title: Escapist (album)

abstract: Escapist is the eighth studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Stephen Cummings. The album was released in September 1996. Cummings said "The story behind the recording of The Escapist is interesting, I can only liken it to having a 21st birthday party. You invite along all your friends and abruptly realise just how dissimilar your friends are. You start to despair and fret they won't come together and be friendly. In the end, common sense prevailed." At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996 the album was nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album.

text:
# Escapist (album)

***Escapist*** is the eighth studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Stephen Cummings. The album was released in September 1996.

Cummings said "The story behind the recording of *The Escapist* is interesting, I can only liken it to having a 21st birthday party. You invite along all your friends and abruptly realise just how dissimilar your friends are. You start to despair and fret they won't come together and be friendly. In the end, common sense prevailed."

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996 the album was nominated for Best Adult Contemporary Album.

## Reception

Mitchell Peters from *Time Off*, gave the album 3.5 out of 5 criticising the lead single but said "The rest of the album is beautifully played and drips with maturity, grace and a strange hypnotic style." Chris Johnston from *Rolling Stone Australia* gave the album 3.5 out of 5 saying "To follow up last year's acclaimed and adventurous *Falling Swinger*, the strictly-Melbourne Stephen Cummings releases *Escapist*, his eighth solo album. *Escapist* continues the experimentation of *Falling Swinger* by again enlisting errant Church main man Steve Kilbey as producer and collaborator." Antonino Tati from *Beat* magazine gave the album 9 out of 10 saying "Cummings' compositions... are awe-inspiring with their lyrical themes often found to be down in the dumps, but their musical themes as celestial as an endless bright blue sky." Barry Divola from *Who Weekly* gave the album a score of B− saying "Downbeat and simple, *Escapist* isn't always the quiet achiever it should be. Cummings has one of those conspiratorial voices that whispers in your ear, but some of the songs are too flat, and need more of a sting to grab the listener." Jeff Jenkins from *TV Week* gave the album 4 out of 5 saying "Stephen Cummings remains Australia's finest singer and songwriter on *Escapist*." adding "He's following his own eclectic path, and it's a journey that has jazz, country and dance influences." Scott Howlett from *X Press Magazine* said "*Escapist*... is a rich album of 'songs' – good songs – but none which immediately register as essential cuts. Sadly, for Cummings, it's another good album which unfortunately is not 'great' enough to impress as being 'the breakthrough' from the somewhat obscure plateau he's been standing upon since the demise of The Sports in 1981."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You're a Dream" |  | 5:07 |
| 2. | "Taken By Surprise" | * Karin Jansson * Stephen Kilbey | 3:25 |
| 3. | "Sometimes" | * Cummings * Jansson * Kilbey | 4:17 |
| 4. | "Midnight in America" | * Kilbey | 3:51 |
| 5. | "When God Is in Heaven" | * Cummings * Robert Goodge | 5:30 |
| 6. | "The Brighter the Light" | * Chris Abrahams * Cummings | 4:03 |
| 7. | "Pretty Big Crush" | * Cummings * Goodge | 4:24 |
| 8. | "I Will Follow You" | * Cummings * Goodge | 4:46 |
| 9. | "Sleep With Me" | * Kilbey | 3:52 |
| 10. | "The Lost Girl" | * Cummings * Goodge | 5:02 |
| 11. | "Anyone" | * Cummings * Kilbey | 3:52 |
| 12. | "Everything Breaks Your Heart" | * Burstin * Cummings | 4:27 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | September 1996 | Polydor Records | CD, Cassette | 531840 2 |
|

## InfoBox

| Escapist | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stephen Cummings | |
| Released | September 1996 |
| Studio | Karmic Hit, Sydney, Australia |
| Length | 52:36 |
| Label | Polydor Records |
| Producer | Steve Kilbey |
| Stephen Cummings chronology | |
| *Falling Swinger*
(1994) ***Escapist***
(1996) *Puppet Pauper Pirate Poet Pawn & King*
(1997) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Escapist* | |
| 1. "Sometimes"
Released: May 1996 2. "Taken by Surprise"
Released: August 1996 | |
|  | |


title: Erich Natusch

abstract: Erich Natusch was a German sailor. He competed for Germany at the 1952 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal in the Dragon Class with Theodor Thomsen and Georg Nowka. He also competed for the United Team of Germany at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Erich Natusch

**Erich Natusch** (23 February 1912 – 11 March 1999) was a German sailor. He competed for Germany at the 1952 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal in the *Dragon Class* with Theodor Thomsen and Georg Nowka. He also competed for the United Team of Germany at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Erich Natusch". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.

## InfoBox

Erich Natusch
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sailing | | |
| Representing  Germany | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1952 Helsinki | Dragon class |


title: Eos (magazine)

abstract: Eos is the news magazine published by the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The magazine publishes news and opinions relevant to the Earth and space sciences, as well as in-depth features on current research and on the relationship of geoscience to social and political questions. Eos is published online daily, and as an AGU member benefit in 11 issues a year. It accepts both display and classified advertising.

text:
# Eos (magazine)

***Eos*** (formerly *Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union*) is the news magazine published by the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The magazine publishes news and opinions relevant to the Earth and space sciences, as well as in-depth features on current research and on the relationship of geoscience to social and political questions. *Eos* is published online daily, and as an AGU member benefit in 11 issues a year. It accepts both display and classified advertising.

## History

*Transactions, American Geophysical Union*, began as a way to distribute information about AGU's annual meetings. Launched in 1920, the first volume was reprinted from volume 6, number 10 of the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* as *National Research Council Reprint and Circular Series*, number 11, and appeared under the title *Scientific papers presented before the American Geophysical Union*. It compiled papers from AGU's second annual meeting. These transactions were not printed but were mimeographed for limited distribution only.

Transactions changed its scope over the following decades. In 1945, it increased its publication to six times a year and began accepting peer-reviewed articles on Earth and space science topics. In 1959, *Transactions* became a quarterly.

In 1969, the publication added *Eos* to its name for Eos, the Greek goddess of dawn, representing for AGU the new light being shed by geophysical research on the understanding of Earth and its environment. At this time, the magazine began to be published monthly. In 1979, *Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union* began publication as a weekly tabloid newspaper. Eos.org was launched in 2014, publishing daily with a monthly print version distributed to AGU members.

Issues of *Eos* published between 1997 and 2014 are available in the Wiley Online Library. All content published since December 2014 is available online at Eos.org.

## Content and contributors

*Eos* accepts contributions from both scientists and professional journalists, focusing on news relevant to Earth and space scientists around the world, with topics including planetary science, hydrology, geology, and natural hazards. It also features articles on science policy and programs. In 2019, it began publishing articles translated into Spanish, and in 2021, simplified Chinese translations of some articles were added to the site.

Although *Eos* is not a peer-reviewed journal, it maintains a board of Science Advisers representing the various scientific disciplines of AGU.

*Eos* has won numerous awards, including those from the Washington, D.C., chapters of the American Institute of Graphic Arts and the Society of Professional Journalists.

## Abstracting and indexing

*Eos* is indexed by GeoRef, GEOBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and several other databases. It is a GeoRef priority journal.

## InfoBox

*Eos*
| Discipline | Earth science, Geophysics |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1919present |
| Publisher | John Wiley & Sons (United States) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Eos* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0096-3941 (print)
2324-9250 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: 1927 Emperor's Cup final

abstract: 1927 Emperor's Cup Final was the seventh final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium in Tokyo on October 30, 1927. Kobe Icchu Club won the championship.

text:
# 1927 Emperor's Cup final

**1927 Emperor's Cup Final** was the seventh final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium in Tokyo on October 30, 1927. Kobe Icchu Club won the championship.

## Overview

Kobe Icchu Club with Takeo Wakabayashi and Tadao Takayama won their 1st title, by defeating defending champion, Rijo Shukyu-Dan 2–0.

## Match details

| Kobe Icchu Club | 2–0 | Rijo Shukyu-Dan |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ?  ?'<br>?  ?' |  |  |

Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium

## InfoBox

1927 Emperor's Cup Final
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | October 30, 1927 |
| Venue | Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium, Tokyo |
|


title: 1986 Ladies European Tour

abstract: The 1986 Ladies European Tour was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place in 1986. The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET).

text:
# 1986 Ladies European Tour

The **1986 Ladies European Tour** was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place in 1986. The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET).

## Tournaments

The table below shows the 1986 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the Ladies European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the tour.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Winner | Score | Margin of
victory | Runner(s)-up | Winner's
share (£) | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 May | Ford Ladies Classic | England | Muriel Thomson (8) | 290 (−6) | 1 stroke | Alison Nicholas | 4,500 |  |
| 11 May | Hennessy Cognac Ladies Cup | France | Kelly Leadbetter (1) | 293 (+5) | 1 stroke | Karen Lunn | 9,000 |  |
| 18 May | Portuguese Ladies Open | Portugal | Cathy Panton (12) | 286 (−6) | Playoff | Kelly Leadbetter
Gillian Stewart | 3,750 |  |
| 24 May | British Olivetti Tournament | England | Dale Reid (12) | 285 (−7) | Playoff | Laura Davies | 3,000 |  |
| 2 Jun | Ulster Volkswagen Classic | Northern Ireland | Beverly Huke (7) | 213 (−6) | 1 stroke | Peggy Conley | 3,000 |  |
| 8 Jun | British Midland Ladies Irish Open | Northern Ireland | Muriel Thomson (9) | 290 (−10) | 6 strokes | Liselotte Neumann | 3,750 |  |
| 14 Jun | McEwan's Wirral Classic | England | Laura Davies (2) | 285 (−11) | 3 strokes | Penny Grice-Whittaker
Beverley New
Dale Reid | 3,000 |  |
| 22 Jun | Belgian Ladies Godiva Open | Belgium | Penny Grice-Whittaker (1) | 275 (−17) | 9 strokes | Gillian Stewart | 7,500 |  |
| 29 Jun | Volmac Ladies Open | Netherlands | Jane Forrest (1) | 282 (−6) | 5 strokes | Liselotte Neumann | 6,750 | New tournament |
| 6 Jul | Trusthouse Forte Ladies' Classic | Germany | Corinne Dibnah (1) | 280 (−12) | 2 strokes | Gillian Stewart | 6,000 |  |
| 3 Aug | Bloor Homes Eastleigh Classic | England | Debbie Dowling (4) | 254 (−10) | 6 strokes | Alison Nicholas | 3,000 |  |
| 10 Aug | BMW Ladies' German Open | Germany | Liselotte Neumann (3) | 282 (−6) | 2 strokes | Alison Nicholas | 6,750 |  |
| 24 Aug | Kristianstad Ladies Open | Sweden | Corinne Dibnah (2) | 288 (E) | 1 stroke | Liselotte Neumann | 6,000 |  |
| 30 Aug | Aspeboda Ladies Open | Sweden | Karen Lunn (1) | 212 (−4) | 2 strokes | Peggy Conley
Liselotte Neumann | 6,000 |  |
| 6 Sep | Bowring Ladies Scottish Open | England | Meredith Marshall (1) | 283 (−5) | 7 strokes | Laura Davies | 4,500 | New tournament |
| 13 Sep | Greater Manchester Tournament | England | Laura Davies (3) | 268 (−20) | 3 strokes | Penny Grice-Whittaker | 3,000 |  |
| 3 Oct | Mitsubishi Colt Cars Jersey Open | Jersey | Kitrina Douglas (3) | 278 (−6) | 6 strokes | Peggy Conley | 3,000 |  |
| 12 Oct | **British Women's Open** | England | Laura Davies (4) | 283 (−17) | 4 strokes | Peggy Conley
Marta Figueras-Dotti | 9,000 |  |
| 18 Oct | Laing Ladies Classic | England | Debbie Dowling (5) | 274 (−18) | 1 stroke | Corinne Dibnah | 3,750 |  |
| 24 Oct | La Manga Spanish Open | Spain | Laura Davies (5) | 286 (−10) | 4 strokes | Corinne Dibnah | 3,750 |  |

Major championships in **bold**.

## Order of Merit rankings

| Rank | Player | Country | Money () |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Laura Davies | England | 37,500 |
| 2 | Liselotte Neumann | Sweden | 37,005 |
| 3 | Corinne Dibnah | Australia | 26,969 |
| 4 | Gillian Stewart | Scotland | 26,395 |
| 5 | Debbie Dowling | England | 25,495 |
| 6 | Peggy Conley | United States | 25,229 |
| 7 | Muriel Thomson | Scotland | 24,960 |
| 8 | Dale Reid | Scotland | 23,892 |
| 9 | Penny Grice-Whittaker | England | 22,694 |
| 10 | Alison Nicholas | England | 21,585 |

Source:

## InfoBox

1986 Ladies European Tour season
| Duration | May 1986 (1986-05) – October 1986 (1986-10) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 20 |
| Order of Merit | Laura Davies |
| 1985 1987 | |


abstract: This is a list of electoral results for the South Metropolitan Region in Western Australian state elections from the region's creation in 1989 until the present. Legislation to abolish the region, along with all other Western Australian electoral regions, was passed in November 2021, with the 2025 state election to use a single state-wide electorate of 37 members.

text:
# Electoral results for the South Metropolitan Region

This is a list of **electoral results for the South Metropolitan Region** in Western Australian state elections from the region's creation in 1989 until the present.

Legislation to abolish the region, along with all other Western Australian electoral regions, was passed in November 2021, with the 2025 state election to use a single state-wide electorate of 37 members.

## Election results

### 2021

2021 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 54,302 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Sue Ellery (elected 1)
2. Kate Doust (elected 3)
3. Klara Andric (elected 4)
4. Stephen Pratt (elected 5)
5. Victoria Helps
6. Kelly McManus | 239,248 | 62.94 | +18.08 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Nick Goiran (elected 2)
2. Michelle Hofmann
3. Ka-ren Chew
4. Robert Reid
5. Nitin Vashisht
6. Scott Stirling | 67,000 | 17.63 | −7.22 |
|  | Greens | 1. Brad Pettitt (elected 6)
2. Lynn MacLaren
3. Daniel Garlett | 26,257 | 6.91 | −2.34 |
|  | Christians | 1. Warnar Spyker
2. Sylvia Iradukunda | 7,290 | 1.92 | −0.06 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis | 1. Moshe Bernstein
2. Scott Shortland | 6,877 | 1.81 | +1.81 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Philip Scott
2. Bradley Dickinson | 3,972 | 1.04 | −5.95 |
|  | Shooters, Fishers, Farmers | 1. Steven Tonge
2. Paul Bedford | 3,920 | 1.03 | −0.47 |
|  | No Mandatory Vaccination | 1. Cam Tinley
2. Michael Fletcher
3. Greg Bell | 3,842 | 1.01 | +1.01 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 1. Aaron Stonehouse
2. Harvey Smith
3. Jared Neaves
4. Ivan Tomshin
5. Laurentiu Zamfirescu
6. Peter Leech | 3,369 | 0.89 | −3.02 |
|  | Liberals for Climate | 1. Keith Pomeroy
2. Daniel Herron | 3,262 | 0.86 | +0.49 |
|  | Animal Justice | 1. Colleen Saporita
2. Katrina Love | 3,033 | 0.80 | −0.48 |
|  | Western Australia | 1. Katy Mair
2. Gavin Waugh | 2,312 | 0.61 | +0.27 |
|  | Independent | 1. Graham West
2. Liam Strickland | 1,683 | 0.44 | +0.44 |
|  | WAxit | 1. Peter McLernon
2. Jo-Anne Vincent-Barwood | 1,341 | 0.35 | −0.33 |
|  | Daylight Saving | 1. Amanda Klaj
2. Craig Curtis | 1,319 | 0.35 | −0.45 |
|  | Sustainable Australia | 1. Ryan Oostryck
2. Jane Loveday | 1,169 | 0.31 | +0.31 |
|  | Great Australian | 1. Samantha Vinci
2. Susan Hoddinott | 1,097 | 0.29 | +0.29 |
|  | Socialist Alliance | 1. Marianne Mackay
2. Dirk Kelly | 948 | 0.25 | −0.14 |
|  | Health Australia | 1. Michele Castle
2. Catheryn Wright | 646 | 0.17 | +0.17 |
|  | Independent | Larry Foley | 397 | 0.10 | +0.10 |
|  | Independent | 1. Jourdan Kestel
2. Lee Herridge | 371 | 0.10 | +0.10 |
|  | Independent | 1. Mark Rowley
2. Marlie Touchell | 273 | 0.07 | +0.07 |
|  | Independent | 1. Glen Leslie
2. Stephen Yarwood | 202 | 0.05 | +0.05 |
|  | Independent | 1. Stan Francis
2. Jeremy Lay | 160 | 0.04 | +0.04 |
|  | Independent | 1. Dave Glossop
2. Lewis Butto | 112 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | Independent | Leon Hamilton | 10 | 0.00 | +0.00 |
| Total formal votes | | | 380,110 | 98.08 | +0.99 |
| Informal votes | | | 7,432 | 1.92 | −0.99 |
| Turnout | | | 387,542 | 86.28 | −0.93 |

### 2017

2017 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 49,570 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Sue Ellery (elected 1)
2. Kate Doust (elected 3)
3. Pierre Yang (elected 4)
4. Kelly McManus
5. Vicky Burrows
6. Dustin Rafferty | 155,678 | 44.87 | +7.95 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Nick Goiran (elected 2)
2. Simon O'Brien (elected 6)
3. Phil Edman
4. Michelle Hofmann
5. Lorraine Finlay
6. Daryl Pranata | 86,197 | 24.84 | −22.54 |
|  | Greens | 1. Lynn MacLaren
2. Jordon Steele-John
3. Nasrin Dehghani | 32,100 | 9.25 | +0.46 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Philip Scott
2. Richard Eldridge
3. Ekaterina Andreeva | 24,256 | 6.99 | +6.99 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | 1. Aaron Stonehouse (elected 5)
2. Angadjeet Sanghera | 13,571 | 3.91 | +3.91 |
|  | Christians | 1. Bob Burdett
2. Carmen Burdett | 6,876 | 1.98 | +0.04 |
|  | Shooters, Fishers, Farmers | 1. Peter Raffaelli
2. Wayne Higgs | 5,211 | 1.50 | −0.02 |
|  | Animal Justice | 1. Katrina Love
2. Ramona Janssen | 4,434 | 1.28 | +1.28 |
|  | Daylight Saving | 1. Wilson Tucker
2. Peita Alberti | 2,751 | 0.79 | +0.79 |
|  | Family First | 1. Nigel Irvine
2. Cara Heng | 2,419 | 0.70 | −1.09 |
|  | Micro Business | 1. Cam Tinley
2. Andrew Middleton
3. Len Dibben | 2,361 | 0.68 | +0.68 |
|  | Independent | 1. Carol Adams
2. Karen Vernon
3. Luke Bolton
4. Jonathan Ford | 2,308 | 0.67 | +0.67 |
|  | Independent | 1. Robert Cotterell
2. Michelle Cotterell | 1,405 | 0.40 | +0.40 |
|  | Socialist Alliance | 1. Sam Wainwright
2. Petrina Harley | 1,367 | 0.39 | +0.39 |
|  | Flux the System! | 1. Alexander Brownbill
2. Keith Pomeroy | 1,288 | 0.37 | +0.37 |
|  | Matheson for WA | 1. Andrew Luobikis
2. Angela Watson | 1,176 | 0.34 | +0.34 |
|  | Fluoride Free WA | 1. Derek Rucki
2. Nita Thakrar | 996 | 0.29 | +0.29 |
|  | Independent | 1. Vito Matarazzo
2. Yusuf Oruc | 939 | 0.27 | +0.27 |
|  | Independent | Tony Romano | 396 | 0.11 | +0.11 |
|  | Independent | Laona Jones | 379 | 0.11 | +0.11 |
|  | Independent | 1. William Freeman
2. Daksh Varma | 291 | 0.08 | +0.08 |
|  | Independent Flux | 1. Rick Smith
2. Adrian Snary | 242 | 0.07 | +0.07 |
|  | Independent | Norm Heslington | 142 | 0.04 | +0.04 |
|  | Independent | Rosemary Lorrimar | 109 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | Independent | Frank Brown | 93 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
| Total formal votes | | | 346,985 | 97.13 | −0.11 |
| Informal votes | | | 10,257 | 2.87 | +0.11 |
| Turnout | | | 357,242 | 87.28 | −2.19 |

### 2013

2013 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 43,737 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Simon O'Brien (elected 1)
2. Nick Goiran (elected 3)
3. Phil Edman (elected 5)
4. Gabriel Moens
5. Michelle Jack | 145,053 | 47.38 | +8.81 |
|  | Labor | 1. Sue Ellery (elected 2)
2. Kate Doust (elected 4)
3. Anne Wood
4. Dominic Rose
5. Sharon Thiel
6. Sandy Bird | 113,026 | 36.92 | -3.69 |
|  | Greens | 1. Lynn MacLaren (elected 6)
2. Tammy Solonec
3. Jean Jenkins | 26,911 | 8.79 | -3.12 |
|  | Christians | 1. Bob Burdett
2. Ka-ren Chew | 5,946 | 1.94 | -0.06 |
|  | Family First | 1. Jim McCourt
2. Steve Bolt | 5,466 | 1.79 | -0.34 |
|  | Shooters and Fishers | 1. Ian Blevin
2. Michael Glover | 4,651 | 1.52 | +1.52 |
|  | Independent | Keith Wilson | 2,319 | 0.76 | +0.76 |
|  | Independent | John Tucak | 1,909 | 0.62 | +0.62 |
|  | Independent | Jim Grayden | 872 | 0.28 | +0.28 |
| Total formal votes | | | 306,153 | 97.24 | +0.13 |
| Informal votes | | | 8,702 | 2.76 | −0.13 |
| Turnout | | | 314,855 | 89.47 | +2.27 |

### 2008

2008 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 40,084 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Sue Ellery (elected 1)
2. Kate Doust (elected 3)
3. Fiona Henderson
4. Batong Pham
5. Jack de Groot
6. Andrew Vitolins | 113,957 | 40.61 | -6.6 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Simon O'Brien (elected 2)
2. Nick Goiran (elected 4)
3. Phil Edman (elected 5)
4. Donna Gordin
5. John Jamieson
6. Michelle Verkerk | 108,229 | 38.57 | +3.0 |
|  | Greens | 1. Lynn MacLaren (elected 6)
2. Scott Ryan | 33,426 | 11.91 | +4.5 |
|  | Family First | 1. Frank Lindsey
2. Bev Custers | 5,981 | 2.13 | +0.1 |
|  | Christian Democrats | 1. Brent Tremain
2. Linda Brewer | 5,605 | 2.00 | -0.2 |
|  | Independent | 1. Christopher Oughton
2. Huw Grossmith | 2,679 | 0.95 | +1.0 |
|  | Daylight Savings | Jeffrey Gidman | 2,061 | 0.73 | +0.73 |
|  | National | 1. Hilary Wheater
2. Peter Wahlsten | 1,966 | 0.70 | +0.7 |
|  | Independent | Steve Walker | 1,782 | 0.64 | +0.6 |
|  | One Nation | Neil Gilmour | 1,716 | 0.61 | -0.6 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | 1. Paul Ellison
2. Barry Bushen | 1,597 | 0.57 | +0.6 |
|  | Independent | 1. Eric Miller
2. Yolanda Nardizzi | 1,584 | 0.56 | +0.6 |
| Total formal votes | | | 280,583 | 97.11 | +0.5 |
| Informal votes | | | 8,339 | 2.89 | −0.5 |
| Turnout | | | 288,922 | 87.20 | −3.3 |

### 2005

2005 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 39,484 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Kate Doust (elected 1)
2. Sue Ellery (elected 3)
3. Sheila Mills (elected 5)
4. David Vallelonga
5. David Klemm
6. Daniel Guise | 110,286 | 46.6 | +3.6 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Simon O'Brien (elected 2)
2. Barbara Scott (elected 4)
3. Roger Nicholls
4. Alison Gibson
5. Jane Blake | 85,114 | 35.9 | +2.0 |
|  | Greens | 1. Lynn MacLaren
2. Nicola Paris | 18,501 | 7.8 | -1.2 |
|  | Christian Democrats | 1. Peter Watt
2. Venetia Turkington | 4,994 | 2.1 | +2.1 |
|  | Family First | 1. Beverley Custers
2. Paul Dean-Smith | 4,342 | 1.8 | +1.8 |
|  | Fremantle Hospital Support Group | 1. Murray McKay
2. Giovanni Rotondella | 3,103 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
|  | Democrats | 1. Jason Meotti
2. Andrew Ingram | 3,090 | 1.3 | -3.6 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Teresa van Lieshout
2. Neil Gilmour | 2,810 | 1.2 | -5.9 |
|  | Independent | Jakica Zaknic | 1,206 | 0.5 | +0.5 |
|  | Public Hospital Support Group | 1. Neil Marrett
2. Vicki Doutch | 1,169 | 0.5 | +0.5 |
|  | Liberals for Forests | 1. Vicky Taylor
2. Louise Wormald | 1,030 | 0.4 | +0.4 |
|  | Independent | Won Choi | 644 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
|  | Independent | Doug Thorp | 451 | 0.2 | +0.2 |
|  | Group K | 1. Ian Jamieson
2. Sam Wainwright | 149 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
|  | Independent | Steven Milianku | 13 | 0.01 | +0.01 |
| Total formal votes | | | 236,902 | 96.6 | −0.8 |
| Informal votes | | | 8,292 | 3.4 | +0.8 |
| Turnout | | | 245,194 | 90.5 | −0.4 |

### 2001

2001 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 37,068 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Sue Ellery (elected 1)
2. Kate Doust (elected 3)
3. Sylvia Mortas
4. Liam Costello
5. Kim Young
6. Chilip Foo | 95,625 | 43.0 | +6.9 |
|  | Liberal | 1. Barbara Scott (elected 2)
2. Simon O'Brien (elected 4)
3. Alison Gibson
4. Barry Pound
5. Margaret Thomas | 75,277 | 33.8 | -7.5 |
|  | Greens | 1. Jim Scott (elected 5)
2. Lynn MacLaren | 20,028 | 9.0 | +2.1 |
|  | One Nation | 1. Tony Dines
2. Sandra Rawlings | 15,849 | 7.1 | +7.1 |
|  | Democrats | 1. Jakica Zaknic
2. Pam Townshend | 10,952 | 4.9 | -1.6 |
|  | Curtin Labor Alliance | 1. Adrian Bennett
2. June Bennett | 2,890 | 1.3 | +1.3 |
|  | Independent | Eddie Hwang | 885 | 0.4 | +0.4 |
|  | Independent | Lawrence Shave | 566 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
|  | Seniors | Pet van de Zuidwind | 222 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
|  | Independent | Rick Finney | 109 | 0.1 | +0.1 |
| Total formal votes | | | 222,403 | 97.4 | +0.3 |
| Informal votes | | | 5,910 | 2.6 | −0.3 |
| Turnout | | | 228,313 | 90.9 | +0.5 |

### 1996

1996 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 34,841 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Simon O'Brien (elected 1)
2. Barbara Scott (elected 3)
3. Peter Bacich
4. Patricia Waghorn
5. Anthony Jarvis | 86,281 | 41.3 | -3.8 |
|  | Labor | 1. John Halden (elected 2)
2. Cheryl Davenport (elected 4)
3. Geoff Donegan
4. Graham Giffard
5. Dermot Buckley
6. Andy Fitzgerald | 75,462 | 36.1 | -4.2 |
|  | Greens | 1. Jim Scott (elected 5)
2. Mary Jenkins | 14,359 | 6.9 | +1.4 |
|  | Democrats | 1. Don Millar
2. Shirley de la Hunty | 13,495 | 6.5 | +4.0 |
|  | Group A | 1. Huw Grossmith
2. Mark Grossmith | 8,251 | 3.9 | +3.9 |
|  | Marijuana | Alison de Garis | 5,370 | 2.6 | +2.6 |
|  | Independent | Russell Aubrey | 3,261 | 1.6 | +1.6 |
|  | Racism No! | 1. Clarrie Isaacs
2. Arun Pradhan | 1,939 | 0.9 | +0.9 |
|  | Natural Law | 1. Cindy Hollings
2. David Norman | 623 | 0.3 | +0.3 |
| Total formal votes | | | 209,041 | 97.1 | −0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | 6,269 | 2.9 | +0.1 |
| Turnout | | | 215,310 | 90.4 | −3.5 |

### 1993

1993 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 33,876 |  |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Clive Griffiths (elected 1)
2. Barbara Scott (elected 3)
3. Simon O'Brien
4. Lesley Vanstan
5. Robert Carruthers | 91,585 | 45.06 | +3.22 |
|  | Labor | 1. John Halden (elected 2)
2. Cheryl Davenport (elected 4)
3. Garry Kelly
4. John Noonan
5. Reg Gordon
6. Tony Lovett | 81,981 | 40.33 | -3.09 |
|  | Greens | 1. Jim Scott (elected 5)
2. Alison de Garis | 11,191 | 5.51 | +5.51 |
|  | Group F | 1. Barry Hodge
2. Kim Hodge | 5,921 | 2.91 | +2.91 |
|  | Democrats | 1. Don Millar
2. Marlon Hercock | 4,995 | 2.46 | -1.83 |
|  | Group D | 1. Richard Utting
2. Julie Dethridge | 2,887 | 1.42 | +1.42 |
|  | Call to Australia | 1. Gerard Goiran
2. Beryl Rogers | 2,473 | 1.22 | +1.22 |
|  | Grey Power | Michael Hutton | 891 | 0.44 | -4.50 |
|  | Independent | Laurie Humphreys | 556 | 0.27 | +0.27 |
|  | Independent | Geoffrey Taylor | 428 | 0.21 | +0.21 |
|  | Republican | Veema Munroe | 346 | 0.17 | +0.17 |
| Total formal votes | | | 203,254 | 97.22 | −0.21 |
| Informal votes | | | 5,819 | 2.78 | +0.21 |
| Turnout | | | 209,073 | 93.93 |  |

### 1989

1989 Western Australian state election: South Metropolitan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Quota** | | | 30,790 |  |  |
|  | Labor | 1. Garry Kelly (elected 1)
2. John Halden (elected 3)
3. Cheryl Davenport (elected 5)
4. Ed Dermer
5. Reginald Gordon
6. Joyce Edwards | 80,221 | 43.42 |  |
|  | Liberal | 1. Clive Griffiths (elected 2)
2. Phillip Pendal (elected 4)
3. Diane Airey
4. Alan Harste
5. John Hardwick | 77,296 | 41.84 |  |
|  | Grey Power | Neville Crilly | 9,128 | 4.94 |  |
|  | Democrats | 1. Peter Nettleton
2. David Banner | 7,917 | 4.29 |  |
|  | Alternative Coalition | 1. Christabel Bridge
2. Robert Mann
3. Gladys Yarran | 6,314 | 3.42 |  |
|  | National | 1. Miguel de San Miguel
2. Leonard Phillips | 3,862 | 2.09 |  |
| Total formal votes | | | 184,738 | 97.18 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 5,361 | 2.82 |  |
| Turnout | | | 190,099 | 91.50 |  |


title: Atlantic Greyhound Lines

abstract: The Atlantic Greyhound Lines, a highway-coach carrier, was a Greyhound regional operating company, based in Charleston, West Virginia, USA, from 1931 until 1960, when it became merged with the Southeastern Greyhound Lines, a neighboring operating company, thus forming the Southern Division of The Greyhound Corporation, which division became called also the Southern Greyhound Lines (GL).

text:
# Atlantic Greyhound Lines

The **Atlantic Greyhound Lines** (called also Atlantic or AGL), a highway-coach carrier, was a Greyhound regional operating company, based in Charleston, West Virginia, USA, from 1931 until 1960, when it became merged with the Southeastern Greyhound Lines (called also Southeastern, SEG, SEGL, or the SEG Lines), a neighboring operating company, thus forming the Southern Division of The Greyhound Corporation (the parent Greyhound firm), which division became called also the Southern Greyhound Lines (GL).

## Midland Trail Transit Company

The story of the Atlantic GL starts with the Midland Trail Transit Company, which began in July 1924, under the leadership of Arthur Hill (formerly the secretary and treasurer of the Charleston Interurban Railroad Company)  to run  after buying two pre-existing carriers (the White Transportation Company and the Huntington-Charleston Motor Bus Company)  between Charleston and Huntington (both in West Virginia), along one segment of a highway named as the Midland Trail (later designated as US highway 60).

The Midland Trail firm continued to grow, mostly by buying more existing companies.

## Blue and Gray Transit Company

Hill incorporated the Blue and Gray (called also B&G) Transit Company in Charleston, West Virginia in May 1927  to buy his own Midland Trail firm and at least three other highway carriers (thus increasing his route network)  to make it easy and simple to consolidate all the permits and certificates of all the predecessor firms.

B&G continued to expand, through Portsmouth to Cincinnati and to Columbus (all three in Ohio), through Wheeling (in West Virginia) to Pittsburgh (in Pennsylvania), to Lexington (in Virginia), and to Clarksburg and to Bluefield (both in West Virginia).

## Camel City Coach Company

Meanwhile, in December 1925 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the Camel City Coach Company (bearing a nickname of its hometown due to the Camel cigarettes made there) came into existence, under the leadership of a merchant by the name of John Gilmer  to run between Charlotte (in North Carolina) and Martinsville (in Virginia) via Winston-Salem  and to expand.

Soon Camel City grew, mostly by acquisition, first to the northwest to Mount Airy (in North Carolina), then to the south through Columbia and thence to the southeast to Charleston (both in South Carolina), onward through Savannah (in Georgia) to Jacksonville (in Florida), through Augusta and Waycross (both in Georgia) to Jacksonville (along a route from Augusta to Jacksonville acquired in March 1931 from the Greyhound Lines of Georgia, a predecessor of the Southeastern GL), to the west through Boone (in North Carolina) and thence to the northwest to Abingdon (in Virginia), to the north to Roanoke (in Virginia), and to the east-northeast through Greensboro (in North Carolina) and Danville to Norfolk and to Richmond (all three in Virginia).

## National Highway Transport Company

Hill and Gilmer together organized the National Highway Transport (NHT) Company in December 1929 in Charleston, West Virginia, to buy the capital stock of the Blue and Gray and the Camel City concerns.

## Atlantic GL

Early in 1931 the NHT firm (which already had formed operating ties to Greyhound and had begun negotiations with Greyhound) began using the brand name, trade name, or service name of the Atlantic Greyhound Lines (while at first retaining its own previous corporate name), then in July 1931 NHT became renamed as the Atlantic Greyhound Lines (with the consent of the parent Greyhound firm), although Greyhound had then acquired only a minority interest in NHT and not yet a controlling interest.

By September 1931 the Skyland Stages, running since 1930 between Columbia (in South Carolina) and Knoxville (in Tennessee) via Greenville (in South Carolina) and Asheville (in North Carolina), became a division of the Atlantic GL. \[John Gilmer (of the Camel City Coach Company) had begun the process of forming the Skyland Stages (which ran through the town of Skyland in North Carolina, between Asheville and Greenville), when in May 1929 he founded the Asheville-Knoxville Coach Company.\]

## Old Dominion Stages

Further, in 1929 three major players in the developing highway-coach industry  Arthur Hill (of the Blue and Gray Transit Company), John Gilmer (of the Camel City Coach Company), and Guy Huguelet (of the Consolidated Coach Corporation, based in Lexington, Kentucky, which in -36 became renamed as the Southeastern Greyhound Lines)  organized yet another carrier, based in Roanoke, named as the Old Dominion (called also OD) Stages, using the nickname of the state or Commonwealth of Virginia  to run between Knoxville and Washington, DC, via Bristol, Wytheville, Roanoke, Lexington, Staunton, and Winchester, Virginia, along a route which divided between the territories of the B&G and the Camel City companies  with those three men owning the new firm in three equal shares. Service began on the day before Thanksgiving Day in November 1929.

## Tennessee Coach Company

In May 1932 the OD Stages leased its rights to the route segment between Knoxville and Bristol (along US-11W) to the Tennessee Coach Company (called also TCC), which then was an independent regional carrier based in Knoxville, and which already ran (in part) between those two cities on its own parallel route (along -11E).

Later in 1932 Hill and Gilmer bought the one-third interest of Huguelet in the OD Stages, then they merged OD into their Atlantic GL.

The Tennessee Coach Company continued to run that leased segment (between Knoxville and Bristol)  and on that route took part in through-schedules (interlined pool operations)  that is, the use of through-coaches on through-routes running through the territories of two or more operating companies  in cooperation with the Atlantic GL, the Dixie GL, and the Southeastern GL  including through-schedules between Birmingham (in Alabama) and Bristol and between Memphis and Washington  until 1956, when the TCC joined the Trailways trade association (then named as the National Trailways Bus System), and when the TCC returned its leased right to that segment to the Atlantic GL (as the successor in interest of the OD Stages)  as a part of the deal related to the dissociation of the TCC from Greyhound.

Afterward the TCC continued running between Knoxville and Bristol, but only along its own original route (on US-11E).

## John Gilmer and others

John Gilmer, the founder of the Camel City Coach Company, participated also in a number of other activities during the early development of the highway-coach industry.

In 1928 Gilmer provided much of the funds used in a refinancing and reorganizing of the Eastern Carolina Coach Company (running between Charlotte and Wilmington, both in North Carolina), which became renamed as the Queen City Coach Company (based in Charlotte), which (sometime about 1939-43) joined the National Trailways association (thus becoming called also the Queen City Trailways), and which in 1966 became bought by the Transcontinental Bus System (using the brand name, trade name, or service name of the Continental Trailways). \[However, Gilmer ended his involvement with the Queen City firm in 1933.\]

In 1933 Gilmer (along with several other principals of the Queen City Coach Company) joined in forming the Old South Lines, which started running between Charlotte and Atlanta (in Georgia) and between Columbia (in South Carolina) and Atlanta.

Gilmer's Old South Lines in 1934 bought the route between Atlanta and Montgomery (in Alabama)  including an alternate loop through Columbus (in Georgia)  from the Hood Coach Lines, which on that route had begun its first service (from Atlanta to Columbus in 1930, then onward to Montgomery in 1933), and which had soon tried (unsuccessfully) to run additional routes in the Peach State  between Atlanta and Macon, between Macon and Savannah, and between Macon and Jacksonville via Waycross.

Hood in November 1934 sold also its other routes  to the Consolidated Coach Corporation and the Union Bus Company, acting jointly, with the Atlanta-Macon and Macon-Waycross-Jacksonville routes going to Consolidated (which in 1936 became renamed as the Southeastern Greyhound Lines) and with the Macon-Savannah route going to Union (which in 1941 became bought by and merged into the Southeastern GL)  thus providing Consolidated and Union (and therefore later Greyhound) not only a new route between Macon and Savannah and a parallel alternate route between Atlanta and Macon but also a quicker alternate route between Macon and Jacksonville (about 50 miles shorter than the older route via Valdosta in Georgia and Lake City in Florida).

After that last sale the Hood firm, holding no other route, went out of business.

In 1935 the Atlantic GL bought the Old South routes to Atlanta from Charlotte and from Columbia, thus preparing to establish connections in Atlanta with the Teche GL and the Southeastern GL.

In February 1936 the Teche GL bought the Old South route between Atlanta and Montgomery (with the loop through Columbus), thus completing its route between New Orleans (in Louisiana) and Atlanta.

Gilmer also owned one or more automotive dealerships in Winston-Salem which sold Chrysler cars and GMC trucks.

## Capitol GL

The Capitol GL, based in Cincinnati, Ohio, came into existence in November 1930  as a joint venture (owned in two equal shares) by the Blue and Gray Transit Company and The Greyhound Corporation (with an uppercase T, because the word "the" was an integral part of the legal name of the corporate entity)  to operate a single new main line, between Washington, DC, and Saint Louis (in Missouri), via Winchester (in Virginia), Clarksburg and Parkersburg (both in West Virginia), Chillicothe and Cincinnati (both in Ohio), Bedford and Vincennes (both in Indiana), and Olney and Salem (both in Illinois), along US-50  a route shorter and quicker (six hours faster) than the best (then available) alternate route \[via Hagerstown (in Maryland), Pittsburgh (in Pennsylvania), Wheeling (in West Virginia), Columbus (in Ohio), Indianapolis and Terre Haute (both in Indiana), and Effingham (in Illinois)\]  plus a branch line between Shoals and Louisville (in Kentucky) via Paoli (in Indiana).

As described above, B&G (along with Camel City) in 1929 became a part of the NHT Company, which in 1931 became renamed as the Atlantic Greyhound Lines.

The first president of the Capitol GL was Arthur Hill, the founder and president of the B&G firm.

In 1954 the parent Greyhound firm bought the 50-percent share of the Atlantic GL (which part had come from B&G) in the Capitol GL, then Greyhound merged Capitol into the Pennsylvania GL, which in 1955 was merged with the old (second) Central GL, thereby forming the Eastern Division of The Greyhound Corporation (called also the new (second) Eastern GL), the first of four huge new divisions (along with Southern, Western, and Central, which last name became used again (in the fifth of six instances) but with a meaning quite different from its other applications).

## Atlantic GL as a division of The Greyhound Corporation

In 1936 The Greyhound Corporation accumulated a controlling (majority) interest in the Atlantic GL, and in 1957 the parent firm finished buying the remaining minority interest in the AGL and then merged the AGL into itself as a division of itself.

By 1960 the Atlantic GL reached as far to the north as Columbus and Pittsburgh, as far to the east as the Atlantic Ocean, as far to the south as Jacksonville, and as far to the west as Cincinnati, Knoxville, and Atlanta.

The AGL also ran extensive local commuter service based in its hometown of Charleston and in Portsmouth (in Ohio), Winston-Salem (in North Carolina), Sumter (in South Carolina), and (in conjunction with the Queen City Trailways) in Charlotte (in North Carolina).

The Atlantic GL then met the new Eastern GL to the north, the new Central GL to the northwest, and the Southeastern GL to the west and the south; AGL also met the Richmond GL in Washington, DC, and in Norfolk and Richmond.

AGL took part in a large number of major interlined north-south through-routes (using pooled equipment in cooperation with other Greyhound companies)  that is, the use of through-coaches on through-routes running through the territories of two or more Greyhound regional operating companies  between various pairs of cities (first between New York City and Jacksonville), including: in the north, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Boston, New York City, and Washington, and in the south, Norfolk, Memphis, Atlanta, Jacksonville, Orlando, Miami, Saint Petersburg, and New Orleans.

## Merger with Southeastern GL

In November 1960, in another round of consolidation, Greyhound merged the Atlantic GL with  not into but rather *with*  the Southeastern GL, based in Lexington, Kentucky, a neighboring regional company  thereby forming the Southern Division of The Greyhound Corporation, called also the Southern GL, the third of four huge new divisions (along with Central, Eastern, and Western)  which reached as far to the north as Springfield and Effingham (both in Illinois), Columbus, Pittsburgh, and Washington, as far to the east as the Atlantic Ocean, as far to the south as Miami and Key West, and as far to the west as Cincinnati, Saint Louis, Memphis, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Lake Charles (in Louisiana and on the way to Houston, the rest of Texas, and the rest of the West)  from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico..

Thus ended the Atlantic GL and the Southeastern GL, and thus began the Southern GL.

## Beyond Atlantic GL

Later (about 1966) The Greyhound Corporation reorganized again, into just two humongous divisions, named as the Greyhound Lines East (GLE) and the Greyhound Lines West (GLW); even later (about 1970) it eliminated those two divisions, thus leaving a single gargantuan undivided nationwide fleet.

When the Southern GL came into existence, the headquarters functions became gradually transferred from Lexington, Kentucky, and Charleston, West Virginia, to Atlanta, Georgia; when GLE arose, many of those administrative functions became shifted from Atlanta to Cleveland, Ohio; eventually those functions migrated to Chicago, Illinois, then to Phoenix, Arizona  when (in 1971) The Greyhound Corporation moved its corporate headquarters from Chicago to a new building in Phoenix.

In 1987 The Greyhound Corporation (the original Greyhound umbrella firm), which had become widely diversified far beyond transportation, sold its entire highway-coach operating business (its core bus business), to a new company, named as the Greyhound Lines, Inc., called also GLI, based in Dallas, Texas  a separate, independent, unrelated firm, which was the property of a group of private investors under the promotion of Fred Currey, a former executive of the Continental Trailways (later renamed as the Trailways, Inc., called also TWI, also based in Dallas), which was by far the largest member company in the National Trailways trade association.

Later in 1987 the Greyhound Lines, Inc., the GLI, the new firm based in Dallas, further bought the Trailways, Inc., the TWI, its largest competitor, and merged it into the GLI.

The lenders and the other investors of the GLI ousted Fred Currey (as the chief executive officer) after the firm went into bankruptcy in 1990.

The GLI has continued to experience difficulties and lackluster performance under a succession of new owners and new executives  while continuing to reduce its level of service  by hauling fewer passengers aboard fewer coaches on fewer trips along fewer routes with fewer stops in fewer communities in fewer states  and by doing so on fewer days  that is, increasingly operating some trips less often than every day (fewer than seven days per week)  and by using fewer through-coaches, thereby requiring passengers to make more transfers (from one coach to another).

After the sale to the GLI, The Greyhound Corporation changed its name to the Greyhound-Dial Corporation, then the Dial Corporation, then the Viad Corporation. \[The contrived name Viad appears to be a curious respelling of the former name Dial  if one scrambles the letters D, I, and A, then turns the V upside down and regards it as the Greek letter lambda  **Λ**  that is, the Greek equivalent of the Roman or Latin letter L.\]

The website of the Viad Corporation (http://www.viad.com) in September 2008 makes no mention of its corporate history or its past relationship to Greyhound (that is, its origin as The Greyhound Corporation).

* Hixson, Kenneth (2001). *Pick of the Litter*. Lexington: Centerville Book Company. ISBN 0-87642-016-1.
* Jackson, Carlton (1984). *Hounds of the Road*. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87972-270-3.
* Meier, Albert, and John Hoschek (1975). *Over the Road*. Upper Montclair: Motor Bus Society. No ISBN.
* Schisgall, Oscar (1985). *The Greyhound Story*. Chicago: J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company. ISBN 0-385-19690-3.
* *Motor Coach Age* (a publication of the Motor Bus Society), various issues, especially these: August 1977; April–June 1995; October–December 1996; October–December 1997; October–December 1998.
* *Backfire*, the corporate newspaper for the Southeastern Greyhound Lines, all issues, from January 1938 through February 1956.
* *Jon's Trailways History Corner*, a web-based Trailways history by Jan Hobijn (also known as Jon Hobein) at http://cw42.tripod.com/Jon.html.
* Web-based schedules and historical data at https://web.archive.org/web/20060312191347/http://www.greyhound.com/.


title: Assyr Abdulle

abstract: Assyr Abdulle was a Swiss mathematician. He specialized in numerical mathematics.

text:
# Assyr Abdulle

**Assyr Abdulle** (19 January 1971 – 1 September 2021) was a Swiss mathematician. He specialized in numerical mathematics.

## Biography

Abdulle earned a doctorate in mathematics under Gerhard Wanner and Ernst Hairer at the University of Geneva with the thesis *Méthodes de Chebyshev basées sur des polynômes orthogonaux*. He also earned a degree in violin and music from the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève in 1993. From 2001 to 2002, he was a postdoctoral researcher at Princeton University and worked at the computational laboratory at ETH Zurich from 2002 to 2003. In 2003, he became an assistant professor at the University of Basel and an associate professor at the University of Edinburgh in 2007. He then became a full professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. At the school, he started the master's degree in computational science. In 2016, he became Director of the Institut Mathicse and was founding Director of the Institut de Mathématiques in 2017.

Abdulle was impassioned with modeling and numerical simulations in biology, chemistry, geology, and medicine. He notably contributed to the development of heterogeneous multi-scale methods. He developed methods for solving multiscale and ergodic stochastic problems. He also invented the Orthogonal Runge-Kutta-Chebyshev, which was used to solve stiff differential equations which were then generalized to multiscale stochastic systems.

In 2005, Abdulle won the New Talent Award at the International Conference on Scientific Computation and Differential Equations. He received an advanced research fellowship from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council in 2007. In 2009, he won the James H. Wilkinson Prize in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, awarded by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, for his contributions to applied mathematics. He won the Germund Dahlquist Prize in 2013.

Assyr Abdulle died on 1 September 2021 at the age of 50.

## InfoBox

| Assyr Abdulle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 19 January 1971<br>Geneva, Switzerland |
| Died | 1 September 2021(2021-09-01) (aged 50) |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Occupation | Mathematician |


title: 1940s in music

abstract: For music from an individual year in the 1940s, go to 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in popular music in the 1940s. In the developed world, swing, big band, jazz, Latin and country music dominated and defined the decade's music. After World War II, the big band sounds of the earlier part of the decade had been gradually replaced by crooners and vocal pop.

text:
# 1940s in music

*For music from an individual year in the 1940s, go to 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49*

This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in **popular music in the 1940s**.

In the developed world, swing, big band, jazz, Latin and country music dominated and defined the decade's music. After World War II, the big band sounds of the earlier part of the decade had been gradually replaced by crooners and vocal pop.

## The U.S. and North America

### Pop

Ragtime, a genre that first became popular in the 1890s, was popular through about the 1940s. After its best-known exponent, Scott Joplin, died in 1917, the genre faded. As the 1920s unfolded, jazz rapidly took over as the dominant form of popular music in the United States.

In addition, a new form of popular music, crooning, emerged during the early 1930s. Technology played a large part in the development of this style, as electronic sound recording had emerged near the end of the 1920s and replaced the earlier acoustic recording. While singers such as Al Jolson and Billy Murray had recorded songs by yelling into a Victrola horn, as this was the only way to get audible sound with acoustic recording, the new electronic equipment allowed for a softer, more intimate style of singing. Many of the older singers such as Jolson and Murray consequently fell out of favor during the 1930s with changing tastes (although Al Jolson managed a successful career comeback after World War II).

Bing Crosby was the leading figure of the crooner sound as well as its most iconic, defining artist. By the 1940s, he was an entertainment superstar who mastered all of the major media formats of the day, movies, radio, and recorded music. Other popular singers of the day included Cab Calloway and Eddie Cantor.

Bandleaders such as the Dorsey Brothers often helped launch the careers of vocalists who went on to gain popularity as solo artists, such as Frank Sinatra, who rose to fame as a singer during this time. Sinatra's vast appeal to the "bobby soxers" revealed a whole new audience for popular music, which had generally appealed mainly to adults up to that time, making Sinatra the first teen idol. Sinatra's music mostly attracted young girls to his concerts. This image of a teen idol would also be seen with future artists such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles. Sinatra's massive popularity was also one of the reasons why the big band music declined in popularity; major record companies were looking for crooners and pop singers to attract a youth audience due to his success. Frank Sinatra would go on to become one of the most successful artists of the 1940s and one of the best selling music artists of all time. Sinatra remained relevant through the 1950s and 60s, even with rock music being the dominant form of music in his later years. In the later decades, Sinatra's music would be mostly aimed at an older adult audience. Sinatra remains one of the most respected and critically acclaimed music artists of all time.

Big band swing could variably be an instrumental style or accompany a vocalist. In comparison to its loud, brash, rhythmic sound stood the "sweet" bands which played a softer, more melodic style. The most notable of these, in no small part thanks to a long postwar TV career, was the band of Lawrence Welk.

While swing bands could be found in most major cities during the 1930s–1940s, the most popular and famous were the bands of Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman, and Artie Shaw, which had national followings and sold huge numbers. World War II brought an end to big band swing as many musicians were conscripted into the armed forces and travel restrictions made it hard for bands to tour. In 1944, Glenn Miller was killed when his plane crashed into the English Channel en route to a USO show in France. His death is widely considered to mark the close of the swing era.

After the war, a combination of factors such as changing demographics and rapid inflation made large bands unprofitable, so that popular music in the US came to be dominated instead by traditional pop and crooners, as well as bebop and jump blues.

### Best Selling Records of Decade 1940s

Before the Hot100 was implemented in 1958, Billboard magazine measured a record's performance with three charts, "Best-Selling Popular Retail Records", "Records Most Played By Disk Jockeys" and 'Most-Played Juke Box Records': However, since the latter two charts were not implemented until mid-decade, we focus on 'Best-Selling Retail Records of the 1940s.' Since it consisted of ten positions for most of the decade, only ten per week were recognized. Each week fifteen points were awarded to the number one record, then nine points for number two, eight points for number three, and so on, with one point for number ten. This system balances songs that reach the highest positions, as well as those that had the longest chart runs. Calculations are unaffected by year-end cutoffs as with Billboard (see discussion).

| Rank | Artist | Title | Label | Recorded | Released | Chart Positions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Mills Brothers | "Paper Doll" | Decca 18318 | February 18, 1942 | May 22, 1943 | US Billboard 1943 #1, US Pop #1 for 12 weeks, 40 total weeks, US R&B 1943 #3, Harlem Hit Parade #2 for 5 weeks, 29 total weeks, 287 points, 6,000,000 sales, Grammy Hall of Fame 1998 |
| 2 | Glenn Miller and His Orchestra | "Chattanooga Choo Choo" | Bluebird 11230 | May 7, 1941 | July 25, 1941 | US Billboard 1941 #1, US Pop #1 for 9 weeks, 28 total weeks, 253 points, Grammy Hall of Fame 1996, ASCAP song of 1941 |
| 3 | Bing Crosby | "White Christmas" | Decca 18429 | May 29, 1942 | July 30, 1942 | US Billboard 1942 #1, US Pop #1 for 14 weeks, 37 total weeks, US R&B 1943 #18, Harlem Hit Parade #1 for 3 weeks, 9 total weeks, 191 points (1942) + 60 pts (43-46) = 251, 2,600,000 sales 1944, 50,000,000 2007, Grammy Hall of Fame 1974 |
| 4 | Harry James and His Orchestra (Vocal Helen Forrest) | "I've Heard That Song Before" | Columbia 36668 | July 31, 1942 | December 4, 1942 | US Billboard 1943 #2, US Pop #1 for 13 weeks, 26 total weeks, US R&B 1943 #26, Harlem Hit Parade #1 for 1 weeks, 10 total weeks, 240 points |
| 5 | Francis Craig and His Orchestra | "Near You" | Bullet 1001 | February 1947 | March 1947 | US Billboard 1947 #1, US Pop #1 for 17 weeks, 25 total weeks, 236 points, sold 2.5 million |
| 6 | Freddy Martin and His Orchestra | "Piano Concerto In B Flat" | Bluebird 11211 | June 16, 1941 | July 3, 1941 | US Billboard 1941 #2, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 26 total weeks, 230 points |
| 7 | Artie Shaw and His Orchestra | "Frenesi" | Victor 26542 | March 3, 1940 | March 29, 1940 | US Billboard 1940 #1, US Pop #1 for 13 weeks, 29 total weeks, 223 points, Grammy Hall of Fame 2000, 1,000,000 sold |
| 8 | Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra | "Ballerina" | RCA Victor 20-2433 | August 12, 1947 | October 1947 | US Billboard 1947 #3, US Pop #1 for 10 weeks, 22 total weeks, 222 points |
| 9 | Bing Crosby | "Swinging on a Star" | Decca 18597 | February 7, 1944 | April 1944 | US Billboard 1944 #1, US Pop #1 for 9 weeks, 28 total weeks, 219 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 10 | Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra | "Riders in the Sky (A Cowboy Legend)" | RCA Victor 20-3411 | March 14, 1949 | May 14, 1949 | US Billboard 1949 #1, US Pop #1 for 12 weeks, 22 total weeks, US Country 1949 #43, Country #2 for 1 week, 3 total weeks, 218 points |
| 11 | Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra (Vocal Frank Sinatra | "I'll Never Smile Again" | Victor 26628 | April 23, 1940 | June 7, 1940 | US Billboard 1940 #2, US Pop #1 for 12 weeks, 20 total weeks, 216 points |
| 12 | Dinah Shore and Her Happy Boys | "Buttons and Bows" | Columbia 38284 | November 30, 1947 | August 16, 1948 | US Billboard 1948 #1, US Pop #1 for 10 weeks, 23 total weeks, 215 points, Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, sold 2.5 million |
| 13 | Les Brown and his Orchestra (Vocal Chorus by Doris Day) | "Sentimental Journey" | Columbia 36769 | November 20, 1944 | January 22, 1945 | US Billboard 1945 #1, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 28 total weeks, 213 points, Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, 1,000,000 sales |
| 14 | Pee Wee Hunt Orchestra | "Twelfth Street Rag" | Capitol 15105 | November 8, 1947 | June 1948 | US Billboard 1948 #2, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 32 total weeks, 211 points |
| 15 | Ted Weems and His Orchestra | "Heartaches" | Decca 25017 | August 23, 1938 | December 1946 | US Billboard 1947 #2, US Pop #1 for 13 weeks, 20 total weeks, 204 points |
| 16 | The Ink Spots | "The Gypsy" | Decca 18817 | February 19, 1946 | March 1946 | US Billboard 1946 #2, US Pop #1 for 13 weeks, 23 total weeks, US Most-Played Race Records 1946 #6, Race Records #1 for 2 weeks, 13 total weeks, 198 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 17 | Peggy Lee (Dave Barbour Orchestra) | "Manana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" | Capitol 15022 | November 25, 1947 | January 1948 | US Billboard 1948 #3, US Pop #1 for 9 weeks, 21 total weeks, 191 points |
| 18 | Perry Como | "Till The End Of Time" | Victor 20-1709 | July 3, 1945 | July 30, 1945 | US Billboard 1945 #2, US Pop #1 for 9 weeks, 17 total weeks, 189 points, Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, 1,000,000 sales |
| 19 | Bing Crosby | "Only Forever" | Decca 3300 | July 3, 1940 | August 1940 | US Billboard 1940 #3, US Pop #1 for 9 weeks, 22 total weeks, 185 points |
| 20 | Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters | "Don't Fence Me In" | Decca 23364 | July 25, 1944 | November 1944 | US Billboard 1944 #2, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 21 total weeks, US Most-Played Race Records 1945 #49, Race Records #9 for 1 week, 1 total weeks, 183 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 21 | Johnny Mercer And The Pied Pipers | "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" | Capitol 195 | December 13, 1944 | July 1945 | US Billboard 1945 #3, US Pop #1 for 7 weeks, 19 total weeks, 182 points |
| 22 | Perry Como | "Some Enchanted Evening" | RCA Victor 20-3402 | March 1, 1949 | April 1949 | US Billboard 1949 #5, US Pop #1 for 5 weeks, 26 total weeks, 182 points |
| 23 | Glenn Miller and his Orchestra | "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo" | Victor 27934 | August 1, 1942 | September 12, 1942 | US Billboard 1942 #3, US Pop #1 for 7 weeks, 18 total weeks, 181 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 24 | Andrews Sisters | "Rum and Coca-Cola" | Decca 18636 | October 23, 1944 | December 1944 | US Billboard 1945 #5, US Pop #1 for 10 weeks (Juke Box), 21 total weeks, US Most-Played Race Records 1945 #23, Race Records #3 for 1 week, 3 total weeks, 179 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 25 | Glenn Miller and his Orchestra | "Moonlight Cocktail" | Bluebird 11401 | May 7, 1941 | July 25, 1941 | US Billboard 1942 #4, US Pop #1 for 10 weeks, 21 total weeks, 178 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 26 | Harry James and His Orchestra (Vocal Dick Haymes) | "I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)" | Columbia 36698 | April 7, 1941 | March 1944 | US Billboard 1944 #3, US Pop #1 for 6 weeks (Juke Box chart), 29 total weeks, 178 points |
| 27 | Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra (Vocal Frank Sinatra and Pied Pipers) | "There Are Such Things" | Victor 27974 | July 1, 1942 | July 17, 1942 | US Billboard 1943 #3, US Pop #1 for 5 weeks, 26 total weeks, US R&B 1943 #22, Harlem Hit Parade #2 for 1 week, 13 total weeks, 176 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 28 | The Andrews Sisters with Gordon Jenkins Orchestra | "I Can Dream, Can't I?" | Decca 24705 | July 15, 1949 | August 22, 1949 | US Billboard 1949 #3, US Pop #1 for 5 weeks, 25 total weeks, 175 points |
| 29 | Bing Crosby | "Sunday, Monday or Always" | Decca 18561 | July 2, 1943 | August 21, 1943 | US Billboard 1943 #4, US Pop #1 for 7 weeks, 20 total weeks, 174 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 30 | Frankie Laine | "That Lucky Old Sun" | Mercury 5316 | June 14, 1949 | August 19, 1949 | US Billboard 1949 #2, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 22 total weeks, 173 points |
| 31 | Dinah Shore | "I'll Walk Alone" | Victor 20-1586 | March 1944 | May 1944 | US Billboard 1944 #6, US Pop #1 for 4 weeks, 26 total weeks, US R&B 1944 #44, Harlem Hit Parade #10 for 2 weeks, 2 total weeks, CashBox #1, 173 points |
| 32 | Vic Damone | "You're Breaking My Heart" | Mercury 5271 | February 15, 1949 | May 1949 | US Billboard 1949 #6, US Pop #1 for 4 weeks, 26 total weeks, 172 points |
| 33 | Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra | "Amapola (Pretty Little Poppy)" | Decca 3629 | February 3, 1941 | February 1941 | US Billboard 1941 #3, US Pop #1 for 10 weeks, 18 total weeks, 171 points |
| 34 | Swing And Sway With Sammy Kaye | "Daddy" | Victor 27391 | March 31, 1941 | April 25, 1941 | US Billboard 1941 #4, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 19 total weeks, 170 points |
| 35 | The Mills Brothers | "You Always Hurt The One You Love" | Decca 18599 | February 27, 1944 | May 1944 | US Billboard 1944 #4, US Pop #1 for 5 weeks, 32 total weeks, US R&B 1944 #29, Harlem Hit Parade #5 for 3 weeks, 24 total weeks, 170 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 36 | Bing Crosby | "I'll Be Seeing You" | Decca 18595 | February 17, 1944 | April 1944 | US Billboard 1944 #7, US Pop #1 for 4 weeks, 28 total weeks, 168 points |
| 37 | Eddy Howard and His Orchestra | "To Each His Own" | Majestic 7188 | April 16, 1946 | June 1946 | US Billboard 1946 #1, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 24 total weeks, 167 points, 1,000,000 sales |
| 38 | Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra | "My Heart Tells Me (Should I Believe My Heart?)" | Decca 18567 | October 1, 1943 | November 1943 | US Billboard 1944 #8, US Pop #1 for 5 weeks, 24 total weeks, 166 points |
| 39 | The Harmonicats | "Peg o' My Heart" | Vitacoustic 1 | March 1947 | April 1947 | US Billboard 1947 #4, US Pop #1 for 8 weeks, 26 total weeks, 165 points |
| 40 | Perry Como | "Prisoner of Love" | RCA Victor 20-1814 | December 18, 1945 | March 1946 | US Billboard 1946 #7, US Pop #1 for 3 weeks, 20 total weeks, 165 points, 1,000,000 sales |

### Jazz

In the early 1940s, bebop emerged, led by Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk and others. It helped to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more complex "musician's music." Differing greatly from swing, early bebop divorced itself from dance music, establishing itself more as an art form but lessening its potential popular and commercial value. Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it used faster tempos.

The swing era lasted until the mid-1940s, and produced popular tunes such as Duke Ellington's "Cotton Tail" (1940) and Billy Strayhorn's "Take the 'A' Train" (1941). When the big bands struggled to keep going during World War II, a shift was happening in jazz in favor of smaller groups. Some swing era musicians, like Louis Jordan, later found popularity in a new kind of music, called "rhythm and blues", that would evolve into rock and roll in the 1950s.

By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness, that eventually influenced the birth of cool jazz, which favoured long, linear melodic lines in the 1950s.

By the 1940s, Dixieland jazz revival musicians like Jimmy McPartland, Eddie Condon and Bud Freeman had become well-known and established their own unique style. Most characteristically, players entered solos against riffing by other horns, and were followed by a closing with the drummer playing a four-bar tag that was then answered by the rest of the band.

Some of the most notable Jazz artists of the 1940s include Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong and also Nat King Cole.

### Country music

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, became widely popular through the romanticization of the cowboy and idealized depictions of the west in Hollywood films. Singing cowboys, such as Roy Rogers and Gene Autry, sang cowboy songs in their films and became popular throughout the United States. Film producers began incorporating fully orchestrated four-part harmonies and sophisticated musical arrangements into their motion pictures.

In the post-war period, country music was called "folk" in the trades, and "hillbilly" within the industry. In 1944, *The Billboard* replaced the term "hillbilly" with "folk songs and blues", and switched to "country" or "country and western" in 1949.

But while cowboy and western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals backed by instruments such as the guitar, fiddle, string bass, and steel guitar; and had lyrics that focused on tragic themes of lost love, adultery, loneliness, alcoholism and self-pity. One of the earliest successful practitioners of this style was Ernest Tubb, a Crisp, Texas native who had perfected his style on several Texas radio stations in the mid- to late-1930s. In 1940, he gained a recording contract with Decca Records, and a year later released his standard "Walking the Floor Over You." The single became a hit and sold over one million copies. Allmusic critic David Vinopal called "Walking the Floor Over You" the first honky tonk song that launched the musical genre itself. As the decade progressed, the style was picked up by Floyd Tillman and Hank Williams, and by the end of the 1940s was the predominant style in country music.

Williams, a Butler County, Alabama native, began earning a reputation as both a songwriter and a performing artist. Using traditional honky-tonk themes, Williams grew to become one of the most important country performers of all time. His recording of "Lovesick Blues" (and its flip side, "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry") in 1949 remains a landmark in both country and popular music to this day. But even by the late 1940s, it became well known that Williams drank heavily, and his personal problems would continue to grow as the 1950s dawned. Still, his overall style inspired countless artists in country and other styles of music, including rock music, and his songs would be performed by numerous artists in many styles.

On August 25, 1945 Jenny Lou Carson became the first woman to write a No. 1 country music hit when "You Two-Timed Me One Time Too Often," performed by Tex Ritter, reached the top of the Billboard Most Played Juke Box Folk Records. In 1949 Carson had another No. 1 country music hit as a songwriter when "Don't Rob Another Man's Castle," performed by Eddy Arnold, topped the Billboard Folk Best Seller Charts. From 1945 to 1955 Carson was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music. Women weren't absent from the scene as vocalists; in fact, the No. 1 song on *Billboard* magazine's very first Most Played Juke Box Folk Records chart, dated January 8, 1944, saw The Andrews Sisters get co-credit along with Bing Crosby on "Pistol Packin' Mama." In 1949, Margaret Whiting teamed with Jimmy Wakely to have a No. 1 country and pop hit, a cover of the Floyd Tillman song "Slippin' Around." Kitty Wells was a popular concert attraction, performing with her husband Johnnie Wright and his duet partner, Jack Anglin; and Wilma Lee Cooper was prominently featured on recordings with her husband, Stoney. Other popular female acts were Patsy Montana, Martha Carson, The Maddox Brothers and Rose, Molly O'Day with the Cumberland Mountain Folks, and Lulu Belle (of Lulu Belle and Scotty), while Mother Maybelle Carter re-formed the Carter Family with her daughters, Anita, June, and Helen and their popularity would only grow in time.

Eddy Arnold, known as "The Tennessee Plowboy," became an innovator of crossover music, or music of one particular genre (in this case, country) that was popular among mainstream audiences. His style combined elements of refined honky tonk with popular music sounds, evident on hits like "That's How Much I Love You," "I'll Hold You In My Heart ('Til I Can Hold You In My Arms)," "Anytime" and "Boquet of Roses," and several of these songs charted on both the *Billboard* country and pop charts. He was so dominant that by 1948, five of that year's six No. 1 songs on *Billboard*s' country chart bore Arnold's name, a record that Charlie Rich would tie 26 years later but otherwise has been unmatched. Arnold would go on to score more than 150 chart hits during a career that spanned until his death in 2008.

* In 1941 Les Paul designed and built the first solid-body electric guitar.
* In 1942 Bing Crosby recorded and released the single "White Christmas", which became the best-selling single of all time, with estimated sales in excess of 50 million copies worldwide.
* In 1948 Columbia Records introduced the 33+13 rpm LP ("long playing") record at New York City's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, featuring 25 minutes of music per side.
* In 1949 RCA Victor introduced the 45 rpm record, featuring 8 minutes of music.

## Europe

Edith Piaf, Charles Trenet, Tino Rossi, were popular French singers.

## Latin America

The Cuban bolero had traveled to Mexico and the rest of Latin America after its conception, where it became part of their repertoires. Some of the bolero's leading composers have come from nearby countries, most especially the prolific Puerto Rican composer Rafael Hernández, Some Cuban composers of the bolero are listed under Trova. Some successful Mexican bolero composers are María Grever, Gonzalo Curiel Barba, Gabriel Ruiz, and Consuelo Velázquez which song Verdad Amarga (Bitter Truth) was the most popular in Mexico in the year 1948; another example is Mexico's Agustín Lara.

Other famous performers include Pedro Vargas, Luis Aguilar, Ana María González, Trío Calaveras, Trío Los Panchos

Mariachi an ensemble that consists of guitarrón, vihuela, guitar, violins and trumpets. Between 1940 mariachi and rancheras originated in the western states of the country.

This folk ensemble performs ranchera, son de mariachi, huapango de mariachi, polka, corrido, and other musical forms. It originated in the southern part of the state of Jalisco during the 19th century. The city of Guadalajara in Jalisco is known as the "Capital of Mariachi". The style is now popular throughout Mexico and the Southwestern United States, and is considered representative of Mexican music and culture.

## Asia

In China, the 1940s was the golden era of Mandarin pop songs which were collectively termed 'Shidaiqu', literally "songs of the era". Shanghai Pathe Records, then belonging to EMI, emerged to be the leading record company in China and featured a blend of Chinese melodies and western orchestrations as well as Big Band Jazz elements in arrangements of music, leading to their superseding traditional Chinese operas in radio broadcasts. With the help of growing radio audience in the nation, Shidaiqu successfully became prevalent and listening to Mandarin pop songs was regarded as trendy. Among all Chinese contemporary singers, Zhou Xuan, Yao Li (also known as Hue Lee), Wu Yingyin, Bai Guang, Bai Hong, Gong Qiuxia and Li Xianglan were the seven most famous artists (七大歌星), who gained nationwide popularity. Zhou Xuan was the most representative of all, who later became one of the emblematic and legendary figures in the history of Chinese pop songs. In addition, despite the ravages of the Japanese occupation, there saw an immense development and maturation in the Chinese movie industry. Very often, pop songs were intermingled with episodes in films, providing the audience with multiple entertainment at one time. Nonetheless, little attention was paid on the groundbreaking breakthroughs of Chinese Mandarin pop songs in the 1940s, both by the academia and the community in China as well as Western countries. Shidaiqu had its influence even in Hong Kong and Taiwan music in the 1950s and 1960s as well as in Malaysian and Singaporean Chinese communities. Rose, Rose, I Love you, the renowned song presented by Frankie Laine, and An Autumn Melody, were two symbolic Shidaiqu.

In Japan, Nihon Columbia and Nihon Victor were two of the larger record companies. Blues, boogie-woogie and jazz were popular. Ryouichi Hattori was a popular composer, and Shizuko Kasagi was one of the popular singers.


title: 1953 British Grand Prix

abstract: The 1953 British Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 18 July 1953 at Silverstone Circuit. It was race 6 of 9 in the 1953 World Championship of Drivers, which was run to Formula Two rules in 1952 and 1953, rather than the Formula One regulations normally used. The 90-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Alberto Ascari after he started from pole position. Juan Manuel Fangio finished second for the Maserati team and Ascari's teammate Nino Farina came in third.

text:
# 1953 British Grand Prix

The **1953 British Grand Prix** was a Formula Two motor race held on 18 July 1953 at Silverstone Circuit. It was race 6 of 9 in the 1953 World Championship of Drivers, which was run to Formula Two rules in 1952 and 1953, rather than the Formula One regulations normally used. The 90-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Alberto Ascari after he started from pole position. Juan Manuel Fangio finished second for the Maserati team and Ascari's teammate Nino Farina came in third.

## Background

The Ferrari and Maserati lineup was unchanged from the French Grand Prix. Initially three Cooper Mk IIs were entered for Peter Whitehead, Tony Crook and Stirling Moss. However, due to Moss's retirement at the French Grand Prix his car had to be withdrawn.

## Classification

### Qualifying

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Time | Gap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari | 1:48.0 |  |
| 2 | 24 | José Froilán González | Maserati | 1:49.0 | \+ 1.0 |
| 3 | 8 | Mike Hawthorn | Ferrari | 1:49.2 | \+ 1.2 |
| 4 | 23 | Juan Manuel Fangio | Maserati | 1:50.0 | \+ 2.0 |
| 5 | 6 | Nino Farina | Ferrari | 1:50.5 | \+ 2.5 |
| 6 | 7 | Luigi Villoresi | Ferrari | 1:51.0 | \+ 3.0 |
| 7 | 26 | Onofre Marimón | Maserati | 1:51.3 | \+ 3.3 |
| 8 | 29 | Maurice Trintignant | Gordini | 1:52.0 | \+ 4.0 |
| 9 | 28 | Harry Schell | Gordini | 1:52.0 | \+ 4.0 |
| 10 | 14 | Tony Rolt | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 1:54.0 | \+ 6.0 |
| 11 | 16 | Ken Wharton | Cooper-Bristol | 1:54.0 | \+ 6.0 |
| 12 | 1 | Lance Macklin | HWM-Alta | 1:57.0 | \+ 9.0 |
| 13 | 11 | Kenneth McAlpine | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 1:57.6 | \+ 9.6 |
| 14 | 20 | Peter Whitehead | Cooper-Alta | 1:57.8 | \+ 9.8 |
| 15 | 18 | Jimmy Stewart | Cooper-Bristol | 1:58.0 | \+ 10.0 |
| 16 | 25 | Felice Bonetto | Maserati | 1:58.2 | \+ 10.2 |
| 17 | 3 | Duncan Hamilton | HWM-Alta | 2:02.0 | \+ 14.0 |
| 18 | 17 | Bob Gerard | Cooper-Bristol | 2:02.0 | \+ 14.0 |
| 19 | 10 | Prince Bira | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 2:04.0 | \+ 16.0 |
| 20 | 15 | Ian Stewart | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 2:04.0 | \+ 16.0 |
| 21 | 19 | Alan Brown | Cooper-Bristol | 2:04.0 | \+ 16.0 |
| 22 | 30 | Jean Behra | Gordini | 2:04.0 | \+ 16.0 |
| 23 | 2 | Peter Collins | HWM-Alta | 2:05.0 | \+ 17.0 |
| 24 | 9 | Louis Rosier | Ferrari | 2:07.0 | \+ 19.0 |
| 25 | 22 | Tony Crook | Cooper-Bristol | 2:07.4 | \+ 19.4 |
| 26 | 31 | Toulo de Graffenried | Maserati | 2:08.0 | \+ 20.0 |
| 27 | 4 | Jack Fairman | HWM-Alta | 2:08.4 | \+ 20.4 |
| 28 | 12 | Roy Salvadori | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 2:09.0 | \+ 21.0 |
| 29 | 27 | Louis Chiron | OSCA | No time |  |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Constructor | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5 | **Alberto Ascari** | **Ferrari** | 90 | 2:50:00 | 1 | **8.5** |
| 2 | 23 | **Juan Manuel Fangio** | **Maserati** | 90 | \+ 1:00 | 4 | **6** |
| 3 | 6 | **Nino Farina** | **Ferrari** | 88 | \+ 2 Laps | 5 | **4** |
| 4 | 24 | **José Froilán González** | **Maserati** | 88 | \+ 2 Laps | 2 | **3.5** |
| 5 | 8 | **Mike Hawthorn** | **Ferrari** | 87 | \+ 3 Laps | 3 | **2** |
| 6 | 25 | Felice Bonetto | Maserati | 82 | \+ 8 Laps | 16 |  |
| 7 | 10 | Prince Bira | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 82 | \+ 8 Laps | 19 |  |
| 8 | 16 | Ken Wharton | Cooper-Bristol | 80 | \+ 10 Laps | 11 |  |
| 9 | 20 | Peter Whitehead | Cooper-Alta | 79 | \+ 11 Laps | 14 |  |
| 10 | 9 | Louis Rosier | Ferrari | 78 | \+ 12 Laps | 24 |  |
| Ret | 18 | Jimmy Stewart | Cooper-Bristol | 79 | Spun off | 15 |  |
| Ret | 14 | Tony Rolt | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 70 | Halfshaft | 10 |  |
| Ret | 7 | Luigi Villoresi | Ferrari | 65 | Axle | 6 |  |
| Ret | 26 | Onofre Marimón | Maserati | 65 | Engine | 7 |  |
| Ret | 19 | Alan Brown | Cooper-Bristol | 56 | Overheating | 21 |  |
| Ret | 2 | Peter Collins | HWM-Alta | 56 | Spun off | 23 |  |
| Ret | 4 | Jack Fairman | HWM-Alta | 54 | Clutch | 27 |  |
| Ret | 12 | Roy Salvadori | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 50 | Wheel | 28 |  |
| Ret | 31 | Toulo de Graffenried | Maserati | 34 | Clutch | 26 |  |
| Ret | 1 | Lance Macklin | HWM-Alta | 31 | Clutch | 12 |  |
| Ret | 30 | Jean Behra | Gordini | 30 | Fuel Pump | 22 |  |
| Ret | 15 | Ian Stewart | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 24 | Ignition | 20 |  |
| Ret | 29 | Maurice Trintignant | Gordini | 14 | Axle | 8 |  |
| Ret | 3 | Duncan Hamilton | HWM-Alta | 14 | Clutch | 17 |  |
| Ret | 17 | Bob Gerard | Cooper-Bristol | 8 | Suspension | 18 |  |
| Ret | 28 | Harry Schell | Gordini | 5 | Electrical | 9 |  |
| Ret | 11 | Kenneth McAlpine | Connaught-Lea-Francis | 0 | Retirement | 13 |  |
| Ret | 22 | Tony Crook | Cooper-Bristol | 0 | Fuel System | 25 |  |
| DNS | 27 | Louis Chiron | OSCA | 0 | Did not start |  |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | |

Notes * **^1**  – Includes 0.5 points for shared fastest lap

## Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

|  | Pos | Driver | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | Alberto Ascari | 33.5 (36.5) |
|  | 2 | Mike Hawthorn | 16 |
| 1 | 3 | José Froilán González | 13.5 (14.5) |
| 1 | 4 | Luigi Villoresi | 13 |
| 2 | 5 | Juan Manuel Fangio | 13 |
| Source: | | | |

* **Note**: Only the top five positions are included. Only the best 4 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

## InfoBox

| 1953 British Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Previous race Next race | | | |
| Silverstone Circuit in 1952–1973 configuration | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 18 July 1953 | | |
| Official name | 6th RAC British Grand Prix | | |
| Location | Silverstone Circuit<br>Silverstone, England | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility | | |
| Course length | 4.7105 km (2.927 miles) | | |
| Distance | 90 laps, 423.949 km (263.43 miles) | | |
| Weather | Overcast, showers | | |
| Attendance | 100,000 | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Ferrari |
| Time | 1:48.0 | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Drivers | Alberto Ascari | Ferrari |
| Fastest lap | José Froilán González | Maserati |
| Time | 1:50.0 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Ferrari |
| Second |  | Maserati |
| Third |  | Ferrari |
| Lap leaders * | | | |


# 1999 Nigerian Senate elections in Kebbi State

The 1999 Nigerian Senate election in Kebbi State was held on February 20, 1999, to elect members of the Nigerian Senate to represent Kebbi State. Adamu Augie representing Kebbi North and Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi representing Kebbi North won on the platform of All Nigeria Peoples Party, while Danladi Bamaiyi representing Kebbi South won on the platform of the Peoples Democratic Party.

## Overview

| Affiliation | Party | | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  | |
| | PDP | ANPP | |
| Before Election |  |  | 3 |
| After Election | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|

## Summary

| District | Incumbent | Party | | Elected Senator | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kebbi North |  |  |  | Adamu Augie |  | ANPP |
| Kebbi North |  |  |  | Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi |  | ANPP |
| Kebbi South |  |  |  | Danladi Bamaiyi |  | PDP |

## Results

### Kebbi North

The election was won by Adamu Augie of the All Nigeria Peoples Party.

1999 Nigerian Senate election in Kebbi State
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **ANPP** | **Adamu Augie** |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | ANPP **hold** | | | |

### Kebbi North

The election was won by Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi of the All Nigeria Peoples Party.

1999 Nigerian Senate election in Kebbi State
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **ANPP** | **Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi** |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | ANPP **hold** | | | |

### Kebbi South

The election was won by Danladi Bamaiyi of the Peoples Democratic Party.

1999 Nigerian Senate election in Kebbi State
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **PDP** | **Danladi Bamaiyi** |  |  |
| Total votes | | |  |  |
|  | PDP **hold** | | | |


title: F. W. Schuerenberg House

abstract: The F.W. Schuerenberg House is located in Brenham, Texas and was built in 1895 by Frederick William Schuerenberg. Schuerenberg, the son of an early German immigrant, was a local businessman who owned a blacksmith shop in Brenham. The mansion is located at 503 West Alamo street and is considered a classic example of Victorian architecture. The Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It sat vacant from 2005 to early 2016, when it was then purchased by a married couple from Houston who plan to restore it. It is said to be haunted by the spirit of a small girl who occasionally peers out the first floor bay window. it is also rumored that someone committed suicide by hanging themselves in the nursery located on the second floor. The old carriage house is located at the back of the lot on Peabody street. Its architectural style closely resembles that of the Wood-Hughes House which is also located in Brenham, Texas.

text:
# F. W. Schuerenberg House

The **F.W. Schuerenberg House** is located in Brenham, Texas and was built in 1895 by Frederick William Schuerenberg. Schuerenberg, the son of an early German immigrant, was a local businessman who owned a blacksmith shop in Brenham. The mansion is located at 503 West Alamo street and is considered a classic example of Victorian architecture. The Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It sat vacant from 2005 to early 2016, when it was then purchased by a married couple from Houston who plan to restore it. It is said to be haunted by the spirit of a small girl who occasionally peers out the first floor bay window. it is also rumored that someone committed suicide by hanging themselves in the nursery located on the second floor. The old carriage house is located at the back of the lot on Peabody street. Its architectural style closely resembles that of the Wood-Hughes House which is also located in Brenham, Texas.

Media related to F. W. Schuerenberg House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| F. W. Schuerenberg House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Recorded Texas Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| F. W. Schuerenberg House in 2013 | |
| F. W. Schuerenberg HouseF. W. Schuerenberg House | |
| Location | 503 W. Alamo,<br>Brenham, Texas |
| Coordinates | 30°9′55″N 96°24′10″W / 30.16528°N 96.40278°W / 30.16528; -96.40278 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1895 (1895) |
| Architect | Alex Griffen |
| Architectural style | Stick/Eastlake, Queen Anne |
| MPS | Brenham MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 90000469 |
| RTHL No. | 8393 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 29, 1990 |
| Designated RTHL | 1996 |


title: 15 Years on Death Row

abstract: 15 Years on Death Row is a compilation album by American record label Death Row Records, released on December 26, 2006. It is originally composed of 27 songs on two compact discs and 24 music videos on a DVD, and its Best Buy Edition has extra 6 songs. The release features several notable Death Row artists such as Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, 2Pac, Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger, and The Lady of Rage. A music video DVD is included. The double album includes "G'z Up, Hoes Down", a track from Snoop Doggy Dogg's Doggystyle album that was removed for sample clearance issues. In the United States, the compilation debuted at number 100 on the Billboard 200 and number 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

text:
# 15 Years on Death Row

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| RapReviews | 8.5/10 |

***15 Years on Death Row*** is a compilation album by American record label Death Row Records, released on December 26, 2006. It is originally composed of 27 songs on two compact discs and 24 music videos on a DVD, and its *Best Buy Edition* has extra 6 songs.

The release features several notable Death Row artists such as Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, 2Pac, Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger, and The Lady of Rage. A music video DVD is included. The double album includes "G'z Up, Hoes Down", a track from Snoop Doggy Dogg's *Doggystyle* album that was removed for sample clearance issues.

In the United States, the compilation debuted at number 100 on the *Billboard* 200 and number 33 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with 14,000 copies sold in its first week.

## Track listing

### CD 1

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "One Eight Seven" (performed by Dr. Dre) | Dr. Dre | 4:28 |
| 2. | "Nuthin' But a "G" Thang" (performed by Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dr. Dre | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Dogg Pound 4 Life" (performed by Tha Dogg Pound and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dat Nigga Daz | 4:59 |
| 4. | "Afro Puffs (Album Version)" (performed by The Lady of Rage and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | * Dat Nigga Daz * Dr. Dre | 4:47 |
| 5. | "Natural Born Killaz" (performed by Dr. Dre and Ice Cube) |  | 4:51 |
| 6. | "How Do U Want It (Alternate Version)" (performed by 2Pac and K-Ci & JoJo) | Johnny "J" | 3:57 |
| 7. | "Bitches Ain't Shit" (performed by Dr. Dre, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound and Jewell) | Dr. Dre | 4:46 |
| 8. | "Let Me Ride (Extended Version)" (performed by Dr. Dre, Snoop Doggy Dogg and Daz Dillinger) | Dr. Dre | 4:21 |
| 9. | "Life's So Hard" (performed by 2Pac and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dat Nigga Daz | 5:39 |
| 10. | "Big Pimpin'" (performed by Tha Dogg Pound, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Nate Dogg and Big Pimpin' Delemond) | Dat Nigga Daz | 3:58 |
| 11. | "Gin and Juice" (performed by Snoop Doggy Dogg and Daz Dillinger) | Dr. Dre | 3:32 |
| 12. | "G'z Up, Hoez Down (Unreleased)" (performed by Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dr. Dre | 2:21 |
| 13. | "California Love (Original Version)" (performed by 2Pac, Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) |  | 4:00 |
| 14. | "Don't Try to Play Me" (performed by Daz Dillinger) | Dat Nigga Daz | 4:38 |
| 15. | "Made Niggaz" (performed by 2Pac and Outlawz) | Johnny "J" | 5:03 |
| 16. | "Wanted Dead or Alive" (performed by 2Pac and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dat Nigga Daz | 4:38 |
| 17. | "New York, New York" (performed by Tha Dogg Pound) | DJ Pooh | 4:51 |

Notes * Tracks 1, 14, 16 and 17 are exclusive for Best Buy Edition.

### CD 2

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "To Live & Die in L.A. (Alternate Version)" (performed by 2Pav and Val Young) | QD3 | 4:24 |
| 2. | "Initiated" (performed by Tha Dogg Dound, 2Pac and Outlawz) | Dat Nigga Daz | 4:51 |
| 3. | "Murder Was the Case (Remix)" (performed by Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 4. | "Ambitionz Az a Ridah" (performed by 2Pac) | Dat Nigga Daz | 4:37 |
| 5. | "All About U" (performed by 2Pac, Dru Down, Fatal Hussein, Yaki Kadafi, Snoop Doggy Dogg and Nate Dogg) | Johnny "J" | 4:36 |
| 6. | "Puffin' on Blunts and Drankin' Tanqueray" (performed by Dr. Dre, The Lady of Rage and Tha Dogg Pound) | Dr. Dre | 6:23 |
| 7. | "Pain" (performed by 2Pac and Stretch) | Stretch | 4:33 |
| 8. | "Doggy Dogg World" (performed by Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound and The Dramatics) | Dr. Dre | 5:05 |
| 9. | "O.G." (performed by Daz Dillinger, Nate Dogg and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dat Nigga Daz | 4:37 |
| 10. | "Fuck wit Dre Day (And Everybody's Celebratin')" (performed by Dr. Dre, Jewell, RBX and Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dr. Dre | 4:51 |
| 11. | "Never Had a Friend Like Me" (performed by 2Pac) | Johnny "J" | 4:25 |
| 12. | "Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)" (performed by Snoop Doggy Dogg, Kurupt, Nate Dogg and Warren G) | Dr. Dre | 4:04 |
| 13. | "Loyal to the Game" (performed by 2Pac, Riddler and Treach) | Reginald Heard | 4:36 |
| 14. | "What Would You Do?" (performed by Tha Dogg Pound, Big Pimpin' Delemond, Jewell, Jodeci, Snoop Doggy Dogg) | Dat Nigga Daz | 5:08 |
| 15. | "Life Is a Traffic Jam" (performed by 2Pac and Thandie Newton) |  |  |
| 16. | "Why (A Tribute to 2Pac)" (performed by Nate Dogg) |  |  |

Notes * Tracks 15 and 16 are exclusive for Best Buy Edition.

### DVD

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dre Day" |  |
| 2. | "Nuthin' But a "G" Thang" |  |
| 3. | "Let Me Ride" |  |
| 4. | "Little Ghetto Boy" |  |
| 5. | "Natural Born Killaz" |  |
| 6. | "What's My Name" |  |
| 7. | "Gin & Juice" |  |
| 8. | "Doggy Dogg World" |  |
| 9. | "Murder Was the Case" |  |
| 10. | "Vapors" |  |
| 11. | "Doggfather" |  |
| 12. | "Snoop's Upside Your Head" |  |
| 13. | "Regulate" |  |
| 14. | "Afro Puffs (Remix)" |  |
| 15. | "How Do U Want It" |  |
| 16. | "All About U" |  |
| 17. | "California Love (Original Version)" |  |
| 18. | "California Love (Remix Version)" |  |
| 19. | "I Ain't Mad at Cha" |  |
| 20. | "Hit 'Em Up" |  |
| 21. | "Made Niggaz" |  |
| 22. | "To Live & Die in L.A." |  |
| 23. | "Toss It Up" |  |
| 24. | "Hail Mary" |  |

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 100 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 33 |

## InfoBox

| 15 Years on Death Row | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by various artists | |
| Released | December 26, 2006 (2006-12-26) |
| Recorded | 1992–1998 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:21:17 |
| Label | Death Row |
| Producer |  |
| Death Row Records chronology | |
| *The Death Row Singles Collection*
(2006) ***15 Years on Death Row***
(2006) | |


title: 2005 Detroit Lions season

text:
# 2005 Detroit Lions season

The 2005 season was the Detroit Lions' 76th in the National Football League (NFL) and the third and final under head coach Steve Mariucci. The Lions failed to improve on their 6–10 record from 2004.

The Lions began their 2005 season with a 17–3 win over the rival Green Bay Packers. However, the next week, the Lions were throttled, 38–6, by the Chicago Bears in Chicago. By week 10, the Lions had a 4–5 record after they had defeated the Arizona Cardinals 29–21 at home. However, the Lions lost five consecutive games following that win, and were eliminated from the playoffs with a 16–13 overtime loss to the Packers. The Lions would win one more game for the rest of the season, which was a 13–12 win over the New Orleans Saints. The season concluded with a 35–21 loss to the eventual Super Bowl XL champion Pittsburgh Steelers.

During the season, after the Lions lost 27–7 on Thanksgiving Day to the Atlanta Falcons, the Lions fired Steve Mariucci, and hired Dick Jauron to be the interim head coach for the remainder of the season.

## Staff

**2005 Detroit Lions staff**
|  | **Front office**
**Head coaches**
**Offensive coaches** |  |  | **Defensive coaches** **Special teams coaches**
**Strength and conditioning** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| **2005 Detroit Lions draft** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | College | Notes |
| 1 | 10 | Mike Williams | WR | USC |  |
| 2 | 37 | Shaun Cody | DT | USC |  |
| 3 | 72 | Stanley Wilson | CB | Stanford |  |
| 5 | 145 | Dan Orlovsky | QB | Connecticut | Arizona via New England |
| 6 | 184 | Bill Swancutt | DE | Oregon State |  |
| 6 | 206 | Johnathan Goddard | LB | Marshall |  |
| Made roster       Pro Football Hall of Fame    *   Made at least one Pro Bowl during career | | | | | |

## Roster

**2005 Detroit Lions final roster**
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Quarterbacks** **Running backs**
**Wide receivers**
**Tight ends** |  | **Offensive linemen** **Defensive linemen** |  | **Linebackers** **Defensive backs**
**Special teams** |  | **Practice squad** {{{Practice Squad}}}

*Rookies in italics*
53 active, 12 reserved, 8 practice squad |

## Regular season

### Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | September 11 | **Green Bay Packers** | **W** 17–3 | 1–0 | Ford Field | 61,877 |
| 2 | September 18 | at **Chicago Bears** | **L** 6–38 | 1–1 | Soldier Field | 62,019 |
| 3 | *Bye* | | | | | |
| 4 | October 2 | at Tampa Bay Buccaneers | **L** 13–17 | 1–2 | Raymond James Stadium | 64,994 |
| 5 | October 9 | Baltimore Ravens | **W** 35–17 | 2–2 | Ford Field | 61,201 |
| 6 | October 16 | Carolina Panthers | **L** 20–21 | 2–3 | Ford Field | 61,083 |
| 7 | October 23 | at Cleveland Browns | **W** 13–10 | 3–3 | Cleveland Browns Stadium | 72,923 |
| 8 | October 30 | **Chicago Bears** | **L** 13–19 (OT) | 3–4 | Ford Field | 61,814 |
| 9 | November 6 | at **Minnesota Vikings** | **L** 14–27 | 3–5 | Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome | 63,813 |
| 10 | November 13 | Arizona Cardinals | **W** 29–21 | 4–5 | Ford Field | 61,091 |
| 11 | November 20 | at Dallas Cowboys | **L** 7–20 | 4–6 | Texas Stadium | 62,670 |
| 12 | November 24 | Atlanta Falcons | **L** 7–27 | 4–7 | Ford Field | 62,390 |
| 13 | December 4 | **Minnesota Vikings** | **L** 16–21 | 4–8 | Ford Field | 61,375 |
| 14 | December 11 | at **Green Bay Packers** | **L** 13–16 (OT) | 4–9 | Lambeau Field | 70,019 |
| 15 | December 18 | Cincinnati Bengals | **L** 17–41 | 4–10 | Ford Field | 61,749 |
| 16 | December 24 | at New Orleans Saints | **W** 13–12 | 5–10 | Alamodome | 63,747 |
| 17 | January 1 | at Pittsburgh Steelers | **L** 21–35 | 5–11 | Heinz Field | 63,794 |

### Game summaries

#### Week 1

**Week 1: Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions – Game summary**

| Quarter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Packers | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | **3** |
| **Lions** | 7 | 0 | 3 | 7 | **17** |

*at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan*

| Game information |
| --- |
|  |

### Standings

| NFC North | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | CONF | PF | PA | STK |
| (2) Chicago Bears | 11 | 5 | 0 | .688 | 5–1 | 10–2 | 260 | 202 | L1 |
| Minnesota Vikings | 9 | 7 | 0 | .563 | 5–1 | 8–4 | 306 | 344 | W1 |
| Detroit Lions | 5 | 11 | 0 | .313 | 1–5 | 3–9 | 254 | 345 | L1 |
| Green Bay Packers | 4 | 12 | 0 | .250 | 1–5 | 4–8 | 298 | 344 | W1 |

Media related to 2005 Detroit Lions season at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| 2005 Detroit Lions season | |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | William Clay Ford Sr. |
| General manager | Matt Millen |
| Head coach | Steve Mariucci
Dick Jauron (interim) |
| Home field | Ford Field |
| Results | |
| Record | 5–11 |
| Division place | 3rd NFC North |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
| Pro Bowlers | DT Shaun Rogers |
| Uniform | |
|  | |
|


title: 1940s in sociology

text:
# 1940s in sociology

The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1940s.

## 1940

### Births

### Deaths

## 1941

## 1942

### Births

### Deaths

## 1943

## 1944

### Births

### Deaths

## 1945

## 1946

### Births

## 1947

## 1948

### Births

### Deaths

## 1949

## InfoBox

| 1930s . **1940s in sociology** . 1950s |
| --- |
| Other topics: Anthropology . Comics . music |


title: F1 Circus (video game)

abstract: F1 Circus is a Formula One-based racing game developed by Nihon Bussan and published by Nichibutsu for the PC-Engine.

text:
# F1 Circus (video game)

***F1 Circus*** (エフワン サーカス, *Efuwan Sākasu*) is a Formula One-based racing game developed by Nihon Bussan and published by Nichibutsu for the PC-Engine.

## Reception

On release, *Famicom Tsūshin* scored the PC Engine version of the game a 31 out of 40.

## InfoBox

| F1 Circus | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Nihon Bussan
Make Software (FC) |
| Publisher(s) | Nichibutsu |
| Series | *F1 Circus* |
| Platform(s) | Family Computer
PC-Engine |
| Release | **PCE/TG-16*** JP: September 14, 1990 **FC/NES*** JP: February 7, 1992 |
| Genre(s) | Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |