title: 1976 Dutch TT

abstract: The 1976 Dutch TT was the sixth round of the 1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 27 June 1976 at the Circuit van Drenthe Assen.

text:
# 1976 Dutch TT

The **1976 Dutch TT** was the sixth round of the 1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 27 June 1976 at the Circuit van Drenthe Assen.

## 500cc classification

| Pos. | No. | Rider | Team | Manufacturer | Time/Retired | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 | **Barry Sheene** | **Texaco Heron Team Suzuki** | **Suzuki** | 48'44.900 | **15** |
| 2 | 25 | **Pat Hennen** | **Colemans** | **Suzuki** | +45.600 | **12** |
| 3 | 31 | **Wil Hartog** | **Riemersma Racing** | **Suzuki** | +1'05.400 | **10** |
| 4 | 3 | **Alex George** | **Hermetite Racing International** | **Yamaha** | +1'13.400 | **8** |
| 5 | 6 | **Jack Findlay** | **Jack Findlay Racing** | **Suzuki** |  | **6** |
| 6 | 30 | **John Williams** | **Texaco Heron Team Suzuki** | **Suzuki** |  | **5** |
| 7 | 13 | **Bernard Fau** |  | **Yamaha** |  | **4** |
| 8 | 38 | **Rob Bron** |  | **Yamaha** |  | **3** |
| 9 | 19 | **Helmut Kassner** |  | **Suzuki** |  | **2** |
| 10 | 24 | **Dave Potter** |  | **Yamaha** |  | **1** |
| 11 | 34 | Piet van der Wal |  | Yamaha |  |  |
| 12 | 23 | Hans Braumandl | MSC Rottenberg | Yamaha |  |  |
| Ret | 11 | Giacomo Agostini | Team API Marlboro | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | ?? | Horst Lahfeld |  | König | Retired |  |
| Ret | 20 | Michel Rougerie |  | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | ?? | Christian Estrosi |  | Suzuki | Dizziness |  |
| Ret | ?? | Jean-Paul Boinet | Ecurie Jean Murit | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | ?? | Philippe Coulon |  | Suzuki | Dizziness |  |
| Ret | ?? | Teuvo Länsivuori | Life Racing Team | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | ?? | Hans-Otto Butenuth |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | 32 | Stuart Avant | Colemans | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | 51 | Boet van Dulmen | Laponder Racing | Yamaha | Dizziness |  |
| Ret | 27 | Marcel Ankoné | Nimag Suzuki | Suzuki | Infection |  |
| Ret | ?? | Dick Alblas |  | König | Spark plugs |  |
| Ret | ?? | Kees van der Kruijs |  | Yamaha | Infection |  |
| Ret | ?? | Kork Ballington |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | ?? | John Newbold | Texaco Heron Team Suzuki | Suzuki | Retired |  |
| Ret | 12 | Karl Auer | Racing Team NO | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Ret | 2 | Phil Read | Team Life International | Suzuki | Infection |  |
| Ret | ?? | Gianfranco Bonera | AMF Harley-Davidson | Harley Davidson | Retired |  |
| Ret | ?? | Jean-Philippe Orban |  | Yamaha | Retired |  |
| Sources: | | | | | | | | |

## 350 cc classification

| Pos | No. | Rider | Manufacturer | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | **Giacomo Agostini** | **MV Agusta** | 16 | 49:30.4 | 6 | **15** |
| 2 | 5 | **Patrick Pons** | **Yamaha** | 16 | +24.1 | 4 | **12** |
| 3 | 6 | **Chas Mortimer** | **Yamaha** | 16 | +46.3 |  | **10** |
| 4 | 19 | **Bruno Kneubühler** | **Yamaha** | 16 | +50.7 | 8 | **8** |
| 5 | 24 | **John Dodds** | **Yamaha** |  |  | 2 | **6** |
| 6 | 31 | **Franco Uncini** | **Yamaha** |  |  | 10 | **5** |
| 7 | 8 | **Tom Herron** | **Yamaha** |  |  |  | **4** |
| 8 | 1 | **Johnny Cecotto** | **Yamaha** |  |  | 9 | **3** |
| 9 | 4 | **Dieter Braun** | **Morbidelli** |  |  |  | **2** |
| 10 | 38 | **Philippe Bouzanne** | **Yamaha** |  |  |  | **1** |
| 11 | 15 | Olivier Chevallier | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | 11 | Philippe Coulon | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | 10 | Alex George | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 14 | 34 | Piet van der Wal | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | 36 | Bert Struyk | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| Ret |  | Takazumi Katayama | Yamaha |  |  | 1 |  |
| Ret |  | Víctor Palomo | Yamaha |  |  | 3 |  |
| Ret |  | Gérard Choukroun | Yamaha |  |  | 5 |  |
| Ret |  | Walter Villa | Harley-Davidson |  |  | 7 |  |
| 30 starters in total | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |

## 250 cc classification

| Pos | No. | Rider | Manufacturer | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | **Walter Villa** | **Harley-Davidson** | 15 | 47:31.4 | 1 | **15** |
| 2 | 38 | **Takazumi Katayama** | **Yamaha** | 15 | +16.2 | 2 | **12** |
| 3 | 13 | **John Dodds** | **Yamaha** | 15 | +37.8 | 7 | **10** |
| 4 | 20 | **Gianfranco Bonera** | **Harley-Davidson** | 15 | +44.2 | 8 | **8** |
| 5 | 9 | **Víctor Palomo** | **Yamaha** |  |  | 9 | **6** |
| 6 | 26 | **Patrick Fernandez** | **Yamaha** |  |  |  | **5** |
| 7 | 11 | **Tom Herron** | **Yamaha** |  |  |  | **4** |
| 8 | 7 | **Bruno Kneubühler** | **Yamaha** |  |  | 6 | **3** |
| 9 | 37 | **Dieter Braun** | **Yamaha** |  |  |  | **2** |
| 10 | 42 | **Franco Uncini** | **Yamaha** |  |  | 10 | **1** |
| 11 | 39 | Bernard Fau | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | 28 | Jon Ekerold | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | 29 | Pekka Nurmi | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 14 | 32 | Marcel Ankoné | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | 17 | Olivier Chevallier | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | 33 | Henk van Kessel | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 17 | 14 | Rolf Minhoff | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 18 | 31 | Mati Reinup | MZ |  |  |  |  |
| Ret |  | Paolo Pileri | Morbidelli |  |  | 3 |  |
| Ret |  | Philippe Bouzanne | Yamaha |  |  | 4 |  |
| Ret |  | Patrick Pons | Yamaha |  |  | 5 |  |
| 30 starters in total | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |

## 125 cc classification

| Pos | No. | Rider | Manufacturer | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | **Pierpaolo Bianchi** | **Morbidelli** | 14 | 46:38.0 | 1 | **15** |
| 2 | 1 | **Paolo Pileri** | **Morbidelli** | 14 | +47.2 | 2 | **12** |
| 3 | 21 | **Ángel Nieto** | **Bultaco** | 14 | +1:01.3 | 5 | **10** |
| 4 | 26 | **Jean-Louis Guignabodet** | **Morbidelli** |  |  | 9 | **8** |
| 5 | 22 | **Stefan Dörflinger** | **Morbidelli** |  |  | 7 | **6** |
| 6 | 37 | **Anton Mang** | **Morbidelli** |  |  |  | **5** |
| 7 | 9 | **Cees van Dongen** | **Morbidelli** |  |  |  | **4** |
| 8 | 4 | **Eugenio Lazzarini** | **Morbidelli** |  |  |  | **3** |
| 9 | 23 | **Xaver Tschannen** | **Harley-Davidson** |  |  |  | **2** |
| 10 | 36 | **Pierre-Jean Cecchini** | **Maico** |  |  |  | **1** |
| 11 | 8 | Hans Müller | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | 32 | Piet van Niel | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | 16 | Pentti Salonen | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 14 | 15 | Hans Hallberg | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 15 | 34 | Bert Klaassens | Yamaha |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | 24 | Julien van Zeebroeck | Morbidelli |  |  |  |  |
| Ret |  | Claudio Lusuardi | Morbidelli |  |  | 3 |  |
| Ret |  | Henk van Kessel | AGV Condor |  |  | 4 |  |
| Ret |  | Gert Bender | Bender |  |  | 6 |  |
| Ret |  | Horst Seel | Seel EB |  |  | 8 |  |
| Ret |  | Kent Andersson | Yamaha |  |  | 10 |  |
| 30 starters in total | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |

## 50 cc classification

| Pos | No. | Rider | Manufacturer | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | **Ángel Nieto** | **Bultaco** | 9 | 33:10.4 | 1 | **15** |
| 2 | 12 | **Ulrich Graf** | **Kreidler** | 9 | +18.4 | 3 | **12** |
| 3 | 5 | **Herbert Rittberger** | **Kreidler** | 9 | +21.3 | 8 | **10** |
| 4 | 2 | **Eugenio Lazzarini** | **Kreidler** |  |  | 2 | **8** |
| 5 | 28 | **Theo van Geffen** | **Kreidler** |  |  |  | **6** |
| 6 | 4 | **Rudolf Kunz** | **Kreidler** |  |  | 5 | **5** |
| 7 | 34 | **Gerrit Strikker** | **Kreidler** |  |  | 10 | **4** |
| 8 | 31 | **Engelbert Kip** | **Kreidler** |  |  |  | **3** |
| 9 | 16 | **Günter Schirnhöfer** | **Kreidler** |  |  |  | **2** |
| 10 | 11 | **Aldo Pero** | **Kreidler** |  |  |  | **1** |
| 11 | 10 | Theo Timmer | Kreidler |  |  |  |  |
| 12 | 32 | Ton Kooyman | Hemeyla |  |  |  |  |
| 13 | 15 | Ingo Emmerich | Kreidler |  |  |  |  |
| 14 | 6 | Stefan Dörflinger | Kreidler |  |  | 4 |  |
| 15 | 3 | Julien van Zeebroeck | Kreidler |  |  |  |  |
| 16 | 17 | Joaquin Gali | Derbi |  |  |  |  |
| 17 | 33 | Peter Looyesteyn | Kreidler |  |  |  |  |
| 18 | 23 | Yves le Tourmelin | Scrab-Tyl |  |  |  |  |
| 19 | 14 | Ramon Gali | Derbi |  |  |  |  |
| 20 | 21 | Guido de Lys | Kreidler |  |  |  |  |
| 21 | 29 | Wim van Beek | DRM |  |  |  |  |
| 22 | 26 | Terence Keane | Kreidler |  |  |  |  |
| Ret |  | Hans Hummel | Kreidler |  |  | 6 |  |
| Ret |  | Bruce Brady | Kreidler |  |  | 7 |  |
| Ret |  | Nico Polane | Kreidler |  |  | 9 |  |
| 30 starters in total | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |

## Sidecar classification

| Pos | No. | Rider | Passenger | Manufacturer | Laps | Time | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 | **Hermann Schmid** | **Jean-Pierre Martial** | **Yamaha** | 14 | 48:35.8 | 3 | **15** |
| 2 | 24 | **Martin Kooy** | **Rob Vader** | **König** | 14 | +2.1 | 9 | **12** |
| 3 | 8 | **Gustav Pape** | **Franz Kallenberg** | **König** | 14 | +36.7 | 10 | **10** |
| 4 | 2 | **Werner Schwärzel** | **Andreas Huber** | **König** |  |  | 2 | **8** |
| 5 | 11 | **Helmut Schilling** | **Rainer Gundel** | **Aro** |  |  | 8 | **6** |
| 6 | 10 | **Otto Haller** | **Erich Haselbeck** | **BMW** |  |  |  | **5** |
| 7 | 15 | **Dick Greasley** | **Cliff Holland** | **Yamaha** |  |  |  | **4** |
| 8 | 1 | **Rolf Steinhausen** | **Sepp Huber** | **Busch-König** |  |  | 5 | **3** |
| 9 | 25 | **Jaap Geerts** | **Jan van Veen** | **König** |  |  |  | **2** |
| 10 | 19 | **Siegfried Schauzu** | **Wolfgang Kalauch** | **Aro** |  |  | 4 | **1** |
| 11 | 9 | Amedeo Zini | Andrea Fornaro | König |  |  |  |  |
| Ret |  | Rolf Biland | Ken Williams | Yamaha |  |  | 1 |  |
| Ret |  | Cees Smit | Jan Smit | König |  |  | 6 |  |
| Ret |  | Alain Michel | Bernard Garcia | Yamaha |  |  | 7 |  |
| 18 starters in total | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1976 Dutch TT
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Race 6 of 12 races in the
1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season | |
| Date | 27 June 1976 |
| Official name | Dutch TT Assen |
| Location | Circuit van Drenthe Assen |
| Course | * Permanent racing facility * 7.718 km (4.796 mi) |
| 500cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Barry Sheene Suzuki  Time  2:57.900   Fastest lap  Rider  Barry Sheene Suzuki  Time  2:59.600   Podium  First  Barry Sheene Suzuki  Second  Pat Hennen Suzuki  Third  Wil Hartog Suzuki | |
| 350cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Takazumi Katayama Yamaha  Time  3:02.700   Fastest lap  Rider  Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta  Time  3:03.100   Podium  First  Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta  Second  Patrick Pons Yamaha  Third  Chas Mortimer Yamaha | |
| 250cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Walter Villa Harley-Davidson  Time  3:08.400   Fastest lap  Rider  Walter Villa Harley-Davidson  Time  3:05.900   Podium  First  Walter Villa Harley-Davidson  Second  Takazumi Katayama Yamaha  Third  John Dodds Yamaha | |
| 125cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Pierpaolo Bianchi Morbidelli  Time  3:17.100   Fastest lap  Rider  Pierpaolo Bianchi Morbidelli  Time  3:13.700   Podium  First  Pierpaolo Bianchi Morbidelli  Second  Paolo Pileri Morbidelli  Third  Ángel Nieto Bultaco | |
| 50cc | |
| Pole position  Rider  Ángel Nieto Bultaco  Time  3:37.700   Fastest lap  Rider  Eugenio Lazzarini
Ulrich Graf Kreidler
Kreidler  Time  3:38.000   Podium  First  Ángel Nieto Bultaco  Second  Ulrich Graf Kreidler  Third  Herbert Rittberger Kreidler | |
| Sidecar (B2A) | |
| Pole position  Rider  Rolf Biland Yamaha  Time  3:15.900   Fastest lap  Rider  Werner Schwärzel König  Time  3:16.700   Podium  First  Hermann Schmid Yamaha  Second  Martin Kooy König  Third  Gustav Pape König | |


title: Aroga websteri

abstract: Aroga websteri is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Washington. The wingspan is 14–16 mm.

text:
# Aroga websteri

***Aroga websteri*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Washington.

The wingspan is 14–16 mm.

## Etymology

The species is named for Dr. R. L. Webster, former head of the Department of Zoology, Washington State College.

## InfoBox

| *Aroga websteri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aroga* |
| Species: | ***A. websteri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aroga websteri***<br>Clarke, 1942 | |
|


title: 1994 Eisenhower Trophy

abstract: The 1994 Eisenhower Trophy took place 6 to 9 October on the Albatros course at Le Golf National and on La Vallée course at La Boulie near Versailles, France. It was the 19th World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 45 four-man teams. The best three scores for each round counted towards the team total. Initially each team played one round on each of the two courses. The leading 24 teams then played two further rounds at Le Golf National while the remaining teams played two rounds at La Boulie. The United States won the Eisenhower Trophy for the first time since 1982, finishing 11 strokes ahead of the silver medalists, Great Britain and Ireland. Sweden took the bronze medal with Australia in fourth place. Allen Doyle had the lowest individual score, 10-under-par 277, four strokes better than Warren Bennett. The 1994 Espirito Santo Trophy was played at Le Golf National one week prior.

text:
# 1994 Eisenhower Trophy

The **1994 Eisenhower Trophy** took place 6 to 9 October on the Albatros course at Le Golf National and on La Vallée course at La Boulie near Versailles, France. It was the 19th World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 45 four-man teams. The best three scores for each round counted towards the team total. Initially each team played one round on each of the two courses. The leading 24 teams then played two further rounds at Le Golf National while the remaining teams played two rounds at La Boulie.

The United States won the Eisenhower Trophy for the first time since 1982, finishing 11 strokes ahead of the silver medalists, Great Britain and Ireland. Sweden took the bronze medal with Australia in fourth place. Allen Doyle had the lowest individual score, 10-under-par 277, four strokes better than Warren Bennett.

The 1994 Espirito Santo Trophy was played at Le Golf National one week prior.

## Teams

44 four-man teams contested the event.

The following table lists the players on the leading teams.

| Country | Players |
| --- | --- |
| Australia | Greg Chalmers, Jason Dawes, Brett Partridge, Lester Peterson |
| Austria | Markus Brier, Philipp Mensi-Klarbach, Rudi Sailer, Niki Zitny |
| Belgium | Jack Boeckx, Didier de Vooght, Nicolas Todtenhaupt, Nicolas Vanhootegem |
| Canada | Bryan DeCorso, Stu Hamilton, Rob McMillan, Warren Sye |
| Great Britain
&  Ireland | Warren Bennett, Stephen Gallacher, Lee S. James, Gordon Sherry |
| Netherlands | Robert-Jan Derksen, Jeroen Germes, Maarten Lafeber, Michael Vogel |
| New Zealand | Steven Alker, Simon Bittle, Mark Brown, Marcus Wheelhouse |
| Spain | Francisco Cea, Francisco de Pablo, Ivó Giner, Francisco Valera |
| Sweden | Kalle Brink, Eric Carlberg, Freddie Jacobson, Mikael Lundberg |
| United States | Todd Demsey, Allen Doyle, John Harris, Tiger Woods |

## Scores

| Place | Country | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | United States | 208-214-207-209=838 | −23 |
|  | Great Britain
&  Ireland | 213-208-209-219=849 | −12 |
|  | Sweden | 210-221-213-211=855 | −6 |
| 4 | Australia | 212-211-210-225=858 | −3 |
| 5 | New Zealand | 218-215-209-218=860 | −1 |
| 6 | Spain | 220-217-210-219=866 | +5 |
| 7 | Belgium | 219-217-216-220=872 | +11 |
| T8 | Austria | 218-212-219-229=878 | +17 |
| | Netherlands | 222-217-221-218=878 | |
| 10 | Canada | 219-220-219-222=880 | +19 |
| 11 | Japan | 227-215-218-222=882 | +21 |
| T12 | Brazil | 224-216-227-217=884 | +23 |
| | South Africa | 214-218-222-230=884 | |
| T14 | France | 227-218-223-219=887 | +26 |
| | Zimbabwe | 227-223-219-218=887 | |
| 16 | Italy | 221-219-222-226=888 | +27 |
| 17 | Denmark | 231-219-214-225=889 | +28 |
| 18 | Germany | 229-223-222-219=893 | +32 |
| 19 | Norway | 220-219-222-233=894 | +33 |
| 20 | Finland | 222-220-229-224=895 | +34 |
| 21 | Argentina | 225-229-221-222=897 | +36 |
| 22 | South Korea | 230-225-221-222=898 | +37 |
| 23 | Chinese Taipei | 227-220-223-240=910 | +49 |
| 24 | Venezuela | 224-231-224-236=915 | +54 |
| 25 | Mexico | 232-225-221-215=893 | +38 |
| 26 | Switzerland | 239-222-226-219=906 | +51 |
| 27 | Colombia | 235-226-222-228=911 | +56 |
| 28 | Portugal | 231-239-225-220=915 | +60 |
| 29 | Costa Rica | 230-231-231-227=919 | +64 |
| 30 | Chile | 236-232-225-227=920 | +65 |
| 31 | Puerto Rico | 228-231-235-228=922 | +67 |
| 32 | Peru | ???-???-???-???=??? | +?? |
| 33 | Czech Republic | 240-234-228-228=930 | +75 |
| 34 | Philippines | 231-240-234-226=931 | +76 |
| 35 | Bermuda | 229-229-238-239=935 | +80 |
| 36 | Iceland | 235-238-232-233=938 | +83 |
| 37 | Hong Kong | 238-238-234-235=945 | +90 |
| 38 | Morocco | 242-232-240-239=953 | +98 |
| 39 | Pakistan | 248-250-235-241=974 | +119 |
| 40 | Guatemala | 249-242-249-237=977 | +122 |
| 41 | Luxembourg | 261-248-237-246=992 | +137 |
| 42 | Latvia | 255-247-247-250=999 | +144 |
| 43 | Israel | 265-249-246-248=1008 | +153 |
| 44 | El Salvador | 266-256-266-249=1037 | +182 |

Source:

The leading 24 teams played the third and fourth rounds at Le Golf National while the remaining teams played at La Boulie.

## Individual leaders

There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.

| Place | Player | Country | Score | To par |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Allen Doyle | United States | 68-70-69-70=277 | −10 |
| 2 | Warren Bennett | Great Britain
&  Ireland | 72-68-67-74=281 | −6 |
| 3 | Lee S. James | Great Britain
&  Ireland | 69-66-72-75=282 | −5 |
| T4 | Mark Brown | New Zealand | 72-69-69-73=283 | −4 |
| | Freddie Jacobson | Sweden | 67-73-73-70=283 | |
| 6 | Tiger Woods | United States | 70-75-67-72=284 | −3 |
| T7 | Francisco Cea | Spain | 69-72-70-74=285 | −2 |
| | Jason Dawes | Australia | 70-73-63-79=285 | |
| | Mikael Lundberg | Sweden | 68-72-68-77=285 | |
| T10 | Simon Bittle | New Zealand | 73-71-70-72=286 | −1 |
| | John Harris | United States | 70-77-72-67=286 | |

Source:

Players in the leading teams played three rounds at Le Golf National and one at La Boulie.

## InfoBox

1994 Eisenhower Trophy
| Albatros Course at Le Golf National | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Dates | 6–9 October |
| Location | Versailles, France
48°45′12″N 2°04′32″E / 48.7532°N 2.0755°E / 48.7532; 2.0755 |
| Course(s) | Le Golf National (Albatros course)
La Boulie (La Vallée course) |
| Format | 72 holes stroke play |
| Statistics | |
| Par | 72 (Albatros)
71 (La Vallée) |
| Field | 44 teams
176 players |
| Champion | |
| United States
Todd Demsey, Allen Doyle,
John Harris & Tiger Woods | |
| 838 (−23) | |
| Location map | |
| Le Golf NationalLocation in FranceLe Golf NationalLocation in Île-de-France | |
|  | |


title: 2014 ToyotaCare 250

abstract: The 2014 ToyotaCare 250 was the eighth stock car race of the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series season, and the 27th iteration of the event. The race was held on Friday, April 25, 2014, in Richmond, Virginia at Richmond Raceway, a 0.75 miles (1.21 km) D-shaped oval. The race took the scheduled 250 laps to complete. At race's end, JR Motorsports driver Kevin Harvick would manage to dominate the race to win his seventh career NASCAR Nationwide Series victory and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Chase Elliott, driving for JR Motorsports, and Kyle Busch, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would finish second and third, respectively.

text:
# 2014 ToyotaCare 250

The **2014 ToyotaCare 250** was the eighth stock car race of the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series season, and the 27th iteration of the event. The race was held on Friday, April 25, 2014, in Richmond, Virginia at Richmond Raceway, a 0.75 miles (1.21 km) D-shaped oval. The race took the scheduled 250 laps to complete. At race's end, JR Motorsports driver Kevin Harvick would manage to dominate the race to win his seventh career NASCAR Nationwide Series victory and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Chase Elliott, driving for JR Motorsports, and Kyle Busch, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would finish second and third, respectively.

## Background

**Richmond International Raceway** (RIR) is a 3/4-mile (1.2 km), *D*-shaped, asphalt race track located just outside Richmond, Virginia in Henrico County. It hosts the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series. Known as "America's premier short track", it formerly hosted a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race, an IndyCar Series race, and two USAC sprint car races.

### Entry list

* **(R)** denotes rookie driver.
* **(i)** denotes driver who is ineligible for series driver points.

| # | Driver | Team | Make | Sponsor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | Landon Cassill | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | G&K Services |
| 2 | Brian Scott | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Shore Lodge |
| 3 | Ty Dillon **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | WESCO |
| 4 | Jeffrey Earnhardt | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | Perdue |
| 5 | Kevin Harvick **(i)** | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | Tide |
| 6 | Trevor Bayne | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | AdvoCare |
| 7 | Regan Smith | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | Hellmann's, Kroger |
| 9 | Chase Elliott **(R)** | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | NAPA Auto Parts |
| 10 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | SupportMilitary.org |
| 11 | Elliott Sadler | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | OneMain Financial |
| 13 | Derek White **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | Headrush |
| 14 | Eric McClure | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | Reynolds Wrap |
| 16 | Ryan Reed **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | Lilly Diabetes |
| 17 | Tanner Berryhill **(R)** | Vision Racing | Dodge | National Cash Lenders |
| 19 | Mike Bliss | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | TriStar Motorsports |
| 20 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | Telcel, Silent Circle |
| 22 | Ryan Blaney **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | Discount Tire, SKF |
| 23 | Josh Reaume | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | Lilly Trucking |
| 28 | J. J. Yeley | JGL Racing | Dodge | JGL Racing |
| 31 | Dylan Kwasniewski **(R)** | Turner Scott Motorsports | Chevrolet | SEM Products |
| 33 | Cale Conley **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | Okuma |
| 39 | Ryan Sieg **(R)** | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | RSS Racing |
| 40 | Josh Wise **(i)** | The Motorsports Group | Chevrolet | The Motorsports Group |
| 42 | Kyle Larson **(i)** | Turner Scott Motorsports | Chevrolet | Target Ticket |
| 43 | Dakoda Armstrong **(R)** | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | WinField United |
| 44 | Blake Koch | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | K-Love Crisis Response Training |
| 46 | Matt DiBenedetto | The Motorsports Group | Chevrolet | The Motorsports Group |
| 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | RepairableVehicles.com |
| 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | Donate Life |
| 54 | Kyle Busch **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | Monster Energy |
| 55 | Jimmy Weller III **(i)** | Viva Motorsports | Chevrolet | Genmak Geneva-Liberty Steel |
| 60 | Chris Buescher **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | Ford EcoBoost |
| 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | South Point Hotel, Casino & Spa |
| 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | Youtheory |
| 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | Mike Harmon Racing |
| 76 | Tommy Joe Martins **(R)** | Martins Motorsports | Dodge | Martins Motorsports |
| 86 | Joe Nemechek **(i)** | Deware Racing Group | Chevrolet | Bubba Burger |
| 87 | Kevin Lepage | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | JD Motorsports |
| 93 | Mike Wallace | JGL Racing | Dodge | Old Dominion Truck Leasing |
| 99 | James Buescher | RAB Racing | Toyota | Rheem |
| Official entry list | | | | |

## Practice

### First practice

The first practice session was held on Thursday, April 24, at 1:00 PM EST. The session would last for one hour. Ryan Blaney, driving for Team Penske, would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 22.055 and an average speed of 122.421 miles per hour (197.018 km/h).

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 22 | Ryan Blaney **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | 22.055 | 122.421 |
| 2 | 7 | Regan Smith | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 22.061 | 122.388 |
| 3 | 6 | Trevor Bayne | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 22.193 | 121.660 |
| Full first practice results | | | | | | |

### Final practice

The final practice session, sometimes known as Happy Hour, was held on Thursday, April 24, at 2:30 PM EST. The session would last for one hour and 30 minutes. James Buescher, driving for RAB Racing, would set the fastest time in the session, with a lap of 22.169 and an average speed of 121.792 miles per hour (196.005 km/h).

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time | Speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 99 | James Buescher | RAB Racing | Toyota | 22.169 | 121.792 |
| 2 | 6 | Trevor Bayne | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 22.219 | 121.518 |
| 3 | 60 | Chris Buescher **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 22.247 | 121.365 |
| Full Happy Hour practice results | | | | | | |

## Qualifying

Qualifying was held on Friday, April 25, at 3:10 PM EST. Since Richmond International Raceway is under 1.25 miles (2.01 km) in length, the qualifying system was a multi-car system that included two rounds. The first round was 30 minutes, where every driver would be able to set a lap within the 30 minutes. Then, the second round would consist of the fastest 12 drivers in round 1, and drivers would have 10 minutes to set a time. Whoever set the fastest time in round 2 would win the pole.

Brian Scott, driving for Richard Childress Racing, would win the pole, setting a time of 22.120 and an average speed of 122.061 miles per hour (196.438 km/h) in the second round.

No drivers would fail to qualify.

### Full qualifying results

| Pos. | # | Driver | Team | Make | Time (R1) | Speed (R1) | Time (R2) | Speed (R2) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Brian Scott | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.120 | 122.061 |
| 2 | 31 | Dylan Kwasniewski **(R)** | Turner Scott Motorsports | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.153 | 121.880 |
| 3 | 22 | Ryan Blaney **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | -\* | -\* | 22.160 | 121.841 |
| 4 | 9 | Chase Elliott **(R)** | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.209 | 121.572 |
| 5 | 6 | Trevor Bayne | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | -\* | -\* | 22.229 | 121.463 |
| 6 | 7 | Regan Smith | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.322 | 120.957 |
| 7 | 60 | Chris Buescher **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | -\* | -\* | 22.322 | 120.957 |
| 8 | 54 | Kyle Busch **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | -\* | -\* | 22.326 | 120.935 |
| 9 | 5 | Kevin Harvick **(i)** | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.345 | 120.832 |
| 10 | 01 | Landon Cassill | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.474 | 120.139 |
| 11 | 3 | Ty Dillon **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | -\* | -\* | 22.477 | 120.123 |
| 12 | 20 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | -\* | -\* | 22.603 | 119.453 |
| Eliminated in Round 1 | | | | | | | | |
| 13 | 11 | Elliott Sadler | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 22.327 | 120.930 | - | - |
| 14 | 42 | Kyle Larson **(i)** | Turner Scott Motorsports | Chevrolet | 22.357 | 120.768 | - | - |
| 15 | 99 | James Buescher | RAB Racing | Toyota | 22.364 | 120.730 | - | - |
| 16 | 39 | Ryan Sieg **(R)** | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 22.387 | 120.606 | - | - |
| 17 | 33 | Cale Conley **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 22.420 | 120.428 | - | - |
| 18 | 19 | Mike Bliss | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 22.446 | 120.289 | - | - |
| 19 | 43 | Dakoda Armstrong **(R)** | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | 22.482 | 120.096 | - | - |
| 20 | 16 | Ryan Reed **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 22.493 | 120.037 | - | - |
| 21 | 40 | Josh Wise **(i)** | The Motorsports Group | Chevrolet | 22.508 | 119.957 | - | - |
| 22 | 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 22.516 | 119.915 | - | - |
| 23 | 17 | Tanner Berryhill **(R)** | Vision Racing | Dodge | 22.664 | 119.132 | - | - |
| 24 | 46 | Matt DiBenedetto | The Motorsports Group | Chevrolet | 22.673 | 119.084 | - | - |
| 25 | 4 | Jeffrey Earnhardt | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 22.696 | 118.964 | - | - |
| 26 | 86 | Joe Nemechek **(i)** | Deware Racing Group | Chevrolet | 22.698 | 118.953 | - | - |
| 27 | 44 | Blake Koch | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 22.719 | 118.843 | - | - |
| 28 | 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | 22.731 | 118.781 | - | - |
| 29 | 93 | Mike Wallace | JGL Racing | Dodge | 22.750 | 118.681 | - | - |
| 30 | 87 | Kevin Lepage | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 22.757 | 118.645 | - | - |
| 31 | 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 22.789 | 118.478 | - | - |
| 32 | 14 | Eric McClure | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 22.792 | 118.463 | - | - |
| 33 | 28 | J. J. Yeley | JGL Racing | Dodge | 22.798 | 118.431 | - | - |
| 34 | 55 | Jimmy Weller III **(i)** | Viva Motorsports | Chevrolet | 22.853 | 118.146 | - | - |
| 35 | 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | 22.917 | 117.816 | - | - |
| 36 | 10 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 23.026 | 117.259 | - | - |
| 37 | 23 | Josh Reaume | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | 23.134 | 116.711 | - | - |
| 38 | 13 | Derek White **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | 23.163 | 116.565 | - | - |
| 39 | 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | 23.866 | 113.132 | - | - |
| 40 | 76 | Tommy Joe Martins **(R)** | Martins Motorsports | Dodge | 23.904 | 112.952 | - | - |
| Official starting lineup | | | | | | | | |

*Time not available.

## Race results

| Fin | St | # | Driver | Team | Make | Laps | Led | Status | Pts | Winnings |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 9 | 5 | Kevin Harvick **(i)** | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 250 | 202 | running | 0 | $42,450 |
| 2 | 4 | 9 | Chase Elliott **(R)** | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 250 | 0 | running | 42 | $35,950 |
| 3 | 8 | 54 | Kyle Busch **(i)** | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 250 | 0 | running | 0 | $22,475 |
| 4 | 14 | 42 | Kyle Larson **(i)** | Turner Scott Motorsports | Chevrolet | 250 | 0 | running | 0 | $21,675 |
| 5 | 1 | 2 | Brian Scott | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 250 | 45 | running | 40 | $30,375 |
| 6 | 13 | 11 | Elliott Sadler | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 250 | 1 | running | 39 | $23,225 |
| 7 | 7 | 60 | Chris Buescher **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 250 | 0 | running | 37 | $22,885 |
| 8 | 6 | 7 | Regan Smith | JR Motorsports | Chevrolet | 250 | 0 | running | 36 | $23,395 |
| 9 | 3 | 22 | Ryan Blaney **(i)** | Team Penske | Ford | 250 | 0 | running | 0 | $21,875 |
| 10 | 15 | 99 | James Buescher | RAB Racing | Toyota | 250 | 0 | running | 34 | $22,925 |
| 11 | 5 | 6 | Trevor Bayne | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 250 | 0 | running | 33 | $21,425 |
| 12 | 20 | 16 | Ryan Reed **(R)** | Roush Fenway Racing | Ford | 250 | 0 | running | 32 | $21,325 |
| 13 | 10 | 01 | Landon Cassill | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 250 | 0 | running | 31 | $21,225 |
| 14 | 11 | 3 | Ty Dillon **(R)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 250 | 0 | running | 30 | $21,175 |
| 15 | 17 | 33 | Cale Conley **(i)** | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 250 | 0 | running | 0 | $15,750 |
| 16 | 18 | 19 | Mike Bliss | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 249 | 0 | running | 28 | $21,025 |
| 17 | 19 | 43 | Dakoda Armstrong **(R)** | Richard Petty Motorsports | Ford | 249 | 0 | running | 27 | $20,825 |
| 18 | 33 | 28 | J. J. Yeley | JGL Racing | Dodge | 249 | 0 | running | 26 | $20,725 |
| 19 | 12 | 20 | Daniel Suárez | Joe Gibbs Racing | Toyota | 249 | 0 | running | 25 | $20,850 |
| 20 | 22 | 62 | Brendan Gaughan | Richard Childress Racing | Chevrolet | 249 | 0 | running | 24 | $21,300 |
| 21 | 27 | 44 | Blake Koch | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 248 | 0 | running | 23 | $20,550 |
| 22 | 28 | 51 | Jeremy Clements | Jeremy Clements Racing | Chevrolet | 247 | 2 | running | 23 | $20,470 |
| 23 | 26 | 86 | Joe Nemechek **(i)** | Deware Racing Group | Chevrolet | 246 | 0 | running | 0 | $14,395 |
| 24 | 25 | 4 | Jeffrey Earnhardt | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 246 | 0 | running | 20 | $20,320 |
| 25 | 21 | 40 | Josh Wise **(i)** | The Motorsports Group | Chevrolet | 246 | 0 | running | 0 | $20,395 |
| 26 | 16 | 39 | Ryan Sieg **(R)** | RSS Racing | Chevrolet | 246 | 0 | running | 18 | $20,545 |
| 27 | 29 | 93 | Mike Wallace | JGL Racing | Dodge | 245 | 0 | running | 17 | $20,145 |
| 28 | 35 | 70 | Derrike Cope | Derrike Cope Racing | Chevrolet | 245 | 0 | running | 16 | $14,070 |
| 29 | 32 | 14 | Eric McClure | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 245 | 0 | running | 15 | $20,020 |
| 30 | 37 | 23 | Josh Reaume | Rick Ware Racing | Chevrolet | 244 | 0 | running | 14 | $20,270 |
| 31 | 31 | 52 | Joey Gase | Jimmy Means Racing | Chevrolet | 239 | 0 | running | 13 | $19,895 |
| 32 | 2 | 31 | Dylan Kwasniewski **(R)** | Turner Scott Motorsports | Chevrolet | 187 | 0 | crash | 12 | $19,835 |
| 33 | 39 | 74 | Mike Harmon | Mike Harmon Racing | Dodge | 112 | 0 | vibration | 11 | $19,795 |
| 34 | 38 | 13 | Derek White **(i)** | MBM Motorsports | Toyota | 58 | 0 | rear gear | 0 | $13,685 |
| 35 | 23 | 17 | Tanner Berryhill **(R)** | Vision Racing | Dodge | 27 | 0 | transmission | 9 | $19,606 |
| 36 | 40 | 76 | Tommy Joe Martins **(R)** | Martins Motorsports | Dodge | 11 | 0 | suspension | 8 | $12,650 |
| 37 | 24 | 46 | Matt DiBenedetto | The Motorsports Group | Chevrolet | 6 | 0 | electrical | 7 | $12,590 |
| 38 | 36 | 10 | Jeff Green | TriStar Motorsports | Toyota | 5 | 0 | vibration | 6 | $12,536 |
| 39 | 30 | 87 | Kevin Lepage | JD Motorsports | Chevrolet | 2 | 0 | crash | 5 | $18,420 |
| 40 | 34 | 55 | Jimmy Weller III **(i)** | Viva Motorsports | Chevrolet | 1 | 0 | engine | 0 | $18,380 |
| Official race results | | | | | | | | | | |

## Standings after the race

## InfoBox

2014 ToyotaCare 250
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 8 of 33 of the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series | | | |
|  | | | |
| Date | April 25, 2014 | | |
| Official name | 27th Annual ToyotaCare 250 | | |
| Location | Richmond, Virginia, Richmond International Raceway | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>0.75 mi (1.21 km) | | |
| Distance | 250 laps, 187.5 mi (301.752 km) | | |
| Scheduled Distance | 250 laps, 187.5 mi (301.752 km) | | |
| Average speed | 94.617 miles per hour (152.271 km/h) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Richard Childress Racing |
| Time | 22.120 | | |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Kevin Harvick | JR Motorsports |
| Laps | 202 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 5 | Kevin Harvick | JR Motorsports |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | ESPNews | | |
| Announcers | Allen Bestwick, Rusty Wallace, Andy Petree | | |
| Radio in the United States | | | |
| Radio | Motor Racing Network | | |


title: Bacteroides dorei

abstract: Bacteroides dorei is a species of bacteria within the genus Bacteroides, first isolated in 2006. It is found in the intestinal systems of humans and animals. Research is being conducted to better understand the relationship Bacteroides dorei has on the human intestinal system and the autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).

text:
# Bacteroides dorei

***Bacteroides dorei*** is a species of bacteria within the genus *Bacteroides*, first isolated in 2006. It is found in the intestinal systems of humans and animals. Research is being conducted to better understand the relationship *Bacteroides dorei* has on the human intestinal system and the autoimmune disease, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).

## Biology and ecology

*Bacteroides dorei* is a gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that contributes to normal intestinal functionality. It was isolated and differentiated from *Bacteroides vulgatus* by using 16S rRNA sequencing and phenotypic tests. B. dorei is a non-spore-forming, non-motile, and anaerobic bacterium with a DNA G+C content of 43%. Growth occurs optimally at 37 °C with individual cell size between 1.6-4.2 μm by 0.8-1.2 μm. In addition, colonies streaked on Eggerth Gagnon (EG) agar with 5% horse blood plate and incubated over 48 hours in 100% CO2 gas at 37 °C, resulted in colony size of 2.0 mm and individual colony morphology of circular, white, raised, and convexed.

## Taxonomy

## Metabolism

*Bacteroides dorei* has been tested for numerous different metabolic test looking at different sugars. Growth of cells was seen via production of acid occurred on the following sugars: glucose, sucrose, xylose, rhamnose, lactose, maltose, arabinose, mannose and raffinose while no growth and no acid production occurred on the following sugars: cellobiose, salicin, trehalose, mannitol, glycerol, melezitose and sorbitol.

## Medical significance

Previous research has shown that individuals who are genetically predisposed to various autoimmune diseases have significant differences in bacteria composition than non-genetically predisposed individuals. This difference in bacteria composition in the gut system is increasingly believed to be highly important in understanding autoimmune diseases such as Type1 Diabetes. In 2014, researchers looked at the early development of bacterial composition in high genetic risk children looking at early onset of Type 1 Diabetes. They took stool samples of 76 children looking at the early development of microbial communities from 4–6 months of age until 2.2 year old. Out of the 76 infants, 29 seroconverted to T1D autoimmune related cases, of which of 22 later on developed T1D (cases). The other 47 infants didn't seroconvert or develop T1D (control). Metagenomic sequencing results showed significantly higher composition of *B. dorei* and *Bacteroides vulgatus* in the cases versus the control group prior to seroconversion. In addition, data showed that *B. dorei* peaked at 7.6 months, almost 8 months prior to first inslet autoantibody in cases. This significant compositional change suggests that the increase in amount of *B. dorei* is a potential indicator of the development of T1D.

Additional research looked at epigenetics of *B. dorei* and were able to demonstrate that 1 individual had *B. dorei* with GATC (gene) methylation while another individual had *B. dorei* lacking GATC methylation. Scientist took stool samples of two babies and sequenced the genomes of *B. dorei* in samples 105 and 439. Sample *B. dorei* 105 had 49,007 total methylation in the genome with 14,322 methylation sites and in sample *B. dorei* 439, there was 38,203 total methylations with 24,770 methylation sites. The key result is that sample 105 includes a key gene called DamMT (DNA methyltransferase) while sample 439 lacked this gene. In addition, out of 20,554 GATC sites in sample *B. dorei* 105, there was only had 3 sites that weren't methylated whereas sample *B. dorei* 439 had 18,908 GATC sites and none of the GATC sites were methylated. Dam methylation and methylation of GATC could be significant factors for microbial colonization and functionality in the gut system and affects numerous gene expressions of transport processes such as nutrient transportation, antibiotic effluxes actions to antibiotic resistance, and movement of energy. The results suggests that Dam and GATC methylation of *B. dorei* 105 could have highly significant varied gene expression from *B. dorei* 439 that lacks GATC methylation and could affect functionality of *B. dorei* in the gut microbiome. Previous research has shown that Dam methylation mutants have increased susceptibility to higher antibiotic concentrations and lower minimum. This suggests that Dam methylation process plays a significant role in up-regulation of antibiotic effluxes, resulting in increased antibiotic resistance. Also, GATC methylation demonstrates important microbial functions such as DNA repair, replication, and LPS composition. Methylation of GATC motif by DamMT in pathogenic bacteria, for example, *Vibrio cholerae*, *Yersinia pestis*, and *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis* has been shown to increase virulence and expression of genes towards multiple operations such as, mismatch repair and DNA replication enables pathogenic bacteria to combat against antibiotics. These results show why future research to create antibiotics that prevent the creation of DamMT in pathogenetic bacteria is needed.

## InfoBox

| *Bacteroides dorei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Bacteroidia |
| Order: | Bacteroidales |
| Family: | Bacteroidaceae |
| Genus: | *Bacteroides* |
| Species: | ***B. dorei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bacteroides dorei***
Bakir et al. 2006 | |
|


abstract: The men's 200 metre individual medley competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 21 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center. The last champion was Michael Phelps of US. This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, one each in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle swimming.

text:
# 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley

The **men's 200 metre individual medley** competition at the **2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships** took place on August 21 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center. The last champion was Michael Phelps of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, one each in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle swimming.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:

| **World record** | Ryan Lochte (USA) | **1:54.10** | Rome, Italy | July 30, 2009 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Pan Pacific Championships record** | Michael Phelps (USA) | **1:55.84** | Victoria, Canada | August 20, 2006 |

## Results

All times are in minutes and seconds.

| **KEY:** | **q** | Fastest non-qualifiers | **Q** | Qualified | **CR** | Championships record | **NR** | National record | **PB** | Personal best | **SB** | Seasonal best |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

### Heats

The first round was held on August 21, at 10:16.

| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 4 | 4 | Ryan Lochte | United States | 1:58.03 | **QA** |
| 2 | 3 | 3 | Tyler Clary | United States | 1:58.56 | **QA** |
| 3 | 3 | 5 | Ken Takakuwa | Japan | 1:58.72 | **QA** |
| 4 | 4 | 3 | Henrique Rodrigues | Brazil | 1:59.37 | **QA** |
| 5 | 4 | 5 | Leith Brodie | Australia | 1:59.86 | **QA** |
| 6 | 3 | 4 | Thiago Pereira | Brazil | 1:59.88 | **QA** |
| 7 | 2 | 3 | Kosuke Hagino | Japan | 2:01.19 | **QA** |
| 8 | 4 | 6 | Yuya Horihata | Japan | 2:01.32 | **QA** |
| 9 | 3 | 7 | Diogo Yabe | Brazil | 2:01.91 | **QB** |
| 10 | 2 | 7 | Robert Margalis | United States | 2:02.21 | **QB** |
| 11 | 3 | 6 | Tommaso D'Orsogna | Australia | 2:02.37 | **QB** |
| 12 | 2 | 5 | André Schultz | Brazil | 2:02.50 | **QB** |
| 13 | 2 | 8 | Yuki Kobori | Japan | 2:02.74 | **QB** |
| 14 | 1 | 4 | Andrew Ford | Canada | 2:02.79 | **QB** |
| 15 | 2 | 6 | Kim Mingyu | South Korea | 2:03.66 | **QB** |
| 16 | 3 | 2 | Thomas Fraser-Holmes | Australia | 2:03.76 | **QB** |
| 17 | 3 | 1 | Tobias Oriwol | Canada | 2:03.81 |  |
| 18 | 4 | 8 | Wu Peng | China | 2:03.87 |  |
| 19 | 4 | 7 | Sebastian Rousseau | South Africa | 2:03.98 |  |
| 20 | 2 | 1 | Jayden Hadler | Australia | 2:04.45 |  |
| 21 | 4 | 1 | Taki Mrabet | Tunisia | 2:04.62 |  |
| 22 | 3 | 8 | Lucas Salatta | Brazil | 2:07.19 |  |
| 23 | 1 | 7 | Esteban Enderica | Ecuador | 2:07.92 |  |
| 24 | 1 | 2 | Jordan Hartney | Canada | 2:08.34 |  |
| 25 | 1 | 3 | Sebastian Jahnsen | Peru | 2:11.50 |  |
| - | 1 | 5 | Hsu Chi-Chieh | Chinese Taipei | DNS |  |
| - | 1 | 6 | Choi Kyu-Woong | South Korea | DNS |  |
| - | 2 | 2 | Daniel Bell | New Zealand | DNS |  |
| - | 2 | 4 | Michael Phelps | United States | DNS |  |
| - | 4 | 2 | Brian Johns | Canada | DNS |  |

### B Final

The B final was held on August 21, at 18:35.

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | 4 | Yuya Horihata | Japan | 2:01.01 |  |
| 10 | 2 | Robert Margalis | United States | 2:01.41 |  |
| 11 | 1 | Andrew Ford | Canada | 2:01.58 |  |
| 12 | 3 | Thomas Fraser-Holmes | Australia | 2:02.19 |  |
| 13 | 3 | Tobias Oriwol | Canada | 2:02.84 |  |
| 14 | 3 | Diogo Yabe | Brazil | 2:03.02 |  |
| 15 | 2 | Kim Mingyu | South Korea | 2:04.27 |  |
| 16 | 1 | Esteban Enderica | Ecuador | 2:07.69 |  |

### A Final

The A final was held on August 21, at 18:35.

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 4 | Ryan Lochte | United States | 1:54.43 | **CR** |
|  | 5 | Tyler Clary | United States | 1:57.61 |  |
|  | 7 | Thiago Pereira | Brazil | 1:57.83 |  |
| 4 | 3 | Ken Takakuwa | Japan | 1:58.06 |  |
| 5 | 6 | Henrique Rodrigues | Brazil | 1:59.00 |  |
| 6 | 2 | Leith Brodie | Australia | 1:59.74 |  |
| 7 | 1 | Kosuke Hagino | Japan | 2:00.97 |  |
| 8 | 8 | Tommaso D'Orsogna | Australia | 2:03.99 |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 200 metre individual medley
at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center |
| Dates | August 21, 2010 (heats &
finals) |
| Competitors | 25 from 11 nations |
| Winning time | 1:54.43 |
| Medalists | |
| United States  United States  Brazil | |
|


title: Augusto Poroso

abstract: Augusto Jesús Poroso Caicedo is an Ecuadorian football (soccer) defender who played for Club Social y Deportivo Macará.

text:
# Augusto Poroso

**Augusto Jesús Poroso Caicedo** (born 13 April 1974) is an Ecuadorian football (soccer) defender who played for Club Social y Deportivo Macará.

## Club career

He played mostly for CS Emelec. He also played for the Peruvian soccer club Alianza Lima.

## International career

Poroso played for the Ecuador national football team and was a participant at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

### International goals

*Scores and results list Ecuador's goal tally first.*

| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 22 October 2004 | June 11 Stadium, Tripoli, Libya | Nigeria | **2**–1 | 2–2 | 2004 LG Cup |

## Honours

### Club

1. "Poroso, Augusto". National Football Teams. Retrieved 12 April 2017.

## InfoBox

Augusto Poroso
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Augusto Jesús Poroso Caicedo | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-04-13) April 13, 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Guayaquil, Ecuador | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 19932004 | Emelec |  |  |
| 2005 | Barcelona |  |  |
| 2006 | Aucas |  |  |
| 2007 | Alianza Lima |  |  |
| 2007 | El Nacional |  |  |
| 2008 | Macará |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 19992004 | Ecuador | 38 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Emília Zathureczky

abstract: Emilia Zathureczky was a Hungarian artifact collector, the founder of the Székely National Museum and helper of revolutionary fighters.

text:
# Emília Zathureczky

**Emilia Zathureczky** (Olasztelek, 21 October 1823 – Imecsfalva, 5 November 1905) was a Hungarian artifact collector, the founder of the Székely National Museum and helper of revolutionary fighters.

## Life and work

Emilia was born to István Zathureczky Zaturcsai (1795–1875) and Juliánna Tasnádi Nagy (1799–1878) who was a relative of the linguist-historian Gyula Nagy Tasnádi. Emilia was an educated child who learned Latin. From an early age, she enjoyed books, antiques, medals, and Stone Age, Bronze Age and other items she found while collecting.

During the 1848–1849 revolution and War of Independence, she gave money and jewelry to equip the national defense, embroidered flag ribbons and made lace. After the War of Independence, she hid fighters and helped them escape. In 1875, she founded the Székely National Museum in Sepsiszentgyörgy with Gyula Nagy Vasady. She created the basic collections and became its single most significant contributor until her final years. According to the Székely National Museum**:**

> She donated to the Society of Fine Arts (Szekler ornaments, embroideries, other objects), she was the first collector of the Transylvanian Carpathian Association's Museum of Landscape and Ethnography, she contributed the bulk of the material from Szeklerland (in 1901, 300 of the 1,600 objects in the museum). She collected gentleman's embroideries, the three-tiered embroideries with scratched ornaments, bowls with human, animal and floral decorations, various thread-count and free-form embroideries; she concentrates on the beautifully decorated, representative pieces.

A community benefactor, in 1876 she raised funds for the benefit of flood victims. Between 1878 and 1879, she was the founding president of the Women's Charity of Sepsiszentgyörgy, which maintained the Háromszék county poorhouse between 1886 and 1897. The objects in the Cserey Museum were placed in the care of the Mikó Székely College (1879–1913).

Zathureczky died in 1905 and is buried in the Kézdivásárhely cemetery (now part of Romania).

## Legacy

Zathureczky founded or supported several institutions:

* Beneficial Women's Association of Sfântu Gheorghe
* Háromszék county poorhouse
* Sepsiszentgyörgy women's industrial school
* Háromszék County Erzsébet orphanage
* Stefánia Asylum
* Rudolf Hospital

## Family

In 1841, Emilia married a church caretaker János Cserey (1817–1875) and was widowed in 1875. They had six children: Balázs (1844–1869), Gizella (1848–1850), István (1849–1860), Ákos (1856–1905) member of the county committee, Gyula (1857–1883) and Mihály (1865–1872).

Emilia's younger brother, Károly Zathureczky (1832–1889), compiled a "serious medal collection and donated it to the Cluj Museum Association."

## InfoBox

| Emilia Zathureczky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 21 October 1823
Olasztelek, Hungary |
| Died | 5 November 1905
Imecsfalva, Hungary |
| Burial place | Kézdivásárhely cemetery |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Other names | Mrs János Cserey |
| Occupation(s) | Museologist, benefactor |
| Known for | Székely National Museum |
| Children | Six |


title: 1976 Dwars door België

abstract: The 1976 Dwars door België was the 31st edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 21 March 1976. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Willy Planckaert.

text:
# 1976 Dwars door België

The **1976 Dwars door België** was the 31st edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 21 March 1976. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Willy Planckaert.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Time  1  Willy Planckaert (BEL) 5h 12' 00"  2  Marc Demeyer (BEL) \+ 0"  3  Walter Planckaert (BEL) \+ 1' 50"  4  Cees Priem (NED) \+ 1' 50"  5  Serge Vandaele (BEL) \+ 3' 15"  6  Theo Smit (NED) \+ 3' 15"  7  Luc Leman (BEL) \+ 3' 15"  8  Bernard Bourguignon (BEL) \+ 3' 15"  9  Daniel Verplancke (BEL) \+ 3' 15"  10  Luc D'Hondt (BEL) \+ 3' 15" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1976 Dwars door België
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 21 March 1976 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 206 km (128.0 mi) |
| Winning time | 5h 12' 00" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Willy Planckaert (BEL)  Second  Marc Demeyer (BEL)  Third  Walter Planckaert (BEL) | |
|


title: Aroga trialbamaculella

abstract: Aroga trialbamaculella, the red-striped fireworm moth, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from Maine to Florida and from Illinois to Texas. The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are dark brown with a small white spot on the fold before the middle. There also white spots at the costa and dorsally before the cilia. Adults are mostly on wing from March to October, but have been recorded year round. The larvae feed on Comptonia, Epigaea, Myrtus, Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus laevis, Robinia and Vaccinium ashei. They skeletonize the leaves of their host plant. They fasten two or more leaves together and feed within on the epidermis. With the frass, they form a tube which is open on both sides. The larvae reach a length of about 8 mm. They are pale dirty yellowish or greenish yellow with six darker yellow stripes.

text:
# Aroga trialbamaculella

***Aroga trialbamaculella***, the **red-striped fireworm moth**, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from Maine to Florida and from Illinois to Texas.

The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are dark brown with a small white spot on the fold before the middle. There also white spots at the costa and dorsally before the cilia. Adults are mostly on wing from March to October, but have been recorded year round.

The larvae feed on *Comptonia*, *Epigaea*, *Myrtus*, *Quercus ilicifolia*, *Quercus laevis*, *Robinia* and *Vaccinium ashei*. They skeletonize the leaves of their host plant. They fasten two or more leaves together and feed within on the epidermis. With the frass, they form a tube which is open on both sides. The larvae reach a length of about 8 mm. They are pale dirty yellowish or greenish yellow with six darker yellow stripes.

## InfoBox

| *Aroga trialbamaculella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aroga* |
| Species: | ***A. trialbamaculella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aroga trialbamaculella***<br>(Chambers, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gelechia trialbamaculella* Chambers, 1875 | |


title: Arthur Mesley

abstract: Arthur Mesley was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Arthur Mesley

**Arthur Mesley** (7 August 1876 – 9 January 1958) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Arthur Mesley | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Arthur Mesley | | |
| Date of birth | (1876-08-07)7 August 1876 | | |
| Place of birth | Omeo, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 9 January 1958(1958-01-09) (aged 81) | | |
| Place of death | Heidelberg, Victoria | | |
| Height | 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1903 | Geelong | 9 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1903. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Fehim Mezhgorani

abstract: Fehim Mezhgorani was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence. Along with Dhimitër Tutulani he worked under Petro Poga to draft the Statute that separated the Albanian Justice system from the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire.

text:
# Fehim Mezhgorani

**Fehim Mezhgorani** (12 August 1874 – 4 February 1930) was one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

Along with Dhimitër Tutulani he worked under Petro Poga to draft the Statute that separated the Albanian Justice system from the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire.

## InfoBox

| Fehim Mezhgorani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 2nd Director of the Albanian State Police | |
| **In office**
24 May 1913  30 January 1914 | |
| Preceded by | Halim Gostivari |
| Succeeded by | Hil Mosi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1874-08-12)12 August 1874
Tepelenë, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 4 February 1930(1930-02-04) (aged 55)
Peshkopi, Albania |
|  | |


title: Backspace

abstract: Backspace is the keyboard key that in typewriters originally pushed the carriage one position backwards, and in modern computer systems typically moves the display cursor one position backwards, deletes the character at that position, and shifts back any text after that position by one character.

text:
# Backspace

**Backspace** (`← Backspace`) is the keyboard key that in typewriters originally pushed the carriage one position backwards, and in modern computer systems typically moves the display cursor one position backwards, deletes the character at that position, and shifts back any text after that position by one character.

## Nomenclature

Although the term "backspace" is the traditional name of the key which steps the carriage back and/or deletes the previous character, typically to the left of the cursor, the actual key may be labeled in a variety of ways, for example *delete*, *erase*, or with a left pointing arrow. A dedicated symbol for "backspace" exists as U+232B ⌫ but its use as a keyboard label is not universal. Some very early typewriters labeled this key the *backspacer* key.

Backspace is distinct from the delete key, which in a teletypewriter would punch out all the holes in punched paper tape to strike out a character, and in modern computers deletes text at or *following* the cursor position. Also, the delete key often works as a generic command to remove an object (such as an image inside a document, or a file in a file manager), while backspace usually does not. Full-size Mac keyboards have two keys labeled *delete*; a key that functions as a backspace key, and a key that functions as a delete key. Smaller Mac keyboards, such as laptop keyboards, have only a key that functions as a backspace key.

## Combining characters

In some typewriters, a typist would, for example, type a lowercase letter A with acute accent (á) by typing a lowercase letter A, backspace, and then the acute accent key. This technique (also known as overstrike) is the basis for such spacing modifiers in computer character sets such as the ASCII caret (^, for the circumflex accent). Backspace composition no longer works with typical modern digital displays or typesetting systems. It has to some degree been replaced with the combining diacritical marks mechanism of Unicode, though such characters do not work well with many fonts, and precomposed characters continue to be used. Some software like TeX or Microsoft Windows use the opposite method for diacritical marks, namely positioning the accent first, and then the base letter on its position.

## Use in computing

### Common use

In modern systems, the backspace key is often mapped to the delete character (0x7f in ASCII or Unicode), although the backspace key's function of deleting the character before the cursor remains. In computers, backspace can also delete a preceding newline character, something generally inapplicable to typewriters.

The backspace key is commonly used to go back a page or up one level in graphical web or file browsers.

### ^H

Pressing the backspace key on a computer terminal would generate the ASCII code 08, BS or Backspace, a control code which would delete the preceding character. That control code could also be accessed by pressing (`Control`+`H`, as  is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet. Terminals which did not have the backspace code mapped to the function of moving the cursor backwards and deleting the preceding character would display the symbols **^H** (caret, H) when the backspace key was pressed. Even if a terminal did interpret backspace by deleting the preceding character, the system receiving the text might not. Then, the sender's screen would show a message without the supposedly deleted text, while that text, and the deletion codes, would be visible to the recipient. This sequence is still used humorously for epanorthosis by computer literates, denoting the deletion of a pretended blunder, much like a strikethrough; in this case, however, the ^H symbol is faked by typing a regular '^' followed by typing a regular 'H'.

Example:

*Be nice to this fool*^H^H^H^H*gentleman; he's visiting from corporate HQ.*

#### Alternatives

An alternative sometimes seen is **^W**, which is the shortcut to delete the previous word in the Berkeley Unix terminal line discipline. This shortcut has also made it into the insert mode of the Vi text editor and its clone Vim.

**^U** deletes a line.

## Other meanings

In a mainframe environment, *to backspace* means to move a magnetic tape backwards, typically to the previous block.

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Esc |  | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |  | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 |  | F9 | F10 | F11 | F12 |  | PrtScn/
SysRq | Scroll
Lock | Pause/
Break |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  |  | | |  |  | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | Insert | Home | PgUp |  | Num
Lock |  |  |  |
| | Delete | End | PgDn |  |  |  |  || |
| |  |  |  |  |  | |  || |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  | Enter || |
| |  |  |  |
Ins | | |
Del || |

1. "User Mistakes or Mac Mistakes?, Backspace vs. Delete, and It's Too Easy to Zap an Icon in the Dock". 2007.
2. OLPC Wiki. "OLPC Human Interface Guidelines/The Sugar Interface/Input Systems". Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
3. "9.8 Keyboard configuration". *Debian Policy Manual*. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
4. "Windows keyboard shortcuts overview". *Microsoft*. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
5. "Keyboard shortcuts for PCmanFM-QT \[bug\]/\[Missing feature\]". *GitHub*. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
6. Pogue, David. "Keyboard Differences". *Switching to the Mac: The Missing Manual, Mavericks Edition*.
7. Chapter 5. Hacker Writing Style, The Jargon File, version 4.4.7
8. "VIM USER MANUAL". FreeBSD. November 2, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
9. "FreeBSD Man Pages; vi". Vimonline. March 9, 2002. Retrieved May 14, 2016.


abstract: The men's 50 metre breaststroke competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 20 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center. It was the first appearance of this event in the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships.

text:
# 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 50 metre breaststroke

The **men's 50 metre breaststroke** competition at the **2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships** took place on August 20 at the William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center. It was the first appearance of this event in the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world record was as follows:

| **World record** | Cameron van der Burgh (RSA) | **26.67** | Rome, Italy | July 29, 2009 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Results

All times are in minutes and seconds.

| **KEY:** | **q** | Fastest non-qualifiers | **Q** | Qualified | **CR** | Championships record | **NR** | National record | **PB** | Personal best | **SB** | Seasonal best |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

### Heats

The first round was held on August 20, at 11:51.

| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | 4 | Felipe França | Brazil | 27.34 | **QA**, **CR** |
| 2 | 3 | 5 | Kosuke Kitajima | Japan | 27.64 | **QA** |
| 3 | 2 | 3 | Ryo Tateishi | Japan | 27.74 | **QA** |
| 4 | 1 | 2 | Mark Gangloff | United States | 27.75 | **QA** |
| 5 | 2 | 4 | Brenton Rickard | Australia | 27.77 | **QA** |
| 6 | 3 | 2 | Michael Alexandrov | United States | 27.78 | **QA** |
| 7 | 1 | 7 | Scott Spann | United States | 27.82 | **QA** |
| 8 | 1 | 4 | João Luiz Gomes Júnior | Brazil | 27.83 | **QA** |
| 9 | 2 | 2 | Scott Dickens | Canada | 27.89 | **QB** |
| 10 | 1 | 5 | Christian Sprenger | Australia | 27.90 | **QB** |
| 11 | 2 | 6 | Glenn Snyders | New Zealand | 27.93 | **QB** |
| 12 | 2 | 5 | Felipe Lima | Brazil | 27.97 | **QB** |
| 13 | 1 | 3 | Henrique Barbosa | Brazil | 28.01 | **QB** |
| 14 | 3 | 7 | Naoya Tomita | Japan | 28.05 | **QB** |
| 15 | 3 | 6 | Yuta Suenaga | Japan | 28.07 | **QB** |
| 16 | 1 | 6 | Warren Barnes | Canada | 28.23 | **QB** |
| 17 | 2 | 7 | Wong Chun Yan | Hong Kong | 28.79 |  |
| 18 | 1 | 1 | Neil Versfeld | South Africa | 28.85 |  |
| 19 | 2 | 8 | Timothy Ferris | Zimbabwe | 28.93 |  |
| 19 | 3 | 1 | Choi Kyu-Woong | South Korea | 28.97 |  |
| 21 | 2 | 1 | Paul Kornfeld | Canada | 29.00 |  |
| 22 | 3 | 8 | Tsui Hoi Tung | Hong Kong | 30.35 |  |
| 23 | 3 | 3 | Eduardo Fischer | Brazil | DSQ |  |

### B Final

The B final was held on August 20, at 19:53.

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 | 3 | Glenn Snyders | New Zealand | 27.83 |  |
| 10 | 6 | Felipe Lima | Brazil | 27.94 |  |
| 11 | 5 | Christian Sprenger | Australia | 27.98 |  |
| 12 | 4 | Scott Spann | United States | 28.09 |  |
| 13 | 7 | Warren Barnes | Canada | 28.33 |  |
| 14 | 2 | Naoya Tomita | Japan | 28.50 |  |
| 15 | 8 | Neil Versfeld | South Africa | 28.82 |  |
| 16 | 1 | Wong Chun Yan | Hong Kong | 29.03 |  |

### A Final

The A final was held on August 20, at 19:53.

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 4 | Felipe França | Brazil | 27.26 | **CR** |
|  | 6 | Mark Gangloff | United States | 27.52 |  |
|  | 8 | Scott Dickens | Canada | 27.63 |  |
| 4 | 2 | Brenton Rickard | Australia | 27.65 |  |
| 5 | 3 | Ryo Tateishi | Japan | 27.67 |  |
| 5 | 5 | Kosuke Kitajima | Japan | 27.67 |  |
| 7 | 1 | João Luiz Gomes Júnior | Brazil | 27.69 |  |
| 8 | 7 | Michael Alexandrov | United States | 27.70 |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 50 metre breaststroke
at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | William Woollett Jr. Aquatics Center |
| Dates | August 20, 2010 (heats &
finals) |
| Competitors | 23 from 10 nations |
| Winning time | 27.26 |
| Medalists | |
| Brazil  United States  Canada | |
|


title: 2003–04 UC Sampdoria season

abstract: U.C. Sampdoria returned to Serie A after a four year-absence, and immediately re-established itself as a team on the top half of the domestic championship. Goalkeeper Francesco Antonioli offered crucial experience, but apart from him did the bulk of the squad play in the 2002-03 Serie B, with top goalscorers Fabio Bazzani and Francesco Flachi quickly adjusting themselves to the higher pace of Serie A. Midfielders Sergio Volpi and Angelo Palombo also stood out. Right back Aimo Diana even earned a call-up to the national team following his performances.

text:
# 2003–04 UC Sampdoria season

**U.C. Sampdoria** returned to Serie A after a four year-absence, and immediately re-established itself as a team on the top half of the domestic championship. Goalkeeper Francesco Antonioli offered crucial experience, but apart from him did the bulk of the squad play in the 2002-03 Serie B, with top goalscorers Fabio Bazzani and Francesco Flachi quickly adjusting themselves to the higher pace of Serie A. Midfielders Sergio Volpi and Angelo Palombo also stood out. Right back Aimo Diana even earned a call-up to the national team following his performances.

## Squad

### Goalkeepers

### Defenders

### Midfielders

### Attackers

## Serie A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 | Lazio | 34 | 16 | 8 | 10 | 52 | 38 | +14 | 56 | Qualification to UEFA Cup first round |
| 7 | Udinese | 34 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 44 | 40 | +4 | | 50 |
| 8 | Sampdoria | 34 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 40 | 42 | 2 | 46 |  |
| 9 | Chievo | 34 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 36 | 37 | 1 | | 44 |
| 10 | Lecce | 34 | 11 | 8 | 15 | 43 | 56 | 13 | | 41 |

Source: *Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio – La Storia 1898-2004*, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) tiebreaker for relevant positions 3) head-to-head points and goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored.
Notes:

### Matches

### Topscorers

## Sources

## InfoBox

Sampdoria
| 2003-04 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Riccardo Garrone |
| Manager | Walter Novellino |
| Serie A | 8th |
| Coppa Italia | Last 16 |
| Top goalscorer | Fabio Bazzani (13) |
|  | |


title: Aurora (2018 Kyrgyz film)

abstract: Aurora is a 2018 Kyrgyzstani drama film directed by Bekzat Pirmatov. It was selected as the Kyrgyz entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

text:
# Aurora (2018 Kyrgyz film)

***Aurora*** is a 2018 Kyrgyzstani drama film directed by Bekzat Pirmatov. It was selected as the Kyrgyz entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

## Cast

* Kanatbek Abdyrakhmanov as Waiter
* Marat Amiraev as Freak
* Erika Baibosunova as Young girl
* Albina Imasheva as Queen
* Dina Jakob as Girl

## InfoBox

| Aurora | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Bekzat Pirmatov |
| Starring | Kanatbek Abdyrakhmanov |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | Kyrgyzstan |
| Language | Kyrgyz |


title: Ariceștii Rahtivani

abstract: Ariceștii Rahtivani is a commune in Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Ariceștii Rahtivani, Buda, Nedelea, Stoenești, and Târgșoru Nou.

text:
# Ariceștii Rahtivani

**Ariceștii Rahtivani** is a commune in Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Ariceștii Rahtivani, Buda, Nedelea, Stoenești, and Târgșoru Nou.

## Geography

The commune is situated in the Wallachian Plain, on the left bank of the Prahova River; the rivers Leaotul and Viișoara flow through Târgșoru Nou village. Ariceștii Rahtivani is located in the southwestern part of the county, 15 km (9.3 mi) west of the county seat, Ploiești.

## Transportation

The commune is crossed by national road DN76, which runs from Ploiești to Târgoviște and on to Găești. In Stoenești village, two county roads branch off: DJ144, which leads north to Florești, and DJ140, which leads southeast to Târgșoru Vechi (where it intersects with DN1A), Brazi, and Puchenii Mari (where it ends in DN1).

The railway station in Buda village serves the Căile Ferate Române Main Line 300, which connects Bucharest to Brașov and continues to the Hungarian border near Oradea, while the stop in Târgșoru Nou village serves the Transferoviar Călători Line 302, which runs from Ploiești Sud to Târgoviște.

## Târgșor Prison

The Târgșor Prison is located on the western side of Târgșoru Nou. Built in 1857 for a monastery, the structure was taken over by the Romanian Army and turned into a military prison, which was also used for common law criminals when the nearby Ploiești Penitentiary was overcrowded. From 1948 to 1952, after the Communist system was established in Romania, this was the only prison for children in the world (dubbed the "Prison of Angels"). Hundreds of recalcitrant minors (some as young as 12) were subjected to psychological experiments and beaten with the intention of being "re-educated" in the spirit of the "Communist new man" (see: Re-education in Communist Romania); the re-education of minors was personally coordinated by Alexandru Nicolschi, one of the main organizers of the Pitești Experiment. Nowadays, the penitenciary serves as a women's prison.

## InfoBox

| Ariceștii Rahtivani | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Old church at the Ariceștii Rahtivani cemetery | |
| Location in Prahova County | |
| Ariceștii RahtivaniLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°57′N 25°50′E / 44.950°N 25.833°E / 44.950; 25.833 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Prahova |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202024) | Gheorghe Orbu (USR) |
| Area | 75.67 km2 (29.22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 239 m (784 ft) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 8,173 |
| Density | 110/km2 (280/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Postal code | 107025 |
| Vehicle reg. | PH |
| Website | comunaaricestiirahtivani.ro |


title: 1976 Dutch Grand Prix

abstract: The 1976 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on 29 August 1976. It was won by British driver James Hunt driving a McLaren M23 on his 29th birthday. The race, contested over 75 laps, was the twelfth round of the 1976 Formula One season. The weekend was marred by the death of track marshal Ron Lenderink during a touring car support race. He was 29.

text:
# 1976 Dutch Grand Prix

The **1976 Dutch Grand Prix** was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on 29 August 1976. It was won by British driver James Hunt driving a McLaren M23 on his 29th birthday. The race, contested over 75 laps, was the twelfth round of the 1976 Formula One season.

The weekend was marred by the death of track marshal Ron Lenderink during a touring car support race. He was 29.

## Qualifying

### Qualifying classification

| Pos | Driver | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ronnie Peterson | March-Ford | 1:21.31 |
| 2 | James Hunt | McLaren-Ford | 1:21.39 |
| 3 | Tom Pryce | Shadow-Ford | 1:21.55 |
| 4 | John Watson | Penske-Ford | 1:21.62 |
| 5 | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari | 1:21.85 |
| 6 | Mario Andretti | Lotus-Ford | 1:21.88 |
| 7 | Vittorio Brambilla | March-Ford | 1:21.88 |
| 8 | Jody Scheckter | Tyrrell-Ford | 1:21.91 |
| 9 | Carlos Pace | Brabham-Alfa Romeo | 1:22.03 |
| 10 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 1:22.06 |
| 11 | Jacky Ickx | Ensign-Ford | 1:22.13 |
| 12 | Carlos Reutemann | Brabham-Alfa Romeo | 1:22.16 |
| 13 | Gunnar Nilsson | Lotus-Ford | 1:22.16 |
| 14 | Patrick Depailler | Tyrrell-Ford | 1:22.27 |
| 15 | Jochen Mass | McLaren-Ford | 1:22.48 |
| 16 | Alan Jones | Surtees-Ford | 1:22.51 |
| 17 | Emerson Fittipaldi | Copersucar-Ford | 1:22.55 |
| 18 | Hans-Joachim Stuck | March-Ford | 1:22.59 |
| 19 | Larry Perkins | Boro-Ford | 1:23.10 |
| 20 | Jean-Pierre Jarier | Shadow-Ford | 1:23.18 |
| 21 | Boy Hayje | Penske-Ford | 1:23.26 |
| 22 | Henri Pescarolo | Surtees-Ford | 1:23.55 |
| 23 | Arturo Merzario | Williams-Ford | 1:24.09 |
| 24 | Harald Ertl | Hesketh-Ford | 1:24.37 |
| 25 | Rolf Stommelen | Hesketh-Ford | 1:24.71 |
| 26 | Conny Andersson | Surtees-Ford | 1:24.74 |
| DNQ | Alessandro Pesenti-Rossi | Tyrrell-Ford | 1:26.01 |
| Source: | | | |

## Race

### Race classification

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 11 | **James Hunt** | **McLaren-Ford** | 75 | 1:44:52.09 | 2 | **9** |
| 2 | 2 | **Clay Regazzoni** | **Ferrari** | 75 | \+ 0.92 | 5 | **6** |
| 3 | 5 | **Mario Andretti** | **Lotus-Ford** | 75 | \+ 2.09 | 6 | **4** |
| 4 | 16 | **Tom Pryce** | **Shadow-Ford** | 75 | \+ 6.94 | 3 | **3** |
| 5 | 3 | **Jody Scheckter** | **Tyrrell-Ford** | 75 | \+ 22.46 | 8 | **2** |
| 6 | 9 | **Vittorio Brambilla** | **March-Ford** | 75 | \+ 45.03 | 7 | **1** |
| 7 | 4 | Patrick Depailler | Tyrrell-Ford | 75 | \+ 56.28 | 14 |  |
| 8 | 19 | Alan Jones | Surtees-Ford | 74 | \+ 1 Lap | 16 |  |
| 9 | 12 | Jochen Mass | McLaren-Ford | 74 | \+ 1 Lap | 15 |  |
| 10 | 17 | Jean-Pierre Jarier | Shadow-Ford | 74 | \+ 1 Lap | 20 |  |
| 11 | 38 | Henri Pescarolo | Surtees-Ford | 74 | \+ 1 Lap | 22 |  |
| 12 | 25 | Rolf Stommelen | Hesketh-Ford | 72 | \+ 3 Laps | 25 |  |
| Ret | 22 | Jacky Ickx | Ensign-Ford | 66 | Electrical | 11 |  |
| Ret | 39 | Boy Hayje | Penske-Ford | 63 | Halfshaft | 21 |  |
| Ret | 8 | Carlos Pace | Brabham-Alfa Romeo | 53 | Oil Leak | 9 |  |
| Ret | 26 | Jacques Laffite | Ligier-Matra | 53 | Oil Leak | 10 |  |
| Ret | 10 | Ronnie Peterson | March-Ford | 52 | Oil Pressure | 1 |  |
| Ret | 24 | Harald Ertl | Hesketh-Ford | 49 | Spun Off | 24 |  |
| Ret | 28 | John Watson | Penske-Ford | 47 | Gearbox | 4 |  |
| Ret | 27 | Larry Perkins | Boro-Ford | 44 | Accident | 19 |  |
| Ret | 30 | Emerson Fittipaldi | Fittipaldi-Ford | 40 | Electrical | 17 |  |
| Ret | 7 | Carlos Reutemann | Brabham-Alfa Romeo | 11 | Clutch | 12 |  |
| Ret | 6 | Gunnar Nilsson | Lotus-Ford | 10 | Accident | 13 |  |
| Ret | 34 | Hans Joachim Stuck | March-Ford | 9 | Engine | 18 |  |
| Ret | 18 | Conny Andersson | Surtees-Ford | 9 | Engine | 26 |  |
| Ret | 20 | Arturo Merzario | Wolf-Williams-Ford | 5 | Accident | 23 |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

* This was the Formula One World Championship debut for Swedish driver Conny Andersson and Dutch driver Bob Hayje.
* This race marked the 100th podium finish for an American driver.
* This was the 10th Grand Prix start for Wolf-Williams.
* This race saw the 5th pole position for a March.

## Championship standings after the race

* **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 7 results from the last 8 races counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored. Points do not reflect final results of 1976 British Grand Prix as it was under appeal.

## InfoBox

| 1976 Dutch Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 12 of 16 in the 1976 Formula One season  Previous race Next race | | | |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | August 29, 1976 | | |
| Official name | XXIII Grote Prijs van Nederland | | |
| Location | Circuit Park Zandvoort<br>Zandvoort, Netherlands | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 4.226 km (2.626 miles) | | |
| Distance | 75 laps, 316.960 km (196.950 miles) | | |
| Weather | Warm, dry | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | March-Ford |
| Time | 1:21.31 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Clay Regazzoni | Ferrari |
| Time | 1:22.59 on lap 49 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | McLaren-Ford |
| Second |  | Ferrari |
| Third |  | Lotus-Ford |
| Lap leaders * | | | |


title: Arogalea albilingua

abstract: Arogalea albilingua is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mexico (Guerrero). The wingspan is 10–10.5 mm. The forewings are shining white, sprinkled with brownish ochreous and brownish fuscous scales and with five conspicuous black marginal spots, one of these at the base of the costa is reduplicated, the white ground showing between its extremities. A second costal spot, before the middle, is followed by a third beyond the middle, opposite to which and a little beyond it is a black dorsal spot of raised scales at the end of the fold. Beyond this is a speck of black scales on the termen a little above the tornus, while another conspicuous black spot, with raised white scales intermixed, lies across the middle of the fold, a smaller similar spot on the cell about the middle of the wing. The hindwings are pale steely grey.

text:
# Arogalea albilingua

***Arogalea albilingua*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mexico (Guerrero).

The wingspan is 10–10.5 mm. The forewings are shining white, sprinkled with brownish ochreous and brownish fuscous scales and with five conspicuous black marginal spots, one of these at the base of the costa is reduplicated, the white ground showing between its extremities. A second costal spot, before the middle, is followed by a third beyond the middle, opposite to which and a little beyond it is a black dorsal spot of raised scales at the end of the fold. Beyond this is a speck of black scales on the termen a little above the tornus, while another conspicuous black spot, with raised white scales intermixed, lies across the middle of the fold, a smaller similar spot on the cell about the middle of the wing. The hindwings are pale steely grey.

## InfoBox

| *Arogalea albilingua* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Arogalea* |
| Species: | ***A. albilingua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arogalea albilingua***<br>Walsingham, 1911 | |
|


title: Arthur Tonkin (rugby union)

abstract: Arthur Edward Joseph Tonkin was an Australia national representative rugby union footballer who featured in the 1947–48 Wallaby tour of the British Isles.

text:
# Arthur Tonkin (rugby union)

**Arthur Edward Joseph Tonkin** (19 October 1922 – c. 1991) was an Australia national representative rugby union footballer who featured in the 1947–48 Wallaby tour of the British Isles.

## Early life

Tonkin's father was one of the pioneers of the New South Wales Country Rugby League but made no attempt to influence his three children on which sports they should play. Arthur went to Wagga Wagga Christian Brothers' and later to St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill where he benefited under Brother Henry, the College's legendary coach of the 1930s. He won the GPS Schools sprint championship in 1942 and was an army sprint champion during his wartime service. He was a gunner in the AIF who saw three years of active service during World War II.

## Club rugby

Tonkin joined the Gordon Club after his discharge and played the first of six matches for New South Wales in 1947. A powerfully built sprinter he added menace to every team in which he played because of his rare acceleration and scoring potential.

## Representative rugby career

He missed a place in the Test against New Zealand in 1947 but was selected for that year's epic Wallaby tour and became one of the spearheads of Australia's attack in Britain after champion Manly winger Charlie Eastes broke his leg in an early tour match. Tonkin appeared on the wing in all five Tests of the tour using his blinding acceleration to get around his opposing wingers to score tries against Scotland and Ireland. He was also one of four kickers who figured in the Tests (along with Brain Piper, Trevor Allan and Bob McMaster) kicking two penalties against France in the Paris Test at Stade Colombes. Injury affected his representative prospects after the conclusion of the tour but he made a further Test appearance against the British Lions in Sydney in 1950.

## Post playing

Tonkin became a lecturer in physical education after his football career ended and worked at Armidale Teachers' College where he also coached rugby. He retired in 1982, leaving the coaching of college rugby teams to John Hipwell.

## Footnotes

* *The Spirit of Rugby* (1995) A collection of essays, HarperCollins, Australia (Phil Tressider's *The Class of '47–48* 1st published Sydney's *Daily Telegraph* 1987)
* Howell, Max (2005) *Born to Lead – Wallaby Test Captains*, Celebrity Books, Auckland NZ
* Tonkin in City of Wagga Sporting Hall of Fame

## InfoBox

Arthur Tonkin
| Birth name | Arthur Edward Joseph Tonkin |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1922-10-19)19 October 1922 |
| Place of birth | Wagga Wagga, New South Wales |
| Date of death | 1991 (aged 6869) |
| School | St. Joseph's College, Hunters Hill |
| Occupation(s) | Teacher |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Wing  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1946– Gordon RFC   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1947– New South Wales  6  ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1947–50 Wallabies  6  (14) | |


title: Azeloprazole

abstract: Azeloprazole is a drug under investigation for acid-related medical conditions responsive to suppressing the production of stomach acid. It is considered a member of the proton pump inhibitor class of medications.

text:
# Azeloprazole

**Azeloprazole** (also known as **Z-215** or **E3710**) is a drug under investigation for acid-related medical conditions responsive to suppressing the production of stomach acid. It is considered a member of the proton pump inhibitor class of medications.

## Medical uses

Azeloprazole is an acid suppressing drug being studied for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

## Pharmacology

### Mechanism of action

Azeloprazole, like other drugs of the proton pump inhibitor class, works by inhibiting the hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase) acid pump. The term "proton pump inhibitor" comes from the recognition of hydrogen cations as a single proton. H+/K+ ATPase pumps, found in parietal cells in the stomach, are ultimately responsible for secreting acid into the lumen of the stomach. By inhibiting the secretion of acid, proton pump inhibitors are considered useful in treating "acid-related diseases" (e.g. gastroesophageal reflux disease).

## Chemistry

Azeloprazole is soluble in DMSO.

## History

Azeloprazole was designed in Japan with pharmacogenomics in mind. Some drugs in the proton pump inhibitor class are metabolized by the hepatic enzyme CYP2C19. Some individuals, such as people of Japanese ancestry, are more likely to be poor CYP2C19 metabolizers; that is, their ability to metabolize certain drugs through CYP2C19 is compromised by a genetic mutation in one or both copies of the CYP2C19 gene that renders the enzyme nonfunctional or less functional. Azeloprazole was designed to avoid CYP2C19 metabolism entirely, thereby avoiding pharmacogenomic issues with poor CYP2C19 metabolizers.

Azeloprazole was designed by the Japanese pharmaceutical company Eisai Co Ltd.

## Society and culture

In the United States, proton pump inhibitors are found both over the counter and by prescription. However, azeloprazole is not FDA approved in the United States.

## Research

Azeloprazole completed phase II clinical trials for erosive esophagitis in Japan in 2017, and phase II clinical trials for GERD in the United States in 2016.

## InfoBox

Azeloprazole
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | Z-215; E3710 |
| Drug class | Proton pump inhibitor |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Investigational |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 2-\[\[4-\[(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methoxy\]-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl\]methylsulfinyl\]-1*H*-benzimidazole | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C22H27N3O4S |
| Molar mass | 429.54 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * Cc1cnc(c(c1OCC2COC(OC2)(C)C)C)CS(=O)c3\[nH\]c4ccccc4n3 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C22H27N3O4S/c1-14-9-23-19(13-30(26)21-24-17-7-5-6-8-18(17)25-21)15(2)20(14)27-10-16-11-28-22(3,4)29-12-16/h5-9,16H,10-13H2,1-4H3,(H,24,25) * Key:DWDKHTXMLSZGDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |