title: Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag

abstract: The Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag is a fiction and nonfiction publishing house, which was founded in Munich in 2004 by the publisher Elisabeth Sandmann. Its program is themed Beautiful Books for Clever Women.

text:
# Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag

The **Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag** is a fiction and nonfiction publishing house, which was founded in Munich in 2004 by the publisher Elisabeth Sandmann. Its program is themed *Beautiful Books for Clever Women*.

## History

Elisabeth Sandmann worked, before founding her own publishing house, for the publishers *DuMont* and *Nicolai*. Upon founding her publisher, she received support from her husband Friedrich-Karl Sandmann, to which the Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag shared a space, graphics and production organization and sales organization with his Zabert Sandmann Verlag. Financially, the two publishers, however, were just as independent as in the design of the publishing program. In autumn 2004, the first four titles appeared. In spring 2005, the book "Frauen, die lesen, sind gefährlich" (Women who read are dangerous) by Stefan Bollmann was released, and became the first bestseller of the publisher. Since spring 2013 there has been cooperation with the Insel Verlag, which released five titles from the publisher every six months in paperback. The first Paperback published through this cooperation was in March 2013, it was the book "Warum Lesen glücklich macht!" (Why does reading make you happy!) by Stefan Bollmann. In 2014, the publisher released for the tenth anniversary a book titled "Elisabeth", which as a limited edition tells the story of their publishing history. Early 2015, the Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag ended its cooperation with the Zabert Sandmann Verlag. In March 2015, the publishing house moved to Theresienstrasse in Munich and Uli Deurer from Augsburg took over the distribution.

In April 2016, it was announced that the Suhrkamp Verlag, owner of the Insel Verlag, acquired 51% of shares in the Sandmann publishing.

## Program

The overall program of the publishing house is under the motto "Beautiful books for clever women". It is divided into the divisions of biography and society, art and lifestyle and Keepsakes book. Another focus, which is not represented in its own division, is the area of Jewish history. The publisher try's to appeal to the taste of women, since Elisabeth Sandmann believes that they have other reading habits compared to men. Sandman concern is to entertain at a high level. Each year, about six to eight titles appear that are completely designed by the publisher itself. Bestsellers were "Frauen, die lesen, sind gefährlich" by Stefan Bollmann and "Die Damen mit dem grünen Daumen" (The ladies with the green thumb) by Claudia Lanfranconi and Sabine Frank, which was sold over 60,000 copies.

## Cooperations

The Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag cooperates with the Insel Verlag, where paperback editions of titles from the publisher appear as since 2013. In addition, the Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag is a cooperation partner of the Royal Collection Trust since 2011.


title: Antoine Schnapper

abstract: Antoine Schnapper was a French art historian on art of the 17th and the 18th century. A student of André Chastel, he organised many retrospectives on artists of that period, notably one at the Louvre in 1989 on Jacques-Louis David to commemorate the bicentenary of the French Revolution. He taught at the Paris-Sorbonne University.

text:
# Antoine Schnapper

**Antoine Schnapper** (10 July 1933 – 29 August 2004) was a French art historian on art of the 17th and the 18th century. A student of André Chastel, he organised many retrospectives on artists of that period, notably one at the Louvre in 1989 on Jacques-Louis David to commemorate the bicentenary of the French Revolution. He taught at the Paris-Sorbonne University.

## Selected works

* *Jean Jouvenet (1644-1717) et la peinture d'histoire à Paris*, nouvelle édition complétée par Christine Gouzi, Arthena, 2010 (ISBN 978-2-903239-42-8).
* *Le métier de peintre au grand siècle* ; Paris : Gallimard, 2004. OCLC 56821323
* *Collections et collectionneurs dans la France du XVIIe siècle* ; Paris : Flammarion, 1988. OCLC 19331396
* *David témoin de son temps*, Office du Livre, Fribourg, 1980 ISBN 2-85047-000-7 Reference
* *Tableaux pour le Trianon de marbre 1688-1714.* ; Paris, La Haye, Mouton, 1967. OCLC 2323606
* *Jean Jouvenet, 1644-1717.* ; Rouen. Musée des beaux arts, 1966. OCLC 2906632

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Antoine Schnapper | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1933-07-10)10 July 1933
Paris, France |
| Died | 29 August 2004(2004-08-29) (aged 71)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Art historian |
| Spouse | Dominique Schnapper |


title: Antonio Corrionero

abstract: Antonio Corrionero (1554–1633) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Salamanca (1621–1633), and Bishop of Islas Canarias (1614–1621).

text:
# Antonio Corrionero

**Antonio Corrionero** (1554–1633) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Salamanca (1621–1633), and Bishop of Islas Canarias (1614–1621).

## Biography

Antonio Corrionero was born in Babilafuente, Spain in 1554. On 6 October 1614, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Islas Canarias. On 26 April 1615, he was consecrated bishop by Pedro González de Mendoza, Archbishop of Granada, with Juan Portocarrero, Bishop of Almeria, and Luis Fernández de Córdoba, Bishop of Malaga, serving as co-consecrators. On 17 May 1621, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Bishop of Salamanca. He served as Bishop of Salamanca until his death on 4 April 1633.

* Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Islas Canarias". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)*self-published*
* Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Islas Canarias {Canary Islands} (Spain)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)*self-published*

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Antonio Corrionero | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Salamanca | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Roman Catholic Diocese of Salamanca |
| In office | 1621–1633 |
| Predecessor | Francisco Hurtado de Mendoza y Ribera |
| Successor | Cristóbal de la Cámara y Murga |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Islas Canarias (1614–1621) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 26 April 1615
by Pedro González de Mendoza |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1554
Babilafuente, Spain |
| Died | 4 April 1633
Salamanca, Spain |


# 1881–82 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season

The 1881–82 season was the 4th season of West Bromwich Albion Football Club. For this season only, Albion played their home matches at their third ground, Bunn's Field, which became known as The Birches. 1881–82 was Albion's first season of competitive football: the club entered the Birmingham Senior Cup for the first time, reaching the semi-finals.

## Birmingham Senior Cup

Albion took part in the Birmingham Senior Cup for the first time and were drawn away from home in the first four rounds. The club played their first recorded competitive match on 12 November 1881, winning 3–2 against Calthorpe. Albion then defeated Elwells and Fallings Heath, though the goalscorers for the first three rounds were not recorded. There followed a 5–2 fourth round victory over Notts Rangers. The semi-final took place at Aston Lower Grounds and was against Wednesbury Old Athletic. Billy Bisseker and Harry Aston scored for Albion but Wednesbury won 3–2.

| Round | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Goalscorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 12 November 1881 | Calthorpe | A | 3–2 | ? | 1,000 |
| 2 | 10 December 1881 | Elwells | A | 2–1 | ? | 800 |
| 3 | 21 January 1882 | Fallings Heath | A | 3–1 | ? | 1,200 |
| 4 | 18 February 1882 | Notts Rangers | A | 5–2 | Stokes, Bisseker, Whitehouse, Aston 2 | 500 |
| SF | 25 March 1882 | Wednesbury Old Athletic |  | 2–3 | Bisseker, Aston | 1,000 |
|

Source for match details:

## Friendly matches

With league football yet to be established, West Bromwich Albion took part in a number of friendly matches throughout the season. Billy Bisseker scored five goals in the 12–0 win against Milton. The record of the club's matches during their early years is not complete, thus several of the scores are missing.

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 September 1881 | Oldbury | H | 5–1 |
| 1 October 1881 | The Grove | A | 2–3 |
| 8 October 1881 | Milton | H | 12–0 |
| 5 November 1881 | Milton | A | 3–0 |
| 19 November 1881 | Walsall Unity | A |  |
| 26 November 1881 | The Grove | H | 2–4 |
| 3 December 1881 | Nechells | H | 9–1 |
| 17 December 1881 | Walsall Alma Athletic | H |  |
| 24 December 1881 | Wednesfield Rovers | H |  |
| 7 January 1882 | Brunswick Wheel Works | A | 2–1 |
| 14 January 1882 | Fallings Heath Rangers | H |  |
| 28 January 1882 | Stourbridge | H |  |
| 4 February 1882 | West Bromwich Rovers | H | 6–1 |
| 25 February 1882 | Fallings Heath Rangers | H | 5–0 |
| 4 March 1882 | St Luke's | H | 10–0 |
| 11 March 1882 | Nechells | A |  |
| 9 April 1882 | Aston Unity | A | 2–3 |
|

Source for match details:

## Footnotes

Citations  1. Matthews (2005) p. 267.
2. Matthews (2005) pp. 257–258.
3. Matthews (2007) p. 64.
4. Matthews (1987) pp. 202–203.
5. Matthews (1987) p. 214.
Sources * Matthews, Tony; Mackenzie, Colin (1987). *Albion! A Complete Record of West Bromwich Albion 1879–1987*. Breedon Books. ISBN 0-907969-23-2.
* Matthews, Tony (2005). *The Who's Who of West Bromwich Albion*. Breedon Books. ISBN 1-85983-474-4.
* Matthews, Tony (2007). *West Bromwich Albion: The Complete Record*. Breedon Books. ISBN 978-1-85983-565-4.

## InfoBox

West Bromwich Albion
| 1881–82 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | None |
| Manager | None |
| Stadium | Bunn's Field
(a.k.a. *The Birches*) |
| Birmingham Senior Cup | Semi-final |
| Top goalscorer | League: N/A
All: Harry Aston (3) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Antonov A-2

abstract: The Antonov A-2 and related designs were a family of two-seat training gliders produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s, all derived from the single-seat Antonov A-1 family. They were produced in large numbers, with at least 2,300 built by 1937, and together with the single-seaters, production exceeded 7,600 by the same year. Like the A-1, the A-2 was a minimalist primary glider, with a conventional tail mounted on a boom and a strut-braced monoplane wing, mounted parasol-fashion. However, while the single-seat primary gliders featured wings of constant chord, the two-seaters used the longer-span, tapered wings that had been developed for the soaring versions of the single-seat family. The other major difference was the design of the cockpit gondola. The single-seaters featured an aerodynamic fairing that slid on and off to provide access to the pilot's seat. The two-seaters, however, had a permanently fixed cockpit pod that seated the pilot and instructor in tandem, open cockpits, each with a small windscreen The rear cockpit was located directly beneath the wing and was accessed via a door on the port side of the gondola. Apart from the change in gondola, all other components remained interchangeable with the Ps-2

text:
# Antonov A-2

The **Antonov A-2** and related designs were a family of two-seat training gliders produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s, all derived from the single-seat Antonov A-1 family. They were produced in large numbers, with at least 2,300 built by 1937, and together with the single-seaters, production exceeded 7,600 by the same year.

Like the A-1, the A-2 was a minimalist primary glider, with a conventional tail mounted on a boom and a strut-braced monoplane wing, mounted parasol-fashion. However, while the single-seat primary gliders featured wings of constant chord, the two-seaters used the longer-span, tapered wings that had been developed for the soaring versions of the single-seat family (P-s1 and P-s2). The other major difference was the design of the cockpit gondola. The single-seaters featured an aerodynamic fairing that slid on and off to provide access to the pilot's seat. The two-seaters, however, had a permanently fixed cockpit pod that seated the pilot and instructor in tandem, open cockpits, each with a small windscreen The rear cockpit was located directly beneath the wing and was accessed via a door on the port side of the gondola. Apart from the change in gondola, all other components remained interchangeable with the Ps-2

## Variants

In each case, the "s" stands for *serii* (серии – "series")

*Uchebnyi* (Учебный – "Trainer")

* **U-s5** (У-с5)
* **U-s6** (У-с6)

## Specifications (U-s5)

*Data from* Shushurin 1938, 67

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** two, pilot and instructor
* **Length:** 5.80 m (19 ft 0 in)
* **Wingspan:** 13.80 m (45 ft 3 in)
* **Height:** 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
* **Wing area:** 17.1 m2 (184 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 120 kg (264 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 264 kg (581 lb)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 70 km/h (40 mph, 35 kn)
* **Rate of sink:** 1.1 m/s (220 ft/min)

* Krasil'shchikov, Aleksandr Petrovich (1991). *Planery SSSR (Gliders of the USSR)*. Moscow: Moskva Mashinostroyeniye.
* Sheremetev, Boris Nikolayevich (1959). *Planery (Gliders)*. Moscow: DOSAAF.
* Shushurin, V.V. (1938). *Atlas konstruktzii planerov (Directory of glider construction)*. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo oboronnoi promyshlennosti.

## InfoBox

| A-2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Training glider |
| National origin | USSR |
| Designer | Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov |
| First flight | 1936 |
| Number built | ca. 2,300 |


title: Elizabeth Murchison

abstract: Elizabeth Murchison is a British-Australian geneticist, Professor of Comparative Oncology and Genetics at the University of Cambridge, UK. The ongoing research of her group focuses on the known existing clonally transmissible cancers arising in mammals. These are cancers that can be passed on between individuals by the transfer of living cancer cells that somehow manage to evade the immune system of their hosts. There are two diseases which cause clonally transmissible cancers. One is the devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), which appeared a few decades ago. This disease could make the Tasmanian devil, a marsupial that lives on the Australian island of Tasmania, go extinct. The other disease is the much older Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT), also known as Sticker sarcoma, a venereal tumor affecting dogs, which has spread worldwide. Elizabeth Murchison and her collaborators have been analyzing the genome of these cancer cells. This has enabled them to show that CTVT must have emerged in a female dog more than 10000 years ago. The study of these two long-lived cancers also provides more general insight into the genetic evolution of cancer. Elizabeth Murchison has received several awards for her research, such as the Philip Leverhulme Prize, the Cancer Research UK Future Leaders in Cancer Research Prize, the British Association for Cancer Research-AstraZeneca Young Scientist Frank Rose Award, the Genetics Society Balfour Prize Lecture (2014), and the Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators (2012). Elizabeth Murchison's 2011 TED talk titled "Fighting a contagious cancer" has been viewed more than 500,000 times.

text:
# Elizabeth Murchison

**Elizabeth Murchison** is a British-Australian geneticist, Professor of Comparative Oncology and Genetics at the University of Cambridge, UK. The ongoing research of her group focuses on the known existing clonally transmissible cancers arising in mammals. These are cancers that can be passed on between individuals by the transfer of living cancer cells that somehow manage to evade the immune system of their hosts.

There are two diseases which cause clonally transmissible cancers. One is the devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), which appeared a few decades ago. This disease could make the Tasmanian devil, a marsupial that lives on the Australian island of Tasmania, go extinct. The other disease is the much older Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT), also known as Sticker sarcoma, a venereal tumor affecting dogs, which has spread worldwide.

Elizabeth Murchison and her collaborators have been analyzing the genome of these cancer cells. This has enabled them to show that CTVT must have emerged in a female dog more than 10000 years ago. The study of these two long-lived cancers also provides more general insight into the genetic evolution of cancer.

Elizabeth Murchison has received several awards for her research, such as the Philip Leverhulme Prize, the Cancer Research UK Future Leaders in Cancer Research Prize, the British Association for Cancer Research-AstraZeneca Young Scientist Frank Rose Award, the Genetics Society Balfour Prize Lecture (2014), and the Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators (2012).

Elizabeth Murchison's 2011 TED talk titled "Fighting a contagious cancer" has been viewed more than 500,000 times.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Murchison | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British-Australian |
| Awards | Philip Leverhulme Prize |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Genetics |
| Sub-discipline | Comparative oncology |
| Institutions | University of Cambridge |
|  | |


title: 1974 Washington, D.C., mayoral election

text:
# 1974 Washington, D.C., mayoral election

Washington, D.C., held its first direct election for its mayor on November 5, 1974. It followed the passage of the District of Columbia Home Rule Act by the U.S. Congress in 1973. The election was won by Walter Washington, a Democrat.

As with every mayoral election that followed, the 1974 race was at its most intense in the Democratic Primary, with 90 percent of DC's voters registered as Democrats. The primary contest was a seven-person race, but the highest profile candidates were Walter Washington, then incumbent as the presidentially appointed Mayor-Commissioner, and Clifford Alexander Jr., former chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Washington was by far the favorite at the start of the campaign in May 1974, but tightened as the September primary drew closer. Washington won the September 10 primary, 53%-47%.

1974 Washington, D.C. mayoral election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Walter Washington** | **84,676** | **80.50** |  |
|  | Independent | Sam Harris | 7,514 | 7.14 |  |
|  | Republican | Jackson R. Champion | 3,703 | 3.52 |  |
|  | Independent | Raymond V. Ellis | 2,985 | 2.84 |  |
|  | Write in |  | 2,843 | 2.70 |  |
|  | Socialist Workers | Nan Bailey | 2,143 | 2.04 |  |
|  | Independent | Tommye Lynn Grant | 1,319 | 1.25 |  |
| Majority | | | 77,162 | 73.36 |  |
| Turnout | | | 105,183 |  |  |

## InfoBox

1974 Washington, D.C., mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Walter Washington** Sam Harris   Party Democratic Independent  Popular vote **84,676** 7,514  Percentage **80.5%** 7.1% | |
| ---  Results by ward  **Washington**  70-80%  80-90% | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Walter Washington
(as Mayor-Commissioner)
Democratic **Elected mayor**
Walter Washington
Democratic | |


title: Eupithecia hilaris

abstract: Eupithecia hilaris is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Eupithecia hilaris

***Eupithecia hilaris*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia hilaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. hilaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia hilaris***<br>(Prout, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eucymatoge hilaris* Prout, 1910 | |


title: 1911–12 Isthmian League

abstract: The 1911–12 season was the seventh in the history of the Isthmian League, an English football competition. Tunbridge Wells and Woking joined the league this season. London Caledonians were champions, winning their third Isthmian League title.

text:
# 1911–12 Isthmian League

The **1911–12** season was the seventh in the history of the **Isthmian League**, an English football competition.

Tunbridge Wells and Woking joined the league this season. London Caledonians were champions, winning their third Isthmian League title.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | London Caledonians | 20 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 39 | 25 | 1.560 | 29 |
| 2 | Ilford | 20 | 11 | 3 | 6 | 37 | 24 | 1.542 | 25 |
| 3 | Nunhead | 20 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 36 | 30 | 1.200 | 25 |
| 4 | Dulwich Hamlet | 20 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 33 | 23 | 1.435 | 21 |
| 5 | West Norwood | 20 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 38 | 38 | 1.000 | 21 |
| 6 | Clapton | 20 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 37 | 37 | 1.000 | 19 |
| 7 | Woking | 20 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 38 | 41 | 0.927 | 19 |
| 8 | Shepherd's Bush | 20 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 39 | 49 | 0.796 | 16 |
| 9 | Leytonstone | 20 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 28 | 38 | 0.737 | 16 |
| 10 | Oxford City | 20 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 33 | 36 | 0.917 | 15 |
| 11 | Tunbridge Wells | 20 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 23 | 40 | 0.575 | 14 |

Source: fchd.com rsssf.com
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal ratio.

## InfoBox

Isthmian League
| Season | 1911–12 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | London Caledonians |
| Matches played | 110 |
| Goals scored | 381 (3.46 per match) |
| 1910–11 1912–13 | |


title: E Chen

abstract: E Chen is a Taiwanese visual artist an assistant professor of Art at the Tainan National University of the Arts who is primarily known for his fictional architecture project "The Titanica Casino and Iceberg Hotel" (1998). He lives and works in both Taiwan and Canada.

text:
# E Chen

**E Chen** (born 1966, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese visual artist an assistant professor of Art at the Tainan National University of the Arts who is primarily known for his fictional architecture project "The Titanica Casino and Iceberg Hotel" (1998). He lives and works in both Taiwan and Canada.

## Biography

Chen graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1993 earning a Master of Fine Arts in Sculpture and went on to study architecture at University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a Master of Architecture in 1997.

## Exhibitions

### Select solo exhibitions

* *Base Piece–E Chen Solo Exhibition*, Kuandu Museum of Fine Arts (2015)
* *Wunderkammer*, Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei, Taiwan (2010)
* *String of time*, Indianapolis museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA (2005)
* *United Paper*, Hammer Project UCLA Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, USA (2001)
* *Titanica*, Richard Telles Fine Art, Los Angeles, USA (1998)

### Select group exhibitions

* *Regionalism in Kogei*, 2nd International Triennale of Kogei in Kanazawa, Japan (2013)
* *Wonder*, 2008 Singapore Biennale, Singapore (2008)
* *Biennale cuvee*, ok space, Linz, Austria (2008)
* *Dirty Yoga*, 2006 Taipei Biennial, Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taiwan (2006)
* *Market place*, University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa, USA (2006–08)
* *Magic Hour*, Art and Las Vegas", Neue Galerie Graz am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Austria (2001)


title: Allan Carville

abstract: Allan Carville is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level. Carville made his full All Whites debut in a 1–1 draw with Fiji on 14 November 1988 and ended his international playing career with four A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 0–1 loss to Australia on 12 May 1991.

text:
# Allan Carville

**Allan Carville** is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.

Carville made his full All Whites debut in a 1–1 draw with Fiji on 14 November 1988 and ended his international playing career with four A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 0–1 loss to Australia on 12 May 1991.

## InfoBox

Allan Carville
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Allan Carville | | |
| Place of birth | New Zealand | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| *ante* 1988–? | Christchurch United |  |  |
| ?–1993 | Rangers AFC | 6 | (3) |
| 1995 | Woolston WMC | 7 | (2) |
| 1997 | Christchurch Technical |  |  |
| 1998 | Rangers AFC | 17 | (8) |
| 2001 | Nomads United | ? | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 1988–1991 | New Zealand | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Elements (miniseries)

abstract: "Elements" is an eight-episode-long miniseries that aired as part of the American animated television series Adventure Time's ninth season on Cartoon Network from April 24 to April 27, 2017. Adventure Time follows the adventures of Finn, a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape, and grow and shrink at will. In this limited event series, which itself follows the events of the Islands miniseries, Finn, Jake, and BMO return home to discover that Ooo has been turned into a veritable dystopia thanks to extreme elemental magic. Finn and Jake team up with Ice King, Betty, and Lumpy Space Princess to set things straight. Elements is the third and final Adventure Time miniseries produced, following Stakes (2015) and Islands (2017). The miniseries' story was developed by head writer Kent Osborne, series showrunner Adam Muto, Jack Pendarvis, and Julia Pott; Patrick McHale also contributed to the story for the episode "Cloudy". Storyboard artists who worked on this miniseries include Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Steve Wolfhard, Graham Falk, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, Kent Osborne, and Laura Knetzger. Cole Sanchez and Elizabeth Ito served as the miniseries' supervising directors, and Sandra Lee served as art director. All eight of the miniseries' installments were watched by approximately 0.90 million viewers, making them among the season's highest-watched episodes. It has been generally well received by television critics. Elements was released on DVD in Australia on July 3, 2018.

text:
# Elements (miniseries)

"**Elements**" is an eight-episode-long miniseries that aired as part of the American animated television series *Adventure Time*'s ninth season on Cartoon Network from April 24 to April 27, 2017. *Adventure Time* follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape, and grow and shrink at will. In this limited event series, which itself follows the events of the *Islands* miniseries, Finn, Jake, and BMO return home to discover that Ooo (i.e. the magical land in which they live) has been turned into a veritable dystopia thanks to extreme elemental magic. Finn and Jake team up with Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny), Betty (voiced by Felicia Day), and Lumpy Space Princess (voiced by Ward) to set things straight.

*Elements* is the third and final *Adventure Time* miniseries produced, following *Stakes* (2015) and *Islands* (2017). The miniseries' story was developed by head writer Kent Osborne, series showrunner Adam Muto, Jack Pendarvis, and Julia Pott; Patrick McHale also contributed to the story for the episode "Cloudy". Storyboard artists who worked on this miniseries include Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Steve Wolfhard, Graham Falk, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, Kent Osborne, and Laura Knetzger. Cole Sanchez and Elizabeth Ito served as the miniseries' supervising directors, and Sandra Lee served as art director. All eight of the miniseries' installments were watched by approximately 0.90 million viewers, making them among the season's highest-watched episodes. It has been generally well received by television critics. *Elements* was released on DVD in Australia on July 3, 2018.

## Plot

Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), and BMO (voiced by Niki Yang) arrive back in Ooo and discover that their home has been converted to candy and that many of their friends are now happily brainwashed candy people. Finn, Jake, and BMO eventually locate Princess Bubblegum (voiced by Hynden Walch), who has become a large candy tower being with the power to forcibly convert matter into candy. While BMO is completely transformed by Bubblegum's power, Finn and Jake are rescued by Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny), who then takes them to the Sky Kingdom. As Finn and Jake look down upon Ooo, they discover that it has been completely corrupted by the four primordial elements: candy, ice, slime, and fire.

Ice King explains that after Finn, Jake, and BMO left on their adventure Betty (voiced by Felicia Day) attempted to get Ice King to remember who he really is but in the process was kidnapped by Patience St. Pim (voiced by Lauren Lapkus), the ice elemental. Patience used Betty's magic to ensnare Princess Bubblegum, Flame Princess (voiced by Jessica DiCicco), and Slime Princess (voiced by Maria Bamford), who make up the remaining elementals. Unfortunately, Patience's plan went awry, and the elemental magic she unleashed took over Ooo. Finn, Jake and Ice King travel to the Ice World and confront Patience, who is disappointed that her plan did not go as planned. The group flee from the Ice Kingdom and rescue Betty, who argues that she can reset the world with an alternate-universe version of the *Enchiridion*. In order to activate the book's power, however, the group must track down the jewels of power, which are found in the elementals' crowns.

Finn and Jake journey to the transformed Slime Kingdom to retrieve Slime Princess' crown for her jewel. They run into Lumpy Space Princess (voiced by Ward), who is attending Slime Princess's roller skating party. The winners of the skating competition get absorbed into Slime Princess's whole being while the losers are caged up. Finn, Jake and Lumpy Space Princess enter, but lose, only to learn that by losing they still get absorbed. While Finn manages to grab the crown, Jake gets fully absorbed into Slime Princess, forcing Lumpy Space Princess to save Finn. Finn and Lumpy Space Princess flee and, along with Gunter the penguin, they journey to a radically altered Fire Kingdom to locate Flame Princess and her crown. The group finds the monarch—who has turned into a mighty dragon—in the bowels of the kingdom. When Flame Princess swallows the jewel necessary to save Ooo, Finn gives into his violence and begins attacking her, which transforms him into a fire person. Lumpy Space Princess, angered by the violence, yells at everyone to stop their fighting. The kingdom misinterprets her anger and decide to start a war with the Candy Kingdom.

Lumpy Space Princess chases after Finn and attempts to turn him back to normal, but to no avail; the Fire Kingdom citizens then start to fight the inhabitants of the Candy Kingdom. In a last ditch effort to save the world, Lumpy Space Princess reaches out to Finn's "hero heart," which reminds him of happiness, returning him to normal. Finn collects the jewels necessary to revert the world and gives them to Betty, but she betrays him and leaves him behind. Betty reveals that she wants to use the jewels to go back in time and stop Simon from transforming into Ice King. Ice King, oblivious to her plans, accidentally ruins her spell, causing her to get transported to Mars. Meanwhile, Lumpy Space Princess rescues Finn from the candy inhabitants as Princess Bubblegum begins to convert the rest of Ooo into candy. Finn realizes that throughout this ordeal, Lumpy Space Princess has yet to be converted by elemental magic. He speculates that her immunity means that she is, in effect, the anti-elemental. After Ice King arrives with the gems, Lumpy Space Princess taps into her anti-elemental powers and transforms Ooo back to normal. However, Jake now has five eyes and looks like his blue shape-shifter parent. Finn tells him that they'll find a way no matter what to fix everything and Jake embraces him, seeming to not be aware of his true form.

## Production

In late 2015, Cartoon Network aired an *Adventure Time* miniseries entitled *Stakes* during the show's seventh season. This was followed in early 2017 by a second miniseries entitled *Islands*, which aired as a part of the show's eighth season. On March 30, 2017, Cartoon Network announced that these two miniseries would be succeeded by a third, entitled *Elements*. This miniseries, along with *Islands*, had also been hinted at in 2015 (when head story writer Kent Osborne revealed prior to the airing of *Stakes* that the show would likely produce several more miniseries) and in 2016 (when Cartoon Network announced that "new episodes, mini-series, specials and more" would precede the series finale).

Much like *Stakes* and *Islands*, *Elements* has a unique title sequence that was designed just for the miniseries. The new intro was storyboarded by Hanna K. Nyström and, much like the intros for both *Stakes* and *Islands*, was animated by Masaaki Yuasa's company Science SARU. The sequence was unveiled via the official *Adventure Time* Tumblr on April 3; at this time, the site noted: "Once again, we were lucky enough to feature a new intro animated by Science SARU for the upcoming Elements miniseries;" Nyström later called it "a treat" to storyboard the intro. Unlike the usual sequence that normally begins episodes of *Adventure Time*, the *Elements* intro features imagery reflecting the four primary elements in the *Adventure Time* universe. The theme itself is sung by Hynden Walch, the voice actress for Princess Bubblegum.

Head writer Kent Osborne, series showrunner Adam Muto, Jack Pendarvis, and Julia Pott contributed to every episodes' story; this miniseries marked Pott's first time writing for the series, and according to Pendarvis, she "parachuted in\[to the writer's room\] at perhaps the most mind boggling moment in the sweeping arc of the series just totally undaunted, and showed incredible spirit and ingeniousness that encouraged us to press forward." Former creative director Patrick McHale also contributed to the story for the episode "Cloudy", as the plot for this episode was based on an unused first season episode (at that point known as "Cloud Story"), for which he had drawn a few rough storyboard panels. Storyboard artists who worked on this miniseries include Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Steve Wolfhard, Graham Falk, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, Kent Osborne, and Laura Knetzger. Cole Sanchez and Elizabeth Ito served as the miniseries' supervising directors, and Sandra Lee served as art director.

## Cast

Felicia Day (*left*) guest stars in this miniseries, playing Betty Grof. The role had previously been played by Lena Dunham (*right*).

The miniseries features vocal performances from the show's regular crew: Jeremy Shada (who voices Finn the Human), John DiMaggio (who portrays Jake the Dog), Olivia Olson (who portrays Marceline), Tom Kenny (who lends his voice to Ice King), Hynden Walch (who voices Princess Bubblegum), Ward (who voices Lumpy Space Princess), and Niki Yang (who voices the sentient video game console BMO in English, as well as Jake's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean). Polly Lou Livingston, a friend of Pendleton Ward's mother, Bettie Ward, plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks. Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess, Finn's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom. Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R., a sentient robot who makes and throws pies. Justin Roiland provides the voice of the Earl of Lemongrab. Felicia Day also has a starring role in this miniseries, playing Ice King's fiancée, Betty Grof (in previous episodes, this role had been played by Lena Dunham). The *Adventure Time* cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually. This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters. Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to "doing a play reading—a really, really out there play."

The miniseries also features several guest actors lending their voices to various characters. Hayden Ezzy plays Fern, Ethan Maher voices Sweet P, Ron Lynch returns as Mr. Pig, Lauren Lapkus reprises her role as Patience St. Pim, Dana Snyder lends his voice to the Life-Giving Magus, Cameron Esposito appears as Carroll the cloud woman, storyboard artist Tom Herpich voices Mr. Fox, Jeff Bennett plays Choose Goose, John Hodgman reprises his role as Elder Plops, Andy Samberg returns to voice Party Pat, and Andrew Daly voices Wyatt. Additionally, American singer and songwriter Kelly Hogan lends her voice to the song "Blue Magic", which plays in the episode "Winter Light". Throughout the miniseries, background voices are provided by Grey Griffin, Maria Bamford, Steve Little, and Dee Bradley Baker.

## Release and reception

### Broadcast

*Elements* aired as part of the show's ninth season on Cartoon Network from April 24 to April 27, 2017. The miniseries premiered on Cartoon Network Australia on June 19, 2017 and concluded on June 23, 2017. *Elements* premiered on Cartoon Network UK on December 4, 2017 and concluded on December 7, 2017.

### Ratings

The premiere episodes, "Skyhooks"/"Bespoken For", were collectively watched by 0.826 million viewers and they both scored a 0.2 in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic according to Nielsen (Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States); this means that 0.2 percent of all households with viewers aged 18 to 49 years old who were watching television at the time of the episodes' airing. In terms of viewership numbers, the miniseries hit a high with the second and third episodes, both of which were watched by 0.98 million individuals. The miniseries' final two episodes, "Hero Heart" and "Skyhooks II", were collectively viewed by 0.9 million viewers, and they both scored a 0.21 in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic.

### Critical reception

Elements has received generally positive reviews. Oliver Sava of *The A.V. Club* awarded the miniseries a "B" letter grade. He contended that the episodes helped to return the viewers to the land of Ooo and also to resituate and reconfigure the characters' central relationships. Despite writing positively of the plot and the first half of the miniseries, Sava contended that "the back half of the miniseries switches into a generic plot where the heroes have to collect assorted items in order to stop the Elementals, and it starts to get more repetitive with each chapter." With all of this said, Sava wrote that the miniseries "does great work reinforcing how important Finn and Jake’s friendship is for both of them"; he argued that this was best on display in "Cloudy", which he called "the simplest, quietest, and most affecting chapter of the entire miniseries."

Zack Smith of Newsarama awarded the miniseries an 8 out of 10 and wrote positively of the show's use of the event series format, noting that it allows for "a stronger sense of focus \[...\] with every episode giving the sense that the story is building to a larger conclusion". Smith also wrote that the miniseries was a "visual treat", and he applauded how it provided the show with an excuse to redesign almost all of its characters. With that said, he also wrote that the miniseries was somewhat of a "victory lap" because "there’s not a lot of forward momentum in the overall mythology of the show".

Zack Blumenfeld of *Paste* magazine praised the miniseries, declaring that *Elements* "is superior to and more cohesive than both *Stakes* and *Islands*, simultaneously a return to *Adventure Time*'s surrealist roots and an emotional step forward." Blumenfeld highlighted "Cloudy" as the miniseries' strongest episode, noting that it "give us flashes of the show’s old innocence \[and\] it also opens up a window into Jake’s inner life that we rarely see." Ultimately, he wrote that "the quality of the \[series' previous\] miniseries comes down to their emotional content, and *Elements* has that in spades. It’s a welcome sign of continuous vitality from Cartoon Network’s flagship show, and its urgency serves to remind us that we won’t have *Adventure Time* forever".

## Episodes

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Supervising
direction by | Written and storyboarded by | Original air date | Prod.
code | US viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 254 | 2 | "Elements Part 1: Skyhooks" | Cole Sanchez | Sam Alden & Polly Guo | April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24) | 1042-260 | 0.83 |
| 255 | 3 | "Elements Part 2: Bespoken For" | Elizabeth Ito | Somvilay Xayaphone & Seo Kim | April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24) | 1042-261 | 0.83 |
| 256 | 4 | "Elements Part 3: Winter Light" | Cole Sanchez | Steve Wolfhard & Laura Knetzger | April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25) | 1042-262 | 0.98 |
| 257 | 5 | "Elements Part 4: Cloudy" | Elizabeth Ito | Graham Falk & Kent Osborne | April 25, 2017 (2017-04-25) | 1042-263 | 0.98 |
| 258 | 6 | "Elements Part 5: Slime Central" | Elizabeth Ito | Aleks Sennwald & Hanna K. Nyström | April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26) | 1042-264 | 0.92 |
| 259 | 7 | "Elements Part 6: Happy Warrior" | Cole Sanchez | Sam Alden & Polly Guo | April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26) | 1042-265 | 0.92 |
| 260 | 8 | "Elements Part 7: Hero Heart" | Elizabeth Ito | Somvilay Xayaphone & Seo Kim | April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27) | 1042-266 | 0.90 |
| 261 | 9 | "Elements Part 8: Skyhooks II" | Cole Sanchez | Steve Wolfhard | April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27) | 1042-267 | 0.90 |

## Home media

The entire miniseries was released through iTunes on April 17, 2017. This marked the third time that *Adventure Time* episodes had been officially released before officially airing on Cartoon Network (the first instance being the release of the episode "Princess Day" on the DVD of the same name on July 29, 2014, and the second being the release of the *Islands* miniseries on January 24, 2017).

### DVD release

*Elements* was released on DVD exclusively in Australia.

* "Orb", which functions as a prequel to *Elements*
* "Ketchup", which features an allegorical recollection of *Elements*

**Directing clarifications**

**Explanatory notes**

1. Patrick McHale only contributed to the story for "Cloudy".
2. Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from all of the episodes' opening credits.
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## InfoBox

| ***Elements*** | |
| --- | --- |
| *Adventure Time* episodes | |
| Region 4 DVD cover | |
| Episode nos. | Season 9
Episodes 2–9 |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by | * Sam Alden * Polly Guo * Seo Kim * Somvilay Xayaphone * Steve Wolfhard * Graham Falk * Hanna K. Nyström * Aleks Sennwald * Kent Osborne * Laura Knetzger |
| Story by |  |
| Original air date | April 24–27, 2017 |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
|
|


title: Engina egregia

abstract: Engina egregia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pisaniidae.

text:
# Engina egregia

***Engina egregia*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pisaniidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Engina egregia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Pisaniidae |
| Genus: | *Engina* |
| Species: | ***E. egregia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Engina egregia***<br>(Reeve, 1844) | |
|


title: Ellisville Harbor State Park

abstract: Ellisville Harbor State Park is a nature preserve and public recreation area located in the village of Ellisville, Massachusetts, United States, on the western shore of Cape Cod Bay. Natural features of the coastal property include a barrier beach, sphagnum bog, salt marsh, rolling meadows, and red pine forest habitats. Scenic features include views of the South Shore coastline, small fishing boats, harbor seals seen offshore during fall and winter, and birds attracted to the park's bog as both habitat and migration stopover. The state park is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation.

text:
# Ellisville Harbor State Park

**Ellisville Harbor State Park** is a nature preserve and public recreation area located in the village of Ellisville, Massachusetts, United States, on the western shore of Cape Cod Bay. Natural features of the coastal property include a barrier beach, sphagnum bog, salt marsh, rolling meadows, and red pine forest habitats. Scenic features include views of the South Shore coastline, small fishing boats, harbor seals seen offshore during fall and winter, and birds attracted to the park's bog as both habitat and migration stopover. The state park is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation.

## History

Between 2,500 and 5,000 years ago, prehistoric Native Americans hunted, fished, harvested shellfish, and made tools here. An area of approximately 600 acres (240 ha), which includes at least two Native American sites, was designated an Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) in 1980. The state acquired 100 acres (40 ha) of the ACEC to create the state park in 1991. In its earlier days, the harbor was a busy loading spot for ships taking timber to Boston and for local fishing. The park's reproduction colonial farmstead/tavern property is part of the Department of Conservation and Recreation's Historic Curatorship Program.

## Activities and amenities

The park offers opportunities for fishing, hiking, cross-country skiing, and beachcombing. A wide main trail of about 350 yards is maintained with a processed stone surface from a parking area to a wide, rocky beach. The endangered piping plovers and least terns nest along a section of the beach which is closed in the spring. Several side trails where poison ivy may cling to trail edges access other areas of the park.

## InfoBox

| Ellisville Harbor State Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location in MassachusettsEllisville Harbor State Park (the United States) | |
| Location | Ellisville, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
| Coordinates | 41°50′34″N 70°32′13″W / 41.84278°N 70.53694°W / 41.84278; -70.53694 |
| Area | 97 acres (39 ha) |
| Elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Established | 1991 |
| Governing body | Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation |
| Website | Ellisville Harbor State Park |


title: Elizabeth Murphy House

abstract:
The Elizabeth Murphy House is an American System-Built Home (ASBH), Model A203, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, and located in the Village of Shorewood near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The house takes its name from Shorewoodian Elizabeth Murphy, wife of loan broker Lawrence Murphy, who purchased a lot as an investment on which to build the house speculatively, and who contracted with Herman F. Krause Jr., a local carpenter, to build the house in 1917 according to plans supplied by Frank Lloyd Wright via Wright's marketing agent for ASBH projects, the Arthur L. Richards Company. A lawsuit and liens filed in 1919 reveal that construction took longer and cost more than expected.
For example, Krause sued the Murphys for unpaid invoices and the Murphys countered by claiming incomplete work. The architect is named as final decision-maker for changes suggested by the contractor to hold down costs, but absence of correspondence suggests that he was not consulted. Despite the trouble, the home's dimensions and layout are exact matches to the architect's drawings, although it was constructed in a mirror image to accommodate lot proportions and the relationship to neighboring houses. The lot and home were sold by Elizabeth Murphy to Alfred and Gladys Kibbie in 1919 for $5,200. Since the Kibbies purchased the house before the lawsuit was settled, they were also named as defendants. The lawsuit was found in favor of Murphy and the Kibbies, suggesting that the house was finished by someone other than Krause. The Kibbie family lived in the house until 1941 when it was advertised as a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed bungalow and priced to sell for $5,300. The house changed hands again in 1972 and 1993. Lawyers for the family of a deceased owner elected to leave the architect's name off an advertisement to sell the home in 1993, hoping to reach a broader selection of potential buyers by minimizing perceived barriers to ownership related to the home's history, so its architectural significance was forgotten for a time. When it was purchased that year, the buyers suspected it to be a "special" design, but did not know who designed it. The house is a one-story cottage with two bedrooms and one bath, a breakfast nook, a large open living area with a brick fireplace and an open-air sleeping porch. The floorpan and most of the interior are undisturbed and in original form. The interior includes birch trim with the original rubbed-shellac finish, dining and kitchen cabinets and leaded art-glass doors, windows and light screens with a simple motif that mirrors the homes facade. Modifications include shingles over the original exterior pebble-dash stucco, double pane-glass windows where there were once single panes, and the excavation of a garage where there was once a crawl space under the sleeping porch. Plan records for ASBH Model A203 are held in the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives (1082.001). A drawing from a brochure page shows model A201 as featuring a flat roof, model A202 with a gabled roof, and A203 with a hip roof. The amateur Wright historian Richard Johnson visited the home in 2012 and presented the owners with drawings by Wright that he thought would reaffirm its pedigree. Johnson, along with Dominique Watts and William A. Storrer, was researching lost works by the architect for a book that was not published. In 2015, onsite inspections and court records compiled by Michael P. Lilek, the then Curator of American System-Built Homes with Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin, Inc., confirmed the house as a Wright design by comparing construction features with Wright's model A203 and named the home the "Elizabeth Murphy House," based on the practice that Wright homes be named for the original buyer. The house was featured as a stop on the 2017 and 2023 Wright and Like Tours, organized by Wright in Wisconsin. It is listed in the Fourth Edition of William A. Storrer's The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, A Complete Catalog. The Elizabeth Murphy House is a private residence.

text:
# Elizabeth Murphy House

The **Elizabeth Murphy House** is an American System-Built Home (ASBH), Model A203, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, and located in the Village of Shorewood near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The house takes its name from Shorewoodian Elizabeth Murphy, wife of loan broker Lawrence Murphy, who purchased a lot as an investment on which to build the house speculatively, and who contracted with Herman F. Krause Jr., a local carpenter, to build the house in 1917 according to plans supplied by Frank Lloyd Wright via Wright's marketing agent for ASBH projects, the Arthur L. Richards Company.

A lawsuit and liens filed in 1919 reveal that construction took longer and cost more than expected. For example, Krause sued the Murphys for unpaid invoices and the Murphys countered by claiming incomplete work. The architect is named as final decision-maker for changes suggested by the contractor to hold down costs, but absence of correspondence suggests that he was not consulted. Despite the trouble, the home's dimensions and layout are exact matches to the architect's drawings, although it was constructed in a mirror image to accommodate lot proportions and the relationship to neighboring houses.

The lot and home were sold by Elizabeth Murphy to Alfred and Gladys Kibbie in 1919 for $5,200. Since the Kibbies purchased the house before the lawsuit was settled, they were also named as defendants. The lawsuit was found in favor of Murphy and the Kibbies, suggesting that the house was finished by someone other than Krause. The Kibbie family lived in the house until 1941 when it was advertised as a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed bungalow and priced to sell for $5,300. The house changed hands again in 1972 and 1993. Lawyers for the family of a deceased owner elected to leave the architect's name off an advertisement to sell the home in 1993, hoping to reach a broader selection of potential buyers by minimizing perceived barriers to ownership related to the home's history, so its architectural significance was forgotten for a time. When it was purchased that year, the buyers suspected it to be a "special" design, but did not know who designed it.

The house is a one-story cottage with two bedrooms and one bath, a breakfast nook, a large open living area with a brick fireplace and an open-air (since enclosed) sleeping porch.

The floorpan and most of the interior are undisturbed and in original form. The interior includes birch trim with the original rubbed-shellac finish, dining and kitchen cabinets and leaded art-glass doors, windows and light screens with a simple motif that mirrors the homes facade. Modifications include shingles over the original exterior pebble-dash stucco, double pane-glass windows where there were once single panes, and the excavation of a garage where there was once a crawl space under the sleeping porch.

Plan records for ASBH Model A203 are held in the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives (1082.001). A drawing from a brochure page shows model A201 as featuring a flat roof, model A202 with a gabled roof, and A203 with a hip roof.

The amateur Wright historian Richard Johnson visited the home in 2012 and presented the owners with drawings by Wright that he thought would reaffirm its pedigree. Johnson, along with Dominique Watts and William A. Storrer, was researching lost works by the architect for a book that was not published. In 2015, onsite inspections and court records compiled by Michael P. Lilek, the then Curator of American System-Built Homes with Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin, Inc., confirmed the house as a Wright design by comparing construction features with Wright's model A203 and named the home the "Elizabeth Murphy House," based on the practice that Wright homes be named for the original buyer.

The house was featured as a stop on the 2017 and 2023 Wright and Like Tours, organized by Wright in Wisconsin. It is listed in the Fourth Edition of William A. Storrer's *The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, A Complete Catalog.*

The Elizabeth Murphy House is a private residence.

43°05′07″N 87°53′01″W / 43.08526°N 87.8835°W / 43.08526; -87.8835


title: 1810 Spanish general election

abstract: General elections to the special Cortes of Cádiz were held in Spain in 1810. At stake were all 276 seats in the Cortes of Cádiz – which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed by Napoleon.

text:
# 1810 Spanish general election

General elections to the special Cortes of Cádiz were held in Spain in 1810. At stake were all 276 seats in the Cortes of Cádiz  which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed by Napoleon.

## History

During the first years of the Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814) the popular revolts of the Spanish people were accompanied by the creation of provincial and local defense "Juntas". Those juntas assumed national sovereignty, forming their own local and regional governing bodies. These juntas aimed to defend against the French invasion and fill the power vacuum, refusing to recognize José I Bonaparte as their legitimate king. The juntas were mainly composed of military personnel, representatives of the high clergy, officials and professors. In September 1808 the local and provincial juntas ceded their power to the Supreme Central Government Junta of the Kingdom, which led the war against the French and was recognized as the legitimate government of Spain by the United Kingdom and other anti-Napoleonic countries. The Supreme Junta summoned an extraordinary meeting of the Cortes of Cádiz, a revolutionary act, since the right to call for a meeting of the Cortes was exclusive to the crown.

After an intense debate in the Supreme Junta it was decided that the Cortes of Cádiz would be unicameral, elected by census suffrage (only those with a certain level of income could vote) and indirect. The Cortes met for the first time in the last major Spanish foothold during the Peninsular War, Cádiz, on the Isla de León, on September 24, 1810.

## Constituencies

A majority voting system was used for the election, with 32 multi-member constituencies and 2 single-member constituencies. Spanish America had 29 representatives.

## Electorate

All male citizens above 25 years old could vote or be voted.

## InfoBox

1810 Spanish general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 276 seats of the Cortes of Cádiz<br>138 seats needed for a majority | |
| Turnout | NA |
|  | |
| --- | |


title: 16 Biggest Hits (George Jones album)

abstract: 16 Biggest Hits is a compilation album American country artist George Jones. This album was released on July 14, 1998, on the Legacy Recordings and Epic Records labels. It was certified Gold on November 5, 2002, by the RIAA. It has sold 1,188,000 copies in the US as of April 2013.

text:
# 16 Biggest Hits (George Jones album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***16 Biggest Hits*** is a compilation album American country artist George Jones. This album was released on July 14, 1998, on the Legacy Recordings and Epic Records labels. It was certified Gold on November 5, 2002, by the RIAA. It has sold 1,188,000 copies in the US as of April 2013.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "A Picture of Me (Without You)" | George Richey, Norro Wilson | 2:33 |
| 2. | "What My Woman Can't Do" | George Jones, Earl Montgomery, Billy Sherrill | 2:37 |
| 3. | "The Grand Tour" | Richey, Carmol Taylor, Wilson | 3:07 |
| 4. | "These Days (I Barely Get By)" | Jones, Tammy Wynette | 3:02 |
| 5. | "The Door" | Sherrill, Wilson | 2:43 |
| 6. | "Bartender's Blues" | James Taylor | 3:45 |
| 7. | "He Stopped Loving Her Today" | Bobby Braddock, Curly Putman | 3:17 |
| 8. | "If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)" | Rick Beresford, Harlan Sanders | 3:11 |
| 9. | "Still Doin' Time" | Michael P. Heeney, John E. Moffat | 2:50 |
| 10. | "I Always Get Lucky with You" | Gary Church, Merle Haggard, Freddy Powers, Tex Whitson | 3:19 |
| 11. | "She's My Rock" | Gene Dobbins | 2:27 |
| 12. | "Wine Colored Roses" | Dennis Knutson, A.L. "Doodle" Owens | 3:19 |
| 13. | "The Right Left Hand" | Knutson, Owens | 3:16 |
| 14. | "Radio Lover" | Ron Hellard, Bucky Jones, Curly Putman | 3:29 |
| 15. | "The King Is Gone (So Are You)" | Roger D. Ferris | 3:23 |
| 16. | "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes" | Max D. Barnes, Troy Seals | 3:18 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 50 |
| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 42 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification |
| --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum |

## InfoBox

| 16 Biggest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by George Jones | |
| Released | July 14, 1998 (1998-07-14) |
| Recorded | September 13, 1972 (1972-09-13) – September 28, 1988 (1988-09-28) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 49:36 |
| Label | Legacy/Epic |
| George Jones compilation albums chronology | |
| *Super Hits, Volume 2*
(1993) ***16 Biggest Hits***
(1998) *Live With the Possum*
(1999) | |


title: 16 Biggest Hits (John Denver album)

abstract: 16 Biggest Hits is a 2006 John Denver compilation album. It is part of a series of similar 16 Biggest Hits albums released by Legacy Recordings.

text:
# 16 Biggest Hits (John Denver album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***16 Biggest Hits*** is a 2006 John Denver compilation album. It is part of a series of similar *16 Biggest Hits* albums released by Legacy Recordings.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Annie's Song" | John Denver | 3:03 |
| 2. | "Back Home Again" | Denver | 4:47 |
| 3. | "Baby, You Look Good to Me Tonight" | Bill Danoff | 2:50 |
| 4. | "Sunshine on My Shoulders" | Denver, Dick Kniss, Mike Taylor | 5:15 |
| 5. | "Sweet Surrender" | Denver | 5:31 |
| 6. | "Take Me Home, Country Roads" | Taffy Nivert, Danoff, Denver | 3:12 |
| 7. | "Rocky Mountain High" | Denver, Taylor | 4:46 |
| 8. | "I'm Sorry" | Denver | 3:34 |
| 9. | "Fly Away" | Denver | 4:12 |
| 10. | "Dreamland Express" | Denver | 4:08 |
| 11. | "How Can I Leave You Again" | Denver | 3:12 |
| 12. | "Looking for Space" | Denver | 4:01 |
| 13. | "Thank God I'm a Country Boy (live)" | John Sommers | 3:12 |
| 14. | "Leaving on a Jet Plane" | Denver | 3:40 |
| 15. | "Wild Montana Skies" (Duet with Emmylou Harris) | Denver | 4:06 |
| 16. | "Some Days Are Diamonds (Some Days Are Stone)" | Dick Feller | 4:01 |

## Chart performance

*16 Biggest Hits* peaked at #61 on the U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart the week of February 24, 2007.

| Chart (2006–2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 61 |
|

## InfoBox

| 16 Biggest Hits | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by John Denver | |
| Released | September 5, 2006 (2006-09-05) |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Legacy |
| John Denver chronology | |
| *A Song's Best Friend*
(2004) ***16 Biggest Hits***
(2006) *The Essential John Denver*
(2007) | |


title: Anka Wachana (Chumbivilcas)

abstract: Anka Wachana is a mountain in the Andes of Peru. Its summit reaches about 4,640.9 m (15,226 ft) above sea level. Anka Wachana is situated in the Cusco Region, Chumbivilcas Province, Velille District.

text:
# Anka Wachana (Chumbivilcas)

**Anka Wachana** (Quechua *anka* black-chested buzzard-eagle or eagle, *wacha* birth, to give birth *-na* a suffix, "where the eagle is born", Hispanicized spelling *Ancahuachana*) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru. Its summit reaches about 4,640.9 m (15,226 ft) above sea level. Anka Wachana is situated in the Cusco Region, Chumbivilcas Province, Velille District.

## InfoBox

| Anka Wachana | |
| --- | --- |
| Anka WachanaPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 4,640.9 m (15,226 ft) |
| Coordinates | 14°32′38″S 71°58′51″W / 14.54389°S 71.98083°W / -14.54389; -71.98083 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Cusco Region, Chumbivilcas Province |
| Parent range | Andes |


title: El Loco

abstract: El Loco is the seventh studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1981. It foreshadowed the band's extensive usage of synthesizers on Eliminator, Afterburner, and to a lesser extent, Recycler, by way of employing a synthesizer on a couple tracks, played by an uncredited Linden Hudson.

text:
# El Loco

***El Loco*** is the seventh studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top, released in 1981. It foreshadowed the band's extensive usage of synthesizers on *Eliminator, Afterburner,* and to a lesser extent, *Recycler,* by way of employing a synthesizer on a couple tracks, played by an uncredited Linden Hudson.

## Background

*El Loco* was produced by Bill Ham and recorded and originally mixed by Terry Manning. The biographer David Blayney explains in his book *Sharp Dressed Men* that the recording engineer Linden Hudson was involved as a pre-producer on this album. Hudson did not receive credit for engineering the tracks on "Groovy Little Hippie Pad" which were used on the final album mix. In 1987, most of the band's back catalog received a controversial "digitally enhanced" remix treatment for CD release; however, *El Loco* did not receive this remix treatment and the original mix of the album has been available on CD since 1987.

On June 3, 2013, Gibbons told Joe Bosso of MusicRadar.com that the album was "a really interesting turning point", explaining that the band had "befriended somebody who would become an influential associate, a guy named Linden Hudson. He was a gifted songwriter and had production skills that were leading the pack at times. He brought some elements to the forefront that helped reshape what ZZ Top were doing, starting in the studio and eventually to the live stage. \[He\] had no fear and was eager to experiment in ways that would frighten most bands. But we followed suit, and the synthesizers started to show up on record. Manufacturers were looking for ways to stimulate sales, and these instruments started appearing on the market. One of our favorite tracks was "Groovy Little Hippie Pad". Right at the very opening, there it is – the heavy sound of a synthesizer. For us, there was no turning back." Gibbons would later cite seeing a Devo soundcheck in Houston as inspiring the synthesizer line on "Groovy Little Hippie Pad." However, Blayney described in his book how Hudson had composed and performed the synthesizer parts at the band's studio in Texas, a tape of which was taken to Memphis to be mixed into the final version of the song, without being credited. The double entendres on "Tube Snake Boogie" and "Pearl Necklace" are barely disguised, while much of the record plays as flat-out goofy party rock.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| Tom Hull | B+ |
| *(The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

*The Boston Globe* wrote: "Instead of sticking to inventive boogie chops, producer Bill Ham has refined the material until only 'It's So Hard' with Billy Gibbon's scratchy guitar rises above the Ham's laundering process." *The Globe and Mail* opined that "the rhythm section of Dusty Hill and Frank Beard is doubtless the most pervasive around."

## Track listing

All lead vocals by Billy Gibbons, except where noted.

All tracks are written by Gibbons, Dusty Hill, and Frank Beard.

Side one
| No. | Title | Lead vocals | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tube Snake Boogie" |  | 3:02 |
| 2. | "I Wanna Drive You Home" |  | 4:44 |
| 3. | "Ten Foot Pole" |  | 4:19 |
| 4. | "Leila" |  | 3:13 |
| 5. | "Don't Tease Me" | Gibbons, Hill | 4:19 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Lead vocals | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "It's So Hard" |  | 5:12 |
| 2. | "Pearl Necklace" |  | 4:01 |
| 3. | "Groovy Little Hippie Pad" |  | 2:40 |
| 4. | "Heaven, Hell or Houston" |  | 2:31 |
| 5. | "Party on the Patio" | Hill | 2:49 |

## Personnel

## Production

* Producer  Bill Ham
* Engineer  Terry Manning
* Pre-production engineer  Linden Hudson
* Mastering  Bob Ludwig
* Design  Bob Alford
* Photography  Bob Alford

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (*RPM*) | 19 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 52 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 26 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 88 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 17 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 50,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

1. "FMQB" (PDF). p. 35.
2. Blayney, David (1994). *Sharp Dressed Men*. New York: Hyperion. pp. 196–203. ISBN 0-7868-8005-8.
3. "Billy Gibbons talks ZZ Top: The Complete Studio Albums (1970-1990)". 3 June 2013.
4. "Billy Gibbons: My Life in 15 Songs". *Rolling Stone*. 10 November 2015.
5. El Loco at AllMusic
6. Robert Christgau. "ZZ Top". Retrieved August 24, 2011.
7. "Tom Hull: Grade List: ZZ Top". Tom Hull. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
8. Cross, Charles R. (2004). "ZZ Top". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). *(The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide* (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 907-8. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
9. Conte, Frank (3 Sep 1981). "ZZ Top, El Loco". Calendar. *The Boston Globe*. p. 1.
10. Niester, Alan (19 Sep 1981). "El Loco ZZ Top". *The Globe and Mail*. p. F6.
11. "Top RPM Albums: Issue 0407". *RPM*. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July, 8 2023.
12. "Offiziellecharts.de – ZZ Top – El Loco" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved July, 8 2023.
13. "Swedishcharts.com – ZZ Top – El Loco". Hung Medien. Retrieved July, 8 2023.
14. "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July, 8 2023.
15. "ZZ Top Chart History (*Billboard* 200)". *Billboard*. Retrieved July, 8 2023.
16. "Dusty Hill El Loco In-House Canadian Record Award". November 15, 2023.
17. "American album certifications – ZZ Top – El Loco". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 9, 2019.

## InfoBox

| El Loco | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by ZZ Top | |
| Released | July 15, 1981 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 36:49 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Bill Ham |
| ZZ Top chronology | |
| *Degüello*
(1979) ***El Loco***
(1981) *Eliminator*
(1983) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *El Loco* | |
| 1. "Leila"
Released: 1981 2. "Tube Snake Boogie"
Released: 1981 | |
|  | |


title: Ethnic communities in Kanpur

text:
# Ethnic communities in Kanpur

Kanpur, India is the most cosmopolitan city in the state of Uttar Pradesh with vast number of ethnic groups and races. The city is mostly occupied by people from Uttar Pradesh. However, beside from Uttar Pradesh there are also people from other states and countries like-Punjabis, Irish, Bengalis, South Indians, Anglo Indian, Gujaratis, Iraqis, Portuguese, Gypsies, Parsis etc.

## Bengalis

The Bengali diaspora communities in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand are mostly composed of Brahmins and some other upper castes of Brahminical Hinduism. Most of these moved to these places in the colonial period, starting as sepoys in the early nineteenth century and continuing as petty clerks in the administration, teachers and later, doctors, lawyers and officers in companies and businesses. Most of this stemmed from the "early adopter" advantage that the forward caste Bengalis had when it came to adopting Western education.

A big reason for Bengalis migrating to Kanpur is the fact that Bengal was the **first Indian province** that came under British rule and large swathes of Northern and Eastern India continued to be ruled from Calcutta for a long time. The cities of Varanasi and Prayagraj too were in the British empire since the early nineteenth century, and the cities of Agra, Kanpur and Lucknow were added in 1836 to form the "North-Western Provinces". There is huge population of Bengalis in Bengali Mohal and Golaghat. Abhijeet Bhattacharya, a popular singer of Bengali origin belongs to Kanpur.

## Punjabis

There was presence of Punjabis in Kanpur before independence. Majority of them indulged in industrial and trade activities. After 1947, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees arrived at Kanpur from Pakistan. Govind Nagar, Gumti No. 5 and Harjinder Nagar are important Sikh localities in the city. After 1984 anti-Sikh riots, many Sikhs fled to Punjab and Delhi thus decreasing the population of Punjabis. Hindu Punjabi khatris are concentrated mainly all around the city with heavy population in Krishna Nagar and Shyam Nagar in the eastern part of city. Some Muslim Punjabi communities like Bisati and Shamsi are also found in the city who are engage in the leather trade among other trades. The Punjabi Mahapanchayat was formed in the city in 2008 to protect and safeguard the rights of Punjabis. Prem Kumar Sahgal, member of Azad Hind Fauj was resident of Kanpur. Hard Kaur, a popular Hindi and English rap singer of Punjabi origin belongs to Kanpur. Actresses like Poonam Dhillon and Kritika Kamra also belong to the city.

## Irish

Many Irish were employed as clergymen and sepoys in British East India Company. Some of whom also died in various massacres against British in India which included targeted attacks to white men. Today Irish people are negligible in population and live in various localities of the city. Hugh Wheeler who was general in British Army belonged to Anglo-Irish background. He died in the city during the massacre at Massacre Ghat. His descendants are still believed to be living in the city.

## Romanis

Romanis started migrating to Kanpur from Rajasthan villages due to scarcity of water there. A group of romanis along with 6,000 sheep, 100 camels and 20 dogs settled in Sirhi Itara village which is in close proximity from the city.

## Gujaratis

There are more than 250 Gujarati families with population roughly equal to around 3000. The Gujarati Samaj is the oldest and apex body of the community in the city. It was established 115 years back when Magan Lal Savla came to the city and set up his own business. The Savla family migrated about 10 decades ago and since has well established business in the city. Gujarat Bhawan situated at Nayaganj hold their important cultural and religious events every year.

## Portuguese

In late 18th century there was a large population of Portuguese people in the city which included traders and businessmen. When the city was captured by British forces most of the Portuguese left the city. The old Portuguese graveyard or Kutchery Cemetery is situated at VIP Road where Archaeological Survey of India's office is present. At present there is small population of Portuguese scattered across the city. Allan de Noronha, president of All India Catholic Union is from the city and resides in the city. Brian Silas, a popular piano player and musician belongs to Kanpur.

## Marathis

Kanpur is home to more than 2000 Marathi families. The approximate Marathi population in the city is around 20,000. The reason of the vast population of Marathis is because of the presence of Nana Sahib, a Maratha freedom fighter who resided at Bithoor (about 25 km from Kanpur). Every year, the Marathi people celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi, which is also celebrated with among the local Hindu population. Maharashtra Bhawan, situated at Khalasi Lines, is an important Marathi cultural centre in the city. The building was vandalised in the year 2009 by angry Bihari mobs who were protesting the persecution of Biharis in Maharashtra. Veena Sahasrabuddhe, a noted Hindustani Classical vocalist was born in Kanpur in 1948.

## Parsis

Once a strong community with population above 800, at present there are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire Temple at The Mall. Most of the Parsis belong to Javeri family who came to the city as industrialists before independence.

## South Indians

There is a small population of southern Indians who have settled permanently in Kanpur and are spread throughout the city. Southern Indians in Kanpur mostly belong to the Malayali and Tamil ethnic/linquistic group and are mostly Hindu while a large segment are also Christian. They migrated to the city mainly for jobs opportunities and educational purposes. Lakshmi Swaminathan, freedom fighter and member of Azad Hind Fauj was of Malayali decent settled in the city.

## Sindhis

In 1951 there were 9000 Sindhi people of Pakistani ancestry in Kanpur. Today there are about 1.5 lakh people of the Sindhi community in the city most of them merchants and businessman. They migrated to the city during partition in 1947. There is large community of them in Sindhi Colony in Shastri Nagar locality of the city. Laxman Das Rupani, owner of Rupani Footwear and a prominent industrialist and social worker of the city belongs to Sindhi family.

## Iraqis

Iraqi biradri is a community of Sunni Muslims from eastern Uttar Pradesh where the community has a historic Iraqi origin, believed to have come to Ghazipur, India, in the 14th century from Iraq. Some members moved to the city earlier in the colonial times. As time progressed they have majority population in Jajmau area of the city where leather tanneries are concentrated in large amount. Presently the population in Kanpur is estimated to be above 30 thousand or so. Most of the community members speak Urdu, and Bhojpuri and maintain a strong affiliation with their eastern UP roots with many still having ancestral houses in the Bhojpuri belt of UP. About 80% of the tanneries are owned by members of the Iraqi Biradri who are possibly responsible provide employment to over 250,000 people. An Iraqi Biradri Market in Baconganj is among the most popular markets in the city. Ghazala Lari, a politician and Mushir Alam, a businessperson belong to the city.

## Anglo Indians

The Anglo Indian population in the city is estimated to be above 5,000. Though, a strong thriving community of the city before independence with population more than 10,000, now they are only found in some pockets of the city like McRobertganj, Khalasi Lines, Maxwellganj, Green Park, Cantonment, Allenganj, Swaroop Nagar, Permat, Gwaltoli, Nawabganj and Arya Nagar. The All India Anglo Indian Association of the city has its headquarter near UKCA School or Sheiling House. Even though they have preserved their culture, many have mixed with local Christian population. Jamed Douglas Binge is the current chairman of AIAIA Kanpur and senior most Anglo Indian of the city. Bob Woolmer, an eminent cricket player belonged to an Anglo Indian family of the city. Charles Allen, a British freelance writer and a popular historian belongs to Kanpur and often refers to himself as 'Kanpurwala'.


title: Eberhard Fetz

abstract: Eberhard Erich Fetz is an American neuroscientist, academic and researcher. He is a Professor of Physiology and Biophysics and DXARTS at the University of Washington. Fetz has authored over 160 papers on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks. His research focuses on the neural control of limb movement in primates. He pioneered the recording of cortical and spinal neurons in behaving monkeys and the applications of bidirectional brain-computer interfaces. In 2020, Fetz was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Neuroscience.

text:
# Eberhard Fetz

**Eberhard Erich Fetz** (born February 5, 1940) is an American neuroscientist, academic and researcher. He is a Professor of Physiology and Biophysics and DXARTS at the University of Washington.

Fetz has authored over 160 papers on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks. His research focuses on the neural control of limb movement in primates. He pioneered the recording of cortical and spinal neurons in behaving monkeys and the applications of bidirectional brain-computer interfaces.

In 2020, Fetz was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Neuroscience.

## Education

Fetz received his B.S. in Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1961 and his Doctoral degree in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966. He completed his Postdoctoral Training in Neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Washington School of Medicine.

## Career

Fetz joined University of Washington School of Medicine as an Assistant Professor in 1969 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1975. In 1980, he was promoted to Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, and in 2019 he was appointed as Professor of DXARTS at the University.

From 1999 till 2005, he served as Associate Director for Neuroscience in the Washington National Primate Research Center and was appointed as Head of the Neuroscience Division for a second time in 2012.

Fetz is a private pilot and has an active interest in art. Starting with a sabbatical at the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin in 2004-5 he has a particular interest in artistic explorations of mind-brain issues. He has created cyanotype and digital print collages and multimedia works.

## Research

Fetz has worked on experimental neuroscience, brain-computer interfaces, and neural networks. His research includes studies on monkeys’ ability to volitionally control the activity of motor cortex cells and muscles with biofeedback, neural mechanisms of a primate model of focal epilepsy, the functional organization of premotor cells controlling forearm muscles and synaptic interactions between neurons. His later research developed an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface that induced synaptic plasticity.

### Volitional control of motor cortex cells and muscles with biofeedback

Fetz studied the relation between motor cortex cells and forelimb muscles in behaving monkeys. He first investigated these relations by training monkeys to volitionally control the activity of brain cells and muscles with biofeedback. The results demonstrated an unexpected degree of flexibility in quickly generating different rewarded response patterns, including dissociating the activity of motor cortex cells and correlated muscles when the monkeys were rewarded for such dissociation. Feedback about the degree to which neural activity met criteria for reinforcement was provided through movement of a meter arm, and Fetz's studies were the first to demonstrate direct control of an external device through volitional modulation of brain cell activity, the precursor of present-day brain-computer interfaces.

### Functional connections in motor system

Fetz's research developed ways to document both the normal activity and the output connectivity of premotor cells in behaving monkeys. Starting with corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells, he introduced the technique of spike-triggered averaging of muscle activity to document post-spike effects of premotor cells on motoneurons.

He showed that motor cortex cells with correlational linkages to muscles affected multiple synergistic muscles and causally contributed to generating muscle force. CM cells fired with specific movements involving their muscle field. In contrast, spinal cord premotor interneurons had smaller muscle fields and were active through broader ranges of movement.

### Activity of spinal cord interneurons in behaving monkeys

Fetz's lab was the first to document the activity of cervical spinal cord interneurons in behaving monkeys. He studied the post-spike effects of premotor neurons on forelimb muscles and related their activity during controlled movements to their connectivity. When monkeys performed an instructed delay task, many spinal interneurons were related to preparation for the cued movement before it was executed.

Fetz and colleagues found that peripheral input to spinal cord is modulated by presynaptic inhibition of afferent sensory fibers, beginning prior to active movement. His work provided the first evidence for the functional roles of primate cervical spinal cord interneurons in performing active hand movements.

### Synaptic interactions between neurons

Fetz's work has explained the synaptic interactions between cortical neurons using spike-triggered averages of intracellulary recorded membrane potentials and cross-correlation of pairs of cells related to hand movement. He documented the relationship between these two measures by determining the effects that excitatory postsynaptic potentials had on the firing rate of spinal motoneurons. In primate motor cortex spike-triggered averages of membrane potentials exhibit features representing post-spike excitatory and inhibitory unitary potentials as well as synchrony effects of population activity. He also investigated periodic synchronization in motor cortex through widespread oscillatory activity in neurons and field potentials.

### Bidirectional interactions between the brain and implantable computers

Fetz has also conducted research on closed-loop interactions between the brain and implantable computers. He investigated the consequences of direct connections produced by an autonomous head-fixed bidirectional brain-computer interface \[BBCI\].

Fetz studied the applications of BBCI to bridging impaired biological connections, including cortically controlled electrical stimulation of paralyzed forearm muscles and cortically controlled intra-spinal stimulation. He found several applications of the closed-loop BBCI in producing Hebbian plasticity between cortical sites, through stimulation triggered from action potentials of cells or from phases of cortical beta oscillations recorded at neighboring sites, or from EMG activity of muscles. He and colleagues also strengthened cortico-spinal connections by cortically triggered intra-spinal stimulation, demonstrating in vivo effects of spike-timing dependent plasticity. A third application of the closed-loop BBCI was to deliver stimulation at an intracranial reward site contingent on neural activity, thereby operantly training monkeys to control neural activity during free behavior.

## Awards and honors

* 1970-1975 - NINDS Teacher-Investigator Award, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
* 1972-1974 - Sloan Research Fellow
* 1977-1978 - Josiah Macy Faculty Scholar Award
* 1985-1986 - NSF US-Japan Cooperative Science Program Award
* 2004-2005 - Fellow, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin
* 2008-2015 - Associate, Neurosciences Research Program
* 2009-2012 - Contributing member, Faculty of 1000
* 2010-2011 - Humboldt Research Award
* 2010 - New York Academy of Sciences and Aspen Brain Forum first Prize in Neurotechnology
* 2020 – Elected Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science

## Bibliography

### Books

* *Closing the Loop Around Neural Systems* (2014) ISBN 9782889193561

### Selected articles

* Fetz, E.E. Are movement parameters recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons? *Behavioral and Brain Sciences*, 15: 679–690, 1992.
* Fetz, E.E. Toyama. K. and Smith, W. Synaptic interactions between cortical neurons, in CEREBRAL CORTEX, VOL IX ALTERED CORTICAL STATES, A. Peters and E. G. Jones, eds. Plenum Press, New York, 1-47, 1991.
* Fetz, E.E. Dynamic recurrent neural network models of sensorimotor behavior, in THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF NEURAL NETWORKS, Daniel Gardner, Ed. MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp 165 – 190, 1993.
* Fetz, E.E. Artistic explorations of the brain, *Frontiers in Human Neuroscience*, 6:1-4, 2012
* Shupe, L. and Fetz, E. An Integrate-and-Fire Spiking Neural Network Model Simulating Artificially Induced Cortical Plasticity. eNeuro, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Eberhard Erich Fetz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1940-02-05) February 5, 1940
Zwenkau, Germany |
| Citizenship | American |
| Occupation(s) | Neuroscientist, academic and researcher |
| Awards | Sloan Research Fellow
Humboldt Research Award
New York Academy of Sciences and Aspen Brain Forum First Prize in Neurotechnology
Fellow, AAAS |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | B.S., Physics
Ph.D., Physics |
| Alma mater | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Thesis | *Pyramidal Tract Effects on Spinal Cord Interneurons.* |
| Doctoral advisor | Patrick David Wall |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | University of Washington |
|  | |