title: Emperor Kōan

abstract: Emperor Kōan, also known as Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito no Mikoto (大倭帯日子国押人命) was the sixth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōan is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōan's reign allegedly began in 393 BC, he had one wife and two sons and reigned for more than 100 years until his death in 291 BC at the age of 137. One of his sons then supposedly became the next emperor. Emperor Kōan is traditionally accepted as the final emperor of the Jōmon period, which ended in 300 BC.

text:
# Emperor Kōan

**Emperor Kōan** (孝安天皇, *Kōan-tennō*), also known as **Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito no Mikoto** (大倭帯日子国押人命) was the sixth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōan is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the *Kojiki* other than his name and genealogy. Kōan's reign allegedly began in 393 BC, he had one wife and two sons and reigned for more than 100 years until his death in 291 BC at the age of 137. One of his sons then supposedly became the next emperor. Emperor Kōan is traditionally accepted as the final emperor of the Jōmon period, which ended in 300 BC.

## Legendary narrative

In the *Kojiki* and *Nihon Shoki*, only his name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial *misasagi* or tomb for Kōan is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. He is believed to be son of Emperor Kōshō; and his mother is believed to have been Yosotarashi-no-hime, who was the daughter of Okitsuyoso, and ancestress of the Owari. The *Kojiki* records Kōan was the second son of Emperor Kōshō, and that he ruled from the palace of *Akitsushima-no-miya* (葛城室之秋津島宮, and in the *Nihon Shoki* as 室秋津島宮) at Muro in what would come to be known as Yamato Province. Kōan was allegedly an emperor who reigned for more than a hundred years, and lived to the age of 137 (according to the Kojiki). He allegedly had a wife named Yosotarashi-hime, and fathered two children with her. Kōan's reign lasted from 392 BC until his death in 291 BC, one of his sons then took the throne and would later be referred to as Emperor Kōrei.

## Known information

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study. Kōan is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the fifth of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them. The name Kōan*-tennō* was assigned to him posthumously by later generations. His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōan, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the *Kojiki*. The name "Kōan" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer Ōmi no Mifune, who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.

Emperor Kōan's longevity is disputed as the oldest verified humans usually go into the mid to late 110s. While historian John S. Brownlee calls Kōan's alleged age of 137 at the time of his death "too long", he also says that this is not unusual for mythical figures. He ends his narrative by saying that nobody in Japan was bothered by the longevity of the former emperors until the modern era. Regardless of his age, the actual site of Kōan's grave is not known. Kōan is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) in Tamade, Gose. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōan's mausoleum, and its formal name is *Tamate no oka no e no misasagi*.

The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan. Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei (c.509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates. The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu between 737 and 806 AD.

## Consorts and children

## Family tree

|  |
| --- |
| Nunakawahime    Ōkuninushi
(Ōnamuchi)   Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto                      Kotoshironushi      Tamakushi-hime   Takeminakata   Susa Clan               1 **Jimmu**  1Himetataraisuzu-hime           Kamo no Okimi  Mirahime             2 **Suizei**   2Isuzuyori-hime  Kamuyaimimi                         3 **Annei**     Ō clan  Aso clan   3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime  Kamo clan           Takakuraji       Miwa clan           4 **Itoku**     Ikisomimi no mikoto  Ame no Murakumo                    4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto  Amaoshio no mikoto                    5 **Emperor Kōshō**         5Yosotarashi-hime     Okitsu Yoso             6 **Emperor Kōan**     Prince Ameoshitarashi         Owari clan             6Oshihime  Wani clan                     7 **Emperor Kōrei**      7Kuwashi-hime                         8 **Emperor Kōgen**  8Utsushikome Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso  Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto  Wakatakehiko                 9Ikagashikome                                    Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto   9 **Emperor Kaika**     Prince Ohiko      Kibi clan                 Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto  10 **Emperor Sujin**     10Mimaki-hime  Abe clan                     Takenouchi no Sukune   11 **Emperor Suinin**  11Saho-hime   12Hibasu-hime    Yasaka Iribiko      Toyosukiiri-hime     Nunaki-iri-hime   Yamatohime-no-mikoto                         Katsuragi clan   13**Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume**   12 **Emperor Keiko**        14**Yasakairi-hime**                 Otoyo no mikoto                        Futaji Irihime  Yamato Takeru  Miyazu-hime  Takeinadane  Ioki Iribiko 13Emperor Seimu               14Emperor Chūai  15Empress Jingū        Homuda
Mawaka                  15Emperor Ōjin         16Nakatsuhime                  16Emperor Nintoku |

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## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Emperor Kōan
孝安天皇 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | 393 BC – 291 BC (traditional) |
| Predecessor | Kōshō |
| Successor | Kōrei |
|  | |
| Born | 427 BC |
| Died | 291 BC (aged 136) |
| Burial | **Tamate no oka no e no misasagi** (玉手丘上陵) (Gose) |
| Spouse | Oshihime |
| Issue |  |
| Posthumous name  Chinese-style *shigō*:
Emperor Kōan (孝安天皇)

Japanese-style *shigō*:
Yamato-tarashihiko-kuni-oshihito no Sumeramikoto (日本足彦国押人天皇) | |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Kōshō |
| Mother | Yosotarashi-hime |
| Religion | Shinto |


title: 2009 Copa Libertadores knockout stage

abstract: The last four stages of the 2009 Copa Santander Libertadores are the knockout stages: the Round of 16, the Quarterfinals, the Semifinals, and the Finals.

text:
# 2009 Copa Libertadores knockout stage

The last four stages of the **2009 Copa Santander Libertadores** are the **knockout stages**: the Round of 16, the Quarterfinals, the Semifinals, and the Finals.

## Format

The remaining stages of the tournament constitute a single-elimination tournament. In each stage, the teams will play an opponent in a two-legged tie on a home-away basis. Each team will earn three points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss. The team with the most points at the end of each tie will advance.

### Tie-breaking

The following criteria will be used for breaking ties on points:

1. Goal difference
2. Goals scored
3. Away goals
4. Penalty shootout

### Seeding

The 16 qualified teams in the knockout round will be seeded according to their results in the group stage. The top teams from each group are seeded 1-8, with the team with the most points as seed 1 and the team with the least as seed 8. The second-best teams from each group are seeded 9-16, with the team with the most points as seed 9 and the team with the least as seed 16. Teams with a higher seed will play the second leg of each tie at home.

| Teams qualified as a group winner Seed Team Pts GD GF AG  1  Grêmio 16 +10 11 5  2  Boca Juniors 15 +8 11 4  3  Nacional 14 +9 12 4  4  São Paulo 13 +4 10 5  5  Cruzeiro 13 +4 9 2  6  Sport Recife 13 +3 10 6  7  Libertad 12 +2 7 3  8  Caracas 10 +3 7 1 | Teams qualified as a runner-up Seed Team Pts GD GF AG  9  Deportivo Cuenca 10 +5 9 1  10  Estudiantes 10 +5 9 0  11  Palmeiras 10 +2 9 5  12  Universidad de Chile 10 +2 8 2  13  Guadalajara 9 +3 9 2  14  San Luis 8 0 7 0  15  Defensor Sporting 8 0 5 1  16  Universidad San Martín 8 −2 7 2 |
| --- | --- |

## Bracket

|  | Round of 16 | | | |  |  | Quarterfinals | | | |  |  | Semifinals | | | |  |  | Finals | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Grêmio** | 3 | 2 |  |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | || |
|  | 16 | U. San Martín | 1 | 0 |  | || |
|  | | | | | |  | 1 | **Grêmio** () | 1 | 0 |  | ||
|  | | | | | | |  | | | |  | ||
|  | |  |  | 8 | Caracas | 1 | 0 |  || |
|  | 8 | | | | | | | **Caracas** | 1 | 4 |  | ||
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | ||
|  | | 9 | Cuenca | 2 | 0 |  || |
|  | | | | | |  | 1 | Grêmio | 1 | 2 |  ||
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 5 | **Cruzeiro** | 3 | 2 |  ||
|  | 4 | | | | | | | **São Paulo** |  |  |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | ||
|  | | 13 | Guadalajara |  |  | |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | 4 | São Paulo | 1 | 0 |  ||
|  | | | | | | |  | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | 5 | **Cruzeiro** | 2 | 2 |  ||
|  | | | | | | | | 5 | **Cruzeiro** | 2 | 1 |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | ||
|  | | 12 | U. de Chile | 1 | 0 |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | 5 | Cruzeiro | 0 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 10 | **Estudiantes** | 0 | 2 |  |
|  | 3 | | | | | | | **Nacional** |  |  |  |  | | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 14 | San Luis |  |  | |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | 3 | **Nacional** () | 1 | 0 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | |  | |
|  | |  |  | 11 | Palmeiras | 1 | 0 |  ||
|  | | | | | | | | 6 | Sport Recife | 0 | 1 **(1)** | |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | 11 | **Palmeiras** () | 1 | 0 **(3)** |  ||
|  | | | | | |  | 3 | Nacional | 0 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 10 | **Estudiantes** | 1 | 2 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | 7 | Libertad | 0 | 0 |  |  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | 10 | **Estudiantes** | 3 | 0 | |  |
|  | | | | | |  | 10 | **Estudiantes** | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 15 | Defensor Sporting | 0 | 0 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | 2 | Boca Juniors | 2 | 0 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | | 15 | **Defensor S.** | 2 | 1 |  |

## Round of 16

The Round of 16 began on May 5. Team #1, as the higher seeded team, played the second leg at home.

| Teams | | | Scores | | Tie-breakers | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team #1 | Points | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg | GD | AG | Pen. |
| **Grêmio** | 6:0 | Universidad San Martín | 3–1 | 2–0 |  |  |  |
| Boca Juniors | 1:4 | **Defensor Sporting** | 2–2 | 0–1 |  |  |  |
| **Nacional** | w/o\[A\] | San Luis |  |  |  |  |  |
| **São Paulo** | w/o\[A\] | Guadalajara |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Cruzeiro** | 6:0 | Universidad de Chile | 2–1 | 1–0 |  |  |  |
| Sport Recife | 3:3 | **Palmeiras** | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0:0 | 0:0 | 1:3 |
| Libertad | 1:4 | **Estudiantes** | 0–3 | 0–0 |  |  |  |
| **Caracas** | 3:3 | Deportivo Cuenca | 1–2 | 4–0 | +3:−3 |  |  |

* **^1** Guadalajara and San Luis withdrew from the tournament after an agreement on an alternative venue for the first legs, both scheduled to be played in Mexico, was unable to be agreed upon following concerns raised by both Nacional and São Paulo over the Swine flu outbreak in Mexico.

### First leg

| Palmeiras | 1–0 | Sport Recife |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ortigoza  74' | Report |  |

Estádio Palestra Italia (Parque Antarctica), São PauloAttendance: 23,991Referee: Sergio Pezzotta (Argentina)

---

| Universidad San Martín | 1–3 | Grêmio |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arzuaga  34' | Report | Souza  9'
López  46', 61' |

Estadio Alejandro Villanueva, LimaReferee: Carlos Vera (Ecuador)

---

| Deportivo Cuenca | 2–1 | Caracas |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Teixeira  58'
Villalba  69' | Report | Cichero  3' |

Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar, CuencaReferee: Víctor Hugo Rivera (Peru)

---

| Estudiantes | 3–0 | Libertad |
| --- | --- | --- |
| G. Fernández  1'
Boselli  64' (pen.), 70' | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La PlataAttendance: 20,912Referee: Carlos Simon (Brazil)

---

| Universidad de Chile | 1–2 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Villalobos  85' | Report | Soares  8'
Marquinhos Paraná  52' |

Estadio Nacional, SantiagoReferee: Jorge Larrionda (Uruguay)

---

| Defensor Sporting | 2–2 | Boca Juniors |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gaglianone  45'
Mora  84' | Report | Palermo  3'
Palacio  56' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoReferee: Carlos Torres (Paraguay)

### Second leg

| Sport Recife | 1–0 | Palmeiras |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wilson  83' | Report |  |
| Penalties | | |
| Luciano Henrique
Igor
Fumagalli
Dutra | 1–3 | Mozart
Marcão
Danilo
Armero |

Estádio Adelmar Costa Carvalho (Ilha do Retiro), RecifeAttendance: 28,487Referee: Carlos Chandía (Chile)

*Sport Recife 3–3 Palmeiras on points, Sport Recife & Palmeiras tied on goal difference and goals scored. Palmeiras won 3–1 on penalties.*

---

| Caracas | 4–0 | Deportivo Cuenca |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Figueroa  24' (pen.)
Prieto  42'
Rentería  52'
Rey  73' | Report |  |

Estadio Olímpico UCV, CaracasReferee: Pablo Lunati (Argentina)

*Caracas 3–3 Deportivo Cuenca on points. Caracas won +3 on goal difference.*

---

| Grêmio | 2–0 | Universidad San Martín |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jonas  17'
Herrera  74' | Report |  |

Estádio Olímpico Monumental, Porto AlegreAttendance: 23,839Referee: Antonio Arias (Paraguay)

*Grêmio won 6–0 on points.*

---

| Cruzeiro | 1–0 | Universidad de Chile |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kléber  74' | Report |  |

Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto (Mineirão), Belo HorizonteAttendance: 56,898Referee: Héctor Baldassi (Argentina)

*Cruzeiro won 6–0 on points.*

---

| Libertad | 0–0 | Estudiantes |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio Feliciano Cáceres, LuqueAttendance: 1,987Referee: Roberto Silvera (Uruguay)

*Estudiantes won 4–1 on points.*

---

| Boca Juniors | 0–1 | Defensor Sporting |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | De Souza  27' |

Estadio Alberto J. Armando (La Bombonera), Buenos AiresAttendance: 50,000Referee: Salvio Fagundes (Brazil)

*Defensor Sporting won 4–1 on points.*

## Quarterfinals

Team #1, as the higher seed, will play the second leg at home.

| Teams | | | Scores | | Tie-breakers | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team #1 | Points | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg | GD | AG | Pen. |
| **Grêmio** | 2:2 | Caracas | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0:0 | 1:0 |  |
| **Estudiantes** | 6:0 | Defensor Sporting | 1–0 | 1–0 |  |  |  |
| **Nacional** | 2:2 | Palmeiras | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0:0 | 1:0 |  |
| São Paulo | 0:6 | **Cruzeiro** | 1–2 | 0–2 |  |  |  |

### First leg

| Cruzeiro | 2–1 | São Paulo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Leonardo Silva  45'
Zé Carlos  65' | Report | Washington  57' |

Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto (Mineirão), Belo HorizonteAttendance: 52,906Referee: Carlos Chandía (Chile)

---

| Caracas | 1–1 | Grêmio |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cichero  2' | Report | Fábio Santos  75' |

Estadio Olímpico, CaracasReferee: Roberto Silvera (Uruguay)

---

| Defensor Sporting | 0–1 | Estudiantes |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Desábato  13' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoReferee: Juan Soto (Venezuela)

---

| Palmeiras | 1–1 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Diego Souza  55' | Report | García  80' |

Estádio Palestra Italia (Parque Antártica), São PauloAttendance: 24,737Referee: Carlos Torres (Paraguay)

### Second leg

| Nacional | 0–0 | Palmeiras |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoAttendance: 46,269Referee: Carlos Vera (Ecuador)

*Nacional 2–2 Palmeiras on points. Nacional and Palmeiras tied on goal difference and goals scored. Nacional advances on away goals.*

---

| Grêmio | 0–0 | Caracas |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estádio Olímpico, Porto AlegreAttendance: 36,725Referee: Carlos Torres (Paraguay)

*Grêmio 2−2 Caracas on points. Grêmio and Caracas tied on goal difference and goals scored. Grêmio advances on away goals.*

---

| Estudiantes | 1–0 | Defensor Sporting |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Benítez  13' | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La PlataAttendance: 27,855Referee: Óscar Ruiz (Colombia)

*Estudiantes advances 6–0 on points.*

---

| São Paulo | 0–2 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Henrique  65'
Kléber  81' (pen.) |

Estádio Cícero Pompeu de Toledo (Morumbi), São PauloAttendance: 52,809Referee: Sergio Pezzotta (Argentina)

*Cruzeiro advances 6–0 on points.*

## Semifinals

| Teams | | | Scores | | Tie-breakers | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team #1 | Points | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg | GD | AG | Pen. |
| Grêmio | 1:4 | **Cruzeiro** | 1–3 | 2–2 |  |  |  |
| Nacional | 0:6 | **Estudiantes** | 0–1 | 1–2 |  |  |  |

### First leg

| Cruzeiro | 3–1 | Grêmio |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wellington Paulista  38'
Wágner  47'
Fabinho  67' | Report | Souza  78' |

Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto (Mineirão), Belo HorizonteAttendance: 51,696Referee: Enrique Osses (Chile)

---

| Estudiantes | 1–0 | Nacional |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Galván  14' | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La PlataReferee: René Ortubé (Bolivia)

### Second leg

| Nacional | 1–2 | Estudiantes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medina  75' | Report | Boselli  52', 90+1' |

Estadio Centenario, MontevideoAttendance: 46,983Referee: Carlos Torres (Paraguay)

*Estudiantes advances 6–0 on points.*

---

| Grêmio | 2–2 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rever  55'
Souza  75' | Report | Wellington Paulista  34', 36' |

Estádio Olímpico, Porto AlegreAttendance: 40,452Referee: Óscar Ruiz (Colombia)

*Cruzeiro advances 4–1 on points.*

## Finals

The Finals was played on July 8 and 15.

| Team #1 | Points earned | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cruzeiro | 1–4 | **Estudiantes** | 0–0 | 1–2 |

### First leg

| Estudiantes | 0–0 | Cruzeiro |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata, La PlataReferee: Jorge Larrionda (Uruguay)

### Second leg

| Cruzeiro | 1–2 | Estudiantes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Henrique  52' | Report | Fernández  57'
Boselli  73' |

Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto (Mineirão), Belo HorizonteReferee: Carlos Chandía (Chile)

## Footnotes

A.  Guadalajara and San Luis withdrew from the tournament following concerns raised by both Nacional and São Paulo over the H1N1 flu outbreak in Mexico, South American teams refused to travel to Mexico to play the match; no agreement was reached on alternative venues for the first-leg matches, both scheduled to be played in Mexico. Both Guadalajara and San Luis were later secured a place in the round of 16 for the 2010 Copa Libertadores.

l.


title: 2002–03 Bulgarian Cup

abstract: The 2002–03 Bulgarian Cup was the 63rd season of the Bulgarian Cup. Levski Sofia won the competition, beating Litex Lovech 2–1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia.

text:
# 2002–03 Bulgarian Cup

The **2002–03 Bulgarian Cup** was the 63rd season of the Bulgarian Cup. Levski Sofia won the competition, beating Litex Lovech 2–1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia.

## First round

In this round entered winners from the preliminary rounds together with the teams of B Group.

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **9 October 2002** | | | | |
| **Sliven 2000** (III) | 1–0 | Belite orli Pleven (II) |
| **Slanchev Bryag Nesebar** (III) | 5–0 | Spartak Pleven (II) |
| FC Beroe (IV) | 0–8 | **Rodopa Smolyan** (II) |
| **Botev Boboshevo** (III) | 3–1 | Botev Vratsa (II) |
| **Hebar Pazardzhik** (III) | 3–3 (a.e.t.)
(7–5 ) | Conegliano German (II) |
| **Kameno** (III) | 2–0 | Beroe Stara Zagora (II) |
| **Chernomorets Balchik** (III) | 2–1 | Olimpik Teteven (II) |
| Shumen (III) | 0–2 | **Pirin Blagoevgrad** (II) |
| **Vihar-Vladislav** (III) | 1–0 | Dunav Ruse (II) |
| Lokomotiv Dryanovo (III) | 2–5 | **Svetkavitsa Targovishte** (II) |
| Minyor Pernik (III) | 0–1 | **Makedonska Slava** (II) |
| Etar 1924 (III) | 0–0 (a.e.t.)
(3–5 ) | **Sokol Markovo** (II) |
| Botev Ihtiman (III) | 3–5 | **Belasitsa Petrich** (II) |
| Haskovo (III) | 0–1 | **Vidima-Rakovski** (II) |
| Levski Glavinitsa (III) | 1–2 | **Yantra Gabrovo** (II) |
| **Lokomotiv Mezdra** (III) | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Akademik Svishtov (II) |

## Second round

In this round entered winners from the First Round together with the teams of A Group.

### First legs

| 29 October 2002 (2002-10-29) | Chernomorets Balchik **(III)** | **0−1** | Marek Dupnitsa | Balchik |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST |  |  | Bibishkov  68' | Stadium: Balchik |

| 30 October 2002 (2002-10-30) | Belasitsa Petrich **(II)** | **2−3** | CSKA Sofia | Petrich |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | Radojičić  56'
Salis  85' |  | Deyanov  38'
Šakiri  61'
Zlatkov  73' | Stadium: Tsar Samuil |

| 30 October 2002 (2002-10-30) | Vihar-Vladislav **(III)** | **0−5** | Litex Lovech | Valchi Dol |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST |  |  | Kakalov  6'
A. Todorov  42', 44', 68'
Palankov  70' | Stadium: Valchi Dol |

| 30 October 2002 (2002-10-30) | Botev Plovdiv | **2−3** | Makedonska Slava **(II)** | Plovdiv |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | Zaychev  25'
Milenov  74' |  | Paparkov  38' (pen.)
Maksimov  55', 90' | Stadium: Hristo Botev |

| 30 October 2002 (2002-10-30) | Yantra Gabrovo **(II)** | **1−2** | Lokomotiv Plovdiv | Gabrovo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | Panayotov  15' |  | P. Kolev  45'
Kamburov  55' | Stadium: Hristo Botev |

### Second legs

| 16 November 2002 (2002-11-16) | **Marek Dupnitsa** | **6−0**
(**7−0** agg.) | Chernomorets Balchik **(III)** | Dupnitsa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST |  |  |  | Stadium: Bonchuk |

| 16 November 2002 (2002-11-16) | **CSKA Sofia** | **3−2**
(**6−4** agg.) | Belasitsa Petrich **(II)** | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | Agnaldo  10'
V. Dimitrov  19'
Gargorov  58' (pen.) |  | Junivan  52', 71' | Stadium: Balgarska Armiya |

| 16 November 2002 (2002-11-16) | **Litex Lovech** | **2−0**
(**7−0** agg.) | Vihar-Vladislav **(III)** | Lovech |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | A. Todorov  24', 63' |  |  | Stadium: Gradski |

| 16 November 2002 (2002-11-16) | **Makedonska Slava (II)** | **0−0**
(**3−2** agg.) | Botev Plovdiv | Simitli |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST |  |  |  | Stadium: Struma |

| 16 November 2002 (2002-11-16) | **Lokomotiv Plovdiv** | **3−0**
(**5−1** agg.) | Yantra Gabrovo **(II)** | Plovdiv |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | Orlovski  39'
Atanasov  50'
M. Zafirov  84' |  |  | Stadium: Lokomotiv |

## Third round

### First legs

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Cherno More Varna | **0−1** | Litex Lovech | Varna |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST |  |  | D. Rusev  53' | Stadium: Ticha |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Marek Dupnitsa | **4−0** | Dobrudzha Dobrich | Dupnitsa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Lyubenov  56'
Bibishkov  61', 71'
Koemdzhiev  88' |  |  | Stadium: Bonchuk |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Vidima-Rakovski **(II)** | **2−0** | Chernomorets Burgas | Sevlievo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Redovski  1'
Yankov  76' |  |  | Stadium: Rakovski |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Lokomotiv Plovdiv | **6−0** | Spartak Sofia **(III)** | Plovdiv |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Paskov  31'
Kamburov  37'
Jayeoba  46', 50'
G. Stoyanov  58', 83' |  |  | Stadium: Lokomotiv |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Slavia Sofia | **4−0** | Lokomotiv Sofia | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Rangelov  21'
Kushev  70', 83'
Ivanović  78' |  |  | Stadium: Slavia |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Spartak Varna | **0−0** | Levski Sofia | Varna |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Krumov
V. Stanchev
Krizmanić
Karakanov   17'
Mihaylov   39' | report | Genchev
Chilikov | Stadium: Spartak
Attendance: 2,500
Referee: Hristo Ristoskov (Sandanski) |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Rilski Sportist | **2−1** | CSKA Sofia | Samokov |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Kirov  26' (pen.)
Gemedzhiev  54'
Adzhov  78' | report | Yanchev  39'
Yanchev  78' | Stadium: Iskar |

| 30 November 2002 (2002-11-30) | Makedonska Slava **(II)** | **3−0** | Botev Boboshevo **(III)** | Simitli |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Stoimenov  45+1'
Borislavov  66'
Mihaylov  85' (o.g.) |  |  | Stadium: Struma |

### Second legs

| 6 December 2002 (2002-12-06) | **Litex Lovech** | **2−0**
(**3−0** agg.) | Cherno More Varna | Lovech |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Bornosuzov  45'
D. Rusev  47' |  |  | Stadium: Gradski
Attendance: 300 |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | Dobrudzha Dobrich | **2−2**
(**2−6** agg.) | **Marek Dupnitsa** | Dobrich |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | K. Todorov  28'
Krastev  45' (pen.) |  | M. Todorov  18'
Stoykov  74' | Stadium: Druzhba
Attendance: 50 |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | **Chernomorets Burgas** | **3−0** (a.e.t.)
(**3−2** agg.) | Vidima-Rakovski **(II)** | Burgas |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Ivanikov  6', 90'
P. Kolev  94' |  |  | Stadium: Chernomorets
Attendance: 1,000 |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | Spartak Sofia **(III)** | **3−0**
(**3−6** agg.) | **Lokomotiv Plovdiv** | German |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Paylekov  70', 78'
Aladzhov  88' |  |  | Stadium: German
Attendance: 50 |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | Lokomotiv Sofia | **1−0**
(**1−4** agg.) | **Slavia Sofia** | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Velichkov  20' |  |  | Stadium: Lokomotiv
Attendance: 100 |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | **Levski Sofia** | **2−0**
(**2−0** agg.) | Spartak Varna | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Chilikov  46', 75'
I. Stoyanov
Bachkov
Topuzakov   55' | report | Zhekov
Mechedzhiev  60' | Stadium: Georgi Asparuhov
Attendance: 500
Referee: Anton Genov (Gabrovo) |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | **CSKA Sofia** | **6−0**
(**7−2** agg.) | Rilski Sportist | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Sokolov  8' (o.g.)
Šakiri  13'
Agnaldo  33', 86'
Brito  52'
Mukansi  90' | report |  | Stadium: Balgarska Armiya
Attendance: 650
Referee: Zhivko Dimitrov (Varna) |

| 7 December 2002 (2002-12-07) | Botev Boboshevo **(III)** | **1−2**
(**1−5** agg.) | **Makedonska Slava (II)** | Blagoevgrad |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Tsvetkov  54' |  | Maksimov  70', 74' | Stadium: Hristo Botev
Attendance: 500 |

## Quarter-finals

### First legs

| 19 February 2003 (2003-02-19) | CSKA Sofia | **3−2** | Makedonska Slava **(II)** | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Gargorov  7', 75' (pen.)
V. Dimitrov  73' |  | Gerganchev  45+1'
Gueye  52' (o.g.) | Stadium: Balgarska Armiya
Attendance: 1,100 |

| 19 February 2003 (2003-02-19) | Chernomorets Burgas | **1−0** | Marek Dupnitsa | Burgas |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13:30 EEST | Hristiyanov  90' |  |  | Stadium: Chernomorets
Attendance: 150 |

| 19 February 2003 (2003-02-19) | Levski Sofia | **1−0** | Lokomotiv Plovdiv | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:30 EEST | Chilikov  16' |  |  | Stadium: Georgi Asparuhov
Attendance: 1,000 |

| 4 March 2003 (2003-03-04) | Slavia Sofia | **2−0** | Litex Lovech | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12:30 EEST | Vladimirov  10'
B. Georgiev  72' (pen.) |  | Jelenković  86' | Stadium: Slavia
Attendance: 600 |

### Second legs

| 4 March 2003 (2003-03-04) | Makedonska Slava **(II)** | **0−1**
(**2−4** agg.) | **CSKA Sofia** | Simitli |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST |  |  | Yanchev  81' | Stadium: Struma
Attendance: 5,500 |

| 4 March 2003 (2003-03-04) | **Marek Dupnitsa** | **2−0** (a.e.t.)
(**2−1** agg.) | Chernomorets Burgas | Dupnitsa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 EEST | Mujiri  77' (pen.), 118' (pen.) |  |  | Stadium: Bonchuk
Attendance: 500 |

| 4 March 2003 (2003-03-04) | Lokomotiv Plovdiv | **1−1**
(**1−2** agg.) | **Levski Sofia** | Plovdiv |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:30 EEST | Paskov  61' |  | Telkiyski  56' | Stadium: Lokomotiv
Attendance: 7,500 |

| 12 March 2003 (2003-03-12) | **Litex Lovech** | **2−0** (a.e.t.)
(**2−2** agg.)
(**5–4** ) | Slavia Sofia | Lovech |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:30 EEST | Bogunović  11'
Kirilov  63' |  |  | Stadium: Gradski
Attendance: 3,500 |
|  | **Penalties** | | |  |
| | Henrique
Bornosuzov
D. Rusev
Yovov
Hdiouad
Zhelev |  | Ivanović
Đukić
Vladimirov
Y. Petkov
Nikolovski
Simeonov | |

## Semi-finals

### First legs

| 16 April 2003 (2003-04-16) | Litex Lovech | **2−0** | Marek Dupnitsa | Lovech |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 EEST | Zhelev  29', 69' |  | Kirilov  45+1' | Stadium: Gradski
Attendance: 3,500 |

| 16 April 2003 (2003-04-16) | CSKA Sofia | **0−1** | Levski Sofia | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 EEST | F. Lima
V. Dimitrov | report | Mendoza  90+4'
Ivankov
Ibraimov | Stadium: Balgarska Armiya
Attendance: 15,000
Referee: Ivan Dobrinov (Sofia) |

### Second legs

| 3 May 2003 (2003-05-03) | Marek Dupnitsa | **0−4**
(**0−6** agg.) | **Litex Lovech** | Dupnitsa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:00 EEST | A. Kyuchukov | report | D. Rusev  2'
Yovov  52'
K. Nikolov  86'
A. Todorov  89'
Bornosuzov | Stadium: Bonchuk
Attendance: 800
Referee: Hristo Ristoskov (Sandanski) |

| 3 May 2003 (2003-05-03) | **Levski Sofia** | **0−0**
(**1−0** agg.) | CSKA Sofia | Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:30 EEST | Simonović
Ibraimov
Golovskoy
Angelov
Angelov  70' | report | Tomash
Gueye
V. Dimitrov
Yanev  70' | Stadium: Georgi Asparuhov
Attendance: 17,000
Referee: Anton Genov (Gabrovo) |

## Final

The final match of the 2002–03 edition of the Bulgarian Cup was held on 21 May 2003 at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Levski Sofia beat Litex Lovech 2–1.

### Details

| Litex Lovech | 1–2 | Levski Sofia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hdiouad  89' | Report | Golovskoy  48'
Simonović  82' |

Vasil Levski National Stadium, SofiaAttendance: 10,453Referee: Ivan Dobrinov (Sofia)

## InfoBox

2002–03 Bulgarian Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Levski Sofia (23rd title) |
| Runner-up | Litex Lovech |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Top goal scorer(s) | Boyko Velichkov
(Lokomotiv Sofia)
7 goals |
|  | |


title: 2003 Chechen presidential election

abstract: Presidential elections were held in the disputed Russian republic of Chechnya on 5 October 2003, amidst the Second Chechen War. Held six months after a three-part constitutional referendum, the election was reported as a success for Russian-backed candidate Akhmad Kadyrov, who reportedly won with 84% of the vote and 88% turnout. Early candidates in the election besides Kadyrov included Aslambek Aslakhanov, Malik Saidullaev, and Umar Dzhabrailov. However, by the time of the election any significant candidates besides Kadyrov had dropped out. The election was marked by a lack of violent incidents, though among the incidents that did occur was a skirmish in Grozny and a mine clearing operation in Samashki. The election was boycotted by international monitors such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, who argued that a free and fair election was impossible under Chechnya's conditions. Representatives of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Arab League, Organisation of the Islamic Conference, and the Commonwealth of Independent States assessed the vote, and Moscow Helsinki Group head Lyudmila Alexeyeva described the vote as free and fair, though she criticised the conditions of the vote as causing voters to fear retaliation for their votes. Despite claims by the Russian government to the contrary, several polling stations were reported as being empty by independent media. In addition to residents of Chechnya, Russian soldiers and Chechen refugees in the neighbouring republic of Ingushetia were permitted to vote. Few commentators within Chechen or Russian media spheres expected any significant change to emerge from the election, according to Reuters. The government of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria rejected the results, with representative Akhmed Zakayev saying that "Mr Kadyrov is, and will continue to be, an appointed head of the regime."

text:
# 2003 Chechen presidential election

**Presidential elections** were held in the disputed Russian republic of Chechnya on 5 October 2003, amidst the Second Chechen War. Held six months after a three-part constitutional referendum, the election was reported as a success for Russian-backed candidate Akhmad Kadyrov, who reportedly won with 84% of the vote and 88% turnout.

Early candidates in the election besides Kadyrov included Aslambek Aslakhanov, Malik Saidullaev, and Umar Dzhabrailov. However, by the time of the election any significant candidates besides Kadyrov had dropped out. The election was marked by a lack of violent incidents, though among the incidents that did occur was a skirmish in Grozny and a mine clearing operation in Samashki. The election was boycotted by international monitors such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, who argued that a free and fair election was impossible under Chechnya's conditions. Representatives of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Arab League, Organisation of the Islamic Conference, and the Commonwealth of Independent States assessed the vote, and Moscow Helsinki Group head Lyudmila Alexeyeva described the vote as free and fair, though she criticised the conditions of the vote as causing voters to fear retaliation for their votes. Despite claims by the Russian government to the contrary, several polling stations were reported as being empty by independent media.

In addition to residents of Chechnya, Russian soldiers and Chechen refugees in the neighbouring republic of Ingushetia were permitted to vote.

Few commentators within Chechen or Russian media spheres expected any significant change to emerge from the election, according to Reuters. The government of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria rejected the results, with representative Akhmed Zakayev saying that "Mr Kadyrov is, and will continue to be, an appointed head of the regime."

## Results

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Akhmad Kadyrov | 403,490 | 84.12 |
| Abdulla Bugayev | 28,823 | 6.01 |
| Shamil Burayev | 19,694 | 4.11 |
| Kudus Saduyev | 7,667 | 1.60 |
| Nikolay Payzulayev | 4,387 | 0.91 |
| Avkhat Khanchukayev | 2,688 | 0.56 |
| Against all | 12,906 | 2.69 |
| Total | 479,655 | 100.00 |
|  | | |
| Valid votes | 479,655 | 96.06 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 19,670 | 3.94 |
| Total votes | 499,325 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 569,347 | 87.70 |
| Source: Scilla | | |

## InfoBox

2003 Chechen presidential election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 87.70% |
| Candidate Akhmad Kadyrov Abdulla Bugayev  Party Independent Independent  Popular vote 403,490 28,823  Percentage 84.12% 6.01% | |
| ---  **President before election**
Akhmad Kadyrov
Independent **Elected President**
Akhmad Kadyrov
Independent | |


title: 2012 Sidecarcross World Championship

abstract: The 2012 FIM Sidecarcross World Championship, the 33rd edition of the competition, started on 1 April and finished after eleven race weekends on 16 September 2012. The defending champions were Daniël Willemsen from the Netherlands and his Belgian passenger Sven Verbrugge. Willemsen and Verbrugge were a team for a fifth time in the history of the competition, with the combination previously winning the 2005 and 2006 titles together. However, the two were racing in separate teams in 2012, with Willemsen having used three different passengers during the season because of injury woes, while Sven Verbrugge joined fellow Belgian pilot Ben Adriaenssen. Parallel to the riders competition, a manufacturers championship is also held. The defending champions in the manufacturers competition were VMC but the 2012 edition was won by WSP, the manufacturers second title after 2010. The final race of the 2012 season was held on 16 September at Rudersberg, Germany. The competition was won by Daniël Willemsen, for the tenth time, and his passenger Lauris Daiders who took over competition leadership from Etienne Bax and Kaspars Stupelis after the Russian Grand Prix and sealed the championship in the final race by a margin of five points, the third-lowest in competition history. Daiders however was not the official world champion as he has taken part in less than the required 50 percent of the races and earned less than the required 50 percent of points on Willemsen's side, this honor going to Kenny van Gaalen instead. The Sidecarcross World Championship, first held in 1980 and organised by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, is an annual competition. All races, manufacturers and the vast majority of riders in the competition being in and from Europe. Sidecarcross is similar to motocross except that the teams consist of two riders, a driver and a passenger. Races are held on the same tracks as solo motocross but the handling of the machines differs as sidecars don't lean. The majority of physical work in the sport is carried out by the passenger, who speeds up the sidecarcross in corners by leaning out. The coordination between the driver and the passenger are therefore of highest importance.

text:
# 2012 Sidecarcross World Championship

The **2012 FIM Sidecarcross World Championship**, the 33rd edition of the competition, started on 1 April and finished after eleven race weekends on 16 September 2012.

The defending champions were Daniël Willemsen from the Netherlands and his Belgian passenger Sven Verbrugge. Willemsen and Verbrugge were a team for a fifth time in the history of the competition, with the combination previously winning the 2005 and 2006 titles together. However, the two were racing in separate teams in 2012, with Willemsen having used three different passengers during the season because of injury woes, while Sven Verbrugge joined fellow Belgian pilot Ben Adriaenssen.

Parallel to the riders competition, a manufacturers championship is also held. The defending champions in the manufacturers competition were VMC but the 2012 edition was won by WSP, the manufacturers second title after 2010.

The final race of the 2012 season was held on 16 September at Rudersberg, Germany. The competition was won by Daniël Willemsen, for the tenth time, and his passenger Lauris Daiders who took over competition leadership from Etienne Bax and Kaspars Stupelis after the Russian Grand Prix and sealed the championship in the final race by a margin of five points, the third-lowest in competition history. Daiders however was not the official world champion as he has taken part in less than the required 50 percent of the races and earned less than the required 50 percent of points on Willemsen's side, this honor going to Kenny van Gaalen instead.

The Sidecarcross World Championship, first held in 1980 and organised by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, is an annual competition. All races, manufacturers and the vast majority of riders in the competition being in and from Europe. Sidecarcross is similar to motocross except that the teams consist of two riders, a driver and a passenger. Races are held on the same tracks as solo motocross but the handling of the machines differs as sidecars don't lean. The majority of physical work in the sport is carried out by the passenger, who speeds up the sidecarcross in corners by leaning out. The coordination between the driver and the passenger are therefore of highest importance.

## Overview

The eleven races of the season were held in nine countries, France (two races), Netherlands, Germany (two races), Czech Republic, Belgium, Estonia, Russia, Latvia and Switzerland. In comparison to the 2011 edition, the Grand Prix of Poland, Ukraine and Denmark have been dropped off the calendar while the Czech GP made a return.

## Format

Every Grand Prix weekend is split into two races, both held on the same day. This means, the 2012 season with its eleven Grand Prix had 22 races. Each race lasts for 30 minutes plus two laps. The two races on a weekend actually get combined to determine an overall winner. In case of a tie, the results of the second race as used to determine the winner. While this overall winner receives no extra WC points, they usually are awarded a special trophy. Race start times are set at 13:30 and 16:00.

Events typically consist of a qualifying competition, held in multiple stages on Saturdays of a race weekend while the two race events are typically held on Sundays. One exception to this rule is Easter weekends, when the races are held on Easter Monday. Race weekends can consist of additional motocross or quart support races as well, but the FIM stipulates that the World Championship races have priority. Riders have to be provided with at least one 30 minute free practice season, which will be timed. A race can consist of up to 30 starters and the qualifying modus is dependent on the number of entries. Up to 32 entries, it will be held in one group split into two sessions of 30 minutes each. Above 32 entries, the starter field will be sub-divided into two groups through ballot and the current standings. Each qualifying group can consist of up to 30 racers. Should there be more than 60 entries, a pre-qualifying has to be held. Of the riders in the two groups, the top-twelve directly qualify for the races. The remaining teams then go to a second-chance qualifying, in which the best six advance. The riders placed seventh and eighth remain in reserve should one of the qualified teams not be able to participate.

The FIM stipulates that all drivers must be of a minimum age of 18 while passengers have to be at least 16 years old to compete, but no older than 50. Riders older than 50 have to provide a certificate of medical fitness to be permitted to compete. The driver has the right to exchange his passenger under certain conditions.

Starting numbers for the season are awarded according to the previous seasons overall finishing position of the driver. Current or former World Champions have however the right to pick any number they wish, except the number one which is reserved for the current World Champion.

The competition is open for motor cycles with two-stroke engines from between 350 and 750cc and four-stroke engines of up to 1,000cc. Each team is permitted the use of two motorcycles with the possibility of changing machines between races.

The FIM does not permit radio communication between riders and their teams. Outside assistance during the race on the course is not permitted unless it is through race marshals in the interest of safety. Limited repairs in the designated repair zone during the race are permitted.

The first twenty teams of each race score competition points. The point system for the 2012 season is as follows:

| Place Points  1 25  2 22  3 20  4 18  5 16  6 15  7 14  8 13  9 12  10 11 | Place Points  11 10  12 9  13 8  14 7  15 6  16 5  17 4  18 3  19 2  20 1 |
| --- | --- |

## Prize money

In 2012 prize money was awarded to all rider scoring points, with €300 going to each race winner, €250 to the runners-up, gradually declining from there, with €50 going to all teams placed 12th to 20th. Additionally, every team qualified for the race plus the two reserve teams receive €500 in travel compensation.

## Retirements

At the end of the 2012 season a number of long-term competitors retired from the competition, the most successful of those being Belgian Joris Hendrickx, World Champion in 2009 and active since 2003, German Marko Happich, runners-up in 2004 and active since 1996, and Belgian passenger Sven Verbrugge, World Champion in 2005, 2006 and 2011 and active since 1993.

## Calendar

The official calendar for the 2012 season:

| **Date** | **Place** | **Race winners** | **GP winner** | **Source** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 April | Pernes-les-Fontaines | Joris Hendrickx / *Kaspars Liepiņš* | Joris Hendrickx / *Kaspars Liepiņš* | Result |
| | | Jan Hendrickx / *Tim Smeuninx* | | |
| 9 April | Oldebroek | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | Result |
| | | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | | |
| 20 May | Reutlingen | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Result |
| | | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | | |
| 10 June | Kramolín | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Result |
| | | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | | |
| 8 July | Genk | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | Result |
| | | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | | |
| 15 July | Lacapelle-Marival | Daniël Willemsen / *Kenny van Gaalen* | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Result |
| | | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | | |
| 29 July | Kiviõli | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | Result |
| | | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | | |
| 5 August | Kamensk | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | Result |
| | | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | | |
| 12 August | Ķegums | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Result |
| | | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | | |
| 26 August | Roggenburg | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | Result |
| | | Daniël Willemsen / *Lauris Daiders* | | |
| 16 September | Rudersberg | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | Result |
| | | Etienne Bax / *Kaspars Stupelis* | | |
| 23 September | Oss | Netherlands | | |

* The *Sidecarcross des Nations* is a non-championship event but part of the calendar and is denoted by a light blue background in the table above.
* Flags for passengers not shown.

## Classification

### Riders

The top ten teams in the final overall standings were:

* Willemsen used Haralds Kurpnieks as his passenger in the first Grand Prix of the season, Kenny van Gaalen in the following five Grand Prix and Lauris Daiders in the remaining. Kurpnieks suffered a broken wrist in the opening GP while van Gaalen injured his knee in the second French GP, both being sidelined for lengthy periods of time.

### Manufacturers

Parallel to the riders championship, a manufacturers competition was also held. In every race, only the best-placed rider of every make was awarded points in this competition.

The final standings in the manufacturers competition were:

| **Position** | **Manufacturer** | **Points** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | WSP | **544** |
| **2** | VMC | **444** |
| **3** | WHT | **340** |
| **4** | KTM | **15** |
| **5** | Husaberg | **5** |
| **6** | BSU | **0** |

## InfoBox

2012 Sidecarcross World Championship
| Season | |
| --- | --- |
| Grands Prix | 11 |
| Duration | 1 April 2012–16 September 2012 |
| Drivers | |
| Champions | Daniël Willemsen   Kenny van Gaalen |
| Sidecarcross des Nations | Netherlands |
|  | |


abstract: The 1969–70 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1969–70 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The Huskies completed the season with a 14–9 overall record. The Huskies were members of the Yankee Conference, where they ended the season with an 8–2 record. They were the Yankee Conference Regular Season Champions. The Huskies played their home games at Hugh S. Greer Field House in Storrs, Connecticut, and were led by first-year head coach Dee Rowe.

text:
# 1969–70 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team

1969–70 Yankee Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Massachusetts | 8 |  | 2 |  | .800 |  |  | 18 |  | 7 |  | .720 |
| Connecticut | 8 |  | 2 |  | .800 |  |  | 14 |  | 9 |  | .609 |
| Rhode Island | 7 |  | 3 |  | .700 |  |  | 16 |  | 10 |  | .615 |
| New Hampshire | 3 |  | 7 |  | .300 |  |  | 12 |  | 11 |  | .522 |
| Vermont | 3 |  | 7 |  | .300 |  |  | 8 |  | 16 |  | .333 |
| Maine | 1 |  | 9 |  | .100 |  |  | 7 |  | 17 |  | .292 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1969–70 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team** represented the University of Connecticut in the 1969–70 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The Huskies completed the season with a 14–9 overall record. The Huskies were members of the Yankee Conference, where they ended the season with an 8–2 record. They were the Yankee Conference Regular Season Champions. The Huskies played their home games at Hugh S. Greer Field House in Storrs, Connecticut, and were led by first-year head coach Dee Rowe.

## Schedule

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 12/3/1969*
 |  | Fairfield | **W** 65–64 | 1–0
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 12/6/1969*
 |  | Yale | **W** 91–77 | 2–0
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 12/10/1969
 |  | New Hampshire | **W** 81–61 | 3–0 (1–0)
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 12/13/1969*
 |  | Boston College | **W** 77–72 | 4–0
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 12/16/1969
 |  | at Massachusetts | **W** 88–71 | 5–0 (2–0)
 | Curry Hicks Cage
Amherst, MA |
| 12/20/1969*
 |  | at Holy Cross | **L** 104–122 | 5–1
 |
Worcester, MA |
| 12/23/1969*
 |  | Manhattan | **L** 62–75 | 5–2
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 12/27/1969*
 |  | vs. Villanova
*Quaker City Tournament* | **L** 71–89 | 5–3
 | Spectrum
Philadelphia, PA |
| 12/29/1969*
 |  | vs. Wake Forest
*Quaker City Tournament* | **L** 77–103 | 5–4
 | Spectrum
Philadelphia, PA |
| 1/5/1970
 |  | at Maine | **W** 83–75 | 6–4 (3–0)
 | Memorial Gymnasium
Orono, ME |
| 1/10/1970
 |  | at Rhode Island | **W** 77–74 OT | 7–4 (4–0)
 | Keaney Gymnasium
Kingston, RI |
| 1/22/1970
 |  | at Vermont | **W** 85–75 | 8–4 (5–0)
 | Patrick Gym
Burlington, VT |
| 1/24/1970*
 |  | at Dartmouth | **L** 83–88 | 8–5
 | Alumni Gymnasium
Hanover, NH |
| 1/26/1970*
 |  | at Boston University | **W** 90–81 OT | 9–5
 |
Boston, MA |
| 1/31/1970
 |  | Vermont | **L** 63–69 | 9–6 (5–1)
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 2/3/1970*
 |  | at Fordham | **W** 66–64 | 10–6
 | Rose Hill Gymnasium
New York, NY |
| 2/7/1970
 |  | Maine | **W** 99–74 | 11–6 (6–1)
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 2/11/1970*
 |  | at Syracuse
*Rivalry* | **L** 80–101 | 11–7
 | Manley Field House
Syracuse, NY |
| 2/14/1970
 |  | Massachusetts | **L** 65–71 | 11–8 (6–2)
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 2/18/1970
 |  | at New Hampshire | **W** 80–69 | 12–8 (7–2)
 | Lundholm Gym
Durham, NH |
| 2/21/1970*
 |  | Colgate | **W** 96–82 | 13–8
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| 2/24/1970*
 |  | at Rutgers | **L** 84–90 OT | 13–9
 | College Avenue Gymnasium
New Brunswick, NJ |
| 2/28/1970
 |  | Rhode Island | **W** 35–32 | 14–9 (8–2)
 | Hugh S. Greer Field House
Storrs, CT |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

**Schedule Source:**

## InfoBox

| 1969–70 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Yankee Conference Regular Season Champions | |
| Conference | Yankee Conference |
| Record | 14–9 (8–2 YC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coaches | * Fred Barakat * Dick Stewart |
| Home arena | Hugh S. Greer Field House |
|


title: Atraulia Assembly constituency

abstract: Atraulia is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the town of Atrauliya in the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Atraulia is one of five assembly constituencies in the Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 343 amongst 403 constituencies.

text:
# Atraulia Assembly constituency

**Atraulia** is a constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly covering the town of Atrauliya in the Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Atraulia is one of five assembly constituencies in the Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 343 amongst 403 constituencies.

## Members of Legislative Assembly

| # | Term | Member of Legislative Assembly | Party | From | To | Days | Comment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | 2nd Vidhan Sabha | Padmakar | Praja Socialist Party | April 1957 | March 1962 | 1,800 |  |
| 02 | 3rd Vidhan Sabha | Brij Bihari | Indian National Congress | March 1962 | March 1967 | 1,828 |  |
| 03 | 4th Vidhan Sabha | Markande | Samyukta Socialist Party | March 1967 | April 1968 | 402 |  |
| 04 | 5th Vidhan Sabha | Jang Bahadur Singh | Indian National Congress | February 1969 | March 1974 | 1,832 |  |
| 05 | 6th Vidhan Sabha | | | March 1974 | April 1977 | 1,153 |  |
| 06 | 7th Vidhan Sabha | Durg Vijai Singh | | June 1977 | February 1980 | 969 |  |
| 07 | 8th Vidhan Sabha | Shambhu Nath | Indian National Congress (Indira) | June 1980 | March 1985 | 1,735 |  |
| 08 | 9th Vidhan Sabha | Balram Yadav | Lokdal | March 1985 | November 1989 | 1,725 |  |
| 09 | 10th Vidhan Sabha | | Janata Dal | December 1989 | April 1991 | 488 |  |
| 10 | 11th Vidhan Sabha | | Janata Party | June 1991 | December 1992 | 533 |  |
| 11 | 12th Vidhan Sabha | | Samajwadi Party | December 1993 | October 1995 | 693 |  |
| 12 | 13th Vidhan Sabha | Vibhuti Prasad Nishad | Bahujan Samaj Party | October 1996 | March 2002 | 1,967 |  |
| 13 | 14th Vidhan Sabha | Balram Yadav | Samajwadi Party | February 2002 | May 2007 | 1,902 |  |
| 14 | 15th Vidhan Sabha | Surendra Prasad Mishra | Bahujan Samaj Party | May 2007 | March 2012 | 1,736 |  |
| 15 | 16th Vidhan Sabha | Sangram Yadav | Samajwadi Party | March 2012 | March 2017 | 1,829 |  |
| 16 | 17th Vidhan Sabha | | | March 2017 | March 2022 | 1,819 |  |
| 17 | 18th Vidhan Sabha | | | March 2022 | *Incumbent* | 929 |  |

## Election results

### 2022

2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Atraulia
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **SP** | **Sangram Singh Yadav** | **91,502** | **39.55%** |  |
|  | NISHAD | Prashant Singh | 74,255 | 32.10% |  |
|  | BSP | Saroj Kumar Pandey | 51,293 | 22.17% |  |
|  | VIP | Saurabh Nishad | 3,693 | 1.60% |  |
|  | INC | Ramesh Chandra Dubey | 2,212 | 0.96% |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,402 | 0.61% |  |
|  |  | Rest of the candidates | ~7,000 | 3.00 |  |
| Majority | | | 17,247 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | SP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2017

Samajwadi Party candidate Sangram Yadav won in last Assembly election of 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections defeating Bharatiya Janta Party candidate Kanhaiya Lal Nishad by a margin of 2,467 votes.

26°20′N 82°57′E / 26.33°N 82.95°E / 26.33; 82.95

## InfoBox

| Atrauliya | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 343 for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Azamgarh |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Sangram Yadav** | |
| Party | Samajwadi Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: European Ultramarathon Cup

abstract: The European Ultramarathon Cup, also known as the Europacup Ultramarathon (ECU), was an annual cup event covering some of the biggest Ultramarathon races in Europe from 1992 until 2019.

text:
# European Ultramarathon Cup

The **European Ultramarathon Cup**, also known as the **Europacup Ultramarathon (ECU)**, was an annual cup event covering some of the biggest Ultramarathon races in Europe from 1992 until 2019.

## History

The European Ultramarathon Cup began after the fall of the Berlin Wall before that year's Rennsteiglauf, at the time the biggest sporting event in East Germany. Representatives from the Rennsteiglauf, the Biel running days, and the Swabian Alb Marathon met to organize the first series. It was expanded to an annual series with a yearly award ceremony in 2002.

## League

For a league score, for each runner the three best races during a calendar year were scored. The weighting factor was calculated based on the best finishing times during the previous year and is normalized on the finishing time of the 100 km Del Passatore. The runners were ranked based on their average score.

## League races

*(2019)*

| Month | Country | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| March | France | Trail du Petit Ballon | Rouffach, 52 km, 2300 m climb |
| May | Austria | Bizau Ultratrail | Bizau, 50 km, 2900 Hm |
| May | Belgium | Le Grand Trail | Bütgenbach, 105/60 km, 2800/1620 Hm |
| May | Italy | 100 km del Passatore | Florence, 100 km |
| July | Italy | Schlern Rosengarten Skymarathon | Tiers, 45 km, 2980 m climb |
| August | Germany | Monschau Ultramarathon | Monschau, 56 km, 950 m climb |
| September | Slovenia | Celje-Logarska Dolina | Celje, 75 km |
| October | Germany | Albmarathon | Schwäbisch Gmünd 50 km, 1100 m climb |

## Previous league races


title: Emperor Kōgen

abstract: Emperor Kōgen, also known as Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru no Mikoto (大倭根子日子国玖琉命) was the eighth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōgen is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōgen's reign allegedly began in 214 BC, he had one wife and two consorts whom he fathered six children with. After his death in 158 BC, one of his sons supposedly became Emperor Kaika.

text:
# Emperor Kōgen

**Emperor Kōgen** (孝元天皇, *Kōgen-tennō*), also known as **Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru no Mikoto** (大倭根子日子国玖琉命) was the eighth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōgen is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the *Kojiki* other than his name and genealogy. Kōgen's reign allegedly began in 214 BC, he had one wife and two consorts whom he fathered six children with. After his death in 158 BC, one of his sons supposedly became Emperor Kaika.

## Legendary narrative

In the *Kojiki* and *Nihon Shoki*, only Kōgen's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial *misasagi* or tomb for Kōgen is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kōgen was born sometime in 273 BC, and is recorded as being the eldest son of Emperor Kōrei. His empress mother was named "*Kuwashi-hime*", who was the daughter of Shiki no Agatanushi Oome. Before he was enthroned sometime in 214 BC, his pre-ascension name was *Prince Ō-yamato-neko-hiko-kuni-kuru no Mikoto*. The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of *Sakaihara-no-miya* (軽之堺原宮, and in the *Nihon Shoki* as 軽境原宮) at Karu in what would come to be known as Yamato Province. Emperor Kōgen had a chief wife (empress) named *Utsushikome*, along with two consorts. His first son was named Prince Ōhiko, and according to the Nihon Shoki was the direct ancestor of the Abe clan. One of Kōgen's other sons, Prince *Hikofutsuoshinomakoto*, was also the grandfather of the legendary Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune. Emperor Kōgen reigned until his death in 158 BC; his second son was then enthroned as the next emperor.

## Known information

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study. Kōgen is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the seventh of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them. The name Kōgen*-tennō* was assigned to him posthumously by later generations. His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōgen, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the *Kojiki*. While the actual site of Kōgen's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (*misasagi*) in Kashihara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōgen's mausoleum, and its formal name is *Tsurugi no ike no shima no e no misasagi*.

The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan. Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei (c.509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates. The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu between 737 and 806 AD.

## Consorts and children

* Empress: Utsushikome (欝色謎命, d.157 BC), Oyakuchisukune's daughter
* Consort: Ikagashikome (伊香色謎命), Ōhesoki's daughter
* Consort: Haniyasu-hime (埴安媛), Kawachi-no-Aotamakake's daughter
    + Prince Takehaniyasuhiko ((武埴安彦命, d.88 BC)

## Family tree

|  |
| --- |
| Nunakawahime    Ōkuninushi
(Ōnamuchi)   Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto                      Kotoshironushi      Tamakushi-hime   Takeminakata   Susa Clan               1 **Jimmu**  1Himetataraisuzu-hime           Kamo no Okimi  Mirahime             2 **Suizei**   2Isuzuyori-hime  Kamuyaimimi                         3 **Annei**     Ō clan  Aso clan   3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime  Kamo clan           Takakuraji       Miwa clan           4 **Itoku**     Ikisomimi no mikoto  Ame no Murakumo                    4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto  Amaoshio no mikoto                    5 **Emperor Kōshō**         5Yosotarashi-hime     Okitsu Yoso             6 **Emperor Kōan**     Prince Ameoshitarashi         Owari clan             6Oshihime  Wani clan                     7 **Emperor Kōrei**      7Kuwashi-hime                         8 **Emperor Kōgen**  8Utsushikome Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso  Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto  Wakatakehiko                 9Ikagashikome                                    Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto   9 **Emperor Kaika**     Prince Ohiko      Kibi clan                 Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto  10 **Emperor Sujin**     10Mimaki-hime  Abe clan                     Takenouchi no Sukune   11 **Emperor Suinin**  11Saho-hime   12Hibasu-hime    Yasaka Iribiko      Toyosukiiri-hime     Nunaki-iri-hime   Yamatohime-no-mikoto                         Katsuragi clan   13**Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume**   12 **Emperor Keiko**        14**Yasakairi-hime**                 Otoyo no mikoto                        Futaji Irihime  Yamato Takeru  Miyazu-hime  Takeinadane  Ioki Iribiko 13Emperor Seimu               14Emperor Chūai  15Empress Jingū        Homuda
Mawaka                  15Emperor Ōjin         16Nakatsuhime                  16Emperor Nintoku |

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## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Emperor Kōgen
孝元天皇 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Emperor of Japan | |
| Reign | 214 BC – 158 BC (traditional) |
| Predecessor | Kōrei |
| Successor | Kaika |
|  | |
| Born | 273 BC |
| Died | 158 BC (aged 115) |
| Burial | **Tsurugi no ike no shima no e no misasagi** (劔池嶋上陵) (Kashihara) |
| Spouse | Utsushikome-no-Mikoto |
| Issue
*among others...* | Emperor Kaika |
| Posthumous name  Chinese-style *shigō*:
Emperor Kōgen (孝元天皇)

Japanese-style *shigō*:
Ō-yamato-nekohikokuni-kuru no Sumeramikoto (大日本根子彦国牽天皇) | |
| House | Imperial House of Japan |
| Father | Emperor Kōrei |
| Mother | Kuwashi-hime |
| Religion | Shinto |


title: Foley catheter

abstract: In urology, a Foley catheter is one of many types of urinary catheters (UC). The Foley UC was named after Frederic Foley, who produced the original design in 1929. Foleys are indwelling UC, often referred to as an IDCs. This differs from in/out catheters. The UC is a flexible tube if it is indwelling and stays put, or rigid if it is in/out, that a clinician, or the client themselves, often in the case of in/out UC, passes it through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine. Foley and similar brand catheters usually have two separated channels, or lumina, running down its length. One lumen, opens at both ends, drains urine into a collection bag. The other has a valve on the outside end and connects to a balloon at the inside tip. The balloon is inflated with sterile water or saline while inside the bladder to prevent it from slipping out. Manufacturers usually produce Foley catheters using silicone or coated natural latex. Coatings include polytetrafluoroethylene, hydrogel, or a silicone elastomer – the different properties of these surface coatings determine whether the catheter is suitable for 28-day or 3-month indwelling duration. A third type of UC has three lumens for using for bladder washouts post prostate surgery: one lumen is for urine flow out, one lumen is for saline flow in, and the third is for the balloon to be inflated. Indwelling catheters/IDCs should be used only when indicated, as use increases the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and other adverse effects. While female sex is generally recognised as a risk factor for UTIs, the differences in biological sex are reduced while carrying catheters.

text:
# Foley catheter

In urology, a **Foley catheter** is one of many types of urinary catheters (UC). The Foley UC was named after Frederic Foley, who produced the original design in 1929. Foleys are indwelling UC, often referred to as an IDCs (sometimes IDUCs). This differs from in/out catheters (with only a single tube and no valves, designed to go into the bladder, drain it, and come straight back out). The UC is a flexible tube if it is indwelling and stays put, or rigid (glass (very rarely) or rigid plastic(usually)) if it is in/out, that a clinician, or the client themselves, often in the case of in/out UC, passes it through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine.

Foley and similar brand catheters usually have two separated channels, or *lumina* (or *lumen*), running down its length. One lumen, opens at both ends, drains urine into a collection bag. The other has a valve on the outside end and connects to a balloon at the inside tip. The balloon is inflated with sterile water or saline while inside the bladder to prevent it from slipping out. Manufacturers usually produce Foley catheters using silicone or coated natural latex. Coatings include polytetrafluoroethylene, hydrogel, or a silicone elastomer – the different properties of these surface coatings determine whether the catheter is suitable for 28-day or 3-month indwelling duration. A third type of UC has three lumens for using for bladder washouts post prostate surgery: one lumen is for urine flow out, one lumen is for saline flow in (bladder washouts solution), and the third is for the balloon to be inflated.

Indwelling catheters/IDCs should be used only when indicated, as use increases the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and other adverse effects. While female sex is generally recognised as a risk factor for UTIs, the differences in biological sex are reduced while carrying catheters.

## History

The name comes from the designer, Frederic Foley, a surgeon who worked in Boston, Massachusetts in the 1930s. His original design was adopted by C. R. Bard, Inc. of Murray Hill, New Jersey, who manufactured the first prototypes and named them in honor of the surgeon. There are now multiple companies worldwide who produced IDCs and in/out catheters, that are made of a range of materials, such is silicone, plastic, latex (although due to the rise in latex allergies, medical equipment made of latex is becoming less common). There are even still glass in/out catheters in use today (although very rare) as many older people who have been self catheterising for a very long time prefer them to the plastic ones, as there's no wastage. Currently in most countries the plastic in/out catheters have to be discarded after use. There is a study currently under way called "Single use versus reusable catheters in intermittent catheterisation for treatment of urinary retention: a protocol for a multicentre, prospective, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial".

## Types

Indwelling urinary catheters come in several types:

* *Coudé* (French for elbowed) catheters have a 45° bend at the tip that facilitates easier passage through an enlarged prostate.
* *Councill tip* catheters have a small hole at the tip so they can be passed over a wire.
* *Three-way*, or *triple lumen* catheters have a third channel used to infuse sterile saline or another irrigating solution. These are used primarily after surgery on the bladder or prostate, to wash away blood and blood clots.
* In/out catheters that are almost always made of a semi rigid plastic. The in/out catheters are simply a double open ended tube, with no valves. The average female would use a 10Fr to a 12Fr and the average male would use a 12Fr to 14Fr.

## Sizes

The relative size of an indwelling urinary catheter is described using French units (Fr). Alternatively, the size of a 10 Fr catheter might be expressed as 10 Ch (Charriere units – named after a 19th century French scientific instrument maker, Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière). The most common sizes are 10 Fr to 28 Fr. 1 Fr is equivalent to 0.33 mm = .013" = 1/77" of diameter. Foley catheters are usually color coded by size with a solid color band at the external end of the balloon inflation tube, allowing for easy identification of the size. Note: Colors for French sizes 5, 6, 8, 10 may vary significantly if intended for pediatric patients. Color for French size 26 may also be pink instead of black.

| Color | | French units | mm |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Yellow-green | 6 | 2.0 |
|  | Cornflower Blue | 8 | 2.7 |
|  | Black | 10 | 3.3 |
|  | White | 12 | 4.0 |
|  | Green | 14 | 4.7 |
|  | Orange | 16 | 5.3 |
|  | Red | 18 | 6.0 |
|  | Yellow | 20 | 6.7 |
|  | Purple | 22 | 7.3 |
|  | Blue | 24 | 8.0 |
|  | Black | 26 | 8.7 |

## Medical uses

### Urinary tract

Indwelling urinary catheters are most commonly used to assist people who cannot urinate on their own. Indications for using a catheter include providing relief when there is urinary retention, monitoring urine output for critically ill persons, managing urination during surgery, and providing end-of-life care.

Foley catheters are used during the following situations:

* On patients who are anesthesized or sedated for surgery or other medical care
* On comatose patients
* On some incontinent patients
* On patients whose prostate is enlarged to the point that urine flow from the bladder is cut off
* On patients with acute urinary retention
* On patients who are unable due to paralysis or physical injury to use either standard toilet facilities or urinals
* Following urethral surgeries
* Following ureterectomy
* On patients with kidney disease whose urine output must be constantly and accurately measured
* Before and after cesarean section
* Before and after hysterectomy
* On patients who have had genital injury
* On anorexic patients who are unable to use standard toilets due to physical weakness and whose urine output must be constantly measured
* On patients with fibromyalgia who cannot control their bladder
* On patients who have severe skin impairment and/or breakdown

### Cervical

A Foley catheter can also be used to ripen the cervix during induction of labor. When used for this purpose, the procedure is called *extra-amniotic saline infusion*. In this procedure, the balloon is inserted behind the cervical wall and inflated, for example with 30-80 mL of saline. The remaining length of the catheter is pulled slightly taut and taped to the inside of the leg. The inflated balloon applies pressure to the cervix as the baby's head would prior to labor, causing it to dilate. As the cervix dilates over time, the catheter is readjusted to again be slightly taut and retaped to maintain pressure. When the cervix has dilated sufficiently, the catheter drops out.

### Other

They are also used in cases of severe epistaxis (nosebleed) to block blood from freely flowing down the nasal passage into the mouth. Foley catheters are also used in abdominal surgery.

## Contraindications

Indwelling urinary catheters should not be used to monitor stable people who are able to urinate or for the convenience of the patient or hospital staff. Urethral trauma is the only absolute contraindication to the placement of a urinary catheter. Examination findings such as blood at the urethral meatus, or a high riding prostate necessitate a retrograde urethrogram prior to insertion.

In the United States, catheter-associated urinary tract infection is the most common type of hospital-acquired infection. While UTIs are generally more common among females, the risk factor associated to anatomy is reduced while carrying catheters, some studies even showing no significant differences between the sex. Indwelling catheters should be avoided when there are alternatives, and when patients and caregivers discuss alternatives to indwelling urinary catheters with their physicians and nurses then sometimes an alternative may be found. Physicians can reduce their use of indwelling urinary catheters when they follow evidence-based guidelines for usage, such as those published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

## Adverse effects

Catheterized bladders become colonized by microorganisms very quickly, with a daily incidence of 3-10%; after four days, between 10-30% of patients develop bacteriuria. Whilst the presence of a catheter does increase the incidence of bloodstream infections secondary to a urinary origin, there is a huge amount of unnecessary, and likely harmful, antimicrobial prescribing on the basis of detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The industry is moving to silver-coated catheters in an attempt to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections, although there is limited evidence of efficacy. An additional problem is that Foley catheters tend to become coated over time with a biofilm that can obstruct the drainage. This increases the amount of stagnant urine left in the bladder, which further contributes to urinary tract infections. When a Foley catheter becomes clogged, it must be flushed or replaced. There is currently not enough adequate evidence to conclude whether washouts are beneficial or harmful.

There are several risks in using a Foley catheter (or catheters generally), including:

* The balloon can break as the healthcare provider inserts the catheter. In this case, all balloon fragments must be removed.
* The balloon might not inflate after it is in place. In some institutions, the healthcare provider checks the balloon inflation before inserting the catheter into the urethra. If the balloon still does not inflate after placement into the bladder, it is discarded and replaced.
* Urine stops flowing into the bag. The healthcare provider checks for correct positioning of the catheter and bag, or for obstruction of urine flow within the catheter tube.
* Urine flow is blocked. The Foley catheter must be discarded and replaced.
* The urethra begins to bleed. The healthcare provider monitors the bleeding.
* Catheterization introduces an infection into the bladder. The risk of bladder or urinary tract infection increases with the number of days the catheter is in place.
* If the balloon is opened before the Foley catheter is completely inserted into the bladder, bleeding, damage and even rupture of the urethra can occur. In some individuals, long-term permanent scarring and strictures of the urethra occur.
* Defective catheters may be supplied, which break in situ. The most common fractures occur near the distal end or at the balloon.
* Catheters can be pulled out by patients while the balloon is still inflated, leading to major complications or even death. This may occur when patients are mentally impaired (e.g. they have Alzheimer's) or are in a mentally altered state (e.g. they are coming out of surgery).

### Sources


title: Eriospermum dregei

abstract: Eriospermum dregei is a species of geophytic plant of the genus Eriospermum. This species has stellate hairs on its branching leaf enations, causing its leaves to appear woolly. The leaf of Eriospermum paradoxum has a similar appearance, but with finer enations. It is indigenous to rocky or clay areas, especially in red soils and Pentzia veld, in the Little Karoo, South Africa. It occurs from Montagu in the west, to Prince Albert in the north, and eastwards as far as Port Elizabeth.

text:
# Eriospermum dregei

***Eriospermum dregei*** is a species of geophytic plant of the genus *Eriospermum*.

This species has stellate hairs on its branching leaf enations, causing its leaves to appear woolly. The leaf of *Eriospermum paradoxum* has a similar appearance, but with finer enations.

It is indigenous to rocky or clay areas, especially in red soils and Pentzia veld, in the Little Karoo, South Africa. It occurs from Montagu in the west, to Prince Albert in the north, and eastwards as far as Port Elizabeth.

## InfoBox

| *Eriospermum dregei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Nolinoideae |
| Genus: | *Eriospermum* |
| Species: | ***E. dregei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eriospermum dregei***<br>Perry | |
|


# 1955 Michigan's 15th congressional district special election

On December 13, 1955, voters in Michigan's 15th congressional district elected Democrat John Dingell to the U.S. House of Representatives. His father, John Dingell Sr., was the incumbent and died September 19, 1955. The younger Dingell was the longest-serving representative and went on to elect twenty-nine full terms until he retired in 2014.

## Results

Unofficial returns
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **John Dingell** | **19,624** | **76.09%** |
|  | Republican | Thomas E. Brennan | 6,108 | 23.68% |
|  | Socialist Labor | Charles Schwartz | 58 | 0.002% |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | |
| Turnout | | |  | \<17% |

## Sources


title: 1994 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse

abstract: The 1994 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the thirteenth edition of the tournament and was held from 3 October until 9 October 1994. Sixth-seeded Magnus Larsson won the singles title.

text:
# 1994 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse

The **1994 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse** was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the thirteenth edition of the tournament and was held from 3 October until 9 October 1994. Sixth-seeded Magnus Larsson won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Magnus Larsson defeated  Jared Palmer, 6–1, 6–3

### Doubles

Menno Oosting /  Daniel Vacek defeated  Patrick McEnroe /  Jared Palmer, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 1994 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 3–9 October |
| Edition | 13th |
| Category | World Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $375,000 |
| Surface | Hard / indoor |
| Location | Toulouse, France |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Magnus Larsson | |
| Doubles | |
| Menno Oosting /  Daniel Vacek | |
|  | |