title: 1894–95 Newton Heath F.C. season

text:
# 1894–95 Newton Heath F.C. season

The 1894–95 season was Newton Heath's third season in the Football League and their first outside the top flight. They finished third in the Second Division, earning the right to play in a Test match against Stoke City in order to regain their top-flight status. They lost the match, which was played at Vale Park, Burslem, 3–0 and remained in the Second Division. In the FA Cup, the Heathens were knocked out in the First Round after losing 3–2 to Stoke City.

A league match against Walsall Town Swifts was played on 9 March, with Newton Heath winning 14–0. However, Walsall had complained about the state of the pitch before the game, and an extra layer of sand was added prior to kick-off. Walsall's protest was upheld by The Football League, the result was nullified and the match was replayed on 9 April; Newton Heath won the replay 9–0.

The club also entered teams in the Lancashire and Manchester Senior Cups in 1894–95, but were knocked out in the first round of both competitions. As in the previous season, a Newton Heath team also competed in the Lancashire Palatine League, along with Bury and Liverpool. They beat Liverpool at home, but drew at Anfield and lost both matches against Bury. It was to be Newton Heath's last entry in the Palatine League.

## Football League Second Division

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 September 1894 | Burton Wanderers | A | 0–1 |  | 3,000 |
| 15 September 1894 | Crewe Alexandra | H | 6–1 | Dow (2), Smith (2), Clarkin, McCartney | 6,000 |
| 22 September 1894 | Leicester Fosse | A | 3–2 | Dow (2), Smith | 6,000 |
| 6 October 1894 | Darwen | A | 1–1 | Donaldson | 6,000 |
| 13 October 1894 | Woolwich Arsenal | H | 3–3 | Donaldson (2), Clarkin | 4,000 |
| 20 October 1894 | Burton Swifts | A | 2–1 | Donaldson (2) | 5,000 |
| 27 October 1894 | Leicester Fosse | H | 2–2 | McNaught, Smith | 3,000 |
| 3 November 1894 | Manchester City | A | 5–2 | Smith (4), Clarkin | 14,000 |
| 10 November 1894 | Rotherham Town | H | 3–2 | Davidson, Donaldson, Peters | 4,000 |
| 17 November 1894 | Grimsby Town | A | 1–2 | Clarkin | 3,000 |
| 24 November 1894 | Darwen | H | 1–1 | Donaldson | 5,000 |
| 1 December 1894 | Crewe Alexandra | A | 2–0 | Clarkin, Smith | 600 |
| 8 December 1894 | Burton Swifts | H | 5–1 | Peters (2), Smith (2), Dow | 4,000 |
| 15 December 1894 | Notts County | A | 1–1 | Donaldson | 3,000 |
| 22 December 1894 | Lincoln City | H | 3–0 | Donaldson, Millar, Smith | 2,000 |
| 24 December 1894 | Burslem Port Vale | A | 5–2 | Clarkin, Donaldson, McNaught, Millar, Smith | 1,000 |
| 26 December 1894 | Walsall Town Swifts | A | 2–1 | Millar, Stewart | 1,000 |
| 29 December 1894 | Lincoln City | A | 0–3 |  | 3,000 |
| 1 January 1895 | Burslem Port Vale | H | 3–0 | Millar (2), Rothwell | 5,000 |
| 5 January 1895 | Manchester City | H | 4–1 | Clarkin (2), Donaldson, Smith | 12,000 |
| 12 January 1895 | Rotherham Town | A | 1–2 | Erentz | 2,000 |
| 2 March 1895 | Burton Wanderers | H | 1–1 | Peters | 6,000 |
| 23 March 1895 | Grimsby Town | H | 2–0 | Cassidy (2) | 9,000 |
| 30 March 1895 | Woolwich Arsenal | A | 2–3 | Clarkin, Donaldson | 6,000 |
| 3 April 1895 | Walsall Town Swifts | H | 9–0 | Cassidy (2), Donaldson (2), Peters (2), Smith (2), Clarkin | 6,000 |
| 6 April 1895 | Newcastle United | H | 5–1 | Cassidy (2), Smith (2), McDermidd (o.g.) | 5,000 |
| 12 April 1895 | Bury | H | 2–2 | Cassidy, Donaldson | 15,000 |
| 13 April 1895 | Newcastle United | A | 0–3 |  | 4,000 |
| 15 April 1895 | Bury | A | 1–2 | Peters | 10,000 |
| 20 April 1895 | Notts County | H | 3–3 | Cassidy, Clarkin, Smith | 4,000 |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bury (C, O, P) | 30 | 23 | 2 | 5 | 78 | 33 | 2.364 | 48 | Qualification for test matches |
| 2 | Notts County | 30 | 17 | 5 | 8 | 75 | 45 | 1.667 | | 39 |
| 3 | Newton Heath | 30 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 78 | 44 | 1.773 | | 38 |
| 4 | Leicester Fosse | 30 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 72 | 53 | 1.358 | 38 |  |
| 5 | Grimsby Town | 30 | 18 | 1 | 11 | 79 | 52 | 1.519 | | 37 |
| 6 | Darwen | 30 | 16 | 4 | 10 | 74 | 43 | 1.721 | | 36 |
| 7 | Burton Wanderers | 30 | 14 | 7 | 9 | 67 | 39 | 1.718 | | 35 |
| 8 | Woolwich Arsenal | 30 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 75 | 58 | 1.293 | | 34 |
| 9 | Manchester City | 30 | 14 | 3 | 13 | 82 | 72 | 1.139 | | 31 |
| 10 | Newcastle United | 30 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 72 | 84 | 0.857 | | 27 |
| 11 | Burton Swifts | 30 | 11 | 3 | 16 | 52 | 74 | 0.703 | | 25 |
| 12 | Rotherham Town | 30 | 11 | 2 | 17 | 55 | 62 | 0.887 | | 24 |
| 13 | Lincoln City | 30 | 10 | 0 | 20 | 52 | 92 | 0.565 | 20 | Re-elected |
| 14 | Walsall Town Swifts | 30 | 10 | 0 | 20 | 47 | 92 | 0.511 | 20 | Resigned from league |
| 15 | Burslem Port Vale | 30 | 7 | 4 | 19 | 39 | 77 | 0.506 | 18 | Re-elected |
| 16 | Crewe Alexandra | 30 | 3 | 4 | 23 | 26 | 103 | 0.252 | | 10 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored
(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted

### Test match

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27 April 1895 | Stoke City | N | 0–3 |  | 10,000 |

## FA Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F – A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 February 1895 | Round 1 | Stoke City | H | 2–3 | Smith, Peters | 7,000 |

## InfoBox

Newton Heath
| 1894–95 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Secretary | A. H. Albut |
| Second Division | 3rd |
| FA Cup | First Round |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Dick Smith (19)
All:
Dick Smith (20) |
| Highest home attendance | 15,000 vs Bury (12 April 1895) |
| Lowest home attendance | 2,000 vs Lincoln City (22 December 1894) |
| Average home league attendance | 6,563 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Eburia dejeani

abstract: Eburia dejeani is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Eburia dejeani

***Eburia dejeani*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Eburia dejeani* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eburia* |
| Species: | ***E. dejeani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eburia dejeani***<br>Gahan, 1895 | |
|


title: Eburia consobrinoides

abstract: Eburia consobrinoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Eburia consobrinoides

***Eburia consobrinoides*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Eburia consobrinoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Eburia* |
| Species: | ***E. consobrinoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eburia consobrinoides***<br>Vitali, 2007 | |
|


title: Echinolatus

abstract:
Echinolatus is a genus of crab in the family Geryonidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and are as follows:
  - Echinolatus bullatus
  - Echinolatus caledonicus
  - Echinolatus poorei Davie & Crosnier, 2006
  - Echinolatus proximus Davie & Crosnier, 2006

text:
# Echinolatus

***Echinolatus*** is a genus of crab in the family Geryonidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and are as follows:

## InfoBox

| *Echinolatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Brachyura |
| Family: | Geryonidae |
| Genus: | *Echinolatus*<br>Davie & Crosnier, 2006 |
|


title: Echinolittorina apicina

abstract: Echinolittorina apicina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

text:
# Echinolittorina apicina

***Echinolittorina apicina*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Echinolittorina apicina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Littorinidae |
| Genus: | *Echinolittorina* |
| Species: | ***E. apicina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Echinolittorina apicina***
(Menke, 1851) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Litorina apicina* Menke, 1851
*Littorina philippii* Carpenter, 1857
*Nodilittorina apicina* (Menke, 1851) | |


title: Ambulyx viteki

abstract: Ambulyx viteki is a species of moth in the family Sphingidae. It was described by Melichar & Rezac in 2014. It is known from Indonesia.

text:
# Ambulyx viteki

***Ambulyx viteki*** is a species of moth in the family Sphingidae. It was described by Melichar & Rezac in 2014. It is known from Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Ambulyx viteki* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Ambulyx* |
| Species: | ***A. viteki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ambulyx viteki***<br>Melichar & Rezac, 2014 | |
|


title: Ambili (singer)

abstract: Ambili is an Indian film singer in Malayalam cinema during the 1970s and 1980s. She has sung more than 3000 songs in 800 films. She has sung in Tamil, Hindi and Bengali. Her popular songs are "Thedi varum kannukalil", "Oonjala, oonjala", "Swarnamalakal", "Maayalle raga mazhaville" and "Guruvayoorappante thiruvamruthethinu".

text:
# Ambili (singer)

**Ambili**  is an Indian film singer in Malayalam cinema during the 1970s and 1980s. She has sung more than 3000 songs in 800 films. She has sung in Tamil, Hindi and Bengali. Her popular songs are "Thedi varum kannukalil", "Oonjala, oonjala", "Swarnamalakal", "Maayalle raga mazhaville" and "Guruvayoorappante thiruvamruthethinu".

## Personal life

Padmaja Thampi, known as Ambili, was born as the youngest among five children to R C Thampi and Sukumari at Thiruvananthapuram. Her father was a military officer who later became a teacher and her mother was a singer. She has three brothers and a sister. She had her education from Fathma College and Delhi University. She had learnt music from Mr. V. Dakshina Murthy. Her debut song was "Karagre vasathe" from the movie *Sabarimala Sree Dharmashaastha* in 1970. She is married to K G Rajashekharan, a Malayalam film director. They have a son, Raghavendran, and a daughter, Ranjini. She started her own music troop, *Mayambu*, and performed for stage programs and albums. She received *Kala Rathnam Title* and *Best Singer Award* from Kerala Devaswom Board. She currently resides at Chennai with family. She is a recipient of Global NSS (Nair Service Society) award in 2017.

## InfoBox

| Ambili (Singer) | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Padmaja Thampi |
| Born | Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |
| Genres | Playback singing, Carnatic music |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1970–1987 |
| Labels | Audiotracs |


title: Ambilikile Mwasapile

abstract: Ambilikile Mwasapile, also known as Babu wa Loliondo, was a Tanzanian priest of the Lutheran Church who used a tree known as mugariga to make a non-flavored drink which he administered to patients reporting various chronic diseases.

text:
# Ambilikile Mwasapile

**Ambilikile Mwasapile** (1934/1935 – 30 July 2021), also known as **Babu wa Loliondo**, was a Tanzanian priest of the Lutheran Church who used a tree known as mugariga to make a non-flavored drink which he administered to patients reporting various chronic diseases.

## Life

Mwasapile lived in Samunge village in Loliondo, near Ngorongoro in northern Tanganyika.

## Vision of healing

Mwasapile told people at that time that he had a vision in which he was instructed to make the potion he administers. His vision was of a tree that provided medicine and that many people would come to be healed. Upon waking, in the daily routine that followed, he claimed to have met a woman who had HIV, and she told him that she came for medicine. Mwasapile claimed to have followed a vision, gone into the bush, and taken portions of the tree as directed.

## Popularization

Reports of healing from Mwasapile potion spread, and he began to sell the concoction. At one point in 2011 the treatment was quite popular, although its popularity trailed off when it became clear that the potion was not the cure-all many thought it to be.

Newspaper reports regularly picked up what notable visitor had been to the place. Notable people who visited Mwasapile include legislators and cabinet ministers locally and scores of personalities especially from eastern Africa, among whom are cited the wife of DRC president Joseph Kabila.

There were many reports in the local dailies in Kenya of many politicians and ordinary citizens who chartered helicopters and vans to transport people to Loliondo. The small sleepy town was alive with long queues of people all yearning for that one mug of herbal concoction.

## InfoBox

| Ambilikile Mwasapile | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1934/1935
Tanzania |
| Died | 1935 (aged -87-86)
Arusha Region |
| Occupation(s) | Bishop
Traditional Healer |
| Years active | 1934-2021 |
| Known for | *Kikombe cha Babu* |


title: Echati Maoulida

abstract: Echati Maoulida, full name Echati Maoulida Mwenge, was a Mahorese activist who promoted the culture of the department and advocated for its separation from Comoros.

text:
# Echati Maoulida

**Echati Maoulida**, full name **Echati Maoulida Mwenge**, was a Mahorese activist who promoted the culture of the department and advocated for its separation from Comoros.

## Biography

Maoulida was born in 1935 in the canton of Bouéni on the island of Grand-Terre in Mayotte. In the 1960s and 70s, she was a member of the Chatouilleuses movement, a women's activist group which used tickle torture to coerce politicians into supporting Mayotte's separation from Comoros. Additionally, Maoulida campaigned for increased educational opportunities for young boys and girls.

As a fundi, or spiritual leader, Maoulida was able to travel all over the island of Mayotte. She began singing in her hometown, learning the political and religious songs known as maulida at a Koranic school. Throughout her life, she visited religious services to sing the memorized songs.

Maoulida died at the age of 84 in 2019. She was the last living member of the Chatouilleuses, with her death causing a call by the Collective of the Citizens of Mayotte to begin efforts to collect oral histories from the island's elders, and to name a new school in her honor.

## InfoBox

| Echati Maoulida | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Echati Maoulida Mwenge
(1935-03-13)March 13, 1935
Bouéni, Mayotte |
| Died | September 15, 2019(2019-09-15) (aged 84)
Bouéni, Mayotte |
| Citizenship | France |
| Organization | Chatouilleuses |


title: Alwarthirunagar

abstract: Alwarthirunagar is an urban locality in Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu, India. Alwarthirunagar's PIN code is 600087 and the postal head office is in Valasaravakkam. It falls under Valasaravakkam municipality, in the Maduravoyal Assembly constituency, Tiruvallur district. The neighbourhood was developed by the City Lando Corporation in the late 1960s. With the opening of schools and shopping centres, Alwarthirunagar emerged as a service centre in West Chennai. Twenty acres of forestation in the area acts against pollution. The area is traversed by state road number 113.

text:
# Alwarthirunagar

**Alwarthirunagar** is an urban locality in Chennai, the capital city of Tamil Nadu, India. Alwarthirunagar's PIN code is 600087 and the postal head office is in Valasaravakkam. It falls under Valasaravakkam municipality, in the Maduravoyal Assembly constituency, Tiruvallur district. The neighbourhood was developed by the City Lando Corporation in the late 1960s. With the opening of schools and shopping centres, Alwarthirunagar emerged as a service centre in West Chennai. Twenty acres of forestation in the area acts against pollution. The area is traversed by state road number 113.

## Neighbourhoods

### Ramakrishna Nagar

Ramakrishna Nagar is located in the centre of Alwarthirunagar. A large recreation area developed in the 1980s is used for playing cricket. However, in 2008, new constructions encroached on the area and flooding is a common problem during the rainy season.

### Velan Nagar

Velan Nagar is approximately 1 km from the Alwarthirunagar bus stop and about 800 m from the Lamech bus stop. During the late 1980s, Velan Nagar was affected by stagnating water during the rainy season. By the 1990s, the area had developed into a very large residential area, decreasing the number of parks and making cycling more difficult. There is a Banyan tree that is considered holy. The Ganesh temple in Velan Nagar has been renovated.

### Palaniappa Nagar

Palaniappa Nagar is adjacent to Alwarthirunagar with streets connecting from Arcot Road and Radhakrishnan Salai.

### Meenakshi Amman Nagar

Meenakshi Amman Temple, Raamar Temple, Kadambadi Amman Temple, Pillayar Kovil are close to Meenakshi Amman Nagar.

## Central business district

The main commercial district is on Arcot road. There is a multi-brand superstore, grocery stores, fast food outlets, a bakery and a library. There is also a Panchayat Union dispensary.

## Schools

## InfoBox

| Alwarthirunagar | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| AlwarthirunagarAlwarthirunagar(Chennai)AlwarthirunagarAlwarthirunagar (Tamil Nadu)AlwarthirunagarAlwarthirunagar (India) | |
| Coordinates: 13°02′51″N 80°11′14″E / 13.047545°N 80.187293°E / 13.047545; 80.187293 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Chennai |
| Metro | Chennai |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 600 087 |
| Vehicle registration | TN 10 (RTO, Chennai South West) |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Chennai South |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Virugambakkam |
| Website | alwarthirunagar.com |


title: Amilcar Compound

abstract: The Amilcar Compound is a front wheel drive car with unitary body/chassis introduced shortly before World War II by Amilcar after their takeover by Hotchkiss. It was designed by the famous French engineer Jean-Albert Grégoire.

text:
# Amilcar Compound

The **Amilcar Compound** is a front wheel drive car with unitary body/chassis introduced shortly before World War II by Amilcar after their takeover by Hotchkiss. It was designed by the famous French engineer Jean-Albert Grégoire.

## Slow start

The first Compound, the Compound B38, was presented at the 1937 Paris Motor Show, but production was delayed by difficulties involving the car's light metal panels, which still represented a very new technology. Series production only got underway a year later. Nevertheless, 35 of the cars were produced during the final quarter of 1938, and through 1939 production built up progressively, with 576 Compounds produced that year. A further 64 were produced during the early months of 1940: however France, along with Britain, had declared war on Germany in September 1939. War affected the French auto-industry during the ensuing months, as first the Paris Motor Show, scheduled for October 1939, was cancelled and then, in June 1940 the German Army invaded and occupied the northern half of the country.

## Engine and running gear

The four cylinder, side valve, 1185 cc engine had its all synchromesh equipped, four speed, gearbox mounted in front of it with gear selection via cables. The drive was transmitted to the front wheels via short shafts and constant velocity joints. The steering used a rack and pinion mechanism. Suspension was independent all round using torsion bars at the rear.

The car's technical design, including but not restricted to the light-metal technology, was supplied by a brilliant and charismatic engineer called Jean-Albert Grégoire. By the time of the German invasion an upgraded Compound had been prepared by Grégoire, an energetic exponent of front wheel drive and of the use of aluminium in automobile construction, and a man whose designs found their way into the ranges of several automakers in the 1930s and 1940s. The improved Compound, known as the Compound B67, was intended primarily to address the perceived performance limitations of the original model, and this was achieved by adding 4 mm to the cylinder bores, thereby increasing engine capacity from 1185 cc to 1340 cc. Increasing the cylinder diameter made it practical at the same time to replace the side-valve lay-out with overhead valves. Claimed top speed was increased from 110 km/h (68 mph) to 115 km/h (71 mph) . Several pre-production Compound B67s were running during the summer of 1939, and it appears that the manufacturer planned to launch it in October 1939 at the Paris Motor Show . By the time the event was cancelled it appears that about five Compound B67s had been produced in the Amilcar section of the Hotchkiss factory.

## Wartime adaptation

Wartime records may not be complete, but it is apparent that the car's front wheel drive layout made it particularly suitable for adaptation to different body types. Between the summer of 1942 and spring 1943 Hotchkiss was able to produce 149 Compound based estate cars, of which 50 were delivered to the postal service, 50 found civilian customers, and 49 were delivered to the French Red Cross who adapted them for use as ambulances.

The 149 estate cars delivered between 1942 and 1943 all used the smaller older engine and other mechanical elements from the B38. However, a small number of B67 engined Compounds were also produced during the war years. These featured a simplified but more robust three speed gear box in place of the four speed unit that had come with the B38 Compound, along with a suitably strengthened clutch.

The manufacturer also produced a few B67 engines that were shipped to Laffly who installed them in some prototypes for their V10R all-terrain vehicle. After the war, as it became clear that the government would block the company's plans to resume Compound production, the remaining stock of B67 engines was sold, along with the tooling necessary for their production, to Impéria who used them for a production run of about 1,000 of their own front wheel drive TA8 models.

## Bodywork

The Compound B38 made extensive use of Alpax, an aluminium alloy, to make castings that were assembled into a frame onto which steel sheet metal pressings were bolted and welded. In this respect the car played a pioneering role in light metal technologies that would be taken on by the automotive and airplane industries, although the rising cost of aluminium would reduce its attractions as a mainstream element in car bodies in the later 1950s.

Between 1938 and 1940 it seems that almost all Compounds came with saloon/sedan bodies, although there was also mention of a cabriolet.

Drawings came to light in 1946 for a four-door “woody” style estate version with a lengthened chassis, thought to have been penned in 1937 by Clément Vinciguerra, who at that time was in charge of the company's design and development department. A prototype was due to be built and would have become Vinciguerra's personal transport, but there is no trace of this unique vehicle ever having been constructed. There was also, in 1946, a proposal for a simpler three door estate version, but by this time it was becoming increasingly clear that the Amilcar Compound's post-war renaissance was not part of the agenda of Charles de Gaulle’s highly interventionist government.

## Post-war planning

There seems to have been some overlap of responsibilities regarding the Amilcar Compound’s development between Jean-Albert Grégoire and Clément Vinciguerra. In any event, after 1940 Grégoire was increasingly preoccupied by other projects, notably one with Simca for the production of a light metal car. It was the company man Clément Vinciguerra at Hotchkiss who took the project forward. Anticipating that peace would at some stage break out, by 1941 Clément Vinciguerra had designed a new version of the Compound to take the B67 engine and transmission package. The design was similar to that of the existing car, but featured innovative touches such as an Americanized slatted front grill. Under the skin more dramatic changes were foreseen. Mindful of the materials shortages and technological restrictions that might accompany its production, the design for this car, known as “Project 704” had a greatly reduced dependency on exotic materials, and featured a traditional separate chassis. The design drawings progressed to the construction of a prototype which would be used as a private car and survived well after the war. This car clocked up more than 200,000 kilometres (120,000 mi) before being scrapped. Unfortunately no one photographed it, however.

After the war Hotchkiss was not one of the automakers most favoured by the Pons Plan. The Pons Plan reflected government determination to structure the French auto-industry according to priorities identified by politicians and civil servants: exclusion or any departure from it created great difficulties in obtaining necessary permissions and materials. Government strategy did not wholly exclude Hotchkiss from auto-making, but it did pigeon hole the company's auto-making activities: these were to be restricted to those of a niche (probably luxury car) manufacturer focused on export sales. The Amilcar Compound did not fit into that definition, and plans to relaunch the car after the war therefore could not be implemented.

## Britain

The car was sold on the British market as the Hotchkiss Ten.

## InfoBox

| Amilcar Compound | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Amilcar |
| Production | 1938–1943
681 cars and 159 commercials made
a few other unrecorded cars were probably also built |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style | 2-door saloon
2-door convertible
van and ambulance |
| Layout | FF layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1185 cc I4 side-valve (B38)
1340 cc I4 ohv (B67) |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,500 mm (98.4 in). |


title: East Devonport Football Club

abstract: The East Devonport Football Club is an Australian rules football club based on Devonport, Tasmania. The club competed in the North West Football League since 1987 until going into recess in 2021. The club currently has a full junior program in the NWFL.

text:
# East Devonport Football Club

The **East Devonport Football Club** is an Australian rules football club based on Devonport, Tasmania. The club competed in the North West Football League since 1987 until going into recess in 2021. The club currently has a full junior program in the NWFL.

## History

The club competed on an irregular basis in various non-senior North Western competitions between 1901 and 1944 before being promoted to senior status to participate in the North West Football Union from 1945 to 1986. In 1987 the club joined the Northern Tasmanian Football League (renamed the North West Football League in 2015), and has competed continuously in that competition until 2020. The club's senior arm (under-16s and older) went into recess in 2021, but the club retains a presence at junior level.

**Home Ground** – Girdlestone Park
**Established** – 1901
**Playing Colours** – Red & White
**Emblem** – Swans
**Club Theme Song** – "Onwards To Victory" (Tune: "Notre Dame Victory March")
**Affiliations** – Various junior competitions (1901–1944) NWFU (1945–1986), NTFL/NWFL (1987–present)

## Premiership Titles

**NWFU Premierships**

* 1946, 1948, 1968.

**NTFL/NWFL Premierships**

* 1988.

**Tasmanian State Premierships**

* Nil.

## Individual Medal winners

**Wander Medal winners**

* 1952  – Max Berryman
* 1957 Darrel Baldock
* 1960  – Terry Pierce
* 1963 John Bingley
* 1975 Ricky Watt
* 1980  – Lindsay Bell
* 1982  – Richard Lynch
* 1985  – Neville Muir
* 1986  – Peter Borlini

**Ovaltine Medal winners**

* 1995  – Paul Spencer

**Pivot Medal winners**

* 1998  – Craig Muir

**Darrel Baldock Medal winners**

* 2002  – Adrian Partridge

## Competition Leading Goalkickers

**NWFU Leading Goalkickers**

* 1954  – Ray Summers (38)
* 1980  – Chris Reynolds (95)
* 1981  – Chris Reynolds (97)

**NTFL/NWFL Leading Goalkickers**

## Club Records

**Club Record Score**

* 36.13 (229) v George Town 11.4 (70) in 1987

**Club Record Games Holder**

* – Shane McCoy (263)

## Club Record Match Attendance

## Notable players

## InfoBox

| East Devonport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Full name | East Devonport Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Swans* |
| Club song | "Onwards To Victory" |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 1901 (1901) |
| Colours |  |
| Competition | North West Football League |
| Ground(s) | Girdlestone Park |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1906 in Ireland

abstract: Events in the year 1906 in Ireland.

text:
# 1906 in Ireland

Events in the year **1906 in Ireland**.

## Events

## Arts and literature

## Sport

### Association football

* International 17 February – Ireland 0–5 England (in Belfast) (25th annual match, with no Irish wins) Val Harris became the first Dubliner to play for Ireland. 17 March – Ireland 0–1 Scotland (in Dublin) 2 April – Wales 4–4 Ireland (in Wrexham)

### Athletics

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | 1906 in the United Kingdom
Other events of 1906
List of years in Ireland |


title: 1906 in Norwegian football

text:
# 1906 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football (soccer) in the year 1906.

## Cup

### Final

| Odd | 1–0 | Sarpsborg |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 60' | Report |  |

Gamle Frogner, KristianiaReferee: Sverre Strand (Grane)

## Class A of local association leagues

The predecessor of a national league competition.

The champions qualify to the 1905 Norwegian cup (The exception being Nordenfjeldske, which was not yet a NFF member).

| League | Champion |
| --- | --- |
| **Smaalenene** | Sarpsborg |
| **Kristiania og omegn** | Mercantile |
| **Oplandene** | Eidsvold IF |
| **Vestfold/Grenland** | Odd |
| **Nordenfjeldske** | Kvik (Trondheim) |

## InfoBox

Football in Norway
| Men's football | |
| --- | --- |
| NM | Odd |
|  | |


title: American Bicycle Association

abstract: The American Bicycle Association (ABA) was a US-based BMX racing governing body in Gilbert, Arizona. In 2011, the ABA merged with the former National Bicycle League and became the present-day USA BMX: The American Bicycle Association. The ABA was founded by Merl Mennenga and Gene Roden in 1977. Reportedly one of the world's largest BMX associations, it has tracks in the United States and in Canada.

text:
# American Bicycle Association

The **American Bicycle Association** (**ABA**) was a US-based BMX racing governing body in Gilbert, Arizona. In 2011, the ABA merged with the former National Bicycle League and became the present-day USA BMX: The American Bicycle Association. The ABA was founded by Merl Mennenga and Gene Roden in 1977. Reportedly one of the world's largest BMX associations, it has tracks in the United States (under USA BMX) and in Canada (under BMX Canada).

## History

The ABA was founded as a governing body to preserve BMX racing's competitive spirit: "This need for fairness and allowing for the fortunes of luck led the way to the transfer system, in which the winner of each moto advances to the next round - be it quarter, semi or main event".

### 1970's

In August 1977, Merl Mennenga created the ABA. In 1978, the first ABA National was held in Azusa, California, with 35 tracks and 3,000 participants. Following this in 1979, the ABA became BMX racing's largest governing body.

### 1980's

In 1980, Greg Hill objected to the 1979 season's points scoring. In 1982, the ABA discarded their points system, and the first issue of *Bicycles and Dirt* was published that September. In 1983, an informal pro-rider boycott began and the *BMX Action* began an editorial boycott against the ABA.

### 2000's

In 2008, American BMX racers won three medals in Beijing and nine BMX World Cup (Supercross) events. Most of the racers grew up going to ABA tracks. The USA Cycling and the U.S. Olympic Committee collaborated with the ABA to build amateur and elite tracks for Olympic training.

### 2010's

In 2011, the ABA nought the National Bicycle League (NBL), creating USA BMX.

### 2020's

In 2022, USA BMX partnered with Stacyc Stability Cycles for the STACYC World Series to assist children aged 3-7 with bicycling. Later in the year, Tulsa-based USA BMX headquarters opened to host events such as the Grand Nationals, representing 46 states and 20 countries.

## Similar organizations

The American Bicycle Motocross Association (ABMXA) operated from late 1974 to early 1976. An American Bicycle Association was created in January 1975 by Bob Bailey, but went bankrupt by December 1975 with only 20 paid members. In 1978, the National Bicycle Association (NBA) had 50 tracks and 5,000 racers. *BMX Actions* boycotted the NBA during the 1980 season. In 1978, the National Bicycle League (NBL) had 18 tracks and about 4,100 riders; it was the sport's first sanctioning body. Other BMX organizations included:

## Criticism

Complaints about high entry fees and subpar track conditions were lodged against the ABA.

### *BMX Action* boycott

*BMX Action* (*BMXA*) managing editor, publisher, and owner Robert Osborn initiated an editorial boycott of the ABA after he was denied a photographer's pass for the 1980 ABA nationals, and the magazine's coverage of ABA events was limited to brief comments and race results. The drop in coverage resulted in reduced interest in ABA events, which led to a decline in sponsorships and race funding (including the ABA nationals). *BMX Action* ended its editorial boycott partially due to an agreement with the ABA to stop publishing the association's in-house magazine, *Bicycles and Dirt*.

### 1983 pro boycott

A pro-rider boycott, led unofficially by Greg Hill and including racers such as Stu Thomsen, was established on the basis of Hill's 1980 allegation that the pro points system was unfair. The pro with the most points was selected to go to the ABA's Grand National competition. Points earned were equal to the amount of money earned that year; the ABA pro who won the most money was declared number one, and the ABA said that revenue-based standings provided an exciting end to a season. Racers called the point systems detrimental to professionals, however, because a consistent season could be undone by a one-off performance. After the 1982 Grand National, the pro and amateur classes were subject to the transfer system for the 1983 season. President Merl Mennenga reportedly told Hill that the "... ABA doesn't cater to the pros."

## Financial problems

The ABA also had reduced coverage in other BMX press, including *BMX Action's* biggest competitors (*BMX Plus!* and *Super BMX*). Many ABA nationals coincided with national NBL competitions. In addition to the pro boycott of the ABA nationals, other races were often scheduled on the same weekend as ABA events. The press favored NBL events, leading to a further decrease in coverage. The decrease meant that fewer companies (BMX and non-BMX) purchased advertising and sponsorship spots, and stopped sending their well-funded race teams to ABA events. Most non-sponsored BMX racers stopped attending ABA events due to the lack of press coverage.

### *Bicycles and Dirt* (*BAD)*

The ABA's in-house newspaper, *ABA Action*, did not generate sufficient coverage because it was restricted to the ABA membership. The association tried to create its own magazine, *Bicycles and Dirt*, to circumvent the established press and attract advertisers. Forgoing a subscription model to attract a larger audience, the ABA first sold *BAD* on newsstands with Stu Thomsen on the cover. The magazine's financial situation was poor and, to end the editorial boycott by *BMX Action,* the ABA ceased publication of *Bicycles and Dirt* with the September 1984 issue.

The rising cost of insurance affected every BMX organization during the early 1980s, and the ABA was particularly vulnerable because of *Bicycles and Dirt*'s financial difficulty. The first indications that BMX's popularity was flattening appeared in 1984, as membership and race attendance declined.

### Pro Spectaculars

In 1984, the drop in popularity of BMX racing was outstripped by the growth of BMX freestyle bicycles. Local track operators noted a decline in beginner-class entries. Attempting to curb its financial losses, the ABA attempted a Pro Spectacular: an event inspired by Motorcycle Motocross (MX) Supercross. Events were held in indoor arenas, with more difficult tracks to appeal to spectators.

The Pro Spectacular events were restricted to professionals and heavily advertised on television. Races were held on Friday nights, and broadcasts were limited to two hours to fit a typical television schedule and audience attention span. Organizers hoped that increased exposure to BMX would spark a surge in beginner classes at the local level. The first ABA Pro Spectacular, held in Reno, Nevada, on January 4, 1985, attracted enough pros for a lively competition (thanks, in part, to the $10,000 purses offered for each race). Spectator attendance, however, was lackluster. Despite a low admission fee, the venues were empty or well below capacity. The first event, at the University of Nevada's 10,000-seat Lawlor Events Centre, attracted only about 2,000 spectators.

Bicycle racing of all types was more popular in Europe and South America, where crowds filled venues and racers were regularly featured in the news. The 1983 International Bicycle Motocross Federation-sanctioned world championship, held in Slagharen, the Netherlands, attracted 15,000 to 20,000 spectators and was broadcast live on European television. A campaign of 68 30-second TV advertisements during popular US programs such as *Magnum, P.I.*, *Dynasty* and *Good Morning America* failed to attract comparable North American interest.

### USBA, resignation, and bankruptcy

Rod Keeling, before the ABA, had no experience with BMX racing. He left the ABA on March 2, 1984, and announced the creation of the United States Bicycling Association on March 23 of that year. ABA president Merl Mennenga saw the USBA as a betrayal, and said at a press conference that the rival organization was intended to undermine the ABA.

The ABA had a dispute with the promoters of the 1981 $10,000 Knott's Berry Farm race because it was scheduled opposite the Grand National in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Knott's Berry Farm race, sanctioned by the National Bicycle League, increased animosity between the NBL and the ABA. Mennenga attempted to discourage participation in the Knott's Berry race.

Mennenga thought that the USBA stole ABA membership records to ask ABA racers to join the USBA. A disgruntled spectator filed a false police report that Mennenga had assaulted her. He was arrested during an event and later released when the charges were dropped.

On March 5, 1985, Mennenga announced that he had sold the ABA to Bernie Anderson and Jamie Vargas (two ABA track operators) for $250,000 and had resigned as president. Vargas was a computer consultant who operated Louisiana's first track. Anderson owned a magazine-subscription-sales company and founded Rebel Racing, a regional BMX bicycle company; he also operated Texas' first successful track. Both men had sons who were racers. The new owners installed Walt Ehnat, who had partnered with Gary Ellis Sr. in running four tracks in the Seattle area, as president. They decided to hold the remaining Pro Spectaculars, despite the financial gain of canceling them, to preserve their relationship with the pros. Vargas and Anderson tried to stave off bankruptcy, although bankruptcy protection would have benefited the ABA; the new management feared the optics of bankruptcy for track operators and the USBA. With reported liabilities to twenty creditors of $700,000 to $750,000, however (most attributable to *Bicycles and Dirt*), they filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on November 25, 1985. The USBA exploited track operators' concern about the ABA's solvency. Gary Ellis Sr., father of pro racer Gary Ellis, ran the ABA-affiliated River Valley BMX track in Sumner, Washington. Ellis Sr. felt that bankruptcy was good for the ABA, since it removed most of the management which put the association into dire financial straits: "... We basically felt ... well, I basically felt the person that started the USBA was part of the bad managment \[*sic*\] of the ABA that put them towards bankruptcy in the first place. You can quote me on that".

Most track operators realized that Chapter 11 protection could be a sound business decision. They knew other companies in the industry that were in the same position as the ABA was but came out of it. The Van Doren Rubber Company, maker of Vans shoes favored by BMX racers, freestylers and skateboarders, had emerged from bankruptcy.

By late 1985, commercial pilots Sims and Cook had left the USBA for flying jobs. Keeling was forced out by USBA investor Ira Hall and replaced with a new management team, including USBA president Walt Ehnat. Ehnat was Keeling's vice president at the USBA, who had replaced Merl Mennenga as ABA president. A few months later, he was fired by the ABA's new management.

### Possible corporate espionage and buyout

Ehnat was replaced as ABA president by BMX track operator and former motorcycle racer Clayton John, and became USBA vice president. Bob Hadley, manager of the Huffy BMX team, noticed that Erhart seemed to be privy to a letter that Hadley had shared with John; Hadley joked that John's office must have been bugged. John took Hadley's joke seriously, and had ABA headquarters swept for bugs by experts in countersurveillance and corporate espionage. Two experts found evidence of tampering in a telephone trunk line leading to John's office; the wires were stripped in a way indicating that a phone had been tapped. Circumstantial evidence suggested that the USBA was responsible.

By early 1986, the ABA was slowly getting back on its financial feet and the USBA was beginning to do poorly. Hall approached the ABA with an unsuccessful plan to buy the association from Anderson and Vargas. The USBA planned to have Mennenga buy the ABA and sell it to the USBA (which would liquidate it under chapter 7 of the bankruptcy code), but nothing came of it. The USBA was ultimately bought out by the ABA.

### Solvency and expansion

On September 24, 1987, a United States bankruptcy court approved the ABA's financial reorganization plan. Professional and amateur champions received promised prizes. The 1988 Grand National in Oklahoma City, with 470 entries, was the largest BMX race in history. In 2002, the ABA unsuccessfully tried to purchase the National Bicycle League from USA Cycling.

## Gold (Redline) Cup series

The ABA's U.S. Gold Cup series was created in 1981. In 2000, as part of a sponsorship agreement with Redline Bicycles, it was renamed the Redline Cup Series until 2014; that year, the series returned to its Gold Cup name. A series of regional championship events primarily for non-sponsored amateur racers, it became a six-race qualifying series in 1982 which was held in conjunction with the nationals. From 1981 to 1987, the series was also known as the Gold Cup East-West Shootout.

From 1989 to 2012, the regions were Western, Central, and Eastern; riders had to compete in the regional finals where they lived, not where they qualified. The regional finals were held in September. In 2007, the Redline Cup season was from January 28 to mid-August.

## InfoBox

USA BMX: The American Bicycle Association
|
|  |
| Formation | August 30, 1977 (1977-08-30) |
| Founder | Merl Mennenga |
| Type | Sports governing body |
| Headquarters | Gilbert, Arizona |
| Region | North America |
| Membership (2017) | 70,000 |
| Board chair | Bernie Anderson |
| CEO | B. A. Anderson (2009  2023) |
| President | Shane Fernandez (2020  2023) |
| Key people | * Merl Mennenga (president 1977–1985) * Gene Roden (vice president 1977–1982) * Walt Ehnat (president 1985-1986) * Clayton John (president 1986-2008) |
| Main organ | *Pull* (since 2011); formerly *ABA Action* (1977-1984), *American BMX'er* (1984-1996), *BMX'er* (1996-2011) |
| Website | www.usabmx.com |
| Remarks | First sanctioned race: September 24, 1977, at Manzanita Raceway in Tucson, Arizona<br>First Grand National: December 9, 1978, in Las Vegas |


title: Amitabha Chowdhury

abstract: Amitabha Chowdhury was an Indian investigative journalist. He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his reporting on individual rights and community interests in India.

text:
# Amitabha Chowdhury

**Amitabha Chowdhury** (11 November 1927 – 1 May 2015) was an Indian investigative journalist. He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his reporting on individual rights and community interests in India.

## InfoBox

| Amitabha Chowdhury | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1927-11-11)11 November 1927
Calcutta, India |
| Died | 1 May 2015(2015-05-01) (aged 87)
South Kolkata, India |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Employer | Jugantar |


title: Appanapalle

abstract: Appanapalli or Appanapalle is a village in Mamidikuduru Mandal, located in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

text:
# Appanapalle

**Appanapalli** or **Appanapalle** is a village in Mamidikuduru Mandal, located in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

## InfoBox

| Appanapalle Appanapalli | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| AppanapalleLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaAppanapalleAppanapalle (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°31′44″N 81°55′20″E / 16.528991°N 81.922212°E / 16.528991; 81.922212 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,265 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | 05 |
| Nearest city | Palakollu |


title: 1993 College Football All-America Team

abstract: The 1993 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and publications that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1993. It is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes seven selectors as "official" for the 1993 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) Football News; (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA); (4) The Sporting News; (6) the United Press International (UPI); and (7) the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF). Other notable selectors included Gannett News Service (GNS), Scripps Howard (SH), and the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA). Ten players were unanimously selected as first-team All-Americans by all seven of the NCAA-recognized selectors. They are: quarterback Charlie Ward of Florida State; running backs Marshall Faulk of San Diego State and LeShon Johnson of Northern Illinois; wide receiver J. J. Stokes of UCLA; center Jim Pyne of Virginia Tech; offensive tackle Aaron Taylor of Notre Dame; defensive tackle Rob Waldrop of Arizona; linebackers Trev Alberts of Nebraska and Derrick Brooks of Florida State; and defensive back Antonio Langham of Alabama. Charlie Ward also won the 1993 Heisman Trophy.

text:
# 1993 College Football All-America Team

The **1993 College Football All-America team** is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and publications that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1993. It is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes seven selectors as "official" for the 1993 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) *Football News*; (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA); (4) *The Sporting News*; (6) the United Press International (UPI); and (7) the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF). Other notable selectors included Gannett News Service (GNS), Scripps Howard (SH), and the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA).

Ten players were unanimously selected as first-team All-Americans by all seven of the NCAA-recognized selectors. They are: quarterback Charlie Ward of Florida State; running backs Marshall Faulk of San Diego State and LeShon Johnson of Northern Illinois; wide receiver J. J. Stokes of UCLA; center Jim Pyne of Virginia Tech; offensive tackle Aaron Taylor of Notre Dame; defensive tackle Rob Waldrop of Arizona; linebackers Trev Alberts of Nebraska and Derrick Brooks of Florida State; and defensive back Antonio Langham of Alabama. Charlie Ward also won the 1993 Heisman Trophy.

## Offense

### Quarterback

### Running backs

### Wide receivers

### Tight end

### Tackles

### Guards

* **Mark Dixon**, Virginia (**AP-1**, **FN**, **FWAA**, **TSN**, **UPI**, **WCFF**, NEA-1)
* **Stacy Seegars**, Clemson (**AP-1**, **FN**, **TSN**, **WCFF**, NEA-2, SH)

### Center

## Defense

### Linemen

### Linebackers

### Defensive backs

## Specialists

### Placekicker

### Punter

* **Terry Daniel**, Auburn (**AFCA**, **AP-1**, **FN**, **FWAA**, **TSN**, **WCFF**, GNS, NEA-1, SH)
* Chris MacInnis, Air Force (AP-2)
* Brad Faunce, UNLV (AP-3)

### All-purpose / kick returners

* **David Palmer**, Alabama (**AFCA** \[WR\], **AP-1** (all-purpose), **FWAA** \[KR\], **UPI** \[KR\], **TSN** \[KR\], **WCFF** \[WR\], GNS \[WR\], NEA-1 \[KR\])
* Leeland McElroy, Texas A&M (AP-2 (all-purpose))
* Andre Coleman, Kansas State (AP-3 (all-purpose))

## Key

* **Bold** – Used for (1) consensus All-American and (2) first-team selections by an official selector
* CFHOF - Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame
* -1 – First-team selection
* -2 – Second-team selection
* -3 – Third-team selection

### Official selectors

### Other selectors


title: Edmund H. Oliver

abstract: Edmund H. Oliver (1882–1935) was a Canadian Presbyterian and United Church of Canada minister, chaplain and educator. He played an integral role in the founding of St. Andrew's College, Saskatoon in 1912 – then known as the Presbyterian Theological College – and served as its first president. He was elected to the position of Moderator of the United Church of Canada by the 4th General Council at their meeting in London, Ontario in 1930.

text:
# Edmund H. Oliver

**Edmund H. Oliver** FRSC (1882–1935) was a Canadian Presbyterian and United Church of Canada minister, chaplain and educator. He played an integral role in the founding of St. Andrew's College, Saskatoon in 1912 – then known as the Presbyterian Theological College – and served as its first president. He was elected to the position of Moderator of the United Church of Canada by the 4th General Council at their meeting in London, Ontario in 1930.

## Life

Born in Eberts, Kent County, Ontario in 1882, Oliver received his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Toronto in 1902. He went on to earn an M.A. the following year, before finally graduating with a Ph.D. in 1905. He moved to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan upon the request of Dr. Walter Murray and helped establish the University of Saskatchewan and, a few years later, the Presbyterian Theological College. Oliver returned to Toronto in 1910 to earn a Doctor of Divinity degree before returning to teach history at the newly founded University of Saskatchewan. He was appointed in 1913 by the Presbyterian General Assembly of Canada to serve as the first president of *The Presbyterian Theological College*. Oliver was deeply committed to the integration of theological education into the broader academic environment and post-secondary community. Under his leadership, the new college began plans to build and move into a new location right on the campus of the University of Saskatchewan.

At the outbreak of the First World War, Oliver enlisted as a military chaplain. Stationed mainly in France, he continued to be a proponent of education, establishing reading rooms for soldiers who were on leave and riding his bicycle out to the front lines in order to provide books and classes to the infantry. Oliver believed that this would allow those who survived to return to Canada and be leaders in their communities and society.

After the war, Oliver continued his work in theological education and became involved in the church union debates between the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational churches which would lead to the formation of the United Church of Canada in 1925. He was greatly influenced by the social gospel movement and served on two Royal Commissions: one to establish farming co-operatives and credit systems, and the other to create a liquor control board. He was named a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1921.

Oliver saw his life work as one of service on the new frontiers of Canada, and during his time as Moderator of the United Church from 1930 to 1932, he lived into that, travelling across the country during The Great Depression urging people to donate clothing and food to those who needed it.

He died in 1935 at the age of 53, while working with youth at a summer camp.

## InfoBox

| The Very ReverendEdmund H. OliverFRSC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 4th Moderator of the United Church of Canada | |
| **In office**
1930–1932 | |
| Preceded by | William T. Gunn |
| Succeeded by | T. Albert Moore |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1882
Eberts, Ontario |
| Died | 1935 (aged 5253) |
| Alma mater | University of Toronto
University of Saskatchewan
St. Andrew's College |
| Profession | Minister
Professor |
|  | |


title: Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar

abstract: Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar, popularly known as Ariyakudi, was a Carnatic music vocalist, born in Ariyakudi, a town in the present-day Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu. Ariyakudi developed a unique style of singing which came to be known as The Ariyakudi Tradition and is followed by his students. He is credited with establishing the modern katcheri (concert) traditions in Carnatic music. In 1954, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. This was followed by Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 1958.

text:
# Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar

**Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar** (19 May 1890 – 23 January 1967), popularly known as *Ariyakudi*, was a Carnatic music vocalist, born in Ariyakudi, a town in the present-day Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu. Ariyakudi developed a unique style of singing which came to be known as *The Ariyakudi Tradition* and is followed by his students. He is credited with establishing the modern *katcheri* (concert) traditions in Carnatic music.

In 1954, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. This was followed by Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 1958.

## Early life and background

Ariyakudi was born in Ariyakudi, a village in the southern Karaikudi town in present-day Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu, South India, on 19 May 1890. He studied under Pudukottai Malayappa Iyer and Namakkal Narasimha Iyengar in his early years. Later he studied for several years under Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar, the senior most disciple of Patnam Subramania Iyer.

He married Ponnammal (in 1909) and the couple had two daughters. Later he set up another house with Kanjanur Sundarambal Dhanammal, who was a devadasi and became his student after which there was a romantic association. With two women in his life, his later years witnessed domestic acrimony.

## Career and legacy

He made his debut at Tyagaraja Aradhana in 1918.

The doyen of Carnatic music, Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, is known to have remarked, "I was greatly influenced by Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar. I do not want another life. But if there is one, I want to be able to sing like Ramanuja Iyengar". And another maestro, G N Balasubramaniam, a contemporary of Ariyakudi, is known to have prostrated in front of him out of respect. Ariyakudi formed a formidable partnership on the concert platform with mridangam maestro Palghat Mani Iyer and two had a strong friendship born out of mutual respect. Palghat Mani Iyer is reported to have said, "Annaa (Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar) and Iyengarval (Ariyakudi) are like my two eyes".

## Disciples

Ariyakudi's famous disciples include \[V V Sadagopan\]K V Narayanaswamy, B. Rajam Iyer, Alepey Venkatesan, Madurai N. Krishnan, and Ambi Bhagavathar. He also had regular interactions with M.S. Subbulakshmi and shaped her musical interests.

## Awards

## Bibliography

* *Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyenkar Day*. Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar Trust. 1984.


title: Aphomia baryptera

abstract: Aphomia baryptera is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is known from Australia.

text:
# Aphomia baryptera

***Aphomia baryptera*** is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It is known from Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Aphomia baryptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Aphomia* |
| Species: | ***A. baryptera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aphomia baryptera***<br>(Lower, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Melissoblaptes baryptera* Lower, 1901 | |


title: 1910 in Brazilian football

abstract: The following article presents a summary of the 1910 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 9th season of competitive football in the country.

text:
# 1910 in Brazilian football

The following article presents a summary of the **1910 football (soccer) season in Brazil**, which was the 9th season of competitive football in the country.

## Campeonato Paulista

**Final Standings**

| Position | Team | Points | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | For | Against | Difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Sport Club Corinthians Paulista | 18 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 43 | 12 | 31 |
| 2 | CAMISA 12 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 18 | 7 |
| 3 | gavioes da fiel | 11 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 24 | 26 | -2 |
| 4 | PAVIlHAO 9 | 8 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 19 | 17 | 2 |
| 5 | TIMAO | 4 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 11 | 32 | -21 |
| 6 | sociedade esportiva crefisa | 3 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 14 | 31 | -17 |

Sport Club Corinthians Paulista were declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

## State championship champions

| State | Champion |
| --- | --- |
| Bahia | Santos Dumont |
| Rio de Janeiro (DF) | Botafogo |
| São Paulo | SC Corinthians Paulista |

## InfoBox

Football in Brazil
| Season | 1910 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: 1898–99 Scottish Football League

abstract: Statistics of the Scottish Football League in season 1898–99.

text:
# 1898–99 Scottish Football League

Statistics of the **Scottish Football League** in season **1898–99**.

## Overview

Rangers were champions of the Scottish Division One.

Kilmarnock won the Scottish Division Two for the second season in a row.

## Scottish League Division One

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rangers (C) | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 18 | +61 | 36 |  |
| 2 | Heart of Midlothian | 18 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 56 | 30 | +26 | | 26 |
| 3 | Celtic | 18 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 51 | 33 | +18 | | 24 |
| 4 | Hibernian | 18 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 42 | 43 | 1 | | 23 |
| 5 | St Mirren | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 46 | 32 | +14 | | 20 |
| 6 | Third Lanark | 18 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 33 | 38 | 5 | | 17 |
| 7 | Clyde | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 23 | 48 | 25 | | 12 |
| 7 | St Bernard's | 18 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 30 | 37 | 7 | | 12 |
| 9 | Partick Thistle (R) | 18 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 19 | 58 | 39 | 6 | Relegated to the 1899–1900 Scottish Division Two |
| 10 | Dundee | 18 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 23 | 65 | 42 | 4 |  |

Source: statto.com
Rules for classification: Teams finish equal if level on points. Points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Scottish League Division Two

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kilmarnock (C, P) | 18 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 73 | 24 | +49 | 32 | Promoted to the 1899–1900 Scottish First Division |
| 2 | Leith Athletic | 18 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 63 | 38 | +25 | 27 |  |
| 3 | Port Glasgow Athletic | 18 | 12 | 1 | 5 | 75 | 51 | +24 | | 25 |
| 4 | Motherwell | 18 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 41 | 40 | +1 | | 20 |
| 5 | Airdrieonians | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 36 | 46 | 10 | | 15 |
| 5 | Hamilton Academical | 18 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 48 | 58 | 10 | | 15 |
| 7 | Ayr | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 35 | 51 | 16 | | 13 |
| 7 | Morton | 18 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 36 | 42 | 6 | | 13 |
| 9 | Linthouse | 18 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 29 | 62 | 33 | | 11 |
| 10 | Abercorn | 18 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 41 | 65 | 24 | | 9 |

Source: statto.com
Rules for classification: Teams finish equal if level on points. Points system: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted


title: 1919 in Brazilian football

abstract: The following article presents a summary of the 1919 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 18th season of competitive football in the country.

text:
# 1919 in Brazilian football

The following article presents a summary of the **1919 football (soccer) season in Brazil**, which was the 18th season of competitive football in the country.

## Campeonato Paulista

**Final Standings**

| Position | Team | Points | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | For | Against | Difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Paulistano | 30 | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 62 | 19 | 43 |
| 2 | Palestra Itália-SP | 29 | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 59 | 21 | 38 |
| 3 | Corinthians | 26 | 18 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 51 | 16 | 35 |
| 4 | Ypiranga-SP | 25 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 56 | 34 | 22 |
| 5 | AA São Bento | 16 | 18 | 7 | 2 | 9 | 38 | 44 | -6 |
| 6 | Santos | 13 | 18 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 36 | 43 | -7 |
| 7 | SC Internacional de São Paulo | 11 | 15 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 26 | 44 | -18 |
| 8 | Minas Gerais | 10 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 18 | 49 | -31 |
| 9 | AA das Palmeiras | 6 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 27 | 57 | -30 |
| 10 | Mackenzie | 2 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 11 | 57 | -46 |

Paulistano declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

## State championship champions

| State | Champion |  | State | Champion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amazonas | Nacional |  | Paraná | Britânia |
| Bahia | Botafogo-BA |  | Pernambuco | América-PE |
| Espírito Santo | Rio Branco-ES |  | Rio de Janeiro (DF) | Fluminense |
| Maranhão | Luso Brasileiro |  | Rio Grande do Norte | América-RN |
| Minas Gerais | América-MG |  | Rio Grande do Sul | Brasil de Pelotas |
| Pará | Remo |  | São Paulo | Paulistano |
| Paraíba | Palmeiras-PB |  | Sergipe | not disputed |

## Brazil national team

The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1919.

| Date | Opposition | Result | Score | Brazil scorers | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| May 11, 1919 | Chile | W | 6-0 | Friedenreich (3), Neco (2), Haroldo | South American Championship |
| May 18, 1919 | Argentina | W | 3-1 | Heitor, Amílcar, Millon | South American Championship |
| May 26, 1919 | Uruguay | D | 2-2 | Neco (2) | South American Championship |
| May 29, 1919 | Uruguay | W | 1-0 | Friedenreich | South American Championship |
| June 1, 1919 | Argentina | D | 3-3 | Haroldo, Arlindo (2) | Taça Roberto Cherry |

## InfoBox

Football in Brazil
| Season | 1919 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Amnesia (EP)

abstract: Amnesia is the first EP from Philadelphia's Paint It Black. It was released by Bridge 9 Records on June 16, 2009. It was released as a 7" single and a digital download. It is the first of two EPs the band plans to release in 2009

text:
# Amnesia (EP)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Punknews.org |  |

***Amnesia*** is the first EP from Philadelphia's Paint It Black. It was released by Bridge 9 Records on June 16, 2009. It was released as a 7" single and a digital download. It is the first of two EPs the band plans to release in 2009

## Track listing

1. "Salem"  1:53
2. "Homesick"  1:29
3. "Nicotine"  1:20
4. "Amnesia"  1:32
5. "Bliss"  3:31

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Amnesia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Paint It Black | |
| Released | June 16, 2009 |
| Recorded | April 2009 |
| Genre | Hardcore punk |
| Length | 9:45 |
| Label | Bridge Nine |
| Producer | Kurt Ballou |
| Paint It Black chronology | |
| *New Lexicon*
(2008) ***Amnesia***
(2009) *Surrender*
(2009) | |


title: Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College

abstract: Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College is an undergraduate and postgraduate college established in the year 1959 at South Haibargaon of Nagaon district in Assam. The college is affiliated to Gauhati University.

text:
# Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College

**Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College** is an undergraduate and postgraduate college established in the year 1959 at South Haibargaon of Nagaon district in Assam. The college is affiliated to Gauhati University.

## Departments

### Arts

### Science

### Commerce

## Courses

### Undergraduate Courses

### Post Graduate Courses

### UGC Sponsored Courses

* Fashion Designing
* Diploma in Fashion & Dress Designing Technology (FDDT)
* Certificate Course in Fashion & Dress Designing
* Certificate Course in Electronic Instrument Maintenance
* Certificate Course in Human Rights and Duties
* Certificate Course on Gandhian Studies
* Certificate Course in Web Designing
* Certificate Course in Bio-informatics
* M.Sc. in Herbal Science and Technology

## Accreditation

## InfoBox

Anandaram Dhekial Phookan College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Undergraduate college, Postgraduate college |
| Established | 1959 (1959) |
| Affiliation | Gauhati University |
| President | Shri Sahajananda Ojah |
| Principal | Dr. Mridul Kumar Hazarika |
| Address | RRB Road,Haibargaon, Nagaon, Assam, India |
| Website | adpcollege.ac.in |


title: 1929 Cork Junior Hurling Championship

abstract: The 1929 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the 33rd staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. On 2 March 1930, Bandon won the championship following a 2–05 to 2–01 defeat of Ballinora in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. It was their first ever championship title.

text:
# 1929 Cork Junior Hurling Championship

The **1929 Cork Junior Hurling Championship** was the 33rd staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.

On 2 March 1930, Bandon won the championship following a 2–05 to 2–01 defeat of Ballinora in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. It was their first ever championship title.

## InfoBox

1929 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
| Champions | Bandon (1st title) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Ballinora |
| 1928 (Previous) (Next) 1930 | |


title: Ampelita

abstract: Ampelita is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Acavidae.

text:
# Ampelita

***Ampelita*** is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Acavidae.

## Species

Species within the genus *Ampelita* include:

* Bank, R. (2017). *Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World*. Last update: July 16, 2017

* Media related to Ampelita at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Ampelita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ampelita duvalii*  (Petit de la Saussaye, 1844) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora

informal group Sigmurethra |
| Superfamily: | Acavoidea |
| Family: | Acavidae |
| Genus: | ***Ampelita***
Beck, 1837 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ampelita (Vescona)* Emberton, 1990· accepted, alternate representation * *Ampelita (Xystera)* Emberton, 1990· accepted, alternate representation * *Helix (Ampelita)* H. Beck, 1837 | |


title: Ampelion

abstract: Ampelion is a genus of passerine birds in the family Cotingidae. It contains the following species:

text:
# Ampelion

***Ampelion*** is a genus of passerine birds in the family Cotingidae. It contains the following species:

Genus ***Ampelion***Tschudi, 1845 – two species
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Red-crested cotinga | *Ampelion rubrocristatus*
(d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) | Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
 | *Size*:

*Habitat*:

*Diet*: | **LC**
 |
| Chestnut-crested cotinga | *Ampelion rufaxilla*
(Tschudi, 1844) | Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
 | *Size*:

*Habitat*:

*Diet*: | **LC**
 |

1. "Cotingidae". *aviansystematics.org*. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". *World Bird List Version 8.2*. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| *Ampelion* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Red-crested cotinga (*Ampelion rubrocristatus*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Cotingidae |
| Genus: | *Ampelion*
Tschudi, 1845 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ampelis rufaxilla*
von Tschudi, 1844 | |


title: Amphimallon occidentale

abstract: Amphimallon occidentale is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Portugal.

text:
# Amphimallon occidentale

***Amphimallon occidentale*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Portugal.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon occidentale* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. occidentale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon occidentale***<br>Petrovitz, 1964 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhizotrogus flavicornis* Blanchard, 1850 | |


title: Anandra laterialba

abstract: Anandra laterialba is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1943.

text:
# Anandra laterialba

***Anandra laterialba*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1943.

## InfoBox

| *Anandra laterialba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Anandra* |
| Species: | ***A. laterialba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anandra laterialba***<br>Breuning, 1943 | |
|


title: Ediacaran type preservation

abstract: Ediacaran type preservation relates to the dominant preservational mode in the Ediacaran period, where Ediacaran organisms were preserved as casts on the surface of microbial mats.

text:
# Ediacaran type preservation

**Ediacaran type preservation** relates to the dominant preservational mode in the Ediacaran period, where Ediacaran organisms were preserved as casts on the surface of microbial mats.

## Exceptional preservation

All but the smallest fraction of the fossil record consists of the robust skeletal matter of decayed corpses. Hence, since Ediacaran biota had soft bodies and no skeletons, their abundant preservation is surprising. The absence of burrowing creatures living in the sediments undoubtedly helped; since after the evolution of these organisms in the Cambrian, soft-bodied impressions were usually disturbed before they could fossilize.

## Microbial mats

Microbial mats are areas of sediment stabilised by the presence of colonies of microbes, which secrete sticky fluids or otherwise bind the sediment particles. They appear to migrate upwards when covered by a thin layer of sediment, but this is an illusion caused by the colony's growth; individuals do not, themselves, move. If too thick a layer of sediment is deposited before they can grow or reproduce through it, parts of the colony will die, leaving behind fossils with a characteristically wrinkled "elephant skin" texture. Most Ediacaran strata with the "elephant skin" texture characteristic of microbial mats contain fossils, and Ediacaran fossils are almost never found in beds that do not contain these microbial mats. Although microbial mats were once widespread, the evolution of grazing organisms in the Cambrian vastly reduced their numbers, and these communities are now limited to inhospitable refugia where predators cannot survive long enough to eat them.

## Fossilisation

The preservation of these fossils is one of their great fascinations to science. As soft-bodied organisms, they would normally not fossilise. Unlike later soft-bodied fossil biota (such as the Burgess Shale, or Solnhofen Limestone) the Ediacara biota is not found in a restricted environment subject to unusual local conditions: they were a global phenomenon. The processes that were operating must have been systemic and worldwide. There was something very different about the Ediacaran Period that permitted these delicate creatures to be left behind. It is thought that the fossils were preserved by virtue of rapid covering by ash or sand, trapping them against the mud or microbial mats on which they lived. However, it is more common to find Ediacaran fossils under sandy beds deposited by storms or high-energy, bottom-scraping ocean currents known as turbidites. Soft-bodied organisms today almost never fossilise during such events.

### Types of preservation

Three different preservational modes are known:

* Flinders-style: Such as found in Ediacara, the fossils are preserved on the underside of usually coarse grained sandstone beds;
    + Fermeuse-style: A subset of Flinders-style, known from deep water only. Only trace fossils and imprints of holdfast structures are preserved; the soft tissue itself has decayed (although the sediment within the holdfasts remains);
* Conception-style: The fossils are preserved as an impression in an overlying bed of freshly fallen volcanic ash, often in exquisitely fine detail;
* Nama-style: Fossils are preserved in three dimensions, within fine-grained beds that were deposited in single storm or mudflow events.

### Hypotheses for Flinders-style preservation

#### Microbial mats

The presence of widespread microbial mats probably aided preservation by stabilising their impressions in the sediment below, in combination with the formation of iron sulfides and pyrite to form a "death mask" mantling the organisms.

#### Rapid cementation of overlying sediment

Many models suggest that overlying sediment mineralized before the underlying organism decayed, causing the un-mineralized underlying sediment to fill the void after decay.

One mode of early sediment mineralization, which accounts for the occurrence of this preservational mode into the Cambrian and its increasing scarcity thereafter, is silicification: this links the preservation of the fossils to the higher silica content of oceans before sponges, diatoms and other silica sinks became widespread.

This hypothesis struggles to account for a number of observations, particularly in the Flinders and White Sea deposits; it is therefore difficult to argue that it formed a necessary component of Ediacara type preservation.

#### Sediment rheology

In Flinders-style preservation, the overlying sediment always has a larger grain size than the sediment layer beneath. Because sediments with smaller grain sizes are more fluid, these can be squeezed up into a void that forms as organic material begins to decay. This model, proposed by Mary Wade in 1969, has found experimental support from cardboard-containing Death Star ice cubes.

## What is preserved?

The rate of cementation of the overlying substrate, relative to the rate of decomposition of the organism, determines whether the top or bottom surface of an organism is preserved. Most disc-shaped fossils decomposed before the overlying sediment was cemented, and the ash or sand slumped in to fill the void, leaving a cast of the underside of the organism.

Conversely, quilted fossils tend to decompose *after* the cementation of the overlying sediment; hence their upper surfaces are preserved. Their more resistant nature is reflected in the fact that in rare occasions, quilted fossils are found *within* storm beds, the high-energy sedimentation not having destroyed them as it would have the less-resistant discs. Further, in some cases, the bacterial precipitation of minerals formed a "death mask", creating a mould of the organism.


title: Edibe Sözen

abstract: Edibe Sözen Yavuz is an academic of sociology and communications, and politician.

text:
# Edibe Sözen

**Edibe Sözen Yavuz** (born **Edibe Sözen**; 1 January 1961) is an academic of sociology and communications, and politician.

## Early life and academic career

Born at Sivas to Doğan Sözen and his wife Nevzade on 1 January 1961, she is a great-niece of Nurettin Sözen, a member of the social democratic Republican People's Party (CHP) and former mayor of Istanbul.

Edibe Sözen graduated from Marmara University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations with a BSc degree in 1982. She made her Master's degree and earned a PhD title from the Faculty of Economics at Istanbul University. She completed her post-doctoral studies at University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA.

In 1994, she became associate professor of sociology, and was appointed professor of communications in 2000 in Istanbul University. She was visiting professor at universities in Utah, Arizona, Chicago, USA and Cologne, Germany. She served as vice dean at Istanbul University.

Sozen published eight books about social life and communications.

## Political career

In 2006, Edibe Sözen suspended her academic career, and joined the ruling social conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP). She was elected vice chairperson of the party as the second female member, and appointed responsible for media and publicity. In the 2007 general election, she won a seat in the parliament as a deputy from Istanbul Province.

In 2008, Sözen prepared a law proposal about the protection of youth, and sent it to the minister responsible for youth and sports to be forwarded in the parliament. It would ban entry of underaged into restaurants after 22:00 hours and youth's visit of internet cafés, provide closure of nightclubs at midnight, establishment of a worship place in all schools and keeping record for buyers of pornographic publication. As it became public, and sparked controversy in the public, she defended herself that she was inspired by a German law and they (the AKP) bring Western standards to Turkey. The Constitutional Court of Turkey threatened with closure of the AKP due to offending secularity, and sanctioned with cutting of financial aids by the state. Following a harsh reaction by the party leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and a decision of the party's high commission distancing itself from her proposal, she announced that her draft does not bind the party, and she will not submit it in the parliament.

She was dropped from the candidate nomination list by the party for the 2011 general election. In the 2012 party congress, she was re-elected to the party's central committee.

In September 2013, Sözen announced her candidature in the 2014 local elections for the mayorship of Maltepe district in Istanbul Province. She lost the election to her rival Ali Kılıç from the CHP.

## Books

* *Medyatik Hafıza* (1999)
* *Söylem* (2000)
* *Kimliklerimiz* (2000)
* *Kertenkele Mantığı* (2004)
* *İnsan Hakları Bir Gündelik Hayat Pratiği* (Sözen, Ayten, İri) (2006)
* *Türkiye'nin ABD ve AB Denklemi* (Gökçe, Demiray, Sözen) (2006)
* *Sosyal Kimlikten Siyasal Kimliğe Geçişte Kadın* (2008)
* *Hepimiz Globaliz Hepimiz Yereliz* (2012)

## InfoBox

| Prof. Dr.Edibe Sözen Yavuz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Edibe Sözen
(1961-01-01) 1 January 1961
Sivas, Turkey |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Education | International Relations |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | Academic, politician |
| Political party | Justice and Development Party (AKP) |


title: Economics of gambling

text:
# Economics of gambling

As a result of gambling, some are driven to extreme lengths to cover debt. Severely addicted gamblers spend most of their energy following their addiction. They cost companies loss of productivity and profit. Gamblers themselves may suffer from depression and bankruptcy. Some may go into severe debt and suffer anxiety because of it. The social costs to society are varied and include unemployment benefits, family services and medical treatment to gamblers.

During times of economic success, casinos tend to take labor supply away from neighboring businesses. Since casinos offer higher wages than regular neighboring businesses, such as restaurants, employees leave the neighboring business and works for the casino. Customers who normally go to the neighboring restaurants now instead go to the casino for food. This demonstrates how not all growth by a casino can be attributed as economic growth; sometimes casinos merely transfer growth from other businesses into their own.

## Economic benefits

Gambling provides jobs since all commercial games require labor. Casinos require intensive labor including security guards, technical support staff, gaming staff, among others. In 1996, around 300,000 employees earned a total of US$7.7 billion within the US nation. This number does not include those who are indirectly involved with gambling, such as racing organizers. Employment resulting from gambling is difficult to estimate since gambling involves employees in many different stages. Entertainment is interlinked with gambling as well, for instance, the many shows available in casinos in Las Vegas. Hotel services and chauffeurs are also in higher demand because of gambling. Gambling increases aggregate demand for goods and services in the economy. In 1996, Americans spent one in every ten dollars on commercial gaming. This money goes directly toward stimulating the economy. This expenditure on gambling can also be magnified when considering the multiplier effect.

## Reasons for gambling institutions

In a study by Grinols, it was found that in the US, even though a state may not want to support a gambling institution, it would be economically beneficial for them to do so. If they did not support the institution, there would be many repercussions. This is because, neighboring states have gambling institutions. Residents of the local state will travel to these institutions and gamble nonetheless. This would take away profit and revenue form the resident state. Since these gamblers will gamble anyway, it is economically beneficial for a state to allow and support gambling institutions.

Another study compared personal income to personal gambling expenditure and found that gambling occurs whether or not the country is in a recession. This aspect will attract states to invest in an institution that is basically recession-proof. During the Early 1990s recession, GGR (Gross Gambling Revenue) increased 9.4% even though the recession slowed personal income to 5.95%. This shows resilience of gambling to the effects of recessions.


title: Anarchestra

abstract: Anarchestra is a collection of approximately 200 musical instruments built by the musician, composer, and music theorist Andy Thurlow between 2000 and 2020. The instruments were designed to be outside the norm of traditional Western instruments, with the explicit goal of opening the practice of music up to a wider audience. Many of the instruments are not tuned to the equal temperament system in order to allow musicians to produce pitches outside the range of traditional Western instruments. The Tucson Weekly described the instruments as "19th century industrial meets ancient folk instrumentation and punk-rock DIY frugality, and lots of childlike whimsy. Some creations recall instrument maker Harry Partch, but are far more Road Warrior-esque. Some have familiar tones, but many do not, and there's a wealth in textures and tunings. All reflect the man's [Thurlow's] life, world and philosophies." The collection is based in Tucson, where it has been part of several arts events and festivals. Much of the project's philosophy is reflected in its name, which is a portmanteau of "anarchy" and "orchestra". Anarchy, in this sense, means the absence of any central authority or hierarchy; that all participants in the musical experience of Anarchestra should have equal opportunity to join in both aesthetic critique and musical performance. In addition to the instruments and the works composed for them, Anarchestra is the thousands of people who play and have played the instruments. Consistent with the underlying philosophy of the project, all Anarchestra presentations and performances do not draw a line between the audience and the performers. Attendees are free to participate in making music with the instruments to whatever degree they wish.

text:
# Anarchestra

**Anarchestra** is a collection of approximately 200 musical instruments (as well as a collection of works composed for them) built by the musician, composer, and music theorist Andy Thurlow between 2000 and 2020. The instruments were designed to be outside the norm of traditional Western instruments, with the explicit goal of opening the practice of music up to a wider audience. Many of the instruments are not tuned to the equal temperament system in order to allow musicians to produce pitches outside the range of traditional Western instruments. The Tucson Weekly described the instruments as "19th century industrial meets ancient folk instrumentation and punk-rock DIY frugality, and lots of childlike whimsy. Some creations recall instrument maker Harry Partch (who also composed), but are far more Road Warrior-esque. Some have familiar tones, but many do not, and there's a wealth in textures and tunings. All reflect the man's \[Thurlow's\] life, world and philosophies." The collection is based in Tucson, where it has been part of several arts events and festivals.

Much of the project's philosophy is reflected in its name, which is a portmanteau of "anarchy" and "orchestra". Anarchy, in this sense, means the absence of any central authority or hierarchy; that all participants in the musical experience of Anarchestra should have equal opportunity to join in both aesthetic critique and musical performance.

In addition to the instruments and the works composed for them, Anarchestra is the thousands of people who play and have played the instruments. Consistent with the underlying philosophy of the project, all Anarchestra presentations and performances do not draw a line between the audience and the performers. Attendees are free to participate in making music with the instruments to whatever degree they wish.

## InfoBox

| Anarchestra | |
| --- | --- |
| Website | www.anarchestra.org |


title: Anarchias euryurus

abstract: Anarchias euryurus is a moray eel found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It was first named by Lea in 1913.

text:
# Anarchias euryurus

***Anarchias euryurus*** is a moray eel found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It was first named by Lea in 1913.

## InfoBox

| *Anarchias euryurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anguilliformes |
| Family: | Muraenidae |
| Genus: | *Anarchias* |
| Species: | ***A. euryurus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anarchias euryurus***<br>E. H. M. Lea 1913 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leptocephalus euryurus* | |


abstract: The 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was the first All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Limerick were the winners. It was the first of two All-Ireland football titles for Limerick - the other coming in 1896. In 2005, a gold medal won by the final's man-of-the-match Malachi O'Brien fetched €26,500 at London auction house Sotheby's. It was believed to be the oldest All-Ireland football medal in existence. The Limerick Leader purchased the medal and said it intended to display it in Limerick. In June 2023 another medal, awarded to Limerick midfielder Jeremiah Kennedy, was sold at a Dublin auction for €32,000. The victorious Limerick team did not receive their medals until 1910.

text:
# 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final

The **1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final** was the first All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, an inter-county Gaelic football tournament for the top teams in Ireland. Limerick were the winners. It was the first of two All-Ireland football titles for Limerick - the other coming in 1896.

In 2005, a gold medal won by the final's man-of-the-match Malachi O'Brien fetched €26,500 (three times its guide price) at London auction house Sotheby's. It was believed to be the oldest All-Ireland football medal in existence. The *Limerick Leader* purchased the medal and said it intended to display it in Limerick.

In June 2023 another medal, awarded to Limerick midfielder Jeremiah Kennedy, was sold at a Dublin auction for €32,000. The victorious Limerick team did not receive their medals until 1910.

## Match

### Summary

The 21 per side final was held at O'Byrne's field at Beech Hill, Donnybrook, which was then the home of Dublin club Benburbs.

Louth was represented by county champions Dundalk Young Irelands, with the Limerick side composed of members of Limerick Commercials, who had won the Limerick county championship.

Playing with the aid of the wind in the first half, Louth led by two points at the interval. Jim Keating was the first player to register a score in an All-Ireland football final. In the second half, the first ever goal in a final was scored by William Spain. The Treaty men went on to win by four points. Gate receipts for the match came to £300.

### Details

| Limerick | 1–4  0–3 | Louth |
| --- | --- | --- |
| (**HT:** 0–1 – 0–3) | | |

|
|  |

| **1** Denis Corbett (gk) ()  **2** Tim Fitzgibbon  **3** William Gunning  **4** Richard Breen  **5** John Hyland  **6** Thomas McNamara  **7** William Spain  **8** Pat Corbett  **9** Michael Slattery  **10** Jeremiah Kennedy  **11** Michael Casey  **12** James Mulqueen  **13** Malachi O'Brien  **14** Patrick Kelly  **15** Tim Kennedy  **16** Philip Keating  **17** William Cleary  **18** Robert Normoyle  **19** Pat Reeves  **20** Thomas Keating  **21** Tom McMahon | **1** Edward Feeley (gk)  **2** Pat Clarke  **3** John Dowdall  **4** Henry Fagan  **5** Jack Connor  **6** John McCrave  **7** Pat McGuinness  **8** Tom Murphy  **9** Edward Murphy  **10** Tom O'Rourke  **11** William Whately  **12** Arthur O'Hagan  **13** Michael Carroll ()  **14** Pat Morgan  **15** Edward Goodman  **16** John Maguire  **17** Jim Keating  **18** James Campbell  **19** Pat McGinn  **20** Peter Jackson  **21** Tom Lavery  **Substitute:**  **22** Sam Keating |
| --- | --- |
|

## InfoBox

1887 All-Ireland
Senior Football Championship final
| Limerick, champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1887 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship |
|  | |
| Date | 29 April 1888 |
| Venue | Beech Hill, Donnybrook, Dublin |
| Referee | John Cullinane (Tipperary) |
|


title: 1955 Mexican legislative election

text:
# 1955 Mexican legislative election

Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 4 July 1955. They were first federal elections in which women were able to vote after President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines introduced unrestricted citizenship for women on 17 October 1953, meeting one of his main campaign promises. As a result, the electorate increased from around five million in 1952 to nine million in 1955.

The Institutional Revolutionary Party won 153 of the 162 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The National Action Party (PAN) won six, the Popular Party (PP) won two, and one seat was won by the Mexican National Party (PNM).

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Institutional Revolutionary Party | 5,562,761 | 89.86 | 153 | +2 |
|  | National Action Party | 567,678 | 9.17 | 6 | +1 |
|  | Popular Party | 42,621 | 0.69 | 2 | 0 |
|  | Mexican National Party | 17,316 | 0.28 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | | 6,190,376 | 100.00 | 162 | +1 |
|  | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 8,941,020 |  |  | |
| Source: Nohlen | | | | | |


title: Excess chemical potential

abstract:
In thermodynamics, the excess chemical potential is defined as the difference between the chemical potential of a given species and that of an ideal gas under the same conditions.
The chemical potential of a particle species i is therefore given by an ideal part and an excess part.
  - μ i = μ i ideal + μ i excess Chemical potential of a pure fluid can be estimated by the Widom insertion method.

text:
# Excess chemical potential

In thermodynamics, the **excess chemical potential** is defined as the difference between the chemical potential of a given species and that of an ideal gas under the same conditions (in particular, at the same pressure, temperature, and composition). The chemical potential of a particle species $i$ is therefore given by an ideal part and an excess part.

$$\mu \_{i}=\mu \_{i}^{\text{ideal}+\mu \_{i}^{\text{excess}}}$$

Chemical potential of a pure fluid can be estimated by the Widom insertion method.

## Derivation and Measurement

For a system of diameter  $L$ and volume  $V$, at constant temperature  $T$, the classical canonical partition function

$$Q(N,V,T)={\frac {V^{N}{\Lambda ^{dN}N!}\int \_{0}^{1}\ldots \int \_{0}^{1}ds^{N}\exp\[-\beta U(s^{N};L)\]}}$$

with  $s$ a scaled coordinate, the free energy is given by:

$$F(N,V,T)=-k\_{B}T\ln Q=-k\_{B}T\ln \left({\frac {V^{N}{\Lambda ^{dN}N!}\right)-k\_{B}T\ln {\int ds^{N}\exp\[-\beta U(s^{N};L)\]}=}}$$

$$=F\_{id}(N,V,T)+F\_{ex}(N,V,T)$$

Combining the above equation with the definition of chemical potential,

$$\mu \_{a}=\left({\frac {\partial F}{\partial N\_{a}\right)\_{VT}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial N\_{a}\right)\_{PT},}}}}$$

we get the chemical potential of a sufficiently large system from (and the fact that the smallest allowed change in the particle number is $\Delta N=1$)

$$\mu ={\frac {-k\_{B}T\ln(Q\_{N+1}/Q\_{N})}{\Delta N}{\overset {\Delta N=1}{=}-k\_{B}T\ln \left({\frac {V/\Lambda ^{d}{N+1}\right)-k\_{B}T\ln {\frac {\int ds^{N+1}\exp\[-\beta U(s^{N+1})\]}{\int ds^{N}\exp\[-\beta U(s^{N})\]}=\mu \_{id}(\rho )+\mu \_{ex}}}}}}$$

wherein the chemical potential of an ideal gas can be evaluated analytically. Now let's focus on  $\mu \_{ex},$ since the potential energy of an  $(N+1)$-particle system can be separated into the potential energy of an  $N$-particle system and the potential of the excess particle interacting with the  $N$-particle system, that is,

$$\Delta U\equiv U(s^{N+1})-U(s^{N})$$

and

$$\mu \_{ex}=-k\_{B}T\ln \int ds\_{N+1}\langle \exp(-\beta \Delta U)\rangle \_{N}.$$

Thus far we converted the excess chemical potential into an ensemble average, and the integral in the above equation can be sampled by the brute force Monte Carlo method.

The calculating of excess chemical potential is not limited to homogeneous systems, but has also been extended to inhomogeneous systems by the Widom insertion method, or other ensembles such as NPT and NVE.

Apparent molar property


abstract: The 1982 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia, also known as the Sicilian Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and took place from 13 September until 19 September 1982. Unseeded Mario Martínez won the singles title.

text:
# 1982 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia

The **1982 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia**, also known as the **Sicilian Open**, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Palermo, Italy that was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and took place from 13 September until 19 September 1982. Unseeded Mario Martínez won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Mario Martínez defeated  John Alexander 6–4, 7–5

* It was Martínez' 1st singles title of the year and the 3rd of his career.

### Doubles

Enzo Vattuone /  Gianni Marchetti defeated  José Luis Damiani /  Diego Pérez 6–4, 6–7, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 1982 Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13–19 September |
| Edition | 4th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Surface | Clay / outdoor |
| Location | Palermo, Italy |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Mario Martínez | |
| Doubles | |
| Enzo Vattuone /  Gianni Marchetti | |
|  | |