abstract: The 1st Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) was elected by the 1st Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly on 10 September 1948. It was replaced on 20 September 1957 by the 2nd SPA Standing Committee.

text:
# 1st Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea

The **1st Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA)** was elected by the 1st Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly on 10 September 1948. It was replaced on 20 September 1957 by the 2nd SPA Standing Committee.

## Members

### 1st Session (1948–53)

| Rank | Name | Hangul | 6th SES | Positions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kim Tu-bong | 김두봉 | Reelected | Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 2 | Hong Nam-pyo | 홍남표 | Dead | Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 3 | Hong Ki-ju | 홍기주 | Demoted | Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 4 | Kang Yang-uk | 강량욱 | Reelected | Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 5 | Kang Chin-gon | 강양욱 | Reelected |  |
| 6 | Song Chu-sik | 송주식 | Reelected |  |
| 7 | Ku Chae-su | 구채수 | Demoted |  |
| 8 | Yi Ku-hun | 이구훈 | Reelected |  |
| 9 | Pak Chong-ae | 박정애 | Reelected |  |
| 10 | Kim Chang-jun | 김창준 | Reelected |  |
| 11 | Chang Sun-myong | 장선명 | Reelected |  |
| 12 | Chang Kwon | 권창 | Reelected |  |
| 13 | Yu Yong-jun | 유용준 | Reelected |  |
| 14 | Pak Yun-gil | 박윤길 | Demoted |  |
| 15 | Na Sung-gyu | 나성규 | Reelected |  |
| 16 | Choe Kyong-dok | 최경독 | Demoted |  |
| 17 | Yi Nung-jong | 이능종 | Demoted |  |
| 18 | Kim Pyong-je | 김평제 | Reelected |  |
| 19 | Yi Ki-yong | 리기영 | Reelected |  |
| 20 | Kang Sun | 강선 | Demoted |  |
| 21 | Cho Un | 조은 | Demoted |  |
| **References:**
 | | | | | |

### 6th Session (1953–57)

| Rank | Name | Hangul | 1st SES | 2nd STC | Positions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kim Tu-bong | 김두봉 | Old | Demoted | Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 2 | Kim Ung-gi | 김웅기 | New | Demoted | Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 3 | Yi Kuk-no | 이국노 | New | Reelected | Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 4 | Kang Yang-uk | 강양욱 | Old | Reelected | Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| 5 | Kang Chin-gon | 강진곤 | Old | Reelected |  |
| 6 | Song Chu-sik | 송주식 | Old | Reelected |  |
| 7 | Yi Ku-hun | 이구훈 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 8 | Pak Chong-ae | 박정애 | Old | Reelected |  |
| 9 | Kim Chang-jun | 김창준 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 10 | Chang Sun-myong | 장선명 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 11 | Chang Kwon | 권창 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 12 | Yu Yong-jun | 유용준 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 13 | Na Sung-gyu | 나성규 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 14 | Kim Pyong-je | 김평제 | Old | Reelected |  |
| 15 | Yi Ki-yong | 이기용 | Old | Demoted |  |
| 16 | Choe Won-taek | 최원택 | New | Demoted |  |
| 17 | Won Hong-gu | 원홍구 | New | Reelected |  |
| 18 | Kang Ung-jin | 원홍구 | New | Dead |  |
| 19 | Chon Yun-do | 전윤도 | New | Demoted |  |
| 20 | Yu Hae-bung | 유해붕 | New | Demoted |  |
| 21 | Mun Tu-jae | 문투재 | New | Demoted |  |
|  | Yi Man-gyu | 이만규 | New | Reelected |  |
| **References:**
 | | | | | |

### Citations

### Bibliography

*Books:*

* Suh, Dae-sook (1981). *Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System* (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 0-8248-0740-5.

## InfoBox

| 1st Standing Committee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| 10 September 1948 – 18 September 1957
(9 years, 8 days)
Overview | |
| Type | Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| Election | 1st Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly |
| Replenishment | 4th Session of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly |
| Leadership | |
| Chairman | Kim Tu-bong |
| Vice Chairmen | Kim Ung-gi
Yi Kuk-no
Hong Nam-pyo
Hong Ki-ju |
| Members | |
| Total | 21 |
|  | |


title: 1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers

abstract: The 1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, later 2nd North Midland Brigade, was a Volunteer unit of the Royal Artillery of the British Army recruiting primarily from Staffordshire. It fought on the Western Front during World War I and in the Normandy Campaign and Belgium, Holland, and Germany during World War II. Postwar, it was reformed as a specialist locating unit.

text:
# 1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers

The **1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers**, later **2nd North Midland Brigade**, was a Volunteer unit of the Royal Artillery of the British Army recruiting primarily from Staffordshire. It fought on the Western Front during World War I and in the Normandy Campaign and Belgium, Holland, and Germany during World War II. Postwar, it was reformed as a specialist locating unit.

## Volunteer Force

The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The **1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteer Corps** (AVC) was one such unit, formed at Etruria, Staffordshire, with the first officers' commissions being issued on 18 December 1860. A second battery was formed by October 1863, a third on 16 October 1866 and a fourth on 10 May 1879. Initially, the 1st Staffordshire (along with the 1st Shropshire and 1st Worcestershire AVCs; there were no 2nd AVCs in any of these counties) formed part of the 1st Cheshire Administrative Brigade. In 1869 it became part of a new 1st Shropshire Administrative Brigade (again with the 1st Shropshire and 1st Worcestershire), with William Field of the 1st Shropshire as lieutenant-colonel in command.

Later, the Worcester Volunteers left to join with the Warwickshires, and in 1880 the 1st Shropshire and Staffordshire Volunteer Artillery were consolidated into a single unit, with the Staffords providing Nos 5 to 8 Batteries. It was organised as a brigade of 'position artillery', equipped with 16 Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading field guns. In 1882 all the artillery volunteers were attached to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery, with the Shropshire and Staffordshire unit attached to the Lancashire Division. When the Lancashire Division was abolished in 1889 the unit transferred to the Southern Division. In 1899 all the artillery volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and in 1902 the unit was renamed the **1st Shropshire and Staffordshire RGA (Volunteers)** with two companies. As late as 1906, they were still using the 16 Pounders in their annual camp at Bare, Morecambe. The brigade's headquarters was at Etruria, later moving to Shelton, Staffordshire.

## Territorial Force

When the RGA (V) were incorporated into the Territorial Force in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the Shropshire Battery was separated once more to become the Shropshire Royal Horse Artillery. The Staffordshire Battery expanded to form two and these were joined by a third battery formed from J Company of the 1st Volunteer Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment at Leek. This company had originally been raised as the 28th Staffordshire Rifle Volunteer Corps on 28 April 1860 (the rest of the 1st VB became 5th Battalion North Staffordshires). Together, the RGA at Shelton and the infantry at Leek were formed into a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) with the following organisation:

**II North Midland Brigade, RFA**

* HQ at Victoria Square, Shelton
* 1st Staffordshire Battery, Shelton
* 2nd Staffordshire Battery, Shelton
* 3rd Staffordshire Battery, Alma Street, Belle Vue, Leek
* II North Midland Brigade Ammunition Column, Shelton

The brigade was assigned to the North Midland Division of the TF. Sir Smith Hill Child, 2nd Baronet, a local Staffordshire landowner and former officer in the Irish Guards, was appointed commanding officer in 1910.

## World War I

### Mobilisation

The order to mobilise was received on 4 August 1914. Shortly afterwards, the men were invited to volunteer for overseas service, and the majority having accepted this liability, the North Midland Division concentrated at Luton. In November, it moved to the area round Bishop's Stortford where it completed its war training. At the time of mobilisation, the three batteries of II North Midland Brigade were each equipped with four 15-pounder field guns.

Meanwhile, the men who had not volunteered for foreign service, together with the recruits who were coming forward, remained at Stoke-on-Trent to form a 2nd Line unit designated the 2/II North Midland Brigade, after which the parent unit became the 1/II Brigade.

### 1/II North Midland Brigade

The North Midland Division began embarking for France on 25 February 1915, and by 8 March had completed its concentration at Ploegsteert in Belgium – the first complete TF division to deploy to the Western Front. It was numbered the 46th (North Midland) Division shortly afterwards. Over the following months the artillery supported the division's infantry in routine trench warfare, particularly when 139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade was caught in the German flamethrower attack at Hooge in the Ypres Salient on 30–31 July 1915.

#### Hohenzollern Redoubt

The 46th Division's first offensive operation was the Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt. This was an attempt to restart the failed Battle of Loos, and the division was moved down from Ypres on 1 October for the purpose. The Germans recaptured the Hohenzollern trench system on 3 October, and the new attack was aimed at this point. The artillery bombardment (by the field guns of 46th and 28th Division, backed by heavy batteries) began at 12.00 on 13 October and the infantry went in at 14.00 behind a gas cloud. The attack was a disaster, most of the leading waves being cut down by machine gun and shell fire from German positions that had not been suppressed by the bombardment.

On 23 December, the 46th (NM) Division was ordered to embark for Egypt. It entrained for Marseilles, and some of the infantry had actually reached Egypt before the order was rescinded on 21 January 1916. The artillery returned from Marseilles and the whole division reassembled on the Western Front near Amiens by 14 February.

46th Divisional Artillery rearmed with 18-pounder guns in November 1915. In April and May 1916 the BEF's artillery was reorganised: II North Midland Brigade became **CCXXXI Bde RFA** (231 Brigade), its batteries were lettered A–C, and a new D Battery was formed. D Battery was almost immediately exchanged for D (Howitzer) Battery from CCXXXIII Brigade (formerly A Battery of CLIV (Empire) Brigade, a unit from Croydon attached to the New Army 36th (Ulster) Division) equipped with 4 x 4.5-inch howitzers. Lastly the Brigade Ammunition Columns were absorbed into the Divisional Ammunition Column.

#### Gommecourt

On 1 May 1916, the division was ordered into the line facing Gommecourt in preparation for the forthcoming Somme Offensive. Over the first 10 days of the month, the divisional artillery took over the existing battery positions along this front and began digging additional ones. The sector was a quiet one, but on the night of 15/16 May there was a sudden German bombardment of the division's positions, apparently set off by the Germans detecting a wiring party of the adjacent 56t (1st London) Division working in No-Man's Land. CCXXXI's batteries returned the fire from their position behind Foncquevillers, and the exchange went on for about 50 minutes.

Preparations were under way for the 46th and 56th Divisions' assault on Gommecourt on 1 July as a diversion from the main attack further south. While the heavy guns were moved up and dug in, CCXXXI's 18-pounders were used on 22 May to bombard a suspected German machine gun position. On 18 June, the divisional artillery was allocated its tasks for wire-cutting and registration of targets ahead of the attack: CCXXXI and CCXXXII Brigades formed the Left group, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hill Child of CCXXXI. This group supported the attack of 139 Brigade, which was made by two battalions (1/5th and 1/7th (Robin Hoods) Sherwood Foresters) over a frontage of 520 yards into an area of dead ground in front of Gommecourt Wood where the German wire entanglements could not be seen by artillery observers.

Although CCXXXI Brigade thought that its wirecutting was successful, the results of this bombardment were patchy. The Germans reported that in this area their 'front trenches were levelled and the wire shot away' but their casualties had been few because of their deep dugouts, and when the attack went in on 1 July their men emerged to receive the attack with heavy machine-gun and rifle fire. During the attack, the 18-pounders fired a covering barrage, which was lifted onto each enemy trench line in turn, but the infantry were unable to keep up with these lifts: artillery observation during the attack was difficult due to the smokescreen and confusion. 139 Brigade broke into the first German trench and some parties reached the second, but overall the attack was a bloody failure, as was the whole Gommecourt action. Attempts to reinforce 139 Brigade during the afternoon broke down and the Germans retook the positions lost.

Although the 46th Division remained in the line in front of Gommecourt until March 1917 (apart from a month's rest in November), it did not attack again. On 28 August 1916, the brigade's former D Battery returned, and was broken up to bring B and C Batteries up to six guns each. Similarly, A Battery received a section from CCXXXII Brigade's D Battery. On 2 January 1917, C (H)/CCXXXII (former 512 (H) Battery) was broken up and a section joined D (H)/CCXXXI to bring it up to six 4.5-inch howitzers. For the remainder of the war, the brigade had the following organisation:

* A/CCXXXI (1st Stafford Battery + half former D/CCXXXII) 6 x 18-pdrs
* B/CCXXXI (2nd Stafford Battery + half former D Battery) 6 x 18-pdrs
* C/CCXXXI (3rd Stafford Battery + half former D Battery) 6 x 18-pdrs
* D (H)/CCXXXI (Empire Battery + half 512 Battery) 6 x 4.5-inch howitzers

#### Bucquoy

At the beginning of March 1917, patrols found that the Germans were beginning to retreat from the Gommecourt defences. The division followed up slowly and cautiously, but on the night of 14 March an attack on Bucquoy Graben (trench) by 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade led to heavy casualties. The rushed attack had been ordered by V Corps headquarters despite the protests of the divisional commander, and there was not time for the artillery adequately to cut the enemy wire. The attack went in behind an artillery barrage moving at 100 yards in four minutes but although 'the assault was gallantly pressed' (*Official History*) it was a complete failure. The Germans eventually retreated as far as their new Hindenburg Line defences well beyond the Somme battlefields, but 46th Division was withdrawn from the pursuit on 17 March.

#### Lens

After rest and training, the 46th Division returned to the line in the coal-mining sector around Lens in April. In May and June, the division carried out small-scale operations against Hill 65. 46th Division was now ordered to capture Lens itself, beginning on 28 June. Another divisional attack on 1 July aimed at capturing more houses and trenches. 137 Brigade attacked 'Aconite' trench behind a creeping barrage beginning at 02.47. By 07.00, the two right companies held Aconite, but the two left companies were held up in severe house-to-house fighting. A second push at 08.00 cleared the cellars round the church and caused heavy casualties to the defenders. But, in the afternoon, a German counter-attacks drove the battalion back to its start line.

After Lens, the division was withdrawn into reserve, and did not engage in major operations again during 1917. On 13 March 1918 the brigadier-general, Royal Artillery, (BGRA) of 46th Division was wounded, and Hill Child took over in an acting capacity. On 22 March Hill Child was confirmed as BGRA, a position he held until the end of the war.

#### St Quentin Canal

The 46th Division had been very unlucky during the war, the infantry in particular taking appalling casualties at the Hohenzollern Redoubt and Gommecourt, but it gained revenge at the Battle of the St Quentin Canal on 29 September 1918 when it performed one of the great feats of the First World War by crossing the canal and breaking open the Hindenburg Line. Careful artillery preparation and support was an integral part of this success. Hill Child had nine brigades of field artillery under his command, including CCXXXI Brigade, and several brigades of corps heavy artillery were also firing on the division's front. The bombardment began on the night of 26/27 September with harassing fire and gas shells, followed with intense bombardment with high explosive shells until the morning of the assault. Every field gun was used in carefully timed barrages: 'creeping barrages' (including smoke shells) ahead of the attacking troops, with pauses at the end of each phase, including a 'standing barrage' of three hours to allow mopping-up of the first objectives to be carried out, and the second wave of troops to pass through and renew the attack behind the creeping barrage. The first of these creeping barrages actually progressed at twice the normal pace while the infantry rushed downhill to seize the canal crossings; it was described in the *Official History* as 'one of the finest ever seen'.

The attack was a brilliant success, and by the afternoon the field artillery batteries were crossing the canal by the bridges that had been captured or thrown across, and were coming into action on the far side. Over succeeding weeks, the division took part in a succession of successive follow-up attacks: Battle of the Beaurevoir Line, Battle of Cambrai (1918), Battle of the Selle and Battle of the Sambre (1918). On 8 November 1918, in its last operation of the war, 46th Division pushed forward 138 Brigade to seize the Avesnes road, aided by concentrations of fire from CCXXXI Brigade on the main points of resistance.

CCXXXI Brigade was placed in suspended animation in 1919.

### 2/II North Midland Bde

Meanwhile, the men who had not volunteered for foreign service, together with the recruits who were coming forward, remained to form the 2/I North Midland Brigade, RFA, in the 2nd North Midland Division (59th (2nd North Midland) Division from August 1915), which concentrated round Luton in January 1915. At first, the 2nd Line recruits had to parade in civilian clothes and train with 'Quaker' guns – logs of wood mounted on cart wheels – but these shortages were slowly made up. Uniforms arrived in November 1914, but it was not until March 1915 that a few 90 mm French guns arrived for training. The division took over the requisitioned transport and second-hand horse harness when 46th Division was re-equipped and left for France. The divisional artillery were joined at Luton by the 1st Line 4th Home Counties (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA, and Wessex Heavy Bty, RGA, which were fully equipped and could lend guns for training. Later, the 59th Divisional Artillery took over some 15-pounders (without sights) from a TF division that was proceeding to India. In July, the division moved out of overcrowded Luton, the artillery moving to Hemel Hempstead, where they spent the winter of 1915–16. In early 1916 the batteries were finally brought up to establishment in horses, and 18-pounders replaced the 15-pounders.

After the Easter Rising in April, the division was sent to Ireland. Once the trouble in Dublin had been suppressed, the troops moved out to The Curragh to continue training.

In April 1916, the batteries were designated A, B and C, and later the brigade was numbered CCXCVI (296). At the end of May, 2/1st Essex Royal Horse Artillery joined the brigade as D Battery, but was exchanged in July for B (Howitzer) Battery of CCXCVIII (2/IV North Midland) Brigade. This battery, originally designated 2/2nd Derbyshire Howitzer Battery, was equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers and became D (H) Battery.

In January 1917, the 59th Division was relieved in Ireland and returned to the United Kingdom, concentrating at the Fovant training area on the edge of Salisbury Plain preparatory to embarking for France. Before departure, the artillery underwent a further reorganisation, with A, B and C Batteries of CCXCVI each receiving a section from A, B and C Batteries of CCXCVII (formerly 2/III North Midland) Brigade, bringing them up to a strength of six guns each. In France, D (H) Battery was similarly made up with a section from C (H)/CCXCVIII (formerly 3 (H)/LIX in 11th (Northern) Division). The final organisation of the brigade was therefore as follows:

* A/CCXCVI (2/1st Stafford Bty + half former 2/4th Stafford Battery) 6 x 18-pdrs
* B/CCXCVI (2/2nd Stafford Bty + half former 2/5th Stafford Battery) 6 x 18-pdrs
* C/CCXCVI (2/3rd Stafford Bty + half former 2/6th Stafford Battery) 6 x 18-pdrs
* D (H)/CCXCVI (2/2nd Derbyshire (H) Battery + half former 3 (H)/LIX) 6 x 4.5-inch howitzers

59th Division began crossing to France on 17 February 1917 and completed its concentration around Mericourt by 3 March.

#### 3rd Ypres

The 59th Division took part in following the German Army's retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March and April, but it was not until September that it was engaged in its first full-scale action, the phase of the 3rd Ypres Offensive known as the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge. This was a carefully prepared assault with massive artillery preparation, and most of the objectives were taken easily. The next phase, the Battle of Polygon Wood (26 September), was equally successful, with 176th Brigade advancing steadily behind its barrage onto the final objectives.

#### Bourlon Wood

59th Division was next moved south to join in the Battle of Cambrai. The division entered the recently captured line between Cantaing and Bourlon Wood on 28 November. Fierce German counter-attacks began on 30 November. Two infantry assaults were made against 176th Brigade, but both attacks were easily broken up under British artillery fire. By 4 December the decision had been made to withdraw from the Bourlon Salient, and 59th Division held covering positions while this was carried out. On 7 December the British were back on the line that they would hold for the coming winter.

#### Spring Offensive

When the German spring offensive began on 21 March 1918 (the Battle of St Quentin), 59th Division was holding the Bullecourt Salient, squarely in the path of the German thrust. The situation soon became desperate, the forward brigades were almost totally destroyed, and the reserves moving up were swamped. The division's field guns in the forward zone were captured after firing over open sights at the advancing Germans. The line was held by rear details, including the gunners using rifles and Lewis guns. Only two batteries of 59th Divisional Artillery escaped, remaining in action for the next four days under the command of 40th Division, during the rest of the Battle of St Quentin and the Battle of Bapaume.

While 59th Division was withdrawn, its artillery remained in the front line, under the command of 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, with which it fought at the Battles of Arras (28 March) and the Ancre (5 April).

#### Reconstruction

59th Division, without its artillery, was back in the line on 14 April, when it was again in the path of a German offensive (the Battle of Bailleul) and remnants took part in the 1st Battle of Kemmel Ridge (17–18 April). By now, 59th Division's infantry had been almost destroyed. The units were reduced to training cadres and the division was later reconstructed with garrison battalions. Until June, it was employed in digging rear defences, then it underwent training to enable it to hold a sector of the front line. On 25 July the reconstructed division went back into the line, and on 21 August it once more took part in active operations.

However, the Divisional Artillery (CCXCV and CCXCVI Brigades) remained in the Line, serving with various formations as required: 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division (15–24 April and 17 May–19 June), 37th Division (24 April–17 May), XVIII Corps (23 June–1 July), 5th Division (1–8 August) and 61st (2nd South Midland) Division (8–26 August).

#### Advance to Victory

The 59th Divisional Artillery rejoined its parent division on 27 August 1918. From 2 October until 11 November 1918, the division participated in the final advance in Artois and Flanders. On 2 October, 59th Division ordered two minor operations in which detachments advanced under cover of smoke and a creeping barrage; these determined that the enemy had retired, and so the division advanced against little opposition. On 16 October the division fought its way through the old defences of Lille, and liberated the city against minimal opposition the following day. Opposition stiffened at the River Schelde was approached, but this was crossed in early November.

The Armistice on 11 November found the division astride the Schelde north of Tournai. It moved to the coast to operate demobilisation centres at Dieppe, Dunkirk and Calais in early 1919, and to train drafts for continued service in Egypt and the Black Sea. 59th Divisional Artillery including CCXCVI Brigade, was demobilised on 8 August 1919.

## Interwar

The 2nd North Midland Bde RFA was reformed in 1920 with an additional battery (based at Stafford) from the former 3rd North Midland. On the reconstitution of the TF as the Territorial Army (TA), the 2nd was renumbered as **61st (North Midland) Bde RFA** in 1921. The unit had the following composition:

* HQ at Drill Hall, Victoria Square, Shelton
* 241st (North Stafford) Field Bty at Drill Hall, Victoria Square, Shelton
* 242nd (North Stafford) Field Bty at Drill Hall, Victoria Square, Shelton
* 243rd (Leek) Field Bty (Howitzers) at Drill Hall, Leek
* 244th (Stafford) Field Bty at Drill Hall, Bailley Street, Stafford

In 1924 the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA), and the word 'Field' was inserted into the titles of its brigades and batteries. The establishment of a TA divisional artillery brigade was four 6-gun batteries, three equipped with 18-pounders and one with 4.5-inch howitzers, all of World War I patterns. However, the batteries only held four guns in peacetime. The guns and their first-line ammunition wagons were still horsedrawn and the battery staffs were mounted. Partial mechanisation was carried out from 1927, but the guns retained iron-tyred wheels until pneumatic tyres began to be introduced just before World War II.

In December 1936, the 46th (North Midland) Division was disbanded, and its headquarters was reconstituted as 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division. 61st (NM) Field Bde was then attached to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.

In 1938 the RA modernised its nomenclature and a lieutenant-colonel's command was designated a 'regiment' rather than a 'brigade'; this applied to TA field brigades from 1 November 1938. The TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis, and most regiments split to form duplicates. Part of the reorganisation was that field regiments changed from four six-gun batteries to an establishment of two batteries, each of three four-gun troops. For the North Midland regiment this resulted in the following organisation from 15 April 1939:

**61st (North Midland) Field Regiment**

* Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Shelton
* 241 (North Stafford) Field Bty
* 242 (North Stafford) Field Bty

**116th Field Regiment**

* RHQ at Hanley
* 243 (Leek) Field Bty
* 244 (Stafford) Field Bty

(116th Field Rgt was authorised to use the 'North Midland' subtitle on 17 February 1942)

## World War II

### 61st and 116th (North Midland) Field Regiments

On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, both regiments were in the process of transferring to the new 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division being formed as a 2nd Line duplicate by 55th Division. The division served in various parts of the United Kingdom for the first part of the war, including a spell in Northern Ireland (June 1942 to March 1943).

One of the lessons learned from the Battle of France was that the two-battery organisation did not work: field regiments were intended to support an infantry brigade of three battalions. As a result, they were reorganised into three 8-gun batteries, but it was not until late 1940 that the RA had enough trained battery staffs to carry out the reorganisation. 61st (NM) Field Rgt accordingly formed 443 Fd Bty on 15 February 1941 and 116th Fd Rgt formed 481 Fd Bty on 14 April.

The division moved back to England on 22 March 1943 to join XII Corps in 21st Army Group, training for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). It embarked on 21 June 1944 and landed in Normandy on 27 June (D + 21).

#### Normandy

On 8 July, 59th Division took part in a large-scale attack on Caen, Operation Charnwood, with the artillery of the attacking divisions greatly reinforced by Army Groups Royal Artillery (AGRAs), guns of the Royal Navy and heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force. The attack on the division's front was only partially successful, but after clearing up pockets of resistance it reached its objectives the next day. 59th division was then moved west of Caen and attacked again, on 15–18 July, as part of the holding operation before Operation Goodwood was launched to the east. On 6 August, the division's infantry forded the River Orne and then held off heavy counter-attacks, while its artillery supported it from across the river until bridges could be built. By 18 August, the division was pushing south as part of the northern pincer closing the Falaise Pocket.

At the end of August, the 59th Division was broken up to provide drafts for other formations, due to a severe shortage of manpower in the British Army at the time. However, the divisional field artillery was kept together as 59th Army Group Royal Artillery, serving directly under Corps and Army HQs as required, until the end of the year. The composition of AGRAs varied according to circumstances, and mainly comprised medium regiments, but 61st Field Regiment was usually included in 59th AGRA during the autumn of 1944, sometimes with 116th Field Regiment in addition.

#### Netherlands

In early October, 59th AGRA moved up to 'The Island', near Nijmegen, supporting first the US 101st Airborne Division, then the 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions in the Hoogboom area. 61 and 116 Field Regiments were absent from 59 AGRA in late October, then for most of November 59th AGRA only had 61st Field Rgt and one other under command, and was not given any targets. Then on 30 November news came that due to the acute shortage of infantry replacements, the formation was soon to be disbanded. Its last task was to fire in support of Operation Guildford on 3 December. This was an attack by 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division to take the Germans' last bridgehead west of the River Maas, at Blerick, opposite Venlo. It was a textbook operation, employing 21st Army Group's superior resources in airpower, engineering and artillery to overcome formidable minefields, anti-tank ditches and fortifications with low casualties. 59 AGRA was one of three AGRAs devoted to supporting the attack by a single infantry brigade (44th (Lowland) Bde), which was a complete success. On 4 December 59 AGRA moved to the Zwevegem area, where the disbandment of 59th AGRA's remaining units began in December, with the first drafts of gunners transferring to the infantry in the United Kingdom. 116 Field Regiment was one of those placed in suspended animation on 31 January 1945.

### 61st Super Heavy Regiment

61st Field Regiment escaped disbandment and from 21 December 1944 was given a new role as a 'Super Heavy' regiment, equipped with US-built 240 mm howitzers and 8-inch guns. It operated these guns supporting 21st Army Group until the end of the war. It was placed in suspended animation on 15 January 1946.

## Postwar

When the Territorial Army was reformed in 1947, 116th (NM) Fd Rgt was disbanded, but 61st (NM) Super Hvy Rgt was reconstituted as **261 (North Midland) Observation Rgt** at Stoke, forming part of 88 (Field) AGRA. It was renamed **261 (North Midland) Locating Regt** in 1951.

88 AGRA was disbanded on 31 October 1956 and 261 Rgt was reduced to battery strength as **887 Locating Battery**. The battery HQ was at Hanley until 1961, when it moved to Newcastle-under-Lyme.

In 1967, the unit was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps as **B (887 Locating Bty) Squadron** of the Staffordshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Regiment), at Stafford; the squadron also included part of 125 Engineer Regiment Royal Engineers (originally North Midland Divisional RE). In 1969, the Staffordshire Yeomanry was reduced to a cadre, and when it was reformed two years later it was as a squadron of the Queen's Own Mercian Yeomanry and the artillery lineage disappeared.

## Honorary colonels

## Insignia

In the late 1870s, the other ranks wore a standard artillery volunteers' brass helmet plate comprising the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom surmounting the gun badge of the Royal Artillery. A scroll above the gun read FIRST, and the scroll beneath read STAFFORDSHIRE ARTILLERY VOLUNTEERS.

After the TF was formed, the other ranks of the Staffordshire Batteries wore brass shoulder titles with the lettering T above RFA above STAFFORD, while the Brigade Ammunition Column wore T above RFA above NORTH MIDLAND.

## Memorials

There are two memorials to the 46th (North Midland) Division on the battlefield of the Hohenzollern Redoubt: one on the road between Vermelles and Hulluch, marking the jumping-off point of the attack, and one on the site of the redoubt itself, which lists all the units of the division.

* Anon,  *'The Robin Hoods': 1/7th, 2/7th and 3/7th Battns Sherwood Foresters*, J & H Bell, 1921/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 1-84734-992-7.
* Maj A. F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8.
* Maj A. F. Becke,*History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,* London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8.
* Ian F.W. Beckett, *Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908*, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, ISBN 0-85936-271-X.
* Gregory Blaxland, *Amiens: 1918*, London: Frederick Muller, 1968/Star, 1918, ISBN 0-352-30833-8.
* Lt-Col E.U. Bradbridge (ed.), *The 59th Division 1915–1918*, Chesterfield, William Edmunds Ltd, 1928/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84342-994-4.
* *Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage,* 100th Edn, London, 1953.
* Lt P.S.C. Campbell-Johnson, *The 46th (North Midland) Division at Lens in 1917*, London: Fisher Unwin, 1919/Raleigh, NC:Poacher Books/Lulu Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4457-9613-0.
* Niall Cherry, *Most Unfavourable Ground: The Battle of Loos 1915*, Solihull: Helion, 2005, ISBN 1-874622-03-5.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916*, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-02-7.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917*, Vol II, *Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-901627-75-5.
* Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918*, Vol V, *26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 978-1-870423-06-9.
* Maj L. F. Ellis, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West*, Vol I: *The Battle of Normandy*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-84574-058-0.
* Major L. F. Ellis, *History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West*, Vol II: *The Defeat of Germany*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-84574-059-9.
* Gen Sir Martin Farndale, *History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18*, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, ISBN 1-870114-00-0.
* J.B.M. Frederick, *Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978*, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
* J.B.M. Frederick, *Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978*, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
* Derek Harrison with Peter Duckers, *Shropshire Royal Horse Artillery 1908–1920*, Shrewsbury: Kingswood/Shropshire Regimental Museum, 2006.
* Derek Harrison, *A History of the Shropshire Artillery Volunteer Corps*, Spink & Son Ltd, 2015, ISBN 978-1-907427-39-8
* Joslen, H. F. (2003) \[1960\]. *Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945*. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
* Norman E.H. Litchfield, *The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)*, Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
* Norman Litchfield & Ray Westlake, *The Volunteer Artillery 1859–1908 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)*, Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-9508205-0-7.
* Alan MacDonald, *A Lack of Offensive Spirit? The 46th (North Midland) Division at Gommecourt, 1 July 1916*, West Wickham: Iona Books, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9558119-0-6.
* Lt-Gen H.G. Martin, *The History of the Fifteenth Scottish Division 1939–1945*, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1948/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78331-085-2.
* Martin Middlebrook, *The Kaiser's Battle, 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive*, London: Allen Lane, 1978/Penguin, 1983, ISBN 0-14-017135-5.
* Capt Wilfred Miles, *History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917*, Vol III, *The Battle of Cambrai*, London: HM Stationery Office, 1948/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84574-724-4.
* Raymond Priestley, *Breaking the Hindenburg Line: the story of the 46th (North Midland) Division*, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1919.
* Andrew Rawson, *Battleground Europe: Loos – 1915: Hohenzollern Redoubt*, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2003, ISBN 0-85052-903-4.
* Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, *The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 1: The Field Regiments 1920-1946*, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 1999, ISBN 0-948527-05-6.
* War Office, *Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army*, London: War Office, 7 November 1927.
* Ray Westlake, *Tracing the Rifle Volunteers*, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84884-211-3.
* Leon Wolff, *In Flanders Fields: the 1917 Campaign*, London: Longmans, 1959/Corgi, 1966.

### Online sources

## InfoBox

| 1st Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers<br>2nd North Midland Brigade, RFA<br>61st (North Midland) Field Rgt, RA<br>61st (North Midland) Super Heavy Rgt, RA<br>261 (North Midland) Locating Rgt, RA | |
| --- | --- |
| Letterhead of the 4th Battery, Shropshire and Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, c1900 | |
| Active | 1860–1969 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Volunteer Force/Territorial Army |
| Role | Garrison artillery<br>Field artillery<br>Super-heavy artillery<br>Locating unit |
| Garrison/HQ | Shelton, Staffordshire |
| Engagements | First World War Second World War |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Sir Smith Hill Child, 2nd Baronet |


abstract: The 1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea (WPNK)(1차 북조선로동당 상무위원회) was elected at the 1st WPNK Congress held in August 1946. It consisted of 13 members and remained active until the election of the 2nd Standing Committee by the 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee on 30 March 1948. In between sessions of the Standing Committee, the Political Committee met in its place.

text:
# 1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea

The **1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea (WPNK)**(1차 북조선로동당 상무위원회) was elected at the 1st WPNK Congress held in August 1946. It consisted of 13 members and remained active until the election of the 2nd Standing Committee by the 1st Plenary Session of the 2nd Central Committee on 30 March 1948. In between sessions of the Standing Committee, the Political Committee met in its place.

## Members

### Political Committee(정치위원회)

1. Kim Tu-bong as Chairman
2. Kim Il Sung as Vice Chairman
3. Chu Yong-ha as Vice Chairman
4. Ho Ka-i
5. Choe Chang-ik

### Standing Committee(상임위원회)

1. Kim Tu-bong as Chairman
2. Kim Il Sung as Vice Chairman
3. Chu Yong-ha as Vice Chairman
4. Ho Ka-i
5. Choe Chang-ik
6. Pak Il-u
7. Kim Chang-man
8. Kim Chaek
9. Pak Chong-ae
10. Pak Hyo-sam
11. Pak Chang-sik
12. Kim Il
13. Kim Chae-uk

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

* Suh, Dae-sook (1988). *Korean Communism 1945–1980: A Reference Guide to the Political System* (1st ed.). University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 0231065736.


abstract: The 1997 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1997 Big Ten Conference football season. In their first year under head coach Glen Mason, the Golden Gophers compiled a 3–9 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 340 to 236. Defensive end Lamanzer Williams was named an All-American by the College Football Writers Association and the Football Writers Association of America. Williams was also named All-Big Ten first team. Wide receiver Tutu Atwell and strong safety Tyrone Carter were named All-Big Ten second team. Linebacker Luke Braaten, cornerback Jason Hagman, placekicker Erin McManus, fullback Brad Prigge, long snapper Derek Rackley, quarterback Cory Sauter, defensive tackle Theron von Behren and linebacker Parc Williams were named Academic All-Big Ten. Total attendance for the season was 269,385, which averaged out to 44,897 per game. The season high for attendance was against rival Wisconsin.

text:
# 1997 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team

1997 Big Ten Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 1 Michigan $ |  | 8 |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 12 |  | 0 |  |
| No. 12 Ohio State |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 10 |  | 3 |  |
| No. 16 Penn State |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  |
| No. 15 Purdue |  | 6 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  |
| Wisconsin |  | 5 |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 5 |  |
| Iowa |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 5 |  |
| Michigan State |  | 4 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 5 |  |
| Northwestern |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 7 |  |
| Minnesota |  | 1 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 9 |  |
| Indiana |  | 1 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 9 |  |
| Illinois |  | 0 |  | 8 |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 11 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1997 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team** represented the University of Minnesota in the 1997 Big Ten Conference football season. In their first year under head coach Glen Mason, the Golden Gophers compiled a 39 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 340 to 236.

Defensive end Lamanzer Williams was named an All-American by the College Football Writers Association and the Football Writers Association of America. Williams was also named All-Big Ten first team. Wide receiver Tutu Atwell and strong safety Tyrone Carter were named All-Big Ten second team. Linebacker Luke Braaten, cornerback Jason Hagman, placekicker Erin McManus, fullback Brad Prigge, long snapper Derek Rackley, quarterback Cory Sauter, defensive tackle Theron von Behren and linebacker Parc Williams were named Academic All-Big Ten.

Total attendance for the season was 269,385, which averaged out to 44,897 per game. The season high for attendance was against rival Wisconsin.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| August 30 | 8:00 pm | at Hawaii* |  |  | L 3–17 | 31,510 |
| September 13 | 6:00 pm | Iowa State* |  | MSC | W 53–29 | 55,943 |
| September 20 | 6:00 pm | at Memphis* |  | MSC | W 20–17 | 23,208 |
| September 27 | 6:00 pm | Houston* | * Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome * Minneapolis | MSC | L 43–45 | 36,447 |
| October 4 | 12:00 pm | at No. 13 Michigan State |  |  | L 10–31 | 75,263 |
| October 11 | 6:00 pm | Purdue | * Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome * Minneapolis | MSC | L 43–59 | 37,821 |
| October 18 | 11:00 am | at No. 1 Penn State |  | ESPN+ | L 15–16 | 96,953 |
| October 25 | 11:30 am | Wisconsin |  | ESPN2 | L 21–22 | 57,563 |
| November 1 | 11:00 am | at No. 4 Michigan |  | ESPN+ | L 3–24 | 106,577 |
| November 8 | 3:00 pm | No. 7 Ohio State | * Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome * Minneapolis |  | L 3–31 | 47,706 |
| November 15 | 6:00 pm | Indiana | * Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome * Minneapolis | MSC | W 24–12 | 33,905 |
| November 22 | 1:00 pm | at Iowa |  |  | L 0–31 | 64,591 |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Central time | | | | | | |

## Roster

* WR Tutu Atwell
* DB Tyrone Carter, Soph.

## InfoBox

| 1997 Minnesota Golden Gophers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 39 (17 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | Elliot Uzelac (1st season) |
| Defensive coordinator | David Gibbs (1st season) |
| Captain | Tutu Atwell, Crawford Jordan, Cory Sauter, Parc Williams |
| Home stadium | Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome |
|


title: 1997 Miller 500

abstract: The 1997 Miller 500 was the 12th stock car race of the 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 29th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, June 1, 1997, in Dover, Delaware at Dover International Speedway, a 1-mile (1.6 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete. In the final laps of the race, Ricky Rudd, driving for his owner-driver team Rudd Performance Motorsports, would manage to take advantage of mishaps from numerous different dominant cars to take his 18th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory. To fill out the top three, Mark Martin and Jeff Burton, both drivers for Roush Racing, would finish second and third, respectively.

text:
# 1997 Miller 500

The **1997 Miller 500** was the 12th stock car race of the 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 29th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, June 1, 1997, in Dover, Delaware at Dover International Speedway, a 1-mile (1.6 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete. In the final laps of the race, Ricky Rudd, driving for his owner-driver team Rudd Performance Motorsports, would manage to take advantage of mishaps from numerous different dominant cars to take his 18th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory. To fill out the top three, Mark Martin and Jeff Burton, both drivers for Roush Racing, would finish second and third, respectively.

## Background

Dover International Speedway is an oval race track in Dover, Delaware, United States that has held at least two NASCAR races since it opened in 1969. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosted USAC and the NTT IndyCar Series. The track features one layout, a 1-mile (1.6 km) concrete oval, with 24° banking in the turns and 9° banking on the straights. The speedway is owned and operated by Dover Motorsports.

The track, nicknamed "The Monster Mile", was built in 1969 by Melvin Joseph of Melvin L. Joseph Construction Company, Inc., with an asphalt surface, but was replaced with concrete in 1995. Six years later in 2001, the track's capacity moved to 135,000 seats, making the track have the largest capacity of sports venue in the mid-Atlantic. In 2002, the name changed to Dover International Speedway from Dover Downs International Speedway after Dover Downs Gaming and Entertainment split, making Dover Motorsports. From 2007 to 2009, the speedway worked on an improvement project called "The Monster Makeover", which expanded facilities at the track and beautified the track. After the 2014 season, the track's capacity was reduced to 95,500 seats.

### Entry list

* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.

| # | Driver | Team | Make | Sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Morgan Shepherd | Precision Products Racing | Pontiac | R+L Carriers, Cruisin' America Phone Card |
| 2 | Rusty Wallace | Penske Racing South | Ford | Miller Lite |
| 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | GM Goodwrench Service Plus |
| 4 | Sterling Marlin | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Chevrolet | Kodak |
| 5 | Terry Labonte | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Kellogg's Frosted Flakes |
| 6 | Mark Martin | Roush Racing | Ford | Valvoline |
| 7 | Geoff Bodine | Mattei Motorsports | Ford | QVC |
| 8 | Hut Stricklin | Stavola Brothers Racing | Ford | Circuit City |
| 10 | Ricky Rudd | Rudd Performance Motorsports | Ford | Tide |
| 11 | Brett Bodine | Brett Bodine Racing | Ford | Close Call Phone Card |
| 16 | Ted Musgrave | Roush Racing | Ford | PrimeStar, The Family Channel |
| 17 | Darrell Waltrip | Darrell Waltrip Motorsports | Chevrolet | Parts America |
| 18 | Bobby Labonte | Joe Gibbs Racing | Pontiac | Interstate Batteries |
| 19 | Gary Bradberry | TriStar Motorsports | Ford | Child Support Recovery |
| 21 | Michael Waltrip | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | Citgo |
| 22 | Ward Burton | Bill Davis Racing | Pontiac | MBNA |
| 23 | Jimmy Spencer | Haas-Carter Motorsports | Ford | Camel Cigarettes |
| 24 | Jeff Gordon | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | DuPont |
| 25 | Ricky Craven | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Budweiser |
| 28 | Ernie Irvan | Robert Yates Racing | Ford | Texaco, Havoline |
| 29 | Jeff Green **(R)** | Diamond Ridge Motorsports | Chevrolet | Cartoon Network, Scooby-Doo |
| 30 | Johnny Benson Jr. | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | Pennzoil |
| 31 | Mike Skinner **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Lowe's |
| 33 | Ken Schrader | Andy Petree Racing | Chevrolet | Skoal |
| 36 | Derrike Cope | MB2 Motorsports | Pontiac | Skittles |
| 37 | Jeremy Mayfield | Kranefuss-Haas Racing | Ford | Kmart, RC Cola |
| 40 | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Team SABCO | Chevrolet | Coors Light |
| 41 | Steve Grissom | Larry Hedrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | Kodiak |
| 42 | Joe Nemechek | Team SABCO | Chevrolet | BellSouth |
| 43 | Bobby Hamilton | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | STP |
| 44 | Kyle Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | Hot Wheels |
| 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | Realtree |
| 75 | Rick Mast | Butch Mock Motorsports | Ford | Remington Arms |
| 77 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Jasper Motorsports | Ford | Jasper Engines & Transmissions, Federal-Mogul |
| 78 | Billy Standridge | Triad Motorsports | Ford | Diamond Rio, Hanes |
| 81 | Kenny Wallace | FILMAR Racing | Ford | Square D |
| 88 | Dale Jarrett | Robert Yates Racing | Ford | Quality Care Service, Ford Credit |
| 90 | Dick Trickle | Donlavey Racing | Ford | Heilig-Meyers |
| 91 | Mike Wallace | LJ Racing | Chevrolet | Spam |
| 94 | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott Racing | Ford | McDonald's |
| 95 | Ed Berrier | Sadler Brothers Racing | Chevrolet | Feed the Children |
| 96 | David Green **(R)** | American Equipment Racing | Chevrolet | Caterpillar |
| 97 | Chad Little | Mark Rypien Motorsports | Pontiac | John Deere |
| 98 | John Andretti | Cale Yarborough Motorsports | Ford | RCA |
| 99 | Jeff Burton | Roush Racing | Ford | Exide |

## Qualifying

Qualifying was split into two rounds. The first round was held on Friday, May 30, at 3:00 PM EST. Each driver would have one lap to set a time. During the first round, the top 25 drivers in the round would be guaranteed a starting spot in the race. If a driver was not able to guarantee a spot in the first round, they had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time in a second round qualifying run, held on Saturday, May 31, at 1:00 PM EST. As with the first round, each driver would have one lap to set a time. Positions 26-38 would be decided on time, and depending on who needed it, the 39th thru either the 42nd, 43rd, or 44th position would be based on provisionals. Four spots are awarded by the use of provisionals based on owner's points. The fifth is awarded to a past champion who has not otherwise qualified for the race. If no past champion needs the provisional, the field would be limited to 42 cars. If a champion needed it, the field would expand to 43 cars. If the race was a companion race with the NASCAR Winston West Series, four spots would be determined by NASCAR Winston Cup Series provisionals, while the final two spots would be given to teams in the Winston West Series, leaving the field at 44 cars.

Bobby Labonte, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would win the pole, setting a time of 23.562 and an average speed of 152.788 miles per hour (245.888 km/h).

Two drivers would fail to qualify: Billy Standridge and Ed Berrier.

### Full qualifying results

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 18 | Bobby Labonte | Joe Gibbs Racing | Pontiac | **23.562** | **152.788** |
| 2 | 24 | Jeff Gordon | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.709 | 151.841 |
| 3 | 44 | Kyle Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 23.732 | 151.694 |
| 4 | 42 | Joe Nemechek | Team SABCO | Chevrolet | 23.767 | 151.471 |
| 5 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | 23.791 | 151.318 |
| 6 | 88 | Dale Jarrett | Robert Yates Racing | Ford | 23.795 | 151.292 |
| 7 | 6 | Mark Martin | Roush Racing | Ford | 23.840 | 151.007 |
| 8 | 96 | David Green **(R)** | American Equipment Racing | Chevrolet | 23.844 | 150.981 |
| 9 | 22 | Ward Burton | Bill Davis Racing | Pontiac | 23.848 | 150.956 |
| 10 | 28 | Ernie Irvan | Robert Yates Racing | Ford | 23.865 | 150.849 |
| 11 | 33 | Ken Schrader | Andy Petree Racing | Chevrolet | 23.880 | 150.754 |
| 12 | 94 | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott Racing | Ford | 23.910 | 150.565 |
| 13 | 10 | Ricky Rudd | Rudd Performance Motorsports | Ford | 23.911 | 150.558 |
| 14 | 8 | Hut Stricklin | Stavola Brothers Racing | Ford | 23.946 | 150.338 |
| 15 | 36 | Derrike Cope | MB2 Motorsports | Pontiac | 23.948 | 150.326 |
| 16 | 97 | Chad Little | Mark Rypien Motorsports | Pontiac | 23.957 | 150.269 |
| 17 | 16 | Ted Musgrave | Roush Racing | Ford | 23.969 | 150.194 |
| 18 | 2 | Rusty Wallace | Penske Racing South | Ford | 23.982 | 150.113 |
| 19 | 25 | Ricky Craven | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 24.009 | 149.944 |
| 20 | 11 | Brett Bodine | Brett Bodine Racing | Ford | 24.010 | 149.938 |
| 21 | 5 | Terry Labonte | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 24.013 | 149.919 |
| 22 | 23 | Jimmy Spencer | Travis Carter Enterprises | Ford | 24.031 | 149.806 |
| 23 | 98 | John Andretti | Cale Yarborough Motorsports | Ford | 24.040 | 149.750 |
| 24 | 21 | Michael Waltrip | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 24.043 | 149.732 |
| 25 | 37 | Jeremy Mayfield | Kranefuss-Haas Racing | Ford | 24.043 | 149.732 |
| 26 | 4 | Sterling Marlin | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.662 | 152.143 |
| 27 | 29 | Jeff Green **(R)** | Diamond Ridge Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.797 | 151.280 |
| 28 | 41 | Steve Grissom | Larry Hedrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 23.835 | 151.038 |
| 29 | 30 | Johnny Benson Jr. | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | 23.888 | 150.703 |
| 30 | 75 | Rick Mast | Butch Mock Motorsports | Ford | 23.923 | 150.483 |
| 31 | 40 | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Team SABCO | Chevrolet | 23.953 | 150.294 |
| 32 | 90 | Dick Trickle | Donlavey Racing | Ford | 24.023 | 149.856 |
| 33 | 91 | Mike Wallace | LJ Racing | Chevrolet | 24.032 | 149.800 |
| 34 | 99 | Jeff Burton | Roush Racing | Ford | 24.044 | 149.726 |
| 35 | 7 | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine Racing | Ford | 24.046 | 149.713 |
| 36 | 1 | Morgan Shepherd | Precision Products Racing | Pontiac | 24.051 | 149.682 |
| 37 | 17 | Darrell Waltrip | Darrell Waltrip Motorsports | Chevrolet | 24.070 | 149.564 |
| 38 | 77 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Jasper Motorsports | Ford | 24.074 | 149.539 |
| Provisionals | | | | | | |
| 39 | 43 | Bobby Hamilton | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | -\* | -\* |
| 40 | 31 | Mike Skinner **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* |
| 41 | 81 | Kenny Wallace | FILMAR Racing | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| 42 | 19 | Gary Bradberry | TriStar Motorsports | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| Champion's Provisional | | | | | | |
| 43 | 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* |
| Failed to qualify | | | | | | |
| 44 | 78 | Billy Standridge | Triad Motorsports | Ford | -\* | -\* |
| 45 | 95 | Ed Berrier | Sadler Brothers Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* |
| Official qualifying results | | | | | | |

*Time unavailable.

## Race results

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status | Pts | Winnings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 13 | 10 | Ricky Rudd | Rudd Performance Motorsports | Ford | 500 | 31 | running | 180 | $95,255 |
| 2 | 7 | 6 | Mark Martin | Roush Racing | Ford | 500 | 1 | running | 175 | $52,405 |
| 3 | 34 | 99 | Jeff Burton | Roush Racing | Ford | 500 | 1 | running | 170 | $53,155 |
| 4 | 25 | 37 | Jeremy Mayfield | Kranefuss-Haas Racing | Ford | 500 | 0 | running | 160 | $37,090 |
| 5 | 3 | 44 | Kyle Petty | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 500 | 6 | running | 160 | $31,820 |
| 6 | 11 | 33 | Ken Schrader | Andy Petree Racing | Chevrolet | 499 | 2 | running | 155 | $34,515 |
| 7 | 24 | 21 | Michael Waltrip | Wood Brothers Racing | Ford | 499 | 0 | running | 146 | $32,265 |
| 8 | 12 | 94 | Bill Elliott | Bill Elliott Racing | Ford | 499 | 0 | running | 142 | $31,765 |
| 9 | 40 | 31 | Mike Skinner **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 498 | 0 | running | 138 | $24,815 |
| 10 | 26 | 4 | Sterling Marlin | Morgan–McClure Motorsports | Chevrolet | 498 | 0 | running | 134 | $39,615 |
| 11 | 17 | 16 | Ted Musgrave | Roush Racing | Ford | 498 | 0 | running | 130 | $29,540 |
| 12 | 30 | 75 | Rick Mast | Butch Mock Motorsports | Ford | 498 | 0 | running | 127 | $28,940 |
| 13 | 19 | 25 | Ricky Craven | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 498 | 0 | running | 124 | $28,450 |
| 14 | 21 | 5 | Terry Labonte | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 497 | 0 | running | 121 | $38,940 |
| 15 | 4 | 42 | Joe Nemechek | Team SABCO | Chevrolet | 497 | 0 | running | 118 | $22,690 |
| 16 | 43 | 3 | Dale Earnhardt | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 497 | 0 | running | 115 | $33,265 |
| 17 | 39 | 43 | Bobby Hamilton | Petty Enterprises | Pontiac | 497 | 0 | running | 112 | $31,780 |
| 18 | 8 | 96 | David Green **(R)** | American Equipment Racing | Chevrolet | 496 | 0 | running | 109 | $16,665 |
| 19 | 14 | 8 | Hut Stricklin | Stavola Brothers Racing | Ford | 496 | 0 | running | 106 | $27,140 |
| 20 | 15 | 36 | Derrike Cope | MB2 Motorsports | Pontiac | 495 | 0 | running | 103 | $22,440 |
| 21 | 29 | 30 | Johnny Benson Jr. | Bahari Racing | Pontiac | 495 | 1 | running | 105 | $26,840 |
| 22 | 22 | 23 | Jimmy Spencer | Travis Carter Enterprises | Ford | 493 | 0 | running | 97 | $26,690 |
| 23 | 33 | 91 | Mike Wallace | LJ Racing | Chevrolet | 493 | 0 | running | 94 | $16,340 |
| 24 | 28 | 41 | Steve Grissom | Larry Hedrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 492 | 0 | running | 91 | $26,490 |
| 25 | 5 | 71 | Dave Marcis | Marcis Auto Racing | Chevrolet | 492 | 0 | running | 88 | $19,540 |
| 26 | 2 | 24 | Jeff Gordon | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 490 | 18 | running | 90 | $33,470 |
| 27 | 41 | 81 | Kenny Wallace | FILMAR Racing | Ford | 485 | 0 | handling | 82 | $26,090 |
| 28 | 37 | 17 | Darrell Waltrip | Darrell Waltrip Motorsports | Chevrolet | 482 | 1 | running | 84 | $26,040 |
| 29 | 23 | 98 | John Andretti | Cale Yarborough Motorsports | Ford | 482 | 0 | running | 76 | $25,490 |
| 30 | 10 | 28 | Ernie Irvan | Robert Yates Racing | Ford | 471 | 151 | crash | 78 | $35,940 |
| 31 | 16 | 97 | Chad Little | Mark Rypien Motorsports | Pontiac | 468 | 0 | rear end | 70 | $15,890 |
| 32 | 6 | 88 | Dale Jarrett | Robert Yates Racing | Ford | 463 | 255 | engine | 77 | $44,130 |
| 33 | 20 | 11 | Brett Bodine | Brett Bodine Racing | Ford | 453 | 0 | ignition | 64 | $22,780 |
| 34 | 9 | 22 | Ward Burton | Bill Davis Racing | Pontiac | 435 | 0 | running | 61 | $15,730 |
| 35 | 42 | 19 | Gary Bradberry | TriStar Motorsports | Ford | 398 | 0 | clutch | 58 | $15,530 |
| 36 | 31 | 40 | Wally Dallenbach Jr. | Team SABCO | Chevrolet | 364 | 0 | electrical | 55 | $22,515 |
| 37 | 27 | 29 | Jeff Green **(R)** | Diamond Ridge Motorsports | Chevrolet | 356 | 0 | suspension | 52 | $15,485 |
| 38 | 36 | 1 | Morgan Shepherd | Precision Products Racing | Pontiac | 323 | 2 | crash | 54 | $22,485 |
| 39 | 18 | 2 | Rusty Wallace | Penske Racing South | Ford | 316 | 0 | engine | 46 | $32,485 |
| 40 | 1 | 18 | Bobby Labonte | Joe Gibbs Racing | Pontiac | 283 | 29 | running | 48 | $36,485 |
| 41 | 32 | 90 | Dick Trickle | Donlavey Racing | Ford | 238 | 0 | crash | 40 | $15,485 |
| 42 | 35 | 7 | Geoff Bodine | Geoff Bodine Racing | Ford | 237 | 2 | crash | 42 | $22,485 |
| 43 | 38 | 77 | Bobby Hillin Jr. | Jasper Motorsports | Ford | 234 | 0 | crash | 34 | $15,485 |
| Failed to qualify | | | | | | | | | | |
| 44 |  | 78 | Billy Standridge | Triad Motorsports | Ford |  | | | | |
| 45 | | | 95 | Ed Berrier | Sadler Brothers Racing | Chevrolet |
| Official race results | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1997 Miller 500
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 12 of 32 in the 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series | | | |
| The 1997 Miller 500 program cover, featuring Rusty Wallace and Miles the Monster. Artwork by NASCAR artist Sam Bass. | | | |
| Date | June 1, 1997 | | |
| Official name | 29th Annual Miller 500 | | |
| Location | Dover, Delaware, Dover International Speedway | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>1 mi (1.6 km) | | |
| Distance | 500 laps, 500 mi (804.672 km) | | |
| Scheduled Distance | 500 laps, 500 mi (804.672 km) | | |
| Average speed | 114.635 miles per hour (184.487 km/h) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Joe Gibbs Racing |
| Time | 23.562 | | |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Dale Jarrett | Robert Yates Racing |
| Laps | 255 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 10 | Ricky Rudd | Rudd Performance Motorsports |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | TNN | | |
| Announcers | Eli Gold, Dick Berggren, Buddy Baker | | |
| Radio in the United States | | | |
| Radio | Motor Racing Network | | |


title: Ashakara

abstract: Ashakara is a French-Swiss produced Burkinabé-Togolese dark comedy film directed by Gérard Louvin, starring James Campbell, Jean-Marc Pasquet, Willy Monshengwo and Bamela Nyanta. It was released in 1991 and entered into the 1992 Cognac International Film Festival, Solothurn Film Festival, Pan African Film Festival and Vevey International Funny Film Festival.

text:
# Ashakara

***Ashakara*** is a French-Swiss produced Burkinabé-Togolese dark comedy film directed by Gérard Louvin, starring James Campbell, Jean-Marc Pasquet, Willy Monshengwo and Bamela Nyanta. It was released in 1991 and entered into the 1992 Cognac International Film Festival, Solothurn Film Festival, Pan African Film Festival and Vevey International Funny Film Festival.

## Plot

A traditional African remedy is discovered to be effective against a deadly virus, but a multinational pharmaceutical company does not want it to succeed.

## InfoBox

| Ashakara | |
| --- | --- |
| French-language poster. The text means "The first African thriller: Scheming, Medicine, Multinationals." | |
| Directed by | Gérard Louvin |
| Screenplay by | Gérard Louvin |
| Story by | Philippe Souaille |
| Starring | James Campbell
Jean-Marc Pasquet
Willy Monshengwo
Bamela Nyanta |
| Cinematography | Yves Pouliquen |
| Edited by | Nelly Meunier |
| Music by | Louis Crelier |
| Production
companies | Diproci
Koulinga Productions
Ministère de la Culture du Togo
Télévision Suisse Romande |
| Distributed by | Citel Films
La Société des Films Sirius
ArtMattan Productions |
| Release dates | * 31 August 1991 (1991-08-31) (VIFFF) * 30 September 1992 (1992-09-30) (general release) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Countries | Burkina Faso
Togo
Switzerland
France |
| Language | French |


title: Ashaiman Municipal District

abstract: Ashaiman Municipal District is one of the twenty-nine districts in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Tema Municipal District, which was created from the former Tema District Council, until two parts of the district were later split off to create Adenta Municipal District and Ashaiman Municipal District respectively on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part was elevated to metropolitan district assembly status on that same year to become Tema Metropolitan District. The municipality is located in the central part of Greater Accra Region and has Ashaiman as its capital town.

text:
# Ashaiman Municipal District

**Ashaiman Municipal District** is one of the twenty-nine districts in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger **Tema Municipal District**, which was created from the former **Tema District** Council, until two parts of the district were later split off to create **Adenta Municipal District** (from the northwest part) and **Ashaiman Municipal District** (from the north central part) respectively on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part was elevated to metropolitan district assembly status on that same year to become **Tema Metropolitan District**. The municipality is located in the central part of Greater Accra Region and has Ashaiman as its capital town.

## Economic activities

Retail business

scrap business

## Geography

The district is bordered to the north by Kpone Katamanso District and to the south by Tema Metropolis District. The total area of the district is 45 square kilometers.

## Population

According to the 2010 census, the population of the district is 190,972, with 93,727 males and 97,245 females. The current population based Ghana Statistical Service record is 235,465.

## Sources

* "Districts of Ghana". *Statoids*.
* GhanaDistricts.com

5°41′35.16″N 0°1′57.72″W / 5.6931000°N 0.0327000°W / 5.6931000; -0.0327000

## InfoBox

| Ashaiman Municipal District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Districts of Greater Accra Region | |
| Ashaiman Municipal DistrictLocation of Ashaiman Municipal District within Greater Accra | |
| Coordinates: 5°41′35.16″N 0°1′57.72″W / 5.6931000°N 0.0327000°W / 5.6931000; -0.0327000 | |
| Country | Ghana |
| Region | Greater Accra |
| Capital | Ashaiman |
| Government | |
| Municipal Chief Executive | Hon. Ibrahim Baidoo |
| Area | |
| Total | 17 km2 (7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 208,060 |
| Density | 12,000/km2 (32,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| ISO 3166 code | GH-AA-\__ |


abstract: The 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season was the 5th season of play for the program.

text:
# 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season

The **1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey season** was the 5th season of play for the program.

## Season

As the season began, most were expecting Illinois to be in the thick of things for an Intercollegiate title. The team returned 8 players from the previous season's championship team and, though it had lost Norbert Sterle to the professional ranks, the rest of the team should be better with more time to practice. Coach Heyliger scheduled 16 games for the Illini, including a showdown with eastern power Dartmouth, but was unable to come to terms with their Big Ten rival Minnesota.

Illinois was set to begin their season on December 8 against the London Athletic Club and ended up played the game on the same day as the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Due to the outbreak of the war, the status for most players was up in the air. Starr Owen and Gil Priestly enlisted in the army, but were given special permission to remain enrolled at Illinois for a time. Both players were able to participate in the two Dartmouth games before Christmas and the team needed every advantage to take on the powerful Indians. Unfortunately, permission for both players was withdrawn on the day of the game and the Illini had to go without two of their best forwards. Instead, the starting forwards for the team were the Eveleth boys, Roland DePaul flanked by brothers Mario and Aldo Palazzari. The Illini scored early in the game but their offense couldn't get another past the Dartmouth netminder for the remainder of regulation. The Indians tied the score mid-way through the game but were equally stymied by Ray Killen. The game broke open in the overtime session and Dartmouth scored three goals in quick succession to take the first game. The second match happened two days later at home and both teams looked much better on offense. Illinois built a 4–2 lead early in the third but could no longer contain Dartmouth's star player. Dick Rondeau, who already had a goal and an assist to that point, took over and scored two unassisted goals (one with 15 seconds remaining) to tie the game and send the two teams into overtime. With just 30 second left in the extra session he scored his fourth of the night to tip the scales in favor of the green, leaving Illinois heartbroken over their lost sweep of the Indians.

Due to Minnesota's refusal to play Illinois, Big Ten bragging rights would be determined by how the two teams fared against Michigan. The Illini sent 13 men to Ann Arbor, losing Joe Brooks to a broken hand, but the Wolverines were missing 4 players due to academic ineligibility and were soundly defeated in both games. The three Minnesotans were front and center, scoring 10 goals and 16 assists combined in the two games. The following week the team played host to Michigan Tech and throttled the Huskies, earning the Illini's second shutout of the year. With the team's record at 6–1 they were well on their way to winning an Intercollegiate title but the team was about to suffer major losses.

While second and third on the team in scoring, sophomores Mario Palazzari and Roland DePaul left school to sign with Akron, a farm team for the Cleveland Barons. Clint McCune also left school, following Owen and Priestly into the military. While McCune's loss was not a surprise, losing two of the three Eveleth players was, particularly since neither had informed Heyliger or Aldo Palazzari of their intentions. The rumor at the time was that both players had poor grades and were going to be ruled ineligible after the semester break anyway. Joe Brooks was ruled ineligible after failing an exam. The team almost lost Amo Bessone to the war but he was able to receive a deferment while "Bibbs" Miller had to return home to report to his draft board.

As the team was preparing for its rematch with Michigan Tech, they received more bad news as Aldo Palazzari's GPA had fallen below the required 2.75 and he was now ineligible for the remainder of the season. The team ended up losing Russ Priestly and Lou Ferronti for academic reasons as well, leaving Vic Heyliger with just 8 players (2 of them goaltenders) by early February. Somehow, the crippled team managed to earn a tie with MTU in the first game before suffering a seemingly-inevitable loss in the final match. After the game two games against Colorado College were cancelled due to constraints of the war. A second series was still scheduled for early March.

Before their next game against the Paris Athletic Club, Illinois lost team captain Joe Lotzer when he had to return home after the sudden death of his mother. Before the game, however, the team finally received some good news; Lou Ferronti had passed a special examination and was allowed to participate in the game. With new add Twitchell and defensive convert Benson on the starting forward line, Illinois fought a hard-earned victory over the Canadian amateur club. Benson's hat-trick in the second period lifted the Illini to victory and gave them hope that they could finish out the season well.

Lotzer returned for the next game against Brantford A.C. but the team was routed by a 4-goal third period from the visitors. They recovered for a 5–3 win in the second match to earn a split. A week later the team headed to Colorado to take on the Colorado College. The Tigers were a tough team but had had a rough go early that left them with a losing record. Illinois was slow out of the gate, shooting just 22 shots in the first game and fell 2–4. The Illini recovered a bit in the second game, earning a 3–3 tie, but their claim on a second intercollege title had taken a hit. Despite their misfortune, however, the team could end the season on a high-note against Michigan. The Wolverines had given the Illini a gift by defeating Minnesota in one of their four games, meaning that the Illini could claim an (unofficial) conference championship with two wins. In the first game the depleted Illini were still heads-and-shoulders above the Wolverines and outshot their opponents 49–27 en route to a 6–2 win. Illinois capped off its season with a convincing 9–4 win to seal a conference title. The game was highlighted by an assist from Jack Gillan in his final game; the goaltender made a save and the puck rebounded half-way down the ice where it was picked up by Benson and slipped to Ferronti, who ended the scoring on a 10-foot shot. It was likely that most of the team had played their final games as most were expected to be drafted shortly thereafter.

## Roster

| No. | S/P/C | Player | Class | Pos | Height | Weight | DoB | Hometown | Previous team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **George L. Balestri** | Sophomore |  |  |  | 1921-02-01 | West Springfield, Massachusetts |  |
|  |  | **Herschel Benson** | Sophomore | / |  |  |  | Wilton, Maine |  |
|  |  | **Amo Bessone** | Junior |  |  |  | 1916-07-22 | Springfield, Massachusetts |  |
|  |  | **Joe Brooks** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Roland DePaul** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  | Eveleth, Minnesota |  |
|  |  | **Louis A. Ferronti** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  | Springfield, Massachusetts |  |
|  |  | **John H. Gillan** | Senior |  |  |  |  | Western Springs, Illinois |  |
|  |  | **Raymond Killan** | Sophomore | / |  |  |  | Lloydminster, Saskatchewan |  |
|  |  | **Joseph J. Lotzer** () | Senior |  |  |  |  | Fond du Lac, Wisconsin |  |
|  |  | **Clinton C. McCune** | Junior |  |  |  |  | Chicago, Illinois |  |
|  |  | **Bibbs Miller** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  | Fort Frances, Ontario |  |
|  |  | **Starr H. Owen** | Junior |  |  |  |  | Arlington, Massachusetts |  |
|  |  | **Aldo Palazzari** | Junior |  |  |  | 1918-07-25 | Eveleth, Minnesota |  |
|  |  | **Mario Palazzari** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  | Eveleth, Minnesota |  |
|  |  | **Gil Priestly** | Junior |  |  |  |  | Melrose, Massachusetts |  |
|  |  | **Russ Priestly** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Tom Twitchell** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  | Arlington, Massachusetts |  |

## Standings

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Intercollegiate | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | Pct. | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Colorado College | 12 | 6 | 3 | 3 | **.625** | 42 | 42 |  | 15 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 45 | 54 |
| Illinois | 12 | 7 | 3 | 2 | **.667** | 61 | 28 |  | 16 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 81 | 44 |
| Michigan | 14 | 2 | 10 | 2 | **.214** | 23 | 73 |  | 18 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 30 | 95 |
| Michigan Tech | 12 | 3 | 6 | 3 | **.375** | 24 | 37 |  | 12 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 24 | 37 |
| Minnesota | 10 | 6 | 4 | 0 | **.600** | 35 | 21 |  | 12 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 38 | 25 |

## Schedule and results

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 8 | vs. London A.C.* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 6–3 | 1–0–0 |
| December 21 | vs. Dartmouth* | Chicago StadiumChicago, Illinois | **W** 4–1 OT | 2–0–0 |
| December 23 | vs. Dartmouth* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **L** 4–5 OT | 2–1–0 |
| January 15 | at Michigan* | Weinberg ColiseumAnn Arbor, Michigan | **W** 10–0 | 3–1–0 |
| January 17 | at Michigan* | Weinberg ColiseumAnn Arbor, Michigan | **W** 6–2 | 4–1–0 |
| January 22 | vs. Michigan Tech* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 5–1 | 5–1–0 |
| January 24 | vs. Michigan Tech* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 7–0 | 6–1–0 |
| February 6 | at Michigan Tech* | Houghton, Michigan | **T** 2–2 OT | 6–1–1 |
| February 7 | at Michigan Tech* | Houghton, Michigan | **L** 3–4 | 6–2–1 |
| February 16 | vs. Paris A.C.* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 5–3 | 7–2–1 |
| February 19 | vs. Brantford A.C.* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **L** 4–7 | 7–3–1 |
| February 21 | vs. Brantford A.C.* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 5–3 | 8–3–1 |
| March 6 | at Colorado College* | Broadmoor Ice PalaceColorado Springs, Colorado | **L** 2–4 | 8–4–1 |
| March 7 | at Colorado College* | Broadmoor Ice PalaceColorado Springs, Colorado | **T** 3–3 | 8–4–2 |
| March 12 | vs. Michigan* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 6–2 | 9–4–2 |
| March 14 | vs. Michigan* | University of Illinois Ice ArenaChampaign, Illinois | **W** 9–4 | 10–4–2 |
| \*Non-conference game. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini
men's ice hockey season | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Western Intercollegiate Champion** | |
|  | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Home ice | University of Illinois Ice Arena |
| Record | |
| Overall | 10–4–2 |
| Home | 7–2–0 |
| Road | 2–2–2 |
| Neutral | 1–0–0 |
| Coaches and captains | |
| Head coach | Vic Heyliger |
| Captain(s) | Joe Lotzer |
| **Illinois Fighting Illini men's ice hockey seasons**
« 1940–41 1942–43 » | |


title: Equativ

abstract: Equativ is a French advertising technology company. Created in 2001 as part of Aufeminin, it was bought by private-equity fund Cathay Capital in 2015, and then by private-equity fund Capital Croissance for a secondary LBO in 2021. It operates mostly in the US, Europe, Latin America and Asia.

text:
# Equativ

**Equativ** (formerly known as **Smart AdServer**) is a French advertising technology company. Created in 2001 as part of Aufeminin, it was bought by private-equity fund Cathay Capital in 2015, and then by private-equity fund Capital Croissance for a secondary LBO in 2021. It operates mostly in the US, Europe, Latin America and Asia.

## History

Smart AdServer (now Equativ) was created in 2001 by aufeminin.com in order to manage advertisements on the publisher's websites. It became an independent company within the same group in 2005, then expanded locally and internationally

Axel Springer, the largest digital publishing house in Europe, bought AuFeminin in 2007. Following that take-over, Equativ expanded into Europe, Latin America and the United States. In 2015, Axel Springer sold the company to private equity fund Cathay Capital for 37 million €. In 2021 private equity fund Capital Croissance became the new majority shareholder of the company for a secondary LBO, in a bid to accelerate the development of the company in the United States and in connected TV.

The company operates an adserver, an SSP and a DSP and specializes in solutions for Advanced TV and premium publishers. As of 2023, the company operates on 4 continents with a management team split between Paris, New York and London.

In February 2023, Equativ is bought by Private Equity fund Bridgepoint Group, in a transaction valued "at more than €300m".

### Acquisitions

In 2019, Equativ acquired LiquidM, a global Demand Side Platform (DSP) based in Berlin.

In 2021, Equativ acquired DynAdmic, a Cookie-Free CTV and Video Advertising Platform providing Managed DSP services.

In 2022, Equativ acquired Nowtilus, a German Advanced TV specialist.

## InfoBox

Equativ
|
|  |
| Formerly | Smart AdServer |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Computer software<br>Advertising |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Headquarters | Paris, France |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Arnaud Creput |
| Products | Ad Server, SSP, DSP |
| Revenue | 197M€ (2021) |
| Owner | Bridgepoint Group, Capital Croissance |
| Number of employees | 450 (2022) |
| Website | equativ.com |


title: 1933 Ashford by-election

abstract: The 1933 Ashford by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Ashford on 17 March 1933.

text:
# 1933 Ashford by-election

The **1933 Ashford by-election** was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Ashford on 17 March 1933.

## Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the sitting Conservative MP, Michael Knatchbull's succession to the peerage on 15 February 1933. He had been MP here since gaining the seat in 1931.

## Election history

Ashford had been gained by the Conservatives from the Liberals at the last election. The Liberals had gained the seat in 1929, the only occasion since the war that the Conservatives did not win. The result at the last General election was as follows;

General election 27 October 1931: Electorate 46,882
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Michael Knatchbull** | **20,891** | **58.7** |  |
|  | National Liberal | Roderick Kedward | 14,681 | 41.3 |  |
| Majority | | | 6,210 | 17.4 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,572 | 75.9 |  |
|  | Conservative **gain** from Liberal | | Swing |  |  |

## Candidates

The local Conservatives selected 48-year-old Patrick Spens as candidate to defend the seat. He served in the First World War as an adjutant in the 5th battalion of the Queen's Royal Regiment. After the war Spens started practising as a lawyer and became a King's Counsel (KC) in 1925. He unsuccessfully contested St Pancras South West in the 1929 general election.

The Liberals selected 52-year-old Wesleyan minister and former MP for the seat, Rev. Roderick Kedward as candidate. During the First World War, Kedward served in Egypt and France. He was invalided out of the army in October 1916 with 'trench fever' but served as president of ex-servicemen's associations after the war. He unsuccessfully contested the Kingston upon Hull Central constituency at the 1918 general election. He stood in Bermondsey West at the 1922 general election. At the next election in 1923, he was elected as the Bermondsey West Member of Parliament but was defeated at the 1924 general election. Transferring his political allegiance to his original home area, Kedward stood at the 1929 general election for Ashford in Kent. He won a remarkable victory with a swing of over 20% from the Tories to the Liberals. During this time, Kedward was strongly associated with the National Tithe-payers Association, a group which campaigned against the collection of tithes by the Church of England mainly for the upkeep of the clergy and which was unevenly levied across the country, hitting some areas harder than others. In 1931, having sided with the Simonite faction in the Liberal party, Kedward fought Ashford as a Liberal National but was defeated as the local Conservatives refused to endorse his candidacy, seeing him as too radical and disliking his overt non-conformism (anti-tithe stance).

The local Labour party selected W J Beck as candidate. Labour had not contested the seat in 1931 and in 1929 their candidate had finished a poor third.

## Main Issues and Campaign

Polling Day was set for 17 March 1933.

At this point, the leading Liberal ministers had all resigned from government office, however, they remained supporters of the National Government and sat on the government benches. Many in the Liberal party outside parliament felt that the Liberals should now sit on the opposition benches. Only four Liberals, including David Lloyd George had been elected in 1931 and gone into opposition. In February 1932, a fifth Liberal MP, Harry Nathan had also moved into opposition. Roderic Kedward, the Liberal candidate, declared that he was contesting the election as a candidate opposed to the National government and would sit on the opposition Liberal benches if he were elected. This allowed Kedward the freedom to criticise the government on a wide range of issues during the campaign. However, his stance highlighted the awkward position of the Liberals in parliament.

## Result

Despite a small swing against the National Government, the Conservative managed to hold on to the seat because the Labour intervention split the anti-Tory vote.

Ashford by-election, 1933: Electorate 47,434
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Patrick Spens** | **16,051** | **47.7** | **−11.0** |
|  | Liberal | Roderick Kedward | 11,423 | 33.9 | −7.6 |
|  | Labour | W J Beck | 6,178 | 18.4 | +18.4 |
| Majority | | | 4,628 | 13.8 | −3.7 |
| Turnout | | | 33,652 | 70.9 | −5.0 |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | -1.7 |  |

## Aftermath

The Liberal Party formally moved into opposition to the National government in November 1933. Spens was re-elected in 1935. In 1937 Kedward died from the sudden onset of a duodenal ulcer. The result at the following General election;

General election 14 November 1935: Ashford Electorate 48,914
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Patrick Spens** | **21,323** | **59.2** |  |
|  | Liberal | Richard Matthews | 8,338 | 23.2 |  |
|  | Labour | W J Beck | 6,333 | 17.6 |  |
| Majority | | | 12,985 | 36.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 35,994 | 73.6 |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

* Who's Who: www.ukwhoswho.com

## InfoBox

1933 Ashford by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  The Ashford seat in the House of Commons. | |
| Candidate Patrick Spens, 1st Baron Spens Richard Matthews  Party Conservative Liberal  Popular vote **21,323** 8,338  Percentage **59.2%** 23.2% | |


abstract: The 1933 Arizona State Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State Teachers College in the Border Conference during the 1933 college football season. The Bulldogs compiled a 3–5 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 125 to 73. Rudy Lavik was hired as the team's head coach in July 1933, replacing Ted Shipkey. Lavik had previously served for six years as the football coach at Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff; prior to that, Lavik coached at Colorado State Agricultural College in Fort Collins. The team captain was Paul Griffin. Earl Pomeroy was an assistant coach. The Bulldogs finished 2–2 at home and 1–3 on the road. With the exception of the Fresno State game that was played in Phoenix, home games were played at Irish Field in Tempe, Arizona.

text:
# 1933 Arizona State Bulldogs football team

1933 Border Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Texas Tech $ | 1 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Arizona State–Flagstaff | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Arizona | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| New Mexico | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Arizona State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| New Mexico A&M | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * Reference | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1933 Arizona State Bulldogs football team** was an American football team that represented Arizona State Teachers College (later renamed Arizona State University) in the Border Conference during the 1933 college football season. The Bulldogs compiled a 3–5 record (1–3 against Border opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 125 to 73.

Rudy Lavik was hired as the team's head coach in July 1933, replacing Ted Shipkey. Lavik had previously served for six years as the football coach at Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff (later renamed Northern Arizona University); prior to that, Lavik coached at Colorado State Agricultural College in Fort Collins.

The team captain was Paul Griffin. Earl Pomeroy was an assistant coach. The Bulldogs finished 2–2 at home and 1–3 on the road. With the exception of the Fresno State game that was played in Phoenix, home games were played at Irish Field in Tempe, Arizona.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 30 | at Whittier* | Whittier, CA | L 0–27 |  |
| October 7 | at San Diego Marines* | San Diego, CA | L 0–26 |  |
| October 21 | at New Mexico |  | W 26–13 |  |
| October 28 | at Arizona State–Flagstaff |  | L 0–13 |  |
| November 4 | Fresno State* |  | W 21–7 |  |
| November 11 | New Mexico A&M | * Irish Field * Tempe, AZ | W 19–7 | 3,000 |
| November 18 | Arizona |  | L 7–26 |  |
| November 25 | Arizona State–Flagstaff | * Irish Field * Tempe, AZ | L 0–6 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | |

## Game summaries

On September 29, Arizona State lost its season opener on the road against the Whittier College Poets by a 27–0 score.

On October 7, the Bulldogs lost to the San Diego Marines, 26–0, at Sports Field in San Diego. It was the first meeting between the two football programs.

On October 21, Arizona State delivered a 26–13 road win at New Mexico.

On October 28, the Bulldogs fell 13–0 on the road against Arizona State-Flagstaff (later renamed Northern Arizona University).

On November 4, in their home opener, Arizona State defeated Fresno State, 21–7, at the high school stadium in Phoenix.

On November 11, the Bulldogs earned their second consecutive win with a 19–7 victory over New Mexico A&M (later renamed New Mexico State University) before a crowd of 3,000 persons in Tempe.

On November 18, in the Arizona–Arizona State football rivalry game in Tempe, Arizona State lost to Arizona, 26–7, in front of 6,000 spectators at Phoenix.

On November 30 (Thanksgiving Day), the Bulldogs were shut out, 6–0, by Arizona State-Flagstaff at Irish Field.

## Roster

The usual Arizona State lineup included left end Landon Hardesty, left tackle Anson Cooper, left guard Clarence Sexton, center Bill Boyle, right guard Claude Duval, right tackle Elton Harper, right end Tom Lillico, quarterback John McTeeley, halfbacks Wendell Pickens and Cyrus Lusher, and fullback Bill Baxter.

Sidney Anderson, William Ball, Johnny Burke, Lowell Callahan, George Ellingson, Bert Fireman, Vomen Fry, Meryl Furrey, Maurice Graham, London Hardesty, Leon Jones, and Heber Kleinman were also on the roster.

## Awards and honors

Fullback Bill Baxter earned first-team All-Border Conference honors for the 1933 football season.

## InfoBox

| 1933 Arizona State Bulldogs football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Border Conference |
| Record | 3–5 (1–3 Border) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Paul Griffin |
| Home stadium | Irish Field |
|


title: 2000 Hamburg Masters

abstract: The 2000 Hamburg Masters was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 94th edition of the Hamburg Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from 15 May until 21 May 2000. Fifth-seeded Gustavo Kuerten won the singles title.

text:
# 2000 Hamburg Masters

The **2000 Hamburg Masters** was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 94th edition of the Hamburg Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2000 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from 15 May until 21 May 2000. Fifth-seeded Gustavo Kuerten won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Gustavo Kuerten defeated  Marat Safin 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 5–7, 7–6(7–3)

* It was Kuerten's 2nd title of the year, and his 7th overall. It was his 1st Masters title of the year, and his 3rd overall.

### Doubles

Todd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Wayne Arthurs /  Sandon Stolle, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 2000 Hamburg Masters | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 15–21 May |
| Edition | 94th |
| Category | ATP Masters Series |
| Draw | 64S / 32D |
| Prize money | $2,450,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Hamburg, Germany |
| Venue | Rothenbaum Tennis Center |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Gustavo Kuerten | |
| Doubles | |
| Todd Woodbridge /  Mark Woodforde | |
|  | |


title: Ashley Lin

abstract: Ashley Lin or Lin Shan is a Chinese figure skater, who represents China in ladies' singles. She is the 2020 Chinese national bronze medalist. She won the 2017 U.S. national junior bronze medal, before switching to representing China internationally.

text:
# Ashley Lin

**Ashley Lin** or **Lin Shan** (Chinese: 林姗; born March 12, 2003) is a Chinese figure skater, who represents China in ladies' singles. She is the 2020 Chinese national bronze medalist. She won the 2017 U.S. national junior bronze medal, before switching to representing China internationally.

## Personal life

Lin was born in Frisco, Texas, on March 12, 2003, to Chinese immigrants from Shanghai. Her parents both work in computer companies. Lin became a naturalized Chinese citizen in early 2019, and thus relinquished her U.S. citizenship, as China does not allow dual nationality.

Lin was accepted to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania as part of the Class of 2026.

## Career

### Early career

Lin began skating in 2008. She was the 2016 U.S. national novice pewter medalist.

### 2016–2017 season

Lin was assigned to her first international event, 2016 JGP Slovenia, where she placed sixth. She won Midwestern Sectionals and advanced to the 2017 U.S. Championships, where she won bronze.

### 2017–2018 season

Lin again placed sixth at 2017 JGP Latvia to start the season. Competing in the senior division, she won the pewter medal at Midwestern Sectionals and qualified for the 2018 U.S. Championships. Lin was 21st after the short program at the 2018 U.S. Championships, and later withdrew from the free skating for unspecified reasons.

### 2018–2019 season

Lin opened her season with a fifth-place finish in the junior division at the 2018 Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy. She made her senior international debut at 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, where she earned personal bests in all segments to place fifth overall. Lin then competed at 2018 CS Inge Solar Memorial – Alpen Trophy, where she narrowly missed the podium, finishing in fourth 0.06 points behind Australia's Brooklee Han after a free skating comeback.

Lin qualified to the 2019 U.S. Championships, but withdrew in January to begin the process of switching nationalities.

### 2019–2020 season

Lin officially switched to representing her parents' native country of China in 2019, as part of the country's initiative to recruit top athletes leading up to the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.

Lin won the bronze medal at the 2019–20 Chinese Championships in September behind An Xiangyi and Chen Hongyi. Her coach, Chen Lu, told media that they were aiming to refine details and increase Lin's difficulty in the lead-up to the Olympics.

The Chinese Skating Association arranged for Lin to train with coaches Eteri Tutberidze, Sergei Dudakov, and Daniil Gleikhengauz in Moscow, Russia for two weeks in October.

### 2020–2021 season

After the COVID-19 pandemic led Grand Prix assignments to be allotted geographically, Lin was assigned to compete at the 2020 Skate America. Making her international debut for China, she placed sixth at the event, including a fifth-place finish in the free skate. Lin was named the alternate for the 2021 World Championships.

## Programs

| Season | Short program | Free skating |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020–2021
 |  |  |
| 2018–2019
 |  |  |
| 2017–2018
 |  |  |
| 2016–2017
 |  |  |

## Competitive highlights

*CS: Challenger Series; GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events.*

### For China

| International | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 19–20 | 20–21 | 21–22 |
| GP Cup of China |  |  | C |
| GP Italy |  |  | WD |
| GP Skate America |  | 6th |  |
| CS Asian Open |  |  | WD |
| CS Autumn Classic |  |  | WD |
| Cranberry Cup |  |  | 9th |
| National | | | |
| Chinese Champ. | 3rd | C | C |
| TBD = Assigned; WD = Withdrew; C = Event cancelled | | | | |

### For the United States

| International | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 12–13 | 13–14 | 14–15 | 15–16 | 16–17 | 17–18 | 18–19 |
| CS Alpen Trophy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4th |
| CS Nebelhorn Trophy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5th |
| International: Junior | | | | | | | |
| JGP Latvia |  |  |  |  |  | 6th |  |
| JGP Slovenia |  |  |  |  | 6th |  |  |
| Asian Open Trophy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5th |
| National | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Champ. | 7th V |  | 7th I | 4th N | 3rd J | WD | WD |
| Midwestern | 3rd V |  | 1st I | 4th N | 1st J | 4th |  |
| Southwestern | 3rd V | 10th I | 1st I | 2nd N |  |  |  |
| Levels: V = Juvenile; I = Intermediate; N = Novice; J = Junior
WD = Withdrew | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Ashley Lin | |
| --- | --- |
| Native name | 林姗 |
| Other names | Lin Shan |
| Born | (2003-03-12) March 12, 2003
Frisco, Texas, United States |
| Hometown | Frisco, Texas |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | China (2019–)
United States (until 2019) |
| Coach | Chen Lu, Alexei Letov, Olga Ganicheva |
| Skating club | Skating Club of Boston |