abstract: The 1825/1826 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1825, and January 14, 1826, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

text:
# 1825–1826 United States Senate election in New York

The **1825/1826 United States Senate election in New York** was held on February 1, 1825, and January 14, 1826, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

## Background

Rufus King had been elected in 1820 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1825. Because of his advanced age, he declined to run for re-election.

Although nominally in the same party, the Democratic-Republican Party was split into two fiercely opposing factions: the "Clintonians" (allies of Governor DeWitt Clinton), and "Bucktails" (a combine of the Tammany members from New York City and Clinton's upstate adversaries led by Martin Van Buren). The Bucktails had increased steadily in strength, but the presidential election of 1824 split the Bucktails into the supporters of William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. Early in 1824, the Crawfordians were the largest faction. In opposition to them, a new electoral law was debated in the State Legislature, which would transfer the election of presidential electors to the people at the State election instead of choosing them by joint ballot of the State Legislature. No such law was enacted, the Crawfordians managing to postpone indefinitely the resolution offered during the special sessions of the Legislature in August and November 1824. To pursue their goal, the supporters of the popular ballot for presidential electors formed the "People's Party" which, despite the leaders being adversaries of Ex-Governor DeWitt Clinton, nominated the latter for Governor.

At the State election in November 1824, the combined forces of the People's Party and the Clintonians elected Clinton Governor, a large majority to the Assembly, and six of the eight State Senators up for renewal. The 48th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 21, 1825, at Albany, New York. In the Assembly, Clarkson Crolius, one of the Bucktails who had joined the People's Party and supported Adams for President, was elected Speaker with 109 votes of 122 members present.

## Candidates

The People's Party-Clintonian State legislators met in caucus and almost unanimously nominated the longtime leader of the Clintonians, Mayor of Albany Ambrose Spencer. Spencer had been Chief Justice of the New York State Supreme Court until the end of 1822 when he was legislated out of office by the new State Constitution. His re-appointment early in 1823, on nomination by Bucktail Governor Joseph C. Yates, had been rejected by the State Senate.

Ex-Gov. Joseph C. Yates; Lt. Gov. James Tallmadge, Jr.; Congressman John W. Taylor; Canal Commissioners Samuel Young and Henry Seymour; Mayor of New York City William Paulding, Jr.; First Judge of the New York County Court John T. Irving; U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of New York Samuel Beardsley; District Attorney of Onondaga County Victory Birdseye; U.S. Supreme Court Reporter Henry Wheaton; Ex-Congressman Isaac Wilson; Ex-State Senators Henry Huntington and Edward P. Livingston; Rufus Crane, of Herkimer County; and S. Suydam received scattering votes.

## Result 1825, no choice

On February 1, 1825, the State Legislature attempted to elect a U.S. Senator.

The Assembly nominated Ambrose Spencer by a vote of 77 to 45.

Knowing that the large majority of assemblymen would outvote the Senators on joint ballot, the Anti-Spencer Senate majority took refuge to the only means to defeat Spencer: They did not nominate anybody, so that a joint ballot could not be held. On the first ballot, Spencer received 10 votes out of 31 cast. Then Samuel Wilkeson offered a resolution to declare Spencer nominated, which was rejected by 20 to 11. Wilkeson then offered a resolution in favor of Lt. Gov. James Tallmadge, Jr. Heman J. Redfield moved that this resolution lie on the table, which was carried by 19 to 12. Wilkeson then offered a resolution in favor of Samuel Young. Silas Wright, Jr. moved that this resolution also lie on the table, which was carried by 20 to 11. At this point, a message from the Assembly was received, calling for a joint meeting to compare nominations. Thereupon Wilkeson proposed a second ballot which was taken, and Spencer received 8 votes out of 31 cast. Wilkeson then offered a resolution in favor of John W. Taylor, which was rejected by 22 to 9, and the Senate adjourned.

**1825 United States Senator election result**
| Office | Candidate | Party | Senate
(32 members)
(first ballot) | Senate
(32 members)
(second ballot) | Assembly
(127 members) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| U.S. Senator | **Ambrose Spencer** | Dem.-Rep./Clintonian | 10 | 8 | **77** |
|  | James Tallmadge, Jr. | Dem.-Rep./People's Party | 2 | 4 |  |
|  | Samuel Young | Dem.-Rep./Bucktails | 2 | 2 |  |
|  | Edward P. Livingston |  | 2 | 2 |  |
|  | Victory Birdseye |  | 2 | 2 |  |
|  | John W. Taylor |  | 2 | 2 |  |
|  | Joseph C. Yates | Dem.-Rep./Bucktails | 1 | 2 |  |
|  | Henry Seymour | Dem.-Rep./Bucktails | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | Henry Wheaton |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | Samuel Beardsley |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | Henry Huntington | Dem.-Rep./Clintonian | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | S. Suydam |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | John T. Irving |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | Isaac Wilson |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | William Paulding, Jr. |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | Rufus Crane |  | 1 | 1 |  |
|  | David E. Evans |  | 1 |  |  |
|

On February 25, 1825, the State Senate adopted by a vote of 18 to 10 a "joint resolution" that Albert H. Tracy be declared elected a U.S. Senator. This meant that Tracy was not nominated by the Senate to proceed then to a joint ballot, but that the Senate asked the Assembly to concur in the election of the Senate's candidate. The Assembly refused to concur, on the grounds that the "concurrent vote" was contrary to State law which required a "joint ballot," and the seat became vacant on March 4. On March 25, another "joint resolution" was adopted in the Senate, this time in favor of Lt. Gov. James Tallmadge, Jr. This time, the Assembly voted that the resolution was tabled. On April 1, on motion of Samuel J. Wilkin, it was taken up and rejected by a vote of 61 to 21. No further action was taken by this Legislature.

## Election, 1826

At the State election in November 1825, Martin Van Buren managed to keep the presidential election issue out of view, and the Bucktail and Clintonian factions re-aligned. A Bucktail majority was elected to the Assembly, but five of the eight State Senators elected were Clintonians. The 49th New York State Legislature met from January 3 to April 18, 1826, at Albany, New York.

The strength of the factions in the Assembly was shown by the vote for Speaker: 65 for Bucktail Samuel Young and 54 for Stephen Allen who was a Bucktail but had lost the caucus for Speaker to Young, and received the votes of the Clintonians.

The Bucktail State legislators held a caucus for U.S. Senator and nominated Chancellor Nathan Sanford. Sanford had been a U.S. Senator from 1815 to 1821 and, when running for re-election as a Clintonian, had been defeated by the leader of the Bucktails, Martin Van Buren. Van Buren had by now abandoned Crawford, and maneuvered to get the Governor's and the Clintonians' support for Andrew Jackson at the next presidential election. Thus Chancellor Sanford appeared as a compromise candidate supported by both factions of the party. Upon his nomination, Sanford resigned from the bench, and on January 14, 1826, the State Legislature elected him nearly unanimously. He took his seat on January 31, 1826, and remained in office until March 3, 1831.

1. Henry Huntington (1766–1846), of Rome, delegate to constitutional convention 1801 and 1821, state senator 1804–1807, presidential elector 1808 and 1812, assemblyman 1816–17 and 1818, ran for Lieutenant Governor in 1822 and 1826, see *A genealogical Memoir of the Huntington Family in This Country* by Elijah Baldwin Huntington (Stamford, Conn; 1863; page 133)
2. John Treat Irving (1778–1838), brother of Washington Irving, lawyer, assemblyman 1816–17, 1819–1820, First Judge of New York County Court of Common Pleas 1821–1838
3. Such a "concurrent vote" was originally to be required for the election of U.S. Senators, but was rejected by the Council of Revision in 1789, see United States Senate election in New York, 1789.

## Sources


title: 1826 Boston mayoral election

abstract: The 1826 Boston mayoral election saw the reelection of incumbent Josiah Quincy III to a fifth consecutive term. It was held on December 11, 1826. His opponent was George Blake, the U.S. district attorney for District of Massachusetts.

text:
# 1826 Boston mayoral election

The **1826 Boston mayoral election** saw the reelection of incumbent Josiah Quincy III to a fifth consecutive term. It was held on December 11, 1826. His opponent was George Blake, the U.S. district attorney for District of Massachusetts.

## Results

1827 Boston mayoral election
| Candidate | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Josiah Quincy III (incumbent) | | 3,163 | 62.76 |
| George Blake | | 1,750 | 34.72 |
| *Scattering* | | 127 | 2.52 |
| Total votes | | **5,040** | **100** |

## InfoBox

1826 Boston mayoral election
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Candidate **Josiah Quincy III** George Blake  Popular vote **3,163** 1,750  Percentage **62.76%** 34.72% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Josiah Quincy III
Federalist **Elected mayor**
Josiah Quincy III
Federalist | |


title: 1825–1826 Massachusetts legislature

abstract: The 46th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1825 and 1826 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Nathaniel Silsbee served as president of the Senate and Timothy Fuller served as speaker of the House.

text:
# 1825–1826 Massachusetts legislature

Nathaniel Silsbee, Senate president.Timothy Fuller, House speaker.Leaders of the Massachusetts General Court, 1825-1826.

The **46th Massachusetts General Court**, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1825 and 1826 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. Nathaniel Silsbee served as president of the Senate and Timothy Fuller served as speaker of the House.

## Senators

* James T. Austin
* William Baylies
* Barker Burnell
* William Crawford, Jr.
* Braddock Dimmick
* William Eaton
* Benjamin Ellis
* William Ellis
* Josiah J. Fiske
* Henry Gardner
* Francis C. Gray
* Geo. Grennell Jr.
* Jacob Hall
* Rodman Hazard
* Samuel Hoar, Jr.
* Nathaniel Houghton
* Abel Jewett
* Joseph G. Kendall
* John Keyes
* John G. King
* Seth Knowles
* Thomas Longley
* Elihu Lyman
* David Mack, Jr.
* John Mason
* John Mills
* Nathan Noyes
* Solomon Pratt
* John Prince
* Benjamin Russell
* Micah M. Rutter
* James Savage
* Samuel Shears
* Nathaniel Silsbee
* Bezaleel Taft, Jr.
* Joseph Tripp
* Stephen White
* Justice Willard
* Moses Wingate
* Thomas L. Winthrop

## Representatives

## InfoBox

| 46th<br>Massachusetts General Court | |
| --- | --- |
| 45th 47th | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | General Court |
| Term | May 1825 (1825-05) – May 1826 (1826-05) |
| Senate | |
| Members | 40 |
| President | Nathaniel Silsbee |
| House | |
| Speaker | Timothy Fuller |
| Sessions | |
| 1st May 25, 1825 (1825-05-25) – June 18, 1825 (1825-06-18)  2nd January 4, 1826 (1826-01-04) – March 4, 1826 (1826-03-04) | |


abstract: The East Carolina University College of Education is the oldest college at East Carolina University. The original mission of ECU was as a teacher training school. The college has ten undergraduate programs, eight graduate programs, a doctoral program, and an Educational Specialist/Certificate of Advanced Study.

text:
# East Carolina University College of Education

The **East Carolina University** **College of Education** is the oldest college at East Carolina University. The original mission of ECU was as a teacher training school.

The college has ten undergraduate programs, eight graduate programs, a doctoral program, and an Educational Specialist/Certificate of Advanced Study.

## History

East Carolina Teachers Training School (ECTTS), a two-year teacher training school, was chartered in 1907 . ECTTS began classes in 1909.

The college is preparing retiring military personnel to transition into the teaching profession through the Troops to Teachers Program with an advising office located at Fort Liberty.

On August 13 East Carolina University alumnus Henry Pryce was inducted into the Educators Hall of Fame.

## Undergraduate degrees

The college offers seven Bachelor of Science (BS) and four Bachelor of Science in Business Education (BSBE). The BS degree in Family and Consumer Sciences Education is offered from the college of Human Ecology.

## Doctoral degrees

The doctoral program is a Doctor of Educational Leadership. The degree also offers a concentration in Higher Education Administration that is designed for individuals who seek administrative positions in higher education.


abstract: The East Carolina University Graduate School is the graduate school of East Carolina University. It coordinates the graduate offerings of all departments in the seven colleges, the Brody School of Medicine, and Integrated Coastal Sciences. The school offers Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in over 89 different fields.

text:
# East Carolina University Graduate School

The **East Carolina University Graduate School** is the graduate school of East Carolina University. It coordinates the graduate offerings of all departments in the seven colleges, the Brody School of Medicine, and Integrated Coastal Sciences. The school offers Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in over 89 different fields.

## History

East Carolina University Board of Trustees first authorized a master's degree program on August 22, 1929. The degrees' were first awarded in 1933. From 1929 to 1941, the school focused on education degrees, and first offered a non-teaching master's of science degree in 1941.

In 1941, it was one of six accredited Graduate Schools in North Carolina and now offers over 69 master's degrees, 18 doctoral programs, and 89 certificates. The School oversees the graduate programs of the College of Allied Sciences, the Thomas Harriot College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Engineering & Technology, the College of Fine Arts & Communication, the College of Health and Human Performance, the College of Nursing, the Integrated Coastal Program, and runs the non-professional degrees of the Brody School of Medicine.

## Academic Programs

The Graduate School of East Carolina University offers more than 100 graduate programs through its colleges and programs, including:

* Accounting
* Anthropology
* Audiology
* Art
* Biology
* Biomedical Physics
* Business Administration
* Chemistry
* Communication
* Computer Science
* Criminal Justice
* English
* History
* Kinesiology
* Mathematics
* Music
* Nutrition
* Occupational Therapy
* Physical Therapy
* Physics
* Public Health
* Sociology

The Graduate School also runs the PhD program of the Integrated Coastal Program and most certificates for the University. Certain programs are offered through online learning, while others are only offered on-campus. The Graduate School offers over 89 certificates across all 7 colleges and the Brody School of Medicine. Most graduate certificates are entirely online, with only 13 offered entirely in person.

The Graduate School also offers advanced and professional degrees in education including in Educational Leadership (Ed.D.) and Educational Administration and Supervision (Ed. S.). It also oversees the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), the Doctor of Audiology (AuD), the Master of Science in Nursing (MSN), the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and the Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD) programs.

## Student Body

As of Fall 2021, there were 5,558 graduate students, of which 550 were in the medical and dental schools. 66% of graduate's were female, 26.6% belong to underrepresented minority groups, and 1.3% are international students. Of all graduate students, 24% of students pursue degrees in healthcare, 21% in business, and 15% in education. In the 2019-2020 academic year, 65.3% of graduates took all classes online, 20.3% took no classes online, and 14.4% took classes in a hybrid setting.

## Accreditation

East Carolina University Graduate School is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Baccalaureate, Master's, and Doctoral degrees.

1. "Academics". *East Carolina University*. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
2. "Integrated Coastal Sciences Ph.D. Program". *East Carolina University*. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
3. "Find Your Program". *East Carolina University*. Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
4. McLawhorn, Marian (2007-03-05). "House Joint Resolution 460: A Joint Resolution honoring East Carolina University on the University's Centennial Anniversary" (PDF). *General Assembly of North Carolina*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
5. Tucker, John A. (2019-07-18). "Graduate Degrees". *East Carolina University*. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
6. "Facts about ECU". *East Carolina University*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
7. "Online Graduate Certificates". *East Carolina University*. Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
8. "Educational Administration and Supervision". *East Carolina University*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
9. "Educational Leadership (H-Ed)". *East Carolina University*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
10. "Physical Therapy (DPT)". *East Carolina University*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
11. "Doctor of Audiology (AuD)". *East Carolina University*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
12. "College of Nursing". *East Carolina University*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
13. "IPEDS Data Center". *nces.ed.gov*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
14. "East Carolina University Graduate School Report". *www.collegefactual.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
15. "Institutions". *SACSCOC*. Retrieved 2023-04-01.

## InfoBox

East Carolina University Graduate School
| Type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1929 (1929) |
| Dean | Kathleen Cox, Ph.D (interim) |
| Students | 5,558 |
| Location | Greenville, North Carolina, United States |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colors | Purple and Gold<br> |
| Website | gradschool.ecu.edu |


title: 1863 in archaeology

abstract: Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1863.

text:
# 1863 in archaeology

| 1780s . 1790s in archaeology . 1800
 |
| --- |
| Other events: 1790s . Archaeology timeline |

Below are notable events in **archaeology** that occurred in **1863**.

## Explorations

## Excavations

## Publications

## Finds

## Awards

## Miscellaneous

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in archaeology (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In science 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 |
| *+...* |


title: Altmark

abstract: - See German tanker Altmark for the ship named after Altmark and Stary Targ for the Polish village named Altmark in German. The Altmark is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt. As the initial territory of the March of Brandenburg, it is sometimes referred to as the "Cradle of Prussia", as by Otto von Bismarck, a native of Schönhausen near Stendal.

text:
# Altmark

*See German tanker Altmark for the ship named after Altmark and Stary Targ for the Polish village named Altmark in German.*

The **Altmark** (English: Old March) is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt. As the initial territory of the March of Brandenburg, it is sometimes referred to as the "Cradle of Prussia", as by Otto von Bismarck, a native of Schönhausen near Stendal.

## Geography

The Altmark is located west of the Elbe river between the cities of Hamburg and Magdeburg, mostly included in the present-day districts of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel and Stendal. In the west, the Drawehn hill range and the Drömling depression separate it from the Lüneburg Heath in Lower Saxony; the Altmark also borders the Wendland region in the north and the Magdeburg Börde in the south. Adjacent east of the Elbe is the historical Prignitz region.

The population is small. The cultural landscape within the North European Plain is rural and widely covered with forests and heathlands. The largest towns are Stendal, with a population of 39,000, and Salzwedel (21,500).

## History

Before the Migration Period of 300 to 700 AD, the Lombards had settled the future Altmark. Subsequently, Old Germanic Saxon tribes lived in the northwest and Polabian Slavs in the eastern territories along the Elbe. After the Saxon Wars, waged by Charlemagne from 772 to 804, the lands became part of the Carolingian Empire. They formed part of the Eastphalian territory of the Duchy of Saxony, which, from 843 onwards, constituted the eastern borderlands of East Francia under Louis the German. The bishops of Verden and of Halberstadt promoted the Christianisation of the Saxon population.

In 936 the German king Otto I allotted the territory of the later Altmark to the Saxon Count Gero, in order to subdue the West Slavic Wends settling on the Elbe. Gero thereafter campaigned in the Slavic lands far beyond the river Elbe and thereafter established the Saxon *Marca Geronis* stretching up to the Oder in the east. Upon Gero's death in 965, his *marca* was split and the Northern March was granted to Dietrich of Haldensleben, who nevertheless turned out to be an incapable ruler and lost all the territories east of the Elbe in the Slavic Lutici uprising of 983. He retained only his margravial title and the initial land basis of his predecessor Gero's conquests west of the river.

For more than one and a half centuries, the lands east of the Elbe defied German control, until in 1134 Emperor Lothair of Supplinburg bestowed the Northern March on the Ascanian count Albert the Bear. Albert signed an inheritance contract with the Slavic Hevelli prince Pribislav and in 1150 succeeded him in his eastern territory around the fortress of Brandenburg an der Havel, which became the nucleus of his newly established Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157.

As the Brandenburg margraves expanded their territory during the course of the *Ostsiedlung*, the original western territory of the Northern March became known as the Altmark (literally "Old March") in contrast to the *Mittelmark* (Middle March) and *Neumark* (New March) beyond the Oder river; the written record first mentions it in 1304 as *Antiqua Marchia*.

As part of Brandenburg, from 1415 held by the House of Hohenzollern, the Altmark became part of Brandenburg-Prussia and (from 1701) of the Kingdom of Prussia. After Prussia's defeat at the hands of Napoleon in 1806, the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) assigned the territory of the Altmark to the new Kingdom of Westphalia. Prussia regained the area upon Napoleon's defeat (per Article XXIII of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, 1815); however, it was incorporated into the new Prussian Province of Saxony rather than being attached to the Province of Brandenburg. Within Prussian Saxony, the Altmark was subdivided into the districts of Salzwedel, Gardelegen, Osterburg, and Stendal, all administered within the *Regierungsbezirk* of Magdeburg.

After World War II the Altmark, lying to the east of the inner German border, became part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt in the Soviet occupation zone. The regional administration of East Germany saw it administered within *Bezirk Magdeburg* from 1952 to 1990. With German reunification in 1990, the Altmark became part of a reconstituted Saxony-Anhalt.

## Rivers and lakes

The region is drained by the Elbe, joined by the Havel at Havelberg, and its left tributaries of the Milde-Biese-Aland system and the Jeetzel river.

The largest natural lake of the Altmark is the Arendsee.

## Transport

### Road

The Altmark is located off the main traffic routes. The Bundesautobahn 14 leads to the Bundesautobahn 2 from Hanover to Berlin, it however ends north of Magdeburg. A continuation through the Altmark towards Schwerin is planned. Beside which the Federal roads B71, B107, B188, B189, B190, B248 run through the region.

### Rail

Stendal station is a stop on the Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway. Other lines include:

## Towns

## Notes and references

52°43′N 11°24′E / 52.717°N 11.400°E / 52.717; 11.400


title: Altmar, New York

abstract: Altmar is a hamlet in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 407 at the 2010 census. The former Village of Altmar is in northern part of the Town of Albion at State Route 13 and County Route 22. Altmar is the seat of the town government.

text:
# Altmar, New York

**Altmar** is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 407 at the 2010 census.

The former **Village of Altmar** (formerly "Sand Bank" and now dissolved) is in northern part of the Town of Albion at State Route 13 and County Route 22. Altmar is the seat of the town government.

## History

The community was first settled in 1813 by Peter Henderson. The village was incorporated in 1876 as "Sand Bank." In 1890, the population was 551.

On November 10, 2010, residents of Altmar voted to dissolve their village's government under Governor Andrew Cuomo's Government Reorganization and Citizen Empowerment Act, becoming the first village to do so under the act; the margin was a mere six votes. The village board had until May 31, 2011 to draft a plan to dissolve the village's government.

The village was dissolved on June 1, 2013 and remains an area within the Town of Albion.

## Attractions

Located within Altmar is the Salmon River Fish Hatchery, operated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to support the state's stocking program for Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. The hatchery is a popular destination for visitors, many of whom come to watch egg collections from steelhead, coho salmon and Chinook salmon returning to the hatchery. Over three million young fish are raised at the hatchery each year.

## Notable persons

Artist Milton Avery was born in what was then Sand Bank in 1885.

## Geography

Altmar is located at 43°30′43″N 76°0′3″W / 43.51194°N 76.00083°W / 43.51194; -76.00083 (43.511877, −76.000756).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), of which 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2) is land and 0.46% is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 753 |  |  |
| 1890 | 551 |  | −26.8% |
| 1900 | 416 |  | −24.5% |
| 1910 | 363 |  | −12.7% |
| 1920 | 315 |  | −13.2% |
| 1930 | 378 |  | 20.0% |
| 1940 | 304 |  | −19.6% |
| 1950 | 299 |  | −1.6% |
| 1960 | 277 |  | −7.4% |
| 1970 | 448 |  | 61.7% |
| 1980 | 347 |  | −22.5% |
| 1990 | 336 |  | −3.2% |
| 2000 | 351 |  | 4.5% |
| 2010 | 407 |  | 16.0% |
| 2020 | 357 |  | −12.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 351 people, 119 households, and 84 families residing in the village. The population density was 162.5 inhabitants per square mile (62.7/km2). There were 131 housing units at an average density of 60.6 per square mile (23.4/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.01% White, and 1.99% from two or more races.

There were 119 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.35.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 12.3% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $31,786, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $25,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,333. About 15.9% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.7% of those under age 18 and 29.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Altmar has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

## InfoBox

| Altmar, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet and CDP | |
| Altmar, New YorkLocation within the state of New YorkAltmar, New YorkAltmar, New York (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 43°30′43″N 76°0′3″W / 43.51194°N 76.00083°W / 43.51194; -76.00083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Oswego |
| Town | Albion |
| Settled | 1813 |
| Incorporated | February 21, 1876 |
| Dissolved | May 31, 2013 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.08 sq mi (5.39 km2) |
| Land | 2.07 sq mi (5.36 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation | 574 ft (175 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 357 |
| Density | 172.55/sq mi (66.61/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 13302 |
| Area code | 315 |
| FIPS code | 36-01550 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2391512 |


title: Altmark incident

abstract: The Altmark incident was a naval incident of World War II between British destroyers and the German tanker Altmark, which happened on 16–17 February 1940. It took place in what were neutral Norwegian waters. On board the Altmark were roughly 300 Allied prisoners, whose ships had been sunk by the pocket battleship Graf Spee in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. British naval forces cornered the tanker, and later the destroyer HMS Cossack boarded the Altmark near the Jøssingfjord and liberated all the prisoners. Eight German sailors were killed and ten wounded during hand-to-hand fighting, which took place during the boarding. A British sailor was also wounded during the fighting. The German government claimed that the boarding had been a violation of international law and of Norwegian neutrality and later used the incident in the propaganda broadcasts of "Lord Haw-Haw".

text:
# Altmark incident

The ***Altmark* incident** (Norwegian: *Altmark*-affæren; German: *Altmark-Zwischenfall*) was a naval incident of World War II between British destroyers and the German tanker *Altmark*, which happened on 16–17 February 1940. It took place in what were neutral Norwegian waters. On board the *Altmark* were roughly 300 Allied prisoners (officially internees), whose ships had been sunk by the pocket battleship *Graf Spee* in the Southern Atlantic Ocean.

British naval forces cornered the tanker, and later the destroyer HMS *Cossack* boarded the *Altmark* near the Jøssingfjord and liberated all the prisoners. Eight German sailors were killed and ten wounded during hand-to-hand fighting, which took place during the boarding. A British sailor was also wounded during the fighting. The German government claimed that the boarding had been a violation of international law and of Norwegian neutrality and later used the incident in the propaganda broadcasts of "Lord Haw-Haw".

## Background

In February 1940, the German tanker *Altmark* was returning to Germany with 299 captured British sailors on board. These were prisoners of war who had been picked up from ships sunk by the pocket battleship *Admiral Graf Spee*.

On its way from the southern Atlantic to Germany, the *Altmark* passed through Norwegian waters. International law did not ban the transfer of prisoners of war through neutral waters. On the insistence of British contacts who had been pursuing the vessel, it was investigated three times on 15 February by the Royal Norwegian Navy. First, the tanker was boarded by officers from the torpedo boat HNoMS *Trygg*, off Linesøya, then by officers from the torpedo boat HNoMS *Snøgg* in the Sognefjord, and finally personally by Admiral Carsten Tank-Nielsen and naval personnel from the destroyer HNoMS *Garm* in the Hjeltefjord. In each instance, the men who boarded the ship carried out cursory searches and took the Germans' word that the vessel was conducting purely commercial business. The British prisoners held in the ship's hold reportedly made strenuous efforts to signal their presence, but the Norwegian search parties did not inspect the hold, and allowed the ship to continue on its way.

Following the third boarding, *Altmark* was escorted southwards by the torpedo boats HNoMS *Skarv* and HNoMS *Kjell* and the guard boat HNoMS *Firern*.

## Incident

*Altmark* was then spotted off Egersund later that same day by British aircraft, which raised the alarm in the Royal Navy. The aircraft were stationed at RAF Thornaby, in the North East of England. After being intercepted by the destroyer HMS *Cossack*, captained by Philip Vian, *Altmark* sought refuge in the Jøssingfjord, but *Cossack* followed her in the next day. The *Altmark*'s Norwegian naval escorts blocked initial attempts to board the ship, and aimed their torpedo tubes at the *Cossack*. Captain Vian then asked the British Admiralty for instructions, and received the following orders directly from the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill:

> Unless Norwegian torpedo-boat undertakes to convoy *Altmark* to Bergen with a joint Anglo-Norwegian guard on board, and a joint escort, you should board *Altmark*, liberate the prisoners, and take possession of the ship pending further instructions. If Norwegian torpedo-boat interferes, you should warn her to stand off. If she fires upon you, you should not reply unless attack is serious, in which case you should defend yourself, using no more force than is necessary, and ceasing fire when she desists. Suggest to Norwegian destroyer that honour is served by submitting to superior force.

The British government made no particular objection to the fact of a prison ship traversing neutral waters. In fact, in official papers regarding the incident, they noted the fact that the Royal Navy had done the same, for example in December 1939, when the cruiser HMS *Despatch* passed through the Panama Canal, which was neutral waters, with German prisoners aboard from the freighter *Düsseldorf*. But the crew of the *Altmark* had gone hundreds of miles out of their way to make the long run through Norwegian waters to Germany. Besides, the Norwegian government had not permitted the Germans to transport prisoners through Norwegian waters (the *Altmark* having falsely claimed to be carrying none), and the HMS *Despatch* crew had been truthful regarding the nature of their cargo and voyage.

The Norwegian naval forces refused to take part in a joint escort and reiterated that their earlier searches of *Altmark* had found nothing. Vian then stated that he intended to board *Altmark* and invited the Norwegians to take part, but that was also refused. In the ensuing action, *Altmark* ran aground. The British then boarded her at 22:20 on 16 February and, after some hand-to-hand fighting with bayonet, overwhelmed the ship's crew and went down to the hold. One of the released prisoners stated that the first they knew of the operation was when they heard the shout "any Englishmen here?" from the boarding party. When the prisoners shouted back "yes! We are all British!", the response was "well, the Navy's here!", which brought cheers.

This incident is frequently cited as the last Royal Navy action with cutlasses. However, the HMS *Cossack* Association do not believe this to be true. Barton and McGrath, the authors of *British Naval Swords and Swordsmanship*, also think that is dubious and point out that Frischauer and Jackson, the authors of *The Altmark Affair*, interviewed a large number of the crew, none of whom verified the use of cutlasses. Barton and McGrath suggest that idea may have originated from German accusations that the British were "sea-pirates". However, Jim Rhodes, a former crew member of *Cossack*, wrote in the April 2002 newsletter of the Association that he had witnessed a cutlass being carried by one of the boarding party. Rhodes had not taken part in the action, had watched from B Gun deck and had been too far to identify the cutlass holder. Rhodes stated that four cutlasses had been kept on board for ceremonial purposes.

Seven German sailors were killed, and eleven wounded during the fighting, six seriously. The German dead were buried in Sogndal Cemetery above Jøssingfjord. HMS *Cossack* left the Jøssingfjord just after midnight on 17 February. The Norwegian escorts protested but did not intervene. The official explanation later given by the Norwegian government was that according to international treaty, a neutral country was not obliged to resist a vastly-superior force.

## Aftermath

The Norwegians were angered that their neutrality had been infringed, as they did not want to be dragged into the war. Nonetheless, the *Altmark* incident sowed doubts about Norwegian neutrality among the Allies and in Germany. Adolf Hitler, who earlier had decided on 14 December 1939 on the invasion of Norway after discussions with Admiral Erich Raeder and Vidkun Quisling, ordered intensified planning on 19 February 1940 for attacks on Norway and Denmark, which eventually took place on 9 April 1940 under the code name Operation Weserübung. However, as noted by the British politician Maurice Hankey, the incident "does not seem to have given Hitler the pretext he was seeking for launching an invasion of Norway".

The *Altmark* incident gave the British a short-lived but sorely-needed morale boost during the Phoney War. The incident also had a lasting propaganda effect in German-occupied Norway during the war, when the Norwegian collaborationist government tried to neutralise its nickname "quislings" by using the location of the skirmish, Jøssingfjord, to coin the derogatory term "*jøssing*", referring to pro-Allies and anti-Nazis. The efforts backfired, as "*jøssing*" was immediately adopted as a positive term by the general public, and it was banned from official use by 1943.

The phrase "the Navy's here" became well known in Britain and was used as the title of a book about the incident; the publisher referred to "the simple statement which stirred the imagination of the world". A popular song was written by Ross Parker and Hughie Charles and saluted the incident by comparing it with those of Drake, Nelson, Beatty and Fisher.

1. "A Great Naval Exploit: The Return of the H.M.S. Cossack". *The Times*. London. 19 February 1940. p. 10.
2. Haar p. 378.
3. "BBC - Press Office - BBC Archive reveals effect mysterious Lord Haw-Haw had on Britain".
4. Simpson, Brian (2005). *The Rule of Law in International Affairs*. Vol. 125. Oxford University Press. pp. 213–264. ISBN 978-0-19-726324-2. Retrieved 9 April 2010. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
5. NA-ADM 1/25843. Last sentence is omitted in Churchill's account:Churchill, Sir Winston (1948). *Volume 1 of The Second World War: The Gathering Storm*. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-41055-4.
6. Haarr, Geirr (2013). *The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe, September 1939 – April 1940*. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1591143314.
7. Willi Frischaur & Robert Jackson (1955). *The Altmark Affair*. New York: Macmillan.
8. "Hardships of the Prisoners". *The Times*. London. 19 February 1940. p. 8.
9. Mark Barton, John McGrath, *British Naval Swords and Swordsmanship*, p. 21, Seaforth Publishers, 2013 ISBN 184832135X.
10. Hankey, Maurice (1950). *Politics, Trials and Errors*. Lawbook Exchange. ISBN 978-158477228-6.
11. "Norge i krigen 1939-45". *NorgesLexi* (in Norwegian). University of Bergen. Archived from the original on 19 September 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
12. "The Battle of the Plate". *The Times*. London. 4 April 1940. p. 10.
13. Parker, Ross and Hugh Charles (1940). "The Navy's Here". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
14. "Ave Atque Vale". *The Times*. London. 11 November 1941. p. 5.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

58°19′01″N 6°20′11″E / 58.31694°N 6.33639°E / 58.31694; 6.33639

## InfoBox

| *Altmark* incident | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Phoney War of World War II | |
|
German casualties are brought ashore for burial after the incident. | |
| Date 16 February 1940  Location Jøssingfjord, Sokndal, Norway  Result  British victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Kingdom | Germany |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Philip Vian | Heinrich Dau |
| Strength | |
| 3 destroyers | 1 tanker |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 1 wounded | 8 killed
10 wounded |
| 299 British prisoners rescued | |


title: 1656 in science

abstract: The year 1656 in science and technology involved some significant events.

text:
# 1656 in science

The year **1656 in science** and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

## Botany

## Medicine

## Technology

* December 25 – Christiaan Huygens designs the first working pendulum clock, which is sufficiently accurate to be fitted with both a minute hand and a second hand.

## Publications

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in science (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Amanda Gefter

abstract: Amanda Gefter is an American science writer, noteworthy for her 2014 book Trespassing on Einstein's Lawn. The book won Physics World's 2015 book of the year award.

text:
# Amanda Gefter

**Amanda Gefter** (born 16 August 1980) is an American science writer, noteworthy for her 2014 book *Trespassing on Einstein's Lawn*. The book won Physics World's 2015 book of the year award.

## Education and career

Amanda Gefter has a master's degree in the Philosophy and History of Science from the London School of Economics. For the academic year 2012–2013 she was a Knight Science Journalism Fellow at MIT.

Her articles, specializing in cosmology and fundamental physics, have been published in The New York Times, Nautilus, New Scientist, Scientific American, Nature, Sky and Telescope, and several other journals. She is a former co-director of the collaborative group NeuWrite Boston and a current co-host, with science journalist Dan Falk, of BookLab, a podcast about popular science books.

## Personal life

The pattern of Amanda Gefter's life has been influenced by an inherited circadian rhythm disorder called delayed sleep phase syndrome. She married Justin Smith in July 2017. Their relationship was dramatized in the Modern Love episode "The Night Girl Finds a Day Boy."

## Awards


title: Amalgamated Lithographers of America

abstract: The Amalgamated Lithographers of America (ALA) is a labor union formed in 1915 to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of workers in the craft of lithography. The ALA was established through the amalgamation of several small unions already existing in the lithographic industry, one of which dated back to 1886. The union remained in independent existence for nearly half a century as part of the American Federation of Labor and its successor federation, the AFL-CIO, until combining with the International Photo-Engravers Union (IPEU) to establish the Lithographers and Photoengravers International Union (LPIU) in 1964. After a series of subsequent organizational mergers, the core of the ALA remains in existence in the 21st Century as Local One-L of the Graphic Communications Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Headquarters of the organization are located in New York City.

text:
# Amalgamated Lithographers of America

The **Amalgamated Lithographers of America** (**ALA**) is a labor union formed in 1915 to conduct collective bargaining on behalf of workers in the craft of lithography. The ALA was established through the amalgamation of several small unions already existing in the lithographic industry, one of which dated back to 1886.

The union remained in independent existence for nearly half a century as part of the American Federation of Labor and its successor federation, the AFL-CIO, until combining with the International Photo-Engravers Union (IPEU) to establish the Lithographers and Photoengravers International Union (LPIU) in 1964.

After a series of subsequent organizational mergers, the core of the ALA remains in existence in the 21st Century as Local One-L of the Graphic Communications Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Headquarters of the organization are located in New York City.

## History

### Background

Traditional lithography is a form of artistic reproduction using techniques first developed around the turn of the 19th century. A drawing is adhered to a smooth stone by means of an oily crayon or ink, with nitric acid applied to the stone and repelled by the oil, instead working on the unmarked areas and leaving the drawing in relief. The process is both labor-intensive and difficult, and therefore costly, although the reproduction of colors by lithographic means frequently results in a brilliance and precision unequaled by other forms of mass reproduction.

Prior to the American Civil War, lithographers began to establish local trade unions in many of the larger cities of the United States of America. Many of these local organizations were destroyed by the economic chaos and unemployment associated with the Panic of 1857 and did not revive until after the conclusion of the war in 1865.

It would not be until 1886 that a permanent national trade union of lithographers was formed. This organization, the Lithographers' International Protective and Beneficial Association of the United States and Canada (LIPBA) was formed as an adjunct of the Knights of Labor, a predecessor and rival to the fledgling American Federation of Labor which favored an industrial form of organization. LIPBA consequently included a wide range of skilled workers among its ranks, including artists, engravers, transferrers, and skilled press operators.

Most of the artists and engravers withdrew from LIPBA in 1890 to form their own organization, the cumbersomely named International Lithographic Artists' and Engravers' Insurance and Protective Association of the United States and Canada (ILAE). Originally conceived as a mutual benefit society, the ILAE rapidly moved into collective bargaining, attempting to use its clout to establish a minimum wage for artistic workers in the industry and to abolish the use of piece work. This agenda lead it into conflict with employers, culminating in a major strike in New York City in 1896 after negotiations with the employers' association of lithographic firms was unsuccessful. The strike was ultimately ended by the use of arbitration, with the final result going far to meet most of the union's demands over wages and working conditions.

Since neither LIPBA (transferrers and press operators) nor ILAE (artists and engravers) would admit the lesser skilled press feeders into their organizations, in 1898 there was a third union formed in the lithographic industry, the International Protective Association of Lithographic Apprentices and Press Feeders of the United States and Canada. In addition, no fewer than three other unions were established in the next two years, each a craft union attempting to carve out a specific niche. These included the Poster Artists' Association of America (PAAA, established 1899), the Paper Cutters Union (established 1900), and the International Association of Stone and Plate Preparers of the United States and Canada (established 1900).

If the workers in the lithographic industry, largely concentrated in New York City, found themselves splintered into six tiny organizations, the major employers in the industry were not. The Lithographers' Association of the Metropolitan District coordinated wages and working hours among lithographic employers in New York City and attempted to hold down costs to enhance the profitability of its members. On March 15, 1904, this employers' association announced a lock out of all union employees, winning ground for the employers in a compromise settlement reached that April. This battle was extended in 1906 by an even larger organization, the National Association of Employing Lithographers, which eliminated two decades of collective bargaining in the industry by successfully establishing an open shop.

The Amalgamated Lithographers of America was the entity formed in response to this growing disparity in power between centrally organized employers and the fragmented and largely impotent small unions of their workers.

### Establishment

The Amalgamated Lithographers of America (ALA) was established in 1915 through a merger of 4 of the 6 unions then operating in the lithographic industry — the LIPBA (established 1886), the ILAE (1890), the Paper Cutters (1900), and the Stone and Plate Preparers (1900). The Press Feeders and the Poster Artists' Association initially stood aloof from the new organization, joining only in 1918 and 1942, respectively.

The ALA attempted to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor (AF of L), an umbrella organization joining dozens of craft unions into one entity, but the Federation refused to recognize the new amalgamated union. Instead, the AF of L continued to recognize the LIPBA, which had affiliated with the Federation in 1904 but which no longer existed as an independent entity following the 1915 merger. The next year, the AF of L ordered the new Amalgamated union to join either the International Photo-Engravers Union (IPEU) or the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union (IPPAU), a demand resisted by the ALA.

### From federation to independence (1946-1958)

An uneasy truce followed the refusal of the ALA to merge with the IPEU, during which the Amalgamated was affiliated with the AF of L but sympathies at the Federation's national headquarters lay elsewhere, the two unions staking out their respective membership turf. Discord erupted in 1946 when the AF of L intervened on behalf of the Printing Pressmen in a jurisdictional dispute with the ALA in Atlanta. In retaliation, the ALA withdrew from AF of L membership and joined the rival Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

The 1955 merger of the AF of L and the CIO to form the AFL-CIO brought the ALA within the large federation tent once again, but it soon found its old jurisdictional battles with the IPPAU once again renewed. The majority of voting delegates at conventions of the AFL-CIO sided repeatedly sided with the IPPAU over the ALA whenever jurisdictional battles were brought forward to be adjudicated and in frustration the ALA withdrew once again. This time the ALA abandoned national federation to stake out its course as an independent union — a status it retained until a 1964 merger with the IPEU.

### 1964 merger with IPEU

From 1966 through 1975, the union's Local One in New York City under the leadership of Edward Swayduck (19111987) published 39 issues of the quarterly *Lithopinion*, intended as a showcase of the graphic arts.

### Subsequent mergers

The LPIU was subsequently merged away as part of a 1972 unification with the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders (IBB) to establish the Graphic Arts International Union (GAIU). The GAIU was itself amalgamated with the International Printing and Graphic Communications Union (IPGCU) to form the Graphic Communications International Union (GCIU) in 1983. This organization ultimately became part of the Graphic Communications Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (GCC-IBT) effective January 1, 2005.

Despite this series of organizational changes, the core of the Amalgamated Lithographers of America continues to have organizational form today as Local One-L of the GCC-IBT.

### Official organ

The official organ of the Amalgamated Lithographers of America was the magazine *Lithographers' Journal.* The publication was launched in June 1915 and terminated in the summer of 1964. At the time of the 1964 merger with the IPEU, *Lithographers' Journal* and the IPEU's organ, *American Photo Engraver,* were similarly joined to form a new publication, *Graphic Arts Unionist.*

## Presidents

Philip Bock 1929: Andrew J. Kennedy 1938: John Blackburn 1955: George A. Canary 1958: F. Patrick Slater 1960: Kenneth J. Brown 1948-1975: Edward Swayduck

## Footnotes

## ALA publications

* *Lithographers' Journal*

Vol. 1 (1915-16) | Vol. 2 (1916-17) | Vol. 3 (1917-18) | Vol. 4 (1918-19) | Vol. 5 (1919-20) | Vol. 6 (1920-21) | Vol. 7 (1921-22)

## Further reading


title: Amalgamated Meat Cutters

abstract: The Amalgamated Meat Cutters (AMC), officially the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America, 1897–1979, was a labor union that represented retail and packinghouse workers. In 1979, the AMCBW merged with the Retail Clerks International Union to form the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW)

text:
# Amalgamated Meat Cutters

The **Amalgamated Meat Cutters** (**AMC**), officially the **Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America**, 1897–1979, was a labor union that represented retail and packinghouse workers. In 1979, the AMCBW merged with the Retail Clerks International Union to form the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW)

## History

It was chartered by the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1897 to consolidate seven local unions in Chicago. The union was strongly committed to craft unionism. The union had 56 departments, each of which represented a different worker in the meatpacking industry. Workers in a given craft in a city had their own council, executive board, business agent and contract. The union was so divided internally that some members would continue working while others in the same city were on strike.

The union led one of the most notable strikes of the early 20th century in the United States. On July 12, 1904, 18,000 union members in Chicago walked off the job to win higher wages. They were joined by most of the other unions in the city. The union had actually reached an agreement on an 18.5-cent-an-hour minimum wage for unskilled workers on July 6, but the Employers' Association of Chicago broke an agreement to not discriminate against union members. AFL President Samuel Gompers begged the union not to strike, but the Amalgamated walked out. Gompers subsequently refused to support the strike. But two AFL unions – the Stationary Firemen and the Stationary Engineers – refused to support the strike, and their members stayed on the job. The city's ice-houses stayed in operation, and most meat remained frozen and unspoiled. The Employers' Association helped break the strike by hiring thousands of unemployed African-American workers as scabs. On August 18, 1904, when several black cattle herders chased stray stock outside the city's main stockyards, angry union members surrounded them and pelted the men with stones. Roughly 150 policemen formed a cordon to protect the strikebreakers, and angry union members replied with rocks and gunfire. More than 4,000 union members rioted.

The strike ended in defeat for the union on September 6, 1904. The international union itself would have been broken if not for the intervention of social reformer Jane Addams, who personally met with Armour and Company president J. Ogden Armour and convinced him to offer the union a desultory contract. Upton Sinclair's landmark novel, *The Jungle*, alludes to the 1904 strike.

The union also conducted a major strike from late 1921 through February 1922, perceived as a failure. Two black strikebreakers were lynched as a result of the strike: Jake Brooks in Oklahoma City on January 14, 1922, and Fred Rouse in Fort Worth, Texas. On December 6, 1921, Rouse was accused of shooting two brothers during the strike. After being "roughly manhandled", Rouse was transferred to City County Hospital with a fractured skull and several stab wounds. He was dragged from his hospital bed and murdered on December 11, 1921.

## Leadership

### International Secretary-Treasurers

Historically, the International Secretary-Treasurer was the AMC's de facto ranking official.

### International Presidents

1898: Michael J. Donnelly 1907: Edward Winthrop Potter 1909: John E. Carney 1910: John F. Hart 1921: Cornelius J. Hayes 1923: Patrick E. Gorman 1942: Earl Jimerson 1957: Thomas J. Lloyd 1972: Joseph Belsky 1976: Harry R. Poole

## Mergers

Over time, the Amalgamated absorbed several other unions, including the United Leather Workers' International Union in 1951, the International Fur and Leather Workers Union in 1955, the National Agriculture Workers Union in 1960, and the United Packinghouse Workers of America in 1968. In 1979, the AMCBW merged with the Retail Clerks International Union to form the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW).

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

* Barrett, James R. (1990). *Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packing-House Workers, 1894–1922*. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01378-2.
* Brody, David (1964). *The Butcher Workmen: A Study of Unionization*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08925-9.
* *50 Golden Years*. Mayer and Miller. 1947.
* Foner, Philip S. (1964). *History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Volume 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900-1909*. New York: International Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7178-0093-3.
* Halpern, Rick (1997). *Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904–54*. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02337-8.
* Warren, Wilson J. (2007). "Packinghouse Workers". In Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Christian; Cayton, Andrew (eds.). *The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia*. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 1310. ISBN 978-0-253-34886-9.

## InfoBox

Amalgamated Meat Cutters
| Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America | |
| --- | --- |
| Abbreviation | AMC |
| Merged into | United Food and Commercial Workers |
| Formation | 1897 (1897) |
| Dissolved | 1979 (1979) |
| Type | Trade union |
| Location | * + Canada     + United States |
| Secretary-treasurers |  |
| Affiliations |  |


title: Amarachi Okafor

abstract: Amarachi Okafor is a Nigerian artist whose works have focused on culture, religion, history, gender relations, human sexuality, and topical issues, like the spread of the Ebola virus in Africa.

text:
# Amarachi Okafor

**Amarachi Okafor**//  (born 1977) is a Nigerian artist whose works have focused on culture, religion, history, gender relations, human sexuality, and topical issues, like the spread of the Ebola virus in Africa.

## Early life and education

Okafor was born in Umuahia. In 2002 she attended a fine arts course at the University of Nigeria and in 2007, at the same university, held a master's degree in sculpture and curatorial practice.

## Career

Okafor was a member of El Anatsui's atelier in the late 1990s.

Okafor works in painting and sculpture. She was the curator at NGA (National Gallery of Art) in Abuja between 2008 and 2014. In 2007 she won a Unesco-Aschberg artists' residency, and the Commonwealth Foundation *Commonwealth Connections* in 2010. In 2014, she was a finalist in the 2014 National Art Competition, and won the Juror's prize that year.

She exhibited at the 2015 Jogja Biennale.

Okafor's "The Colour of My Heart Is Colour of My City" was a touring (2015-2019) solo art exhibition that exhibited at the Centre for Contemporary Art, Lagos.

## InfoBox

| Amarachi Okafor | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1977<br>Umuahia |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Education | University of Nigeria |
| Awards | Unesco-Aschberg artists’ residency, finalist in the 2014 National Art Competition |


title: 1874 in China

abstract: Events from the year 1874 in China.

text:
# 1874 in China

Events from the year **1874 in China**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Births

* Shen Shou (Chinese: 沈壽; 1874–1921) a Chinese embroiderer during the late Qing and early Republican period
* Feng Guifen (Chinese: 馮桂芬; pinyin: Féng Guìfēn; 1809 – May 28, 1874, courtesy name Linyi (Chinese: 林一; pinyin: Línyī) was a scholar during the Qing dynasty and was a strong contributor to the philosophy of the Self-Strengthening Movement undertaken in the late 19th century
* Shen Hongying (simplified Chinese: 沈鸿英; traditional Chinese: 沈鴻英; pinyin: Shěn Hóngyīng) (1871–1938) was a Chinese general in the Old Guangxi Clique
* Tang Hualong (1874 – September 1, 1918), was the education minister from 1914 to 1915 and the interior minister in 1917 in the Republic of China.\[1\]
* Tan Kah Kee (21 October 1874 – 12 August 1961), also known as Chen Jiageng, was a Chinese businessman, community leader and philanthropist active in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, and various Chinese cities such as Shanghai, Xiamen, and Guangzhou
* Wang Zhongsheng (1874? – 2 December 1911) was a Qing dynasty dramatist, official, and revolutionary. He founded the Spring Sun Society, one of China's earliest troupes dedicated to the performance of the modern spoken drama, which came from the west and differed considerably from the traditional Chinese theatre, or Chinese opera.
* Wang Chengbin (Chinese: 王承斌) (August 21, 1874 – February 15, 1936) was an ethnic Manchu Chinese general of the Warlord Era of the Republic of China
* Wu Peifu (吴佩孚, April 22, 1874 – December 4, 1939), a major figure in the struggles between the warlords who dominated Republican China from 1916 to 1927
* Khoo Sook Yuen (1874 – December 1941) was a Chinese-born Singaporean poet. He penned more than a thousand poems and is historically considered an important figure in Chinese language poetry.

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1874<br>History of China    Timeline    Years |


title: 1874 in Canada

abstract: Events from the year 1874 in Canada.

text:
# 1874 in Canada

Events from the year **1874 in Canada**.

## Incumbents

### Crown

### Federal government

### Provincial governments

#### Lieutenant governors

#### Premiers

### Territorial governments

#### Lieutenant governors

## Events

### Full date unknown

* Anabaptists (Russian Mennonites) start to arrive in Manitoba from various Russian colonies arriving in Canada in August.
* The federal Liberal government grants provisional boundaries to Ontario that extend the province to the north and west. These provisional boundaries will not be recognized by the federal Conservatives when they return to power.
* Newfoundland election

## Births

### January to June

### July to December

## Deaths

## Historical documents

With imperial troops withdrawn from most of Canada, major general has recommendations for instruction of militia (Note: racial stereotypes)

Sam Steele describes North-West Mounted Police horses stampeding at the start of the March West

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: 1827–1828 Massachusetts legislature

abstract: The 48th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1827 and 1828 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. John Mills served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.

text:
# 1827–1828 Massachusetts legislature

The **48th Massachusetts General Court**, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1827 and 1828 during the governorship of Levi Lincoln Jr. John Mills served as president of the Senate and William C. Jarvis served as speaker of the House.

## Committees

* Joint committees: Accounts; Banks, Banking and Insurance; Bridges; Claims; Fisheries; Library; Manufactures; Militia; Parishes and Religious Societies; Public Lands; Roads and Canals; Towns.

## Senators

* Gideon Barstow
* Israel Billings
* Joseph Bowman
* Peter Briggs
* Barker Burnell
* Joseph Davis
* Jonathan Dwight, Jr.
* William Ellis
* Luke Fiske
* Henry Gardner
* Francis C. Gray
* Joseph B. Hill
* Elihu Hoyt
* Abel Jewett
* Joseph G. Kendall
* John Keyes
* John W. Lincoln
* Thomas Longley
* Caleb Loring
* Howard Lothrop
* Nymphas Marston
* John Merrill
* John Mills
* Asa T. Newhall
* Leonard M. Parker
* Charles P. Phelps
* Jonathan Phillips
* Peter H. Pierce
* John Prince
* Nathaniel P. Russell
* Amos Spaulding
* Seth Sprague, Jr.
* William Sturgis
* Israel Trask
* Aaron Tufts
* Benjamin F. Varnum
* Christopher Webb
* Thomas Welch, Jr.
* Lemuel Williams Jr.
* William Wood

## Representatives

## Further reading

* "Massachusetts Legislature", *Boston Courier*, March 10, 1828

* Massachusetts General Court, *Bills (Legislative Documents) and Journals: 1827*, hdl:2452/808561
* *Massachusetts Acts and Resolves: 1827*, hdl:2452/103872
* Massachusetts General Court, *Bills (Legislative Documents) and Journals: 1828*, hdl:2452/808564
* *Massachusetts Acts and Resolves: 1828*, hdl:2452/103873

## InfoBox

| 48th<br>Massachusetts General Court | |
| --- | --- |
| 47th 49th | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | General Court |
| Term | May 1827 (1827-05) – May 1828 (1828-05) |
| Senate | |
| Members | 40 |
| President | John Mills |
| House | |
| Speaker | William C. Jarvis |
| Sessions | |
| 1st May 30, 1827 (1827-05-30) – June 16, 1827 (1827-06-16)  2nd January 2, 1828 (1828-01-02) – March 13, 1828 (1828-03-13) | |


title: Amaryllideae

abstract: Amaryllideae are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae. They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus Crinum. They are generally treated as consisting of four subtribes. In addition to Crinum, other genera include Amaryllis, Boophone and Strumaria.

text:
# Amaryllideae

**Amaryllideae** are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae (family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus *Crinum*. They are generally treated as consisting of four subtribes. In addition to *Crinum*, other genera include *Amaryllis*, *Boophone* and *Strumaria*.

## Taxonomy

### Phylogeny

The placement of Amaryllideae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram:

### Subdivision

There are four subtribes:

These are phylogenetically related as follows:

**Amaryllidinae**: Type. Monogeneric subtribe for genus *Amaryllis*.

**Boophoninae**: Monogeneric subtribe for genus *Boophone*.

**Crininae**: Three genera including *Crinum*.

**Strumariinae**: Six genera including *Strumaria* and *Nerine*.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Amaryllideae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Amaryllis belladonna* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaryllidoideae |
| Tribe: | Amaryllideae
Dumort. |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Amaryllis*
L. | |
| Subtribes | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| Amarylleae | |


title: Amaryllis (Marilyn Crispell album)

abstract: Amaryllis is an album by American jazz pianist Marilyn Crispell recorded in February 2000 and released on ECM March the following year. The trio features rhythm section Gary Peacock and Paul Motian.

text:
# Amaryllis (Marilyn Crispell album)

***Amaryllis*** is an album by American jazz pianist Marilyn Crispell recorded in February 2000 and released on ECM March the following year. The trio features rhythm section Gary Peacock and Paul Motian.

## Background

According to Crispell, four of the pieces on the album were improvised. In an interview, she recalled: "The title piece, 'Amaryllis,' sounds completely written, but it's not at all. Gary started a bass line, I came in with something, and we ended up playing the same lines at the same time. That's a very intimate thing. Something that I think is not as easy to pull off in a performance. It can be done, but the intimacy of the recording studio was particularly conducive to complete improvisation."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| Tom Hull – on the Web | B+ |
| The Guardian |  |

In an article for The Guardian, John Fordham commented: "Like running into a relative of somebody you know well, this probing set betrays a gesture here, a mannerism there, a certain chime to a laugh or intensity of glance that is at once familiar and new... This set has Crispell investigating a more lyrical and less awesomely pianistic music... Not all the music is reflective... on the fast, liquid 'Rounds' Crispell plays a devastating solo of tidal energies and hurtling precision. Maybe it is too close to contemporary classical music... for some jazz listeners, but this represents the continuing evolution of a remarkable force, in an ideal context."

Writing for The New York Times, Adam Shatz stated: "*Amaryllis* is less rarefied than her previous record, suffused with a romanticism that *Nothing Ever Was, Anyway* hinted at but ultimately held in check. It's also a record by a mature woman who knows something of solitude: sorrowful yet finally affirmative, in the way that Joni Mitchell can be."

The authors of the *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* awarded the album 4 stars, calling it "a lovely set, intense and languid by turns and full of wonderful invention," and stated: "The piano tone is gorgeous and Peacock is playing with a fuller voice than ever. A record to absorb yourself in many times over."

The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4 stars stating: "on *Amaryllis*, Crispell, Peacock, and Motian have established a new yet authoritative voice in melodic improvisation for the jazz trio."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Marilyn Crispell except as indicated* 1. "Voice from the Past" (Gary Peacock) - 5:54
2. "Amaryllis" - 3:33
3. "Requiem" (Peacock) - 4:40
4. "Conception Vessel / Circle Dance" (Paul Motian) - 5:35
5. "Voices" (Motian) - 4:28
6. "December Greenwings" (Peacock) - 4:07
7. "Silence (For P.)" - 3:17
8. "M.E. (For Manfred Eicher)" (Motian) - 5:15
9. "Rounds" - 4:05
10. "Avatar" - 4:14
11. "Morpion" (Motian) - 3:30
12. "Prayer" (Mitchell Weiss) - 5:42

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Amaryllis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Marilyn Crispell | |
| Released | 19 March 2001 |
| Recorded | February 2000 |
| Studio | Avatar, New York City |
| Genre | Avant-garde jazz |
| Length | 55:04 |
| Label | ECM
ECM 1742 |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Marilyn Crispell chronology | |
| *Dark Night, and Luminous*
(1998) ***Amaryllis***
(2001) *Storyteller*
(2003) | |


title: Delphinium halteratum

abstract: Delphinium halteratum is a species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae.

text:
# Delphinium halteratum

***Delphinium halteratum*** is a species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from *Delphinium halteratum*. Encyclopedia of Life.

## InfoBox

| *Delphinium halteratum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | *Delphinium* |
| Species: | ***D. halteratum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Delphinium halteratum***<br>Sm. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Delphinium longipes* | |


title: East Mississippi Community College

abstract: East Mississippi Community College (EMCC), formerly East Mississippi Junior College, is a public community college in Scooba, Mississippi. EMCC serves and is supported by Clay, Kemper, Lauderdale, Lowndes, Noxubee and Oktibbeha counties in east central Mississippi. The college has two principal campuses in Scooba and Mayhew, Mississippi and offers courses at five other locations. One of fifteen community colleges in Mississippi, EMCC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award the Associate of Applied Science degree and the Associate of Arts degree. EMCC is the home of the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2018 NJCAA National Champions in American football.

text:
# East Mississippi Community College

**East Mississippi Community College** (**EMCC**), formerly **East Mississippi Junior College**, is a public community college in Scooba, Mississippi. EMCC serves and is supported by Clay, Kemper, Lauderdale, Lowndes, Noxubee and Oktibbeha counties in east central Mississippi. The college has two principal campuses in Scooba and Mayhew, Mississippi and offers courses at five other locations. One of fifteen community colleges in Mississippi, EMCC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award the Associate of Applied Science degree and the Associate of Arts degree.

EMCC is the home of the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2018 NJCAA National Champions in American football.

## History

East Mississippi Community College was organized in 1927 following its beginnings as Kemper County Agricultural High School in Scooba. While the Scooba location has always been the primary campus, the Golden Triangle campus has been growing at an increasing rate since the 1990s. Founded as the Golden Triangle Vo-Tech Center in 1968, it serves the Golden Triangle region of Mississippi and is the primary location for workforce training and career-technical programs.

Historical highlights:

* 1922: The Mississippi Legislature passed enabling legislation authorizing agricultural high schools to add the "13th and 14th grades."
* 1927: Kemper County Agricultural High School became the sixth agricultural high school to add the 13th grade, marking the beginnings of the present-day college. Twenty students were enrolled that first year.
* 1929: John C. Stennis, then a state representative in the Mississippi Legislature, guided a bill that enabled Kemper County Agricultural High School to borrow $50,000 for the repair of buildings.
* 1932: Noxubee County joined in the support of Kemper-Noxubee Junior College and enrollment increased to 155 students. The 1933 catalogue included this statement: "To assist our students in paying matriculation fees and buying books, we will purchase, as far as we can use them, corn, peas, potatoes, molasses, pork, beef, butter, eggs and vegetables." This established the college's long-term policy of helping students overcome economic barriers to education.
* 1939: Lauderdale County joined in providing support, and the college was renamed East Mississippi Junior College.
* 1963: Lowndes County joined the EMJC district.
* 1966: Clay County joined the EMJC district.
* 1967: Oktibbeha County joined the EMJC district.
* 1968: East Mississippi Junior College's board of trustees voted to establish a vocational-technical center in Mayhew – the beginnings of the present-day Golden Triangle campus.
* 1972: EMJC began offering classes to military personnel and civilians at Columbus Air Force Base.
* Mid-1980s: EMJC began offering classes in Macon. The first teaching site was at the Noxubee County Vocational Center; present-day classes are taught at various locations in Macon.
* 1989: EMJC began offering classes at Naval Air Station Meridian.
* 1989: East Mississippi Junior College was renamed East Mississippi Community College.
* 1993: East Mississippi Community College established a Workforce Development program. The Workforce Development staff now works with more than 70 industrial and business partners, and the Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence is considered a model program throughout the state.
* August 2007: East Mississippi Community College opened the West Point-Clay County Center in partnership with elected officials from Clay County and West Point. The first West Point programs were housed in three buildings donated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
* October 2008: The State College Board of the Institutions of Higher Learning approved an associate degree Nursing Program at EMCC's Golden Triangle campus.
* Fall 2008 to Spring 2009: EMCC's tuition guarantee program got off the ground in Clay County in October 2008, with help from the CREATE Foundation, the Clay County Board of Supervisors and local fund-raisers. In January 2009, with the help of an anonymous corporate donor, the tuition guarantee program expanded to include students from Lowndes County. EMCC's tuition guarantee program went district-wide in April 2009 and is now available to students from Clay, Lowndes, Oktibbeha, Noxubee, Kemper and Lauderdale counties.
* October 2012: EMCC purchased the land and buildings of the former Columbus Country Club in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. After renovations, the facility re-opened the next year as Lion Hills Center, an extension campus of EMCC.

## Campuses

### Scooba campus

East Mississippi Community College's original campus is located in the Kemper County town of Scooba. It was founded in 1927 following its beginnings 15 years earlier as Kemper County Agricultural High School. The town is adjacent to the Kansas City Southern Railroad, U.S. Route 45, and Mississippi Highway 16, 35 miles north of Meridian and 50 miles south of Columbus. The college owns 287 acres of land, 25 of which make up the campus. The central administrative office for all of EMCC's locations is in the Thomas L. Davis Jr. Administration Building.

Other buildings include the F.R. Young Student Union (includes cafeteria and bookstore), Wallace Hall (business and financial aid offices), Wellness and Fitness Center, Physical Plant Complex, Chapel in the Pines, Orr Center for Christian Activity, Scooba Campus Police Department and EMCC president's residence.

Athletic facilities include Athletic Instruction and Training Building/Lions Field House, Sullivan-Windham Field (5,000-seat, artificial turf football stadium), Keyes Currie Coliseum (900-seat basketball arena), Gerald Poole Baseball Field, Lady Lions Softball Field and rodeo training arena.

#### Residence halls

The college maintains six residence halls and thirty cottages on the Scooba Campus which house nearly 600 students. Student residences are air-conditioned and equipped with furniture, cable TV outlets, Wi-Fi, security and laundry facilities.

Gilbert-Anderson Hall, the main residence hall for women, has living accommodations for 170 students. The Women's Honor Residence Hall can house 46 students; assignment to this residence hall requires students to demonstrate, and maintain, high grade point averages.

Residence halls for men include Lauderdale Hall (78 students), Noxubee Hall (84 students) and Sullivan Hall (60 students). The Men's Honor Residence can house 46 students; assignment to this residence hall requires students to demonstrate, and maintain, high grade point averages.

The campus also includes three athletic villages made up of 30 Katrina-style cottages, each housing four or five students, for a combined capacity of 104.

New dorm: Due to increasing demand, a new residence hall for the Scooba campus is currently in the planning stages.

### Golden Triangle campus

The Golden Triangle campus was opened in 1968. It is located in Mayhew, an unincorporated area in Lowndes County. on 83.46 acres adjacent to the frontage road of Highway 182 and the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and 1 mile east of the intersection of U.S. Route 45 Alternate and U.S. Route 82. The campus is 10 miles east of Starkville, 10 miles south of West Point, and 12 miles west of Columbus. The Golden Triangle campus of multiple building with more than 200,000 square feet.

Thomas Douglas Building: Originally built as a vocational education center, the building has been expanded over time into a large complex, which houses classrooms for both academic and technical instruction. In addition, the Counseling Center, classrooms and laboratories for career-technical programs, computer applications, IT, Administrative Computing, ABE-GED and developmental education are located in this facility. Also located in the Douglas Building is the Aaron Langston Student Center, which houses the bookstore, lounge area and 155 Grill.

Thomas Douglas Annex: This facility includes classrooms, labs, and office space for three career-technical programs, Automotive Technology, Welding and Fabrication and Industrial Maintenance.

Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence: Located on the west side of the campus, the CMTE is the home of EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division, which provides workforce training for Golden Triangle area industries. It includes 7,800 square feet of high bay manufacturing space, a 4,400-square-foot multi-purpose commons area, classrooms, a 70-seat elevated seminar room, and an administration area which includes office space, workrooms and a conference room.

Math and Science Building: This facility provides classrooms and additional office space for faculty, recruiting staff, and the dean of students. It contains three science laboratories, which are used concurrently as chemistry, physics and biology classrooms. A 70-seat elevated seminar classroom for larger group instruction is supported by laptop connections.

Library: With more than 8,000 square feet, the library has two study rooms, a computer lab with 17 computers, and a multi-media center.

Administration and Student Services Building: This facility houses administrative offices, the business office, financial aid offices, the registrar's office and other student services offices.

Humanities and Fine Arts Building: Opened in 2008, this facility includes classrooms and offices for faculty, as well as the campus art studio. A central administrative suite contains the offices of the Vice President for Instruction and the Associate Deans of Instruction.

Student Union: A new 76,000-square-foot Student Union is scheduled to open during fall 2016. The building will house a full-service cafeteria with a large open dining room and a much larger bookstore, with lounge areas and additional retail space for online e-books, laptop computers and tablets. Also included are a special events dining room, 12 multi-purpose classrooms, large elevated lecture hall, computer lab with 100 work stations, office suites, art gallery, convenience store and Starbucks coffee shop.

### Columbus Air Force Base extension

East Mississippi Community College opened an extension campus at Columbus Air Force Base in 1972, just four years after the Golden Triangle campus in Mayhew. CAFB is located 11 miles north of Columbus. The extension campus offers daytime, evening and online classes. Military students can complete their associate degrees with EMCC, or transfer credits to the Community College of the Air Force and pick up where they left off at their next duty station. Generally, about a third of CAFB Extension's students are active-duty military or military dependents. The other two-thirds are civilians from the Lowndes County area.

Since 1989, East Mississippi Community College has offered classes year-round at its Naval Air Station Meridian Extension, located 20 miles north of Meridian. Military students can complete their associate degrees with EMCC, or pick up where they left off at their next duty station through an agreement with the Servicemembers Opportunity Colleges and the American Council on Education. Students include active-duty military, military dependents and civilians from the Lauderdale County area.

### Lion Hills Center

In October 2012, East Mississippi Community College purchased the land and buildings of the former Columbus Country Club in Columbus, Miss., in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. After renovations, the facility re-opened the following year as Lion Hills Center, an extension campus of EMCC.

Education and training is the centerpiece of Lion Hills Center's service to the community. The facility is the home of EMCC's Hotel and Restaurant Management, Culinary Arts, and Golf and Recreational Turf Management programs. In addition to these college credit programs, Lion Hills hosts continuing education and community interest courses, educational and corporate seminars, and small conferences that serve local and regional interests.

EMCC has retained the facility's identity as a community meeting place. Lion Hills Center operates as a dining facility with professionally trained staff and opportunities for EMCC Hotel and Restaurant and Culinary Arts students to benefit from hands-on experience. Culinary camps are offered in the summer to area children. Lion Hills Center also hosts civic club meetings, banquets, receptions, holiday parties and family gatherings.

Lion Hills Center continues to operate the golf course, swimming pool and tennis courts. Community groups host fund-raising golf tournaments. Golf, swimming and tennis lessons are offered to area children. As with the restaurant operation, EMCC Golf and Recreational Turf Management students work with professional groundskeepers to put classroom lessons into practice.

### West Point-Clay County Center

EMCC opened the West Point-Clay County Center in August 2007 after a plant closing in West Point resulted in the loss of 1,600 jobs and a double-digit unemployment rate in Clay County. The West Point facility is the result of a collaborative effort among the city of West Point, Clay County and EMCC. It began with the signing of an interlocal agreement providing for the renovation of three buildings donated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.

The West Point-Clay County Center is the home of EMCC's Commercial Truck Driving and Residential Carpentry programs. Through EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division, students can also take Adult Basic Education and GED preparation classes. Workforce classes in welding are offered in the evening. In addition, Yokohama Tire Manufacturing Mississippi, located in West Point, requires all potential employees to complete workforce classes at EMCC before applying for jobs. These classes, as well as classes and training for current Yokohama employees, are conducted at the West Point-Clay County Center.

### Macon Extension

In the mid-1980s, East Mississippi Community College established extension offerings in Macon, which is located in Noxubee County. Core classes are taught at various locations, including Noxubee County High School, Noxubee County Public Library, Noxubee County Civic Center and Hensleigh Training Center.

## Academics

EMCC offers a broad range of academic/university parallel, career-technical, and workforce training options. These include "stackable" education credentials. At EMCC, one student could progress seamlessly though these steps, earning in order: GED, industry certificate through a non-credit workforce class, vocational certificate through a for-credit career-technical program, and an associate degree in a career-technical program. Some EMCC graduates enter the workforce at different points along this path; others transfer to four-year colleges and universities.

The college has Honors programs and Phi Theta Kappa chapters at its Scooba and Golden Triangle campuses.

### Career-technical programs

EMCC offers career-technical programs at its Scooba and Golden Triangle campuses, as well as Lions Hills Center and the West Point-Clay County Center. In many programs, students have the option of earning a vocational certificate through a short-term curriculum plan or an Associate of Applied Science degree over the course of two years of study. Career-technical programs related to industry and manufacturing are overseen by EMCC's Manufacturing Technology and Engineering (MTE) Division.

### Workforce training

EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division offers workforce training designed around the needs of the Golden Triangle area's high-tech industries. Students learn the skills needed by potential employers, earn certificates and degrees recognized by industry and are prepared to compete successfully for jobs. Industry leaders have the unique opportunity to partner with EMCC and build training models to ensure that new hires will start their jobs with a skill set suited to their duties.

EMCC established the Workforce Development program in 1993. The staff now works with more than 70 industrial and business partners and is working to increase the number of workforce offerings throughout EMCC's six-county district. Workforce Development and the new Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division are headquartered at the Golden Triangle campus in the Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence (CMTE).

In 2018, EMCC is scheduled to open a large-scale workforce training center on land adjoining the Golden Triangle Regional Global Industrial Aerospace Park. Known as the "Communiversity" in the Golden Triangle area, it will replace the current CMTE. The 140,000-square-foot facility will accommodate EMCC Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division credit and non-credit courses related to training workers for careers in advanced manufacturing. It is intended to enhance a growing manufacturing sector in East Mississippi by supporting workforce development for existing and prospective industries.

#### Credit classes

Workforce/Manufacturing Technology & Engineering oversees nine career-technical programs offering vocational certificate and/or associate degree options: Automation & Control, Automotive Technology, Drafting and Design, Electrical Technology, Electro-Mechanical Technology/Mechatronics, Electronics Technology, Industrial Maintenance, Precision Manufacturing & Machining, and Welding & Fabrication Technology.

#### Non-credit classes

Non-credit workforce training options include customized programs for individual industries. EMCC also offers non-credit workforce classes in computer applications, leadership, manufacturing skills, medical technology and health care, construction, electrical work, machining, HVAC, AutoCAD and welding. The MTE Division also offers employability skills classes for young adults and a summer camp for students in grades 7–12.

#### ABE-GED

The Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Division oversees the EMCC Launch Pad, which offers Adult Basic Education and GED preparation classes.

## Athletics

EMCC offers men's athletics programs in baseball, basketball, cheerleading, football, golf and rodeo. Women's teams are fielded in basketball, cheerleading, rodeo, and softball.

The Lions of East Mississippi Community College are affiliated with the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and the Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges (MACJC). EMCC competes at the NJCAA Division I level in football and basketball while participating at the Division II level in baseball, softball and men's golf. The college's athletic teams in football and basketball currently compete within the MACJC's North Division.

Over the past decade (beginning with 2008–09 season), East Mississippi Community College's athletic teams have combined for four NJCAA national championships, 10 NJCAA national postseason appearances, nine NJCAA Region 23 championships, four MACJC state championships, and 16 MACJC North Division regular-season titles. Individually since 2008–09, EMCC has had a composite total of 30 NJCAA All-Americans in football, men's basketball, women's basketball and men's golf combined. In addition, Marcus Theriot claimed the national collegiate championships (National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association) in men's All-Around and tie-down roping at the 2016 College National Finals Rodeo.

The 2015 and 2016 football seasons were documented in the first and second seasons of the Netflix series *Last Chance U*.

### Football

* Five-time NJCAA National Champions (2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018)
* Seven-time MACJC State/NJCAA Region 23 Champions (2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018)
* Nine-time MACJC North Division Champions (2009, 2011–2018)

### Men's basketball

* Five-time NJCAA National Tournament participants (2010–13, 2016)
* Four-time NJCAA Region 23 Tournament champions (2010–13)
* Five-time MACJC North Division champions (2010–13, 2019)
* 2019 MACJC State champions

### Women's basketball

* 2009 NJCAA National Tournament participant
* 2009 NJCAA Region 23 Tournament champion
* Three-time MACJC North Division champions (2009, 2011, 2014)

### Baseball

* 2015 NJCAA Region 23 Tournament participant
* 2014 MACJC North Division champion
* Three-time MACJC state playoff participants (2011, 2014, 2015)

### Softball

* Two-time NJCAA Academic Softball Team of the Year (2013, 2014)
* 2011 MACJC North Division champion
* Seven-time MACJC state playoff participants (2009–14, 2016)

### Men's golf

* Four-time MACJC State Championship runners-up (2011–13, 2015)
* Two-time NJCAA Region 23 Championship runners-up (2009, 2014)

### Rodeo

* Fifth-place men's team national finish in 2016 College National Finals Rodeo.
* Marcus Theriot won 2016 All-Around and tie-down roping national championships at 2016 CNFR.
* Represented at CNFR every year since program's inception in 2010.

## Alumni

## InfoBox

East Mississippi Community College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public community college |
| Established | 1927 |
| President | Scott Alsobrooks |
| Location | Scooba, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Colors | Red, black, white |
| Nickname | Lions |
| Sporting affiliations | NJCAA, MACCC |
| Website | www.eastms.edu |


title: Alt-Scharfeneck Castle

abstract: Alt-Scharfeneck Castle is a castle ruin on the outskirts of the Palatinate Forest near Leinsweiler in the district Südliche Weinstrasse in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The remnants of this castle are located on a height of 363 meters.

text:
# Alt-Scharfeneck Castle

**Alt-Scharfeneck Castle** is a castle ruin on the outskirts of the Palatinate Forest near Leinsweiler in the district Südliche Weinstrasse in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

The remnants of this castle are located on a height of 363 meters.

## Location

Being a rock castle, the few remains of the old castle are on a rocky spur, 363 metres (1,191 ft) high, on the north-eastern end of the Ringelbergstrasse at the entrance to the grove creek valley in the southern Palatinate Forest. The completion date was around 1100–1130 AD and most likely as a feudal seat. In today's maps the terrain is listed only as an "artificial embankment"

## History

Presumably, the castle was built during the time of the Salian emperors in the first third of the 12th century. The findings obtained in Gottfried Decker Frankweiler's excavations allow a dating to the time of the Salian dynasty. This contradicts previous assumptions that the castle was built on order of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to protect the Trifels and in 1219 passed into the possession of Henry I " the Old " of Scharfeneck, who named himself after the castle. Subsequent owners that took over starting in 1232 were his two sons, Henry " the elder " and Henry " the Younger ".

Nearly two hundred years later, in 1416, the castle was left to decay, since it was completely dismantled for the new castle Neuscharfeneck. Only in the 1950s further foundations were rediscovered during excavations. There were three different wall remains uncovered, their outer shells were made of a typical quad-engine Salian masonry. Since the ruined wall was built with mortar instead of clay, it also points to Salian builders (Comparable masonry at Trifels Anebos and on Schloessel at Klingenmünster). )

Also found at Wiligartaburg were similar ceramics which have an earlier construction than previously thought, too. These findings do not exclude, of course, that which had been of Scharfenberg/Scharfeneck origin in their time in possession of the castle. The castle was most probably abandoned before the end of the 14th century and left to decay.

In 1830, the ancestors of the current owners have - the castle grounds is privately owned - rebuilt fortresses around the area using the remains of much of the north-eastern wall as well as other parts of the old castle.

49°14′07″N 8°03′07″E / 49.23528°N 8.05194°E / 49.23528; 8.05194


title: 1864 in Belgium

abstract: Events in the year 1864 in Belgium.

text:
# 1864 in Belgium

Events in the year **1864 in Belgium**.

## Incumbents

Monarch: Leopold I Head of government: Charles Rogier

## Events

February April May July * 11 July – Federation of Catholic Circles and Conservative Associations formed (later to become the more formalised Catholic Party)

August September * Exhibition of medieval, Renaissance and contemporary religious art in Mechelen.

October

## Sports

## Publications

Periodicals * *Annales du bibliophile belge* begins publication.
* *Analectes pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique de la Belgique* begins publication, edited by Mgr. De Ram.
* *Antwerpsch Archievenblad* begins publication.
* *Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique*, Volume 17 (Brussels, M. Hayez).
* *Collection de précis historiques*, vol. 13, edited by Edouard Terwecoren S.J.

Pamphlets * *Réflexions sur les conséquences probables de l'expédition mexicaine* (Brussels).

Literary works * Auguste Louwage, *Les trois soeurs Flamandes. Gand, Bruges, Anvers: trilogie nationale* (Ghent, F. & E. Gyselynck).

Scholarly editions

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

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| See also: | Other events of 1864<br>List of years in Belgium |