title: Atrauli Assembly constituency

abstract: Atrauli Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Aligarh district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" was passed in 1951. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 73.

text:
# Atrauli Assembly constituency

**Atrauli Assembly constituency** is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Aligarh district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 73.

## Wards / Areas

Extent of Atrauli Assembly constituency is KCs Atrauli, Dadon, Bijoli, PCs Gaonkhera, Ganiyawali, Jujharka, Gobli, Chendauli Buzurg, Bhavigarh, Koreh Raghupura, Fazalpur, Rehmapur, Gajipur, Tebthu, Madapur, Utara, Puraini Ismailpur of Barala KC & Atrauli MB of Atrauli Tehsil.

## Members of Vidhan Sabha

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1951 | Shriniwas |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1957 | Nek Ram Sharma | | |
| 1962 | Babu Singh |  | Socialist Party |
| 1967 | Kalyan Singh |  | Bharatiya Jana Sangh |
| 1969 | | | |
| 1974 | | | |
| 1977 | |  | Janata Party |
| 1980 | Anwar Khan |  | Indian National Congress (I) |
| 1985 | Kalyan Singh |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1989 | | | |
| 1991 | | | |
| 1993 | | | |
| 1996 | | | |
| 2002 | |  | Rashtriya Kranti Party |
| 2004^ | Prem Lata Devi |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2007 | | | |
| 2012 | Viresh Yadav |  | Samajwadi Party |
| 2017 | Sandeep Singh |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | | | |
|

^By Poll

## Election results

### 2022

2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Atrauli
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Sandeep Singh** | **125,691** | **52.03** | **2.42** |
|  | SP | Veeresh Yadav | 86,368 | 35.75 | 8.05 |
|  | BSP | Omveer Singh | 23,134 | 9.58 | 9.78 |
|  | INC | Dharmendra Kumar | 1,331 | 0.55 | *New* |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,149 | 0.48 | 0.09 |
| Majority | | | 39,323 | 16.28 | 5.36 |
| Turnout | | | 2,41,581 | 59.70% | 1.10 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing | 2.42 |  |

### 2017

U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017: Atrauli
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Sandeep Singh** | **115,397** | **49.61** | **22.98** |
|  | SP | Viresh Yadav | 64,430 | 27.70 | 1.70 |
|  | BSP | Iliyas Chaudhary | 45,041 | 19.36 | 1.27 |
|  | RLD | Manoj Kumar Yadav | 1,051 | 0.45 |  |
|  | BSS | Avadhesh Kumar | 931 | 0.40 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,325 | 0.57 |  |
| Majority | | | 50,967 | 21.91 | 17.36 |
| Turnout | | | 2,32,591 | 60.80 | 2.03 |
|  | BJP **gain** from SP | | Swing | 22.98 |  |

### 2012

U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012: Atrauli
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **SP** | **Viresh Yadav** | **54,785** | **26.63** |  |
|  | JKP(R) | Prem Lata Devi | 45,918 | 22.32 |  |
|  | BSP | Saqib | 42,436 | 20.63 |  |
|  | INC | Bijendra Singh | 30,517 | 14.84 |  |
|  | BJP | Rajesh Kumar Bhardwaj | 22,671 | 11.02 |  |
| Majority | | | 8,867 | 4.31 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,05,699 | 62.83 |  |
|  | SP **gain** from BJP | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Atrauli | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 73 for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Aligarh |
| LS constituency | Aligarh |
| Total electors | 4,04,658 (2022) |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Sandeep Singh** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Ettuthikkum Para

abstract: Ettuthikkum Para is a 2020 Tamil language drama film directed by Keera. The film stars Samuthirakani and Chandini Tamilarasan in the lead roles with Nitish Veera and Ramdoss in pivotal roles.

text:
# Ettuthikkum Para

***Ettuthikkum Para*** is a 2020 Tamil language drama film directed by Keera. The film stars Samuthirakani and Chandini Tamilarasan in the lead roles with Nitish Veera and Ramdoss in pivotal roles.

## Synopsis

Ambedkar (Samuthirakani), a social activist, gets involved in the dark side of the government. As a result, his son and friends are killed. A lower caste individual (Nitish Veera) desires to marry a girl from a higher caste. A woman (Chandini Tamilarasan) leaves for Chennai to marry the man of her choice. Two senior citizens await the day of their death. Pattakkathi (Ramdoss) is in need of Rs 20,000 to save his son's life. How these five separate stories interact forms the rest of the story.

## Cast

## Production

The film is directed by Keera, who previously directed *Pachai Engira Kaathu* (2012) and *Merlin* (2018) and is about honour killings. The film began production in 2018 under the name *Para* before the makers decided to change the name to *Ettuthikkum Para* as the name *para* was similar to a caste name. Samuthirakani was signed to play a pivotal role in the film. The film takes place in the course of twelve hours and is revolves around a group of different kind of people that are united by chance. The film was shot in North Chennai and Nagercoil. The film highlights the negative aspects of honour killings based on caste.

## Soundtrack

The songs were composed by M. S. Sreekanth.

| Song Title | Lyricist | Singers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Para Para" | Saavee | Mukesh | 3:15 |
| "Ushrukkul Un Pera" | Snehan | Anuradha Sriram, Keshav Vinod | 4:28 |
| "Vaadi Chellam" | Uma Devi | Ananthu, Suganthi | 4:55 |
| **Total length:** | | | 12:38 |

## Release

The film was released in March 2020.

*Dinamalar* gave the film a rating of one out of five. A critic from *Maalai Malar* praised the story, the acting of the cast, the music, and the cinematography.

## InfoBox

| Ettuthikkum Para | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Keera |
| Written by | Keera |
| Produced by | P. Favince Paul
Vijaya Ramachandran |
| Starring | Samuthirakani
Chandini Tamilarasan
Nitish Veera
Ramdoss |
| Cinematography | Sipin Shivan |
| Edited by | V. J. Sabu Joseph |
| Music by | M. S. Sreekanth |
| Production
company | Varnalaya Cine Creations |
| Release date | * 6 March 2020 (2020-03-06) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: 1967–68 Hellenic Football League

abstract: The 1967–68 Hellenic Football League season was the 15th in the history of the Hellenic Football League, a football competition in England.

text:
# 1967–68 Hellenic Football League

The **1967–68 Hellenic Football League season** was the 15th in the history of the Hellenic Football League, a football competition in England.

## Premier Division

The Premier Division featured 15 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with two new clubs, promoted from Division One:

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Hazells | 32 | 21 | 5 | 6 | 94 | 50 | 1.880 | 47 |  |
| 2 | Witney Town | 32 | 21 | 3 | 8 | 96 | 53 | 1.811 | | 45 |
| 3 | Pinehurst | 32 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 83 | 52 | 1.596 | | 43 |
| 4 | Amersham Town | 32 | 16 | 7 | 9 | 91 | 59 | 1.542 | | 39 |
| 5 | Swindon Town 'A' | 32 | 17 | 4 | 11 | 72 | 57 | 1.263 | | 38 |
| 6 | Didcot Town | 32 | 16 | 6 | 10 | 70 | 60 | 1.167 | | 38 |
| 7 | Wallingford Town | 32 | 15 | 7 | 10 | 80 | 71 | 1.127 | | 37 |
| 8 | Bicester Town | 32 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 73 | 66 | 1.106 | | 34 |
| 9 | Morris Motors | 32 | 14 | 5 | 13 | 82 | 65 | 1.262 | | 33 |
| 10 | Thame United | 32 | 13 | 7 | 12 | 83 | 65 | 1.277 | | 33 |
| 11 | Banbury United reserves | 32 | 13 | 7 | 12 | 57 | 54 | 1.056 | 33 | Resigned from the league |
| 12 | Chipping Norton Town | 32 | 14 | 5 | 13 | 59 | 84 | 0.702 | 33 |  |
| 13 | Waddesdon | 32 | 10 | 7 | 15 | 59 | 75 | 0.787 | | 27 |
| 14 | Newbury Town | 32 | 9 | 1 | 22 | 48 | 102 | 0.471 | | 19 |
| 15 | Abingdon Town | 32 | 5 | 7 | 20 | 46 | 75 | 0.613 | | 17 |
| 16 | Marston United | 32 | 5 | 5 | 22 | 56 | 94 | 0.596 | 15 | Relegated to Division One |
| 17 | Princes Risborough Town | 32 | 5 | 3 | 24 | 43 | 110 | 0.391 | | 13 |

Source: nonleaguematters
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal ratio; 3) number of goals scored.

## Division One

Hellenic Football League
Division One
| Season | 1967–68 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Henley Town |
| Promoted | Henley Town
Aston Clinton |
| Matches played | 240 |
| Goals scored | 1,036 (4.32 per match) |
| 1966–67 1968–69 | |

The Division One featured 13 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with 3 new clubs:

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Henley Town | 30 | 26 | 4 | 0 | 116 | 24 | 4.833 | 56 | Promoted to the Premier Division |
| 2 | Aston Clinton | 30 | 22 | 4 | 4 | 112 | 38 | 2.947 | | 48 |
| 3 | Stokenchurch | 30 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 76 | 48 | 1.583 | 41 |  |
| 4 | Thatcham | 30 | 16 | 6 | 8 | 72 | 44 | 1.636 | | 38 |
| 5 | Buckingham Athletic | 30 | 17 | 3 | 10 | 83 | 50 | 1.660 | | 37 |
| 6 | Clanfield | 30 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 66 | 53 | 1.245 | | 36 |
| 7 | Abingdon United | 30 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 63 | 54 | 1.167 | | 36 |
| 8 | Kidlington | 30 | 14 | 3 | 13 | 66 | 69 | 0.957 | | 31 |
| 9 | Aylesbury Town Corinthians | 30 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 63 | 90 | 0.700 | | 26 |
| 10 | Wantage Town | 30 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 46 | 56 | 0.821 | | 25 |
| 11 | Watlington | 30 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 49 | 62 | 0.790 | | 25 |
| 12 | Pressed Steel | 30 | 11 | 2 | 17 | 57 | 89 | 0.640 | | 24 |
| 13 | Rivet Works (Aylesbury) | 30 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 43 | 101 | 0.426 | | 18 |
| 14 | Lambourn Sports | 30 | 8 | 1 | 21 | 49 | 74 | 0.662 | | 17 |
| 15 | Hungerford Town | 30 | 4 | 3 | 23 | 43 | 98 | 0.439 | | 11 |
| 16 | A G R G Harwell | 30 | 3 | 5 | 22 | 32 | 86 | 0.372 | | 11 |

Source: nonleaguematters
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal ratio; 3) number of goals scored.

## InfoBox

Hellenic Football League
Premier Division
| Season | 1967–68 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Hazells |
| Relegated | Marston United
Princes Risborough Town |
| Matches played | 272 |
| Goals scored | 1,192 (4.38 per match) |
| 1966–67 1968–69 | |


title: Esra Manya

abstract: Esra Manya is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Turkish Super League club Beşiktaş. Born in Turkey, she represented her country of birth at under-17 and under-19 international levels before she joined the Azerbaijan national team at senior level.

text:
# Esra Manya

**Esra Manya** (born 11 April 1999) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Turkish Super League club Beşiktaş. Born in Turkey, she represented her country of birth at under-17 and under-19 international levels before she joined the Azerbaijan national team at senior level.

## Club career

Manya signed on 21 May 2013 for her hometown club 1207 Antalya Muratpaşa Belediye Spor. She began playing in the 2013–14 season in the Second League. At the end of the 2014–15 season, her team finished the league as champions and was promoted to the First League. In the second half of the 2019-20 Second League season, she transferred to Hakkarigücü Spor to play in the 2019–20 First League and appeared in three matches. In the 2020–21 league season, she returned to her former club.

In the 2022–23 Super League season, she transferred to the Istanbul-based club Beşiktaş J.K.

## International career

### Turkey

She was called up to the Turkey under-17 team and debuted in the UEFA Development Tournament against Portugal on 12 May 2014. Manya took part at the UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification matches in 2015, 2015 Elite round, and 2016. She capped 17 times and scored one goal for the Turkey under-17 team so far.

Manya debuted for the Turkey under-19 team at the 2016 UEFA Women's Under-19 Development Tournament match against Slovenia on 9 June 2016. She enjoyed her team's tournament champion title. She took part at the 2017 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification Group 10, 2017 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification – Elite round Group 2 and 2018 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification Group 10.

|
|  |
International goals 1
| Date | Venue | Opponent | Result | Competition | Scored |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkey under-17 | | | | | | |
| 18 October 2014 | Stadion Kukuš Turnovo, Macedonia | North Macedonia | **W** 5–0 | 2015 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification Gr. 8 | 1 |
| Turkey under-19 | | | | | | |
| 12 June 2016 | Football Centre FRF Buftea, Romania | Azerbaijan | **W** 2–1 | 2016 UEFA Women's Under-19 Development Tournament | 1 |
| 18 October 2017 | Sportcentrum Bük Bük, Hungary | Hungary | **L** 2–5 | 2018 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification Gr. 10 | 1 |
| 8 April 2018 | Turners Cross Cork, Republic of Ireland | Republic of Ireland | **W** 2–0 | 2018 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification Elite round Gr. 4 | 1 |

* 1 Friendly matches not included

### Azerbaijan

Manya played for the Azerbaijan national team in the 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League C - Group 3 and the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying League B.

## Career statistics

*As of match played on 31 May 2024*

| Club | Season | League | | | Continental | | National | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 1207 Antalyaspor | 2013–14 | Second League | 10 | 6 |  |  | 3 | 0 | 13 | 6 |
| | 2014–15 | | 16 | 8 |  |  | 11 | 1 | 27 | 9 |
| | 2015–16 | First League | 15 | 4 |  |  | 6 | 1 | 21 | 5 |
| | | 2016–17 | 22 | 4 |  |  | 5 | 0 | 27 | 4 |
| | | 2017–18 | 18 | 3 |  |  | 12 | 3 | 30 | 6 |
| | 2018–19 | Second League | 1 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | | 2019–20 | 9 | 6 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 9 | 6 |
| | Total | | 91 | 31 |  |  | 37 | 5 | 128 | 36 |
| Hakkarigücü Spor | 2019-20 | First League | 3 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| | Total | | 3 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 1207 Antalyaspor | 2020-21 | First League | 3 | 0 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | 2021-22 | Super League | 24 | 5 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 24 | 5 |
| | Total | | 27 | 5 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 27 | 5 |
| Beşiktaş | 2022-23 | Super League | 17 | 5 |  |  | 0 | 0 | 17 | 5 |
| | 2023-24 | | 21 | 3 |  |  | 5 | 0 | 26 | 3 |
| | Total | | 38 | 8 |  |  | 5 | 0 | 43 | 8 |
| Career total | | | 159 | 44 |  |  | 42 | 5 | 201 | 49 |

## Honours

### Club

Turkish Women's Second League 1207 Antalyaspor *Winner* (1): 2014–15

### International

UEFA Development Tournament Turkey women's U-19 Winners (1): 2016

## InfoBox

Esra Manya
| Manya with 1207 Antalya Spor in 2017 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1999-04-11) 11 April 1999 | | |
| Place of birth | Antalya, Turkey | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Beşiktaş | | |
| Number | 9 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2019 | 1207 Antalyaspor | 91 | (31) |
| 2020 | Hakkarigücü Spor | 3 | (0) |
| 2021–2022 | 1207 Antalyaspor | 27 | (5) |
| 2023– | Beşiktaş | 38 | (8) |
| International career | | | |
| 2014–2015 | Turkey U17 | 17 | (1) |
| 2016–2018 | Turkey U19 | 20 | (4) |
| 2023– | Azerbaijan | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 April 2024
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 31 May 2024 | | | |


title: Auguste-Henri de Coincy

abstract: Auguste-Henri Cornut de la Fontaine de Coincy was a French botanist. A native of Lille, he received his education at the lycée in Sens. Known for his investigations of flora native to Spain, he was the author of "Ecloga plantarum hispanicarum", a five-part series on Spanish flora published from 1893 to 1901. He was also the author of several papers involving the botanical genus Echium. As a taxonomist, he described the genus Rouya. The genus Coincya commemorates his name. The "Prix de Coincy" is an award issued by the Société botanique de France for excellence in taxonomic research.

text:
# Auguste-Henri de Coincy

**Auguste-Henri Cornut de la Fontaine de Coincy** (1837, Lille – 30 January 1903) was a French botanist.

A native of Lille, he received his education at the lycée in Sens. Known for his investigations of flora native to Spain, he was the author of "Ecloga plantarum hispanicarum", a five-part series on Spanish flora published from 1893 to 1901. He was also the author of several papers involving the botanical genus *Echium*.

As a taxonomist, he described the genus *Rouya* (family Apiaceae). The genus *Coincya* (family Brassicaceae) commemorates his name. The "Prix de Coincy" is an award issued by the *Société botanique de France* for excellence in taxonomic research.

The standard author abbreviation Coincy is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.


title: Auguste-Frédéric de Talhouët

abstract: Auguste-Frédéric de Talhouët-Bonamour, marquis de Talhouët was a French general of the Napoleonic Wars. He was awarded the Military Merit Order along with several French orders.

text:
# Auguste-Frédéric de Talhouët

**Auguste-Frédéric de Talhouët-Bonamour**, marquis de Talhouët (French pronunciation: \[oɡyst fʁedeʁik  talwɛ\]; 8 April 1788, Rennes \- 12 March 1842, Paris) was a French general of the Napoleonic Wars. He was awarded the Military Merit Order along with several French orders.

## Life

The son of Louis Céleste de Talhouët-Bonamour (1761-1812), marquis de Talhouët, and his wife Élisabeth Baude de La Vieuville (1764-1814), Auguste de Talhouët first joined the army in 1804 in a light infantry regiment. He studied at the École spéciale militaire de Fontainebleau and graduated as a sous-lieutenant in the 15th Horse Chasseurs Regiment. He took part in the Prussian campaign, becoming Napoleon's ordnance officer in 1807, a captain in 1809 after the battle of Wagram, a baron of the Empire on 3 August 1810, chef d'escadron in 1811 and an officer of the Légion d'honneur on 29 September 1813 after the battle of Borodino, where he routed a Russian battalion (he had already been made a légionnaire of the Légion d'honneur on 11 July 1807). A few days after Borodino he was appointed colonel of the Mounted Grenadier regiment in the Imperial Guard. Seriously wounded on the retreat from Russia, he only survived thanks to one of his men dragging him to an ambulance.

In 1814 he shifted his allegiance from Napoleon to the restored French monarchy and on 27 December that year was promoted to commander of the Légion d'honneur. He was also made a knight of the Order of the Reunion on 3 April and of the Order of Saint Louis on 27 June that year. He took no action for either side during the Hundred Days and so in September 1815 was appointed maréchal de camp and commander of the Mounted Grenadier Regiment in the Royal Guard. In 1817 he married Alexandrine Roy (1799-1854), daughter of count Antoine Roy, several times minister of finance after the Restoration, bringing de Talhouët a substantial fortune and two children. Their son Auguste Élisabeth Joseph Bon-Amour de Talhouët-Roy (1819-1884), marquis de Talhouët married Léonie Marie Isidore Désirée Sidonie Honnorez (1829-1892) in 1847 and had issue, whilst their daughter Françoise Antoinette Élisabeth Sophie de Talhouët-Roy (1818-1863) married Armand Géraud Victurnien Jacques Emmanuel de Crussol (1808-1872), 11th duke of Uzès in 1836 and had issue.

Promoted to a peer of France on 5 March 1819 before leaving active service, he voted for the right in the upper chamber, took the oath of obedience to the July Monarchy and was member and president of the general counsel for Sarthe, the department which included the château du Lude he had inherited from his mother. In 1819 he was one of the founders of the Société pour l'amélioration des prisons, a prison reform organization. On 31 October 1828 he rose to grand officer of the Légion d'honneur. He fully retired on 17 February 1841, still at the rank of maréchal de camp.

## Sources

* (in French) Talhouët (Auguste-Frédéric Bonamour, marquis de) », in Robert et Cougny, *Dictionnaire des parlementaires français*, 1889, tome V, p. 356


title: Auschwitz bombing debate

text:
# Auschwitz bombing debate

The issue of why the Allies did not act on early reports of atrocities in the Auschwitz concentration camp by destroying it or its railways by air during World War II has been a subject of controversy since the late 1970s. Brought to public attention by a 1978 article from historian David Wyman, it has been described by Michael Berenbaum as "a moral question emblematic of the Allied response to the plight of the Jews during the Holocaust", and whether or not the Allies had the requisite knowledge and the technical capability to act continues to be explored by historians. The U.S. government followed the military's strong advice to always keep the defeat of Germany the paramount objective, and refused to tolerate outside civilian advice regarding alternative military operations. No major American Jewish organizations recommended bombing.

## Background

### Allied intelligence on the Holocaust

In 1942, Lieutenant Jan Karski reported to the Polish, British and U.S. governments on the situation in occupied Poland, especially the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and the general systematic extermination of the Poles and Jews nationally. He did not know about the murder by gas, repeating the common belief at the time that deported Jews were being exterminated with electricity. Karski met with the Polish government-in-exile, including the Prime Minister, Władysław Sikorski, as well as with members of political parties such as the Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party, People's Party, Jewish Labour Bund and Zionist Party. He also spoke to Anthony Eden, the British Foreign Secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and in Bełżec. In 1943 in London he met the author and journalist Arthur Koestler. He then traveled to the United States and reported to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. FDR reacted to Karski's report by inquiring jokingly into animal rights abuses (specifically, horses). His report was a major source of information for the Allies.

> The Polish Government—as the representatives of the legitimate authority on territories in which the Germans are carrying out the systematic extermination of Polish citizens and of citizens of Jewish origin of many other European countries—consider it their duty to address themselves to the Governments of the United Nations, in the confident belief that they will share their opinion as to the necessity not only of condemning the crimes committed by the Germans and punishing the criminals, but also of finding means offering the hope that Germany might be effectively restrained from continuing to apply her methods of mass extermination.
>
> Edward Bernard Raczyński (1891–1993) *Note to United Nations*, December 10, 1942.

Karski met also with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William Joseph Donovan, and Stephen Wise. Karski presented his report to media, to bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch), to members of the Hollywood film industry and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him, or judged his testimony much exaggerated or saw it as propaganda from the Polish government in exile.

In 1942, members of the Polish government in exile launched an official protest against systematic murders of Poles and Jews in occupied Poland, based on Karski's report. The Poles addressed their protest to the 26 Allies who had signed the Declaration by United Nations on January 1, 1942.

In response, the Allied Powers issued an official statement on December 17, 1942, condemning the known German atrocities. The statement was read to the British House of Commons in a debate led by the Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, and published on the front page of *The New York Times* and by many other newspapers such as *The Times*. At the end of the debate the House of Commons stood for a minute in silence. Eden commented that:

> Jews are being transported, in conditions of appalling horror and brutality, to Eastern Europe. In Poland, which has been made the principal Nazi slaughterhouse, the ghettoes established by the German invaders are being systematically emptied of all Jews except a few highly skilled workers required for war industries. None of those taken away are ever heard of again. The able-bodied are slowly worked to death in labour camps. The infirm are left to die of exposure and starvation or are deliberately massacred in mass executions. The number of victims of these bloody cruelties is reckoned in many hundreds of thousands of entirely innocent men, women and children. ... So far as the responsibility is concerned, I would certainly say it is the intention that all persons who can properly be held responsible for these crimes, whether they are the ringleaders or the actual perpetrators of the outrages, should be treated alike, and brought to book.

On December 13, 1942, the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom Joseph Hertz ordained a day of mourning to mark the suffering of "the numberless victims of the Satanic carnage". The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple, wrote a letter to *The Times* to condemn "a horror beyond what imagination can grasp". These responses were mentioned in BBC Radio broadcasts to Europe in several languages that were made on December 17.

In 1942, Szmul Zygielbojm, a Jewish-Polish socialist politician, leader of the General Jewish Labor Bund in Poland, and member of the National Council of the Polish government in exile, wrote in English a booklet titled *Stop Them Now. German Mass Murder of Jews in Poland*, with a foreword by Lord Wedgwood.

From April 19, 1943, through April 30, 1943, during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 19 to May 16, representatives of the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States held an international conference at Hamilton, Bermuda. They discussed the question of Jewish refugees who had been liberated by Allied forces and of those who still remained in Nazi-occupied Europe. The only agreement made was that the war against the Nazis must be won. The US did not raise its immigration quotas and the British prohibition on Jewish refugees seeking refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine remained in place until mid-1943. A week later, the American Zionist Committee for a Jewish Army ran an advertisement in *The New York Times* condemning the United States efforts at Bermuda as a mockery of past promises to the Jewish people and of Jewish suffering under German Nazi occupation. Szmul Zygielbojm, a member of the Jewish advisory body to the Polish government-in-exile, committed suicide in protest.

## Allied intelligence on Auschwitz-Birkenau

From April 1942 to February 1943, British Intelligence intercepted and decoded radio messages sent by the German Order Police, which included daily prisoner returns and death tolls for ten concentration camps, including Auschwitz.

The United States Office of Strategic Services (the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and which had been established in 1941–1942 to coordinate intelligence and espionage activities in enemy territory) received reports about Auschwitz during 1942.

### Auschwitz prisoners reports

#### The Polish underground reports

At the beginning of Operation Reinhard, the principal source of intelligence for the Western Allies about the existence of Auschwitz was the Witold's Report, forwarded via the Polish resistance to the British government in London. It was written by the Polish Army Captain Witold Pilecki who spent a total of 945 days at the camp – the only known person to volunteer to be imprisoned at Auschwitz. He forwarded his report about the camp to Polish resistance headquarters in Warsaw through the underground network known as Związek Organizacji Wojskowej which he organized inside Auschwitz. Pilecki hoped that either the Allies would drop weapons for the Armia Krajowa (AK) to organize an assault on the camp from the outside, or bring in the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade troops to liberate it. A spectacular escape took place on June 20, 1942, when Kazimierz Piechowski (prisoner no. 918) organized a daring passing through the camp's gate along with three friends and co-conspirators, Stanisław Gustaw Jaster, Józef Lempart and Eugeniusz Bendera. The escapees were dressed in stolen uniforms as members of the SS-*Totenkopfverbände*, fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen Steyr 120 with a smuggled first report from Pilecki to Polish resistance. The Germans never recaptured any of them. By 1943 however, Pilecki realized that no rescue plans existed in the West. He escaped from the camp on the night of April 26–27, 1943.

The first written accounts of Auschwitz concentration camp were published in 1940/41 in the Polish underground newspapers *Polska żyje* ("Poland lives") and *Biuletyn Informacyjny*. From 1942 members of the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Warsaw Area Home Army also began to publish short booklets based on the experiences of escapees. The first was the fictional *Auschwitz: Memories of a Prisoner* written by Halina Krahelska and published in April 1942 in Warsaw. The second publication was also produced in 1942 in the PPS WRN book *Obóz śmierci* ("Camp of Death") written by Natalia Zarembina. In the summer of 1942 a book about Auschwitz titled *W piekle* ("In Hell") was written by the Polish writer, social activist and founder of Żegota, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka

Polish reports about Auschwitz were also published in English versions. A booklet titled Zarembina was translated into English and published by the Polish Labor Group in New York in March 1944 with the title "Oswiecim, Camp of Death (Underground Report)" with a foreword by Florence Jaffray Harriman. In this report from 1942, the gassing of prisoners was described.

Auschwitz site plans, originating from the Polish government, were passed on to the British Foreign Office on August 18, 1944. Władysław Bartoszewski, himself a former Auschwitz inmate (camp number 4427), said in a speech: "The Polish resistance movement kept informing and alerting the free world to the situation. In the last quarter of 1942, thanks to the Polish emissary Jan Karski and his mission, and also by other means, the Governments of the United Kingdom and of the United States were well informed about what was going on in Auschwitz-Birkenau."

#### The Jewish escapees' reports

On April 7, 1944, two young Jewish inmates, Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler, had escaped from the Auschwitz camp with detailed information about the camp's geography, the gas chambers, and the numbers being killed. The information, later called the Vrba-Wetzler report, is believed to have reached the Jewish community in Budapest by April 27. Roswell McClelland, the U.S. War Refugee Board representative in Switzerland, is known to have received a copy by mid-June, and sent it to the board's executive director on June 16, according to Raul Hilberg. Information based on the report was broadcast on June 15 by the BBC and on June 20 by *The New York Times*. The full report was first published on November 25, 1944, by the U.S. War Refugee Board, the same day that the last 13 prisoners, all women, were killed in Auschwitz (the women were *unmittelbar getötet*—killed immediately—leaving open whether they were gassed or otherwise killed).

### Allied reconnaissance and bombing missions

Auschwitz was first overflown by an Allied reconnaissance aircraft on April 4, 1944, in a mission to photograph the synthetic oil plant at Monowitz forced labor camp (Auschwitz III).

On June 26, seventy-one B-17 heavy bombers on another bombing run had flown above or close to three railway lines to Auschwitz.

On July 7, shortly after the U.S. War Department refused requests from Jewish leaders to bomb the railway lines leading to the camps, 452 bombers of the Fifteenth Air Force flew along and across the five deportation railway lines on their way to bomb Blechhammer oil refineries nearby.

Buna-Werke, the I.G. Farben industrial complex adjacent to the Monowitz forced labor camp (Auschwitz III) located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the Auschwitz I camp, was bombed four times between August 20, 1944, and December 26, 1944. On December 26, the U.S. 455th Bomb Group bombed Monowitz and targets near Birkenau (Auschwitz II); an SS military hospital was hit and five SS personnel were killed.

The Auschwitz complex was photographed accidentally several times during missions aimed at nearby military targets. However, the photo-analysts knew nothing of Auschwitz, and the political and military hierarchy did not know that photos of Auschwitz existed. For this reason, the photos played no part in the decision whether or not to bomb Auschwitz. Photo-interpretation expert Dino Brugioni believes that analysts could have easily identified the important buildings in the complex if they had been asked to look.

## Chances of success

The issue of bombing Auschwitz-Birkenau first attracted wide public attention in May 1978 with the publication in *Commentary* of the article "Why Auschwitz Was Never Bombed" by historian David S. Wyman (subsequently incorporated into his 1984 *New York Times* bestseller, *The Abandonment of the Jews*). Since then, several studies have explored the question of whether the Allies had the requisite knowledge and technical capability to bomb the killing facilities at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

In 2000, the edited collection *The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?* appeared. In the introduction, editor Michael Neufeld wrote: "As David Wyman was able to show at the outset, it is impossible to claim that Auschwitz-Birkenau could not have been bombed. In fact, the Fifteenth Air Force did drop bombs on it by accident on 13 September 1944, when SS barracks were hit by bombs falling short of their intended industrial targets. The question rather becomes one of the likelihood of hitting the four main gas chamber/crematoria complexes along the west side of Birkenau, and the likelihood that bombs would have fallen in profusion on the rows and rows of adjacent prisoner barracks. Accuracy is thus the central issue".

## Submitted proposals to bomb Auschwitz and reactions

The first proposal to bomb Auschwitz was made on May 16, 1944, by a Slovak rabbi, Michael Dov Weissmandl, a leader in an underground Slovak organization known as the Working Group to the Jewish Agency. According to Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer, Weissmandl's proposal is the basis of subsequent proposals. At about the same time, two officials of the Jewish Agency in Palestine separately made similar suggestions. Yitzhak Gruenbaum made his to the U.S. Consul-General in Jerusalem, Lowell C. Pinkerton, and Moshe Shertok made his to George Hall, the British under secretary of state for foreign affairs. However, the idea was promptly squashed by the Executive Board of the Jewish Agency. On June 11, 1944, the Executive of the Jewish Agency considered the proposal, with David Ben-Gurion in the chair, and it specifically opposed the bombing of Auschwitz. Ben Gurion summed up the results of the discussion: "The view of the board is that we should not ask the Allies to bomb places where there are Jews."

In the meantime, George Mantello distributed the Auschwitz Protocols (including the Vrba–Wetzler report) and triggered a significant grass roots protest in Switzerland, including Sunday masses, street protests and the Swiss Press Campaign. On June 19, 1944 the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem received the reports summary. David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Agency had reversed its opposition immediately upon learning that Auschwitz was indeed a death camp, and urged U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to bomb the camp and the train tracks leading to the camp.

Shortly thereafter, Benjamin Akzin, a junior official on the War Refugee Board staff made a similar recommendation. It was put in writing in an inter-office memorandum dated June 29 to his superior, a senior staff member, Lawrence S. Lesser. These recommendations were totally rejected by leading Jewish organizations. On June 28, Lesser met with A. Leon Kubowitzki, the head of the Rescue Department of the World Jewish Congress, who flatly opposed the idea. On July 1, Kubowitzki followed up with a letter to War Refugee Board Director John W. Pehle, recalling his conversation with Lesser and stating:

> The destruction of the death installations can not be done by bombing from the air, as the first victims would be the Jews who are gathered in these camps, and such a bombing would be a welcome pretext for the Germans to assert that their Jewish victims have been massacred not by their killers, but by the Allied bombers.

### The American reactions

In June 1944, John Pehle of the War Refugee Board and Benjamin Akzin, a Zionist activist in America, urged the United States Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy to bomb the camps. McCloy told his assistant to "kill" the request, as the United States Army Air Forces had decided in February 1944 not to bomb anything "for the purposes of rescuing victims of enemy oppression", but to concentrate on military targets. However, Rubinstein says that Akzin was not involved in discussions between Pehle and McCloy, and that Pehle specifically told McCloy that he was transmitting an idea proposed by others, that he had "several doubts about the matter", and that he was not "at this point at least, requesting the War Department to take any action on this proposal other than to appropriately explore it".

On August 2, General Carl Andrew Spaatz, commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe, expressed sympathy for the idea of bombing Auschwitz. Several times thereafter, in the summer and early autumn of 1944, the War Refugee Board relayed to the War Department suggestions by others that Auschwitz and/or the rail lines could be bombed. It repeatedly noted that it was not endorsing anything. On October 4, 1944, the War Department sent (and only this time) a rescue-oriented bombing proposal to General Spaatz in England for consideration. Although Spaatz's officers had read Mann's message reporting acceleration of extermination activities in the camps in Poland, they could perceive no advantage to the victims in smashing the killing machinery, and decided not to bomb Auschwitz. Nor did they seem to understand, despite Mann's statement that "the Germans are increasing their extermination activities", that wholesale massacres had already been perpetrated.

Finally, on November 8, 1944, having half-heartedly changed sides, Pehle ordered McCloy to bomb the camp. He said it could help some of the inmates to escape and would be good for the "morale of underground groups". According to Kai Bird, Nahum Goldmann apparently also changed his mind. Sometime in the autumn of 1944, Goldmann went to see McCloy in his Pentagon office and personally raised the bombing issue with him. However, by November 1944, Auschwitz was more or less completely shut down.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt, sensitive to the importance of his Jewish constituency, consulted with Jewish leaders. He followed their advice to not emphasize the Holocaust for fear of inciting anti-semitism in the U.S. Historians Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman argue that after Pearl Harbor:

> Roosevelt and his military and diplomatic advisers sought to unite the nation and blunt Nazi propaganda by avoiding the appearance of fighting a war for the Jews. They tolerated no potentially divisive initiatives or any diversion from their campaign to win the war as quickly and decisively as possible. ... Success on the battlefield, Roosevelt and his advisers believed, was the only sure way to save the surviving Jews of Europe.

Breitman and Lichtman also argue:

> Roosevelt played no apparent role in the decision not to bomb Auschwitz. Even if the matter had reached his desk, however, he would not likely have contravened his military. Every major American Jewish leader and organization that he respected remained silent on the matter, as did all influential members of Congress and opinion-makers in the mainstream media.

### The British reactions

The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, did not see bombing as a solution, given that bombers were inaccurate and would also kill prisoners on the ground. The land war would have to be won first. Bombers were used against German cities and to carpet-bomb the front lines. According to Martin Gilbert, Churchill pushed for bombing. Concerning the concentration camps, he wrote to his Foreign Secretary on July 11, 1944: "all concerned in this crime who may fall into our hands, including the people who only obeyed orders by carrying out these butcheries, should be put to death". The British Air Ministry was asked to examine the feasibility of bombing the camps and decided not to for "operational reasons", which were not specified in wartime. In August 1944, 60 tons of supplies were flown to assist the uprising in Warsaw and, considering the dropping accuracy at that time, were to be dropped "into the south-west quarter of Warsaw". For various reasons, only seven aircraft reached the city.

## Post-war analysis

Michael Berenbaum has argued that it is not only a historical question, but "a moral question emblematic of the Allied response to the plight of the Jews during the Holocaust". David Wyman has asked: "How could it be that the governments of the two great Western democracies knew that a place existed where 2,000 helpless human beings could be killed every 30 minutes, knew that such killings actually did occur over and over again, and yet did not feel driven to search for some way to wipe such a scourge from the earth?" Kevin Mahoney, in an analysis of three requests submitted to the allies to bombard railway lines leading to Auschwitz, concludes that:

> The fate of the three requests to the MAAF in late August and early September 1944 dramatically illustrates why all proposals to bomb the rail facilities used to deport the Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz during 1944, as well as to bomb the camp itself, failed. None was able to outweigh overriding military aims in pursuit of final victory over the Germans.

## Further reading

* Beir, Robert L. (2013). *Roosevelt and the Holocaust: How FDR saved the Jews and brought hope to a nation*. Simon and Schuster.
* Neufield, Michael J. and Michael Berenbaum, eds. (2000) *The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?* St Martins Press.
* Engel, David (2014). *In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1939–1942*. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9781469619576.
* Erdheim, Stuart (1997). "Could the Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz-Birkenau?" *Holocaust and Genocide Studies*, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 129–170.
* Fleming, Michael (2014). *Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust*. Cambridge University Press.
* Fleming, Michael (2020). "The reassertion of the elusiveness narrative: Auschwitz and Holocaust knowledge". *Holocaust Studies* 26.4: 510–530.
* Foregger, Richard (1990). "Technical Analysis of Methods to Bomb the Gas Chambers at Auschwitz". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies* 5#4: 403–421.
* Foregger, Richard (October 1995). "Two Sketch Maps of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Camps". *Journal of Military History* 59#4: pp. 687–696.
* Friedman, Max Paul (Spring 2005). "The U.S. State Department and the Failure to Rescue: New Evidence on the Missed Opportunity at Bergen-Belsen". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies* 19#1: pp. 26–50.
* Gilbert, Martin (1981). *Auschwitz and the Allies*. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. Part Three: Auschwitz Revealed.
* Groth, Alexander J. (2014). "Absolving the Allies? Another Look at the Anglo—American Response to the Holocaust". *Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs* 8.1: 115–130.
* Groth, Alexander J. (2012). "The Holocaust: America, and American Jewry Revisited". *Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs*. **6** (2): 137–141. doi:10.1080/23739770.2012.11446510. S2CID 147069959.
* Groth, Alexander J.; Medoff, Rafael; Cohen, Michael J. (2012). "When Did They Know and What Could They Have Done? More on the Allies' Response to the Holocaust". *Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs*. **7** (1).
* Kitchens, James H. (April 1994). "The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-examined". *The Journal of Military History*. **58** (2): 233–266. doi:10.2307/2944021. JSTOR 2944021.
* Levy, Richard H. (1996). "The Bombing of Auschwitz Revisited: A Critical Analysis". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies* 10.3: 267–298.
* Levy, Richard H., ed. (2000). *The Bombing of Auschwitz Revisited: A Critical Analysis*. St. Martins Press. pp. 101, et seq.
* Mahoney, Kevin A. (2011). "An American operational response to a request to bomb rail lines to Auschwitz". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies* 25.3: 438–446.
* Medoff, Rafael (1996). "New perspectives on how America, and American Jewry, responded to the Holocaust". *American Jewish History* 84.3: 253–266.
* Pomakoy, Keith (2011). *Helping Humanity: American Policy and Genocide Rescue*. Lexington Books.
* Orbach, D.; Solonin, M. (April 1, 2013). "Calculated Indifference: The Soviet Union and Requests to Bomb Auschwitz". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies*. **27** (1): 90–113. doi:10.1093/hgs/dct002. ISSN 8756-6583. S2CID 144858061.
* Westermann, Edward B. (2001). "The Royal Air Force and the Bombing of Auschwitz: First Deliberations, January 1941". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies* 15.1: 70–85.
* White, Joseph Robert (2002). "Target auschwitz: Historical and hypothetical German responses to allied attack". *Holocaust and Genocide Studies* 16.1: 54–76.
* Wyman, David S. (1984). *The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945*. New York: Pantheon Books.

## Bibliography


title: Espionage (album)

abstract: Espionage is the fourth and final studio album released by American hip hop duo Steady Mobb'n. It was released independently through Big Body Entertainment and was produced by Harm, Ronski and Poe. The album featured guest appearances from fellow Californian rappers B-Legit, Delinquents, Keak da Sneak and Too $hort.

text:
# Espionage (album)

***Espionage*** is the fourth and final studio album released by American hip hop duo Steady Mobb'n (spelled as *Steady Mobbin* on the cover). It was released independently through Big Body Entertainment and was produced by Harm, Ronski and Poe. The album featured guest appearances from fellow Californian rappers B-Legit, Delinquents, Keak da Sneak and Too $hort.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Radio Skit" (*feat. Sho Dawg and Jerry Turner*) | 1:52 |
| 2. | "Steady Mobbin" (*feat. B-Legit*) | 3:47 |
| 3. | "Fire Up the Doopie" | 3:07 |
| 4. | "I'm Like" (*feat. The Delinquents*) | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Busta's Be" | 3:51 |
| 6. | "Reppin' the O" (*feat. Keak da Sneak*) | 3:19 |
| 7. | "Bootleg" (*feat. Sho Dawg*) | 0:31 |
| 8. | "In the Paper" | 4:43 |
| 9. | "Y'all Don't Want Funk" | 3:00 |
| 10. | "Watch Your Back" | 4:39 |
| 11. | "The Man" | 4:39 |
| 12. | "I'm Stuntin' on Ya" | 3:12 |
| 13. | "Pimp Skit" (*feat. Sho Dawg and Double R*) | 1:35 |
| 14. | "Pimpin'" (*feat. Too $hort*) | 3:59 |
| 15. | "Choosin' on Me" | 3:05 |
| 16. | "Don't Hate the Game" | 3:10 |
| 17. | "Fuck Wit Us" (*feat. Sho Dawg*) | 3:42 |
| 18. | "Black Mafia Family" (*feat. Sho Dawg, Young Gunz, Nephews, and Squeeze*) | 2:55 |
| 19. | "If You Want It" | 3:33 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Espionage | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Steady Mobb'n | |
| Released | July 1, 2003 |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Genre | West Coast hip hop, gangsta rap |
| Length | 1:01:11 |
| Label | Big Body Entertainment |
| Producer | Harm, Ronski, Poe |
| Steady Mobb'n chronology | |
| *Crime Buddies*
(2001) ***Espionage***
(2003) | |


title: Augusto Petró

abstract: Augusto Petró was a Brazilian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and was one of oldest bishops in the Catholic Church and one of oldest Brazilian bishops. Petró was born in Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Rio Grande do Sul, and was ordained a priest on November 30, 1944. He was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Vacaria on May 16, 1958, and ordained a bishop on July 27, 1958. On March 12, 1964, he was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Uruguaiana and remained there until his retirement on July 5, 1995. He died in a hospital in the Rio Grande do Sul town of Ivoti.

text:
# Augusto Petró

**Augusto Petró** (May 3, 1918 – October 28, 2008) was a Brazilian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and was one of oldest bishops in the Catholic Church and one of oldest Brazilian bishops.

Petró was born in Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Rio Grande do Sul, and was ordained a priest on November 30, 1944. He was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Vacaria on May 16, 1958, and ordained a bishop on July 27, 1958. On March 12, 1964, he was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Uruguaiana and remained there until his retirement on July 5, 1995.

He died in a hospital in the Rio Grande do Sul town of Ivoti.

* Bio at Catholic Hierarchy

## InfoBox

| Augusto Petró | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Diocese of Uruguaiana (emeritus) | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See | Diocese of Uruguaiana |
| In office | 1964–1995 |
| Predecessor | Luiz Felipe de Nadal |
| Successor | Pedro Ercílio Simon |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Diocese of Vacaria |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | November 30, 1944 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-05-03)May 3, 1918
Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, Brazil |
| Died | October 28, 2008(2008-10-28) (aged 90)
Ivoti, RS, Brazil |


title: Aurora (2020 ship)

abstract: Aurora is a cable-laying ship owned by Nexans. The hull was manufactured at the CRIST shipyard in Poland. The hull arrived at Ulstein Verft in June 2020. The ship was launched on 8 November 2020. The ship is 149.9 metres (492 ft) long.

text:
# Aurora (2020 ship)

**Aurora** is a cable-laying ship owned by Nexans.

The hull was manufactured at the CRIST shipyard in Poland. The hull arrived at Ulstein Verft in June 2020. The ship was launched on 8 November 2020.

The ship is 149.9 metres (492 ft) long.

1. Durakovic, Adnan (2020-06-11). "Nexans Aurora Leaves Poland". *Offshore Wind*. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
2. Skopljak, Nadja (2020-06-15). "Nexans Aurora Arrives in Norway". *Offshore Wind*. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
3. Buljan, Adrijana (2020-11-09). "Nexans Launches CLV Aurora". *Offshore Wind*. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
4. Ajdin, Adis (2020-11-09). "Nexans Aurora launched in Norway". *Offshore Energy*. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-11.


title: Arrowback tree snake

abstract: The arrowback tree snake is a species of rear-fanged colubrid found in Bhutan, Bangladesh and India (Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.

text:
# Arrowback tree snake

The **arrowback tree snake** (***Boiga gocool***) is a species of rear-fanged colubrid found in Bhutan, Bangladesh and India (Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh (Chessa - Papum Pare district).

* Whitaker, Romulus and Ashok Captain 2004 Snakes of India. Draco Books, 500 pp.
* Boulenger, George A. 1890 The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp.
* Gray. J. E. 1835 Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from the collection of Major - General Hardwicke. Vol. 2. London (1833–1834): 263 pp., 95 plates

## InfoBox

| Arrowback tree snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Boiga* |
| Species: | ***B. gocool*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boiga gocool***
(Gray, 1835) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Dipsas gokool* Gray, 1835
*Dipsadomorphus gokool* Boulenger, 1896
*Boiga gokool* Gray, 1835 | |


title: .fk

abstract:
.fk is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Falkland Islands. Registrants must be Falkland Islands residents. Only registrations at third levels are possible under these second-level sub-domains:
  -.co.fk – for commercial organizations
  -.org.fk – for non-commercial organizations
  -.gov.fk – for government organizations
  -.ac.fk – for academic organizations
  -.nom.fk – for private individuals
  -.net.fk – for ISP and similar network organizations

text:
# .fk

**.fk** is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Falkland Islands.

Registrants must be Falkland Islands residents.

Only registrations at third levels are possible under these second-level sub-domains:

* .co.fk – for commercial organizations
* .org.fk – for non-commercial organizations
* .gov.fk – for government organizations
* .ac.fk – for academic organizations
* .nom.fk – for private individuals
* .net.fk – for ISP and similar network organizations

## InfoBox

.fk
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | 26 March 1997 |
| TLD type | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | Sure South Atlantic Ltd. |
| Sponsor | Falkland Islands Government |
| Intended use | Entities connected with Falkland Islands |
| Registered domains | 185 (31 December 2021) |
| Registration restrictions | Residence in the Falkland Islands compulsory for registration |
| Structure | Second-level registrations prohibited; registration is at third level under second level domains |
| Registry website | www.sure.co.fk |


title: 1945 New York Yankees season

text:
# 1945 New York Yankees season

The 1945 New York Yankees season was the team's 43rd season. The team finished in fourth place in the American League with a record of 81–71, finishing 6.5 games behind the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium.

## Regular season

### Season standings

American League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Detroit Tigers | 88 | 65 | .575 |  | 5026 | 3839 |
| Washington Senators | 87 | 67 | .565 |  | 4631 | 4136 |
| St. Louis Browns | 81 | 70 | .536 | 6 | 4727 | 3443 |
| New York Yankees | 81 | 71 | .533 |  | 4828 | 3343 |
| Cleveland Indians | 73 | 72 | .503 | 11 | 4433 | 2939 |
| Chicago White Sox | 71 | 78 | .477 | 15 | 4429 | 2749 |
| Boston Red Sox | 71 | 83 | .461 | 17½ | 4235 | 2948 |
| Philadelphia Athletics | 52 | 98 | .347 | 34½ | 3935 | 1363 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | CWS | CLE | DET | NYY | PHA | SLB | WSH |
| Boston |  | 9–13 | 11–11 | 12–10–1 | 6–16 | 14–8 | 8–14–1 | 11–11–1 |
| Chicago | 13–9 |  | 11–8–1 | 10–12 | 9–12 | 12–10 | 8–13 | 8–14 |
| Cleveland | 11–11 | 8–11–1 |  | 11–11 | 12–9 | 12–6–1 | 11–10 | 8–14 |
| Detroit | 10–12–1 | 12–10 | 11–11 |  | 15–7 | 15–7–1 | 15–6 | 10–12 |
| New York | 16–6 | 12–9 | 9–12 | 7–15 |  | 16–6 | 7–15 | 14–8 |
| Philadelphia | 8–14 | 10–12 | 6–12–1 | 7–15–1 | 6–16 |  | 10–12–1 | 5–17 |
| St. Louis | 14–8–1 | 13–8 | 10–11 | 6–15 | 15–7 | 12–10–1 |  | 11–11–1 |
| Washington | 11–11–1 | 14–8 | 14–8 | 12–10 | 8–14 | 17–5 | 11–11–1 |  |

### Roster

| 1945 New York Yankees | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Mike Garbark | 60 | 176 | 38 | .216 | 1 | 26 |
| 1B | Nick Etten | 152 | 565 | 161 | .285 | 18 | 111 |
| 2B | Snuffy Stirnweiss | 152 | 632 | 195 | .309 | 10 | 64 |
| SS | Frankie Crosetti | 130 | 441 | 105 | .238 | 4 | 48 |
| 3B | Oscar Grimes | 142 | 480 | 127 | .265 | 4 | 45 |
| OF | Bud Metheny | 133 | 509 | 126 | .248 | 8 | 53 |
| OF | Tuck Stainback | 95 | 327 | 84 | .257 | 5 | 32 |
| OF | Hersh Martin | 117 | 408 | 109 | .267 | 7 | 53 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Russ Derry | 78 | 253 | 57 | .225 | 13 | 45 |
| Charlie Keller | 44 | 163 | 49 | .301 | 10 | 34 |
| Aaron Robinson | 50 | 160 | 45 | .281 | 8 | 24 |
| Johnny Lindell | 41 | 159 | 45 | .283 | 1 | 20 |
| Bill Drescher | 48 | 126 | 34 | .270 | 0 | 15 |
| Herb Crompton | 36 | 99 | 19 | .192 | 0 | 12 |
| Mike Milosevich | 30 | 69 | 15 | .217 | 0 | 7 |
| Joe Buzas | 30 | 65 | 17 | .262 | 0 | 6 |
| Don Savage | 34 | 58 | 13 | .224 | 0 | 3 |
| Paul Waner | 1 | 0 | 0 | ---- | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bill Bevens | 29 | 184.0 | 13 | 9 | 3.67 | 76 |
| Tiny Bonham | 23 | 180.2 | 8 | 11 | 3.29 | 42 |
| Monk Dubiel | 26 | 151.1 | 10 | 9 | 4.64 | 45 |
| Hank Borowy | 18 | 132.1 | 10 | 5 | 3.13 | 35 |
| Red Ruffing | 11 | 87.1 | 7 | 3 | 2.89 | 24 |
| Atley Donald | 9 | 63.2 | 5 | 4 | 2.97 | 19 |
| Spud Chandler | 4 | 31.0 | 2 | 1 | 4.65 | 12 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al Gettel | 27 | 154.2 | 9 | 8 | 3.90 | 67 |
| Bill Zuber | 21 | 127.0 | 5 | 11 | 3.19 | 50 |
| Joe Page | 20 | 102.0 | 6 | 3 | 2.82 | 50 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jim Turner | 30 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 3.64 | 22 |
| Ken Holcombe | 23 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1.79 | 20 |
| Steve Roser | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.67 | 11 |
| Paul Schreiber | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.15 | 1 |

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AA | Kansas City Blues | American Association | Casey Stengel |
| AA | Newark Bears | International League | Billy Meyer |
| A | Binghamton Triplets | Eastern League | Bill Cronin |
| B | Norfolk Tars | Piedmont League | Garland Braxton |
| D | Wellsville Yankees | PONY League | Bob Crow and Solly Mishkin |

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Newark

## InfoBox

| 1945 New York Yankees | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Ballpark | Yankee Stadium |
| City | New York City |
| Owners | Larry MacPhail, Dan Topping and Del Webb |
| General managers | Larry MacPhail |
| Managers | Joe McCarthy |
| Radio | WINS (AM)
(Al Helfer, Bill Slater) |
|  | |


title: 1966–67 Dundee United F.C. season

abstract: The 1966–67 season was the 58th year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1966 to 30 June 1967. United finished in ninth place in the First Division.

text:
# 1966–67 Dundee United F.C. season

The **1966–67 season** was the 58th year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1966 to 30 June 1967. United finished in ninth place in the First Division.

## Match results

Dundee United played a total of 48 competitive matches during the 1966–67 season.

### Legend

|
|  |
| Win |
| Draw |
| Loss |

All results are written with Dundee United's score first. Own goals in italics

### First Division

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 September 1966 | St Johnstone |  | 0–2 | 3,612 |  |
| 17 September 1966 | Dundee |  | 1–4 | 10,198 |  |
| 24 September 1966 | Ayr United |  | 7–0 | 5,233 |  |
| 1 October 1966 | Rangers |  | 2–3 | 14,323 |  |
| 8 October 1966 | Stirling Albion |  | 1–4 | 2,979 |  |
| 15 October 1966 | Clyde |  | 4–3 | 6,261 |  |
| 22 October 1966 | Hibernian |  | 2–2 | 3,854 |  |
| 29 October 1966 | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 2–4 | 8,948 |  |
| 5 November 1966 | Airdrieonians |  | 2–2 | 2,551 |  |
| 12 November 1966 | Kilmarnock |  | 1–1 | 6,278 |  |
| 19 November 1966 | Motherwell |  | 1–1 | 3,191 |  |
| 26 November 1966 | Aberdeen |  | 1–3 | 9,860 |  |
| 3 December 1966 | Falkirk |  | 3–0 | 2,113 |  |
| 10 December 1966 | Heart of Midlothian |  | 1–2 | 8,857 |  |
| 17 December 1966 | St Mirren |  | 2–2 | 3,537 |  |
| 31 December 1966 | Celtic |  | 3–2 | 18,577 |  |
| 2 January 1967 | St Johnstone |  | 1–0 | 10,312 |  |
| 3 January 1967 | Dundee |  | 3–2 | 17,286 |  |
| 7 January 1967 | Ayr United |  | 4–0 | 5,094 |  |
| 14 January 1967 | Rangers |  | 1–3 | 33,085 |  |
| 21 January 1967 | Stirling Albion |  | 2–0 | 3,706 |  |
| 4 February 1967 | Clyde |  | 0–2 | 4,287 |  |
| 11 February 1967 | Hibernian |  | 1–3 | 9,200 |  |
| 25 February 1967 | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 3–3 | 6,596 |  |
| 4 March 1967 | Airdrieonians |  | 3–1 | 4,645 |  |
| 18 March 1967 | Motherwell |  | 1–1 | 4,869 |  |
| 20 March 1967 | Kimarnock |  | 0–4 | 4,719 |  |
| 25 March 1967 | Aberdeen |  | 1–0 | 14,352 |  |
| 5 April 1967 | Falkirk |  | 4–4 | 1,815 |  |
| 8 April 1967 | Heart of Midlothian |  | 2–0 | 3,865 |  |
| 12 April 1967 | St Mirren |  | 1–0 | 2,500 |  |
| 22 April 1967 | Partick Thistle |  | 2–2 | 3,332 |  |
| 3 May 1967 | Celtic |  | 3–2 | 40,741 |  |
| 6 May 1967 | Partick Thistle |  | 0–3 | 1,109 |  |

### Scottish Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 28 January 1967 | R1 | Heart of Midlothian |  | 3–0 | 17,139 |  |
| 18 February 1967 | R2 | Falkirk |  | 1–0 | 11,000 |  |
| 11 March 1967 | QF | Dunfermline Athletic |  | 1–0 | 18,000 |  |
| 1 April 1967 | SF | Aberdeen |  | 0–1 | 41,500 |  |

### League Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 August 1966 | G4 | Dundee |  | 2–0 | 13,867 |  |
| 17 August 1966 | G4 | St Johnstone |  | 5–0 | 5,692 |  |
| 20 August 1966 | G4 | Aberdeen |  | 4–1 | 10,392 |  |
| 27 August 1966 | G4 | Dundee |  | 1–1 | 10,087 |  |
| 31 August 1966 | G4 | St Johnstone |  | 5–3 | 3,497 |  |
| 3 September 1966 | G4 | Aberdeen |  | 3–4 | 6,224 |  |

### Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance | Scorers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 October 1966 | R2 1 | Barcelona |  | 2–1 | 22,459 |  |
| 16 November 1966 | R2 2 | Barcelona |  | 2–0 | 28,000 |  |
| 8 February 1967 | R3 1 | Juventus |  | 0–3 | 6,800 |  |
| 8 March 1967 | R3 2 | Juventus |  | 1–0 | 27,245 |  |

## InfoBox

Dundee United
| 1966–67 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | J. Johnston-Grant |
| Manager | Jerry Kerr |
| Scottish First Division | 9th <br>W14 D9 L11 F68 A62 P37 |
| Scottish Cup | Semi-finalists |
| League Cup | Group stage |
| Inter-Cities Fairs Cup | Round 3 |
|  | |


title: Eduardo Saavedra

abstract: Eduardo Saavedra y Moragas, Spanish engineer, architect, archaeologist and Arabist, member of the Real Academia de la Historia, Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, Real Academia Española and cofounder-president of the Real Sociedad Geográfica.

text:
# Eduardo Saavedra

**Eduardo Saavedra y Moragas** (27 February 1829 in Tarragona  12 March 1912 in Madrid), Spanish engineer, architect, archaeologist and Arabist, member of the Real Academia de la Historia, Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, Real Academia Española and cofounder-president of the Real Sociedad Geográfica.

## Biography

In 1857 Eduardo Saavedra designed the Chipiona Lighthouse, the highest lighthouse in Spain. In 1860 he discovered Numantia ruins in the province of Soria and was the chairman of the committee that dealt with the archaeological excavations. While working on the project of roads between Soria and the Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma he discovered the Roman road between Uxama Argaela and Augustóbriga.

## Archeological Studies

* "Descripción de la vía romana entre Uxama y Augustóbriga", en Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia, vol. 9, 1879

### Arabic Studies

* *La Geografía de España de El Idrisí*, Madrid, 1881.
* *Intereses de España en Marruecos*, Madrid, 1884.
* *Estudio sobre la invasión de los árabes en España*, Madrid, 1891.
* *La mujer mozárabe*, Madrid, 1904.

## Bibliography

* Guijarro, Luis (2006). «Castilla y León, con el sello de norte». Revista del Ministerio de Fomento (553) (Ministerio de Fomento). pp. 80–95. ISSN 1577-4589.
* Mañas Martínez, José (1983), Eduardo Saavedra, Ingeniero y Humanista; prólogo de Julio Caro Baroja, Madrid:Turner-Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos.
* Manzanares de Cirre, Manuela (1972), Arabistas españoles del siglo XIX, Madrid, Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura.
* Pasamar Alzuria, Gonzalo; Peiró Martín, Ignacio (2002). Diccionario Akal de Historiadores españoles contemporáneos. Ediciones Akal. ISBN 9788446014898.

## InfoBox

| Eduardo Saavedra | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Eduardo Saavedra y Moragas
(1829-02-27)27 February 1829
Tarragona, Spain |
| Died | 12 March 1912(1912-03-12) (aged 83)
Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
|  | |
|  | |
| Seat *B* of the Real Academia Española | |
| **In office**
29 December 1878  12 March 1912 | |
| Preceded by | Manuel Bretón de los Herreros |
| Succeeded by | Ricardo León y Román |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Andrew Crawford (dancer)

abstract: Andrew Crawford is an Australian ballet danseur performing with the Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company, having previously danced with The Monte Carlo Ballet, the Dutch National Ballet, Sydney Dance Company. Crawford is the brother of halfpipe Snowboarder Holly Crawford. He portrays a neomorph in the science fiction horror film Alien: Covenant. He has also been credited for roles in Brine King and King Ricou in Aquaman as well as the Creature in Sweetheart.

text:
# Andrew Crawford (dancer)

**Andrew Crawford** is an Australian ballet danseur performing with the Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company, having previously danced with The Monte Carlo Ballet (Les Ballet de Monte Carlo), the Dutch National Ballet, Sydney Dance Company.

Crawford is the brother of halfpipe Snowboarder Holly Crawford. He portrays a neomorph in the science fiction horror film *Alien: Covenant*. He has also been credited for roles in Brine King and King Ricou in Aquaman as well as the Creature in Sweetheart.


title: 1955 Torneio Rio-São Paulo

abstract: The 1955 Torneio Rio São Paulo was the 9th edition of the Torneio Rio-São Paulo. It was disputed between 6 April to 5 June.

text:
# 1955 Torneio Rio-São Paulo

The **1955 Torneio Rio São Paulo** was the 9th edition of the Torneio Rio-São Paulo. It was disputed between 6 April to 5 June.

## Participants

| Team | City | Nº participations | Best result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| America | Rio de Janeiro | 6 | 6th (1951) |
| Botafogo | Rio de Janeiro | 6 | 4th (1953) |
| Corinthians | São Paulo | 9 | Champions: 1950, 1953, 1954 |
| Flamengo | Rio de Janeiro | 8 | 4th (1951) |
| Fluminense | Rio de Janeiro | 8 | Runners-up: 1954 |
| Palmeiras | São Paulo | 9 | Champions: 1933, 1951 |
| Portuguesa | São Paulo | 9 | Champions: 1952 |
| Santos | Santos | 6 | 5th (1952) |
| São Paulo | São Paulo | 9 | Runners-up: 1933 |
| Vasco da Gama | Rio de Janeiro | 9 | Runners-up: 1950, 1952, 1953 |

## Format

The tournament were disputed in a single round-robin format, with the club with most points conquered being the champions.

## Tournament

Following is the summary of the 1955 Torneio Rio-São Paulo tournament:

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Palmeiras | 9 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 32 | 19 | +13 | 13 | Tiebreaker playoff |
| 2 | Portuguesa | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 26 | 15 | +11 | | 13 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 3 | Botafogo | 9 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 11 |  |
| 4 | Flamengo | 9 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 16 | 14 | +2 | | 10 |
| 5 | Santos | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 17 | 21 | 4 | | 9 |
| 6 | America | 9 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 18 | 24 | 6 | | 9 |
| 7 | Fluminense | 9 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 21 | 6 | | 7 |
| 8 | Vasco da Gama | 9 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 15 | 0 | | 7 |
| 9 | São Paulo | 9 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 5 | | 6 |
| 10 | Corinthians | 9 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 18 | 23 | 5 | | 5 |

Source: RSSSF
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) wins; 3) goal difference; 4) goals for.
Notes:

### Tiebreaker playoff

Following is the info about the tiebreaker playoff:

| Portuguesa | 2–2 | Palmeiras |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Edmur  41'
Aírton  65' | Report | Renatinho  1'
Ivan Palmeira  60' |

Pacaembu, São PauloReferee: Mário Vianna

---

| Palmeiras | 0–2 | Portuguesa |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report | Julinho  36'
Ipojucan  63' |

Pacaembu, São PauloReferee: Mário Vianna   1. "Torneio Rio-São Paulo 1955". *Bola na Área* (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 June 2023.
2. "Torneio Rio-São Paulo 1955". *Futebol Nacional* (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 June 2023.
3. Érico Faria Loreto; Márcio Monteiro Alencar; Rafael Ribeiro Emiliano; Thiago Teixeira de Azevedo (2007). *Almanaque da Lusa*. Fundação Cásper Líbero.

## InfoBox

Torneio Rio-São Paulo
| Season | 1955 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Portuguesa (2nd title) |
| Matches played | 47 |
| Goals scored | 186 (3.96 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Edmur (Portuguesa) – 11 goals |
| Biggest home win | Palmeiras 10–3 America (7 May) |
| 1954 1957 | |


title: Edward John Graham

abstract: Edward John Graham was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was elected as an Independent Nationalist MP at the December 1914 Tullamore by-election, following the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary Party MP, Edmund Haviland-Burke. He died in office in March 1918 and the by-election for his seat was won by the Sinn Féin candidate Patrick McCartan, who stood unopposed.

text:
# Edward John Graham

**Edward John Graham** (14 July 1866 – 24 March 1918) was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

He was elected as an Independent Nationalist MP at the December 1914 Tullamore by-election, following the death of the incumbent Irish Parliamentary Party MP, Edmund Haviland-Burke. He died in office in March 1918 and the by-election for his seat was won by the Sinn Féin candidate Patrick McCartan, who stood unopposed.


title: Andreas Hagelund

abstract: Andreas Hagelund was a Norwegian gymnast who competed in the 1906 Summer Olympics. In 1906 he won the gold medal as member of the Norwegian gymnastics team in the team competition. He was born in Fredrikshald and died in Fredrikstad, and represented the club Fredrikshalds TF.

text:
# Andreas Hagelund

**Andreas Hagelund** (15 November 1881  19 September 1967) was a Norwegian gymnast who competed in the 1906 Summer Olympics.

In 1906 he won the gold medal as member of the Norwegian gymnastics team in the team competition. He was born in Fredrikshald and died in Fredrikstad, and represented the club Fredrikshalds TF.

## InfoBox

Andreas Hagelund
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's gymnastics | | |
| Intercalated Games | | |
|  | 1906 Athens | Team |


title: Andrew Ziolkowski

abstract: Andrew Charles Frederick Ziolkowski was an Australian politician. He served as a Labor Party Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1991 until his death in 1994, representing the electoral district of Parramatta. He was one of three New South Wales MPs to die that year, with John Newman (47) dying close before and Tony Doyle (41) following soon after. He was succeeded in office by his wife, Gabrielle Harrison.

text:
# Andrew Ziolkowski

**Andrew Charles Frederick Ziolkowski** (12 December 1963  12 April 1994) was an Australian politician. He served as a Labor Party Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1991 until his death in 1994, representing the electoral district of Parramatta. He was one of three New South Wales MPs to die that year, with John Newman (47) dying close before and Tony Doyle (41) following soon after. He was succeeded in office by his wife, Gabrielle Harrison.

## Private life

Ziolkowski was born in Forbes, New South Wales, the son of Wladyslaw Ziolkowski - a Polish immigrant - and his wife Roma Ziolkowski. He moved to Parramatta, in western Sydney, as a child. He grew up in Parramatta, and attended St Patrick's Primary School and Parramatta Marist High School.

## Early years

After finishing school he worked as a Process Worker for Alcan in Granville and as a Steelworks Tradesman's Assistant for BHP in Wollongong. Ziolkowski's political career began as a result of his involvement in trade unions and student politics. He attended university at Macquarie University, where he sat on the executive of the Students' Council and edited the student newspaper, *Arena*. It was during his student days that Ziolkowski met his future wife, Gabrielle Harrison, who was chairman of the Student Union at the time.

NSW Premier Bob Carr would later tell Parliament, "Andrew was editor of the Macquarie University student newspaper Arena, while Gabrielle continued as the president of the Students' Union. I understand that his wife got a lot of coverage in the student paper." Ziolkowski married Harrison on 30 November 1985 and she elected to keep her own name. After university, Ziolkowski, who had been involved in Young Labor at university, found work as an Industrial Research Officer for the then-Federal Member for Parramatta, The Hon. John Brown. In 1990 he was appointed a union official for the Transport Workers Union of Australia.

## State politics

Ziolkowski was elected Member for Parramatta in 1991. At the age of 27 he was the youngest person ever elected to the New South Wales Parliament, and his difficult-to-pronounce surname soon saw him dubbed "Zorro" by fellow MPs. In July 1993, Ziolkowski advised the Leader of the Opposition, Bob Carr, that he had been diagnosed with a rare form of cancer, affecting the esophagus and by September 1993 was forced by illness to stop attending parliament. He finally succumbed in early 1994 at the age of 30.

Ziolkowski's death resulted in a by-election on held on 27 August 1994, which his wife, Gabrielle Harrison, went on to win. He was survived by his wife and a son, Tristan, then aged 7. In her maiden speech to Parliament, Harrison stated

*Andrew had hoped to publicly thank the staff of ward C5C at Westmead Hospital for their dedication and many acts of kindness. It is appropriate that I do that tonight on his behalf.*  * Newspapers:
    + *"MP, 30, Dies of Cancer"*, Mark Coultan, *The Sydney Morning Herald*, Fairfax Media. 13 April 1994
    + *"MPs Pay Last Tributes to 'Zorro'"*, Mark Coultan, *The Sydney Morning Herald*, Fairfax Media. 14 April 1994
    + *"Carr Must Cool Factional Friction in Rush for Peats as Election Looms"*, Mark Coultan, *The Sydney Morning Herald*, Farifax Media. 30 December 1994

## InfoBox

| Andrew Ziolkowski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the
New South Wales Legislative Assembly
for Parramatta | |
| **In office**
25 May 1991  12 April 1994 | |
| Preceded by | John Books |
| Succeeded by | Gabrielle Harrison |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Andrew Charles Frederick Ziolkowski
(1963-12-12)12 December 1963
Forbes, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 12 April 1994(1994-04-12) (aged 30)
Westmead, New South Wales, Australia |
| Nationality | Australia |
| Political party | Labor Party |
| Spouse | Gabrielle Harrison |
| Children | 1 son |
| Alma mater | Macquarie University |
| Occupation | Industrial Research Officer |
|  | |


abstract: Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom known as The Lord Skelmersdale between 1853 and 1880, was a British Conservative politician. He was a member of every Conservative administration between 1866 and 1898, and notably served three times as Lord Chamberlain of the Household under Lord Salisbury. Having succeeded his grandfather as Baron Skelmersdale in 1853, he was created Earl of Lathom in 1880.

text:
# Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom

**Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom** GCB PC (12 December 1837 – 19 November 1898) known as **The Lord Skelmersdale** between 1853 and 1880, was a British Conservative politician. He was a member of every Conservative administration between 1866 and 1898, and notably served three times as Lord Chamberlain of the Household under Lord Salisbury. Having succeeded his grandfather as Baron Skelmersdale in 1853, he was created Earl of Lathom in 1880.

## Early life

Bootle-Wilbraham was born at Blythe Hall, Lathom, Lancashire, the son of Hon. Richard Bootle-Wilbraham, MP, eldest son of Edward Bootle-Wilbraham. His mother was Jessy, daughter of Sir Richard Brooke, 6th Baronet of Norton. His father died when Edward was only 7 years old and he was brought up by his grandparents at nearby Lathom House.

He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Whilst a student at Oxford he was initiated into the Apollo University Lodge No 357, and became an active Freemason. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 11th (1st Preston) Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps on 9 November 1872.

## Career

Bootle-Wilbraham succeeded his grandfather as second Baron Skelmersdale in 1853 and was entitled to take a seat in the House of Lords on his 21st birthday in 1858. He served under the Earl of Derby and then Benjamin Disraeli as a Lord-in-waiting from 1866 to 1868. In 1870, he became Conservative Chief Whip in the House of Lords. He once again held office under Disraeli as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1874 to 1880, and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1874.

In 1880, he was created **Earl of Lathom**, in the County Palatine of Lancaster. Lord Lathom later held office under Lord Salisbury as Lord Chamberlain of the Household from 1885 to 1886, from 1886 to 1892, and from 1895 to 1898. In 1892, he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

## Personal life

On 16 August 1860, Lord Lathom married Lady Alice Villiers, daughter of George Villiers and the former Lady Katharine Barham (widow of John Joseph Barham, and eldest daughter of James Grimston). Together, they were the parents of:

The Countess of Lathom died in a carriage accident in November 1897, aged 56. Lady Alice's Drive, opposite Blythe Hall, is named after her. Lord Lathom survived her by a year and died in November 1898, aged 60. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son, Edward, Lord Skelmersdale.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Earl of LathomGCB PC | |
| --- | --- |
| Bootle-Wilbraham in 1890 | |
|  | |
| Lord Chamberlain of the Household | |
| **In office**
27 June 1885  28 January 1886 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Kenmare |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Kenmare |
| **In office**
5 August 1886  11 August 1892 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Kenmare |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Carrington |
| **In office**
16 July 1895  19 November 1898 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Preceded by | The Lord Carrington |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Hopetoun |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 December 1837 (1837-12-12)
Lathom, England, British Empire |
| Died | 19 November 1898 (1898-11-20) (aged 60) |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Alice Villiers
(1841–1897) |
| Children | 5 daughters, Edward and 3 other sons |
| Parent | Richard Bootle-Wilbraham |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
|  | |


abstract: The 1949–50 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team represented Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1949–50 NCAA men's basketball season. The head coach was Franklin Cappon and the team captain was Bernard Adams. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the winner of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League (EIBL). The team recovered from an early seven-game losing streak leaving it with a 1–7 record and posted a 14–9 overall record and an 11–1 conference record.

text:
# 1949–50 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team

The **1949–50 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team** represented Princeton University in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1949–50 NCAA men's basketball season. The head coach was Franklin Cappon and the team captain was Bernard Adams. The team played its home games in the Dillon Gymnasium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey. The team was the winner of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League (EIBL). The team recovered from an early seven-game losing streak leaving it with a 1–7 record and posted a 14–9 overall record and an 11–1 conference record.

## InfoBox

| 1949–50 Princeton Tigers men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EIBL Champions | |
| Conference | Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League |
| Record | 14–9 (11–1, 1st EIBL) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Bernard Adams |
| Home arena | Dillon Gymnasium |
|


title: Andrew Ryan (rugby league)

abstract: Andrew Ryan is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative forward, he played his club football in the National Rugby League for the Parramatta Eels and Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, winning the 2004 NRL premiership with the club and becoming their captain.

text:
# Andrew Ryan (rugby league)

**Andrew Ryan** (born 2 December 1978, Dubbo, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s and 2010s. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative forward, he played his club football in the National Rugby League for the Parramatta Eels and Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, winning the 2004 NRL premiership with the club and becoming their captain.

## Playing career

Of Irish descent, A Dubbo High School, St. Johns Dubbo and Emu Plains JRLFC junior, Ryan made his debut for the Parramatta Eels against the Brisbane Broncos at Parramatta Stadium in round 2 of the 2000 NRL season. Ryan played in the club's preliminary final defeat against the Brisbane Broncos in the same year.

He was named the 2000 Parramatta Eels season's rookie of the year. In the 2001 NRL season, Ryan made 24 appearances as Parramatta finished as runaway Minor Premiers after one of the most dominant seasons in the modern era where the club set numerous point scoring records.

Ryan played from the interchange bench for Parramatta in their shock 2001 NRL grand final loss to the Newcastle Knights. After three seasons with the Parramatta Eels, the club was unable to retain Ryan due to the salary cap and the man known as 'Bobcat' accepted a deal to join arch-rivals the Canterbury-Bankstown for the 2003 NRL season.

His second season with Canterbury-Bankstown was personally and professionally his most successful - with a return to State of Origin, selection at international level, and a premiership win in the 2004 NRL grand final for Canterbury over cross-town rivals, the Sydney Roosters. Ryan pulled off a try saving tackle on the full-time siren during the match on Sydney Roosters player Michael Crocker which won Canterbury the game. Ryan also captained the Canterbury side in this match with regular captain Steve Price ruled out after sustaining an injury in the preliminary final against the 2003 premiers, the Penrith Panthers.

Ryan was selected in the Australian team to go and compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Great Britain he played at second-row forward in the Kangaroos' 44-4 victory.

In 2005, Ryan became captain of the club following Price's move to the New Zealand Warriors. Ryan was selected to play for the Australian national team at lock forward the 2007 ANZAC Test match victory against New Zealand. In 2009, he was named Dally M Captain of the Year, after leading the club to within one game of a Grand Final appearance, after they had finished the year prior with the wooden spoon.

He was the last 2004 premiership-winning player still at the club when he retired at the conclusion of the 2011 NRL season.

## Post playing career

Ryan is now an ambassador and player welfare officer for the National Rugby League.

Ryan is also an Australian Apprenticeships Ambassador for the Australian Government.

## Representative selection

Ryan was selected to represent New South Wales as variously a second-rower or lock in five series to the end of 2007:

Ryan was also a mainstay of the Australian Kangaroos, appearing in three Tri-Nations series in 2004, 2005 and 2006 as well as a Test against France in 2005. He was selected for Country in the City vs Country match on 8 May 2009.

## InfoBox

Andrew "Bobcat" Ryan
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Andrew Ryan |
| Born | (1978-12-02) 2 December 1978<br>Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 186 cm (6 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 105 kg (16 st 4 lb) |
| Position | Second-row, Lock |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2000–02 Parramatta Eels 73 16 0 0 64  2003–11 Canterbury Bulldogs 218 52 1 0 210  Total 291 68 1 0 274  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2001–07 New South Wales 12 0 0 0 0  2002–09 NSW Country 6 1 0 0 4  2003–07 Australia 11 0 0 0 0 | |
| Coaching information | |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  2022 NSW Blues U19s 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: | |


title: Andrzej Komorowski

abstract: Andrzej Komorowski is a Polish traditionalist Catholic priest and the former Superior General of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter. He was elected to a six-year term on 9 July 2018 by the General Chapter of the Fraternity at Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary located in Denton, Nebraska. He was succeeded by John Berg on July 9, 2024. Komorowski resides at the Fraternity's General House in Fribourg, Switzerland. He is the fourth Superior General of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter and the first Pole to hold that position. On their February 29, 2024 private meeting at Vatican City, Pope Francis confirmed that the Tridentine Mass restrictions do not apply to the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.

text:
# Andrzej Komorowski

**Andrzej Komorowski** (born 19 October 1975) is a Polish traditionalist Catholic priest and the former Superior General of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter. He was elected to a six-year term on 9 July 2018 by the General Chapter of the Fraternity at Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary located in Denton, Nebraska. He was succeeded by John Berg on July 9, 2024.

Komorowski resides at the Fraternity's General House in Fribourg, Switzerland. He is the fourth Superior General of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter and the first Pole to hold that position.

On their February 29, 2024 private meeting at Vatican City, Pope Francis confirmed that the Tridentine Mass restrictions do not apply to the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter.

## InfoBox

| The Very Reverend
Andrzej Komorowski
FSSP | |
| --- | --- |
| Superior General Emeritus of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter | |
|  | |
| Elected | July 9, 2018 |
| Installed | July 9, 2018 |
| Term ended | July 9, 2024 |
| Predecessor | Fr. John Berg |
| Successor | Fr. John Berg |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | September 2006 (Priest)
by Jorge Medina Cardinal Estevez |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1975-10-19) 19 October 1975
Łomża, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Residence | Fribourg, Switzerland |


abstract: The 1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. The events for the professional men and women's were held in Rome, Italy. The other events took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. Eleven events were contested, 9 for men and 2 for women between 22 and 27 August 1968.

text:
# 1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships

The **1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships** were the World Championship for track cycling. The events for the professional men and women's were held in Rome, Italy. The other events took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. Eleven events were contested, 9 for men (3 for professionals, 6 for amateurs) and 2 for women between 22 and 27 August 1968.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men's Professional Events** | | | | | | |
| Men's sprint
 | Giuseppe Beghetto
Italy | Patrick Sercu
Belgium | Giovanni Pettenella
Italy |
| Men's individual pursuit
 | Hugh Porter
Great Britain | Ole Ritter
Denmark | Leandro Faggin
Italy |
| Men's motor-paced
 | Leo Proost
Belgium | Piet De Wit
Netherlands | Ehrenfried Rudolph
West Germany |
| **Men's Amateur Events** | | | | | | |
| Men's 1 km time trial
 | Niels Fredborg
Denmark | Jack Simes
United States | Gianni Sartori
Italy |
| Men's sprint
 | Luigi Borghetti
Italy | Niels Fredborg
Denmark | Robert Van Lancker
Belgium |
| Men's individual pursuit
 | Mogens Frey
Denmark | Xaver Kurmann
Switzerland | Lorenzo Bosisio
Italy |
| Men's team pursuit
 | Italy
Cipriano Chemello
Lorenzo Bosisio
Giorgio Morbiato
Luigi Roncaglia | Argentina
Carlos Miguel Álvarez
Juan Alves
Ernesto Contreras
Juan Alberto Merlos | Sweden
Erik Pettersson
Tomas Pettersson
Gösta Pettersson
Josef Ripfel |
| Men's motor-paced
 | Giuseppe Grassi
Italy | Cees Stam
Netherlands | Benny Herger
Switzerland |
| Men's tandem
 | Italy
Walter Gorini
Giordano Turrini | Belgium
Daniel Goens
Robert Van Lancker | Japan
Sanji Inoue
Takao Mandarame |
| **Women's Events** | | | | | | |
| Women's sprint
 | Alla Baguiniantz
Soviet Union | Irina Kiritchenko
Soviet Union | Galina Ermolaeva
Soviet Union |
| Women's individual pursuit
 | Raisa Obodovskaya
Soviet Union | Beryl Burton
Great Britain | Keetie van Oosten-Hage
Netherlands |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy (ITA) | 5 | 0 | 4 | 9 |
| 2 | Denmark (DEN) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 3 | Soviet Union (URS) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Belgium (BEL) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 8 | Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | United States (USA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Japan (JPN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (12 entries) | | 11 | 11 | 11 | 33 |

## InfoBox

1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Rome, Italy
Montevideo, Uruguay |
| Date(s) | (1968-08-22 \- 1968-08-27)22–27 August 1968 |
| Velodrome | Olympic Velodrome
Americo Ricaldoni |
| Events | 11 |
|


title: Ephysteris pentamacula

abstract: Ephysteris pentamacula is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1958. It is found in Namibia and South Africa.

text:
# Ephysteris pentamacula

***Ephysteris pentamacula*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Anthonie Johannes Theodorus Janse in 1958. It is found in Namibia and South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Ephysteris pentamacula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ephysteris* |
| Species: | ***E. pentamacula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ephysteris pentamacula***<br>Janse, 1958 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ochrodia pentamacula* | |


title: Arnold Scholten

abstract: Arnold Scholten is a Dutch football coach and former player who works as youth coach at Feyenoord. He played as a midfielder for Den Bosch, Ajax, Feyenoord and JEF United Ichihara (Japan). Because of his white-blonde haircolor, Scholten was nicknamed The White Socrates after Brazilian playmaker Sócrates.

text:
# Arnold Scholten

**Arnold Scholten** (born 5 December 1962) is a Dutch football coach and former player who works as youth coach at Feyenoord. He played as a midfielder for Den Bosch, Ajax, Feyenoord and JEF United Ichihara (Japan). Because of his white-blonde haircolor, Scholten was nicknamed *The White Socrates* after Brazilian playmaker Sócrates.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals |
| Den Bosch | 1983–84 | Eredivisie | 9 | 1 |
| | 1984–85 | | 31 | 1 |
| | 1985–86 | | 34 | 8 |
| | Total | | 74 | 10 |
| Ajax | 1986–87 | Eredivisie | 18 | 1 |
| | 1987–88 | | 17 | 2 |
| | 1988–89 | | 28 | 2 |
| | 1989–90 | | 6 | 0 |
| | Total | | 69 | 5 |
| Feyenoord | 1989–90 | Eredivisie | 16 | 2 |
| | 1990–91 | | 33 | 1 |
| | 1991–92 | | 33 | 1 |
| | 1992–93 | | 25 | 4 |
| | 1993–94 | | 30 | 6 |
| | 1994–95 | | 28 | 6 |
| | Total | | 165 | 20 |
| Ajax | 1995–96 | Eredivisie | 16 | 1 |
| | 1996–97 | | 28 | 2 |
| | Total | | 44 | 3 |
| JEF United Ichihara | 1997 | J1 League | 15 | 0 |
| | 1998 | | 33 | 2 |
| | Total | | 48 | 2 |
| Den Bosch | 1998–99 | Eerste Divisie | 16 | 1 |
| | 1999–00 | Eredivisie | 21 | 1 |
| | 2000–01 | Eerste Divisie | 28 | 0 |
| | Total | | 65 | 2 |
| Career total | | | 465 | 42 |

## Honours

**Ajax**

**Feyenoord**

**Den Bosch**

## InfoBox

Arnold Scholten
| Scholten in 1989 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-12-05) 5 December 1962 | | |
| Place of birth | Den Bosch, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | BVV | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983–1986 | Den Bosch | 74 | (10) |
| 1986–1990 | Ajax | 69 | (5) |
| 1990–1995 | Feyenoord | 165 | (20) |
| 1995–1997 | Ajax | 44 | (3) |
| 1997–1998 | JEF United Ichihara | 48 | (2) |
| 1999–2001 | Den Bosch | 65 | (2) |
| Total |  | **465** | **(42)** |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2001–2002 | Den Bosch (technical director) | | |
| 2002–2006 | RKC Waalwijk (youth coach) | | |
| 2006–2007 | Feyenoord (youth coach) | | |
| 2009–2017 | Den Bosch (youth coach) | | |
| 2017– | Feyenoord (youth coach) | | |
| 2019–2020 | Jong Feyenoord | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |