title: Almighty DP 2

abstract: Almighty DP 2 is a collaborative mixtape by hip hop recording artist Chief Keef and producer DP Beats. It is the sequel to the project Almighty DP, released by the duo earlier in 2015. It was self-released on September 11, 2015. It is available on the mixtape website DatPiff.

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# Almighty DP 2

***Almighty DP 2*** is a collaborative mixtape by hip hop recording artist Chief Keef and producer DP Beats. It is the sequel to the project Almighty DP, released by the duo earlier in 2015. It was self-released on September 11, 2015. It is available on the mixtape website DatPiff.

## Track listing

All tracks produced by DP Beats.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ain't Even Know" | 3:20 |
| 2. | "Bag" | 3:20 |
| 3. | "Bands" | 3:15 |
| 4. | "Bouncin" | 3:16 |
| 5. | "Fair" | 3:14 |
| 6. | "Fever" | 2:52 |
| 7. | "Flu" | 3:06 |
| 8. | "Shorties" | 3:06 |
| 9. | "Swerve" | 3:12 |
| 10. | "TD" | 3:19 |
| 11. | "Where" | 3:33 |
| Total length: | | 35:33 |

## InfoBox

| Almighty DP 2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mixtape by Chief Keef and DP Beats | |
| Released | September 11, 2015 |
| Genre | Drill |
| Length | 35:33 |
| Label | Glo Gang |
| Producer | DP Beats |
|  | |
| Chief Keef chronology | |
| *Almighty DP*
(2015) ***Almighty DP 2***
(2015) *Bang 3*
(2015) | |
|  | |


title: Alvania cossmanni

abstract: Alvania cossmanni is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

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# Alvania cossmanni

***Alvania cossmanni*** is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 1 mm, its diameter 1 mm.

(Original description) The minute, ovate shell is solid. The whorls are convex. The body whorl is ventricose and much the largest. The whorls are ornamented by very fine but distinct reticulate sculpture on the upper part of the body whorl. On the base and on the lower part they show rather strong spiral ridges. The spire is short. The aperture is subcircular and expanded. The suture is clearly marked.

## Distribution

Fossils of this species were found in late Pliocene strata at St. Erth, Cornwall, Great Britain.

## InfoBox

| *Alvania cossmanni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Alvania cossmanni* (holotype) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Rissooidea |
| Family: | Rissoidae |
| Genus: | *Alvania* |
| Species: | ***A. cossmanni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alvania cossmanni***<br>Harmer, 1920 | |
|


title: Aluminized screen

abstract: Aluminized screen may refer to a type of cathode ray tube (CRT) for video display or to a type of projection screen for showing motion pictures or slides, especially in polarized 3D. Some cathode ray tubes, e.g., television picture tubes, include a thin layer of aluminium deposited on the back surface of their internal phosphor screen coating. Light from an excited area of the phosphor which would otherwise wastefully shine back into the tube, is instead reflected forward through the phosphor coating, increasing the total visible light output by around a factor of two. As well it prevents physical phosphors degradation, "phosphor poisoning", increasing the longevity of the device, and it may also act as a heat sink. The aluminium layer must be thick enough to reflect light efficiently, yet not so thick as to absorb too great a proportion of the electron beam that excites the phosphor. Some projection screens have an aluminized surface, usually an aluminium paint rather than a metal sheet. They reflect polarized light without altering its polarization. This is necessary when showing 3D films as left-eye and right-eye views are superimposed but oppositely polarized. Audience members wear polarized glasses that allow only the correct image to be seen by each eye.

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# Aluminized screen

**Aluminized screen** may refer to a type of cathode ray tube (CRT) for video display or to a type of projection screen for showing motion pictures or slides, especially in polarized 3D.

Some cathode ray tubes, e.g., television picture tubes, include a thin layer of aluminium deposited on the back surface of their internal phosphor screen coating. Light from an excited area of the phosphor which would otherwise wastefully shine back into the tube, is instead reflected forward through the phosphor coating, increasing the total visible light output by around a factor of two. As well it prevents physical phosphors degradation, "phosphor poisoning", increasing the longevity of the device, and it may also act as a heat sink. The aluminium layer must be thick enough to reflect light efficiently, yet not so thick as to absorb too great a proportion of the electron beam that excites the phosphor.

Some projection screens have an aluminized surface, usually an aluminium paint rather than a metal sheet. They reflect polarized light without altering its polarization. This is necessary when showing 3D films as left-eye and right-eye views are superimposed but oppositely polarized (typically at opposite 45 degree angles to the vertical if linearly polarized, right-handed and left-handed if circularly polarized). Audience members wear polarized glasses that allow only the correct image to be seen by each eye.


title: Aluminocopiapite

abstract: Aluminocopiapite (IMA symbol: Acpi) is an aluminium iron sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O. Its type localities are Fortymile River in Alaska and the San Rafael Swell in Utah.

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# Aluminocopiapite

**Aluminocopiapite** (IMA symbol: Acpi) is an aluminium iron sulfate mineral with the chemical formula Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O. Its type localities are Fortymile River in Alaska and the San Rafael Swell in Utah.

## InfoBox

| Aluminocopiapite | |
| --- | --- |
| Aluminocopiapite found in Spain | |
| General | |
| Category | Mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | Al2/3Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O |
| IMA symbol | Acpi |
| Identification | |
| Color | Pale lemon-yellow to deep yellow |
| Tenacity | Fragile |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2-3 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent, Translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.163 |


title: Aluminoceladonite

abstract: Aluminoceladonite is a low-temperature potassium dioctahedral mica mineral which is an end-member in the illite-aluminoceladonite solid solution series. The chemical formula for aluminoceladonite is K(Mg,Fe2+)Al(Si4O10)(OH)2.

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# Aluminoceladonite

**Aluminoceladonite** is a low-temperature potassium dioctahedral mica mineral which is an end-member in the illite-aluminoceladonite solid solution series. The chemical formula for aluminoceladonite is K(Mg,Fe2+)Al(Si4O10)(OH)2.

## Occurrence

Aluminoceladonite is often referred to as a rare mineral, though its actual abundance may be underestimated due to difficulty of identification. Aluminoceladonite, along with other phyllosilicate minerals in the illite-aluminoceladonite solid solution series, has been observed mainly among finely dispersed, mostly inter-layer-deficient, aluminium-rich potassium-dioctahedral mica varieties occurring in sedimentary rocks.

## InfoBox

| Aluminoceladonite | |
| --- | --- |
| Heulandite with aluminoceladonite inclusions from Nashik District, Maharashtra, India (Dimensions: 14.8 cm x 10.2 cm x 6.5 cm) | |
| General | |
| Category | Phyllosilicate |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | K(Mg,Fe2+)Al(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| IMA symbol | Acel |
| Strunz classification | 9.EC.15 |
| Dana classification | 71.02.02a.06d |
| Crystal system | Monoclinic |
| Crystal class | 2/m |
| Identification | |
| Color | Colorless when pure, green when ferrous iron-bearing |
| Fracture | Micaceous |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) |
| Birefringence | 0.0190-0.0240 |
| References |  |


title: Doc Adams

abstract: Daniel Lucius "Doc" Adams was an American baseball player and executive who is regarded by historians as an important figure in the sport's early years. For most of his career he was a member of the New York Knickerbockers. He first played for the New York Base Ball Club in 1840 and started his Knickerbockers career five years later, continuing to play for the club into his forties and to take part in inter-squad practice games and matches against opposing teams. Researchers have called Adams the creator of the shortstop position, which he used to field short throws from outfielders. In addition to his playing career, Adams manufactured baseballs and oversaw bat production; he also occasionally acted as an umpire. From 1847 to 1861, the Knickerbockers selected Adams as their president six times, and as a vice president, treasurer, or director in six other years. As president of the club, Adams was an advocate of rule changes in baseball that resulted in nine-man teams and nine-inning games. When the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was formed in 1858, he led the rules and regulations committee of the new organization. In his role, Adams ruled that the fields' bases should be 90 feet (27 m) apart, the modern distance, and supported the elimination of the "bound rule", which allowed for balls caught after one bounce to be recorded as outs. He resigned from his positions with the Knickerbockers and NABBP in 1862. Adams' contributions in creating baseball's rules went largely unrecognized for decades after his 1899 death, but in 1980 a letter about him appeared in The New York Times; by 1993, researcher John Thorn had written about Adams' role. Other historians have given him credit for helping to develop the sport, and Thorn has called Adams "first among the Fathers of Baseball". A graduate of Yale University and Harvard Medical School, Adams began working in the medical field in the late 1830s, and practiced in New York City during his time as a member of the Knickerbockers. In 1865, he left medicine and later became a bank president and member of the Connecticut legislature. He and his wife had five children.

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# Doc Adams

**Daniel Lucius** "**Doc**" **Adams** (November 1, 1814 – January 3, 1899) was an American baseball player and executive who is regarded by historians as an important figure in the sport's early years. For most of his career he was a member of the New York Knickerbockers. He first played for the New York Base Ball Club in 1840 and started his Knickerbockers career five years later, continuing to play for the club into his forties and to take part in inter-squad practice games and matches against opposing teams. Researchers have called Adams the creator of the shortstop position, which he used to field short throws from outfielders. In addition to his playing career, Adams manufactured baseballs and oversaw bat production; he also occasionally acted as an umpire.

From 1847 to 1861, the Knickerbockers selected Adams as their president six times, and as a vice president, treasurer, or director in six other years. As president of the club, Adams was an advocate of rule changes in baseball that resulted in nine-man teams and nine-inning games. When the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was formed in 1858, he led the rules and regulations committee of the new organization. In his role, Adams ruled that the fields' bases should be 90 feet (27 m) apart, the modern distance, and supported the elimination of the "bound rule", which allowed for balls caught after one bounce to be recorded as outs. He resigned from his positions with the Knickerbockers and NABBP in 1862. Adams' contributions in creating baseball's rules went largely unrecognized for decades after his 1899 death, but in 1980 a letter about him appeared in *The New York Times*; by 1993, researcher John Thorn had written about Adams' role. Other historians have given him credit for helping to develop the sport, and Thorn has called Adams "first among the Fathers of Baseball".

A graduate of Yale University and Harvard Medical School, Adams began working in the medical field in the late 1830s, and practiced in New York City during his time as a member of the Knickerbockers. In 1865, he left medicine and later became a bank president and member of the Connecticut legislature. He and his wife had five children.

## Early life

Born in Mont Vernon, New Hampshire, on November 1, 1814, Adams was the fourth of Daniel and Nancy Adams' five children. The elder Daniel Adams was a physician and author; he wrote a math textbook that was widely used in the United States in the early- to mid-1800s. After being schooled at Kimball Union Academy in New Hampshire from 1826 to 1828 and Amherst, Massachusetts' Mount Pleasant Classical Institution, Adams attended three colleges from 1831 to 1838. He studied at Amherst College for two years, then transferred to Yale University, where he acquired a bachelor's degree upon his graduation in 1835. Nancy Adams, Daniel's sister, indicated in a letter penned in the early 1830s that he began playing with "bats and balls" by this time.

Adams continued his studies at Harvard Medical School through 1838, obtaining an MD. Following his time in college, he joined his father's medical practice. The pair worked in Mont Vernon, before the younger Adams relocated twice, first to Boston and then to New York City. Adams also worked for the New York Dispensaries, which provided medical care to poor residents. He offered his assistance when outbreaks of cholera affected New York City. For providing vaccinations, Adams received yearly pay of $400 for a time. His field of employment gave rise to his nickname of "Doc", which was given as "Dock" at the time.

## Playing career

According to baseball historian John Thorn, 1839 is the year Adams became a baseball player. In an 1896 interview in *The Sporting News*, Adams said that "soon after going to New York I began to play base ball just for exercise, with a number of other young medical men." Starting in 1840, he was a player with the New York Base Ball Club. This team had been founded in 1837, eight years earlier than the New York Knickerbockers, who are credited in several baseball histories as pioneering the modern version of baseball. Adams played an early form of the game, but Thorn writes that he "understood \[it\] to be baseball, no matter what it was called".

Adams received an invitation to become a member of the Knickerbockers a month or so after the team's September 23, 1845, creation. He accepted and joined the club along with other men in the medical field; he later said that players from the New York Base Ball Club were behind the formation of the Knickerbockers. Records of the club's practice games indicate that he was a member of the Knickerbockers by November 18, 1845. In an inter-squad game held that day, which was the Knickerbockers' last of the year, Adams scored nine runs for his team as they defeated a side picked by William R. Wheaton, 51–42. The club organized its first game against outside opposition in 1846; at a June 5 meeting Adams was selected to a three-man committee whose aim was to set up a game against the New York Base Ball Club. The committee's efforts were successful, and a game was scheduled on June 19. Adams participated in the contest, which the Knickerbockers lost 23–1. Batting second in the Knickerbockers' lineup, he made one out and did not score a run.

The Knickerbockers did not play any known games against other clubs from 1847 to 1850. During these years, the team split its players into two squads, which played against each other twice per week. According to Adams, he often attempted to compel members of the Knickerbockers to attend the sessions. He was only occasionally successful, and when few Knickerbockers came, they played variants of baseball that required fewer players than regular games. Twice in June 1851, the club played against the Washington Base Ball Club, winning by scores of 21–11 and 22–20. No individual statistics are available for the first game; Adams scored twice for the Knickerbockers in the second. In 1853, Adams played in two games against the Gotham Ball Club, tallying seven runs in a pair of victories. The two clubs met three times from June to October 1854, and Adams had one run in each game. After splitting the first two contests, their October 26, 1854, game lasted 12 innings before being suspended due to darkness with the score tied 12–12; both teams fell short of the 21 runs that were required to win a game under the rules of the time.

Following two November games against the Eagle Base Ball Club that Adams is not known to have participated in, he returned to the Knickerbockers' lineup for a June 1, 1855, game against Gotham and scored three times, although Gotham prevailed, 21–12. He took part in two other 1855 games against Eagle and Gotham, respectively, scoring five runs total as the Knickerbockers won both contests. Adams competed four times for the club against outside opponents in 1856 as it won once, lost twice, and had one tie; he scored ten times, and records for two games showed that his defensive position was shortstop. The Knickerbockers had a 2–2 win–loss record in competitive games during 1857 that Adams participated in. Playing three times at shortstop and once at first base defensively, he contributed 12 runs offensively, including a six-run effort in the Knickerbockers' 37–23 victory over the Empire club on June 24. In 1858, Adams made four appearances for the Knickerbockers against outside opposition and scored nine runs, but the team went 1–3 in the games. He varied his defensive positioning between second base, third base, and shortstop.

## Playing style

As a player, Adams created the concept of the shortstop position, according to Thorn and Baseball Hall of Fame researcher Freddy Berowski. In the first five years the Knickerbockers played, the team fielded anywhere from eight to eleven players. The only infielders were the players covering each of the bases; if there were more than eight players, extra outfielders were sometimes used. The outfielders had difficulty throwing baseballs into the infield, because of the balls' light weight. Adams' shortstop position, at which he started playing in about 1849 or 1850, was used to field throws from the outfielders and throw to the three infielders. With the advent of higher-quality baseballs, Adams moved toward the infield, since the distance the balls could travel increased. Prior to the invention of the shortstop, large gaps existed in the defensive positioning of infields; defensive players tended to stand by bases, leaving empty space in between them for batters. The shortstop filled one of the two gaps.

Adams hit left-handed; he said that his batted balls occasionally went into a river by the Elysian Fields, the ground in Hoboken, New Jersey, where the Knickerbockers practiced and played. Adams had a long on-field career with the Knickerbockers; he remained a player with the team until 1859. He did not limit his play to shortstop; he fielded at every position except pitcher. Little is known about the relative performance of early baseball players, and the game was largely recreational, as opposed to competitive. Thorn speculates that Adams may have been "the best player of the 1840s", citing his lengthy playing career as evidence.

## Equipment maker and umpire

In addition to playing the game, Adams was involved in the production of early baseball equipment. He personally manufactured baseballs for a period of time, supplying many New York City-based clubs. Adams found that when the ball was more tightly stitched, it traveled further when batted or thrown. According to author Peter Morris, Adams' ball-manufacturing efforts helped to keep the Knickerbockers in operation during their first few years, as they would otherwise have had difficulty finding balls. In later years Adams gathered rubber from old galoshes for the insides of baseballs. A tanner then used horsehide to create the balls. As late as 1863, Adams was one of the three most prominent makers of baseballs in New York, continuing to produce them by hand. Adams also played a role in producing baseball bats, choosing which wood to use and overseeing the manufacturing process.

Adams also worked occasionally as an umpire in significant games. One notable example was the final contest of a three-game series between all-star teams from Brooklyn and New York City, held on September 10, 1858, in Long Island. During the game, which the New York City all-stars won 29–18, Adams became the first umpire to use a new rule allowing for a strike to be called against a batter who refused to swing when "good pitches" were thrown to them. Previously, strikes were only called when a batter swung at a pitch and missed. Three batters were ruled out on strikes called by Adams in the game. Otherwise, the called strike rule was not applied often in its first few years of existence.

## Knickerbockers and NABBP executive

The Knickerbockers held elections annually to determine who would serve as officials. At the club's second election, held on May 5, 1846, Adams was named the Knickerbockers' vice president. At an April 1847 meeting, he became the president of the team, and was re-elected in 1848 and 1849. He was the leader of a "Committee to Revive the Constitution and By-Laws" of baseball in 1848. Adams was not chosen as an officer in 1851, but the next year was named one of the club's three treasurers; he was elected to the same position the following two years. The number of baseball teams in the New York City area started to grow during the early 1850s, as the Washington Base Ball Club (also known as the Gotham Ball Club) and Eagle Base Ball Club were founded or reorganized. The Eagle Base Ball Club, desiring a unified set of rules, sent a message to the Knickerbockers requesting that a committee be formed. Adams was one of the three Knickerbockers members selected to be on the committee, and the clubs agreed on a set of rules, which were presented at the Knickerbockers' meeting on April 1, 1854. At the same meeting, Adams was voted into the position of club director.

After again being named a director in 1855, Adams became president of the Knickerbockers for the fourth time, winning an election held at the club's April 5, 1856, meeting. He remained the team's president in 1857, and after not being named as an officer the next three years, was elected president in 1861. During his time as the club's president, the Knickerbockers' organization was emulated by newly formed teams, and Adams himself was considered a "respected" figure by members of other clubs. According to author Andrew J. Schiff, Adams was among the most powerful baseball figures of the era. Concurrently, Adams maintained his New York City medical practice.

### Number of players and game length

A supporter of nine-man baseball teams, Adams favored a measure in 1856 which allowed for players from outside the Knickerbockers to join their intrasquad games when 17 or fewer team members appeared. No rules existed at the time regarding team size, but official games between clubs were typically played with nine men per club. The proposal was defeated by a 13–11 vote, in favor of a rule forbidding non-club members to play if there were 14 players (seven per team).

A two-man committee was created with the aim of working with the Eagle and Washington clubs to resolve the debate over how many players to field in official games. Duncan F. Curry and William F. Ladd were chosen as the committee members, but Ladd withdrew and Adams was named as a substitute. His partner on the committee, Curry, had led the opposition to nine-man teams. Adams and Curry also differed on another issue: the length of games. At the time, a baseball game lasted until one of the teams had 21 runs; that team was awarded the victory. A change in how games were won was deemed necessary after the suspended game in 1854. Adams favored nine-inning games, while Curry wanted contests to last seven innings. A convention was scheduled for early 1857, and Adams joined a three-man committee tasked with encouraging local clubs to send delegates. At the convention, which consisted of one session each in January and February, Adams was voted president. The Knickerbockers had voted among themselves to back seven-inning games, but the other teams backed a motion for nine-inning contests, which passed.

These changes were incorporated in the "Laws of Base Ball", written by Adams. He authored the initial draft of the regulations with what *The New York Times'* Richard Sandomir called "an upright script and strong hand." The "Laws" included regulations governing bat and ball sizes, and a ban on betting by players and umpires. Fellow Knickerbocker William H. Grenelle copied Adams' work onto blue pages, and modifications and notations were made as the convention progressed. Among other changes, part of the rule Adams had written on game length was crossed out; the number nine was replaced with seven, before the motion that settled the issue was introduced. In March, the Knickerbockers changed their rules to match those passed at the convention. In May 1857, Adams presided over a player convention where nine-inning games were officially made part of the rules of baseball for participating teams.

### Distance between bases and campaign against bound rule

In March 1858, the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was formed at another convention. Adams was one of the Knickerbockers' two delegates, having been selected at a February meeting attended by representatives from 25 clubs. He held the chairmanship of the association's rules and regulations committee, and drafted the new organization's initial set of rules. These included a clarification of the prescribed distance between bases, which under Knickerbocker Rules had been set at "forty-two paces" between home plate and second base, and "forty-two paces, equidistant" between first and third base. Historians differ on whether the bases were roughly 90 feet (27 m) apart, or a shorter distance. Thorn has written that the pace itself may have been "an imprecise and variable measure, to gauge distances by 'stepping off'," and Adams described the rule as "rather vague." At the 1857 convention, it was decided that bases would be "securely fastened upon the four corners of a square whose sides are roughly thirty yards." As rules committee chairman for the new NABBP, Adams made the baselines 90 feet (27 m) from one base to another, the distance seen in modern baseball. He ruled on the distance between home plate and the pitcher's position as well, making them 45 feet (14 m) apart. In addition, the committee mandated that clubs have nine players per side, which became the norm. It also created the called strike rule, in an effort to reduce pitch totals and the time required to play games.

Adams campaigned for a further change in the rules of baseball, involving when outs were recorded. At the time, an out was allowed when the ball was caught by a fielder after one bounce; this was known as the "bound rule". Adams supported a ban on such outs, calling his preferred rule "the fly-game". Under the style of play he backed, when a fly ball was hit a fielder would have to catch the ball before it touched the ground for an out to be made. This was similar to rules on catches in cricket, and would serve to increase the level of skill required from fielders. The Knickerbockers had enacted a rule mandating the "fly-catch" by 1857.

The Knickerbockers attempted to introduce the fly rule more widely at the 1857 convention, with a proposal that permitted the continued use of the bound rule for foul balls. Despite widespread support from sportswriters, the proposed rule change was voted down. Writer William Hershberger said that the decision showed "the limits of the Knickerbockers' influence and divisions within the baseball fraternity." The rule change was proposed to the NABBP annually by Adams but did not pass. At the 1858 NABBP convention, a vote on eliminating the bound rule was unsuccessful. Opponents raised concerns that the proposal would dramatically lengthen game times. Despite his support for the fly rule, in 1858 Adams successfully motioned for NABBP regulations, including outs on bounces, to apply to the Knickerbockers. He did so because he was reluctant to oppose the rules of the NABBP. Shortly after his motion, he organized a Knickerbockers meeting to discuss the fly rule and "obtain a reconsideration" of the newly passed resolution. At the meeting, the Knickerbockers decided to exclude outs on bounces from their practice games and contests against teams that supported the fly rule. In future years, the club remained an advocate of eliminating the bound rule, but Adams' continued efforts were rejected. A split in the rules and regulations committee caused it to avoid supporting the fly game at the NABBP's 1859 convention, and votes at the 1860 and 1861 conventions maintained the bound rule. Adams' final comments about the regulation at an NABBP convention indicated that he believed it would soon be modified. The bound rule started losing support by 1863, after Adams left the Knickerbockers, and outs on bounced balls were outlawed in 1864.

### Retirement

In addition to his other roles, Adams regularly served as a delegate on behalf of the Knickerbockers at the NABBP's annual meetings. He remained with the Knickerbockers in an executive role until March 26, 1862, when he retired having served 12 years overall in various non-playing capacities. Upon leaving his position, the club named him an honorary member. He received a scroll from the Knickerbockers, which referred to him as "The Nestor of Ball Players", alluding to a mythical king known for offering advice. Adams also resigned from his role as rules committee chairman of the NABBP.

## Later life

Adams and Cornelia Cook married in 1861, and remained together until Adams' death. The couple had five children; the first, a son named Charles, died less than a month after his birth in 1864. The others, two sons (Frank and Roger) and two daughters (Catharine and Mary), were born between 1866 and 1874. Adams continued to maintain his medical practice during his baseball career, but was forced to abandon it in 1865 after he began suffering health issues. After relocating to Ridgefield, Connecticut, he went on to become "one of the leading citizens of the Connecticut village," according to author William J. Ryczek. Adams served as a Republican legislator in the Connecticut House of Representatives for the town in 1870. He contributed to the creation of the Ridgefield Land Improvement Association, and to a committee overseeing construction of a town house. In 1871, he accepted a job with the Ridgefield Savings Bank (later renamed the Fairfield County Bank) as the company's first president. After working there until 1879, Adams took a break from his duties; during this time, he helped found Ridgefield's library and served as its treasurer. In 1884, he returned to the Ridgefield National Bank and remained president there until mid-1886. Adams and his family relocated to a house in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1888.

Along with baseball, playing music was among Adams' favorite activities. Occasionally, he and Henry Ward Beecher performed flute duets. Although no longer actively involved in baseball, Adams was still a follower of the sport. He played in an exhibition as late as 1875, and stories exist that he played recreationally into the following decade. Late in his life, he said of the growth of baseball, "We pioneers never expected to see the game so universal as it has now become." Adams contracted pneumonia following a bout of influenza, and died on January 3, 1899, at the age of 84. He was buried at New Haven's Evergreen Cemetery.

## Legacy

For decades after Adams' death, his role in codifying baseball's early rules was largely unremembered. Thorn included Adams among a group of "powerfully influential figures" from the period—also including Louis F. Wadsworth and Wheaton—who he writes "went unrecognized in their lifetimes and became mysteries to future generations." Alexander Cartwright was more widely recognized as a pioneering figure for the sport. The Baseball Hall of Fame has claimed that Cartwright was the inventor of 90-foot (27 m) baselines and the nine-inning game. However, by the time conventions led by Adams had enacted those rules in the late 1850s, Cartwright had traveled to California and was no longer a member of the Knickerbockers. Adams is said to have avoided "campaigning for credit" for rules changes after he left the Knickerbockers; researcher Gary O'Maxfield said of him that he "didn't like to brag." Several of the rules approved at the conventions survived to modern baseball, including the 90-foot (27 m) baseline distance. The 45-foot (14 m) distance from home plate to the pitching mound, however, did not last through the 19th century; it was pushed back 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1880. The shortstop position, which for Adams was located between the infielders and outfielders, was later played in the infield, between second and third base. Dickey Pearce was the first player to field in that area, and his ability to prevent base hits in the formerly unoccupied territory convinced other teams to employ similar tactics.

The *Hartford Courant* points to 1980 as a year when Adams started to gain greater attention for his achievements. A share of the New York Mets was purchased by a publishing company led by Nelson Doubleday Jr. that year, and claims that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in 1839, which are considered flawed by modern researchers, were reported by the media. After the Doubleday reports in 1980, *The New York Times* received a letter from the great-great-grandson of Adams that the *Courant* said attempted "to try to set the record straight." The newspaper ran the letter in its April 13 issue, and added a 1939 piece by Roger Adams. In 1993, Thorn published research on Adams' contributions in the encyclopedia *Total Baseball*. *The New York Times* published an article on Adams on September 23, 2015. Mont Vernon holds an annual baseball game in honor of Adams, which incorporates the rules of his era, as a part of the town's Lamson Farm Day.

Various historians have given Adams recognition as an important figure from the early years of baseball. Thorn has written that he "may be counted as first among the Fathers of Baseball." O'Maxfield said of Adams: "Without \[him\], we wouldn't have the game we know and love as baseball today." The "father" label was rejected by Ryczek; he wrote that Adams did not conceive the sport, but called him a "collaborator" in its development. On July 31, 2014, the Society for American Baseball Research announced that it had chosen Adams as its 2014 "Overlooked 19th Century Baseball Legend". Eric Miklich has called him worthy of induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame for his role as a pioneer. He says of Adams, "Should he be in the Hall of Fame? Absolutely. You ask anyone who knows about 19th century baseball. They'll laugh at Cartwright; Abner Doubleday, they won't even talk about; but they all know Doc Adams. He was the glue that held things together in the early part of baseball." Adams did not appear on a Baseball Hall of Fame ballot until 2016, when he was up for consideration on the Hall's Pre-Integration Era Committee ballot. Ten of the 16 committee members supported him, two fewer than the number needed for induction.

While Adams' contributions had received notice from historians, Associated Press writer Andrew Dalton called such reports "somewhat speculative" in nature before 2016. That year, the 1857 "Laws of Base Ball" authored by Adams were sold at an auction. The documents were included in a batch of historical papers that brought $12,000 in a 1999 sale. Adams' authorship of the papers was unknown at the time, but was confirmed after the owner brought the documents to the attention of an auction house in 2015. An anonymous buyer purchased the "Laws of Base Ball" in April 2016 for $3.26 million, the most a series of baseball documents had ever sold for.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Doc Adams | |
| --- | --- |
| Adams circa 1870 | |
| Born | Daniel Lucius Adams<br>(1814-11-01)November 1, 1814<br>Mont Vernon, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | January 3, 1899(1899-01-03) (aged 84)<br>New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Yale University<br>Harvard Medical School |
| Occupation(s) | Player and executive for New York Knickerbockers<br>Leader of National Association of Base Ball Players rules and regulations committee |
| Known for | Helped institute rules changes in baseball<br>Credited as creator of shortstop position |


title: Andrés Ignacio Menéndez

abstract: Brigadier General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador. He served as President of El Salvador from 29 August 1934 to 1 March 1935 and again from 9 May to 20 October 1944. He was overthrown in October 1944 by a military coup led by Col. Osmín Aguirre y Salinas and exiled to Guatemala.

text:
# Andrés Ignacio Menéndez

Brigadier General **Andrés Ignacio Menéndez** (1 February 1879 – 7 June 1962) was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador.

He served as President of El Salvador from 29 August 1934 to 1 March 1935 and again from 9 May to 20 October 1944. He was overthrown in October 1944 by a military coup led by Col. Osmín Aguirre y Salinas and exiled to Guatemala.

## Career

Ignacio gradually rose through the ranks in the Salvadoran military, becoming second lieutenant on 18 October 1898, lieutenant on 24 March 1904, captain on 1 August 1906, captain major on 24 May, 1907, lieutenant colonel on 20 May 1911, colonel on 21 May 1915, and brigadier general on 10 August 1920.

Civil unrest broke out following the overthrow of President Hernández. In response, Menéndez declared amnesty for everyone who was part of the unrest, and thus began a national transition to democracy.

1. "Araujo, Arturo (1878–1967) | Encyclopedia.com".
2. "Corte Suprema de Justicia - República de el Salvador". Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-05-27.

## InfoBox

| Brigadier GeneralAndrés Ignacio Menéndez | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of El Salvador | |
| **In office**
9 May 1944  20 October 1944
Provisional President | |
| Preceded by | Maximiliano Hernández Martínez |
| Succeeded by | Osmín Aguirre y Salinas |
| **In office**
29 August 1934  1 March 1935
Provisional President | |
| Preceded by | Maximiliano Hernández Martínez |
| Succeeded by | Maximiliano Hernández Martínez |
| Minister of National Defense | |
| **In office**
1 March 1935  9 May 1944 | |
| Preceded by | Joaquín Valdés |
| Succeeded by | Fidel Cristino Garay |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1 February 1879
Santa Ana, El Salvador |
| Died | 7 June 1962 (aged 83)
New York City, United States |
|  | |


# Diving at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 metre platform

The women's 10 metre platform competition at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships was held on 18 and 19 July 2023.

## Results

The preliminary round was started on 18 July at 10:00. The semifinal was held on 18 July at 14:30. The final was held on 19 July at 11:00.

***Green** denotes finalists*

***Blue** denotes semifinalists*

| Rank | Diver | Nationality | Preliminary | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
|  | Chen Yuxi | China | 393.00 | 2 | 430.05 | 2 | 457.85 | 1 |
|  | Quan Hongchan | China | 435.60 | 1 | 451.40 | 1 | 445.60 | 2 |
|  | Caeli McKay | Canada | 322.15 | 5 | 324.05 | 5 | 340.25 | 3 |
| 4 | Gabriela Agúndez | Mexico | 286.45 | 17 | 345.45 | 3 | 325.35 | 4 |
| 5 | Lois Toulson | Great Britain | 293.50 | 12 | 313.90 | 9 | 319.30 | 5 |
| 6 | Delaney Schnell | United States | 310.40 | 8 | 336.55 | 4 | 313.95 | 6 |
| 7 | Alejandra Orozco | Mexico | 318.30 | 6 | 315.50 | 6 | 313.40 | 7 |
| 8 | Ana Carvajal | Spain | 300.55 | 9 | 313.50 | 10 | 311.70 | 8 |
| 9 | Christina Wassen | Germany | 290.60 | 14 | 309.05 | 11 | 306.75 | 9 |
| 10 | Elena Wassen | Germany | 298.60 | 10 | 307.30 | 12 | 293.95 | 10 |
| 11 | Matsuri Arai | Japan | 314.10 | 7 | 313.95 | 7 | 288.85 | 11 |
| 12 | Ingrid Oliveira | Brazil | 298.50 | 11 | 313.90 | 8 | 272.00 | 12 |
| 13 | Andrea Spendolini-Sirieix | Great Britain | 353.90 | 3 | 305.20 | 13 | Did not advance | |
| 14 | Valeria Antolino | Spain | 292.30 | 13 | 292.50 | 14 | |
| 15 | Nikita Hains | Australia | 288.50 | 16 | 286.50 | 15 | |
| 16 | Sarah Jodoin Di Maria | Italy | 326.65 | 4 | 277.10 | 16 | |
| 17 | Elaena Dick | Canada | 283.90 | 18 | 271.50 | 17 | |
| 18 | Maia Biginelli | Italy | 289.75 | 15 | 247.30 | 18 | |
| 19 | Else Praasterink | Netherlands | 283.65 | 19 | Did not advance | | | |
| 20 | Anisley García | Cuba | 278.90 | 20 | |
| 21 | Milly Puckeridge | Australia | 267.90 | 21 | |
| 22 | Nike Agunbiade | United States | 264.15 | 22 | |
| 23 | Moon Na-yun | South Korea | 257.55 | 23 | |
| 24 | Pandelela Rinong | Malaysia | 256.40 | 24 | |
| 25 | Nicoleta Muscalu | Romania | 248.50 | 25 | |
| 26 | Jade Gillet | France | 247.50 | 26 | |
| 27 | Džeja Patrika | Latvia | 245.85 | 27 | |
| 28 | Ciara McGing | Ireland | 244.90 | 28 | |
| 29 | Maycey Vieta | Puerto Rico | 244.00 | 29 | |
| 30 | Cho Eun-bi | South Korea | 240.50 | 30 | |
| 31 | Gladies Lariesa Garina Haga | Indonesia | 237.45 | 31 | |
| 32 | Mikali Dawson | New Zealand | 228.75 | 32 | |
| 33 | Helle Tuxen | Norway | 222.05 | 33 | |
| 34 | Elizabeth Miclau | Puerto Rico | 207.60 | 34 | |
| 35 | Nur Eilisha Rania Muhammad Abrar Raj | Malaysia | 206.45 | 35 | |
| 36 | Alisa Zakaryan | Armenia | 145.95 | 36 | |

## InfoBox

| Women's 10 metre platform
at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Fukuoka Prefectural Pool |
| Location | Fukuoka, Japan |
| Dates | 18 July (preliminary and semifinal)
19 July (final) |
| Competitors | 36 from 24 nations |
| Winning points | 457.85 |
| Medalists | |
| China  China  Canada | |
|


title: Eduard Kurzbauer

abstract: Eduard Kurzbauer was an Austrian painter. Some sources give Lemberg as his place of birth.

text:
# Eduard Kurzbauer

**Eduard Kurzbauer** (2 March 1840, Vienna \- 13 January 1879, Munich) was an Austrian painter. Some sources give Lemberg as his place of birth.

## Life

His father was a teacher at the Vienna Polytechnic Institute. In 1856, he began to study lithography, but wasn't satisfied and switched to the Academy of Fine Arts where he remained until 1861, when his father was unable to continue paying his tuition and still support a large family.

Friends came to his assistance, but it wasn't until 1867 that he achieved some success with his painting "The Storyteller". This helped him obtain a position in the studios of Karl von Piloty in Munich, where he worked for two years. His associates there included Hans Makart and Franz Defregger. Afterwards, he continued to study independently and scored his first major success in 1870 with his genre painting *Die ereilten Flüchtlinge* (The Refugees, Overtaken), which was purchased for the gallery of the Schloss Belvedere. This sale, the commissions that followed and the fees from several students enabled him to take a long-desired study trip to Rome and Naples.

Unfortunately, an ailment he acquired there was left untreated until it was too late. After courageously suffering through several painful operations, he died at the age of thirty-eight, still at work, even on his death bed.

He had a sharp eye for interesting situations and human characteristics, with an occasional splash of roguish humor. Even when representing weakness and suffering, he knew how to maintain the correct tone, without bathos. He is considered a master of chiaroscuro.

In 1889, a street in Leopoldstadt was named the "Kurzbauergasse" in his honor.

## Further reading


title: 1952–53 Syracuse Nationals season

abstract: The 1952–53 NBA season was the Nationals' 4th season in the NBA.

text:
# 1952–53 Syracuse Nationals season

The **1952–53 NBA season** was the Nationals' 4th season in the NBA.

## Regular season

### Season standings

|  | W | L | PCT | GB | Home | Road | Neutral | Div |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **x-**New York Knicks | 47 | 23 | .671 | - | 22-4 | 15-14 | 10-5 | 30-10 |
| **x-**Syracuse Nationals | 47 | 24 | .662 | 0.5 | 32-2 | 10-20 | 5-2 | 26-15 |
| **x-**Boston Celtics | 46 | 25 | .648 | 1.5 | 21-3 | 11-18 | 14-4 | 28-13 |
| **x-**Baltimore Bullets | 16 | 54 | .229 | 31 | 11-20 | 1–19 | 4-15 | 10-30 |
| Philadelphia Warriors | 12 | 57 | .174 | 34.5 | 5-12 | 1–28 | 6-17 | 7-33 |

**x** – clinched playoff spot

### Record vs. opponents

| 1952-53 NBA Records | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BAL | BOS | FWP | IND | MIL | MIN | NYK | PHI | ROC | SYR |
| Baltimore |  | 2–8 | 0–6 | 2–4 | 3–3 | 1–5 | 0–10 | 6–4 | 0–6 | 2–8 |
| Boston | 8–2 |  | 4–2 | 4–2 | 5–1 | 1–5 | 6–4 | 9–1 | 4–2 | 5–6 |
| Fort Wayne | 6–0 | 2–4 |  | 7–3 | 7–3 | 1–9 | 4–2 | 5–0 | 3–7 | 1–5 |
| Indianapolis | 4–2 | 2–4 | 3–7 |  | 5–6 | 4–6 | 1–5 | 5–1 | 3–7 | 1–5 |
| Milwaukee | 3–3 | 1–5 | 3–7 | 6–5 |  | 3–7 | 1–5 | 4–2 | 3–7 | 3–3 |
| Minneapolis | 5–1 | 5–1 | 9–1 | 6–4 | 7–3 |  | 4–2 | 6–0 | 4–6 | 2–4 |
| New York | 10–0 | 4–6 | 2–4 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 2–4 |  | 10–0 | 3–3 | 6–4 |
| Philadelphia | 4–6 | 1–9 | 0–5 | 1–5 | 2–4 | 0–6 | 0–10 |  | 2–4 | 2–8 |
| Rochester | 6–0 | 2–4 | 7–3 | 7–3 | 7–3 | 6–4 | 3–3 | 4–2 |  | 2–4 |
| Syracuse | 8–2 | 6–5 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 3–3 | 4–2 | 4–6 | 8–2 | 4–2 |  |

### Game log

| 1952–53 Game log | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#** | **Date** | **Opponent** | **Score** | **High points** | **Record** |
| 1 | November 1 | @ Philadelphia | 84–86 (OT) | Lochmueller, Schayes (17) | 0–1 |
| 2 | November 2 | Philadelphia | 91–117 | Gabor, Schayes (24) | 1–1 |
| 3 | November 8 | @ Boston | 83–106 | Billy Gabor (14) | 1–2 |
| 4 | November 9 | Minneapolis | 89–96 | Dolph Schayes (27) | 2–2 |
| 5 | November 13 | Boston | 81–96 | Dolph Schayes (23) | 3–2 |
| 6 | November 15 | @ Baltimore | 91–97 (OT) | Bill Calhoun (18) | 3–3 |
| 7 | November 16 | Indianapolis | 78–84 | Dolph Schayes (27) | 4–3 |
| 8 | November 20 | Milwaukee | 73–92 | Billy Gabor (15) | 5–3 |
| 9 | November 22 | @ New York | 68–98 | Dolph Schayes (13) | 5–4 |
| 10 | November 23 | New York | 73–76 | Dolph Schayes (14) | 6–4 |
| 11 | November 27 | Rochester | 79–86 | Paul Seymour (17) | 7–4 |
| 12 | November 29 | @ Baltimore | 87–74 | King, Rocha (16) | 8–4 |
| 13 | November 30 | Boston | 66–78 | Paul Seymour (23) | 9–4 |
| 14 | December 4 | @ Fort Wayne | 78–70 | Dolph Schayes (18) | 10–4 |
| 15 | December 6 | @ Philadelphia | 82–74 | Paul Seymour (20) | 11–4 |
| 16 | December 7 | Milwaukee | 67–71 | Red Rocha (15) | 12–4 |
| 17 | December 8 | @ Milwaukee | 89–101 | Billy Gabor (14) | 12–5 |
| 18 | December 9 | @ Indianapolis | 87–70 | Dolph Schayes (21) | 13–5 |
| 19 | December 11 | @ Minneapolis | 79–82 | Billy Gabor (16) | 13–6 |
| 20 | December 14 | Philadelphia | 83–102 | Dolph Schayes (20) | 14–6 |
| 21 | December 16 | @ New York | 93–98 (OT) | Billy Gabor (21) | 14–7 |
| 22 | December 18 | N Boston | 83–88 | Dolph Schayes (20) | 14–8 |
| 23 | December 20 | @ Boston | 77–91 | Dolph Schayes (19) | 14–9 |
| 24 | December 21 | Boston | 86–90 | Dolph Schayes (28) | 15–9 |
| 25 | December 25 | Baltimore | 92–102 | George King (18) | 16–9 |
| 26 | December 27 | @ Baltimore | 81–76 (OT) | Rocha, Seymour (18) | 17–9 |
| 27 | December 28 | Indianapolis | 73–84 | Red Rocha (18) | 18–9 |
| 28 | December 30 | @ Rochester | 93–106 | Red Rocha (18) | 18–10 |
| 29 | December 31 | @ Boston | 87–97 | Al Cervi (19) | 18–11 |
| 30 | January 1 | Fort Wayne | 78–92 | Dolph Schayes (29) | 19–11 |
| 31 | January 3 | @ New York | 77–85 (OT) | Paul Seymour (17) | 19–12 |
| 32 | January 4 | Baltimore | 68–93 | Red Rocha (15) | 20–12 |
| 33 | January 7 | N New York | 114–93 | Paul Seymour (29) | 21–12 |
| 34 | January 8 | Minneapolis | 67–75 | Dolph Schayes (19) | 22–12 |
| 35 | January 10 | N Philadelphia | 87–77 | Paul Seymour (19) | 23–12 |
| 36 | January 11 | Philadelphia | 72–76 | Paul Seymour (18) | 24–12 |
| 37 | January 15 | Rochester | 85–109 | Paul Seymour (19) | 25–12 |
| 38 | January 18 | Baltimore | 84–103 | Paul Seymour (24) | 26–12 |
| 39 | January 22 | Fort Wayne | 75–87 | Red Rocha (17) | 27–12 |
| 40 | January 24 | @ Rochester | 107–82 | Dolph Schayes (22) | 28–12 |
| 41 | January 25 | New York | 97–62 | Dolph Schayes (16) | 28–13 |
| 42 | January 27 | @ Indianapolis | 72–76 | Jorgensen, Schayes (21) | 28–14 |
| 43 | January 29 | @ Minneapolis | 83–65 | Paul Seymour (20) | 29–14 |
| 44 | January 30 | @ Milwaukee | 68–84 | King, Schayes (15) | 29–15 |
| 45 | February 1 | Baltimore | 79–94 | Dolph Schayes (22) | 30–15 |
| 46 | February 2 | N Baltimore | 98–77 | Red Rocha (31) | 31–15 |
| 47 | February 4 | @ Boston | 92–105 | Paul Seymour (20) | 31–16 |
| 48 | February 5 | Rochester | 79–83 (OT) | Dolph Schayes (24) | 32–16 |
| 49 | February 8 | Philadelphia | 89–98 | Dolph Schayes (26) | 33–16 |
| 50 | February 11 | @ Fort Wayne | 78–96 | Paul Seymour (17) | 33–17 |
| 51 | February 12 | @ Minneapolis | 81–91 | Paul Seymour (20) | 33–18 |
| 52 | February 13 | @ Indianapolis | 89–86 (2OT) | Dolph Schayes (20) | 34–18 |
| 53 | February 15 | New York | 85–81 | Dolph Schayes (35) | 34–19 |
| 54 | February 17 | N Boston | 84–65 | Red Rocha (21) | 35–19 |
| 55 | February 19 | Milwaukee | 72–82 | Dolph Schayes (21) | 36–19 |
| 56 | February 21 | @ Rochester | 73–84 | Dolph Schayes (24) | 36–20 |
| 57 | February 22 | Philadelphia | 73–86 | Dolph Schayes (23) | 37–20 |
| 58 | February 24 | N Philadelphia | 74–63 | Dolph Schayes (27) | 38–20 |
| 59 | February 26 | Fort Wayne | 77–89 | Dolph Schayes (19) | 39–20 |
| 60 | February 28 | @ Baltimore | 74–77 | Dolph Schayes (18) | 39–21 |
| 61 | March 1 | New York | 64–79 | Dolph Schayes (28) | 40–21 |
| 62 | March 3 | @ Milwaukee | 70–75 | George King (19) | 40–22 |
| 63 | March 4 | @ Fort Wayne | 75–73 (2OT) | Dolph Schayes (18) | 41–22 |
| 64 | March 5 | Minneapolis | 91–94 | Lloyd, Seymour (23) | 42–22 |
| 65 | March 6 | @ New York | 66–75 | Dolph Schayes (19) | 42–23 |
| 66 | March 7 | N Philadelphia | 87–88 | Dolph Schayes (30) | 42–24 |
| 67 | March 8 | Baltimore | 91–98 | Dolph Schayes (28) | 43–24 |
| 68 | March 12 | Boston | 70–84 | Dolph Schayes (18) | 44–24 |
| 69 | March 14 | @ New York | 95–81 | Dolph Schayes (26) | 45–24 |
| 70 | March 15 | Indianapolis | 68–84 | Dolph Schayes (30) | 46–24 |
| 71 | March 17 | Boston | 68–72 | Dolph Schayes (23) | 47–24 |

## Playoffs

| 1953 playoff game log |
| --- |
|
| Division Semifinals: 0–2 (home: 0–1; road: 0–1)    Game Date Team Score High points High assists Location Series  1 March 19 Boston L 81–87 Paul Seymour (18)  Onondaga War Memorial 0–1  2 March 21 @ Boston L 105–111 (4OT) Red Rocha (19) George King (4) Boston Garden 0–2 |
| 1953 schedule | |

## Player statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game |  |  |

## Awards and records

## InfoBox

| 1952–53 Syracuse Nationals season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Al Cervi |
| Arena | Onondaga War Memorial |
| Results | |
| Record | 4724 (.662) |
| Place | Division: 2nd (Eastern) |
| Playoff finish | East Division Semifinals<br>(eliminated 0–2) |
| ---  Stats at **Basketball-Reference.com** | |
|


title: Andrés Pascual

abstract: Andrés Pascual Carrillo de Albornoz is a Spanish writer, conference speaker and lawyer. He is also a classically trained pianist and composer, as well as being a past member of several rock bands. He currently shares his time between London and Spain.

text:
# Andrés Pascual

**Andrés Pascual Carrillo de Albornoz** (Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, 1969) is a Spanish writer, conference speaker and lawyer. He is also a classically trained pianist and composer, as well as being a past member of several rock bands. He currently shares his time between London and Spain.

## Biography

Andrés Pascual was born in Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, in 1969. He studied law at the University of Navarra and has practised as a solicitor since 1992. He has published six novels, which have sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several different languages, as well as speaking at conferences.

Pascual has visited fifty countries across four continents, including Syria, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Botswana, Namibia, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nepal, Tibet, India, Vietnam, Peru, Ecuador, Indonesia and many more, allowing him to "bring back inspiration for his novels by the trunkload". He has also kept a photographic record of his travels which he shares on his website and social media.

Andrés is a music lover and has played with several rock bands as a singer and pianist. He has also presented a programme on travel and books on Punto Radio.

## Literary career

* El guardián de la flor de loto – The keeper of the lotus flower (2007), his first novel, has sold more than 150,000 copies and has been translated into Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Bulgarian. An independent film producer based in Los Angeles has also produced a filmscore adaptation of the novel.
* El compositor de tormentas – The storm-maker (2009), his second novel, was shortlisted for the VIII Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja.
* El haiku de las palabras perdidas – The haiku of the lost words (2013) also sold around 75,000 copies in Spain and was chosen by RNE (Spanish National Radio) listeners as one of the 25 most beautiful novels they have read, from nearly 1,000 works selected by the literary programme “El ojo crítico”.
* El sol brilla por la noche en Cachemira – The sun shines at night in Kashmir was published by Editorial Planeta in 2012. This novel begins to explore themes of personal development and life inspiration in greater depth and, together with his travel experiences, forms the basis for his personal development conferences.
* Edén – Eden (2014), is a thriller based in Brazil, and has recently been translated into Portuguese.
* Taj (2016), a romantic tale woven around the construction of the Taj Mahal, won the Premio 2016 de Novela Histórica Alfonso X el Sabio (2016 Alfonso the Wise prize for Best Historical Novel), with a cash prize of EUR30,000. Following its publication, Andrés was named as one of the 10 most important writers of the year by the Spanish National newspaper ABC, alongside novelists including Eduardo Mendoza and Arturo Pérez-Reverte.
* A merced de un dios salvaje – At the Mercy of a Savage God (2018), a psychological thriller based in La Rioja.

## Conferences and Personal Development

In addition to his novels, Andrés has published two non-fiction books focussing on personal development: El viaje de tu vida – The journey of your life (2016) and (jointly with Ecequiel Barricart) El oso, el tigre y el dragón – The bear, the tiger and the dragon (2017).

Andrés presents conferences on personal development as part of a team of conference speakers associated with the BCC Speakers International Bureau agency, which has offices in Madrid, Mexico City, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Vancouver, London, Lisbon, New York City and Milan.

## Musical career

Andrés started his classical musical training at the age of seven, and when he was sixteen he won the First Fermín Gurbindo Prize for Musical Interpretation for performing a sonata by Mozart.

While still at law school at the University of Navarra in Pamplona he joined Quinta Columna, a rock group which performed at over 100 concerts and national events. He later became a member of the group Catorce de Septiembre, with whom he recorded two records with Sony Music International on the EPIC label while completing his law degree. The band toured throughout Spain and performed at large events including Expo 92 in Seville, winning the RNE (Spanish National Radio) Radio3 award for Best Emerging Band in 1992. For the past two decades he has been covering rock hits with his band Animalversion.

## Publications

Novels

* El guardián de la flor de loto – The keeper of the lotus flower (Plaza Janés) 2007
* El compositor de tormentas – The storm-maker (Plaza Janés) 2009
* El haiku de las palabras perdidas – The haiku of the lost words (Plaza Janés) 2011
* El sol brilla por la noche en Cachemira -The sun shines at night in Kashmir (Planeta) 2012
* Edén – Eden (Plaza Janés) 2014
* Taj (Espasa) 2016
* A merced de un dios salvaje -At the Mercy of a Savage God (Espasa) 2018

Non-fiction

* El viaje de tu vida – The journey of your life (Plaza Janés) 2016
* El oso, el tigre y el dragón – The bear, the tiger & the dragon, jointly with Ecequiel Barricart (Urano) 2017

## Prizes

• Premio de Novela Histórica Alfonso X el Sabio – Alfonso the Wise prize for Best Historical Novel (2016) for Taj.

• Premio Urano de Crecimiento Personal – Urano Prize for Personal Development (2017) jointly with Ecequiel Barricart for El oso, el tigre y el dragón – The bear, the tiger & the dragon.


title: El Güegüense

abstract: El Güegüense is a satirical drama and was the first literary work of post-Colonial Nicaragua. It is regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece combining music, dance and theater. There was also a monument built in the center of a rotonda (roundabout) in Managua, in its honor. El Güegüense is performed during the feast of San Sebastián in Diriamba from 17 to 27 January.

text:
# El Güegüense

| El Güegüense | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Satirical drama performance |
| Date(s) | 17–27 January |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Location(s) | Diriamba, Nicaragua |

| El Güegüense | |
| --- | --- |
| **UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage** | |
| Country | Nicaragua |
| Reference | 00111 |
| Region | Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2008 (3rd session) |
| List | Representative |

***El Güegüense*** (Spanish pronunciation: \[el ɣweˈɣwen.se\]; also known as ***Macho Ratón***, pronounced \[ˈma.tʃo raˈton\]) is a satirical drama and was the first literary work of post-Colonial Nicaragua. It is regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece combining music, dance and theater. There was also a monument built in the center of a rotonda *(roundabout)* in Managua, in its honor. El Güegüense is performed during the feast of San Sebastián in Diriamba (Carazo department) from 17 to 27 January.

## Origin

The theatrical play was written by an anonymous author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest indigenous theatrical/dance works of the Western Hemisphere. It was passed down orally for many centuries until it was finally written down and published into a book in 1942. According to the first written version the plot has 314 lines and was originally written in both Nahuat and Spanish.

### Etymology

The name of the play comes from its main character, *El Güegüense*, which is derived from the Nahuat word *Wewej*, meaning 'old man' or 'wise man'.

## History

"El Güegüense" represents folklore of Nicaragua, therefore, UNESCO proclaimed it a "Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" in 2005 making Nicaragua the only country in Central America and one of six in Latin America to have two proclaimed masterpieces by UNESCO.

## Characters

The play includes fourteen characters.

* The three mestizos:
    + Güegüense, and his sons Don Forcico and Don Ambrosio
* The Spanish authorities:
    + Governor Tastuanes
    + Captain Alguacil Mayor
    + the Royal Clerk
    + the Royal Assistant
* The women:
    + Doña Suche Malinche and her two accompanying ladies
* The four beasts of burden; referred to as *machos*:
    + Macho-moto
    + Macho-viejo
    + Macho-mohino
    + Macho-guajaqueño

## Language

The language is Spanish with intermixed portions of Nicarao (Nahuat), and this piece has sometimes been claimed to be a result of Spanish and Nahuat mixed or creole language. However, there is no actual evidence for this.

## Social controversy

Because deception for monetary gain is central to the plot of "El Güegüense", the play frequently is cited by newspaper editorials as a kind of symbolic archetype for perceived corrupt politicians or unaccountable public institutions. Unpredictable election returns also have been attributed to the heritage of the masked "El Güegüense" figure reflected in an electorate skilled at masking their true voting intent, notably so with the FSLN party's crushing, unanticipated defeat at the polls in 1990. While the role of "El Güegüense" as the highest expression of Nicaraguan folkloric art is secure, the overt theme of the play–entry into the aristocratic lifestyle through deceptive means–is frequently held at arm's length in political speeches as contrary to the current vision of national growth occurring through hard work, economic diversification, and manufacturing exports.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| El Güegüense | |
| --- | --- |
| El Güegüense | |
| Written by | Anonymous |
| Characters | * Güegüense * Don Forcico * Don Ambrosio * Governor Tastuanes * Captain Alguacil Mayor * The Royal Clerk * The Royal Assistant * Doña Suche Malinche * The four *machos* |
| Date premiered | 16th century |
| Original language | Nahuat and Spanish |
| Genre | Satirical drama |


title: Elizabeth Richards Tilton

abstract: Elizabeth Monroe Richards Tilton was an American suffragist, a founder of the Brooklyn Woman's Club, and a poetry editor of The Revolution, the newspaper of the National Woman Suffrage Association, founded by woman's rights advocates Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Elizabeth Tilton also served on the executive committee of the American Equal Rights Association. Tilton became the largely silenced center of "the most sensational and highly publicized social scandal of the era" in 1875, when her husband Theodore Tilton brought a lawsuit charging "criminal conversation" against his friend, the popular preacher Henry Ward Beecher. Although the long trial ended in a deadlock, it destroyed the social positions and careers of both Elizabeth and Theodore Tilton. Beecher's reputation was tarnished, but he retained his position and much of his influence.

text:
# Elizabeth Richards Tilton

**Elizabeth Monroe Richards Tilton** (May 28, 1834 – April 13, 1897) was an American suffragist, a founder of the Brooklyn Woman's Club, and a poetry editor of *The Revolution*, the newspaper of the National Woman Suffrage Association, founded by woman's rights advocates Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Elizabeth Tilton also served on the executive committee of the American Equal Rights Association.

Tilton became the largely silenced center of "the most sensational and highly publicized social scandal of the era" in 1875, when her husband Theodore Tilton brought a lawsuit charging "criminal conversation" against his friend, the popular preacher Henry Ward Beecher. Although the long trial ended in a deadlock, it destroyed the social positions and careers of both Elizabeth and Theodore Tilton. Beecher's reputation was tarnished, but he retained his position and much of his influence.

## Early life and education

Elizabeth Monroe Richards was born on May 28, 1834, in Brooklyn, New York, to Johanna Handley and Joseph Richards, a jeweller. Johanna married Nathan Brewster Morse, Sr. After having been a widow for a number of years, Johanna died on July 26, 1889, at her home in Brooklyn after a nine-month illness.

Elizabeth Richards attended the Brooklyn Female Seminary. She tutored her younger brother Joseph H. Richards and his friend Theodore Tilton, who attended Public School No. 1. When Tilton's parents decided to move to New Jersey, Tilton boarded with Elizabeth, Joseph, and their mother. They attended Plymouth Church, where Henry Ward Beecher was an extremely popular preacher. Elizabeth became a Sunday school teacher at Plymouth Church.

## Suffrage and women's rights

She was a participant in the women's rights movement. She was a contributor to and the poetry editor of *The Revolution*, which was the voice of the National Woman Suffrage Association, founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. With them, Elizabeth Tilton was one of a dozen signatories of a petition appealing for protection for voting rights in 1866.

In 1868 and 1869, she served on the executive committee of the American Equal Rights Association. In 1870, she was the corresponding secretary of the Brooklyn Equal Rights Association, and one of three members of a committee to find and set up a house in Brooklyn to serve as its headquarters. She founded the Brooklyn Woman's Club in 1870 with Celia M. Burleigh, Laura Curtis Bullard, and others.

## Marriage and children

Elizabeth Richards married Theodore Tilton (18351907) on October 2, 1855, in Plymouth Church. He was 20, and she was 21. The ceremony was performed by Henry Ward Beecher. Tilton worked on *The Independent*, a pro-Abolition magazine. Theodore Tilton began to write for *The Independent* in 1856, while Beecher became the editor-in-chief in 1861. Tilton was his assistant, and replaced him as editor in 1864. Theodore Tilton was active and respected as a writer, speaker, and lecturer.

Of the seven children born to the Tiltons over 14 years, four of the children survived past infancy. Her daughter Florence was born around 1858. Alice was born in 1859. A child named Mattie died in infancy. Her son Carroll was born in 1864. An infant son, Paul, died in August 1868. Her last surviving child, Ralph, was born June 21, 1869. For the first five years of their marriage, and again from 1860 to 1863, the Tiltons lived in a boardinghouse run by Elizabeth's mother, on Harrison Avenue in the Sixth Ward. By 1866, the upwardly mobile Theodore Tilton aspired to a brownstone in the more fashionable area of Brooklyn Heights.

He increasingly disparaged his wife's family, and sought to separate her from them. Although he was reported to have said that "Elizabeth was undervalued in her intellectual character ... she was the finest critic he had ever had", Theodore Tilton also felt embarrassed in his new social circle by Elizabeth's dress, deportment, speech and demeanor. Elizabeth described occasions when her husband indicated that she was "so insignificant that he was ashamed of \[her\]", and another when he held a gathering of "woman's rights people" at their home, and "particularly requested me not to come near him that night". Theodore Tilton also traveled frequently on lecture tours in 18661868, which gave him opportunities to be sexually unfaithful, something he confessed to Elizabeth on January 25, 1868.

## Scandal

### Friendship with Henry Ward Beecher

Theodore Tilton and Henry Ward Beecher became close friends, a relationship that has been described as both passionate and physical. Tilton and Beecher worked on *The Independent*, a pro-Abolition magazine. Both men were advocates of abolition and temperance. The more radical Tilton spoke in favor of women's rights to vote and to divorce. Beecher, who was unhappily married to Eunice White Beecher, emphasized the role of women in the home.

During 18661868 Beecher was struggling to write *Norwood* (1868), a book one reviewer described as "apparently interminable, and so amazingly dull". On January 3, 1866, Beecher described the main characters to his publisher as "the man of philosophy and theology and the woman of nature and simple truth". It has been suggested that Elizabeth Tilton encouraged Beecher in his writing, and that she can be associated with his "woman of nature". It has also been suggested that she turned to him for comfort after baby Paul's death in August 1868. To what extent Elizabeth was or saw herself as Beecher's "muse" is unclear. She identified October 10, 1868, as "A Day Memorable" in her private diary, but did not indicate why.

### Confession

On July 3 or 4, 1870, Elizabeth apparently confessed to her husband that October 10, 1868, had marked the start of a deeper relationship between herself and Beecher, which Beecher had encouraged her to keep secret. It may have been an emotional relationship or a sexual relationship. Whatever Elizabeth's actual involvement, her husband suspected her of adultery and her last surviving child of being illegitimate.

The situation was complicated because both Henry Beecher and Theodore Tilton were believed to have affairs with other women. Beecher was rumored to have had relationships with several women in his Plymouth Church congregation including Lucy Maria (Tappan) Bowen (1825–1863), the first wife of Henry Chandler Bowen. She had confessed the affair to her husband on her deathbed. Theodore Tilton was rumored not only to have been sexually unfaithful while on tour, but also to be involved in an affair with Elizabeth's friend Laura Curtis Bullard.

The Tiltons' letters to each other over a period of several years reveal a shift from hopefulness on Elizabeth's part to awareness of the harmfulness of the "ungenerosity and fault-finding" of their actual time together.

Following Elizabeth's confession to Theodore, both of the Tiltons confided in others. These included Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Henry Chandler Bowen, and Francis D. Moulton and his wife Emma. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony apparently first heard about the scandal in the fall of 1870. Conflicting stories describe a contentious evening, in which Theodore Tilton dined at Laura Bullard's house with Stanton, leaving Elizabeth Tilton and Anthony behind at the Tilton house. Theodore Tilton told Stanton his side of the Tilton–Beecher affair over dinner; Anthony heard of it from Elizabeth Tilton that same night. Rival accounts of the evening were given by Elizabeth Tilton and Stanton in 1874, four years after the events. They agreed that after Theodore Tilton returned to his house, there was an altercation between him and one of the women (each named the other), that Theodore Tilton had become violently angry, and that Susan B. Anthony had sheltered Elizabeth Tilton in her room overnight, locking the door. Stanton clearly saw Anthony as saving a threatened wife from a violent husband; Elizabeth Tilton may not have appreciated Stanton's assumption of authority.

Possibly as a result of this evening, Elizabeth left Theodore in late September or early October 1870 and traveled to Marietta, Ohio, where she stayed with a friend, Sarah Putnam. When Elizabeth Tilton returned to Brooklyn on December 10, 1870, there was a violent altercation with Theodore, and Elizabeth took their four children and went to her mother's home, where she remained for some time before again returning to her husband, when she was pregnant again by him. The pregnancy ended in a miscarriage on December 24, 1870, which Elizabeth attributed to "anxiety night and day".

The miscarriage seems to have triggered a rapid cascade of events. The same day, Mrs. Morse wrote to Henry Bowen, Tilton's employer, with complaints against Tilton. Bowen consulted Henry Beecher before confronting Tilton, who responded with accusations against Beecher. Bowen (whose wife had also confessed to an affair with Beecher, some years previously) encouraged Tilton to write to Beecher and demand his resignation from the church. On December 26, 1870, Tilton wrote to Beecher, "Sir, I demand that, for reasons which you explicitly understand, you immediately cease from the ministry of Plymouth Church, and that you quit the City of Brooklyn as a residence." Bowen delivered the vaguely-worded letter to Beecher.

Theodore Tilton turned to Frank Moulton, a childhood friend of Tilton and Beecher, who became a mediator between the men. He primarily focused on hiding the scandal as their friendship disintegrated. There were a series of letters that Elizabeth signed beginning on December 29, 1870. In the first she described her confession, then Beecher had her sign a letter of retraction, followed by a retraction of the retraction at Theodore's request. On December 31, Elizabeth Tilton sent Moulton to Beecher to retrieve the letters.

On December 31, 1870, Bowen fired Tilton from *The Independent*, unwilling to support his radical politics and wishing to distance himself from a possible scandal. In an attempt to pacify Tilton, Beecher and Moulton created a new newspaper, *The Golden Age*, hiring Tilton as its editor. Possibly as part of the ongoing attempt to cover up the scandal, Tilton became involved with woman's suffrage and free love advocate Victoria Woodhull. By spring 1871, Theodore and Victoria were intimate, and in September 1871 he published an effusive biography of her.

As her marriage unraveled, Elizabeth Tilton became less hopeful. Her sentimental reading of Charles Reade's sensationalist novel *Griffith Gaunt* (1866) sparked a realization of the potential dangers of spiritual advisors, and a reevaluation of her involvement with Beecher. On June 29, 1871, Elizabeth wrote a letter to Theodore that assumed great importance in later court proceedings, as lawyers tried to interpret her meaning.

> My dear Theodore, To-day, through the ministry of Catherine Gaunt, a character of fiction, my eyes have been opened, for the first time in my experience, so that I see clearly my sin. It was when I knew that I was loved, to suffer it to grow to a passion. A virtuous woman should check instantly an absorbing love. But it appeared to me in such false light. That the love I felt and received could harm no one, not even you, I have believed unfalteringly until 4 o'clock this afternoon, when the heavenly vision dawned on me. I see now, as never before, the wrong I have done you, and hasten immediately to ask your pardon, with a penitence so sincere that henceforth (if reason remains) you may trust me implicitly. Oh! my dear Theo, though your opinions are not restful or congenial to my soul, yet my own integrity and purity are a sacred and holy thing to me. Bless God, with me, for Catherine Gaunt, and for all the sure leadings of an all-wise and loving Providence. Yes, now I feel quite prepared to renew my marriage vow with you, to keep it as the Savior requireth, who looketh at the eye and the heart. Never before could I say this, I know not that you are yet able, or ever will be, to say this to *me*. Still, with what profound thankfulness that I am come to this sure foundation, and that my feet are planted on the rock of this great truth you cannot at all realize. When you yearn toward me with any true feeling, be assured of the tried, purified and restored love of Elizabeth.

The "Catherine Gaunt" letter clearly shows that Elizabeth had reinterpreted her actions from a spiritual perspective as sinful. What had actually occurred between her and Beecher, and whether their relationship had been emotional, physical, or both, remained utterly opaque.

All three people—Elizabeth, Theodore and Beecher—sentimentalized and reinterpreted their thoughts and actions as events progressed. One historian reflects on the relationships between Beecher and the Tiltons, "They are real people. Living people ... They aren't characters in a novel. They are complicated and contradictory, and I don't have a clue as to whom to believe."

### Public knowledge

The Beecher–Tilton scandal became open public knowledge in November 1872 when Victoria Woodhull published a special edition of *The Woodhull and Claflin Weekly*. In it, Woodhull sensationalized the relationship of Henry Ward Beecher and Elizabeth Tilton, claiming Theodore Tilton as her source of information. Woodhull and Claflin attacked Beecher, not for having relationships outside marriage, but for hypocritically refusing to endorse them.

On November 2, 1872, mere days before the presidential election of November 5, 1872, in which Woodhull was a candidate, she was arrested. The sisters were charged by district attorney Benjamin Tracy with sending obscene materials – her Beecher–Tilton pamphlet – through the U. S. Mail. They were held in Ludlow Street Jail, a federal prison in New York City, for the next six months. The indictments against them were finally dismissed.

Copies of the *Weekly* exposé sold for as much as $40. But in spite of Woodhull's denunciations of Beecher and Tilton, the initial response of most newspapers was to largely ignore the story. Such topics were seen as inappropriate, a violation of the boundaries of respectability and politeness, or not a "public" matter.

### Clerical investigation

Tensions increased as both Theodore Tilton and Beecher were pressured by their friends to respond to Woodhull's accusations. Tilton, Beecher and Bowen had signed a "Tri-partite Covenant" on April 2, 1872, agreeing to keep silent. Tilton, however, continued to leak information against Beecher. On October 31, 1873, in spite of Beecher's opposition to the move, Plymouth Church dropped Theodore Tilton from its membership for "slandering" their pastor, Beecher.

Tilton had spoken, among others, with Richard Salter Storrs, a gifted scholar and pastor of the Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn, New York. Bowen and others had left Storr's church when they formed Plymouth Church and chose Beecher as its pastor, preferring his charisma and showmanship. Now Storrs convinced the Council of Congregational Churches to investigate the disfellowshipping of Tilton from Plymouth Church, in particular whether Plymouth Church could do so without investigating the allegations against Beecher. The Council potentially had authority over not only Beecher, but the very existence of Plymouth Church. The Council met from March 9–29, 1874, and concluded by censuring Plymouth Church's actions.

On June 21, 1874, Theodore Tilton published a letter in *The Golden Age*, publicly accusing Beecher of adultery with Elizabeth Tilton. As of June 27, 1874, Plymouth Church established its own investigating committee to inquire into the scandal. The committee was filled with prominent friends and supporters of Beecher. With this official recognition, the story exploded into the newspapers. The press' new focus on interviews as they followed the Tilton case has been identified as a turning point in the relationship between the press and private individuals in the United States. Satirical magazines such as *Puck* made Beecher, in particular, an iconic figure, targeting both his morals and his politics.

On July 11, 1874, Elizabeth Tilton left her husband permanently. Theodore did not try to prevent her from leaving, later testifying that "she was a free, sovereign actor in the business" and that he "never applied any coercion to her in any way". During the investigation, and the subsequent civil trial, Elizabeth Tilton was "housed and supported" by members of the congregation of Plymouth Church.

One day later, on July 12, 1874, Elizabeth Tilton testified in front of the investigating committee of Plymouth Church. Then, and again in a letter dated July 23, 1874, in the *Brooklyn Eagle*, Elizabeth Tilton refuted her husband's assertions of a sexual relationship between herself and Beecher, declaring "I affirm myself before God to be innocent of the crimes laid upon me; that never have I been guilty of adultery with Henry Ward Beecher in thought or deed; nor has he ever offered to me an indecorous or improper proposal." Her husband, she asserted, was attempting to prove that she was "insane, weak-minded, insignificant, of mean presence." As of August 27, Plymouth Church released its official report, exonerating Beecher.

On August 13, 1874, Theodore Tilton published 201 letters, selecting and editing 112 written by himself and 89 written by Elizabeth between 1864 and 1870. The letters appeared in the *Chicago Tribune*. Elizabeth considered Theodore's publication of her private correspondence to be "perfidious and sacrilegious", a violation of the privacy of their marriage.

### Civil lawsuit

On August 20, 1874, Theodore Tilton brought a civil suit for "criminal conversation" against his former friend, Henry Ward Beecher. He requested $100,000 in compensation for what was legally regarded as a matter of theft. Under the legal framework of "criminal conversation", a woman was regarded as the property of her husband. The party against whom the suit was brought was seen as having stolen or damaged the property of the husband. The wife became an "absent presence", who could not testify in court.

> She \[Elizabeth Tilton\] was the silent party throughout much of the trial, muted by a legal fiction that defined a civil trial for adultery as a property dispute between one man and another. Nearly four months into the trial, she rose and tried to read a statement to the court and was summarily denied by the judge. – May 3, 1875.

The trial began on January 4, 1875, and continued until July 2, 1875. It has been referred to as "America's first major clergy sexual abuse scandal", and it received national attention from the press.

Potential spectators competed to claim the limited number of seats that were available each day. Although attempts were made initially to keep women out entirely, a few seats were made available for them. The women involved in the case, and others attending in the courtroom, were criticized in the press for their presence. Simply being in the courtroom was considered immodest and improper. Both Elizabeth Tilton and her mother, Mrs. Morse, attended the trial as spectators. So did a limited number of other women, many from Plymouth Church. Elizabeth was described frequently by the press as meek, shy, yielding and compliant, and as showing calmness, resignation and sadness, sometimes sobbing.

The trial also became an "intensely literary event", in which the intentions and actions of Elizabeth Tilton (who could not testify) and others were inferred from novels, letters and quotations. Elizabeth's reading of *Griffith Gaunt* (1866) by Charles Reade, a best-selling novel which dealt with love, marriage, and ministers, apparently caused her to reinterpret her own "excessive devotion to her priest" as sinful. Theodore Tilton's reading of the same novel may have strengthened his belief that Elizabeth was guilty of adultery.

Both Henry Beecher and Theodore Tilton described Elizabeth Tilton in conflicted terms symbolic of the meaning of "woman": She was described as both matronly and childlike; as pious and saintly, but also sensual and powerful. Beecher is quoted as saying "You see her one time and you would think her a saint on earth; at another time she is a weak, irresponsible being and anything but a saint." Her husband's letters make it clear that he had idealized her: "If you should ever appear to me anything less than the ideal woman, the Christian saint that I know you to be, I shall not care to live a day longer."

Theodore Tilton published his own novel, *Tempest-Tossed* in 1874. It is about a family adrift in the Atlantic for fifteen years. The characters of Mary and Rodney Vail demonstrate "the love that dwells in the soul rather than in the heart". Philip Chantilly's love for their daughter Barbara transcends physical separation; indeed, he falls in love with an "imaginary angel" precisely because he does not know her. Tilton told the Plymouth Investigating Committee in 1874 that the character of Mary Vail was based upon his wife, and intended as a tribute to "Elizabeth's blameless purity".

On July 2, 1875, the civil trial was completed. After 112 days of courtroom testimony (resulting in more than a million words of text), 16 full days of final arguments to the jury, 8 days of deliberation, and 52 ballots, accompanied by hundreds of newspaper articles and editorials, the trial ended in a deadlocked jury.

> "It is a question of fact, a question of the veracity of witnesses on which we do not agree, your Honor, and I would say I think there is not a possibility of an agreement in this jury."

The opinions of those who knew the parties in the case were widely divergent, like those of the jurors. Beecher's own family was divided on the issue. His sisters Catharine Beecher, Mary Beecher Perkins, and Harriet Beecher Stowe supported him. His half-sister, Isabella Beecher Hooker and her husband John Hooker remained friends of Victoria Woodhull, and openly criticized the double standards applied to Isabella's half-brother Henry Ward Beecher and to Woodhull, Elizabeth Tilton, and Isabella herself. Isabella and her husband went to Europe, where they spent several years to avoid the worst of the family conflict around Beecher.

Susan B. Anthony kept her opinions about the Tiltons mostly private, and was unhappy that Elizabeth Cady Stanton chose to speak out about Anthony's experiences with them. Stanton's main concern was for the women's movement. She predicted: "When Beecher falls, as he must, he will pull all he can down with him. But we must not let the cause of woman go down in the smash. It is innocent."

Stanton knew all of the parties in the lawsuit and spoke openly about them. She described both of the Tiltons as "too solely sentimental", and said that "each had an exaggerated notion of what the other should be." In an interview in 1875, Stanton stated that "I have all along said that what Henry Ward Beecher would swear to, I would believe"  a statement that did not indicate strong conviction of his innocence, since Beecher had refused to swear on the Bible when he appeared on the witness stand on April 1, 1875, stating he had "conscientious scruples".

### Consequences

Beecher returned to his pulpit at Plymouth Church, and over time, "largely redeemed" his reputation. In February 1876, Plymouth Church called a second Congregational Council, this time of friendly churches. They exonerated Beecher in March. In April, church members who had testified against Beecher, including Henry Bowen, Emma Moulton, Martha Bradshaw and George Bell, were expelled from Plymouth Church.

Victoria Woodhull married English banker John Biddulph Martin in 1882, and remained in England after his death in 1897, a wealthy widow.

The public scandal is credited with undermining the women's suffrage movement and delaying woman suffrage for a generation, due to Victoria Woodhull's association of women's suffrage with "free love" and immorality.

## Later years and death

Elizabeth Tilton and her children were left largely without financial support, although some members of Plymouth Church may have hired her as a tutor. She remained an official member of the Plymouth Church's congregation until April 16, 1878. At that time she again changed her testimony, stating that she had, in fact, been sexually involved with Beecher. As a result, she was excommunicated by the church. She later joined the Plymouth Brethren.

Towards the end of her life, Elizabeth Tilton lived with a widowed daughter, Florence Pelton, and Florence's daughter, the artist Agnes Pelton, on Pacific Street, Brooklyn. She became blind, but remained active, using a cane to navigate streets and trolley cars until surgery a year before her death restored her sight. She died on April 13, 1897, after two paralytic strokes about a month apart. Her two sons and two daughters were present at her death. Her private funeral service was conducted by a preacher from the Plymouth Brethren, Malachi Taylor. She was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, near where her deceased infant children were buried. Her gravestone was marked only "Grandmother".

Theodore Tilton moved to France. He died in Paris, May 29, 1907, and was buried in the Cimetiere de Chailly en Biere, Chailly-en-Bière, France.

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## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Richards Tilton | |
| --- | --- |
| Elizabeth Tilton, ca.1870 | |
| Born | Elizabeth Monroe Richards<br>(1834-05-28)May 28, 1834<br>Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Died | April 13, 1897(1897-04-13) (aged 62)<br>Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Occupation | Suffragist |
| Spouse | Theodore Tilton (m. 1855) |
| Children | 7 |