abstract: The 2008 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. New Jersey was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 15.53% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. No fundraising money was spent by either campaign, as the state has trended towards the Democratic Party in recent years. A highly affluent and predominantly urban state with an ethnically diverse population, New Jersey has become a reliably blue state, and this was evident again when Democrat Barack Obama comfortably won the state's 15 electoral votes with 57.14% of the vote. New Jersey weighed in for this election as 8.3% more Democratic than the national average.

text:
# 2008 United States presidential election in New Jersey

The **2008 United States presidential election in New Jersey** took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

New Jersey was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 15.53% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. No fundraising money was spent by either campaign, as the state has trended towards the Democratic Party in recent years. A highly affluent and predominantly urban state with an ethnically diverse population, New Jersey has become a reliably blue state, and this was evident again when Democrat Barack Obama comfortably won the state's 15 electoral votes with 57.14% of the vote.

New Jersey weighed in for this election as 8.3% more Democratic than the national average.

## Primary elections

### Democratic primary

The Democratic primary took place February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. Hillary Clinton won this primary.

| **Key:** | *Withdrew*
prior to contest |
| --- | --- |

| 2008 New Jersey Democratic presidential primary | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | National delegates |
| **Hillary Clinton** | **613,500** | **53.76%** | **59** |
| Barack Obama | 501,372 | 43.93% | 48 |
| *John Edwards* | *15,728* | *1.38%* | *0* |
| *Joe Biden* | *4,081* | *0.36%* | *0* |
| *Bill Richardson* | *3,366* | *0.29%* | *0* |
| *Dennis Kucinich* | *3,152* | *0.28%* | *0* |
| **Totals** | **1,141,199** | **100.00%** | **107** |

### Republican primary

The Republican primary took place on February 5, 2008, with 52 national delegates who were allocated on a winner takes all basis.

**Official Results**
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Delegates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **John McCain** | **313,459** | **55.36%** | **52** |
| Mitt Romney | 160,388 | 28.33% | 0 |
| Mike Huckabee | 46,284 | 8.17% | 0 |
| Ron Paul | 27,184 | 4.06% | 0 |
| Rudy Giuliani* | 15,516 | 2.74% | 0 |
| Fred Thompson* | 3,253 | 0.57% | 0 |
| **Total** | **566,201** | **100%** | **52** |

* Candidate dropped out of the race before the primary

## Campaign

### Predictions

There were 16 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

| Source | Ranking |
| --- | --- |
| D.C. Political Report | Likely D |
| Cook Political Report | Solid D |
| The Takeaway | Solid D |
| Electoral-vote.com | Solid D |
| Washington Post | Solid D |
| Politico | Solid D |
| RealClearPolitics | Solid D |
| FiveThirtyEight | Solid D |
| CQ Politics | Solid D |
| The New York Times | Solid D |
| CNN | Safe D |
| NPR | Solid D |
| MSNBC | Solid D |
| Fox News | Likely D |
| Associated Press | Likely D |
| Rasmussen Reports | Safe D |

### Polling

Pre-election polling was tight early on. However, since October 12, Obama won each poll with a double-digit margin of victory and with at least 52%. McCain didn't reach over 42% in that stretch. The final 3 polls found Obama leading with 55% to 39%.

### Fundraising

John McCain raised a total of $4,761,251 in the state. Barack Obama raised $13,624,081.

### Advertising and visits

Neither candidate spent anything here. The Republican ticket visited the state twice. Obama visited the state once.

## Analysis

New Jersey was once one of the most reliably Republican states in the Northeast. From 1948 to 1988, it voted Republican in all but two elections: John F. Kennedy in his narrow victory over Richard Nixon in 1960, and Lyndon Johnson's 44-state landslide of 1964. However, the brand of Republicanism practiced in New Jersey has historically been a moderate one. As the national party tilted more to the right, the state's voters became more friendly to Democrats. The state narrowly went for Bill Clinton in 1992 and has voted Democratic in every election since then. In all but one election since 1996, the Democrats have carried it by double digits. While Republicans remain competitive at the state and local level, at the presidential level New Jersey is now reckoned as part of the solid bloc of blue states in the Northeast.

Democrats have several structural advantages in New Jersey during presidential elections. The northeastern portion, including Newark, Jersey City, Elizabeth and Paterson, contains more than half the state's population and is heavily Democratic. The southwestern portion, including Camden, Cherry Hill, and Atlantic City is also heavily Democratic. These regions have a total of over 2,000,000 voters between them, making it extremely difficult for a Republican to carry the state. For instance, in 2004 George W. Bush held John Kerry to only a 7-point margin of victory, but was completely shut out in the northeast and southwest. Additionally, the state is split almost down the middle between the largest and fourth-largest markets in the country, New York City and Philadelphia. As a result, statewide races often feature some of the most expensive advertising budgets in the country.

Unlike in 2004, New Jersey was called for Obama almost as soon as the polls closed. Obama dominated the urban areas of the state, winning Essex County by over 50%, Hudson County by 47%, Camden and Mercer counties by 35%. Obama also won Somerset County, which had voted Republican in every election from 1968 to 2004. Most of the southern portion of the state voted Democratic. McCain won most of Northwestern New Jersey, winning in Republican strongholds like Morris County and Sussex County (which McCain won by 21%). McCain also won most of the Jersey Shore counties.

At the same time, incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg was reelected over Republican Dick Zimmer by a 14.08% margin of victory. Lautenberg received 56.03% of the total vote while Zimmer took in 41.95%. Democrats also picked up a vacant U.S. House seat in New Jersey's 3rd congressional district that was previously held by a Republican; Democrat John Adler defeated Republican Chris Myers by a 3.30% margin of victory. Adler received 51.65% of the vote while Myers took in 48.35%.

## Results

| 2008 United States presidential election in New Jersey | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Running mate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Democratic** | **Barack Obama** | **Joe Biden** | **2,215,422** | **57.14%** | **15** |
|  | Republican | John McCain | Sarah Palin | 1,613,207 | 41.61% | 0 |
|  | Independent | Ralph Nader | Matt Gonzalez | 21,298 | 0.55% | 0 |
|  | Libertarian | Bob Barr | Wayne Allyn Root | 8,441 | 0.22% | 0 |
|  | Write-ins | Write-ins | | 7,718 | 0.20% | 0 |
|  | Constitution | Chuck Baldwin | Darrell Castle | 3,956 | 0.10% | 0 |
|  | Green | Cynthia McKinney | Rosa Clemente | 3,636 | 0.09% | 0 |
|  | Socialist | Brian Moore | Stewart Alexander | 669 | 0.02% | 0 |
|  | Vote Here | Jeffrey Boss | Andrea Maria Boss | 639 | 0.02% | 0 |
|  | Socialist Workers | Róger Calero | Alyson Kennedy | 523 | 0.01% | 0 |
|  | Socialism and Liberation | Gloria La Riva | Eugene Puryear | 416 | 0.01% | 0 |
|
| **Totals** | | | | **3,877,323** | **100.00%** | **15** |
| Voter Turnout (Voting age/Registered) | | | | | 60%/73% |

### By county

| County | Barack Obama
Democratic | | John McCain
Republican | | Various candidates
Other parties | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Atlantic | 67,830 | 56.88% | 49,902 | 41.85% | 1,517 | 1.27% | 17,928 | 15.03% | 119,249 |
| Bergen | 225,367 | 54.19% | 186,118 | 44.75% | 4,424 | 1.06% | 39,249 | 9.44% | 415,909 |
| Burlington | 131,219 | 58.64% | 89,626 | 40.05% | 2,930 | 1.31% | 41,593 | 18.59% | 223,775 |
| Camden | 159,259 | 67.37% | 73,819 | 31.23% | 3,304 | 1.40% | 85,440 | 36.14% | 236,382 |
| Cape May | 22,893 | 44.90% | 27,288 | 53.52% | 802 | 1.58% | -4,395 | -8.62% | 50,983 |
| Cumberland | 34,919 | 60.00% | 22,360 | 38.42% | 915 | 1.58% | 12,559 | 21.58% | 58,194 |
| Essex | 240,306 | 75.91% | 74,063 | 23.40% | 2,181 | 0.69% | 166,243 | 52.51% | 316,550 |
| Gloucester | 77,267 | 55.21% | 60,315 | 43.10% | 2,364 | 1.69% | 16,952 | 12.11% | 139,946 |
| Hudson | 154,140 | 72.84% | 55,360 | 26.16% | 2,116 | 1.00% | 98,780 | 46.68% | 211,616 |
| Hunterdon | 29,776 | 42.53% | 39,092 | 55.83% | 1,147 | 1.64% | -9,316 | -13.30% | 70,015 |
| Mercer | 107,926 | 67.29% | 50,223 | 31.32% | 2,229 | 1.39% | 57,703 | 35.97% | 160,378 |
| Middlesex | 193,812 | 60.21% | 123,695 | 38.43% | 4,367 | 1.36% | 70,117 | 21.78% | 321,874 |
| Monmouth | 148,737 | 47.46% | 160,433 | 51.19% | 4,244 | 1.35% | -11,696 | -3.73% | 313,414 |
| Morris | 112,275 | 45.36% | 132,331 | 53.46% | 2,913 | 1.18% | -20,056 | -8.10% | 247,519 |
| Ocean | 110,189 | 40.07% | 160,677 | 58.43% | 4,111 | 1.50% | -50,488 | -18.36% | 274,977 |
| Passaic | 113,257 | 60.34% | 72,552 | 38.65% | 1,904 | 1.01% | 40,705 | 21.69% | 187,713 |
| Salem | 16,044 | 50.88% | 14,816 | 46.99% | 672 | 2.13% | 1,228 | 3.89% | 31,532 |
| Somerset | 79,321 | 52.38% | 70,085 | 46.28% | 2,024 | 1.34% | 9,236 | 6.10% | 151,430 |
| Sussex | 28,840 | 38.75% | 44,184 | 59.37% | 1,393 | 1.88% | -15,344 | -20.62% | 74,417 |
| Union | 141,417 | 63.58% | 78,768 | 35.41% | 2,241 | 1.01% | 62,649 | 28.17% | 222,426 |
| Warren | 20,628 | 42.01% | 27,500 | 56.00% | 980 | 1.99% | -6,872 | -13.99% | 49,108 |
| Totals | 2,215,422 | 57.14% | 1,613,207 | 41.61% | 48,778 | 1.26% | 602,215 | 15.53% | 3,877,407 |

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

### By congressional district

Barack Obama carried 10 of New Jersey's 13 congressional districts, including two that elected Republicans.

| District | Obama | McCain | Representative |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st | **65%** | 34% | Rob Andrews |
| 2nd | **54%** | 45% | Frank LoBiondo |
| 3rd | **52%** | 47% | Jim Saxton (110th Congress) |
| | | John Adler (111th Congress) |
| 4th | 46% | **52%** | Chris Smith |
| 5th | 45% | **54%** | Scott Garrett |
| 6th | **59%** | 39% | Frank Pallone Jr. |
| 7th | **51%** | 48% | Mike Ferguson (110th Congress) |
| | | Leonard Lance (111th Congress) |
| 8th | **63%** | 36% | Bill Pascrell |
| 9th | **61%** | 38% | Steve Rothman |
| 10th | **87%** | 13% | Donald M. Payne |
| 11th | 45% | **54%** | Rodney Frelinghuysen |
| 12th | **58%** | 41% | Rush Holt Jr. |
| 13th | **75%** | 24% | Albio Sires |

## Electors

Technically the voters of NJ cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. NJ is allocated 15 electors because it has 13 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 15 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 15 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 15 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden:

1. Jose Colon
2. William Fontanez
3. Gina Genovese
4. Wilma Grey
5. Kevin Halpern
6. Victor Herlinsky
7. Stacy Lubrecht
8. Salaheddin Mustafa
9. Peter Nichols
10. William W. Northgrave
11. Ken Saunders
12. Ginger Gold Schnitzer
13. Carl Styles
14. Shavonda Sumter
15. Stephen Weinstein

## InfoBox

2008 United States presidential election in New Jersey
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Barack Obama** John McCain   Party Democratic Republican  Home state Illinois Arizona  Running mate **Joe Biden** Sarah Palin  Electoral vote **15** 0  Popular vote **2,215,422** 1,613,207  Percentage **57.14%** 41.61% | |
| --- | |
| ---  **President before election**
George W. Bush
Republican **Elected President**
Barack Obama
Democratic | |


title: Ashland Community and Technical College

abstract: Ashland Community and Technical College (ACTC) is a public community college in Ashland, Kentucky. It is an open-admissions college and part of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System. It was founded in 1938 to allow students the opportunity to obtain associate degrees, certificates and diplomas as well as provide vocational and technical training. The courses offered range from Cosmetology, Culinary Arts, business, education, health-related courses, information technology and a range of industrial technology degrees among others.

text:
# Ashland Community and Technical College

**Ashland Community and Technical College** (**ACTC**) is a public community college in Ashland, Kentucky. It is an open-admissions college and part of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System. It was founded in 1938 to allow students the opportunity to obtain associate degrees, certificates and diplomas as well as provide vocational and technical training. The courses offered range from Cosmetology, Culinary Arts, business, education, health-related courses, information technology and a range of industrial technology degrees among others.

## History

In 1936, with the Ashland Independent School District's Board of Education and first term Governor Happy Chandler's support, Ashland Oil and Refining Company founder and CEO Paul G. Blazer and Ashland attorney John T. Diederich, a leading Republican figure in the state, lobbied for the expansion of Kentucky State tax legislation (KRS 165) for municipal colleges and the associated passage of Ashland's local school tax. With the legislative leadership of State Senator Dr. H. S. Swope of Ashland and State Representative Ira W. See of Louisa, the act was passed by the Kentucky General Assembly in December 1936. In November 1937, Ashland was the first and only municipality to take advantage of the expanded tax legislation to establish a junior college.

A holding company, known as the Ashland Junior College Corporation, formed by the board of education in 1937, purchased the First M.E. Church's vacated property on the corner of 15th Street and Central Avenue for $39,000 in downtown Ashland. The church had bought the property for $163,000 in 1925, before the Great Depression of 1929.

The Ashland Junior College was founded in 1938 to allow students the opportunity to obtain an associate degree or to complete their first two years of a bachelor's degree. During the same year, the Ashland Vocational School was created by the Ashland Independent School system, providing vocational and technical training.

Dr. Herbert C. Hazel was elected dean of the Ashland Junior College in June 1938. A rate of $3 per semester hour for tuition for part-time students was set that year. Classes began September 14, 1938.

Within a few months of opening, the library had 2,200 volumes and the college became a member of the Kentucky Association Colleges and Secondary Schools and the American Association of Junior Colleges. Paul and Georgia Blazer established the Ashland Junior College Loan Fund in 1938 and s second loan fund known as the Ashland Business Men's Association Loan Fund was also established that year. The number of students enrolled the first year totaled 194 with four graduates.

During the 1942-1943 year, the center had two publications, "The Portico", the college annual, and the "Pony Prints", the student newspaper published twice monthly. "Pony Prints" was preceded by the publication of "The Quest" during the first year.

Due to World War II, only eight students graduated from the college in 1944. That was the year, however, that the first summer session opened for registration. The new school paper, "The Beacon" noted that year that the college had 191 representatives in the armed forces. The influx of veterans following the war raised enrollment to new heights when an increase of 42 per cent enrollment was recorded in 1945. By 1946 the total number of students was 440; however enrollment figures soon leveled off. Library volumes on file that year totaled 6,132. In 1948 an amendment was added to the H.S. Swope Act raising the limits of tuition for the college from $100 to $200 per semester. Accordingly, the tuition was raised from $45 to $80 per semester.

The student council, composed of a president and three members from each class, was organized in 1953. In support of the United States Supreme Court's 1954 "Brown vs. Board of Education" ruling ending segregation in schools, integration of the college began in 1955 with the enrollment of several graduates of the Booker T Washington High School in Ashland.

In June 1957, representing the Ashland Independent School District's Board of Education, Paul Blazer and Ashland attorney Henderson Dysard, a University of Kentucky Law School graduate, presented a proposal to President Frank G. Dickey and the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees for the university to take over the day-to-day operations and curriculum of the Ashland \[municipal\] Junior College. The Ashland Center of the University of Kentucky became the second University of Kentucky extension center.

Details of the planned relationship were contained in the agreement signed by the Ashland Board of Education and the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees. By this agreement the university would provide a course of study and administration which would be comparable to that of the university at Lexington and for which the students would receive the same credit as the students in Lexington. The Ashland Board of Education was to provide the buildings, land, equipment and facilities. All other expenses, including teacher salaries were to be paid by the University of Kentucky.

The Northern Extension Center of the University of Kentucky had been founded in Covington in 1948. After Ashland, with the continued support of second term Governor Happy Chandler, President Dickey further expanded the program by developing University of Kentucky Extension Centers in Fort Knox (1958), Cumberland (1960), and Henderson (1960).

Authorized by the Kentucky General Assembly and signed by Governor Bert Combs on March 6, 1962, a mandate was placed upon the University of Kentucky to form a community college system. Two years later, the Board of Trustees implemented the legislation and established the Community College System, recharacterizing the centers in Northern Kentucky, Ashland, Fort Knox, Cumberland, Henderson and creating a new campus in Elizabethtown. The Ashland Center of the University of Kentucky was renamed the Ashland Community College.

In 1968, the UK Northern (Covington) Community College separated from the new system and became an autonomous four-year college under the name Northern Kentucky State College. Ashland became the oldest campus in the Kentucky Community College system.

In 1970, Ashland Community College relocated to the College Drive campus.

On July 1, 1997, the Ashland Technical College and the Ashland Community College began preparations to merge under the "Higher Education Act", passed during a special session of the state legislature which also created the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). In the following year, in January 1998, the community college network in the commonwealth left the University of Kentucky to move to the new Kentucky Community and Technical College System. Five years later, on July 1, 2003, the Ashland Community & Technical College merged, consolidating functions.

In 2001, ground was broken for a new campus for the Ashland Technical College in the EastPark Industrial Park along the Industrial Parkway, with funding allocated two years prior. The 43,000 sq ft (4,000 m2). campus, referred to as the 'Ashland Community and Technical College Technology Drive Campus, was dedicated on December 19, 2005, at a cost of $10.4 million, although it did not open until August 16, 2004. An additional $18 million in funding was provided in 2005 for phase two, which will include housing for Culinary Arts, recreation areas, a small bookstore and administrative offices, and for phase three, which will include housing for shop areas for diesel, carpentry, auto mechanics and applied process technologies.

On February 21, 2005, ACTC signed into agreement with Marshall University to provide less costly opportunities for students in obtaining bachelor degrees. The program, dubbed the "two-plus-two" agreement, would allow students to take lower-level courses at ACTC and the final two years at Marshall in Huntington, West Virginia. Although it was possible to receive a bachelor's degree in management from Marshall's Lewis College of Business, the agreement expanded the program to nine degrees in the business college.

Due to an aging facility, the Kentucky Community and Technical College System is currently requesting $20 million for the renovation of the College Drive campus, as well as an extra $5 million over the next two years when the Kentucky General Assembly meets in early 2008. The campus would receive a new roof, new electrical wiring, new heating and air conditioning units, improved security features, improvements to parking lots, new paint, a refurbished science lab and new equipment.

## Campus

Three campuses encompass the ACTC system, the primary campus located on College Drive near downtown Ashland near 13th Street and is where business, education, health-related, information technology and transfer programs are offered. The Roberts Drive campus, located at the southern edge of Ashland, offers several industrial technology degrees, such as air conditioning, applied process technologies, auto mechanics, computer aided drafting, and fire and rescue technology, as well as courses in cosmetology and culinary arts.

The Roberts Drive campus will ultimately be replaced with the Technology Drive campus, located off of KY 67 (Industrial Parkway) at the EastPark industrial park, which offers numerous industrial technology degrees that often reflect the job stock in the Ashland region that include programs in industrial maintenance, machine tool technology, electrical technology and welding. In addition to technical programs offered at the Technology Drive Campus, it also serves as the home for the college's Business and Industry Services.

## Academics

ACTC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) to offer certificates, diplomas and associate degrees. It also partners with area four-year colleges and universities, such as Marshall University, Shawnee State University and the University of Kentucky to offer "two-plus-two" programs that guarantees students that the courses completed at ACTC will transfer to their majors at a four-year school. There are five primary departments at ACTC: Department of Business Technology and Education, Health Sciences, Humanities, Manufacturing, Transportation, and Industrial Technologies, and Math & Natural Science. The departments offer a total of twenty-seven associate degree programs.

The college also offers numerous transfer programs. The *Center for Community, Workforce and Economic Development* offers partnerships with local businesses and industries for on-demand performance- and quality-based training. The college is also home to the *Ashland Area Innovation Center*, a business accelerator that aids in the development of knowledge-based industries in eastern Kentucky, and the *Entrepreneur Center*, a small business incubator that provides assistance for about two to three years to individuals or groups of individuals who have a desire to start a business. ACTC also offers a *Ready to Work*, and a similar *Work to Learn* program that assists low-income students and parents in northeastern Kentucky. The former provides paid work experience on and off campus, counseling and advising, job references and referrals, job readiness and life skills, while the latter provides basic adult education for those attempting to receive a GED.

### Libraries

The Ashland Community and Technical College provides two libraries. The Joseph and Sylvia Mansbach Library is located on the College Drive Campus, and is a research library and computer information center. It contains over 40,000 volumes, 1,000 videotapes and 380 periodical subscriptions, along with numerous online resources, and features a computer study area. The library also hosts numerous special collections, including materials relating to Jesse Stuart and Jean Thomas, and the Ashworth Collection for Learning Disabilities. The facility has also been a federal depository for over 60,000 government publications and information since 1990, which serves Kentucky's 4th congressional district.

It also offers a smaller library at the *Roberts Drive Campus*.

## Endowment

ACTC received a $150,000 gift from Ashland Inc. in December 2003 that created a permanently restricted endowment fund, the proceeds of which were distributed to ACTC and other KCTCS colleges to support math and science initiatives with a specific focus on high school and middle school students.

In 2004, the *Ashland Community and Technical College* established the *Fulfilling the Promise Campaign* to set an endowment goal of $3.2 million. The first major contribution was from Perry and Susan Madden in December 2006, who donated the former Parsons Department Store building in downtown Ashland. The 89,000 sq ft (8,300 m2). building, dating to 1926, currently houses the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center and the upper four-floors could be renovated for college classrooms and for a 500-seat convention center under a $10 million to $12 million program. The museum will continue to occupy the ground floor, mezzanine and basement.

On September 12, 2007, an anonymous gift of $1 million was made to the community college's foundation to establish an endowed chair in mathematics and sciences. The endowed fund was designed to "reward and encourage outstanding math and science faculty in perpetuity" and it was the first gift of over $1 million that the college had received. Recipients will receive an annual cash reward of 2% of the value of the endowment fund each year for a two-year period, with an additional award recipient added each year.

As a result of the gift of $1 million, total endowment credited during the campaign was $5.2 million. Other major gifts included funding of faculty and nursing classes at King's Daughters Medical Center, the Booth Foundation, Saul and Harriett Kaplan Foundation scholarships, Lincoln and Katherine and Scott scholarships and partial funding of evening nursing classes at Our Lady of Bellefonte Hospital. The campaign funded $333,000 in scholarships.

## Student life

ACTC has an active student population, with several organizations and associations spread across three campuses. The main campus hosts three organizations that include a Baptist Student Union, a student-led organization that offers fellowship and devotion, a Drama Club that is open for those with an interest in theater production, and Students in Free Enterprise, a nationwide student organization that promotes partnership with area businesses to develop projects which teach the principles of free enterprise and entrepreneurship. Several associations are located on the main campus and include the Kentucky Association of Nursing Students, a national pre-professional organization for students interested in nursing or enrolled in the nursing program, the Multicultural Student Association, a group that promotes cross-cultural and racial understanding, and Phi Theta Kappa, an international honor society for two-year colleges. Two inter-college organizations include Student Ambassadors, who serve as hosts or hostesses, tour guides and recruitment role models and Student Government, which provides a representative body of the student body.

The College Drive campus also contains a theater, which hosts numerous student-organized productions throughout the year.

## InfoBox

Ashland Community and Technical College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public community college |
| Established | 1938 |
| Parent institution | Kentucky Community and Technical College System |
| Academic affiliations | Space-grant |
| President | Dr. Larry Ferguson |
| Location | Ashland, Kentucky, United States
38°28′8.8″N 82°39′2.4″W / 38.469111°N 82.650667°W / 38.469111; -82.650667 |
| Colors | Navy  and Gold |
| Website | ashland.kctcs.edu |
|  | |


title: Battle of Arghandab (1987)

abstract: The Battle of Arghandab was an offensive launched by Afghan government forces, supported by Soviet troops, against mujahideen strongholds in the Arghandab District of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, in 1987. The operation ended in failure, and the government forces withdrew after suffering heavy losses.

text:
# Battle of Arghandab (1987)

The **Battle of Arghandab** was an offensive launched by Afghan government forces, supported by Soviet troops, against mujahideen strongholds in the Arghandab District of Kandahar Province, Afghanistan, in 1987. The operation ended in failure, and the government forces withdrew after suffering heavy losses.

## Prelude

During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Afghan mujahideen had important forces in the Kandahar area. These were affiliated with different parties and, while they cooperated with each other, they were unable to form a unified command. The principal commanders were Mullah Naqib of Jamiat-e Islami, Lala Malang of Hezb-e Islami Khalis and Abdul Latif of the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan. In early 1987, the mujahideen launched an attack in and around Kandahar. Diversionary raids targeted Soviet and WAD positions, but the main objective were the defensive outposts manned by pro-government militias defending the city. These were the Jowzjani Uzbek militia of Abdul Rashid Dostum, the Achakzai militia of Ismatullah Muslim, and a Baluch force under Meri Baluchis. The militias suffered heavily in the attack, causing the government to plan a retaliatory offensive against resistance strongholds in the Arghandab District.

## Battle

The Soviet–Afghan force that was organised for the circumstance was composed of 6,000 men drawn from the 15th Division and the 7th Tank Brigade, stationed near Kandahar, with reinforcements from the 14th and 17th Divisions, and from local militias and troops brought in from Kabul. The Soviets contributed the 70th Motorized Rifle Brigade and air units, but the bulk of the force was composed of Afghan forces, and the Soviet role was limited to support missions. The DRA Government sent its defense minister and interior minister to oversee the operation.

The terrain of Arghandab district presented several difficulties for an attacking force. Situated in a lush agricultural area along the Arghandab River, it is crossed by many deep irrigation ditches which limit and channelize the movement of armoured vehicles, as well as providing cover for the defenders.

The offensive began on May 22, supported by massive artillery and aviation strikes. After some aircraft were shot by mujahideen Stinger missiles, the Soviet helicopter gunships that had provided much of the air support were called off. The Afghan troops found themselves facing entrenched mujahideen, dug into camouflaged bunkers, and their morale suffered accordingly. The government troops often refused to attack, and large numbers defected to the resistance with their weapons. By the end of June, the offensive ended. The DRA losses were 500 killed and wounded, as well as 1200 defections. The mujahideen had 60 killed defending Chaharqulba, the stronghold of Mullah Naqib, and "many others" in other areas.

## Footnotes

* Urban, Mark (1990). *War in Afghanistan*. London: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-51477-7.
* Jalali, Ali Ahmad; Grau Lester (1989). *Afghan Guerrilla Warfare, in the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters*. MBI Publishing. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-7603-1322-9.
* Isby, David (1989). *War in a Distant Country, Afghanistan: Invasion and Resistance*. Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 0-85368-769-2.
* Cordovez, Diego; Harrison, Selig (1995). *Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506294-9.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Arghandab | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Soviet–Afghan War | |
|
Districts of Kandahar province | |
| Date May 22 – late June, 1987  Location Arghandab District, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan  Result Mujahideen victory
* Mujahideen successfully defend Chaharqulba * Soviet forces got pushed back | |
| Belligerents | |
| Afghanistan
Soviet Union |  |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Mohammed Rafie
Abdul Rashid Dostum
Ismatullah Muslim
Meri Baluchis | Mullah Naqib
Lala Malang (KIA)
Abdul Latif
Mohammad Akhund
Mazullah Akhund |
| Units involved | |
| 70th Motor Rifle Brigade
14th Division
15th Division
17th Division
7th Tank Brigade
Local militia | Unknown |
| Strength | |
| 6,000 | 3,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 500 casualties
1,200 deserted
Unknown number of aircraft destroyed | At least 60 killed |


title: Francis Lake (California)

abstract: Francis Lake is a small backcountry lake in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, to the west of Lake Tahoe in the Eldorado National Forest. There are no trails to this lake. This lake is very near Loon Lake.

text:
# Francis Lake (California)

**Francis Lake** is a small backcountry lake in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, to the west of Lake Tahoe in the Eldorado National Forest. There are no trails to this lake. This lake is very near Loon Lake.

## InfoBox

| Francis Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Francis LakeFrancis Lake | |
| Location | Eldorado National Forest, El Dorado County, California, US |
| Coordinates | 38°59′32″N 120°20′23″W / 38.99222°N 120.33972°W / 38.99222; -120.33972 |
| Primary outflows | Rocky Basin Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 200 yards (180 m) |
| Surface elevation | 6,273 feet (1,912 m) |


title: 2008 Millsaps Majors football team

abstract: The 2008 Millsaps Majors football team represented Millsaps College during the 2008 NCAA Division III football season. The Majors rolled through the regular season, going 10-0 and outscoring their opponents 442 to 132. The team avenged 2007's crushing loses at the hands of Mississippi College and Trinity, pummeling the Choctaws 42-6 in the eighth edition of the renewed Backyard Brawl and punishing the Tigers 56-27 in San Antonio. The Majors captured their third consecutive SCAC championship, winning outright to earn the program's third NCAA tournament berth, became the first team in the program's history to reach double digit wins and climbed to their highest ever national ranking, #3, before finishing the season 11-1 and ranked #12 nationally. Once again, DuBose was named the conference's "Coach of the Year" and senior quarterback Juan Joseph was the SCAC's "Offensive Player of the Year" for the third consecutive season. Sophomore wide receiver and return specialist Michael Galatas was named the conference's "Special Teams Player of the Year" and freshman running back Shane Bowser was the SCAC's co-"Newcomer of the Year." In all, 20 Majors were named to the All-SCAC first team, second team and honorable mention lists.

text:
# 2008 Millsaps Majors football team

2008 Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 12 Millsaps $^ |  | 7 |  | 0 |  |  |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  |
| DePauw |  | 5 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  |
| Trinity (TX) |  | 5 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 8 |  | 2 |  |
| Centre |  | 5 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  |
| Austin |  | 3 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  |
| Rhodes |  | 2 |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  |
| Sewanee |  | 1 |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  |
| Colorado College |  | 0 |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 9 |  |
| Birmingham–Southern \# |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  | 7 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * ^  NCAA Division III playoff participant * \# – Provisional Division III member; games not counted in standings Rankings from D3football.com | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2008 Millsaps Majors football team** represented Millsaps College during the 2008 NCAA Division III football season. The Majors rolled through the regular season, going 10-0 and outscoring their opponents 442 to 132. The team avenged 2007's crushing loses at the hands of Mississippi College and Trinity, pummeling the Choctaws 42-6 in the eighth edition of the renewed Backyard Brawl and punishing the Tigers 56-27 in San Antonio.

The Majors captured their third consecutive SCAC championship, winning outright to earn the program's third NCAA tournament berth, became the first team in the program's history to reach double digit wins and climbed to their highest ever national ranking, #3, before finishing the season 11-1 and ranked #12 nationally.

Once again, DuBose was named the conference's "Coach of the Year" and senior quarterback Juan Joseph was the SCAC's "Offensive Player of the Year" for the third consecutive season. Sophomore wide receiver and return specialist Michael Galatas was named the conference's "Special Teams Player of the Year" and freshman running back Shane Bowser was the SCAC's co-"Newcomer of the Year." In all, 20 Majors were named to the All-SCAC first team, second team and honorable mention lists.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 6 | 7:00 pm | No. 25 Mississippi College* |  |  | W 42–6 | 4,178 |
| September 13 | 7:00 pm | at Belhaven* | No. 24 | * H. T. Newell Field * Jackson, MS (Riverside Rumble) | W 34–14 | 2,150 |
| September 20 | 1:00 pm | Austin | No. 22 | * Harper Davis Field * Jackson, MS | W 41–7 | 1,012 |
| September 27 | 1:00 pm | at Rhodes | No. 19 |  | W 49–2 | 1,111 |
| October 4 | 1:00 pm | DePauw | No. 13 | * Harper Davis Field * Jackson, MS | W 55–13 | 955 |
| October 11 | 12:30 pm | at Centre | No. 12 |  | W 46–26 | 1,000 |
| October 18 | 1:00 pm | Sewanee | No. 12 | * Harper Davis Field * Jackson, MS | W 38–17 | 620 |
| November 1 | 1:30 pm | at No. 14 Trinity (TX) | No. 5 |  | W 56–27 | 3,213 |
| November 8 | 1:00 pm | Colorado College | No. 4 | * Harper Davis Field * Jackson, MS,, | W 50–6 | 2,731 |
| November 15 | 12:00 pm | at Birmingham–Southern* | No. 4 |  | W 31–14 | 1,696 |
| November 22 | 12:00 pm | LaGrange* | No. 3 |  | W 51–26 | 1,044 |
| November 29 | 12:00 pm | No. 19 Washington & Jefferson* | No. 3 | * Harper Davis Field * Jackson, MS (NCAA Division III Second Round) | L 20–35 | 857 |
|  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 2008 Millsaps Majors football | |
| --- | --- |
| SCAC champion | |
| NCAA Division III Second Round, L 20–35 vs. Washington & Jefferson | |
| Conference | Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference |
| Record | 11–1 (6–0 SCAC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Offensive coordinator | John David Caffey (1st season) |
| Defensive coordinator | Mike Dubose (4th season) |
| Home stadium | Harper Davis Field |
|


title: Aurora (Artemisia Gentileschi)

abstract: Aurora is a c.1625-1627 painting by the Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, depicting the Roman goddess of dawn. It is part of a private collection in Rome.

text:
# Aurora (Artemisia Gentileschi)

***Aurora*** is a c.1625-1627 painting by the Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, depicting the Roman goddess of dawn. It is part of a private collection in Rome.

## Subject matter

In Roman mythology, the goddess Aurora rises every morning to signal the arrival of the Sun by coloring the sky, which was used in the period as a metaphor for creativity and beauty. Her contemporary Pierre Dumonstier created a drawing of Artemisia's hand holding a brush which refers to the "hands of Aurora", praising both her beauty as well as her skill as a colorist.

## Provenance

The painting passed through the Arrighetti family before arriving on the art market in Florence in 1974. Bissell believes the patron was Niccolò Arrighetti, associate of Michelangelo Buonarroti, who had commissioned Gentileschi to paint *Allegory of Inclination* a decade earlier.

## Sources

* Bissell, R. Ward (1999). *Artemisia Gentileschi and the Authority of Art : Critical Reading and Catalogue Raisonné*. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271017877.
* Locker, Jesse (2015). *Artemisia Gentileschi : the Language of Painting*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300185119.

## InfoBox

| Aurora | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Artemisia Gentileschi |
| Year | c.1625-1627 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 218 cm × 146 cm (86 in × 57 in) |
| Location | Private collection, Rome |


title: 1972–73 Buffalo Sabres season

abstract: The 1972–73 Buffalo Sabres season was the Sabres' third season of operation in the National Hockey League. The team made it to the playoffs for the first time, but lost in the first round to Montreal, four games to two.

text:
# 1972–73 Buffalo Sabres season

The **1972–73 Buffalo Sabres season** was the Sabres' third season of operation in the National Hockey League. The team made it to the playoffs for the first time, but lost in the first round to Montreal, four games to two.

## Offseason

The Sabres added future Hall of Fame defenseman Tim Horton in the intra-league draft. In the Amateur Draft, the Sabres picked defenseman Jim Schoenfeld as their first-round pick, fifth over-all.

## Regular season

### Final standings

East Division
|  |  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | DIFF | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Montreal Canadiens | 78 | 52 | 10 | 16 | 329 | 184 | +145 | 120 |
| 2 | Boston Bruins | 78 | 51 | 22 | 5 | 330 | 235 | +95 | 107 |
| 3 | New York Rangers | 78 | 47 | 23 | 8 | 297 | 208 | +89 | 102 |
| 4 | Buffalo Sabres | 78 | 37 | 27 | 14 | 257 | 219 | +38 | 88 |
| 5 | Detroit Red Wings | 78 | 37 | 29 | 12 | 265 | 243 | +22 | 86 |
| 6 | Toronto Maple Leafs | 78 | 27 | 41 | 10 | 247 | 279 | −32 | 64 |
| 7 | Vancouver Canucks | 78 | 22 | 47 | 9 | 233 | 339 | −106 | 53 |
| 8 | New York Islanders | 78 | 12 | 60 | 6 | 170 | 347 | −177 | 30 |

### Record vs. opponents

## Schedule and results

| Regular season results | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| 1 | W | October 8, 1972 | 5–3 | Atlanta Flames (1972–73) | 1–0–0 |
| 2 | W | October 11, 1972 | 7–3 | Los Angeles Kings (1972–73) | 2–0–0 |
| 3 | T | October 14, 1972 | 1–1 | @ Atlanta Flames (1972–73) | 2–0–1 |
| 4 | W | October 15, 1972 | 3–2 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1972–73) | 3–0–1 |
| 5 | W | October 19, 1972 | 6–0 | Vancouver Canucks (1972–73) | 4–0–1 |
| 6 | T | October 21, 1972 | 1–1 | @ St. Louis Blues (1972–73) | 4–0–2 |
| 7 | W | October 22, 1972 | 7–2 | Atlanta Flames (1972–73) | 5–0–2 |
| 8 | T | October 25, 1972 | 2–2 | Boston Bruins (1972–73) | 5–0–3 |
| 9 | T | October 28, 1972 | 3–3 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1972–73) | 5–0–4 |
| 10 | W | October 29, 1972 | 2–1 | Minnesota North Stars (1972–73) | 6–0–4 |
| 11 | L | November 1, 1972 | 1–7 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1972–73) | 6–1–4 |
| 12 | L | November 4, 1972 | 3–5 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1972–73) | 6–2–4 |
| 13 | T | November 5, 1972 | 1–1 | St. Louis Blues (1972–73) | 6–2–5 |
| 14 | T | November 9, 1972 | 0–0 | California Golden Seals (1972–73) | 6–2–6 |
| 15 | L | November 11, 1972 | 1–3 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1972–73) | 6–3–6 |
| 16 | W | November 12, 1972 | 1–0 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1972–73) | 7–3–6 |
| 17 | T | November 15, 1972 | 3–3 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1972–73) | 7–3–7 |
| 18 | L | November 17, 1972 | 1–5 | @ California Golden Seals (1972–73) | 7–4–7 |
| 19 | L | November 19, 1972 | 5–9 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1972–73) | 7–5–7 |
| 20 | L | November 22, 1972 | 2–6 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1972–73) | 7–6–7 |
| 21 | W | November 23, 1972 | 5–3 | New York Rangers (1972–73) | 8–6–7 |
| 22 | W | November 26, 1972 | 9–2 | New York Islanders (1972–73) | 9–6–7 |
| 23 | W | November 28, 1972 | 7–2 | @ New York Islanders (1972–73) | 10–6–7 |
| 24 | L | November 30, 1972 | 4–5 | @ Boston Bruins (1972–73) | 10–7–7 |
| 25 | L | December 2, 1972 | 6–8 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1972–73) | 10–8–7 |
| 26 | W | December 3, 1972 | 7–4 | Minnesota North Stars (1972–73) | 11–8–7 |
| 27 | W | December 6, 1972 | 3–2 | @ New York Rangers (1972–73) | 12–8–7 |
| 28 | W | December 7, 1972 | 6–1 | Detroit Red Wings (1972–73) | 13–8–7 |
| 29 | W | December 10, 1972 | 4–2 | Montreal Canadiens (1972–73) | 14–8–7 |
| 30 | W | December 13, 1972 | 7–3 | Boston Bruins (1972–73) | 15–8–7 |
| 31 | W | December 16, 1972 | 4–3 | @ St. Louis Blues (1972–73) | 16–8–7 |
| 32 | W | December 17, 1972 | 4–0 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1972–73) | 17–8–7 |
| 33 | W | December 20, 1972 | 6–3 | Vancouver Canucks (1972–73) | 18–8–7 |
| 34 | L | December 22, 1972 | 2–4 | @ California Golden Seals (1972–73) | 18–9–7 |
| 35 | L | December 23, 1972 | 0–2 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1972–73) | 18–10–7 |
| 36 | W | December 27, 1972 | 4–1 | @ New York Rangers (1972–73) | 19–10–7 |
| 37 | W | December 28, 1972 | 8–2 | Chicago Black Hawks (1972–73) | 20–10–7 |
| 38 | L | December 31, 1972 | 2–4 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1972–73) | 20–11–7 |
| 39 | W | January 3, 1973 | 4–1 | New York Islanders (1972–73) | 21–11–7 |
| 40 | L | January 4, 1973 | 2–4 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1972–73) | 21–12–7 |
| 41 | W | January 6, 1973 | 4–1 | @ New York Rangers (1972–73) | 22–12–7 |
| 42 | W | January 7, 1973 | 2–0 | Philadelphia Flyers (1972–73) | 23–12–7 |
| 43 | L | January 11, 1973 | 2–4 | New York Rangers (1972–73) | 23–13–7 |
| 44 | L | January 14, 1973 | 0–6 | @ Boston Bruins (1972–73) | 23–14–7 |
| 45 | W | January 18, 1973 | 5–1 | Chicago Black Hawks (1972–73) | 24–14–7 |
| 46 | L | January 20, 1973 | 2–4 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1972–73) | 24–15–7 |
| 47 | L | January 21, 1973 | 3–4 | Philadelphia Flyers (1972–73) | 24–16–7 |
| 48 | W | January 25, 1973 | 5–2 | Minnesota North Stars (1972–73) | 25–16–7 |
| 49 | L | January 28, 1973 | 5–8 | Atlanta Flames (1972–73) | 25–17–7 |
| 50 | W | February 1, 1973 | 5–3 | Los Angeles Kings (1972–73) | 26–17–7 |
| 51 | T | February 3, 1973 | 1–1 | @ New York Islanders (1972–73) | 26–17–8 |
| 52 | W | February 4, 1973 | 5–1 | New York Islanders (1972–73) | 27–17–8 |
| 53 | L | February 7, 1973 | 1–2 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1972–73) | 27–18–8 |
| 54 | W | February 8, 1973 | 4–0 | California Golden Seals (1972–73) | 28–18–8 |
| 55 | L | February 10, 1973 | 1–2 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1972–73) | 28–19–8 |
| 56 | L | February 11, 1973 | 2–5 | Detroit Red Wings (1972–73) | 28–20–8 |
| 57 | W | February 14, 1973 | 3–2 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1972–73) | 29–20–8 |
| 58 | W | February 15, 1973 | 4–1 | New York Rangers (1972–73) | 30–20–8 |
| 59 | T | February 17, 1973 | 3–3 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1972–73) | 30–20–9 |
| 60 | W | February 18, 1973 | 4–1 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1972–73) | 31–20–9 |
| 61 | W | February 22, 1973 | 3–1 | Vancouver Canucks (1972–73) | 32–20–9 |
| 62 | L | February 24, 1973 | 2–4 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1972–73) | 32–21–9 |
| 63 | W | February 25, 1973 | 2–1 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1972–73) | 33–21–9 |
| 64 | T | March 1, 1973 | 4–4 | @ Atlanta Flames (1972–73) | 33–21–10 |
| 65 | L | March 4, 1973 | 2–4 | Montreal Canadiens (1972–73) | 33–22–10 |
| 66 | T | March 6, 1973 | 2–2 | @ Los Angeles Kings (1972–73) | 33–22–11 |
| 67 | T | March 7, 1973 | 2–2 | @ California Golden Seals (1972–73) | 33–22–12 |
| 68 | L | March 9, 1973 | 2–5 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1972–73) | 33–23–12 |
| 69 | L | March 13, 1973 | 0–2 | @ St. Louis Blues (1972–73) | 33–24–12 |
| 70 | L | March 15, 1973 | 1–4 | Boston Bruins (1972–73) | 33–25–12 |
| 71 | T | March 17, 1973 | 3–3 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1972–73) | 33–25–13 |
| 72 | W | March 18, 1973 | 5–1 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1972–73) | 34–25–13 |
| 73 | L | March 21, 1973 | 2–6 | @ Chicago Black Hawks (1972–73) | 34–26–13 |
| 74 | T | March 24, 1973 | 4–4 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1972–73) | 34–26–14 |
| 75 | L | March 25, 1973 | 1–6 | @ Boston Bruins (1972–73) | 34–27–14 |
| 76 | W | March 27, 1973 | 3–2 | @ New York Islanders (1972–73) | 35–27–14 |
| 77 | W | March 28, 1973 | 6–3 | Philadelphia Flyers (1972–73) | 36–27–14 |
| 78 | W | April 1, 1973 | 3–1 | St. Louis Blues (1972–73) | 37–27–14 |

### Playoffs

The 1972–73 season saw the Sabres qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time. The team would ultimately lose to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion Montreal Canadiens in 6 games. After falling behind three games to none the Sabres won two straight to earn a final home game that was memorable for the "Thank you Sabres" chant from the end of the game.

| 1973 Stanley Cup playoffs | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **#** | **Date** | **Visitor** | **Score** | **Home** | **OT** | **Montreal goals** | **Buffalo goals** | **Decision** | **Attendance** | **Series** | **Recap** |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | April 4 | Buffalo Sabres | 1–2 | Montreal Canadiens |  |  |  |  |  | 0–1 |  |
| 2 | April 5 | Buffalo Sabres | 3–7 | Montreal Canadiens |  |  |  |  |  | 0–2 |  |
| 3 | April 7 | Montreal Canadiens | 5–2 | Buffalo Sabres |  |  |  |  |  | 0–3 |  |
| 4 | April 8 | Montreal Canadiens | 1–5 | Buffalo Sabres |  |  |  |  |  | 1–3 |  |
| 5 | April 10 | Buffalo Sabres | 3–2 | Montreal Canadiens | 9:18 |  |  |  |  | 2–3 |  |
| 6 | April 12 | Montreal Canadiens | 4–2 | Buffalo Sabres |  |  |  |  |  | 2–4 |  |
|

* Scorer of game-winning goal in *italics*
* *Denotes if necessary

## Player statistics

| Regular season |
| --- |
| **Scoring** |
| Player Pos GP G A Pts PIM +/- PPG SHG GWG  Gilbert Perreault C 78 28 60 88 10 11 8 0 7  Rene Robert RW 75 40 43 83 83 16 9 0 6  Rick Martin LW 75 37 36 73 79 4 11 0 4  Jim Lorentz C/RW 78 27 35 62 30 6 11 0 5  Gerry Meehan C 77 31 29 60 21 4 3 1 6  Don Luce C 78 18 25 43 32 7 0 3 2  Hugh Harris C 60 12 26 38 17 9 0 0 0  Larry Hillman D 78 5 24 29 56 −3 2 0 0  Craig Ramsay LW 76 11 17 28 15 13 0 1 1  Larry Mickey RW 77 15 9 24 47 −6 1 0 2  Mike Robitaille D 65 4 17 21 40 9 0 0 0  Jim Schoenfeld D 66 4 15 19 178 12 1 0 0  Steve Atkinson RW 61 9 9 18 36 −5 2 0 1  Tim Horton D 69 1 16 17 56 12 0 0 0  Tracy Pratt D 74 1 15 16 116 9 0 0 0  Norm Gratton LW 21 6 5 11 12 0 2 0 1  Larry Carriere D 40 2 8 10 52 −1 1 0 0  Paul Terbenche D 42 0 7 7 8 7 0 0 0  Randy Wyrozub C 45 3 3 6 4 −1 0 0 2  Doug Rombough C 5 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0  Butch Deadmarsh LW 34 1 1 2 26 −3 1 0 0  Rick Dudley LW 6 0 1 1 7 −2 0 0 0  John Gould RW 8 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0  Ron Busniuk RW 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0  Roger Crozier G 49 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0  Dave Dryden G 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Rocky Farr G 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Ray McKay D 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Bob Richer C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
| **Goaltending** |
| Player MIN GP W L T GA GAA SO  Roger Crozier 2633 49 23 13 7 121 2.76 3  Dave Dryden 2018 37 14 13 7 89 2.65 3  Rocky Farr 29 1 0 1 0 3 6.21 0  **Team:** 4680 78 37 27 14 213 2.73 6 |
|

| Playoffs |
| --- |
| **Scoring** |
| Player Pos GP G A Pts PIM PPG SHG GWG  Gilbert Perreault C 6 3 7 10 2 1 0 1  Rene Robert RW 6 5 3 8 2 1 0 1  Rick Martin LW 6 3 2 5 12 2 0 0  Jim Schoenfeld D 6 2 1 3 4 0 0 0  Jim Lorentz C/RW 6 0 3 3 2 0 0 0  Don Luce C 6 1 1 2 2 0 0 0  Craig Ramsay LW 6 1 1 2 0 0 0 0  Larry Mickey RW 6 1 0 1 5 0 0 0  Larry Carriere D 6 0 1 1 8 0 0 0  Roger Crozier G 4 0 1 1 2 0 0 0  Norm Gratton LW 6 0 1 1 2 0 0 0  Tim Horton D 6 0 1 1 4 0 0 0  Gerry Meehan C 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 0  Steve Atkinson RW 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Dave Dryden G 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Hugh Harris C 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Larry Hillman D 6 0 0 0 8 0 0 0  Tracy Pratt D 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0  Mike Robitaille D 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  Paul Terbenche D 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
| **Goaltending** |
| Player MIN GP W L GA GAA SO  Roger Crozier 249 4 2 2 11 2.65 0  Dave Dryden 120 2 0 2 9 4.50 0  **Team:** 369 6 2 4 20 3.25 0 |
|

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals
MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts;

## Awards and records

Lady Byng Memorial Trophy: Gilbert Perreault

## Transactions

### Trades

| **Date** | **Details** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| June 6, 1972 | To New York Islanders  ---  7th-round pick in 1972 (Don McLaughlin)
8th-round pick in 1972 (Rene Levasseur)
9th-round pick in 1972 (Bill Ennos)
10th-round pick in 1972 (Rene Lambert) | To Buffalo Sabres   ---  Islanders promised to not draft certain players in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft |
| June 8, 1972 | To Montreal Canadiens  ---  Cash | To Buffalo Sabres  ---  Ron Busniuk |
| February 14, 1973 | To Atlanta Flames  ---  Butch Deadmarsh | To Buffalo Sabres  ---  Norm Gratton |

### Lost via retirement

| Player |
| --- |
| Dick Duff |

### Lost in the Expansion Draft

### 1972 NHL Intraleague Draft

## Draft picks

### NHL draft

| Round | # | Player | Nationality | College/Junior/Club team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 | Jim Schoenfeld | Canada | Niagara Falls Flyers (OHA) |
| 2 | 25 | Larry Carriere | Canada | Loyola University (CIAU) |
| 3 | 37 | Jim McMasters | Canada | Calgary Centennials (WCHL) |
| 4 | 53 | Rychard Campeau | Canada | Sorel Black Hawks (QMJHL) |
| 5 | 69 | Gilles Gratton | Canada | Oshawa Generals (OHA) |
| 6 | 85 | Peter McNab | Canada | U. of Denver (WCHA) |

## Farm teams

The 1972–73 AHL season was a successful one for the Sabres' AHL affiliate, the Cincinnati Swords. The Swords would finish first overall in the regular season with a 54–17–5 record. They would go on to win the Calder Cup in the playoffs losing only 3 games in the 3 round best-of-7 event. It would be the only championship won by the team in its short existence.

## InfoBox

| 1972–73 Buffalo Sabres | |
| --- | --- |
| Division | 4th East |
| 1972–73 record | 37–27–14 |
| Home record | 30–6–3 |
| Road record | 7–21–11 |
| Goals for | 257 |
| Goals against | 219 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Punch Imlach |
| Coach | Joe Crozier |
| Captain | Gerry Meehan |
| Arena | Buffalo Memorial Auditorium |
| Average attendance | 15,632 |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Rene Robert (40) |
| Assists | Gilbert Perreault (60) |
| Points | Gilbert Perreault (88) |
| Penalty minutes | Jim Schoenfeld (178) |
| Wins | Roger Crozier (23) |
| Goals against average | Dave Dryden (2.65) |
|


title: Enemy of the Sun (band)

abstract: Enemy of the Sun is a German metal band formed in 2006.

text:
# Enemy of the Sun (band)

**Enemy of the Sun** is a German metal band formed in 2006.

## History

The band was founded in 2006 and named after the Neurosis album of the same name. Their most famous member is Waldemar Sorychta, who had previously played in bands like Despair, Grip Inc. and Voodoocult and who made a name in producing many metal bands in the 1990s. At the moment, Sorychta is also member of the gothic metal band Eyes of Eden. The female bass player Alla Fedynitch was a touring bass player with Pain and is a member of Eyes of Eden as well. The Finnish lead singer Jules Näveri and their drummer Daniel Zeman were playing in less known bands before joining Enemy of the Sun.

In the beginning of 2007 the band recorded a demo, which was honored from Rock Hard as well as Metal Hammer as "Demo of the Month". In June 2007 the band was support act for Megadeth at their show in Hamburg, Germany.

Their debut album *Shadows*, which was produced by Waldemar Sorychta, was released on 7 December 2007 and was regarded as "Album of the Month" by Rock Hard. In the Summer of 2008 they performed at Wacken Open Air, With Full Force and the Summer Breeze Open Air Festival.

In April 2011 there was a line up change:Alla Fedynitch was replaced by Eirini "Absinthe Green" who took on the bass duties for the band. Eirini made her live debut with Enemy Of The Sun in Dortmund at the Rock in den Ruinen Festival on 30 April 2011.

## Discography

* *Shadows* (2007)
* *Caedium* (2010)

## InfoBox

| Enemy of the Sun | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Germany |
| Genres | Thrash metal, sludge metal |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Labels | The End |
|  | |
| Members | Jules Näveri
Waldemar Sorychta
Absinthe Green
Daniel Zeman |
|  | |
| Past members | Alla Fedynitch |
|  | |
| Website | enemyofthesun.com |


title: Baba Amar Singh Nibber

abstract: Baba Amar Singh Nibbar Khemkaran was an important figure in 18th century Bandai Sikhism.

text:
# Baba Amar Singh Nibber

**Baba Amar Singh Nibbar Khemkaran** was an important figure in 18th century Bandai Sikhism.

## Family History

Baba Amar Singh Nibbar was born into a kamboj family of Khemkaran. In Sikh history, he is also known as Mahant Singh. His childhood name was Amar Chand but after taking Amrit, he became known as Bhai Amar Singh. His father Raghupat Rai nibbar was a big landlord of Khemkaran and came from a family whose ancestors held royal positions in the Moghul courts. According to Gyani Gyan Singh’s Panth Parkash also, Baba Amar Singh was of kamboj lineage.

Baba Amar Singh had an elder brother named Mool Chand. Bhai Mool Chand was an excellent soldier and had fought valiantly for Guru Gobind Singh in several battles prior to his martyrdom in the Battle of Nadaun on March 20, 1691.

Baba Amar Singh had a very powerful and athletic physique and measured well over six feet and half in height. He was a very fierce and formidable warrior in the battle-field and could continuously wield a double-edged sword (*Kharasang or Khanda*) weighing over fifty *Ser* (about twenty kilograms)

He was nicknamed as *Bir* (Knight).

1. *S Kipral Singh, The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 277–278*
2. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), page 530*
3. *Gyani Garja Singh, Shaheed Bilaas, page 81*
4. *Prof Piara Singh Padam, Guru Kian Sakhian, Index*
5. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), page 530*
6. *H.S. Thind, Kamboj Itihaas (1972), page 135*
7. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), page 230*
8. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), pages 230-231*
9. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash, (1970), pages 230-231*

## Martyrdom of Banda Bahadur

During siege of the Lohgarh fort of Banda Bahadur by Mughal forces in 1716, the Sikhs got bifurcated into two divisions: the *Bandai Khalsa* and the *Tat Khalsa* whereby the Tat Khalsa parted ways leaving Lohgarh to be defended by the Bandai Khalsa alone. After a long siege, Banda was arrested by Abdus Samad Khan along with his many followers and escorted to Delhi, chained in a cage. On June 9, 1716 he was barbarously executed along with hundreds of Sikhs and became a hallowed martyr in Sikh history.

## Baba Amar Singh becomes the Bandai Chief

After the martyrdom of Banda Bahadur, Baba Amar Singh had assumed the supreme leadership of the Bandai Khalsa faction.

## Feud among two Panthic war-factions continues

After the Lohgarh incidence, the friction between the two Panthic factions continued unabated and at times, there had also occurred minor scuffles between the two.

In 1721, Baba Binod Singh Trehan of the Tat Khalsa sent an invitation to the entire Sikh community all over the Punjab to gather at Amritsar on Diwali day. The two factions met at Amritsar and each asserted its claim as being the true heir to Guru Gobind Singh and the Harimandir Sahib. Things looked gloomy for the Sikhs, since both military factions readied themselves for a showdown to assert their individual claims. The dangerous situation was averted at the Diwali occasion by the timely intervention of the Sikh *Sangats* (Congregations) but both factions continued to entertain anger and ill-will against each other.

## Bhai Mani Singh appointed as Arbitrator

Mata Sundari, the widow of Guru Gobind Singh, came to learn of the trouble brewing between the two military factions at Amritsar. She appointed Bhai Mani Singh as the Granthi of the Harimandir and sent him to Amritsar with Kirpal Singh (Chand), the maternal uncle of Guru Gobind Singh to resolve the feud. The choice on Bhai Mani Singh seems to have fallen for intrinsic reasons also since Bhai Mani Singh, like Baba Baba Amar Singh was of Kamboj lineage and it was therefore hoped that he could better convince Baba Amar Singh and bring him to conciliation in the broader interests of the Khalsa Panth.

## The feud resolved but......

After assuming office of the *Head-Granthi* in 1721, Bhai Mani Singh sent invitations to both parties to assemble on the Vaisakhi occasion. Both factions again met at Amritsar in compliance of the invitation from Bhai Mani Singh but with all the malice in their minds set against each other. At Amritsar, the Tat Khalsa took unilateral control of the *Akal Bunga* while the *Jhanda Bunga* was taken over by the Bandai Khalsa led by Baba Amar Singh.

Using a simplistic but well-intentioned procedure, Bhai Mani Singh was finally able to resolve the feud and restore peace among the warring factions and put the affairs of the Darbar Sahib in order in 1722. The final decision was that the Tat Khalsa was declared the genuine successor to Guru Gobind Singh and the Harimandir Sahib.

## Death

Both parties expressed their agreement and satisfaction over the decision taken by Bhai Mani Singh and the Bandai Khalsa followers of Baba Amar Singh went to join the Tat Khalsa but unexpectedly, at the last moment, trouble flared up and a deadly showdown took place in the very *Parikrama* of the Harimandir Sahib. Warriors from both sides unsheathed their swords and started to wield them fiercely and relentlessly against their own brethren with all the detachment of a professional soldier. There was great pandemonium and tumult in the Harimandir Prikarma in front of the Akal Takht and many were killed. The war scenes are described in very vivid and full graphic details in the Panth Prakash by Gyani Gyan Singh .

Baba Amar Singh wielded his double-edged sword relentlessly and after having slain numerous adversaries, finally, fell dead.

The following verse describes the death of Baba Amar Singh:

tad sudhasar that darshani darwaze agey Jang | Mach gayo masurmedh ka dhar veech keech surang || kar sees pag bhuj bakh sabal hath majh asaar| chad gayee luthain pe luthain kaat marey jawaan apaar | Jab jujh dharani pai paryo Singh Amar anekan maar || Bhag gaye turat Bhandai leeni fateh Singhan maar

## Legacy

Baba Amar Singh was not the first Sikh who died at the hands of fellow Sikhs due to intra-Panthic differences. The phenomenon had been in existence since the time of the Gurus. However, the gory clash which occurred at the Harimandir's Parikrama between the Bandai and the Tat Khalsa would be replicated in the future as schisms would arise in the community and sometimes lead to deadly showdowns as the one involving Baba Amar Singh.

## Notes and references

1. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), page 530*
2. *Gyani Garja Singh, Shaheed Bilaas, page 81*
3. *Prof Piara Singh Padam, Guru Kian Sakhian, Index*
4. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), page 530*
5. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), page 230*
6. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash (1970), pages 230-231*
7. *Gyani Gyan Singh, Panth Prakash, (1970), pages 230-231*


abstract: The 1942 Idaho Southern Branch Bengals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Idaho, Southern Branch as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In their second season under head coach John Vesser, the team compiled a 4–2 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 77 to 60. The Bengals did not field a team during the 1943 college football season, next competing in 1944.

text:
# 1942 Idaho Southern Branch Bengals football team

1942 Western college football independents records
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 17 Santa Clara |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Portland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Idaho Southern Branch |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Saint Mary's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| San Francisco |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Loyola (CA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| Nevada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Cal Poly |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| San Francisco State |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1942 Idaho Southern Branch Bengals football team** was an American football team that represented the University of Idaho, Southern Branch (later renamed Idaho State University) as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In their second season under head coach John Vesser, the team compiled a 4–2 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 77 to 60.

The Bengals did not field a team during the 1943 college football season, next competing in 1944.

## Schedule

Contested during World War II, the team's second and sixth games were played against military service teams.

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 2 | at Weber Junior College | Ogden, UT | W 13–0 | 1,500 |  |
| October 10 | Logan Marines |  | W 27–0 |  |  |
| October 16 | at College of Idaho | Caldwell, ID | W 6–0 |  |  |
| November 7 | Compton Junior College | * Spud Bowl * Pocatello, ID | W 7–0 |  |  |
| November 11 | at Colorado College (on Armistice Day) | Colorado Springs, CO | L 7–21 |  |  |
| November 14 | at Fort Douglas |  | L 17–39 | 1,000 |  |
| * Homecoming | | | | | | | |

1. "2011 Idaho State Football Media Guide" (PDF). Idaho State University. 2011. p. 97. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
2. "Rex C. Wells". *Times-News*. Twin Falls, Idaho. January 24, 2002. p. 10. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.
3. "Idaho St. Yearly Results (1940-1944)". *College Football Data Warehouse*. David DeLassus. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
4. "Southern Branch in 13-0 Decision Over Weber College". *Standard-Examiner*. Ogden, Utah. October 3, 1942. p. 5. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.
5. "South Idahoans Star As UISB Triumphs Over Marines, 27-0". *Times-News*. Twin Falls, Idaho. AP. October 11, 1942. p. 10. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.
6. "Idaho SB Beats C. Of I." *Deseret News*. Salt Lake City, Utah. AP. October 17, 1942. p. 17. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.
7. "UISB Conquers Compton J.C., 7 to 0". *Times-News*. Twin Falls, Idaho. AP. November 8, 1942. p. 9. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.
8. "Idaho Eleven Drops Verdict to the Tigers". *Standard-Examiner*. Ogden, Utah. AP. November 12, 1942. p. 14. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.
9. "Army Police Take Fracas From Bengals". *Standard-Examiner*. Ogden, Utah. AP. November 15, 1942. p. 15. Retrieved March 21, 2022  via newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

| 1942 Idaho Southern Branch Bengals football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 4–2 |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Rex Wells |
| Home stadium | Spud Bowl |
|