title: Alexander E. Martin

abstract: Alexander E. Martin was an American businessman and Republican politician from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He represented Milwaukee's south side in the Wisconsin Senate during the 1913 and 1915 sessions.

text:
# Alexander E. Martin

**Alexander E. Martin** (October 9, 1867   1943) was an American businessman and Republican politician from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He represented Milwaukee's south side in the Wisconsin Senate during the 1913 and 1915 sessions.

## Background

Martin was born in Two Rivers, Wisconsin, but at the age of one was moved with his family to Milwaukee, where he studied at the local public schools and took a course in railroad telegraphy. Having worked in that trade for some years, in 1895 he went into the grocery business. In 1905, he was one of the incorporators of the Central Foundry company, and in 1910 of Hoyer Metallic Packing; by 1913 he was secretary of both corporations.

## Public office

In 1900, he was elected on the Republican ticket as a Milwaukee County supervisor, serving for two years. In 1903, he was appointed as a member of the Milwaukee School Board. In 1906, Martin was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for County Treasurer. In 1912, he was elected to the Wisconsin Senate in Wisconsin's 8th State Senate district, then comprising much of the south side of the city of Milwaukee. He prevailed with 5,899 votes, with 5,279 for Socialist assemblyman Frederick Brockhausen, 2,544 for fellow Republican Fred Lorenz, and 214 for Prohibitionist Carl Lund. (Republican incumbent John Kleczka was not a candidate.) Martin ran for re-election in 1916, but was defeated by Socialist Frank Raguse, who won with 4,945 votes, over 3,690 for Democrat Herbert Manger, 3,440 for Martin, and 150 for Prohibitionist S. P. Todd.

## Later life

In 1930 (by which time he was president of the A. E. Martin Foundry and Machinery company), Martin sued a local physician with whom he had a car accident; Martin asserted that "he probably never will be able to walk again as the result of injuries to his right leg".

## InfoBox

| Alexander E. Martin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Wisconsin Senate
from the 8th district | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1913  January 1, 1917 | |
| Preceded by | John Kleczka |
| Succeeded by | Frank Raguse |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1867-10-09)October 9, 1867
Two Rivers, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | 1943 (aged 7576) |
| Resting place | Fairview Mausoleum, Milwaukee (original)
Graceland Cemetery, Milwaukee (re-interred) |
| Political party | Republican |
| Occupation | Businessman |
|  | |


title: Druid Hills, Georgia

abstract: Druid Hills is a community which includes both a census-designated place (CDP) in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, as well as a neighborhood of the city of Atlanta. The CDP's population was 14,568 at the 2010 census. The CDP formerly contained the main campus of Emory University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); however, they were annexed by Atlanta in 2018. The Atlanta-city section of Druid Hills is one of Atlanta's most affluent neighborhoods with a mean household income in excess of $238,500.

text:
# Druid Hills, Georgia

**Druid Hills** is a community which includes both a census-designated place (CDP) in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, as well as a neighborhood of the city of Atlanta. The CDP's population was 14,568 at the 2010 census. The CDP formerly contained the main campus of Emory University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); however, they were annexed by Atlanta in 2018. The Atlanta-city section of Druid Hills is one of Atlanta's most affluent neighborhoods with a mean household income in excess of $238,500 (making it the ninth most affluent, per that metric).

## History

The planned community was initially conceived by Joel Hurt, and developed with the effort of Atlanta's leading families, including Coca-Cola founder Asa Candler. It contains some of Atlanta's historic mansions from the late 19th and early 20th century. Druid Hills includes the main campus of Emory University, which relocated to Atlanta in 1914.

Druid Hills was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and was one of his last commissions. A showpiece of the design was the string of parks along Ponce de Leon Avenue, which was designated as Druid Hills Parks and Parkways and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1975. The remainder of the development was listed on the Register as the Druid Hills Historic District on October 25, 1979. Later the Park and Parkways district was consolidated into the Druid Hills Historic District. The other historic districts in Druid Hills are:

By 2015 there was a bill in the Georgia Legislature which called for annexing more of Druid Hills into Atlanta.

In 2016 Emory University's administration stated that it intended to petition the university to be annexed into the City of Atlanta, along with the CDC area; in 2017 the university leadership formally submitted its petition. The City of Atlanta annexed Emory's campus effective January 1, 2018, a part of its largest annexation within a period of 65 years; the Atlanta City Council voted to do so the prior December.

## Geography

Druid Hills is located at 33°47′14″N 84°19′34″W / 33.78722°N 84.32611°W / 33.78722; -84.32611 (33.787205, -84.325974).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2), or 0.48%, is water. The CDP's northern boundary is the South Fork of Peachtree Creek; the CSX track and the Decatur city limits are the eastern boundary; the DeKalb County line is the western boundary; and the southern boundary is the Atlanta city limit.

The Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta is bounded by the Druid Hills CDP (i.e. unincorporated DeKalb County) on the north and east; the Morningside/Lenox Park, Virginia-Highland and Poncey-Highland neighborhoods of Atlanta on the west; and the Candler Park neighborhood of Atlanta on the south.

The Chelsea Heights neighborhood is located in the eastern part of the CDP at the Decatur border, and participates in the Druid Hills Civic Association.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 12,700 |  |  |
| 1990 | 12,174 |  | −4.1% |
| 2000 | 12,741 |  | 4.7% |
| 2010 | 14,568 |  | 14.3% |
| 2020 | 9,429 |  | −35.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
1850-1870 1870-1880
1890-1910 1920-1930
1940 1950 1960
1970 1980 1990
2000 2010 2020 | | | |

**Druid Hills, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 10,511 | 11,103 | 7,112 | 82.50% | 76.21% | 75.43% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 748 | 1,097 | 554 | 5.87% | 7.53% | 5.88% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 16 | 19 | 9 | 0.13% | 0.13% | 0.10% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 929 | 1,594 | 773 | 7.29% | 10.94% | 8.20% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 9 | 6 | 3 | 0.07% | 0.04% | 0.03% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 24 | 33 | 50 | 0.19% | 0.23% | 0.53% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 195 | 297 | 425 | 1.53% | 2.04% | 4.51% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 309 | 419 | 503 | 2.43% | 2.88% | 5.33% |
| **Total** | **12,741** | **14,568** | **9,429** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** | **100.00%** |

Druid Hills was first listed as a census designated place in the 1980 U.S. census. As of the 2020 United States census, there were 9,429 people, 3,579 households, and 1,977 families residing in the CDP.

## Economy

Emory University, including its hospitals, is the third largest employer in Metro Atlanta as of 2007/8. The CDC is also an employer of note.

Commercial areas include **Emory Village**, a small node first developed in the 1920s at the terminus of the streetcar line to Emory. A revitalization of the area was completed in 2011 with new sidewalks, street furniture and two new roundabouts.

The other, larger commercial areas fall just outside the community's boundaries, such as the Clairmont Road corridor in North Decatur, the Sage Hill shopping center in Atlanta's Morningside/Lenox Park, and the Ponce de Leon Avenue corridor just west of Druid Hills in Atlanta's Poncey-Highland/Virginia-Highland.

## Arts and culture

Druid Hills is home to The Atlanta Boy Choir on S. Ponce de Leon Ave. and Callanwolde Fine Arts Center, housed in the Gothic-Tudor style former estate of Charles Howard Candler, president of Coca-Cola and eldest son of Asa Griggs Candler, Coca-Cola's co-founder.

## Parks

* **Baker Woodland**, Emory University, between Fishburne Dr. & South Kilga Cir. Forest of oak, tulip poplar, beech, and hickory trees - contains over 100 plant species.
* **Burbanck Park**, Oxford Rd. & Clifton Rd. 1.2-acre (4,900 m2) natural park which borders Peavine Creek. It is named after Madeline and William Burbanck, Emory University professors who owned the property.
* **Fernbank Forest**, Fernbank Museum of Natural History.
* **Fernbank School Park**, 157 Heaton Park Dr. This DeKalb County 12-acre (49,000 m2) park is located west of the CSX railroad tracks. It includes a multi-use field and court, playground, picnic area and walking trails.
* **Hahn Woods**, Emory University, Houston Mill Rd. (*at South Peachtree Creek*). Nature preserve with trail and viewing platform over the creek.
* **Medlock Park** North Druid Hills subdivision, Nine little league baseball fields with concessions, playground and a running/cycling trail which follows Nancy Creek.
* **Olmsted Linear Park**, Druid Hills, Ponce de Leon Ave. 50 acres (200,000 m2) of six distinct parks, strung along Ponce de Leon Avenue like a necklace. They were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the late 19th century. Each of the six parks has its own name: Deepdene, Dellwood, Shadyside, Springdale, Virgilee and Oak Grove (formerly Brightwood).
* **Wesley Woods Forest**, Emory University.
* **Princeton Way Park**, a small neighborhood park that is surrounded by the interior homes of Princeton Way. The park is equipped with picnic tables, swings, slides, a sandbox, short walking trails, and an informal baseball setup.

## Government

The neighborhood organization, the Druid Hills Civic Association (DHCA), gives input to two authorities since the community is divided between the city of Atlanta and unincorporated territory in DeKalb County.

The Atlanta part is an official recognized neighborhood of Atlanta, which in turn is part of NPU N. Officially, DHCA exercises its input into planning and other city processes by giving input to the NPU.

DeKalb County does not have an officially designated role for the community within the county government in the way the City of Atlanta does (though there are five large geographic districts for the election of county commissioners), so the DHCA gives input to the unitarian county government in Decatur.

The United States Postal Service operates the Druid Hills Post Office at 1799 Briarcliff Road NE in the North Druid Hills CDP in unincorporated DeKalb.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's main offices were formerly located in the CDP. The City of Atlanta annexed the CDC effective January 1, 2018.

## Education

### Primary and secondary schools

The non-Atlanta portions of Druid Hills are in the DeKalb County School District. Most residents are zoned to Fernbank Elementary School (in the Druid Hills CDP) while some are zoned to Briar Vista Elementary School. All residents are zoned to Druid Hills Middle School (in the North Decatur CDP), and Druid Hills High School (in the Druid Hills CDP).

The Atlanta sections (the Emory/CDC annexation) are in Atlanta Public Schools. The zoned schools are Springdale Park Elementary School, D. T. Howard Middle School, and Midtown High School (formerly Henry W. Grady High School). The Emory/CDC annexation was scheduled to be moved into APS from DeKalb Schools in 2024.

The Paideia School  is a nearby preK–12 private school  in the city of Atlanta.

### Colleges and universities

Emory University is a private university formerly located in the Druid Hills CDP. The City of Atlanta annexed Emory effective January 1, 2018.

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

Public bus transportation is provided by the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, while Emory University runs an extensive fleet of shuttles, called the "Cliff".

### Healthcare

Emory University Hospital and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Egleston Hospital are in the Druid Hills area.

The City of Atlanta annexed Egleston and Emory University effective January 1, 2018. Prior to the annexation, Egleston was in Druid Hills CDP, as was Emory Hospital.

## Notable people

## Bibliography

* Bryant, James C. *Druid Hills Golf Club in Atlanta: The Story and the People, 1912–1997*. Atlanta, Ga.: Druid Hills Golf Club, 1998
* Hartle, Robert, Jr. *Atlanta's Druid Hills: A Brief History*. The History Press, June 27, 2008.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Druid Hills | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP and neighborhood of Atlanta | |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention headquarters | |
| Location in DeKalb County and the state of Georgia | |
| Druid Hills CDP, unincorporated DeKalb County | |
| Coordinates: 33°47′14″N 84°19′34″W / 33.78722°N 84.32611°W / 33.78722; -84.32611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | DeKalb |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.98 sq mi (7.72 km2) |
| Land | 2.97 sq mi (7.70 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 912 ft (278 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 9,429 |
| Density | 3,170.48/sq mi (1,224.08/km2) |
|  | (CDP only) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 30333 |
| Area code | 404 |
| FIPS code | 13-24264 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0331589 |


title: Dr. Milton Wedgewood House

abstract: The Dr. Milton Wedgewood House is a historic house at 101 Pine Street in Lewiston, Maine. Built in 1873 for a local doctor, it is a distinctive local example of Second Empire, and an important work of local architect Charles F. Douglas. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# Dr. Milton Wedgewood House

The **Dr. Milton Wedgewood House** is a historic house at 101 Pine Street in Lewiston, Maine. Built in 1873 for a local doctor, it is a distinctive local example of Second Empire, and an important work of local architect Charles F. Douglas. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## Description and history

The Dr. Milton Wedgewood House stands in a predominantly residential area east of Lewiston's commercial downtown, at the southeast corner of Pine and Pierce Streets. It consists of a two-story mansard-roofed main section, from which a three-story tower and single-story ell, also with mansard roofs, project toward the Pierce Street side. The tower's roof is capped by original iron cresting. The roofs are pierced by gabled dormers with sash windows set in segmented-arch openings on the main roof lines, and with fixed-pane windows set in rounded oblong openings in the tower's roof. The building's main windows are sash, set in segmented-arch surrounds with keystones and ears. The interior retains original moulded woodwork and marble fireplaces.

The house was built in 1873 for Dr. Milton Wedgewood, a prominent local doctor. It was designed by Charles F. Douglas, known for his large-scale work on Lewiston's mills. He was also known to tailor his designs to specific needs of his clients, in this case providing a consultation space for the doctor that was separated from his residence.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dr. Milton Wedgewood House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Dr. Milton Wedgewood House | |
|  | |
| Location | 101 Pine St., Lewiston, Maine |
| Coordinates | 44°5′47″N 70°12′44″W / 44.09639°N 70.21222°W / 44.09639; -70.21222 |
| Built | 1873 (1873) |
| Architect | Charles F. Douglas |
| Architectural style | Second Empire |
| NRHP reference No. | 86000071 |
| Added to NRHP | January 10, 1986 |


title: Alfonso de Anda

abstract: Alfonso de Anda aka Poncho de Anda is a Mexican TV show host.

text:
# Alfonso de Anda

**Alfonso de Anda** aka **Poncho de Anda** (born July 25, 1974) is a Mexican TV show host.

## Biography

Alfonso de Anda is a popular television host in U.S.-based Spanish-language television. Born in Mexico City, De Anda began his communication carrier in 1996 as a DJ for Grupo Radio Centro's Alfa 91.3 FM, one of the most successful radio stations in the region, where he eventually became a producer and host of his own shows. He later went to work at TV Azteca, serving as a television personality for the network's entertainment show "Estudio Siete (Studio Seven) and the video music show "Alfa Dance".

In 2001, de Anda moved to the United States as the main anchor of Telemundo's "MUN2 TV" edgy entertainment show “Fuzión” (Fusion). While working for Telemundo from 2001-2009 Poncho served as the co-host of Emilio's Estefan reality show “Nuevas Voces de América,” bringing to the viewers every detail related to the show. He also served as the host of the entertainment segments for Telemundo morning newscast “Hoy En El Mundo”, and the co-host of the morning variety shows “De Mañanita" and "Cada Dia”.

He also hosted different Telemundo special events, such as the red carpet for the Billboard Latin Music Awards, the Miss Universe Broadcast, Live Earth and the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, among others.

On September 7, 2010 Poncho de Anda became the co-host of Univision Network's top rated, three-hour live morning program, “Despierta América” (Wake-Up America) and in 2011 he hosted the reality show “Dale Con Ganas” (Give It Your All), an inspiring weight-loss reality challenge program from the creator and executive producer of “The Biggest Loser,” Dave Broome and executive producer Emilio Estefan. That same year he also hosted Univision's 49th broadcast of the Tournament of Roses Parade live from Pasadena California.

In 2013 Alfonso de Anda Hosted the first season of El Factor X, the United States Spanish-language edition of the FremantleMedia "The X Factor" franchise for MundoFox Archived 2021-11-28 at the Wayback Machine Network.

Alfonso served as co-host of "Venga La Alegría" and "Soy tu Doble VIP" at TV Azteca in México and Azteca America in The U.S. territory between 2013-2016.

As an interviewer and throughout his career, Poncho has interviewed some of the biggest celebrities and personalities in the entertainment industry such as Shakira, Ricky Martin, Gloria Estefan, Enrique Iglesias, Antonio Banderas, Tom Hanks, Will Smith, Robert De Niro and Metallica among others.

In recognition of his achievements, de Anda was honored with the 2011 and 2014 People en Español's "Best TV Host" award, “Sin Límite” (Without Limits) award for best Hispanic television host in the United States in 2008, and he was also included in People en Español's 50 Most Beautiful Special Edition.

De Anda holds a bachelor's degree in communications from Mexico's Universidad Intercontinental (Intercontinental University), as well as a diploma from the Université Du Quebec (University of Quebec). He resides in Miami since 2001 and is married to Colombian painter Lina Amashta, with whom he has two children (Daniel and Valeria).

## Professional career

### Radio

* Alfa Radio 91.3 (1996-1997) Grupo Radio Centro

### Television

## InfoBox

| Alfonso De Anda | |
| --- | --- |
| Alfonso de Anda (TV Personality) | |
| Born | Alfonso De Anda
(1974-07-25) July 25, 1974
Mexico City, Mexico |
| Other names | a.k.a. Poncho de Anda |
| Occupation | TV Host / Personality |
| Website | http://www.ponchodeanda.net |


title: Alfred G. Fischer

abstract: Alfred Georg Hubertus Fischer was a German-American geologist. Among his influential work was the examination of the climate record over geological time scales and latitudinal gradients in species diversity and numbers across geological time.

text:
# Alfred G. Fischer

**Alfred Georg Hubertus Fischer** (December 12, 1920 – July 2, 2017) was a German-American geologist. Among his influential work was the examination of the climate record over geological time scales and latitudinal gradients in species diversity and numbers across geological time.

## Life and work

Fischer was born at Rothenburg/Fulda, Hesse, and grew up near Berchtesgaden in Bavaria. He went to high school in Wiesbaden and in 1935, his family moved to the US. He then went to college in Watertown, Wisconsin. He studied geology at the University of Wisconsin, where he was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1939 and a master's degree in 1940.

From 1941-1943 he worked at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. In 1943-44 he was a geologist for Stanolind Oil and Gas in Kansas and from 1944 to 1946 a geologist in Florida. In 1947 he taught at the University of Rochester and from 1948 at the University of Kansas, where he was an assistant professor. In 1950 he gained a doctorate at Columbia University.

For five years from 1951 to 1956 he was a petroleum geologist (Senior Geologist) for Esso in Peru (Talara and Lima) before becoming assistant professor in 1956 and professor in 1963 at Princeton University. In 1984 he was appointed professor at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, becoming emeritus professor in 1991. He was also a visiting professor in Innsbruck, Tübingen and Berlin.

Fischer studied marine sedimentology and marine fossil fauna and was a leading scientist in the Deep Sea Drilling Project. He described in 1964 the phenomenon of rhythmically recurring sequences of sedimentary rock layers in some Keuper formations of the Alps, first discovered in Dachsteinkalken in the province of Salzburg. In the 1960s he examined latitudinal variation in the fossil record and in the 1970s, he propagated the existence of global biorhythms in the fossil record and in 1977 the concept of cycles of low and high levels of biodiversity in the marine fauna over 32 million years. In 1982 he spoke in favour of the Earth's climate alternating between ice ages and warm periods due to the (Icehouse-Greenhouse concept).

## Honors and awards

He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Tübingen.

## Publications

* *The Lofer cyclothems of the alpine Triassic*, Kansas State Geol. Surv. Bull. 169, Vol 1, 1964, pp 107–150.
* *Gilbert—bedding rhythms and geochronology*, in Ellis Yochelson (Hrsg.) The Scientific Ideas of G. K. Gilbert, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Papers 183, 1980, pp 93–104.
* *Climatic oscillations in the biosphere*, in M. Nitecki (Herausgeber) Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time, Academic Press, New York, 1981, pp 103–131.
* *Climatic rhythms recorded in strata*, Annual Reviews, Earth and Planetary Science, Vol 14, 1981, pp 351–367
* with D. J. Bottjer, *Orbital forcing and sedimentary sequences*, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol 61, 1991, pp 1063–1069
* with M. A. Arthur, *Secular variations in the pelagic realm*, in H. E. Cook, P. Enos (Hrsg.) Deep Water Carbonate Environments, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 25, 1977, pp 18–50
* with T. D. Herbert, *Stratification-rhythms*. Italo-American Studies in the Umbrian facies, Memoria della Societa Geologica Italiana, Vol 31, 1986, pp 45–51
* with T. D. Herbert, *Milankovitch climatic origin of the mid-cretaceous black-shale rhythms in Central Italy*, Nature, Vol 321, 1986, pp 739–743
* *Orbital cyclicity in mesozoic strata*, in G. Einsele, W. Ricken, A. Seilacher Cycles and events in stratigraphy, Springer 1991, pp 48–62
* *Long term climatic oscillations recorded in stratigraphy*, in Climate in Earth History: Studies in Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences Press 1982, Online
* Fischer, S. Honjo, *Garrison Electron micrographs of limestones and their nannofossils*, Princeton University Press 1967
* Fischer, Garrison, *Carbonate lithification on the sea floor*, J. Geology, Vol 75, 1976, pp 488–496


title: Duan Albanach

abstract: The Duan Albanach is a Middle Gaelic poem. Written during the reign of Mael Coluim III, who ruled between 1058 and 1093, it is found in a variety of Irish sources, and the usual version comes from the Book of Lecan and Book of Ui Maine. It follows on from the Duan Eireannach, which covers the earlier mythological history of the Gael. It is a praise poem of 27 stanzas, probably sung at court to a musical accompaniment by the harp. If performed in a public context, it is possible that the audience would have participated in the performance. The Duan recounts the kings of the Scots since the eponymous Albanus came to Alba. The poem begins with the following stanzas. In the final stanzas it is seen that the poem dates from the time of Malcolm III, in the second half of the 11th century.

text:
# Duan Albanach

The **Duan Albanach** (**Song of the Scots**) is a Middle Gaelic poem. Written during the reign of Mael Coluim III, who ruled between 1058 and 1093, it is found in a variety of Irish sources, and the usual version comes from the *Book of Lecan* and *Book of Ui Maine*.

It follows on from the *Duan Eireannach*, which covers the earlier mythological history of the Gael.

It is a praise poem of 27 stanzas, probably sung at court to a musical accompaniment by the harp. If performed in a public context, it is possible that the audience would have participated in the performance.

The *Duan* recounts the kings of the Scots since the eponymous Albanus came to Alba. The poem begins with the following stanzas.

> | *A eolcha Alban uile,* | O all ye learned of Alba ! |
> | --- | --- |
> | *a shluagh feuta foltbhuidhe,* | Ye well skilled host of yellow hair ! |
> | *cia ceud ghabhail, an eól duíbh,* | What was the first invasion  is it known to you? |
> | *ro ghabhasdair Albanruigh ?* | Which took the land of Alba ? |
> | *Albanus ro ghabh, lia a shlógh,* | Albanus possessed it, numerous his hosts; |
> | *mac sen oirdérc Isicon,* | He was the illustrious son of Isacon, |
> | *brathair is Briutus gan brath,* | He and Brutus were brothers without deceit, |
> | *ó ráitear Alba eathrach.* | From him Alba of ships has its name. |

In the final stanzas it is seen that the poem dates from the time of Malcolm III, in the second half of the 11th century.

> | *Se bliadhna Donnchaid glain gaoith* | The six years of Donnchad the wise, |
> | --- | --- |
> | *xuii bliadhna mac Fionnlaoich,* | Seventeen years the son of Findláech; |
> | *tar és Mec Beathaidh go m-blaidh,* | After Mac Bethad, the renowned, |
> | *uii mís i f-flaithios Lughlaigh.* | Seven months was Lulach in the sovereignty. |
> | *Maolcholuim anosa as ,* | Máel Coluim is now the king, |
> | *mac Donnchaidh dhata dhrechbhi,* | Son of Donnchad the florid, of lively visage, |
> | *a ré nocha n-fidir neach,* | His duration knoweth no man |
> | *acht an t-eólach as éolach. A eolcha.* | But the Wise One, the Most Wise. O ye learned. |


title: Dualstar

abstract: Dualstar Entertainment Group, LLC is a privately held American limited liability company owned by twin sister actresses Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen, which produced films, television series, magazines, video games, and other popular media. Dualstar was based in Los Angeles, California and is now based in Culver City.

text:
# Dualstar

**Dualstar Entertainment Group, LLC** is a privately held American limited liability company owned by twin sister actresses Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen, which produced films, television series, magazines, video games, and other popular media. Dualstar was based in Los Angeles, California and is now based in Culver City.

## History

The company Dualstar Productions was originally started in 1993 by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, then-stars of *Full House*, at the age of 6. They had a development deal at Warner Bros. and ABC, who had a television broadcast contract, and set up its own video and audio arm with a deal at BMG Kidz, the kids label of BMG. It then became a pioneer in the tween industry.

The company operated eight such subsidiaries such as: Dualstar Productions, Dualstar Animation, Dualstar Records, Dualstar Video & DVD, Dualstar Interactive, Dualstar Publications, Dualstar Consumer Products and Dualstar Clothing.

Dissatisfied by the BMG deal, the Olsens opted to move the Dualstar Video label to WarnerVision Entertainment in 1995.

In 1999, it entered into a partnership with game publisher Acclaim Entertainment to launch its Dualstar Interactive line. Also that year, it launched Dualstar Animation and entered into a pact with DIC Entertainment to launch a Mary-Kate and Ashley cartoon. The cartoon was subsequently picked up by ABC in 2001 for Disney's One Saturday Morning block. In 2003, the group estimated that the sales are around $1.4 billion. The interactive unit subsequently filed a lawsuit against Acclaim Entertainment in 2004. Also that year upon their 18th birthday, the Olsens took control of the Dualstar studio.

In 2006, Dualstar partnered with Dylan and Cole Sprouse, the twin brothers from Disney's *The Suite Life of Zack & Cody*, to produce *Code* a magazine geared toward a young male demographic.

In April 2015, Mary-Kate and Ashley reached a deal with Viacom-owned Nickelodeon to license the entire library.

## Operations

On May 7, 2004, the company released *New York Minute*, the Olsen twins' last and only theatrical film since 1995's *It Takes Two*. The film did not do well at the box office, and suffered negative critical reception. Since then, Dualstar and the Olsens have neither produced nor starred in another film.

## Productions

### Feature films

### Musical video series

### Television series

A class action lawsuit against Dualstar alleges that the Entertainment Group failed to pay interns for menial tasks. The suit, brought forth by forty past and current interns, argues that the interns should have been paid minimum wage because they were doing similar jobs as their paid colleagues, without receiving academic or vocational credit.

Dualstar responded, "As an initial matter, Dualstar is an organization that is committed to treating all individuals fairly and in accordance with all applicable laws. The allegations in the complaint filed against Dualstar are groundless, and Dualstar will vigorously defend itself against plaintiff's claims in court, not before the media. Dualstar is confident that once the true facts of this case are revealed, the lawsuit will be dismissed in its entirety." The lawsuit was settled out of court in March 2017 for $140,000.

## InfoBox

Dualstar Entertainment Group, LLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Private LLC |
| Industry | fashion, entertainment |
| Founded | May 5, 1993 (1993-05-05)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Founders | Mary-Kate Olsen
Ashley Olsen |
| Headquarters | Culver City, California, United States |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


title: Du Bo

abstract: Du Bo (杜伯) was the Duke of Tangdu (唐杜公) during the reign of Zhou Xuan Wang. After his execution, he became known as a case of an avenging spirit.

text:
# Du Bo

| Du Bo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The name "Du Bo" in printed Chinese characters. | |
| Chinese | 杜伯 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Dù Bó (col.)
{{{2}}} (lit.)  Wade–Giles Tu4Po2 (col.)
{{{2}}} (lit.) | |
|  | |

**Du Bo** (杜伯) was the Duke of Tangdu (唐杜公) during the reign of Zhou Xuan Wang (827 – 781 BCE). After his execution, he became known as a case of an avenging spirit.

## History

Following a rumor that a woman would jeopardize the town of \[Jiangshan\], King Xuan of Zhou (827–783 BCE) ordered a mass execution of women. After Du Bo admonished the king for his decision, King Xuan executed Du Bo, despite having been warned that Du Bo's ghost would haunt him. Three years, King Xuan fell ill and died after dreaming that Du Bo shot him to death with an arrow.

The Chinese philosopher, \[Mo Zi\] (470–391 BCE), helped cement the legend by commenting:

> "If from antiquity to the present, and since the beginning of man, there are men who have seen the bodies of ghosts and spirits and heard their voices, how can we say that they do not exist? If none have heard them and none have seen them, then how can we say they do? But those who deny the existence of the spirits say: "Many in the world have heard and seen something of ghosts and spirits. Since they vary in testimony, who are to be accepted as really having heard and seen them?" Mo Zi said: As we are to rely on what many have jointly seen and what many have jointly heard, the case of Tu Po is to be accepted."

## Background

According to legend, the Tangdu were descendants of the people who lived in the State of Tang, a Dukedom situated to the west of the State of Yi Lin Shaanxi province. This dukedom was annihilated by Zhou Gong Dan (Duke of Zhou), but his nephew Zhou Cheng Wang allowed the Tang to form a new State of Du, and became known as Tangdu or Du Shi (杜氏).

Du Bo's son, Shi Hui (士会), also Fan Hui (范会), was the famous Duke of Fan.

## InfoBox

| Du Bo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | DOB unknown |
| Died | before 785 BCE |
| Occupation | Minister |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Period | Western Zhou dynasty |
| Children | Xi Shu |


title: Hyalinobatrachium cappellei

abstract: Hyalinobatrachium cappellei is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the Guianas and in parts of the Amazon Basin in Brazil. It was until recently (2011) considered to be a synonym of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni. Hyalinobatrachium cappellei are known for prolonged breeding and parental expression. Usually, the fitness and survival of offspring benefit at a loss to the parent. However, for this species, the males likelihood of mating increases with the number of clutches they attend. A close species is called Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni.

text:
# Hyalinobatrachium cappellei

***Hyalinobatrachium cappellei*** is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the Guianas (Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname) and in parts of the Amazon Basin in Brazil. It was until recently (2011) considered to be a synonym of *Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni*.

***Hyalinobatrachium cappellei*** are known for prolonged breeding and parental expression. Usually, the fitness and survival of offspring benefit at a loss to the parent. However, for this species, the males likelihood of mating increases with the number of clutches they attend (Vargas-Salinas, 2014).

A close species is called *Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni.*

## InfoBox

| *Hyalinobatrachium cappellei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Centrolenidae |
| Genus: | *Hyalinobatrachium* |
| Species: | ***H. cappellei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hyalinobatrachium cappellei***
Van Lidth de Jeude, 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hylella cappellei* Van Lidth de Jeude, 1904
*Hyalinobatrachium crurifasciatum* Myers and Donnelly, 1997
*Hyalinobatrachium eccentricum* Myers and Donnelly, 2001
*Hyalinobatrachium ignioculus* Noonan and Bonett, 2003 | |


title: 1800 in France

abstract: Events from the year 1800 in France.

text:
# 1800 in France

Events from the year **1800 in France**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

### January to June

### July to December

### Full date unknown

## Deaths

### January to March

### April to June

### July to December

### Full date unknown

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1800<br>History of France    Timeline    Years |


title: Alsike, Sweden

abstract: Alsike is a locality situated in Knivsta Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden with 2,681 inhabitants in 2010. Alsike is located about 50 km north of Stockholm and only 25 km away from Arlanda Airport. It is also the location of Alsike Abbey. Alsike is located on the Ingegerdsleden, a historic pilgrimage route between Uppsala Cathedral and Storkyrkan in Stockholm. Alsike clover gets its common name from Alsike, Sweden.

text:
# Alsike, Sweden

**Alsike** (Swedish pronunciation: \[ˈɑ̂ːlˌsiːkɛ\]) is a locality situated in Knivsta Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden with 2,681 inhabitants in 2010. Alsike is located about 50 km north of Stockholm and only 25 km away from Arlanda Airport. It is also the location of Alsike Abbey. Alsike is located on the Ingegerdsleden, a historic pilgrimage route between Uppsala Cathedral and Storkyrkan in Stockholm. Alsike clover gets its common name from Alsike, Sweden.

## InfoBox

| Alsike | |
| --- | --- |
| Alsike Church | |
| AlsikeAlsike | |
| Coordinates: 59°48′N 17°46′E / 59.800°N 17.767°E / 59.800; 17.767 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Uppland |
| County | Uppsala County |
| Municipality | Knivsta Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.38 km2 (0.92 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2020) | |
| Total | 5,057 |
| Density | 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Akshay Sanjay Indikar

abstract: Akshay Indikar is an Indian filmmaker, cinematographer, writer and editor from Solapur, belonging to the nomadic folk artist family from the state of Maharashtra, India.

text:
# Akshay Sanjay Indikar

**Akshay Indikar** is an Indian filmmaker, cinematographer, writer and editor from Solapur, belonging to the nomadic folk artist family from the state of Maharashtra, India.

## Early life and career

Born in Solapur and brought up in a small town called Akluj, Akshay Indikar completed his education in Pune. His first docu-fiction film was Udaharnarth Nemade. His debut feature film was Trijya -Radius. His second feature film Sthalpuran – Chronicle of Space premiered at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2020.

## Films

### Udaharnarth Nemade

First Marathi docu-fiction film on the life and works of Jnanpith and Padma Shri recipient Marathi writer Bhalchandra Nemade.

### Trijya – Radius

Akshay Indikar's second film Trijya - Radius is about a young poet Avdhut Kale and his struggle to find his place in a city like Pune. The film premiered at the Shanghai International Film Festival where it was nominated for the Asian New Talent Award for Best Cinematography, Best Director and Best Film. It was also screened at the 2019 Black Nights Film Festival in Tallinn, Estonia, Dhaka International Film Festival, Bangladesh where it won the Best Cinematography Award and the Black Film Festival, Geneva, Switzerland. "Trijya brings a sophisticated point of view as well as a sad aching to the hero’s search for answers to the perennial questions about life’s purpose. One can feel how personal a film it is to the 27-year-old director," wrote Deborah Young in The Hollywood Reporter.

### Sthalpuran

His second feature film *Sthalpuran – Chronicle of Space* tells the story of an eight-year-old boy called Dighu who is finding it hard to adjust to life in his grandparents’ village in Konkan, a rural region on the Indian coast. It premiered at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2020 where it was nominated for the prestigious Crystal Bear Award in Generation Kplus section. The film was included in the list of Top Ten Films screened at the festival curated by noted film Daniel Kasman for Mubi. Film Critic Bharadwaj Rangan in a review for Film Companion writes, "In Akshay Indikar’s deeply felt portrait of a young boy, technique replaces traditional storytelling." This film is screening at Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles for closing night with Anurag Kashyap.

Akshay Sanjay Indikar at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Akshay Sanjay Indikar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 16 May 1991 (1991-05-16) (age 33)<br>India |
| Occupation(s) | Director, writer, editor, Cinematographer |
| Notable work |  |
| Spouse | Tejashri IK |
| Children | Saau Indikar |


title: Lushui River

abstract: The Lu River is a right-bank tributary of the Xiang River. It rises in Shuijiang Town of Yichun, Jiangxi, and flows slowly westwards for 168.8 kilometres (104.9 mi) to the Xiang River. With its tributaries, the Lu has a drainage-basin area of 5,713 square kilometres (2,206 sq mi), and its watershed drains parts of four prefectures in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. The Lu River is one of the largest tributaries of the Xiang. The main stream passes through the counties of Yuanzhou, Shangli, Anyuan and Xiangdong in Jiangxi and the counties of Liling and Zhuzhou in Hunan.

text:
# Lushui River

The **Lu River** (Chinese: 渌水) is a right-bank tributary of the Xiang River. It rises in Shuijiang Town of Yichun, Jiangxi, and flows slowly westwards for 168.8 kilometres (104.9 mi) to the Xiang River. With its tributaries, the Lu has a drainage-basin area of 5,713 square kilometres (2,206 sq mi), and its watershed drains parts of four prefectures in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. The Lu River is one of the largest tributaries of the Xiang. The main stream passes through the counties of Yuanzhou, Shangli, Anyuan and Xiangdong in Jiangxi and the counties of Liling and Zhuzhou in Hunan.

27°41′38″N 113°07′24″E / 27.6940°N 113.1234°E / 27.6940; 113.1234


title: 1608 in Sweden

abstract: Events from the year 1608 in Sweden

text:
# 1608 in Sweden

Events from the year **1608 in Sweden**

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| **Years in Sweden:** | 1605 1606 1607 **1608** 1609 1610 1611 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 16th century · **17th century** · 18th century |
| **Decades:** | 1570s 1580s 1590s **1600s** 1610s 1620s 1630s |
| **Years:** | 1605 1606 1607 **1608** 1609 1610 1611 |


title: 1800 in Denmark

abstract: Events from the year 1800 in Denmark.

text:
# 1800 in Denmark

Events from the year **1800 in Denmark**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### Date unknown

* A semaphore line, also known as an optical telegraph, is established between Copenhagen and Schleswig, with 23 reply stations across Zealand, Funen and Als.
* Kronprinsessegade is established in Copenhagen.
* Conrad Malte-Brun is sent into exile for his pamphlets which contained outright criticism of the government, something which the new censorship laws forbade.

## Births

## Deaths

**Undated**

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1800<br>List of years in Denmark |


title: East Atlantic Gymnastics League

abstract: The East Atlantic Gymnastics League (EAGL) is a collegiate women's gymnastics conference competing at the NCAA Division I level. The league comprises five universities.

text:
# East Atlantic Gymnastics League

The **East Atlantic Gymnastics League** (**EAGL**) is a collegiate women's gymnastics conference competing at the NCAA Division I level. The league comprises five universities.

## Members

### Current members

| Institution | City | State | Nickname | Joined | Primary conference | Conference
championships |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Washington University | Washington | District of Columbia | Revolutionaries | 2004 | Atlantic 10 Conference | 3 |
| University of New Hampshire | Durham | New Hampshire | Wildcats | 1995 | America East Conference | 3 |
| Towson University | Towson | Maryland | Tigers | 1995 | Coastal Athletic Association | 1 |
| Long Island University | Brookville | New York | Sharks | 2020 | Northeast Conference | 0 |
| Temple University | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | Owls | 2020 | American Athletic Conference | 1 |
|

### Former members

| Institution | Tenure | Current conference | Conference
championships |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| West Virginia University | 1995–2012 | Big 12 Conference | 7 |
| University of Maryland | 1995–2014 | Big Ten Conference | 0 |
| Rutgers University–New Brunswick | 1995–2014 | Big Ten Conference | 0 |
| North Carolina State University | 1995–2023 | Atlantic Coast Conference | 6 |
| University of North Carolina | 1995–2023 | Atlantic Coast Conference | 5 |
| University of Pittsburgh | 1995–2023 | Atlantic Coast Conference | 1 |

## History

EAGL was formed on July 31, 1995, when eight universities on the East Coast of the United States: the University of Maryland, the University of New Hampshire, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, the University of Pittsburgh, Rutgers University, Towson University, and West Virginia University joined to form a conference solely for women’s gymnastics. In August 1996, the EAGL officially became an affiliated member of the NCAA.

George Washington University joined the league in 2004. Towson, one of the original league members, left EAGL in 2005 to rejoin the Eastern College Athletic Conference. On February 3, 2012, the Atlantic Coast Conference announced that with the addition of Pittsburgh to the conference it would begin sponsoring a gymnastics championship, withdrawing the membership of the Maryland, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Pittsburgh from the EAGL. However, Rutgers and Maryland both joined the Big Ten in 2014, a conference with an established gymnastics championship. West Virginia left the EAGL in 2012 upon joining the Big 12, a conference that also sponsored gymnastics. As such, not enough schools fielding gymnastics teams remained in the ACC for that conference to sponsor gymnastics so North Carolina, NC State, and Pitt remained in the EAGL. Towson rejoined the league in 2013. On March 5, 2020, Long Island University announced plans to add a women's gymnastics team for the 2020-21 school year and join the EAGL. On November 14, 2020, Temple University announced it would be leaving the Eastern Collegiate Athletic Conference to join the EAGL.

On June 17, 2021, the Atlantic Coast Conference announced that, with the addition of NCAA Gymnastics at Clemson University, the ACC would begin sponsoring the sport for the 2023-24 school year, which will move Pittsburgh, North Carolina State and North Carolina from the EAGL to the ACC starting with the 2024 season.

## Team champions

| Year | University | Score |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | West Virginia | 194.6 |
| 1997 | West Virginia | 196.0 |
| 1998 | West Virginia | 195.5 |
| 1999 | North Carolina State | 196.05 |
| 2000 | North Carolina State | 196.00 |
| 2001 | West Virginia | 196.375 |
| 2002 | North Carolina | 196.425 |
| 2003 | New Hampshire | 196.75 |
| 2004 | West Virginia | 197.050 |
| 2005 | North Carolina | 195.975 |
| 2006 | North Carolina | 195.325 |
| 2007 | North Carolina State | 195.475 |
| 2008 | West Virginia | 196.050 |
| 2009 | North Carolina State | 195.700 |
| 2010 | North Carolina | 196.025 |
| 2011 | North Carolina | 195.300 |
| 2012 | West Virginia | 196.475 |
| 2013 | North Carolina State | 195.175 |
| 2014 | New Hampshire | 196.375 |
| 2015 | George Washington | 195.850 |
| 2016 | Pittsburgh | 195.675 |
| 2017 | George Washington | 196.275 |
| 2018 | North Carolina State | 196.625 |
| 2019 | New Hampshire | 195.950 |
| 2020 | Not Held due to COVID-19 | N/A |
| 2021 | Temple | 196.500 |
| 2022 | George Washington | 196.325 |
| 2023 | Towson | 196.500 |
| 2024 | Towson | 197.300 |

1. "ACC unveils scheduling plans for 14-team league". *SI.com*. Turner Sports & Entertainment Digital Network. AP. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
2. "Gymnastics is Ready for the Climb". WVU Athletics. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
3. "LIU to Launch Division I Women's Gymnastics". Long Island University. March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
4. "Gymnastics to Compete in the EAGL Beginning in 2021". Temple University. November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
5. "2012 EAGL Final Results" (PDF). EAGL. Retrieved 13 January 2013.

## InfoBox

East Atlantic Gymnastics League
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Association | NCAA |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Sports fielded | * Women's gymnastics |
| Division | Division I |
| No. of teams | 5 |
| Region | East Coast |
| Official website | eaglsid.wixsite.com/eaglgymnastics |


title: 1800 in Sweden

abstract: Events from the year 1800 in Sweden

text:
# 1800 in Sweden

Events from the year **1800 in Sweden**

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

Media related to 1800 in Sweden at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| **Years in Sweden:** | 1797 1798 1799 **1800** 1801 1802 1803 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1770s 1780s 1790s **1800s** 1810s 1820s 1830s |
| **Years:** | 1797 1798 1799 **1800** 1801 1802 1803 |


title: Alt-Schauenburg Castle

abstract: Alt-Schauenburg is a ruined castle in the commune of Frenkendorf, Switzerland. It is located near the border of France and Germany, and little of the castle remains because of geological events.

text:
# Alt-Schauenburg Castle

**Alt-Schauenburg** is a ruined castle in the commune of Frenkendorf, Switzerland. It is located near the border of France and Germany, and little of the castle remains because of geological events.

## History

There were two Schauenburg castles near Frenkendorf, Alt (or Old)-Schauenburg about 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of the village on the top of Chleiflüeli hill and Neu (or New)-Schauenburg to the west. Alt-Schauenburg was probably built around 1275 as the seat of a junior branch of the Schauenburg family. The castle was occupied for less than a century. The 1356 Basel earthquake destroyed much of the castle and shortly thereafter the ruins were abandoned. The ruins were gradually buried, until 1949-50 when they were excavated and repaired. In 1976-77 additional construction helped preserve the site.

## Origin of the name

Neu-Schauenburg was built before Alt-Schauenburg, but because Alt-Schauenburg was destroyed and abandoned first, it came to be known as the old or *alt-* castle.

## Castle site

Many of the walls are still standing following the two conservation projects. The southern approach was guarded by a shield wall. One corner of the wall was protected by a semi-circular avant-corps. Inside the shield wall, the castle tower and residence hall were rectangular.

## InfoBox

| Alt-Schauenburg Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Ruine Alt-Schauenburg* | |
| Chleiflüeli, Frenkendorf | |
| Alt-Schauenburg from the south, shield wall and entrance | |
| Alt-Schauenburg Castle | |
| Coordinates | 47°29′44.0″N 7°40′23.7″E / 47.495556°N 7.673250°E / 47.495556; 7.673250 |
| Type | hill castle, spur castle |
| Code | CH-BL |
| Height | 640 m above the sea |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Preserved walls |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1275/1280 |
| Materials | Stone |


title: 1870 New York special judicial election

abstract: A special judicial election was held on May 17, 1870, to fill the seats on the re-organized New York Court of Appeals.

text:
# 1870 New York special judicial election

A **special judicial election** was held on May 17, 1870, to fill the seats on the re-organized New York Court of Appeals.

## Background

An Amendment to the New York Constitution, adopted in November 1869, re-organized the Court of Appeals. The first judges were to be elected at a special statewide election to take office on July 4, 1870. The new Court had a Chief Judge, elected as such, and six associate judges. Each ticket could have only four candidates for associate judge so that at least two judges were elected by the minority party.

In April 1870, a new city charter for New York City was enacted by the New York State Legislature under instructions from William M. Tweed. The first municipal election under the new charter was scheduled for the same day, with the intention to swamp the strong upstate Republican vote with a heavy Democratic/Tammany vote in New York City.

## Results

Boss Tweed's plan worked, and all five Democratic candidates were elected, leaving only two judgeships to the Republican minority.

**1870 judicial election results**
| Office | Democratic ticket | | Republican ticket | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals | **Sanford E. Church** | **239,890** | Henry R. Selden | 151,978 |
| Associate Judges of the Court of Appeals | **William F. Allen** | **239,173** | **Charles J. Folger** | **154,930** |
|  | **Martin Grover** | **238,516** | **Charles Andrews** | **154,094** |
|  | **Rufus W. Peckham, Sr.** | **236,685** | Charles Mason | 152,306 |
|  | **Charles A. Rapallo** | **235,994** | Robert S. Hale | 150,862 |
|

Of the seven original judges elected in 1870, only two completed the 14-year term. Four died (Peckham in 1873, Grover in 1875, Allen in 1878, and Church in 1880) and Folger was first appointed, and then elected, Chief Judge, but resigned in 1881. Andrews was then appointed Chief Judge, but lost the election in 1882, and continued on the bench as an associate judge. Rapallo and Andrews were re-elected in 1884. Rapallo died during his second term in 1887. Andrews was elected Chief Judge in 1892, and retired at the end of 1897 after almost 28 years, the longest tenure of any judge on the New York Court of Appeals.

## Sources


title: Alternate Kennedys

abstract: Alternate Kennedys is an alternate history anthology edited by Mike Resnick, published in the United States by Tor Books. There are 26 stories in the anthology, including Resnick's own "Lady in Waiting". The remaining stories by various authors present scenarios where members of the Kennedy family had lives that were different from real life. The anthology was released on July 1, 1992.

text:
# Alternate Kennedys

***Alternate Kennedys*** is an alternate history anthology edited by Mike Resnick, published in the United States by Tor Books. There are 26 stories in the anthology, including Resnick's own "Lady in Waiting". The remaining stories by various authors present scenarios where members of the Kennedy family had lives that were different from real life. The anthology was released on July 1, 1992.

## Stories

| Title | Author | Scenario |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "A Fleeting Wisp of Glory" | Laura Resnick | The Cuban Missile Crisis blows up in 1962, leading to World War III and the apocalypse. Several centuries after apocalypse, legends of the two Camelots become entwined. |
| "In the Stone House" | Barry N. Malzberg | Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. is not killed in action during World War II and is later elected President of the United States in 1952. His presidency collapses in 1955 after he fires Secretary of State Joe McCarthy. |
| "The Kennedy Enterprise" | David Gerrold | In 1929, Joe Kennedy divorces his wife Rose and moves to Hollywood, where he remarries to Gloria Swanson and his sons go into the movie business. Later on in his life, Joe's son Jack is a second-rate actor who has appeared in numerous films in the 1940s and the 1950s. However, his roles begin drying up by the time that he reaches his mid 40s. But in 1966, he is cast in what would become his best known role, namely Captain Jack Logan of the U.S.S. *Enterprise* (NCC-1701) in Gene Roddenberry's hugely popular science fiction television series *Star Track*. |
| "The Best and Brightest" | Kristine Kathryn Rusch | Robert F. Kennedy gets elected president in 1964. Later on, a black reporter faces a personal crisis when he is given evidence that Kennedy ordered an assassination attempt on Martin Luther King Jr. |
| "The 1960 Presidential Campaign, Considered as a World Wrestling Federation Steel Cage Match or Short Count in Chicago" | Jack C. Haldeman II | This story depicts the world affairs of 1960 and the US presidential election seen through the metaphor of professional wrestling. Referee Chicago Dick (Richard J. Daley) gives the long count to the Trickster (Richard Nixon) and the short count to the Hyannis Kid (John F. Kennedy). |
| "Siren Song" | Susan Schwartz | John F. Kennedy abandons love, peace, and bliss with a mermaid to knowingly go back to a life he knows will end with his murder in Dallas. |
| "Them Old Hyannis Blues" | Judith Tarr | In a role reversal world, Elvis Presley is the US President while the Kennedy brothers are famous rock singers. Meanwhile Mick Jagger is an underground leader and John Lennon is the United States Secretary of State. The front cover of the anthology depicts a stack of vinyl records with a record showing the Kennedy brothers on top, referencing the story. |
| "Rosemary: Scrambled Eggs on a Blue Plate" | Alan Rodgers and James D. Macdonald | After she is lobotomized, Rosemary Kennedy has nightmares about aliens killing her brothers, replacing JFK with an alien double and lobotomizing her. |
| "The Missing 35th President" | Brian M. Thomsen | In a tabloid-style story, future cloners/archaeologists can not find John F. Kennedy’s remains. The story also depicts Kennedy's alleged post November 22, 1963 activities, such as marrying Marilyn Monroe and becoming Earth’s ambassador to the Galactic Congress. |
| "Freedom" | Barbara Delaplace | With Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. badgering his children to achieve his agenda, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. decides death is his only escape from his father. |
| "A Massachusetts Yankee in King Arthur’s Court" | Harry Turtledove | John F. Kennedy is briefly transported back in time to ancient Britain, where he meets King Arthur of Camelot. |
| "President-Elect" | Mark Aronson | Robert F. Kennedy survives his assassination attempt by Sirhan Sirhan. As a result, he adopts a hard anti-crime stance and becomes a member of the Republican Party. He wins the Republican nomination and selects former Vice President Richard Nixon as his running mate. Meanwhile, Robert's brother Ted wins the Democratic nomination, resulting in the 1968 election becoming a Kennedy vs Kennedy match-up. On election day, Robert defeats his brother. However, President-elect Robert dies in a car accident in Chappaquiddick Island, resulting in Vice President-elect Nixon becoming the 37th president of the United States, instead. |
| "No Prisoners" | Pat Cadigan | Robert F. Kennedy decides to become a priest while his sister Eunice enters politics. Nearly three decades later in 1968, former Attorney General and now Senator Eunice Kennedy is faced with the final outcome of her brother's antiwar activism. |
| "Lady in Waiting" | Mike Resnick | Marilyn Monroe does not become an actress and remains under her original name Norma Jeane Mortenson. Years later at her waitress job in Washington, D.C., she gets picked up by President Kennedy for a one-night stand and futilely dreams of becoming the First Lady of the United States. |
| "The Inga-Binga Affair" | Michael P. Kube-McDowell | During World War II, it is revealed that Navy officer John F. Kennedy was having an affair with a suspected female Nazi spy. Alerted that the FBI is taping his trysts, JFK plots to get out from under his father's control. |
| "Bobbygate" | Rick Katze | John F. Kennedy is not assassinated in 1963 and runs for reelection the following year. However, a reporter stumbles onto links between Kennedy's brother Robert and a break-in at the Republican national headquarters (similar to the real life Watergate scandal), leading to Kennedy's father Joseph attempting to cover-up the scandal by whatever means necessary, including murder. |
| "Now And in the Hour of Death" | Debra Doyle and James D. Macdonald | Kathleen Kennedy is not killed in a plane crash in 1948. |
| "Eoghan" | Nancy Kress | A fantasy version of the Kennedy clan. They are magically blessed while they do good. However, John F. Kennedy's refusal to withdraw from the Vietnam War results in him getting assassinated in Dallas. |
| "’Til Death Do Us Part" | Charles von Rospach | One night in 1962, Marilyn Monroe is caught sneaking out of the White House. She later commits suicide and her ghost haunts President John F. Kennedy, urging him to find a way to be with her. |
| "Gloria Remembers" | Brian M. Thomsen | Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. signs a pact with Satan in order to have the Kennedy name glorified through his sons. He thinks it will be through their deeds. |
| "Told You So" | Esther M. Friesner | In a world were magic and mythical creatures exist, John F. Kennedy saves the life of a leprechaun and is given the power of making anything true merely by speaking it into reality. Kennedy begins to change the world for the better, but a misstatement in Berlin leads to disastrous effects. |
| "The End of the Summer by the Great Sea" | Ginjer Buchanan | Time traveling aliens do awful things to the Kennedy family. |
| "Prince Pat" | George Alec Effinger | Instead of dying two days after his birth in 1963, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy survives and goes into politics. He later runs for president in 2000 as a Democrat with the aid of his numerous cousins, all intent on avoiding 1990s style marketing-politics. In the end, it pays off, and Kennedy defeats incumbent Republican president and former Secretary of State James A. Baker. |
| "The Disorder and Early Sorrow of Edward Moore Kennedy, Homunculus" | Robert Sheckley | Ted Kennedy suffers a nasty fate. |
| "Rosemary’s Brain" | Martha Soukup | Rather than getting the prefrontal lobotomy that permanently incapacitated and rendering her unable to speak intelligibly in 1941, Rosemary Kennedy instead receives an experimental operation that turns her into a genius. Afterwards, she discusses her plans for her future with her godfather. |
| "The Winterberry" | Nicholas A. DiChario | John F. Kennedy survives Lee Harvey Oswald’s assassination attempt, but suffers from severe brain-damage as a result and secretly cared for by his brother Ted and their mother Rose with only them and doctors knowing about it. |
|

## InfoBox

Alternate Kennedys
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Mike Resnick |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Alternate history, political fiction |
| Publisher | Tor Books |
| Publication date | July 1, 1992 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 398 |


abstract: A special election was held in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district on January 11, 1813, to fill a vacancy left by the death of Thomas Blount (DR) on February 7, 1812.

text:
# 1813 North Carolina's 3rd congressional district special election

A **special election** was held in **North Carolina's 3rd congressional district** on January 11, 1813, to fill a vacancy left by the death of Thomas Blount (DR) on February 7, 1812.

## Election results

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Percent |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| William Kennedy | Federalist | 1,144 | 69.5% |
| James West Clark | Democratic-Republican | 502 | 30.5% |

Kennedy took his seat on January 30, 1813.


title: Amabile Choirs of London, Canada

abstract: The Amabile Choirs of London, Canada is a nonprofit organization with the purpose of bringing together young singers from London, Ontario and surrounding areas. They are "regarded as among the premiere choral ensembles for children and youth," according to The Canadian Encyclopedia, the national encyclopedia of Canada. This family of choirs began in 1985 with John Barron and Brenda Zadorsky founding the Amabile Youth Singers, and has since grown to eight choirs under the direction of seven conductors. The Junior Amabile Singers followed in 1989, and the Amabile Boys Choirs were established in 1990.

text:
# Amabile Choirs of London, Canada

The **Amabile Choirs of London, Canada** is a nonprofit organization with the purpose of bringing together young singers from London, Ontario and surrounding areas. They are "regarded as among the premiere choral ensembles for children and youth," according to *The Canadian Encyclopedia*, the national encyclopedia of Canada.

This family of choirs began in 1985 with John Barron and Brenda Zadorsky founding the Amabile Youth Singers, and has since grown to eight choirs under the direction of seven conductors. The Junior Amabile Singers followed in 1989, and the Amabile Boys Choirs were established in 1990.

## Overview

### Amabile for Girls and Women

There are five levels of choirs for girls and women within the Amabile organization. The Amabile Da Capo Choir is a training choir welcoming girls aged 8 to 11. The aim of Da Capo is to provide a choral venue for young choristers and serve as a training choir for the Junior Amabile Singers. Da Capo performs as guests of the more senior Amabile Choirs throughout the season under the direction of Jacquelyn Norman and Wendy Landon. The Junior Amabile Singers (JAS) is an all-female choir for singers aged 9 to 14. The JAS are under the direction of Jacquelyn Norman and Wendy Landon. The Amabile Youth Singers (AYS) is an all-female choir featuring singers who range in age from 13 to 22. Both the AYS and the Women's Ensemble are under the direction of Brenda Zadorsky. Prima is the women's choir, open to adult women (over 18), who have highly experienced vocal skills and wish to work on advanced repertoire. On occasion, the AYS and Prima will perform together as the Amabile Young Women's Ensemble (AYWE).

### Amabile for Boys and Men

There are five levels of choirs for boys and men within the Amabile organization. The boys' and men's choirs are under the artistic direction of Dr. Carol Beynon and Ken Fleet, with the assistance of Don Sills and Jeff Beynon who work with the TTC and the TCC. The Treble Training Choir (TTC) is a training choir welcoming boys ages 8 and up. For many younger boys who audition, this is their first experience with choral singing. The Treble Concert Choir (TCC) is an all-boy choir for unchanged voices. Boys aged 8 and above with experience singing may audition for this choir but most become part of the training choir first, for one or two years, before joining this group. The Amabile Young Men's Ensemble (YM) is an all-male choir for changed voices, made up primarily of young men of high school age. Primus is the men's ensemble and is made up of adult men (over 18) with advanced vocal skills. Primus is pronounced PREE-moose. Quite often, the Young Men and Primus perform together as the Amabile Young Men's Ensemble (AYME).

### Guest conductors

The choirs brings guest conductors and composers each year many who are renowned such as Francisco Núñez and Bob Chilcott.

## Achievements

The Amabile choirs have been "much decorated" at international choral competitions. They are "regarded as among the premiere choral ensembles for children and youth."

The choir marked its 35th anniversary with a music video as noted by *CTV News*. Due to COVID restrictions, the choir recorded its annual Christmas concert in a parking garage, as noted by CBC.ca.

* The Junior Amabile Singers competed in the 2012 Golden Gate International Children's and Youth Choirs Festival in Berkeley California. They were awarded first place in the Children's Folk Music Category and second in the Children's Historical Music Class. The choir previously earned gold medals in the 1st Choir Olympics, Linz Austria and 3rd Choir Olympics, Bremen Germany.
* They performed at Victoria Park during the welcome ceremony for the Olympic Torch in 2010.
* In 2010 the Jack Richardson Music Awards steering committee inducted them into the London Music Hall of Fame.
* Amabile Choirs Youth Singers won the 1986 CBC Choral Competition, and second place at the International Koorfestival in the Netherlands in 1987.

1. King, Betty Nygaard (June 8, 2006). "Amabile Choirs of London, Canada". *The Canadian Encyclopedia*. Historica Foundation. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
2. Allen, Jessica L. (October 2017). "Choral Conversations: A Conversation with Carol Beynon". *Choral Journal*. **58** (1): 65–72. ISSN 0009-5028. JSTOR 26412878.
3. Paparella, Nick (June 16, 2020). "London, Ont.'s Amabile Choirs marking 35 years with unique music video". *CTV News*. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
4. Zandbergen, Rebecca (November 30, 2020). "Want to sing together safely? Check out how this London, Ont. choir is doing it". *CBC.ca*. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
5. Luciotti, Tristan (2009-12-24). "Olympic Torch Rides on Double-Decker Bus". *Around the Rings*. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
6. Reaney, James (2010-02-05). "Amabile, Kittie to join class of 2010 | James Reaney | Columnists | Entertainment | London Free Press". Lfpress.com. Retrieved 2012-02-25.

## InfoBox

Amabile Choirs of London, Canada
| Abbreviation | ACL |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1985 |
| Type | Choir organization based in Canada |
| Legal status | active |
| Purpose | advocate and public voice, educator and network |
| Headquarters | London, Ontario, Canada |
| Region served | London, Ontario, Canada |
| Official language | English, French |
| Website | Official website |


title: Alpha Ridge

abstract: The Alpha Ridge is a major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the Canada Basin and the Lomonosov Ridge. It was active during the formation of the Amerasian Basin. It was discovered in 1963. The highest elevation is about 2,700 m over the ocean floor. It is 200 to 450 km wide. The Alpha Ridge, Lomonosov Ridge, and Nansen-Gakkel Ridge are the three major ranges that divide the Arctic Ocean floor, running generally parallel to each other. The 1983 Canadian Expedition to Study the Alpha Ridge (CESAR) seemed to establish that the Alpha Ridge is an extension of the continent from Ellesmere Island and hence there is a possibility that Canada may lay claim to the resource rights for the region, in particular for petroleum, according to the United Nations' Law of the Sea. There is no final conclusion to the issue so far, and part of the research planned for the European Drilling Research Icebreaker was drilling of the Alpha Ridge to collect more data. Other research suggests that the ridge is probably a result of the oceanic mode of development. The Strand Fiord Formation on northwestern and west-central Axel Heiberg Island is interpreted to represent the cratonward extension of the Alpha Ridge. The Alpha Ridge is part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province.

text:
# Alpha Ridge

The **Alpha Ridge** is a major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the Canada Basin (off Ellesmere Island) and the Lomonosov Ridge. It was active during the formation of the Amerasian Basin. It was discovered in 1963. The highest elevation is about 2,700 m over the ocean floor. It is 200 to 450 km wide. The Alpha Ridge, Lomonosov Ridge, and Nansen-Gakkel Ridge are the three major ranges that divide the Arctic Ocean floor, running generally parallel to each other.

The 1983 Canadian Expedition to Study the Alpha Ridge (CESAR) seemed to establish that the Alpha Ridge is an extension of the continent from Ellesmere Island and hence there is a possibility that Canada may lay claim to the resource rights for the region, in particular for petroleum, according to the United Nations' Law of the Sea. There is no final conclusion to the issue so far, and part of the research planned for the European Drilling Research Icebreaker (*Aurora Borealis*) was drilling of the Alpha Ridge to collect more data.

Other research suggests that the ridge is probably a result of the oceanic mode of development.

The Strand Fiord Formation on northwestern and west-central Axel Heiberg Island is interpreted to represent the cratonward extension of the Alpha Ridge.

The Alpha Ridge is part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province.

84°N 97°W / 84°N 97°W / 84; -97


title: Alpha Ridge Landfill

abstract: The Alpha Ridge Landfill is a municipal solid waste landfill located in Marriottsville, Maryland, once known as the postal town of Alpha, Maryland. Alpha Ridge is the third official landfill built in Howard County, Maryland. Howard County's first landfill was New Cut in Ellicott City, Maryland which operated from 1944 to 1980 followed by Carr's Mill, operated between 1953 and 1977.

text:
# Alpha Ridge Landfill

The **Alpha Ridge Landfill** (Alpha Ridge Sanitary Landfill) is a municipal solid waste landfill located in Marriottsville, Maryland, once known as the postal town of Alpha, Maryland.

Alpha Ridge is the third official landfill built in Howard County, Maryland. Howard County's first landfill was New Cut in Ellicott City, Maryland which operated from 1944 to 1980 followed by Carr's Mill, operated between 1953 and 1977.

## History

Alpha Ridge was proposed in the late 1970s as an unpopular project that strained the public participation process to address the needs of a population expansion that would quadruple while it was in operation. The search for a third County landfill started in 1973 with opposition causing the drop of selections at Triadelphia Road and Route 144, Interstate 70 and Sand Hill Road and Henryton Road at Route 99. In 1976 the search centered around the 600-acre Burliegh Manor slave plantation purchased by future Maple Lawn developer Steward Greenbaum. Community members quit the site study claiming they were denied meaningful participation. When updating the historical status of the plantation in 1976, County archivist Cleora Barnes Thompson added "It should be stated here that the presence of a landfill in the surrounding area of Burliegh might not be in any way harmful as it will prevent the encroachment of future suburban development and will later provide a large area for a park, recreation or open space". Protests from citizens and Goodloe Byron against Clarksville, Guilford and Ellicott City sites left Marriotsville as the site with least opposition. Gibes Realty-Woodbrier Enterprises put together an offer of $3900 an acre to purchase land contracts. The Company owners, Robert and James Moxley were the original land speculators for Columbia and children of former County Chairman Norman E. Moxley. In February 1977 the Gibes-Woodbrier Alpha Ridge site was selected at the end of County Executive Edward L. Cochran's term. His wife became the realtor for the subdivision of Burleigh Manor afterward. Howard County Citizens for Conservation gathered 3000 signatures against the project and sued the county for lack of public meetings on the selection. The suit was dismissed in May with acknowledgement that meetings did not have adequate notice. In May 1979 the Maryland State Health department granted the permit for Alpha Ridge. The initial site was built on a compacted base without liners. Residents were informed that Alpha Ridge would operate until the year 2000 without expansion and be converted to a park at the end of its collection phase. BFI Recycling service started in 1989 as part of a Maryland initiative to increase recycling to 20% by 1994. The same year a $52 million project was earmarked to bring the landfill into compliance with Maryland Environmental regulations. By 1990, Alpha Ridge operations cost $75 a ton. In 1992, Howard County proposed to expand the landfill, beyond its original 2.3 million ton capacity. $11 million was budgeted to install cell liners on the remainder of the property to bring capacity up to 6.8 million tons. Citizen opposed the expansion showing documentation from 1978 that the intent was not to expand. Public hearings on expansion in February were emptied by the fire marshal for overcrowding. In 1993, Ecker sought alternatives as groundwater contamination suits were imminent. He proposed a regional trash incinerator facility with Anne Arundel County to provide power to NSA. On 8 June 1994, the County Council voted 5–0 to start transporting trash out of the county. An Anne Arundel transfer site was choose for the USA Waste residential contract and the historic Trinity Church graveyard in Elkridge was selected as a transfer station for the BFI commercial waste contract by creating a solid waste overlay zoning for the site. Alpha ridge remained in operation as hearings were held about lack of notification for the Elkridge waste transfer facility, and concerns about importing out of county residential waste. The redirection of waste at Alpha Ridge lost the $60 per ton commercial waste revenue, but reduced the residential collection expense to $33 a ton. Alpha Ridge remains open as a recycling center and transfer station. The Trinity Church trash transfer location was converted to the Blue Stream Housing development in 2014.

## Environmental

The Alpha Ridge site was situated in a section of Marriottsville Maryland that was converting from mainly agricultural use to residential development. In 1987 The State granted permission to dig the landfill within 5 feet from the water table. Yearly water quality surveys were performed only in September 1978 and January 1991. By 1992, 1,600 residents in 300-400 subdivisions drew well water from the Alpha Ridge watershed. Well tests onsite in 1992 revealed contamination from seven paint and degreaser related compounds at eight times the current EPA limits and tetrachloroethene at twenty times the limits. A May 1992 test revealed that the clay lining and bedrock were not adequate to prevent contamination into the groundwater. In January 1993, the County executive claimed he had not been given the results to act upon. In 1993, the county faced multiple contamination issues, as the older Cars Mill landfill was found to have 390 drums of hazardous chemicals dumped on the landfill years after it was closed. In May 1993, Howard County Department of Planning and Zoning director Joeseph Rutter amends the county water service area to include land around the landfill including a new Donald R Reuwer development on the historic Waverly Plantation. The director announced the effort was for safety, not increased housing density around the contaminated site, but joined Reuwer's land development company later.

The 72 acre park was built on landfill property on the opposite side of the Little Patuxent River that flows through the site. A ten-year plan for waste was produced in January 1994, with a suggestion to continue to receive ash from a regional incinerator. In 1994 the park required chemical toilets due to the potential of groundwater contamination. In June 1995 The County council debated providing public water hookups to local residents at no cost, or providing loans for the service. Public Works Director James M. Irvin said it would take at least 18 months to provide. A year later resident were informed they would have to pay $4200 each to connect to clean water and would pay the county in 10 years of installments at 6% interest.

In 1995 Reston based SCS Engineers proposed a $15 million project to install a 68-acre 40 mm (2 in) thick plastic membrane over the landfill to minimize surface water from leaching. A series of 150-foot deep wells surrounding the landfill were designed to pump and "evaporate" pollutants into the air, then dump the treated water into the Little Patuxent River. Methane gas buildups would be vented to a burning facility. An additional $20 million was budgeted to perform similar remediation at Carr's Mill and New Cut landfills funded by an additional $120 trash tax implemented by Charles I. Ecker. In January 1997, Ecker announced that the plastic cap to keep rainwater out would be reduced to 43 acres (17 ha), excluding sloped surfaces. Three days later he flew toxicologist Laura Green in to discuss the cancer rates of the community, explaining that estrogen, sunlight, alcohol, asbestos, cigarettes and radiation are also contributors to cancer. Public water was made available for 280 homes in July 1997, with the Council excluding homes built after 1993, stating purchasers should have known the issues with contamination by then.

## Post Collection

In 1994, Interstate commerce laws were enforced removing local municipalities monopolies on commercial dumping locations. Commercial operators were able to choose cheaper sites other than Alpha Ridge which charged up to $60 a ton. The County lost a dedicated source of income, leaving a liability. After dumping operations discontinued at Alpha Ridge, Howard County chose to export solid waste by an Anne Arundel County train terminal in Annapolis Junction, Maryland to the privately run King George County Landfill in Virginia. Both sites were developed by Blake Van Leer II and were the first waste on rail facilities in Maryland and Virginia.

Howard County has adapted a number of uses to capitalize on the long term liability of managing a landfill site. The County did not rename the landfill as a park for residential development marketing like the Carr's Mill landfill site, but it did lay out over a dozen unusable dirt streets across the site to camouflage its use on street maps with names like "main street", "manor lane", "3rd ave", "wind drive", "river country drive", "howard drive", "back road".

An onsite metal recycling program was initiated requiring contractors to provide daily deposits of fill-cover to the site.

* 1984, the county announced plans to build a $1 million horse center at Alpha Ridge as part of a larger $6.4 million park starting in 1985. By 1988, the project was listed as an unfunded 5-year project on Elizabeth Bobo's capitol project list. Regardless, citizens testified several hours in council hearings to support the project.
* 1994 a 72-acre park was constructed along the Northern edge. By 2004, the county deer project manager Phil Norman estimated that the park was populated with 123 deer, and recommended hiring a sharpshooter with a high-powered rifle clear the population from the landfill. In 1995, the county approved a 250 ft Nextel tower onsite with attorney David Carney claiming it would be necessary for 911 use.
* 1997, the county proposed building six soccer fields with a connecting road on the Southwest corner of the site which was not completed. In January 2002, County Executive James Robey proposed a $10 million fire training center on the same location. Robey announced that plans were withheld until immediately before public meetings to prevent rumors about noise or disruption in the residential neighborhoods adjacent to the facility. $500,000 in state funds were requested with the executive planning on self-funding if unapproved. When opened in 2007, the facility was named the James N. Robey Public Safety Training Center.

The same year, the council voted 3–2 against building its 12th high school Marriotts Ridge High School on the Alpha ridge site.

* 1999, the County refinances $14.2 million in bonds borrowed to pay for the 1993 capping of the landfill. The project took until 2016 to pay down. The same year a lighted in-line skating rink is proposed on the park.
* 2002, the county attempted to locate its twelfth High School, Marriotts Ridge High School on the Northwest corner of the landfill, and was requested to look at Wavely Woods but a 3-2 council vote redirected the building to the Mt View Middle school site.
* 2008 an $150,000 onsite observatory was proposed to house the Paul Watson telescope built in the 1930s. The 12-inch telescope has been operated by the Maryland Academy of Sciences, Baltimore Astronomical Society, and the Howard Astronomical League beforehand.
* 2010 a $3.9 million Pepco 1059KW Gas to Energy generator was installed onsite.
* 2013 County Executive Ken Ulman approved a $800,000 food waste processing facility at Alpha Ridge. The facility accepts over a ton of material each day costing $38.50 to process versus $41.50 to ship offsite. The Aerated static pile composting method was developed for sludge composting, but only food waste is accepted for now.
* 2014, an $30,000 archery range was constructed. A program for 4-10 year olds was developed to bring younger children to the landfill park called 'Lil archers' leveraging the popularity of the movies Brave and Hunger Games. $843,000 was acquired in 2014 from the county and matching state grants to make improvements to the landfill's parking lot and bathrooms.
* 2014, Developer NV homes starts marketing over 55 retirement homes on the landfill site at Waverly Woods West.

## InfoBox

| Alpha Ridge Landfill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Marriottsville, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°18′17.935″N 76°54′6.973″W / 39.30498194°N 76.90193694°W / 39.30498194; -76.90193694 |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 1980 |
| Site area | 590 acres |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 1059KW |
| External links | |
| Website | www.howardcountymd.gov/Departments/Public-Works/Bureau-Of-Environmental-Services/Alpha-Ridge-Landfill |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Alpha Rwirangira

abstract: Alpha Rwirangira is a Rwandan singer/song writer. He sings world music, reggae, soul R&B, and dance music all in English, Swahili and Kinyarwanda.

text:
# Alpha Rwirangira

**Alpha Rwirangira** (born 25 May 1986) is a Rwandan singer/song writer. He sings world music, reggae, soul R&B, and dance music all in English, Swahili and Kinyarwanda.

## Music

It was after Rwirangira won the East Africa Tusker Project Fame that his professional music career began. This lead him to record and collaborate with Tanzanian A.Y. on a song called *Songa Mbele*, and Bebe Cool, on *Come To Me* song.

After the release of the song, rumors began to circulate that Rwirangira "is not a true Rwandan", because he's cousin to A.Y. After winning Tusker Project Fame, Alpha started touring all over East Africa.

In 2010, Rwirangira finalized and released his debut album called *One Africa,* an album that promoted unity and reconciliation among Africans. He then launched it in Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi.

In 2012 Rwirangira, moved to the United States to attend Campbellsville University, in Kentucky to pursue his music studies.

In 2012 during his Christmas vacation in Rwanda, Rwirangira recorded two singles, one with King James "Connected", "Beautiful" with Peace and "African Swagga featuring Rah P. In 2013 he worked with La'Myia Good on a song called "Heaven".

## *One Africa* album

2- WOW album

• wow

• Son of a king

.• Hashindwi

• Hakuna ft Goodluck Gosbert ( Tanzania )

• Victoria ft Princess Irebe

• Iradukunda

• Amina ft Keilla ( Burundi )

• Zura

• Ishimwe

• Ndaje

• Ni wewe

• Siku yangu

## Awards

### Won

### Nominations

## Controversy

Alpha Rwirangira won the 2011 Pearl of Africa Music Awards as Rwanda Best Male Artist, but he refused to attend the award ceremony, because he felt it was poorly organized.

Alpha Rwirangira refused to sign with South African Record Label Gallo Record Company as part of Tusker Project Fame Season 3 winnings. He also accused Tusker Project Fame of not helping past winners and they were in this for making money.

In 2015, Alpha Rwirangira reported to have broken up with his longtime girlfriend Esther UWINGABIRE who was among Miss Rwanda 2012 contestants and his promoters Ernesto Ugeziwe and Tijara KABENDERA but both sides didn't confirm the news.

## InfoBox

| Alpha Rwirangira | |
| --- | --- |
| During Alpha and Rah P Africa Swager Video Shot | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Alpha Rwi |
| Born | (1986-05-25) May 25, 1986 |
| Origin | Rwandan, Tanzanian |
| Occupation | Singer/song writer |
| Instrument | Vocalist |
| Years active | 2008–present |


title: 1600th Air Transport Group

abstract: The 1600th Air Transport Group is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. It provided strategic airlift between the United States and Europe until it was discontinued on 19 June 1955.

text:
# 1600th Air Transport Group

The **1600th Air Transport Group** is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. It provided strategic airlift between the United States and Europe until it was discontinued on 19 June 1955.

## History

The group was formed from the personnel and equipment of the **1st Air Transport Group** (Provisional), a C-54 Skymaster unit of Air Transport Command (ATC) at Westover when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced ATC in 1948. The 1st had been organized as the operational element of the **2d Air Transport Wing** (Provisional) Under the experimental wing base (Hobson Plan) organization system. When the 1600th was organized it became the operational element of the **520th Air Transport Wing** (later the 1600th Air Transport Wing).

The group became Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service's primary strategic transport airlift provider between the United States and Europe in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1953, the group was transferred to the direct control of the Atlantic Division took as the wing was reduced to control of support elements in 1953 in anticipation of transfer of Westover from MATS to Strategic Air Command (SAC). The unit operated large numbers of Douglas C-124 Globemaster II heavy transports, as well as Boeing C-97 Stratofreighters. It provided passenger service on Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmasters and supported VIP transportation for Atlantic Division Headquarters at Westover. In the summer of 1948, the group's **16th Air Transport Squadron** was reassigned directly to the Atlantic Division and in the fall it became part of Continental Division, MATS and moved to Gravelly Point, Virginia where it became a forerunner of the 89th Airlift Wing.

In July 1952, MATS replaced its table of distribution (four digit) air transport squadrons, which were controlled by the command with table of organization units whose organization was controlled by Headquarters, United States Air Force (USAF). The USAF controlled units were ferrying and transport squadrons that had been assigned to ATC during World War II. Unlike the MATS controlled squadrons that had been formed in peacetime, these units had histories that included wartime actions and could be continued even after inactivation. Each of the new squadrons assumed the mission, personnel, and equipment of the squadron it replaced.

The group was inactivated in 1955 when MATS moved its Atlantic Division headquarters and airlift operations to McGuire AFB, New Jersey and SAC assumed control of Westover AFB.

### Lineage

* Designated as the **520th Air Transport Group** on 14 May 1948

Organized on 1 June 1948 Redesignated **1600th Air Transport Group** on 1 October 1948 Discontinued on 25 June 1955

### Assignments

* 520th Air Transport Wing (later 1600th Air Transport Wing), 1 Jun 1948
* Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service, 1 July 1953 – 25 Jun 1955

### Components

### Stations

### Aircraft

### Notes

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| 1600th Air Transport Group | |
| --- | --- |
| C-124 Globemaster II about 1955 | |
| Active | 1948–1955 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Type | Airlift |
| Part of | Military Air Transport Service |


title: East Lynn Lake

abstract: East Lynn Lake is a 1,005-acre (4 km⁲) reservoir on the East Fork Twelvepole Creek in Wayne County, West Virginia. The lake is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, as part of a series of flood control projects for the Ohio River basin.

text:
# East Lynn Lake

**East Lynn Lake** is a 1,005-acre (4 km2) reservoir on the East Fork Twelvepole Creek in Wayne County, West Virginia. The lake is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, as part of a series of flood control projects for the Ohio River basin.

## History

East Lynn Lake was originally authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1938 following the devastating Flood of 1937. Like many other projects authorized in this era, construction did not actually take place until much later. Construction occurred about 1969-1970 with the intended purposes of flood control, recreation, and fish and wildlife management. East Lynn Lake was established as the project's official name in 1971.

Construction of the lake resulted in the destruction of the town of Stiltner at the mouth of Brush Creek. It also required the relocation of a large stretch of West Virginia Route 37, which formerly followed the East Fork Twelvepole Creek valley that was inundated by the lake.

## Today

East Lynn Lake is home to 29 species of fish indigenous to southern West Virginia as well as carp and other non-native species. The lake is regularly stocked by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, which manages the lake and surrounding land as East Lynn Lake Wildlife Management Area.

The lake has wake-permitted and no-wake zones, making it popular for fishing and water skiing. The Army Corps of Engineers maintains several recreational areas including a campground at the lake. There is also a marina near the dam.

## Recreation

### Fishing

Multiple West Virginia stage record fish were caught along the East Lynn Lake.

## InfoBox

| East Lynn Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| View from the dam | |
| East Lynn Lake | |
| Location | Wayne County, West Virginia |
| Coordinates | 38°08′42″N 82°23′02″W / 38.14500°N 82.38389°W / 38.14500; -82.38389 |
| Type | reservoir |
| Primary inflows | East Fork Twelvepole Creek |
| Primary outflows | East Fork Twelvepole Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 12 mi (19 km) |
| Max. width | less than 0.25 mi (400 m) |
| Surface area | 1,005 acres (4 km2) |
| Shore length1 | 44 mi (71 km) at summer pool |
| Surface elevation | 662 ft (202 m) at summer pool
656 feet (200 m) at winter pool |
|  | |
| References |  |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: 1871 Roslyn by-election

abstract: The 1871 Roslyn by-election was a by-election for the electorate of Roslyn in Dunedin on 12 September 1871 during the 5th New Zealand Parliament. The by-election resulted from the resignation of the previous member Henry Driver on 15 August 1871. The by-election was won by Edward McGlashan. Five candidates contested the by-election.

text:
# 1871 Roslyn by-election

The **1871 Roslyn by-election** was a by-election for the electorate of Roslyn in Dunedin on 12 September 1871 during the 5th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election resulted from the resignation of the previous member Henry Driver on 15 August 1871.

The by-election was won by Edward McGlashan. Five candidates contested the by-election.

## Results

The following table gives the election results:

1871 Roslyn by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent** | **Edward McGlashan** | **240** | **54.67** |  |
|  | Independent | William Cutten | 147 | 33.49 |  |
|  | Independent | John Cargill | 52 | 11.85 |  |
|  | Independent | John Graham | 13 | 2.96 |  |
|  | Independent | James McIndoe | 6 | 1.37 |  |
| Majority | | | 93 | 21.18 |  |
| Turnout | | | 439 |  |  |


title: 1874 in Belgium

abstract: Events in the year 1874 in Belgium.

text:
# 1874 in Belgium

Events in the year **1874 in Belgium**.

## Incumbents

Monarch: Leopold II Head of government: Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt (to 21 August); Jules Malou (from 21 August)

## Events

## Publications

* *Pasinomie: collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, arrêtés et règlements généraux qui peuvent être invoqués en Belgique. 1874.* (Brussels).

## Art and architecture

Paintings

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1874<br>List of years in Belgium |