title: Alberta separatism

abstract: Alberta separatism comprises a series of 20th- and 21st-century movements advocating the secession of the province of Alberta from Canada, either by joining the United States, forming an independent nation or by creating a new union with one or more of Canada's western provinces. The main issues driving separatist sentiment have been the perceived power disparity relative to Ottawa and other provinces, historical grievances with the federal government dating back to the unrealized Province of Buffalo, a sense of distinctiveness with regards to Alberta's unique cultural and political identity, and Canadian fiscal policy, particularly as it pertains to the energy industry.

text:
# Alberta separatism

**Alberta separatism** comprises a series of 20th- and 21st-century movements (both historic and current) advocating the secession of the province of Alberta from Canada, either by joining the United States, forming an independent nation or by creating a new union with one or more of Canada's western provinces. The main issues driving separatist sentiment have been the perceived power disparity relative to Ottawa and other provinces, historical grievances with the federal government dating back to the unrealized Province of Buffalo, a sense of distinctiveness with regards to Alberta's unique cultural and political identity, and Canadian fiscal policy, particularly as it pertains to the energy industry.

## History

### Foundations

Alberta was established as a province on September 1, 1905. Alberta separatism comes from the belief that many Albertans hold that they are culturally and economically distinct from the rest of Canada, particularly Central Canada and Eastern Canada, because of economic imbalances whereby Alberta is a net over-contributor to the system of equalization payments in Canada. Furthermore, the majority of Alberta's trade flows north–south with the United States and not east–west with the rest of Canada.

### 1930s separatism and the Alberta Social Credit Party

Separatism emerged in the 1930s within the Social Credit Party, which formed the Government of Alberta after the 1935 election. William Aberhart and Ernest Manning created the Social Credit party with the aim of bringing financial relief to Albertans who were suffering because of the Great Depression. The party's success was fuelled by a wave of resentment at the federal Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had said that he "would not give a five-cent piece" to non-Liberal provincial governments for unemployment relief. The federal government deemed implementing a form of social credit unconstitutional and invoked its rarely used power of disallowance under S.56 of the British North America Act, 1867, thereby voiding provincial legislation. Premier Aberhart secured provincially-owned banks and distribution of prosperity certificates. Aberhart's followers called for separation from Canada, but Aberhart himself counselled moderation and rejected secession. The separatist movement was ridiculed by the media as a fringe movement of the uneducated. Manning, however, had been a devoutly loyal supporter of Aberhart from the very beginning. He honoured Aberhart's 1935 promise to issue a prosperity certificate to Albertans twice. In 1957, his government announced a $20 oil royalty dividend and issued a $17 dividend the next year.

### 1940s to 1960s: after World War II, monopolies, Alberta gas

The discovery of vast reserves of oil ushered in a twenty-year period of intense exploration, new discoveries, and rapid expansion of Alberta's oil industry. In 1948, Imperial Oil discovered the Redwater oil reserve, 64 km (40 mi.) northeast of Edmonton. By 1953 the oil field supported 926 wells and was producing almost 30 percent of the entire province's output. In 1949 alone Twelve new oil fields were discovered from the Leduc-Edmonton-Redwater region to the southern Alberta and the extreme northwest Alberta. Many of the fields were found by Imperial Oil, but other major oil companies, such as British-American oil, Gulf, Anglo-Canadian, and Home Oil, also experienced incredible success. But Alberta was still was "heavily rural and bitter with western grievance. Freight rates and protectionism made economic diversification in the prairies all but impossible. It was said to be cheaper to send cows and grain to be slaughtered in Ontario than it was to ship meat."

### 1970s: beginnings of modern separatist ideals

The modern ideal for a separate Alberta nation began in the 1970s, as a response to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's pursuit of bilingualism and Multiculturalism in Canada, and the National Energy Program. These programs were seen by many Albertans as an attack on oil resources; the promotion of Liberal "anti-Albertan" values were viewed as a negative influence by many Albertans.

In 1974, as Quebeckers were discussing separating from Canada, many Albertans also began to consider separation. This resulted in some Calgary-based citizens forming the Independent Alberta Association. Central to the argument was the fact that Alberta would pay billions of dollars towards Canada, but without political representation equal to that of Central and Eastern Canada. Many expressed the opinion that Trudeau would continue his hard federalist stance producing unfavorable results for Western Canada including Alberta and its natural resources. In the end, the Independent Alberta Association did not move beyond association status, and did not form a political party.

Other influences in the 1970s included two major oil crises: coinciding with the Yom-Kippur War of 1973 and the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The first was caused by the decision of the US to support Israel, which in turn caused retaliation by Egypt and Syria, bringing on an oil embargo that resulted in Alberta receiving substantially less price for oil than the global market prices dictated. Across North America, long lines could be seen at gas stations, and people started to realize the need to conserve energy resources.

The second oil crisis of 1979 was again due to decreased oil output, this time in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. In 1978, a revolutionary anti-American government headed by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew the America-friendly government of the Shah of Iran. Gasoline prices, which had earlier stabilized somewhat since 1973, spiked again. Some members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and a few similarly minded oil-rich nations had ceased all oil exports to the United States and countries that supported Israel. The price of oil sold to North America quadrupled within months, and service stations again ran out of fuel, long lines were evident at gas stations across North America.

The Alberta government and the Canadian federal government responded politically to address oil reserves and conservation of petroleum resources. In 1971, the Alberta Social Credit Party provincial government, headed by Harry Strom, created an environmental ministry, the first of its kind, with a mandate to manage and conserve Alberta's natural resources. Federally, in 1974, the Office of Energy Conservation was created. Conflict arose between Alberta and Canada after the 1973 crisis, over the management and distribution of Alberta's oil resources, and financial wealth, setting the stage for Alberta separatism.

After Joe Clark's Progressive Conservatives won a minority government in 1979 defeating Pierre Trudeau's Liberal party Albertans were hopeful a change in federal energy policy would occur. These ideas were harnessed during Clark's unsuccessful 1980 election campaign. Clark, an Albertan, lost the election and resigned the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1983 after receiving only a 67% confidence vote at a party convention.

### 1980s and 1990s: Liberals, NDP, Conservatives, resurgence

Copied content from National Energy Program; see that page's history for attribution.

In 1980, a Liberal majority government under Pierre Trudeau was formed. This caused the already-brewing separatist movement in western Canada to attract thousands of people to rallies. Separatist Gordon Kesler was elected to the Alberta legislature in a 1982 by-election.

Due to the high oil prices of the 1970s Alberta experienced a boom in its oil sector and the entire economy as a whole. In October 1980, the National Energy Program (NEP) was created by the federal government under Prime Minister Trudeau, and support for Alberta separatism and anger toward the federal government reached new level of popular support. Trudeau introduced a 25% tax to Alberta's oil. After the introduction of the NEP, Alberta's oil industry collapsed, with a drastic reduction in the number of oil wells drilled. Abandonment of major projects such as oilsands caused high unemployment in Alberta. The Petroleum Incentives Program, part of the NEP, was criticized for luring exploration capital away from Alberta. With natural resources falling constitutionally within the domain of provincial jurisdictions, many Albertans viewed the NEP as a detrimental intrusion by the federal government into the province's affairs. Edmonton economist Scarfe argued that for people in Western Canada, especially Alberta, the NEP was perceived to be at their expense in benefiting the eastern provinces. Particularly vilified was Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, whose Liberals had no seat west of Manitoba. Ed Clark, a senior bureaucrat in the Trudeau Liberal government, helped to develop the National Energy Program and earned himself the moniker "Red Ed" in the Alberta oil industry. Shortly after Brian Mulroney had taken office, Clark was promptly fired.

The 1980s oil glut led worldwide oil prices to tank, making Albertan oil uneconomical even in Eastern Canada, causing it to instead purchase foreign oil. This discredited the NEP – as "self-sufficiency" was one of its touted goals. Even though the NEP was often seen as an economic catastrophe, the NEP was never overturned by Trudeau's government, staying in place until 1985.

Alberta still initially enjoyed an economic surplus due to high oil prices, but the surplus was heavily reduced by the NEP, which, in turn, stymied many of Lougheed's policies for economic diversification to reduce Alberta's dependence on the cyclical energy industry, such as the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, and also left the province with an infrastructure deficit. In particular, the Alberta Heritage Fund was meant to save as much of the earnings during high oil prices to act as a "rainy day" cushion if oil prices collapsed because of the cyclical nature of the oil and gas industry. The NEP was one reason that the fund failed to grow to its full potential. According to Mary Elizabeth Vicente, an Edmonton librarian who wrote an article on the National Energy Program in 2005, the popular western slogan during the NEP, appearing on many bumper stickers, was "Let the Eastern bastards freeze in the dark." Other bumpers stated "I'd rather push this thing a mile than buy gas from PetroCan."

So great was the hatred towards Trudeau that anything associated with him was destroyed in the province. The Alberta Liberal Party lost thousands of members, and won no seats in the provincial legislature in the 1982 Alberta general election. This led to a centre-right-controlled legislature for decades. The Alberta Liberals never held any sizable legislative power again. Many prominent citizens were inspired to push forward Alberta separatist principles. This sentiment gave rise to the Western Canada Concept (WCC) and West-Fed which held well-attended meetings across Alberta. Many of the people attracted to these parties were not necessarily advocating for independence but were advocating for the fair treatment of Alberta and its resources.

In 1980, Doug Christie, a British Columbia lawyer, formed the WCC in an effort to promote Western separatism. In 1980 2700 people gathered for a rally at the Jubilee Auditorium in Edmonton, to listen to a speech from Christie. in which he said "\[The Liberals\] are begging Quebec: 'Please vote for us!' No more begging,". In 1982, Gordon Kesler was elected to the Alberta legislature in a by-election in Olds-Didsbury as a candidate of the WCC and attracted national attention.

In addition, West-Fed was founded, led by Edmonton businessman Elmer Knutson, who was credited with inspiring the transformation of Western alienation ideas into a political movement. Knutson denied being a separatist, but West-Fed was widely regarded as a separatist organization. In 1983, Knutson attempted but failed, to win the leadership of the Social Credit Party of Canada. A year later in 1984, Knutson founded the Confederation of Regions Party to advocate for a new Canadian constitution that would provide Alberta with more regional autonomy. The Confederation of Regions Party of Canada (CoR) was based on the premise that Canada consists of four regions, each of which should have equal representation in Parliament. By mid-1983 it was registered as an official provincial party in Alberta and by 1984 it was registered federally and ran 54 candidates but none were elected. Major platform initiatives included opposition to compulsory bilingualism and metrication, abolishing the Senate, and equal representation to the four regions. A year later Knutson resigned, but in all had significantly inspired many Albertans to join Doug Christie's Western Canada Concept, which was running candidates in elections.

Before 1980, separatism was a very fringe idea; for example, a 1977 survey by the *Calgary Herald* found that 2.7 per cent supported independence. Support for separatism spiked sharply after Pierre Trudeau became prime minister; in a 1981 poll by the Canada West Foundation, 49% agreed that "Western Canadians get so few benefits from being part of Canada that they might as well go it on their own."

In response, Premier Peter Lougheed called a snap election in which the party nominated 78 candidates in the province's 79 ridings (electoral districts). Highlighted was major infighting and structural leadership problems within the WCC.

Although WCC won almost 12% of the popular vote (over 111,000 votes), Kesler was defeated after changing ridings, and no other candidate was elected. The WCC still managed a strong third-place showing in another by-election, in Spirit River-Fairview, held in 1985, following the death of Grant Notley.

The party's popularity declined after the Progressive Conservative Party, led by Brian Mulroney won a majority government, defeating Prime Minister John Turner in the 1984 federal election. Under Mulroney, the NEP was rapidly dismantled, and Albertans had new hope for achieving a better-negotiated resource wealth distribution. This caused the Alberta separatist movement to dissipate significantly. Yet, the Mulroney government was a disappointment since the majority of MPs were elected from central Canada, and Alberta's concerns largely ignored. By the time he left office in 1993, Mulroney was perhaps the most hated prime minister due to various allegations of corruption pertaining to the sale of Canadian assets. Mulroney awarded the contract for maintenance of CF-18 fighter jets to the Montreal-based Bombardier Aerospace company, a decision that engendered so much anger in Western Canada, since Western Canada produced a better bid, that it directly led to the formation of the Reform Party of Alberta.

After this, the WCC experienced a resurgence, and in 1987 ran candidate Jack Ramsay, who in 1982 had become the leader of the party. Ramsay notably and significantly argued for the Triple-E Senate as an alternative to Alberta separation, until 1986 when he reverted his opinion back to the previous separatist position of the WCC. In 1987 Ramsay joined the Reform Party of Alberta and ran in a by-election where he finished second. This would be the last time the party would run a candidate.

Alberta prominent citizen Preston Manning would take the Reform Party of Canada, a right-wing populist federal party, along the lines of non-separatist sentiments and significant popularity. Manning would attract many Albertans that were separatists. The Reform Party existed from 1987 to 2000 when it merged into the Canadian Alliance. In 2003, it merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada. These mergers left a void to those interested in furthering separatist principles.

### 2000s Reform to Conservative

Without the existence of the Reform Party to articulate Alberta's concerns, the separatist movement in the early twenty-first century began to organize meaningfully for the first time since the 1980s. Again though, separatism would place faith in a favourable federal government, only to again be disappointed.

In the 2004 federal election, the governing Liberal Party of Canada was returned with a minority government despite allegations of corruption. 61.7% of Alberta voters voted for the opposition Conservative Party – 22% supported the Liberals, although how many of these Conservative voters were separatist can only be guessed.

There was significant opposition within Alberta to the Kyoto Protocol as the Kyoto treaty was believed to have negative effects on the provincial economy, which is based to a large degree on the oil and gas industry. (Alberta had the world's second largest proven reserves of oil, behind only Saudi Arabia.)

In the 2004 general election, the Separation Party of Alberta nominated 12 candidates who won 4,680 votes, 0.5% of the provincial total. No candidates were elected. This was less support than the Alberta Independence Party attracted in the 2001 election, when 15 candidates attracted 7,500 votes.

Albertan Stephen Harper succeeded against the odds of the Canadian First-past-the-post voting system and in 2006 became Prime Minister of Canada in a minority government in the 2006 federal election. Harper had been a significant figure in the Reform Party, became leader of the Canadian Alliance in 2002, then merged with the PC Party in 2003, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. Due to Harper's Reform roots, Albertans held faith that he would be the trusted figure to protect Alberta's interests. As a result, Alberta's separatist movement sat on the side-lines, with uncertain prospects. Some pundits predicted that this result would cause support for separatism to ebb away.

The notion of Alberta secession from Canada gained sympathy from some figures within Alberta's conservative parties. Mark Norris, who was one of the contenders to succeed Ralph Klein as the Alberta premier, told the *Calgary Sun* in March 2006 that under his leadership, if a future federal government persisted in bringing in policies harmful to Alberta such as a carbon tax, "(Alberta is) going to take steps to secede."

Also, some politicians believe, and at least one poll indicated that a much larger portion of the Alberta population may be at least sympathetic to the notion of secession than was indicated by election results. In January 2004, Premier Ralph Klein told the Canadian edition of *Reader's Digest* that one in four Albertans were in support of separation. An August 2005 poll commissioned by the *Western Standard* pegged support for the idea that "Western Canadians should begin to explore the idea of forming their own country." at 42% in Alberta and 35.6% across the four Western provinces

### Late 2010s to early 2020s resurgence

Support for Albertan separatism has increased significantly with the Canadian federal election victory of Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party on October 19, 2015. Trudeau, the son of Pierre Trudeau, became prime minister with a majority government, and re-inspired the Alberta separatist movement. While speaking at a town hall in Peterborough, Ontario, on January 13, 2017, Trudeau said, "We can't shut down the oilsands tomorrow. We need to phase them out. We need to manage the transition off of our dependence on fossil fuels. That is going to take time," The next day at a Calgary vs Edmonton hockey game in Edmonton, Mr. Trudeau was loudly booed by the crowd. His unpopularity in Alberta is a significant rallying point for Alberta separatists. The topic of Alberta separating from Canada is the subject of a number mainstream media reports.

The geopolitical analyst Peter Zeihan in his 2014 book *The Accidental Superpower* presented the reasons why he believed both Alberta and the U.S. would benefit from Alberta joining the United States as the 51st state. Quote from page 263 of book:

> The core issue is pretty simple. While the Québécois—and to a slightly lesser degree the rest of Canada—now need Alberta to maintain their standard of living, the Albertans now need *not* to be a part of Canada in order to maintain theirs.

Zeihan also stated that "Right now, every man, woman and child in Alberta pays $6,000 more into the national budget than they get back. Alberta is the only province that is a net contributor to that budget — by 2020, the number will exceed $20,000 per person, $40,000 per taxpayer. That will be the greatest wealth transfer in per capita terms in the Western world." Per Statistics Canada, in 2015 Alberta paid $27 billion more into the federal treasury than it received back in services. And that "Anywhere else in the world, this would be a secessionist crisis... There is no other place in the world where you have one province that is lightly populated but very rich, that doesn't have a certain degree of rebellion. The redistribution system that Canada has with the transfer payments, anywhere else would have social instability. But to be blunt, Canadians are just too damn polite."

A September 2018 poll by Ipsos indicated that 62% of Albertans believe that Alberta "does not get its fair share from Confederation" (up from 45% in 1997), 46% feel "more attached to their province than to their country" (up from 39% in 1997), 34% "feel less committed to Canada than I did a few years ago" (up from 22% in 1997), 18% believe "the views of western Canadians are adequately represented in Ottawa" (down from 22% in 2001), and 25% believe "My province would be better off if it separated from Canada" (up from 19% in 2001).

A February 2019 poll from Angus Reid found 50% of Albertans would support secession from Canada but also found the likelihood that Alberta would separate to be "remote."

After Justin Trudeau's re-election on October 21, 2019, in the Canadian federal election, #Wexit (a wordplay on "Brexit", the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union) trended on social media. However, experts and an analysis from Hill+Knowlton Strategies, demonstrated that part of the push was due to disinformation and bots. On November 4, 2019, the separation group "Wexit Alberta" applied for federal political party status. On November 6, 2019, a poll conducted by Ipsos show a historic high of interest of secession from Canada in both Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces by 33% and 27%, respectively. On January 12, 2020, Wexit Canada was granted eligibility for the next federal election.

A May 2020 poll by Northwest Research for the *Western Standard* found that 41% of respondents would support independence in a referendum, 50% would be opposed, and 9% weren't sure. Removing undecideds, 45% would support and 55% would be opposed. Respondents were also asked if they would support a referendum if "the federal government is unwilling to negotiate with Alberta on a new constitutional arrangement", 48% said yes, while 52% said no. Support for independence was higher outside of Alberta's two biggest cities, with Edmonton being the most opposed.

## Legality of separation in Canada

In Canada the Clarity Act, which has been approved by the Supreme Court of Canada, governs the process a province should follow to achieve separation. The first step is a province-wide referendum with a clear question. The size of majority support required by referendum is not defined.

## Political parties interested in separation

### Registered Alberta political parties

### Registered federal political parties

## Opinion polling

| Date(s) conducted | Remain | Leave | Undecided | Lead | Sample | Conducted by | Polling type | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aug 21–23, 2022 | **70%** | 23% | 7% | 49% | 700 | Research Co. | Online |  |
| Jun 10–12, 2022 | **71%** | 22% | 7% | 47% | 800 | Research Co. | Online |  |
|
|
| October 13, 2021 | **45%** | 40% | 15% | 5% | 935 | Mainstreet Research | Online |  |
| Feb 7–9, 2021 | **69%** | 25% | 7% | 44% | 600 | Research Co. | Online |  |
| May 14–19, 2020 | **50%** | 41% | 9% | 9% | 1,094 | Northwest Research | IVR |  |
| Dec 18–20, 2019 | **55%** | 40% | 6% | 15% |  | Research Co. | Online | Sample size was 1,000 for all of Canada |
| Nov 12–17, 2019 | **75%** | 25% |  | 50% |  | Abacus | Online | Sample size was 3,000 for all of Canada |
| Oct 24–Nov 1, 2019 | **54%** | 33% | 13% | 21% | 250 | Ipsos | Online |  |
| Sep 11–17, 2018 | **75%** | 25% |  | 50% | 400 | Ipsos | Online |  |
|

## Further reading

* Bell, Edward. "Separatism and Quasi-Separatism in Alberta", *Prairie Forum*, Sep 2007, Vol. 32, Issue 2, pp. 335–355
* Pratt, Larry, and Garth Stevenson. *Western separatism: the myths, realities & dangers* (1981)
* Wagner, Michael. *Alberta: Separatism Then and Now* (St. Catharines, ON: Freedom Press Canada Inc., 2009) 138 pp, favourable account that concludes, "The odds of Alberta actually leaving Confederation are remote, at this point." However, he adds, "in my view, separatism has a future."
* Zeihan, Peter (2014). The Accidental Superpower: The Next Generation of American Preeminence and the Coming Global Disorder. (Chapter devoted to Alberta separatism)

## InfoBox

| Alberta | |
| --- | --- |
| Proposed secessionist state from Canada (and potential accession into the United States) | |
| <br>Alberta is shown in dark green with the United States in light green.   ---  <br>Alberta in orange shown within Canada (beige) | |
| Country | Canada |
| Area | |
| Total | 661,848 km<sup>2</sup> (255,541 sq mi) |
| Land | 640,081 km<sup>2</sup> (247,137 sq mi) |
| Water | 19,531 km<sup>2</sup> (7,541 sq mi)  3% |
| Rank | 3rd in US states sizes<br>6th in Canada |


title: Donskoy Selsoviet

abstract:
Donskoy Selsoviet is a rural settlement in Zadonsky District of Lipetsk Region, Russia.
It is located in the central part of Lipetsk Region and in the northern part of Zadonsky District. The area of the settlement is 150.11 square kilometers. Its administrative center is Donskoye. Population: 5,055 (2014); 5,002 (2010 Census).

text:
# Donskoy Selsoviet

**Donskoy Selsoviet** is a rural settlement in Zadonsky District of Lipetsk Region, Russia. It is located in the central part of Lipetsk Region and in the northern part of Zadonsky District. The area of the settlement is 150.11 square kilometers (58 sq mi). Its administrative center is Donskoye. Population: 5,055 (2014); 5,002 (2010 Census).

| Locality | Type | Population (2010 Census) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Donskoye | village | 3,807 |
| Donskoy Rudnik | settlement | 418 |
| Don | railway station | 241 |
| Lukoshkinsky | settlement | 173 |
| Patriarshaya | railway station | 145 |
| Galichya Gora | village | 105 |
| Matyushkino | village | 48 |
| Annenka | village | 38 |
| Novoselje | village | 27 |

52°38′N 38°59′E / 52.63°N 38.98°E / 52.63; 38.98


title: Dora Barton

abstract: Dora Barton was an English actress who appeared in films between 1916 and 1938.

text:
# Dora Barton

**Dora Barton** (*née* **Brockbank**; 20 January 1880 – 13 September 1966) was an English actress who appeared in films between 1916 and 1938.

## Biography

She was the daughter of actress Mary Barton and the sister of actress Naomi Barton.

She married actor Anthony Caton Woodville—the son of Richard Caton Woodville Jr. and grandson of Richard Caton Woodville—in 1908 but they later divorced. They had a son, Humphrey Caton Woodville, an entomologist.

She died on 13 September 1966.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Dora Barton | |
| --- | --- |
| In *The Sketch*, 31 July 1901 | |
| Born | Dora Brockbank
(1880-01-20)20 January 1880
London, England |
| Died | 13 September 1966(1966-09-13) (aged 86)
Brockley, Somerset, England |
| Other names | Dora Caton Woodville |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1916–1938 |
| Spouse | Anthony Caton Woodville |


title: Dora Beets

abstract: Dora Beets was a Dutch writer. She was the sister of Nicolaas Beets, who called her Serena in his works.

text:
# Dora Beets

**Dora Beets** (13 April 1812  16 April 1864) was a Dutch writer. She was the sister of Nicolaas Beets, who called her *Serena* in his works.

## Life

### Provenance and early years

**Dorothea "Dora" Petronella Beets** was born in Haarlem where Martinus Nicolaas Beets, her father, was an apothecary and her upbringing reflected her parents' adherence to the mainstream Protestant Dutch Reformed Church. She was the eldest of her parents' seven children, and continued to live with her parents at their home in the Koningstraat (*"King Street"*) till she married the book dealer and publisher Pieter François Bohn in Haarlem on 6 July 1835: she took the name **Dorothea Petronella Bohn-Beets**. Dora was twelve years younger than her husband who was a Mennonite. The couple moved into the corner house where Pieter Bohn conducted his business, in the city centre at the point where Grote Houtstraat crosses one side of the Verwulft (square). The marriage would produce at least eight children of whom two sons and two daughters are known to have reached adulthood. The fact that Beets came from the Reformed Church tradition while her husband came from the minority Mennonite community seems not to have been a problem. Intriguingly, as each of the children's births was registered with the city hall, their stated religious affiliations alternated. Only with the birth registrations for the youngest two children was the pattern broken: François en Martinus were both registered as Mennonites.

### Onze buurt

Her book ***Onze buurt*** (*"Our neighborhood"*) was published anonymously in 1861. Indeed, the term used, "een ongenoemde" (*"an unnamed \[author\]"*) applied the male version of the definite article, implying that the unnamed author was a man. The anonymity also meant that the uninformed reader had no reason to know that the author was an elder sibling of Nicolaas Beets, a theologian and popular poet who was already well known in Haarlem as a published author, despite publishing his works under the pseudonym "Hildebrand".

Only after Dora's death, when the second edition appeared in 1870, did the book incorporate an introduction by Nicolaas Beets in which he disclosed that the author, Dorothea Bohn-Beets, had been his sister. The book's publication received little press coverage, but it was nevertheless reasonably popular with readers. A sixth edition was published in 1911.

In 2002 a new edition was published, using modern (post 1995) spelling.

The book provides a striking description of daily life among the 19th century haute bourgeoisie. The setting is clearly Haarlem (though the city is identified merely as "X") during the 1860s. The family of the main protagonist, Mrs. Rueel, is not identical to that of Dorothea Bohn, but it nevertheless becomes apparent from studying her private correspondence that many of the experiences and happenings related in the book correspond to real-life events in the author's own life. In February 1862 Dora Beets wrote her brother a letter in which she confided how "... in that book I have set out the innermost outpourings of my own heart in all their variety, and all sorts of mouths have given voice to my own beliefs and confessions".

In **Onze buurt**, Dorothea Bohn-Beets describes mid-nineteenth century city life with its relatively fixed hierarchical structure, the houses of the upper and lower middle-classes and the charitable undertakings by citizens and their wives seeking to alleviate the screaming poverty in the city. She also focuses on the differences within and between church congregations, between traditionalist and "modern" versions of Protestantism. The author hints at her own position through the views and actions of her lead protagonist, who champions an evangelical Christianity. It is nevertheless striking that Roman Catholics, who were certainly present in Haarlem in significant numbers at that time, seem not to exist in the city of "X". A further recurring theme involves feeding people: Mrs. Rueel feeds not merely her three children but also, where necessary, all the neighbours. She is an exceptionally successful provider of sustenance. This is clearly a characteristic that the author uses to idealise her heroine despite the context of a setting that is in other respects realistic. A commentator explains that without some sort of didactic idealisation, a Dutch novel of this period could not exist, because it would carry no useful message. Usefulness, in literature, was very important.

1. "Dorothea Petronella Bohn-Beets · dbnl". *DBNL* (in Dutch).
2. Margaretha H. Schenkeveld (4 October 2018). "Beets, Dorothea Petronella (1812-1864)". *Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland* (in Dutch). Huygens Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.
3. P.D. Chantepie de la Saussaye. "Levensbericht N. Beets" (PDF). *Jaarboek, 1904*. Huygens Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam. pp. 2–18. Retrieved 25 January 2019.

*Onze buurt*. (Dutch text)

## InfoBox

| Dora Beets | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Dorothea Petronella Beets
13 April 1812
Haarlem, Zuyderzée, French Empire |
| Died | 16 April 1864 (1864-04-17) (aged 52)
Haarlem, North Holland, Netherlands |
| Occupation | author |
| Notable works | *Onze buurt* |
| Spouse | Pieter François Bohn (18001873) |
| Relatives | Martinus Nicolaas Beets (father)
Maria Elisabeth de Waal Malefijt (mother) |


title: Dora Batty

abstract: Dora Margaret Batty was a British designer, working in illustration, poster design, pottery and textiles.

text:
# Dora Batty

**Dora Margaret Batty** (12 January 1891 – 10 July 1966) was a British designer, working in illustration, poster design, pottery and textiles.

## Biography

Batty was born in Colchester, Essex, the youngest of three daughters of Rev. Thomas Batty and Elizabeth Cooke Hopwood Batty. Her father, a Congregational minister, was pastor for 40 years at Stockwell Congregational Chapel in Colchester. She attended the Chelmsford School of Science and Art, where she won some prizes.

Batty designed posters for the Underground Group and for London Transport between 1921 and 1938, producing over 50 different designs in a variety of different styles. From 1932, she taught in the School of Textiles at the Central School of Arts and Crafts. In 1950, she was appointed the Head of School, apost she held until she retired in 1958.

Batty also designed textiles for Helios and ceramics for the Poole Pottery and for Carter & Co, as well as advertisements for Mac Fisheries and K Shoes. She also worked as a book illustrator. She lived in London for many years, but died in Essex in 1966.

## Selected works

London Underground Posters * *Kew Gardens, foxgloves*, 1924
* *From country to the heart of town*, 1925
* *For Picnics and Rambles from Town to Open Country*
* *Crocuses are out*, 1927
* *Come out and see it*, 1927
* *Daffodils are blooming*, 1927
* *See London's Gardens*, 1927
* *The Underground brings all good things nearer*, 1930
* *RAF Display at Colindale Station*, 1932
* *Trooping the Colour*, 1936

Book illustration * W. H. Davies, *A Poet's Alphabet*, 1925
* W. H. Davies, *The Song of Love*, 1926
* W. H. Davies, *A Poet's Calendar*, 1927
* *How to Buy and Sell Money* The Curwen Press, 1929 (contributor)
* Shell-Mex and BP Ltd, *The Care of Your Tractor*, n.d. ca 1930
* *The B.B.C. Year-Book*, 1931, 1932 and 1933 (dustwrapper)
* Geoffrey Holme, *The Children's Art Book*, 1939 (contributor)
* William Cowper, *John Gilpin*, \[1942\] (Bantam Picture Book No. 17)
* *The Giant without a Heart. An old Norse fairy tale*, 1944

Ceramics * Hans Van Lemmen, *Art Deco Tiles*, 2012


title: Alcohol laws of Texas

abstract:
A person must be at least 15-17 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions. Texas is one of ten states that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 15 when the minor is on their property or property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to a minor if they are the minor's adult parent, guardian, or spouse, and are visibly present when the minor possesses or consumes the alcoholic beverage. It is against the law to make alcohol available to a non-family person younger than 17, even on one's own property and even with permission from a parent of that person. Texas holds parents/adults civilly liable for damages caused by the intoxication of a minor younger than 17 if they knowingly provided alcohol or allowed alcohol to be served on property owned or leased by them if the minor:
  - is injured or dies as a result of drinking on the property,
  - gets into a fight, falls and hurts themself, or is sexually assaulted,
  - damages someone else's property, or
  - leaves the property and is involved in a motor vehicle accident causing injury to themselves or others. An operator of a motor vehicle is considered automatically under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening shows a blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 percent or greater. If under the age of 17, a driver in Texas testing positive for any BAC may be subject to DUI charges.

text:
# Alcohol laws of Texas

A person must be at least 15-17 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions.

Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 15 when the minor is on their property or property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to a minor if they are the minor's adult parent, guardian, or spouse, and are visibly present when the minor possesses or consumes the alcoholic beverage. It is against the law to make alcohol available to a non-family person younger than 17, even on one's own property and even with permission from a parent of that person.

Texas holds parents/adults civilly liable for damages caused by the intoxication of a minor younger than 17 if they knowingly provided alcohol or allowed alcohol to be served on property owned or leased by them if the minor:

* is injured or dies as a result of drinking on the property,
* gets into a fight, falls and hurts themself, or is sexually assaulted,
* damages someone else's property, or
* leaves the property and is involved in a motor vehicle accident causing injury to themselves or others.

An operator of a motor vehicle is considered automatically under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening shows a blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 percent or greater. If under the age of 17, a driver in Texas testing positive for any BAC may be subject to DUI charges.

## Alcohol sales

Voter approval is required (at the appropriate county-wide, precinct-wide, or city-wide region) to approve such sales. Separate votes are required for 1) "on-premise" (sales at a restaurant or bar for consumption at that location) beer and wine sales, 2) "off-premise" (sales for consumption elsewhere, such as at home) beer and wine sales, 3) on-premise liquor sales, and 4) off-premise liquor sales.

Only four Texas counties are completely "dry" counties, where sales of alcoholic beverages are not legal anywhere in the county:

1. Borden
2. Kent
3. Roberts
4. Throckmorton

Many counties are completely "wet" counties, where all alcoholic beverage sales are legal everywhere in the county:

1. Aransas
2. Austin
3. Bexar
4. Brazos
5. Brewster
6. Brooks
7. Burnet
8. Cameron
9. Childress
10. Clay
11. Collingsworth
12. Colorado
13. Comal
14. Cottle
15. Crosby
16. Culberson
17. Dimmit
18. Donley
19. Duval
20. Ector
21. El Paso
22. Fayette
23. Fisher
24. Fort Bend
25. Goliad
26. Gonzales
27. Guadalupe
28. Hidalgo
29. Hudspeth
30. Jim Hogg
31. Kendall
32. Kenedy
33. Kinney
34. Kleberg
35. La Salle
36. Midland
37. Mitchell
38. Nolan
39. Nueces
40. Ochiltree
41. Presidio
42. San Saba
43. Scurry
44. Sherman
45. Starr
46. Sutton
47. Val Verde
48. Victoria
49. Waller
50. Washington
51. Webb
52. Wharton
53. Wilbarger
54. Zapata
55. Zavala

The 195 other Texas counties are "moist" counties, which are a combination of wet and dry areas.

### Sales of alcohol

Beer and wine can be sold from 7:00 AM until midnight Monday through Friday, from 7:00 AM until 1:00 AM on Saturday, and from 10 AM until midnight on Sunday. Licensed restaurants, bars, and other establishments additionally can serve for consumption on-premises starting at 10:00 AM on Sunday if served with food, and until 2:00 AM every night if the establishment has a late-hours permit in cities or counties that allow such sales.

Alcohol sales are more stringently regulated. They are prohibited 1) on Sundays, 2) on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's Day (and when Christmas and New Year's Days are on a Sunday, the prohibition is carried over to the following Monday), and 3) before 10AM and after 9PM on any other day. Furthermore, Alcohol/ liquor can only be sold in "package stores", which must be closed (even for sales of otherwise allowable products) whenever liquor sales are prohibited, and which further must be physically separated from any other business. Moreover, no owner can own more than 250 package stores, and no publicly traded company can own such a store.

Hotel bars can serve alcohol to registered guests at all hours.

## Legitimate age

People must be at least 21 years of age to legally consume alcoholic beverages in Texas with certain exceptions, as in all other states. However, employment at a company serving alcoholic beverages can be entered into at age 18 provided they get certified by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission.

No specific training is required to serve alcohol; however, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code states that the actions (such as serving alcohol to a clearly intoxicated patron) of an employee will not be imputed to the employer if 1) the employer requires the employee to complete training approved by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, 2) the employee actually completes the training, and 3) the employer has not directly encouraged the employee to violate the law.

## Open container laws

All previously opened containers of alcoholic beverages must be stored and transported in a vehicle's trunk (or behind the last row of seats if a vehicle does not have a partitioned trunk) or other storage to which the driver and or any passengers do not have access.

## Blood alcohol content limits

An operator of a motor vehicle is considered under the influence of alcohol if a chemical screening test shows a blood-alcohol-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08 percent or higher. No other evidence (such as Field Sobriety tests) need be presented to the court to obtain a DUI (driving under the influence) conviction. A driver testing 0.15 percent or higher above the legal limit of 0.08 percent faces more severe penalties for enhanced BAC. When under the age of 21, a driver in Texas must not test positive for any BAC and may be charged with DUI even if the amount tested is under 0.08 percent.


title: Dorian Jones

abstract: Dorian Jones is a Welsh rugby union player, who has represented Wales 7s and who currently plays for SUA Agen in Rugby Pro D2 (

text:
# Dorian Jones

**Dorian Jones** (born 27 September) is a Welsh rugby union player, who has represented Wales 7s and who currently plays for SUA Agen in Rugby Pro D2 (

## Personal

His brother is former Wales U20s and Wales 7s Rugby Union player Rhys Jones. His father is former Wales International flanker Kingsley Jones.

## InfoBox

Dorian Jones
| Birth name | Dorian Luc Jones |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Abergavenny, Wales |
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 86 kg (13 st 8 lb) |
| School | Myerscough College |
| University | University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC) Cardiff Metropolitan University |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half / Full-back  **Current team** SUA Agen  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2013-2018
2018-2018
2018-2021
2021- 2023 Dragons
Worcester Warriors
Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente
US Carcassonne  71
4
56
25  (243)
(23)
(467)
(255) | |


title: Dorian Johnson

abstract: Dorian Leon Johnson is a former American football guard. He played college football at Pittsburgh.

text:
# Dorian Johnson

**Dorian Leon Johnson** (born October 21, 1994) is a former American football guard. He played college football at Pittsburgh.

## Early life

A native of Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania, Johnson attended Belle Vernon Area High School where he was a four-year varsity player and three-year starter on both the offensive and defensive line. In his junior and senior year he earned consecutive first-team All-Big Nine Conference honors.

Regarded as a four-star recruit by ESPN, Johnson was ranked as the No. 2 offensive tackle behind Laremy Tunsil. With offers from many college football programs, Johnson committed to his home-town Pittsburgh Panthers.

## College career

Johnson was a four-year starter at Pittsburgh. Dorian Johnson earned First-team All-American and First-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference in 2016.

## Professional career

### Arizona Cardinals

Johnson was drafted by the Cardinals in the fourth round of the 2017 NFL draft. He signed a 4-year deal with a $656,388 signing bonus on May 19, 2017. On September 2, 2017, he was waived by the Cardinals and was signed to the practice squad the next day.

### Houston Texans

On October 11, 2017, Johnson was signed by the Houston Texans off the Cardinals' practice squad. He was waived by the Texans on November 3, 2017 when the Texans brought in a quarterback after an injury to Deshaun Watson and was re-signed to the practice squad. He was granted release on December 27, 2017 for a family emergency.

### Carolina Panthers

On January 2, 2018, Johnson was signed to the Carolina Panthers' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Panthers on January 8, 2018.

On September 1, 2018, Johnson was waived by the Panthers and signed to practice squad the following day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 28, 2018.

On August 1, 2019, Johnson was waived/injured by the Panthers and placed on injured reserve. He was released on August 20.

### DC Defenders

On November 22, 2019, Johnson was drafted by the DC Defenders of the XFL in the 2020 XFL Supplemental Draft. He was waived after week 3 of the regular season in February 2020.

## InfoBox

Dorian Johnson
| Johnson as a Belle Vernon Area Leopard | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 64 | |
| Position: | Guard |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1994-10-21) October 21, 1994<br>Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) |
| Weight: | 315 lb (143 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Belle Vernon Area |
| College: | Pittsburgh |
| NFL draft: | 2017 / round: 4 / pick: 115 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Doris L. Wethers

abstract: Doris Louise Wethers was an American pediatrician known for her research on sickle-cell disease. Wethers was born in Passaic, New Jersey on December 14, 1927, to William and Lillian Wethers. She graduated magna cum laude from Queens College in 1948, majoring in chemistry, and earned her M.D. at Yale University School of Medicine in 1952, after which Wethers spent ten years as a pediatrician in private practice. Her office was located next to the office of her father, physician William Wethers. Wethers became the first black attending physician at St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center in 1958. She served as medical director for Speedwell Services for Children from 1961 to 1973, and as director of pediatrics and opening sickle-cell anemia programs at Knickerbocker Hospital (1965–1973), Sydenham Hospital (1969–1974), and St. Luke's Hospital (1974–1979). She received a grant for research on sickle-cell disease in 1979. She conducted research at St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center and conducted in-patient rounds for medical students learning about sickle-cell disease. Wethers served as director of the hospital's sickle cell program until retiring in 1999. Wethers also co-founded the Foundation for Research and Education in Sickle Cell Disease with Drs. Yvette Fay Francis-McBarnette and Lila A. Fenwick. In 1987, Wethers acted as the chairwoman of a panel on sickle-cell screening commissioned by the National Institutes of Health. The panel recommended that all newborn babies, regardless of ethnicity, be tested routinely for sickle-cell anemia; by 2006 this practice had been implemented in all fifty states. Wethers died after a stroke on January 28, 2019, in Yonkers, New York, aged 91.

text:
# Doris L. Wethers

**Doris Louise Wethers** (December 14, 1927 – January 28, 2019) was an American pediatrician known for her research on sickle-cell disease.

Wethers was born in Passaic, New Jersey on December 14, 1927, to William and Lillian (née Wilkinson) Wethers. She graduated magna cum laude from Queens College in 1948, majoring in chemistry, and earned her M.D. at Yale University School of Medicine in 1952 (becoming the third black woman to do so), after which Wethers spent ten years as a pediatrician in private practice. Her office was located next to the office of her father, physician William Wethers.

Wethers became the first black attending physician at St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center in 1958. She served as medical director for Speedwell Services for Children from 1961 to 1973, and as director of pediatrics and opening sickle-cell anemia programs at Knickerbocker Hospital (1965–1973), Sydenham Hospital (1969–1974), and St. Luke's Hospital (1974–1979). She received a grant for research on sickle-cell disease in 1979.

She conducted research at St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center and conducted in-patient rounds for medical students learning about sickle-cell disease. Wethers served as director of the hospital's sickle cell program until retiring in 1999.

Wethers also co-founded the Foundation for Research and Education in Sickle Cell Disease with Drs. Yvette Fay Francis-McBarnette and Lila A. Fenwick.

In 1987, Wethers acted as the chairwoman of a panel on sickle-cell screening commissioned by the National Institutes of Health. The panel recommended that all newborn babies, regardless of ethnicity, be tested routinely for sickle-cell anemia; by 2006 this practice had been implemented in all fifty states.

Wethers died after a stroke on January 28, 2019, in Yonkers, New York, aged 91.

## Works

* "Doris L. Wethers". *Microsoft Academic Search*. Retrieved 2015-02-26.

## InfoBox

| Doris Louise Wethers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1927-12-14)December 14, 1927
Passaic, New Jersey, United States |
| Died | January 28, 2019(2019-01-28) (aged 91)
Yonkers, New York, United States |
| Alma mater | Queens College
Yale University School of Medicine |
| Occupation | Pediatrician |
| Employer(s) | Knickerbocker Hospital
Sydenham Hospital
St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center |
| Known for | Sickle-cell disease research |
| Spouse | Garvall H. Booker   (m. 1953; died 1996) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Dorothy Peto

abstract: Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto was an English police officer. She was a pioneer of women policing in the United Kingdom who served as the first attested woman superintendent in the London Metropolitan Police, from 1930 to 1946.

text:
# Dorothy Peto

**Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto** OBE KPFSM (15 December 1886 – 26 February 1974) was an English police officer. She was a pioneer of women policing in the United Kingdom who served as the first attested woman superintendent in the London Metropolitan Police, from 1930 to 1946.

## Life

Peto was born in Emery Down, near Lyndhurst, Hampshire. Her father, Morton Kelsall Peto, was a builder and noted landscape artist, and her grandfather was Sir Morton Peto, 1st Baronet. She was educated at home and began writing novels. She was not successful in this endeavour and in 1914 joined the National Union of Women Workers women patrols, an unofficial organisation which patrolled the streets to maintain public morality and decency. She was Assistant Patrol Organiser in Bath and from January 1915 was deputy director of the NUWW's patrol training school in Bristol. In 1917, she succeeded Flora Joseph as director of the school and in 1918 also became director of the Federated Training Schools for Policewomen and Patrols, which also included the schools in Liverpool and Glasgow

In 1919, the schools closed and Peto attempted to obtain a position as an attested police officer, as several police forces were now recruiting women. She had some difficulty, particularly since she was not willing to accept a rank lower than Inspector, and in November 1920 accepted an unattested position as a Female Enquiry Officer with Birmingham City Police. In 1924, following her father's death and her need for a better salary, she resigned and became a travelling organiser for the National Council for Combating Venereal Diseases, renamed the British Social Hygiene Council in 1925. In 1927, she joined Liverpool City Police as director of the city's ten policewomen.

In April 1930, Peto transferred to the Metropolitan Police as Staff Officer in charge of the Women's Section, with the attested rank of Superintendent. In May 1931, she became the first female member of the Police Council. In April 1932, she took command of her own branch of the Metropolitan Police, A4 Branch (Women Police). Peto was credited with using the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to take ownership of cases involving child abuse and based on that she established a special role for policewomen. Within five years it was noted that the majority of interviews with women involved in indecency was being taken by policewomen where they were available. Her arguments along these lines continued and in 1943 she increased the number of policewomen further by drawing the commissioner's attention to juvenile delinquency, broken homes and the general problems created by the second world war.

She retired on 15 December 1946, having seen the expansion of the branch from 55 officers to over 200, about half the total number of female police officers in Britain.

## Awards and legacy

Peto was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours. She was awarded the King's Police and Fire Services Medal (KPFSM) in the 1944 Birthday Honours.

After her death her memoirs were published by the Metropolitan Police. These memoirs are actually more a description of the development of the force rather than Peto's personal memoirs of her particular role or life.

1. R. M. Douglas, 'Peto, Dorothy Olivia Georgiana (1886–1974)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2006; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 15 March 2014
2. "Bristol's War - Britain's First Policewoman". 4 November 2014.
3. "D.O.G. Peto, 'Police Work as a Profession for Women', *The Contemporary Review*, 1918".
4. Jackson, Louise A. (2006). *Women police : gender, welfare, and surveillance in the twentieth century* (Pbk. ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0719073901.
5. The Memoirs of Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto

### Sources

## InfoBox

| SuperintendentDorothy PetoOBE KPFSM | |
| --- | --- |
| Peto as head of the training school in Bristol, c. 1917 | |
|  | |
| Head of A4 Branch (Women Police), Metropolitan Police | |
| **In office**
April 1932  15 December 1946 | |
| Staff Officer, Women's Section, Metropolitan Police | |
| **In office**
April 1930  April 1932 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Dorothy Olivia Georgiana Peto
(1886-12-15)15 December 1886
Emery Down, Hampshire, England |
| Died | 26 February 1974(1974-02-26) (aged 87)
Alton, Hampshire, England |
| Occupation | Police officer |
|  | |


title: Earl W. McDaniel

abstract: Earl W. (Wadsworth) McDaniel was a Regents Professor of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Georgia Tech Research Institute and is most noted for his contributions to the field of ion mobility spectrometry.

text:
# Earl W. McDaniel

**Earl W. (Wadsworth) McDaniel** (April 15, 1926 – May 4, 1997) was a Regents Professor of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Georgia Tech Research Institute and is most noted for his contributions to the field of ion mobility spectrometry.

## Education and early career

After completing his undergraduate degree in physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology and earning his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, McDaniel was recruited by Georgia Tech Research Institute director James Boyd to return to Georgia Tech as an assistant professor. He received appointments in both the School of Physics and the School of Electrical Engineering.

Apart from his work as a physicist, McDaniel was known to be an avid reader of both fiction and classics as well as an expert on the histories of great military conflicts and battles.

## Drift tube

In 1964, Earl began construction of a "drift tube" with the help of mechanical engineering student, Dan Albritton. Using this drift tube the pair revolutionized the field of ion transport. Their publication "Mobilities of Mass-Identified H3+ and H+ Ions in Hydrogen" was chosen as one of the top 100 papers ever published in the journal *Physical Review*.

## Publications

Aside from several popular research publications, McDaniel also authored or edited 8 books. Among these, the most notable were "Collision Phenomena in Ionized Gases," “Transport Properties of Ions in Gases,” "Atomic Collisions: Electron and Photon Projectiles,” and “Atomic Collisions: Heavy Particle Projectiles.” These books were published in several countries and translated into multiple languages.

## InfoBox

| Earl Wadsworth McDaniel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-04-15)April 15, 1926
Macon, Georgia |
| Died | May 4, 1997(1997-05-04) (aged 71)
Atlanta, Georgia USA |
| Resting place | Oakland Cemetery, Atlanta
33.748535000 -84.372989700 |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Michigan |
| Known for | Ion mobility spectrometry |
| Awards | Georgia Scientist of the Year |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics
Electrical Engineering |
| Institutions | Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Tech Research Institute |
|  | |


title: Earl W. Kintner

abstract: Earl Wilson Kintner was the chair of the Federal Trade Commission from June 11, 1959, to March 20, 1961. Born in Corydon, Indiana, and raised in Princeton, Indiana, Kintner "worked in the farm fields as a boy to help support his family", while attending Princeton High School until his graduation in 1932. He received an A.B. from DePauw University in 1936, followed by a law degree from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 1938. Kintner served in the United States Navy during World War II, from 1944 to 1948, remaining in service after the end of the war as a case reviewer for the United Nations War Crimes Commission. He held various government offices before becoming a trial attorney for the Federal Trade Commission in Washington, D.C. in 1948. He served as General Counsel for the FTC from 1953 to 1959, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Kintner to chairman the FTC, where he remained until 1961. After leaving the FTC, Kintner became a partner in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn, retiring from active practice in 1990 but remaining of counsel until his death the following year. Kintner died from congestive heart failure at Sibley Memorial Hospital, at the age of 79.

text:
# Earl W. Kintner

**Earl Wilson Kintner** (November 6, 1912 – December 28, 1991) was the chair of the Federal Trade Commission from June 11, 1959, to March 20, 1961.

Born in Corydon, Indiana, and raised in Princeton, Indiana, Kintner "worked in the farm fields as a boy to help support his family", while attending Princeton High School until his graduation in 1932. He received an A.B. from DePauw University in 1936, followed by a law degree from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 1938.

Kintner served in the United States Navy during World War II, from 1944 to 1948, remaining in service after the end of the war as a case reviewer for the United Nations War Crimes Commission. He held various government offices before becoming a trial attorney for the Federal Trade Commission in Washington, D.C. in 1948. He served as General Counsel for the FTC from 1953 to 1959, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Kintner to chairman the FTC, where he remained until 1961.

After leaving the FTC, Kintner became a partner in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn, retiring from active practice in 1990 but remaining of counsel until his death the following year.

Kintner died from congestive heart failure at Sibley Memorial Hospital, at the age of 79.


title: Anaphosia astrigata

abstract: Anaphosia astrigata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1910. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Anaphosia astrigata

***Anaphosia astrigata*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1910. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Anaphosia astrigata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Anaphosia* |
| Species: | ***A. astrigata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anaphosia astrigata***<br>Hampson, 1910 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Carcinopodia astrigata* (Hampson, 1910) | |


title: Delphine Gardey

abstract: Delphine Gardey is a French historian and sociologist. She is a professor of contemporary history at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and director of the Institute of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences. She is currently a member of the editorial board of the journal Travail, Genre et Sociétés. She is also affiliated with "Groupement De Recherche Européen" (GDRE) and "Marché du travail et genre en Europe" (MAGE). She is a member of the "Genre, Travail, Mobilités" (GTM) Laboratory of "Centre de recherches sociologiques et politiques de Paris" (CRESPPA). Her work focuses mainly on the history of science and technology studies, feminist theories, as well as the place of women in history and society in general.

text:
# Delphine Gardey

**Delphine Gardey** (born 1967, France) is a French historian and sociologist. She is a professor of contemporary history at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and director of the Institute of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences. She is currently a member of the editorial board of the journal *Travail, Genre et Sociétés*. She is also affiliated with "Groupement De Recherche Européen" (GDRE) (English: European Research Group) and "Marché du travail et genre en Europe" (MAGE) (English: Labor market and gender in Europe). She is a member of the "Genre, Travail, Mobilités" (GTM) (English: Gender, Work, Mobilities) Laboratory of "Centre de recherches sociologiques et politiques de Paris" (CRESPPA) (English: Paris Center for Sociological and Political Research). Her work focuses mainly on the history of science and technology studies, feminist theories, as well as the place of women in history and society in general.

## Career and research

Gardey was a researcher at the "Centre de recherche en histoire des sciences et des techniques" (English: Center for Research in the History of Science and Technology) from 1995 to 2006 within a research group funded by the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (CSI) of Paris, the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), and the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS). She was a lecturer at the Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis until 2008.

In 2009, she became a professor of sociology at the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. In the same year, Gardey was appointed full professor of contemporary history at the University of Geneva, as well as director of the master's and doctorate in gender studies. From 2010 to 2012, she was appointed Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the University of Geneva, then Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences from 2014 to 2016. From 2009 to 2017, she held the position of director of the Institute of Gender Studies within this same University; she has also been director of the doctoral school in Romandy in gender studies since 2021.

Gardey's research focuses on the history of women in the workforce, the social history of techniques, the history of writing and information technology, the history of the office and of tertiary sector of the economy. For example, she studied the development of the typing profession from 1890 to 1930, as well as the Taylorization of office work, which, according to her, devalued this type of work and led to a feminization of a sector previously occupied mainly by men.

Gardey is interested in the way in which cognitive and material innovations were at the origin at the end of the 19th century of an "administrative revolution". She studies how technological evolution has redefined social and cultural roles. She works on issues linking gender and science, as well as gender and information and communication technologies. She has made scientific studies carried out at the international level available to French researchers by proposing to combine these studies with questions about gender. In 2004, the CNRS asked her for a report on "the challenges of research on gender and sex". According to Françoise Thébaud, Gardey has developed elements that contribute to the recognition of studies on women and gender.

## Selected works

### Books

* *La dactylographe et l’expéditionnaire. Histoire des employés de bureau (1890-1930)*, Paris, Belin, 2001.
* *Le Linge Du Palais-Bourbon. Corps, matérialité et genre du politique à l’ère démocratique*, Lormont, éditions Le Bord de l’Eau, 2015.
* *Écrire, calculer, classer. Comment une révolution de papier a transformé les sociétés contemporaines (1800-1940)*, Paris, La Découverte, 2008.
* *Politique du clitoris*, Paris, Textuel, 2019.

### Edited volumes

* With Ilana Löwy (ed.), *L’invention du naturel. Les sciences et la fabrication du féminin et du masculin*, Paris, éditions des Archives contemporaines, 2000.
* With Chabaud-Rychter Danielle, *L’engendrement des choses. Des hommes, des femmes et des techniques*, Paris, éditions des Archives contemporaines, 2002.
* *Le féminisme change-t-il nos vies?*, Paris, Textuel, 2011.
* With Kraus Cynthia (ed.), *Politiques de coalition. Penser et se mobiliser avec Judith Butler. Politics of Coalition. Thinking Collective Action with Judith Butler*, Zurich, Éd. Seismo, 2016.
* With Vuille Marilène (ed.), *Les sciences du désir. La sexualité féminine de la psychanalyse aux neurosciences*, Lormont, Le Bord de l’eau, 2018.

### Reports

* "Enjeux des recherches sur le genre et le sexe", report written at the request of the scientific council of CNRS, 2000.

## InfoBox

| Dr.Delphine Gardey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 19 January 1967 |
| Occupations | * Historian * Sociologist |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | * History * Sociology |
| Sub-discipline |  |
| Institutions |  |
| Notable works | *Politique du clitoris* |
|  | |


title: Alverstone Mead

abstract: Alverstone Mead Local Nature Reserve is a lowland freshwater wetland nature reserve close to Sandown, Isle of Wight. it is a part of the Alverstone Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest. The site is on the floodplain of the Eastern Yar, and is a popular spot for birdwatchers. The old trackbed of the Newport-Sandown railway runs through it, and is now a cycleway. In addition, the station house of Alverstone railway station, now a private residence, is still intact, and sits adjacent to Alverstone Mead. It is owned by the Isle of Wight Council and leased to the Wight Nature Fund.

text:
# Alverstone Mead

**Alverstone Mead** Local Nature Reserve is a lowland freshwater wetland nature reserve close to Sandown, Isle of Wight. it is a part of the Alverstone Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The site is on the floodplain of the Eastern Yar, and is a popular spot for birdwatchers. The old trackbed of the Newport-Sandown railway runs through it, and is now a cycleway. In addition, the station house of Alverstone railway station, now a private residence, is still intact, and sits adjacent to Alverstone Mead.

It is owned by the Isle of Wight Council and leased to the Wight Nature Fund.

50°39′56″N 1°10′54″W / 50.66556°N 1.18167°W / 50.66556; -1.18167


title: Anfillo (woreda)

abstract: Anfillo is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Kelem Welega Zone, Anfillo is bordered on the southwest by the Gambela Region, on the north by Jimma Gidami, on the northeast by Yemalogi Welele, and on the east by Sayo. The major town in Anfillo is Mugi. Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda. Over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop.

text:
# Anfillo (woreda)

**Anfillo** is a woreda in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Kelem Welega Zone, Anfillo is bordered on the southwest by the Gambela Region, on the north by Jimma Gidami, on the northeast by Yemalogi Welele, and on the east by Sayo. The major town in Anfillo is Mugi.

Coffee is an important cash crop of this woreda. Over 50 square kilometers are planted with this crop.

## Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 77,156, of whom 39,486 were men and 37,670 were women; 7,853 or 10.18% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 63.74% reporting that as their religion, while 26.52% observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 8.84% observed Islam.

Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 78,777, of whom 38,907 are men and 39,870 are women; 8,795 or 11.16% of its population are urban dwellers, which is greater than the Zone average of 10.9%. With an estimated area of 1,586.25 square kilometers, Anfillo has an estimated population density of 49.7 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average of 91.7.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 55,847 in 10,254 households, of whom 28,312 were men and 27,535 were women; 4,908 or 8.79% of its population were urban dwellers. The three largest ethnic groups reported in Anfillo were the Oromo (89.66%), the Amhara (4.6%), and the Mao people (4.46%) otherwise known as the Anfillo; all other ethnic groups made up 1.28% of the population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 95.41%, 2.92% Amharic, and 0.64% speak Mao one of the northern group of Omotic languages; the remaining 1.03% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants observed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 58.47% reporting that as their religion, while 31.4% were Protestant, and 9.7% Muslim.

8°30′N 34°40′E / 8.500°N 34.667°E / 8.500; 34.667


title: Dendrolasma

abstract: Dendrolasma is a genus of harvestmen in the family Nemastomatidae with two described species. Both species are found in the western coast of North America. An overview of their taxonomy was provided by Schönhofer (2013).

text:
# Dendrolasma

***Dendrolasma*** is a genus of harvestmen in the family Nemastomatidae with two described species (as of 2023). Both species are found in the western coast of North America. An overview of their taxonomy was provided by Schönhofer (2013).

## Description

The genus *Dendrolasma* was described in 1894 by Nathan Banks with the type species *Dendrolasma mirabile*. In the past, additional species were included but have since been placed in *Asiolasma* or *Cladolasma*.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus *Dendrolasma*:

## Etymology

The genus is neuter. The appropriate gender agreement was originally overlooked by Banks when describing "*D. mirabilis*", but the suffix was subsequently amended to the neuter "*mirabile*" by Martens (1978), and adopted by later authors.

## InfoBox

| *Dendrolasma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dendrolasma mirabile* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Nemastomatidae |
| Subfamily: | Ortholasmatinae |
| Genus: | *Dendrolasma*
Banks, 1894 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Dendrolasma mirabile*
Banks, 1894 | |
| Diversity | |
| 2 spp. (see text) | |


title: Dendroleon speciosus

abstract: Dendroleon speciosus is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Dendroleon speciosus

***Dendroleon speciosus*** is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Dendroleon speciosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Myrmeleontidae |
| Genus: | *Dendroleon* |
| Species: | ***D. speciosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dendroleon speciosus***<br>Banks, 1905 | |
|


title: Dendroleontini

abstract: Dendroleontini is a tribe in the antlion subfamily Dendroleontinae.

text:
# Dendroleontini

**Dendroleontini** is a tribe in the antlion subfamily Dendroleontinae.

## Genera

*BioLib* includes:

1. *Afghanoleon* Hölzel, 1972
2. *Anomaloplectron* Esben-Petersen, 1919
3. *Bankisus* Navás, 1912
4. *Bullanga* Navás, 1917
5. *Cuca* Navás, 1923
6. *Cymothales* Gerstaecker, 1894
7. *Dendroleon* Brauer, 1866
8. *Doblina* Navás, 1927
9. *Epacanthaclisis* Okamoto, 1910
10. *Froggattisca* Esben-Petersen, 1915
11. *Fusoleon* New, 1985
12. *Gatzara* Navás, 1915
13. *Glenoleon* Banks, 1913
14. *Indoclystus* Banks, 1941
15. *Layahima* Navás, 1912
16. *Mossega* Navás, 1914
17. *Nannoleon* Esben-Petersen, 1928
18. *Neleinus* Navás, 1915
19. *Nepsalus* Navás, 1914
20. *Nomes (insect)* Navás, 1914
21. *Omoleon* Navás, 1936
22. *Parvoleon* New, 1985
23. *Phanoleon* Banks, 1931
24. *Platyleon* Esben-Petersen, 1923
25. *Riekoleon* New, 1985
26. *Speleon* Miller & Stange, 2012
27. *Tricholeon* Esben-Petersen, 1925

Data related to Dendroleontini at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| Dendroleontini | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Myrmeleontidae |
| Subfamily: | Dendroleontinae |
| Tribe: | Dendroleontini<br>Banks, 1899 |
|


title: Demographics of Dallas

text:
# Demographics of Dallas

Dallas is the ninth-most populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. At the 2010 U.S. census, Dallas had a population of 1,197,816. In July 2018, the population estimate of the city of Dallas was 1,345,076, an increase of 147,260 since the 2010 United States Census.

## Statistics

### 2000-2010

At the 2000 census there were 1,188,580 people, 451,833 households, and 266,580 families residing in Dallas proper. The population density was 3,470 people per square mile (1,340 people/km2). There were 484,117 housing units at an average density of 1,413.3 units per square mile (545.7 units/km2). Of the 451,833 households 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% are classified as non-families by the United States Census Bureau. Of 451,833 households, 23,959 are unmarried partner households: 18,684 heterosexual, 3,615 same-sex male, and 1,660 same-sex female households. 32.9% of households were one person and 6.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.37.

Historical populations
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1860 | 678 |  |  |
| 1870 | 3,000 |  | 342.5% |
| 1880 | 10,358 |  | 245.3% |
| 1890 | 38,067 |  | 267.5% |
| 1900 | 42,639 |  | 12.0% |
| 1910 | 92,104 |  | 116.0% |
| 1920 | 158,976 |  | 72.6% |
| 1930 | 260,475 |  | 63.8% |
| 1940 | 294,734 |  | 13.2% |
| 1950 | 434,462 |  | 47.4% |
| 1960 | 679,684 |  | 56.4% |
| 1970 | 844,401 |  | 24.2% |
| 1980 | 904,078 |  | 7.1% |
| 1990 | 1,006,877 |  | 11.4% |
| 2000 | 1,188,580 |  | 18.0% |
| 2010 | 1,197,816 |  | 0.8% |
|  | | | |

The age distribution was 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% 65 or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.

The median household income was $37,628 and the median family income was $40,921. Males had a median income of $31,149, versus $28,235 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,183. About 14.9% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those aged 65 or over. In 2006 the median price for a house was $123,800, and save a 2003 recession, Dallas had seen a steady increase in the cost of homes over the past 6 years since.

Dallas's population was 1,197,816 in 2010. The city had 458,057 households. In 2010, 33.7% of all households had one or more people under 18 years of age, and 17.6% had one or more people who were 65 years of age or older. The city's age distribution of the population showed 26.5% under the age of 18 and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.8 years. 50.0% of the population was male and 50.0% was female.

### 2018

The American Community Survey determined Dallas had a population of 1,345,076 in 2018. There were 521,198 households at the 2018 estimates, up from 2010's 458,057 households, out of which 137,758 had children under the age of 18 living with them. The owner-occupied housing rate was 40.2% and the renter-occupied housing rate was 59.8%. The median age 33.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. 2018's median income for a household in the city was $52,210.

### 2020 census

**Dallas city, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 410,777 | 342,205 | 366,393 | 34.56% | 28.82% | 28.09% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 304,824 | 294,159 | 298,764 | 25.65% | 24.56% | 22.90% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 3,705 | 3,167 | 2,933 | 0.31% | 0.26% | 0.22% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 31,626 | 33,609 | 47,820 | 2.66% | 2.81% | 3.67% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 367 | 311 | 458 | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.04% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 1,254 | 1,824 | 4,995 | 0.11% | 0.15% | 0.38% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 13,440 | 12,232 | 31,842 | 1.13% | 1.02% | 2.44% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 422,587 | 507,309 | 551,174 | 35.55% | 42.35% | 42.26% |
| **Total** | **1,188,580** | **1,197,816** | **1,304,379** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

Historical racial demographics of Dallas County
| Demographic profile | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1900 | 1910 | 1920 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-Hispanic White alone | 100.0% | 100.0% | 66.3% | 83.2% | 82.0% | 79.7% | 84.0% | 82.6% | 81.0% | 83.3% | 81.1% |  |  |  | 44.2% | 32.9% | 30.8% |
| Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander alone |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.2% | 5.0% | 6.6% |
| Hispanic or Latino, any race(s) | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 1.9% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 4.4% |  |  |  | 30.5% | 38.4% | 39.4% |
| Non-Hispanic Black alone | 0.0% | 0.0% | 26.7% | 16.1% | 17.6% | 18.3% | 13.5% | 14.4% | 16.0% | 13.9% | 14.3% |  |  |  | 19.7% | 21.8% | 19.9% |
| Non-Hispanic Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.2% | 1.7% | 3.1% |
| Non-Hispanic Native American alone |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-Hispanic Two or more races |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

At the 2010 census the racial makeup of Dallas was 50.7% White, 25.0% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 17.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 42.4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Non Hispanic whites made up 28.8% of the city of Dallas. Hispanic-blacks for the first time in the 2000 census as the largest minority group in Dallas. The city has historically been predominantly white but its population diversified as it grew in size and importance over the 20th century. Almost 25% of Dallas' population is foreign born. The largest minority group in the city are Hispanics and LatinosDallas is a major destination for Mexican immigrants seeking opportunity in the United States because of its relative proximity to the U.S.-Mexico border. The southwest area of the city, especially Oak Cliff, is predominantly or completely Hispanic. The southern and southeastern areas of the city, especially Pleasant Grove and South Dallas, share predominantly black and Hispanic residents even though much of South Dallas is considered to be predominantly black. The far north parts of the city are white and the northwestern, northeastern portion of the city is home to predominantly Hispanics, while blacks and Asians share a small mix of population in the same area. The city also contains localized populations of Chinese, Korean, Persian, Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, German, Arab, Polish, Russian, Romanian and Jewish people.

In the United States Census Bureau's 2018 estimates, 29.3% were non-Hispanic white, 24.8% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 3.4% Asian, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 40.7% of the estimated population in 2018. Among the Hispanic or Latin American population in 2018, 34.0% of Dallas was Mexican, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban and 5.9% other Hispanic or Latino. In 2017's American Community Survey estimates among the demographic 36% were Mexican, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Cuban, and 4.9% other Hispanic or Latino.

## Languages

According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the most commonly spoken languages in Dallas by people aged 5 years and over (1,207,230 people):

## Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in Dallas and its metropolitan statistical area (78%).


abstract: There are various facilities providing sport at the University of Aberdeen, run by Aberdeen University Sport and Recreation Services (SRS). This department of the university is responsible for the sports facilities, sports classes and the development team; it works in partnership with Aberdeen University Students' Association (AUSA) and the Aberdeen University Sports Union (AUSU). Its current director is David Beattie.

text:
# Aberdeen University Sport and Recreation

There are various facilities providing sport at the University of Aberdeen, run by **Aberdeen University Sport and Recreation Services** (SRS). This department of the university is responsible for the sports facilities, sports classes and the development team; it works in partnership with Aberdeen University Students' Association (AUSA) and the Aberdeen University Sports Union (AUSU). Its current director is David Beattie.

## Facilities

* **King's Pavilion** at King's College, was completed in 1941 and contains a 20-yard swimming pool, performance gym, performance suite and "away" team outdoor changing rooms.
* **Butchart Recreation Centre** was constructed in the 1950s and contains the Sports Union Offices, Aberdeen University Sport and Recreation offices, Sports Development Team, four squash courts, one four badminton court games hall, a smaller single badminton court gymnasium, the fleet of vehicles and underground club storage.
* **King's Playing Fields**, across the road from Butchart, has two rugby pitches, a cricket wicket and lacrosse pitch. "Away" team changing is done in Kings Pavilion and home team changing in Butchart Recreation Centre.
* **Hillhead Centre** is a short distance away, by Hillhead Halls of Residence. It houses Grampian Institute of Sport, bar and conference suite. It has a floodlit full-size grass football pitch and sand-based floodlit full-size hockey pitch.
* **Balgownie Playing Fields** Slightly further from the main campus than the Hillhead Centre, this consists of a floodlit rugby training area, club storage, bar and club room, changing rooms, floodlit running track, floodlit football pitch and numerous other football, rugby, Gaelic football and shinty playing fields.
* **Aberdeen University Boat House** is found in the south of Aberdeen on the River Dee, and houses all the university's rowing boats.
* Aberdeen Sports Village


title: Denis Kitchen

abstract: Denis Kitchen is an American underground cartoonist, publisher, author, agent, and the founder of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.

text:
# Denis Kitchen

**Denis Kitchen** (born August 27, 1946) is an American underground cartoonist, publisher, author, agent, and the founder of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.

## Early life

Kitchen grew up in Wisconsin, attending William Horlick High School, Racine, where he cofounded and edited *Klepto*, an unofficial school paper, also contributing stories and illustrations to the paper. He continued this interest at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where in 1967 he cofounded and served as art director for the humor magazine *Snide*, also supplying cartoons. He also provided cartoons for the *UWM Post*.

Originally a member of the ROTC on campus, Kitchen left ROTC, a decision he later attributed to an allergy to the wool uniform pants ("...had the pants been made out of cotton, I might be a lieutenant colonel today," he later said). He took classes in journalism and started frequenting a local coffeehouse called the Avant Garde. He became opposed to the Vietnam War and joined the Socialist Labor Party of America.

## Krupp Comics and Kitchen Sink Press

In 1969 Kitchen decided to self-publish his comics and cartoons in the magazine *Mom’s Homemade Comics*, inspired in part by *Bijou Funnies* and *Zap Comix*. The selling out of the print run of 4000 inspired him further, and in 1970 he founded Kitchen Sink Press (initially as an artists' cooperative) and launched the underground newspaper *The Bugle-American*, with Jim Mitchell and others. Under the name of the Krupp Syndicate, he syndicated comic strips to almost 50 other underground and college newspapers. In addition to the Milwaukee artists like himself, Mitchell, Bruce Walthers, Don Glassford and Wendel Pugh, Kitchen began to publish works by such cartoonists as Howard Cruse, Robert Crumb, Art Spiegelman, Justin Green, Trina Robbins, and S. Clay Wilson, and he soon expanded his operations, launching Krupp Comic Works, a parent organization into which he placed ownership of Kitchen Sink Press and through which he also launched such diverse ventures as a record company and a commercial art studio. In 1980 he invited Cruse to edit *Gay Comix*, one of the first comics to feature the work of openly gay and lesbian cartoonists.

In the 1980s through the early 1990s, Kitchen Sink Press would publish industry legends such as Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Al Capp, and award-winning alternative creators such as Mark Schultz, Monte Beauchamp, and Charles Burns.

In 1993, Kitchen Sink Press merged with Kevin Eastman's Tundra Publishing and relocated to Northampton, Massachusetts. It would go on to publish works by Alan Moore, Neil Gaiman, James O'Barr, Don Simpson, and Scott McCloud, winning numerous Eisner and Harvey Awards.

## Funding defenses

In 1986 comic store manager Michael Correa was charged with possession and sale of obscene material. Since two of the works cited in the case as obscene were published by Kitchen Sink Press, Kitchen felt some responsibility for Correa's predicament. He raised money for the defense of Correa who saw his conviction overturned on appeal. Kitchen used surplus funds to incorporate the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund as a non-profit charitable organization in 1990. Kitchen served as the fund's president from its inception until 2004, noting on his retirement from the board that "The challenges facing comics are different from when I founded the Fund … I think it's fitting that the generation directly facing these challenges … should be the ones standing up to them."

## Art agency and art book

Kitchen Sink Press went out of business in 1999. Kitchen later established himself as an art agent, handling the art sales of both Will Eisner and Harvey Kurtzman amongst others through his company Denis Kitchen Art Agency. He is a partner with Judith Hansen in Kitchen & Hansen Agency, LLC, which serves as a literary agency for Will Eisner's estate.

Kitchen was a partner in Kitchen, Lind & Associates which served as agency and book packager for clients including The Estates of Harvey Kurtzman and Al Capp, Rebecca Guay, Howard Cruse, Eleanor Davis, Todd M. Hignite, Mark Fearing, and William Stout.

In 2010, Dark Horse Comics released *The Oddly Compelling Art of Denis Kitchen* which served as part art book and part autobiography. In 2011, it was nominated for an Eisner Award (for Best-Comics Related Book) and a Harvey Award (for Best Biographical, Historical Or Journalistic Presentation). It went on to win a 2011 American Graphic Design Award in the editorial category.

## Kitchen Sink Books

In 2013, Dark Horse Comics announced it had established a joint venture imprint entitled Kitchen Sink Books, directed by Kitchen and business partner John Lind to focus on art books, historical collections and reprints." The first large format hardcover was *The Best of Comix Book*, a collection of work edited by Kitchen and Stan Lee in the mid-1970s. The imprint's most recent title, a collection of the work of Will Eisner, was published in 2018.

## Citations

1. Rosenkranz, Patrick. *Rebel Visions: The Underground Comix Revolution 1963-1975* Seattle: Fantagraphics Books, 2002; p. 102
2. Schumacher, Michael. *Will Eisner: A Dreamer's Life in Comics*. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2010; pp. 160-162
3. Acton, Jay, Le Mond, Alan, and Hodges, Parker. *Mug Shots: Who's Who in the New Earth* World Publishing: 1972; pp. 121
4. Schreiner, Dave. *Kitchen Sink Press, the First 25 Years*. Northampton, MA: Kitchen Sink Press, 1994; p. 14 *et seq.*
5. Kitchen, Denis. *Notes on the Underground... Confessions of an Underground Comics Publisher*. *Funnyworld* #13 (Spring 1971), p. 30
6. Kitchen, Denis. "Denis Kitchen Serigraph: Steve Krupp S/N," Steve Krupp's Curio Shoppe. Retrieved Sept. 4, 2020.
7. Tanzilo, Bobby. *Milwaukee Talks: Denis Kitchen*, *onmilwaukee.com* July 12, 2006\]
8. CBLDF archives Archived February 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
9. MacDonald, Heidi (June 13, 2006). "Kitchen, Lind Debut Agency, Packaging House". Publishers Weekly Comics Week.
10. "2011 Eisner nominees". Comic-Con. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011.
11. "2011 Harvey Award nominees". Harvey Award. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012.
12. "2011 American Graphic Design Awards winners". Graphic Design USA. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012.
13. "Dark Horse Announces All-New KITCHEN SINK Imprint!".
14. "The Best of Comix Book: When Marvel Went Underground HC :: Profile :: Dark Horse Comics".
15. "Search :: Dark Horse Comics".

## InfoBox

| Denis Kitchen | |
| --- | --- |
| Denis Kitchen at Columbia University in 2015 | |
| Born | (1946-08-27) August 27, 1946 |
| Nationality | American |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist, Publisher |
| Notable works | Kitchen Sink Press<br>Comic Book Legal Defense Fund |
| http://deniskitchen.com | |


title: Denis Kindl

abstract: Denis Kindl is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for HC Skoda Plzeň of the Czech Extraliga. Kindl made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with HC Oceláři Třinec during the 2014-15 Czech Extraliga season.

text:
# Denis Kindl

**Denis Kindl** (born August 4, 1992) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for HC Skoda Plzeň of the Czech Extraliga.

Kindl made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with HC Oceláři Třinec during the 2014-15 Czech Extraliga season.

## InfoBox

| Denis Kindl | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-08-04) August 4, 1992
Czech Republic | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| Czech team
Former teams | *HC Plzeň*
HC Karlovy Vary
HC Oceláři Třinec | | |
| Playing career | 2009present | | |