title: Economics of feudal Japan

abstract: In Feudal Japan between 1185 CE and 1868 CE, vassals offered their loyalty and services to a landlord in exchange for access to a portion of land and its harvest. In such a system, political power is diverted from a central monarch and control is divided up amongst wealthy landowners and warlords. The initial widespread practice of feudalism in Japan coincided with the instatement of the first shogun, Minamoto no Yoritomo, who acted as the de facto ruler of Japan over the Japanese Emperor. At the same time, the warrior class (samurai) gained political power that previously belonged to the aristocratic nobility (kuge). The shogunates distributed estates (shoen) to loyal subjects, the most powerful of whom became daimyo, or governors of vast land masses who often had private armies. Unlike in Medieval European feudalism, the supervisors of the land, known as jitos (stewards) and shugos (constables), did not initially own the land themselves, which remained under the shogunate's control. The daimyo used a portion of their income from taxation of peasants to pay the samurai, usually in rice. Over time, however, the most powerful jito and shugo (daimyo) began challenging the authority of the shogun, eventually leading to the collapse of the feudal system in the 19th century.

text:
# Economics of feudal Japan

In Feudal Japan between 1185 CE and 1868 CE , vassals offered their loyalty and services (military or other) to a landlord in exchange for access to a portion of land and its harvest. In such a system, political power is diverted from a central monarch and control is divided up amongst wealthy landowners and warlords. The initial widespread practice of feudalism in Japan coincided with the instatement of the first shogun, Minamoto no Yoritomo, who acted as the *de facto* ruler of Japan over the Japanese Emperor. At the same time, the warrior class (samurai) gained political power that previously belonged to the aristocratic nobility (kuge). The shogunates distributed estates (shoen) to loyal subjects, the most powerful of whom became *daimyo,* or governors of vast land masses who often had private armies.

Unlike in Medieval European feudalism, the supervisors of the land, known as jitos (stewards) and shugos (constables), did not initially own the land themselves, which remained under the shogunate's control. The daimyo used a portion of their income from taxation of peasants to pay the samurai, usually in rice. Over time, however, the most powerful jito and shugo (daimyo) began challenging the authority of the shogun, eventually leading to the collapse of the feudal system in the 19th century.

### Village nucleation

Village nucleation is the process by which villages become amalgamated, creating larger and more complex settlements resembling multifunctional regional hubs. Buildings were built closer to one another, with moats and walls become increasingly common. Appearing in Japan during the 13th century, this process was accelerated by the development of more advanced agricultural technology including double-cropping and increased fertilizer use. The coalescence of medieval villages gave way to the emergence of forts and castles, often along trade routes or rivers, which served as homes for daimyos (feudal lords) and local samurai groups. The increased size of the villages and their status as economic hubs facilitated contact with outsiders. Competition over natural resources increased as commerce grew throughout Japan. As a result, peasants, artisans, and merchants, relying on farmers for food, migrated toward these agricultural sites, creating urban centers for commerce. Peasants began speaking collectively, oftentimes engaging in disputes against their social superiors. This prompted the need for improved managerial strategy, leading to self-governing organizations.

### Agriculture

The economy of early feudal Japan was based almost entirely on agriculture. With rice as the basis of trade, the landowners capable of producing the most rice quickly gained political and social authority. To gain the status of daimyo, one boo to produce 10,000 koku of rice or an equivalent form of produce. The koku is a Japanese unit of measurement equal to about 180 litres, or 5 bushels. The power of feudal lords was often directly quantified by their output in koku rather than acreage of land ownership or military might. In fact, the amount of military service required from a vassal depended on the koku of their specific fief. Generally, a 1000-koku fief equated to one mounted warrior, two musketmen, one archer, and five pikemen. A measurement of potential income (kokudaka) was used to rank each estate and determine the order in which they would be evaluated by the Shogunal court.

### Stability of the Edo period

The Edo period (1603-1868), also known as the Tokugawa period, began when Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun. This era is marked by urbanization, an increase in domestic commerce, and a decrease in foreign commerce toward the mid-1600s. Transportation of produce from more distant rural areas to new towns became increasingly sought after. This resulted in a system of material transport and warehousing in Kyoto. Soon Kyoto became home to a central rice market and set prices through an auction system. The shogun held national authority while the daimyo firmly controlled the various regions across the archipelago. During this time, a clear hierarchy emerged, atop which sat the emperor (who in reality was a figurehead), followed by the shogun, daimyo, samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants at the bottom. Merchants were seen as the lowest class because they produced nothing of their own, instead profiting from the production of others. However, with the rise of construction trades and banking facilities, merchant associations and rice brokers prospered. These merchants coalesced their shops around Dōjima, where the Rice Exchange was established in 1697 and where the world's first futures market would come to exist to sell rice that was not yet harvested. Though initially against futures trading, the shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune officially authorized the use of futures contracts in 1730 after the price of rice fell sharply, threatening the samurai's income. The declining economic position of the warrior class relative to the merchant class caused anxiety amongst the ruling parties who wished to maintain their dominance, leading to decreased regulation on trading policies. The Edo period ended as Japan opened its borders to western commerce.

### Nanban Trade

Nanban Trade was a period of international trade that began in the Sengoku period around 1543 through contact between Japanese and Portuguese explorers and merchants. Quickly, global trade routes were established which exposed Japan to refined sugar, firearms, new shipbuilding techniques, and Christianity. Embargoes against Japan from China following naval clashes between the two empires had limited the supply of Chinese goods in Japan. Portugal viewed this as a profitable opportunity to act as an intermediary, since there was a high demand for Chinese goods in Japan, notably for silk yarn, which was highly sought-after commodity by the warrior classes. Similarly, the Chinese placed a high value of Japanese silver, creating a commerce market that the Portuguese were able to navigate with financial success. The civil war in Japan during the late 16th century also benefited Portuguese merchants, as daimyos competed with each other to offer more attractive trading conditions in their farms.

In the late 16th and early 17th century, Japanese Red Seal Ships as well as vessels from Spain, Holland, and England competed with Portuguese merchants, but Portugal still maintained a firm grasp on East Asian trade due to their prior negotiations and relationships with Chinese merchants. The period of Nanban trade declined in the early Edo period as the Tokugawa Shogunate worried about the spread of Christianity in Japan.

## Coinage

Up until the mid-thirteenth century, rice and sometimes silk (and other types of cloth) were primarily used as the medium of exchange in Medieval Japan. As a result of trade expansion beginning in the twelfth century, Chinese (and other foreign-made) coins were gaining popularity and were adopted as the preferred currency. In the late fifteenth century, copper coins began being distinguished by their quality with merchants only accepting high-quality coins and rejecting coins of lower quality through a process known as "shroffing" (or "selecting coins"). This process expanded as commodity trade grew and coins' demand began to exceed their supply. Shroffing created a divide in the value of coinage held by higher social classes, who had better access to high-quality coins, and lower classes, prompting anti-shroffing decrees from Japanese authorities.

Chinese coins entered the Japanese market through a variety of ways and created a circulation system with no state intervention. The copper coins, which were originally denounced as a viable form of currency by the imperial court in Japan, gained value through their issuance by the Chinese court. More important to the coins' value and credibility, however, were market forces in Japan, which determined prices before the state did.


title: Amphistomiasis

abstract: Amphistomiasis is a parasitic disease of livestock animals, more commonly of cattle and sheep, and humans caused by immature helminthic flatworms belonging to the order Echinostomida. The term amphistomiasis is used for broader connotation implying the disease inflicted by members of Echinostomida including the family Paramphistomidae/Gastrodiscidae; whereas paramphistomiasis is restricted to that of the members of the family Paramphistomidae only. G. discoides and Watsonius watsoni are responsible for the disease in humans, while most paramphistomes are responsible in livestock animals, and some wild mammals. In livestock industry the disease causes heavy economic backlashes due to poor production of milk, meat and wool.

text:
# Amphistomiasis

**Amphistomiasis** is a parasitic disease of livestock animals, more commonly of cattle and sheep, and humans caused by immature helminthic flatworms belonging to the order Echinostomida. The term amphistomiasis is used for broader connotation implying the disease inflicted by members of Echinostomida including the family Paramphistomidae/Gastrodiscidae (to be precise, the species *Gastrodiscoides hominis*); whereas paramphistomiasis is restricted to that of the members of the family Paramphistomidae only. *G. discoides* and *Watsonius watsoni* are responsible for the disease in humans, while most paramphistomes are responsible in livestock animals, and some wild mammals. In livestock industry the disease causes heavy economic backlashes due to poor production of milk, meat and wool.

## Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include:

## Cause

Amphistomiasis in farm and wild mammals is due to infection of paramphistomes, such as the species of *Paramphistomum*, *Calicophoron*, *Cotylophoron*, *Pseudophisthodiscus*, etc. These are essentially rumen flukes, of which *Paramphistomum cervi* is the most notorious in terms of prevalence and pathogenicity. Infection occurs through ingestion of contaminated vegetables and raw meat, in which the viable infective metacercaria are deposited from snails, which are the intermediate hosts. The immature flukes are responsible for destroying the mucosal walls of the alimentary tract on their way to growing into adults. It is by this fervent tissue obliteration that the clinical symptoms are manifested. The adult flukes, on the other hand, are quite harmless, as they merely prepare for reproduction.

The zoonotic infection in human is caused by *G. discoides* and *W. watsoni* which are essentially intestinal flukes. The disease due to *G. discoides* is more specifically termed gastrodiscoidiasis. In their natural hosts such as pigs and monkeys, their infection in asymptomatic, but human infection is prevalent, by which they cause serious health problems, characterised by diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain, colic, and an increased mucous production. In extreme situations such as in Assam, India, a number of mortality among children is attributed to this disease.

## Pathogenesis

Adult flukes are known to be quite harmless, as they do not attack on the host tissue. It is the immature flukes which are most damaging as they get attached to the intestinal wall, literally and actively sloughing off of the tissue. This necrosis is indicated by haemorrhage in faeces, which in turn is a sign of severe enteritis. Under such condition the animals become anorexic and lethargic. It is often accompanied by pronounced diarrhoea, dehydration, oedema, polydipsia, anaemia, listlessness and weight loss. In sheep profuse diarrhoea usually develops two to four weeks after initial infection. If infection is not properly attended death can ensue within 20 days, and in a farm mortality can be very high. In fact there are intermittent reports of mortality as high as 80% among sheep and cattle. Sometimes chronic form is also seen with severe emaciation, anaemia, rough coat, mucosal oedema, thickened duodenum and oedema in the sub maxillary space. The terminally sick animals lie prostrate on the ground, completely emaciated until they die. In buffalos, severe haemorrhage was found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and nodular hepatitis.

## Diagnosis

Under most situations, infection is hard to recognize because the symptoms are mild or even absent. In humans and wild animals, infection is not easily identified. Especially the adult flukes, even if in large number, generally do not cause complications. There is not yet a standard diagnostic test. Therefore, manual diagnosis is done at many levels. Diagnosis basically relies on a combination of postmortem analyses, clinical signs displayed by the animals, and response to drenching. In heavy infection, symptoms are easily observed in sheep and cattle as they become severely anorexic or inefficiently digest food, and become unthrifty. Copious fetid diarrhea is an obvious indication, as the soiling of hind legs and tails with fluid feces are readily noticeable.

Even though it not always the case, immature flukes can be identified from the fluid excrement. On rare occasions, eggs can be identified from stools of suspected animals. In developing countries diagnosis and prognosis is often hindered by multiple infections with other trematodes, such as *Fasciola hepatica* and schistosomes, because these flukes are given primary importance due to their pervasive nature.

## Treatment

Amphistomiasis is considered a neglected tropical disease, with no prescription drug for treatment and control. Therefore, management of infestation is based mainly on control of the snail population, which transmit the infective larvae of the flukes. However, there are now drugs shown to be effective including resorantel, oxyclozanide, clorsulon, ivermectin, niclosamide, bithional and levamisole. An in vitro demonstration shows that plumbagin exhibits high efficacy on adult flukes.

Since the juvenile flukes are the causative individuals of the disease, effective treatment means control of the immature fluke population. Prophylaxis is therefore based on disruption of the environment (such as proper drainage) where the carrier snails inhabit, or more drastic action of using molluscicides to eradicate the entire population. For treatment of the infection, drugs effective against the immature flukes are recommended for drenching. For this reason oxyclozanide is advocated as the drug of choice. It effectively kills the flukes within a few hours and it effective against the flukes resistant to other drugs. The commercially prescribed dosage is 5 mg/kg body weight or 18.7 mg/kg body weight in two divided dose within 72 hours. Niclosamide is also extensively used in mass drenching of sheep. Successfully treated sheep regain appetite within a week, diarrhoea stops in about three days, and physiological indicators (such as plasma protein and albumin levels) return to normal in a month.

## InfoBox

| Amphistomiasis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Paramphistomiasis, amphistomosis, paramphistomosis |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |


title: Edmeston Local

abstract: The Edmeston Local is a defunct newspaper from Edmeston, New York that was printed between 1882 and 1943. In 1882, the first newspaper in the region was established by Mr. Elba S. Talbot, together with his brother Clarence, as a weekly named Wharton Valley Echo (OCLC 24048184), published from Burlington Flats every Saturday. On April 12, 1884, the publishers announced that the paper had been moved to Edmeston. It went on to be renamed The Edmeston Echo sometime around 1885 (OCLC 24486273) and in 1888 it assumed the name Edmeston Local. During the 1940s, the paper left Edmeston to be published in Gilbertsville, resulting in its demise and in 1943 the publisher sold it to the New Berlin Gazette.

text:
# Edmeston Local

The ***Edmeston Local*** is a defunct newspaper from Edmeston, New York that was printed between 1882 and 1943.

In 1882, the first newspaper in the region was established by Mr. Elba S. Talbot, together with his brother Clarence, as a weekly named *Wharton Valley Echo* (OCLC 24048184), published from Burlington Flats every Saturday. On April 12, 1884, the publishers announced that the paper had been moved to Edmeston. It went on to be renamed *The Edmeston Echo* sometime around 1885 (OCLC 24486273) and in 1888 it assumed the name *Edmeston Local*.

During the 1940s, the paper left Edmeston to be published in Gilbertsville, resulting in its demise and in 1943 the publisher sold it to the *New Berlin Gazette*.

## InfoBox

The Edmeston Local
| Format | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1882 |
| Ceased publication | 1943 |
| OCLC number | 24451552 |


title: Ancyluris

abstract: Ancyluris is a butterfly genus in the family Riodinidae. They are resident in the Neotropics.

text:
# Ancyluris

***Ancyluris*** is a butterfly genus in the family Riodinidae. They are resident in the Neotropics.

## Species list

* *Ancyluris aristodorus* (Morisse, 1838) French Guiana, Ecuador
* *Ancyluris aulestes* (Cramer, 1777) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru
    + *A. a. aulestes* Suriname, Brazil, Peru
    + *A. a. eryxo* (Saunders, 1859) Bolivia Peru
    + *A. a. jocularis* Stichel, 1909 Colombia, Ecuador
    + *A. a. pandama* (Saunders, 1850) Brazil
* *Ancyluris colubra* (Saunders, 1859) Venezuela, Brazil, Peru
* *Ancyluris etias* (Saunders, 1859) Bolivia, Suriname, Peru
    + *A. e. etias* Peru
    + *A. e. gracilis* Stichel, 1910 Suriname
    + *A. e. mendita* (Druce, 1904) Bolivia
* *Ancyluris formosissima* (Hewitson, 1870) Ecuador, Peru
    + *A. f. formosissima* Ecuador
    + *A. f. venerabilis* Stichel, 1916 Peru
* *Ancyluris inca* (Saunders, 1850) Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru
    + *A. i. inca* Mexico Panama
    + *A. i. cacica* (C. & R. Felder, 1865) Colombia, Peru
    + *A. i. formosa* (Hewitson, 1870) Ecuador
    + *A. i. huascar* (Saunders, 1859) Colombia, Ecuador
    + *A. i. miranda* (Hewitson, 1874) Bolivia, Peru
    + *A. i. pulchra* (Hewitson, 1870) Ecuador
* *Ancyluris jurgensenii* (Saunders, 1850) Mexico, Panama, Colombia
    + *A. j. jurgensenii* Mexico, Panama
    + *A. j. atahualpa* (Saunders, 1859) Colombia
* *Ancyluris meliboeus* (Fabricius, 1777)
    + *A. m. meliboeus* French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil, Peru
    + *A. m. euaemon* Stichel, 1910 Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
    + *A. m. julia* (Saunders, 1850) Brazil
* *Ancyluris melior* Stichel, 1910 Brazil, Peru
* *Ancyluris miniola* (Bates, 1868) Brazil
* *Ancyluris mira* (Hewitson, 1874) Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru
    + *A. m. mira* Bolivia, Peru
    + *A. m. furia* Stichel, 1925 Colombia, Ecuador
    + *A. m. thaumasia* Stichel, 1910 Bolivia
* *Ancyluris paramba* D'Abrera, 1994 Ecuador
* *Ancyluris paetula* Stichel, 1916 Peru
* *Ancyluris rubrofilum* Stichel, 1909 Bolivia
* *Ancyluris tedea* (Cramer, 1777) French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Bolivia, Peru
    + *A. t. tedea* Suriname
    + *A. t. silvicultrix* Stichel, 1909 Bolivia, Peru

## InfoBox

| *Ancyluris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ancyluris aulestes* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Subfamily: | Riodininae |
| Tribe: | Riodinini |
| Genus: | *Ancyluris*<br>Hübner, 1819 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Melibaea* Saunders, 1859 (preocc. Forbes, 1838) | |


title: Anas el-Fiqqi

abstract: Anas el-Fiqqi is an Egyptian entrepreneur and former state official, well known for being Hosni Mubarak's last minister of information. Anas el-Fiqq served as minister of youth in Egypt as part of Ahmed Nazif's first cabinet in July 2004. Less than a year later he switched places with Mamdouh El-Beltagui to become Minister of Information in February 2005. By 2007 he held a Credit Suisse account with a maximum balance worth over 3 million Swiss francs, per Suisse secrets. In 2014, he was convicted of wasting public funds. On 30 January 2011, he was crediting for closing the TV channel offices of Al Jazeera in Cairo. A demand voiced by some of those involved in the 2011 Egyptian protests was that el-Fiqqi step down as Minister of Information. On 10 February 2011, ahead of an address to the Egyptian people by President Hosni Mubarak, el-Fiqqi told Reuters that Mubarak would not be standing down as president, despite widespread rumours to the contrary. On 12 February, the day after the president resigned against the background of Egyptian Revolution of 2011, he was reported to be under house arrest. The same day he resigned from his position as Minister of Information.

text:
# Anas el-Fiqqi

**Anas el-Fiqqi** (alternate spelling: Anas El Feki, Anas El-Feki, Anas al-Fiqi, Anas El-Fekky or **el-Fiqi**) (14 October 1960 — ) is an Egyptian entrepreneur and former state official, well known for being Hosni Mubarak's last minister of information.

Anas el-Fiqq served as minister of youth in Egypt as part of Ahmed Nazif's first cabinet in July 2004. Less than a year later he switched places with Mamdouh El-Beltagui to become Minister of Information in February 2005. By 2007 he held a Credit Suisse account with a maximum balance worth over 3 million Swiss francs ($2.6 million), per Suisse secrets. In 2014, he was convicted of wasting public funds.

On 30 January 2011, he was crediting for closing the TV channel offices of Al Jazeera in Cairo.

A demand voiced by some of those involved in the 2011 Egyptian protests was that el-Fiqqi step down as Minister of Information. On 10 February 2011, ahead of an address to the Egyptian people by President Hosni Mubarak, el-Fiqqi told Reuters that Mubarak would not be standing down as president, despite widespread rumours to the contrary. On 12 February, the day after the president resigned against the background of Egyptian Revolution of 2011, he was reported to be under house arrest. The same day he resigned from his position as Minister of Information.


title: Atimura laosica

abstract: Atimura laosica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1965.

text:
# Atimura laosica

***Atimura laosica*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1965.

## InfoBox

| *Atimura laosica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Atimura* |
| Species: | ***A. laosica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Atimura laosica***<br>Breuning, 1965 | |
|


abstract: The 1988 Bearsden and Milngavie District Council election Scotland took place on 5 May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. Each of the 10 wards elected a single member using the first-past-the-post voting system.

text:
# 1988 Bearsden and Milngavie District Council election

The **1988 Bearsden and Milngavie District Council election** Scotland took place on 5 May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. Each of the 10 wards elected a single member using the first-past-the-post voting system.

## Results

1988 Bearsden and Milngavie District Council election result
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conservative | 6 | 1 | 1 |  | 60.0 | 40.2 | 7,513 |  |
|  | SSLD | 2 | 1 | 1 |  | 20.0 | 30.4 | 5,687 |  |
|  | Labour | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | 10.0 | 15.7 | 2,927 |  |
|  | Independent | 1 | 0 | 0 |  | 10.0 | 5.0 | 927 |  |
|  | SNP | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 0.0 | 8.8 | 1,646 |  |

Source:

1. "Scottish District Elections 1988" (PDF). *Elections Centre*. Retrieved 14 September 2024.


title: 1925 Miami tornado

abstract: The 1925 Miami tornado was an intense tornado that struck Dade County, Florida, on April 5, 1925. It remains the deadliest tornado to affect the South Florida county, and it is estimated to have been the most intense tornado to strike the Miami area. The tornado caused five deaths and produced damage totals that were estimated near $200–300,000 (1925 USD). 35 people were also hospitalized because of injuries. The tornado remains the only tornado to cause multiple fatalities in Dade County. While officially unrated, it is estimated that the tornado likely produced F3-level damage based on photographs taken after the passage of the supercell.

text:
# 1925 Miami tornado

The **1925 Miami tornado** was an intense tornado that struck Dade County, Florida, on April 5, 1925. It remains the deadliest tornado to affect the South Florida county, and it is estimated to have been the most intense tornado to strike the Miami area. The tornado caused five deaths and produced damage totals that were estimated near $200–300,000 (1925 USD). 35 people were also hospitalized because of injuries. The tornado remains the only tornado to cause multiple fatalities in Dade County. While officially unrated, it is estimated that the tornado likely produced F3-level damage based on photographs taken after the passage of the supercell.

## Summary

The exact path and strength of the tornado are uncertain, since it occurred prior to modern records which began in 1950. The first tornadoes to directly receive damage ratings on the Fujita scale occurred in 1971. The 1925 tornado was first reported in its formative stage over the Everglades near Hialeah, where several golfers noted a funnel cloud around 1:00 p.m. Hail was reported with the parent thunderstorm prior to the sighting of the funnel cloud. The slow movement of the storm was accompanied by a large number of people outside during the Sunday afternoon, which led to a considerable number of reports; several reports originated from passing motorists. The vortex touched down around 1:15 p.m., and the tornado was described as a "very slender" funnel that frequently lifted from the ground for brief periods. The debris swirling around the rotation was compared to smoke from "burning oil." Later, as it passed west of Miami, the slow-moving tornado passed over and destroyed the state's largest dairy farm, killing one person and injuring 20 people. Losses from the farm reached $100,000.

The tornado eventually intensified and destroyed numerous properties northwest and north of the city of Miami, causing at least three deaths. Some residents successfully attempted to flee in automobiles, though the cars were wrecked and some were thrown for distances. The tornado became obscured by rain, weakened, and dissipated over the northern portion of Biscayne Bay, though it destroyed some power poles along the eastern half of its damage path. Hail associated with the storm was measured to 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter, damaging automobiles and residences' roofs. The damage path was less than 100 yards (91 ) in width, and the funnel was visible for nearly one hour. The thunderstorm that spawned the tornado also affected the communities of Ojus, Little River, Biscayne Park, and Lemon City, having traversed the region from Homestead to Fort Lauderdale.

In total, the tornado demolished nearly 50 residences. Five fatalities were related directly to the tornado or injuries from flying debris. One of the deaths occurred inside a restaurant; the building was demolished and a cookstove thrown 100 yd (91 m). Hundreds of people were homeless after the storm, and several residences were destroyed at Biscayne Park.

1. Gray, Richard W. (1925). "The Tornado of April 5, 1925, near Miami, Fla" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
2. Gregoria, Dan. "WFO Miami, Florida severe weather climatology" (PDF). National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
3. Lushine, James B. "Summary of Severe Weather Outbreak in South Florida: February 2, 1998". National Weather Service Miami, Florida office. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
4. Grazulis 1993, p. 141
5. Edwards, Roger (5 March 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". *The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)*. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
6. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". *Environment and Climate Change Canada*. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
7. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". *Tornado and Storm Research Organisation*. 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
8. Written at Miami. "Three Perish, Heavy Damage in Tornado Near Miami, Florida". *Portsmouth Daily Times*. Portsmouth, Ohio. United Press. 6 April 1925. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
9. Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). *Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events*. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. p. 797. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
10. "Florida Tornado Takes Toll of 4 Lives on Sunday". *La Crosse Tribune*. Associated Press. 6 April 1925.

## InfoBox

1925 Miami tornado
| F3 tornado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Max. rating1 | F3 tornado |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fatalities | 5 fatalities, 35 injuries |
| Damage | $300,000 (1925 USD)
$5.21 million (2024 USD) |
| Areas affected | Dade County in Florida |
| 1*Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale* | |


title: 1991–92 Slovenian Football Cup

abstract: The 1991–92 Slovenian Football Cup was the first season of the Slovenian Football Cup, Slovenia's football knockout competition, and the last that was played by the old rules from SR Slovenia. All Slovenian clubs competed in their regional MNZ Cups, with eight winners securing their place in the quarter-finals of the Slovenian Cup. From there on clubs played by the East/West system to the final.

text:
# 1991–92 Slovenian Football Cup

The **1991–92 Slovenian Football Cup** was the first season of the Slovenian Football Cup, Slovenia's football knockout competition, and the last that was played by the old rules from SR Slovenia. All Slovenian clubs competed in their regional MNZ Cups, with eight winners securing their place in the quarter-finals of the Slovenian Cup. From there on clubs played by the East/West system to the final.

## MNZ Cup Finals (round of 16)

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **MNZ Ljubljana** | | |
| **Olimpija** | 0–0 (4–1 ) | Slovan |
| **MNZ Maribor** | | |
| Dravograd | 1–2 | **Maribor** |
| **MNZ Lendava and MNZ Murska Sobota** | | |
| **Nafta Lendava** | 2–0 | Beltinci |
| **MNZ Koper** | | |
| **Jadran Dekani** | 0–0 (4–2 ) | Koper |
| **MNZ Celje** | | |
| Celje | 0–2 | **Rudar Velenje** |
| **MNZ Nova Gorica** | | |
| **Primorje** | 1–0 | Gorica |
| **MNZ Kranj** | | |
| LTH Škofja Loka | 1–5 | **Triglav Kranj** |
| **MNZ Ptuj** | | |
| **Aluminij** | 3–1 | Videm |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **East** | | |
| **Maribor** | 3–0 | Rudar Velenje |
| Aluminij | 1–2 | **Nafta Lendava** |
| **West** | | |
| Triglav Kranj | 0–1 | **Olimpija** |
| **Primorje** | 2–0 | Jadran Dekani |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **East** | | |
| Nafta Lendava | 0–1 | **Maribor** |
| **West** | | |
| **Olimpija** | 4–0 | Primorje |

## Final

| Olimpija | 0–0 (a.e.t.) | Maribor |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Penalties | | |
|  | 3–4 |  |

Bežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 2,000Referee: Anton Beton

## InfoBox

1991–92 Slovenian Football Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Maribor (1st title) |
| Runner-up | Olimpija |
|  | |


title: Andoa language

abstract: Andoa is an extinct Zaparoan language of Ecuador and Peru. It was found in the Pastaza River region of Ecuador and Peru. It is also known as Shimigae/Semigae and Gae/Gay. The Andoa people have integrated into the Quechua and now speak either Canelos-Quechua or Spanish. The last known speaker died in 1993.

text:
# Andoa language

**Andoa** is an extinct Zaparoan language of Ecuador and Peru. It was found in the Pastaza River region of Ecuador and Peru. It is also known as Shimigae/Semigae and Gae/Gay. The Andoa people have integrated into the Quechua and now speak either Canelos-Quechua or Spanish. The last known speaker died in 1993.

* "Dos lenguas que no quieren morir." El Comercio. 22 Enero 2008. 13 Febrero 2008 .

## InfoBox

| Andoa | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Peru |
| Extinct | 1993 |
| Language family | Zaparoan * Arabela–Andoa     + **Andoa** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `anb` |
| *Glottolog* | `ando1255` |
| ELP | Andoa |


title: Andrej Mrvar

abstract: Andrej Mrvar is a Slovenian computer scientist and a professor at the University of Ljubljana. He is known for his work in network analysis, graph drawing, decision making, virtual reality, electronic timing and data processing of sports competitions.

text:
# Andrej Mrvar

**Andrej Mrvar** is a Slovenian computer scientist and a professor at the University of Ljubljana. He is known for his work in network analysis, graph drawing, decision making, virtual reality, electronic timing and data processing of sports competitions.

## Education and career

He is well known for his work on *Pajek*, a free software for analysis and visualization of large networks. Mrvar began work on Pajek in 1996 with Vladimir Batagelj.

His book *Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek*, coauthored with Wouter de Nooy and Vladimir Batagelj, is his most cited work. It was published by Cambridge University Press in three editions (first 2005, second 2011, and third 2018). The book was translated into Japanese (2009) and Chinese (first edition 2012, second 2014).

With Anuška Ferligoj, he was a founding co-editor-in-chief of the *Metodološki zvezki* journal.

## Awards and honors

* Vidmar Award (Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Ljubljana): 1988, 1990
* First prizes for contributions (with Vladimir Batagelj) to Graph Drawing Contests in years: 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2005 / Graph Drawing Hall of Fame.
* Award of University of Ljubljana for contributions in education and research (*Svečana listina Univerze v Ljubljani za pomembne dosežke na področju vzgojnoizobraževalnega in znanstvenoraziskovalega dela*): 2001
* The INSNA's William D. Richards Software award for work on Pajek (with Vladimir Batagelj): 2013
* Award of Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana for scientific excellence (*Priznanje za znanstveno odličnost*): 2013

## Selected publications

* Wouter de Nooy, Andrej Mrvar, Vladimir Batagelj, Mark Granovetter (Series Editor), *Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek* (Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences), Cambridge University Press (First Edition: 2005, Second Edition: 2011, Third Edition: 2018), (ISBN 0-521-60262-9). Japanese Translation (2010). Chinese Translation (First Edition: 2012, Second Edition: 2014)
* Andrej Mrvar and Vladimir Batagelj, Analysis and visualization of large networks with program package Pajek. *Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling*, 4:6. SpringerOpen, 2016
* Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar, Some Analyses of Erdős Collaboration Graph. *Social Networks*, **22**, 173–186, 2000
* Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar, A Subquadratic Triad Census Algorithm for Large Sparse Networks with Small Maximum Degree. *Social Networks*, **23**, 237–243, 2001
* Patrick Doreian and Andrej Mrvar, A Partitioning Approach to Structural Balance, *Social Networks*, **18**, 149–168, 1996
* Patrick Doreian and Andrej Mrvar, Partitioning Signed Social Networks, *Social Networks*, **31**, 1–11, 2009
* Andrej Mrvar and Patrick Doreian, Partitioning Signed Two-Mode Networks, *Journal of Mathematical Sociology*, **33**, 196–221, 2009
* Patrick Doreian and Andrej Mrvar, The international reach of the Koch brothers network. In: Antonyuk, A. and Basov N. (Eds.): *Networks in the Global World V. NetGloW 2020. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems*, **181**, 225–235. Springer, 2021
* Patrick Doreian and Andrej Mrvar, Delineating Changes in the Fundamental Structure of Signed Networks, *Frontiers in Physics*, **294**, 1–11, 2021
* Patrick Doreian and Andrej Mrvar, Hubs and Authorities in the Koch Brothers Network. Social Networks, *Social Networks*, **64**, 148–157, 2021
* Patrick Doreian and Andrej Mrvar, Public issues, policy proposals, social movements, and the interests of the Koch Brothers network of allies, *Quality and Quantity*, **56**, 305–322, 2022
* Douglas R. White, Vladimir Batagelj, Andrej Mrvar, Analyzing Large Kinship and Marriage Networks with Pgraph and Pajek. *Social Science Computer Review*, **17**, 245–274, 1999
* Ion Georgiou, Ronald Concer, Andrej Mrvar, A Systemic Approach to Sociometric Group Research: Advancing The Work of Leslie Day Zeleny, 1939–1947, *Social Networks*, **63**, 174–200, 2020

## InfoBox

| Andrej Mrvar | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Alma mater |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Computer Science |
| Institutions | University of Ljubljana |
| Thesis | *Analiza in prikaz velikih omrežij* (1999) |
| Doctoral advisor | Vladimir Batagelj<br>Saša Divjak |
|  | |
| Website | http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/ |


title: 1886 United Kingdom general election

abstract: The 1886 United Kingdom general election took place from 1 to 27 July 1886, following the defeat of the Government of Ireland Bill 1886. It resulted in a major reversal of the results of the 1885 election as the Conservatives, led by Lord Salisbury, were joined in an electoral pact with the breakaway Unionist wing of the Liberals led by Lord Hartington and Joseph Chamberlain. The new Liberal Unionist party elected 77 members and gave the Conservatives their parliamentary majority, but did not join them in a formal coalition. William Ewart Gladstone's Liberals, who supported the Irish Home Rule movement, and their sometimes allies the Irish Parliamentary Party, led by Charles Stewart Parnell, were placed a distant second. The split in the Liberal Party ended the period of Liberal dominance. They had held power for 18 of the 27 years since 1859 and won five of the six elections held during that time, but would only be in power for three of the next nineteen years. The political realignment resulting from the Liberal Unionist split also meant that between this election and the end of the Second World War, only one election would result in a party other than the Conservatives forming a majority government. This was also the first election since the 1841 election in which the Conservatives won a plurality or majority of the popular vote. They would ultimately win at least a plurality of the popular vote in every general election until 1945, again with the exception of the 1906 election.

text:
# 1886 United Kingdom general election

The **1886 United Kingdom general election** took place from 1 to 27 July 1886, following the defeat of the Government of Ireland Bill 1886. It resulted in a major reversal of the results of the 1885 election as the Conservatives, led by Lord Salisbury, were joined in an electoral pact with the breakaway Unionist wing of the Liberals led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain. The new Liberal Unionist party elected 77 members and gave the Conservatives their parliamentary majority, but did not join them in a formal coalition.

William Ewart Gladstone's Liberals, who supported the Irish Home Rule movement, and their sometimes allies the Irish Parliamentary Party, led by Charles Stewart Parnell, were placed a distant second. The split in the Liberal Party ended the period of Liberal dominance. They had held power for 18 of the 27 years since 1859 and won five of the six elections held during that time, but would only be in power for three of the next nineteen years. The political realignment resulting from the Liberal Unionist split also meant that between this election and the end of the Second World War, only one election (in 1906) would result in a party other than the Conservatives forming a majority government (though the Liberals, and later the Labour Party, would form minority governments with support from smaller parties). This was also the first election since the 1841 election in which the Conservatives won a plurality or majority of the popular vote. They would ultimately win at least a plurality of the popular vote in every general election until 1945, again with the exception of the 1906 election.

## Results

UK General Election 1886
|  | | | Candidates | | | | | | Votes | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Leader | Stood | Elected | Gained | Unseated | Net | % of total | % | No. | Net % |
|  | Conservative and Liberal Unionist | Lord Salisbury | 563 | 393 | 161 | 14 | +146 | 58.66 | 51.40 | 1,417,627 | +8.7 |
|  | Liberal | William Ewart Gladstone | 449 | 192 | 24 | 152 | 127 | 28.66 | 45.13 | 1,244,683 | 2.2 |
|  | Irish Parliamentary | Charles Stewart Parnell | 100 | 85 |  | 2 | 1 | 12.69 | 3.41 | 94,050 | 3.4 |
|  | Independent Liberal | *N/A* |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 1,247 |  |
|  | Ind. Liberal Unionist | *N/A* | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 544 |  |

### Vote summary

| Popular vote   **Conservative and Liberal Unionist**  51.40%  Liberal  45.13%  Irish Parliamentary  3.41%  Independent Liberal  0.05%  Independent Liberal Unionist  0.02% |
| --- |

### Seats summary

| Parliamentary seats   **Conservative and Liberal Unionist**  58.66%  Liberal  28.66%  Irish Parliamentary  12.69% |
| --- |

* Craig, F. W. S. (1989), *British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987*, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
* Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael, eds. (2000), *British Electoral Facts 1832–1999*, Ashgate Publishing Ltd

## Further reading

* Blaxill, Luke. *From: The War of Words: The Language of British Elections, 1880–1922* (2020) pp. 81–123.
* Roberts, Matthew. "Election Cartoons and Political Communication In Victorian England.' *Cultural & Social History* (2013) 10#3 pp 369–395, covers 1860 to 1890.
* Walker, Brian (2005), "The 1885 and 1886 General Elections in Ireland", *History Ireland*, **13** (6): 36–40, JSTOR 27725365

## References

1. "General Election Results 1885-1979". Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

## InfoBox

1886 United Kingdom general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  All 670 seats in the House of Commons
336 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | 74.2% (7.0 pp) |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Marquess of Salisbury William Ewart Gladstone Charles Stewart Parnell  Party Conservative and Liberal Unionist Liberal Irish Parliamentary  Leader since April 1881 April 1880 17 October 1882  Leader's seat House of Lords Midlothian Cork City  Last election 247 seats, 43.4% 319 seats, 47.4% 86 seats, 6.9%  Seats won **393** 192 85  Seat change 146 127 1  Popular vote **1,417,627** 1,244,683 94,050  Percentage **51.4%** 45.1% 3.4%  Swing 8.7% 2.2% 3.5% | |
| ---  Colours denote the winning party | |
| ---  Diagram displaying the composition of the House of Commons following the general election | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
William Ewart Gladstone
Liberal **Prime Minister after election**
Marquess of Salisbury
Conservative | |


title: 1989 Swedish Golf Tour (women)

abstract: The 1989 Swedish Golf Tour was the fourth season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments for women held in Sweden and Denmark. The tour shared Tournament Directors with the 1988 Swedish Golf Tour, Arne Andersson, Bengt Norström and Claes Grönberg. The player council consisted of Pia Nilsson, Maria Lindbladh, Viveca Hoff and Liv Wollin. Tournaments were played over 54 holes with no cut, the SI and LET events over 72 holes with cuts. The Grundig Team Trophy was a limited field best ball event played over 36 holes.

text:
# 1989 Swedish Golf Tour (women)

The **1989 Swedish Golf Tour** was the fourth season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments for women held in Sweden and Denmark.

The tour shared Tournament Directors with the 1988 Swedish Golf Tour, Arne Andersson, Bengt Norström and Claes Grönberg. The player council consisted of Pia Nilsson, Maria Lindbladh, Viveca Hoff and Liv Wollin.

Tournaments were played over 54 holes with no cut, the SI and LET events over 72 holes with cuts. The Grundig Team Trophy was a limited field best ball event played over 36 holes.

## Schedule

The season consisted of 12 tournaments played between May and September, where two events were included on the 1989 Ladies European Tour.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Winner | Score | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up | Purse
(SEK) | Note | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 May | Kanthal Höganäs Open | Mölle Golf Club | Viveca Hoff | 220 | Playoff | Malin Landehag (a)
Margareta Bjurö (a) | 75,000 |  |  |
| 28 May | SÅPA Ladies Open | Torekov | *Tournament cancelled* | | | | 75,000 |  |  |
| 18 Jun | Ängsö Ladies Open | Ängsö | Anna Oxenstierna | 221 | 1 stroke | Helen Alfredsson | 75,000 |  |  |
| 2 Jul | Stora Lundby Ladies Open | Stora Lundby | Pia Nilsson | 226 | 2 strokes | Annika Sörenstam | 75,000 |  |  |
| 23 Jul | Aspeboda Ladies Open | Falun-Borlänge | Marie Wennersten-From | 220 | 5 strokes | Katrin Möllerstedt
Victoria Norman | 75,000 |  |  |
| 29 Jul | Conor SM Match | Sigtuna | Pia Nilsson | 1 up | | Margareta Bjurö (a) | 100,000 |  |  |
| 13 Aug | IBM Ladies Open | Haninge | Anna Oxenstierna | 216 | 9 strokes | Pia Nilsson | 75,000 |  |  |
| 21 Aug | Danish Ladies Open | Rungsted | Tania Abitbol | 285 | Playoff | Marie-Laure Taya | 650,000 | LET event |  |
| 28 Aug | Gislaved Ladies Open | Isaberg | Alison Nicholas | 288 | 2 strokes | Liselotte Neumann | 650,000 | LET event |  |
| 20 Aug | Grundig Team Trophy | Drottningholm Golf Club | Pia Nilsson &
Hillewi Hagström | 138 |  | Liv Wollin &
Charlotte Montgomery | 80,000 | Team event |  |
| 17 Sep | Swedish International | Wittsjö | Susann Norberg | 291 | 4 strokes | Marie Wennersten-From | 100,000 |  |  |
| 24 Sep | Ansvar Ladies Open | Tobo | Jennifer Posener (a) | 183 | 1 stroke | Pia Nilsson | 75,000 |  |  |

National Championship tournaments

## Order of Merit

The sponsored name was the ICA-Kuriren Order of Merit.

| Rank | Player | Score |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Pia Nilsson | 90,500 |
| 2 | Susann Norberg | 51,750 |
| 3 | Hillewi Hagström | 51,200 |

Source:

1. Jansson, Anders (2004). *Golf - Den Stora Sporten'* \[*Golf - the Great Sport*\] (in Swedish). Swedish Golf Federation. p. 278. ISBN 91-86818007. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
2. "Svensk Golf 3/1989". Swedish Golf Federation. p. 137. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
3. "Results 1989 Kanthal Höganäs Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
4. "Svensk Golf 5/1989". Swedish Golf Federation. p. 154. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
5. "Results 1989 Ängsö Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
6. "Results 1989 Stora Lundby Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
7. "Results 1989 Aspeboda Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
8. "Results 1989 SM Match". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
9. "Results 1989 IBM Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
10. "Results 1989 Danish Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
11. "Results 1989 Gislaved Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
12. "Results 1989 Grundig Team Trophy". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
13. "Results 1989 Swedish International". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
14. "Results 1989 Ansvar Ladies Open". Golfdata. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
15. "Svensk Golf 12/1989". Swedish Golf Federation. p. 70. Retrieved 12 May 2021.

## InfoBox

1989 Swedish Golf Tour (women) season
| Duration | May 1989 (1989-05) – September 1989 (1989-09) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 12 |
| Most wins | 2 (tie):
Pia Nilsson
Anna Oxenstierna |
| Order of Merit winner | Pia Nilsson |
| 1988 1990 | |


title: 1989 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix

abstract: The 1989 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 11–13 August 1989 at the Anderstorp circuit.

text:
# 1989 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix

The **1989 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix** was the thirteenth round of the 1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 11–13 August 1989 at the Anderstorp circuit.

## 500 cc race report

Wayne Rainey takes pole, then it's Kevin Schwantz and Eddie Lawson. Rainey gets the start, and Lawson moves into second, followed by Schwantz.

A lead group forms, with Rainey, a small gap to Lawson, then another small gap to Schwantz, Kevin Magee and Christian Sarron.

Schwantz cruises into the pits with a mechanical, and Lawson closes the gap to Rainey and moves into the lead. Sarron is in third a couple of bike lengths behind, and Wayne Gardner passes Magee for fourth spot.

With two laps to go, Rainey is right behind Lawson and highsides on the exit of a right-hander. It's a long tumble, but he gets up and doesn't try to pick up the bike. Though it's Rainey's only real mistake all year, Lawson's consistency and improvement brings him the win and a lead in the standings by 13.5 points. Sarron takes second, Gardner third.

Says Lawson of the lap that saw Rainey go down: "That was my fastest lap of the race; I'd never got on the throttle that early all race. When I cracked it open, Wayne followed me, and there was no way the Dunlop was going to do that. It wasn’t Wayne, it was the tyres."

## 500 cc classification

| Pos. | Rider | Team | Manufacturer | Laps | Time/Retired | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Eddie Lawson** | **Rothmans Kanemoto Honda** | **Honda** | 30 | 46:31.950 | **20** |
| 2 | **Christian Sarron** | **Sonauto Gauloises Blondes Yamaha Mobil 1** | **Yamaha** | 30 | +5.650 | **17** |
| 3 | **Wayne Gardner** | **Rothmans Honda Team** | **Honda** | 30 | +25.030 | **15** |
| 4 | **Niall Mackenzie** | **Marlboro Yamaha Team Agostini** | **Yamaha** | 30 | +31.630 | **13** |
| 5 | **Kevin Magee** | **Team Lucky Strike Roberts** | **Yamaha** | 30 | +51.550 | **11** |
| 6 | **Ron Haslam** | **Suzuki Pepsi Cola** | **Suzuki** | 30 | +55.450 | **10** |
| 7 | **Pierfrancesco Chili** | **HB Honda Gallina Team** | **Honda** | 30 | +55.660 | **9** |
| 8 | **Adrien Morillas** | **Team ROC Elf Honda** | **Honda** | 30 | +55.840 | **8** |
| 9 | **Rob McElnea** | **Cabin Racing Team** | **Honda** | 30 | +1:33.500 | **7** |
| 10 | **Tadahiko Taira** | **Yamaha Motor Company** | **Yamaha** | 29 | +1 Lap | **6** |
| 11 | **Alessandro Valesi** | **Team Iberia** | **Yamaha** | 29 | +1 Lap | **5** |
| 12 | **Simon Buckmaster** | **Racing Team Katayama** | **Honda** | 29 | +1 Lap | **4** |
| 13 | **Fabio Biliotti** | **Racing Team Katayama** | **Honda** | 28 | +2 Laps | **3** |
| 14 | **Bruno Kneubühler** | **Romer Racing Suisse** | **Honda** | 28 | +2 Laps | **2** |
| 15 | **Juan Lopez Mella** | **Club Motocross Pozuelo** | **Honda** | 28 | +2 Laps | **1** |
| 16 | Nicholas Schmassman | FMS | Honda | 28 | +2 Laps |  |
| 17 | Timo Paavilainen |  | Suzuki | 28 | +2 Laps |  |
| Ret | Torbjorn Bastiansen |  | Suzuki |  | Retirement |  |
| Ret | Andreas Leuthe | Librenti Corse | Suzuki |  | Retirement |  |
| Ret | Wayne Rainey | Team Lucky Strike Roberts | Yamaha |  | Retirement |  |
| Ret | Alan Carter |  | Honda |  | Retirement |  |
| Ret | Kevin Schwantz | Suzuki Pepsi Cola | Suzuki |  | Retirement |  |
| Ret | Rachel Nicotte |  | Chevallier Yamaha |  | Retirement |  |
| Ret | Peter Linden | Team Heukeroff | Honda |  | Retirement |  |
| DNS | Marco Gentile | Fior Marlboro | Fior |  | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Josef Doppler |  | Honda |  | Did not start |  |
| DNS | Luca Cadalora | Marlboro Yamaha Team Agostini | Yamaha |  | Did not start |  |
| DNQ | Francisco Gonzales | Club Motocross Pozuelo | Honda |  | Did not qualify |  |
| DNQ | Ian Pratt |  | Suzuki |  | Did not qualify |  |
| DNQ | Aki Dahli |  | Honda |  | Did not qualify |  |
| Sources: | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1989 Swedish Grand Prix
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Race 13 of 15 races in the<br>1989 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season | |
|  | |
| Date | 13 August 1989 |
| Official name | Swedish TT |
| Location | Scandinavian Raceway |
| Course | * Permanent racing facility * 4.025 km (2.501 mi) |
| 500cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Wayne Rainey  Time  1:32.490  Fastest lap  Rider  Christian Sarron  Time  1:31.990  Podium  First  Eddie Lawson  Second  Christian Sarron  Third  Wayne Gardner | |
| 250cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Carlos Cardús  Time  1:36.740  Fastest lap  Rider  Sito Pons  Time  1:36.360  Podium  First  Sito Pons  Second  Reinhold Roth  Third  Jacques Cornu | |
| 125cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Àlex Crivillé  Time  1:43.610  Fastest lap  Rider  Àlex Crivillé  Time  1:42.770  Podium  First  Àlex Crivillé  Second  Hans Spaan  Third  Koji Takada | |


abstract: The 1987 Rhineland-Palatinate state election was conducted on 17 May 1987 to elect members to the Landtag, the state legislature of Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany.

text:
# 1987 Rhineland-Palatinate state election

The **1987 Rhineland-Palatinate state election** was conducted on 17 May 1987 to elect members to the Landtag, the state legislature of Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany.

Summary of the 17 May 1987 Rhineland-Palatinate state Landtag election results
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Vote % | Vote % ± | Seats | Seats ± |
|  | Christian Democratic Union | 45.1 | –6.8 | 48 | –9 |
|  | Social Democratic Party | 38.8 | –0.8 | 40 | –3 |
|  | Free Democratic Party | 7.3 | +3.8 | 7 | +7 |
|  | The Greens | 5.9 | +1.4 | 5 | +5 |
|  | The Republicans | 2.0 | N/A | 0 | N/A |
|  | National Democratic Party | 0.8 | +0.7 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | German Communist Party | 0.1 | –0.1 | 0 | ±0 |
| Total | | 100.0 |  | **100** | ±0 |
| Source: parties-and-elections.de | | | | | | | | |


title: Emmet, Marathon County, Wisconsin

abstract: Emmet is a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the Wausau, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 931 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Halder is located in the town.

text:
# Emmet, Marathon County, Wisconsin

**Emmet** is a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the Wausau, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 931 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated community of Halder is located in the town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 40.2 square miles (104.1 km2), of which 39.8 square miles (103.2 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.92%, is water.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census there were 842 people, 269 households, and 228 families in the town. The population density was 21.1 people per square mile (8.2/km2). There were 288 housing units at an average density of 7.2 per square mile (2.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.41% White, 0.12% African American, 0.12% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59%.

Of the 269 households 43.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.3% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.9% were non-families. 11.5% of households were one person and 5.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.13 and the average family size was 3.41.

The age distribution was 30.4% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.

The median household income was $47,031 and the median family income was $47,596. Males had a median income of $30,461 versus $24,018 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,902. About 7.8% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Town of Emmet, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of the Town of Emmet, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 44°48′11″N 89°54′25″W / 44.80306°N 89.90694°W / 44.80306; -89.90694 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Marathon |
| Area | |
| Total | 40.2 sq mi (104.1 km2) |
| Land | 39.8 sq mi (103.2 km2) |
| Water | 0.4 sq mi (1.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,260 ft (384 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 931 |
| Density | 23/sq mi (8.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| FIPS code | 55-24025 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1583166 |
| Website | www.townofemmet.com |


title: 1988 Arab Cup final

abstract: The 1988 Arab Cup Final was a football match that took place on 21 July 1988, at the Amman International Stadium in Amman, Jordan, to determine the winner of the 1988 Arab Cup. Iraq defeated Syria 4–3 on penalties after a draw 1–1 to win their fourth Arab Cup.

text:
# 1988 Arab Cup final

The **1988 Arab Cup Final** was a football match that took place on 21 July 1988, at the Amman International Stadium in Amman, Jordan, to determine the winner of the 1988 Arab Cup. Iraq defeated Syria 4–3 on penalties after a draw 1–1 to win their fourth Arab Cup.

## Road to the final

| Iraq | | Syria | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponents | Results | Opponents | Results |
| Group stage | | | |
| Tunisia | 1–1 | Algeria UT | 1–1 |
| Lebanon | 0–0 | Bahrain | 2–1 |
| Saudi Arabia Ol. | 2–0 | Kuwait Ol. | 1–0 |
| Egypt | 0–0 | Jordan | 0–2 |
| Semi-finals | | | |
| Jordan | 3–0 | Egypt | 0–0 (4–3 ) |

## Match

### Details

| Iraq | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Syria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Gorgis  34' |  |  |
| Penalties | | |
|  | 4–3 |  |

Amman International Stadium, AmmanAttendance: 15 000Referee: Abdelali Naciri (Morocco)

| **Iraq:**   GK **1** Ahmad Jassim  DF **3** Hassan Kamal  DF **4** Ghanim Oraibi  DF **5** Samir Shaker (c)  DF **13** Karim Allawi  MF **6** Habib Jafar  MF **9** Ismail Mohammed  MF **14** Basil Gorgis  FW **8** Ahmed Radhi  FW **11** Saad Qais  FW **15** Younis Abed Ali  **Substitutes:**  GK **22** Omar Ahmed Tawfiq  DF **12** Mudhafar Jabbar  DF **18** Karim Salman  MF **2** Salam Hashim  MF **7** Naeem Saddam  MF **10** Rahim Hameed  MF **17** Laith Hussein    **Manager:**  Ammo Baba |  | **Syria:**   GK **22** Malek Shakuhi  DF **3** Ammar Habib  DF **4** Yousef Hawla  DF **12** Ahmad Al-Shaar  DF **17** Samer Darwish  MF **6** Saad Saad  MF **8** Abdul Kader Kardaghli (c)  MF **14** Mohammad Jakalan  FW **9** Nizar Mahrous  FW **11** Hussein Deeb  FW **18** Walid Al-Nasser  **Substitutes:**  GK **21** Walid Islam  DF **13** Abdullah Saddikah  DF **19** Joseph Leyous    MF **10** Faisal Ahmad    MF **25** Radwan Ajam  **Manager:**  Anatoliy Azarenkov |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **Assistant referees:**
... ... (...)
... ... (...)
**Fourth official:**
... ... (...) | **Man of the Match:**
... ... (...) |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1988 Arab Cup Final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1988 Arab Cup |
|  | |
| Iraq won 4–3 on penalties | |
| Date | 21 July 1988 |
| Venue | Amman International Stadium, Amman |
| Referee | Abdelali Naciri (Morocco) |
| Attendance | 15 000 |
|


title: Archibald McLean (d. 1830)

abstract: Archibald McLean was a Scottish-born political figure in New Brunswick. He represented York in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1793 to 1809. He was born on the Isle of Mull, the son of Hector McLean. In 1777, he became an ensign in the New York Volunteers, serving during the American Revolution and reaching the rank of captain before being placed on half pay in 1783. McLean settled on the Nashwaak River in New Brunswick. He served as a justice of the peace. McLean was married twice: first to Prudence French and then to Susan Drummond. In 1810, he was named staff adjutant to Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Gubbins, inspecting field officer for the New Brunswick militia. McLean took over this post in 1816 after Buggins left New Brunswick. He died in Nashwaak.

text:
# Archibald McLean (d. 1830)

**Archibald McLean** (c.1753  February 18, 1830) was a Scottish-born political figure in New Brunswick. He represented York in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1793 to 1809.

He was born on the Isle of Mull, the son of Hector McLean. In 1777, he became an ensign in the New York Volunteers, serving during the American Revolution and reaching the rank of captain before being placed on half pay in 1783. McLean settled on the Nashwaak River in New Brunswick. He served as a justice of the peace. McLean was married twice: first to Prudence French and then to Susan Drummond. In 1810, he was named staff adjutant to Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Gubbins, inspecting field officer for the New Brunswick militia. McLean took over this post in 1816 after Buggins left New Brunswick. He died in Nashwaak.

* Young, D. Murray (1987). "Archibald McLean". *Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online*. Retrieved 2011-02-02.


# 1989 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships

The 18th European Artistic Gymnastics Championships for men took place in Stockholm, Sweden in 1989.

## Results

### All Around

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Igor Korobchinsky | 58.100 |
|  | Valentin Mogilny | 58.050 |
|  | Holger Behrendt | 57.850 |

### Apparatus finals

#### Floor

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Igor Korobchinsky | 9.750 |
|  | Cristian Brezeanu | 9.725 |
|  | Holger Behrendt | 9.687 |

#### Pommel horse

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Valentin Mogilny | 9.837 |
|  | Andreas Wecker | 9.737 |
|  | Kalofer Hristozov | 9.700 |

#### Rings

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Holger Behrendt | 9.850 |
|  | Vitaly Marinich | 9.812 |
|  | Andreas Aguilar | 9.800 |

#### Vault

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Valentin Mogilny | 9.793 |
|  | Gyula Takacs | 9.750 |
|  | Marius Gherman | 9.712 |

#### Parallel bars

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Kalofer Hristozov | 9.837 |
|  | Andreas Wecker | 9.775 |
|  | Valentin Mogilny | 9.762 |

#### High bar

| Place | Name | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Andreas Wecker | 9.862 |
|  | Vitaly Marinich | 9.850 |
|  | Nicusor Pascu | 9.850 |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
| 2 | East Germany (GDR) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 3 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Romania (ROU) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 5 | Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 7 | 8 | 6 | 21 |

* "1989 European Championships - Men's AA (combined results)". *Gymn-Forum.net*.
* "1989 European Championships - Men's EF (individual results)". *Gymn-Forum.net*.