abstract: The 1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum took place on December 1, 1991, on the same day as the Ukrainian independence referendum and the first presidential elections in Ukraine. The question of the referendum was "On the granting Transcarpathian region status of an autonomous province within Ukraine." The vast majority of those who participated in the referenda voted for the "Independence of Ukraine" (90.13%) and the accession of Transcarpathia to Ukraine with the status of a "Special self-governing territory" (78%). There was a high turnout at the referenda, with 700,555 people recorded at the polls. The region was historically known as Carpathian Ruthenia and had been given autonomous status within the Second Czechoslovak Republic during the interwar years, from 30 December 1938 to 15 March 1939. During World War II, the region declared independence as the short-lived independent Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine before being invaded by Hungarian forces and later being incorporated into the Soviet Union after the end of the war on January 30, 1946.

text:
# 1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum

The **1991 Transcarpathian general regional referendum** took place on December 1, 1991, on the same day as the Ukrainian independence referendum and the first presidential elections in Ukraine. The question of the referendum was "On the granting Transcarpathian region status of an autonomous province within Ukraine."

The vast majority of those who participated in the referenda voted for the "Independence of Ukraine" (90.13%) and the accession of Transcarpathia to Ukraine with the status of a "Special self-governing territory" (78%). There was a high turnout at the referenda, with 700,555 people recorded at the polls.

The region was historically known as Carpathian Ruthenia and had been given autonomous status within the Second Czechoslovak Republic during the interwar years, from 30 December 1938 to 15 March 1939. During World War II, the region declared independence as the short-lived independent Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine before being invaded by Hungarian forces and later being incorporated into the Soviet Union after the end of the war on January 30, 1946.

## Prelude

The legislation of the USSR on the procedure of secession of a Soviet Republic from the Union with regard to the legal sociological dispute, continuing around the results of the referendum of December 1, 1991, it was held at a time when factually and legally existed the state of USSR, and its legal framework remained in force. Therefore, strictly legally, decisions and actions within the existing at the time legal field can be regarded as legitimate.

This fact implies that the secession of any republic from the USSR had to be carried out only in accordance with the Law of the USSR of April 3, 1990 - "On the procedure of secession of a Soviet Republic from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." The article №3 of the Act states that: " In the Federal Republic, on the territory of which there are places of compact residence of national groups that make up the majority of the population of the area, when determining the outcome of the referendum, the results of voting in these localities are accounted for separately."

Part 7 of Article 17 of the Act also stipulates that in the event of secession of the republic from the USSR, there should be agreed status of the territories that do not belong to the seceding republic at the time of its accession to the Soviet Union. It is well known that the process of Ukraine's accession to the Soviet Union began on December 30, 1922, and finalized in May 1925, when the IX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets adopted a new text of the Constitution of the USSR, and on that date the Republic Subcarpathian Rus was part of the first Czechoslovak Republic. On 2 November 1938, as the result of the First Vienna Award parts of Czechoslovakia - Southern Slovakia and a part of Carpathian Ruthenia - were returned to Hungary, an area amounting to 11,927 km² and a population of 869,299 (86.5% of which were Hungarians according to the 1941 census). Between 5 November and 10 November, Hungarian armed forces peacefully occupied the newly transferred territories.

In March 1939, the Czecho-Slovak Republic was dissolved, Germany invaded it, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established. On 14 March, Slovakia declared itself to be an independent state. On 15 March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared itself to be an independent state. Hungary rejected the independence of Carpatho-Ukraine and, between 14 March and 18 March, Hungarian armed forces occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and ousted the government of Avgustyn Voloshyn. The Hungarians controlled the region until The Red Army ejected them in 1944. Subcarpathian Rus became part of the Soviet Union from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of the Treaty from June 29, 1945 "On Transcarpathian Ukraine".

The interim, unelected National Assembly, appointed by decree of the President of the Czechoslovakia Eduard Benes, ratified the Treaty on November 22, 1945, and, accordingly, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ratified it by its Decree on November 27, 1945.

Consequently, in accordance with Part 7 of Art. 17 of the Law of the USSR "On the procedure of secession ..." of April 3, 1990, Ukraine has been obliged to include in the ballot of the referendum of December 1, 1991, on the territory of Subcarpathian Rus, second question about the choice of the state affiliation of population of "the territory of the Rusyns to the south of the Carpathians".

(All this applies equally to the Western Ukraine (see Law of the USSR "On the inclusion of the Western Ukraine into the USSR ..." from November 1, 1939 (today Volyn, Drogobych, Lviv, Rivne, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil region, and respectively Bukovina (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 2, 1940)

## Organization of the referendum

M. Y. Voloshuk, chairman of the Transcarpathian Regional Council, initiated a regional referendum on granting the region the status of an autonomous republic within Ukraine .

On the first of October 1991 * (second column of the fourth paragraph) Regional Council adopts the Declaration "On the proclamation of Transcarpathia an autonomous province" .

**Publication of the Declaration in the official organ of the Regional Council:**
> **«Declaration granting Transcarpathia an autonomous status»**
>
> Based on tradition, identity, an inalienable right to the eternal desire of the multinational population of Transcarpathia to self-determination:
>
> On the basis of the right to self-determination under the UN Charter and other international legal instruments, and guided by universal values and norms of equality of nations enshrined in the Declaration of Human Rights, the Helsinki Agreement, the Charter of Paris for a New Europe;
>
> Implementing declarations on the state sovereignty of Ukraine and Act of Independence of Ukraine; Acknowledging Transcarpathia an integral part of independent Ukraine;
>
> Based on the supremacy of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine; Seeking to ensure the right to national-cultural autonomy of all national groups in conjunction with the regional, national and local self-government;
>
> Guaranteeing equal opportunities of participation in management of state and public affairs to representatives of all nationalities, regardless of their participation in political parties, movements, religious beliefs, type and nature of occupation, place and time of residence in the province under the Constitution and laws of Ukraine; Caring for the preservation and development of good-neighborly relations with all regions of Ukraine and other sovereign republics;
>
> Rejecting any encroachment on the territorial integrity or attempts to change the borders at the expense or benefit of Transcarpathia, contraposition it to other regions of Ukraine; In an effort to increase and make better use of the unique natural and economic potential for the benefit of the people, to stop the irreversible changes in the spiritual development, the environment and demographic sphere, the regional Council of People's Deputies declares Transcarpathia an autonomous region as part of an independent democratic state - Ukraine.
>
> This Declaration shall enter into force after its approval by the population of Transcarpathia at a regional referendum.
>
> The Declaration is put for discussion at the session on a proposal from the City of Mukachevo, Mukachevo district, Beregovo district Soviets.

«Novyny Zakarpattya»", the newspaper of Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 188, Tuesday, October 1, 1991

**«The decision of the seventh session of the 21 convocation on the status of Transcarpathia as part of independent Ukraine»**

For an objective consideration of the status of Transcarpathia as part of independent Ukraine, the seventh session of the 21 convocation of the Transcarpathian Regional Council decided to set up an appropriate commission.

> DECISION OF THE SEVENTH SESSION OF THE XXI CONVOCATION
>
> On the status of Transcarpathia as part of independent Ukraine Having considered the question of the status of Transcarpathia as part of an independent Ukraine, the regional Council of People's Deputies decided:
>
> 1. Noting the critical importance of the issue and the need for its comprehensive study, to set up a commission (the list of the committee members is attached).
>
> 2. The Commission is to publish a justification of the status of Transcarpathia in the press, and after analyzing the results of its pan-regional discussions, to submit their proposals on the matter to the regional executive committee until December 30, 1991.
>
> 3. To put forward the question on the status of Transcarpathia at a regional referendum in accordance with the Law "On All-Ukrainian and local referendums."
>
> Presidium of the session
>
> I. E. Gritsak.
>
> V. V. Shepa.

«Novyny Zakarpattya», the newspaper of Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 188 Tuesday, October 8, 1991

The commission included distinguished representatives of various public organizations, institutions, denominations, communities, trade unions and nationalities.

It represented various political forces in the region, such as, for example, the "Movement", "Democratic Party of Ukraine", "Ukrainian Republican Party".

Representatives of national public organizations of residents of Transcarpathia: "Roma", "Society of social and economic development of the Romanians in Transcarpathia named after Cosbuk", "Society of Germans "Revival ", "Society of Hungarian culture KMKS", "Society of Carpathian Rusyns", "Society of Slovaks."

Commissioners from religious organizations: "Mukachevo-Uzhgorod Orthodox diocese," "Pentecostal church", "a Roman Catholic religious community", "Mukachevo Greek Catholic diocese," "Reformed Church".

Public organizations of cultural and national orientation represented "Afghan war veterans", Society "Memorial", "Transcarpathian branch of the Writers' Union of Ukraine", regional organization of the society "Prosvita", "Society of the Ukrainian language named after Taras Shevchenko "Prosvita".

> ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMMISSION ON THE STUDY OF THE ISSUE «ON THE STATUS OF TRANSCARPATHIA AS PART OF INDEPENDENT UKRAINE»
>
> 1 ADAM Yosip Ivanovic, co-chair of the Roma community "Roma".
>
> 2 ADAM Aladar Evgenievich, co-chair of the Roma community "Roma"
>
> 3 BED Victor, MP, Chairman of the Transcarpathian regional organization "The People's Movement of Ukraine".
>
> 4 GABOR Ivan Ivanovich, the deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of Tyachiv region.
>
> 5 GEREVICH Ivan Ivanovich, the deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of Beregovo district.
>
> 6 HOLYSH Ivan Vasilyevich, representative of Mukachevo.
>
> 7 HORVAT Vasily Vasilievich, deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of Mukachevo district.
>
> 8 GRANCHAK Ivan Mikhailovich, Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences.
>
> 9 GRECHANINOV Viktor Fedorovich, deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of Afghan war veterans.
>
> 10 GUZOV Mikhail Mikhailovich, deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of Rakhiv district.
>
> 11 GULACSY Ludwik Lyudvigovich, representative of the Reformed Church.
>
> 12 DUMNICH Mihail Vasilevich, representative of the Regional Council of Independent Trade Unions.
>
> 13. ZADIRAKA Valentina Dmitrievna, representative of the Velykyi Bereznyi district.
>
> 14. ZILGALOV Vasiliy Alekseevich, chairman of the regional organization "Memorial".
>
> 15. ILYASH Ivan Ivanovich, the deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of Vynohradiv district.
>
> 16. KAINZ Emelyan Ivanovich, chairman of the Society of Germans "Revival."
>
> 17. KEMENYASH Georgy Georgiyovich, the deputy of the regional council, representative of Svalyava district.
>
> 18. LELEKACH Ivan Mihaylovich, representative of Mukachevo Greek-Catholic diocese.
>
> 19. MADYAR Ivan Mikhailovich, deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of the district Irshava.
>
> 20. MATICO Ivan, a representative of society of Slovaks.
>
> 21. MARINA Vasily Vasilievich, deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of society of social and economic development of the Romanians in Transcarpathia named after Cosbuc.
>
> 22. MISHANICH Fedor Vasilievich, chairman of the regional organization of the Democratic Party of Ukraine.
>
> 23. MILOVAN Sandor, representative of the Roman Catholic religious community.
>
> 24. MOKRYANIN Ivan Mikhailovich, deputy of the regional Council, representative of the district Mizhgirya.
>
> 25. POP Vasily Stepanovich, Chairman of the Transcarpathian branch of the Writers' Union of Ukraine.
>
> 26. RIASHKO Mikhail Mikhailovich, representative of the Volovets district.
>
> 27. TIVODAR Michail Petrovic, deputy of the Regional Council, Ph.D..
>
> 28. TURJANYTSA Ivan Mikhailovich, professor, representative of the Society of Carpathian Rusyns.
>
> 29. USTICH Sergei Ivanovich, Vice Chairman of the Regional Executive Committee.
>
> 30. FEDAKA Pavel Mikhailovich, chairman of the regional organization of society "Prosvita".
>
> 31. FEER Petr Ivanovich, the deputy of the Regional Council, the representative of the Khust district.
>
> 32. FODOV Sandor Loyshovich, the deputy of the Regional Council, Chairman of the Society of Hungarian culture.
>
> 33. HRIPTA Ivan Andreevich, representative of the Pentecostal Church.
>
> 34. TSURKO Ivan Emerihovich, deputy of the regional Council, a representative of Uzhgorod district.
>
> 35. CHUCHKA Pavel Pavlovich - chairman of the Society of Ukrainian language "Prosvita", named afterTaras Shevchenko.
>
> 36. SHEREGIY Vasily Miroslavovich, a representative of the regional board of Ukrainian Republican Party.
>
> 37. SCHERBA Yemelyan Stanislavovich, member of the Regional Council, the representative of Perechyn district.
>
> 38. YAREMA Vasily Yurievich, representative of Mukachevo-Uzhgorod Orthodox diocese.

«Novyny Zakarpattya», the newspaper of Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 193 Tuesday, October 8, 1991

### Date announcement

In accordance with the requirement of Article 21 of the Ukrainian law, as amended in 1991, "On national and local referendums", the local Council of People's Deputies after receiving a properly drawn up proposal (on the status of Transcarpathia), had to make one of three decisions:

1. On the announcement of referendum

2. On the rejection of the referendum

3. On solving the issue at the session, as not requiring a referendum

The session decided to call a referendum, determine the date and content of the question put forward at the referendum. Announcement to call a referendum, its subject and date was published in the local media.

> **The decision of the seventh session of the Transcarpathian Regional Council** of People's Deputies of the twenty-first convocation on October 31, 1991 On holding of the regional referendum.
>
> In accordance with Articles 125, 131 of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR, Articles 13, 14, 21, 22 of the Law of the USSR "On national and local referendums", Regional Council of People's Deputies decided:
>
> 1. To announce that regional referendum on the status of Transcarpathia as part of an independent Ukraine would be held on Sunday, December 1, 1991.
>
> 2. To assign the responsibilities of the regional, city (towns of regional subordination), district and precinct election committees on holding the regional referendum, accordingly to the existing regional, city (towns of regional subordination) and district electoral commissions on elections of deputies of local councils of people's deputies, the district commissions on elections of President of Ukraine and a nationwide referendum. Based on the fact that the regional referendum would be held simultaneously with the presidential elections in Ukraine and the nationwide referendum, and share the precinct commissions, to consider inappropriate to involve in conducting regional referendum electoral commissions of villages (towns of regional subordination), and village commissions on elections of deputies of the respective Soviets of People's Deputies .
>
> 3. To approve the content and form of the voting ballot for the regional referendum of December 1, 1991.
>
> 4. To instruct the Regional Commission for the Referendum and the Regional Executive Committee develop and implement the necessary organizational and technical measures for the regional referendum of December 1, 1991.
>
> 5. To publish in the media the decision to call a regional referendum on the status of Transcarpathia as part of independent Ukraine.
>
> Presidium of the session:
>
> I.E. Gritsak,
>
> V.V. Shepa.

"Novyny Zakarpattya", Newspaper of Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 212, Tuesday, November 5, 1991

**Ballot text adopted at the seventh session of the Transcarpathian Regional Council from October 31, 1991:**

The seventh session of the Transcarpathian Regional Council adopted and approved the text and the size of the Ballot in accordance with the requirements of the legislation

> **Ballot** **For a vote in the general regional referendum**
>
> Do you wish that Transcarpathia obtained the status of an autonomous territory as a subject within independent Ukraine and not part of any other administrative and territorial formations?
>
> Yes\___________________________No
>
> Leave one of the answers, cross out the other.
>
> The Ballot, in which both of the words, "Yes" and "No" or neither of the words are crossed out during the vote, is nullified.
>
> The size of the Ballot is 144,5x105 mm.

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 212, Tuesday, November 5, 1991

### Publication of the "Declaration of Rights of Nationalities of Ukraine"

On the eve of the referendum (November 6, 1991), in the official organ of the Transcarpathian Regional Council of People's Deputies was published "Declaration of Rights of Nationalities of Ukraine" adopted by the "Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine" on November 1, 1991.

The purpose of the publication:

To convince inhabitants of the region that the "Ukrainian State guarantees all peoples, national groups and citizens living on its territory equal political, economic, social and cultural rights ... Ukrainian State guarantees its citizens ... in the regions densely populated by several ethnic groups that along with the state Ukrainian language may function language acceptable to the entire population of the area."

> **D E C L A R A T I O N** **of the rights of Nationalities in Ukraine** (Published in Kiev Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada (BVR) of Ukraine on 31.12.1991 - 1991 p., № 53, Article 799, Document 1771-12, the current edition - Adopted on 01/11/1991)
>
> Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) of Ukraine on the basis of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, guided by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the international covenants on human rights and freedoms, ratified by Ukraine
>
> Aspiring to the sacred principles of freedom, humanism, social justice, equality of all ethnic groups of the Ukrainian people in an independent, democratic Ukraine,
>
> Taking into account that in the territory of Ukraine live more than 100 nationalities, who together with Ukrainians comprise fifty-two million people of Ukraine, adopts the following Declaration of the Rights of Nationalities in Ukraine:
>
> Article 1
>
> Ukrainian State guarantees all peoples, national groups and citizens living on its territory equal political, economic, social and cultural rights. Representatives of the peoples and national groups are elected on an equal basis to public authorities at all levels, occupy any position in government, enterprises, institutions and organizations. Discrimination based on nationality is prohibited and punishable by law.
>
> Article 2
>
> Ukrainian State guarantees all nationalities the right to maintain their traditional settlement and ensures the existence of the national administrative units, assumes the responsibility to create appropriate conditions for the development of national languages and cultures.
>
> Article 3
>
> Ukrainian State guarantees all peoples and ethnic groups the right to freely use their native language in all spheres of public life, including education, manufacturing, receiving and disseminating information. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine interprets Article 3 of the Law "On Languages in the Ukrainian SSR" so that within the administrative-territorial units, densely populated by a specific nationality, can function its language on a par with the state language.
>
> Ukrainian state provides to its citizens the right to free use of the Russian language. In areas densely populated by several ethnic groups, along with the state Ukrainian language can function language acceptable to the entire population of the area.
>
> Article 4
>
> All Ukrainian citizens of every nationality are guaranteed the right to practice their religion, to use their national symbols, to celebrate their national holidays, to participate in traditional rituals of their people.
>
> Article 5
>
> Monuments of history and culture of the peoples and national groups on the territory of Ukraine are protected by law.
>
> Article 6
>
> Ukrainian State guarantees all nationalities the right to create their own cultural centers, societies, communities, associations. These organizations can carry out activities aimed at the development of national culture, to hold public events in the manner prescribed by law, to promote the establishment of national newspapers, magazines, publishing houses, museums, art groups, theaters, film studios.
>
> Article 7
>
> National cultural centers and societies, representatives of national minorities have the right to free contacts with their historical homeland.
>
> Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) of Ukraine
>
> Kyiv, November 1, 1991 N + 1771-XII

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 213, Wednesday, November 6, 1991

### Leonid Kravchuk and Transcarpathian regional referendum

On November 20, 1991, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Ukrainian presidential candidate Leonid Kravchuk arrived in Transcarpathia. On the Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Regional Council gathered on this occasion, Leonid Kravchuk made a speech.

In his speech, he emphasized the delicacy of the referendum issue and urged the assembled deputies to amend the text of the ballot. First of all, it was offered to replace the term "autonomy" with "self-governing territory."

> (...)
>
> Given the situation, Transcarpathian region could be granted a special status of self-governing territory. This area independently solves their cultural, language problems, the nature of the election of authorities, economic affairs. Of course, in accordance with the laws of Ukraine.
>
> (...)
>
> If you replace the word "autonomy" in the Ballot with "special self-governing territory", in this case, I will support you. Otherwise, he said, there will be all sorts of problems, including legal.
>
> (...)
>
> So, it seems to me, stressed Leonid Makarovych, if this region is given such a special status, by this act is absorbed a number of problems - economic, national linguistic, cultural, political, and others. And, most importantly, it is to be compatible with the Constitution, our laws ...
>
> It will not be someone's wish. This status will be valid, have a legislative power, it will be part of the Constitution .. This means that the future of this region will not depend on the good or bad presidents, on good or bad prime ministers. This would open the path to full self-realization. What is the difference between autonomy and special status of self-governing territory?
>
> When talking about autonomy, said the Chairman of the Parliament (Verkhovna Rada), it is necessary to define what is this autonomy: the national and cultural, or regional, or republican, or possibly some other autonomy. There is autonomy in general, it has some specific form. And this specific form in the regional ballot has not been determined. If we are talking about the autonomy of the state, then the formation of further 10-12, or possibly 20 state and political structures in Ukraine (as, say, autonomies in Russia at the moment) could initiate interstate, inter-autonomous problems.
>
> That is particularly worrisome.
>
> And the status of a self-governing territory gives it the full right to dispose of its wealth, its resources, its economic, cultural and national issues.
>
> The main thing is that it is not a state, but a self-governing structure. And the state is only one - the state of Ukraine.

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 223, Thursday, November 21, 1991

**The decision of the extraordinary eighth session of the Regional Council of the XX convocation (November 20, 1991) "Amendments to the text of the ballot for voting at the regional referendum on December 1, 1991"**

The decision of the extraordinary eighth session of the Regional Council of the XX convocation (November 20, 1991), "Amendments to the text of the ballot for voting at the regional referendum on December 1, 1991". After lengthy debate, it was decided to change the wording "status of an autonomous territory" in the text of the ballot to "enshrined the Constitution of Ukraine status of a special self-governing administrative territory." New ballot was approved by this same session.

> DECISION Of the extraordinary eighth session of the Regional Council of the XX convocation ON AMENDMENTS IN THE TEXT OF THE BALLOT FOR VOTING AT THE REGIONAL REFERENDUM on December 1, 1991 The referendum of December 1, 1991 Regional Council of People's Deputies adopted a decision:
>
> On partial change (p.3) of the decision of the Regional Council of People's Deputies from October 31, 1991, "On holding of the regional referendum" to approve the following text of the ballot in the regional referendum of December 1, 1991 :
>
> «Do you wish that Transcarpathia obtained enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine status of a special self-governing administrative territory as a subject within the independent Ukraine and not part of any other administrative and territorial formations?».
>
> Presidium of the session
>
> Gritsak I.Y.
>
> Shepa V.V.
>
> "Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 223, Thursday, November 21, 1991

### Appeal of the Executive Committee of the Regional Council of People's Deputies to the people of Transcarpathia

Article 125 of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR (1978) provided the possibility of participation of local councils of people's deputies in the discussion of issues of republican and national importance, and Article 131 enabled them to put the most important local issues to the vote in a referendum.

Using this competence, the executive committee of the Council of People's Deputies made a formal interpretation and explanation of the issue submitted to the referendum.

The basic rights guaranteed by referendum in case of an affirmative answer of the majority of polled citizens, residents of Transcarpathia, were:

\- Independently form governments at all levels

\- Independently solve issues of economical, socio-cultural and spiritual development of the region

\- Actions of the President and the Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) at a self-governing territory, would have no direct legal effect, only the Constitution and laws of Ukraine would operate there.

> "Appeal" The Executive Committee of the Regional Council of People's Deputies Dear Transcarpathians!
>
> On Sunday, December 1, when receiving the ballots, you must make a fateful choice:
>
> (...)
>
> \- Will Transcarpathia have the status of special self-governing administrative territory as a part of independent Ukraine?
>
> (...)
>
> We urge you to say, "Yes", I wish that Transcarpathia obtained enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine status of a special self-governing administrative territory, as a subject within an independent Ukraine, and not part of any other administrative and territorial formations.
>
> This status would guarantee us:
>
> \- Free trade zone;
>
> \- The right to independently, in the interest of the region and its population address the issues of economics, socio-cultural and spiritual development;
>
> \- The right to form our own governments at all levels;
>
> \- That there would be no direct actions of the President and the Verkhovna Rada at the self-governing territory, only the Constitution and laws of Ukraine would operate there;
>
> \- The possibility of full consideration of the interests of all nationalities living in the region, their broader representation in government, self-government, the right to have their national and cultural formations.

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 223, Thursday, November 21, 1991

## Results of the Regional referendum

Strictly following the provisions of Article 31 of the Law of the Ukrainian SSR "On national and local referendums" (as revised in 1991), the official organ of the Regional Council ("Novyny Zakarpattya") on December 3, 1991, published the primary results of the republican and Transcarpathian regional referendums.

The vast majority taking part in the referendum voted for the "Independence of Ukraine" (90.13%), and accession of Transcarpathia to Ukraine with the status of a "Special self-governing territory" (78%). The high turnout at the referendums (700 555 thousand).

> The results of the referendum
>
> | For the independence of Ukraine | 90,13% |
> | --- | --- |
> | For the President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk | 60% |
> | For the self-governing Transcarpathia | 78% |
>
> ANNOUNCEMENT of regional commission of the general regional referendum about vote returns on December 1, 1991
>
> | 1. The number of citizens included in the voting lists | 847364 |
> | --- | --- |
> | 2. The number of citizens who received ballots | 702324 |
> | 3. The number of citizens who participated in voting | 700555 |
> | 4. The number of people who answered "YES" | 546450 |
> | 5. The number of people who answered «NO» | 128762 |
> | 6. The number of ballots declared invalid | 25 343 |

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 231, Tuesday, December 3, 1991

The next issue of the newspaper "Novyny Zakarpattia" (Wednesday 4 December 1991). On the basis of the received protocols, the regional commission reported detailed data of the results of the referendum.

Detailed data by districts - the number of people taking part in the vote, and the number of citizens who answered the offered questions - "YES".

From the Tables follows the conclusion about high commitment of citizens (the average in the region 82.7%), and high percentages of citizens who answered "YES" at the referendum (the average in the region 78%).

The lowland areas of the region: Uzhgorod - 89.7%, Berehove - 88.9%, Svalyava - 86.5% had a higher percentage of affirmative votes at the regional referendum than the highlands: Rakhiv - 54.1%, Mizhgirya - 59%.

SUMMARY of the number of citizens who participated in voting on December 1, 1991 (percentage)

| Names of the city executive committees and district executive committees | Regional referendum |
| --- | --- |
| Mukachevo | 75.2 |
| Uzhgorod | 76.7 |
| Beregovo | 87.3 |
| Velyky Berezny | 96,3 |
| Vinogradov | 78,1 |
| Volovets | 93.7 |
| Irshava | 90.8 |
| Mezhgorye | 89.0 |
| Mukachevo | 84.4 |
| Perechyn | 87.9 |
| Rahov | 79.5 |
| Svalyava | 92.1 |
| Tyachevo | 75.1 |
| Uzhgorod | 85,3 |
| Khust | 83.1 |
| Total: | 82.7 |

SUMMARY of the number of citizens, who answered «YES» during the vote at the regional referendum (percentage)

| Names of the city executive committees and district executive committees | Regional referendum |
| --- | --- |
| Mukachevo | 84.7 |
| Uzhgorod | 82.7 |
| Beregovo | 88.9 |
| Velyky Berezny | 86.3 |
| Vinogradov | 83.2 |
| Volovets | 85.2 |
| Irshava | 80.1 |
| Mezhgorye | 59.4 |
| Mukachevo | 86.1 |
| Perechyn | 84.2 |
| Rahov | 54.1 |
| Svalyava | 86.5 |
| Tyachevo | 61.8 |
| Uzhgorod | 89.7 |
| Khust | 70.4 |
| Total: | 78.0 |

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 232, Wednesday, December 4, 1991

## The legitimacy of the referendum

The 1991 referendum was closely watched not only by the citizens of Ukraine, but also the international community.

Almost all foreign observers, including authoritative international and European representatives, noted the high level of organization and the absence of significant violations.

> **"Referendum in Ukraine was organized without any violations"**
>
> — Jon Gundersen, United States Ambassador to Ukraine
>
> Michel Jakmain - Secretary of the Bureau of the National Assembly of France
>
> Gert Weisskirchen - Member of the German Bundestag
>
> Patrick Boyer - a member of the Canadian Parliament (and others)
>
> According to the US Ambassador in Ukraine Jon Gundersen, Office Secretary of the National Assembly of France, Michel Jakmain, Bundestag deputy Gert Weisskirchen, a member of the Canadian Parliament Patrick Boyer and others who were at the meeting, the referendum in Ukraine was held in an orderly manner, without any violations. Its results will open up new opportunities for fruitful and mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign countries.

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 231, Tuesday, December 3, 1991

## Refusal of the Supreme Council of Ukraine

The first in the history of the USSR Crimean referendum of January 20, 1991 (on the reestablishment of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) served as a legal justification for the Transcarpathian regional referendum. Taking into account the will of the Crimean people, on February 12, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Law "On the reestablishment of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Crimean region as part of the Ukrainian SSR"

It was the first implemented attempt to decide the fate of the people based on the will of the citizens themselves.

Representatives of the IX-th session of the Transcarpathian Regional Council of People's Deputies, as a legislative initiative, appealed to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with a demand to make changes and additions to the Constitution of Ukraine according to the results of the Transcarpathian regional referendum.

The procedure required supplementing the first part of Article 77 of the Constitution with the words: "In Ukraine, there is a special self-governing administrative territory, Transcarpathia", as well as supplementing Article 752, "Special self-governing administrative territory, Transcarpathia, is a part of Ukraine ..." because referendum actually took place in the context of making Transcarpathia a part of Ukraine.

However, the supreme legislative body of Ukraine, using the procedure of bureaucratic sabotage, ignored the mandatory introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of the USSR (as it was done in the case of the Crimea), thereby putting the issue of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the legal status of the Transcarpathian region as part of an independent Ukraine, outside of the legal framework of Ukraine.

> DECISION of the ninth session of the Regional Council of People's Deputies from January 24, 1992 ON THE APPEAL TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE "Regarding amendments and additions to the Constitution of Ukraine"
>
> Given that 546,450 of the adult population of the region (78 percent) at the regional referendum on December 1, 1991,were in favor of granting Transcarpathia enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine status of a special self-governing administrative territory as a part of independent Ukraine, and in accordance with the Article 38 of the Law of Ukraine "On Local Soviets of People's Deputies of the USSR and local self-government ", the regional Council of People's Deputies decided as part of legislative initiative to appeal to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on introduction of amendments and additions to the Constitution of Ukraine:
>
> 1. To add the words: "In Ukraine, there is a special self-governing administrative territory, Transcarpathia" to the first part of Article 77 of the Constitution.
>
> 2. Supplement the Constitution of Ukraine with the chapter 72, "Special self-governing administrative territory, Transcarpathia" and the Article 752, "Special self-governing administrative territory, Transcarpathia, is a part of Ukraine and decides independently on matters within its competence."
>
> Chairman of the Council
>
> I. KRAILO

"Novyny Zakarpattya", the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, №. 12/260, Thursday, January 30, 1992

## The Law of Ukraine "On the self-governing special administrative territory of Transcarpathia"

The Law of Ukraine "On the self-governing special administrative territory of Transcarpathia" - adopted the sixth of March 1992 at the second meeting of the IX- session of the Transcarpathian Regional Council of People's Deputies. Initiated by the Transcarpathian Regional Council, in order to introduce into the legal framework of Ukraine the results of Transcarpathian general regional referendum of December 1, 1991, on the status of Transcarpathia as a self-governing special administrative territory as a subject of an independent Ukraine, its non-accession into any other administrative-territorial units and securing (this status) in the Constitution of Ukraine.

> **The Law of Ukraine** **Section I** **GENERAL PROVISIONS**
>
> **Article 1. The self-governing special administrative territory Transcarpathia**
>
> The special self-governing administrative territory Transcarpathia is a special subject of administrative and territorial structure of Ukraine.
>
> **Article 2 Constitutional and legal status of Transcarpathia**
>
> Status of Transcarpathia defines the Constitution of Ukraine, this Law, the Statute and other regulations of Transcarpathia.
>
> **Article 3. Principles of special administrative government**
>
> The status of self-governing special administrative territory of Transcarpathia is based on the following principles:
>
> 1. Inviolability and indivisibility of the territory of Transcarpathia as an integral part of Ukraine
> 2. Non-accession of Transcarpathia in any other state and administrative-territorial formations
> 3. Ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual
> 4. Ensuring national territorial and cultural autonomy
> 5. Ensuring economic independence and the right to choose the forms of its realization, self-financing
>
> Distribution of powers of national authorities and authorities of self-governing special administrative territory define this Law in the absence of direct effect of acts of the executive and administrative authorities of the State in the territory of Transcarpathia.
>
> ...
>
> *The Law of Ukraine: On the Self-governing Special Administrative Territory of Transcarpathia, 1992 (draft)*  via Wikisource.

Public information about the work on the draft Law in the committees of the Supreme Council of Ukraine is absent.

Since, in accordance with the Law "On referenda ..." in the wording of 1991, results of the referendum shall come into force upon their publication in the official media organ to hold a referendum. Therefore, because of the refusal of the Supreme Council of Ukraine to adopt the law regulating the status of Transcarpathia as part of Ukraine (in accordance with the results of the referendum), thus far it remains uncertain.

## Analysis of the results of the referendum

Strictly in accordance with the Law "On referendums ..." in the wording of the 1991, results of the referendum shall come into force upon their publication in the official media of the authority that held a referendum. In April 2016 then governor of Zakarpattia Oblast Hennadiy Moskal claimed the referendum directly contradicted this (then) law.

This publication of the results of the referendum in our region was made on Dec. 4, 1991, in the newspaper of the Regional Council of People's Deputies, "Novyny Zakarpattya" and, therefore, the results of the referendum have acquired an imperative legal force of the Law of Ukraine. (The results of the referendum do not require any approval or confirmation.)

Ukrainian and Transcarpathian regional referendums have the same legal effect (are legally equivalent), and their legal implementation or lack of it will automatically lead to the identical consequences for the legal entity.

If the results of the referendum cause compatibility issues with existing legal realities for the current regime, it is necessary to amend the national legislation or it (the referendum) should be held again.


title: Fly (EP)

abstract: Fly is the second EP released by rock band Sick Puppies. It was released in 2003 and features 6 tracks; including a remix by Josh Abrahams, an Enhanced CD featuring the making of the "Fly" music video and a rare version of the clip exclusive to the CD. It is the last release to feature Chris Mileski on drums.

text:
# Fly (EP)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Sputnikmusic |  |

***Fly*** is the second EP released by rock band Sick Puppies. It was released in 2003 and features 6 tracks; including a remix by Josh Abrahams, an Enhanced CD featuring the making of the "Fly" music video and a rare version of the clip exclusive to the CD. It is the last release to feature Chris Mileski on drums.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Shim Moore; all music is composed by Shim Moore, Emma Anzai and Chris Mileski

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Fly" | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Alone" | 3:09 |
| 3. | "Evergreen" | 3:26 |
| 4. | "Choose" | 3:39 |
| 5. | "Fly" (Kosst Amojan mix) | 4:24 |
| 6. | "Fly" (Josh G Abrahams' very metal mix) | 4:13 |
| Total length: | | 21:58 |

## Personnel

Credits for *Fly* adapted from liner notes.

Sick Puppies * Shim Moore - lead vocals, guitar
* Emma Anzai - bass, backing vocals
* Chris Mileski - drums

Production * Peter Blyton - producer, mixing, programming
* Steve Francis - producer, mixing, programming
* Paul Stepanek - executive producer, management
* Don Bartley - mastering
* Anton Hagop & Scott Sandilands - studio assistants
* Josh Abrahams - programming and mixing on track 6

Artwork * Timo Rissanen - styling
* Ahmed Salama - design & artwork
* Dean Hammer - photography

## InfoBox

| Fly | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Sick Puppies | |
| Released | March 3, 2003 (CD) |
| Recorded | 2002–2003 at Niki Nali Studios & 301 Sydney, Fish Tank Studios |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 21:58 |
| Label | Breaking Records
932469000801 |
| Producer | Peter Blytin, Steve Francis |
| Sick Puppies chronology | |
| *Welcome to the Real World*
(2001) ***Fly***
(2003) *Headphone Injuries*
(2006) | |


title: 1972–73 Manchester United F.C. season

text:
# 1972–73 Manchester United F.C. season

The 1972–73 season was Manchester United's 71st season in the Football League, and their 28th consecutive season in the top division of English football. For the first and only season United took part in the Anglo-Italian Cup, the 1973 version.

In September 1972, Frank O'Farrell signed Welsh international centre-forward Wyn Davies from Manchester City for a fee of £60,000. The signing paid immediate dividends with Davies scoring on his United debut in a 3-0 win against Derby County. Shortly afterwards, O'Farrell paid Bournemouth, then in the Third Division, a reported £194,445 for the services of striker, Ted MacDougall. Despite these signings, United's results were poor and on 19 December 1972, Frank O'Farrell was sacked as United manager following a 5–0 defeat at Crystal Palace that had left them in real danger of relegation, with little improvement having been made on United's dismal nine-match winless start to the league campaign. On the same day, the club's directors also announced that the errant George Best would not be playing for them again.

Three days later Tommy Docherty was appointed as the new manager, after he resigned from the Scotland national team, and he guided United to survival. He also restored George Best to the team. Docherty's guided United to 18th place in the final table, after they managed seven league victories following his appointment.

United struggled to find goals in the league, only managing 44 from 42 games, with Bobby Charlton - in his final season as a player before retiring - topping the club's goalscoring charts with a mere six goals in the First Division. Denis Law, who had rarely played this season, was given a free transfer at the end of the campaign after 11 years with the club.

## First Division

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12 August 1972 | Ipswich Town | H | 1–2 | Law | 51,459 |
| 15 August 1972 | Liverpool | A | 0–2 |  | 54,779 |
| 19 August 1972 | Everton | A | 0–2 |  | 52,348 |
| 23 August 1972 | Leicester City | H | 1–1 | Best | 40,067 |
| 26 August 1972 | Arsenal | H | 0–0 |  | 48,108 |
| 30 August 1972 | Chelsea | H | 0–0 |  | 44,482 |
| 2 September 1972 | West Ham United | A | 2–2 | Best, Storey-Moore | 32,372 |
| 9 September 1972 | Coventry City | H | 0–1 |  | 37,073 |
| 16 September 1972 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | A | 0–2 |  | 34,049 |
| 23 September 1972 | Derby County | H | 3–0 | Davies, Morgan, Storey-Moore | 48,255 |
| 30 September 1972 | Sheffield United | A | 0–1 |  | 37,347 |
| 7 October 1972 | West Bromwich Albion | A | 2–2 | Best, Storey-Moore | 39,209 |
| 14 October 1972 | Birmingham City | H | 1–0 | MacDougall | 52,104 |
| 21 October 1972 | Newcastle United | A | 1–2 | Charlton | 38,170 |
| 28 October 1972 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 1–4 | Charlton | 52,497 |
| 4 November 1972 | Leicester City | A | 2–2 | Best, Davies | 32,575 |
| 11 November 1972 | Liverpool | H | 2–0 | Davies, MacDougall | 53,944 |
| 18 November 1972 | Manchester City | A | 0–3 |  | 52,086 |
| 25 November 1972 | Southampton | H | 2–1 | Davies, MacDougall | 36,073 |
| 2 December 1972 | Norwich City | A | 2–0 | MacDougall, Storey-Moore | 35,913 |
| 9 December 1972 | Stoke City | H | 0–2 |  | 41,347 |
| 16 December 1972 | Crystal Palace | A | 0–5 |  | 39,484 |
| 23 December 1972 | Leeds United | H | 1–1 | MacDougall | 46,382 |
| 26 December 1972 | Derby County | A | 1–3 | Storey-Moore | 35,098 |
| 6 January 1973 | Arsenal | A | 1–3 | Kidd | 51,194 |
| 20 January 1973 | West Ham United | H | 2–2 | Charlton, Macari | 50,878 |
| 24 January 1973 | Everton | H | 0–0 |  | 58,970 |
| 27 January 1973 | Coventry City | A | 1–1 | Holton | 42,767 |
| 10 February 1973 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | H | 2–1 | Charlton (2) | 52,089 |
| 17 February 1973 | Ipswich Town | A | 1–4 | Macari | 31,918 |
| 3 March 1973 | West Bromwich Albion | H | 2–1 | Kidd, Macari | 46,735 |
| 10 March 1973 | Birmingham City | A | 1–3 | Macari | 51,278 |
| 17 March 1973 | Newcastle United | H | 2–1 | Holton, Martin | 48,426 |
| 24 March 1973 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 1–1 | Graham | 49,751 |
| 31 March 1973 | Southampton | A | 2–0 | Charlton, Holton | 23,161 |
| 7 April 1973 | Norwich City | H | 1–0 | Martin | 48,593 |
| 11 April 1973 | Crystal Palace | H | 2–0 | Kidd, Morgan | 46,891 |
| 14 April 1973 | Stoke City | A | 2–2 | Macari, Morgan | 37,051 |
| 18 April 1973 | Leeds United | A | 1–0 | Anderson | 45,450 |
| 21 April 1973 | Manchester City | H | 0–0 |  | 61,676 |
| 23 April 1973 | Sheffield United | H | 1–2 | Kidd | 57,280 |
| 28 April 1973 | Chelsea | A | 0–1 |  | 44,184 |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 | Leicester City | 42 | 10 | 17 | 15 | 40 | 46 | 0.870 | 37 |
| 17 | Everton | 42 | 13 | 11 | 18 | 41 | 49 | 0.837 | 37 |
| 18 | Manchester United | 42 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 44 | 60 | 0.733 | 37 |
| 19 | Coventry City | 42 | 13 | 9 | 20 | 40 | 55 | 0.727 | 35 |
| 20 | Norwich City | 42 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 36 | 63 | 0.571 | 32 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal average; 3) Goals scored

## FA Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 January 1973 | Round 3 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | A | 0–1 |  | 40,005 |

## League Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 September 1972 | Round 2 | Oxford United | A | 2–2 | Law, Charlton | 16,560 |
| 12 September 1972 | Round 2
Replay | Oxford United | H | 3–1 | Best (2), Storey-Moore | 21,486 |
| 3 October 1972 | Round 3 | Bristol Rovers | A | 1–1 | Morgan | 33,597 |
| 11 October 1972 | Round 3
Replay | Bristol Rovers | H | 1–2 | McIlroy | 29,348 |

## Anglo-Italian Cup

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 February 1973 | Fiorentina | H | 1–1 | Holton | 23,951 |
| 21 March 1973 | Lazio | A | 0–0 |  | 52,834 |
| 4 April 1973 | Bari | H | 3–1 | Law, Storey-Moore, Martin | 14,303 |
| 2 May 1973 | Verona | A | 4–1 | Charlton (2), Olney, Fletcher | 8,168 |

## Squad statistics

| Pos. | Name | League | | FA Cup | | League Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| GK | Alex Stepney | 38 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 43 | 0 |
| GK | Jimmy Rimmer | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| DF | Martin Buchan | 42 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 47 | 0 |
| DF | Ian Donald | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| DF | Tony Dunne | 24 | 0 | 0(1) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 27(1) | 0 |
| DF | Paul Edwards | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| DF | Alex Forsyth | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| DF | Jim Holton | 15 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 3 |
| DF | Steve James | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| DF | Tommy O'Neil | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| DF | David Sadler | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| DF | Arnie Sidebottom | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| DF | Willie Watson | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| DF | Tony Young | 28(2) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 32(2) | 0 |
| MF | George Best | 19 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 23 | 6 |
| MF | Bobby Charlton | 34(2) | 6 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 39(2) | 7 |
| MF | John Fitzpatrick | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| MF | George Graham | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1 |
| MF | Mick Martin | 14(2) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14(2) | 2 |
| MF | Sammy McIlroy | 4(6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0(3) | 1 | 4(9) | 1 |
| FW | Trevor Anderson | 2(5) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2(5) | 1 |
| FW | Wyn Davies | 15(1) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16(1) | 4 |
| FW | Peter Fletcher | 0(2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0(2) | 0 |
| FW | Brian Kidd | 17(5) | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20(5) | 4 |
| FW | Denis Law | 9(2) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 12(2) | 2 |
| FW | Lou Macari | 16 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 5 |
| FW | Ted MacDougall | 18 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 5 |
| FW | Willie Morgan | 39 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 44 | 4 |
| FW | Ian Storey-Moore | 26 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 30 | 6 |
|  | Own goals |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  | 0 |

Anglo-Italian Cup matches are not included in statistics

## InfoBox

Manchester United
| 1972–73 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Louis Edwards |
| Manager | Frank O'Farrell
(until 19 December 1972)
Tommy Docherty
(from 22 December 1972) |
| First Division | 18th |
| FA Cup | Third Round |
| League Cup | Third Round |
| Anglo-Italian Cup | Group stage (2nd) |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Bobby Charlton (6)
All:
Bobby Charlton (7) |
| Highest home attendance | 61,676 vs Manchester City (21 April 1973) |
| Lowest home attendance | 21,486 vs Oxford United (12 September 1972) |
| Average home league attendance | 46,703 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 2003 Champions Tour

abstract: The 2003 Champions Tour was the 24th season of the Champions Tour, the main professional golf tour in the United States for men aged 50 and over.

text:
# 2003 Champions Tour

The **2003 Champions Tour** was the 24th season of the Champions Tour (formerly the **Senior PGA Tour**), the main professional golf tour in the United States for men aged 50 and over.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2003 season.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse
(US$) | Winner | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Feb 2 | MasterCard Championship | Hawaii | 1,500,000 | Dana Quigley (8) |  |
| Feb 9 | Royal Caribbean Golf Classic | Florida | 1,450,000 | Dave Barr (1) |  |
| Feb 16 | ACE Group Classic | Florida | 1,600,000 | Vicente Fernández (4) |  |
| Feb 23 | Verizon Classic | Florida | 1,600,000 | Bruce Fleisher (16) |  |
| Mar 9 | MasterCard Classic | Mexico | 2,000,000 | David Eger (1) |  |
| Mar 16 | SBC Classic | California | 1,500,000 | Tom Purtzer (1) |  |
| Mar 23 | Toshiba Senior Classic | California | 1,550,000 | Rodger Davis (1) |  |
| Apr 20 | Emerald Coast Classic | Florida | 1,450,000 | Bob Gilder (7) |  |
| Apr 27 | Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf | Georgia | 3,000,000 | Bruce Lietzke (6) |  |
| May 4 | Bruno's Memorial Classic | Alabama | 1,400,000 | Tom Jenkins (4) |  |
| May 11 | Kinko's Classic of Austin | Texas | 1,600,000 | Hale Irwin (37) | New tournament |
| May 18 | Bayer Advantage Celebrity Pro-Am | Missouri | 1,600,000 | Jay Sigel (8) | Pro-Am |
| May 25 | Columbus Southern Open | Georgia | 1,500,000 | Morris Hatalsky (2) | New tournament |
| Jun 1 | Music City Championship | Tennessee | 1,400,000 | Jim Ahern (2) |  |
| Jun 8 | **Senior PGA Championship** | Pennsylvania | 2,000,000 | **John Jacobs** (5) | Senior major championship |
| Jun 22 | Farmers Charity Classic | Michigan | 1,500,000 | Doug Tewell (7) |  |
| Jun 29 | **U.S. Senior Open** | Ohio | 2,600,000 | **Bruce Lietzke** (7) | Senior major championship |
| Jul 13 | **Ford Senior Players Championship** | Michigan | 2,500,000 | **Craig Stadler** (1) | Champions Tour major championship |
| Jul 27 | **Senior British Open** | Scotland | 1,600,000 | **Tom Watson** (5) | Senior major championship |
| Aug 3 | FleetBoston Classic | Massachusetts | 1,500,000 | Allen Doyle (8) |  |
| Aug 10 | 3M Championship | Minnesota | 1,750,000 | Wayne Levi (1) |  |
| Aug 17 | Long Island Classic | New York | 1,500,000 | Jim Thorpe (6) |  |
| Aug 24 | Allianz Championship | Iowa | 1,500,000 | Don Pooley (2) |  |
| Aug 31 | **JELD-WEN Tradition** | Oregon | 2,200,000 | **Tom Watson** (6) | Champions Tour major championship |
| Sep 7 | Kroger Classic | Ohio | 1,500,000 | Gil Morgan (22) |  |
| Sep 14 | Constellation Energy Classic | Maryland | 1,500,000 | Larry Nelson (17) |  |
| Sep 21 | SAS Championship | North Carolina | 1,800,000 | D. A. Weibring (1) |  |
| Sep 28 | Greater Hickory Classic at Rock Barn | North Carolina | 1,500,000 | Craig Stadler (2) | New tournament |
| Oct 12 | Turtle Bay Championship | Hawaii | 1,500,000 | Hale Irwin (38) |  |
| Oct 19 | SBC Championship | Texas | 1,500,000 | Craig Stadler (3) |  |
| Oct 26 | Charles Schwab Cup Championship | California | 2,500,000 | Jim Thorpe (7) | Tour Championship |

### Unofficial events

The following events were sanctioned by the Champions Tour, but did not carry official money, nor were wins official.

| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse
($) | Winners | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nov 23 | UBS Cup | Georgia | 3,000,000 | Tie ( Team USA retain) | Team event |
| Dec 7 | Office Depot Father/Son Challenge | Florida | 1,000,000 | Hale Irwin and
son Steve Irwin | Team event |

## Charles Schwab Cup

The Charles Schwab Cup was based on tournament results during the season, calculated using a points-based system.

| Position | Player | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Tom Watson | 4,751 |
| 2 | Jim Thorpe | 3,381 |
| 3 | Bruce Lietzke | 2,867 |
| 4 | Tom Kite | 2,809 |
| 5 | Gil Morgan | 2,663 |

## Money list

The money list was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in U.S. dollars.

| Position | Player | Prize money ($) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Tom Watson | 1,853,108 |
| 2 | Jim Thorpe | 1,830,306 |
| 3 | Gil Morgan | 1,620,206 |
| 4 | Bruce Lietzke | 1,610,826 |
| 5 | Hale Irwin | 1,607,391 |

## Awards

| Award | Winner | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Player of the Year (Jack Nicklaus Trophy) | Tom Watson |  |
| Rookie of the Year | Craig Stadler |  |
| Scoring leader (Byron Nelson Award) | Tom Watson |  |
| Comeback Player of the Year | Don Pooley |  |

1. "2003 Tournament schedule". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on December 4, 2003. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
2. "2003 Charles Schwab Cup". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on January 10, 2004. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
3. "Thorpe holds off Watson for Schwab Cup Championship". *The Times-News*. Twin Falls, Idaho. October 27, 2003. p. 7 (A-3 in paper). Retrieved November 29, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
4. "2003 Money list". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
5. "Watson named Champions Tour player of the year". *The San Diego Union-Tribune*. December 8, 2003. Retrieved November 29, 2023. Watson led the money list with $1.8 million, and his scoringaverage of 68.31 also was tops on the Champions Tour... Craig Stadler, who turned 50 in June, was voted rookie of theyear for his three victories, including a major... Don Pooley was voted comeback player on the Champions Tour.
6. "2003 Scoring average". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 29, 2023.

## InfoBox

2003 Champions Tour season
| Duration | January 31, 2003 (2003-01-31) – October 26, 2003 (2003-10-26) |
| --- | --- |
| Number of official events | 31 |
| Most wins | Craig Stadler (3) |
| Charles Schwab Cup | Tom Watson |
| Money list | Tom Watson |
| Player of the Year | Tom Watson |
| Rookie of the Year | Craig Stadler |
| 2002 2004 | |


title: Ataxin 1

abstract: Ataxin-1 is a DNA-binding protein which in humans is encoded by the ATXN1 gene. Mutations in ataxin-1 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, particularly Purkinje neurons.

text:
# Ataxin 1

**Ataxin-1** is a DNA-binding protein which in humans is encoded by the *ATXN1* gene.

Mutations in ataxin-1 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, particularly Purkinje neurons.

## Genetics

*ATXN1* is conserved across multiple species, including humans, mice, and *Drosophila.*

In humans, *ATXN1* is located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The gene contains 9 exons, two of which are protein-coding. There is a CAG repeat in the coding sequence which is longer in humans than other species (6-38 uninterrupted CAG repeats in healthy humans versus 2 in the mouse gene). This repeat is prone to errors in DNA replication and can vary widely in length between individuals.

## Structure

Notable features of the Ataxin-1 protein structure include:

## Function

The function of Ataxin-1 is not completely understood. It appears to be involved in regulating gene expression based on its location in the nucleus of the cell, its association with promoter regions of several genes, and its interactions with transcriptional regulators and parts of the RNA splicing machinery.

## Interactions

Ataxin 1 has been shown to interact with:

## Role in disease

*ATXN1* is the gene mutated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), a dominantly-inherited, fatal genetic disease in which neurons in the cerebellum and brain stem degenerate over the course of years or decades. SCA1 is a trinucleotide repeat disorder caused by expansion of the CAG repeat in *ATXN1*; this leads to an expanded polyglutamine tract in the protein. This elongation is variable in length, with as few as 6 and as many as 81 repeats reported in humans. Repeats of 39 or more uninterrupted CAG triplets cause disease, and longer repeat tracts are correlated with earlier age of onset and faster progression.

How polyglutamine expansion in Ataxin-1 causes neuronal dysfunction and degeneration is still unclear. Disease likely occurs through the combination of several processes.

### Aggregation

Mutant Ataxin-1 protein spontaneously misfolds and forms aggregates in cells, much like other disease-associated proteins such as tau, , and huntingtin. This led to the hypothesis that the aggregates are toxic to neurons, but it has been shown in mice that aggregation is not required for pathogenesis. Other neuronal proteins can modulate the formation of Ataxin-1 aggregates and this in turn may affect aggregate-induced toxicity.

### Altered protein-protein interactions

Soluble Ataxin-1 interacts with many other proteins. Polyglutamine expansion in Ataxin-1 can affect these interactions, sometimes causing loss of function (where the protein fails to perform one of its normal functions) and sometimes causing toxic gain of function (where the protein binds too strongly or to an inappropriate target). This, in turn, could alter the expression of the genes ataxin-1 regulates, leading to disease.

### HMGB1 interaction

Mutant ataxin1 causes the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). In a mouse model of SCA1, mutant ataxin1 mediates the reduction or inhibition of the high mobility group box1 protein (HMGB1) in neuron mitochondria. HMGB1 is a crucial nuclear protein that regulates DNA architectural changes essential for DNA damage repair and transcription. The impairment of HMGB1 function leads to increased mitochondrial DNA damage. In the SCA1 mouse model, over-expression of the HMGB1 protein by means of an introduced virus vector bearing the HMGB1 gene facilitates repair of the mitochondrial DNA damage, ameliorates the neuropathology and the motor deficits, and extends the lifespan of these mutant ataxin1 mice.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| ATXN1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | ATXN1, ATX1, D6S504E, SCA1, ataxin 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601556; MGI: 104783; HomoloGene: 281; GeneCards: ATXN1; OMA:ATXN1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001128164
NM\_000332
NM\_001357857   NM\_001199304
NM\_001199305
NM\_009124   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_000323
NP\_001121636
NP\_001344786   NP\_001186233
NP\_001186234
NP\_033150   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 16.3 – 16.76 Mb Chr 13: 45.7 – 46.12 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Estreito da Calheta

abstract: Estreito da Calheta is a civil parish in the municipality of Calheta in the Portuguese island of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 1,607, in an area of 14.32 km⁲.

text:
# Estreito da Calheta

**Estreito da Calheta** (Portuguese for *strait of Calheta*) is a civil parish in the municipality of Calheta in the Portuguese island of Madeira. The population in 2011 was 1,607, in an area of 14.32 km2.

## InfoBox

| Estreito da Calheta | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| The centre of the parish of Estreito da Calheta | |
|  | |
| Estreito da CalhetaLocation in Madeira | |
| Coordinates: 32°45′28″N 17°10′34″W / 32.75778°N 17.17611°W / 32.75778; -17.17611 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Auton. region | Madeira |
| Island | Madeira |
| Municipality | Calheta |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.32 km2 (5.53 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,607 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |
| Postal code | 9370-111 |
| Area code | 291 |


title: Ernst August Girschner

abstract: Ernst August Girschner, usually just Ernst Girschner was a German entomologist who specialised in Diptera. Girschner was born in Torgau, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia. He taught at the Gymnasium in Torgau. Girschner described many new species of Diptera but made much more important contributions notably formalising the use of chaetotaxy in Calyptratae "it was the merit of Mr. E. Girschner to give to Chaetotaxy a much greater development and application than it had had before, and to treat it as a sine qua non of descriptive dipterology. His enviable talent for drawing enabled him to illustrate his papers by diagrams more eloquent than any descriptions". He was a friend of entomologist Josef Mik.

text:
# Ernst August Girschner

**Ernst August Girschner**, usually just  **Ernst Girschner** (29 October 1860 – 28 April 1914) was a German entomologist who specialised in Diptera.

Girschner was born (and died) in Torgau, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia. He taught at the Gymnasium in Torgau. Girschner described many new species of Diptera but made much more important contributions notably formalising the use of chaetotaxy in Calyptratae "it was the merit of Mr. E. Girschner to give to Chaetotaxy a much greater development and application than it had had before, and to treat it as a sine qua non of descriptive dipterology. His enviable talent for drawing enabled him to illustrate his papers by diagrams more eloquent than any descriptions".

He was a friend of entomologist Josef Mik.

## Works

Partial list

* Beitrag zur Systematik der Musciden. *Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift* 38: 297–312. in which he introduced the taxon Muscidae acalyptratae (1893.).
* Einiges über die Färbung der Dipterenaugen. *Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr*.31, 155–162, I plate (1887)
* Ueber einige Musciden Wiener *Entomologische Zeitung* 17 :151-153

Part of his collection was purchased by Colbran J. Wainwright in 1909 (now in the Natural History Museum London).


title: Aqqaluaq B. Egede

abstract: Aqqaluaq Biilmann Egede is a Greenlandic politician from Inuit Ataqatigiit. He has been minister for raw materials and justice since April 2022, and he had previously been minister of finance and taxes (2016-2018) and minister of fisheries and prisoners (2021-2022).

text:
# Aqqaluaq B. Egede

**Aqqaluaq Biilmann Egede** (born 1981 in Narsaq) is a Greenlandic politician from Inuit Ataqatigiit. He has been minister for raw materials and justice since April 2022, and he had previously been minister of finance and taxes (2016-2018) and minister of fisheries and prisoners (2021-2022).

## Political career

Egede was a member of the municipal council in Narsaq Municipality 2005-2008 and in the merged Kujalleq Municipality 2009–2013. He was deputy to Inatsisartut in 2007 and has been a member of Inatsisartut since the election in 2009 .

When Kuupik Kleist stepped down as chairman of Inuit Ataqatigiit on 31 March 2014, Egede became acting chairman of the party. Egede announced his candidacy for the post of chairman on 16 April 2014, but narrowly lost the election as he received 35 votes at the IA's extraordinary national meeting on 31 May 2014, while Sara Olsvig won with 37 votes.

Egede was Minister of Finance and Taxes in the Government of Kim Kielsen from 27 October 2016 to 15 May 2018. In the First Egede cabinet he was Minister of Fisheries and Traps from 23 April 2021 to 4 April 2022. Upon the formation of the second government of Múte Bourup Egede, the fishing and trapping area went to Siumut, and Egede instead became Minister of Raw Materials and Justice from 5 April 2022.

1. "Aqqaluaq Biilmann Egede" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
2. "Kuupik som partiformand" (in Danish).


title: 1880 Derby by-election

abstract: The 1880 Derby by-election was held on 26 May when the incumbent Liberal MP Samuel Plimsoll resigned to find a seat for the recently unseated Home Secretary William Vernon Harcourt. The Liberals had formed a government after winning the 1880 general election and Harcourt, a well known radical and talented debater, had been offered the job of Home Secretary. Under the law at the time he had to resign his seat and seek re-election. In a close fought by-election Harcourt lost his Oxford seat. Samuel Plimsoll immediately resigned and Harcourt was unopposed in the subsequent by-election.

text:
# 1880 Derby by-election

The **1880 Derby by-election** was held on 26 May when the incumbent Liberal MP Samuel Plimsoll resigned to find a seat for the recently unseated Home Secretary William Vernon Harcourt.

The Liberals had formed a government after winning the 1880 general election and Harcourt, a well known radical and talented debater, had been offered the job of Home Secretary. Under the law at the time he had to resign his seat and seek re-election. In a close fought by-election Harcourt lost his Oxford seat.

Samuel Plimsoll immediately resigned and Harcourt was unopposed in the subsequent by-election.


title: 2007 National League One

text:
# 2007 National League One

The league was televised live for the first time following a deal with the broadcaster Sky Sports.

Castleford Tigers were relegated from the Super League in 2006, while Dewsbury Rams and Sheffield Eagles gained promotion from National League Two. York City Knights and Oldham R.L.F.C. are relegated to National League Two.

National League Three was abolished for the 2007 season and rebranded as the Rugby League Conference National division.

## National League One

### Table

| **Position** | **Club** | **Played** | **Won** | **Drawn** | **Lost** | **Pts For** | **Pts Agst** | **B.P.** | **Points** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **1** | Castleford Tigers | 18 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 860 | 247 | 0 | **51** |
|
| **2** | Widnes Vikings | 18 | 16 | 0 | 2 | 740 | 220 | 2 | **50** |
|
| **3** | Halifax | 18 | 12 | 0 | 6 | 616 | 421 | 2 | **38** |
|
| **4** | Whitehaven | 18 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 474 | 342 | 5 | **38** |
|
| **5** | Leigh Centurions | 18 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 454 | 474 | 4 | **31** |
|
| **6** | Sheffield Eagles | 18 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 414 | 527 | 4 | **24** |
| **7** | Dewsbury Rams | 18 | 5 | 0 | 13 | 346 | 572 | 6 | **19** |
| **8** | Batley Bulldogs | 18 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 372 | 645 | 2 | **19** |
|
| **9** | Rochdale Hornets | 18 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 302 | 700 | 1 | **10** |
|
| **10** | Doncaster Lakers* | 18 | 5 | 0 | 13 | 348 | 778 | 1 | **10*** |
|
|

|  | Team finishing top of the table, earning the League Leaders Shield |
| --- | --- |
|  | Teams qualifying for the Play-offs |
|  | Teams in relegation position |

* Rochdale and Doncaster relegated to National League Two for 2008.
* Doncaster deducted 6 points due to entering administration.

### Playoffs

|
|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Elimination play-offs | | |  |  | Qualifying / Elimination semifinal | | |  |  | Elimination final | | |  |  | Grand Final | | |
|  | || | | | | | | | |
|  |  | | | | | September 2007 | | | | |  | | | | | 6 October 2007 | | |
|  | || | | | | | |
|  | | 1 | Castleford Tigers | | | 26 |  | | | | | Castleford Tigers | | | | 42 |
|  | | | | | |  | |  | |  |  |
|  | | 2 | Widnes Vikings | | | 8 |  |  | September 2007 | | |  |  | Widnes Vikings | | 10 |
|  | | | | | | | September 2007 | | | | | | |  |  |
|  | |  | | | | | Widnes Vikings | | | | 36 |  | | |
|  | | 3 | Halifax | | | | | W |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | |  |  | September 2007 | | | |  |  | Halifax | | 24 |  |  |
|  | 6 | Sheffield Eagles | | L |  |  | | |  | |  |  |  |
|  | | | |  |  | | | | | Halifax | | W |  | | |
|  | September 2007 | | | | | | | | |  |  |  |  |
|  | |  |  | Whitehaven | | | | | | L |  |  |
|  | 4 | Whitehaven | | W | | | | | |  |  |  |  |
|  | | | |  |  | | | | |  | | |
|  | 5 | Leigh Centurions | | L |  | | | | |  |
|  | | | |  |  | | |  |  |  |  |

Week One.

* Whitehaven (H) beat Leigh (A) (Whitehaven through to week two, Leigh are eliminated).
* Halifax (H) beat Sheffield (A) (Halifax through to week two, Sheffield are eliminated).

Week Two.

* Castleford (H) beat Widnes (A) (Castleford through to the Grand Final in week four, Widnes play in week three).
* Halifax (A) beat Whitehaven (H) (Halifax will play Widnes in week three's semi final, Whitehaven are eliminated).

Week Three.

* Widnes (H) beat Halifax (A) (Widnes are through to the Grand Final in week four, Halifax are eliminated).

#### Grand Final

| Castleford Tigers | 42 – 10 | Widnes Vikings |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Tries:** Guttenbeil (2), Shenton, McGoldrick,
Westerman, Clayton, Wainwright
**Goals:** Brough (6)
**Drop goals:** Brough (2)
 |
 | **Tries:** Nanyn, Wilkes
**Goals:** Nanyn
 |

## InfoBox

| National League One 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Championship |
| Duration | 18 rounds |
| Teams | 10 |
| Broadcast partners | Sky Sports |
| 2007 season | |
| National League One winners | Castleford Tigers |
|


abstract: The 2008 Danish embassy bombing was an attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan on 2 June 2008. The suspected suicide car bombing in the parking lot of the embassy took place at around 12:10 pm (UTC+5), killing at least six and wounding many more. The Danish national security intelligence agency PET concluded that al-Qaeda was behind the attack. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack on 5 June 2008. The attack was confirmed to be an answer to the reprinting of Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten's Muhammed cartoons in February 2006, as well as the presence of Danish troops in Afghanistan.

text:
# 2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad

The **2008 Danish embassy bombing** was an attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan on 2 June 2008. The suspected suicide car bombing in the parking lot of the embassy took place at around 12:10 pm (UTC+5), killing at least six and wounding many more. The Danish national security intelligence agency PET concluded that al-Qaeda was behind the attack. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack on 5 June 2008. The attack was confirmed to be an answer to the reprinting of Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten's Muhammed cartoons in February 2006, as well as the presence of Danish troops in Afghanistan.

## Details

### The attack

Around 12:10 pm on 2 June 2008, a stolen Toyota Corolla with a man at the wheel arrived at high speed, passing in front of the entrance of the Danish embassy, then stopping at the parking lot in front of the complex. Seconds later a suicide car bomb detonated, killing at least six and wounding several others. The events leading up to the explosion and the explosion itself was captured on tape by the embassy's video surveillance cameras, which was gathered by the PET and then handed over to Pakistani authorities as part of their criminal enquiry. The car used to bomb the embassy was able to get past heightened security because it had diplomatic registration plates.

The blast left a large crater in front of the building, as well as significant structural damage. A cloud of black smoke was reported to be visible across the city of Islamabad. A Pakistani Development Organisation building took the brunt of the blast as well as the Danish embassy. Other offices and residential building also were damaged by the car bomb. The residences of the Dutch ambassador and the Australian defense attache, located near the Danish embassy, were damaged in the blast, but none of their staff were reported injured. The blast also shattered the windowpanes of the nearby "India House", which houses India's ambassador to Pakistan. There is speculation about the composition of the bomb. Some sources states that 25 kg of explosives were used, while others states that a combination of fertilisers and diesel fuel, boosted with 5 kg of explosives were used.

The Danish government received the news of the attack at 9 o'clock in the morning, and the Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Per Stig Møller immediately condemned the attack on the strongest possible terms, and the Danish cabinet was subsequently called in for an emergency session. Later in the afternoon the Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen followed suit and condemned the attack as well. The Norwegian and Swedish embassies were completely evacuated as a safety precaution, and Danish citizens have been advised against all travel to Pakistan, and if already in the country, to be very careful.

### Fatalities

At least six people were killed and 24 wounded. According to the chargé d'affaires of the embassy in Islamabad, Michael Hjortsø, none of those killed were Danish employees of the embassy, though two victims were reported to be locals employed at the embassy, and the Danish foreign ministry announced that one victim was a Danish citizen of Pakistani origin not working at the embassy. Damage was also reported at the residence of the Indian High Commissioner.

A security guard at a nearby United Nations Development Programme building was among those killed. Six of the wounded were UNDP employees.

### Threats

Prior to the explosion, the Danish Embassy had received several threats, the last as late as a month before the attack, Pakistani media reported on tribal people who threatened to travel to the Pakistani capital of Islamabad to blow up the Danish embassy there.

One and a half-month before the attack, Al-Qaeda's then-deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, urged Muslims to strike against Danish targets in an interview published by As-Sahab.

In the interview, published 17 April 2008 al-Zawahiri asked why he in 2003 threatened Norway, Denmark and other countries for their support for the United States and the fight against terrorism, saying: "We have threatened Norway and all other countries participating in the war against the Muslims, as part of the defence of our ideology, nation, ourselves and our sacred riter, the al-Zawahiri and continues: "Denmark has done its utmost to demonstrate its hostility against Muslims by repeatedly dishonoring the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him salvation. I exhort and encourage any Muslim who has the opportunity, to harm Denmark to thereby show your support for our Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him salvation, and defend his esteemed honor."

Denmark had downgraded the embassy threat in response to perceived security threats, as well as other embassies in the Islamic world.

### The perpetrators

The Danish national security intelligence agency PET concluded that the terrorist organisation Al-Qaeda was behind the attack. The possibility of either direct Al-Qaida involvement or Al-Qaeda inspired groups is high, due to the fact that the terrorist attack against the Danish embassy came a month and a half after Al-Qaeda's then-deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, urged Muslims to strike against Danish targets in the interview published by As-Sahab on 17 April 2008.

According to statements from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "There are signs that as a result of the current events there is a sharpened focus on Denmark also among the leading militant extremists abroad, and that such environments have a desire to carry out terrorist acts against Denmark, as well as against the Danes and Danish interests abroad. This is especially true in areas where Al-Qaeda-related groups are active".

According to sources close to the Danish government and PET, the main suspects behind the attack were, until the proclamation made by Al-Qaeda, the Taliban. However, the Taliban denied having any role in the attack. If they had been those responsible for the attack, that would have made the second terrorist attack carried out by Taliban targeting Scandinavians; the first being the attack on Serena Hotel in Kabul on 14 January, where a Norwegian delegation under Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Støre, which resided at the time of the attack, was allegedly the target. Nevertheless, this is the second terrorist attack where Scandinavians had been the target.

On 5 June, an online posting attributed to Mustafa Abu al-Yazid on a jihadist website claimed that Al-Qaeda planned the attack.

Al Qaeda's chief of operations for Pakistan, Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam was believed to have masterminded the attack. He was killed in a drone strike along with his lieutenant, Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan, on 1 January 2009.

Three men charged in the attack were acquitted in a Pakistani court on 25 Sep 2010.

## International reactions

### Countries

| Country | Response |
| --- | --- |
| Australia | "The Australian Government unreservedly condemns the car bombing earlier today outside the Danish Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Australian Government extends its condolences to those affected by this attack. Australia stands with Pakistan and Denmark in the fight against terrorism and extremism. This bombing is yet another extremist attack on law and order and security in Pakistan. We trust that the perpetrators of the attack will be brought to justice" The Foreign Ministry said. |
| Canada | David Emerson, Minister of Foreign Affairs, issued the following statement condemning bomb attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan: "On behalf of all Canadians, I wish to convey my condolences to the families of those killed in today's attack. I wish a speedy recovery to the injured. "Canada strongly condemns this deplorable act of violence against the Danish embassy. |
| People's Republic of China | "I am shocked to learn that the Danish Embassy in Pakistan suffered a terrorist attack, resulting in loss of several embassy employees and a Danish citizen. I wish to express my deep condolences to the victims, and through Your Excellency, my sincere sympathy to the bereaved families and the wounded." said Yang Jiechi. |
| Denmark | The Danish Prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen called the attack against the Danish embassy in Pakistan a heinous crime and an attack against Denmark. "We regard this as an attack on the Danish embassy, and thus as an attack on Denmark." The Prime Minister also informed that the government is following the situation closely, and that the Pakistani President, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister had sent their condolences and expressed regret what has happened. Rasmussen also said "it was a horrible and cowardly attack which has claimed innocent lives and injured many. In this tragic situation my thoughts and deepest sympathy goes to the victims and their relatives. No one has yet claimed responsibility for the blast. But regardless of who is behind it, and what the motive might be, so it is a heinous crime, which we strongly condemn and denounce." He also said that Denmark would not change their policies in the fight against terrorism.
The Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs Per Stig Møller strongly condemned the attack, saying that the attack was "completely unacceptable". "We have severely increased protection. Safety has improved in Pakistan and elsewhere. We have also been hit by an attack in Kabul. But it is dangerous, there are fanatics and terrorists out there, and we do what we can to protect ourselves against them."
During a press conference, he went on to say: "What these criminals have done, was done with the purpose to destroy the relationship between the Government of Pakistan, the Pakistani population and Denmark, and they will not succeed in this." He also expressed his condolences to the victims and their families, and advised Danes against traveling to Pakistan: "I do not know who did it. No one knows yet. We are in contact with the Pakistani authorities and expect them to do their utmost to find out who is behind, and what their motives are."
Imam Abdul Wahid Pedersen called the terrorist attack "madness" and "shocking and horrible". The Islamic Society in Denmark described the attack as "barbaric" and "totally unacceptable". The spokesperson of the Muslim Council of Denmark, Zubair Butt Hussain, also commented the attack: "Such a shocking action arouses in the Muslim Council of Denmark nothing but revulsion and disgust. Whatever the motivation for such an act may be, can such a cruel action is not justified." |
| Finland | According to Finnish Ambassador to Pakistan, Irmeli Mustonen, the Finnish Embassy in Islamabad has intensified its security measures, and has as well asked for more police protection. |
| France | "We were appalled to learn of the attack this morning outside the Danish Embassy in Islamabad. We condemn it in the strongest possible terms. We offer our condolences and sympathy to the victims' families and our solidarity and support to the Pakistani and Danish authorities. France reiterates its determination to combat extremism and terrorism alongside its Pakistani and European partner", said Bernard Kouchner. Sarkozy: "We were appalled to learn of the attack this morning outside the Danish Embassy in Islamabad. We condemn it in the strongest possible terms. We offer our condolences and sympathy to the victims' families and our solidarity and support to the Pakistani and Danish authorities. France reiterates its determination to combat extremism and terrorism alongside its Pakistani and European partners". |
| Germany | "We are appalled by the attack which we condemn in the strongest terms," deputy foreign ministry spokesman Andreas Peschke told journalists in Berlin. He expressed his country's sympathies for the family members of the victims. The minister told Danish television that there were "fanatics and terrorists out there and we are doing what we can to protect ourselves." |
| Hungary | Hungary, as a member of the European Union, reassures Denmark and all the employees of the Danish embassy in Islamabad of its solidarity, and extends its heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims. |
| Israel | "Regrettably, this terrorist attack joins a long list of others directed at civilian targets and the democratic fabric of life, and which also harm those moderate circles in all religions that champion cultural dialogue," Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said. |
| Maldives | "This tragic incident must serve to strengthen our resolve to combat and eliminate the global scourge of terrorism. The people who perpetrate such unspeakable acts must never be allowed to break our common will to enjoy lives free of fear and hate and to live together in peace and harmony." said the Foreign Minister of Maldives. |
| Netherlands | Dutch politician Maxime Verhagen condemned the attack. "I am shocked at this cowardly attack. Our sympathies are with the victims and their families. There can be no excuse for a cowardly terrorist act like this" he said. |
| Norway | The Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Støre was shocked by the attack and condemned it in a press conference: "We have great sympathy with Denmark and will take strong distance from the terrorist attack in Islamabad. This is a shocking use of violence outside of a diplomatic station". He has also contacted his Danish colleague, Foreign Minister Per Stig Møller, and offered Denmark all the assistance that Norway would be able to provide.
The Norwegian embassy, which is located only a couple of hundred metres from the Danish Embassy, sustained some minor damages in the blast. The embassy has been completely evacuated as a safety precaution and is now closed. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry advises Norwegians not to travel to Pakistan.
The Pakistani community in Norway has also condemned the terrorist attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad. The leader of the Norwegian branch of the Pakistan Peoples Party, Mirza Sulfikar, said that he condemned the attack on the strongest terms, and that he was going to call his closest colleagues in Pakistan and request that it be added pressure on the security around the foreign embassies. Islamsk Råd Norge also condemned the attack on their webpage. KrF politician Ali Khan, who had acted as a broker during the Muhammad Cartoon Controversy in 2006, said that Denmark's publication of the caricatures was the likely cause of the attack, but that nothing could justify such an attack. Høyre politician Aamir J. Sheikh also came to the conclusion that the Muhammad caricatures were the likely reason for the attack, but like Khan condemned the attack, saying that "Islam and the Quran condemns terrorist actions on the strongest possible terms."
In response to the attack on the Danish embassy, the regional newspaper Adresseavisen published the day after the attack (3 June) a caricature of a Muslim with a turban, a suicide belt and a T-shirt with the text "I am Mohammed and no one dares to publish me" written on it. While the drawing itself has been claimed to be a caricature of the Muhammad, the cartoonist behind the drawing, Jan O. Henriksen, and the publisher, Arne Blix, assured the drawing represents terrorists who make violent acts in Islam's name. "It is not an attack on the Prophet and Islam, but an attack on those who claim they are defending Muhammad, but who in reality are people with violent intents." While Arne Blix and Jan O. Henriksen has stated that the drawing would result in little or no response and protest in the Middle East, the drawing has received worldwide attention. In both Norway and Denmark the drawing received media attention from all major newspapers. The infamous Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard, who welcomed the drawing in an interview with the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten, saying: "I think it's good that Jan O. made this drawing in the situation we are experiencing now, where freedom of expression is under attack and innocent lives are lost. We must stand firmly on the right to express ourselves. The freedom of speech is the most important thing we have". He also said that the Norwegian cartoonist would receive threats: "There are militant Muslims who have noticed this. He has exposed himself a lot with this drawing, and he will expect to receive threats." On the other hand, the Pakistani-Norwegian lawyer Abid Q. Raja said that Muslims would interpret the drawing as an insult of Muhammad, and criticised the newspaper for not admitting it to be a Muhammad caricature." In a Google search the television photographer Tariq Ali made with NRK Trøndelag around noon on 4 June, they noticed that over 400 Arab websites had mentioned the Norwegian drawing, and by the end of the day the number had reached 1,300 hits. Most of the websites condemned the drawing, some even stating they were more insulting than the Danish cartoons published in Jyllands-Posten in 2005. |
| Pakistan | In a letter to the Danish Queen Margrethe II, Pakistani President Pervez Musharaff strongly condemned the attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad and promised to find and prosecute the perpetrators. "We strongly condemn this terrorist act, which has affected our whole nation deeply", he said while assuring that the attack means that the Pakistani leadership will do even more to combat and eradicate the insurgents. "We are also determined to bring the perpetrators of this appalling crime to justice."
The Pakistani Foreign Secretary Salman Bashir said: "The president, the prime minister, as well as the foreign minister, have all very strongly condemned this terrorist attack, and our hearts go out to the families of the victims." |
| Qatar | Qatar has expressed its condemnation and denunciation of the attack. |
| Sweden | The Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs Carl Bildt condemned the attack in an interview with Sveriges Radio, saying: This attack is serious, and totally unacceptable. This shows the threat of terrorism. We must constantly be vigilant. Now it is directed against the Danish Embassy, a Nordic neighbour so that we feel sympathy, and we want to give Denmark all the support that the country may need to deal with this situation. But I have full confidence in the Danish government being able of dealing with the situation." When asked about why the attack was aimed at Denmark, he continued: "It is difficult to speculate in. We know, of course, not yet who it is. There are various fundamentalist and terrorist groups. They may have different agendas, they are targeted against various Western countries. Denmark has sometimes been the focus of the debate, sometimes other countries have been in focus. There is no reason to believe that Denmark would actually be more in focus than others. This is aimed against all of us." He further commented that as the attack had affected the whole os Scandinavia, there is a possibility that Sweden might be targeted as well, and that they would follow the events closely.
Sweden along with Norway, immediately closed its embassy in Islamabad. |
| Turkey | Minister of Foreign Affairs Ali Babacan sent messages to his Pakistani and Danish counterparts following the terror attack. "We extend our condolences to the families of the victims of the attacks and the people of Pakistan, and wish speedy recovery to those wounded". |
| United States | U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the attack on the Danish embassy in Islamabad. The presidential spokeswoman Dana Perino said that "We condemn this terrorist act, there is nothing that can defend it", and that the president has been briefed, who sent his condolences to the victims of the violence and to their families. The U.S. Embassy in Islamabad urged Americans to use extra caution when travelling through Islamabad and to avoid the blast site.
The U.S. Ambassador to Denmark, James Cain, said: "It is a tragic reminder of how far the bad people will go to prevent the spread of freedom." He gave his full support to Denmark, promising that the U.S. will support and defend the Danish embassies and interests, since the two countries are united in the fight for freedom. He also urged Denmark to continue to show courage and continue defending freedom. |
| Ukraine | The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry stressed that: "the inadmissibility of any terrorist attacks, particularly attacks on the buildings and workers of diplomatic institutions developing cooperation and strengthening mutual understanding between countries and nations," and expressed solidarity to a statement by the United Nations Security Council. |

### International organisations

| Organisation | Response |
| --- | --- |
| Al-Qaida | On 5 June an online posting attributed to Mustafa Abu al-Yazid on a jihadist website claimed that Al-Qaida planned the attack, saying:
"In Allah the most compassionate, most merciful name, honoured be Allah, lord of the worlds, and may prayers and peace lie with the imam of Justice, our Prophet Muhammad, his family, his followers, and those who continue to support him to the Last Judgement.
This event comes in the context of our jihad against the attack on our Islamic nation committed by crusaders, Jews and all the tyrannical enemies of Islam, and it is in defence of our religion and the Muslims' blood, their land and their honor. And this comes in retaliation for what the infidels of the so-called State of Denmark has published: the degrading cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed, peace be with him – which they refuse to apologise for the publication, although they have had many occasions to do so. We have launched the words of the quran verse 'and for those who insult the messenger of Allah, they must face a painful torment' (Surah 9:61).
This is what has been promised by Sheikh Osama bin Laden when he said, "If there is no control of your press freedom, so let your hearts be open to our acts of freedom. The answer is what you see, not what you hear, and many of our mothers will grief for us if we do not help the messenger of Allah (peace and blessings for him) '.
One of Al-Qaeda's brave heroes, the martyr operation on the morning of Monday June 2, 2008, aimed at the Danish Embassy in Islamabad, where they hided in their fortress which they thought was safe from the omnipotent of Allah's retaliation. We will shortly publish more information by the will of Allah, and also identify the martyr brother, who was responsible for the implementation of the operation, may Allah show him mercy.
This should serve as a warning to the infidel countries, in terms of crimes against the Prophet Muhammad, peace be with him. They must immediately apologize, otherwise, this will only be the first step in the fight. We congratulate the Islamic nation with this successful strike against the enemies of Allah, the staff at the Danish Embassy. This operation also contributes to the crucial role of Pakistani mujahideen, who participated in the preparation of this operation. They have pride and enthusiasm in their faith. And the credit goes to Allah, his messenger and the believers. " |
| European Union | The European Commission condemned the terrorist attack on the Danish embassy in the Pakistani capital Islamabad. "The Commission is still in the process of verifying the information we have received, and create the appropriate contacts, which can assess the situation", commission spokesman Johannes Laitenberger said. He continued: "The Commission condemns acts of terrorism and violence and therefore this action. The Commission expresses its solidarity with the victims of terror, and in this case, the Commission expresses of course its solidarity with its Member State Denmark." |
| United Nations | The United Nations Security Council met to condemn the "in the strongest terms the attack... causing numerous deaths, injuries and damage to nearby buildings, including a building housing the United Nations Development Programme" and to express "its deep sympathy and condolences to the victims of this heinous act of terrorism and to their families, and to the people and Governments of Pakistan and Denmark."
According to a spokesperson of UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General strongly condemned the car bombing outside the Danish Embassy in Islamabad, and reiterates his total rejection of such acts of terrorism and expressed his condolences to the families of the victims and to the Government of Pakistan.
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### Photo galleries

## InfoBox

| 2008 Danish embassy bombing | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy | |
| Damage done to the embassy as reported by TV 2 News in Denmark | |
| Location | Islamabad, Pakistan |
| Coordinates | 33°43′56″N 73°04′03″E / 33.732188°N 73.067552°E / 33.732188; 73.067552 |
| Date | 2 June 2008 (2008-06-02)
12:10 (UTC+5) |
| Target | Danish Embassy |
| Attack type | Suicide car bomb |
| Deaths | 3 policemen
3 employees
1 bomber |
| Injured | 24 |
| Perpetrator | al-Qaeda |