title: 2005–06 Radivoj Korać Cup

abstract: The 2006 Radivoj Korać Cup was the fourth season of the Serbian-Montenegrin men's national basketball cup tournament. The Žućko's Left Trophy awarded to the winner Crvena zvezda from Belgrade. It was the last time that the Cup was organized in Serbia and Montenegro.

text:
# 2005–06 Radivoj Korać Cup

The **2006 Radivoj Korać Cup** was the fourth season of the Serbian-Montenegrin men's national basketball cup tournament. The *Žućko's Left Trophy* awarded to the winner Crvena zvezda from Belgrade.

It was the last time that the Cup was organized in Serbia and Montenegro.

## Venue

| Belgrade | Belgrade2005–06 Radivoj Korać Cup (Serbia and Montenegro) |
| --- | --- |
| | Pionir Hall |
| | Capacity: 5,878 |
| |  |

## Qualified teams

| ABA Goodyear League | YUBA League | Local Cups |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Crvena zvezda
FMP
Hemofarm
NIS Vojvodina
Partizan Pivara MB | Budućnost
Mašinac | Atlas (Cup of Serbia Winner)
Lovćen (Cup of Montenegro Winner) |

## Bracket

## Qualifications

| **Atlas** | **56**49 | Lovćen |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 6–**12**, **23**–10, 9–**14**, **18**–13 | | |
| **Pts:** Kosanović, Duvnjak 13
**Rebs:** Kosanović 9 |  | **Pts:** Raičković 12 |

## Quarterfinals

| **FMP** | **80**63 | Mašinac |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 16–**19**, **30**–15, 15–15, **19**–14 | | |
| **Pts:** Savanović 27 |  | **Pts:** Mirković 13 |

| **Hemofarm** | **93**81 | NIS Vojvodina |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **22**–20, 21–**27**, **29**–17, **21**–17 | | |
| **Pts:** Wright 25 |  | **Pts:** Plisnić 15 |

| **Crvena zvezda** | **78**65 | Atlas |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **26**–12, **16**–15, **21**–18, 15–**20** | | |
| **Pts:** O'Bannon 12 |  | **Pts:** Mišković 10 |

| **Partizan Pivara MB** | **100**81 | Budućnost |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** **22**–21, **33**–26, **20**–17, **25**–17 | | |
| **Pts:** Milojević 21 |  | **Pts:** Pavković 21 |

## Semifinals

| **Crvena zvezda** | **92**83 | Partizan Pivara MB |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 21–**25**, **24**–15, **19**–17, **28**–26 | | |
| **Pts:** Henderson 20 |  | **Pts:** Tripković 22
**Rebs:** Milojević 11 |

| FMP | 70**78** | **Hemofarm** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 17–17, **16**–13, 16–**25**, 21–**25** | | |
| **Pts:** Savanović, Rašić 18 |  | **Pts:** Vukosavljević 20 |

## Final

| Hemofarm | 65**80** | **Crvena zvezda** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 15–**26**, 18–**23**, 7–**18**, **25**–13 | | |
| **Pts:** Wright 20 |  | **Pts:** Jeretin, Gurović 17
**Rebs:** Raičević 10
**Asts:** Jeretin 6 |

## InfoBox

| 2006 Radivoj Korać Cup | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 2005–06 |
| Duration | 15–19 February 2006 |
| Games played | 8 |
| Teams | 9 |
| Regular season | |
| Season MVP | Goran Jeretin |
| Finals | |
| Champions | **Crvena zvezda** |
| Runners-up | Hemofarm |
| 2004–05 2006–07 | |


abstract: The men's 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2023 African Games was held on 21 and 22 March 2024 in Accra, Ghana.

text:
# Athletics at the 2023 African Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay

The **men's 4 × 400 metres relay** event at the 2023 African Games was held on 21 and 22 March 2024 in Accra, Ghana.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Zambia*
Patrick Nyambe
Kennedy Luchembe
David Mulenga
Muzala Samukonga | *Botswana*
Busang Kebinatshipi
Leungo Scotch
Boitumelo Masilo
Bayapo Ndori
Omphile Seribe* | *Nigeria*
Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ojeli
Samson Oghenewegba Nathaniel
Sikiru Adeyemi
Chidi Okezie
Dubem Nwachukwu* |

*Athletes who competed in heats only

## Results

### Heats

Qualification: First 3 teams of each heat (Q) plus the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2 | Zambia | Patrick Nyambe, Kennedy Luchembe, David Mulenga, Muzala Samukonga | 3:04.16 | Q, NR |
| 2 | 1 | Botswana | Omphile Seribe, Busang Kebinatshipi, Bayapo Ndori, Leungo Scotch | 3:05.44 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Nigeria | Dubem Nwachukwu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ojeli, Samson Nathaniel, Sikiru Adeyemi | 3:06.48 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Kenya | Wiseman Mukhobe, Ngeno Kipngetich, Kenneddy Kimeu, David Sanayek | 3:07.14 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Senegal | Abdou Lakhat Ndiaye, El Hadji Malick Soumare, Ousmane Sidibé, Abdou Aziz Ndiaye | 3:07.23 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Algeria | Anas Es Saddik Hammouni, Fouad Hamada, Dhiae Boudoumi, Abdennour Bendjemaa | 3:07.97 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Zimbabwe | Busani Ndlovu, Zuze Leeford, Simon Atwell, Gerren Muwishi | 3:09.05 | q |
| 8 | 1 | Ethiopia | Derese Tesfaye, Biruk Tadesse, Abate Addisu, Yohannes Tefera | 3:14.28 | q |
| 9 | 2 | Sierra Leone | Derek Kargbo, Abu Bakarr Sesay, Kalie Sesay, Lawrence Feidel | 3:22.93 |  |
|  | 1 | Morocco |  | DNS |  |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 5 | Zambia | Patrick Nyambe, Kennedy Luchembe, David Mulenga, Muzala Samukonga | 2:59.12 | WL, GR, NR |
|  | 4 | Botswana | Busang Kebinatshipi, Leungo Scotch, Boitumelo Masilo, Bayapo Ndori | 2:59.32 |  |
|  | 3 | Nigeria | Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ojeli, Samson Nathaniel, Sikiru Adeyemi, Chidi Okezie | 3:01.84 |  |
| 4 | 7 | Senegal | Abdou Lakhat Ndiaye, El Hadji Malick Soumare, Abdou Aziz Ndiaye, Cheikh Tidiane Diouf | 3:02.68 |  |
| 5 | 6 | Kenya | Wiseman Mukhobe, David Sanayek, Ngeno Kipngetich, Kenneddy Kimeu | 3:03.90 |  |
| 6 | 8 | Zimbabwe | Busani Ndlovu, Zuze Leeford, Simon Atwell, Gerren Muwishi | 3:06.08 |  |
| 7 | 2 | Algeria | Anas Es Saddik Hammouni, Fouad Hamada, Dhiae Boudoumi, Abdennour Bendjemaa | 3:08.08 |  |
| 8 | 1 | Ethiopia | Melkamu Assefa, Derese Tesfaye, Yohannes Tefera, Mintesnot Wachso | 3:29.77 |  |


title: Atlas Coal Mine

abstract: The Atlas Coal Mine National Historic Site is an inactive coal mine in Alberta, Canada that operated from 1936 to 1979. Located in East Coulee near Drumheller, it is considered to be Canada's most complete historic coal mine and is home to the country's last standing wooden coal tipple, and the largest still standing in North America. It was designated an Alberta Provincial Historic Resource in 1989 and a National Historic Site of Canada in 2002.

text:
# Atlas Coal Mine

The **Atlas Coal Mine National Historic Site** is an inactive coal mine in Alberta, Canada that operated from 1936 to 1979. Located in East Coulee near Drumheller, it is considered to be Canada's most complete historic coal mine and is home to the country's last standing wooden coal tipple, and the largest still standing in North America. It was designated an Alberta Provincial Historic Resource in 1989 and a National Historic Site of Canada in 2002.

## History

The sub-bituminous coal from the Drumheller mining district was mainly used for home heating, cooking and electrical generation. It was also used to power the steam locomotives of the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways on the prairies. The flat-lying seams were easier to mine than those found in more mountainous areas, with lower levels of methane gas. The coal-mining era lasted from 1911 to 1984, when the Atlas No. 3 and 4 mines closed. The Atlas No. 3 Mine structures are preserved and form the basis of the National Historic Site, administered by the Atlas Mine Historical Society.

The mine features the last wooden coal tipple in Canada. Built in 1937, the tipple is a coal loading and sorting machine. At over 7 storeys tall the tipple now serves as a reminder of the rich mining history of the Drumheller Valley. Old mining equipment, including a working pre-1936 battery powered locomotive and several buildings including the wash house, supply house, lamp house, and mine office still stand at the site. The site preserves the stories and artifacts of the men who once mined the black. The Atlas is the last of 139 mines that once ruled the valley.

Thirteen people died during the mine's operation. Four died on one day, June 24, 1941, when a gas explosion killed three, and a fourth died in a vain attempt to rescue them.

## Tourism

The facilities are open to visitors from May to Thanksgiving weekend. Guided tours take visitors into the past with a ride on the locomotive (dubbed *Linda*) and a walk up the tipple. Since 2009, the Atlas has conducted tours of the 210 foot underground conveyor tunnel and the recently restored Blacksmith Shop.

## InfoBox

Atlas Coal Mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Atlas Coal MineAtlas Coal Mine | |
| Location | East Coulee |
| Province | Alberta |
| Country | Canada |
| Coordinates | 51°19′43″N 112°28′57″W / 51.32863°N 112.48251°W / 51.32863; -112.48251 (Atlas Coal Mine) |
| Production | |
| Products | Coal |
| History | |
| Opened | 1911 |
| Closed | 1984 |
|  | |
| Tipple and main ore conveyor | |
| Type | History Museum |
| Nearest city | Drumheller |
| Built | 1937 |
| Visitors | (in 35,000+) |
| Governing body | Atlas Coal Mine Historical Society |
| Website | Atlas Coal Mine site |
|  | |
| National Historic Site of Canada | |
| Designated | 2002 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball team

abstract: The 2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball team represented Oregon State University in the 2005 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Beavers played their home games at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field. The team was coached by Pat Casey in his 11th year at Oregon State. The Beavers won the Corvallis Regional and Super Regional to advanced to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Baylor Bears.

text:
# 2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball team

2005 Pacific-10 Conference baseball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 7 Oregon State  y | 19 |  | 5 |  | .792 |  |  | 46 |  | 12 |  | .793 |
| No. 12 Arizona  y | 17 |  | 7 |  | .708 |  |  | 39 |  | 21 |  | .650 |
| No. 17 Southern California  y | 15 |  | 9 |  | .625 |  |  | 41 |  | 22 |  | .651 |
| No. 3 Arizona State  y | 15 |  | 9 |  | .625 |  |  | 42 |  | 25 |  | .627 |
| California | 13 |  | 11 |  | .542 |  |  | 34 |  | 23 |  | .596 |
| Washington | 12 |  | 12 |  | .500 |  |  | 33 |  | 22 |  | .600 |
| Stanford  y | 12 |  | 12 |  | .500 |  |  | 34 |  | 25 |  | .576 |
| UCLA | 4 |  | 20 |  | .167 |  |  | 15 |  | 41 |  | .268 |
| Washington State | 1 |  | 23 |  | .042 |  |  | 21 |  | 37 |  | .362 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Conference champion
y  Invited to the NCAA tournament
As of June 30, 2005
Rankings from Collegiate Baseball | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball team** represented Oregon State University in the 2005 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Beavers played their home games at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field. The team was coached by Pat Casey in his 11th year at Oregon State.

The Beavers won the Corvallis Regional and Super Regional to advanced to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Baylor Bears.

## Roster

| 2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| # Pos. Name B/T Height Weight Year Home town  1 INF Todd Shelton R/R 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jr Bakersfield, California  2 RHP Dallas Buck R/R 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 190 lb (86 kg) So Newberg, Oregon  3 INF Chris Kunda R/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 175 lb (79 kg) Jr Philomath, Oregon  4 RHP Kurt Steele R/R 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Jr Corvallis, Oregon  6 LHP Kevin Gunderson R/L 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 165 lb (75 kg) So Portland, Oregon  8 INF Andy Jenkins R/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Sr Salem, Oregon  9 OF Cole Gillespie R/R 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 200 lb (91 kg) So West Linn, Oregon  10 INF Darwin Barney R/R 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 170 lb (77 kg) Fr Beaverton, Oregon  11  Mitch Canham L/R 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 200 lb (91 kg) So Lake Stevens, Washington  12 OF Rob Folsom R/R 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Fr Medford, Oregon  14 INF Ryan Gipson R/R 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Jr Central Point, Oregon  15 INF Lonnie Lechelt R/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Fr Kennewick, Washington  16 LHP Kevin Joslyn L/L 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Sr Spokane, Washington  17 LHP Anton Maxwell L/L 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) 175 lb (79 kg) So Anchorage, Alaska  18 RHP Nate Fogle R/R 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jr Gresham, Oregon  19 RHP Jake McCormick R/R 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 220 lb (100 kg) So Marysville, California  20  Casey Priseman R/R 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Fr Woodinville, Washington  21 OF Tyler Graham R/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 180 lb (82 kg) Jr Great Falls, Montana  22 OF Danny Anderson R/R 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Sr Modesto, California  23 OF Jacoby Ellsbury L/L 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Jr Madras, Oregon  24 OF Chris Campos L/L 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 208 lb (94 kg) Sr Modesto, California  25 INF Joey Ledesma L/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 190 lb (86 kg) Jr Tucson, Arizona  26 OF Mike Lissman R/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 195 lb (88 kg) So Ontario, Oregon  27 RHP Rob Summers R/R 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Fr Beaverton, Oregon  28 RHP Daniel Turpen R/R 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Fr McMinnville, Oregon  29 INF Shea McFeely R/R 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Jr Federal Way, Washington  30 INF Travis Carver L/R 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 235 lb (107 kg) Fr McMinnville, Oregon  31 INF Scott Nelson R/R 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Jr Eugene, Oregon  32 RHP Reed Brown R/R 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 210 lb (95 kg) Fr Edmonds, Washington  34 RHP Jonah Nickerson R/R 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 190 lb (86 kg) So Oregon City, Oregon  35  Billy Munich S/R 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 225 lb (102 kg) Jr El Macero, California  36 RHP Jon Koller R/R 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 235 lb (107 kg) Jr Carlsbad, California  37 OF Geoff Wagner L/L 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 215 lb (98 kg) Jr Redmond, Oregon  38 LHP A. J. Davidson S/L 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Jr Florence, Oregon  40 OF Joel Evans R/R 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 230 lb (104 kg) Sr Redmond, Washington  44  Eddie Kunz R/R 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 250 lb (113 kg) Fr Portland, Oregon  OF Nick Chapin L/L 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Jr Oregon City, Oregon  INF Cory Ellis R/R 5 ft 7 in (1.7 m) 160 lb (73 kg) Fr Portland, Oregon  RHP Josh Keller R/R 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 230 lb (104 kg) Fr Portland, Oregon | Head coach Pat Casey
Assistant coach(es) Marty Lees
David Wong
Pitching coach(es) Dan Spencer
---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * Injured * Current redshirt |

## Schedule

| 2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball game log (46–12) |
| --- |
| Regular season (41–9) |
|
| February (9–1)    # Date Opponent Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record Pac-10 record  Bob Schaefer Memorial Tournament  1 February 3  vs. New Mexico State  Packard StadiumTempe, Arizona **W** 19–0 (7) 1–0   2 February 4  vs. Gonzaga  Packard Stadium • Tempe, Arizona **L** 1–3 1–1   3 February 5  vs. New Mexico State  Packard Stadium • Tempe, Arizona **W** 11–2 2–1   4 February 6  at No. 11 Arizona State  Packard Stadium • Tempe, Arizona **W** 12–6 3–1   5 February 15 Portland  Goss Stadium at Coleman FieldCorvallis, Oregon **W** 6–4 4–1   San Diego Tournament  6 February 19  vs. UC Davis  John Cunningham StadiumSan Diego, California **W** 8–0 5–1   7 February 20  at San Diego  John Cunningham Stadium • San Diego, California **W** 3–2 6–1   8 February 25  at UC Santa Barbara  Caesar Uyesaka StadiumSanta Barbara, California **W** 4–2 7–1   9 February 26  at UC Santa Barbara  Caesar Uyesaka Stadium • Santa Barbara, California **W** 6–4 8–1   10 February 27  at UC Santa Barbara  Caesar Uyesaka Stadium • Santa Barbara, California **W** 5–3 9–1 |
| March (12–3)    # Date Opponent Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record Pac-10 record  11 March 4 UC Riverside No. 28 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **L** 2–3 9–2   12 March 5 UC Riverside No. 28 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 5–2 10–2   13 March 6 UC Riverside No. 28 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 7–2 11–2   Yellow Book USA Classic  14 March 11 vs. Cal State Northridge No. 28 Eddy D. Field StadiumMalibu, California **W** 4–1 12–2   15 March 12 at Pepperdine No. 28 Eddy D. Field Stadium • Malibu, California **L** 4–9 12–3   16 March 13 vs. No. 30 Winthrop No. 28 Eddy D. Field Stadium • Malibu, California **W** 8–2 13–3   17 March 18 Sacramento State No. 30 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 8–2 14–3   18 March 18 Sacramento State No. 30 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 7–4 15–3   19 March 19 Sacramento State No. 30 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 9–3 16–3   20 March 22 at Portland No. 28 Joe Etzel FieldPortland, Oregon **W** 9–3 17–3   21 March 24 Dallas Baptist No. 28 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **L** 7–17 17–4   22 March 25 Dallas Baptist No. 28 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 7–2 18–4   23 March 25 Dallas Baptist No. 28 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 11–3 19–4   24 March 28 BYU No. 27 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 12–5 20–4   25 March 29 BYU No. 27 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 11–6 21–4 |
| April (10–4)    # Date Opponent Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record Pac-10 record  26 April 1 California No. 27 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 11–1 22–4 1–0  27 April 2 California No. 27 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 5–2 23–4 2–0  28 April 3 California No. 27 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 4–2 24–4 3–0  29 April 9 at No. 12 Stanford No. 15 Sunken DiamondStanford, California **W** 9–7 25–4 4–0  30 April 9 at No. 12 Stanford No. 15 Sunken Diamond • Stanford, California **W** 11–10 26–4 5–0  31 April 10 at No. 12 Stanford No. 15 Sunken Diamond • Stanford, California **L** 3–4 26–5 5–1  32 April 15 at No. 6 Arizona No. 11 Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet StadiumTucson, Arizona **L** 5–7 26–6 5–2  33 April 16 at No. 6 Arizona No. 11 Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet Stadium • Tucson, Arizona **W** 17–1 27–6 6–2  34 April 17 at No. 6 Arizona No. 11 Jerry Kindall Field at Frank Sancet Stadium • Tucson, Arizona **L** 6–7 27–7 6–3  35 April 22 Washington State No. 11 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 5–4 28–7 7–3  36 April 24 Washington State No. 11 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 8–1 29–7 8–3  37 April 24 Washington State No. 11 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 7–6 30–7 9–3  38 April 29 No. 17 Arizona State No. 9 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 6–5 31–7 10–3  39 April 30 No. 17 Arizona State No. 9 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **L** 1–3 31–8 10–4 |
| May (9–2)    # Date Opponent Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record Pac-10 record  40 May 1 No. 17 Arizona State No. 9 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 5–1 32–8 11–4  41 May 3 Portland No. 9 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 6–2 33–8 11–4  42 May 6 at UCLA No. 9 Jackie Robinson StadiumLos Angeles, California **W** 3–1 34–8 12–4  43 May 7 at UCLA No. 9 Jackie Robinson Stadium • Los Angeles, California **W** 10–4 35–8 13–4  44 May 8 at UCLA No. 9 Jackie Robinson Stadium • Los Angeles, California **W** 16–3 36–8 14–4  45 May 13 at Washington No. 8 Husky BallparkSeattle, Washington **W** 7–0 37–8 15–4  46 May 14 at Washington No. 8 Husky Ballpark • Seattle, Washington **W** 7–4 38–8 16–4  47 May 15 at Washington No. 8 Husky Ballpark • Seattle, Washington **W** 3–1 (10) 39–8 17–4  48 May 20 No. 17 Southern California No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 5–4 40–8 18–4  49 May 21 No. 17 Southern California No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 10–7 41–8 19–4  50 May 22 No. 17 Southern California No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **L** 2–12 41–9 19–5 |
| Postseason (5–3) |
|
| NCAA Tournament: Corvallis Regional (3–0)    # Date Opponent Seed/Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record NCAAT record  51 June 3 (4) Ohio State (1) No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 4–3 42–9 1–0  52 June 4 (3) No. 29 St. John's (1) No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 11–1 43–9 2–0  53 June 5 (3) No. 29 St. John's (1) No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 19–3 44–9 3–0 |
| NCAA Tournament: Corvallis Super Regional (2–1)    # Date Opponent Seed/Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record NCAAT record  54 June 11 No. 16 Southern California (8) No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 10–4 45–9 4–0  55 June 12 No. 16 Southern California (8) No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **L** 8–9 (10) 45–10 4–1  56 June 13 No. 16 Southern California (8) No. 3 Goss Stadium at Coleman Field • Corvallis, Oregon **W** 10–8 46–10 5–1 |
| NCAA Tournament: College World Series (0–2)    # Date Opponent Seed/Rank Site/stadium Score Overall record CWS record  57 June 18 vs. (1) No. 1 Tulane (8) No. 2 Johnny Rosenblatt StadiumOmaha, Nebraska **L** 1–3 46–11 0–1  58 June 20 vs. (4) No. 4 Baylor (8) No. 2 Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska **L** 3–4 (10) 46–12 0–2 |

## Awards and honors

Darwin Barney * First Team All-Pac-10
* Pacific-10 Conference Freshman of the Year
* First Team Freshman All-American *Collegiate Baseball*

Dallas Buck Jacoby Ellsbury Nate Fogle * Honorable Mention All-Pac-10

Ryan Gipson * Honorable Mention All-Pac-10

Tyler Graham * Honorable Mention All-Pac-10

Kevin Gunderson * First Team All-Pac-10

Andy Jenkins * First Team All-Pac-10

Anton Maxwell * Honorable Mention All-Pac-10

Shea McFeely * Honorable Mention All-Pac-10

Jonah Nickerson * First Team All-Pac-10
* Second Team All-American *USA Today Sports Weekly*

## InfoBox

| 2005 Oregon State Beavers baseball | |
| --- | --- |
| Pac-10 Conference champions
Corvallis Regional champions
Corvallis Super Regional champions | |
| College World Series, 0–2 | |
| Conference | Pacific-10 Conference |
| Ranking | |
| Coaches | No. 7 |
| CB | No. 7 |
| Record | 46–12 (19–5 Pac-10) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coach | Marty Lees (2nd season) |
| Pitching coach | Dan Spencer (9th season) |
| Home stadium | Goss Stadium at Coleman Field |
|


title: Atimura apicalis

abstract: Atimura apicalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gahan in 1895.

text:
# Atimura apicalis

***Atimura apicalis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gahan in 1895.

## InfoBox

| *Atimura apicalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Atimura* |
| Species: | ***A. apicalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Atimura apicalis***<br>Gahan, 1895 | |
|


title: Atimura combreti

abstract: Atimura combreti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gardner in 1930.

text:
# Atimura combreti

***Atimura combreti*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gardner in 1930.

## InfoBox

| *Atimura combreti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Atimura* |
| Species: | ***A. combreti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Atimura combreti***<br>Gardner, 1930 | |
|


title: Ards East (District Electoral Area)

abstract: Ards East was one of the four district electoral areas in Ards, Northern Ireland which existed from 1993 to 2014. The district elected six members to Ards Borough Council and formed part of the North Down constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament, and part of the Strangford constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament. It was created for the 1993 local elections, and contained the wards of Donaghadee North, Donaghadee South, Gregstown, Loughries, Millisle and Movilla. It was abolished for the 2014 local elections and replaced by the Bangor East and Donaghadee DEA and Newtownards DEA.

text:
# Ards East (District Electoral Area)

**Ards East** was one of the four district electoral areas in Ards, Northern Ireland which existed from 1993 to 2014. The district elected six members to Ards Borough Council and formed part of the North Down constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament, and part of the Strangford constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament.

It was created for the 1993 local elections, and contained the wards of Donaghadee North, Donaghadee South, Gregstown, Loughries, Millisle and Movilla. It was abolished for the 2014 local elections and replaced by the Bangor East and Donaghadee DEA and Newtownards DEA.

## Councillors

| Election | Councillor
(Party) | | Councillor
(Party) | | Councillor
(Party) | | Councillor
(Party) | | Councillor
(Party) | | Councillor
(Party) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2011** |  | Linda Cleland
(Alliance) |  | Ronald Ferguson
(UUP) |  | Tom Smith
(DUP) |  | Eddie Thompson
(DUP) |  | John Elliott
(DUP) |  | Hamilton Gregory
(DUP) |
| **2005** |  | | | | Jeffrey Magill
(UUP)/
(DUP) | | Jonathan Bell
(DUP) | | | | | Terence Williams
(DUP) |
| | | | | **2001** |  | | Linda Cleland
(Alliance) |  | John Shields
(UUP) | | |
| | | | | **1997** |  | Thomas Benson
(UUP) || |
| | | | | **1993** |  | Laurence Thompson
(Alliance) | St Clair McAlister
(DUP) ||
| |

## 2011 Election

**2005:** 4 x DUP, 2 x UUP

**2011:** 4 x DUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance

**2005-2011 Change:** Alliance gain from UUP

Ards East - 6 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|  | DUP | **Colville Elliott*** | 20.05% | **1,353** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Alliance | **Linda Cleland** | 16.21% | **1,094** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Hamilton Gregory*** | 14.11% | 952 | **1,168.92** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Tom Smith** | 14.26% | 962 | **1,082.93** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Eddie Thompson** | 9.19% | 620 | 633.92 | 818.94 | 831.12 | 946.25 | 953.67 | **978.67** |  |
|  | UUP | **Ronald Ferguson*** | 9.23% | 623 | 632.57 | 636.34 | 649.64 | 649.93 | 654.91 | 675.39 | **765.23** |
|  | UUP | Katherine Ferguson | 7.78% | 525 | 540.95 | 543.85 | 572.69 | 572.98 | 580.36 | 620.45 | 694.57 |
|  | TUV | Terence Williams\* | 4.51% | 304 | 306.61 | 310.38 | 318.22 | 318.8 | 321.08 | 347 |  |
|  | Green (NI) | Emer Hopkins | 2.83% | 191 | 193.03 | 193.9 | 236.18 | 236.18 | 311.26 |  |  |
|  | SDLP | Moira Ritchie | 1.82% | 123 | 123.87 | 125.61 | 147.45 | 147.74 |  |  |  |
| **Electorate:** 16,004   **Valid:** 6,747 (42.16%)   **Spoilt:** 165   **Quota:** 965   **Turnout:** 6,912 (43.19%) | | | | | | | | | | | |

## 2005 Election

**2001:** 3 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Alliance

**2005:** 4 x DUP, 2 x UUP

**2001-2005 Change:** DUP gain (two seats) from UUP and Alliance

Ards East - 6 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|  | DUP | **Jonathan Bell** | 19.92% | **1,515** |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Terence Williams*** | 13.07% | 994 | **1,097.6** |  |  |  |  |
|  | DUP | **John Elliott*** | 10.70% | 814 | 1,060.68 | 1,081.52 | **1,099.52** |  |  |
|  | UUP | **Ronald Ferguson*** | 13.05% | 993 | 1,006.72 | 1,056.56 | **1,247.56** |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Hamilton Gregory*** | 12.40% | 943 | 977.16 | 1,000.44 | 1,038.52 | 1,054.36 | **1,063.96** |
|  | UUP | **Jeffrey Magill*** | 8.20% | 624 | 628.2 | 650.2 | 942.88 | 1,062.67 | **1,063.63** |
|  | Alliance | Linda Cleland\* | 11.17% | 850 | 858.68 | 959.96 | 1,012.08 | 1,036.83 | 1,038.75 |
|  | UUP | Tom Smith | 7.36% | 560 | 566.72 | 633.28 |  |  |  |
|  | Green (NI) | John McCullough | 2.39% | 182 | 183.4 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Independent | Thomas Sheridan | 1.74% | 132 | 134.8 |  |  |  |  |
| **Electorate:** 15,367   **Valid:** 7,607 (49.50%)   **Spoilt:** 181   **Quota:** 1,087   **Turnout:** 7,788 (50.68%) | | | | | | | | | |

## 2001 Election

**1997:** 4 x UUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance

**2001:** 3 x DUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Alliance

**1997-2001 Change:** DUP gain from UUP

Ards East - 6 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | |
|  | Alliance | **Linda Cleland*** | N/A | **N/A** |
|  | UUP | **Ronald Ferguson*** | N/A | **N/A** |
|  | DUP | **Hamilton Gregory*** | N/A | **N/A** |
|  | UUP | **Jeffrey Magill*** | N/A | **N/A** |
|  | UUP | **John Shields*** | N/A | **N/A** |
|  | DUP | **Terence Williams** | N/A | **N/A** |
| **Electorate:** N/A   **Valid:** N/A   **Spoilt:** N/A   **Quota:** N/A   **Turnout:** N/A | | | | |

* As only six candidates had been nominated for six seats, there was no vote in Ards East and all six candidates were deemed elected.

## 1997 Election

**1993:** 3 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Alliance

**1997:** 4 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance

**1993-1997 Change:** UUP gain from DUP

Ards East - 6 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|  | UUP | **Thomas Benson*** | 17.40% | **882** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | UUP | **Ronald Ferguson*** | 13.33% | 676 | **762.4** |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Hamilton Gregory** | 12.25% | 621 | 628.2 | 629.53 | 656.71 | **811.71** |  |  |  |
|  | UUP | **John Shields*** | 11.95% | 606 | 618.24 | 622.44 | 656.62 | 668.05 | 668.64 | **752.64** |  |
|  | Alliance | **Linda Cleland** | 8.24% | 418 | 422.32 | 422.53 | 437.71 | 441.71 | 442.89 | 462.07 | **792.07** |
|  | UUP | **Jeffrey Magill*** | 9.47% | 480 | 508.98 | 533.69 | 582.23 | 616.56 | 621.87 | 680.76 | **694.05** |
|  | DUP | St Clair McAlister* | 5.82% | 295 | 299.32 | 299.95 | 309.95 | 369.2 | 447.67 | 509.28 | 518.64 |
|  | Alliance | Laurence Thompson\* | 6.94% | 352 | 355.06 | 355.48 | 363.48 | 363.48 | 363.48 | 378.66 |  |
|  | UK Unionist | Thomas Sheridan | 5.31% | 269 | 271.16 | 271.93 | 283.93 | 287.93 | 287.93 |  |  |
|  | DUP | Hamilton Lawther | 4.95% | 251 | 254.96 | 255.87 | 274.87 |  |  |  |  |
|  | PUP | Georgina McCrory | 4.34% | 220 | 221.26 | 221.33 |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Electorate:** 14,904   **Valid:** 5,070 (34.02%)   **Spoilt:** 114   **Quota:** 725   **Turnout:** 5,184 (34.78%) | | | | | | | | | | | |

## 1993 Election

**1993:** 3 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Alliance

Ards East - 6 seats
| Party | | Candidate | FPv% | Count | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | | | 2 | 3 |
|  | UUP | **Thomas Benson*** | 19.85% | **956** |  |  |
|  | DUP | **Jeffrey Magill** | 17.99% | **866** |  |  |
|  | UUP | **John Shields*** | 15.39% | **741** |  |  |
|  | Alliance | **Laurence Thompson** | 14.97% | **721** |  |  |
|  | UUP | **Ronald Ferguson** | 10.49% | 505 | 730.3 |  |
|  | DUP | **St Clair McAlister** | 13.73% | 661 | 686.2 | **851.8** |
|  | NI Conservatives | Gavin Walker | 7.58% | 365 | 382.1 | 389.46 |
| **Electorate:** 13,490   **Valid:** 4,815 (35.69%)   **Spoilt:** 120   **Quota:** 688   **Turnout:** 4,935 (36.58%) | | | | | | |

1. "Ards East Result Sheet" (PDF). *EONI*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
2. "Local Government Results 2005". *EONI*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
3. "Local Government Results 2001". *EONI*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
4. "Local Government Results 1997". *EONI*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
5. "Local Government Results 1993". *EONI*. Retrieved 8 July 2021.


abstract: The women's triple jump at the 2012 African Championships in Athletics was held at the Stade Charles de Gaulle on 1 July.

text:
# 2012 African Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump

The **women's triple jump** at the 2012 African Championships in Athletics was held at the Stade Charles de Gaulle on 1 July.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Sarah Nambawa
*Uganda* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Charlene Potgieter
*South Africa* |
| **Bronze** | Jamaa Chnaik
*Morocco* |

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 2012 African Championships in Athletics | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **World record** | Inessa Kravets (UKR) | **15.50** | Gothenburg, Sweden | 10 August 1995 |
| **African record** | Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) | **15.39** | Beijing, PR China | 17 August 2008 |
| **Championship record** | Françoise Mbango Etone (CMR) | **14.95** | Tunis, Tunisia | 7 August 2002 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 July 2012 | **16:15** | **Final** |

## Results

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #5 | #5 | #6 | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sarah Nambawa | Uganda | 13.30 | x | 13.59 | 13.86 | **13.90w** | x | **13.90w** |  |
|  | Charlene Potgieter | South Africa | 13.44 | 13.80 | 13.81w | x | **13.90w** | x | **13.90w** |  |
|  | Jamaa Chnaik | Morocco | 13.22 | 13.40 | x | 13.60w | **13.75** | x | **13.75** |  |
| 4 | Baya Rahouli | Algeria | 13.34 | 13.32 | **13.50** | x | x | x | **13.50** |  |
| 5 | Blessing Ibuknu | Nigeria | 13.02w | 13.17 | 13.37 | 13.07w | 13.35w | **13.44** | **13.44** |  |
| 6 | Lecabela Quaresma | São Tomé and Príncipe | x | **13.25** | 13.24w | 12.89 | x |  | **13.25** |  |
| 7 | Patience Ntshingila | South Africa | x | **13.18** | 13.10 | x | x | x | **13.18** |  |
| 8 | Enas Mansour | Egypt | 12.52 | 12.68w | **12.97w** | 12.78 | 12.86 | 12.85w | **12.97w** |  |
| 9 | Mathilde Boateng | Ghana | x | 12.49 | **12.74** |  |  |  | **12.74** |  |
| 10 | Sangone Kandji | Senegal | **12.60** | x | 11.86 |  |  |  | **12.60** |  |
| 11 | Sandrine Mbummin | Cameroon | x | 12.23 | **12.32w** |  |  |  | **12.32w** |  |
| 12 | Linda Onana | Cameroon | x | x | **12.15** |  |  |  | **12.15** |  |
| 13 | Janet Boniface | Seychelles | x | x | **11.77w** |  |  |  | **11.77w** |  |
| 14 | Konan Akissi Issifou | Ivory Coast | x | x | **11.53** |  |  |  | **11.53** |  |
|  | Worokia Sanou | Burkina Faso |  |  |  |  |  |  | **DNS** |  |


title: Ephemera guttulata

abstract: Ephemera guttulata, commonly known as the eastern green drake, shad fly and coffinfly, is a species of mayfly in the genus Ephemera. The eastern green drake is native to the continental United States and Canada. Its conservation status per the NatureServe conservation status ranking system is G5, meaning it is secure.

text:
# Ephemera guttulata

***Ephemera guttulata***, commonly known as the **eastern green drake**, **shad fly** and **coffinfly**, is a species of mayfly in the genus *Ephemera*. The eastern green drake is native to the continental United States and Canada. Its conservation status per the NatureServe conservation status ranking system is G5, meaning it is secure.

## Range

This species is endemic to the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada, ranging no further west than Ontario and Arkansas.

## Reproductive cycle

Like all mayflies, eastern green drakes have a fully aquatic larval stage. This is followed by a phase of a flying sexually immature adult called the subimago. Finally, there is a short-lived sexually mature adult stage (imago).

## InfoBox

| Eastern green drake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Ephemeroptera |
| Family: | Ephemeridae |
| Genus: | *Ephemera* |
| Species: | ***E. guttulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ephemera guttulata***<br>Pictet, 1843 | |
|


title: Enea Bossi Sr.

abstract: Enea Bossi Sr. was an Italian-American aerospace engineer and aviation pioneer. He is best known for designing the Budd BB-1 Pioneer, the first stainless steel aircraft, and the Pedaliante airplane, disputably credited with the first fully human-powered flight.

text:
# Enea Bossi Sr.

**Enea Bossi Sr.** (March 29, 1888  January 9, 1963) was an Italian-American aerospace engineer and aviation pioneer. He is best known for designing the Budd BB-1 *Pioneer*, the first stainless steel aircraft, and the *Pedaliante* airplane, disputably credited with the first fully human-powered flight.

## Personal life

Enea Bossi was born in Milan, Italy. He emigrated to the United States on the RMS *Oceanic* from Cherbourg, France, on July 20, 1914, subsequently residing in Great Neck, New York. He spoke fluent Italian, French, and English. Bossi petitioned for naturalization in 1925 and became a naturalized United States citizen on March 16, 1926; his two sons retained their inherited Italian citizenship, *jus sanguines*, as well their American citizenship, *jus soli*.

Bossi married Flora Kehrer, a Swiss German from Lausanne who had been sent away by a new stepmother to the United States immediately prior to the outbreak of World War I and was living with her aunt and uncle in Connecticut. The two met through Enea Bossi's professional relationship with her uncle, George Boldt. Flora and Enea eloped against the wishes of Flora's guardians. The couple had two children, Charles Bossi (1922, New York City  1989, Ohio) and Enea Wilbur Bossi. (1924, Montclair, New Jersey  1999, Lansdale, Pennsylvania). They ultimately resided on Upper Mountain Avenue in Montclair and maintained a country house in Lansdale, Pennsylvania.

## Professional career

Bossi graduated from the Istituto Tecnico in Lodi, Italy, in 1907, specializing in physics and mathematics. The Wright brothers' *Flyer*, having successfully flown in December 1903, impressed Bossi so much that he devoted himself to aviation, becoming the second licensed pilot in Italy. Financed by his father, in 1908 he designed and built his own plane, modeled after the Wright *Flyer*. Bossi also used the plane to teach both himself and Giuseppe M. Bellanca how to fly. The design won a silver medal the following year at the first international aviation meeting in Reims, France. The plane, built in Bossi's own factory, was the first successful plane to be designed in Italy.

In early December 1909, the first flight of an Italian-designed and built aircraft was successfully completed alongside fellow engineers Giuseppe M. Bellanca and Paolo Invernizzi. Also in 1909, Bossi developed the first landing gear braking system as well as the Italian Navy's first seaplane.

During the early 1910s, Bossi served as an Italian representative of Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company – securing rights for local license production of the Curtiss Model F by the Zari brothers, who built eight examples at their workshop in Bovisaa (today a district of Milan). The first of these was demonstrated to the Italian Navy on Lake Como on September 22, 1914. During this decade, Bossi also worked for the Aviation Corps, assisting the Italian government with building and organizing its naval air forces.

During World War I, Bossi served both as a bomber pilot and as a flight instructor for the Italian Navy. Due to the economic and social difficulties in Italy following the war, in 1918, Bossi emigrated to the United States, where he eventually became a naturalized citizen. In the 1920s, Bossi worked on a number of devices relating to fuel systems – leading to work in his later years on modern aerial refueling systems.

In 1927, Bossi was a co-founder of the company Société Continentale Parker in France together with Robert Deté, Louis Paulhan and Pierre Prier. The purpose was to transfer surface treatment technologies for the growing aerospace industry to Europe. Using his relationships he brokered a license from Parker Rust-Proof in Detroit (Parkerizing) and in a later step the distribution rights of Udylite Corp for specialty chemicals in electroplating. The company later became the European market leader in surface treatment via its successor organizations Chemetall GmbH and Coventya GmbH.

### American Aeronautical Corporation

In October 1928, Bossi founded the American Aeronautical Corporation (AAC), officially located at 730 Fifth Avenue in Port Washington, New York, to build Savoia-Marchetti seaplanes under license. Licenses were acquired for both the S-55 and the S-56 and both were tested at the Miller Army Air Field, but only the latter made it to production. The S-56 became the first plane used by the New York City Police Department, which used it to enforce flying regulations, assist with sea rescues, and to chase rum-runners during the Prohibition era. A follow-up design, the more-powerful S-56B, proved even more successful. Whereas the prices for the S-56 and S-56B were modest for the time, the Great Depression caused sales to drop significantly by 1933. Two original AAC S-56 planes exist today, one of which is on display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City, New York.

Bossi's work was not without its setbacks. In early 1930, he survived the crash of an experimental S-56 off Port Washington which claimed the life of test pilot Peter Talbot. Bossi was rescued by the Coast Guard's ship CG-162.

### Budd Company

The Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Corporation, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was a major manufacturer of railroad cars, which resulted in significant experience in working with stainless steel. In 1930, the company made its first foray into the aviation industry by signing contracts to manufacture aircraft wheels and stainless steel wing ribs. A close friend of Edward Budd, Enea Bossi joined the company as the head of stainless steel research to supervise the design and construction of the 4-seat Budd BB-1 *Pioneer* – the first aircraft with a structure built out of stainless steel. Occurring in 1931, this was the first aircraft for the Budd Company. Built under Restricted License NR749, its design utilized concepts developed for the Savoia-Marchetti S-31 and was powered by a single 210 horsepower (160 kW) Kinner C-5 motor.

The stainless steel construction process for the BB-1 was patented in 1942. At the time, stainless steel construction was not considered practicable, and only one airplane was built. In 1934, it was stripped of its fabric covering and mounted outside the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, where it remains to this day as the longest continuous display of any airplane. The plane has been memorialized in the children's book *Spirited Philadelphia Adventure* by Deirdre Cimino. In 1931, Bossi sold the controlling interest of the AAC to Dayton Airplane Engine Company. The success which came from the technical innovations of the BB-1 prompted the Budd Company to employ Bossi as its European representative.

### *Pedaliante*

In 1932, Bossi heard of an airplane which had successfully flown while powered only by a 1 hp (0.75 kW) engine. This prompted Bossi to calculate the minimum power that a manned aircraft would need to fly. The calculation yielded a value of approximately 0.94 hp (0.70 kW), which convinced Bossi that Human-powered flight might be possible. During a trip to Philadelphia, Bossi tested the speed at which a glider would take off under tow. The experiment consisted of hiring a professional bicyclist to tow a glider. A spring scale was attached to the tow line to sense the force exerted by the bicyclist. This same experiment procedure was later repeated as part of the development of the *Gossamer Condor* and the *Gossamer Albatross*. The results confirmed that a speed at which the necessary lift could be obtained was indeed attainable.

A second experiment conducted during a trip to Paris involved a propeller-driven bicycle designed by Bossi. The test rider achieved a speed of 23 miles (37 km) per hour, but one drawback was noted: the gyroscopic effect of the propeller generated so much torque that the bicycle became unstable. Bossi concluded, erroneously, that a successful human-powered aircraft would therefore require two counter-rotating propellers to cancel out the effects of torque – similar to the design of a helicopter. In light of these findings, Bossi decided to design an aircraft incorporating this difficult requirement.

In 1933, the Frankfurt Polytechnische Gesellschaft (Frankfurt Polytechnic Society) offered a prize to promote human-powered flight. Due to the newly formed Rome-Berlin axis, similar political and military events were staged during the initial period in both Italy and Germany to help strengthen that bond. To this end, in 1936, the Italian government initiated an equivalent contest: offering 100,000 lire for a 1 km (0.62 mi) human-powered flight made by an Italian citizen. Bossi was aware that he could not receive the prize due to his American citizenship, but he opted to attempt to win it, anyway.

Bossi's design for the contest was named the *Pedaliante*, Italian for "Pedal Glider" – so named because it utilized conventional glider configuration and construction. The design was introduced in 1937 and Vittorio Bonomi, an Italian sailplane manufacturer, was contracted to build the plane. Bossi and Bonomi enlisted Emilio Casco to pilot the *Pedaliante*. Casco was a major in the Italian Army and a very strong bicyclist. After several weeks of trials in early 1936, Casco took off in the *Pedaliante* and flew approximately 300 feet (91 m) completely under his own power, marking the first achievement of an aircraft obtaining and sustaining flight completely via human power. Although subsequent calculations have verified that this flight was physically possible, most agree that it was Casco's considerable physical strength and endurance which performed the accomplishment; not a feat which could be attained by a typical person.

Incorporating a catapult launch to a height of 30 feet (9.1 m), the *Pedaliante* made a flight on September 13, 1936, which traveled several hundred meters. On March 18, 1937, at Cinisello airport near Milan, the plane was launched at a height of 29.5 feet (9.0 m) and Casco successfully pedaled the craft for its full 0.62 miles (1.00 km). This set a world record for human-powered flight, but as a catapult launch was not permitted in the rules of the competition, the *Pedaliante* did not win the prize for which it was designed. The plane was retired the following year having made a total 80 flights – 43 without the assistance of a catapult launch. At this time, the *Mufli* and the *Pedaliante* were the most advanced Human-powered aircraft ever built.

## Later work

Initially developed at Delgado Trades School and completed by Enea Bossi, the two-place side-by-side single-rotor Higgins EB-1 helicopter was completed in 1943 and built by Higgins Industries, Inc., of New Orleans, Louisiana. Plans for larger versions were terminated following the downturn in the military aviation industry following the end of World War II. The fuselage was covered in its entirety by a metallic skin, with the tail covered in fabric. A two-bladed vertical tail rotor was included in its design to counter the effects of torque and the landing gear was configured in a fixed tricycle form. The four-bladed main rotor consisted of two pairs of blades mounted one above the other. The interior featured controls similar to those of a conventional airplane.

Bossi further developed helicopter technology, particularly with regard to contra-rotating dual propellers and tail rotors – work which was also, to a limited degree, furthered by his two sons.

Bossi, a resident of West Orange, New Jersey, died on January 9, 1963, at the age of 74 at Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, Ohio, while visiting his youngest son Charles, Charles's wife Thelma and Grand-Children Charles and Ronald. He is interred at David's Cemetery in Kettering, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio.

## InfoBox

| Enea Bossi | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Enea Bossi | |
| Born | (1888-03-29)March 29, 1888
Milan, Italy |
| Died | January 9, 1963(1963-01-09) (aged 74)
Dayton, Ohio |
| Nationality | Italian American |
| Known for | Budd BB-1 *Pioneer*
*Pedaliante* |
| Spouse | Flora Kehrer |


title: Andoain

abstract: Andoain is a town in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the North of Spain. Nowadays it has a population of 14,637 inhabitants (2019), which has been quite stable since the 90s. Andoain is located where the Oria River meets the Leitzaran river, next to the mountains Belkoain and Buruntza. Andoain is recognized by its green areas surrounding the rivers, which are dense forests, very suitable for hiking and biking.

text:
# Andoain

**Andoain** is a town in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the North of Spain. Nowadays it has a population of 14,637 inhabitants (2019), which has been quite stable since the 90s.

Andoain is located where the Oria River meets the Leitzaran river, next to the mountains Belkoain and Buruntza. Andoain is recognized by its green areas surrounding the rivers, which are dense forests, very suitable for hiking and biking (Leizaran Valley).

## Geography

Andoain is situated in the Oria valley, closer to Belkoain mountain. The town is surrounded by several mountains: Buruntza (439 m), Belkoain (488 m), Aizkorri (598 m), Usobelartza (647 m) and Adarra (817 m) and the oria river goes throw the city center.

### Climate

Andoain experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification *Cfb*) with abundant rains during the whole year, and moderate temperature, without extreme hot nor cold. Average annual rain reaches 1700 mm and mean temperature is 14 C.

## Demography

## Governance

Current town mayor is Andoni Alvarez Lete from EH Bildu.

Lista de alcaldes
|
|  |
| 2023 | Andoni Alvarez Lete (EH Bildu) |
| 2019 | Maider Lainez Lazcoz (PSE-EE (PSOE)) |
| 2015 | Ana María Karrere Zabala (EH Bildu) |
| 2011 | Ana María Karrere Zabala (Bildu) |
| 2009 | Estanislao Amutxastegi Arregi (PSE-EE (PSOE)) |
| 2007 | José Antonio Pérez Gabarain (PSE-EE (PSOE)) |
| 2003 | José Antonio Pérez Gabarain (PSE-EE (PSOE)) |
| 1999 | José Antonio Barandiaran Ezama (Euskal Herritarrok) |
| 1995 | José Antonio Pérez Gabarain (PSE-EE (PSOE)) |
| 1991 | M.ª Pilar Collantes Ibáñez (PSE-PSOE) |
| 1987 | Carlos Sanz Díez de Uré (Euskadiko Ezkerra) |
| 1983 | Patxi Irigoras Etxebeste (EAJ-PNV) |
| 1979 | José Antonio Pérez Gabarain (Euskadiko Ezkerra) |
|

## InfoBox

| Andoain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| AndoainLocation of Andoain within the Basque Country | |
| Coordinates: 43°13′N 2°01′W / 43.217°N 2.017°W / 43.217; -2.017 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Gipuzkoa |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Andoni Alvarez Lete |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.4 km2 (10.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 65 m (213 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 14,618 |
| Density | 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | www.andoain.eus |


title: Educational specialist

abstract: The Education Specialist, also referred to as Educational Specialist or Specialist in Education, is a specialist degree in education which is an advanced professional degree in the U.S. that is designed to provide knowledge and theory in the field of education beyond the master's degree level. Generally, 30-65 hours of graduate study are required, depending on the specialty. Specializations are available in computing technology, educational leadership, training and development, school psychology, counselor education, special education, curriculum and instruction, and adult education. These are highly specialized degrees meant for professionals who require advanced proficiency in a field such as adult education, instructional technology, curriculum and instruction, educational psychology, educational leadership or special education, but who do not have the time or desire to complete a dissertation.

text:
# Educational specialist

The **Education Specialist**, also referred to as **Educational Specialist** or **Specialist in Education** (**Ed.S.**, **EdS** or **S.Ed.**), is a specialist degree in education which is an advanced professional degree in the U.S. that is designed to provide knowledge and theory in the field of education beyond the master's degree level. Generally, 30-65 hours of graduate study are required, depending on the specialty. Specializations are available in computing technology, educational leadership, training and development, school psychology, counselor education, special education, curriculum and instruction, and adult education.

These are highly specialized degrees meant for professionals who require advanced proficiency in a field such as adult education, instructional technology, curriculum and instruction, educational psychology, educational leadership or special education, but who do not have the time or desire to complete a dissertation.


title: Aonidiella citrina

abstract: Aonidiella citrina or yellow scale is an armored scale insect from the family Diaspididae. It feeds by sucking sap from plants in a number of plant families, but is mostly known for being a pest of citrus.

text:
# Aonidiella citrina

***Aonidiella citrina*** or **yellow scale** is an armored scale insect from the family Diaspididae. It feeds by sucking sap from plants in a number of plant families, but is mostly known for being a pest of citrus.

## Description

Armoured scales are so-called because they are covered by a hard, plate-like structure, the scale. The adult female yellow scale insect is concealed under a thin, pale circular scale through which its yellowish body colour can be seen. The female is legless and remains in the same location permanently, anchored to the surface. The male is a similar colour and has an elongate oval scale. The exuviae (shed nymphal skins) are located near the centre in the female scale but are near one end in the male insect. When the adult male emerges from under its scale after four moults, it has limbs and a single pair of wings and is able to fly rather weakly; it lives for only a few hours, and its sole purpose is to find and mate with a female.

## Life cycle

The adult female scale insect is viviparous, the eggs hatching internally, and produces up to 150 young at the rate of two or three per day. The first-stage larva is mobile and is known as a crawler; it emerges from under the mother's scale and disperses to other parts of the plant; it may be blown by the wind or transported elsewhere by animals and is the only mobile life stage except for the adult male. When it has found a depression or other suitable location, it pierce the host plant with its mouthparts and sucks sap. The female nymph moults twice as it develops while the male moults four times.

## Distribution

Yellow scale has a widespread distribution in Asia, the Mediterranean area, Africa and South America, and is a serious pest of citrus in the southern United States, China, Japan, India, Iran and Australia. When it first appeared in California it was thought to be a yellow variant of red scale (*Aonidiella aurantii*) because the two are so similar in morphology. However, later various microscopic differences between them were noticed. Yellow scale affects fewer host plants than does red scale, and it is more susceptible to insecticides and biological pest control.

## Damage

Yellow scale insects seldom feed on the woody parts of plants, concentrating on the leaves and fruits. It is a less serious pest of citrus than red scale because its effects are more cosmetic, and because it is easier to control. Heavy infestations of the insect can cause yellowing of the leaves, leaf fall, dieback of twigs and branches, or even tree death. Fruits may be disfigured and attain lower prices. In California, many populations of both red and yellow scale have become resistant to some of the most commonly used pesticides, but biological control using chalcid wasp parasitoids is very effective; *Aphytis melinus* and *Aphytis lingnanensis* are used in mild coastal areas and *Comperiella bifasciata* in inland areas such as the San Joaquin Valley.

## InfoBox

| Yellow scale | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Diaspididae |
| Genus: | *Aonidiella* |
| Species: | ***A. citrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aonidiella citrina***<br>Coquillett, 1891 | |
|


title: Edge Hill (Gladstone, Virginia)

abstract: Edge Hill, also known as Green Hills and Walker's Ford Sawmill, is a historic home and farm located in Amherst County, Virginia, near Gladstone. The main house was built in 1833, and is a two-story, brick I-house in the Federal-style. It has a standing seam metal gable roof and two interior end chimneys. Attached to the house by a former breezeway enclosed in 1947, is the former overseer's house, built about 1801. Also on the property are the contributing office, pumphouse, corncrib, and log-framed barn all dated to about 1833. Below the bluff, adjacent to the railroad and near the James River, are four additional outbuildings: a sawmill and shed (1865), tobacco barn, and a post and beam two-story cattle barn. Archaeological sites on the farm include slave quarters, additional outbuildings and a slave cemetery. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

text:
# Edge Hill (Gladstone, Virginia)

**Edge Hill**, also known as Green Hills and Walker's Ford Sawmill, is a historic home and farm located in Amherst County, Virginia, near Gladstone. The main house was built in 1833, and is a two-story, brick I-house in the Federal-style. It has a standing seam metal gable roof and two interior end chimneys. Attached to the house by a former breezeway enclosed in 1947, is the former overseer's house, built about 1801. Also on the property are the contributing office, pumphouse, corncrib, and log-framed barn all dated to about 1833. Below the bluff, adjacent to the railroad and near the James River, are four additional outbuildings: a sawmill and shed (1865), tobacco barn, and a post and beam two-story cattle barn (c. 1947). Archaeological sites on the farm include slave quarters, additional outbuildings and a slave cemetery.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Edge Hill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Entrance | |
|  | |
| Location | 1380 Edgehill Plantation Rd., near Gladstone, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°30′42″N 78°54′30″W / 37.51167°N 78.90833°W / 37.51167; -78.90833 |
| Area | 71 acres (29 ha) |
| Built | c. 1801 (1801), 1833, 1947 |
| Built by | Isaac W. Walker, Pendleton S. Clark |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 08000418 |
| VLR No. | 005-0005 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 15, 2008 |
| Designated VLR | March 20, 2008 |


title: Edge Hall

abstract: Edge Hall is a 9 bedroom, country house located at Hall Lane, Brasseys Contract Road, Edge, Cheshire, SY14 8LE, England. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It was the ancestral home of the Dod family from the twelfth century to the early twenty first century. The core of the house dates from about 1600. The main part of the building dates from 1721, and additions have been made from about 1790, and later. Its architectural style is Jacobean. The house is constructed in brick, standing on stone plinths, and has a slate roof.

text:
# Edge Hall

**Edge Hall** is a 9 bedroom, country house located at Hall Lane, Brasseys Contract Road, Edge, Cheshire, SY14 8LE, England. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II\* listed building. It was the ancestral home of the Dod family from the twelfth century (if not earlier) to the early twenty first century. The core of the house dates from about 1600. The main part of the building dates from 1721, and additions have been made from about 1790, and later. Its architectural style is Jacobean. The house is constructed in brick, standing on stone plinths, and has a slate roof.

## Further reading

53°02′51″N 2°46′33″W / 53.04748°N 2.77578°W / 53.04748; -2.77578


title: Amnesia (Hamlet album)

abstract: Amnesia is the tenth studio album by Spanish metal band Hamlet. The album was recorded and produced in Spain with producer Carlos Santos at Sadman Studios, and mixed and mastered in Sweden by Fredrik Nordström and Henrik Udd at Studio Fredman.

text:
# Amnesia (Hamlet album)

***Amnesia*** is the tenth studio album by Spanish metal band Hamlet. The album was recorded and produced in Spain with producer Carlos Santos at Sadman Studios, and mixed and mastered in Sweden by Fredrik Nordström and Henrik Udd at Studio Fredman (In Flames, Soilwork, Opeth).

## Track listing

1. "Origen" - 1:39
2. "La Fuerza del Momento" - 3:38
3. "Entre la Niebla" - 4:41
4. "Mi Soledad" - 3:32
5. "Deja Vu" - 5:15
6. "La Sombra del Pasado" - 4:47
7. "Despertar Sin Vida" - 4:26
8. "Un Mundo en Pausa" - 4:01
9. "Estado de Fuga" - 3:48
10. "Al Tercer Dia" - 4:08
11. "Desesperacion" - 5:30

## Members

* J. Molly - Vocals
* Luis Tárraga - Lead/rhythm guitar
* Alberto Marín - Lead/rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Álvaro Tenorio - Bass
* Paco Sánchez - Drums

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Amnesia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hamlet | |
| Released | September 26, 2011 |
| Recorded | Sadman Studios in Madrid, Spain. |
| Genre | Groove metal |
| Length | 45:25 |
| Label | Kaiowas Records |
| Producer | Carlos Santos |
| Hamlet chronology | |
| *La Puta y el Diablo*
(2009) ***Amnesia***
(2011) *La Ira*
(2015) | |


title: Amphimallon keithi

abstract: Amphimallon keithi is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Turkey.

text:
# Amphimallon keithi

***Amphimallon keithi*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Turkey.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon keithi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. keithi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon keithi***<br>Montreuil, 2002 | |
|


title: 1916 Copa de Honor Cousenier

abstract: The 1916 Copa de Honor Cousenier was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa de Honor Cousenier, the 11th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan Club Nacional de Football and Argentine Rosario Central. The match was held in the Estadio Gran Parque Central in Montevideo, on December 10, 1916. Nacional beat Rosario Central with a conclusive 6–1, winning its third Copa Cousenier trophy

text:
# 1916 Copa de Honor Cousenier

The **1916 Copa de Honor Cousenier** was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa de Honor Cousenier, the 11th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan Club Nacional de Football and Argentine Rosario Central.

The match was held in the Estadio Gran Parque Central in Montevideo, on December 10, 1916. Nacional beat Rosario Central with a conclusive 6–1, winning its third Copa Cousenier trophy

## Qualified teams

| Team | Qualification | Previous final app. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nacional | 1916 Copa Honor (U) champion | **1905**, 1906, 1913, **1915** |
| Rosario Central | 1916 Copa Honor MCBA champion | (none) |

Note * **Bold** indicates winning years

## Venue

## Match details

1916 Copa de Honor Cousenier

| Nacional | 6–1 | Rosario Central |
| --- | --- | --- |
| C. Scarone  26', 55'
Romano  43', 44', 49'
H. Scarone  87' | Report | E. Hayes  38' |

Parque Central, MontevideoReferee: J. Bartolossi

## InfoBox

1916 Copa de Honor Cousenier
| A Nacional team of 1916 | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | Copa de Honor Cousenier |
|  | |
| Date | December 10, 1916 |
| Venue | Parque Central, Montevideo |
| Referee | J. Bartolossi |
|


title: Anandraj Ambedkar

abstract: Anandraj Yashwant Ambedkar is an Indian social activist, engineer and politician from Maharashtra. He is head of the Republican Sena. He is the grandson of B. R. Ambedkar, the father of the Indian Constitution. His supporters occupied the Indu Mill land at Dadar in 2011 to highlight the long-pending demand for the Statue of Equality memorial of B. R. Ambedkar. Anandraj Ambedkar also works in the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi, headed by his elder brother Prakash Ambedkar. As an official candidate of the Republican Sena, supported by Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi, Anandraj Ambedkar contested and lost in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections from Amravati Lok Sabha constituency.

text:
# Anandraj Ambedkar

**Anandraj Yashwant Ambedkar** (born 2 June 1960) is an Indian social activist, engineer and politician from Maharashtra. He is head of the Republican Sena ('Republican Army'). He is the grandson of B. R. Ambedkar, the father of the Indian Constitution. His supporters occupied the Indu Mill land at Dadar in 2011 to highlight the long-pending demand for the Statue of Equality memorial of B. R. Ambedkar. Anandraj Ambedkar also works in the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi, headed by his elder brother Prakash Ambedkar.

As an official candidate of the Republican Sena, supported by Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi, Anandraj Ambedkar contested and lost in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections from Amravati Lok Sabha constituency.

## Life

The Ambedkar family are followers of Navayana Buddhism. He has two brothers Prakash Ambedkar and Bhimrao Ambedkar, and a sister Ramabai who is married to Anand Teltumbde.

## InfoBox

| Anandraj Ambedkar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the Republican Sena | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
21 November 1998 | |
| Chairman of the People's Education Society | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
24 June 2013 | |
| Chairman of the Bauddhajan Panchayat Samiti | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
11 April 2022 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-06-02) 2 June 1960
Bombay, Maharashtra, India |
| Political party |  |
| Spouse | Manisha Ambedkar |
| Children | Sahil Ambedkar, Aman Ambedkar |
| Parent | Yashwant Ambedkar |
| Relatives | Ambedkar family |
| Residence(s) | 129, Rajgruha, Hindu colony, Dadar, Mumbai, Maharashtra |
| Profession | Engineer, Politician, and Social worker |
|  | |


title: Anaïs Baydemir

abstract: Anaïs Baydemir is a French journalist and weather presenter who has worked for the French national public television channel France 2 at the conclusion of news bulletins since 2013. She has also worked for the television stations i>Télé, La Chaîne Météo, France 3, Eurosport, NT1, Infosport+ and Equidia throughout her career.

text:
# Anaïs Baydemir

**Anaïs Baydemir** (born 20 July 1979) is a French journalist and weather presenter who has worked for the French national public television channel France 2 at the conclusion of news bulletins since 2013. She has also worked for the television stations i\>Télé, La Chaîne Météo, France 3, Eurosport, NT1, Infosport+ and Equidia throughout her career.

## Biography

Baydemir was born in Compiègne, Oise, France on 20 July 1979 and is of Turkish descent. She was raised in a modest household. Baydemir graduated with a Baccalaureate in college and attended to earn her Brevet de technicien supérieur in commercial action in Compiègne. In 2000, she moved to Paris to study journalism at École supérieure de journalisme de Paris. Baydemir made an appearance in the 2000 Yzabel Dzisky short film *Tapis*.

Upon her leaving school in 2002, she earned an internship at the pay television channel i\>Télé after she did a series of jobs and was offered the role of an editorial assistant, working with journalists and reporters. Baydemir presented weather reports for the channel alongside Bruce Toussaint from June to September of that year as well as Canal+ from that September to November. She was employed by La Chaîne Météo to conduct weather reports for eight months between the period of September 2003 to April 2004 and again between 2007 and 2011. In December 2004, Baydemir reported on Miss World 2004 and presented it for TVSF. She went on to present *Keno* for the Française des Jeux on France 3 from 2005 to 2010, and was a journalist and presenter at La Chaîne Météo from 2007 to 2012. Baydemir also provided commentary on sports for Infosport+ for two months in 2006, for Eurosport (*Lundi foot* as a columnist and a presenter), France 3 (from 2009 in her public service television debut on the programme *En course* covering horse racing), NT1 (*Jeux actu* between 2008 and 2012) and Equidia (*La Culturelle* from 2011 to 2013).

On 31 October 2012, she joined the staff of France 2 presenting weather forecasts on the *Télématin* breakfast programme from Mondays to Fridays and went on to present the weather on the news bulletins *13 heures* at 1:00 pm and *Journal de 20 heures* at 8:00 pm. Two years later, she began presenting the Thursday edition of *C'est Hippique* on Equidia Life. In 2019, Baydemir was cast in the Arnaud Lemort film *Ibiza*. She was on maternity leave from 14 November 2019 to 20 July 2020, and again from 11 October 2021 until 27 May 2022.

## Personal life

She has been married to the osteopath and physiotherapist Mathieu Saby since September 2019. They have two children. Baydemir is fluent in English and Turkish.

## InfoBox

| Anaïs Baydemir | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1979-07-20) 20 July 1979
Compiègne, Oise, France |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist
Weather presenter |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Spouse | Mathieu Saby (m. 2019) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Anaís Vivas

abstract: Anaís Vivas is a Venezuelan singer. She had remarkable success with her debut album Ser, positioning her songs "Muero por ti" and "Por el resto de mi vida" in the Record Report music chart in 2011, and obtaining international recognition with an HTV Heat Award for Best Female Artist.

text:
# Anaís Vivas

**Anaís Vivas** (born 25 August 1989) is a Venezuelan singer. She had remarkable success with her debut album *Ser*, positioning her songs "Muero por ti" and "Por el resto de mi vida" in the Record Report music chart in 2011, and obtaining international recognition with an HTV Heat Award for Best Female Artist.

## Biography

Anaís Vivas was born in Caracas. During her childhood she studied music both in Caracas and Miami. In adolescence she studied at the Manuel Alberto López National Conservatory of Music in Caracas. In addition to preparing for singing, she ventured into dance (flamenco, tap, and jazz) and acting. Her debut in musical theater was with the role of Gretl von Trapp in *The Sound of Music*. At the age of 13 she made her debut as a soloist in the interpretation of the "Habanera" from the opera *Carmen*.

She completed her studies at the University of Miami's Frost School of Music, where she obtained a scholarship and earned a degree in Music Business and Entertainment Industries, with a mention in lyrical singing, specializing in musical theater. At the same time she was part of the Frost Chorale's line of sopranos, with whom she toured Florida and Spain.

## Musical career

### 2011–2013: Debut album *Ser*

In September 2011 Vivas premiered "Muero por ti" on Venezuelan radio, her first promotional single, a pop ballad with melodies and nuances of lyrical singing. The single was positioned among the top 10 of the National Record Report, and with this she obtained a position among the singers with the most votes obtained during that year. The music video, directed by Diego Osorio, was released weeks later and managed to enter the rotation of several music video channels.

In November 2011, Vivas premiered her first album named *Ser*, featuring the production of Juan Carlos Pérez Soto. Her second promotional single, entitled "Un mundo sin nunca", was written by the Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi. At the end of that year, she collaborated on the aguinaldo "Niño lindo" with Venezuelan singer-songwriter Rafael "Pollo" Brito.

That year she opened concerts in Caracas for singer Laura Pausini and the group Il Volo. In December 2012 she released the single "Diciembre otra vez" as part of a campaign for UNICEF, and in 2013 she released the video of her single "Ser", for which she had the participation of her fans, who shared their videos through her Facebook page.

She won in the Best Female Artist category at the Pepsi Venezuela Music Awards ceremony that year, and released the video for the song "Por el resto de mi vida".

### 2014–present

In 2014 Vivas again managed to win in the category Best Female Artist at the Pepsi Music Awards.

In 2015 she recorded the single "Corazón Oculto", the main theme of the Venezuelan film *Hasta Que La Muerte Nos Separe*, directed by Abraham Pulido. Months later, she won the HTV Heat Award for Best Female Artist, sharing the category with the singers Shakira, Gloria Trevi, Adriana Lucia, Duina del Mar, and Farina. This award was the first international recognition achieved in her career.

As of 2017, Vivas is working on the production of her second album with renowned music producer Humberto Gatica.

## Discography

### Studio albums

* 2011: *Ser*

### Singles

* "Muero por ti"
* "Un mundo sin jamás"
* "Nada mejor que tú"
* "Ser"
* "Por el resto de mi vida"

### Other songs

* "Niño lindo" (with Rafael "Pollo" Brito)
* "Diciembre otra vez"
* "Corazón oculto"
* "Duendecillos en la Cama" (with Víctor Muñoz)

## InfoBox

| Anaís Vivas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1989-08-25) 25 August 1989<br>Caracas, Venezuela |
| Alma mater | Frost School of Music |
| Occupation(s) | Soprano singer **Musical career** |
| Genres | Latin ballad, Latin pop |
| Labels | Independent |
|  | |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Awards |  |
| Website | www.anaisvivas.com |


title: Economics of marriage

abstract: The economics of marriage includes the economic analysis of household formation and break up, of production and distribution decisions within the household. It is closely related to the law and economics of marriages and households. Grossbard-Shechtman identifies three approaches to the subject: the Marxist approach, the neo-classical approach and the game theoretic approaches. Marital status has a positive influence on economic status. There is a marriage prime for males that the wage of married males is 15% higher than the wage of never married male. The Uniform Marital Property Act issued clause on the distribution of marital property and individual property. The Uniform Premarital Agreements Act offers clauses to guide two spouses to make an agreement on distribution of rights and obligations before marriage.

text:
# Economics of marriage

The **economics of marriage** includes the economic analysis of household formation and break up, of production and distribution decisions within the household. It is closely related to the law and economics of marriages and households. Grossbard-Shechtman (1999a and 1999b) identifies three approaches to the subject: the Marxist approach (Friedrich Engels (1884) and Himmelweit and Mohun (1977)), the neo-classical approach (Gary Becker (1974)) and the game theoretic approaches (Marilyn Manser, Murray Brown, Marjorie McElroy and Mary Jane Horney). Marital status has a positive influence on economic status. There is a marriage prime for males that the wage of married males is 15% higher than the wage of never married male. The Uniform Marital Property Act issued clause on the distribution of marital property and individual property. The Uniform Premarital Agreements Act offers clauses to guide two spouses to make an agreement on distribution of rights and obligations before marriage.

## Economic Origins of Marriage

Richard Wrangham puts forward the view that women cooking for men is fundamental to marriage in hunter-gatherer societies.

> Many such examples suggest that the mating system is constrained by the way species are socially adapted to their food supply. ... The consequence of man's economic dependence takes different forms in different societies, but recall that according to Jane Collier and Michelle Rosaldo, his needing a wife to provide food is universal among hunter-gatherers. Food, it seems, routinely drives a man's marriage decision more than the need for a sexual partner.

This extends to men stealing women.

> Among the Inuit, where a woman contributed no food calories, her cooking and production of warm, dry hunting clothes were vital: a man cannot both hunt and cook. The pressure could drive widowers or bachelors to neighboring territories in an attempt to steal a woman, even if it meant killing her husband. The problem was so pervasive that ... unfamiliar men would normally be killed even before questions were asked. Lust was not the motivation for stealing wives. "The vital importance of a wife to perform domestic services provided the most usual motive for abduction," according to ethnographer David Riches.

Jeremy Greenwood and Nezih Guner (2009) argue that technological progress in the household sector, say due to the advent of dishwashers, frozen foods, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, tupperware, etc. has reduced the need for labor in the home. As a result, it is much easier to live alone. This has resulted in a smaller fraction of the population being married and a higher rate of divorce.

## Benefit of Marriage

93% of employers in the United States provide health insurance to married couples. There is marital wage premium for males, according to the survey “Summary Statistics of White Young Men Classified by Marital Status in 1976”, which was done by Korenman and Neumark, the hourly wage of married spouses present is $6.57, and hourly wage of the never married is $5.56, which was approximately 15% lower than that of the married spouse present.

### Implications On Taxes, Financials & Credit

Before getting married all couples should have an understanding of the implications of their decisions and understand how their life commitment impacts them financially.

| Tax Pros | Explanation |
| --- | --- |
| Lower Tax Bracket as a Couple | Spouses who earned similar salaries, when combined, pushed the couple into a higher tax bracket than if they were single. The government stepped in and reduced the penalty for couples making the rate more fair in relation to filing as single. Now couples that file jointly can take advantage if on spouse earns significantly less than the other by pulling the couple as a whole down to a lower tax bracket. |
| Spouse Could Be a Tax Shelter | If a spouse is losing money once year the other spouse who is making money would be able to take advantage of the unused tax deductions of their partner claiming their loss as a tax write-off on a joint claim. |
| Unemployed Spouse Can Have an IRA | An unemployed taxpayer typically is not eligible for an IRA. However a married taxpayer with no paid employment can contribute to an IRA using the couples join income. If a couple files jointly but each have individual IRAs they can become eligible for substantial tax deductions. Being married raises the limits for IRA deductions to be phased out for couples filing jointly as well. |
| Couples may "benefit-shop" | If a married couple both receive benefits from their employer they can "shop" the benefits to see which mixture of selections between the two would give them the highest tax savings advantage. |
| Higher Charitable Contribution Deductions | Annual charitable deductions have a limit each year around no more than 50% of your income as an individual. Being married can help raise that limit so that the charitable amount which can be deducted is calculated from the combined income of the married couple if filing jointly. |
| Estate Tax Protection | When dealing with an estate at the time of death being married can help protect your wealth from being taxed when you die if it is passed to your spouse as the is no estate tax under law for this transfer. |
| One Return Saves Time | Filing Jointly means one return, one cost, one time. |

| Tax Cons | Explanation |
| --- | --- |
| You are now both responsible | Filing jointly means you are responsible for not only yourself but everything your spouse files as well. This opens you up to some risk should they file false documents. |
| Higher Minimum | More difficult to reach deductible minimums (currently 10% or greater) with a combined income. |
| Taking on their past debts | If your spouse has any outstanding debt or owes child support that could affect your return by being withheld or delayed. |

### Tax Pros and Cons Under New Tax Law

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) balances things out for most taxpayers by restructuring the tax brackets. Currently and through 2025 when the TCJA expires unless Congress renews it, the income perimeters for all tax brackets except one are double those for single filers.

Assume a couple were each earning $91,000 annually in 2017. Under the TCJA's brackets, they’d each fall into the new 24% range if they didn't marry and they filed single returns.

And if they married? They’d fall into the new 24% range for married taxpayers who file jointly as well. And yes, that's 1% less than they would have paid before the TCJA went into effect. There's no more 25% bracket. The 24% bracket jumps to 32% at individual incomes of $157,500 and joint married incomes of $315,000—exactly double.

The highest tax bracket is down to 37% from 39.6% in 2017. This is still subject to the marriage penalty but you won't hit it until you earn more than $500,000 as a single individual or $600,000 if you're married and file jointly—not even close to double.

Congress has indicated that preserving the marriage penalty at the highest tax rate will help fund other taxpayer-friendly provisions of the TCJA so the adjustment wasn't quite made across the board.

**Tax Credits and Other Issues**

The marriage penalty isn't just about tax brackets. It rears its ugly head in a few other tax circumstances as well, and the TCJA does not affect all of them.

The Earned Income Tax Credit still has income limits in place and they're different depending on whether you're married or single. Marrying and combining incomes will still disqualify some lower-income couples from claiming this tax credit.

As for that itemized tax deduction for property, state, and local taxes, the TCJA caps this at $10,000 for every taxpayer whether he's single or married and filing a joint return. A couple who didn't marry could claim $20,000 in deductions on two separate returns but the married couple is limited to $10,000 on one return.

Congress argues that it can be presumed that married couples are sharing payment of these SALT taxes and two taxpayers can't both claim deductions for the same expenses. This one might not be as glaring as it appears on the surface.

The TJCA hasn't altered the 3.8% tax on net investment income, either. This tax kicks in at investment income over $250,000 for married couples filing jointly but $200,000 for individual filers. Two individuals who didn't file a joint return would have a threshold of $400,000 or $200,000 each so that marriage license leaves $150,000 on the table.

## Cost of Getting Married

### Average Wedding Costs

In 2018 over 18,000 US-based weddings were researched as part of a report conducted by the WeddingWire. When all the data was consolidated they discovered that the average cost for getting married in the US was $38,700. ($5,000 Engagement Ring + $29,200 Ceremony/Reception + $4,500 Honeymoon) This report took a vast variety of items into account and pulled data from all different parts of the country where wedding costs varied significantly. It was found that Metro New York, San Francisco and Washington D.C. were the top 3 most expensive areas to get married in 2018 while Cleveland, Tampa/St. Petersburg, and Phoenix were the least expensive areas to get married on average.

AVERAGE WEDDING COST BY CATEGORY (2018)
| **Item(s)** | **Average Cost (USD)** |
| --- | --- |
| **Venue** | $9,000 |
| **Catering** | $6,700 |
| **Band** | $3,900 |
| **Photography** | $2,400 |
| **Wedding Rings** | $1,900 |
| **Wedding Planner** | $1,850 |
| **Rehearsal Dinner + Additional Meals** | $1,800 |
| **Videography** | $1,800 |
| **Flowers** | $1,800 |
| **Event Rentals & Photobooths** | $1,700 |
| **Dress** | $1,700 |
| **Lighting & Decor** | $1,400 |
| **DJ** | $1,200 |
| **Transportation** | $1,050 |
| **Wedding Party Attire** | $800 |
| **Hair & Makeup** | $650 |
| **Ceremony Music/Musician** | $600 |
| **Wedding Party Gifts** | $600 |
| **Invitations/Stationary** | $550 |
| **Cake & Desserts** | $550 |
| **Beauty & Health** | $550 |
| **Favors & Gifts** | $450 |
| **Grooms Attire** | $400 |
| **Jewelry** | $300 |
| **Officiant** | $300 |

### Who Pays for the Wedding?

Traditionally there has been a breakout of who pays for what at a wedding. These are mostly customary rules of thumb rather than hard guidelines a couple must follow. In the end it comes down to each couples financial situation but it is worth noting for a coupe getting married who has paid for what in a more traditional setting. Over the years the responsibility for paying for the wedding has taken a shift. Today "Generation X" (people born form 1965 to 1979) couples break out the payments for a wedding as such: 69% paid by the couples, 27% paid by the parents and 4% is paid by "other". Where as Millennial (people born from 1980 to 1994) break out the costs for a wedding today as follows: 40% paid by the couple, 51% paid by the parents and 9% paid by "other". Couples today are finding that they are funding their portion of the wedding by either dipping into their savings, finding ways to make extra money before the wedding or taking on debt. Based on a survey, 1 in 3 (33%) men took out a loan or used a credit card to finance their wedding, compared to 1 in 5 (20%) women.

**Who Pays for What Traditionally for a Wedding**
| **Item** | **Breakdown** |
| --- | --- |
| **Ceremony** | Brides side pays for the venue while the grooms side pays for the officiant (and musicians if applicable) |
| **Wedding Attire** | Brides side pays for the brides dress and accessories while the groom pays for his attire. |
| **Flowers and decorations** | Brides side pays for the floral arrangements for the ceremony and reception as well as bouquets and corsages for the bridesmaids and flower girls. Groom and family paid for brides’ bouquet boot nears for the men and corsages for the mothers and grandmothers. |
| **Photography/Videography** | Brides side pays for all wedding photos and video. |
| **Pre-Wedding Parties** | Groom's family plans and host's rehearsal dinner. Maid of honor and bridesmaids host the bridal shower and Bachelorette party.<br>Best man and groomsmen host the Bachelor party. |
| **Reception:** | Bride and family pay for all professional services, including food and decorations. Groom's family pays for the DJ and/or band and liquor. |
| **Rings:** | Bride pays for the grooms ring and the groom pays for the brides ring. That's why it's called the exchanging of rings. |
| **Stationary:** | Brides family pays for invitations, announcements and wedding programs. |
| **Transportation:** | Brides side pays for transportation for the wedding party the day of the wedding. |

## Economic reasons not to get married

There may be many reasons to not get married such as fear of commitment, family disapproval, genetic incompatibility, etc... However, financial reasons hold the biggest weight and especially in the older adult community. Forbes magazine article by Dan Browning, discussed several reasons why aging adults should cohabit instead of marrying. One of the things that were suggested to Browning by his financial adviser and tax accountant is that marrying late can affect health insurance of partners. An anecdote is presented by these financial advisors that considers that upon retirement at the age of 65, a spouse who was benefiting from the health insurance of their spouse's job will find it difficult to qualify for a subsidized health care plan. A second reason is that later on in life individuals are usually financially affluent hence leading to higher taxation when married and filing jointly. Browning's article gives another example of an older adult couple who married at the age of 60 but had to divorce because their tax bill increased by $40,000 due to their high individual assets.

Continually, the cost of getting married is a major reason why many couples avoid marriage. From the above data from WeddingWire's 2019 Newlywed report in the United States, the average cost to get married is $38,700. This amount is the equivalent of the average student loan debts or a down payment on a house. Such financial investment for one day is not worth the burden. Along lines of student loans, people avoid marriage because it leads to combined student loan which leads to a higher repayment compared to when single (Hamer). Thirdly, people avoid marriage because it can affect their credit score in the event their spouse has a bad credit. Lastly but not limited to, marriage is avoided because the cost of divorce when things do not work out is expensive (see Divorce section for more details).

## Legislation and reform of marriage

### Uniform Marital Property Act

Traditional asset division system stated that what a spouse owns before marriage or personal earnings during marriage are considered as separated property. Uniform Marital Property（UMPA)，a marital law that was first passed by the Uniform Law Commissioners in 1983, considered a family as an economic entity. Each spouse owns half of the marital property and their individual property, which includes property before marriage and individual income such as gifts from a third person or added value on individual property before marriage. If there is uncertainty on ownership, the property will be considered as a community property. Both spouses have the responsibility to protect their marital property. So far, only Wisconsin has adopted UMPA, and suggestions have been made by which to revise UMPA before it is adopted in any other state.

### Uniform Premarital Agreements Act

Premarital agreement is an agreement that two individuals signed to distribute marital rights and obligations of each individual during marriage, after divorce, or death of one spouse. Uniform Premarital Agreements Act (UPAA) was issued by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) in 1983 and has been employed by 27 states. It includes rights and duties responsible to determine when and where a premarital agreement is practicable. It requires the premarital agreement to be in writing and signed by both spouses. UPAA also record that a party must fairly disclose his or her property to another party if he or she wants to enforce the premarital agreement. The adoption of UPAA differentiated in each individual states.

| States | Year of Adoption | State-Specific Features |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arizona | 1991 | Agreement needs to be notarized |
| Arkansas | 1987 | Agreement must be acknowledged by both spouses;parties need to consult with legal counsel before waiving the right to disclosure. |
| California | 1986 | Abandon the allowance of modifying and eliminating spousal support.;Full disclosure of property and financial duties. |
| Connecticut | 1995 | Property includes both tangible and intangible property; agreement does not need to be in writing and signed; added child custody issue; determined how and when agreement is practicable; and "written schedule" |
| Delaware | 1996 | Removes language in section6(b) |
| District of Columbia | 1995 | Allows same-sex couple to have premarital agreement. |
| Florida | 2007 | Spousal support cannot be waived. |
| Hawaii | 1987 | None |
| Idaho | 1995 | Agreement must be acknowledged and proved |
| Illinois | 1990 | Changes for enforcement section; language of the UPPA was changed. |
| Indiana | 1997 | Organization structure;eliminates the fair disclosure on financial and property information the other party; language change |
| Iowa | 1991 | Income and earnings does not consider as property in section 596.1;does not allow using agreement to contract about spousal support. |
| Kansas | 1988 | Added a standard to determine the voluntariness of the agreement. |
| Maine | 1987 | None |
| Montana | 1987 | None |
| Nebraska | 1994 | None |
| Nevada | 1989 | Language changes |
| New Jersey | 1988 | The definition of premarital agreement; Give same-sex couple rights; Signed, acknowledged of agreement by both parties and statement of asset attach to premarital agreement. |
| New Mexico | 1995 | Agreement must be acknowledged in New Mexico;agreement cannot affect the right of child and spousal support; Removed subsection(b) |
| North Carolina | 1987 | language changes in section 52B-7(B) |
| North Dakota | 1985 | definition changes, not need to be in writing; adding new section about handling unconscionable provisions of premarital agreement. |
| Oregon | 1987 | None |
| Rhode Island | 1987 | Word changes enforcement section; insert subsection(b) in 15-17-6 |
| South Dakota | 1989 | No strict limitation on signing and writing the agreement;Delete the modification and elimination of spousal support in agreement. |
| Texas | 1997 | Deleted the modification and elimination of spousal support in agreement. Add subsection to 4.006 |
| Utah | 1994 | Language changes; add protection to child; Word changes in enforcement section. |
| Virginia | 1985 | Change in 20-150(4) allow to contract about child support; Add statement to 20-151(b) financial and property information does not need to be fairly disclosed |

Spier (1992) has pointed out that there may be fewer prenuptial agreements than would be socially optimal. The reason is that if you ask your fiancée to sign such an agreement, you might signal that you fear that the probability of divorce will be larger than your fiancée would have thought otherwise. Smith (2003) provides a survey of the law and economics literature on marriage contracts.

## Divorce

Divorce is the other end of marriage that couples often do not go into marriage hoping to do. Although the past years rates of divorce have been decreasing as a result of individuals marrying late and rise in education, there is still a common trend of it in the lower and less educated social class. The CDC reports that of the 2,236,496 marriages 787,251 couples ended in a divorce. This means that 35 percent of marriages ended in divorce with an overall industrial worth of $50 billion yearly. The significance of this data in relation to the topic of the economy of marriage can be explained by a report given by Jay Zagorsky, the writer of Marriage and Divorce's Impact on Wealth. This report revealed that over the course of time it is more profitable to stay married than to have a divorce. According to the article by Zagorsky, “Married respondents experience per person net worth increases of 77 percent over single respondents. \[While\] divorced respondents’ wealth starts falling four years before divorce and they experience an average wealth drop of 77 percent.” Mary Corcoran study done in 1994 looked at the same families while they were married and when they separated. The study shows that the family income that once averaged $43,600 (married) declined to averaging $25,300. One of the causes of this contrast is that, married couples are more likely to invest because of their commitment to each other hence the reason why many are homeowners compared to their single counterparts. A second reason for this is that married couples share things together unlike separated or single individuals. As a married household there ought to be no need for multiple of the same home appliances, maybe cars, and they can divide the labour and expenses of raising children/housework. A second facet to consider when looking at divorce in relations to the economic of marriage is that of children. A study done by Julia Heath and B. F. Kiker reveal that compared to any other population single-mother headed households are susceptible to poverty. Secondary data collected for this study reports that, “changes in family structure precede poverty spells in over 99 percent of the white single-mother families…and in almost 97 percent of black families." Another study related to this data by saying, “75 percent of all women who apply for welfare benefits do so because of a disrupted marriage or a disrupted relationship in which they live with a male outside of marriage”. The parent that took the children under their possession experiences an overall decline in his/her income.

## Further references