough, Patrick; Haggerty, Tim. "World War I (1914–1918)". *Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome*. Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
58. "FAA REGISTRY \[N4929\]". *Federal Aviation Administration*. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
59. *Air Progress*: 20. September 1971. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
60. "Avro 504K". *National Museum of the US Air Force*. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
61. Donald, David (1997). *The encyclopedia of world aircraft* (Updated ed.). Ottawa: Prospero Books. p. 77. ISBN 9781856053754.
62. John W.R. Taylor (1990). "forward". *Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I*. By Whittaker, W. E. De. B. New York, N.Y.: Military Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0517033760.

## Bibliography

* Andersson, Lennart (July 1998). "Histoire de l'aéronautique persane, 1921–1941: La première aviation du Chah d'Iran" \[History of the Persian Air Force, 1921–1941: The First Aircraft of the Shah of Iran\]. *Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire* (in French). No. 76. pp. 2–12. ISSN 1243-8650.
* Bruce, J. M. (9 July 1954). "The Avro 504: Historic Military Aircraft No. 8, Part I" (pdf). *Flight*. pp. 41–44.
* Bruce, J. M. (16 July 1954). "The Avro 504: Historic Military Aircraft No. 8, Part II" (pdf). *Flight*. pp. 83–88.
* Bruce, J. M. (1965). *Warplanes of the First World War – Fighter, Volume One, Great Britain*. London: Macdonald.
* Donald, David, ed. (1997). *The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft*. Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
* Gerdessen, Frederik (April–July 1982). "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 18. pp. 61–76. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Holmes, Tony (2005). *Jane's Vintage Aircraft Recognition Guide*. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-719292-4.
* Jackson, A. J. (1990) \[1965\]. *Avro Aircraft since 1908* (Second ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-834-8.
* Klaauw, Bart van der (March–April 1999). "Unexpected Windfalls: Accidentally or Deliberately, More than 100 Aircraft 'arrived' in Dutch Territory During the Great War". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 80. pp. 54–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Lopes, Mario C. (November 1999). "Les avions Avro au Portugal: des inconnu aux plus célèbres" \[Portuguese Avro Aircraft: From the Unknown to the Most Famous\]. *Avions* (in French). No. 80. pp. 36–41. ISSN 1243-8650.
* Magnusson, Michael (Winter 2007). "FMA : from 1945: The Story of Fabrica Militar de Aviones, Argentina: Part 1". *Air-Britain Archive*. pp. 155–158. ISSN 0262-4923.
* Mason, Francis K (1992). *The British Fighter since 1912*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-082-7.
* Mason, Francis K (1994). *The British Bomber since 1914*. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
* Mikesh, Robert C.; Shorzoe Abe (1990). *Japanese Aircraft 1910–1914*. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-840-2.
* Owers, Colin (1991). "Australian 504s". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 44. pp. 62–69. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Prins, François (Spring 1994). "Pioneering Spirit: The QANTAS Story". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 53. pp. 24–32. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Taylor, M. J. H. (ed.). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. Jane's Publishing Company.
* Thomas, Andrew (July–August 2001). "In the Footsteps of Daedulus: Early Greek Naval Aviation". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 94. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Wauthy, Jean-Luc & de Neve, Florian (June 1995). "Les aéronefs de la Force Aérienne Belge, deuxième partie 1919–1935" \[Aircraft of the Belgian Air Force\]. *Le Fana de l'Aviation* (in French). No. 305. pp. 28–33. ISSN 0757-4169.

## InfoBox

| Avro 504 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Trainer, fighter, bomber |
| Manufacturer | Avro |
| Primary users | Royal Flying Corps Royal Naval Air Service |
| Number built | 11,303 including Japanese, Soviet and other foreign production |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1913–1932 |
| Introduction date | 1913 |
| First flight | 18 September 1913 |
| Retired | 1934 |


title: Beinn a' Ghlò

abstract: Beinn a’ Ghlò is a Scottish mountain situated roughly 10 km (6 mi) north east of Blair Atholl in the Forest of Atholl in between Glen Tilt and Glen Loch, in Cairngorms National Park.

text:
# Beinn a' Ghlò

**Beinn a’ Ghlò** is a Scottish mountain situated roughly 10 km (6 mi) north east of Blair Atholl in the Forest of Atholl in between Glen Tilt and Glen Loch, in Cairngorms National Park.

## Details

It is a huge, complex hill with many ridges, summits and corries, covering approximately 40 km2 (15 sq mi) with three Munros. These are **Càrn Liath** (Grey Cairn) at 976 metres (3,202 ft), **Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain** ("Brae/Brow of the Corrie of Round Blisters", "blisters" referring to rock formations) at 1,070 metres (3,510 ft) and **Càrn nan Gabhar** ("Hill/cairn of the Goats") at 1,121.9 metres (3,681 ft). The mountain has patches of grey scree (see pictures) amongst grass, while heather grows quite profusely on the lower slopes and gives the hill a colourful skirt when in bloom in summer.

### Flora and fauna

Beinn a' Ghlò has such a diversity of flora that it has been declared a SSSI and a SAC over an area of 80 km2 (31 sq mi). It is a region of European dry heaths and there are many species of alpine and marsh plants on the mountain such as the rare yellow oxytropis *(Oxytropis campestris)*, mountain avens *(Dryas octopetala)*, rock speedwell *(Veronica fruticans)*, rock sedge *(Carex rupestris)* and green spleenwort *(Asplenium viride)*.

### Human activity

Beinn a’ Ghlò is a familiar sight to motorists travelling north along the A9 road at the Pass of Killiecrankie but this view only shows Càrn Liath. The main mass of the mountain is hidden behind with the highest and most distant Munro, Càrn nan Gabhar, more than 12 km (7.5 mi) from Blair Atholl, so it is a full day's expedition to climb all three Munros. Beinn a’ Ghlò has nineteen corries and legend says that a rifle shot in any one cannot be heard in any of the others. Queen Victoria viewed the mountain in 1844 on a drive up Glen Tilt, saying, "We came upon a lovely view — Beinn a’ Ghlò straight before us — and under these high hills the River Tilt gushing and winding over stones and slates … and the air so pure and fine but no description can do it justice".

There are two popular starting points for the traverse of the mountain. The first is at Loch Moraig (grid reference NN905670) at the end of the minor road, 3 km (2 mi) from Blair Atholl. The other is at Marble Lodge in Glen Tilt (grid reference NN898717) but this requires permission from the Atholl Estate to drive the 7 km (4.3 mi) up the private estate road. From Loch Moraig a track is followed to the foot of the mountain. It is a steep climb to the first Munro of Càrn Liath passing through white granite scree near the top. The route continues north dropping down to a col at 760 metres (2,490 ft) to climb Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain which gives a fine view down into Glen Tilt before turning east to take in Càrn nan Gabhar. The return to Loch Moraig can be varied, going over the "top" of **Airgiod Bheinn** (1,061 m or 3,481 ft), which translates as Silver Mountain, before dropping into the valley and picking up the track; this avoids the need to re-ascend the first two Munros.

### Views

Càrn Liath and Càrn nan Gabhar both have trig points and are excellent viewpoints. Càrn nan Gabhar’s highest point is not actually at the trig point; it is at a cairn 200 metres (660 ft) to the north east with a height of 1,121.9 metres (3,681 ft), about 2 metres (7 ft) more than the trig point. Càrn nan Gabhar has a panorama that includes the Cairngorms, the Glen Shee hills and an aerial view down into Glen Loch. Càrn Liath looks out over Blair Atholl towards the Scottish Lowlands.

## Gaelic pronunciation

* The Munros (SMC Guide) Donald Bennett et al., ISBN 0-907521-13-4
* 100 Best Routes on Scottish Mountains, Ralph Storer, ISBN 0-7515-0300-2
* The High Mountains of Britain and Ireland, Irvine Butterfield, ISBN 0-906371-30-9
* SSSI Info

## InfoBox

| Beinn a’ Ghlò | |
| --- | --- |
| Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain (left) and Càrn nan Gabhar (right) seen from Càrn Liath | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,121.9 m (3,681 ft) |
| Prominence | 658 m (2,159 ft) |
| Parent peak | Lochnagar |
| Listing | Munro, Marilyn |
| Coordinates | 56°49′52″N 3°43′48.9″W / 56.83111°N 3.730250°W / 56.83111; -3.730250 |
| Naming | |
| English translation | Hill of the Veil or Mist |
| Language of name | Gaelic |
| Pronunciation | Scottish Gaelic: \[peɲəˈɣl̪ˠɔː\]
English approximation: *BAYN-ə-KHLAW* |
| Geography | |
| Beinn a’ GhlòPerthshire, Scotland | |
| Parent range | Grampians |
| OS grid | NN970732 |
| Topo map | OS *Landranger* 43, OS *Explorer* 394 |


title: Basic Korean Dictionary

abstract: Basic Korean Dictionary is an online learner's dictionary of the Korean language, launched on 5 October 2016 by the National Institute of Korean Language. It consists of one monolingual and ten bilingual dictionaries that provide meanings of Korean words and expressions in Korean, English, Arabic, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Mongolian, Russian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese.

text:
# Basic Korean Dictionary

**Basic Korean Dictionary** (Korean: 한국어기초사전; Hanja: 韓國語基礎辭典) is an online learner's dictionary of the Korean language, launched on 5 October 2016 by the National Institute of Korean Language. It consists of one monolingual and ten bilingual dictionaries that provide meanings of Korean words and expressions in Korean, English, Arabic, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Mongolian, Russian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese.

## Multilingual support

* Korean: Basic Korean dictionary
* Korean–English: Korean–English Learners' Dictionary
* Korean–Arabic: قاموس تعليم اللغة الكورية والعربية
* Korean–French: *Dictionnaire d'apprentissage coréen–français*
* Korean–Indonesian: *Kamus Pelajaran Bahasa Korea–Bahasa Indonesia*
* Korean–Japanese: 韓国語–日本語学習辞典
* Korean–Mongolian: Солонгос–Монгол сургалтын толь бичиг
* Korean–Russian: Корейско–русский учебный словарь
* Korean–Spanish: *Diccionario Didáctico Coreano–Español*
* Korean–Thai: พจนานุกรมสำหรับผู้เรียนภาษาเกาหลี–ไทย
* Korean–Vietnamese: *Từ điển học tiếng Hàn–tiếng Việt của*

## InfoBox

| **Basic Korean Dictionary** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 한국어기초사전 |
| Hanja | 韓國語基礎辭典 |
| Revised Romanization | *hangugeo gicho sajeon* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *han'gugŏ kich'o sajŏn* |
| IPA | \[han.ɡu.ɡʌ.ɡi.tɕʰo.sa.dʑʌn\] |


abstract: The 1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics was the 1990 edition of the World Junior Championships in Athletics. It was held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria on 8–12 August.

text:
# 1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics

The **1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics** was the 1990 edition of the World Junior Championships in Athletics. It was held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria on 8–12 August.

## Results

### Men

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
 | Davidson Ezinwa
Nigeria | 10.17 =CR | Jason Livingston
Great Britain | 10.25 | Rodney Bridges
United States | 10.37 |
| 200 metres
 | Aleksandr Goremykin
Soviet Union | 20.47 CR | Davidson Ezinwa
Nigeria | 20.75 | James Stallworth
United States | 20.81 |
| 400 metres
 | Chris Nelloms
United States | 45.43 CR | Rico Lieder
East Germany | 46.28 | Mark Richardson
Great Britain | 46.33 |
| 800 metres
 | Desta Asgedom
Ethiopia | 1:46.35 CR | Jonah Birir
Kenya | 1:46.61 | Norberto Téllez
Cuba | 1:47.33 |
| 1500 metres
 | Moses Kiptanui
Kenya | 3:38.32 CR | Alemayehu Roba
Ethiopia | 3:41.71 | Desta Asgedom
Ethiopia | 3:43.38 |
| 5000 metres
 | Fita Bayissa
Ethiopia | 13:42.59 CR | Abreham Assefa
Ethiopia | 13:44.63 | Francesco Bennici
Italy | 13:47.10 |
| 10,000 metres
 | Richard Chelimo
Kenya | 28:18.57 CR | Ismael Kirui
Kenya | 28:40.77 | Juma Ninga
Tanzania | 28:41.90 |
| 20 kilometres road run
 | Cosmas Ndeti
Kenya | 59:42 | Juma Ninga
Tanzania | 1:00:30 | Dagane Dabela
Ethiopia | 1:01:02 |
| 110 metres hurdles
 | Antti Haapakoski
Finland | 13.74 | Alexis Sánchez
Cuba | 13.75 | Kyle Vander-Kuyp
Australia | 13.85 |
| 400 metres hurdles
 | Rohan Robinson
Australia | 49.73 | Yoshihiko Saito
Japan | 49.99 | Aleksandr Belikov
Soviet Union | 50.22 |
| 3000 metres steeplechase
 | Matthew Birir
Kenya | 8:31.02 CR | Francisco Munuera
Spain | 8:41.03 | Simeon Rono
Kenya | 8:42:05 |
| 10,000 metres walk
 | Ilya Markov
Soviet Union | 39:55.52 | Alberto Cruz
Mexico | 39:56.49 | Jefferson Pérez
Ecuador | 40:08.23 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay
 | United States
Chris Nelloms
Rodney Bridges
Reggie Harris
James Stallworth | 39.13 CR | Soviet Union
Sergejs Insakovs
Konstantin Gromadskiy
Vitaliy Semyonov
Aleksandr Goremykin | 39.58 | Nigeria
Innocent Asonze
Davidson Ezinwa
Nnamdi Anusim
Osmond Ezinwa | 39.68 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay
 | United States
Derek Mills
Marvin Samuels
Reggie Harris
Chris Nelloms | 3:02.26 | Great Britain
David Grindley
Adrian Patrick
Craig Winrow
Mark Richardson | 3:03.80 | Australia
Matthew Burmeister
Rohan Robinson
Simon Hollingsworth
Paul Greene | 3:05.51 |
| High jump
 | Dragutin Topić
Yugoslavia | 2.37 WJR | Tim Forsyth
Australia | 2.29 | Stevan Zorić
Yugoslavia | 2.26 |
| Pole vault
 | Jean Galfione
France | 5.45 | Dmitriy Kurkulin
Soviet Union | 5.40 | Miroslav Dukov
Bulgaria | 5.40 |
| Long jump
 | James Stallworth
United States | 8.12 CR | Dion Bentley
United States | 8.05 | Kareem Streete-Thompson
Cayman Islands | 7.94 |
| Triple jump
 | Sergey Bykov
Soviet Union | 16.98 CR | Yoelbi Quesada
Cuba | 16.62 | Nikolai Raev
Bulgaria | 16.22 |
| Shot put
 | Viktor Bulat
Soviet Union | 19.21 CR | Xie Shengying
China | 18.57 | Yuriy Ivanov
Soviet Union | 18.13 |
| Discus throw
 | Ilian Iliev
Bulgaria | 58.28 | Frank Bicet
Cuba | 57.10 | Jan Engelmann
East Germany | 56.82 |
| Javelin throw
 | Tommi Viskari
Finland | 73.88 | Dariusz Trafas
Poland | 72.76 | Jarkko Heimonen
Finland | 72.30 |
| Hammer throw
 | Andrey Debeliy
Soviet Union | 70.60 | Savvas Saritzoglou
Greece | 70.32 | Andrey Budykin
Soviet Union | 69.36 |
| Decathlon
 | Eric Kaiser
West Germany | 7762 | Jarkko Finni
Finland | 7698 | David Bigham
Great Britain | 7488 |
| **WR** world record | **AR** area record | **CR** championship record | **GR** games record | **NR** national record | **OR** Olympic record | **PB** personal best | **SB** season best | **WL** world leading (in a given season) | | | | | | |

### Women

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
 | Andrea Philipp
East Germany | 11.36 | Nikole Mitchell
Jamaica | 11.47 | Lucrécia Jardim
Portugal | 11.52 |
| 200 metres
 | Diane Smith
Great Britain | 23.10 CR | Zundra Feagin
United States | 23.13 | Lucrécia Jardim
Portugal | 23.26 |
| 400 metres
 | Fatima Yusuf
Nigeria | 50.62 CR | Charity Opara
Nigeria | 51.28 | Manuela Derr
East Germany | 51.95 |
| 800 metres
 | Liu Li
China | 2:03.65 | Magdalena Nedelcu
Romania | 2:04.52 | Aurica Rautu
Romania | 2:04.78 |
| 1500 metres
 | Qu Yunxia
China | 4:13.67 | Claudia Mirela Bortoi
Romania | 4:14.19 | Malin Ewerlöf
Sweden | 4:14.61 |
| 3000 metres
 | Simona Staicu
Romania | 9:09.57 | Liu Shixiang
China | 9:10.54 | Hatsumi Matsumoto
Japan | 9:11.92 |
| 10,000 metres
 | Derartu Tulu
Ethiopia | 32:56.26 | Rika Ota
Japan | 33:06.85 | Lydia Cheromei
Kenya | 33:20.83 |
| 100 metres hurdles
 | Gillian Russell
Jamaica | 13.31 | Keri Maddox
Great Britain | 13.38 | Ilka Rönisch
East Germany | 13.41 |
| 400 metres hurdles
 | Nelli Voronkova
Soviet Union | 55.84 | Marjana Lužar
Yugoslavia | 56.74 | Omolade Akinremi
Nigeria | 56.97 |
| 5000 metres walk
 | Susana Feitor
Portugal | 21:44.30 CR | Tatyana Shchastnaya
Soviet Union | 22:28.74 | Simone Thust
East Germany | 22:44.65 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay
 | Jamaica
Gillian Russell
Revolie Campbell
Merlene Frazer
Nikole Mitchell | 43.82 | Great Britain
Annabel Soper
Diane Smith
Donna Fraser
Katharine Merry | 44.16 | United States
Monifa Taylor
Tisha Prather
Angela Burnham
Zundra Feagin | 44.50 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay
 | Australia
Sophie Scamps
Renée Poetschka
Kylie Hanigan
Sue Andrews | 3:30.38 | Jamaica
Claudine Williams
Winsome Cole
Inez Turner
Catherine Scott | 3:31.09 | Cuba
Yojani Casanova
Julia Duporty
Odalmis Limonta
Nancy McLeón | 3:31.81 |
| High jump
 | Svetlana Lavrova
Soviet Union | 1.91 | Katja Kilpi
Finland | 1.88 | Lea Haggett
Great Britain | 1.88 |
| Long jump
 | Iva Prandzheva
Bulgaria | 6.53 | Erica Johansson
Sweden | 6.50 | Sandrine Hennart
Belgium | 6.49 |
| Shot put
 | Qiu Qiaoping
China | 18.20 | Li Xiaoyun
China | 17.74 | Heike Hopfer
East Germany | 17.27 |
| Discus throw
 | Natalya Koptyukh
Soviet Union | 61.44 | Lisa-Marie Vizaniari
Australia | 60.44 | Anja Gündler
East Germany | 59.30 |
| Javelin throw
 | Tanja Damaske
East Germany | 61.06 | Oksana Ovchinnikova
Soviet Union | 57.26 | Mandy Liverton
Great Britain | 56.98 |
| Heptathlon
 | Beatrice Mau
East Germany | 6166 | Rita Ináncsi
Hungary | 5940 | Joanne Henry
New Zealand | 5728 |
| **WR** world record | **AR** area record | **CR** championship record | **GR** games record | **NR** national record | **OR** Olympic record | **PB** personal best | **SB** season best | **WL** world leading (in a given season) | | | | | | |

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Bulgaria)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Soviet Union | 8 | 4 | 3 | 15 |
| 2 | United States | 4 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 3 | Kenya | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 4 | China | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| 5 | Ethiopia | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 6 | East Germany | 3 | 1 | 6 | 10 |
| 7 | Australia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| | Nigeria | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 9 | Finland | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| 10 | Jamaica | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 11 | Bulgaria* | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 12 | Great Britain | 1 | 4 | 4 | 9 |
| 13 | Romania | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 14 | Yugoslavia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 15 | Portugal | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 16 | France | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | West Germany | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 18 | Cuba | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 19 | Japan | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 20 | Sweden | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | Tanzania | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 22 | Greece | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Hungary | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Mexico | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Poland | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Spain | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 27 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Cayman Islands | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Ecuador | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Italy | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | New Zealand | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (31 entries) | | 41 | 41 | 41 | 123 |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count through an unofficial result list, 987 athletes from 86 countries participated in the event. The number of athletes is in agreement, but there is one country less than the official number of 87 as published.

## InfoBox

1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics
| The host stadium in Plovdiv | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Plovdiv, Bulgaria |
| Nations | 87 |
| Athletes | 987 |
| Events | 41 |
| Dates | 8–12 August |
| Main venue | 9th September Stadium |
|  | |