title: Argument (complex analysis)

abstract: In mathematics, the argument of a complex number z, denoted arg(z), is the angle between the positive real axis and the line joining the origin and z, represented as a point in the complex plane, shown as φ in Figure 1. By convention the positive real axis is drawn pointing rightward, the positive imaginary axis is drawn pointing upward, and complex numbers with positive real part are considered to have an anticlockwise argument with positive sign. When any real-valued angle is considered, the argument is a multivalued function operating on the nonzero complex numbers. The principal value of this function is single-valued, typically chosen to be the unique value of the argument that lies within the interval (−π, π]. In this article the multi-valued function will be denoted arg and its principal value will be denoted Arg, but in some sources the capitalization of these symbols is exchanged.

text:
# Argument (complex analysis)

In mathematics (particularly in complex analysis), the **argument** of a complex number z, denoted arg(*z*), is the angle between the positive real axis and the line joining the origin and z, represented as a point in the complex plane, shown as $\varphi $ in Figure 1. By convention the positive real axis is drawn pointing rightward, the positive imaginary axis is drawn pointing upward, and complex numbers with positive real part are considered to have an anticlockwise argument with positive sign.

When any real-valued angle is considered, the argument is a multivalued function operating on the nonzero complex numbers. The principal value of this function is single-valued, typically chosen to be the unique value of the argument that lies within the interval (−*π*, *π*\]. In this article the multi-valued function will be denoted arg(*z*) and its principal value will be denoted Arg(*z*), but in some sources the capitalization of these symbols is exchanged.

## Definition

An **argument** of the nonzero complex number *z* = *x* \+ *iy*, denoted arg(*z*), is defined in two equivalent ways:

1. Geometrically, in the complex plane, as the 2D polar angle $\varphi $ from the positive real axis to the vector representing z. The numeric value is given by the angle in radians, and is positive if measured counterclockwise.
2. Algebraically, as any real quantity $\varphi $ such that $z=r(\cos \varphi +i\sin \varphi )=re^{i\varphi }$ for some positive real r (see Euler's formula). The quantity r is the *modulus* (or absolute value) of z, denoted |z|: $r={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}.}}$

The argument of zero is usually left undefined. The names *magnitude,* for the modulus, and *phase*, for the argument, are sometimes used equivalently.

Under both definitions, it can be seen that the argument of any non-zero complex number has many possible values: firstly, as a geometrical angle, it is clear that whole circle rotations do not change the point, so angles differing by an integer multiple of  radians (a complete circle) are the same, as reflected by figure 2 on the right. Similarly, from the periodicity of sin and cos, the second definition also has this property.

## Principal value

Because a complete rotation around the origin leaves a complex number unchanged, there are many choices which could be made for $\varphi $ by circling the origin any number of times. This is shown in figure 2, a representation of the multi-valued (set-valued) function $f(x,y)=\arg(x+iy)$, where a vertical line (not shown in the figure) cuts the surface at heights representing all the possible choices of angle for that point.

When a well-defined function is required, then the usual choice, known as the *principal value*, is the value in the open-closed interval (−*π* rad, *π* rad\], that is from *π* to *π* radians, excluding *π* rad itself (equiv., from −180 to +180 degrees, excluding −180° itself). This represents an angle of up to half a complete circle from the positive real axis in either direction.

Some authors define the range of the principal value as being in the closed-open interval \[0, 2*π*).

### Notation

The principal value sometimes has the initial letter capitalized, as in Arg *z*, especially when a general version of the argument is also being considered. Note that notation varies, so arg and Arg may be interchanged in different texts.

The set of all possible values of the argument can be written in terms of Arg as:

$$\arg(z)=\\{\operatorname {Arg} (z)+2\pi n\mid n\in \mathbb {Z} \\}.$$

## Computing from the real and imaginary part

If a complex number is known in terms of its real and imaginary parts, then the function that calculates the principal value Arg is called the two-argument arctangent function, atan2:

$\operatorname {Arg} (x+iy)=\operatorname {atan2} (y,\\,x)$.

The atan2 function is available in the math libraries of many programming languages, sometimes under a different name, and usually returns a value in the range (−π, π\].

In some sources the argument is defined as $\operatorname {Arg} (x+iy)=\arctan(y/x),$ however this is correct only when *x* \> 0, where $y/x$ is well-defined and the angle lies between $-{\tfrac {\pi }{2}}$ and $\tfrac {\pi }{2}.$ Extending this definition to cases where *x* is not positive is relatively involved. Specifically, one may define the principal value of the argument separately on the half-plane *x* \> 0 and the two quadrants with *x* \< 0, and then patch the definitions together:

$$\operatorname {Arg} (x+iy)=\operatorname {atan2} (y,\\,x)={\begin{cases}\arctan \left({\frac {y}{x}\right)&{\text{if }x\>0,\\\\[5mu\]\arctan \left({\frac {y}{x}\right)+\pi &{\text{if }x\<0{\text{ and }y\geq 0,\\\\[5mu\]\arctan \left({\frac {y}{x}\right)-\pi &{\text{if }x\<0{\text{ and }y\<0,\\\\[5mu\]+{\frac {\pi }{2}&{\text{if }x=0{\text{ and }y\>0,\\\\[5mu\]-{\frac {\pi }{2}&{\text{if }x=0{\text{ and }y\<0,\\\\[5mu\]{\text{undefined}&{\text{if }x=0{\text{ and }y=0.\end{cases}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

See atan2 for further detail and alternative implementations.

## Realizations of the function in computer languages

### Wolfram language (Mathematica)

In Wolfram language, there's `Arg[z]`:

`Arg[x + y I]` $={\begin{cases}{\text{undefined}&{\text{if }|x|=\infty {\text{ and }|y|=\infty ,\\\\[5mu\]0&{\text{if }x=0{\text{ and }y=0,\\\\[5mu\]0&{\text{if }x=\infty ,\\\\[5mu\]\pi &{\text{if }x=-\infty ,\\\\[5mu\]\pm {\frac {\pi }{2}&{\text{if }y=\pm \infty ,\\\\[5mu\]\operatorname {Arg} (x+yi)&{\text{otherwise}.\end{cases}}}}}}}}}}}}$

or using the language's `ArcTan`:

`Arg[x + y I]` $={\begin{cases}0&{\text{if }x=0{\text{ and }y=0,\\\\[5mu\]{\text{ArcTan\[x, y\]}&{\text{otherwise}.\end{cases}}}}}}$

`ArcTan[x, y]` is $\operatorname {atan2} (y,x)$ extended to work with infinities. `ArcTan[0, 0]` is `Indeterminate` (i.e. it's still defined), while `ArcTan[Infinity, -Infinity]` doesn't return anything (i.e. it's undefined).

### Maple

Maple's `argument(z)` behaves the same as `Arg[z]` in Wolfram language, except that `argument(z)` also returns $\pi $ if `z` is the special floating-point value `−0.`. Also, Maple doesn't have $\operatorname {atan2} $.

### MATLAB

MATLAB's `angle(z)` behaves the same as `Arg[z]` in Wolfram language, except that it is

$\begin{cases}{\frac {1\pi }{4}&{\text{if }x=\infty {\text{ and }y=\infty ,\\\\[5mu\]-{\frac {1\pi }{4}&{\text{if }x=\infty {\text{ and }y=-\infty ,\\\\[5mu\]{\frac {3\pi }{4}&{\text{if }x=-\infty {\text{ and }y=\infty ,\\\\[5mu\]-{\frac {3\pi }{4}&{\text{if }x=-\infty {\text{ and }y=-\infty .\end{cases}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Unlike in Maple and Wolfram language, MATLAB's `atan2(y, x)` is equivalent to `angle(x + y*1i)`. That is, `atan2(0, 0)` is $0$.

## Identities

One of the main motivations for defining the principal value Arg is to be able to write complex numbers in modulus-argument form. Hence for any complex number z,

$$z=\left|z\right|e^{i\operatorname {Arg} z}.$$

This is only really valid if z is non-zero, but can be considered valid for *z* = 0 if Arg(0) is considered as an indeterminate form—rather than as being undefined.

Some further identities follow. If *z*1 and *z*2 are two non-zero complex numbers, then

$$\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Arg} (z\_{1}z\_{2})&\equiv \operatorname {Arg} (z\_{1})+\operatorname {Arg} (z\_{2}){\pmod {\mathbb {R} /2\pi \mathbb {Z} },\\\operatorname {Arg} \left({\frac {z\_{1}{z\_{2}\right)&\equiv \operatorname {Arg} (z\_{1})-\operatorname {Arg} (z\_{2}){\pmod {\mathbb {R} /2\pi \mathbb {Z} }.\end{aligned}}}}}}$$

If *z* ≠ 0 and n is any integer, then

$$\operatorname {Arg} \left(z^{n}\right)\equiv n\operatorname {Arg} (z){\pmod {\mathbb {R} /2\pi \mathbb {Z} }.}$$

### Example

$$\operatorname {Arg} {\biggl (}{\frac {-1-i}{i}{\biggr )}=\operatorname {Arg} (-1-i)-\operatorname {Arg} (i)=-{\frac {3\pi }{4}-{\frac {\pi }{2}=-{\frac {5\pi }{4}}}}}$$

### Using the complex logarithm

From $z=|z|e^{i\operatorname {Arg} (z)}$, we get $i\operatorname {Arg} (z)=\ln {\frac {z}{|z|}}$, alternatively $\operatorname {Arg} (z)=\operatorname {Im} (\ln {\frac {z}{|z|})=\operatorname {Im} (\ln z)}$. As we are taking the imaginary part, any normalisation by a real scalar will not affect the result. This is useful when one has the complex logarithm available.

## Extended argument

The extended argument of a number z (denoted as $\overline {\arg }(z)$) is the set of all real numbers congruent to $\arg(z)$ modulo 2 $\pi $. $\overline {\arg }(z)=\arg(z)+2k\pi ,\forall k\in \mathbb {Z} $

## Bibliography

* Ahlfors, Lars (1979). *Complex Analysis: An Introduction to the Theory of Analytic Functions of One Complex Variable* (3rd ed.). New York;London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-000657-1.
* Ponnuswamy, S. (2005). *Foundations of Complex Analysis* (2nd ed.). New Delhi;Mumbai: Narosa. ISBN 978-81-7319-629-4.
* Beardon, Alan (1979). *Complex Analysis: The Argument Principle in Analysis and Topology*. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-99671-8.
* Borowski, Ephraim; Borwein, Jonathan (2002) \[1st ed. 1989 as *Dictionary of Mathematics*\]. *Mathematics*. Collins Dictionary (2nd ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-710295-X.


title: Emilia Cano

abstract: Emilia Cano Camacho is a retired female race walker from Spain.

text:
# Emilia Cano

**Emilia Cano Camacho** (born March 4, 1968, in Barcelona) is a retired female race walker from Spain.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Spain | | | | | |
| 1986 | World Junior Championships | Athens, Greece | 6th | 5000 m | 23:18.05 |
| 1987 | European Indoor Championships | Liévin, France | 5th | 3000 m | 13:23.96 |
| | World Indoor Championships | Indianapolis, United States | 5th | 3000 m | 13:02.41 |
| | World Race Walking Cup | New York City, United States | 19th | 10 km | 46:50 |
| | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 29th | 10 km | 50:11 |
| 1988 | European Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 13th | 3000 m | 13:37.03 |
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, Yugoslavia | 11th | 10 km | 46.43 |
| | Ibero-American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 2nd | 10,000 m | 48:14.63 |
| 1991 | World Indoor Championships | Seville, Spain | 6th | 3000 m | 12:40.87 |
| | World Race Walking Cup | San Jose, United States | 19th | 10 km | 46:35 |
| | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 16th | 10 km | 45:32 |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 22nd | 10 km | 47:03 |
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 13th | 10 km | 45:14 |

* Emilia Cano at World Athletics
* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Emilia Cano". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03.


title: 1989 Women's Lacrosse World Cup

abstract: The 1989 Women's Lacrosse World Cup was the third Women's Lacrosse World Cup and was played in Perth, Australia from 2–9 September 1989. The United States defeated England in the final to win the tournament.

text:
# 1989 Women's Lacrosse World Cup

The **1989 Women's Lacrosse World Cup** was the third Women's Lacrosse World Cup and was played in Perth, Australia from 2–9 September 1989. The United States defeated England in the final to win the tournament.

## Results

| Date | Team 1 | Team 2 | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sep 2 | United States | Scotland | 10-5 |
| Sep 2 | England | Wales | 8-4 |
| Sep 2 | Australia | Canada | 6-4 |
| Sep 3 | United States | England | 3-2 |
| Sep 3 | Canada | Wales | 11-4 |
| Sep 3 | Australia | Scotland | 4-1 |
| Sep 5 | United States | Wales | 18-5 |
| Sep 5 | England | Australia | 8-3 |
| Sep 5 | Canada | Scotland | 5-4 |
| Sep 6 | Australia | United States | 2-1 |
| Sep 6 | Scotland | Wales | 5-3 |
| Sep 6 | England | Canada | 13-3 |
| Sep 8 | United States | Canada | 17-2 |
| Sep 8 | Australia | Wales | 9-3 |
| Sep 8 | England | Scotland | 7-1 |

## Table

| Pos | Team | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | United States | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 49 | 16 | 8 | +33 |
| 2 | England | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 14 | 8 | +24 |
| 3 | Australia | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 17 | 8 | +6 |
| 4 | Canada | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 25 | 43 | 4 | -18 |
| 5 | Scotland | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 29 | 2 | -13 |
| 6 | Wales | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 19 | 51 | 0 | -32 |

## Fifth Place Play Off (September 9)

* Scotland v Wales 5-3

## Third Place Play Off (September 9)

* Australia v Canada 10-1

## Final (September 9)

* United States v England 7-6

## Final ranking

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
|  | United States |
|  | England |
|  | Australia |
| 4th | Canada |
| 5th | Scotland |
| 6th | Wales |

## InfoBox

1989 Women's Lacrosse World Cup
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Host country | Australia |
| Venue(s) | Perth, Australia |
| Dates | 2–9 September |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | United States (2nd title) |
| Runner-up | England |
| Third place | Australia |
|  | |


title: 1986 New Zealand rugby league season

abstract: The 1986 New Zealand rugby league season was the 79th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the Interdistricts Series competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. Auckland won the series, defeating the other three inter-district teams.

text:
# 1986 New Zealand rugby league season

The **1986 New Zealand rugby league season** was the 79th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the Interdistricts Series competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. Auckland won the series, defeating the other three inter-district teams.

## International competitions

The New Zealand national rugby league team lost a three test series to Australia. Coached by Graham Lowe, the squad was: Darrell Williams, Joe Ropati, Dean Bell, James Leuluai, Dane O'Hara, Olsen Filipaina, Shane Cooper, Owen Wright, Wayne Wallace, Kurt Sorensen, Mark Graham, Hugh McGahan, Gary Prohm, Mark Elia, Ron O'Regan, Gary Kemble, Gary Freeman, Barry Harvey and Brent Todd. Peter Brown, Tea Ropati, Marty Crequer, Dean Lonergan, Adrian Shelford, Sam Stewart, James Goulding, Glenn Donaldson and Gary Mercer also played for the Kiwis in New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. New Zealand lost to Australia 8-22, 12-29 and 12–32. In the tour games the Kiwis defeated Newcastle 22–17, Riverina 14–16, Wide Bay 32-7 and North Queensland 46–6. In Papua New Guinea they defeated Island Zone 26–6, lost to Southern Zone 20-26 and then won the first Test against Papua New Guinea 36–26. They then lost the second Test match 22–24, a match which counted towards the 1988 World Cup. Lowe resigned in August and Tony Gordon was appointed coach in September.

Howie Tamati captained the New Zealand Universities side in the first World University Cup. The New Zealand side defeated Australia 14–10 in the final to win the trophy. The side also included John, Peter, Iva and Tea Ropati.

The New Zealand Māori side competed in the Pacific Cup, winning the tournament by defeating Western Samoa 23 – 6 in the final. Coached by Richard Bolton, the squad included Gary Mercer, Dave Watson, Adrian Shelford, Mark Woods, Anthony Murray, captain Sam Stewart, Mark Horo, Tawera Nikau and Mike Kuiti. Hugh McGahan, Ron O'Regan, Owen Wright, Tracey McGregor, Andrew Vincent and Brendon Tuuta all pulled out of the side due to injury or professional club commitments. The Māori side played a warm up game before the competition began, defeating Waikato 52–32. It was the first time in over two decades that the Māori side was comprised completely of Māori players, as the side had previously also picked Polynesian players. Mercer, Ramsay, Shelford, Stewart and Greene were named in the team of the tournament.

Bob Bailey coached the Junior Kiwis. The side twice thrashed the Papua New Guinea juniors, 52-6 and 56–4. The team included Kevin Iro, Paul Okesene, Dean Clarke, Robert Piva, Tony Kemp, and Tawera Nikau.

Hugh McGahan won the New Zealand Rugby League's Player of the Year award. George Rainey was elected NZRL Chairman, replacing Ron McGregor.

## National competitions

### Rugby League Cup

Canterbury lost the Rugby League Cup to Auckland 16–14 on Queen's Birthday. 6,500 watched the match in bad weather at the Addington Showgrounds.Canterbury had earlier defeated Waikato 48-14 and Wellington 30–9.

Near the end of the season Auckland defended the cup against Canterbury, defeating them 22–8.

### Interdistricts Series

The Travelseekers Interdistricts Series included Auckland, Northern Districts, Central Districts and the South Island. Auckland defeated the South Island 38–8 at Carlaw Park.

#### Seasons Standings

| Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Auckland | 3 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 54 | **6** |
| South Island | 3 | 2 | 1 | 50 | 52 | **4** |
| Central Districts | 3 | 1 | 2 | 62 | 68 | **2** |
| Northern Districts | 3 | 0 | 3 | 54 | 92 | **0** |

### National Provincial Competition

Canterbury defeated Bay of Plenty 16–0 to win the National Provincial Competition. They then played Auckland in a challenge match. Auckland won 22–8.

#### North Island First Division

#### South Zone First Division

#### Second Division

### National Club Competition

The national club competition, called the Lion Red League Nationals for sponsorship reasons, was won by the Te Atatu Roosters who defeated the Mount Albert Lions 36–10 in the final. The final was held at Carlaw Park.

In a qualifying match, Cooks (Invercargill) defeated St Kilda (Otago) 42–28.

|  | Round of 16 | | |  |  | Quarter-finals | | |  |  | Semi-finals | | |  |  | Grand Final | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Halswell (Canterbury) | | 10 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | || | | | |
|  | Omahu (H.Bay) | | 6 |  | || |
|  | |  | | | Halswell | | 12 |  || |
|  | | |  | | | | |  || |
|  | |  |  | Mt Albert | | 26 |  || |
|  | Mt Albert (Auckland) | | | | | | 24 |  || |
|  | |  | | | | | | || |
|  | | Turangi (Midlands) | | 0 |  || |
|  | |  | | | Mt Albert | | 47 |  ||
|  | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Hornby | | 26 |  ||
|  | Huntly South (Waikato) | | | | | | 18 |  |  | | | | ||
|  | |  | | | | | | | ||
|  | | Kaiti (Gisborne EC) | | 8 | |  ||
|  | |  | | | Huntly South | | 4 |  ||
|  | | |  | | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Hornby | | 18 |  ||
|  | | | | Hornby (Canterbury) | | | | 56 |  ||
|  | |  | | | | | | ||
|  | | Foxton (Manawatu) | | 10 |  ||
|  | |  | | | Mt Albert | | 10 |  |
|  | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Te Atatu | | 36 |  |
|  | Te Atatu (Auckland) | | | | | | 44 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | Portland (Northland) | | 4 | |  ||
|  | |  | | | Te Atatu | | 24 |  ||
|  | | |  | | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Randwick | | 18 |  ||
|  | | | | Randwick (Wellington) | | | | 18 |  | |
|  | |  | | | | | | ||
|  | | Runanga (W.Coast) | | 12 |  ||
|  | |  | | | Te Atatu | | 20 |  |
|  | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Upper Hutt | | 12 |  |
|  | | | | Upper Hutt (Wellington) | | | | 80 |  |  | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | Cooks (Invercargill) | | 0 | |  |
|  | |  | | | Upper Hutt | | 20 |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Pikiao | | 12 |  |
|  | | | | Pikiao (BOP) | | | | 20 |  |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | Waitara (Taranaki) | | 12 |  |

## Club competitions

### Auckland

The Mount Albert Lions and Te Atatu Roosters dominated the club scene. Mt Albert defeated Te Atatu 31–4 in the final to give the Lions their third straight Fox Memorial. The Manukau Magpies won the Roope Rooster and the Stormont Shield. Te Atatu won the Rukutai Shield.

The Mount Albert Lions were coached by Mike McClennan and included Riki Cowan, Shane Cooper, Brian McClennan, Paddy Tuimavave, Mark Bourneville and Dominic Clark while the Te Atatu Roosters were coached by Brian Tracey and included Shane and Mark Horo, Peter Brown, Mark Elia, Sam Panapa and Ron O'Regan. The Northcote Tigers were coached by John O'Sullivan and included Gary Freeman, Kurt Sorensen and Marty Crequer and the Manukau Magpies included Paul Okesene, Mike Patton, Kelly Shelford, Owen and Nick Wright and David Watson. The Otahuhu Leopards included Tea Ropati and David Pakieto and the Mangere East Hawks included George Mann.

### Wellington

The Upper Hutt Tigers defeated the Randwick Kingfishers 18–16 in the 18th minute of extra time to win the Wellington Rugby League grand final. Randwick included Sam Stewart, George Lajpold and Tony Kemp while Adrian Shelford, Mike Kuiti and Sonny Whakarau played for Upper Hutt. Robert Piva played for St. George.

### Canterbury

Hornby, for the third consecutive year, played Halswell in the grand final. Hornby won 20–5.

Esene Faimalo played for Addington. Mocky Brereton was the club President of Marist-Western Suburbs. Hornby included Brendon Tuuta, Ross Taylor and Wayne Wallace. Mark Broadhurst coached Papanui.

Hornby defeated Runanga 40–20 at the Addington Show Grounds to retain the Thacker Shield.

Aranui High School won the inaugural The Press cup.

### Other Competitions

Portland won the Northland Rugby League grand final, defeating Moerewa 28–20. The Te Paatu Warriors won the Far North division. Portland then defeated Te Paatu 50–6 to advance into the National Club Competition.

Huntly South defeated Taniwharau 20–11 to win the Waikato Rugby League grand final. Tapuwaeharuru won the Midlands final, defeating Pacific 18–8. Pikiao, who included Gary Mercer defeated the Ngongotaha Chiefs 18–12 in the Bay of Plenty Rugby League grand final. The Chiefs included Mark Woods and Russell Stewart. Kaiti won the Gisborne-East Coast final over Paikea.

Omahu won the Hawke's Bay Rugby League grand final, defeating Flaxmere 24–14. The Waitara Bears defeated Marist 46–0 to win the Taranaki Rugby League title. Foxton won the Manawatu Rugby League grand final, defeating Wanganui United 32–13.

Runanga won their eight consecutive West Coast Rugby League title, defeating Marist 50–22 in the grand final at Wingham Park. Runanga included Glen Gibb and Bernie Green. St Kilda won the Otago final 22–18 over Mosgiel.

## InfoBox

| 1986 New Zealand rugby league season | |
| --- | --- |


title: Arie Verveen

abstract: Arie Verveen is an Irish actor. He has received an Independent Spirit Award Nomination (1997) and two Satellite Awards from the International Press Academy for his roles in the feature films Caught and The Thin Red Line.

text:
# Arie Verveen

**Arie Verveen** (born 28 September 1976) is an Irish actor. He has received an Independent Spirit Award Nomination (1997) and two Satellite Awards from the International Press Academy for his roles in the feature films *Caught* and *The Thin Red Line*.

## Biography

Verveen studied under acting coach David G. Bennett in London, where he made his stage debut in a production of *A Hatful Of Rain* by Michael V. Gazzo, which he co-produced and starred in. His appearance in *Caught* (1996) was his first lead role in a feature film, opposite Edward James Olmos and María Conchita Alonso, directed by Robert M. Young. This role garnered him a 1997 Special Achievement Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent, an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Debut Performance, and critical acclaim for his work.

In 2010, Verveen appeared in season three of Sons of Anarchy as Liam O'Neill, a corrupt member of the Belfast charter of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club. Verveen has also worked with directors such as Terrence Malick (*The Thin Red Line*), Robert Rodriguez and Frank Miller (*Sin City*), Guy Ritchie (*Suspect*), Eli Roth (*Cabin Fever*), Sergei Bodrov (*Running Free*).

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Clouds of Magellan* | Counsel |  |
| 1996 | *Caught* | Nick |  |
| 1998 | *The Thin Red Line* | Private Charlie Dale |  |
| 1999 | *Running Free* | Adult Richard |  |
| 1999 | *Killers* | Buddy |  |
| 2001 | *The Journeyman* | Horace Marywell |  |
| 2002 | *Briar Patch* | Flowers |  |
| 2002 | *Cabin Fever* | Henry, The Hermit |  |
| 2003 | *Descendant* | Edgar Allan Poe |  |
| 2003 | *Red Roses and Petrol* | "Doc" |  |
| 2003 | *Sin* | Marty Kraken |  |
| 2005 | *Sin City* | Murphy |  |
| 2008 | *Boiler Maker* | "Flex" |  |
| 2009 | *No Fury* | Bobby | Direct-to-video |
| 2009 | *Across the Hall* | Lucas |  |
| 2012 | *Fire with Fire* | Darren |  |
| 2014 | *Swelter* | Reverend Joshua Stone |  |
| 2016 | *Saturday in the Park* | Finton |  |
| 2016 | *Tao of Surfing* | Pete |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *UC: Undercover* | Marlon Chambers | Episode: "The Siege" |
| 2003 | *The Handler* | Paul | 3 episodes |
| 2006 | *Vanished* | Aaron Hensleigh | 2 episodes |
| 2007 | *Suspect* | Calvin McCall | Television film |
| 2010 | *Cold Case* | Cliff Harper | Episode: "Shattered" |
| 2010–2011 | *Sons of Anarchy* | Liam O'Neill | 9 episodes |

## Awards

1. Arie Verveen Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. flixster.com
2. Arie Verveen. IMDb
3. 1997 1st Annual SATELLITE™ Awards. pressacademy.com

## InfoBox

| Arie Verveen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 28 September 1976 (1976-09-28) (age 48)<br>Ireland |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Website | arieverveen.com |


title: Arctostaphylos auriculata

abstract: Arctostaphylos auriculata is an endangered species of Arctostaphylos endemic to California, and limited in geography to the area surrounding Mount Diablo, in Contra Costa County.

text:
# Arctostaphylos auriculata

***Arctostaphylos auriculata*** (**Mount Diablo manzanita**) is an endangered species of *Arctostaphylos* endemic to California, and limited in geography to the area surrounding Mount Diablo, in Contra Costa County.

## Description

*Arctostaphylos auriculata* is a woody shrub 1–4.5 m high with serpentine, glandless stems covered in white hair. The short \[1.5-4.5 cm\], silvery leaves overlap and have deeply lobed bases. It flowers densely in white February through May. The fruit is also hairy and small (5–10 mm). The Mount Diablo manzanita has no basal burl for regrowth and must propagate by seed.

## Distribution

Growing in sandstone chaparral around 150-650 meter elevation, the thick undergrowth of Mount Diablo manzanita is often accompanied by poison oak or California wild grapes.

## InfoBox

| Mount Diablo manzanita | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Ericaceae |
| Genus: | *Arctostaphylos* |
| Species: | ***A. auriculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Arctostaphylos auriculata***
Eastw. | |
|


abstract: Emmett Township is a civil township of St. Clair County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,515 at the 2020 Census. The village of Emmett is located within the township. Emmett Township was set off from Clyde Township in 1850. It is named for Irish patriot Robert Emmet.

text:
# Emmett Township, St. Clair County, Michigan

**Emmett Township** is a civil township of St. Clair County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,515 at the 2020 Census. The village of Emmett is located within the township. Emmett Township was set off from Clyde Township in 1850. It is named for Irish patriot Robert Emmet.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.3 square miles (91 km2), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,506 people, 820 households, and 683 families residing in the township. The population density was 71.0 inhabitants per square mile (27.4/km2). There were 865 housing units at an average density of 24.5 per square mile (9.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.24% White, 0.24% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.64% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.

There were 820 households, out of which 42.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.9% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.4 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $53,452, and the median income for a family was $56,583. Males had a median income of $44,405 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,430. About 4.3% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Emmett Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within St. Clair County (red) and the administered village of Emmett (pink) | |
| Emmett TownshipLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 43°00′50″N 82°47′39″W / 43.01389°N 82.79417°W / 43.01389; -82.79417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | St. Clair |
| Founded | 1850 |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Mike Butler |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.3 sq mi (91.4 km2) |
| Land | 35.3 sq mi (91.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 791 ft (241 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,515 |
| Density | 71/sq mi (28/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48022 |
| Area code | 810 |
| FIPS code | 26-25960 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626240 |


title: 1990–91 Welsh Cup

abstract: The 1990–91 Welsh Cup winners were Swansea City. The final was played at the National Stadium in Cardiff in front of an attendance of 5,000.

text:
# 1990–91 Welsh Cup

The **1990–91 Welsh Cup** winners were Swansea City. The final was played at the National Stadium in Cardiff in front of an attendance of 5,000.

## Fourth round

| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Aberystwyth Town | 1–3 | **Hereford United** |
| 2 | Ammanford Town F.C. | 0–5 | **Wrexham** |
| 3 | B.P Llandarcy | 0–5 | **Stroud** |
| 4 | **Bangor City** | 4–1 | Lex XI |
| 5 | Caernarfon Town | 1–2 | **Abergavenny Thursdays** |
| 6 | **Barry Town** | 3–1 | Cheltenham Town |
| 7 | Merthyr Tydfil | 0–1 | **Swansea City** |
| 8 | Newport | 0–1 | **Colwyn Bay** |

## Quarter-finals

| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barry Town | 1–1 | Bangor City |
| *Replay* | Bangor City | 0–1 | **Barry Town** |
| 2 | Colwyn Bay | 1–1 | Swansea City |
| *Replay* | **Swansea City** | 1–0 | Colwyn Bay |
| 3 | Bangor City | 0–0 | Hereford United |
| *Replay* | **Hereford United** | 0–0 | Bangor City |
| Hereford win 4–3 on penalties | | | | |
| 4 | Stroud | 1–2 | **Wrexham** |

## Semi-finals – 1st leg

| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Barry Town | 2–2 | Swansea City |
| 2 | Wrexham | 1–1 | Hereford United |

## Semi-finals – 2nd leg

| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Swansea City** | 1–0 | Barry Town |
| 2 | Hereford United | 1–2 | **Wrexham** |

## Final

| Swansea City | 2–0 | Wrexham |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Penney <br>Raynor |  |  |

Cardiff Arms Park, CardiffAttendance: 5,000Referee: K Burge (South Wales)


# 1989 Major Indoor Lacrosse League season

The 1989 season is the 3rd season of the league that began on January 7, 1989 and concluded with the championship game on April 7.

## Team movement

1989 saw the MILL expand by two teams: the New England Blazers and the Detroit Turbos. The New Jersey Saints also moved to Long Island, New York, becoming the New York Saints.

### Teams

**Thunder****Turbos****Blazers****Saints****Wings****Wave**    Major Indoor Lacrosse League Teams

| **1989 Major Indoor Lacrosse League** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Team** | **City** | **Arena** | **Capacity** |
| Baltimore Thunder | Baltimore, Maryland | Baltimore Arena | 10,582 |
| Detroit Turbos | Detroit, Michigan | Joe Louis Arena | 19,875 |
| New England Blazers | Worcester, Massachusetts | Worcester Centrum | 12,135 |
| New York Saints | Uniondale, New York | Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum | 16,297 |
| Philadelphia Wings | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Spectrum | 17,423 |
| Washington Wave | Landover, Maryland | Capital Centre | 18,130 |

## Regular season

Reference:

| P | Team | GP | W | L | PCT | GB | Home | Road | GF | GA | Diff | GF/GP | GA/GP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| <br> |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1 | Philadelphia Wings  **xyz** | 8 | 6 | 2 | .750 | 0.0 | 40 | 22 | 103 | 83 | +20 | 12.88 | 10.38 |
| 2 | Detroit Turbos  **x** | 8 | 6 | 2 | .750 | 0.0 | 31 | 31 | 118 | 96 | +22 | 14.75 | 12.00 |
| 3 | New York Saints  **x** | 8 | 6 | 2 | .750 | 0.0 | 22 | 40 | 104 | 87 | +17 | 13.00 | 10.88 |
| 4 | Baltimore Thunder | 8 | 4 | 4 | .500 | 2.0 | 13 | 31 | 103 | 96 | +7 | 12.88 | 12.00 |
| 5 | New England Blazers | 8 | 1 | 7 | .125 | 5.0 | 04 | 13 | 80 | 102 | −22 | 10.00 | 12.75 |
| 6 | Washington Wave | 8 | 1 | 7 | .125 | 5.0 | 04 | 13 | 70 | 114 | −44 | 8.75 | 14.25 |

**x**: Clinched playoff berth; **c**: Clinched playoff berth by crossing over to another division; **y**: Clinched division; **z**: Clinched best regular season record; **GP**: Games Played
**W**: Wins; **L**: Losses; **GB**: Games back; **PCT**: Win percentage; **Home**: Record at Home; **Road**: Record on the Road; **GF**: Goals scored; **GA**: Goals allowed
**Differential**: Difference between goals scored and allowed; **GF/GP**: Average number of goals scored per game; **GA/GP**: Average number of goals allowed per game

## Playoffs

|  | Semifinals | | |  |  | Championship | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | | |  |  | 3 | New York | 10 |  |
|  | 3 | **New York** | **9**\** |  |  | 1 | **Philadelphia** | **11** |  |
|  | 2 | Detroit | 8 |  |  |  | | |  |

* * indicates an overtime period.

## Awards

| Award | Winner | Team |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Championship Game MVP | John Tucker | Philadelphia |

## Statistics leaders

**Bold** numbers indicate new single-season records. *Italics* indicate tied single-season records.

| Stat | Player | Team | Number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Goals** | Brad Kotz | Philadelphia | **28** |
| **Assists** | John Tucker | Philadelphia | **24** |
| **Points** | Brad Kotz | Philadelphia | *34* |
| **Penalty Minutes** | Jeff Goldberg | New York | **28** |
| **Shots on Goal** | Brad Kotz | Philadelphia | 66 |
| **Loose Balls** | J. Fay | New England | **57** |

1. "National Lacrosse League - 1989 Regular Season - Standings". *NLL.com*. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
2. Complete statistics unavailable; may not be accurate
3. Complete statistics unavailable; may not be accurate

## Attendance

### Regular Season

| Home Team | Home Games | Average Attendance | Total Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philadelphia Wings | 4 | 14,709 | 58,834 |
| Detroit Turbos | 4 | 12,290 | 49,159 |
| New York Saints | 4 | 8,608 | 34,433 |
| New England Blazers | 4 | 8,038 | 32,153 |
| Washington Wave | 4 | 7,824 | 31,295 |
| Baltimore Thunder | 4 | 6,200 | 24,800 |
| **League** | **24** | **9,611** | **230,674** |

### Playoffs

| Home Team | Home Games | Average Attendance | Total Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Philadelphia Wings | 1 | 16,042 | 16,042 |
| Detroit Turbos | 1 | 8,319 | 8,319 |
| **League** | **2** | **12,181** | **24,361** |

1. "1989 Season". *nllstats.com*. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

## InfoBox

| 1989 MILL season | |
| --- | --- |
| League | Major Indoor Lacrosse League |
| Sport | Indoor lacrosse |
| Duration | January 7, 1989 - April 7, 1989 |
| Number of games | 8 |
| Number of teams | 6 |
| Draft | |
| Top draft pick | David Desko |
| Picked by | New England Blazers |
| Regular season | |
| League champions | Philadelphia Wings |
| Runners-up | Detroit Turbos |
| Top scorer | Brad Kotz (Philadelphia Wings) |
| Champion's Cup | |
| Champions | Philadelphia Wings |
| Runners-up | New York Saints |
| Finals MVP | John Tucker (Philadelphia) |


title: Aristotelia billii

abstract: Aristotelia billii is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in France.

text:
# Aristotelia billii

***Aristotelia billii*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in France.

## InfoBox

| *Aristotelia billii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aristotelia* |
| Species: | ***A. billii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aristotelia billii***<br>Varenne & J. Nel, 2013 | |
|


title: Aristotelia balanocentra

abstract: Aristotelia balanocentra is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. It is found in South Africa, where it has been recorded from KwaZulu-Natal. The wingspan is 11 to 12 millimetres. The forewings are fuscous irregularly mixed with dark fuscous and with a blackish dot beneath the costa at one-sixth, one obliquely beneath and beyond it, a larger one beneath the costa beyond one-third, a black dash on the fold beneath this, and an elongate dot in the disc at two-thirds. The hindwings are pale grey.

text:
# Aristotelia balanocentra

***Aristotelia balanocentra*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. It is found in South Africa, where it has been recorded from KwaZulu-Natal.

The wingspan is 11 to 12 millimetres (0.43 to 0.47 in). The forewings are fuscous irregularly mixed with dark fuscous and with a blackish dot beneath the costa at one-sixth, one obliquely beneath and beyond it, a larger one beneath the costa beyond one-third, a black dash on the fold beneath this, and an elongate dot in the disc at two-thirds. The hindwings are pale grey.

## InfoBox

| *Aristotelia balanocentra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Aristotelia* |
| Species: | ***A. balanocentra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aristotelia balanocentra***<br>Meyrick, 1914 | |
|


title: Arkell Museum

abstract: The Arkell Museum is a museum in Canajoharie, New York that has an extensive collection of American paintings, primarily from 1860–1940, as well as historical exhibits about the history of the Mohawk River Valley and of the Beech-Nut babyfood company. The Canajoharie Library was founded in 1924, and a gallery was added in 1927. The museum was originally built to house copies of European masterpieces and original 19th-century American paintings collected by Bartlett Arkell, then the town's leading industrialist. Susan Finch has written of the museum, "The institution has evolved into more than just an art gallery with a library attached, but an art gallery with a small town attached. The roster of American painters exhibited here is astounding and completely out of scale with what you would expect from a Thruway exit between Albany and Utica." Arkell acquired and donated some of the finest American paintings he came across. He incorporated several elements from different art museums that he visited in Europe and the United States into this museum. These were the European paintings Galleries at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Prince George Gallery at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England and the gallery that housed The Night Watch at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Many of the paintings on display reflect Arkell's personal taste. Growing up in Canajoharie, landscapes of rural New York State and the Mohawk River are what Arkell found intriguing as well as familiar as they can be seen hanging on the museum walls The permanent collection includes twenty-one paintings by Winslow Homer, works by all members of The Eight, and paintings by leading American Impressionists such as Childe Hassam. George Inness and Ralph Blakelock are also well represented by several works in this impressive collection. American paintings from the 20th century include realist and regionalist works by Paul Sample, Ogden Pleissner and Thomas Hart Benton. This decorative arts collection derived from Arkell's desire to acquire objects of good taste such as furniture, sculpture, glass and pottery to place in the museum and library.

text:
# Arkell Museum

The **Arkell Museum** is a museum in Canajoharie, New York that has an extensive collection of American paintings, primarily from 1860–1940, as well as historical exhibits about the history of the Mohawk River Valley and of the Beech-Nut babyfood company. The Canajoharie Library was founded in 1924, and a gallery was added in 1927. The museum was originally built to house copies of European masterpieces and original 19th-century American paintings collected by Bartlett Arkell, then the town's leading industrialist. Susan Finch has written of the museum, "The institution has evolved into more than just an art gallery with a library attached, but an art gallery with a small town attached. The roster of American painters exhibited here is astounding and completely out of scale with what you would expect from a Thruway exit between Albany and Utica."

Arkell acquired and donated some of the finest American paintings he came across. He incorporated several elements from different art museums that he visited in Europe and the United States into this museum. These were the European paintings Galleries at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Prince George Gallery at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England and the gallery that housed *The Night Watch* at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Many of the paintings on display reflect Arkell's personal taste. Growing up in Canajoharie, landscapes of rural New York State and the Mohawk River are what Arkell found intriguing as well as familiar as they can be seen hanging on the museum walls

The permanent collection includes twenty-one paintings by Winslow Homer, works by all members of The Eight, and paintings by leading American Impressionists such as Childe Hassam. George Inness and Ralph Blakelock are also well represented by several works in this impressive collection. American paintings from the 20th century include realist and regionalist works by Paul Sample, Ogden Pleissner and Thomas Hart Benton.

This decorative arts collection derived from Arkell's desire to acquire objects of good taste such as furniture, sculpture, glass and pottery to place in the museum and library.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Arkell Museum
| The Arkell Museum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Canajoharie, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°54′27.0″N 074°34′18.9″W / 42.907500°N 74.571917°W / 42.907500; -74.571917 |
| Type | Art Museum |
| Website | arkellmuseum.org |


title: Argyle, Florida

abstract: Argyle is an unincorporated community in Walton County, Florida, United States. The community is located on U.S. Route 90, 4.2 miles (6.8 km) east of DeFuniak Springs. Argyle has a post office with ZIP code 32422.

text:
# Argyle, Florida

**Argyle** is an unincorporated community in Walton County, Florida, United States. The community is located on U.S. Route 90, 4.2 miles (6.8 km) east of DeFuniak Springs. Argyle has a post office with ZIP code 32422.

## History

A post office has been in operation at Argyle since 1883. The community was named after Argyle, in Scotland, the homeland of a large share of the first settlers.

## InfoBox

| Argyle, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Argyle, Florida | |
| Coordinates: 30°43′11″N 86°02′40″W / 30.71972°N 86.04444°W / 30.71972; -86.04444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Walton |
| Elevation | 253 ft (77 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 32422 |
| Area code | 850 |
| GNIS feature ID | 277944 |


title: 1991 in Denmark

abstract: Events from the year 1991 in Denmark.

text:
# 1991 in Denmark

Events from the year 1991 **in Denmark**.

## Incumbents

## Events

### Undated

## The arts

### Architecture

### Film

### Literature

### Music

## Sports

### Badminton

### Cycling

### Swimming

### Other

## Births

### JanuaryMarch

### AprilJune

### JulySeptember

### OctoberDecember

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1991<br>List of years in Denmark |


title: Early Spring (painting)

abstract:
Early Spring is a hanging scroll painting by Guo Xi. Completed in 1072, it is one of the most famous works of Chinese art from the Song dynasty. The work demonstrates his innovative techniques for producing multiple perspectives which he called "the angle of totality." The painting is a type of scroll painting which is called a Shan shui. The term "shan shui" describes a type of Chinese art in which scenes or natural landscapes are painted using an ink and brush. In literal terms, the name means "mountain-water-picture." In this kind of art, mountains, rivers, and frequently waterfalls are prominent. Around the tenth and eleventh centuries,[1] during the Song Dynasty, shan shui art first gained widespread recognition in China.
The poem in the upper right corner was added in 1759 by the Qianlong Emperor. It reads:

text:
# Early Spring (painting)

***Early Spring*** is a hanging scroll painting by Guo Xi. Completed in 1072, it is one of the most famous works of Chinese art from the Song dynasty. The work demonstrates his innovative techniques for producing multiple perspectives which he called "the angle of totality." The painting is a type of scroll painting which is called a Shan shui. The term "shan shui" (Traditional Chinese: 山氅畫) describes a type of Chinese art in which scenes or natural landscapes are painted using an ink and brush. In literal terms, the name means "mountain-water-picture." In this kind of art, mountains, rivers, and frequently waterfalls are prominent. Around the tenth and eleventh centuries,\[1\] during the Song Dynasty (宋朝; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao), shan shui art first gained widespread recognition in China. The poem in the upper right corner was added in 1759 by the Qianlong Emperor. It reads:

| Chinese | Pinyin | English |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 開凍 | shù cái fā yè xī kāidòng | The trees are just beginning to sprout leaves; the frozen brook begins to melt. |
| 樓閣仙居上層 | lóugé xiānjū zuì shàngcéng | A building is placed on the highest ground, where the immortals reside. |
| 點綴 | bù jiè liǔ táo jiàn diǎnzhuì | There is nothing between the willow and peach trees to clutter up the scene. |
| 春山 | chūnshān zǎo jiàn qì rú zhēng | Steam-like mist can be seen early in the morning on the springtime mountain. |
|  |
| 春月 | jǐ mǎo chūnyuè | (Year of) Yin Earth Rabbit (1759) |
| 御題 | yùtí | Composed by the royal hand (of the Qianlong Emperor) |

## InfoBox

| Early Spring | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 早春圖 |
| Simplified Chinese | 早春图 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin zǎo chūn tú | |
|  | |


title: Lynn Kellogg

abstract: Lynn Kellogg was an American actress and singer.

text:
# Lynn Kellogg

**Lynn Kellogg** (April 2, 1943 – November 12, 2020) was an American actress and singer.

## Biography

Kellogg was born on April 2, 1943 in Appleton, Wisconsin the daughter of Harry Burton Kellogg and Maxine (Goekes) Kellogg; she had a sister and two brothers. She attended the University of Wisconsin for one year. In 1964, she began a television career with an appearance on the series *The Edge of Night*.

She was perhaps best known for originating the role of Sheila in the original Broadway production of *Hair* in 1968. She also appeared in the 1969 film *Charro!*, with Elvis Presley, and had guest roles in 1970 on *It Takes a Thief* and *Mission: Impossible*.

In February 1972, Kellogg traveled to Vietnam with Sammy Davis Jr. and other performers where they performed a USO Show on several US bases in South Vietnam for the US military troops. She also had a career as a singer and guitarist and toured with Gordon Lightfoot and others.

She subsequently worked in children's television and was a performer of contemporary Christian music. Kellogg developed the educational series *Animals, Animals, Animals*, starring Hal Linden, which aired from 1976 to 1981 and won both Emmy and Peabody Awards. She returned to Appleton in 2002 and performed there locally, as well as in church.

### Death

Kellogg died from complications of COVID-19 at a St. Louis hospital on November 12, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri. She was 77. Her husband, John Simpers, said she was infected after attending a gathering in Branson, Missouri. At the time of her death, she also had a non-terminal form of leukemia, which had affected her vascular system.

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Lynn Kellogg | |
| --- | --- |
| Publicity Photo of Lynn Kellogg | |
| Born | (1943-04-02)April 2, 1943
Appleton, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | November 12, 2020(2020-11-12) (aged 77)
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Other names | Lynn Kellogg Simpers |
| Education | University of Wisconsin |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer |
| Spouse | John Simpers (m. 1995) |


title: Airiel Down

abstract: Airiel Down is an American rock band from Raleigh, North Carolina. The band consists of lead vocalist Beaux Foy, drummer Taylor Traversari, guitarist Michael Abe, bassist Lani Abe, and guitarist Gordon Harris. The group released its debut album, Vision, in 2006, which garnered acclaim from critics for its tight rhythms, high energy, and first-rate musicianship. Their 2009 album, Shine, received the same kind of praise and included the song "Hurricane Warning," which is played at every Carolina Hurricanes home game. The band has toured nationwide with groups such as Shinedown, Gin Blossoms, 38 Special, Better Than Ezra, Goo Goo Dolls and Buckcherry. As winners of a contest sponsored by Guitar Center, they also opened for KISS at a 2010 show in Raleigh. The band is known as an independent group, with members personally handling nearly every aspect of management. They formed their own production company and record label, Autumn Rain Records, Inc. in 2003. Benjamin Ray of popular music reviewing site The Daily Vault called the band "one of the hardest-working indie bands in the country.”

text:
# Airiel Down

**Airiel Down** is an American rock band from Raleigh, North Carolina. The band consists of lead vocalist Beaux Foy, drummer Taylor Traversari, guitarist Michael Abe, bassist Lani Abe, and guitarist Gordon Harris. The group released its debut album, *Vision*, in 2006, which garnered acclaim from critics for its tight rhythms, high energy, and first-rate musicianship. Their 2009 album, *Shine*, received the same kind of praise and included the song "Hurricane Warning," which is played at every Carolina Hurricanes home game. The band has toured nationwide with groups such as Shinedown, Gin Blossoms, 38 Special, Better Than Ezra, Goo Goo Dolls and Buckcherry. As winners of a contest sponsored by Guitar Center, they also opened for KISS at a 2010 show in Raleigh.

The band is known as an independent group, with members personally handling nearly every aspect of management. They formed their own production company and record label, Autumn Rain Records, Inc. in 2003. Benjamin Ray of popular music reviewing site *The Daily Vault* called the band "one of the hardest-working indie bands in the country.”

## History

### 2003–2010: early years and *Vision*

Airiel Down was formed in 2003 in Raleigh, North Carolina. Their name and logo were chosen as something that represents an aerial view looking down on the world, and the unique spelling was chosen to bring to light attention to detail as they toured the national club circuit.

In 2006, after several years of live shows and touring, the band released their first album, *Vision*, through their own record label, Autumn Rain Records. *Vision* was mastered by Greg Calbi of Sterling Sound. The album received very positive reviews upon release; critics like Benjamin Ray of *The Daily Vault* gave the album a B+ rating, calling it a "very promising and enjoyable debut." Other reviewers, like Jayson Jones of HotIndieNews.com highlighted the "simple yet effective lyrics" and the song structures, reminiscent of classic rock. Both reviewers noted the blending of several styles of alternative and rock music.

### 2010–2011: *Shine*

*Shine*, the band's second album, was recorded between two general dates and released in 2009. Like *Vision*, it was recorded there and mastered by Calbi, but it produced several more notable songs. "Gorilla," the album's opening track, was written about gorilla conservation. Its music video was rendered using 3D animation and showed numerous jungle animals taking a stand against human development. "Air" was the official theme song of the Olympic Park and Olympic Village at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. This provided huge exposure for the band, as hundreds of thousands of visitors and athletes from over eighty countries heard the song throughout the Olympic Games.

The album also included perhaps the band's most well-known song, Hurricane Warning. The song, which is played at every Carolina Hurricanes home game in the RBC Center, had its origins in the 1990s and was inspired by the storms that North Carolinians are frequently forced to endure, specifically Hurricane Fran. In a 2010 interview with Social The Magazine, Foy stated that "It made it onto an album, and \[the Hurricanes\] heard it, loved it, and asked to use it. Of course we said yes, and then offered to do them one better, and so we cut a new version with 'Carolina Hurricanes' in the lyrics, just for the team. We licensed the song to Fox Sports, and it’s played on TV regularly."

The music video for their song "Black Flag" made history, as it was filmed entirely on an aircraft carrier at sea. The video was shot on board the USS *George H. W. Bush* while at sea and featured the band playing on the flight deck with different aircraft flying close by. A second video showed various clips of the band and featured an acoustic version of the song.

In 2010, the band entered the Guitar Center Onstage: KISS Contest. Winners would be given the opportunity to open for the band at one show in their own hometown. Airiel Down was one of twenty-two bands selected as winners, and, on August 29, 2010, performed four songs live at the Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion in Raleigh as part of The Hottest Show on Earth Tour.

## Discography

Studio Albums * *Vision* (2006)
* *Shine* (2009)

## Awards

In a testament to the band's hard work and dedication to the military, the United Service Organization of North Carolina awarded frontman Beaux Foy with North Carolina's first Heart of a Patriot award. The award, which was received in October 2011, recognized both the band's work ethic and their commitment to giving back. John Falkenbury, USO of North Carolina President said that “Beaux is determined, passionate, has an understanding of community and is committed to giving back. While his passion is music, his mission is to serve and give back to those that sacrifice for our freedom.” The award has also been given to actors Gary Sinise and Karri Turner in Illinois, along with many other USO supporters.

Foy himself said that, “It's an honor to be recognized with the Heart of a Patriot Award, but really, what we do is small in comparison. I am deeply honored to be recognized and I look forward to representing USO of North Carolina in the best way I know how.”

In 2010, music videos from the album *Shine* also won several AVA Video Awards, which recognize “excellence in audio and visual production.” “Silhouette,” “Hurricane Warning,” and “Gorilla” all won platinum awards, while “Quick” and “Air” won gold awards.

1. Currin, Grayson Haver (30 August 2006). "Dear prudence". *INDY Week*. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
2. Benjamin Ray (2006-08-11). "The Daily Vault Music Reviews : Vision". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
3. Jayson Jones (2007-07-25). "Airiel Down: Vision - Indie Music Review".
4. Beaux Foy (2010-12-31). Rallywood Social Interviews: Airiel Down. Interview with Ria Von.
5. "Airiel Down opens for Kiss". melsmusic82.blogspot.com. 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
6. "USO of North Carolina Honors Musician"
7. "AVA Awards" Archived 2012-07-06 at the Wayback Machine avaawards.com. Retrieved 2012-03-01.

## InfoBox

| Airiel Down | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Raleigh, North Carolina, USA |
| Genres | Indie Rock, melodic rock, alternative rock |
| Years active | 2003 (2003)–2011 |
| Labels | Autumn Rain Records |
|  | |
| Members | Lani Abe
Michael Abe
Beaux Foy
Gordon Harris
Taylor Traversari |
|  | |
| Website | airieldown.net |


title: Luvli

abstract:
Shalyn Walker, better known as Luvli, is an American singer and songwriter from Chicago, Illinois. She was featured on Aaron Smith's hit single "Dancin'," which hit the UK top 40 in January 2006 and reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart in March 2006.
"Dancin'" has been remixed by JJ Flores & Steve Smooth. In 2019, "Dancin'" was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), followed by Gold in 2021 and Platinum in 2022.

text:
# Luvli

**Shalyn Walker**, better known as *Luvli*, is an American singer and songwriter from Chicago, Illinois.

She was featured on Aaron Smith's hit single "Dancin'," which hit the UK top 40 in January 2006 and reached the top 10 of the *Billboard* Hot Dance Airplay chart in March 2006. "Dancin'" has been remixed by JJ Flores & Steve Smooth.

In 2019, "Dancin'" was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), followed by Gold in 2021 and Platinum in 2022.


title: Earth Music

abstract: Earth Music is the second studio album by the American rock band the Youngbloods, released in 1967. The album did not succeed, failing to chart. Similar to their first album, the songs were a mix of originals and covers, ballads and rockers. Jesse Colin Young wrote three of the songs alone, the ballad "All My Dreams Blue", the hard rocking "Long and Tall", and the humorous "The Wine Song". Jerry Corbitt contributed the ballad "Don't Play Games" which features a string section, and co-wrote "Dreamer's Dream" with Banana. "Fool Me", written by Banana, is a bass-heavy song more similar to "garage rock" of the middle 1960s than the folkier material normally associated with the Youngbloods. Cover songs on the album include "Euphoria", a song originally done by the Holy Modal Rounders and written by George "Robin" Remailly. Other covers included two fifties classics, Chuck Berry's "Too Much Monkey Business" and Chuck Willis's "I Can Tell". Tim Hardin's "Reason to Believe " was one of the earliest cover versions of the popular ballad. "Sugar Babe," erroneously credited to Young/ Lomax, is a folk song about gambling and drinking that had been printed in American Ballads and Folk Songs, by John A. Lomax and his son Alan Lomax, published in 1934. In a note below "Sugar Babe," the Lomaxes state: "words and melody reprinted from the second volume of English Folk Songs of the Southern Appalachians, collected by Cecil Sharp, edited by Maud Karpeles." That book was published in 1932.

text:
# Earth Music

***Earth Music*** is the second studio album by the American rock band the Youngbloods, released in 1967. The album did not succeed, failing to chart.

Similar to their first album, the songs were a mix of originals and covers, ballads and rockers. Jesse Colin Young wrote three of the songs alone, the ballad "All My Dreams Blue", the hard rocking "Long and Tall", and the humorous "The Wine Song". Jerry Corbitt contributed the ballad "Don't Play Games" which features a string section, and co-wrote "Dreamer's Dream" with Banana. "Fool Me", written by Banana, is a bass-heavy song more similar to "garage rock" of the middle 1960s than the folkier material normally associated with the Youngbloods.

Cover songs on the album include "Euphoria", a song originally done by the Holy Modal Rounders and written by George "Robin" Remailly (who later became a member of the Rounders). Other covers included two fifties classics, Chuck Berry's "Too Much Monkey Business" and Chuck Willis's "I Can Tell". Tim Hardin's "Reason to Believe" was one of the earliest cover versions of the popular ballad. "Sugar Babe," erroneously credited to Young/ Lomax, is a folk song about gambling and drinking that had been printed in American Ballads and Folk Songs, by John A. Lomax and his son Alan Lomax, published in 1934. In a note below "Sugar Babe," the Lomaxes state: "words and melody reprinted from the second volume of English Folk Songs of the Southern Appalachians, collected by Cecil Sharp, edited by Maud Karpeles." That book was published in 1932.

## Legacy

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

In a retrospective review for Allmusic, Lindsay Planer calls the album "a blend of captivating songwriting with an infectiously fun delivery" and feels that there are "a handful of equally definitive sides scattered throughout Earth Music."

## Track listing

### Side one

1. "Euphoria" (George Remailly) – 2:15 (vocals by Jerry with Jesse)
2. "All My Dreams Blue" (Jesse Colin Young) – 3:17 (vocals by Jesse with Jerry and Banana)
3. "Monkey Business" (Chuck Berry) – 2:49 (vocals by Banana)
4. "Dreamer's Dream" (Jerry Corbitt, Lowell Levinger) – 3:35 (vocals by Jerry and Jesse with Banana)
5. "Sugar Babe" (Young, Lomax) – 2:08 (vocals by Jesse with Jerry)
6. "Long and Tall" (Young) 4:05 (vocals by Jesse)

### Side two

1.
2. "I Can Tell" (Chuck Willis) – 4:29 (vocals by Jesse)
3. "Don't Play Games" (Corbitt) – 2:12 (vocals by Jerry with Jesse)
4. "The Wine Song" (Young) – 2:24 (vocals by Jesse with Jerry and Banana)
5. "Fool Me" (Levinger) – 2:57 (vocals by Banana with Jesse)
6. "Reason to Believe" (Tim Hardin) – 2:25 (vocals by Jesse with Jerry)

## Personnel

The Youngbloods * Lowell "Banana" Levinger – lead guitar, piano; finger cymbals (track 1), backing vocals (tracks 2, 4, 9, 11), lead vocals (tracks 3, 10), pedal steel guitar (tracks 5, 11)
* Jerry Corbitt – rhythm guitar, harmonica; lead vocals (tracks 1, 4, 8), backing vocals (tracks 2, 5, 8, 10), lead guitar (track 10)
* Jesse Colin Young – bass; lead vocals (tracks 2, 5-7, 9, 11), backing vocals (tracks 1, 4, 8, 10)
* Joe Bauer – drums

Technical * Tracks 2, 3, 5, and 6 on Side 1, and track 5 on Side 2 were produced by The Youngbloods
* Tracks 1-4 on Side 2 were produced by Felix Pappalardi
* Tracks 1 and 4 on Side 1 were produced by Felix Pappalardi and the Youngbloods
* Bob Cullen – production supervisor
* Mike Moran – engineer
* Mickey Crofford – engineer

## InfoBox

| Earth Music | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Youngbloods | |
| Released | 1967 |
| Studio | RCA Victor, New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 33:04 |
| Label | RCA Victor |
| Producer | Felix Pappalardi, The Youngbloods |
| The Youngbloods chronology | |
| *The Youngbloods*
(1967) ***Earth Music***
(1967) *Elephant Mountain*
(1969) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Earth Music* | |
| 1. "Euphoria"/"The Wine Song"
Released: May 1967 2. "Fool Me"/"I Can Tell"
Released: October 1967 | |
|  | |


title: Driftsethe

abstract: Driftsethe is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2014, it is part of the municipality Hagen im Bremischen. Driftsethe belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Driftsethe, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

text:
# Driftsethe

**Driftsethe** is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2014, it is part of the municipality Hagen im Bremischen.

Driftsethe belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Driftsethe, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.

## InfoBox

| Driftsethe | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Hagen im Bremischen | |
|  | |
| Location of Driftsethe | |
| Driftsethe Driftsethe | |
| Coordinates: 53°23′N 08°37′E / 53.383°N 8.617°E / 53.383; 8.617 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Lower Saxony |
| District | Cuxhaven |
| Municipality | Hagen im Bremischen |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.37 km2 (5.93 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (2012-12-31) | |
| Total | 656 |
| Density | 43/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 27628 |
| Dialling codes | 04746 |
| Vehicle registration | CUX |
| Website | www.driftsethe.de |


title: Almighty Love

abstract: Almighty Love is the sixth studio album by the Irish singer-songwriter Damien Dempsey. Four years in the making, the album once again features Dempsey with long-time producer John Reynolds with Sinéad O'Connor again providing backing vocals on several tracks. Almighty Love was released on 28 September 2012, along with the title track as the first single. The album sees Dempsey continue his exploration of local Irish themes, but with a greater focus on wider themes such as love, peace and justice.

text:
# Almighty Love

***Almighty Love*** is the sixth studio album by the Irish singer-songwriter Damien Dempsey. Four years in the making, the album once again features Dempsey with long-time producer John Reynolds with Sinéad O'Connor again providing backing vocals on several tracks.

*Almighty Love* was released on 28 September 2012, along with the title track as the first single. The album sees Dempsey continue his exploration of local Irish themes, but with a greater focus on wider themes such as love, peace and justice.

## Track listing

The album *Almighty Love* contains eleven tracks and is sixty-two minutes in length.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | 1:16 |
| 2. | "Almighty Love" | 3:47 |
| 3. | "Chris and Stevie" | 5:58 |
| 4. | "Born Without Hate" | 5:57 |
| 5. | "Bustin Outta Here" | 5:41 |
| 6. | "Fire in the Glen" | 4:47 |
| 7. | "Canadian Geese" | 4:45 |
| 8. | "The Good and the Great" | 6:46 |
| 9. | "Community" | 5:51 |
| 10. | "Moneyman" | 5:26 |
| 11. | "You're the Cure" | 12:07 |
| Total length: | | 62:32 |

A Deluxe Edition was also released, which included acoustic versions of Almighty Love, Community and Bustin Outta Here.

## Credits

All music and lyrics by Damien Dempsey apart from track 6 written by Andy M. Stewart and the poem on track 4 written by Kae Tempest.

* Damien Dempsey – acoustic and electric guitars, piano
* John Reynolds – piano, keyboards, drums
* Sinéad O'Connor – backing vocals
* Kae Tempest – rap on track 4
* Clare Kenny – bass
* Caroline Dale – cello
* Seán Regan – fiddle, viola
* John McLoughlin – mandolin, guitars
* Julian Wilson – keyboards, piano, hammond

## InfoBox

| Almighty Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Damien Dempsey | |
| Released | 28 September 2012 |
| Studio | New Air Studios, London |
| Length | 62:32 |
| Label | Clear Records |
| Producer | John Reynolds |
| Damien Dempsey chronology | |
| *The Rocky Road*
(2008) ***Almighty Love***
(2012) *It's All Good – The Best of Damien Dempsey*
(2014) | |


title: 1991–92 AS Roma season

abstract: Associazione Sportiva Roma did not repeat its Coppa Italia victory from the previous season, but retained its status as the top team from the Capital with fifth in the league standings. Roma's main struggle was its inability to seal matches by a close margin, drawing on 14 occasions, and it neither had a watertight defence, nor a fearsome attack. Despite those shortcomings, Roma was only three points behind Torino for third.

text:
# 1991–92 AS Roma season

**Associazione Sportiva Roma** did not repeat its Coppa Italia victory from the previous season, but retained its status as the top team from the Capital with fifth in the league standings. Roma's main struggle was its inability to seal matches by a close margin, drawing on 14 occasions, and it neither had a watertight defence, nor a fearsome attack. Despite those shortcomings, Roma was only three points behind Torino for third.

## Players

### Goalkeepers

### Defenders

### Midfielders

### Forwards

## Competitions

### Overall

| Competition | Started round | Final position | First match | Last match |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Serie A | Matchday 1 | 5th | 1 September 1991 | 24 May 1992 |
| Supercoppa Italiana | Final | Runners-up | 24 August 1991 | |
| Coppa Italia | Second round | Quarter-finals | 28 August 1991 | 26 February 1992 |
| European Cup Winners' Cup | First round | Quarter-finals | 18 September 1991 | 18 March 1992 |

Last updated: 24 May 1992

### Supercoppa Italiana

| 24 August 1991 | **Sampdoria** | **1–0** | **Roma** | Genoa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20:30 | Mancini  75' |  |  | Stadium: Stadio Luigi Ferraris
Attendance: 21,120
Referee: Tullio Lanese |

### Serie A

#### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 | Torino | 34 | 14 | 15 | 5 | 42 | 20 | +22 | 43 | Qualification to UEFA Cup |
| 4 | Napoli | 34 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 56 | 40 | +16 | | 42 |
| 5 | Roma | 34 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 37 | 31 | +6 | | 40 |
| 6 | Sampdoria | 34 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 38 | 31 | +7 | 38 |  |
| 7 | Parma | 34 | 11 | 16 | 7 | 32 | 28 | +4 | 38 | Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup |

Source: 1991–92 Serie A, RSSSF.com
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Draw.

#### Results summary

| Overall | | | | | | | | Home | | | | | | Away | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 34 | 13 | 14 | 7 | 37 | 31 | +6 | 53 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 18 | 10 | +8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 19 | 21 | −2 |

Last updated: 24 May 1992.
Source: Competitive matches

#### Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | H | A | H |
| Result | W | L | W | D | W | D | D | D | L | D | W | L | D | L | D | W | L | W | D | D | D | L | D | W | W | D | L | D | D | W | W | W | W | W |

Updated to match(es) played on 24 May 1992. Source: Competitive matches
A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

#### Matches

| 1 September 1991 1 | **Hellas Verona** | **0–1** | **Roma** | Verona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Muzzi  82' | Stadium: Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi
Referee: Pietro D'Elia |

| 8 September 1991 2 | **Roma** | **0–1** | **Internazionale** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Matthäus  85' (pen.) | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Pierluigi Pairetto |

| 15 September 1991 3 | **Cagliari** | **0–1** | **Roma** | Cagliari |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Herrera  80' (o.g.) | Stadium: Stadio Sant'Elia
Referee: Luciano Luci |

| 22 September 1991 4 | **Roma** | **0–0** | **Genoa** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Werter Cornieti |

| 29 September 1991 5 | **Fiorentina** | **0–1** | **Roma** | Florence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Salsano  36' | Stadium: Stadio Artemio Franchi
Referee: Fabio Baldas |

| 6 October 1991 | **Roma** | **1–1** | **Lazio** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rizzitelli  81' | Report | Riedle  65' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Gianni Beschin |

| 20 October 1991 7 | **Torino** | **1–1** | **Roma** | Turin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bresciani  23' | Report | Aldair  58' | Stadium: Stadio delle Alpi
Referee: Arcangelo Pezzella |

| 27 October 1991 8 | **Roma** | **1–1** | **Foggia** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Petrescu  53' (o.g.) | Report | Shalimov  82' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Mauro Felicani |

| 3 November 1991 9 | **Milan** | **4–1** | **Roma** | Milan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Van Basten  30'
Massaro  36'
Rijkaard  57'
Costacurta  78' | Report | Carnevale  59' | Stadium: San Siro
Referee: Graziano Cesari |

| 17 November 1991 10 | **Roma** | **1–1** | **Napoli** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Di Mauro  43' | Report | Zola  77' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Loris Stafoggia |

| 24 November 1991 11 | **Roma** | **2–0** | **Sampdoria** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rizzitelli  47'
Giannini  77' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Arcangelo Pezzella |

| 1 December 1991 12 | **Juventus** | **2–1** | **Roma** | Turin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Schillaci  37'
De Marchi  88' (o.g.) | Report | Giannini  71' | Stadium: Stadio delle Alpi
Referee: Marcello Nicchi |

| 8 December 1991 13 | **Roma** | **1–1** | **Atalanta** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bonacina  30' | Report | Piovanelli  52' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Robert Anthony Boggi |

| 15 December 1991 14 | **Parma** | **3–1** | **Roma** | Parma |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nela  15' (o.g.)
Osio  55'
Melli  76' | Report | Di Mauro  12' | Stadium: Stadio Ennio Tardini
Referee: Gianni Beschin |

| 5 January 1992 15 | **Ascoli** | **1–1** | **Roma** | Ascoli Piceno |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Giordano  45' | Report | Rizzitelli  53' | Stadium: Stadio Cino e Lillo Del Duca
Referee: Robert Anthony Boggi |

| 12 January 1992 16 | **Roma** | **3–0** | **Cremonese** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Völler  10', 66'
Aldair  73' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Giovanni Merlino |

| 19 January 1992 17 | **Bari** | **2–1** | **Roma** | Bari |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Platt  68', 86' | Report | Völler  16' | Stadium: Stadio San Nicola
Referee: Luciano Luci |

| 26 January 1992 18 | **Roma** | **1–0** | **Hellas Verona** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Carnevale  35' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Fabio Baldas |

| 2 February 1992 19 | **Internazionale** | **0–0** | **Roma** | Milan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: San Siro
Referee: Mauro Felicani |

| 9 February 1992 20 | **Roma** | **0–0** | **Cagliari** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Walter Cinciripini |

| 16 February 1992 21 | **Genoa** | **1–1** | **Roma** | Genoa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Aguilera  45' | Report | Häßler  83' | Stadium: Stadio Luigi Ferraris
Referee: Tullio Lanese |

| 23 February 1992 22 | **Roma** | **1–3** | **Fiorentina** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Völler  79' | Report | Batistuta  36', 70'
Dunga  90' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Maurizio Mughetti |

| 1 March 1992 23 | **Lazio** | **1–1** | **Roma** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sosa  5' | Report | Häßler  70' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Loris Stafoggia |

| 8 March 1992 24 | **Roma** | **1–0** | **Torino** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Pellegrini  88' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Angelo Amendolia |

| 15 March 1992 25 | **Foggia** | **1–2** | **Roma** | Foggia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Signori  90' | Report | Häßler  19'
Aldair  74' | Stadium: Stadio Pino Zaccheria
Referee: Rosario Lo Bello |

| 29 March 1992 26 | **Roma** | **1–1** | **Milan** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rizzitelli  69' | Report | Simone  4' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Tullio Lanese |

| 5 April 1992 27 | **Napoli** | **3–2** | **Roma** | Naples |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Silenzi  47'
Careca  55'
Zola  66' | Report | Corradini  8' (o.g.)
Giannini  18' | Stadium: Stadio San Paolo
Referee: Livio Bazzoli |

| 12 April 1992 28 | **Sampdoria** | **1–1** | **Roma** | Genoa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Silas  90' | Report | Giannini  89' | Stadium: Stadio Luigi Ferraris
Referee: Piero Ceccarini |

| 18 April 1992 29 | **Roma** | **1–1** | **Juventus** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rizzitelli  57' | Report | R. Baggio  73' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Luciano Luci |

| 26 April 1992 30 | **Atalanta** | **0–1** | **Roma** | Bergamo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report | Völler  73' | Stadium: Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia
Referee: Pierluigi Collina |

| 3 May 1992 31 | **Roma** | **1–0** | **Parma** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rizzitelli  75' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Alfredo Trentalange |

| 10 May 1992 32 | **Roma** | **1–0** | **Ascoli** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Carnevale  88' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Mauro Felicani |

| 17 May 1992 33 | **Cremonese** | **1–2** | **Roma** | Cremona |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Maspero  26' | Report | Völler  23' (pen.)
Carnevale  31' | Stadium: Stadio Giovanni Zini
Referee: Carlo Sguizzato |

| 24 May 1992 34 | **Roma** | **2–0** | **Bari** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Völler  19'
Di Mauro  59' | Report |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Angelo Amendolia |

### Coppa Italia

#### Second round

| 28 August 1991 First leg | **Roma** | **1–0** | **Lucchese** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Giannini  80' |  |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Werter Cornieti |

| 3 September 1991 Second leg | **Lucchese** | **1–2**
(**1–3** agg.) | **Roma** | Lucca |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Pascucci  55' |  | Muzzi  32'
Rizzitelli  41' | Stadium: Stadio Porta Elisa
Referee: Fabio Baldas |

#### Round of 16

| 30 October 1991 First leg | **Roma** | **1–0** | **Napoli** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Rizzitelli  85' (pen.) |  |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Tullio Lanese |

| 4 December 1991 Second leg | **Napoli** | **3–2**
(**3–3** agg.) | **Roma** | Naples |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Pusceddu  44'
Careca  50', 70' |  | Rizzitelli  18', 26' | Stadium: Stadio San Paolo
Referee: Rosario Lo Bello |

#### Quarter-finals

| 12 February 1992 First leg | **Sampdoria** | **1–0** | **Roma** | Genoa |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Vialli  89' |  |  | Stadium: Stadio Luigi Ferraris
Referee: Carlo Sguizzato |

| 26 February 1992 Second leg | **Roma** | **1–1**
(**1–2** agg.) | **Sampdoria** | Rome |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Carnevale  23' |  | Vierchowod  74' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Referee: Pierluigi Pairetto |

### European Cup Winners' Cup

#### First round

| 18 September 1991 First leg | **CSKA Moscow** | **1–2** | **Roma** | Moscow, Soviet Union |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Sergeyev  52' |  | Fokin  46' (o.g.)
Rizzitelli  73' | Stadium: Central Lenin Stadium
Attendance: 50,000
Referee: Bo Karlsson (Sweden) |

| 2 October 1991 Second leg | **Roma** | **0–1**
(**2–2** agg.) | **CSKA Moscow** | Rome, Italy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | Dmitriev  13' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 45,000
Referee: Hubert Forstinger (Austria) |

#### Second round

| 23 October 1991 First leg | **Ilves** | **1–1** | **Roma** | Tampere, Finland |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Czakon  65' |  | Carnevale  20' | Stadium: Ratinan Stadium |

| 6 November 1991 Second leg | **Roma** | **5–2**
(**6–3** agg.) | **Ilves** | Rome, Italy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Mattila  1' (o.g.)
Rizzitelli  2'
Di Mauro  14'
Carnevale  47', 77' |  | Czakon  80', 88' | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico |

#### Quarter-finals

| 4 March 1992 First leg | **Roma** | **0–0** | **Monaco** | Rome, Italy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Stadio Olimpico |

| 18 March 1992 Second leg | **Monaco** | **1–0**
(**1–0** agg.) | **Roma** | Monaco |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Barros  45' |  |  | Stadium: Stade Louis II |

## Statistics

### Goalscorers

## InfoBox

Roma
| 1991–92 season | |
| --- | --- |
| President | Giuseppe Ciarrapico |
| Manager | Ottavio Bianchi |
| Stadium | Stadio Olimpico |
| Serie A | 5th |
| Supercoppa Italiana | Runners-up |
| Coppa Italia | Quarter-finals |
| European Cup Winners' Cup | Quarter-finals |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Rudi Völler (7)
All:
Ruggiero Rizzitelli (12) |
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title: Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma

abstract: Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare malignant salivary gland tumour, with a good prognosis, that is usually found on the tongue or palate.

text:
# Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma

**Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma** (**HCCC**) is a rare malignant salivary gland tumour, with a good prognosis, that is usually found on the tongue or palate.

## Signs and symptoms

HCCCs typically present as a painless mass in the mouth.

## Diagnosis

HCCCs are diagnosed by examination of tissue, e.g. a biopsy.

### Pathology

HCCC consist of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm, arranged in cords, trabeculae or clusters in a hyalinized stroma. Nuclear pleomorphism is usually minimal and mitoses are infrequently seen.

Owing to their glycogen content, which explains the "clear" appearance under the microscope, tumour cells stain with PAS. Immunostains for S100 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) are typically negative, but positive for cytokeratins and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA).

HCCCs typically have a recurrent chromosomal translocation, t(12;22), involving the genes EWSR1 and ATF1. The same translocation is seen in clear cell sarcoma.

The histologic differential diagnosis includes mucoepidermoid carcinoma (clear cell variant), acinic cell carcinoma (clear cell variant), epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and metastatic clear cell carcinoma.

## Prognosis

They generally have a good prognosis.

## InfoBox

| Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Micrograph of a hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma showing the characteristic clear cells and surrounding hyalinized stroma. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Oncology, ENT surgery |


title: EVC (gene)

abstract: EVC is a gene associated with Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome. It overlaps with the CRMP1 gene. EVC is one of two genes that upon mutation give rise to EvC syndrome in humans and is found to act as a positive mediator for three hedgehog (Hh) signaling molecules. Mice with an inactivation of the EVC gene were found to exhibit similar physical characteristics as humans, such as shortened limbs and dental impairments. In a study of 65 individuals affected with EvC, mutations in the EVC gene were found in 20 of them, and primarily attributed to a frameshift resulting in a nonsense codon. More mild physical characteristics not completely associated with EvC syndrome, such as those without the expected oral deformities can also be attributed to EVC gene mutations.

text:
# EVC (gene)

**EVC** is a gene associated with Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome. It overlaps with the CRMP1 gene.

EVC is one of two genes (the other being EVC2) that upon mutation give rise to EvC (Ellis-van Creveld) syndrome in humans and is found to act as a positive mediator for three hedgehog (Hh) signaling molecules. Mice with an inactivation of the EVC gene (EVC /) were found to exhibit similar physical characteristics as humans, such as shortened limbs and dental impairments. In a study of 65 individuals affected with EvC, mutations in the EVC gene were found in 20 of them, and primarily attributed to a frameshift resulting in a nonsense codon. More mild physical characteristics not completely associated with EvC syndrome, such as those without the expected oral deformities can also be attributed to EVC gene mutations.

## InfoBox

| Ellis van Creveld syndrome | |
| --- | --- |
| EVC gene and its neighbors on chromosome 4p16 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | EVC |
| NCBI gene | 2121 |
| HGNC | 3497 |
| OMIM | 604831 |
| RefSeq | NM\_153717 |
| UniProt | P57679 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 4 *p16* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: Alsacia (Madrid Metro)

abstract: Alsacia is a station on Line 2 of the Madrid Metro. It is located in fare Zone A. It takes its name from the Plaza de Alsacia.

text:
# Alsacia (Madrid Metro)

**Alsacia** \[alˈsa.θja\] is a station on Line 2 of the Madrid Metro. It is located in fare Zone A. It takes its name from the Plaza de Alsacia ("Alsace Place").

## InfoBox

| Alsacia | |
| --- | --- |
| Madrid Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | San Blas, Madrid<br>Spain |
| Coordinates | 40°25′06″N 3°37′25″W / 40.4182882°N 3.6235082°W / 40.4182882; -3.6235082 |
| Owned by | CRTM |
| Operated by | CRTM |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | A |
| History | |
| Opened | 16 March 2011 (2011-03-16) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Madrid Metro Following station  Avenida de Guadalajaratowards Las Rosas  Line 2  La Almudenatowards Cuatro Caminos | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  AlsaciaLocation within Madrid | |


title: 1777 English cricket season

abstract: The 1777 English cricket season was the sixth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of six first-class matches have survived. James Aylward made a record score of 167 runs that stood until 1820.

text:
# 1777 English cricket season

The **1777 English cricket season** was the sixth in which matches have been awarded retrospective first-class cricket status. The scorecards of six first-class matches have survived. James Aylward made a record score of 167 runs that stood until 1820.

## Matches

Six first-class match scorecards survive from 1777, all of them involving Hampshire XIs playing England sides.

James Aylward made his record score of 167 in the first England v Hampshire match of the season in June. This set a new record for the highest score in first-class cricket, surpassing the score of 136 made by John Small which had been made in 1775. A printed bill reporting the match said that "Aylward went in at 5 o’clock on Wednesday afternoon, and was not out till after three on Friday" in making his score. The Hampshire total was 403 runs, with Tom Sueter scoring 46 runs, the second highest score in the innings. The match is known to have been played using three stumps, a voluntary measure which had been first introduced in 1775.

Aylward's record stood until 1820, when it was beaten by William Ward, while Hampshire's records (total of 403 and winning margin of an innings and 168 runs) stood until 1793, when Surrey and Sussex scored 453 against England and won by an innings and 299 runs.

Three other matches are known to have been played during the season.

## Debutants

The following players made their first known appearance during the 1777 season.

## Further reading

* Altham, H. S. (1962). *A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)*. George Allen & Unwin.
* Birley, Derek (1999). *A Social History of English Cricket*. Aurum.
* Bowen, Rowland (1970). *Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development*. Eyre & Spottiswoode.
* Major, John (2007). *More Than A Game*. HarperCollins.
* Underdown, David (2000). *Start of Play*. Allen Lane.

## InfoBox

1777 English cricket season
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title: 1777 Gehrels

abstract: 1777 Gehrels, also designated 4007 P-L, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey in 1960, and named for astronomer Tom Gehrels, one of the survey's principal investigators and credited discoverer.

text:
# 1777 Gehrels

**1777 Gehrels**, also designated 4007 P-L, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey in 1960, and named for astronomer Tom Gehrels, one of the survey's principal investigators and credited discoverer.

## Discovery

*Gehrels* was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey by the Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, in collaboration with Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, California, on 24 September 1960.

The survey designation "P-L" stands for *Palomar–Leiden*, named after Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory, where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.

## Orbit and classification

It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6–2.7 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,554 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 3 with respect to the ecliptic.

First observed as A905 UE at Heidelberg Observatory in 1905, *Gehrels*' first used observation was made at Goethe Link Observatory in 1958, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery at Palomar.

## Physical characteristics

This S-type asteroid is characterized as a transitional Sq-type in the SMASS classification.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Gehrels* measures between 11.860 and 13.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2212 and 0.277.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data and takes an albedo of 0.2151 with a diameter of 12.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.773.

### Lightcurves

Several rotational lightcurve of *Gehrels* were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Wiesław Wiśniewski, Petr Pravec, Pierre Antonini, Raoul Behrend, Donn Starkey, Laurent Bernasconi, Jacques Montier, Serge Heterier, Daniel Klinglesmith and Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 2.83 and 2.840 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 and 0.27 magnitude (U=2/3/3/2+/2/3).

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Dutch-born American astronomer Tom Gehrels (1925–2011), professor at the University of Arizona, staff member of the LPL research center at Tucson, a principal investigator in the Pioneer program, receiver of the Masursky Award, initiator of the Spacewatch project, and co-discoverer of thousands of minor planets in the Palomar–Leiden survey *(see above)*. He was a pioneer in the field of photometric and polarimetric observations of Solar System bodies in the 1950s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).

1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1777 Gehrels (4007 P-L)" (2017-03-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1777) Gehrels". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1777) Gehrels*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 142. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_1778. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. "LCDB Data for (1777) Gehrels". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 15 May 2016.
4. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **791** (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
5. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
6. Pravec, Petr; Harris, Alan W.; Kusnirák, Peter; Galád, Adrián; Hornoch, Kamil (September 2012). "Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations". *Icarus*. **221** (1): 365–387. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..365P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
7. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". *The Astrophysical Journal Letters*. **759** (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
8. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1777) Gehrels". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
9. Stephens, Robert D. (September 2005). "Asteroid lightcurve photometry from Santana Observatory - winter 2005". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **32** (3): 66–68. Bibcode:2005MPBu...32...66S. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
10. Klinglesmith, Daniel A., III (April 2017). "Spin-Shape Model Lightcurves". *The Minor Planet Bulletin*. **44** (2): 127–129. Bibcode:2017MPBu...44..127K. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 8 June 2017.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
11. Wisniewski, W. Z.; Michalowski, T. M.; Harris, A. W.; McMillan, R. S. (March 1995). "Photoelectric Observations of 125 Asteroids". *Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference*. **26**: 1511. Bibcode:1995LPI....26.1511W. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
12. "1777 Gehrels (4007 P-L)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
13. "Minor Planet Discoverers". *Minor Planet Center*. 24 April 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
14. Jeff Harrison (12 July 2011). "Astronomer Tom Gehrels, 1925–2011". *University of Arizona*. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
15. Schmadel, Lutz D. "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7.

## InfoBox

1777 Gehrels
| Discovery | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovered by | C. J. van Houten
I. van Houten-G.
T. Gehrels |
| Discovery site | Palomar Obs. |
| Discovery date | 24 September 1960 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1777) Gehrels |
| Named after | Tom Gehrels (astronomer) |
| Alternative designations | 4007 P-L **·** 1937 GN
1941 BU **·** 1951 QB
1958 DA **·** A905 UE
A923 AA |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (middle) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 111.43 yr (40,699 days) |
| Aphelion | 2.6705 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.5810 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.6258 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0171 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.25 yr (1,554 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 37.596 |
| Mean motion | 0° 13m 53.76s / day |
| Inclination | 3.1476° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 334.69° |
| Argument of perihelion | 131.12° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 11.860±0.184
12.486±0.228 km
12.667 km
12.67 km (taken)
13.14±1.25 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 2.83±0.05 h
2.83552±0.00001 h
2.8356±0.0002 h
2.8356±0.0001 h
2.8358±0.0001 h
2.836±0.001 h
2.837±0.002 h
2.840±0.004 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.2151
0.2212±0.0170
0.244±0.013
0.277±0.274 |
| Spectral type | SMASS = Sq **·** |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 11.42 **·** 11.6 **·** 11.77±0.03 **·** 11.773±0.03 **·** 11.78 **·** 11.78±0.05 |
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