title: Ao Bing

abstract: Ao Bing is a character in the classic Chinese novel Investiture of the Gods. He is a dragon prince and the third son of the East Sea Dragon King Ao Guang of the Crystal Palace. He has two brothers named Ao Jia and Ao Yi. Both of them are older than him. Ao Bing was originally revered as a rain god who would bestow the rain at his command upon any individual in need, but, as time passed, his father became corrupt, and soon the people were living in fear of the stormy malevolence of Ao Guang and his three sons. After the divine child-hero Nezha had slain the yaksha Li Gen and been seen creating tremors that threatened to destroy the Crystal Palace of the Dragon King, Ao Bing set out to confront Nezha, riding upon a great green beast and accompanied by his father's troops. Ao Bing duly confronted Nezha and met with a most uncouth reception, prompting him to bellow in rage "You self-righteous cur! Li Gen was sent to us by the Jade Emperor of Heaven himself and yet, in your madness and insolence, you killed him without remorse. Defend yourself, you dog!" Hero and dragon prince wasted no more breath in words, but flung themselves instead into furious combat, Ao Bing wielding his mighty silver spear and Nezha his death-dealing magic scarf. After the exchange of many bitter blows, Nezha was finally able to overcome his adversary by unleashing a blazing fireball at him from his magic scarf and then trampling his head underfoot before he could recover from the blow. In his death agony, Ao Bing was forced to reveal his true (dragon) form and he died burning inwardly with hatred for his youthful opponent. After the defeat of the Shang dynasty, Jiang Ziya appointed him as the god of the Huagai xing (華蓋星). He is one of the characters who have been sealed twice as gods in the full text of the Conferred Gods, followed by his subordinate yasha Li Gen.

text:
# Ao Bing

**Ao Bing** (Chinese: 敖丙; pinyin: *Áo Bǐng*) is a character in the classic Chinese novel *Investiture of the Gods* (*Fengshen Yanyi*). He is a dragon prince and the third son of the East Sea Dragon King Ao Guang of the Crystal Palace. He has two brothers named Ao Jia and Ao Yi. Both of them are older than him. Ao Bing was originally revered as a rain god who would bestow the rain at his command upon any individual in need, but, as time passed, his father became corrupt, and soon the people were living in fear of the stormy malevolence of Ao Guang and his three sons. After the divine child-hero Nezha had slain the yaksha Li Gen and been seen creating tremors that threatened to destroy the Crystal Palace of the Dragon King, Ao Bing set out (with his father's consent) to confront Nezha, riding upon a great green beast and accompanied by his father's troops.

Ao Bing duly confronted Nezha and met with a most uncouth reception, prompting him to bellow in rage "You self-righteous cur! Li Gen was sent to us by the Jade Emperor of Heaven himself and yet, in your madness and insolence, you killed him without remorse. Defend yourself, you dog!" Hero and dragon prince wasted no more breath in words, but flung themselves instead into furious combat, Ao Bing wielding his mighty silver spear and Nezha his death-dealing magic scarf. After the exchange of many bitter blows, Nezha was finally able to overcome his adversary by unleashing a blazing fireball at him from his magic scarf and then trampling his head underfoot before he could recover from the blow. In his death agony, Ao Bing was forced to reveal his true (dragon) form and he died burning inwardly with hatred for his youthful opponent.

After the defeat of the Shang dynasty, Jiang Ziya appointed him as the god of the Huagai xing (華蓋星). He is one of the characters who have been sealed twice as gods in the full text of the Conferred Gods, followed by his subordinate yasha Li Gen.

* The character increased in popularity in 2019 with the stereoscopic, computer-animated feature film, *Ne Zha*, was more successful, setting numerous all-time records for box-office grosses, including third-highest-grossing of all films in China and highest-grossing animated film from outside the United States.
* In the 2022 mobile game Dislyte, the character "Long Mian" is chosen as Ao Bing's "avatar", blessed with his powers.


title: 1886 Cardiff Boroughs by-election

abstract: The 1886 Cardiff Boroughs by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Cardiff Boroughs comprising the towns of Cardiff, Cowbridge and Llantrisant in South Wales on 27 February 1886.

text:
# 1886 Cardiff Boroughs by-election

The **1886 Cardiff Boroughs by-election** was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Cardiff Boroughs comprising the towns of Cardiff, Cowbridge and Llantrisant in South Wales on 27 February 1886.

## Vacancy

Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The vacancy in the Cardiff Boroughs was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), Sir Edward James Reed to become a Junior Lord of the Treasury, a formal title held by one of the government's assistant Whips in the House of Commons. Reed had held his Cardiff district seat since 1880 and had previously been Liberal MP for Pembroke.

## Candidates

### Liberals

Reed stood again. At the 1885 general election, he had only narrowly held his seat against his Conservative opponent, Henry Harben, formerly the unsuccessful Tory candidate in Norwich in 1880, a Sussex businessman in the insurance industry in London. Reed won by just 140 votes, a meagre 1.2% of the poll.

### Conservatives

This time the Conservatives selected John Talbot Dillwyn-Llewellyn, a 49-year-old land-owner and brother-in-law of former Cabinet Minister Sir Michael Hicks Beach. Dillwyn-Llewellyn seems to have been the only name put forward by the representatives of the various wards making up the constituency, reflecting the reluctance of Conservatives to put themselves forward in Welsh seats.

### Irish Party

It was reported that a meeting of the local Irish Party had been held at which it was decided, almost unanimously, not to stand a candidate of their own but to recommend a vote for Reed. This was confirmed with the receipt of a telegram from T. P. O'Connor, President of the Irish National League in London, by the local Cardiff branch of the League, which read, "Executive of the National League respectfully advise the Irish electors of Cardiff to vote to a man to Sir Edward J Reed, the supporter of Mr Gladstone and justice to Ireland.

## The result

The result was re-election for Reed by a majority of 863, a slightly healthier position over the general election of the previous November. The Irish vote may have been a factor. It was reported that the Irish vote had gone against the Liberals in 1885 whereas this time it was decidedly in favour. This is perhaps ironic as Reed was later to defect from the Liberals to the Liberal Unionist Party, the raison d’etre of which was to oppose Irish Home Rule, albeit over the issue of tariff reform.

## Votes

1886 Cardiff Boroughs by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Edward James Reed** | **5,708** | **54.1** | **+3.5** |
|  | Conservative | John Dillwyn-Llewellyn | 4,845 | 45.9 | −3.5 |
| Majority | | | 863 | 8.2 | +7.0 |
| Turnout | | | 10,553 | 83.7 | −3.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,605 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | Swing | +3.5 |  |


title: Anarchias allardicei

abstract: Anarchias allardicei is a moray eel commonly known as the Allardice's moray. It is light brown in color, and is found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

text:
# Anarchias allardicei

***Anarchias allardicei*** is a moray eel commonly known as the **Allardice's moray**. It is light brown in color, and is found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

## InfoBox

| *Anarchias allardicei* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anguilliformes |
| Family: | Muraenidae |
| Genus: | *Anarchias* |
| Species: | ***A. allardicei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anarchias allardicei***<br>D. S. Jordan & Starks *in* Jordan & Seale, 1906 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Anarchias maldiviensis* Klausewitz, 1964 | |


title: 1887

abstract: 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1887th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 887th year of the 2nd millennium, the 87th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1887, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

text:
# 1887

1887 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1887
*MDCCCLXXXVII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2640 |
| Armenian calendar | 1336
ԹՎ ՌՅԼԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6637 |
| Baháʼí calendar | 43–44 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1808–1809 |
| Bengali calendar | 1294 |
| Berber calendar | 2837 |
| British Regnal year | 50 Vict. 1  51 Vict. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2431 |
| Burmese calendar | 1249 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7395–7396 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙戌年 (Fire Dog)
4584 or 4377
*to*
丁亥年 (Fire Pig)
4585 or 4378 |
| Coptic calendar | 1603–1604 |
| Discordian calendar | 3053 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1879–1880 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5647–5648 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1943–1944 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1808–1809 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4987–4988 |
| Holocene calendar | 11887 |
| Igbo calendar | 887–888 |
| Iranian calendar | 1265–1266 |
| Islamic calendar | 1304–1305 |
| Japanese calendar | Meiji 20
(明治２０年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1816–1817 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4220 |
| Minguo calendar | 25 before ROC
民前25年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 419 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2429–2430 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
2013 or 1632 or 860
*to*
阴火猪年
(female Fire-Pig)
2014 or 1633 or 861 |

**1887** (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1887th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 887th year of the 2nd millennium, the 87th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1887, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

### JanuaryMarch

### AprilJune

### JulySeptember

### OctoberDecember

### Date unknown

## Births

### JanuaryFebruary

### MarchApril

### MayJune

### JulyAugust

### SeptemberOctober

### November–December

## Deaths

### JanuaryJune

### JulyDecember

### Date unknown

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


abstract: The First League of the Republika Srpska 2003-04 was the 9th since its establishment.

text:
# 2003–04 First League of the Republika Srpska

The **First League of the Republika Srpska 2003-04** was the 9th since its establishment.

## Teams

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Slavija Sarajevo (C, P) | 30 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 53 | 19 | +34 | 61 | Promotion to Premijer Liga BiH |
| 2 | Mladost Gacko | 30 | 16 | 3 | 11 | 53 | 31 | +22 | 51 |  |
| 3 | Ljubić Prnjavor | 30 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 53 | 46 | +7 | | 45 |
| 4 | Radnik Bijeljina | 30 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 35 | 35 | 0 | | 44 |
| 5 | Napredak Donji Šepak | 30 | 13 | 5 | 12 | 35 | 40 | 5 | | 44 |
| 6 | Sloga Doboj | 30 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 33 | 35 | 2 | | 43 |
| 7 | Jedinstvo Brčko | 30 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 29 | 37 | 8 | | 41 |
| 8 | Drina Zvornik | 30 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 40 | 42 | 2 | | 41 |
| 9 | Rudar Prijedor | 30 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 44 | 47 | 3 | | 41 |
| 10 | Kozara Gradiška | 30 | 12 | 5 | 13 | 26 | 31 | 5 | | 41 |
| 11 | Drina Višegrad | 30 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 33 | 39 | 6 | | 41 |
| 12 | Sloboda Novi Grad | 30 | 11 | 7 | 12 | 31 | 36 | 5 | | 40 |
| 13 | BSK Crni Đorđe | 30 | 11 | 7 | 12 | 30 | 28 | +2 | | 40 |
| 14 | Omladinac Mobi'S (R) | 30 | 11 | 7 | 12 | 32 | 33 | 1 | 40 | Relegation to Second League RS |
| 15 | Nikos Kanbera (R) | 30 | 11 | 3 | 16 | 39 | 51 | 12 | | 36 |
| 16 | Ledinci (R) | 30 | 9 | 5 | 16 | 34 | 50 | 16 | | 32 |

Source: SportDC
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated


title: Excess Flesh

abstract: Excess Flesh is a 2015 American horror film directed by Patrick Kennelly, written by Sigrid Gilmer and Kennelly, and starring Bethany Orr and Mary Loveless. Orr and Loveless play the gorgeous new roommates who share an obsession with food.

text:
# Excess Flesh

***Excess Flesh*** is a 2015 American horror film directed by Patrick Kennelly, written by Sigrid Gilmer and Kennelly, and starring Bethany Orr and Mary Loveless. Orr and Loveless play the gorgeous new roommates who share an obsession with food.

## Plot

Jealous of her very thin supermodel roommate Jennifer, the midsized Jill binges and purges in an attempt to maintain her weight. Their relationship becomes even more strained as Jennifer mocks Jill's issues. Overcome with hatred, Jill lashes out at her roommate and chains Jennifer to the wall, where she taunts her with food. As Jill falls further into madness, her hygiene suffers, as does the cleanliness of the apartment. None of this seems to concern the women's neighbors and the love interest of the movie as they come to try to check on the women, and Jennifer continues to insult Jill even while restrained.

Jennifer manages to escape at one point and Jill manages to catch up to her on the street just as police officers in passing notice the girls' state of near undress. Despite having officers there, Jennifer says nothing. Jill attributes Jennifer's catatonic state to insomnia and stress and manages to get Jennifer back to the apartment. Jill bathes Jennifer, telling her how she was worried and scared about her. Jennifer finally tries to call for help and Jill strangles her into unconsciousness. Pushed to the edge by Jennifer's continual abuse, Jill finally stabs her to death and envisions taking her place on the modeling stage; however, Jill is seen still alone in the dirty apartment, implying that Jennifer only existed in Jill's mind.

## Cast

* Bethany Orr as Jill
* Mary Loveless as Jennifer
* Wes McGee as Rob
* Sheresade Poblet as Cathy
* Jill Jacobson as Beverly
* Dana L. Wilson as Becky
* Kristin Minter as Nina
* Robert Maffia as Officer Jimmy
* Jules Bruff as Office Marie
* Juan Riedinger as Sebastian
* Doug Locke as Terence
* Saif Xnaydra as Young Hollywood
* Allen Rueckert as Trevor

## Production

Kennelly came up with the idea for the film ten years prior its release after reading about eating disorders and how they can physicalize mental issues. The isolation of living in Los Angeles was another inspiration, and Kennelly said that the situations in the story came from his and co-writer Gilmer's experiences. Kennelly wanted to create a horror film using the tropes of romantic comedies and sitcoms, genres that he said he found scary. Kennelly enjoys films that confront and challenge audiences, and he wanted this film to do the same. Kennelly had gone to school with Loveless and believed that she would be good for the role of Jennifer. Orr was cast after auditioning. The film was shot mostly in sequence. Orr and Loveless said that this contributed to developing a better understanding of their characters. There was also a practical reason: the apartment had to be progressively destroyed throughout the story. Due to the trashed set and food that was required to be left out, the crew wore masks. Orr said that she found her character to be an unlikely hero despite her being "brutally flawed". Shooting lasted for three weeks, and many scenes were done in four or less takes. Orr said that she spent so much time getting into character that it was difficult for her when shooting ended. Kennelly said of the film, "*Excess Flesh* is a visualization of what goes on inside a woman's head. It's about the nightmare of the self in the modern world."

The film's score was composed and produced by Jonathan Snipes, best known as a member of noise-rap group clipping.

## Release

*Excess Flesh* premiered at South by Southwest on March 13, 2015. Midnight Releasing will release the film on DVD and video on demand on March 8, 2016.

## Reception

Marc Savlov of *The Austin Chronicle* compared it to Nick Zedd's Cinema of Transgression and said that it is "nauseating, perceptive, and an altogether damning indictment of a hyper-consumerist society run amuck". Writing in *The Daily Beast*, Marlow Stern called it "the most twisted movie at SXSW—and of the year, so far". Susanna Jackson of WBUR-FM wrote that it is "handled both thoughtfully and perhaps over gratuitously". Shock Till You Drop's Samuel Zimmerman wrote, "This is a film as informed by the veneer of Los Angeles as it is sickened by it; a layer cake of aggression, shame and madness. It's pretty exhilarating." Matt Donato of We Got This Covered rated it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "*Excess Flesh* starts out by asking the right questions about body shaming, but it quickly crumbles like a stale, tasteless fruitcake that's meant only for decoration." Heather Wixson of Daily Dead rated it 2/5 stars and wrote that the film is not as clever or insightful as it seems to think it is.

## InfoBox

| Excess Flesh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Patrick Kennelly |
| Written by | * Sigrid Gilmer * Patrick Kennelly |
| Produced by | * Dennis Garcia * Leo Garcia |
| Starring | * Bethany Orr * Mary Loveless |
| Cinematography | Benjamin Conley |
| Edited by | * Cristina Bercovitz * Patrick Kennelly |
| Music by | Jonathan Snipes |
| Release date | * March 13, 2015 (2015-03-13) (SXSW) |
| Running time | 103 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Endre Hansen

abstract: Endre Hansen is a Norwegian football midfielder who currently plays for Øystese IL. He started his career in IL Kvernbit. He was in the squad of SK Brann in 2001, but did not get any Norwegian Premier League games until the next year. He played 12 games in 2002. After the season, he was declared unwanted by Brann. He then joined Åsane. After the 2004 season he joined Løv-Ham. After the 2007 season he rejoined Åsane, but ahead of the 2011 season he went back to Løv-Ham. In 2012, he joined fourth-tier club Øystese IL.

text:
# Endre Hansen

**Endre Hansen** (born 14 February 1978) is a Norwegian football midfielder who currently plays for Øystese IL.

He started his career in IL Kvernbit. He was in the squad of SK Brann in 2001, but did not get any Norwegian Premier League games until the next year. He played 12 games in 2002. After the season, he was declared unwanted by Brann. He then joined Åsane. After the 2004 season he joined Løv-Ham. After the 2007 season he rejoined Åsane, but ahead of the 2011 season he went back to Løv-Ham. In 2012, he joined fourth-tier club Øystese IL.

## InfoBox

Endre Hansen
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-02-14) 14 February 1978 | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Øystese | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Kvernbit |  |  |
| 2001–2002 | Brann | 12 | (0) |
| 2003–2004 | Åsane |  |  |
| 2005–2007 | Løv-Ham | 68 | (3) |
| 2008–2010 | Åsane |  |  |
| 2011 | Løv-Ham | 1 | (0) |
| 2012– | Øystese |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13 May 2012 | | | |


title: 1891 Argentine Primera División

abstract: The 1891 Primera División was the first ever Argentine championship, making Argentina's the oldest football league outside the United Kingdom. This tournament was organized by the Argentine Association Football League whose president was F.L. Wooley. This league only lasted one season, so in 1892 no championship was held. In 1893 other Association with the same name would be established by Alexander Watson Hutton becoming current Argentine Football Association.

text:
# 1891 Argentine Primera División

The **1891 Primera División** was the first ever Argentine championship, making Argentina's the oldest football league outside the United Kingdom. This tournament was organized by the Argentine Association Football League whose president was F.L. Wooley. This league only lasted one season, so in 1892 no championship was held. In 1893 other Association with the same name would be established by Alexander Watson Hutton becoming current Argentine Football Association.

## Summary

The championship took the format of a league of 5 teams, with each team playing the other twice. Many of the results of individual games have been lost, hence the lack of goals for and against in the table below. Hurlingham registered in the tournament but did not take part of the same. The Hurlingham team was retired by the president of the club, John Ravenscroft, in solidarity with Alexander Watson Hutton (who had resigned as director of St. Andrew's School after they refused to include the practise of football, so Alex Lamont did not call him to be part of the league).

At the end of the season, St. Andrew's and Old Caledonians finished at the top position with 13 points each. They were declared joint champions, but played a playoff match to decide which team got to keep the medals, being St. Andrew's the winner.

The current Association has not included this title in their documents, except in its web page where only St. Andrew's is listed as champion.

## Final standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Old Caledonians | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 11 | +21 | 13 | Champion |
| 2 | St. Andrew's | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 12 | +11 | | 13 |
| 3 | Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 19 | 24 | 5 | 6 |  |
| 4 | Buenos Aires F.C. | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 22 | 4 | | 5 |
| 5 | Belgrano F.C. | 8 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 33 | 23 | | 3 |
| 6 | Hurlingham | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 0 |

Source: RSSSF
Notes:

### Medal match

As the Association crowned both, St. Andrew's and Old Caledonians as champion, this match was held only to determine which team got to keep the medals.

1891 Argentine Primera División Playoff

| St. Andrew's | 3–1 | Old Caledonians |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Moffatt | Report | E. Wilson |

Flores Old GroundReferee: J. Wilson       1. "Salvation army" by Tim Pears, *The Guardian*, Sunday 4 June 2006
2. "Orígenes de la Asociación" on AFA website
3. Argentina 1891 by Osvaldo José Gorgazzi at RSSSF
4. *Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina*, by Jorge Iwanczuk - ISBN 950-43-4384-8
5. Alexander Watson Hutton, el padre del fútbol argentino: el impulso de Domingo Sarmiento y la fundación de la AFA on TyC, 10 Mar 2023
6. Hurlingham y los inicios del fútbol by Rody Rodríguez on *Hurlingham al día*, 28 Apr 2008
7. Campeones de Primera División - AFA website, retrieved 10 Jul 2016
8. https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arg1891.html 1891 Argentine Association Football League

## InfoBox

Primera División
| St. Andrew's shared the title
with Old Caledonians | |
| --- | --- |
| Season | 1891 |
| Dates | 12 April – 13 September |
| Champions | St. Andrew's
Old Caledonians
(1st title) |
| Relegated | (none) |
| Matches played | 21 |
| Goals scored | 71 (3.38 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Frederick Archer (Buenos Aires and Rosario Railway)
(7 goals) |
| Biggest home win | O. Caledonians 6–0 Belgrano F.C. |
| Biggest away win | Buenos Aires F.C. 2–6 O. Caledonians |
| 1893 | |


title: Ecological trap

abstract:
Ecological traps are scenarios in which rapid environmental change leads organisms to prefer to settle in poor-quality habitats.
The concept stems from the idea that organisms that are actively selecting habitat must rely on environmental cues to help them identify high-quality habitat. If either the habitat quality or the cue changes so that one does not reliably indicate the other, organisms may be lured into poor-quality habitat.

text:
# Ecological trap

**Ecological traps** are scenarios in which rapid environmental change leads organisms to prefer to settle in poor-quality habitats. The concept stems from the idea that organisms that are actively selecting habitat must rely on environmental cues to help them identify high-quality habitat. If either the habitat quality or the cue changes so that one does not reliably indicate the other, organisms may be lured into poor-quality habitat.

## Overview

Ecological traps are thought to occur when the attractiveness of a habitat increases disproportionately in relation to its value for survival and reproduction. The result is preference of falsely attractive habitat and a general avoidance of high-quality but less-attractive habitats. For example, indigo buntings typically nest in shrubby habitat or broken forest transitions between closed canopy forest and open field. Human activity can create 'sharper', more abrupt forest edges and buntings prefer to nest along these edges. However, these artificial sharp forest edges also concentrate the movement of predators which predate their nests. In this way, Buntings prefer to nest in highly altered habitats where their nest success is lowest.

While the demographic consequences of this type of maladaptive habitat selection behavior have been explored in the context of the sources and sinks, ecological traps are an inherently behavioral phenomenon of individuals. Despite being a behavioural mechanism, ecological traps can have far-reaching population consequences for species with large dispersal capabilities, such as the grizzly bear (*Ursus arctos*). The ecological trap concept was introduced in 1972 by Dwernychuk and Boag and the many studies that followed suggested that this trap phenomenon may be widespread because of anthropogenic habitat change.

As a corollary, novel environments may represent fitness opportunities that are unrecognized by native species if high-quality habitats lack the appropriate cues to encourage settlement; these are known as perceptual traps. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that errors made in judging habitat quality can lead to population declines or extinction. Such mismatches are not limited to habitat selection, but may occur in any behavioral context (e.g. predator avoidance, mate selection, navigation, foraging site selection, etc.). Ecological traps are thus a subset of the broader phenomena of evolutionary traps.

As ecological trap theory developed, researchers have recognized that traps may operate on a variety of spatial and temporal scales which might also hinder their detection. For example, because a bird must select habitat on several scales (a habitat patch, an individual territory within that patch, as well as a nest site within the territory), traps may operate on any one of these scales. Similarly, traps may operate on a temporal scale so that an altered environment may appear to cause a trap in one stage of an organism's life, yet have positive effects on later life stages. As a result, there has been a great deal of uncertainty as to how common traps may be, despite widespread acceptance as a theoretical possibility. However, given the accelerated rate of ecological change driven by human land-use change, global warming, exotic species invasions, and changes in ecological communities resulting from species loss, ecological traps may be an increasing and highly underappreciated threat to biodiversity.

A 2006 review of the literature on ecological traps provides guidelines for demonstrating the existence of an ecological trap. A study must show a preference for one habitat over another (or equal preference) and that individuals selecting the preferred habitat (or equally preferred habitat) have lower fitness (i.e., experience lower survival or reproductive success). Since the publication of that paper which found only a few well-documented examples of ecological traps, interest in ecological and evolutionary traps has grown very rapidly and new empirical examples are being published at an accelerating rate. There are now roughly 30 examples of ecological traps affecting a broad diversity of taxa including birds, mammals, arthropods, fish and reptiles.

Because ecological and evolutionary traps are still very poorly understood phenomena, many questions about their proximate and ultimate causes as well as their ecological consequences remain unanswered. Are traps simply an inevitable consequence of the inability of evolution to anticipate novelty or react quickly to rapid environmental change? How common are traps? Do ecological traps necessarily lead to population declines or extinctions or is it possible that they may persist indefinitely? Under what ecological and evolutionary conditions should this occur? Are organisms with certain characteristics predisposed to being "trapped"? Is rapid environmental change necessary to trigger traps? Can global warming, pollution or exotic invasive species create traps? Embracing genetic and phylogenetic approaches may provide more robust answers to the above questions as well as providing deeper insight into the proximate and ultimate basis for maladaptation in general. Because ecological and evolutionary traps are predicted to add in concert with other sources of population decline, traps are an important research priority for conservation scientists. Given the rapid current rate of global environmental change, traps may be far more common than it is realized and it will be important to examine the proximate and ultimate causes of traps if management is to prevent or eliminate traps in the future.

## Polarized light pollution

Polarized light pollution is perhaps the most compelling and well-documented cue triggering ecological traps. Orientation to polarized sources of light is the most important mechanism that guides at least 300 species of dragonflies, mayflies, caddisflies, tabanid flies, diving beetles, water bugs, and other aquatic insects in their search for the water bodies they require for suitable feeding/breeding habitat and oviposition sites (Schwind 1991; Horváth and Kriska 2008). Because of their strong linear polarization signature, artificial polarizing surfaces (e.g., asphalt, gravestones, cars, plastic sheeting, oil pools, windows) are commonly mistaken for bodies of water (Horváth and Zeil 1996; Kriska et al. 1998, 2006a, 2007, 2008; Horváth et al. 2007, 2008). Light reflected by these surfaces is often more highly polarized than that of light reflected by water, and artificial polarizers can be even more attractive to polarotactic aquatic insects than a water body (Horváth and Zeil 1996; Horváth et al. 1998; Kriska et al. 1998) and appear as exaggerated water surfaces acting as supernormal optical stimuli. Consequently, dragonflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and other water-seeking species actually prefer to mate, settle, swarm, and oviposit upon these surfaces than on available water bodies.

## Further reading


title: American Career College

abstract:
American Career College is a private for-profit vocational college focused on healthcare education with three campuses in California: Los Angeles, Ontario, and Anaheim. It is
accredited by the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools.

text:
# American Career College

**American Career College** is a private for-profit vocational college focused on healthcare education with three campuses in California: Los Angeles, Ontario, and Anaheim. It is accredited by the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools.

## History

American Career College was founded by David Pyle in 1978 as the American College of Optics, which specialized in optical dispensing. The name was changed to the American College of Optechs in 1990 before becoming the American Career College in 1993. The college's enrollment increased following the approval of its nursing program in 1994 and the vocational nursing program in 2001. The Ontario campus opened in 2008. ACC's sister school West Coast University holds some classes for ACC on its campus and credits can be transferred between the two institutions.

In 2020, 79% of enrolled students were female and 58% identified as Hispanic/Latinx.

## InfoBox

American Career College
| Type | Private for-profit college |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1978 |
| Founder | David Pyle |
| Location | Irvine, California, United States |
| Website | americancareercollege.edu |


abstract: The Eau Claire River is a tributary of the Chippewa River in west-central Wisconsin in the United States. It is one of three rivers by this name in Wisconsin. Via the Chippewa River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. Its name is the French translation from the Ojibwe Wayaa-gonaatigweyaa-ziibi.

text:
# Eau Claire River (Chippewa River tributary)

The **Eau Claire River** is a tributary of the Chippewa River in west-central Wisconsin in the United States. It is one of three rivers by this name in Wisconsin. Via the Chippewa River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. Its name is the French translation from the Ojibwe *Wayaa-gonaatigweyaa-ziibi* (Clear potable-water River).

## Course

The Eau Claire River rises as two streams, the **North Fork Eau Claire River** and the **South Fork Eau Claire River,** both of which rise in southwestern Taylor County and flow generally southwestwardly through northeastern Clark and northwestern Eau Claire Counties. The North Fork is about 25 mi (40 km) long and flows past the village of Lublin; it collects the Wolf River in Eau Claire County. The South Fork is about 35 mi (56 km) long.

From the convergence of its headwaters' forks, the Eau Claire River flows generally westwardly through northern Eau Claire County for about 40 mi (64 km), past the city of Altoona to its confluence with the Chippewa River in downtown Eau Claire. Two dams along its course in Eau Claire County cause the river to form two reservoirs: Lake Eau Claire and Lake Altoona. Upstream from Altoona, just north of the village of Fall Creek, the river passes over a waterfall known as Big Falls, which is the site of a county park.

## Cultural information

Eau Claire River (named the "Clear Water River, a branch of the Chippewa") serves in part as the boundary between the Chippewa and Winnebago in an 1825 treaty, and as a southern boundary for the 1837 Treaty-ceded Territory, where the signatory Ojibwe Bands may hunt, fish and gather to maintain their cultural livelihood.

44°48′42″N 91°30′12″W / 44.81167°N 91.50333°W / 44.81167; -91.50333


title: 1909 SEGAS Championship

abstract: The 1909 SEGAS Championship was the fourth championship organized by SEGAS.

text:
# 1909 SEGAS Championship

The **1909 SEGAS Championship** was the fourth championship organized by SEGAS.

## Overview

Peiraikos Syndesmos won the championship.

## Teams

| Pos | Team |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | Peiraikos Syndesmos **(C)** |
| 2 | Goudi Athens |
| 3 | Podosferikos Omilos Athinon |
| 4 | Ethnikos G.S. Athens |

## InfoBox

SEGAS Championship
| Season | 1909 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Peiraikos Syndesmos |
| 1908 1910 | |


title: Economics of Transition

abstract: Economics of Transition is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The journal was established in 1993. The journal publishes articles on the economics of structural transformation, institutional development and growth. Economics of Transition publishes full-length articles as well as symposia and book reviews. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.679, ranking it 177th out of 321 journals in the category "Economics".

text:
# Economics of Transition

***Economics of Transition*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The journal was established in 1993. The journal publishes articles on the economics of structural transformation, institutional development and growth. *Economics of Transition* publishes full-length articles as well as symposia (collections of articles on a more narrowly defined topic) and book reviews.

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.679, ranking it 177th out of 321 journals in the category "Economics".

1. "Journals Ranked by Impact: Economics". *2011 Journal Citation Reports*. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2012.

## InfoBox

*Economics of Transition*
| Discipline | Economics |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1993-present |
| Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Impact factor | 0.679 (2011) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Econ. Transit.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0967-0750 (print)
1468-0351 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 29189453 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Economics of car use

text:
# Economics of car use

Compared to other popular modes of passenger transportation, the car has a relatively high cost per person-distance traveled. The income elasticity for cars ranges from very elastic in poor countries, to inelastic in rich nations. The advantages of car usage include on-demand and door-to-door travel, and are not easily substituted by cheaper alternative modes of transport, with the present level and type of auto specific infrastructure in the countries with high auto usage.

Public costs related to the car are several including congestion and effects related to emissions.

## Private benefits

The benefits of using a car differ by many factors, in regard to location and culture. One general benefit is availability of use which, when coupled with public support via infrastructure (such as roads or fuel stations), can allow highly flexible movement and transportation. Because public transportations are not as well omnipresent and normally don't run at certain day periods, they might not be an option. Car allows a certain freedom of movement, that other means of transport do not. Another private benefit car owners enjoy, is comfort. The car allows the transportation of the driver (and passengers) from a certain point A, to another point B, within an acclimatized and protected interior.

## Private costs

According to the RAC motorists in the UK spend an average of GBP 5,000 (US$ 9,000) per year on their car, or roughly 1/3 of the average net wage; while the RACV suggests roughly AUD $10,000 per year, compared to AUD $26,000 median income among all Australian adults or AUD $66,000 median income among all Australian households. This situation is reflected in most other Western nations. For the average car owner, depreciation constitutes about half the cost of running a car. The typical motorist underestimates this fixed cost by big margin, or even ignores it altogether, according to a survey by the RAC.

There are a number of reasons for the high cost of car transport:

* The typical private car spends most of its lifetime idle and for some vehicles, depreciation is a significant proportion of the total cost.
* Compared to bulk-carrying vehicles such as airplanes, buses, and trains, individual vehicles have worse economies of scale.
* Capacity utilisation is low. The average occupancy of cars is below 1.5 passengers in most parts of the world. Measures such as High-occupancy vehicle lanes try to address this issue.
* The car energy efficiency is one of the lowest amongst several means of transportation.
* Government taxes

The costs of running a car can be broken down as follows (in no particular order):

In the UK car travel has steadily become cheaper over the past five decades. According to the Department for Transport, the real cost of running a car has dropped by 9% between 1980 and 2007. This development is in part due to more cost effective manufacturing technologies, and in part due to engines becoming more fuel-efficient.

Of the annual running costs of a car for an average person, 70–75% are fixed costs (with respect to distance travelled): a 10% increase or decrease in usage should result in a 2.5–3% increase or decrease in annual running costs.

Some of the annual running costs of a car, which are important in the economics of ownership, concern the service life; a major factor for this deals with the uncertainty of the car lifespan. Many cars, particularly taxis, have achieved very high-mileage (miles driven) status, indicating that maintenance which can extend the car service life may reduce the overall running cost.

## Public benefits

In countries deprived from wide door-to-door public transport and with low density, such as Australia, the automobile plays an important role on the mobility of citizens. Public transport, by comparison, becomes increasingly uneconomic with lower population densities. Hence cars tend to dominate in rural and suburban environments with public economic gains.

The automobile industry, mainly in the beginning of the 20th century when the high motorization rates were not an issue, had also an important public role, which was the creation of jobs. In 1907, 45,000 cars were produced in The United States, but 28 years later in 1935 3,971,000 were produced, nearly 100 times as many. This increase in production required a large, new work force. In 1913 13,623 people worked at Ford Motor Company, but by 1915 18,028 people worked there. Bradford DeLong, author of The Roaring Twenties, tells us that, "Many more lined up outside the Ford factory for chances to work at what appeared to them to be (and, for those who did not mind the pace of the assembly line much, was) an incredible boondoggle of a job." There was a surge in the need for workers at big, new high-technology companies such as Ford. Employment largely increased.

## Public costs

The external costs of automobiles, as similarly other economic externalities, are the measurable costs for other parties except the car proprietor, such costs not being taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car. According to the Harvard University, the main externalities of driving are local and global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestion and traffic accidents; while according to a meta-study conducted by the Delft University these externalities are congestion and scarcity costs, accident costs, air pollution costs, noise costs, climate change costs, costs for nature and landscape, costs for water pollution, costs for soil pollution and costs of energy dependency. The existence of the car allows on-demand travel, given, that the necessary infrastructure is in place. This infrastructure represents a monetary cost, but also cost in terms of common assets that are difficult to represent monetarily, such as land use and air pollution.

The car allowed a shift in residential locations, as civil engineering grew to handle the infrastructure requirements, allowing the growth of the suburbs. As shown by Ford, the car changed the economic landscape. The efforts to resolve costs that have ensued from the influence of the car, such as pollution and fuel costs, will have a similar impact on the economic landscape. For instance, providing carpooling lanes to cars with multiple passengers has received attention as it helps reduce traffic. Sharing one or more cars between many people reduces the fixed costs per person and limits extraneous vehicles; the use of fleet vehicles affords savings through joint use of a set of autos by a very large group of persons either for business or pleasure.

Since cars demand a high land use, they become increasingly uneconomic with higher population densities. This can either manifest itself in higher costs of driving in densely populated areas (parking fees and road pricing), or, in the absence of a price mechanism, in a shortage in the form of traffic jams.

A study attempted to quantify the costs of cars (i.e. of car-use and related decisions and activity such as production and transport/infrastructure policy) in conventional currency, finding that the total lifetime cost of cars in Germany is between 0.6 and 1.0 million euros with the share of this cost born by society being between 41% (€4674 per year) and 29% (€5273 per year). This suggests that cars consume "a large share of disposable income", creating "complexities in perceptions of transport costs, the economic viability of alternative transport modes, or the justification of taxes".


title: Eberhard Feltz

abstract: Eberhard Feltz is a German classical violinist and chamber music pedagogue. Feltz became internationally known especially as a mentor for string quartets and chamber music ensembles. He is often called the "guru of the string quartet".

text:
# Eberhard Feltz

**Eberhard Feltz** (born 27 June 1937) is a German classical violinist and chamber music pedagogue. Feltz became internationally known especially as a mentor for string quartets and chamber music ensembles. He is often called the "guru of the string quartet".

## Life

Feltz was born in Königsberg in 1937. His family was expelled from Königsberg in 1945 after the end of the war. Feltz began playing the violin at the age of seven. He studied violin in Berlin with Werner Scholz, later in St. Petersburg with Michail Waiman.

Feltz began to teach violin and chamber music in 1963 at the Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler". In 1985, he was appointed professor for violin and chamber music. Feltz is in great demand as a lecturer for chamber music master classes. He is a regular guest at festivals such as the one in Davos or the Heidelberger Frühling. Feltz often assumes responsibility on juries of chamber music competitions such as the *Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Hochschulwettbewerb* of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation in Berlin.

As a mentor of chamber music ensembles, Feltz initially supported the Vogler Quartet, later the Berlin Kuss Quartet and Atrium Quartet, the Dutch Rubens Quartet and the German-Estonian Schumann Quartet. In addition, he took care of the French Quatuor Ébène and the Amsterdam Busch Trio, among others.

## Sources

* Udo Badelt (2017-06-27). "Eberhard Feltz im Porträt – Musikalischer Mentor und Menschenfreund" (in German). Der Tagesspiegel. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
* "Feltz, Eberhard (Jurymitglied)". *www.fmb-hochschulwettbewerb.de* (in German). November 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.


title: Eberhard Fischer

abstract: Eberhard Fischer is a West German sprint canoeist who competed in the early to mid-1970s. He won two silver medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, earning them 1971 and 1973. Fischer also finished fifth in the K-4 1000 m event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

text:
# Eberhard Fischer

**Eberhard Fischer** (born 16 May 1943 in Berlin) is a West German sprint canoeist who competed in the early to mid-1970s. He won two silver medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, earning them 1971 (K-4 1000 m) and 1973 (K-4 10000 m).

Fischer also finished fifth in the K-4 1000 m event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.

## InfoBox

Eberhard Fischer
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe sprint | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1971 Belgrade | K-4 1000 m |
|  | 1973 Tampere | K-4 10000 m |


title: 1911–12 Madrid FC season

abstract: The 1911–12 season was Madrid Football Club's 10th season in existence. The club only played friendly matches. The Campeonato Regional de Madrid was not held during the 1911–12 season and this was the first season in which Madrid FC did not play a single competitive match.

text:
# 1911–12 Madrid FC season

The **1911–12 season** was **Madrid Football Club's** 10th season in existence. The club only played friendly matches. The Campeonato Regional de Madrid (Madrid Regional Championship) was not held during the 1911–12 season and this was the first season in which Madrid FC did not play a single competitive match.

## Summary

* Santiago Bernabéu made his Madrid FC debut on 3 March 1912 when he was only 16 years old. It was in a friendly against English Sports Club, and it took place at the Pradera del Corregidor, along the Manzanares River in Madrid. The Madridista squad defeated the English side 2–1, and Bernabéu, playing as a left midfielder, scored the winning goal.

## Friendlies

| 22 October 1911 Friendly | **Madrid FC** | **10** | **Athletic Madrid** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Av. Plaza de Toros |

| 29 October 1911 Friendly | **RS Gimnástica** | **30** | **Madrid FC** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rafael Morales
Guzmán
Rafael Morales | Report |  | Stadium: Av. Plaza Toros
Referee: Heredia |

| 5 November 1911 Friendly | **Madrid FC** | **16** | **RS Gimnástica** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Chuilla | Report | Morales
Peñalosa
Espinosa
Kindelán | Stadium: Av. Plaza Toros
Referee: Buylla |

| 19 November 1911 Copa J. Ruete | **Madrid FC** | **11** | **Athletic Madrid** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Menéndez  ?' | Report | ?  87' | Stadium: Ciudad Lineal
Referee: Menéndez |

| 26 November 1911 Copa J. Ruete – 2nd team | **Madrid FC** | **17** | **Athletic Madrid** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  |  |
| *Note: The match was played by the second teams of both clubs.* | | | | |

| 24 December 1911 Friendly | **FC Barcelona** | **31** | **Madrid FC** | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Staub  25' 55'
A. Massana  ?' | Report | 4' Perea | Stadium: Camp de la Indústria
Referee: Hamilton |

| 26 December 1911 Friendly | **FC Barcelona** | **33** | **Madrid FC** | Barcelona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Llonch
Rodríguez
Staub |  | ?? | Stadium: Camp de la Indústria
Referee: Meling |

| 6 January 1912 Friendly | **Madrid FC** | **60** | **English Sport Club** | Madrid, Spain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Pradera del Corregidor |

| 4 February 1912 Copa Rodríguez Arzuaga | **Athletic Madrid** | **11** | **Madrid FC** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Zuloaga | Report | Suárez | Stadium: Retiro
Referee: Menéndez |

| 3 March 1912 Friendly | **Madrid FC** | **21** | **English Sport Club** | Madrid, Spain |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Machimbarrena
Santiago Bernabéu |  | Vickerstaff | Stadium: Av. Plaza de Toros |
| *Note: Madrid FC players Losada and Menéndez played for English Sport Club in this match.* | | | | |

| 10 March 1912 Copa Rodríguez Arzuaga | **Madrid FC** | **20** | **SE Gimnástica** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Athletic |

| 24 March 1912 Copa Rodríguez Arzuaga | **Madrid FC** | **13** | **SE Gimnástica** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Athletic |

| 16 June 1912 Friendly | **Deportivo de La Coruña** | **12** | **Madrid FC** | A Coruña |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | ? | Report | ?
Baonza | Stadium: Monelos
Attendance:  Dick |

| 16 June 1912 Friendly | **Deportivo de La Coruña** | **40** | **Madrid FC** | A Coruña |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Farral
Sindo
Broad | Report |  | Stadium: Monelos
Attendance: Iribarren |

| 6 July 1912 Friendly | **Madrid FC** | **01** | **RCD Español** | Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Campo de O'Donnell |

## InfoBox

Madrid FC
| 1911–12 season | |
| --- | --- |
| President | Adolfo Meléndez |
| Manager | Arthur Johnson |
| Stadium | *No home stadium* |
| Biggest win | Madrid FC 6–0 English Sport Club (friendly) |
| Biggest defeat | Athletic Madrid 7–1 Madrid FC (friendly) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The American College of the Immaculate Conception, or the American College of Louvain is a former Roman Catholic seminary in Leuven, Belgium. Founded in 1857, it was operated by United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to prepare European priests for service in the United States and to provide a residence for Americans priests studying at the Catholic University of Louvain. The American College closed in June 2011 due to low enrollment and a faculty shortage; its building was turned over to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven for student housing.

text:
# American College of the Immaculate Conception

The **American College of the Immaculate Conception**, or the **American College of Louvain** is a former Roman Catholic seminary in Leuven, Belgium. Founded in 1857, it was operated by United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to prepare European priests for service in the United States and to provide a residence for Americans priests studying at the Catholic University of Louvain.

The American College closed in June 2011 due to low enrollment and a faculty shortage; its building was turned over to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven) for student housing.

## History

### 19th century

The American College was founded in 1857 by American bishops under the leadership of Bishop Martin J. Spalding of Archdiocese of Louisville and Bishop Peter Paul Lefevere of Archdiocese of Detroit. It was created to train young European men to serve as missionary priests in North America and to give American seminarians the opportunity to study at the Catholic University of Louvain. The college's signature song was a Marian hymn, O Sodales, authored by Gustave Limpens in 1862.

The College grew rapidly in its early years, most notably under the rectorship of John De Neve, its second rector. Over 800 priests trained at the American College served in dioceses and vicariates during the second half of the 19th century across the United States. Some of the priests were eventually appointed as bishops of newly formed dioceses:

### 20th century

The college continued to train young men for service to the Church in the United States into the twentieth century under the rectorship of Jules De Becker. it remained open during German occupation in First World War. The college staff hid many documents and other valuable items of Leuven, including the statue of the Sedes Sapientiae, The staff converted the college into an emergency hospital and dispensary of food and clothing. At its peak, the college was assisting 1,500 Leuven residents per day.

With the declaration of war in 1939, the college closed. It reopened in 1952 under the rectorship of Father Thomas Maloney. The college expanded to accommodate the increased number of American priests and brothers wanting to study at the Catholic University. It also began offering sabbatical opportunities for priests, religious, and lay ecclesial ministers from all nations.

In 1968, a major ethnic dispute known as the Leuven crisis erupted in Belgium between the Flemish-speaking population and the Walloons (French speakers). To resolve the dispute, the Catholic University of Louvain was split into KU Leuven in Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. The American College, remaining in Leuven, maintained ties with both new institutions.

## Sponsorship and governorship

The American College was sponsored and overseen by American Catholic bishops through the USCCB. The other American-sponsored college in Europe was the Pontifical North American College in Rome.

The college was overseen by the Committee for the American College, its board of directors. Fourteen American bishops sat on the committee; the last committee chair was Bishop David Ricken of the Diocese of Green Bay. The college also had an advisory board of lay persons and clergy.

At the close of the 2010–2011 academic year, there were nineteen seminarians in formation with the college. Their sponsoring dioceses were: Boise, Cheyenne, Congregation of Holy Cross, Green Bay, Lublin, Madison, Milwaukee, Orange, Portland (Oregon), Rochester, Salford, and Spokane.

## Mission

The primary mission of the American College was the formation of priests who would serve the Catholic Church in North America. In addition to the classes offered by KU Leuven the College provided a comprehensive program of human, spiritual, intellectual, and pastoral formation for seminarians.

The college also hosted graduate students studying canon law and theology in Leuven. The college ran a semester-long sabbatical program for priests, religious, or laity sent by their dioceses or religious congregations. Both the graduate students and sabbaticals took classes through KU Leuven while living at and participating in activities at the college.

## Closure

On November 22, 2010, the USCCB released a statement:

> "Due to the small number of seminarians and available priest faculty, the American College of the Immaculate Conception in Leuven, Belgium, has announced its closure in June 2011."

On August 19, 2011, the USCCB, the American College board, KU Leuven and UCLouvain signed an agreement on the future use of the American College property. The facility was renovated in 2013 to serve as housing for Mater Dei and the St. Damien Community students, and for American researchers studying philosophy, theology and canon law at KU Leuven and UCLouvain.

## Rectors

## Episcopal alumni

Over the years, a number of graduates of the American College have been appointed to the episcopacy. Bishop-alumni of the college include:

50°52′23″N 4°41′58″E / 50.87306°N 4.69944°E / 50.87306; 4.69944


abstract: The American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) was an American college ice hockey conference from 1986 to 1989 made of varsity programs from Division I and Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The league disbanded after three seasons because it did not meet the minimum number of members required to be recognized by the NCAA. The American Collegiate Hockey Association that started in 1991 and governs a national collection of club hockey teams is unaffiliated with the ACHA (1986–1989).

text:
# American Collegiate Hockey Association (1986–1989)

The **American Collegiate Hockey Association** (**ACHA**) was an American college ice hockey conference from 1986 to 1989 made of varsity programs from Division I and Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The league disbanded after three seasons because it did not meet the minimum number of members required to be recognized by the NCAA. The American Collegiate Hockey Association that started in 1991 and governs a national collection of club hockey teams is unaffiliated with the ACHA (1986–1989).

## History

The ACHA was formed by two NCAA Division I independent programs, University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish and Kent State University Golden Flashes, one NCAA Division II independent program, Lake Forest College Foresters, and one NAIA program, University of Michigan–Dearborn Wolves. The four schools shared a common philosophy on athletics, education, and finances.

Michigan-Dearborn had sponsored varsity hockey since the 1979–1980 season, but had been left without a governing organization to play under when the NAIA stopped sanctioning hockey after the 1983–1984 season. Notre Dame had dropped varsity hockey after the 1983–1984 season for financial reasons, but restarted the program for the 1985–1986 season as a non-scholarship program. Kent State started varsity hockey for the 1980–1981 season, but with limited scholarships (eight total) they were unable to gain conference affiliation in Division I.

Plans for the league started during the 1985–1986 hockey season. Plans were finalized in June 1986. The University of Alabama-Huntsville was interested in joining the league but league members were concerned about travel costs. Other schools that were interested in possibly joining the league were University of Dayton, Iowa State University, Lawrence University, and St. Norbert College

## Regular Season and Tournament Formats

Each team played 12 league games, two home, two away against each league member. The tournament was a four-team, single elimination format with hosting rotated year-to-year among conference members.

## Disbandment

In September 1988, the Kent State hockey program was embroiled in a hazing incident that sent a near death freshman player to the hospital and resulted in charges against 12 members of the KSU hockey team. In response, President Michael Schwartz made the decision to cancel hockey for the 1988–1989 season. The school would not commit to bringing back varsity hockey until after the 1988–1989 school year. Before the season, Notre Dame had announced that 1988–1989 would be its last season in the ACHA so they could pursue playing a full independent schedule against other Division I teams. These developments left just two teams committed to the conference, both of which were not NCAA Division I sanctioned. The league was disbanded after the 1988–1989 season.

## Aftermath

Notre Dame went back to being a Division I independent program and, eventually, joined the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) in 1992. Kent State regained its varsity hockey program for the 1989–1990 season. The Golden Flashes applied for and were accepted to the CCHA with the Irish for the 1992–1993 season. Kent State dropped hockey in 1994. Lake Forest dropped to NCAA Division III and joined that division's Northern Collegiate Hockey Association in 1992. Michigan-Dearborn dropped varsity hockey following the 1989–1990 season after failing to gain political and financial support for a move to NCAA Division I in hockey.

## Champions

### Regular season

* 1986-1987 Lake Forest
* 1987-1988 Michigan-Dearborn
* 1988-1989 Michigan-Dearborn

### Tournament Champions

| Year | Winning team | Coach | Losing team | Coach | Score | Location | Venue | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | Michigan-Dearborn | Dave Rosteck | Notre Dame | Lefty Smith | 6-4 | Notre Dame, Indiana | Athletic and Convocation Center |  |
| 1988 | Notre Dame | Ric Schafer | Michigan-Dearborn | Tom Anastos | 5-2 | Dearborn, Michigan | University of Michigan-Dearborn Fieldhouse |  |
| 1989 | Canceled |  |  |  |  | Kent, Ohio | Kent State University Ice Arena |  |

## Year-by-year Results

### 1986–87

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conference | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | PTS | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Lake Forest | 12 | 8 | 3 | 1 | **17** | 49 | 44 |  | 26 | 15 | 10 | 1 | 123 | 86 |
| Kent State | 12 | 7 | 5 | 0 | **14** | - | - |  | 32 | 19 | 13 | 0 | - | - |
| Notre Dame | 12 | 4 | 7 | 1 | **9** | 40 | 47 |  | 30 | 10 | 19 | 1 | 103 | 122 |
| Michigan–Dearborn * | 12 | 3 | 7 | 2 | **8** | - | - |  | 41 | 21 | 18 | 2 | - | - |
| Championship: March 7, 1987
indicates division regular season champion
* indicates conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### 1987 Tournament

|  | **Conference Semifinals**
March 6 | | |  |  | **Conference Championship**
March 7 | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | Lake Forest | 1 |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 3 | **Notre Dame** | **4** |  | |
|  | | | | |  | 3 | Notre Dame | 4 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 4 | **Michigan–Dearborn** | **6** |  |
|  | 2 | | | | | | Kent State | 1 |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | 3 | **Michigan–Dearborn** | **6** |  |  | Third place | | |
|  | | | | |
|  | | | | |
|  | | | | |  | 1 | Lake Forest | 2 |
|  | | | | || | |
|  | | | | |  | 2 | **Kent State** | **6** |

### 1987–88

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conference | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | PTS | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Michigan–Dearborn | 12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | **20** | - | - |  | 42 | 25 | 14 | 3 | - | - |
| Notre Dame * | 12 | 7 | 3 | 2 | **16** | 60 | 44 |  | 33 | 27 | 4 | 2 | 222 | 114 |
| Lake Forest | 12 | 4 | 7 | 2 | **10** | 48 | 58 |  | 26 | 13 | 12 | 1 | 130 | 99 |
| Kent State | 12 | 0 | 10 | 2 | **2** | - | - |  | 40 | 11 | 26 | 3 | - | - |
| Championship: March 5, 1988
indicates division regular season champion
* indicates conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

#### 1988 Tournament

|  | **Conference Semifinals**
March 4 | | |  |  | **Conference Championship**
March 5 | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Michigan–Dearborn** | **9** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
|  | 4 | Kent State | 2 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | 1 | Michigan–Dearborn | 2 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 2 | **Notre Dame** | **5** |  |
|  | 2 | | | | | | **Notre Dame** | **5** |  |
|  | | | | |
|  | 3 | Lake Forest | 3 |  |  | Third place | | |
|  | | | | |
|  | | | | |
|  | | | | |  | 3 | **Lake Forest** | **7** |
|  | | | | || | |
|  | | | | |  | 4 | Kent State | 0 |

### 1988–89

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Conference | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | Ptc. | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Michigan–Dearborn | 12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | **.875** | - | - |  | 36 | 21 | 12 | 3 | - | - |
| Notre Dame | 11 | 3 | 7 | 1 | **.318** | 39 | 50 |  | 38 | 10 | 26 | 2 | 127 | 189 |
| Lake Forest | 11 | 3 | 8 | 0 | **.273** | 34 | 56 |  | 24 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 131 | 95 |
| Kent State | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Championship: Cancelled
indicates division regular season champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The ACHA tournament was scheduled to take place on the campus of Kent State University. When Kent State canceled their season, the tournament was canceled.


title: Amolops chunganensis

abstract: Amolops chunganensis is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. Its type locality, Kuatun village in Wuyishan, Fujian. It is endemic to central, southern and eastern China where it has a wide but scattered distribution; records from Vietnam probably refer to Amolops mengyangensis. Amolops chunganensis is a common species in suitable habitat. It is a territorial frog found in hill forests and on boulders along streams during the breeding season. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN although it is impacted by habitat destruction; it is also collected for local consumption.

text:
# Amolops chunganensis

***Amolops chunganensis*** (common names: **Chungan sucker frog**, **Chungan torrent frog**) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. Its type locality, Kuatun village (Guadun in modern spelling) in Wuyishan, Fujian. It is endemic to central, southern and eastern China where it has a wide but scattered distribution (southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, eastern Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, and Fujian); records from Vietnam probably refer to *Amolops mengyangensis*.

*Amolops chunganensis* is a common species in suitable habitat. It is a territorial frog found in hill forests and on boulders along streams during the breeding season. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN although it is impacted by habitat destruction; it is also collected for local consumption.

## InfoBox

| *Amolops chunganensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ranidae |
| Genus: | *Amolops* |
| Species: | ***A. chunganensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amolops chunganensis***
(Pope, 1929) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rana (Hylorana) chunganensis* Pope, 1929 | |


title: Amolops archotaphus

abstract: Amolops archotaphus, also known as the Doi Inthanon rock frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Chiang Mai Province in northwestern Thailand, although its range might extend into adjacent eastern Myanmar. Earlier records from Laos have been described as a separate species, Amolops compotrix. Amolops archotaphus itself was "hidden" as a cryptic species within the "Odorrana livida complex" until 1997, and was reassigned to Amolops in 2008. Amolops archotaphus is known from near small waterfalls at elevations of 1,100–1,800 m (3,600–5,900 ft) above sea level. It is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, particularly agriculture, development of infrastructure, logging and water pollution. The Doi Inthanon population is protected by the Doi Inthanon National Park.

text:
# Amolops archotaphus

***Amolops archotaphus***, also known as the **Doi Inthanon rock frog** (Doi Inthanon mountain being its type locality), is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Chiang Mai Province in northwestern Thailand, although its range might extend into adjacent eastern Myanmar. Earlier records from Laos have been described as a separate species, *Amolops compotrix*. *Amolops archotaphus* itself was "hidden" as a cryptic species within the "*Odorrana livida* complex" until 1997, and was reassigned to *Amolops* in 2008.

*Amolops archotaphus* is known from near small waterfalls at elevations of 1,100–1,800 m (3,600–5,900 ft) above sea level. It is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation, particularly agriculture, development of infrastructure, logging and water pollution. The Doi Inthanon population is protected by the Doi Inthanon National Park.

## InfoBox

| Doi Inthanon rock frog | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ranidae |
| Genus: | *Amolops* |
| Species: | ***A. archotaphus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amolops archotaphus***
(Inger and Chan-ard, 1997) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rana archotaphus* Inger and Chan-ard, 1997 * *Huia archotaphus* (Inger and Chan-ard, 1997) * *Odorrana archotaphus* (Inger and Chan-ard, 1997) | |


title: 1916 Atlanta streetcar strike

abstract: The Atlanta streetcar strike of 1916 was a labor strike involving streetcar operators for the Georgia Railway and Power Company in Atlanta, Georgia. Precipitated by previous strike action by linemen of Georgia Railway earlier that year, the strike began on September 30 and ended January 5 of the following year. The main goals of the strike included increased pay, shorter working hours, and union recognition. The strike ended with the operators receiving a wage increase, and subsequent strike action the following year lead to union recognition.

text:
# 1916 Atlanta streetcar strike

The **Atlanta streetcar strike of 1916** was a labor strike involving streetcar operators for the Georgia Railway and Power Company in Atlanta, Georgia. Precipitated by previous strike action by linemen of Georgia Railway earlier that year, the strike began on September 30 and ended January 5 of the following year. The main goals of the strike included increased pay, shorter working hours, and union recognition. The strike ended with the operators receiving a wage increase, and subsequent strike action the following year lead to union recognition.

## Background

The streetcar strike followed a previous labor dispute regarding linemen of the Georgia Railway and Power Company earlier that year. In June, the linemen requested a ten percent wage increase from the company, which was refused. Following this, the linemen brought William Pollard of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) to the city to help organize a labor strike (a local of the IBEW in Atlanta had been established years earlier in 1890). On August 12, the linemen went on strike over the firing of five linemen, of whom three had union affiliations. The strike ended as the company agreed to reinstate the two non-union affiliated men and, while not recognizing the IBEW, did acknowledge the linemen's right to unionize. The local newspapers gave relatively little coverage of the event. Preston S. Arkwright, then-President of Georgia Railway and Power, alleged that following this incident, Pollard began to assist in the unionizing of the streetcar operators. Hardy Teat of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen assisted, and together they began to organize streetcar operators under the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees, affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL). On September 28, Pollard was called to the offices of the Atlanta Chief of Police under accusations of plans to incite violence and a riot. Two days later, Pollard was called to testify before Atlanta Mayor James G. Woodward, where Woodward warned him that he would be arrested if a strike were to occur.

## Course of the strike

On September 30 at 6 pm, Teat called *The Atlanta Journal* to notify them that a strike involving conductors and motormen of the Atlanta Railway had commenced. The main goals of the strike were higher wages, union recognition, and shorter hours. Additionally, the strikers were opposed to the mandatory membership in the company's "benevolent society", which required dues of 50 cents per month. In downtown Atlanta, several streetcars were left abandoned as the operators deserted their posts. Because of the profile the operators held among Atlanta's blue-collar workers, the strike received a considerable degree of support from the general public. In East Point, Georgia, a crowd of several hundred had formed to cheer as 16 cars were abandoned. Georgia Railway had prepared for the strike by assembling 30 men to take over, and within a few minutes of the strike's beginning, the streetcars in downtown were again running, though suburban routes, such as those in East Point and Fort McPherson, were not resumed.

Following the commencement of the strike, large groups of spectators and strike supporters formed in downtown, with strikers yelling at passing streetcars and urging the operators to join the strike. While *The Atlanta Constitution* initially reported that the crowd's were "boisterously good-natured", the crowds became more restless as the strike carried on. Strikers began to shout at the replacement workers, calling them scabs and attempting to pull them from the streetcars and steal their badges and caps. By 10:30 pm, the company called all their streetcars to return to their carbarns, citing a lack of protection from the police. Within an hour of this, a federal judge in Atlanta issued a restraining order on two unions and several union leaders. As the dispute continued, incidents of violence regarding the strikes were reported. Around 9 pm, a streetcar stop was torched, and there were many reports of strikers greasing tracks and damaging streetcars. Dynamiting was reported in several cases, including an incident in which two women were severely injured. However, there is debate as to who was responsible for the incidents of dynamite. Several streetcar operators, interviewed years after the strike, alleged that the company had placed dynamite on several streetcars and blamed the union.

On October 2, a group of prominent Atlanta citizens held a meeting at the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and formed a committee on law and order. This group, headed by an executive committee that had Coca-Cola Company founder Asa Griggs Candler as its chairman, collaborated with the police and county commissioners during the course of the strike. On October 3, the president of the newly created Amalgamated Association Local 732 released five points as the cause of the strike, which included long hours, low wages, mandatory membership in the company's benevolent society, expression of political opinions as grounds for firing, and claims that issues were caused by outside interference. That same month, strikers and strike supporters began operating jitneys in order to recuperate lost wages and put more pressure on the railway company. While Woodward had banned the strikers from addressing the public from public areas, such as the Henry W. Grady statue, on October 13, a pro-strike rally at the Municipal Auditorium was attended by approximately 8,500 people. Among these supporters were local members of the Socialist Party of America.

In November, Warren Akin Candler, brother of Asa Candler and a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, banned the use of Methodist churches in the city for strike meetings. Prior to this, many pro-strike meetings were held in the city's Methodist churches. That same month, Pollard, who had been indicted for insurrection, was placed on trial. On December 6, his case ended with a mistrial. On January 5, 1917, the company agreed to a pay increase for the operators, but refused to rehire fired union members or recognize the union. While this ended the strike, tensions between the union and company remained high for several months afterwards regarding the lack of union recognition, and on July 16, 1918, another strike commenced. Lasting only four days, this subsequent strike ended with arbitration from the National War Labor Board and lead to the company agreeing to recognize the union.

1. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 439.
2. Martin 1976, p. 60.
3. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 440.
4. Kuhn, Joye & West 1990, p. 14.
5. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 441.
6. Kemp 2002, p. 202.
7. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 447.
8. Garrett 1969, p. 687.
9. Kemp 2002, p. 203.
10. Kuhn, Joye & West 1990, pp. 14, 17.
11. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 442.
12. Garrett 1969, p. 687–688.
13. Garrett 1969, p. 688.
14. Kemp 2002, pp. 202–203.
15. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 443.
16. Kuhn, Joye & West 1990, pp. 17, 19.
17. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 445.
18. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 448.
19. Kuhn, Joye & West 1990, p. 17.
20. Kemp 2002, p. 208.
21. Martin 1976, p. 62.
22. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 446.
23. Martin 1976, p. 64.
24. Kemp 2002, p. 211.
25. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 450.
26. Scott & Guynn 2000, p. 452.
27. Garrett 1969, p. 689.

## Bibliography

* Garrett, Franklin M. (1969). *Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1880s-1930s*. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-0264-5  via Google Books.
* Kemp, Kathryn W. (2002). *God's Capitalist: Asa Candler of Coca-Cola*. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-782-7  via Google Books.
* Kuhn, Clifford M.; Joye, Harlon E.; West, E. Bernard (1990). *Living Atlanta: An Oral History of the City, 1914-1948*. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1697-0  via Google Books.
* Martin, Jean (Winter 1976). "Mule to Marta, Volume II, 1902–1950". *Atlanta Historical Bulletin*. **XX** (4). Atlanta Historical Society: 1–208  via Atlanta History Center.
* Scott, Carole E.; Guynn, Richard D. (Fall 2000). "The Atlanta Streetcar Strikes". *The Georgia Historical Quarterly*. **84** (3). Georgia Historical Society: 434–459. ISSN 0016-8297. JSTOR 40584340.


title: American Electric Piranha

abstract: The American Electric Piranha was a prototype American counter-insurgency aircraft. Designed by Milt Blair and Dick Ennis in the early 1960s, it was built by the American Electric Corporation. Developed for use by the United States Air Force under Project Little Brother, initial flight testing of the Piranha took place at Mojave Airport in California; following delivery for evaluation, it was tested at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. The design armament of the Piranha was two pods each carrying four Zuni unguided rockets, mounted on the aircraft's wingtips, and a single 500-pound (230 kg) bomb on a belly hardpoint. Evaluation of the Piranha ceased following the death of Milt Blair in an unrelated aircraft accident. The prototype, N1518, is flown by a private owner in Kansas.

text:
# American Electric Piranha

The **American Electric Piranha** (also named **Blair-American USA** or **American USA**) was a prototype American counter-insurgency aircraft. Designed by Milt Blair and Dick Ennis in the early 1960s, it was built by the American Electric Corporation.

Developed for use by the United States Air Force under Project Little Brother, initial flight testing of the Piranha took place at Mojave Airport in California; following delivery for evaluation, it was tested at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. The design armament of the Piranha was two pods each carrying four Zuni unguided rockets, mounted on the aircraft's wingtips, and a single 500-pound (230 kg) bomb on a belly hardpoint.

Evaluation of the Piranha ceased following the death of Milt Blair in an unrelated aircraft accident. The prototype, N1518, is flown by a private owner in Kansas.

## Specifications

*Data from* Sport Aviation

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Wing area:** 70 sq ft (6.5 m2)
* **Gross weight:** 3,200 lb (1,451 kg)

**Armament**

* **Hardpoints:** 1 with a capacity of 500 pounds (230 kg)
* **Rockets:** 2 4-round 5.0-inch (127 mm) Zuni rocket pods

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

## InfoBox

| Piranha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Counter-insurgency aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | American Electric Corporation |
| Designer | Milt Blair |
| First flight | 1966 |
| Developed from | LeVier Cosmic Wind |