title: Abraham Auerbach

abstract: Abraham Auerbach was a German rabbi. A descendant of an old rabbinical family, he was destined from his childhood for the rabbinate, and was educated first by his grandfather at Worms, and later by his uncle, Joseph David Sinzheim, subsequently president of the Central Consistory at Paris. Under the latter's direction, Auerbach acquired not only extensive Talmudic knowledge, but a secular education as well. When, owing to the efforts of Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim, a Jewish community had been formed at Strasbourg, Auerbach was charged with its administration. At the outbreak of the Reign of Terror in France, Auerbach, on account of his connection with Cerfberr, was thrown into prison where he remained for a year. On leaving Strasbourg he was appointed rabbi at Forbach, then at Neuwied, and in 1809 at Bonn. In 1837, he resigned the position, ostensibly on account of his great age, but really to have his son succeed him in his place. Auerbach was the author of several liturgical poems and prayers, and of a poem on the abolition of the poll tax, entitled Dibre ha-Mekes we-Beṭuloh, still extant in manuscript. The poem was dedicated to Cerfbeer, who by his intervention brought about the abolition. A specimen of the poem was given by Samuel Joseph Fuenn, who was the possessor of the manuscript. Auerbach left seven sons, among whom the best known was Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach, rabbi at Darmstadt and Halberstadt.

text:
# Abraham Auerbach

**Abraham Auerbach** (mid-1700s – November 3, 1846) was a German rabbi.

A descendant of an old rabbinical family, he was destined from his childhood for the rabbinate, and was educated first by his grandfather at Worms, and later by his uncle, Joseph David Sinzheim, subsequently president of the Central Consistory at Paris. Under the latter's direction, Auerbach acquired not only extensive Talmudic knowledge, but a secular education as well. When, owing to the efforts of Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim, a Jewish community had been formed at Strasbourg, Auerbach was charged with its administration.

At the outbreak of the Reign of Terror in France, Auerbach, on account of his connection with Cerfberr (who as former contractor to the royal army was suspected by the revolutionists), was thrown into prison where he remained for a year. On leaving Strasbourg he was appointed rabbi at Forbach, then at Neuwied, and in 1809 at Bonn. In 1837, he resigned the position, ostensibly on account of his great age, but really to have his son succeed him in his place.

Auerbach was the author of several liturgical poems and prayers, and of a poem on the abolition of the poll tax, entitled *Dibre ha-Mekes we-Beṭuloh* (History of the Tax and its Abolition), still extant in manuscript. The poem was dedicated to Cerfbeer, who by his intervention brought about the abolition. A specimen of the poem was given by Samuel Joseph Fuenn, who was the possessor of the manuscript.

Auerbach left seven sons, among whom the best known was Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach, rabbi at Darmstadt and Halberstadt.

* Samuel Joseph Fuenn, *Keneset Yisrael,* p. 277;
* *Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums,* 1839, No. 98, p. 593.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Auerbach, Abraham ben Abiezri Selig". *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

## InfoBox

| Abraham Auerbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal | |
| Born | mid-1700s
Bouxweiler, Alsace, France |
| Died | (1846-11-03)November 3, 1846
Bonn, Rhine Province, Prussia |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Children | Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach |


title: Abdirahman Mahdi

abstract: Abdirahman Mahdi is one of the founders of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), a political movement determined to allow the people of Ogaden to exercise their right to self-determination in the Horn of Africa and its current Chairman since November 12, 2019. The ONLF is considered a terrorist organisation by the government of Ethiopia. In addition, Mahdi is also a member of the central committee and executive council, highest decision-making bodies, of the ONLF. Furthermore, he is the current vice president. of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO), elected at its XII General Assembly held at the Flemish Parliament in Brussels on 4 July 2015. During his youth, Mahdi would be displaced from his home during the 1964 war. Mahdi founded the ONLF on August 15, 1984, along with five other prominent Ogadeni activists: Mohamed Ismail Omar, current vice chairman of the ONLF; Sheikh Ibrahim Abdalla Mohamed, former chairman of the ONLF (1991–1998); Abdi Ibrahim Ghehleh, former trade unionist; Abdirahman Yusuf Magan, former WSLF member; and Abdullahi Muhammed Sa'adi, former WSLF representative in Kuwait. The ONLF is currently led by Chairman Mohammed Omar Osman, who was elected to the post at a 1998 national convention.

text:
# Abdirahman Mahdi

**Abdirahman Mahdi** is one of the founders of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), a political movement determined to allow the people of Ogaden to exercise their right to self-determination in the Horn of Africa and its current Chairman since November 12, 2019. The ONLF is considered a terrorist organisation by the government of Ethiopia.

In addition, Mahdi is also a member of the central committee and executive council, highest decision-making bodies, of the ONLF. Furthermore, he is the current vice president. of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO), elected at its XII General Assembly held at the Flemish Parliament in Brussels on 4 July 2015.

During his youth, Mahdi would be displaced from his home during the 1964 war.

Mahdi founded the ONLF on August 15, 1984, along with five other prominent Ogadeni activists: Mohamed Ismail Omar, current vice chairman of the ONLF; Sheikh Ibrahim Abdalla Mohamed, former chairman of the ONLF (1991–1998); Abdi Ibrahim Ghehleh, former trade unionist; Abdirahman Yusuf Magan, former WSLF member; and Abdullahi Muhammed Sa'adi, former WSLF representative in Kuwait. The ONLF is currently led by Chairman Mohammed Omar Osman, who was elected to the post at a 1998 national convention.


title: Alex McDonald (Wisconsin politician)

abstract: Alexander McDonald was an American politician and businessman. Born in the town of Manchester, Green Lake County, Wisconsin, McDonald received his bachelor's degree from Valparaiso University in 1889. He was a farmer, real estate developer, bank director, and in the canning industry. McDonald was the town clerk and the supervisor of assessment for Green Lake County. He lived in Markesan, Wisconsin. McDonald served in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1932 to 1934 and was a Democrat. McDonald died of a heart ailment at his home in Markesan, Wisconsin.

text:
# Alex McDonald (Wisconsin politician)

**Alexander McDonald** (June 28, 1866  April 20, 1936) was an American politician and businessman.

Born in the town of Manchester, Green Lake County, Wisconsin, McDonald received his bachelor's degree from Valparaiso University in 1889. He was a farmer, real estate developer, bank director, and in the canning industry. McDonald was the town clerk and the supervisor of assessment for Green Lake County. He lived in Markesan, Wisconsin. McDonald served in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1932 to 1934 and was a Democrat. McDonald died of a heart ailment at his home in Markesan, Wisconsin.


title: 1887 in Canadian football

abstract: The following is an overview of the events of 1887 in Canadian football, primarily focusing on the senior teams that played in this era. This includes news, standings, playoff games, and championships. This was the fifth season since the creation of the Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) and the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU).

text:
# 1887 in Canadian football

The following is an overview of the events of **1887 in Canadian football**, primarily focusing on the senior teams that played in this era. This includes news, standings, playoff games, and championships. This was the fifth season since the creation of the Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) and the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU).

## Canadian Football News in 1887

The ORFU withdrew from the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) and the governing body ceased to function. The St.John's Rugby Football Club (St.John's) formed in October 1887. The St. John's team met the Winnipeg Football Club (Winnipegs) to determine the first ever Manitoba champions. After splitting the first two games, a third game was scheduled to determine the winner. The Winnipegs won by a goal and a try to nil. All games were scored using the challenge system which credited the team with the most goals as the winner. The games were unofficially scored using the points system used by the CRU in eastern Canada. Based on the points system, the Winnipegs won all three games.

### Final regular season standings

***Note:** GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points*

| Quebec Rugby Football Union  Team GP W L T PF PA Pts  Montreal Football Club 2 2 0 0 52 15 4  McGill University 2 1 1 0 8 23 2  Britannia Football Club 1 0 1 0 15 33 0  St. George's College 1 0 1 0 4 8 0 |
| --- |

\*Bold text means that they have clinched the playoffs

## League Champions

| Football Union | League Champion |
| --- | --- |
| ORFU | Ottawa College |
| QRFU | Montreal Football Club |

## Playoffs

### QRFU Final

| **QRFU Final**  Montreal Football Club 19 McGill University 0 |
| --- |

### ORFU City Final

| **ORFU Final**  Hamilton Tigers 13 Ottawa Football Club 1 |
| --- |

### ORFU College Final

| **ORFU Final**  **Ottawa College 9** University of Toronto 0 |
| --- |

### ORFU Final

| **ORFU Final**  **Ottawa College 15** Hamilton Tigers 0 |
| --- |

## Dominion Championship

| November 5 *1887 Dominion Championship Game*: McGill Stadium \- Montreal, Quebec  Ottawa College 10 Montreal Football Club 5 |
| --- |


title: 1882 Wimbledon Championship

abstract: The 1882 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 8 July until 17 July. It was the 6th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1882. The net was brought down to its present height of 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) at the posts, and 3 feet (0.91 m) in the middle. Ernest Renshaw won the all comers' final against R. T. Richardson, 7–5, 6–3, 2–6, 6–3 and later lost against his twin brother and defending champion William Renshaw in the final, 6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2. The London Standard in a match report stated "...the brothers Renshaw gave perhaps the finest exposition of the game of lawn tennis ever seen at Wimbledon." The challenge round was watched by 2000 spectators.

text:
# 1882 Wimbledon Championship

The **1882 Wimbledon Championships** took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 8 July until 17 July. It was the 6th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1882. The net was brought down to its present height of 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) at the posts, and 3 feet (0.91 m) in the middle.

Ernest Renshaw won the all comers' final against R. T. Richardson, 7–5, 6–3, 2–6, 6–3 and later lost against his twin brother and defending champion William Renshaw in the final, 6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2. The *London Standard* in a match report stated "*...the brothers Renshaw gave perhaps the finest exposition of the game of lawn tennis ever seen at Wimbledon.*" The challenge round was watched by 2000 spectators.

## Singles

### Final

William Renshaw defeated  Ernest Renshaw, 6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

### All Comers' Final

Ernest Renshaw defeated  Richard Richardson, 7–5, 6–3, 2–6, 6–3

## InfoBox

| 1882 Wimbledon Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 8 – 17 July |
| Edition | 6th |
| Category | Grand Slam |
| Surface | Grass |
| Location | Worple Road
SW19, Wimbledon,
London, United Kingdom |
| Venue | All England Lawn Tennis Club |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| William Renshaw | |
|  | |


title: Ancylosis eremicola

abstract: Ancylosis eremicola is a species of snout moth in the genus Ancylosis. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1935, and is known from Israel.

text:
# Ancylosis eremicola

***Ancylosis eremicola*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Ancylosis*. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1935, and is known from Israel.

## InfoBox

| *Ancylosis eremicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Ancylosis* |
| Species: | ***A. eremicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ancylosis eremicola***<br>(Amsel, 1935) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cornigerula eremicola* Amsel, 1935 | |


title: Andy Ripley (footballer)

abstract: Andrew Ian Ripley is an English former footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Darlington. Ripley came through the youth system at Darlington, and made his first-team debut as a 17-year-old, on 9 October 1993, as a substitute in a 2–1 defeat at home to Chester City in the Third Division. He made one more substitute appearance in the league, and started in the second round of the Associate Members' Cup, before moving into non-league football, first with Peterlee Newtown. He later spent six seasons with Billingham Synthonia for whom he made nearly 200 appearances in all competitions, of which 148 were made in the Northern League.

text:
# Andy Ripley (footballer)

**Andrew Ian Ripley** (born 10 December 1975) is an English former footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Darlington.

Ripley came through the youth system at Darlington, and made his first-team debut as a 17-year-old, on 9 October 1993, as a substitute in a 2–1 defeat at home to Chester City in the Third Division. He made one more substitute appearance in the league, and started in the second round of the Associate Members' Cup, before moving into non-league football, first with Peterlee Newtown. He later spent six seasons with Billingham Synthonia for whom he made nearly 200 appearances in all competitions, of which 148 were made in the Northern League.

## InfoBox

Andy Ripley
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Andrew Ian Ripley | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-12-10) 10 December 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Middlesbrough, England | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Darlington | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1994 | Darlington | 2 | (0) |
|  | Peterlee Newtown |  |  |
| 1999–2005 | Billingham Synthonia | 148 | (26) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Amritsar East Assembly constituency

abstract: Amritsar East Assembly constituency is a Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency in Amritsar district, Punjab state, India.

text:
# Amritsar East Assembly constituency

**Amritsar East Assembly constituency** (Sl. No.: 18) is a Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency in Amritsar district, Punjab state, India.

## Members of Legislative Assembly

| Year | Name | Picture | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | Sarup Singh |  |  | Shiromani Akali Dal |
| 1957 | Baldev Prakash |  |  | Bharatiya Jana Sangh" |
| 1962 | | | | |
| 1967 | | | | |
| 1969 | Gian Chand Kharbanda |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1972 | | | | |
| *Constituency did not exist* | | | | |
| 2012 | Navjot Kaur Sidhu |  |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2017 | Navjot Singh Sidhu |  |  | Indian National Congress |
| 2022 | Jeevan Jyot Kaur |  |  | Aam Aadmi Party |
|

## Election results

### 2022

Punjab Assembly election, 2022: Amritsar East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **AAP** | **Jeevan Jyot Kaur** | **39,679** | **36.74** | **21.98** |
|  | INC | Navjot Singh Sidhu | 32,929 | 30.49 | 30.19 |
|  | SAD | Bikram Singh Majithia | 25,188 | 23.32 | *New* |
|  | BJP | Jagmohan Singh Raju | 7,286 | 6.75 | 10.98 |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 690 | 0.64 |  |
| Majority | | | 6,750 | 6.25 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,08,003 | 64.17 | 0.77 |
| Registered electors | | | 168,300 |  |  |
|  | AAP **gain** from INC | | Swing | 19.3 |  |

### 2017 result

Punjab Assembly election, 2017: Amritsar East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **INC** | **Navjot Singh Sidhu** | **60,477** | **60.68** | **32.47** |
|  | BJP | Rakesh Kumar Honey | 17,668 | 17.73 | 18.57 |
|  | AAP | Sarabjot Singh Dhanjal | 14,715 | 14.76 | *New* |
|  | IND. | Mandeep Singh Manna | 1,863 | 1.87 | *New* |
|  | CPI | Baldev Singh | 1,586 | 1.59 |  |
|  | BSP | Tarsem Singh | 1,237 | 1.24 |  |
| Majority | | | 42,809 | 42.95 |  |
| Turnout | | | 99,771 | 64.94 | −1.22 |
| Registered electors | | | 153,629 |  |  |
|  | INC **gain** from BJP | | Swing | +25.52 |  |

### 2012 result

Punjab Assembly election, 2012: Amritsar East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Navjot Kaur Sidhu** | **33,406** | **36.30** |  |
|  | IND. | Simarpreet Kaur | 26,307 | 28.59 |  |
|  | INC | Sunil Dutti | 25,964 | 28.21 |  |
|  | CPI | Baldev Singh | 3,416 | 3.71 |  |
|  | BSP | Tarsem Singh | 1,667 | 1.81 |  |
| Majority | | | 7,099 | 7.71 |  |
| Turnout | | | 92,054 | 66.18 | *New* |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |
|  | BJP **win** (new seat) | | | | |

## Previous results

| Year | A C No. | Name | Party | Votes | Runner Up | Party | Votes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1972 | 23 | Gian Chand Kharbanda | INC | 22079 | Pannalal Mhajan | BJS | 13336 |
| 1969 | 23 | Gian Chand Kharbanda | INC | 18761 | Baldev Parkash | BJS | 18718 |
| 1967 | 23 | Baldev Parkash | BJS | 19750 | I. Nath | INC | 15124 |
| 1962 | 116 | Baldev Parkash | JS | 15614 | Sadhu Ram | INC | 14092 |
| 1957 | 71 | Baldev Prakash | BJS | 18254 | Gain Chand | INC | 13775 |
| 1951 | 90 | Sarup Singh | SAD | 8716 | Rajinder Singh | INC | 8148 |

31°38′N 74°55′E / 31.63°N 74.92°E / 31.63; 74.92

## InfoBox

| Amritsar East | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 18 for the Punjab Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Amritsar |
| LS constituency | Amritsar |
| Total electors | 168,300 (in 2022) |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 16th Punjab Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Jeevan Jyot Kaur** | |
| Party | Aam Aadmi Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Ephysteris montana

abstract: Ephysteris montana is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by H.H.Li and Bidzilya in 2008. It is found in China (Sichuan). The length of the forewings is 4–5 mm. Adults are on wing in mid-July.

text:
# Ephysteris montana

***Ephysteris montana*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by H.H.Li and Bidzilya in 2008. It is found in China (Sichuan).

The length of the forewings is 4–5 mm. Adults are on wing in mid-July.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the species distribution in high mountains and is derived from Latin *montanus* (meaning mountainous).

## InfoBox

| *Ephysteris montana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ephysteris* |
| Species: | ***E. montana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ephysteris montana***<br>H.H.Li & Bidzilya, 2008 | |
|


title: Detlef Schößler

abstract: Detlef Schößler is a former East German international footballer who became a coach. The defender appeared in 319 top-flight matches in East and the reunified Germany. Schößler won 18 caps for East Germany between 1986 and 1990.

text:
# Detlef Schößler

**Detlef Schößler** (born 3 October 1962) is a former East German international footballer who became a coach.

The defender appeared in 319 top-flight matches in East and the reunified Germany.

Schößler won 18 caps for East Germany between 1986 and 1990.

## InfoBox

Detlef Schößler
| Detlef Schößler (front row, first from left) as part of the East German football team in 1986 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-10-03) 3 October 1962 | | |
| Place of birth | East Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1971–1979 | 1. FC Magdeburg | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1979–1989 | 1. FC Magdeburg | 168 | (8) |
| 1989–1995 | Dynamo Dresden | 150 | (4) |
| 1995–1998 | VfB Leipzig | 68 | (0) |
| 1998–2001 | SV Grimma | 59 | (1) |
| Total |  | **445** | **(13)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1986–1990 | East Germany | 18 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2003 | VfB Leipzig | | |
| 2003–2004 | SV Grimma | | |
| 2006–2007 | Hallescher FC | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: 1997 Dubai Tennis Championships

abstract: The 1997 Dubai Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and was part of the World Series of the 1997 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from 10 February through 16 February 1997. Second-seeded Thomas Muster won the singles title.

text:
# 1997 Dubai Tennis Championships

The **1997 Dubai Tennis Championships** was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and was part of the World Series of the 1997 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from 10 February through 16 February 1997. Second-seeded Thomas Muster won the singles title.

## Finals

### Singles

Thomas Muster defeated  Goran Ivanišević 7–5, 7–6<sup>(7–3)</sup>

* It was Muster's 1st title of the year and the 44th of his career.

### Doubles

Sander Groen /  Goran Ivanišević defeated  Sandon Stolle /  Cyril Suk 7–6, 6–3

* It was Groen's only title of the year and the 1st of his career. It was Ivanišević's 3rd title of the year and the 27th of his career.

## InfoBox

| 1997 Dubai Tennis Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 10–16 February |
| Edition | 5th |
| Category | World Series |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $1,014,250 |
| Surface | Hard / outdoor |
| Location | Dubai, United Arab Emirates |
| Venue | Aviation Club Tennis Centre |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Thomas Muster | |
| Doubles | |
| Sander Groen /  Goran Ivanišević | |
|  | |


title: Epichoristodes atycta

abstract: Epichoristodes atycta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Uganda.

text:
# Epichoristodes atycta

***Epichoristodes atycta*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Uganda.

## InfoBox

| *Epichoristodes atycta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epichoristodes* |
| Species: | ***E. atycta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epichoristodes atycta***<br>Bradley, 1965 | |
|


title: Detlef Thorith

abstract: Detlev Thorith was an East German discus thrower. He was born in Köslin. He started for the Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo. He competed in the men's discus throw at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Detlef Thorith

**Detlev Thorith** (27 September 1942  18 July 2019) was an East German discus thrower. He was born in Köslin. He started for the Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo. He competed in the men's discus throw at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Detlef Thorith
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 27 September 1942<br>Köslin, Germany |
| Died | 18 July 2019(2019-07-18) (aged 76) |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 105 kg (231 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | East Germany |
| Sport | athletics |
| Event | Discus throw |
| Club | SC Dynamo Berlin |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 64.82 m (1972) |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  East Germany  European Championships  1966 Budapest  Discus throw | |


title: Desmidophorus

abstract: Desmidophorus is a genus of weevils in the family Brachyceridae.

text:
# Desmidophorus

***Desmidophorus*** is a genus of weevils in the family Brachyceridae.

## Species

The genus includes the following species:

* Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). Catalogue of Life
* Biolib

## InfoBox

| *Desmidophorus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Museum specimen of *Desmidophorus cumingi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Superfamily: | Curculionoidea |
| Family: | Brachyceridae |
| Subfamily: | Ocladiinae |
| Tribe: | **Desmidophorini** |
| Genus: | ***Desmidophorus***<br>Dejean, 1835 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botrobatys* Chevrolat, 1842 * *Botrobatys* Dejean, 1836 * *Desmidophorinus* Hustache, 1925 * *Trichosomus* Chevrolat, 1881 * *Trichosomus* Gemminger & Harold, 1871 | |


title: Abutilon pannosum

abstract: Abutilon pannosum is a subshrub species of the family Malvaceae. It is a perennial shrub that grows up to 10 feet tall.

text:
# Abutilon pannosum

***Abutilon pannosum*** is a subshrub species of the family Malvaceae. It is a perennial shrub that grows up to 10 feet tall.

## Morphology

Velvety, cordate base shaped leaves, with wooly appearance at the lower surfaces while the upper surface are somewhat scabrous. 1.5 cm to 8cm long petiole. Erect stems and yellow-orange corolla and dark red or purple base.

Seeds are brownish-black and oval shaped.

## Distribution

*Abutilon pannosum* is native to many countries in tropical and Horn of Africa, Yemen, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India and Pakistan.

## Utilisation

*Abutilon pannosum*'s seed are used as a herbal laxative while its flower extracts are used for improving sexual performance.

## InfoBox

| *Abutilon pannosum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | *Abutilon* |
| Species: | ***A. pannosum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Abutilon pannosum***<br>(G.Forst.) Schltdl. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Abutilon benadirense* Mattei * *Abutilon glaucum* (Cav.) Sweet * *Abutilon malirianum* S.A.Husain & Baquar * *Abutilon muticum* (Delile ex DC.) Sweet * *Abutilon muticum var. parvifolium* Baker f. * *Abutilon muticum var. villosum* Webb * *Abutilon tomentosum* Wight & Arn. | |


title: Acorn (book)

abstract: Acorn is an artist's book written by Yoko Ono published in 2013 by Algonquin Books as a follow-up to her Grapefruit book of conceptual art. It is ISBN 978-1-939293-23-7 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-939293-24-4 (ebook). The book gathers together 100 brief thought experiments. Ono illustrates each proposal with pointillist “dot drawings”.

text:
# Acorn (book)

***Acorn*** is an artist's book written by Yoko Ono published in 2013 by Algonquin Books as a follow-up to her Grapefruit book of conceptual art. It is ISBN 978-1-939293-23-7 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-939293-24-4 (ebook).

The book gathers together 100 brief thought experiments. Ono illustrates each proposal with pointillist “dot drawings”.

## Background

Ono created the concept for the book in 1996, when she was experimenting with digital art. It was inspired by a 1969 Fluxus by Plastic Ono Band, a group Ono and John Lennon were members of, in which they had planted acorns at Coventry Cathedral for peace. Subsequently, they mailed other acorns to world leaders with a note: "Enclosed in this package we are sending you two living sculptures — which are acorns — in the hope that you will plant them in your garden and grow two oak-trees for world peace."


abstract: The 1926 United States Senate special election in North Dakota took place on June 30, 1926. On June 22, 1925, Republican Senator Edwin F. Ladd died in office. Governor Arthur G. Sorlie appointed Gerald Nye, a former congressional candidate and a prominent progressive activist, to fill Ladd's vacancy. A special election and regularly scheduled election were scheduled for the same year, though the special election, to fill the remaining months Ladd's term, took place months before the regularly scheduled election. Nye won the endorsement of the Nonpartisan League and rejected any efforts by the state Republican Party to nominate him. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party opted not to run a candidate, instead fusing with the Republicans to support the anti-Nonpartisan League campaign of former Governor Louis B. Hanna. Separately, C. P. Stone, a businessman, ran as an Independent Republican candidate. All of the nominations were conducted under conventions, not primaries, because the election was a special election. Ultimately, Nye won a full term over his opponents by a healthy margin, winning 50% of the vote to Hanna's 37% and Stone's 12%.

text:
# 1926 United States Senate special election in North Dakota

The **1926 United States Senate special election in North Dakota** took place on June 30, 1926. On June 22, 1925, Republican Senator Edwin F. Ladd died in office. Governor Arthur G. Sorlie appointed Gerald Nye, a former congressional candidate and a prominent progressive activist, to fill Ladd's vacancy. A special election and regularly scheduled election were scheduled for the same year, though the special election, to fill the remaining months Ladd's term, took place months before the regularly scheduled election.

Nye won the endorsement of the Nonpartisan League and rejected any efforts by the state Republican Party to nominate him. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party opted not to run a candidate, instead fusing with the Republicans to support the anti-Nonpartisan League campaign of former Governor Louis B. Hanna. Separately, C. P. Stone, a businessman, ran as an Independent Republican candidate. All of the nominations were conducted under conventions, not primaries, because the election was a special election. Ultimately, Nye won a full term over his opponents by a healthy margin, winning 50% of the vote to Hanna's 37% and Stone's 12%.

## General election

### Results

1926 United States Senate special election in North Dakota
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan League** | **Gerald Nye (inc.)** | **79,709** | **50.19%** |  |
|  | Republican | Louis B. Hanna | 59,499 | 37.46% | −22.15% |
|  | Independent Republican | C. P. Stone | 19,586 | 12.33% |  |
|  | Write-ins |  | 20 | 0.01% |  |
| Majority | | | 20,210 | 12.73% | −6.50% |
| Turnout | | | 158,814 |  |  |
|  | Nonpartisan League **hold** | | | | |

## InfoBox

1926 United States Senate special election in North Dakota
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Gerald Nye** L. B. Hanna C. P. Stone  Party Nonpartisan League Republican Independent Republican  Alliance  Democratic   Popular vote **79,709** 59,499 19,586  Percentage **50.19%** 37.46% 12.33% | |
| ---  County results
**Nye**:     40-50%      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%
**Hanna**:     40-50%      50-60% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Gerald Nye
Republican **Elected U.S. Senator**
Gerald Nye
Republican | |


title: 1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga

abstract: The 1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga was the fourth season of the Frauen-Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. The top two clubs of northern division met in the final with TSV Siegen defeating Grün-Weiß Brauweiler 1–0. Both clubs had already met in the cup final five weeks earlier, but then Brauweiler had prevailed. The championship was Siegen's fifth.

text:
# 1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga

The **1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga** was the fourth season of the Frauen-Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. The top two clubs of northern division met in the final with TSV Siegen defeating Grün-Weiß Brauweiler 1–0. Both clubs had already met in the cup final five weeks earlier, but then Brauweiler had prevailed. The championship was Siegen's fifth.

## Northern conference

### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | TSV Siegen | 18 | 15 | 2 | 1 | 74 | 11 | +63 | 32 | Participant of the semifinal |
| 2 | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler | 18 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 66 | 9 | +57 | | 31 |
| 3 | Tennis Borussia Berlin | 18 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 28 | 21 | +7 | 20 |  |
| 4 | VfB Rheine | 18 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 31 | 20 | +11 | | 19 |
| 5 | Fortuna Sachsenroß Hannover | 18 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 38 | 37 | +1 | | 19 |
| 6 | VfR Eintracht Wolfsburg | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 36 | 40 | 4 | | 18 |
| 7 | Schmalfelder SV | 18 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 21 | 24 | 3 | | 15 |
| 8 | FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen | 18 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 24 | 43 | 19 | | 13 |
| 9 | SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach | 18 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 10 | 45 | 35 | 8 | Relegated to Regional-/Oberliga |
| 10 | KBC Duisburg | 18 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 8 | 86 | 78 | | 5 |

Source:
Notes:

### Results

| Home \ Away | SIE | GWB | TBB | RHE | FSH | EWO | SCH | RUK | BGL | KBC |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| TSV Siegen |  | 2–2 | 4–1 | 2–4 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 6–0 | 13–0 |
| Grün-Weiß Brauweiler | 1–1 |  | 5–0 | 1–1 | 6–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 6–0 | 4–0 | 5–0 |
| Tennis Borussia Berlin | 0–1 | 0–3 |  | 0–0 | 0–0 | 5–0 | 0–0 | 5–1 | 0–0 | 4–1 |
| VfB Rheine | 0–1 | 2–0 | 1–2 |  | 1–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–2 | 4–0 | 2–0 |
| Fortuna Sachsenroß Hannover | 0–5 | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0–2 |  | 3–2 | 3–2 | 3–3 | 1–0 | 10–1 |
| VfR Eintracht Wolfsburg | 1–8 | 1–4 | 2–1 | 3–2 | 2–4 |  | 1–1 | 5–1 | 1–1 | 10–0 |
| Schmalfelder SV | 0–3 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–3 | 1–2 |  | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–1 |
| FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen | 1–5 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 4–2 | 2–2 | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 1–2 |
| SSG Bergisch Gladbach | 1–6 | 0–6 | 0–4 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 0–3 | 1–0 |  | 2–0 |
| KBC Duisburg | 0–6 | 0–11 | 1–2 | 0–7 | 0–6 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–3 | 2–0 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Southern conference

### Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | TuS Niederkirchen | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 71 | 24 | +47 | 30 | Participant of the semifinal |
| 2 | FSV Frankfurt | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 66 | 20 | +46 | | 29 |
| 3 | SG Praunheim | 18 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 55 | 13 | +42 | 28 |  |
| 4 | VfR 09 Saarbrücken | 18 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 52 | 28 | +24 | | 24 |
| 5 | SC Klinge Seckach | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 28 | 32 | 4 | | 18 |
| 6 | TuS Ahrbach | 18 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 36 | 34 | +2 | | 17 |
| 7 | VfL Sindelfingen | 18 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 22 | 41 | 19 | | 13 |
| 8 | TuS Wörrstadt | 18 | 3 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 61 | 46 | | 8 |
| 9 | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr | 18 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 23 | 51 | 28 | 7 | Relegated to Regional-/Oberliga |
| 10 | TSV Battenberg | 18 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 18 | 82 | 64 | | 6 |

Source:
Notes: 1. 1992–93 Bundesliga (women) champion
2. Promoted from the Regionalliga last season

### Results

| Home \ Away | NIE | FSV | SGP | SAR | KLS | AHR | SIN | WÖR | NEU | BAT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| TuS Niederkirchen |  | 5–4 | 0–3 | 3–3 | 1–0 | 3–2 | 5–1 | 9–0 | 2–0 | 9–0 |
| FSV Frankfurt | 3–0 |  | 4–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 5–1 | 7–0 | 2–2 | 3–1 |
| SG Praunheim | 0–1 | 1–1 |  | 3–1 | 2–0 | 4–1 | 3–1 | 4–0 | 6–0 | 8–0 |
| VfR 09 Saarbrücken | 1–4 | 4–1 | 1–2 |  | 3–0 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 7–1 | 4–1 | 6–3 |
| SC Klinge Seckach | 2–2 | 2–7 | 0–4 | 1–1 |  | 1–0 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 5–2 | 1–1 |
| TuS Ahrbach | 2–6 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–1 |  | 1–2 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 5–0 |
| VfL Sindelfingen | 0–3 | 0–3 | 2–1 | 0–5 | 0–1 | 1–5 |  | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 |
| TuS Wörrstadt | 1–4 | 0–3 | 0–1 | 1–5 | 0–0 | 3–4 | 1–0 |  | 1–1 | 1–0 |
| SC 07 Bad Neuenahr | 0–2 | 1–5 | 0–5 | 0–2 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 1–5 | 6–2 |  | 4–0 |
| TSV Battenberg | 2–12 | 2–9 | 0–7 | 2–2 | 1–6 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 0–3 | 3–2 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Semi-finals

| Match | | 1st leg | 2nd leg | Agg. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **TSV Siegen** | FSV Frankfurt | 3–0 | 1–1 | **4–1** |
| TuS Niederkirchen | **Grün-Weiß Brauweiler** | 1–5 | 0–4 | **1–9** |

## Final

| **TSV Siegen** | **Grün-Weiß Brauweiler** |
| --- | --- |
| 19 June 1994
Pulheim
**Spectators:** 2,600
**Referee:** Silke Janssen (Emden) | |
| Silke RottenbergDoris FitschenJutta Nardenbach, Meike Fitzner – Cornelia Trauschke, Andrea Euteneuer, Silvia Neid, Britta Unsleber (Loes Camper 86) – Martina Voss, Michaela Kubat, Gaby Mink (Christine Chaladyniak 84) | Manuela GollerClaudia Klein – Andrea Klein, Natascha Schwind – Sandra Hengst (Reimann 86), Tünde Nagy, Anja Koser, Gyöngyi Lovász-Anton, Bettina Wiegmann – Menge, Gudrun Gottschlich |
| 1–0 Kubat (65) |  |

## Top scorers

|  | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Heidi Mohr | TuS Niederkirchen | 28 |

## Qualification

### Group North

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Turbine Potsdam | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 8 | +10 | 10 | Qualified for the Bundesliga 1994–95 |
| 2 | Wattenscheid 09 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 8 | +2 | | 7 |
| 3 | TV Jahn Delmenhorst | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 6 | 4 |  |
| 4 | VfL Wittekind Wildeshausen | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 11 | 6 | | 3 |

Source:

### Group South 1

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | FFC Wacker München | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 26 | 1 | +25 | 11 | Qualified for the Bundesliga 1994–95 |
| 2 | SC Freiburg | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 2 | +17 | 9 |  |
| 3 | FSV Viktoria Jägersburg | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 1 | | 4 |
| 4 | TuS Koblenz | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 42 | 41 | | 0 |

Source:

### Group South 2

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | FSV Schwarzbach | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 10 | +11 | 10 | Qualified for the Bundesliga 1994–95 |
| 2 | TSV Crailsheim | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 8 | +26 | 8 |  |
| 3 | SG Kirchardt | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 16 | 6 | | 6 |
| 4 | Rot-Weiß Göcklingen | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 36 | 31 | | 0 |

Source:

## InfoBox

Frauen-Bundesliga
| Season | 1993–94 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | TSV Siegen
3rd Bundesliga title
5th German title |
| Relegated | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr
TSV Battenberg
SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach
KBC Duisburg |
| Top goalscorer | Heidi Mohr (28) |
| 1992–93 1994–95 | |


title: Epimer

abstract: In stereochemistry, an epimer is one of a pair of diastereomers. The two epimers have opposite configuration at only one stereogenic center out of at least two. All other stereogenic centers in the molecules are the same in each. Epimerization is the interconversion of one epimer to the other epimer. Doxorubicin and epirubicin are two epimers that are used as drugs.

text:
# Epimer

In stereochemistry, an **epimer** is one of a pair of diastereomers. The two epimers have opposite configuration at only one stereogenic center out of at least two. All other stereogenic centers in the molecules are the same in each. **Epimerization** is the interconversion of one epimer to the other epimer.

Doxorubicin and epirubicin are two epimers that are used as drugs.

## Examples

The stereoisomers β-D-glucopyranose and β-D-mannopyranose are epimers because they differ only in the stereochemistry at the C-2 position. The hydroxy group in β-D-glucopyranose is equatorial (in the "plane" of the ring), while in β-D-mannopyranose the C-2 hydroxy group is axial (up from the "plane" of the ring). These two molecules are epimers but, because they are not mirror images of each other, are not enantiomers. (Enantiomers have the same name, but differ in **D** and **L** classification.) They are also not sugar anomers, since it is not the anomeric carbon involved in the stereochemistry. Similarly, β-D-glucopyranose and β-D-galactopyranose are epimers that differ at the C-4 position, with the former being equatorial and the latter being axial.

In the case that the difference is the -OH groups on C-1, the anomeric carbon, such as in the case of α-D-glucopyranose and β-D-glucopyranose, the molecules are both epimers and anomers (as indicated by the **α** and **β** designation).

Other closely related compounds are *epi*-inositol and inositol and lipoxin and epilipoxin.

## Epimerization

Epimerization is a chemical process where an epimer is converted to its diastereomeric counterpart. It can happen in condensed tannins depolymerization reactions. Epimerization can be spontaneous (generally a slow process), or catalysed by enzymes, e.g. the epimerization between the sugars *N*-acetylglucosamine and *N*-acetylmannosamine, which is catalysed by renin-binding protein.

The penultimate step in Zhang & Trudell's classic epibatidine synthesis is an example of epimerization. Pharmaceutical examples include epimerization of the erythro isomers of methylphenidate to the pharmacologically preferred and lower-energy threo isomers, and undesired *in vivo* epimerization of tesofensine to brasofensine.


title: Arthur Slater (footballer, born 1890)

abstract: Arthur Claud Slater was an Australian rules footballer who played with the Essendon Football Club. He was also listed with the Melbourne Football Club, but never played a game. Born in Williamstown, Victoria, he was a clerk for the British Imperial Oil company, later to become Shell Oil Company, before joining the AIF in March 1915. He served at Gallipoli and on the Western Front, was wounded, promoted through the ranks and ended the war as a lieutenant. He rejoined Shell and by the 1930s he was the company's Australian Operations Manager. He was the father of Professor "Harry" Henry Welton Slater and Melbourne architect Phyllis Slater.

text:
# Arthur Slater (footballer, born 1890)

**Arthur Claud Slater** (17 August 1890 – 19 November 1972) was an Australian rules footballer who played with the Essendon Football Club. He was also listed with the Melbourne Football Club, but never played a game.

Born in Williamstown, Victoria, he was a clerk for the British Imperial Oil company, later to become Shell Oil Company, before joining the AIF in March 1915. He served at Gallipoli and on the Western Front, was wounded, promoted through the ranks and ended the war as a lieutenant. He rejoined Shell and by the 1930s he was the company's Australian Operations Manager.

He was the father of Professor "Harry" Henry Welton Slater and Melbourne architect Phyllis Slater.

## InfoBox

| Arthur Slater | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Arthur Claud Slater | | |
| Date of birth | (1890-08-17)17 August 1890 | | |
| Place of birth | Williamstown, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 19 November 1972(1972-11-19) (aged 82) | | |
| Place of death | Hawthorn, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Hawthorn Juniors | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 80 kg (176 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1910 | Essendon | 1 (0) |
| 1911 | Melbourne | 0 (0) |
| Total |  | **1 (0)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1911. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Arthrocereus spinosissimus

abstract: Arthrocereus spinosissimus is a species of cactus in the subfamily Cactoideae from Brazil.

text:
# Arthrocereus spinosissimus

***Arthrocereus spinosissimus*** is a species of cactus in the subfamily Cactoideae from Brazil.

## Description

*Arthrocereus spinosissimus* grows upright with basally branching shoots. The up to one meter long, green to bright green shoots reach a diameter of 5 to 6 cm (2.0 to 2.4 in). The 16 (or more) ribs are 4 to 5 mm (0.16 to 0.20 in) high. Numerous, thin, yellowish thorns emerge from the closely spaced areoles. There are 6 to 8 central spines that are usually 2 to 2.8 cm (0.79 to 1.10 in), occasionally up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length, and about 20 radial spines of 0.7 to 0.8 cm (0.28 to 0.31 in) in length. The white flowers are between 6 and 7 cm (2.4 and 2.8 in) long, the fruits between 2.5 and 3 cm (0.98 and 1.18 in).

## Distribution

*Arthrocereus spinosissimus* is restricted to the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso at altitudes of 800 to 900 meters.

## Taxonomy

The first description as *Eriocereus spinosissimus* by Albert Frederik Hendrik Buining and Arnold J. Brederoo was published in 1977 from Buining's estate. The specific epithet *spinosissimus* is derived from the superlative of the Latin adjective *spinosus* for 'thorny'. Friedrich Ritter placed the species in the genus *Arthrocereus* in 1979.

## InfoBox

| *Arthrocereus spinosissimus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | *Arthrocereus* |
| Species: | ***A. spinosissimus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arthrocereus spinosissimus***
(Buining & Brederoo) F. Ritter 1979 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eriocereus spinosissimus* Buining & Brederoo | |


title: Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran

abstract: Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran PC (Ire), known as Sir Arthur Gore, 3rd Baronet from 1741 to 1757 and as Viscount Sudley from 1758 to 1762, was an Irish politician. Arran was the son of Sir Arthur Gore, 2nd Baronet, and Elizabeth Annesley, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1727 he was elected to the Irish House of Commons for Donegal Borough, a seat he held until 1758. He was also High Sheriff of Wexford in 1738 and was admitted to the Irish Privy Council in 1748. In 1758 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Saunders, of Deeps in the County of Wexford, and Viscount Sudley, of Castle Gore in the County of Mayo. In 1762 he was further honoured when he was created Earl of Arran, of the Arran Islands in the County of Galway. This was the third occasion that the title Earl of Arran had been created in the Peerage of Ireland. His sister Anne married John Browne, 1st Earl of Altamont in December 1729 and had ten children. Another sister Elizabeth married James Cuffe, and was the mother of seven children including James Cuffe, 1st Baron Tyrawley. Lord Arran married Jane Saunders, daughter of Richard Saunders, in 1731. They had three sons and two daughters. He died in April 1773 and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son Arthur.

text:
# Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran

**Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran** PC (Ire) (1703 – 17 April 1773), known as **Sir Arthur Gore, 3rd Baronet** from 1741 to 1757 and as **Viscount Sudley** from 1758 to 1762, was an Irish politician.

Arran was the son of Sir Arthur Gore, 2nd Baronet, and Elizabeth Annesley, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1727 he was elected to the Irish House of Commons for Donegal Borough, a seat he held until 1758. He was also High Sheriff of Wexford in 1738 and was admitted to the Irish Privy Council in 1748. In 1758 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as **Baron Saunders**, of Deeps in the County of Wexford, and **Viscount Sudley**, of Castle Gore in the County of Mayo. In 1762 he was further honoured when he was created **Earl of Arran**, of the Arran Islands in the County of Galway. This was the third occasion that the title Earl of Arran had been created in the Peerage of Ireland.

His sister Anne married John Browne, 1st Earl of Altamont in December 1729 and had ten children. Another sister Elizabeth married James Cuffe, and was the mother of seven children including James Cuffe, 1st Baron Tyrawley. Lord Arran married Jane Saunders, daughter of Richard Saunders (a grandson of the MP Henry Whitfield), in 1731. They had three sons and two daughters. He died in April 1773 and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son Arthur.

* Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage* (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
* Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
* Lundy, Darryl. "FAQ". The Peerage.


title: Arthur Gore, 6th Earl of Arran

abstract: Arthur Jocelyn Charles Gore, 6th Earl of Arran,, known as Viscount Sudley from 1884 to 1901, was an Anglo-Irish peer and soldier.

text:
# Arthur Gore, 6th Earl of Arran

**Arthur Jocelyn Charles Gore, 6th Earl of Arran**, KP KStJ PC JP DL (14 September 1868 – 19 December 1958), known as **Viscount Sudley** from 1884 to 1901, was an Anglo-Irish peer and soldier.

## Biography

Lord Arran was born in Ayot St Peter, Hertfordshire, the only son of Arthur Saunders Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, and Lady Edith Elizabeth Henrietta Jocelyn, daughter of Robert Jocelyn, Viscount Jocelyn, the eldest son of Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl of Roden.

He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 3rd (Royal Berkshire Militia) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, on 14 May 1887 and was promoted to lieutenant on 17 November 1888. He then transferred from the part-time Militia to the Regular Army, becoming a second lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards on 20 November 1889, promoted to lieutenant on 13 April 1892, and to captain on 30 March 1895. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, he joined the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment for service in the war. He sailed for South Africa in the SS *Narrung* in early February 1900, and was the commanding officer in charge of the various cavalry drafts on board the ship, a total of 200 men. For his service in the war, he was promoted a brevet major in November 1900. He later fought in the First World War and achieved the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

He was a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire, County Louth and County Mayo, a Deputy Lieutenant of County Mayo and Essex and served as Lord Lieutenant of County Donegal from 1917 to 1920. He was made a Knight of the Order of St Patrick in 1909 and admitted to the Irish Privy Council in 1917.

## Family

Lord Arran married, firstly, at Hambleden church on 16 August 1902, Maud Jacqueline Marie Beauclerk van Kattendyke, daughter of Huyssen van Kattendyke, 3rd Baron van Kattendyke, of The Hague. They had two sons:

After her death in 1927 he married, secondly, Lilian Constance Quick, daughter of Joseph Quick, in 1929.

Lord Arran died on 19 December 1958, aged 90, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son Arthur. Lilian, Lady Arran, died in 1961.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Earl of ArranKP KStJ PC JP DL | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Arran in 1938 | |
| Born | Arthur Jocelyn Charles Gore
(1868-09-14)14 September 1868
Ayot St Peter, Hertfordshire, England |
| Died | 19 December 1958(1958-12-19) (aged 90)
Truro, Cornwall, England |
| Occupation(s) | Peer, soldier |
| Spouses | *   Maud van Kattendyke  (m. 1902; died 1927) *   Lillian Quick (m. 1929) |
| Children | Arthur Gore, 7th Earl of Arran
Arthur Gore, 8th Earl of Arran |
| Parent(s) | Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran
Lady Edith Jocelyn |


title: Arthur Gordon Matthew

abstract: Brigadier Arthur Gordon Matthew was a British Royal Artillery officer who served in the First World War and the Second World War.

text:
# Arthur Gordon Matthew

Brigadier **Arthur Gordon Matthew** CBE, DSO (22 December 1898 – 6 October 1947) was a British Royal Artillery officer who served in the First World War and the Second World War.

## Military career

Matthew (who was known as "Hammer") served in the First World War and in North Africa during the Second World War, including during the Siege of Tobruk and the Second Battle of El Alamein. After the Normandy campaign and the Rhine crossing, he served as commander of the Kiel Brigade area during the post-war occupation of Germany.

Matthew died in 1947 from a heart attack, but is recorded amongst the dead for the 1939–1945 conflict as occupation operations had then not yet normalised to peacetime arrangements. He is buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge.

He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1941 for distinguished service in the Middle East between December 1940 and February 1941, and was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1945. He was also Mentioned in Despatches five times.

## InfoBox

| Arthur Gordon Matthew | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | "Hammer" |
| Born | (1898-12-22)22 December 1898
Cambridge, England |
| Died | 6 October 1947(1947-10-06) (aged 48)
Delfzijl, Netherlands |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1947 |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Service number | 13038 |
| Unit | Royal Horse Artillery |
| Commands | Kiel Brigade Area (1946)
Royal Artillery, VIII Corps (1943–46)
Royal Artillery, 8th Armoured Division (1942–43)
104th (Essex Yeomanry) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (1941–42)
51st (Westmorland and Cumberland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery (1941)
1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery (1940–41) |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Despatches (5) |


title: 1933 in chess

abstract:
Events in chess in 1933:
  - The 5th Chess Olympiad is held in Folkestone. The United States wins the gold medal, Czechoslovakia silver, and Sweden bronze.
  - The Women's World Championship is held in conjunction with the Olympiad. Vera Menchik (Czechoslovakia) easily retains her title.
  - The Bulgarian Championship is inaugurated in Varna.
  - Chess Review is established by Isaac Kashdan. The leading American chess magazine for most of its run, the Chess Review would be published from January 1933 until November 1969 when it merged with Chess Life to form Chess Life & Review.

text:
# 1933 in chess

Events in chess in 1933:

## Tournaments

## Matches

## Exhibitions

* The National Chess Federation (United States) organized a chess program for the 1933 Chicago World's Fair. World Champion Alexander Alekhine played a blindfold simultaneous exhibition on a record-setting 32 boards, winning 19, drawing 9, and losing 4. This broke the previous record of 30 simultaneous blindfold games set by George Koltanowski in Antwerp. Alekhine also played three games of living chess, in which the chess pieces were people in medieval costumes arrayed on a large outdoor board. The last of these games, held on June 19, was against Edward Lasker. A masters tournament was planned for the Fair but was canceled due to lack of funds. The scheduled Intercollegiate Tournament was held and was won by Lieutenant John O. Matheson of West Point.

## Births

## Deaths


title: Arroyito, Córdoba

abstract: Arroyito is a city in Córdoba Province, Argentina. It is located 115 km (71 mi) east of Córdoba, on both sides of National Route 19. Arroyito earned the nickname Sweet City.

text:
# Arroyito, Córdoba

**Arroyito** (Spanish pronunciation: \[aroˈʝito\]) is a city in Córdoba Province, Argentina. It is located 115 km (71 mi) east of Córdoba, on both sides of National Route 19. Arroyito earned the nickname Sweet City (*Ciudad Dulce*).

## Etymology

Arroyito can be translated as "little stream", or "little brook". It was named after a stream (now disappeared) that crossed this settlement and landed on the Xanaes river. The first records referred to this settlement as *paraje del Arroyito* or *El Arroyito*.

## History

### Early settlement

It is not clear when Arroyito was founded. The oldest document that mentions it was the first census of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata on 23 November 1778, with a resulting population of 220 inhabitants. This hamlet was known as *Villa Arroyito*, and was the place chosen by the Spanish soldier José Ignacio Urquía to build a church dedicated to the Virgin of Mercy, completed in 1790.

In 1865, the total population for Arroyito was 228 inhabitants, according to the first census in Argentina.

## Economy

The first main economic activity of Arroyito was forrest-spacing. Baldassare Dalle Mura and Raffaello Bianchi, both Italian immigrants from Tuscany, were the owners of the two most important sawmills of that time. As the land emptied, other people used it for agriculture. But the Great Depression directly attacked the raw material that sustained the sawmills, so they had to close, giving rise to emigration and decline.

In the early 1950s, a group of young entrepreneurs led by Fulvio Salvador Pagani decided to come together to set up a candy factory. The dream was to offer consumers around the world quality products at a fair price became true on 5 July 1951 with the opening of the first candy factory. This is how Arcor was born, and Arroyito began a definitive new awakening, so the workforce was necessary, causing a very notable population increase.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Arroyito | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Nickname: Sweet City | |
| ArroyitoLocation of Arroyito in ArgentinaArroyitoArroyito (Argentina) | |
| Coordinates: 31°25′S 63°3′W / 31.417°S 63.050°W / -31.417; -63.050 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Córdoba |
| Department | San Justo |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gustavo Ariel Benedetti |
| Area | |
| Total | 20 km2 (8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 155.7 m (510.8 ft) |
| Population (2022 census) | |
| Total | 28,007 |
| Density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| Demonym | *arroyitense* |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |
| CPA base | 2434 |
| Dialing code | +54 3576 |
| Website | www.municipioarroyito.gob.ar (in Spanish) |


title: Arroyito, Paraguay

abstract: Arroyito is a city and district located in the Concepción Department of Paraguay. It is one of the newest districts in the country, created in November 2016.

text:
# Arroyito, Paraguay

**Arroyito** is a city and district located in the Concepción Department of Paraguay. It is one of the newest districts in the country, created in November 2016.

## InfoBox

| Arroyito | |
| --- | --- |
| City and district | |
| Arroyito | |
| Coordinates: 23°10′24″S 56°46′29″W / 23.17333°S 56.77472°W / -23.17333; -56.77472 | |
| Country | Paraguay |
| Department | Concepción |
| Foundation | 22 November 2016 |
| Area | |
| Total | 880 km2 (340 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 163 m (535 ft) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 22,100 |
| Time zone | -4 Gmt |
| Postal code | 8820 |
| Area code | 595 32 |
| Climate | Aw |


title: 1933 Pau Grand Prix

abstract: The 1933 Pau Grand Prix was a motor race held on 19 February 1933 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. It was the inaugural Pau Grand Prix, although the numbering of the races may not have reflected this due to a confusion about the 1901 race at Pau. The Grand Prix was won by Marcel Lehoux, driving the Bugatti T51. Guy Moll finished second and Philippe Étancelin third.

text:
# 1933 Pau Grand Prix

The **1933 Pau Grand Prix** was a motor race held on 19 February 1933 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. It was the inaugural Pau Grand Prix (i.e. the first race that actually held *Grand Prix de Pau* title), although the numbering of the races may not have reflected this due to a confusion about the 1901 race at Pau. The Grand Prix was won by Marcel Lehoux, driving the Bugatti T51. Guy Moll finished second and Philippe Étancelin third.

## Classification

### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Vehicle | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **6** | **Marcel Lehoux** | **Bugatti T51** | **80** | **2hr 54min 06.8sec** | **15** |
| 2 | 18 | Guy Moll | Bugatti T51 | 80 | \+ 59.8 s | 1 |
| 3 | 4 | Philippe Étancelin | Alfa Romeo Monza | 80 | \+ 1:17.4 s | 7 |
| 4 | 26 | René Dreyfus | Bugatti T51 | 80 | \+ 1:39.2 s | 11 |
| 5 | 36 | Guy Bouriat | Bugatti T51 | 80 | \+ 2:43.2 s | 10 |
| 6 | 14 | Louis Trintignant | Bugatti T35C | 79 | \+ 1 lap | 14 |
| 7 | 30 | Jean de Maleplane | Maserati 26M | 76 | \+ 4 laps | 3 |
| 8 | 34 | Marcel Jacob | Bugatti T35C | 75 | \+ 5 laps | 9 |
| 9 | 12 | Jean Delorme | Bugatti T35C | 62 | \+ 18 laps | 6 |
| Ret | 2 | Stanisław Czaykowski | Bugatti T51A | 55 | Rear axle | 4 |
| Ret | 16 | Pierre Félix | Alfa Romeo Monza | 55 | Mechanical | 2 |
| Ret | 22 | Paul Morand | Bugatti T35B | 50 | Mechanical | 13 |
| Ret | 28 | Jean Gaupillat | Bugatti T51 | 50 | Mechanical | 5 |
| Ret | 8 | Honoré Lormand | Bugatti T35C | 30 | Gearbox | 12 |
| Ret | 24 | Robert Brunet | Bugatti T51 | 30 | Accident | 16 |
| Ret | 20 | Benoit Falchetto | Bugatti T35B | 0 | Mechanical | 8 |
| Sources: | | | | | | | |
|

## InfoBox

| 1933 Pau Grand Prix | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Race details | | | |
| Date | 19 February 1933 | | |
| Official name | II Grand Prix de Pau | | |
| Location | Pau, France | | |
| Course | Temporary Street Circuit | | |
| Course length | 2.760 km (1.720 miles) | | |
| Distance | 80 laps, 211.920 km (131.700 miles) | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Bugatti T51 |
| Time | *Determined by heats* | | |
| Fastest lap | | | |
| Driver | Philippe Étancelin | Alfa Romeo Monza |
| Time | 2:01.0 | | |
| Podium | | | |
| First |  | Bugatti T51 |
| Second |  | Bugatti T51 |
| Third |  | Alfa Romeo Monza |


title: Arthur Coleridge

abstract: Arthur Duke Coleridge was a nineteenth-century English lawyer who, as an amateur musician with influential connections, was the founder of The Bach Choir and the man who introduced the Mass in B minor by Johann Sebastian Bach to the English concert repertoire. He was also a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University in 1850. He was born at Ottery St Mary, Devon and died at South Kensington, London.

text:
# Arthur Coleridge

**Arthur Duke Coleridge** (baptised, 1 February 1830 – 29 October 1913) was a nineteenth-century English lawyer who, as an amateur musician with influential connections, was the founder of The Bach Choir and the man who introduced the Mass in B minor by Johann Sebastian Bach to the English concert repertoire. He was also a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University in 1850. He was born at Ottery St Mary, Devon and died at South Kensington, London.

## Background and education

Arthur Coleridge was the son of Francis Coleridge and the great-nephew of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was educated at Eton College where he played in the cricket team, hitting the winning runs in the 1847 Eton v Harrow match at Lord's. Matriculating at King's College, Cambridge in February 1849, Coleridge played a single first-class cricket match at Cambridge, scoring 1 and 17 when opening the batting against Marylebone Cricket Club. It is not known if he batted right- or left-handed.

Coleridge became a Fellow at King's College before becoming a lawyer, being called to the bar in 1860. He went into the administrative side of the English legal system and served as Clerk of Assize for the Midland Circuit for 37 years up to his death: he was taken ill while officiating at Lincoln Assizes and returned immediately to London just two days before his death. It was reported that he did not miss a single assizes session over his 37 years in post.

## Music

Coleridge was at the centre of British musical life for many years, and his home for many years at 12, Cromwell Place, South Kensington, became a meeting place for many of the leading musicians of the day. He was himself an amateur tenor with a voice "of great power and dramatic quality" and "was one of the few amateurs who could speak with professionals" on equal terms. At Cambridge, he was a friend of Thomas Attwood Walmisley, the influential organist at Trinity College and from 1836 professor of music at Cambridge; he was later closely associated with William Sterndale Bennett, Walmisley's successor as professor of music at Cambridge and later director (and reviver) of the Royal Academy of Music.

Coleridge's singing and his friendships brought him into contact with the Royal Academy of Music piano professor Otto Goldschmidt and his wife, the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind, and it was through these connections that the idea for a London performance of J. S. Bach's Mass in B Minor was hatched: the Mass had been performed in full for the first time only in Leipzig in 1859. With backing from his friends, Coleridge organized the first performance in England, at St James's Hall on 26 April 1876. "Having worked the organization, and seen it through, he, with the modesty which was characteristic of him, left others to reap the credit," his obituarist in *The Times* in 1913 wrote. He was also the founder of the Bach Choir in 1865 and of the UK version of the Mendelssohn Scholarship whose first recipient was the young Arthur Sullivan.

Unlike Sterndale Bennett, whose devotion to Mendelssohn led him to reject later composers such as Schumann and Brahms, Coleridge was an enthusiastic promoter of new music and very catholic in his tastes. He knew Liszt, Rossini and the now-obscure but prolific Ferdinand Hiller personally, and promoted the works of Schumann, Brahms and Wagner. He was a friend of the Hungarian violinist Joseph Joachim. In later life, he lectured on the lives and works of the composers and performers he had known.

## Writing

Coleridge's involvement with German music led him into translation work: he translated the first significant biography of the composer Franz Schubert by Heinrich Kreissle von Hellborn (Vienna, 1865), and the *Life of Moscheles* from his diary entries by Moscheles' wife Charlotte. He also translated the Goethe play *Egmont* which inspired one of Beethoven's popular overtures. In the 1890s, he wrote a book of reminiscence and anecdote about his schooldays called *Eton in the Forties*. The music critic J A Fuller Maitland completed and edited his *Reminiscences* in 1921.

Coleridge's daughter Mary Coleridge was a published poet and novelist: her entry in the *Dictionary of National Biography* indicates that Coleridge's circle of friendship extended beyond musicians to include literary figures such as Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning, as well as painters such as John Millais. Hubert Parry, one of Arthur's musical friends, was one of the first composers to set Mary's words to music in the seven poems that make up his *English Lyrics, Ninth Set*, published in 1909.


title: Arthur Collier

abstract: Arthur Collier was an English Anglican priest and philosopher who wrote about the non-existence of an absolute external world.

text:
# Arthur Collier

**Arthur Collier** (12 October 1680  September 1732) was an English Anglican priest and philosopher who wrote about the non-existence of an absolute external world.

## Early life

Collier was born at the rectory of Steeple Langford, Wiltshire. He entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in July 1697, but in October 1698 he and his brother William became members of Balliol. His father having died in 1697, it was arranged that the family living of Langford Magna should be given to Arthur as soon as he was old enough.

## Career

Having graduated from Oxford and been made a priest, Collier was presented to the benefice of Steeple Langford in 1704, holding it until his death in 1732. His sermons show no traces of his bold theological speculations, and he seems to have been faithful in the discharge of his duty. He was in financial difficulties (some say due to his wife), from which at last he was obliged to free himself by selling the reversion of the Langford advowson to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He and the family moved to Salisbury where Jane and Margaret Collier were born.

His philosophical opinions grew out of a diligent study of Descartes and Malebranche. John Norris also strongly influenced him by his *An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World* (1701–1704). It is remarkable that Collier makes no reference to Locke, and shows no sign of having any knowledge of his works. As early as 1703 he seems to have become convinced of the non-existence of an absolute external world, which would have no relation to a perceiving observer. In 1712 he wrote two essays, which are still in manuscript, one on substance and accident, and the other called *Clavis Philosophica*. His chief work appeared in 1713, under the title *Clavis Universalis: or, A New Inquiry after Truth. Being a Demonstration of the Non-Existence, or Impossibility, of an External World* (printed privately, Edinburgh, 1836, and reprinted in Metaphysical Tracts, 1837, edited by Sam. Parr). It was favourably mentioned by Reid, Stewart and others, was frequently referred to by the Leibnitzians, and was translated into German by Johann Christian Eschenbach the Elder in 1756, Berkeley's *Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge* and *Theory of Vision* preceded it by three and four years respectively, but there is no evidence that they were known to Collier before the publication of his book.

## Private life

Collier married Margaret the daughter of Nicholas Johnson who was the army's paymaster and his wife who was a sister of Sir Stephen Fox. He had four children who survived him. Arthur was a lawyer who died in 1777; Charles became a colonel; Jane Collier was a writer and Margaret Collier travelled.

## Philosophical work

His views are grounded on two presuppositions:

1. The utter aversion of common sense to any theory of representative perception
2. The difference between imagination and sense perception is only one of degree.

The former is the basis of the negative part of his argument; the latter supplies him with all the positive account he has to give, and that is meagre enough. The Clavis consists of two parts. After explaining that he will use the term *external world* in the sense of *absolute, self-existent, independent matter*, he attempts in the first part to prove that *the visible world is not external*, by showing first, that the seeming externality of a visible object is no proof of real externality, and second, that a visible object, as such, is not external.

The image of a centaur seems as much external to the mind as any object of sense; and since the difference between imagination and perception is only one of degree, God could so act upon the mind of a person imagining a centaur, that he would perceive it as vividly as any object can be seen. Similar illustrations are used to prove the second proposition, that a visible object, as such, is not external.

The first part ends with a reply to objections based on the universal consent of men, on the assurance given by touch of the extra existence of the visible world, and on the truth and goodness of God (Descartes), which would be impugned if our senses deceived us. Collier argues naively that if universal consent means the consent of those who have considered the subject, it may be claimed, for his view. He thinks with Berkeley, that objects of sight are quite distinct from those of touch, and that the one therefore cannot give any assurance of the other; and he asks the Cartesians to consider how far God's truth and goodness are called in question by their denial of the externality of the secondary qualities.

The second part of the book is taken up with a number of metaphysical arguments to prove the impossibility of an external world. The pivot of this part is the logical principle of contradiction. From the hypothesis of an external world a series of contradictions are deduced, such as that the world is both finite and infinite, is movable and immovable, &c.; and finally, Aristotle and various other philosophers are quoted, to show that the external matter they dealt with, as mere potentiality, is just nothing at all. Among other uses and consequences of his treatise, Collier thinks it furnishes an easy refutation of the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation. If there is no external world, the distinction between substance and accidents vanishes, and these become the sole essence of material objects, so that there is no room for any change whilst they remain as before. Sir William Hamilton thinks that the logically necessary advance from the old theory of representative perception to idealism was stayed by anxiety to save this miracle of the church; and he gives Collier credit for being the first to make the discovery.

His *Clavis Universalis* is interesting on account of the resemblance between its views and those of Berkeley. Both were moved by their dissatisfaction with the theory of representative perception. Both have the feeling that it is inconsistent with the common sense of mankind, which will insist that *the very object perceived is the sole reality*. They equally affirm that *the so-called representative image is the sole reality*, and *discard as unthinkable the unperceiving material cause* of the philosophers. Of objects of sense, they say, their *esse is percipi*. But Collier never got beyond a bald assertion of the fact, while Berkeley addressed himself to an explanation of it. The thought of a distinction between direct and indirect perception never dawned upon Collier. To the question how all matter exists in dependence on percipient mind his only reply is, "Just how my reader pleases, provided it be somehow". As cause of our sensations and ground of our belief in externality, he substituted for an unintelligible material substance an equally unintelligible operation of divine power. His book exhibits no traces of a scientific development. The most that can be said about him is that he was an intelligent student of Descartes and Malebranche, and had the ability to apply the results of his reading to the facts of his experience. In philosophy he is a curiosity, and nothing more. His biographer attributes the comparative failure of the Clavis to its inferiority in point of style, but the crudeness of his thought had quite as much to do with his failure to gain a hearing. Hamilton (Discussions, p. 197) allows greater sagacity to Collier than to Berkeley, on the grounds that he did not vainly attempt to enlist man's natural belief against the hypothetical realism of the philosophers. But Collier did so as far as his light enabled him. He appealed to the popular conviction that the proper object of sense is the sole reality, although he despaired of getting men to give up their belief in its externality, and asserted that nothing but prejudice prevented them from doing so; and there is little doubt that, if it had ever occurred to him, as it did to Berkeley, to explain the genesis of the notion of externality, he would have been more hopeful of commending his theory to the popular mind.

In theology Collier was an adherent of the High Church party, though his views were by no means orthodox. In the Jacobite Mists Journal he attacked Bishop Hoadly's defence of sincere errors. His views on the problems of Arianism, and his attempt to reconcile it with orthodox theology, are contained in *A Specimen of True Philosophy* (1730, reprinted in Metaphysical Tracts, 1837) and *Logology, or a Treatise on the Logos in Seven Sermons on John 1. 1, 2, 3, 14* (1732, analysed in Metaph. Tracts). These may be compared with Berkeley's *Siris*.

## Further reading


title: Arun Mehta

abstract: Arun Mehta is an Indian software developer and a disability activist. At the request of Stephen Hawking, he, along with Vickram Crishna, developed a free and open source software named eLocutor, to allow nonverbal disabled people to write and speak.

text:
# Arun Mehta

**Arun Mehta** is an Indian software developer and a disability activist. At the request of Stephen Hawking, he, along with Vickram Crishna, developed a free and open source software named eLocutor, to allow nonverbal disabled people to write and speak.

## Early life

Mehta obtained a B.Tech. degree from IIT Delhi in 1975, a master's degree in computer sciences from the Stony Brook University. After that, he worked with Siemens AG in Erlangen for three years. As a fellow of Friedrich Ebert Foundation, he joined the PhD program of the Ruhr University in 1982. After returning to India, Mehta joined Indata Com Private Limited as the Managing Director. During this time, he developed a software for early detection of Alzheimer's disease, for the University of Pittsburgh.

## eLocutor

During a tour to India in 2001, Stephen Hawking delivered a lecture in an international physics conference dedicated to String theory held at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. It was during this time, Hawking, suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, contacted Mehta and Crishna along with several other software companies to write the replacement for the software he was using for the computerised machine fixed to his wheelchair, and to communicate with others. Mehta and Crishna developed eLocutor, a free and open source single-button typing and speaking software.

## Bibliography

* Peter, Wogart, Jan; Mehta, Arun; Kapur Mehta, Aasha (1993). *Technology and competitiveness : the case of Brazilian and Indian machine tools*. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 9780803991200. OCLC 27897348.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

| Arun Mehta | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | IIT Delhi
Stony Brook University
Ruhr University |
| Occupation | Software developer |


title: Enugu State Library

abstract: Enugu State Central Library is a library located along the crowded market in Enugu State. It was founded by UNESCO in 1958 in response to the need for a public library in Nigeria. According to a reporter, Patrick Egwu, who pretended to be a user, the library buildings were damaged with leaky roofs.

text:
# Enugu State Library

**Enugu State Central Library** is a library located along the crowded market in Enugu State. It was founded by UNESCO in 1958 in response to the need for a public library in Nigeria. According to a reporter, Patrick Egwu, who pretended to be a user, the library buildings were damaged with leaky roofs.

## History

Enugu State Central Library was established in 1958 by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in order to meet the demand for more public libraries in the country. It was referred to as the best library in West Africa and was handed over to the premier of Eastern Nigeria, Michael Iheonukara Okpara. The two public libraries in Enugu are the Enugu State Central Library and a branch of National Library of Nigeria.

## Collections

To use the library, a registration fee of #1,000 is required, which permits full access to the books on the shelves. However, the books available are outdated, mostly 1960–1970 publications.

## Challenges

According to the Guardian, Enugu State Central Library, besides a shortage of current books, suffers from a lack of payment of staff and dilapidated buildings requiring renovation.

6°26′04″N 7°29′26″E / 6.43441°N 7.49066°E / 6.43441; 7.49066

## InfoBox

| Enugu State Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Enugu State, Nigeria |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1958 |


title: Enugu East senatorial district

abstract: The Enugu East senatorial district in Enugu State of Nigeriacovers five local government areas of Enugu North, Enugu South, Isi Uzo, Nkanu East and Nkanu West. The collation centre of Enugu East senatorial district is in Agbani, Nkanu West LGA. Chimaroke Nnamani of the People's Democratic Party is the current representative of Enugu North senatorial district.

text:
# Enugu East senatorial district

The **Enugu East senatorial district** in Enugu State of Nigeriacovers five local government areas of Enugu North, Enugu South, Isi Uzo, Nkanu East and Nkanu West.

The collation centre of Enugu East senatorial district is in Agbani, Nkanu West LGA. Chimaroke Nnamani of the People's Democratic Party is the current representative of Enugu North senatorial district.

## List of senators representing Enugu East

| Senator | Party | Year | Assembly | Senate history |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jim Nwobodo | PDP | 1999-2003 | 4th |  |
| Ken Nnamani | PDP | 2003-2007 | 5th | He was a president of the 5th senate (2005-2007 |
|  |  |  |  |  |


title: Enugu State Peoples Democratic Party

abstract: Enugu State Peoples Democratic Party, also known as Enugu PDP, is the largest contemporary political party in Enugu State, Nigeria. It is affiliated with the national Peoples Democratic Party, and is led by chairman Augustine Nnamani. The party has its headquarters in Enugu, which is the state capital. As of May 2015, the party had controlled the Enugu State governorship for 16 years.

text:
# Enugu State Peoples Democratic Party

**Enugu State Peoples Democratic Party**, also known as **Enugu PDP**, is the largest contemporary political party in Enugu State, Nigeria. It is affiliated with the national Peoples Democratic Party, and is led by chairman Augustine Nnamani. The party has its headquarters in Enugu, which is the state capital. As of May 2015, the party had controlled the Enugu State governorship for 16 years.

## Current leadership

* Chairman: Augustine Nnamani
* Secretary: Mr. Cletus Akalusi
* Organizing Secretary: Dr. Christian Iyiani
* Woman Leader: Mrs. Vera Ezugwu
* Youth leader: Hon Patty Okoh

## Current elected officials

## List of party chairmen


abstract: The women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 17 September 1938.

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# 1938 European Athletics Championships – Women's 80 metres hurdles

The **women's 80 metres hurdles** at the 1938 European Athletics Championships was held in Vienna, at the time part of German Reich, at Praterstadion on 17 September 1938.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Claudia Testoni
*Italy* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Lisa Gelius
*Germany* |
| **Bronze** | Catherine Ter Braake
*Netherlands* |

## Results

### Final

17 September

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Claudia Testoni | Italy | 11.6 | CR |
|  | Lisa Gelius | Germany | 11.7 |  |
|  | Catherine Ter Braake | Netherlands | 11.8 |  |
| 4 | Annemarie Westphal | Germany | 12.0 |  |
| 5 | Agatha Doorgeest | Netherlands | 12.0 |  |
| 6 | Anny Spitzweg | Germany | 12.1 |  |

### Heats

17 September

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Claudia Testoni | Italy | 11.8 | CR, |
| 2 | Lisa Gelius | Germany | 11.9 |  |
| 3 | Ethel Raby | Great Britain | 13.2 |  |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Anny Spitzweg | Germany | 12.2 |  |
| 2 | Agatha Doorgeest | Netherlands | 12.3 |  |
| 3 | Evelyn Matthews | Great Britain | 12.3 |  |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Annemarie Westphal | Germany | 11.9 |  |
| 2 | Catherine Ter Braake | Netherlands | 12.0 |  |
| 3 | Kate Robertson | Great Britain | 12.3 |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 9 athletes from 4 countries participated in the event.

## InfoBox

| Women's 80 metres hurdles
at the European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |