title: 19th Regiment Royal Artillery

abstract: 19th Regiment Royal Artillery – The Scottish Gunners – is a Scottish regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army. It currently supports 12 Mechanised Brigade in the armoured field artillery role. The regiment has Fire Support Teams mounted in Warrior Mechanised Artillery Observation Vehicles equipped with MSTAR. The regiment's three gun batteries are equipped with the Archer Artillery System.

text:
# 19th Regiment Royal Artillery

**19th Regiment Royal Artillery****The Scottish Gunners (sometimes referred to as the “Highland Gunners”)** – is a Scottish regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army. It currently supports 12 Mechanised Brigade in the armoured field artillery role. The regiment has Fire Support Teams mounted in Warrior Mechanised Artillery Observation Vehicles equipped with MSTAR. The regiment's three gun batteries are equipped with the Archer Artillery System.

## History

19th Regiment traces its history to 17 Brigade Royal Field Artillery which was formed in 1900 but the individual batteries date back to the 18th century. The brigade saw action during World War I. During World War II, the four pre-war batteries combined into two. In May 1940 it had the honour of being the first artillery regiment to fire in the war while stationed at the Maginot Line. It served during the North African and Italian campaigns.

The regiment was renumbered to 19 Regiment in 1947. During the 1950s and 1960s it served in the Korean War and Aden Emergency. With the phasing out of National Service in 1963, 19th Regiment was allocated the recruitment area of the Scottish Highlands.

In 1995, the regiment was deployed to Bosnia at short notice as part of Operation Deliberate Force. It was deployed to Cyprus in 1998 as part of UNFICYP. Since the 2000s, it has served in Iraq and Afghanistan. More recently, the regiment returned from Afghanistan (Op Herrick 16) in October 2012.

In December 2012, the regiment was officially named "The Scottish Gunners" when the 40th Regiment Royal Artillery (The Lowland Gunners) was placed in suspended animation. 38 (Seringapatam) Battery was transferred to 19th Regt. A new banner for the Pipes and Drums was presented and a plaque unveiled at the regiment's barracks to mark the occasion.

In 2019, the regiment was due to move within Wiltshire from Bhurtpore Barracks at Tidworth to new purpose-built barracks at Larkhill.

As part of the Future Soldier Programme, the regiment joined the new 1st Deep Recce Strike Brigade Combat Team on 1 July 2022. In addition the regiment restructured in 2023, gaining 19 (Gibraltar 1779-83) Battery from 26th Regiment, RA as an Ajax equipped Tactical Group Battery.

## Recruitment areas

The regiment traditionally recruited from the Highlands as its former nickname suggested but now also recruits from Grampian, Tayside, Fife, central Scotland and Argyll. With 40 Regt "Lowland Gunners" being placed into suspended animation as part of the Army 2020 plans, it became the principal Scottish artillery regiment.

## Freedoms of the Cities

19 Regiment RA is the local artillery regiment of the Highlands of Scotland, the Western Isles, Shetland and Orkney. The Regiment has been granted the Freedoms of the Cities of Inverness and Colchester.

## Tartan

Bandsmen of the unit wear the hunting Robertson tartan in their dress uniforms (kilts and full plaids). This tartan was inherited from the original Loyal Clan Donnachie Volunteers raised in 1803, a unit of irregulars raised on Clan Robertson–Donnachaidh–Duncan lands.

## Batteries

The regiment's batteries are as follows:

* 19 (Gibraltar 1779–1783) Battery
* 5 (Gibraltar 1779–1783) Battery
* 28/143 (Tombs's Troop) Battery
* 127 (Dragon) Battery
* 13 (Martinique 1809) Headquarters Battery

## InfoBox

| 19th Regiment Royal Artillery | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1900 - Present |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch | British Army |
| Type | Field artillery |
| Size | 6 Batteries
519 personnel |
| Part of | 1st Deep Reconnaissance Strike Brigade Combat Team |
| Garrison/HQ | Larkhill, Wiltshire |
| Nickname(s) | *The Scottish Gunners* (sometimes referred to as the Highland Gunners) |
| Equipment | Archer Artillery System and MSTAR radar |
| Insignia | |
| Tartan |
Robertson hunting tartan |


title: Andrea Milroy

abstract: Andrea María Milroy Díaz is a Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss World 2004 pageant held in Sanya, China on 6 December 2004. Milroy, who is 5 ft 8.5 in (1.74 m), competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 2004, on 23 September 2004, and obtained the title of Miss World Venezuela. Also won the special awards of Best Face and Miss Elegance. She represented Trujillo state.

text:
# Andrea Milroy

**Andrea María Milroy Díaz** is a Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss World 2004 pageant held in Sanya, China on 6 December 2004.

Milroy, who is 5 ft 8.5 in (1.74 m), competed in the national beauty pageant **Miss Venezuela 2004**, on 23 September 2004, and obtained the title of **Miss World Venezuela**. Also won the special awards of *Best Face* and *Miss Elegance*. She represented Trujillo state.

## InfoBox

| Andrea Milroy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Andrea María Milroy Díaz
(1984-04-04) 4 April 1984
Caracas, Venezuela |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Blue |
|  | |


title: 15 Years After

abstract: 15 Years After is a box set by the musical project Enigma. It was released by Virgin Germany on 9 December 2005. The box set contains eight discs, five of them original studio albums created from 1990 to 2003, two DVDs, and a bonus CD of Enigma's songs covered by Rollo Armstrong. As the title suggests, the box set celebrates the fifteen years since the release of Enigma's first single, "Sadeness". The album cover was taken from Lady with an Ermine, a 1490 painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The box set packaging and photography was done by Dirk Rudolph, while artwork direction and original designs were created by Johann Zambryski, a long-time designer of Enigma artworks. Originally, the box set was sold at €128, and this raised a stir with fans of the project, since the discs were not remastered, unlike the compilation album Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits but were instead fitted with Copy Control. A new single, "Hello and Welcome" and The Dusted Variations disc also received mixed responses from the fans, who questioned the release of the album. Additionally, the music video for "Out from the Deep", which was dropped from the Remember the Future DVD without an apparent reason, was still absent in this re-release, and despite the box set being 12-inch vinyl-sized, there was little information about the history of the project within the booklet, apart from credits and a press release inside. Later on, the price of the box set dropped to €92.99 and on 30 November 2005, the producer and creator of Enigma, Michael Cretu personally visited the EMI factory in Uden, Netherlands to sign a thousand copies of the box set. The thousand signed copies had Cretu's initials ("MC") signed with a silver marker. While signed copies of Enigma's albums are extremely rare, the autographed version of the box set was still available for purchase at Amazon.de half a year after its release. Also within the box set was a code that enabled owners to download the music videos for "Voyageur" and "Boum-Boum" by typing it in a special section within Enigma's official website.

text:
# 15 Years After

***15 Years After*** is a box set by the musical project Enigma. It was released by Virgin Germany on 9 December 2005. The box set contains eight discs, five of them original studio albums created from 1990 to 2003, two DVDs, and a bonus CD of Enigma's songs covered by Rollo Armstrong.

As the title suggests, the box set celebrates the fifteen years since the release of Enigma's first single, "Sadeness (Part I)". The album cover was taken from *Lady with an Ermine*, a 1490 painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The box set packaging and photography was done by Dirk Rudolph, while artwork direction and original designs were created by Johann Zambryski, a long-time designer of Enigma artworks.

Originally, the box set was sold at 128, and this raised a stir with fans of the project, since the discs were not remastered, unlike the compilation album *Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits* but were instead fitted with Copy Control. A new single, "Hello and Welcome" (from the unreleased sixth album *A Posteriori*) and *The Dusted Variations* disc also received mixed responses from the fans, who questioned the release of the album.

Additionally, the music video for "Out from the Deep", which was dropped from the *Remember the Future* DVD without an apparent reason, was still absent in this re-release, and despite the box set being 12-inch vinyl-sized, there was little information about the history of the project within the booklet, apart from credits and a press release inside.

Later on, the price of the box set dropped to €92.99 and on 30 November 2005, the producer and creator of Enigma, Michael Cretu personally visited the EMI factory in Uden, Netherlands to sign a thousand copies of the box set. The thousand signed copies had Cretu's initials ("MC") signed with a silver marker. While signed copies of Enigma's albums are extremely rare, the autographed version of the box set was still available for purchase at Amazon.de half a year after its release. Also within the box set was a code that enabled owners to download the music videos for "Voyageur" and "Boum-Boum" by typing it in a special section within Enigma's official website.

## Contents

**Albums**

**Bonus CD**

**DVDs**

* *Remember the Future* (2001)
* *MCMXC a.D.: The Complete Video Album* (2003)

## InfoBox

| 15 Years After | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by Enigma | |
| Released | 9 December 2005 |
| Recorded | A.R.T. Studios, Ibiza,
1990–2005 |
| Genre | New-age, ambient |
| Label | Virgin Schallplatten GmbH |
| Producer | Michael Cretu |
| Enigma chronology | |
| *Voyageur*
(2003) ***15 Years After***
(2005) *A Posteriori*
(2006) | |


title: Andreas Traub

abstract: Andreas Traub is a German musicologist and university lecturer.

text:
# Andreas Traub

**Andreas Traub** (born in 1949) is a German musicologist and university lecturer.

## Life

Traub is grandson of the theologian and politician Gottfried Traub and son of the theologian Hellmut Traub. He completed his studies at the LMU Munich and the University of Bern and received his doctorate in 1977.

From 1979 to 1990 he worked as assistant to Rudolf Stephan at the Institute for Musicology of the Free University of Berlin. His habilitation then followed in 1994 at the University of Tübingen.

Since 1991 Traub has been researching the music history of Baden-Württemberg. At the same time he teaches at the University of Tübingen.

Since 1994 he has held teaching positions at the Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Trossingen.

In 1997 Traub became editor of the Denkmäler der Musik in Baden-Württemberg.

Traub is honorary member of the Gesellschaft für Musikgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg.

## Publications

Author * Andreas Traub: *Sándor Veress.* In Hanns-Werner Heister, Walter-Wolfgang Sparrer (edit.): *Komponisten der Gegenwart.* (*KDG*). Edition text + kritik, Munich 1992 ff. 21. Additional delivery 2001.
* Andreas Traub: *Sándor Veress und das Exil: Von der "Transilvanischen Kantate" (1936) zur "Elegie" (1964).* In Péter Csobádi et al. (edit.): *Das (Musik-)Theater in Exil und Diktatur. Vorträge und Gespräche des Salzburger Symposions 2003.* Anif, Salzburg 2005, pp. 533540.
* Andreas Traub: *Veress, Sándor.* In Ludwig Finscher (edit.): *Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.* (*MGG*). 2nd edition. People part, vol.16. Bärenreiter, Kassel, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 14871492.
* Doris Lanz, Anselm Gerhard (edit.): *Sándor Veress. Komponist – Lehrer – Forscher.* Kassel 2008. - With contributions from Rachel Beckles Willson, Melinda Berlász, Bodo Bischoff, Simone Hohmaier, Heinz Holliger, Michael Kunkel, Péter Laki, Doris Lanz, Friedemann Sallis, Andreas Traub, Claudio Veress.

Editor * Andreas Traub (edit.): *Sándor Veress. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag.* Haseloff, Berlin 1986.
* Andreas Traub (edit.): *Sándor Veress. Aufsätze, Vorträge, Briefe* Wolke, Hofheim 1998.

Editor at Memorials of Music in Baden-Württemberg * 1. Johann Samuel Welter (1650–1720), The sacred work. Cantatas, Magnificat, hymns, presented by Andreas Traub, 1993
* 2. Ernst von Gemmingen (1759–1813), Four concertos for violin and orchestra, presented by Andreas Traub, 1994
* 3. Augustinus Plattner, Eight double-choir masses (1624), presented by Andreas Traub, 1995
* 4. Musik der Organistenfamilie Druckenmüller, presented by Andreas Traub, 1996
* 6. Johann Wendelin Glaser (1713–1783), Selected cantatas, presented by Andreas Traub and Marco Jammermann, 1998
* 7. Balduin Hoyoul (c. 1548–1594), Latin and German motets, presented by Dagmar Golly-Becker and Andreas Traub, 1998
* 10. Balduin Hoyoul (c. 1548–1594), Magnificat cycle and two masses, Stephan Faber (c. 1580-1632), Cantiones, presented by Andreas Traub, 2001.
* 15. Franz Anton Maichelbeck (1702–1750), Freiburg. Requiem for 2 choirs; 1 mass, presented by Manfred Schuler (†) and Andreas Traub.
* 22. Erasmus Widmann. *Weltliche Gesänge und Ritterspiel*. Presented by Andreas Traub, Gregor Wittkop and Klaus Peter Leitner.


title: Edward John Herrmann

abstract: Edward John Herrmann was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Columbus in Ohio from 1973 to 1982. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Washington D.C. from 1966 to 1973.

text:
# Edward John Herrmann

**Edward John Herrmann** (November 6, 1913 – December 22, 1999) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Columbus in Ohio from 1973 to 1982. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Washington D.C. from 1966 to 1973.

## Biography

### Early life

Herrmann was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 6, 1913, the son of Episcopalian parents, Walter E. and Jennie Doyle Herrmann, who owned a small grocery store. Walter Herrmann died in the 1918 flu pandemic. Edward Herrmann was baptized a Catholic in 1919.

Herrmann attended St. Bernard and St. James grade schools, then graduated from Loyola High School in Baltimore in 1931. He then went to work for the American Oil Company in Baltimore during the Great Depression. After deciding to enter the priesthood, Herrmann studied at Mount Saint Mary’s Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland.

### Priesthood

Herrmann was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Baltimore-Washington on June 12, 1947, in Baltimore’s Cathedral of the Assumption by Auxiliary Bishop John McNamara. He served as pastor and assistant chancellor.

### Auxiliary Bishop of Washington

Pope Paul VI appointed Herrmann as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Washington and titular bishop of Lamzella on March 4, 1966. He was consecrated by Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle on April 26, 1966 at St. Matthew’s Cathedral in Washington. He became vicar general and chancellor of the archdiocese.

### Bishop of Columbus

Herrmann was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Columbus on June 26, 1973 by Pope Paul VI; Hermann was installed as its ninth bishop on August 21, 1973.

Herrmann helped establish Operation Feed in Columbus, a countywide food drive that now provides millions of meals every year to people in the Columbus area. He also reorganized the diocese into the 15 vicariates and instituted the Emmaus Spirituality Program for priests.

### Retirement and legacy

Pope John Paul II accepted Herrmann's resignation as bishop of the Diocese of Columbus on September 18, 1982. He served as diocesan administrator until April 25, 1983, when Bishop James A. Griffin succeeded him. In retirement, Herrmann resided at St. Ann's Infant and Maternity Home in Avondale, Maryland. However, he returned to Columbus in November 1991 to assist the bishop in the diocese.

Edward Herrmann died on December 22, 1999, in Columbus and was buried in the crypt of St. Joseph Cathedral there.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Edward John Herrmann
D.D. | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Columbus
titular bishop of Lamzella | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Columbus |
| In office | August 21, 1973
September 18, 1982 |
| Predecessor | Clarence Edward Elwell |
| Successor | James Anthony Griffin |
| Other post(s) | titular bishop of Lamzella |
| Previous post(s) | Auxiliary of Archdiocese of Washington, D.C.
(1966–1973) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | June 12, 1947
by John Michael McNamara |
| Consecration | April 26, 1966
by Patrick O'Boyle |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 6, 1913
Baltimore, Maryland, US |
| Died | December 22, 1999(1999-12-22) (aged 86)
Columbus, Ohio, US |
| Education | Mount St. Mary's Seminary |


title: .bh

abstract: .bh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bahrain. It is administered by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain (TRA).

text:
# .bh

.البحرين
| TLD type | Internationalized country code top-level domain |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Approved (in 2019) |
| Registry | .BH Domain Registry |
| Sponsor | Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain |
| Intended use | Entities connected with  Bahrain in the Arabic script |
| Registration restrictions | Open for international registration since May 2022 |

**.bh** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bahrain. It is administered by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain (TRA).

## History

The .bh domain was first delegated in 1994 to the University of Bahrain Computer Center. In 1999, the domain was delegated to the Bahrain Telecommunications Company, which since remains the sponsoring organisation.

In 2002, the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority was established, and in 2008, the Minister of Telecommunications of Bahrain assigned TRA as the governmental agency responsible for the management of the .bh top-level domain.

On 6 December 2011, the Telecommunication Regulatory Authority commenced a request to ICANN for redelegation of the “.BH” top-level domain. In March 2012, this request was completed.

## Structure

Registration directly at second level is available internationally, while all registrations under the second level domain names listed below, require a local presence and relevant local licences.

List of second level domains
| Second level domain | Intended purpose |
| --- | --- |
| .com.bh | Businesses (individuals also allowed) |
| .cc.bh | Businesses |
| .biz.bh | Businesses |
| .net.bh | Telecommunications and IT services providers (natural persons also allowed) |
| .edu.bh | Educational institutions |
| .info.bh | Information provision services |
| .med.bh | Medical services |
| .name.bh | Natural persons |
| .me.bh | Natural persons |

## InfoBox

.bh
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | 1 February 1994 |
| TLD type | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | .BH Domain Registry |
| Sponsor | Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain |
| Intended use | Entities connected with: |
| Actual use | Gets some use in Bahrain; registrations are offered by local and international registrars. |
| Registration restrictions | Domains under second level are open for international registration since May 2022 while all third level domain names require local presence and local trade licences. |
| Structure | Registrations are available directly at the second level, or at third level beneath some second-level labels |
| Documents | Registration rules |
| Dispute policies | Policies |
| Registry website | domains.bh<br>register.bh |


title: 15 ans déjà...

abstract: 15 ans déjà... is the 12th French studio album by Joe Dassin. It came out in 1978 on CBS Disques.

text:
# 15 ans déjà...

***15 ans déjà...*** is the 12th French studio album by Joe Dassin. It came out in 1978 on CBS Disques.

## Track listing

Side 1
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Un lord anglais" | Pierre Delanoë, Claude Lemesle, Joe Dassin, William Sheller | 2:50 |
| 2. | "Toi, le refrain de ma vie" ("Tell Me to My Face") | Allan Clarke, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash | 5:20 |
| 3. | "La Beauté du diable" ("A Mellow Melody") | Charlie Rich, Billy Sherrill | 2:24 |
| 4. | "Happy Birthday" ("Balletto") | Pierre Delanoë, Claude Lemesle, Joe Dassin, Vito Pallavicini, Gianni Guarnieri, Michelle Vasseur | 4:48 |
| 5. | "La Fan" | Alice Dona, Claude Lemesle, Joe Dassin | 2:43 |

Side 2
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "La vie se chante, la vie se pleure" ("Down by the Water") | Jörg Evers, Jürgen Korduletsch, Keith Forsey, Mats Björklund | 4:17 |
| 2. | "Darlin'" (En anglais) | Stewart Blandamer | 3:13 |
| 3. | "Pour le plaisir de partir" | Pierre Delanoë, Claude Lemesle, Joe Dassin, Didier Barbelivien | 2:50 |
| 4. | "Côté banjo, côté violon" | Pierre Delanoë, Claude Lemesle, Toto Cutugno, Joe Dassin | 3:07 |
| 5. | "Qu'est-ce que tu fais de moi ?" | Pierre Delanoë, Claude Lemesle, Toto Cutugno | 3:25 |

## InfoBox

| 15 ans déjà... | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joe Dassin | |
| Released | 1978 (1978) |
| Genre | chanson |
| Label | CBS Disques |
| Producer | Jacques Plait |
| Joe Dassin chronology | |
| *Les Femmes de ma vie*
(1978) ***15 ans déjà...***
(1978) *Blue Country*
(1979) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *15 ans déjà...* | |
| 1. "La vie se chante, la vie se pleure"
Released: 1978 2. "Côté banjo, côté violon"
Released: 1979 | |
|  | |


title: 1975 Baltimore mayoral election

abstract: The 1975 Baltimore mayoral election saw the reelection of William Donald Schaefer.

text:
# 1975 Baltimore mayoral election

The **1975 Baltimore mayoral election** saw the reelection of William Donald Schaefer.

## Nominations

### Democratic primary

### Republican primary

## General election

The general election was held November 4.

Baltimore mayoral general election, 1975
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **William Donald Schaefer (incumbent)** | **91,335** | **85.07%** |
|  | Republican | Claudette M. Chandler | 16,036 | 14.94% |
| Total votes | | | **107,371** |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

## InfoBox

1975 Baltimore mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Candidate **William Donald Schaefer** Claudette M. Chandler  Party Democratic Republican  Popular vote **91,335** 16,036  Percentage **85.07%** 14.94% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
William Donald Schaefer
Democratic **Elected mayor**
William Donald Schaefer
Democratic | |


title: Elements (band)

abstract: Elements is an American jazz fusion ensemble founded by bass guitarist Mark Egan and drummer Danny Gottlieb in 1982. Both Egan and Gottlieb were members of the Pat Metheny Group, and Elements's sound draws from their experience. Band members include Bill Evans, Gil Goldstein, Steve Khan and Clifford Carter. Elements last appeared to be active in the mid 90s. Gottlieb and Egan continue to record music together using their own names rather than the Elements moniker as of 2019.

text:
# Elements (band)

**Elements** is an American jazz fusion ensemble founded by bass guitarist Mark Egan and drummer Danny Gottlieb in 1982. Both Egan and Gottlieb were members of the Pat Metheny Group, and Elements's sound draws from their experience. Band members include Bill Evans, Gil Goldstein, Steve Khan and Clifford Carter. Elements last appeared to be active in the mid 90s. Gottlieb and Egan continue to record music together (featuring a more traditional jazz style) using their own names rather than the Elements moniker as of 2019.

## Discography

* 1982 *Elements* (Philo)
* 1984 *Forward Motion* (Antilles)
* 1985 *Blown Away* (Mesa/Bluemoon)
* 1987 *Illumination* (Novus)
* 1989 *Liberal Arts* (Novus)
* 1990 *Spirit River* (Novus)
* 1992 *Far East, Vol. 1* (Wavetone)
* 1995 *Far East, Vol. 2* (Wavetone)
* 1996 *Untold Stories* (Wavetone)

## InfoBox

| Elements | |
| --- | --- |
| Genres | Jazz, jazz fusion, new-age |
| Years active | 1982–c. 1990's |
| Labels | Antilles, Novus, Wavetone |
|  | |
| Members |  |


title: Elementary cellular automaton

abstract: In mathematics and computability theory, an elementary cellular automaton is a one-dimensional cellular automaton where there are two possible states and the rule to determine the state of a cell in the next generation depends only on the current state of the cell and its two immediate neighbors. There is an elementary cellular automaton which is capable of universal computation, and as such it is one of the simplest possible models of computation.

text:
# Elementary cellular automaton

In mathematics and computability theory, an **elementary cellular automaton** is a one-dimensional cellular automaton where there are two possible states (labeled 0 and 1) and the rule to determine the state of a cell in the next generation depends only on the current state of the cell and its two immediate neighbors. There is an elementary cellular automaton (rule 110, defined below) which is capable of universal computation, and as such it is one of the simplest possible models of computation.

## The numbering system

There are 8 = 23 possible configurations for a cell and its two immediate neighbors. The rule defining the cellular automaton must specify the resulting state for each of these possibilities so there are 256 = 223 possible elementary cellular automata. Stephen Wolfram proposed a scheme, known as the Wolfram code, to assign each rule a number from 0 to 255 which has become standard. Each possible current configuration is written in order, 111, 110, ..., 001, 000, and the resulting state for each of these configurations is written in the same order and interpreted as the binary representation of an integer. This number is taken to be the rule number of the automaton. For example, 110d=011011102. So rule 110 is defined by the transition rule:

| 111 | 110 | 101 | 100 | 011 | 010 | 001 | 000 | current pattern | P=(L,C,R) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | new state for center cell | N110d=(C+R+C\*R+L\*C\*R)%2 |

## Reflections and complements

Although there are 256 possible rules, many of these are trivially equivalent to each other up to a simple transformation of the underlying geometry. The first such transformation is reflection through a vertical axis and the result of applying this transformation to a given rule is called the **mirrored rule**. These rules will exhibit the same behavior up to reflection through a vertical axis, and so are equivalent in a computational sense.

For example, if the definition of rule 110 is reflected through a vertical line, the following rule (rule 124) is obtained:

| 111 | 110 | 101 | 100 | 011 | 010 | 001 | 000 | current pattern | P=(L,C,R) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | new state for center cell | N112d+12d=124d=(L+C+L\*C+L\*C\*R)%2 |

Rules which are the same as their mirrored rule are called **amphichiral**. Of the 256 elementary cellular automata, 64 are amphichiral.

The second such transformation is to exchange the roles of 0 and 1 in the definition. The result of applying this transformation to a given rule is called the **complementary rule**. For example, if this transformation is applied to rule 110, we get the following rule

| current pattern | 000 | 001 | 010 | 011 | 100 | 101 | 110 | 111 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| new state for center cell | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |

and, after reordering, we discover that this is rule 137:

| current pattern | 111 | 110 | 101 | 100 | 011 | 010 | 001 | 000 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| new state for center cell | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |

There are 16 rules which are the same as their complementary rules.

Finally, the previous two transformations can be applied successively to a rule to obtain the mirrored complementary rule. For example, the mirrored complementary rule of rule 110 is rule 193. There are 16 rules which are the same as their mirrored complementary rules.

Of the 256 elementary cellular automata, there are 88 which are inequivalent under these transformations.

It turns out that reflection and complementation are automorphisms of the monoid of one-dimensional cellular automata, as they both preserve composition.

## Single 1 histories

One method used to study these automata is to follow its history with an initial state of all 0s except for a single cell with a 1. When the rule number is even (so that an input of 000 does not compute to a 1) it makes sense to interpret state at each time, *t*, as an integer expressed in binary, producing a sequence *a*(*t*) of integers. In many cases these sequences have simple, closed form expressions or have a generating function with a simple form. The following rules are notable:

### Rule 28

The sequence generated is 1, 3, 5, 11, 21, 43, 85, 171, ... (sequence A001045 in the OEIS). This is the sequence of Jacobsthal numbers and has generating function

$\frac {1+2x}{(1+x)(1-2x)}$.

It has the closed form expression

$$a(t)={\frac {4\cdot 2^{t}-(-1)^{t}{3}}}$$

Rule 156 generates the same sequence.

### Rule 50

The sequence generated is 1, 5, 21, 85, 341, 1365, 5461, 21845, ... (sequence A002450 in the OEIS). This has generating function

$\frac {1}{(1-x)(1-4x)}$.

It has the closed form expression

$a(t)={\frac {4\cdot 4^{t}-1}{3}}$.

Note that rules 58, 114, 122, 178, 186, 242 and 250 generate the same sequence.

### Rule 54

The sequence generated is 1, 7, 17, 119, 273, 1911, 4369, 30583, ... (sequence A118108 in the OEIS). This has generating function

$\frac {1+7x}{(1-x^{2})(1-16x^{2})}$.

It has the closed form expression

$a(t)={\frac {22\cdot 4^{t}-6(-4)^{t}-4+3(-1)^{t}{15}}}$.

### Rule 60

The sequence generated is 1, 3, 5, 15, 17, 51, 85, 255, ...(sequence A001317 in the OEIS). This can be obtained by taking successive rows of Pascal's triangle modulo 2 and interpreting them as integers in binary, which can be graphically represented by a Sierpinski triangle.

### Rule 90

The sequence generated is 1, 5, 17, 85, 257, 1285, 4369, 21845, ... (sequence A038183 in the OEIS). This can be obtained by taking successive rows of Pascal's triangle modulo 2 and interpreting them as integers in base 4. Note that rules 18, 26, 82, 146, 154, 210 and 218 generate the same sequence.

### Rule 94

The sequence generated is 1, 7, 27, 119, 427, 1879, 6827, 30039, ... (sequence A118101 in the OEIS). This can be expressed as

$a(t)={\begin{cases}1,&{\mbox{if }t=0\\\\[5px\]7,&{\mbox{if }t=1\\\\[7px\]{\dfrac {1+5\cdot 4^{n}{3},&{\mbox{if }t{\mbox{ is even otherwise}\\\\[7px\]{\dfrac {10+11\cdot 4^{n}{6},&{\mbox{if }t{\mbox{ is odd otherwise}\end{cases}}}}}}}}}}}}$.

This has generating function

$\frac {(1+2x)(1+5x-16x^{4})}{(1-x^{2})(1-16x^{2})}$.

### Rule 102

The sequence generated is 1, 6, 20, 120, 272, 1632, 5440, 32640, ... (sequence A117998 in the OEIS). This is simply the sequence generated by rule 60 (which is its mirror rule) multiplied by successive powers of 2.

### Rule 110

The sequence generated is 1, 6, 28, 104, 496, 1568, 7360, 27520, 130304, 396800, ... (sequence A117999 in the OEIS). Rule 110 has the perhaps surprising property that it is Turing complete, and thus capable of universal computation.

### Rule 150

The sequence generated is 1, 7, 21, 107, 273, 1911, 5189, 28123, ... (sequence A038184 in the OEIS). This can be obtained by taking the coefficients of the successive powers of (1+*x*+*x*2) modulo 2 and interpreting them as integers in binary.

### Rule 158

The sequence generated is 1, 7, 29, 115, 477, 1843, 7645, 29491, ... (sequence A118171 in the OEIS). This has generating function

$\frac {1+7x+12x^{2}-4x^{3}{(1-x^{2})(1-16x^{2})}}$.

### Rule 188

The sequence generated is 1, 3, 5, 15, 29, 55, 93, 247, ... (sequence A118173 in the OEIS). This has generating function

$\frac {1+3x+4x^{2}+12x^{3}+8x^{4}-8x^{5}{(1-x^{2})(1-16x^{4})}}$.

### Rule 190

The sequence generated is 1, 7, 29, 119, 477, 1911, 7645, 30583, ... (sequence A037576 in the OEIS). This has generating function

$\frac {1+3x}{(1-x^{2})(1-4x)}$.

### Rule 220

The sequence generated is 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, ... (sequence A000225 in the OEIS). This is the sequence of Mersenne numbers and has generating function

$\frac {1}{(1-x)(1-2x)}$.

It has the closed form expression

$a(t)=2\cdot 2^{t}-1$.

Note: rule 252 generates the same sequence.

### Rule 222

The sequence generated is 1, 7, 31, 127, 511, 2047, 8191, 32767, ... (sequence A083420 in the OEIS). This is every other entry in the sequence of Mersenne numbers and has generating function

$\frac {1+2x}{(1-x)(1-4x)}$.

It has the closed form expression

$a(t)=2\cdot 4^{t}-1$.

Note that rule 254 generates the same sequence.

## Images for rules 0-99

These images depict space-time diagrams, in which each row of pixels shows the cells of the automaton at a single point in time, with time increasing downwards. They start with an initial automaton state in which a single cell, the pixel in the center of the top row of pixels, is in state 1 and all other cells are 0.

## Random initial state

A second way to investigate the behavior of these automata is to examine its history starting with a random state. This behavior can be better understood in terms of Wolfram classes. Wolfram gives the following examples as typical rules of each class.

* Class 1: Cellular automata which rapidly converge to a uniform state. Examples are rules 0, 32, 160 and 232.
* Class 2: Cellular automata which rapidly converge to a repetitive or stable state. Examples are rules 4, 108, 218 and 250.
* Class 3: Cellular automata which appear to remain in a random state. Examples are rules 22, 30, 126, 150, 182.
* Class 4: Cellular automata which form areas of repetitive or stable states, but also form structures that interact with each other in complicated ways. An example is rule 110. Rule 110 has been shown to be capable of universal computation.

Each computed result is placed under that result's source creating a two-dimensional representation of the system's evolution.

In the following gallery, this evolution from random initial conditions is shown for each of the 88 inequivalent rules. Below each image is the rule number used to produce the image, and in brackets the rule numbers of equivalent rules produced by reflection or complementing are included, if they exist. As mentioned above, the reflected rule would produce a reflected image, while the complementary rule would produce an image with black and white swapped.

### Unusual cases

In some cases the behavior of a cellular automaton is not immediately obvious. For example, for Rule 62, interacting structures develop as in a Class 4. But in these interactions at least one of the structures is annihilated so the automaton eventually enters a repetitive state and the cellular automaton is Class 2.

Rule 73 is Class 2 because any time there are two consecutive 1s surrounded by 0s, this feature is preserved in succeeding generations. This effectively creates walls which block the flow of information between different parts of the array. There are a finite number of possible configurations in the section between two walls so the automaton must eventually start repeating inside each section, though the period may be very long if the section is wide enough. These walls will form with probability 1 for completely random initial conditions. However, if the condition is added that the lengths of runs of consecutive 0s or 1s must always be odd, then the automaton displays Class 3 behavior since the walls can never form.

Rule 54 is Class 4 and also appears to be capable of universal computation, but has not been studied as thoroughly as Rule 110. Many interacting structures have been cataloged which collectively are expected to be sufficient for universality.


title: Agelanthus igneus

abstract: Agelanthus igneus is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to Mozambique and Tanzania.

text:
# Agelanthus igneus

***Agelanthus igneus*** is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to Mozambique and Tanzania.

## Description

A description of the plant is given in Govaerts *et al.*, based on Polhill & Wiens (2006).

## Habitat/ecology

*A. igneus* is found in riverine forest and coastal bushland. Known hosts are Grewia and Combretum.

## Threats

In Tanzania the main threat is from agriculture and pine plantations, while in Mozambique the major threat is from tourism development.

## InfoBox

| *Agelanthus igneus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Loranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Agelanthus* |
| Species: | ***A. igneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Agelanthus igneus***
(Danser) Polhill & Wiens | |
|


title: After Eden

abstract: After Eden is the third studio album by the Japanese girl group Kalafina.

text:
# After Eden

**After Eden** is the third studio album by the Japanese girl group Kalafina.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Yuki Kajiura

CD (SECL-1014)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Eden" | 5:38 |
| 2. | "Sandpiper" | 6:03 |
| 3. | "Magia" | 5:09 |
| 4. | "Kugatsu (九月, *September*)" | 3:42 |
| 5. | "In Your Eyes" | 6:01 |
| 6. | "Destination Unknown" | 5:03 |
| 7. | "Neverending" | 4:22 |
| 8. | "Kotonoha (ことのは, *Words*)" | 2:45 |
| 9. | "Magnolia" | 5:47 |
| 10. | "Kagayaku Sora no Shijima ni wa (輝く空の静寂には, *In the Silence of the Shining Sky*)" | 4:12 |
| 11. | "Mune no Yukue (胸の行方, *Where the Heart Is*)" | 6:16 |
| 12. | "Snow falling" | 4:38 |
| 13. | "symphonia" | 5:44 |

DVD (SECL-1012)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "symphonia" (PV) |  |
| 2. | "Kalafina at Anime Expo 2011 in Los Angeles" (documentary) |  |

## Usage in media

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position | Sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Oricon Weekly Albums | 3 | 28,022 |

## InfoBox

| After Eden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kalafina | |
| Released | 21 September 2011 |
| Recorded | 2010–2011 |
| Genre | J-Pop |
| Label | SME Records |
| Producer | Yuki Kajiura |
| Kalafina chronology | |
| *Red Moon*
(2010) ***After Eden***
(2011) *Consolation*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *After Eden* | |
| 1. "Kagayaku Sora no Shijima ni wa"
Released: 15 September 2010 2. "Magia"
Released: 16 February 2011 | |
|  | |


title: After Earth (soundtrack)

abstract: After Earth is the soundtrack to the 2013 film After Earth directed by M. Night Shyamalan and starring Jaden Smith and Will Smith; the film's score is composed by James Newton Howard whose inclusion was confirmed in July 2012. After Earth is Howard's seventh and final collaboration with Shyamalan, who worked on all of the films beginning with The Sixth Sense (1999). Sony Masterworks released the 28-track score album on May 28, 2013.

text:
# After Earth (soundtrack)

***After Earth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*** is the soundtrack to the 2013 film *After Earth* directed by M. Night Shyamalan and starring Jaden Smith and Will Smith; the film's score is composed by James Newton Howard whose inclusion was confirmed in July 2012. *After Earth* is Howard's seventh and final collaboration with Shyamalan, who worked on all of the films beginning with *The Sixth Sense* (1999). Sony Masterworks released the 28-track score album on May 28, 2013.

## Critical reception

Thomas Glorieux, in his review for *Maintitles.net* described it as an "average album is only held together by its begin and end". James Southall of *Movie Wave* also described it as "the least impressive of Howard’s score albums from Shyamalan films". In contrast, *Filmtracks.com* reviewed "*After Earth* is a robust Howard effort that could potentially go unnoticed by those dismissing the film. It's standard fare, and a lack of a global sense of tragedy for the fate of Earth is an issue. The primal textures do grate in an environment that tries at the same time to be a touching father and son bonding score. But all of that said, give this one a chance and rearrange it as needed."

Katy Vans of *Blueprint* wrote "This is ok, not great, but who needs great; it serves a purpose". Chris Bumbray of *JoBlo.com* wrote "The musical score by James Newton Howard is excellent". Luke Mullen of *Film School Rejects* wrote "The score by James Newton Howard is subtle and not overused but also not particularly memorable." A review from *The New Indian Express* summarized that "kudos to composer James Newton Howard, for a strong soundtrack that blends into the film."

## Post-release

Howard re-recorded a piece of the score suite from the film, to be included in his studio album *Night After Night*; a compilation of Howard's scores for Shyamalan's films. Pianist Jean-Yves Thibaudet performed the suite as the featured soloist.

## Track listing

*After Earth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The History of Man" | 2:23 |
| 2. | "I'm Not Advancing You" | 1:28 |
| 3. | "Pack Your Bags" | 1:40 |
| 4. | "Leaving Nova Prime" | 0:48 |
| 5. | "Can You Ghost?" | 2:09 |
| 6. | "Ship Tears Apart" | 2:17 |
| 7. | "Kitai Finds Cypher" | 1:19 |
| 8. | "Get Me into the Cockpit" | 1:36 |
| 9. | "The Mission" | 1:31 |
| 10. | "Baboons" | 2:51 |
| 11. | "Kitai on Earth" | 2:56 |
| 12. | "Four Vials Remain, Sir" | 1:11 |
| 13. | "Run to the Falls" | 2:42 |
| 14. | "Abort Mission" | 2:02 |
| 15. | "Bird Attack" | 1:02 |
| 16. | "Nest Battle" | 2:03 |
| 17. | "Safety in the Hog Hole" | 3:42 |
| 18. | "Saved by the Bird" | 0:52 |
| 19. | "The Tail" | 1:40 |
| 20. | "Dad, Are You There?" | 2:46 |
| 21. | "Leech" | 2:59 |
| 22. | "See the Peak" | 2:21 |
| 23. | "Run to the Volcano" | 0:37 |
| 24. | "Somewhere to Hide" | 1:22 |
| 25. | "Chase Through the Cave" | 3:07 |
| 26. | "Ghosting" | 4:45 |
| 27. | "I Wanna Work with Mom" | 1:17 |
| 28. | "After Earth" | 1:54 |
| Total length: | | 57:20 |

## Personnel

* Music composer and producer – James Newton Howard
* Co-producer – Jim Weidman, Sven Faulconer
* Programming – Sunna Wehrmeijer, Sven Faulconer
* Recording – Shawn Murphy, Erik Swanson, Larry Mah
* Mixing – Shawn Murphy
* Mastering – Louie Teran
* Score editor – David Channing
* Music editor – David Olson
* Supervising music editor – Jim Weidman
* Sound designer – Clay Duncan
* Auricle control systems – Richard Grant
* Music coordinator – Pamela Sollie
* Musical assistance – Christopher Wray

**Orchestra**

* Orchestra – The Hollywood Studio Symphony
* Orchestration – Jeff Atmajian, Jon Kull, Pete Anthony, Peter Bateman
* Orchestra leader – Belinda Broughton
* Conductor – Pete Anthony, Mike Nowak
* Orchestra contractor – DeCrescent Zimmitti Music Contracting
* Music librarian – Andrew Hauschild, Mark Graham
* Copyist – Joann Kane Music Service
* Scoring crew – Adam Michalak, Christine Sirois, David Marquette, Denis St. Amand, Greg Dennen, Greg Loskorn, Matt Ward, Tim Lauber, Tom Steel

**Choir**

* Choir – Aleta Braxton, Alice Kirwan Murray, Alvin Chea, Amy Fogerson, Arnold Livingston Geis, Beth Andersen, Bob Joyce, Christen Herman, Christopher Gambol, Clydene Jackson, David Loucks, Edie Lehmann Boddicker, Edward Bruner, Elin Carlson, Eric Bradley, Fletcher Sheridan, Gerald White, Harriet Fraser, Jennifer Graham, Joan Beal, John West, Karen Whipple Schnurr, Leanna Brand, Michael Geiger, Michael Lichtenauer, Michele Hemmings, Monique Donnelly, Niké St. Clair, Omar Crook, Patricia Ann Walsh, Reid Bruton, Rick Logan, Sally Stevens, Scott Graff, Shawn Kirchner, Stephen Grimm, Suzanne Waters, Teri Koide, Walter Harrah, Will Goldman
* Choir contractor – Edie Lehmann Boddicker

**Instruments**

* Bass – Bruce Morgenthaler, Chris Kollgaard, David Parmeter, Drew Dembowski, Ed Meares, Mike Valerio, Neil Garber, Nico Abondolo, Oscar Hidalgo, Steve Dress
* Bassoon – Allen Savedoff, Ken Munday, Michael O'Donovan, Rose Corrigan
* Baroque cello – Heather Vorwerck, Kyung Choi, Leif Woodward, Shirley Hunt
* Cello – Andrew Shulman, Tony Cooke, Armen Ksajikian, Cecilia Tsan, Tina Soule, Chris Ermacoff, David Speltz, Dennis Karmazyn, Erika Duke, Kim Scholes, John Walz, Matt Cooker, Paula Hochhalter, Stan Sharp, Steve Erdody, Tim Landauer, Tim Loo, Trevor Handy, Xiaodan Zheng, Cecilia Tsan, Maya Beiser
* Clarinet – Ben Lulich, Don Foster, Ralph Williams, Stuart Clark
* Flute – Geri Rotella, Heather Clark, Steve Kujala
* Guitar – Christopher Wray
* Harp – Gayle Levant
* Horns – Allen Fogle, Daniel Kelley, Dylan Hart, Jim Thatcher, Jenny Kim, Keith Popejoy, Mark Adams, Phil Yao, Steve Becknell
* Oboe – David Weiss, Jessica Pearlman, Lara Wickes, Leslie Reed
* Percussion – Alan Estes, Bob Zimmitti, Peter Limonick, Wade Culbreath
* Piano – Randy Kerber
* Trombone – Alex Iles, Andy Malloy, Bill Reichenbach, Mike Hoffman, Steve Holtman, Bill Booth
* Trumpet – Dave Washburn, Jon Lewis, Malcolm McNab, Marissa Benedict, Tim Morrison
* Tuba – Doug Tornquist, Jim Self
* Viola – Alma Fernandez, Andrew Duckles, Brian Dembow, Carolyn Riley, Darrin McCann, David Walther, Erik Rynearson, Jennie Hansen, Jerome Gordon, Kate Vincent, Keith Greene, Marlow Fisher, Matt Funes, Mike Nowak, Pam Goldsmith, Rob Brophy, Roland Kato, Shawn Mann, Thomas Diener, Vicky Miskolczy
* Viola d'Amore – Adriana Zoppo, Jennie Hansen, Pam Goldsmith, Roland Kato
* Viola da Gamba – Shanon Zusman
* Violin – Aimee Kreston, Alyssa Park, Amy Hershberger, Ana Landauer, Anatoly Rosinsky, Belinda Broughton, Bruce Dukov, Charlie Bisharat, Clayton Haslop, Dimitrie Leivici, Endre Granat, Eun-Mee Ahn, Haim Shtrum, Helen Nightengale, Irina Voloshina, Jackie Brand, Jay Rosen, Jeanne Skrocki, Josefina Vergara, Julie Gigante, Katia Popov, Kevin Connolly, Lisa Sutton, Lorand Lokuszta, Lorenz Gamma, Marc Sazer, Miwako Watanabe, Natalie Leggett, Nina Eutuhov, Phillip Levy, Radu Pieptea, Rafael Rishik, Richard Altenbach, Roberto Cani, Sara Parkins, Sarah Thornblade, Shalini Vijayan, Tammy Hatwan, Tereza Stanislav
* Violone – Denise Briese
* Woodwinds – Pedro Eustache

## Accolades

Accolades for *After Earth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*
| Awards | Category | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| World Soundtrack Awards | Film Composer of the Year | Nominated |  |

1. Cunningham, Joe (July 12, 2012). "James Newton Howard Reteams With M. Night Shyamalan To Score 'After Earth'". *IndieWire*. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
2. "'After Earth' Soundtrack Details". *Film Music Reporter*. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
3. Glorieux, Thomas. "James Newton Howard: After Earth". *Maintitles.net*. Archived from the original on February 7, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
4. Southall, James (May 30, 2013). "After Earth soundtrack review". *Movie Wave*. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
5. "After Earth (James Newton Howard)". *Filmtracks.com*. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
6. Vans, Katy (June 28, 2013). "After Earth: Original Soundtrack". *Blueprint*. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
7. Bumbray, Chris (May 30, 2013). "Review: After Earth". *JoBlo*. Archived from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
8. Mullen, Luke (May 31, 2013). "Review: 'After Earth' Is Perfectly Mediocre". *Film School Rejects*. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
9. "'After Earth' (English)". *The New Indian Express*. June 7, 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024  via Indo-Asian News Service.
10. Greiving, Tim (October 19, 2023). "His scores for M. Night Shyamalan's best-known films are now an album". *The Washington Post*. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
11. "James Newton Howard's 'Night After Night' Album Announced". *Film Music Reporter*. September 15, 2023. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
12. "BMI Congratulates the Nominees of the 2013 World Soundtrack Awards". Broadcast Music, Inc. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.

## InfoBox

| After Earth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Film score by James Newton Howard | |
| Released | May 28, 2013 |
| Recorded | August–October 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 57:20 |
| Label | Sony Masterworks |
| Producer | James Newton Howard |
|  | |
| James Newton Howard chronology | |
| *The Bourne Legacy*
(2012) ***After Earth***
(2013) *The Hunger Games: Catching Fire*
(2013) | |
|  | |


title: Against Equality of Opportunity

abstract: Against Equality of Opportunity is a 2002 book by Matt Cavanagh. The work is a critique of the doctrine of equal opportunity. Cavanagh argues against the conventional understanding of equal opportunity, in particular both meritocracy and most substantial interpretations of equality, including the idea of ‘equal life chances’. Instead, he argues for a more limited approach of trying to eliminate specific kinds of discrimination, together with trying to provide enough opportunities, and help to access them, such that most people have some degree of control over their lives.

text:
# Against Equality of Opportunity

***Against Equality of Opportunity*** is a 2002 book by Matt Cavanagh. The work is a critique of the doctrine of equal opportunity. Cavanagh argues against the conventional understanding of equal opportunity, in particular both meritocracy and most substantial interpretations of equality, including the idea of ‘equal life chances’. Instead, he argues for a more limited approach of trying to eliminate specific kinds of discrimination (including race discrimination), together with trying to provide enough opportunities, and help to access them, such that most people have some degree of control over their lives.

## Criticism

### Allegations of racism

The book caused some controversy when the author was appointed as an adviser to then Labour Minister David Blunkett when it was revealed that the book argued that it was sometimes rational (in an economic sense) for white employers to discriminate against black applicants

This led to widespread calls for Cavanagh to be sacked, with questions tabled in Parliament, and the affair rumbled on for a few days. *The Guardian'*s letters page carried a balance of letters for and against Cavanagh.

### Reviews and academic reaction

The book received positive reviews in the *Times Educational Supplement* *The Spectator*, and in academic journals including *Ethics*, *Notre Dame Philosophical Review*, *Theory and Research in Education* and *Contemporary Political Theory*.

Other reviews were more mixed, including the *London Review of Books*, *The Independent*, *Philosophical Books* and *Political Studies Review* and *Utilitas*, the latter two arguing that the work does not adequately engage other scholarly literature relating to equality of opportunity by authors such as Joel Feinberg or George Sher.

1. Gray, John (14 February 2001). "Against Equality of Opportunity by Matt Cavanagh". *The Independent*. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
2. Feam, Nicholas (16 March 2002). "More like a beauty contest". *The Spectator*. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
3. Suroor, Hasan (23 March 2004). "Asian MPs protest 'racist' remarks of Blunkett's adviser". *The Hindu*. London. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
4. Kite, Melissa; Syal, Rajeev (21 March 2004). "Labour's black and Asian members demand sacking of Blunkett race adviser". *The Daily Telegraph*. London. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
5. "Letters: Philosophy and the real world". *The Guardian*. London. 21 March 2004.
6. Dunn, John (21 June 2001). "Why we should spurn equality and meritocracy". *Times Higher Education World University Rankings*. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
7. Fullinwider, Robert K. (2003). "Book reviews". *Ethics*. **113** (4): 869–871. doi:10.1086/374006. JSTOR 10.1086/374006. S2CID 222812722.
8. Pojman, Louis (1 December 2002). "Review: Matt Cavanagh – Against Equal Opportunity". *Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews*. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
9. Schrag, Francis; Mclaughlin, T. H.; De Ruyter, Doret; Archard, David (1 March 2004). "Book reviews". *Theory and Research in Education*. **2** (1): 85–96. doi:10.1177/1477878504040581. S2CID 220672968.
10. Knowles, Dudley (2003). "Against Equality of Opportunity review" (PDF). *Contemporary Political Theory*. **2**: 131–133. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300060. ISSN 1476-9336. S2CID 142418262.
11. Waldron, Jeremy (19 September 2002). "Deservingness". *London Review of Books*. **24** (18): 10. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
12. Cruft, Rowan (17 January 2005). "Against Equality of Opportunity". *Philosophical Books*. **46** (1): 59–65. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.2005.0357a.x.
13. Mason, Andrew (4 March 2004). "Review of "Against Equality of Opportunity" by Matt Cavanagh". **1** (3): 346–382. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)

## InfoBox

Against Equality of Opportunity
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Matt Cavanagh |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Political philosophy |
| Publisher | Clarendon Press |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 232 |


title: Disease in ornamental fish

abstract: Ornamental fish kept in aquariums are susceptible to numerous diseases. Due to their generally small size and the low cost of replacing diseased or dead fish, the cost of testing and treating diseases is often seen as more trouble than the value of the fish. Due to the artificially limited volume of water and high concentration of fish in most aquarium tanks, communicable diseases often affect most or all fish in a tank. An improper nitrogen cycle, inappropriate aquarium plants and potentially harmful freshwater invertebrates can directly harm or add to the stresses on ornamental fish in a tank. Despite this, many diseases in captive fish can be avoided or prevented through proper water conditions and a well-adjusted ecosystem within the tank.

text:
# Disease in ornamental fish

**Ornamental fish** kept in aquariums are susceptible to numerous diseases. Due to their generally small size and the low cost of replacing diseased or dead fish, the cost of testing and treating diseases is often seen as more trouble than the value of the fish.

Due to the artificially limited volume of water and high concentration of fish in most aquarium tanks, communicable diseases often affect most or all fish in a tank. An improper nitrogen cycle, inappropriate aquarium plants and potentially harmful freshwater invertebrates can directly harm or add to the stresses on ornamental fish in a tank. Despite this, many diseases in captive fish can be avoided or prevented through proper water conditions and a well-adjusted ecosystem within the tank.

## Causes

Diseases can have a variety of causes, including bacterial infections from an external source such as *Pseudomonas fluorescens* (causing fin rot and fish dropsy), fungal infections (Saprolegnia), mould infections (Oomycete and *Saprolegnia*), parasitic disorders (*Gyrodactylus salaris*, *Ichthyophthirius multifiliis*, Cryptocaryon, Oodinium causing velvet disease, *Brooklynella hostilis*, head and lateral line erosion, Glugea, *Ceratomyxa shasta*, *Kudoa thyrsites*, *Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae*, *Ceratomyxa shasta* leeches, nematode, Trematoda, Platyhelminthes and fish louse), viral disorders, metabolic disorders, inappropriate water conditions (insufficient aeration, pH, water hardness, temperature and ammonia poisoning) and malnutrition.

External bacterial infections may cause spots or streaks on the body which appear red or orange Dropsy (bloating) is also a sign of a bacterial infection. "False fungal infections" look like fungus but is actually a bacterial infection known as Columnaris. These symptoms may include a white or gray film on the body.

## Prevention

Disease cures are almost always more expensive and less effective than simple prevention measures. Often precautions involve maintaining a stable aquarium that is adjusted for the specific species of fish that are kept and not over-crowding a tank or over-feeding the fish. Common preventive strategies include avoiding the introduction of infected fish, invertebrates or plants by quarantining new additions before adding them to an established tank, and discarding water from external sources rather than mixing it with clean water. Similarly, foods for herbivorous fish such as lettuce or cucumbers should be washed before being placed in the tank. Containers that do not have water filters or pumps to circulate water can also increase stress to fish. Other stresses on fish and tanks can include certain chemicals, soaps and detergents, and impacts to tank walls causing shock waves that can damage fish.

## Treatment

In some cases the causes of an infection or disease will be obvious (such as fin rot), though in other cases it may be due to water conditions, requiring special testing equipment and chemicals to appropriately adjust the water. Isolating diseased fish can help prevent the spread of infection to healthy fish in the tank. This also allows the use of chemicals or drugs which may damage the nitrogen cycle, plants or chemical filtration of a properly-functioning tank. Other alternatives include short baths in a bucket that contains the treated water. Salt baths can be used as an antiseptic and fungicide, and will not damage beneficial bacteria, though ordinary table salt may contain additives which can harm fish. Alternatives include aquarium salt, Kosher salt or rock salt. Gradually raising the temperature of the tank may kill certain parasites, though some diseased fish may be harmed and certain species can not tolerate high temperatures. Aeration is necessary since less oxygen is dissolved in warm water.

There are a number of effective treatments for many strains of bacterial infections. Three of the most common are tetracycline, penicillin and naladixic acid. Salt baths are another effective treatment.

* Chris Andrews (1988). *The Manual of Fish Health*. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 1-56465-160-6.
* Adrian Exell; Burgess, Peter H.; Bailey, Mary Timney (29 May 1999). *A-Z of Tropical Fish Diseases and Health Problems*. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. ISBN 1-58245-049-8.
* Axelrod, Herbert R.; Dieter Untergasser (1989). *Handbook of fish diseases*. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-86622-703-2.
* Fairfield, Terry (2000). *A commonsense guide to fish health*. Woodbury, N.Y: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-1338-0.


title: Dinoflagellate Blooms

abstract: Dinoflagellate Blooms is the fourth studio album that J. G. Thirlwell has issued under the pseudonym Manorexia. It was released on June 11, 2011 by Ectopic Ents. The Wire gave the record a glowing review, saying "it's a hugely satisfying record, representing half a decade of concentrated work but also a fine unity of purpose."

text:
# Dinoflagellate Blooms

***Dinoflagellate Blooms*** is the fourth studio album that J. G. Thirlwell has issued under the pseudonym Manorexia. It was released on June 11, 2011 by Ectopic Ents. *The Wire* gave the record a glowing review, saying "it's a hugely satisfying record, representing half a decade of concentrated work but also a fine unity of purpose."

## Track listing

All music is composed by J. G. Thirlwell

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cryogenics" | 3:18 |
| 2. | "Anabiosis" | 8:43 |
| 3. | "Ten Ton Shadow" | 4:00 |
| 4. | "Krzystl" | 10:15 |
| 5. | "A Plastic Island in the Pacific" | 7:38 |
| 6. | "Hydrofrack" | 2:36 |
| 7. | "The Perfect Patsy" | 5:29 |
| 8. | "Hoarse Platitudes" | 0:23 |
| 9. | "Vika" | 4:22 |
| 10. | "Kinaesthesia" | 8:46 |
| 11. | "Struck" | 6:15 |

## Personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 2011 | Ectopic Ents | CD | ECT ENTS 034 |

## InfoBox

| Dinoflagellate Blooms | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Manorexia | |
| Released | June 11, 2011 |
| Recorded | Self Immolation Studios, Brooklyn, New York |
| Genre | Modern classical |
| Length | 61:45 |
| Label | Ectopic Ents |
| Producer | J. G. Thirlwell |
| Manorexia chronology | |
| *The Mesopelagic Waters*
(2010) ***Dinoflagellate Blooms***
(2011) | |
|  | |
| J. G. Thirlwell chronology | |
| *Hide*
(2010) ***Dinoflagellate Blooms***
(2011) *Soak*
(2013) | |
|  | |


title: Dinofroz

abstract: Dinofroz is an Italian animated series made by Giochi Preziosi in partnership with the Italian studio Mondo TV.

text:
# Dinofroz

***Dinofroz*** is an Italian animated series made by Giochi Preziosi in partnership with the Italian studio Mondo TV.

## Synopsis

The series depicts the adventures of Tom Carter, a 12-year-old boy and his friends who, after playing a board game, are teleported to the past where they can transform into dinosaurs using stones called Rockfroz. It was foretold in legends that the Dinofroz would come to save the people dinosaurs and world from the merciless rule of the dragons. The Shaman is a magician with immense magical powers who is a major help to the Dinofroz in their journey to destroy Lord of Dragons Neceron in retaining the Rockfroz. The Rockfroz is a unique rock fragment giving the Dinofroz special powers in fighting the cruel generals of Neceron and their subordinate dragons. Another important help for the Dinofroz is a mammoth named Nelsten whose family was killed by Neceron in an arm-to-arm combat. Tom's father is another important person who travels ahead of the four friends in time in order to save Tom from the Dragon Lord's cruel wrath.

## Characters

### Protagonists

* Tom Carter, the group's leader: Tom is charismatic and secure. His father is a famous paleontologist, who disappeared during a research expedition. Tom, curious to find out what happened to his father, looks in his father's lab and finds an odd board game. With the board game, he and his friends can teleport to the past and transform into dinosaurs. He finds out that he and his friends have to save the world from Neceron, the Lord of the Dragons and his allies. Tom transforms into a *Tyrannosaurus rex*, and in the last episode, successfully defeats Neceron, and saves the futures of the dinosaurs and the human race. In season 2, Tom gets the Dinowatch. A high tech wrist device that allows him to transform into metallic dinosaurs. The Dinowatch contains; Tyrannosaurus rex, Smilodon, Gigantopithecus, and Velociraptor. Later on when they can extract DNA from other dinosaurs, Tom gets two new forms; Triceratops and Ankylosaurus.
* Bob: Transforms into a Triceratops. He is really loyal to Tom and likes eating. He is very strong and good at combat.
* John: Transforms into a Smilodon. He is independent and a good fighter. He works as a circus stunt performer and is very fast on legs. John is a very important part of dinofroz helping the dinofroz immeasurably by showcasing his natural human borne talents to retain the rockfroz.
* Eric: Transforms into a Pterosaur. He is a master of technology. He is loyal to Tom, but not very self-confident

### Antagonists

* Neceron, Lord of The Dragons: Neceron is the Lord of all Dragons. He is merciless and will do anything in order to defeat the Dinofroz. He only cares about himself, the enslavement of humans and torturing non dragon animals. His breed is unknown. He is killed in the first-season finale by Tom.
* General Vlad, the Vampire Dragon: Vlad is one of Neceron's generals. He appears to be an aged, a veteran warrior and more skilled than the other generals, Gladius and Kobrax. He is Neceron's most appreciated general, but this won't prevent Neceron from stealing his powers in the last episode. He was once attacked by Gladius and Kobrax, who were jealous of him. They seriously wounded him, but he managed to stay alive. Vlad was also good friends with Treek, another dragon. However, Treek betrayed him and their friendship ended. But still, Vlad freed Treek when Neceron had captured him. He can minimize himself, and by biting his foes neck, he can transform the unlucky victim into a vampire dragon not a ordinary vampire. It is possible that he did not die at the end of the series, as he was not seen buried under the rocks like the other Generals, after the Rockfroz explosion. Vlad is not completely evil. He appears to be very loyal and sensible too. He reappears in the second season as Treek/Drakemon's general. Soon Vlad realized that Drakemon is becoming insane and eventually helps the Dinofroz to save the world; proving that Vlad was the true future spy that Drakemon feared of from the whole season. His new appearance is more different than his wyvern-like body, he resembles more of a two tailed European dragon with bat ears.
* General Gladius, the Gladiator Dragon: Gladius is one of Neceron's generals. He appears to be the youngest and is not very wise. He blindly obeys his lord, and even after Neceron stole his powers, he refused to accept that his lord was wrong. Gladius is very strong but he has difficulties fighting the Dinofroz. He is very jealous of Vlad and along with Kobrax tried to kill Vlad. Gladius would have killed Vlad but two Vendetta Dragons appeared and he did not get the chance. Gladius mainly has fire-based powers. At the end of the series, he is seen to be buried under rocks after the Rockfroz explosion.
* General Kobrax, the Serpent Dragon: Kobrax is one of Neceron's generals. He seems to be older than Gladius, but a lot younger than Vlad. He is very intelligent, but he uses his cleverness for evil purposes. He is very sly and he is very jealous of Vlad. He never acts thoughtlessly, and he is always word-fighting with Vlad. Kobrax can spit a paralyzing venom, a deadly venom and fire. He can also tangle the foes with vines and squeeze them. He is a very dangerous dragon, but obeys Neceron quite blindly. He wants to be the greatest of the generals, which made him try to kill Vlad. At the end of the series, he is seen to be buried under rocks after the Rockfroz explosion.
* General Treek/Drakemon: Treek is Neceron's former general and the only dragon along with Neceron of unknown breed, although he looks like a Vendetta Dragon and also a dragon with Triceratops characteristics (as the name suggests). He is the only dragon who knows that the dragons are going to be extinct if Neceron continues to rule, but he is considered a traitor and was imprisoned. At one point, he escaped by tricking Gladius and organised a Revolt of the Dragons. His army was overpowered by Neceron's soldiers. He fights with Vlad, trying to convince him of Neceron's intentions. Vlad doesn't believe him and Treek was forced to hurt him in order to make him listen. When Treek was ready to smash his claws at Vlad, Kobrax appeared and spits him venom on Treek. Then Treek has imprisoned yet again. When Neceron orders Galdius and Kobrax to kill him, Vlad interferes and says he wants to take revenge on Treek, as Treek betrayed him. Despite the anger Vlad had at Treek for betraying him, he frees Treek. Treek leaves and did not appear until the final battle, when he tries to find Vlad and save him. He is the only other general besides Vlad, who is sure to still be alive. Treek's DNA is found by Professor Warnell, an old friend of James Carter. He returns in Season 2 as the main antagonist, renaming himself Drakemon. He is more humanoid and more different than his original, Drakemon has a mane made out of fire on his head to his back neck; along with Vald, Arctic and Petraeus who all three also have fire manes. As Drakemon, his goal to save the dragon species from extinction he is more paranoid when he suspect a traitorous spy in his rank. When Drakemon and Tom face each other in the final showdown, Drakemon was about to push Tom (as a T.Rex) in a fiery cavern, but Tom pushed Drakemon off him and Drakemon falls in the cavern killing him and his futureself.
* General Artik: Arctic is one of Treek/Drakemon's generals. He is a white bearded Asian dragon who his design resembles a bit like a ninja. Arctic use his wings as blades. Arctic is a calm and intellect but aggressive stragesit. He has a kindred friendship with Petraeus since both were recruited as generals at the same time. He along with Petraeus keep questioning Lord Drakemon of his plans and secrets that Drakemon keep hiding from them. General Arctic was accused of being a spy and a traitor to Drakemon and was put in the gladiator area to fight against the Fighter Dragons and Arctic was soon put in prison. From his accusation he was replaced with Natterjack to take his place as general.
* General Petraeus: Petraeus is one of Treek/Drakemon's general. He is a short red dragon with a hammer on his tail and his wings look shield-like. His appearance seem closely related to a Viking design He smacks his hammer tail on the ground to make shockwaves and use his wings as a shield. Petraeus seem to be rough and slightly aggressive when things are getting off track with suspicion of a traitorous spy. Petraeus has a kindred friendship with General Arctic since both were recruited as generals at the same time. He along with Arctic keep questioning Lord Drakemon of his plans and secrets that Drakemon keeps hiding from them.

### Minor characters

* Professor James Carter: Tom's father and a world-famous paleontologist. James went missing discovering artifacts about Jurassic area. He was actually captured as a Prisoner of Neceron; believed to know about the Door of Time.He had a goal to protect his son and destroy Neceron's crystal, his rockfroz and save a humanity. In season 2 the final episode he's discovered a letter by his father "Gabriel Carter" who left about a document known as "the revelation of the final secret" for existence of humans, dragons and dinosaurs.
* The Shaman: A Mystical Wizard who aids the Dinofoz in finding pieces of Rockfroz. He also provides help in finding Tom's father James. He mysteriously disappears in Season 2. He is usually around Nelson. He reappeared in the final episode of Season 2 in the end, when he was living on the floating island in space and which reveal that The Shaman might be an alien or a ghost.
* Nelsten: A Woolly Mammoth friend of the Dinofoz and Keira. He was granted magical powers by the shaman to get revenge on Neceron; after watching Neceron torture and kill his family.
* Keira: A young village girl who is the love interest of Tom. She is the only female in the series to know about the Dinofroz.
* Professor Ted Warnell: An old friend of James Carter, who double-crossed him by working for the Double Delta Division (DDD). He is interested in the content of James's watch.
* Sveva: A girl who goes to the same school as the Dinofroz. She is the love interest of John.
* Alice: A friend of Sveva and Liaia. She is the love interest of Bob.
* Liaia: A friend of Sveva and Alice. She is the only one without a love interest. (meaning it's possible she could be paired with Eric)
* Professor Paul Stroker: Will's father, who made his son a hybrid Dragon Man and plans to rule the world.
* Will Stroker: Professor Stroker's son, who is made a hybrid Dragon Man by his father.
* Nancy warnell: Dr. Warnell's daughter, a military officer.
* Burt: Professor Stroker's assistant, who helps Stroker in his plan to rule the world.
* Helen: Professor Stroker's assistant, who is unaware of Stroker's plan to rule the world.
* Dr. Hoda: A scientist working for Double Delta Division, who is unaware of Stroker's plan to rule the world.
* Jeno: A cave boy who has a scar on his face and lives in the same village with Keira. He has a crush on Keira and was Jealous of Tom because Keira loves Tom. He left his village to join Stroker and willingly become a Man Dragon Hybrid.
* Tusk: a little pegomastax. Bob's pet.

### Dragon Tribes

* Warrior Dragons: They're a species of dragons that are used to attack the Dinofroz and guard prisoners. They are also called Guard Dragons. Warrior Dragons are grey-green in color and have saw-like spikes on their back. They have four legs, two wings, and two tails. Their eyes are magenta and they have a light green underside. They have three clawed toes facing forward on their feet.
* Vampire Dragons: Vampire Dragons are a type of dragon used to attack the Dinofroz. They are commanded by General Vlad. Vampire Dragons have two different appearances. They can either be dark blue with light blue wings, or light blue with dark blue wings. They have a yellow underside, and yellow frills coming out of their jaw. Their arms have two clawed fingers, and are attached to their wings. They have spikes on their back, and have two large front fangs. They can either walk on both two or four legs. Vampire Dragons can sense ultrasound sonar waves, making them immune to the "Shockwave" Dinofroz power. They are also capable of making any living thing they bite into a vampire if they bite them. They can transform into any size to aid in their attacks. Vampire dragons are also capable of shape-shifting. They can drain the energy of their opponents, as well as possess them.
* Gladiator Dragons: They're a species of dragon used by the Dragons to attack the Dinofroz. They are commanded by General Gladius. They are also called Dragon Warriors. Gladiator Dragons are red and grey in color. They have a large horn on their nose and two spikes on the back of their head. They have four legs, two wings, and one tail. Their front feet have three clawed toes and a thumb like claw. The back feet have tree clawed toes as well. They have grey wing membranes and a grey underside. Their eyes are yellow. Gladiator Dragons are able to shoot electricity-like projectiles from their wing-claws. They can also shoot a flame net, or "Golden Net", or "Glowing Net", through their wing-claws. They are immune to burning hot temperatures.
* Serpent Dragons: They're a type of Dragon used to attack the Dinofroz. They are commanded by General Kobrax. They are also called Dragon Snakes. Serpent Dragons have two colorations. They can either be green and purple, or dark green and purple. They have short wings and purple horns coming from behind their eyes. They have two long fangs and a snake tongue. Their tails are longer than most dragons and they have a purple underside. Their feet have three clawed toes, and their eyes have a red ring around them. Because of their long tails, Serpent Dragons are capable of wrapping themselves around their opponent and suffocate them. They can also spit paralyzing poison.
* Treek's Tribe: They're a type of Dragon. They are commanded by General Treek.

### Dragon Mutants

New dragons that aren't part of any of the Dragon Tribes from Season 1. Each are separated and have their own powers and even appearances from bathing in The Fires Of Galgoth, sacred lava that makes dragons more powerful. They are champions of the week for each episode when they face Tom and the Dinofroz gang, but some do return for a rematch.

* Spider Yarn: A spider dragon who shoots webs from his mouth. His wings are also covered in his web.
* Spectro: A slender ghost-type dragon with ramming speed like a torpedo and also has ghost powers. He returns in Episode 13.
* Hammerhead: A two headed construction truck-like dragon who use their wings as a spiked shield. The two heads have separate personalities. They use their heads as their namesake. They return in Episode 15.
* Silver Flash: A silver dragon who is super fast. He has giant yellow stegosaurus plates on his back. He returns in Episode 14.
* Poison Wing: A colorful poisonous mushroom dragon.
* Dragon Fire: A living armor dragon made out of fire. He wears the armor as skin to keep himself together. He returns in Episode 16.
* Thunder Dragon: An electric-type dragon that can create storms. He can shoot both fire and lightning, usually from his wings. He returns in Episode 17.
* Dragon Blade: A metallic mantis-like dragon with a slight pteranodon appearance. He can throw his scythe blade hands and even his scythe-like wings. He returns in Episode 18
* Natterjack: A dragon frog who can spit poisonous slim. He was the first dragon to win a fight against Tom and the Dinofroz in a rematch (due to being part of the plan to fake a retreat). When General Arctic was blamed for being a traitor, Drakemon made Natterjack a general, taking Arctic's place. He returned in Episode 19 and then continue appearing more as a general.
* Nest Dragon (Legion in English): A feathered buffalo-like dragon with six small parrot-like dragons that roost on the dragon's tusk or horns. They have a hive mind connection with each other. They were the first Dragon Mutant to be seen abducted by Stroker and his men to do experiments on Nest Dragon/Legion. He was freed by Vlad in Episode 21 and assist Vlad to free the other captive dragons.
* Turtle Dragon: A turtle-like dragon with retractable beetle wings. He was the first dragon to win his first fight against the Dinofroz.

-Fighter Dragons: Warrior dragon soldiers that resemble Vendetta Dragons but now colored red like Gladiator Dragons.

## Objects

**SpinRock**: It is able to absorb the energy of nature and becomes pure energy, transforming Tom, Bob, Eric, and John into something that never would have imagined: a powerful and fierce SUPER hero DINOFROZ! The Dinofroz are unique creatures from the prehistoric world capable of using the power of the mysterious ROCKFROZ, a strange mythical crystal. Our heroes find themselves thrown into a war against the dangerous dragons to protect the Rockfroz and save the prehistory and the modern world from the clutches of the evil dragons.

**Rockfroz**: A unique rock fragment giving the dinofroz special powers in fighting the cruel generals of Neceron and their subordinate dragons.

**Dino Watch**: Tom's watch that helps him transform into dinosaurs. T-Rex, Smilodon, Triceratops, Velociraptor, Gorilla, and Ankylosaur.

**Fire Rock**: A rock fragment that can combined power.

**Jurassic Truck**: The famous vehicle of Dinofroz team from second season that was created and invent by Tom's grandfather Gabriel Carter. It is a strange light blue armored tank to dinosaur shape crawler. This armored vehicle have a cannon to centre which find here on the dinosaur mouth and two small laser cannons which goes out from stuffed of vehicle. The central cannon also can throw an electric net if it click here the red bottom for throwing it, there is a crochet to mouth finish which serve for pull every materials and there is an openable tailgate with forced spears behind.

## Voice cast

### Italian

Fabi di Ranno

Valeria Gasi

Ricardo Mazza

### English

Rory Max Kaplan

David Errigo

Billy Bob Thompson

Mike Pollock

Marc Thompson

Graham Halstead

Alyson Leigh Rosenfeld

David Wills

Jake Paque

Allen Enlow

## Episodes

### Season 1 (2012)

| **No. in series** | **No. in season** | **Title** | **Original airdate** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 01 | 01 | "The Origin" | September 10, 2012 (2012-09-10) |
| 02 | 02 | "The Shaman" | September 10, 2012 (2012-09-10) |
| 03 | 03 | "The Rockfroz" | September 11, 2012 (2012-09-11) |
| 04 | 04 | "A New Enemy" | September 12, 2012 (2012-09-12) |
| 05 | 05 | "Surprise Attack" | September 13, 2012 (2012-09-13) |
| 06 | 06 | "In the Land of Crushing Liana" | September 17, 2012 (2012-09-17) |
| 07 | 07 | "Neceron the Merciless" | September 18, 2012 (2012-09-18) |
| 08 | 08 | "The Temple of Doom" | September 19, 2012 (2012-09-19) |
| 09 | 09 | "The Predestined" | September 20, 2012 (2012-09-20) |
| 10 | 10 | "Unexpected Help" | September 21, 2012 (2012-09-21) |
| 11 | 11 | "Mortal Danger" | September 25, 2012 (2012-09-25) |
| 12 | 12 | "The Island of the Moon" | September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26) |
| 13 | 13 | "Hunt for General Treek" | September 27, 2012 (2012-09-27) |
| 14 | 14 | "The Revolt of the Dragons" | September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28) |
| 15 | 15 | "Double Deception" | September 29, 2012 (2012-09-29) |
| 16 | 16 | "Message from the Past" | November 14, 2012 (2012-11-14) |
| 17 | 17 | "An Adventure for Six" | November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15) |
| 18 | 18 | "The Secret of James" | November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15) |
| 19 | 19 | "The Guardian of the Lake" | November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16) |
| 20 | 20 | "Return from the Dark" | November 16, 2012 (2012-11-16) |
| 21 | 21 | "The Shadow of the Enemy" | December 10, 2012 (2012-12-10) |
| 22 | 22 | "Mission: White Dragon" | December 11, 2012 (2012-12-11) |
| 23 | 23 | "Desperate Escape" | December 12, 2012 (2012-12-12) |
| 24 | 24 | "The Last Eclipse" | December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13) |
| 25 | 25 | "Bare Faced" | December 17, 2012 (2012-12-17) |
| 26 | 26 | "The End of the Beginning" | December 18, 2012 (2012-12-18) |

### Season 2: Dragon's Revenge (2015)

| **No. in series** | **No. in season** | **Title** | **Original airdate** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 27 | 01 | "The Return to the Past World" | September 14, 2015 (2015-09-14) |
| 28 | 02 | "The Iron Dinosaur" | September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15) |
| 29 | 03 | "An Island in the Sky" | September 16, 2015 (2015-09-16) |
| 30 | 04 | "A New Dinofroz" | September 17, 2015 (2015-09-17) |
| 31 | 05 | "The Legend of Firerock" | September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21) |
| 32 | 06 | "The Dragon from the Swamp" | September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22) |
| 33 | 07 | "Mistery at the Center of the Earth" | September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23) |
| 34 | 08 | "The Dragon Slayers" | September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24) |
| 35 | 09 | "Race Against Time" | September 28, 2015 (2015-09-28) |
| 36 | 10 | "The Girl with the Jade Eyes" | September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29) |
| 37 | 11 | "Codename: Dominion Project" | September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30) |
| 38 | 12 | "The Fury of Drakemon" | October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01) |
| 39 | 13 | "The Power of the Dinowatch" | October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05) |
| 40 | 14 | "The Day of the Two Stars" | October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06) |
| 41 | 15 | "The Shadow of Betrayal" | October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07) |
| 42 | 16 | "Acquisition: Triceratops" | October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08) |
| 43 | 17 | "In the Lair of the Enemy" | October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12) |
| 44 | 18 | "Face to Face" | October 13, 2015 (2015-10-13) |
| 45 | 19 | "A New Alliance" | October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14) |
| 46 | 20 | "Mission Incredible" | October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15) |
| 47 | 21 | "Tower Assault" | November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23) |
| 48 | 22 | "The Ice Prison" | November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24) |
| 49 | 23 | "Unexpected Propsal" | November 25, 2015 (2015-11-25) |
| 50 | 24 | "From Father to Son" | November 26, 2015 (2015-11-26) |
| 51 | 25 | "Over the Skies of Rocketown" | November 30, 2015 (2015-11-30) |
| 52 | 26 | "The Last Secret" | December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01) |

## International broadcasting

## InfoBox

| *Dinofroz* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | science fantasy<br>superhero fiction |
| Created by | Orlando Corradi |
| Voices of | * Fabi di Ranno * Valeria Gasi * Ricardo Mazza |
| Country of origin | Italy |
| Original language | Italian |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 52 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Giochi Preziosi |
| Running time | 26 minutes |
| Production company | Mondo TV |
| Original release | |
| Network | K2 |
| Release | September 10, 2012 (2012-09-10) <br>December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01) |


title: Dimanche-Matin

abstract: Dimanche-Matin was a Québec Sunday newspaper published in Montreal between 1954 and 1985. For many years, it was the only Sunday newspaper published anywhere in Canada.

text:
# Dimanche-Matin

***Dimanche-Matin*** was a Québec Sunday newspaper published in Montreal between 1954 and 1985. For many years, it was the only Sunday newspaper published anywhere in Canada.

## History

The newspaper was founded in Montréal by Jacques Francœur and Robert Allard, after *La Patrie* and *Le Petit Journal* ceased publication of their Sunday editions. It first appeared on January 24, 1954. Francœur bought out Allard's interest in 1965, thus becoming the sole shareholder.

Power Corporation later had an interest in the newspaper, as well as in others owned by Francœur. Francœur bought out these interests in 1973 when Power Corporation acquired *Montréal-Matin*. The newspaper later became part of the Unimedia group.

The newspaper's revenue was heavily dependent on advertisements, which occupied at least half of all its pages, and sports reporting took almost half of the editorial space. Issues also included the supplements *Coccinelle: journal des jeunes* and *Perspective-dimanche*. Starting with an initial press run of 11,900, it rose to a circulation of 43,201 in 1955, and then to 287,745 by 1970, before falling to 112,000 in 1985.

The newspaper could not withstand later competition from *La Presse* and *Le Journal de Montréal* when these newspapers began publishing on Sunday in 1984, taking advantage of their already existing distribution networks. In addition, the advertising market became increasingly fractured. As a result, *Dimanche-Matin* ceased publication on November 19, 1985.


title: Dimanches à l'Élysée

abstract: Dimanches à l'Élysée (Sundays at the Élysée) is the fifth live album by Alain Bashung, issued posthumously in November 2009 on Barclay Records. It documents the 2008-2009 tour which followed the album Bleu pétrole.

text:
# Dimanches à l'Élysée

***Dimanches à l'Élysée*** *(Sundays at the Élysée)* is the fifth live album by Alain Bashung, issued posthumously in November 2009 on Barclay Records. It documents the 2008-2009 tour which followed the album *Bleu pétrole*.

## Production

*Dimanches à l'Élysée* documents the tour that Alain Bashung did in 2008-2009 while fighting with the cancer that led to his death on 14 March 2009. The album features most of the songs from *Bleu pétrole*, with around fifteen more songs showcasing his career.

The album was mostly recorded on 14 December 2008 at the Élysée Montmartre in Paris.

## Track listing

CD 1
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Comme un lego" | 9:45 |
| 2. | "Je t'ai manqué" | 3:40 |
| 3. | "Hier à Sousse" | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Volontaire" | 2:58 |
| 5. | "Mes prisons" | 3:42 |
| 6. | "Samuel Hall" | 5:50 |
| 7. | "Vénus" | 4:01 |
| 8. | "La nuit je mens" | 4:55 |
| 9. | "Je tuerai la pianiste" | 4:42 |
| 10. | "Légère éclaircie" | 5:18 |
| 11. | "Mes bras" | 5:30 |

CD 2
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "À perte de vue" | 7:05 |
| 2. | "Happe" | 3:24 |
| 3. | "J'passe pour une caravane" | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Everybody's Talkin'" | 3:09 |
| 5. | "Osez Joséphine" | 3:56 |
| 6. | "Fantaisie militaire" | 5:51 |
| 7. | "Madame rêve" | 6:21 |
| 8. | "To Bill (duet with Chloé Mons)" | 4:27 |
| 9. | "Vertige de l'amour" | 3:24 |
| 10. | "Malaxe" | 8:30 |
| 11. | "Angora" | 2:40 |
| 12. | "Nights in White Satin" | 4:23 |

## Personnel

### Musicians

## InfoBox

| Dimanches à l'Élysée | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Alain Bashung | |
| Released | 16 November 2009 |
| Recorded | Essentially on 14 December 2008 at the Élysée Montmartre (Paris) |
| Genre | French rock, Alternative rock |
| Label | Barclay Records, Universal Music Group |
| Producer | Gérard Michel |
| Alain Bashung chronology | |
| *Bleu pétrole*
(2008) ***Dimanches à l'Élysée***
(2009) *L'Homme à tête de chou*
(2011) | |


title: Diospyros eucalyptifolia

abstract: Diospyros eucalyptifolia is a small tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 5 metres (20 ft) tall. The fruits are ovoid to round, up to 2 cm (1 in) in diameter. The specific epithet eucalyptifolia is from the Latin, referring to the leaves' resemblance to those of the genus Eucalyptus. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea level to 900 metres (3,000 ft) altitude. D. eucalyptifolia is endemic to Borneo.

text:
# Diospyros eucalyptifolia

***Diospyros eucalyptifolia*** is a small tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 5 metres (20 ft) tall. The fruits are ovoid to round, up to 2 cm (1 in) in diameter. The specific epithet **eucalyptifolia** is from the Latin, referring to the leaves' resemblance to those of the genus *Eucalyptus*. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea level to 900 metres (3,000 ft) altitude. *D. eucalyptifolia* is endemic to Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Diospyros eucalyptifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ebenaceae |
| Genus: | *Diospyros* |
| Species: | ***D. eucalyptifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diospyros eucalyptifolia***<br>Bakh. | |
|


title: Diospyros ferruginescens

abstract: Diospyros ferruginescens is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 36 metres (120 ft) tall. Twigs dry to black. Inflorescences bear up to nine flowers. The fruits are roundish, up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The specific epithet ferruginescens is from the Latin meaning 'becoming rusty', referring to the indumentum. Habitat is forests from sea level to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) altitude. D. ferruginescens is endemic to Borneo.

text:
# Diospyros ferruginescens

***Diospyros ferruginescens*** is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to 36 metres (120 ft) tall. Twigs dry to black. Inflorescences bear up to nine flowers. The fruits are roundish, up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. The specific epithet **ferruginescens** is from the Latin meaning 'becoming rusty', referring to the indumentum. Habitat is forests from sea level to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) altitude. *D. ferruginescens* is endemic to Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Diospyros ferruginescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ebenaceae |
| Genus: | *Diospyros* |
| Species: | ***D. ferruginescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diospyros ferruginescens***<br>Bakh. | |
|


title: Dirina cretacea

abstract: Dirina cretacea is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Its distribution is largely in the eastern Mediterranean, and in Andalusia, Spain. It was formally described as a new species in 1899 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as a member of the genus Chiodecton. The type specimen was collected in Croatia. Anders Tehler transferred it to the genus Dirina in 1983. The lichen has a whitish-grey thallus lacking soralia, and a chalk-like medulla. Its ascomata have a circular outline and a diameter of up to 3.8 mm; the apothecial disc is also white grey with a layer of pruina, and is surrounded by a thalline margin. Ascospores measure 19–23 by 5–6 μm.

text:
# Dirina cretacea

***Dirina cretacea*** is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Its distribution is largely in the eastern Mediterranean, and in Andalusia, Spain. It was formally described as a new species in 1899 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as a member of the genus *Chiodecton*. The type specimen was collected in Croatia. Anders Tehler transferred it to the genus *Dirina* in 1983. The lichen has a whitish-grey thallus (0.3–1.0 mm thick) lacking soralia, and a chalk-like medulla. Its ascomata have a circular outline and a diameter of up to 3.8 mm; the apothecial disc is also white grey with a layer of pruina, and is surrounded by a thalline margin. Ascospores measure 19–23 by 5–6 μm.

## InfoBox

| *Dirina cretacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Arthoniomycetes |
| Order: | Arthoniales |
| Family: | Roccellaceae |
| Genus: | *Dirina* |
| Species: | ***D. cretacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dirina cretacea***<br>(Zahlbr.) Tehler (1983) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chiodecton cretaceum* Zahlbr. (1899) | |


title: Ahlafors IF

abstract: Ahlafors IF is a Swedish football club located in Nödinge-Nol in Ale Municipality, Västra Götaland County.

text:
# Ahlafors IF

**Ahlafors IF** is a Swedish football club located in Nödinge-Nol in Ale Municipality, Västra Götaland County.

## Background

Ahlafors Idrottsförening were founded in 1913 and currently have around 800 members. Ahlafors IF manage Furulundsparken, a cosy folk park with a nostalgic feel, where the club arranges many dances and parties. In 2007 the club constructed a brand new miniature golf course, assisted by the former Swedish national golf player, Lars Albinsson.

Since their foundation Ahlafors IF has participated mainly in the middle and lower divisions of the Swedish football league system. The club currently (2017) plays in Division 3 Nordvästra Götaland which is the fifth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Svenska Stenhus Arena 1 (Sjövallen) in Alafors, Nödinge-Nol.

Ahlafors IF are affiliated to Göteborgs Fotbollförbund.

## Recent history

In recent seasons Ahlafors IF have competed in the following divisions:

2022 – Division II, Nordvästra Götaland
2021 – Division II, Nordvästra Götaland
2020 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2019 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2018 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2017 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2016 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2015 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2014 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2013 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2012 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2011 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2010 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2009 – Division II, Västra Götaland
2008 – Division II, Västra Götaland
2007 – Division II, Västra Götaland
2006 – Division III, Nordvästra Götaland
2005 – Division IV, Göteborg A
2004 – Division V, Göteborg A
2003 – Division V, Göteborg A
2002 – Division VI, Göteborg A
2001 – Division V, Göteborg A
2000 – Division VI, Göteborg A
1999 – Division V, Göteborg A

## Current squad

*As of 30 November 2023*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  SWE Victor Strandh  3 DF  SWE André Josefsson  4 MF  SWE Jesper Nilsson  5 DF  SWE Harald Oresjö  7 FW  SWE Jesper Zetterlund  8 MF  SWE Daniel Tidstrand  9 FW  SWE Oscar Samuelsson  10 MF  SWE Pascal Olsson  11 FW  SWE Elliot Söderberg Waltersson  13 DF  SWE Noel Söder  14 FW  SWE Victor Andersson  15 MF  SWE Kristian Kocevski | No. Pos. Nation Player  16 MF  SWE Nils Strandahl  17 MF  SWE Nuha Jatta  19 FW  SWE Anton Millesson Nilsson  20 MF  SWE Jakob Lindström  21 FW  SWE Mohamed Said Adan  22 DF  SWE Samuel Edlund  23 MF  SWE Rasmus Hegab  26 DF  SDN Mohamed Amin  28 MF  SWE Hugo Söder  29 MF  SWE Robin Clason  30 GK  SWE Marcus Alexandersson  31 GK  SWE Andreas Skanberg |
| --- | --- |

## Attendances

In recent seasons Ahlafors IF have had the following average attendances:

| **Season** **Average Attendance** **Division / Section** **Level**  2005 *Not available* Div 4 Göteborg A Tier 6  2006 132 Div 3 Nordvästra Götaland Tier 5  2007 205 Div 2 Västra Götaland Tier 4  2008 177 Div 2 Västra Götaland Tier 4  2009 180 Div 2 Västra Götaland Tier 4  2010 106 Div 3 Nordvästra Götaland Tier 5   ** Attendances are provided in the Publikliga sections of the Svenska Fotbollförbundet website.* |
| --- |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Ahlafors IF
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ahlafors Idrottsförening |
| Nickname(s) | AIF |
| Founded | 1913 |
| Ground | Svenska Stenhus Arena 1
Nödinge-Nol
Ale Municipality
Sweden |
| Chairman | Claes Berglund |
| Head Coach | Lars-Gunnar Hermansson |
| Coach | Michel Berndtson Gonzalez
Ola Holmgren |
| League | Division 2 Norra Götaland |
| 2019 | Division 3 Mellersta Götaland, 1st (Promoted) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Agnieszka Sienkiewicz

abstract: Agnieszka Sienkiewicz-Gauer is a Polish actress.

text:
# Agnieszka Sienkiewicz

**Agnieszka Sienkiewicz-Gauer** (born 19 July 1984) is a Polish actress.

## Early life

Sienkiewicz was born in Mrągowo on 19 July 1984. She graduated from the Post-Secondary Theatre School at the Stefan Jaracz Theatre in Olsztyn in 2005. She is associated with the Kwadrat Theatre in Warsaw. She also collaborates with the Theatre in Kalisz.

## Career

Sienkiewicz made her debut on the small screen in 2007, playing minor roles in the series Klan, Plebania and Twarzą w twarz. She portrayed Magda Jaroszek, one of the lead characters in the series Agentki (2008), and portrayed the role of Wiki in the series Prosto w serce (2010–2011) and Katarzyna Mularczyk in M jak miłość (2011-2015). From 2012 to 2021, she portrayed Dorota Grabowska in Przyjaciółki. In 2014, together with Stefano Terrazzino, she won the fifteenth season of the light entertainment reality television series Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami.

## Personal life

Sienkiewicz a cousin of actor Maciej Marczewski. On 27 May 2017, she married Mikołaj Gauer. They have two daughters, Zofia (born 2016) and Maria (born 2019). She runs a store with children's and family goods at Piotrkowska Street in Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Agnieszka Sienkiewicz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1984-07-19) 19 July 1984
Mrągowo, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Spouse | Mikołaj Gauer (m. 2017) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Maciej Marczewski
(actor, cousin) |