title: 1907 Blayney state by-election

text:
# 1907 Blayney state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Blayney on 12 January 1907 because Paddy Crick (Progressive) resigned from Parliament after findings of corruption made by a Royal Commission. Crick had also been expelled from the Legislative Assembly for outrageous behaviour in the chamber, however he was returned in the resulting by-election.

The Royal Commission handed down an interim report in May 1906, which found that 50% of the sums received by a land agent Peter Close were paid to Crick whilst he was Minister for Lands. The Legislative Assembly proposed to immediately deal with Crick, however the Speaker ruled that the Assembly could not deal with the matter as it might prejudice his criminal trial. Instead the assembly amended its standing orders and suspended Crick pending the outcome of his criminal trial. The jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, and the Attorney General declined to prosecute the matter again as evidence before the Royal Commission had been ruled inadmissible in his criminal trial. Crick then submitted his resignation from parliament, however before it was accepted the assembly passed a motion that he was guilty of conduct that rendered him ineligible to sit as a member. Rutledge and Nairn stated this was due to old scores being paid off, while Anne Twomey stated that this motion was passed to influence future voters not to vote for Crick. In any event Crick did not nominate for the by-election.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 14 Jun 1904 | Paddy Crick ceased to be Minister for Lands |
| 1 May 1905 | Justice William Owen appointed Royal Commissioner to inquire into the administration of the Lands Department. |
| 23 May 1906 | Interim report of the Royal Commission submitted to the Governor. |
| 24 July 1906 | Paddy Crick was suspended from the Legislative Assembly until the verdict of the jury in his criminal trial. |
| 13 November 1906 | Trial of Paddy Crick and William Willis commenced before Justice Robert Pring and a jury. |
| 28 November 1906 | Jury unable to reach a verdict in the trial of Crick and Willis. |
| 6 December 1906 | Paddy Crick submitted his resignation. |
| 11 December 1906 | Legislative Assembly passed a motion that Paddy Crick was guilty of conduct that rendered him ineligible to sit as a member of the Assembly. |
| 14 December 1906 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 29 December 1906 | Nominations |
| 12 January 1907 | Polling day |
| 29 January 1907 | Return of writ |

## Results

1907 Blayney by-election
Saturday 12 January
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal Reform | John Withington | 1,733 | 50.3 |  |
|  | Labor | George Beeby | 1,710 | 49.7 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 3,443 | 100.0 | +0.7 |
| Informal votes | | | 0 | 0.0 | −0.7 |
| Turnout | | | 3,443 | 50.6 | −15.5 |
|  | Liberal Reform **gain** from Progressive | |  | | |

## Aftermath

Paddy Crick was struck off the roll of solicitors on 23 August 1907 because of the evidence before the Royal Commission. He challenged the validity of his suspension in the Supreme Court and was successful before the Full Court, however this was overturned on appeal to the Privy Council which held that the Legislative Assembly was the sole judge whether an "occasion" had arisen that affected the orderly conduct of the Assembly.

Crick stood for parliament again at the September 1907 election for Surry Hills but was unsuccessful. He died the following year.

## InfoBox

1907 Blayney state by-election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  Electoral district of Blayney in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales | |
| Turnout | 50.6% ( 15.5%) |
| First party Second party  **LRP**   Candidate **John Withington** George Beeby  Party Liberal Reform Labor  Popular vote **1,733** 1,710  Percentage **50.33%** 49.67% | |
| ---  **MLA before election**
Paddy Crick
Progressive **Elected MLA**
John Withington
Liberal Reform | |


title: Arpineia gens

abstract: The gens Arpineia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Gaius Arpineius, an eques in the army of Caesar's army during the Gallic Wars.

text:
# Arpineia gens

The **gens Arpineia** was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome. It is known chiefly from a single individual, Gaius Arpineius, an eques in the army of Caesar's army during the Gallic Wars.

## Origin

The nomen *Arpineius* belongs to a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix *-eius*, typically formed from words or names ending in *-as*. The root of the nomen is the cognomen *Arpinas*, a surname indicating a relationship to the city of Arpinum in southern Latium, whence the ancestor of this family probably came.

## Members

## Bibliography


title: 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak

abstract: The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak was a cholera outbreak the Romanian Army suffered during the Second Balkan War of 1913 against the Kingdom of Bulgaria. This conflict was part of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. As Bulgaria was then fighting with Greece and Serbia, the invasion by Romania, which had a geographic and strategic advantage, was met with minimal Bulgarian resistance.

text:
# 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak

The **1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak** was a cholera outbreak the Romanian Army suffered during the Second Balkan War of 1913 against the Kingdom of Bulgaria. This conflict was part of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. As Bulgaria was then fighting with Greece and Serbia, the invasion by Romania, which had a geographic and strategic advantage, was met with minimal Bulgarian resistance.

## History

The Romanian Army had to operate in a battleground with a low infrastructure and under the weather conditions of the summer. Furthermore, the little organization of the army's services provoked deficiencies in the alimentary and sanitary conditions of the Romanian soldiers. These conditions facilitated the spread of cholera. Thus, the first case of an infected Romanian soldier occurred on 13 July 1913. A week later, on 20 July, the cases were 2,000. This number rose so quickly due to ignorance of Romanian army officers, who ignored and even ridiculed the warnings by the army's physicians on several occasions.

It was quickly determined that vaccination had to begin, this happening on 22 July. Medical measures were quickly taken to curb the epidemic. The Romanian physician Ioan Cantacuzino began several series of inoculations of Romanian soldiers, and after the third one in 3 August, the cases were drastically reduced. Thanks to all this, the last case of cholera occurred in November and the disease could be mostly stopped before the Romanian soldiers returned to Romania. Marie of Romania, Princess and future Queen of Romania, organized a system of treatment and quarantine for the Romanian soldiers when they arrived, avoiding a possible spread of cholera among Romanian civilians.

Although figures might be conflicting, out of the approximately 400,000 Romanian soldiers who entered Bulgaria during the war, it is estimated that there may have been some 11,500–15,000 infected and a total of 1,600 dead. This made all Romanian casualties during the Second Balkan War non-military related, only caused by the cholera outbreak.

Romania accused the local Bulgarian population and Turkish prisoners of war for the cholera outbreak, while Bulgaria blamed the Romanian Army and its "poor hygiene conditions". Once the Second Balkan War ended and after the Treaty of Bucharest was signed, Romania gained Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria. A few years later, Romania itself suffered numerous cases of cholera as a result of its participation in the First World War. To treat them, Queen Marie of Romania applied the same procedures as in the 1913 epidemic.

## InfoBox

| 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak | |
| --- | --- |
| Unverified water source used for the Romanian Army during the Second Balkan War | |
| Disease | Cholera |
| Location | Kingdom of Bulgaria |
| First outbreak | Bulgaria |
| Index case | 13 July 1913 |
| Confirmed cases | 11,500–15,000 |
| Deaths | Around 1,600 |


title: Environmental issues in Somalia

text:
# Environmental issues in Somalia

Somalia continues to suffer from many environmental issues like land degradation and overfishing. Land degradation caused by overgrazing, soil erosion, loss of topsoil, and loss of vegetation due to the cutting of trees continues to effect Somalia's socio-political climate. Additionally, overfishing caused by a lack of government surveillance and foreign exploitation of Somali waters encourages piracy and terrorist activities along with exacerbating natural habitat destruction and climate change.

## Land degradation and deforestation

Land degradation in Somalia is becoming an increasingly important issue as approximately one-third of Somalia's arable land has degraded and lost its fertility. Land degradation in Somalia comes in a few major forms including soil erosion, loss of topsoil, the loss of vegetation due to overgrazing, and loss of vegetation due to the cutting of trees for the production of charcoal or for the use as construction materials. Soils are particularly prone to erosion in the East African Savanna as they are predominantly sands, sandy loams or black cracking clays that have a weak structural stability. Land degradation is a significant contributor to the decline of agricultural production. Additionally, the overuse and exploitation of the ecosystem in a quest to increase agricultural production leads to unintended land degradation. Agronomic practices such as the burning of animal manure and a general lack of soil and water conservation are major causes of the poor agricultural productivity of Somalia. Research has shown that as land degradation continues to worsen, rural poverty increases, which in turn causes social conflict and rural migration to urban centers. Between 1890 and 1960, the colonial governments in Somalia introduced legislation that marked some parts of northwest Somalia for crop cultivation. The colonial governments later altered the land ownership rights in these areas from communal to individual ownership. This legislation was enacted to increase food production, however, it later triggered land degradation in the area, because it was not supported with the necessary agricultural extension services. Following the colonial period, successive governments did not properly enforce colonial legislation leading to communities gradually beginning crop production on their own. By the mid-1980s, evidence of land degradation (e.g. loss of vegetation and topsoil loss) started emerging because of poor cropland management and agricultural extensification.

Another cause of land degradation in Somalia is socio-political upheaval. It has caused instability in the central government and a subsequent loss of focus in policy formulation and implementation with regard to land degradation. The upheaval and subsequent conflicts have contributed to the destruction of previously built soil and water conservation structures. The damaged structures were physically destroyed by either war or abandonment. Consequently, they no longer control land degradation and can contribute to downstream gully erosion in some locations.

### Charcoal trade

The charcoal trade in Somalia is another factor that has contributed to land degradation in Somalia. It is traditionally one of Somalia's main economic activities. Before 1990, and the onset of the civil war, the charcoal trade was regulated by the central government through acts of parliament and via co-operative societies. However, this government control on charcoal manufacturing and consumption ceased with the collapse of the central government in the 1990s. Many tree species in the country have been lost due to the charcoal trade.

## Overfishing

Somalia has the longest coastline in Africa and a wealth of marine resources. However, weak governance, lack of infrastructure and illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing by foreign countries have impeded Somali efforts to take full advantage of the economic potential of these resources. Furthermore, these causes have exacerbated overfishing and destruction of marine habitats. In Somalia and Tanzania, illegal trawlers “deploy giant, non-selective nets, wiping out entire schools of tuna, including the young ones, which they discard dead, ruining the marine ecosystem and contributing to climate change. Overfishing can have a range of impacts on the environment upsetting the delicate balance of marine food webs, ruining local economies, and leading ultimately to climate change as our oceans warm.

Overfishing, particularly by foreign vessels, was uncommon off the coast of East Africa and was very low on the international community's radar when the government of Somalia collapsed in the 1990s. The unique combination of rich fishing opportunities and a complete inability of the government to police its waters drew fleets from many countries, causing even further instability in the region. The greatest harm was done by European and Asian vessels that plundered the fisheries off Somalia's coast. After Somalia's fish populations were depleted, the international ships moved on. However, as a result of foreign overfishing, local economies along the coast collapsed, and many communities experienced joblessness and hunger. This led to individuals in the area deciding to exploit the minimal assets at their disposal and transform small fishing boats into pirate vessels. The beginning of marine piracy in the Somalia is dated to the early 90s when fishing communities off the coast of Puntland started to organize patrols to prevent and deter illegal fishing and the discharge of toxic wastes. The increase in piracy by fishermen who now lack their main source of sustenance due to illegal foreign overfishing has been mirrored by Al-Shabaab terrorist activity and profits from piracy have been used to fund terrorist activities. Though overfishing is not the sole cause of the increase in Somali piracy, it is undeniable that the pillaging of local fish populations, largely by foreign vessels, played a key role. Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean off the Somali Coast reached unprecedented levels in 2008, with the number of attacks increasing 152 percent from 2007. Somali pirates hijacked 42 vessels in 2008, taking 815 hostages.


title: Environmental issues in Southern Africa

abstract: There are a range of environmental issues in Southern Africa, such as climate change, land, water, deforestation, land degradation, and pollution. The Southern Africa region itself, except for South Africa, produces less carbon emissions but is a recipient of climate change impacts characterized by changes in precipitation, extreme weather events and hot temperatures. Through an attempt of keeping up with the developing world and trying to meet the high demands of the growing population, Southern Africa has exhausted its many resources resulting in severe environmental damage. Southern Africa's log, and produce are the cores of their economy, and this region has become dependent on these resources. The continuous depleting and improper treatment of their natural resources have led Southern Africa to the state where they are.

text:
# Environmental issues in Southern Africa

There are a range of **environmental issues in Southern Africa**, such as climate change, land, water, deforestation, land degradation, and pollution. The Southern Africa region itself, except for South Africa, produces less carbon emissions but is a recipient of climate change impacts characterized by changes in precipitation, extreme weather events and hot temperatures. Through an attempt of keeping up with the developing world and trying to meet the high demands of the growing population, Southern Africa has exhausted its many resources resulting in severe environmental damage. Southern Africa's log, and produce are the cores of their economy, and this region has become dependent on these resources. The continuous depleting and improper treatment of their natural resources have led Southern Africa to the state where they are.

## Background

Southern Africa consists of countries such as: Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lesotho is surrounded by South Africa (it is in the middle of South Africa).

Some environmental issues that affect Southern Africa are: water pollution, air pollution, land degradation, solid waste pollution, and deforestation. The environmental damage affects not only the population's health, but also the species that live in the area, while also contributing to the worldwide issue of climate change.

## Water issues

One of Southern Africa's biggest issues is the lack of clean water. According to The United Nations Convention on Climate Change on South Africa in 2000, the water around Africa is unevenly distributed, meaning that 60% of the water is situated in only 20% of the land. Less than 10% of Southern Africa's surface water is accessible and due to the fact that a majority of their groundwater lay under large rock formations, groundwater becomes difficult to access as well. Climate change and its attendant effects on temperature and precipitation may have an additional impact.

Many Africans are moving to rural areas, adding to the already high demands for clean water and while demands are growing drastically, freshwater supplies remain limited. Adding to the high demands, Durban’s dam has decreased by 20% since 2010, and up to 30% of the water has either been stolen or given away illegally through international trading. “A review of water availability in 1996 estimated that the total average annual surface runoff was 150 million cubic metres, the maximum potential annual system yield was 33 290 million cubic meters, and total water annual requirements were 20 045 million cubic metres. Water requirements could increase by about 50% by 2030 (Department of Water and Forestry, 2000).”

Although South Africa has of the best, cleanest water out of all the countries in Southern Africa, many don't have access to basic sanitation. A majority of Southern Africa's accessible water is unclean, making the water vulnerable for water transmitted diseases to exist. Water-borne diseases such as Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E increase, while some of the water become so unclean that diseases such as: Typhoid fever, Leptospirosis, Schistosomiasis, and Bilharzia are transmitted through water contact.

## Environmental pollution

### Water pollution

#### Urbanization

As the population of people moving to urbanized areas increase, the demands for food supply also grow. As a mean to keep up with these high demands, the use of fertilization and sewage contamination also incline. Chemicals found in fertilizers and sewage wastes can cause diseases , which is harmful to other species in the environment. Diseases increase which may cause illnesses such as: diarrhea, hayfever, skin rashes, vomiting, fevers, gastroenteritis, muscle and joint pains, and eye irritations.

#### Oil spills

South Africa is situated at the very tip of Southern Africa. This location causes South Africa to become very vulnerable to oil spills. High levels of oil is transported from the Middle East to Europe and America along the coast, making Southern African's water and ecosystem at risk to being severely damaged. It thus is prone to oil spill.

#### Coal mining and how it affects the environment

Coal mining is one of Southern Africa's main energy source, but it holds a huge negative impact on the land's water, air and soil quality. Acid mine drainage is the result of the excess coal mining that occurs. Sulphuric Acid is released from coal mining, and although the generalizing process is slow, the time it takes for the acid to neutralize is equally as slow. When clean, excess water is released from the rock masses that are broken through mining, it's mixed with the sulphuric acid causing the water to become toxic. This toxic, contaminated water kills plants and animals, while also dissolving aluminum and heavy minerals found in clean water (increasing toxicity level). Although rocks which contain calcium carbonate are able to neutralize the acidic water, Southern Africa does not have the rocks which contain these minerals.

### Air pollution

Southern Africa experiences poor ambient and indoor air quality.

In this developing region, low-grade fuels are used to meet high demands for food, and energy.

During the winter, pollutants are trapped in the air due to the high pressure, and are unable to move or dissipate. In the summer, due to the low pressure, pollutants are dissipated through unstable circulation. Many women are also cooking indoors with fossil fuels, which is the main cause for the health problems in women and children.

75.2% of Southern Africa's energy come from Highveld Areas, where 5 of its 10 Eskom Power Stations are the largest in the world. Highveld areas are above sea level, making the oxygen level 20% less than the oxygen level in the coast. This results in an incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, and a severe nocturnal temperature inversion to occur; which results in smoke being trapped in the air 860 tons of SO2 is produced from 3 of their main power stations (Matla, Duvha and Arnot), “which exceeds the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) \[exposure to particulate matter\] standards of 180 mg.m-3 by 6 to 7 times during winter months (Annegarn et al. 1996 a,b)”. This high concentration of air pollution surround the area making it very dangerous to one's health.

### Littering

With the increase of population, and an increase in people who are moving to urbanized areas, the number of solid waste produced is increasing. South Africa's Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism estimates that over half of the population of South Africa lack "adequate" solid waste treatment, instead, waste is often dumped, buried or burned.

## Soil degradation

With the decrease in water and the high demands for agriculture, Southern Africa's land is becoming less fertile. Climate change is also causing an increase in water evaporation from the soil, making it very difficult for produce in Southern Africa. Africa itself is located in an area where climate is unpredictable, making them vulnerable to climate change and while Southern Africa is semi-arid, it puts them at risk for desertification.

Desertification causes an increase in soil erosion, making it difficult for plants to grow. This will lead to unsustainable food, and endanger Southern Africa's wildlife. Through time, soil erosion will result in harvesting alien plants. Alien plants threaten indigenous plants and reduce grazing areas, which contributes to soil erosion.

Southern Africa's land is already over cropped and over-grazed as a result of Africa's undistributed lands. With the combination of alien plants and the exhaustion of their lands, Southern Africa's degraded land is beyond repair. Many countries use the method of irrigation as a way to prevent desertification and droughts. Unfortunately, only 4% of Sub-Saharan Africa is equipped for irrigation. With the decrease in rainfall, and the lack of irrigation, Southern Africa's land and soil will soon become arid.

1. Rennkamp, Britta; Marquard, Andrew (2017-10-02). "South Africa's multiple faces in current climate clubs". *South African Journal of International Affairs*. **24** (4): 443–461. doi:10.1080/10220461.2017.1421479. ISSN 1022-0461.
2. "Environmental Problems in South Africa". WWF Global. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
3. "Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework; Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
4. "Water in Crisis South Africa". The Water Project. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
5. Savides, Matthew (March 6, 2011). "Water shortages loom for Durban". *iOL*. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
6. "The quiet water crisis". Humanitarian News and Analysis. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
7. "South Africa major infectious diseases". index Mundi. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
8. "Water Pollution". The Water Wise Education Team, Scientific Services Division. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
9. "South Africa: Environmental Issues". United States; Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
10. "Coal Mining on the Highveld and its Implications for Future Quality in the Vaal River System" (PDF). T S MCCARTHY and K PRETORIUS. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
11. Amegah, A. Kofi; Agyei-Mensah, Samuel (2017-01-01). "Urban air pollution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Time for action". *Environmental Pollution*. **220** (Pt A): 738–743. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.042. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 27646170.
12. "Background and Introduction to Air Pollution". Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
13. Commission, U.S. International Trade. *Solid and Hazardous Waste Services: An Examination of U.S. and Foreign Markets, Inv. 332-455*. DIANE Publishing. pp. 7–. ISBN 9781457820410. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
14. Reddy, Sashlin. "Desertification in South Africa". Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
15. Rosenberg, Dr. Eureta. "Land Degradation". Retrieved 12 May 2013.
16. "Land Degradation". Environmental Monitoring Group. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
17. Postel, Sandra L. (2011). "Chapter 4: Getting More Crop per Drop". *2011 State of the World: Innovations that Nourish the Planet*. Worldwatch Institute. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-0-393-33880-5.


title: 1923 in Canada

abstract: Events from the year 1923 in Canada.

text:
# 1923 in Canada

Events from the year **1923 in Canada**.

## Incumbents

### Crown

### Federal government

### Provincial governments

#### Lieutenant governors

#### Premiers

### Territorial governments

#### Commissioners

## Events

### Full date unknown

* The Duplex, a Canadian 4-cylinder automobile is built in Montreal.
* Fleetwood-Knight, a Canadian automobile is built in Kingston, Ontario.

## Arts and literature

### Music

### New books

## Sport

## Births

### January to March

### April to June

### July to September

### October to December

## Deaths

### January to June

### July to December

## Historical documents

"Surely our nation is not to be wiped out" - Cree storyteller Chief Thunderchild (Piyesiw-Awasis) seeks way on "a long and difficult journey"

Senate resolves to join House in accepting France's gift of 250 acres on Vimy Ridge for monument to "exploits of Canadian soldiers in the Great War"

Former cabinet minister on Canada's interest in and best approach to problems in Europe

PM King defends Chinese Immigration Act provisions to abolish head tax and admit merchants and students (Note: anti-Asian comments)

Fuel advisor says reduce homeowners' need for U.S. coal by promoting other fuels (peat, coke, lignite) and furnace efficiency

Film: several examples of electricity on Ontario farms for household use and farming

Saskatchewan premier wants solution to grain marketing issue that's free of politics and divisiveness

Saskatchewan employers seek cuts in pink collar workers' wages

Minister of Health's Narcotic Drugs Act amendment makes "a new drug" (cannabis) illegal

Local Simcoe, Ont. manufacturer donates land for future county hospital

Map: Vancouver and suburbs electric railway network

"The people of (B.C.) have not, as a whole, concerned themselves much with its past" - British Columbia Historical Association to change that

Profile of Beautiful Joe author Margaret Marshall Saunders' menagerie

Photo: Two people in automobile head earthward after leaving ramp as few dozen people watch

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: 1994 Ipswich Borough Council election

abstract: The 1994 Ipswich Borough Council election was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time. It took place as part of the 1994 United Kingdom local elections. There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus two bye-elections, one each for St John's and Stoke Park Wards. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

text:
# 1994 Ipswich Borough Council election

The **1994 Ipswich Borough Council election** was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time.

It took place as part of the 1994 United Kingdom local elections.

There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus two bye-elections, one each for St John's and Stoke Park Wards. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

## InfoBox

1994 Ipswich Borough Council election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  16 seats
25 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party   Party Labour Conservative | |
| ---  **Council control before election**
Labour
 **Council control after election**
Labour
 | |


title: 1994 Iowa Senate election

abstract: The 1994 Iowa State Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1994 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in half of the state senate's districts—the 25 odd-numbered state senate districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate, with half of the seats up for election each cycle. A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the year 1994 is provided by the Iowa General Assembly here. The primary election on June 7, 1994, determined which candidates appeared on the November 8, 1994 general election ballot. Primary election results can be obtained here. General election results can be obtained here. Following the previous election in 1992, Democrats had control of the Iowa state Senate with 27 seats to Republicans' 23 seats. To take control of the chamber from Democrats, the Republicans needed to net 3 Senate seats. Democrats kept their control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1994 general election with the balance of power unchanged--Democrats holding 27 seats and Republicans having 23 seats after the election.

text:
# 1994 Iowa Senate election

The **1994 Iowa State Senate elections** took place as part of the biennial 1994 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in half of the state senate's districts—the 25 odd-numbered state senate districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate, with half of the seats up for election each cycle. A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the year 1994 is provided by the Iowa General Assembly here.

The primary election on June 7, 1994, determined which candidates appeared on the November 8, 1994 general election ballot. Primary election results can be obtained here. General election results can be obtained here.

Following the previous election in 1992, Democrats had control of the Iowa state Senate with 27 seats to Republicans' 23 seats.

To take control of the chamber from Democrats, the Republicans needed to net 3 Senate seats.

Democrats kept their control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1994 general election with the balance of power unchanged--Democrats holding 27 seats and Republicans having 23 seats after the election.

## Summary of Results

* NOTE: The 25 even-numbered districts did not have elections in 1994 so they are not listed here.

| State Senate District | Incumbent | Party | | Elected Senator | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | Al Sturgeon |  | Dem | *Steven D. Hansen* |  | Democratic |
| 3rd | Wilmer Rensink |  | Rep | Wilmer Rensink |  | Republican |
| 5th | Mary Lou Freeman |  | Rep | Mary Lou Freeman |  | Republican |
| 7th | James B. Kersten |  | Rep | **Rod Halvorson** |  | **Democratic** |
| 9th | Ray Taylor |  | Rep | *Stewart Iverson* |  | Republican |
| 11th | John Jensen |  | Rep | John Jensen |  | Republican |
| 13th | Jim Lind |  | Rep | Jim Lind |  | Republican |
| 15th | Allen Borlaug |  | Rep | Allen Borlaug |  | Republican |
| 17th | Joseph J. Welsh |  | Dem | *Thomas L. Flynn* |  | Democratic |
| 19th | Sheldon L. Rittmer |  | Rep | Sheldon L. Rittmer |  | Republican |
| 21st | Maggie Tinsman |  | Rep | Maggie Tinsman |  | Republican |
| 23rd | Jean Hall Lloyd-Jones |  | Dem | *Mary Neuhauser* |  | Democratic |
| 25th | Robert Dvorsky |  | Dem | Robert Dvorsky |  | Democratic |
| 27th | Wally Horn |  | Dem | Wally Horn |  | Democratic |
| 29th | Bill Dieleman |  | Dem | *Dennis Black* |  | Democratic |
| 31st | Ralph Rosenberg |  | Dem | *Johnie Hammond* |  | Democratic |
| 33rd | William D. Palmer |  | Dem | William D. Palmer |  | Democratic |
| 35th | Florence Buhr |  | Dem | *Dick Dearden* |  | Democratic |
| 37th | Mary Kramer |  | Rep | Mary Kramer |  | Republican |
| 39th | James R. Riordan |  | Dem | **Jo Ann M. Douglas** |  | **Republican** |
| 41st | Jack W. Hester |  | Rep | *Nancy Boettger* |  | Republican |
| 43rd | Derryl McLaren |  | Rep | Derryl McLaren |  | Republican |
| 45th | Bill Fink |  | Dem | Bill Fink |  | Democratic |
| 47th | Donald Gettings |  | Dem | Donald Gettings |  | Democratic |
| 49th | Tom Vilsack |  | Dem | Tom Vilsack |  | Democratic |
|

Source:

## Detailed Results

* Reminder: Only odd-numbered Iowa Senate seats were up for election in 1994; therefore, even-numbered seats did not have elections in 1994 & are not shown.

* Note: If a district does not list a primary, then that district did not have a competitive primary (i.e., there may have only been one candidate file for that district).

### District 1

Iowa Senate, District 1 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Steven D. Hansen** | **8,971** | **57.0** |
|  | Republican | Mike van Maanen | 6,772 | 43.0 |
| Total votes | | | **15,743** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 3

Iowa Senate, District 3 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Wilmer Rensink (incumbent)** | **15,707** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **15,707** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 5

Iowa Senate, District 5 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Mary Lou Freeman (incumbent)** | **13,899** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **13,899** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 7

Iowa Senate, District 7 Republican Primary Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kim L. Landhuis** | **3,579** | **57.0** |
|  | Republican | Myron G. Groat | 2,703 | 43.0 |
| Total votes | | | **6,282** | **100.0** |

Iowa Senate, District 7 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Rod Halvorson** | **10,379** | **52.3** |
|  | Republican | Kim L. Landhuis | 9,472 | 47.7 |
| Total votes | | | **19,851** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **gain** from Republican | | | |

### District 9

Iowa Senate, District 9 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Stewart Iverson** | **14,271** | **70.0** |
|  | Democratic | Herbert D. Muhlenbruch | 6,122 | 30.0 |
| Total votes | | | **20,393** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 11

Iowa Senate, District 11 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **John W. Jensen (incumbent)** | **13,884** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **13,884** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 13

Iowa Senate, District 13 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Jim Lind (incumbent)** | **8,990** | **95.1** |
|  | Libertarian | David A. Neelans | 459 | 4.9 |
| Total votes | | | **9,449** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 15

Iowa Senate, District 15 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Allen Borlaug (incumbent)** | **12,177** | **57.4** |
|  | Democratic | James A. Erb | 9,040 | 42.6 |
| Total votes | | | **21,217** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 17

Iowa Senate, District 17 Democratic Primary Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Tom Flynn** | **1,963** | **63.3** |
|  | Democratic | Vince Dolphin | 1,136 | 36.7 |
| Total votes | | | **3,099** | **100.0** |

Iowa Senate, District 17 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Tom Flynn** | **9,660** | **51.4** |
|  | Republican | Jerry Becker | 8,968 | 47.7 |
|  | Grassroots | Mike Lincoln | 160 | 0.9 |
| Total votes | | | **18,788** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 19

Iowa Senate, District 19 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Sheldon L. Rittmer (incumbent)** | **11,307** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **11,307** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 21

Iowa Senate, District 21 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Maggie Tinsman (incumbent)** | **12,473** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **12,473** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 23

Iowa Senate, District 23 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Mary Neuhauser** | **13,729** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **13,729** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 25

Iowa Senate, District 25 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert Dvorsky (incumbent)** | **11,679** | **58.0** |
|  | Republican | Rosie Dalton | 8,445 | 42.0 |
| Total votes | | | **20,124** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 27

Iowa Senate, District 27 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Wally Horn (incumbent)** | **12,502** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **12,502** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 29

Iowa Senate, District 29 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Dennis Black** | **13,180** | **61.4** |
|  | Republican | Kay E. Ward | 8,273 | 38.6 |
| Total votes | | | **21,453** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 31

Iowa Senate, District 31 Republican Primary Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Paul D. Smith** | **2,222** | **57.8** |
|  | Republican | Joseph M. Isenberg | 1,619 | 42.2 |
| Total votes | | | **3,841** | **100.0** |

Iowa Senate, District 31 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Johnie Hammond** | **10,462** | **59.6** |
|  | Republican | Paul D. Smith | 7,102 | 40.4 |
| Total votes | | | **17,564** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 33

Iowa Senate, District 33 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **William D. Palmer (incumbent)** | **12,561** | **51.5** |
|  | Republican | N. John Boehm | 11,848 | 48.5 |
| Total votes | | | **24,409** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 35

Iowa Senate, District 35 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Dick Dearden** | **11,710** | **68.7** |
|  | Republican | Bert Wagoner, Jr. | 5,323 | 31.3 |
| Total votes | | | **17,033** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 37

Iowa Senate, District 37 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Mary Kramer (incumbent)** | **20,373** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **20,373** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 39

Iowa Senate, District 39 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Jo Ann Douglas** | **14,268** | **60.0** |
|  | Democratic | Liz Garst | 8,570 | 36.1 |
|  | Independent | Verlyn Leroy Hayes | 928 | 3.9 |
| Total votes | | | **23,766** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | |

### District 41

Iowa Senate, District 41 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Nancy Boettger** | **12,408** | **62.1** |
|  | Democratic | Orv Roecker | 7,564 | 37.9 |
| Total votes | | | **19,972** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 43

Iowa Senate, District 43 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Derryl McLaren (incumbent)** | **14,365** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **14,365** | **100.0** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### District 45

Iowa Senate, District 45 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Bill Fink (incumbent)** | **10,423** | **52.3** |
|  | Republican | Kay King | 9,501 | 47.7 |
| Total votes | | | **19,924** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 47

Iowa Senate, District 47 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Donald Gettings (incumbent)** | **11,674** | **80.1** |
|  | Natural Law | Ed Malloy | 2,895 | 19.9 |
| Total votes | | | **14,569** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

### District 49

Iowa Senate, District 49 General Election, 1994
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Tom Vilsack (incumbent)** | **12,288** | **100.0** |
| Total votes | | | **12,288** | **100.0** |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |

1. "Primary Election 1994 Canvass Summary" (PDF). Iowa Secretary of State. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
2. "General Election 1994 Canvass Summary" (PDF). Iowa Secretary of State. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
3. "Legislators". Iowa State Senate. Retrieved April 14, 2020.

## InfoBox

1994 Iowa Senate election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  25 out of 50 seats in the Iowa State Senate
26 seats needed for a majority | |
| Majority party Minority party   Leader Leonard Boswell Jack Rife  Party Democratic Republican  Leader's seat 44th 20th  Last election **27** 23  Seats before **27** 23  Seats after **27** 23  Seat change | |
| ---  **President of the Senate before election**
Leonard Boswell
Democratic **Elected President of the Senate**
Leonard Boswell
Democratic | |


title: 1994 Irish Masters

abstract:
The 1994 Irish Masters was the twentieth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place from 22 to 27 March 1994.
The tournament was played at Goffs in Kill, County Kildare, and featured twelve professional players. Steve Davis won the title for the eighth time, beating Alan McManus 9–8 in the final.

text:
# 1994 Irish Masters

The **1994 Irish Masters** was the twentieth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place from 22 to 27 March 1994. The tournament was played at Goffs in Kill, County Kildare, and featured twelve professional players.

Steve Davis won the title for the eighth time, beating Alan McManus 9–8 in the final.

## Qualifying

Four qualifying matches were played, under a best-of-nine frames format, the winners going on to play Jimmy White, John Parrott, Steve Davis and Stephen Hendry, all of whom were seeded to the quarter-final stage.

### Round 1

## Main draw

|  | Quarter-finals
Best of 9 frames | | |  |  | Semi-finals
Best of 11 frames | | |  |  | Final
Best of 17 frames | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Alan McManus** | | **5** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | John Parrott | | 2 |  |  | **Alan McManus** | | **6** |  | |
|  | **Fergal O'Brien** | | **5** |  |  | Fergal O'Brien | | 4 |  | |
|  | Stephen Hendry | | 2 |  |  |  | | |  |  | Alan McManus | | 8 |  |
|  | **Steve Davis** | | **5** |  |  | |  |  | **Steve Davis** | | **9** |  |
|  | Ronnie O'Sullivan | | 2 |  |  | **Steve Davis** | | **6** |  |  |  | | |  |
|  | **Jimmy White** | | **5** |  |  | Jimmy White | | 5 |  | | ||
|  | James Wattana | | 2 |  |  | | | | | | ||

## Final

| **Final:** Best of 17 frames. Referee: unknown.
Goffs, Kildare, Ireland, 27 March 1994. | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Steve Davis**
England | **9**–8 | Alan McManus
Scotland |
| **89**–1 (54), **72**–30 (65), **80**–0, **108**–0 (105), 9–**84**, 12–**122** (118), **69**–50 (69), **102**–9 (101), 37–**99** (77), 62–**72** (Davis 54), **75**–9 (52), 19–**64**, 13–**111** (72), 0–**118** (87), 9–**79** (69), **89**–40, **77**–39 (69) | | |
| 105 | Highest break | **118** |
| **2** | Century breaks | 1 |
| **8** | 50+ breaks | 5 |

## Century breaks

## InfoBox

Irish Masters
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 22–27 March 1994 (1994-03-22 1994-03-27) |
| Venue | Goffs |
| City | Kill |
| Country | Republic of Ireland |
| Organisation | WPBSA |
| Format | Non-Ranking event |
| Total prize fund | £190,000 |
| Winner's share | £48,000 |
| Highest break | 141 (Fergal O'Brien and Stephen Hendry) |
| Final | |
| Champion | Steve Davis |
| Runner-up | Alan McManus |
| Score | 9–8 |
| 1993 1995 | |


title: Armond Seidler

abstract: Armond Harold Seidler was an American educator and inventor who spent much of his career at the University of New Mexico, working in the health, fitness, and physical education fields. While a professor at the University of Illinois, he invented the pugil stick, which has since found widespread use in military recruit training. In 33 years as a faculty member at the University of New Mexico, Seidler oversaw the construction of a gym and natatorium, as well as the addition of multiple degrees related to the fields of health and fitness.

text:
# Armond Seidler

**Armond Harold Seidler** (December 27, 1919  April 23, 2017) was an American educator and inventor who spent much of his career at the University of New Mexico, working in the health, fitness, and physical education fields. While a professor at the University of Illinois, he invented the pugil stick, which has since found widespread use in military recruit training. In 33 years as a faculty member at the University of New Mexico, Seidler oversaw the construction of a gym and natatorium, as well as the addition of multiple degrees related to the fields of health and fitness.

## Biography

### Early life and invention of the pugil stick

According to his 1941 draft registration card, Armond Harold Seidler was born on December 27, 1919. He grew up in Chicago, and later joined the Army, serving in World War II. After the war, he coached football and basketball at the high school level in Iowa and Illinois. He later became a professor at the University of Illinois, where he had received his PhD. In 1954, while still a professor at Illinois, he collaborated with the Marine Corps to introduce training involving faster bayonet movement. The following year, he developed the pugil stick system of close-quarters combat, using metal poles that were padded at the ends. Inspired by boxing movements, his pugil sticks were intended to replace the outdated training that recruits of the Marine Corps had been receiving previously, allowing them to strike each other with more force with a lower risk of injury. Pugil sticks were part of Marine Corps recruit training by 1956; their use has become far more widespread since then. They are now used during Army basic training, as well as by service members outside of basic training. They were also adopted for the "Joust" challenge featured in *American Gladiators* and Duel in *Gladiators* in the UK.

### University of New Mexico

Seidler left Illinois and moved to New Mexico in 1955, becoming the chairman of New Mexico Highlands University's Physical Education Department. In 1957, he became chairman of the University of New Mexico's Health, Physical Education & Recreation Department. His main accomplishment during this fourteen-year tenure was the construction of the university's first natatorium, completed in 1971 and later named after him. He was recognized for his skill in sports facility design.

After his time as chairman, Seidler briefly stepped away from the University of New Mexico, before returning as the director of athletic facilities. In addition to inventing the pugil stick while at the University of Illinois, he was also involved in martial arts at New Mexico, teaching the Seidler System of Personal Defense to students of the university and publishing a self-defense book. He taught for a total of 33 years at the university. Before his retirement in 1990, he oversaw the addition of two physical education-related degrees and the construction of the Johnson Gym; he was also elected a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine. After his retirement, he continued to attend New Mexico Lobos sporting events. A graduate fellowship in his name was created for students pursuing degrees in health and fitness-related majors shortly before his death in 2017.

### Personal life and death

Seidler died on April 23, 2017, at the age of 97. He was married to Helen Bert, who he met at the University of Illinois. Helen died in 2001. He had three children: sons Todd and Kim, who were both faculty members at the University of New Mexico, and daughter Toni, who studied at the university. Seidler enjoyed listening to opera music, reading, and sailing on his sailboat, which he christened "Army's Navy".

## InfoBox

| Armond Seidler | |
| --- | --- |
| Seidler in 1964 | |
| Born | (1919-12-27)December 27, 1919
Chicago, Illinois, US |
| Died | April 23, 2017(2017-04-23) (aged 97)
Albuquerque, New Mexico, US |
| Education | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| Occupations | * Educator * Inventor |


title: 1990 World Fencing Championships

abstract: The 1990 World Fencing Championships were held in Lyon, France. The event took place from July 8 to July 16, 1990.

text:
# 1990 World Fencing Championships

The **1990 World Fencing Championships** were held in Lyon, France. The event took place from July 8 to July 16, 1990.

## Medal summary

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Individual épée | Thomas Gerull | Angelo Mazzoni | Arnd Schmitt |
| Individual foil | Philippe Omnès | Andrea Borella | Dmitriy Shevchenko |
| Individual sabre | György Nébald | Heorhiy Pohosov | Tohni Terenzi |
| Team épée | Italy
Angelo Mazzoni
Sandro Cuomo
Maurizio Randazzo
Sandro Resegotti
Stefano Pantano | France
Olivier Lenglet
Éric Srecki
Jean-Michel Henry
Philippe Riboud
Jean-François Di Martino | Soviet Union
Pavel Kolobkov
Vitali Agueev
Andrey Shuvalov
Mykhailo Tyshko
Kaido Kaaberma |
| Team foil | Italy
Andrea Borella
Alessandro Puccini
Mauro Numa
Andrea Cipressa
Stefano Cerioni | Poland
Piotr Kielpikowski
Ryszard Sobczak
Leszek Bandach
Adam Krzesinski
Cezary Siess | Soviet Union
Dmitriy Shevchenko
Sergei Golubitsky
Vladimer Aptsiauri
Boris Koretsky
Alexandr Romankov |
| Team sabre | Soviet Union
Heorhiy Pohosov
Grigory Kiriyenko
Sergey Mindirgasov
Andrey Alshan
Samir Ibragimov | Hungary
György Nébald
Bence Szabó
Imre Bujdosó
Csaba Köves
László Csongrádi | West Germany
Felix Becker
Jürgen Nolte
Jörg Kempenich
Ulrich Eifler
Frank Bleckmann |
|

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Individual épée | Taymi Chappé | Diana Eöri | Maria Mazina |
| Individual foil | Anja Fichtel | Giovanna Trillini | Olga Velichko |
| Team épée | Germany
Eva-Maria Ittner
Sabine Krapf
Renate Riebandt-Kaspar
Monika Ritz
Ute Schäper | Hungary
Mariann Horváth
Gyöngyi Szalay
Zsuzsanna Szőcs
Marina Várkonyi | Italy
Saba Amendolara
Alessandra Anglesio
Laura Chiesa
Annalisa Coltorti
Elisa Uga |
| Team foil | Italy
Lucia Traversa
Giovanna Trillini
Dorina Vaccaroni
Margherita Zalaffi | Soviet Union
Yelena Grishina
Tatyana Sadovskaya
Olga Sharkova-Sidorova
Olga Velichko | China
E Jie
Liang Jun
Sun Hongyun
Xiao Aihua |

## Medal table

*   Host nation (France)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy (ITA) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 |
| 2 | West Germany (FRG) | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| 3 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 4 | Soviet Union (URS) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
| 5 | France (FRA)* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | Cuba (CUB) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Poland (POL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | China (CHN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (8 entries) | | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |

## InfoBox

| 1990 World Championships in Fencing | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | July 8–16 |
| Host city | Lyon, France |
| 1989 Denver 1991 Budapest | |


title: 1990 World Cup (men's golf)

abstract: The 1990 World Cup took place at the Grand Cypress Resort Golf Club in Orlando, Florida, United States. It was the 36th World Cup event. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 32 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The German team of Bernhard Langer and Torsten Giedeon won by three strokes over the England team of Mark James and Richard Boxall and the Ireland team of David Feherty and Ronan Rafferty in a share of second place. The victory was the first international sports victory for the united country of Germany, since the reunification of East and West Germany a month earlier. The individual competition was won by Payne Stewart, United States.

text:
# 1990 World Cup (men's golf)

The **1990 World Cup** took place at the Grand Cypress Resort Golf Club in Orlando, Florida, United States. It was the 36th World Cup event. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 32 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The German team of Bernhard Langer and Torsten Giedeon won by three strokes over the England team of Mark James and Richard Boxall and the Ireland team of David Feherty and Ronan Rafferty in a share of second place. The victory was the first international sports victory for the united country of Germany, since the reunification of East and West Germany a month earlier. The individual competition was won by Payne Stewart, United States.

## Teams

| Country | Players |
| --- | --- |
| Argentina | Luis Carbonetti and Miguel Guzmán |
| Australia | Brian Jones and Peter Senior |
| Bermuda | Dwayne Pearman and Keith Smith |
| Brazil | Jorge Pedro Acacio and Rafael Navarro |
| Canada | Dave Barr and Rick Gibson |
| Chinese Taipei | Chen Liang-hsi and Yuan Ching-Chi |
| Czechoslovakia | Miroslav Nemec and Jiri Zavazal |
| Colombia | Juan Pinzon and Ivan Rengifo |
| Denmark | Anders Sørensen and Steen Tinning |
| England | Richard Boxall and Mark James |
| Fiji | Vilikesa Kalou and Manoa Rosigatale |
| France | Emmanuel Dussart and Jean van de Velde |
| Germany | Torsten Giedeon and Bernhard Langer |
| Iceland | Sigurjón Arnarsson (a) and Úlfar Jónsson (a) |
| Ireland | David Feherty and Ronan Rafferty |
| Italy | Alberto Binaghi and Costantino Rocca |
| Jamaica | Christian Bernard and Seymour Rose |
| Japan | Katsuyoshi Tomori and Tadami Ueno |
| Mexico | Carlos Pelaez and Carlos Espinoza |
| Netherlands | Ruud Bos and Chris van de Velde |
| New Zealand | Frank Nobilo and Greg Turner |
| Philippines | Frankie Miñoza and Robert Pactolerin |
| Puerto Rico | Julio Martinez (am) and Jesus Rodriguez |
| Scotland | Gordon Brand Jnr and Sam Torrance |
| Singapore | Samson Gimson and Bill Fung Hee Kwan |
| South Korea | Choi Sang-ho and Park Nam-sin |
| Spain | Miguel Ángel Jiménez and José Rivero |
| Sweden | Mats Lanner and Magnus Persson |
| Switzerland | André Bossert and Paolo Quirici |
| Thailand | Sangh Sangsui and Thaworn Wiratchant |
| United States | Jodie Mudd and Payne Stewart |
| Wales | Mark Mouland and Ian Woosnam |

(a) denotes amateur

## Scores

**Team**

| Place | Country | Score | To par | Money (US$)
(per team) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germany | 141-142-132-141=556 | −20 | 240,000 |
| T2 | England | 136-140-138-145=559 | −17 | 104,000 |
| | Ireland | 142-142-140-135=559 | | |
| 4 | Wales | 140-145-133-143=561 | −15 | 64,000 |
| 5 | United States | 138-140-141-143=562 | −14 | 50,000 |
| T6 | Argentina | 138-143-141-144=566 | −10 | 31,333 |
| | Australia | 143-145-138-140=566 | | |
| | Spain | 137-140-145-144=566 | | |
| 9 | Canada | 142-139-144-145=570 | −6 | 18,000 |
| T10 | Chinese Taipei | 145-147-140-139=571 | −5 | 14,000 |
| | Mexico | 145-147-141-138=571 | | |
| | Scotland | 138-146-140-147=571 | | |
| 13 | Denmark | 144-137-145-146=572 | −4 | 10,000 |
| T14 | New Zealand | 142-146-147-140=575 | −1 | 7,500 |
| | South Korea | 141-150-139-145=575 | | |
| 16 | Switzerland | 145-143-144-146=578 | +2 | 7,000 |
| 17 | Sweden | 141-147-146-145=579 | +3 | |
| 18 | France | 145-148-143-145=581 | +5 | |
| 19 | Netherlands | 150-149-145-138=582 | +6 | |
| 20 | Italy | 148-143-151-145=587 | +11 | |
| 21 | Thailand | 139-150-144-156=588 | +12 | |
| 22 | Japan | 153-145-142-150=590 | +14 | |
| 23 | Colombia | 151-150-147-146=594 | +18 | |
| 24 | Philippines | 153-154-145-145=597 | +21 | |
| T25 | Brazil | 150-155-147-151=603 | +27 | |
| | Iceland | 156-151-146-150=603 | | |
| 27 | Bermuda | 150-159-157-154=620 | +44 | |
| 28 | Singapore | 154-163-152-153=622 | +46 | |
| 29 | Jamaica | 148-154-167-154=623 | +47 | |
| 30 | Puerto Rico | 161-151-158-160=630 | +54 | |
| 31 | Fiji | 160-158-166-151=635 | +59 | |
| 32 | Czechoslovakia | 164-171-162-170=667 | +91 | |

**International Trophy**

| Place | Player | Country | Score | To par | Money (US$) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Payne Stewart | United States | 69-68-68-66=271 | −17 | 75,000 |
| 2 | Anders Sørensen | Denmark | 67-67-70-69=273 | −15 | 50,000 |
| T3 | David Feherty | Ireland | 70-73-70-63=276 | −12 | 35,000 |
| | Ian Woosnam | Wales | 72-69-65-70=276 | | |
| T5 | Torsten Giedeon | Germany | 70-71-65-72=278 | −10 | 17,500 |
| | Bernhard Langer | Germany | 71-71-67-69=278 | | |
| 7 | Mark James | England | 68-71-68-72=279 | −9 |  |
| T8 | Richard Boxall | England | 68-69-70-73=280 | −8 | |
| | Miguel Guzmán | Argentina | 69-72-67-72=280 | | |
| | Peter Senior | Australia | 68-71-70-71=280 | | |

Sources:

1. McCormack, Mark H. (1991). *The World of Professional Golf 1991*. Chapmans. pp. 407, 408. ISBN 1855925583.
2. "World Cup". *Svensk Golf*. December 1990. p. 57.
3. "World Cup". *Santa Cruz Sentinel*. November 25, 1990. p. B6.
4. "This day in golf history". *The Irish Times*. November 24, 2001.
5. Povtak, Tim (November 25, 1990). "German friends take World Cup". *The Orlando Sentinel*. p. C-1  via newspapers.com.
6. Povtak, Tim (November 25, 1990). "Irish team ties English for 2nd". *The Orlando Sentinel*. p. C-18  via newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

1990 World Cup
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | November 21–24 |
| Location | Orlando, Florida, U.S.
28°25′39″N 81°28′06″W / 28.427515°N 81.468462°W / 28.427515; -81.468462 |
| Course(s) | Grand Cypress Resort Golf |
| Format | 72 holes stroke play
combined score |
| Statistics | |
| Par | 72 |
| Length | 6,751 yards (6,173 m) |
| Field | 32 two-man teams |
| Cut | None |
| Prize fund | US$1.1 million |
| Winner's share | $240,000 team
$75,000 individual |
| Champion | |
| Germany
Torsten Giedeon & Bernhard Langer | |
| 556 (−20) | |
| Location map | |
| Grand Cypress Resort GolfLocation in the United StatesGrand Cypress Resort GolfLocation in Florida | |
|  | |


abstract: The 51st edition of the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women took place on 10 and 11 February 1990 in Calgary at the Olympic Oval ice rink. Title holder was Constanze Moser-Scandolo from East Germany. This was the first time that the world championships for women had been held in an indoor stadium.

text:
# 1990 World Allround Speed Skating Championships for women

The 51st edition of the **World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women** took place on 10 and 11 February 1990 in Calgary at the Olympic Oval ice rink.

Title holder was Constanze Moser-Scandolo from East Germany.

This was the first time that the world championships for women had been held in an indoor stadium.

## Distance medalists

| Event | Gold
 | Silver
 | Bronze
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 500m | Seiko Hashimoto | Herma Meijer | Zofia Tokarczyk |
| 3000m | Jacqueline Börner | Gunda Kleemann | Heike Schalling |
| 1500m | Wang Xiuli | Seiko Hashimoto | Constanze Moser-Scandolo |
| 5000m | Heike Schalling | Elena Belci | Constanze Moser-Scandolo |

## Classification

| Rank | Skater | Country | Points
Samalog | 500m | 3000m | 1500m | 5000m |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Jacqueline Börner** | East Germany | **171.634** | 41.66 (8) | **4:19.86** | 2:04.54 (4) | 7:31.51 (4) |
|  | Seiko Hashimoto | Japan | 172.037 | **40.22** | 4:28.66 (10) | 2:03.80 (2) | 7:37.75 (10) |
|  | Constanze Moser-Scandolo | East Germany | 172.509 | 41.62 (7) | 4:27.59 (8) | 2:03.91 (3) | 7:29.88 (3) |
| 4 | Herma Meijer | Netherlands | 173.451 | 41.09 (2) | 4:27.62 (9) | 2:05.98 (6) | 7:37.65 (9) |
| 5 | Heike Schalling | East Germany | 173.804 | 43.05 (21) | 4:21.61 (3) | 2:06.95 (10) | **7:28.37** |
| 6 | Lyudmila Prokasheva | Soviet Union | 173.915 | 41.84 (10) | 4:27.53 (7) | 2:06.46 (8) | 7:33.34 (8) |
| 7 | Elena Belci | Italy | 174.253 | 42.88 (19) | 4:23.39 (4) | 2:07.80 (13) | 7:28.75 (2) |
| 8 | Lia van Schie | Netherlands | 174.335 | 42.74 (16) | 4:25.84 (5) | 2:06.27 (7) | 7:31.99 (5) |
| 9 | Wang Xiuli | China | 174.977 | 41.25 (4) | 4:32.21 (18) | **2:03.34** | 7:52.46 (15) |
| 10 | Emese Nemeth-Hunyady | Austria | 175.534 | 41.85 (11) | 4:29.68 (12) | 2:05.90 (5) | 7:47.72 (13) |
| 11 | Natsue Seki | Japan | 176.332 | 42.46 (13) | 4:30.54 (14) | 2:07.89 (14) | 7:41.52 (11) |
| 12 | Hanneke de Vries | Netherlands | 177.104 | 44.32 (23) | 4:26.07 (6) | 2:09.56 (21) | 7:32.53 (7) |
| 13 | Yelena Lapuga | Soviet Union | 177.250 | 42.75 (17) | 4:31.62 (16) | 2:07.59 (11) | 7:47.00 (12) |
| 14 | Svetlana Boyko | Soviet Union | 177.762 | 44.39 (24) | 4:30.27 (13) | 2:09.34 (20) | 7:32.14 (6) |
| 15 | Moira d'Andrea | United States | 190.208 | 55.58 * (25) | 4:30.63 (15) | 2:07.93 (15) | 7:48.80 (14) |
| 16 | Sandra Voetelink | Netherlands | 196.868 | 1:01.62 * (26) | 4:29.23 (11) | 2:07.66 (12) | 7:58.24 (16) |
| NC17 | Irina Abdullina | Soviet Union | 188.016 | 45.76 (24) | 4:49.20 (14) | 2:14.26 (10) | 8:13.03 (8) |
| NC18 | Caroline Maheux | Canada | 130.006 | 41.45 (5) | 4:31.84 (17) | 2:09.75 (22) |  |
| NC19 | Zofia Tokarczyk | Poland | 130.416 | 41.12 (3) | 4:38.02 (24) | 2:08.88 (17) |  |
| NC20 | Michelle Kline | United States | 130.585 | 41.74 (9) | 4:35.43 (22) | 2:08.82 (16) |  |
| NC21 | Ariane Loignon | Canada | 131.354 | 42.48 (14) | 4:33.47 (21) | 2:09.89 (23) |  |
| NC22 | Heidi Skjeggestad | Norway | 131.678 | 43.07 (22) | 4:33.15 (19) | 2:09.25 (19) |  |
| NC23 | Anja Mischke | West Germany | 132.754 | 42.99 (20) | 4:35.77 (23) | 2:11.41 (25) |  |
| NC24 | Chantal Côté | Canada | 132.923 | 42.56 (15) | 4:40.14 (25) | 2:11.02 (24) |  |
| NC | Gunda Kleemann | East Germany | 84.808 | 41.45 (5) | 4:20.15 (2) | DQ |  |
| NC | Jasmin Krohn | Sweden | 85.750 | 42.75 (17) | DQ | 2:08.96 (18) |  |

DQ = Disqualified * Fell

Source:

## Attribution

In Dutch

## InfoBox

| 1990 World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Olympic Oval, Calgary, Canada |
| Dates | 10–11 February |
| Competitors | 26 from 13 nations |
| Medalist women | |
| **Jacqueline Börner**  DDR  Seiko Hashimoto  JPN  Constanze Moser-Scandolo  DDR | |
|


title: 1997 Tour de Romandie

abstract: The 1997 Tour de Romandie was the 51st edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 6 May to 11 May 1997. The race started in Kriegstetten and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Pavel Tonkov of the Mapei team.

text:
# 1997 Tour de Romandie

The **1997 Tour de Romandie** was the 51st edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 6 May to 11 May 1997. The race started in Kriegstetten and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Pavel Tonkov of the Mapei team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Pavel Tonkov (RUS) Mapei–GB 20h 22' 46"  2  Chris Boardman (GBR) GAN \+ 45"  3  Beat Zberg (SUI) Mercatone Uno \+ 1' 04"  4  Andrey Teteryuk (KAZ) Lotto–Mobistar–Isoglass \+ 1' 27"  5  Giuseppe Guerini (ITA) Team Polti \+ 1' 42"  6  Peter Meinert Nielsen (DEN) U.S. Postal Service \+ 1' 54"  7  Davide Rebellin (ITA) Française des Jeux \+ 2' 08"  8  Gilberto Simoni (ITA) MG Maglificio–Technogym \+ 2' 16"  9  Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) U.S. Postal Service \+ 2' 21"  10  Alexandr Shefer (KAZ) Asics–CGA \+ 2' 23" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1997 Tour de Romandie
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 6–11 May 1997 |
| Stages | 6 + Prologue |
| Distance | 760.1 km (472.3 mi) |
| Winning time | 20h 22' 46" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Pavel Tonkov (RUS)  (Mapei–GB)  Second  Chris Boardman (GBR)  (GAN)  Third  Beat Zberg (SUI)  (Mercatone Uno) | |
|


title: Elk Park Pass

abstract: Elk Park Pass, elevation 6,352 ft (1,936 m), is a mountain pass on the Continental Divide in southwestern Montana, about 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Butte. It is traversed by Interstate 15 and is one of three crossings of the Divide by the Interstate, the others being Monida Pass and Deer Lodge Pass southwest of Butte. Elk Park Pass lies on the border between Silver Bow and Jefferson counties and is remarkable for its highly asymmetrical nature. The approach from the north is through namesake Elk Park, a high, mostly treeless plain, and the grade is almost imperceptible. The elevation at the northeast end of the park, about 10 miles (16 km) from the pass, is about 6,200 ft (1,900 m), only 152 ft (46 m) lower than the pass itself. However, at the south end, the highway drops 750 ft (230 m) from the pass into Butte over a distance of only about 4 miles (6.4 km). At one time Elk Park Pass was also traversed by a railroad line, constructed by the Great Northern Railway and later operated by its successor, Burlington Northern. However, this line was abandoned in 1972.

text:
# Elk Park Pass

**Elk Park Pass**, elevation 6,352 ft (1,936 m), is a mountain pass on the Continental Divide in southwestern Montana, about 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Butte. It is traversed by Interstate 15 and is one of three crossings of the Divide by the Interstate (all in Montana), the others being Monida Pass (on the border with Idaho) and Deer Lodge Pass southwest of Butte. Elk Park Pass lies on the border between Silver Bow and Jefferson counties and is remarkable for its highly asymmetrical nature. The approach from the north is through namesake Elk Park, a high, mostly treeless plain (like South Park in Colorado or the Sierra Valley in California), and the grade is almost imperceptible. The elevation at the northeast end of the park, about 10 miles (16 km) from the pass, is about 6,200 ft (1,900 m), only 152 ft (46 m) lower than the pass itself. However, at the south end, the highway drops 750 ft (230 m) from the pass into Butte over a distance of only about 4 miles (6.4 km).

At one time Elk Park Pass was also traversed by a railroad line, constructed by the Great Northern Railway and later operated by its successor, Burlington Northern. However, this line was abandoned in 1972.

## InfoBox

| Elk Park Pass | |
| --- | --- |
| Elevation | 6,352 ft (1,936 m) |
| Traversed by | Interstate 15 |
| Location | Silver Bow/Jefferson counties, Montana, US |
| Range | Rocky Mountains |
| Coordinates | 46°02′11″N 112°27′33″W / 46.03639°N 112.45917°W / 46.03639; -112.45917 |
| Topo map | USGS Elk Park Pass |


# 1899 Pembroke Urban District Council election

An election to the Pembroke Urban District Council took place on Monday 16 January 1899 as part of that year's Irish local elections.

Unlike some of the elections elsewhere in Ireland, the election was not explicitly contested on Nationalist/Unionist grounds. Instead, the election largely saw a new group of 'Ratepayers' candidates, together with several Independents, challenge the incumbent Town Commissioners on their historic administration of the district.

The result saw Nationalists elected to the council for the first time.

Following the election Sir Robert Jackson was elected chairman, replacing Col. Davoren.

## Results by party

| Party | | Seats | ± | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Incumbents re-elect | **9** | **3** | **10,574** | **52.42** |  |
|  | Ratepayers | **5** | 5 | 7,622 | 37.79 |  |
|  | Independent | **1** | 1 | 1,976 | 9.79 |  |
| **Totals** | | **15** | **0** | **20,172** | **100.00** |  |

## Ward Results

Pembroke (15 commissioners)
Electorate:
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **Sir Robert Jackson *(incumbent)*** | **1,472** |  |  |
|  | **Ratepayers** | **John Coffey** | **1,244** |  |  |
|  | **Ratepayers** | **Michael Cooney** | **1,134** |  |  |
|  | **Ratepayers** | **John McBride, J.P.** | **1,063** |  |  |
|  |  | **Dr J Cranny *(incumbent)*** | **1,012** |  |  |
|  |  | **Col. Vesey Davoren *(incumbent)*** | **1,008** |  |  |
|  | **Independent** | **Samuel Worthington** | **1,003** |  |  |
|  |  | **George W. Casson *(incumbent)*** | **949** |  |  |
|  |  | **Daniel L. Ramsay *(incumbent)*** | **934** |  |  |
|  |  | **G O. Carolin *(incumbent)*** | **918** |  |  |
|  |  | **John Mooney Jnr. *(incumbent)*** | **846** |  |  |
|  | **Ratepayers** | **John King/Ring** | **796** |  |  |
|  |  | **Robert F. Lidwill *(incumbent)*** | **794** |  |  |
|  | **Ratepayers** | **James Thomson** | **730** |  |  |
|  |  | **Cornelius de Groot *(incumbent)*** | **714** |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers | Michael Newport | 709 |  |  |
|  |  | Major John Gibbs *(incumbent)* | 686 |  |  |
|  |  | John Gardner FCA *(incumbent)* | 680 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers | John Francis Murphy | 675 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers | Francis Rooney | 642 |  |  |
|  | Ratepayers | Christopher Downey | 629 |  |  |
|  | Independent | George R Goodfellow | 624 |  |  |
|  |  | Arthur D. Pollen *(incumbent)* | 561 |  |  |
|  | Independent | Loftus Lowcay Nuzum | 349 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 20,172 |  |  |


title: Apalacris

abstract: Apalacris is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae and subfamily Coptacrinae. The recorded distribution of species includes: India, Indo-China and Malesia.

text:
# Apalacris

***Apalacris*** is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae and subfamily Coptacrinae. The recorded distribution of species includes: India, Indo-China and Malesia.

## Species

The Catalogue of Life lists:

1. Walker F (1870) *Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum* 4: 641.
2. Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0: retrieved 24 November 2018)
3. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 24 November 2018.

## InfoBox

| *Apalacris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Apalacris varicornis* at Cát Tiên National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Coptacrinae |
| Genus: | *Apalacris*<br>Walker, 1870 |
|


title: 1985 U.S. National Indoor Championships

abstract: The 1985 U.S. Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was played at the Racquet Club of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee in the United States from January 28 to February 3, 1985. Ninth-seeded Stefan Edberg won the singles title.

text:
# 1985 U.S. National Indoor Championships

The **1985 U.S. Indoor Championships** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was played at the Racquet Club of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee in the United States from January 28 to February 3, 1985. Ninth-seeded Stefan Edberg won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Stefan Edberg defeated  Yannick Noah 6–1, 6–0

* It was Edberg's first singles title of the year and the second of his career.

### Doubles

Pavel Složil /  Tomáš Šmíd defeated  Kevin Curren /  Steve Denton 1–6, 6–3, 6–4

* It was Složil's 1st title of the year and the 27th of his career. It was Šmíd's 1st title of the year and the 33rd of his career.

## Prize money

| **Event** | **W** | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Round of 64 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Singles | $45,000 | $22,500 | $11,750 | $6,350 | $3,525 | $2,000 | $1,150 |
| Doubles | $14,000 | $7,000 | $3,750 | $2,175 | $1,350 | $875 |  |
| Doubles prize money per team | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1985 U.S. National Indoor Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | January 28 – February 3 |
| Edition | 15th |
| Category | Grand Prix circuit |
| Draw | 48S / 24D |
| Prize money | $250,000 |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |
| Location | Memphis, TN, United States |
| Venue | Racquet Club of Memphis |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Stefan Edberg | |
| Doubles | |
| Pavel Složil /  Tomáš Šmíd | |
|  | |


title: 18th Rifle Division

abstract: The 18th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during the Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War, Winter War and World War II. The division was formed a total of five times during this period.

text:
# 18th Rifle Division

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Карта боевого пути division | |

The **18th Rifle Division** was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during the Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War, Winter War and World War II. The division was formed a total of five times during this period.

## First Formation

The 18th Rifle Division was formed on 26 November 1918 at Arkhangelsk from troops from Archangel, Belsky and Kotlassky areas.

During the period from November 1918 to May 1921 the division was part of the 6th Army, 7th Army, 15th Army, 4th Army, Reserve Group of the Western Front, 3rd Army, 15th Army, 9th Army, and 11th Armies. It participated in the liberation of Archangel and Onega. In the spring of 1920 the division was part of the Western Front and took part in the invasion of Poland. After being defeated at the Battle of Warsaw the division retreated to East Prussia where it was briefly interned.

In November 1920 the division was assigned to the Caucasus Front where it participated in the battles with the white-green in the Kuban region and participated in the Erivan operation. In 1921 the division was located in Yaroslavl, Moscow Military District.

It was a territorial division after the end of the Russian Civil War until the late 1930s, when it was upgraded to cadre status and dispatched to Petrozavodsk, Leningrad Military District.

From 20 November 1939 to March 1940 the division was assigned to the 56th Rifle Corps, 8th Army (Soviet Union) during the Winter War, the division led the attack on Uomaa-Kitilä-Impilahti-Sortavala. The division was encircled near Lemetti and defeated. In early 1940 due to the loss of its banner and heavy losses the division was disbanded. The remains of the division were reassigned to the 71st Rifle Division.

Currently, the division banner as a trophy stored in museum collections in Finland.

### Subordinate Units

The Russian Wikipedia article lists the following subordinate units:

* 97th Infantry Regiment
* 208th Infantry Regiment
* 316th Infantry Regiment
* 12th Howitzer Regiment
* 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion
* 381st Separate Tank Battalion

Armies of the Bear list the following subordinate units: *This is likely the OB prior to the expansion of the Soviet Army and the reorganization of the regiments in early 1939*

* 52nd Rifle Regiment
* 53rd Rifle Regiment
* 54th Rifle Regiment
* 18th Artillery Regiment

## Second Formation

It was established at Kazan on 15 August 1939 from the Ulyanovsk-based 86th Rifle Division as the 111th Rifle Division, and on 2 February 1940 (Russian Wiki), or April 1940 (Avanzini and Crofoot) was renamed as the 18th Rifle Division.

Until June 1941 was stationed in Kazan, from the middle of June 1941 to the beginning of the transfer of the western frontier. On 22 June 1941 the 208th Infantry Regiment and the majority of other regiments had arrived in the west. Still located in Kazan was the commander of the division, and all the rear units. The division was assigned to 61st Rifle Corps, 20th Army (Soviet Union). The division initially took up positions west of Orsha, but on 5 July was moved to south of Orsha taking up positions on the left bank of the Dnieper River covering the area from Orsha to near Shklow.

The corps ordered the division to push two battalions supported by antitank weapons to the Drut River 40–45 km from the main line of defense. These units were quickly cut off from the rest of the division by advancing German forces. The division fully entered battle on 9 July and by 11 July German forces had crossed the Dnieper River north of Shklow and quickly surrounded the division. The division received its order to withdraw on 18 July and on 19 July was in an encircled defensive position near Pishchikov. east of the Dnieper River. A small part of the division was able to break out of the ring on 23 July and joined the group led by General Boldin, which broke out of the encirclement on 15 August 1941.

For its actions defending the Dnieper River the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The division was officially disbanded on 19 September 1941.

### Subordinate Units

* 97th Rifle Regiment
* 208th Rifle Regiment
* 316th Rifle Regiment
* 3rd Artillery Regiment
* 12th Howitzer Artillery Regiment
* 64th Separate Antitank Artillery Battalion
* 356th Separate Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
* 56th Reconnaissance Battalion
* 86th Sapper Battalion
* 97th Separate Signals Battalion
* 105th Medical Battalion
* 48th Decontamination Company
* 179th Auto-Transport Company (formally 72nd Auto-Transport Battalion)
* 24th Field Bakery
* 215th Field Postal Station
* 97th Field Cash Office of the State Bank

## Third Formation

It was reestablished in September 1941 from the 18th Division of the Moscow People's Militia. It then fought at the Battle of Moscow. Became 11th Guards Rifle Division in January 1942.

### Subordinate Units

* 1306th Rifle Regiment (until 7 December 1941)
* 1308th Rifle Regiment (until 26 December 1941)
* 1310th Rifle Regiment (until 22 October 1941)
* 365th Rifle Division (from 24 October 1941) becomes 33rd Guards Rifle Regiment
* 518th Rifle Regiment (from 28 November 1941) becomes 40th Guards Rifle Regiment
* 282nd Rifle Regiment (from 13 December 1941) becomes 27th Guards Rifle Regiment (formally with the 19th Rifle Division)
* 978th Artillery Regiment becomes 30th Guards Artillery Regiment
* 702nd Separate Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion becomes 8th Guards Sep AA Artillery Battery (formally 146th Sep. AA Artillery Battery)
* 477th Reconnaissance Company becomes 9th Guards Reconnaissance Company
* 461st Sapper Battalion becomes 15th Guards Sapper Battalion
* 866th Separate Signals Battalion becomes 12th Sep. Signals Battalion
* 500th Medical Battalion becomes 381st Medical Battalion
* 344th Decontamination Company becomes 14th Guards Decontamination Company
* 312th Auto-Transport Company becomes 504th Auto-Transport Company (formally 17th Auto-Transport Company)
* 927th Field Postal Station
* 394th Field Cash Office of the State Bank

## Fourth Formation

Recreated in February 1942 at Ryazan in the Moscow Military District from a cadre of the 16th Sapper Brigade. Spent four months in the District and assigned to the 1st Reserve Army in STAVKA Reserves. The division was located under the Staling Front Reserves by 10 July and reassigned to the 4th Tank Army. The division participated in unsuccessful counterattack on 22 July 1942. From 3–12 August the division was involved in intense fighting in a small bend of the Don River north-west of Stalingrad. Sustaining heavy casualties on 15–16 August and making another unsuccessful counterattack on 17 August. Due to its significant losses the division was put in reserve on 23 September 1942.

After spending three months in the Moscow Military District rebuilding near Tambov the division was sent to the Volkhov Front before the end of the year and assigned to the 2nd Shock Army. In mid-January 1943 the division broke through the German encirclement, breaking the Siege of Leningrad and joining the forces of the Leningrad Front. The 18th Rifle Division is credited with capturing the first Tiger Tank.

The division would participate in the Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive. In late September 1944 the division was assigned to the Soviet-Finish border southwest of Sortavala. The division was placed in the STAVKA reserves in mid-November 1944 assigned to the 19th Army's 132nd Rifle Corps.

Reassigned to the 2nd Belorussian Front along with its higher headquarters the division participated in the East Pomeranian Strategic Offensive Operation and fought at Danzig, Poland.

Major General Alexander Yakushov commanded the division from July 1945 to its disbandment. It was stationed on Bornholm after the end of the war with the corps, part of the 43rd Army in the Northern Group of Forces from June 1945, and was disbanded in June 1946 after the corps was withdrawn to Poland on 4 May 1946.

### Subordinate Units

* 414th Rifle Regiment
* 419th Rifle Regiment
* 424th Rifle Regiment
* 1027th Artillery Regiment
* 7th Student Battalion
* 359th Separate Antitank Artillery Battalion
* 458th Separate Antiaircraft Artillery Battery (until 10 March 1943)
* 200th Machine Gun Battalion (from 14 December 1942 to 10 March 1943)
* 121st Reconnaissance Company
* 72nd Sapper Battalion
* 714th Separate Signals Battalion (formally 588th Sep. Signals Battalion, 140th Sep. Signals Company)
* 83rd Medical Battalion
* 26th Decontamination Company
* 526th Auto-Transport Company
* 370th Field Bakery
* 811th Veterinary Field Hospital
* 1826th Field Postal Station
* 1149th Field Cash Office of the State Bank

## 5th formation

In 1955, it was reformed from the 194th Rifle Division at Kirov in the Ural Military District with the 10th Rifle Corps. On 5 June 1956 it became the 43rd Mechanized Division. It was relocated to Chkalov (Orenburg). On 4 June 1957, the 43rd Mechanized Division became the 130th Motor Rifle Division at Chkalov. The division disbanded on 1 July 1959.

## Commanders

* A.N. Lengovsky - (26 Nov - 1 Dec 1918)
* J.P. Uborevich \- (1 Dec 1918 - 29 Sep 1919)
* N.M. Bobrov - (30 Sep - 26 Nov 1919)
* Mikhail Filippovsky \- (26 Nov - 23 Mar 1920)
* B.A. Burenin - (23 Mar - 25 Aug 1920)
* L.Y. Ugriumov - (10 Sep - 25 Dec 1920)
* A.G. Schirmacher - (25 Dec 1920 - 24 May 1921)
* Nikolai Klykov (March 1931 - March 1935)
* Mikhail Khozin (May 1935 - March 1937)
* Kombrig G.F. Kondrashov - (Mar 1939 - Mar 1940) Executed 29 Aug 1940.
* Colonel Alekseev (Mar 1940)
* Colonel Karp Sviridov \- (Apr 1940 – 31 Aug 1941)
* Colonel P.K. Zhivalev - (26 Sep 1941 – 10 Nov 1941)
* Colonel P.N. Chernyshev - (11 Nov 1941 – 5 Jan 1942)
* Colonel I.F. Seregin - (28 Feb 1942 – 25 Aug 1942)
* Lieutenant Colonel P.D. Strebkov - (26 Aug 1942 – 20 Sep 1942)
* General-Major M.N. Ovchinnich - (21 Sep 1942 – 20 Nov 1943)
* General-Major M. Absalyamov - 21 Nov 1943 – 25 Aug 1944)
* Colonel P.V. Poluveshkin - (26 Aug 1944 – 11 May 1945)

## Sources

* Crofoot, Craig, Armies of the Bear, orbat.com, 2003
* Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). *Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской* \[*The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces*\] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
* Robert G. Poirier and Albert Z. Conner, The Red Army Order of Battle in the Great Patriotic War, Novato: Presidio Press, 1985. ISBN 0-89141-237-9.
* Sharp Charles, C., Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. VIII, Red Legions, Soviet Rifle Division Formed Before June, 1941, George F. Nafziger, 1996.
* Sharp Charles, C., Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. IX, Red Tide, Soviet Rifle Division Formed From Juneto December 1941, George F. Nafziger, 1996.
* Sharp Charles, C., Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. X, Red Swarm, Soviet Rifle Division Formed From 1942 to 1946, George F. Nafziger, 1996.
* Tsapayev, D.A.; et al. (2014). *Великая Отечественная: Комдивы. Военный биографический словарь* \[*The Great Patriotic War: Division Commanders. Military Biographical Dictionary*\] (in Russian). Vol. 5. Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole. ISBN 978-5-9950-0457-8.

## InfoBox

| **18th Rifle Division** | |
| --- | --- |
| Banner of the division | |
| Active | I Formation: 1918–1940
II Formation: 1940–1941
III Formation: 1941–1942
IV Formation: 1942–1946
V Formation: 1955–1956 |
| Country | Soviet Union |
| Allegiance | Red Army |
| Branch | Infantry |
| Size | Division |
| Engagements | Polish-Soviet War
Winter War
World War II |
| Decorations |  |
| Battle honours | Mga (4th formation) |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Ieronim Uborevich |


title: Ellen Longmire

abstract: Ellen Kathryn Longmire is an American applied physicist and mechanical engineer known for her research in experimental fluid dynamics and turbulence. She is a professor of aerospace engineering and mechanics at the University of Minnesota, where she is also Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Science & Engineering,, the former chair of the American Physical Society Division of Fluid Dynamics, and one of three editors-in-chief of the journal Experiments in Fluids.

text:
# Ellen Longmire

**Ellen Kathryn Longmire** is an American applied physicist and mechanical engineer known for her research in experimental fluid dynamics and turbulence. She is a professor of aerospace engineering and mechanics at the University of Minnesota, where she is also Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Science & Engineering,, the former chair of the American Physical Society Division of Fluid Dynamics, and one of three editors-in-chief of the journal *Experiments in Fluids*.

## Education and career

Longmire majored in physics at Princeton University, graduating in 1982. After a year at the Technical University of Braunschweig, and work in industry at Honeywell, Hauni-Werke Koerber, and Science Applications International, she went to Stanford University for graduate study in mechanical engineering, earning a master's degree in 1985 and completing a Ph.D. in 1990.

She became an assistant professor in the University of Minnesota Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics in 1990, and was named McKnight Land-Grant Assistant Professor in 1994. She was promoted to a full professorship in 2003, and associate dean in 2018.

She chaired the American Physical Society Division of Fluid Dynamics in 2016.

## Recognition

Longmire was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2006, after a nomination by the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, "for innovative experiments in turbulent and particle-laden flows, and the development of new and improved flow diagnostic techniques".


title: Elizabeth Cowie

abstract: Elizabeth Cowie is a British academic, author, and emeritus professor of film studies at the University of Kent.

text:
# Elizabeth Cowie

**Elizabeth Cowie** (/ˈki/ *KOW-ee*) is a British academic, author, and emeritus professor of film studies at the University of Kent.

## Biography

Cowie has a degree in history, politics and sociology. After university, she found work in publishing, and from 1972 to 1976, was editorial assistant for *Screen* magazine. In 1982, Cowie joined the University of Kent to teach on its film studies programme.

Cowie has written two monographs, numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals, and contributed to various edited collections. In *Representing the Woman: Psychoanalysis and Cinema* (1997) she merges traditional psychoanalytic film theory with feminism (see Screen theory). In *Recording Reality, Desiring the Real* (2011) she examines the history of documentary film.

## Publications

* *Representing the Woman: Psychoanalysis and Cinema* (London: Palgrave Macmillan and Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1997)
* *Recording Reality, Desiring the Real* (University of Minnesota Press, 2011)