title: Empress Dowager Gou

abstract: Empress Dowager Gou was an empress dowager of China's Former Qin dynasty. Her husband was Fu Xiong, the Prince of Donghai and brother of the founding emperor Fu Jiàn. She became empress dowager in 357 after her son Fu Jiān seized power in a coup from his tyrannical cousin Fu Sheng and claimed the title "Heavenly King". In addition to Fu Jiān, she had at least one other son with Fu Xiong, Fu Shuang (苻雙) the Duke of Zhao. Empress Dowager Gou had been widowed in 354 when Fu Xiong died. It is commonly believed that after her husband's death, she carried on an affair with her cousin Li Wei (李威), whom Fu Jiān treated effectively like a second father. Around the new year 358, Empress Dowager Gou saw that Fu Jiān's older brother Fu Fa (苻法) the Duke of Donghai had many visitors, and she became concerned that if he became increasingly powerful, he would pose a threat to Fu Jiān, and therefore she, after consulting with Li, ordered Fu Fa to commit suicide. This incident showed that she had substantial power during Fu Jiān's early reign. However, after this incident, her power appeared to begin to gradually dissipate, and few references were made of her from this point on. In late 367, Fu Shuang, in conjunction with Fu Sheng's brothers Fu Liu (苻柳) the Duke of Jin, Fu Sou (苻廋) the Duke of Wei, and Fu Wu (苻武) the Duke of Yan, rebelled and sought Former Yan aid, threatening to tear Former Qin apart, but after Former Qin's regent Murong Ping refused them aid, the rebels collapsed in 368—and after the incident, Fu Liu's family was killed, while Fu Wu and Fu Shuang's sons were spared but not allowed to inherit their titles—while Fu Sou, who was ordered to commit suicide, had all of his sons spared and created dukes, and this led to one of the few references to her, as she questioned Fu Jiān why he did not permit Fu Shuang's title to be retained while permitted Fu Sou's sons to have duke titles. Fu Jiān's response was that the empire was built by Fu Jiàn, and that his sons must all have heirs, and that Fu Shuang, in rebelling, abandoned both his empire and his mother and therefore did not deserve an heir. No other act of Empress Dowager Gou was mentioned in history. The final reference to her was in 371, when Fu Jiān was out hunting and stayed at the hunt for more than 10 days, and an actor named Wang Luo (王洛) tried to persuade him to end his hunt by telling him that he should be mindful of the empress dowager's welfare, implying that she was still alive then. It is not known when she died.

text:
# Empress Dowager Gou

**Empress Dowager Gou** (Chinese: 苟太后; personal name unknown) was an empress dowager of China's Former Qin dynasty. Her husband was Fu Xiong, the Prince of Donghai and brother of the founding emperor Fu Jiàn (Emperor Jingming). She became empress dowager in 357 after her son Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao) seized power in a coup from his tyrannical cousin Fu Sheng (Fu Jiàn's son) and claimed the title "Heavenly King". In addition to Fu Jiān, she had at least one other son with Fu Xiong, Fu Shuang (苻雙) the Duke of Zhao.

Empress Dowager Gou had been widowed in 354 when Fu Xiong died. It is commonly believed that after her husband's death, she carried on an affair with her cousin Li Wei (李威), whom Fu Jiān treated effectively like a second father.

Around the new year 358, Empress Dowager Gou saw that Fu Jiān's older brother Fu Fa (苻法) the Duke of Donghai (not her son) had many visitors, and she became concerned that if he became increasingly powerful, he would pose a threat to Fu Jiān, and therefore she, after consulting with Li, ordered Fu Fa to commit suicide. This incident showed that she had substantial power during Fu Jiān's early reign. However, after this incident, her power appeared to begin to gradually dissipate, and few references were made of her from this point on. In late 367, Fu Shuang, in conjunction with Fu Sheng's brothers Fu Liu (苻柳) the Duke of Jin, Fu Sou (苻廋) the Duke of Wei, and Fu Wu (苻武) the Duke of Yan, rebelled and sought Former Yan aid, threatening to tear Former Qin apart, but after Former Qin's regent Murong Ping refused them aid, the rebels collapsed in 368—and after the incident, Fu Liu's family was killed, while Fu Wu and Fu Shuang's sons were spared but not allowed to inherit their titles—while Fu Sou, who was ordered to commit suicide, had all of his sons spared and created dukes, and this led to one of the few references to her, as she questioned Fu Jiān why he did not permit Fu Shuang's title to be retained while permitted Fu Sou's sons to have duke titles. Fu Jiān's response was that the empire was built by Fu Jiàn, and that his sons must all have heirs, and that Fu Shuang, in rebelling, abandoned both his empire and his mother and therefore did not deserve an heir.

No other act of Empress Dowager Gou was mentioned in history. The final reference to her was in 371, when Fu Jiān was out hunting and stayed at the hunt for more than 10 days, and an actor named Wang Luo (王洛) tried to persuade him to end his hunt by telling him that he should be mindful of the empress dowager's welfare, implying that she was still alive then. It is not known when she died.


abstract: The 1938 Southeastern Conference football season was the sixth season of college football played by the member schools of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and was a part of the 1938 college football season.Tennessee compiled an 11–0 overall record, with a conference record of 6–0, and were SEC champion. Tennessee was also named national champion by NCAA-designated major selectors of Berryman, Billingsley, Boand, Dunkel, College Football Researchers Association, Houlgate, Litkenhous, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess)

text:
# 1938 Southeastern Conference football season

1938 Southeastern Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team |  | W |  | L |  |  |  |  | W |  | L |  |
| No. 2 Tennessee $ | 7 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| No. 13 Alabama | 4 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| No. 19 Tulane | 4 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 2 |  | 1 |
| Ole Miss | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Georgia Tech | 2 |  | 1 |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 3 |
| Vanderbilt | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Florida | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| Auburn | 3 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Georgia | 1 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  | 4 |  | 1 |
| LSU | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Mississippi State | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Kentucky | 0 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Sewanee | 0 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1938 Southeastern Conference football season** was the sixth season of college football played by the member schools of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and was a part of the 1938 college football season.Tennessee compiled an 11–0 overall record, with a conference record of 6–0, and were SEC champion. Tennessee was also named national champion by NCAA-designated major selectors of Berryman, Billingsley, Boand, Dunkel, College Football Researchers Association, Houlgate, Litkenhous, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess)

## Results and team statistics

| Conf. rank | Team | Head coach | Overall record | Conf. record | AP
final | PPG | PAG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Tennessee | Robert Neyland | 11–0–0 (1.000) | 7–0–0 (1.000) | #2 | 26.6 | 1.5 |
| T–2 | Alabama | Frank Thomas | 7–1–1 (.833) | 4–1–1 (.750) | #13 | 16.6 | 4.4 |
| T–2 | Tulane | Red Dawson | 7–2–1 (.750) | 4–1–1 (.750) | #19 | 21.1 | 5.3 |
| 4 | Ole Miss | Harry Mehre | 9–2–0 (.818) | 3–2–0 (.600) | NR | 21.1 | 10.9 |
| 5 | Georgia Tech | William Alexander | 3–4–3 (.450) | 2–1–3 (.583) | NR | 7.2 | 8.4 |
| 6 | Vanderbilt | Ray Morrison | 6–3–0 (.667) | 4–3–0 (.571) | NR | 9.6 | 5.4 |
| 7 | Florida | Josh Cody | 4–6–1 (.409) | 2–2–1 (.500) | NR | 10.2 | 13.5 |
| 8 | Auburn | Jack Meagher | 4–5–1 (.450) | 3–3–1 (.500) | NR | 11.0 | 8.8 |
| 9 | Georgia | Joel Hunt | 5–4–1 (.550) | 1–2–1 (.375) | NR | 14.5 | 14.3 |
| 10 | LSU | Bernie Moore | 6–4–0 (.600) | 2–4–0 (.333) | NR | 16.0 | 8.9 |
| 11 | Mississippi State | Spike Nelson | 4–6–0 (.400) | 1–4–0 (.200) | NR | 12.3 | 13.1 |
| 12 | Kentucky | Albert D. Kirwan | 2–7–0 (.222) | 0–4–0 (.000) | NR | 16.7 | 17.8 |
| 13 | Sewanee | Harry E. Clark | 1–8–0 (.111) | 0–6–0 (.000) | NR | 6.6 | 23.7 |

**Key**
AP final = Rankings from AP sports writers. See 1938 NCAA football rankings
PPG = Average of points scored per game
PAG = Average of points allowed per game

## Schedule

| Index to colors and formatting |
| --- |
| SEC member won |
| SEC member lost |
| SEC member tie |
| SEC teams in **bold** |

### Week One

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 23 | Birmingham–Southern | **Auburn** | Cramton BowlMontgomery, AL | **W** 14–0 |  |  |
| September 24 | **Alabama** | USC | Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CA | **W** 19–7 | 70,000 |  |
| September 24 | **Vanderbilt** | Washington University | Francis FieldSt. Louis, MO | **W** 20–0 | 5,000 |  |
| September 24 | The Citadel | **Georgia** | Sanford StadiumAthens, GA | **W** 20–12 | 7,000 |  |
| September 24 | Howard (AL) | **Mississippi State** | Scott FieldStarkville, MS | **W** 19–0 |  |  |
| September 24 | Maryville (TN) | **Kentucky** | McLean StadiumLexington, KY | **W** 46–7 |  |  |
| September 24 | Clemson | **Tulane** | Tulane StadiumNew Orleans, LA | **L** 10–13 | 12,000 |  |
| September 24 | Stetson | **Florida** | Florida FieldGainesville, FL | **L** 14–16 | 8,000 |  |
| September 24 | **Sewanee** | **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins FieldKnoxville, TN | **TEN** 26–3 | 15,000 |  |
| September 24 | **Ole Miss** | **LSU** | Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (rivalry) | **OM** 20–7 | 25,000 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |

### Week Two

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 1 | Clemson | **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins Field • Knoxville, TN | **W** 20–7 | 16,000 |  |
| October 1 | Howard (AL) | **Alabama** | Denny StadiumTuscaloosa, AL | **W** 34–0 | 8,000 |  |
| October 1 | Louisiana Tech | **Ole Miss** | Hemingway StadiumOxford, MS | **W** 27–7 |  |  |
| October 1 | Mercer | **Georgia Tech** | Grant FieldAtlanta, GA | **W** 19–0 | 8,000 |  |
| October 1 | Western Kentucky State Teachers | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley FieldNashville, TN | **W** 12–0 | 7,000 |  |
| October 1 | **Georgia** | South Carolina | Columbia Municipal StadiumColumbia, SC (rivalry) | **W** 7–6 | 13,000 |  |
| October 1 | Oglethorpe | **Kentucky** | McLean Stadium • Lexington, KY | **W** 66–0 | 7,000 |  |
| October 1 | **Sewanee** | Southwestern (TN) | Crump StadiumMemphis, TN (rivalry) | **L** 0–47 |  |  |
| October 1 | **Auburn** | **Tulane** | Tulane Stadium • New Orleans, LA (rivalry) | **T** 0–0 | 18,000 |  |
| October 1 | **Florida** | **Mississippi State** | Scott Field • Starkville, MS | **MSS** 22–0 |  |  |
| October 2 | **LSU** | Texas | War Memorial StadiumAustin, TX | **W** 20–0 | 17,000 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |

### Week Three

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 7 | Furman | **Georgia** | Sanford Stadium • Athens, GA | **W** 38–7 |  |  |
| October 8 | NC State | **Alabama** | Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL | **W** 14–0 | 10,000 |  |
| October 8 | **Tulane** | North Carolina | Kenan Memorial StadiumChapel Hill, NC | **W** 17–14 | 22,000 |  |
| October 8 | Mississippi State Teachers | **Ole Miss** | Hemingway Stadium • Oxford, MS | **W** 14–0 |  |  |
| October 8 | Rice | **LSU** | Tiger Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | **W** 3–0 | 40,000 |  |
| October 8 | Louisiana Tech | **Mississippi State** | Scott Field • Starkville, MS | **W** 48–0 | 8,000 |  |
| October 8 | Notre Dame | **Georgia Tech** | Grant Field • Atlanta, GA | **L** 6–14 | 26,533 |  |
| October 8 | **Auburn** | **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins Field • Knoxville, TN (rivalry) | **TEN** 7–0 | 18,000 |  |
| October 8 | **Vanderbilt** | **Kentucky** | McLean Stadium • Lexington, KY (rivalry) | **VAN** 14–7 | 13,500 |  |
| October 8 | **Sewanee** | **Florida** | Florida Field • Gainesville, FL | **FLA** 10–6 | 5,000 |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |

### Week Four

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 14 | Hiwassee | **Sewanee** | Hardee FieldSewanee, TN | **W** 44–0 |  |  |
| October 14 | **Mississippi State** | **Auburn** | Cramton Bowl • Montgomery, AL | **AUB** 20–6 |  |  |
| October 15 | Rice | **Tulane** | Tulane Stadium • New Orleans, LA | **W** 26–17 | 24,000 |  |
| October 15 | Mercer | **Georgia** | Sanford Stadium • Athens, GA | **W** 28–19 |  |  |
| October 15 | Loyola (LA) | **LSU** | Tiger Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | **W** 47–6 | 10,000 |  |
| October 15 | **Georgia Tech** | Duke | Duke StadiumDurham, NC | **L** 0–6 | 28,000 |  |
| October 15 | Miami (FL) | **Florida** | Florida Field • Gainesville, FL (rivalry) | **L** 7–19 | 15,000 |  |
| October 15 | Washington and Lee | **Kentucky** | McLean Stadium • Lexington, KY | **L** 0–8 | 10,000 |  |
| October 15 | **Tennessee** | **Alabama** | Legion FieldBirmingham, AL (rivalry) | **TEN** 13–0 | 25,000 |  |
| October 15 | **Ole Miss** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN (rivalry) | **VAN** 13–7 |  |  |
|  | | | | | | | | |

### Week Five

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 21 | **Mississippi State** | Duquesne | Forbes FieldPittsburgh, PA | **W** 12–7 | 12,000 |  |
| October 22 | The Citadel | No. 8 **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins Field • Knoxville, TN | **W** 44–0 | 8,000 |  |
| October 22 | Mercer | **Tulane** | Tulane Stadium • New Orleans, LA | **W** 51–0 | 15,000 |  |
| October 22 | Centenary | **Ole Miss** | Hemingway Stadium • Oxford, MS | **W** 47–14 |  |  |
| October 22 | **Florida** | Tampa | Phillips FieldTampa, FL | **W** 33–0 | 10,000 |  |
| October 22 | **Georgia** | No. 14 Holy Cross | Fitton FieldWorcester, MA | **L** 6–29 | 24,000–25,000 |  |
| October 22 | **Kentucky** | Xavier | Xavier Stadium • Cincinnati, OH | **L** 7–26 | 9,000 |  |
| October 22 | **Sewanee** | No. 15 **Alabama** | Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL | **ALA** 32–0 | 5,000 |  |
| October 22 | **Auburn** | **Georgia Tech** | Grant Field • Atlanta, GA (rivalry) | **GT** 7–6 | 20,000 |  |
| October 22 | No. 16 **Vanderbilt** | **LSU** | Tiger Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | **LSU** 7–0 | 35,000 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Week Six

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 29 | **Ole Miss** | George Washington | Griffith StadiumWashington, DC | **W** 25–0 |  |  |
| October 29 | **Florida** | Boston College | Fenway ParkBoston, MA | **L** 0–33 | 10,000 |  |
| October 29 | **Auburn** | Rice | Rice FieldHouston, TX | **L** 0–14 |  |  |
| October 29 | Tennessee Tech | **Sewanee** | Hardee Field • Sewanee, TN | **L** 6–7 |  |  |
| October 29 | **LSU** | No. 8 **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins Field • Knoxville, TN | **TEN** 14–6 | 36,000 |  |
| October 29 | No. 18 **Alabama** | **Kentucky** | McLean Stadium • Lexington, KY | **ALA** 26–6 | 15,000 |  |
| October 29 | **Mississippi State** | **Tulane** | Tulane Stadium • New Orleans, LA | **TUL** 27–0 | 20,000 |  |
| October 29 | **Georgia Tech** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN (rivalry) | **VAN** 13–7 | 17,000 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Week Seven

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 5 | Chattanooga | No. 6 **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins Field • Knoxville, TN | **W** 45–0 | 7,500 |  |
| November 5 | **Ole Miss** | Saint Louis | Walsh Stadium • St Louis, MO | **W** 14–12 | 8,429 |  |
| November 5 | **Auburn** | Villanova | Shibe ParkPhiladelphia, PA | **L** 12–25 | 17,000 |  |
| November 5 | **Tulane** | No. 15 **Alabama** | Legion Field • Birmingham, AL | **ALA** 3–0 | 19,000 |  |
| November 5 | **Kentucky** | **Georgia Tech** | Grant Field • Atlanta, GA | **GT** 19–18 | 10,000 |  |
| November 5 | **Sewanee** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN (rivalry) | **VAN** 14–0 | 7,000 |  |
| November 5 | **Georgia** | **Florida** | Fairfield StadiumJacksonville, FL (rivalry) | **UGA** 19–6 | 17,000 |  |
| November 5 | **Mississippi State** | **LSU** | Tiger Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA (rivalry) | **LSU** 32–7 |  |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Week Eight

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 12 | Maryland | **Florida** | Florida Field • Gainesville, FL | **W** 21–7 | 10,000 |  |
| November 12 | Centenary | **Mississippi State** | Ray Stadium • Meridian, MS | **L** 0–19 | 5,000 |  |
| November 12 | Clemson | **Kentucky** | McLean Stadium • Lexington, KY | **L** 0–14 | 6,000 |  |
| November 12 | No. 4 **Tennessee** | **Vanderbilt** | Dudley Field • Nashville, TN (rivalry) | **TEN** 14–0 | 23,000 |  |
| November 12 | No. 16 **Alabama** | **Georgia Tech** | Grant Field • Atlanta, GA (rivalry) | **T** 14–14 | 35,000 |  |
| November 12 | **Georgia** | **Tulane** | Tulane Stadium • New Orleans, LA | **TUL** 28–6 |  |  |
| November 12 | **Sewanee** | **Ole Miss** | Hemingway Stadium • Oxford, MS | **OM** 39–0 |  |  |
| November 12 | **LSU** | **Auburn** | Legion Field • Birmingham, AL (rivalry) | **AUB** 28–6 | 14,000 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Week Eight

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 16 | Arkansas | **Ole Miss** | Crump StadiumMemphis, TN (rivalry) | **W** 20–14 | 12,000 |  |
| November 19 | Southwestern Louisiana | **LSU** | Tiger Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | **W** 32–0 |  |  |
| November 19 | **Mississippi State** | Southwestern (TN) | Crump Stadium • Memphis, TN | **L** 3–7 | 12,000 |  |
| November 19 | **Sewanee** | **Tulane** | Tulane Stadium • New Orleans, LA | **TUL** 38–0 |  |  |
| November 19 | **Florida** | **Georgia Tech** | Grant Field • Atlanta, GA | **T** 0–0 | 5,000 |  |
| November 19 | **Auburn** | **Georgia** | Memorial StadiumColumbus, GA (rivalry) | **AUB** 23–14 | 12,000 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Week Nine

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| November 24 | **Kentucky** | No. 4 **Tennessee** | Shields–Watkins Field • Knoxville, TN (rivalry) | **TEN** 46–0 |  |  |
| November 24 | **Vanderbilt** | **Alabama** | Legion Field • Birmingham, AL | **ALA** 7–0 | 25,000 |  |
| November 26 | **Tulane** | **LSU** | Tiger Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA (rivalry) | **TUL** 14–0 | 40,000 |  |
| November 26 | **Ole Miss** | **Mississippi State** | Scott Field • Starkville, MS (rivalry) | **OM** 19–6 | 15,000 |  |
| November 26 | **Georgia Tech** | **Georgia** | Sanford Stadium • Athens, GA (rivalry) | **T** 0–0 | 28,000 |  |
| November 26 | **Auburn** | **Florida** | Fairfield Stadium • Jacksonville, FL (rivalry) | **FLA** 9–7 | 5,000 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Week Ten

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| December 2 | **Georgia** | Miami (FL) | Burdine StadiumMiami, FL | **L** 7–13 | 23,367 |  |
| December 3 | Temple | **Florida** | Florida Field • Gainesville, FL | **L** 12–20 |  |  |
| December 3 | **Ole Miss** | No. 4 **Tennessee** | Crump Stadium • Memphis, TN | **TEN** 47–0 | 21,000 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

### Postseason

| Date | Visiting team | Home team | Site | Result | Attendance | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| December 26 | **Georgia Tech** | No. 12 California | California Memorial StadiumBerkeley, CA | **L** 0–13 | 40,000 |  |
| January 2, 1939 | No. 4 Oklahoma | No. 2 **Tennessee** | Burdine Stadium • Miami, FL (Orange Bowl) | **W** 17–0 | 32,191 |  |
| #Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game. | | | | | | | | |

## All-conference players

The following players were recognized as consensus first-team honors from the Associated Press (AP) and United Press (UP) on the 1938 All-SEC football team:

## All-Americans

Two SEC players were consensus first-team picks on the 1938 College Football All-America Team:

Other SEC players receiving All-American honors from at least one selector were:

## Head coaches

*Records through the completion of the 1938 season*

| Team | Head coach | Years at school | Overall record | Record at school | SEC record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Alabama** | Frank Thomas | 8 | 90–17–5 (.826) | 64–8–4 (.868) | 31–3–3 (.878) |
| **Auburn** | Jack Meagher | 5 | 53–45–1 (.540) | 27–19–6 (.577) | 17–13–4 (.559) |
| **Florida** | Josh Cody | 3 | 51–49–2 (.510) | 12–19–1 (.391) | 6–11–1 (.361) |
| **Georgia** | Joel Hunt | 1 | 5–4–1 (.550) | 5–4–1 (.550) | 1–2–1 (.375) |
| **Georgia Tech** | William Alexander | 19 | 95–72–15 (.563) | 95–72–15 (.563) | 13–21–5 (.397) |
| **Kentucky** | Albert D. Kirwan | 1 | 2–7–0 (.222) | 2–7–0 (.222) | 0–4–0 (.000) |
| **LSU** | Bernie Moore | 4 | 45–21–4 (.671) | 33–9–1 (.779) | 18–5–0 (.783) |
| **Mississippi State** | Spike Nelson | 1 | 4–6–0 (.400) | 4–6–0 (.400) | 1–4–0 (.200) |
| **Ole Miss** | Harry Mehre | 1 | 68–36–6 (.645) | 9–2–0 (.818) | 15–14–2 (.516) |
| **Sewanee** | Harry E. Clark | 8 | 18–51–3 (.271) | 18–51–3 (.271) | 0–33–0 (.000) |
| **Tennessee** | Robert Neyland | 12 | 99–14–8 (.851) | 99–14–8 (.851) | 24–7–2 (.758) |
| **Tulane** | Red Dawson | 3 | 18–9–3 (.650) | 18–9–3 (.650) | 8–7–3 (.528) |
| **Vanderbilt** | Ray Morrison | 5 | 111–59–23 (.635) | 27–15–1 (.640) | 14–9–1 (.604) |

## 1939 NFL draft

The following SEC players were selected in the 1939 NFL draft:

| Round | Overall Pick | Player name | School | Position | NFL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | Parker Hall | Ole Miss | Running back | Cleveland Rams |
| 3 | 23 | Charlie Holm | Alabama | Back | Washington Redskins |
| 5 | 33 | Eddie Gatto | LSU | Tackle | Cleveland Rams |
| 7 | 58 | Quinton Lumpkin | Georgia | Center | Washington Redskins |
| 8 | 62 | Sherm Hinkebein | Kentucky | Center | Chicago Cardinals |
| 8 | 63 | Warren "Bronco" Brunner | Tulane | Back | Cleveland Rams |
| 8 | 68 | Bo Russell | Auburn | Tackle | Washington Redskins |
| 9 | 73 | Lew Bostick | Alabama | Offensive guard | Cleveland Rams |
| 10 | 85 | Kimble Bradley | Ole Miss | Back | Brooklyn Dodgers |
| 10 | 86 | Walt Wood | Tennessee | Back | Chicago Bears |
| 11 | 91 | Bowden Wyatt | Tennessee | End | Chicago Cardinals |
| 14 | 129 | Bill Badgett | Georgia | Tackle | Green Bay Packers |
| 15 | 133 | Ben Friend | LSU | Tackle | Cleveland Rams |
| 20 | 184 | Dick Gormley | LSU | Center | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 20 | 190 | Lyle Smith | Tulane | Offensive guard | New York Giants |

## InfoBox

| 1938 Southeastern Conference football season | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Football |
| Duration | September 23, 1938 – January 2, 1939 (1938-09-23 1939-01-02) |
| Number of teams | 13 |
| Champion | Tennessee |


title: Aspergillus ambiguus

abstract: Aspergillus ambiguus is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Terrei section. The species was first described in 1955. It has been reported to produce a butyrolactone and terrequinone A.

text:
# Aspergillus ambiguus

***Aspergillus ambiguus*** is a species of fungus in the genus *Aspergillus*. It is from the *Terrei* section. The species was first described in 1955. It has been reported to produce a butyrolactone and terrequinone A.

## Growth and morphology

*A. ambiguus* has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.

## InfoBox

| *Aspergillus ambiguus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Eurotiales |
| Family: | Aspergillaceae |
| Genus: | *Aspergillus* |
| Species: | ***A. ambiguus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aspergillus ambiguus***<br>Sappa (1955) | |
|


abstract: The Association for the Study of Australian Literature (ASAL) is an Australian organisation which promotes the creation and study of Australian literature and literary culture especially through the interaction of Australian writers with teachers and students. It administers several awards, holds a yearly conference, publishes a newsletter and journal, and has sponsored several publications.

text:
# Association for the Study of Australian Literature

*Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature*
| Discipline | Australian literature |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Joe Cummins, Helen Groth, Susan Lever, Brigitta Olubas, Tony Simoes da Silva, Jay Daniel Thompson |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Notes and Furphies |
| History | 1978–present |
| Publisher | Association for the Study of Australian Literature (Australia) |
| Frequency | Biannually |
| Open access | Yes |
| License | CC BY-NC-SA 2.1 Australia |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *J. Assoc. Study Aust. Lit.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| *Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature* | |
| ISSN | 1447-8986
 |
| OCLC no. | 71365111 |
| *Notes and Furphies* | |
| ISSN | 0156-806X
 |
| Links | |
|  | |

The **Association for the Study of Australian Literature** (**ASAL**) is an Australian organisation which promotes the creation and study of Australian literature and literary culture especially through the interaction of Australian writers with teachers and students. It administers several awards, holds a yearly conference, publishes a newsletter and journal, and has sponsored several publications.

## Awards

The Australian Literature Society, which had been formed in Melbourne in 1899, merged into ASAL which, since 1982, has administered the ALS Gold Medal. In addition, ASAL administers the following awards:

* Mary Gilmore Award
* A.D. Hope Prize, awarded annually for the best paper delivered by a postgraduate student to the ASAL annual conference
* Walter McRae Russell Award, for the best book of literary scholarship on an Australian subject published in the preceding two calendar years; before 1994, it was awarded to a young or unestablished author for an outstanding work of literary scholarship
* the Magarey Medal for biography, a biennial prize for the best published biographical writing by a female author on an Australian subject in the preceding two years
* the A.A. Phillips Award, an occasional award for a work or the work of an author which the ASAL executive considers an outstanding contribution to Australian literature or literary studies

## History

In May 1978, writer and academic Mary Lord organized the inaugural ASAL conference at Monash University. At this conference, the Association adopted its constitution and appointed A.D. Hope and Judith Wright as patrons.

## Life members

ASAL has conferred life membership upon Clem Christesen, Mary Lord, Judith Wright, Thea Astley, Peter Cowan, Rosemary Dobson, Gwen Harwood, Eric Irvin, Ken Stewart, Julian Croft, and Ian McLaren.

## Publications

From October 1978 until October 2000, ASAL published 43 issues of a bulletin, *Notes and Furphies*. The bulletin was merged with ASAL's publication of conference proceedings to form the *Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature*.

ASAL initiated the ASAL Literary Studies Series of specialist monographs on Australian writing. The following volumes have appeared:

* Paul Genoni, *Subverting the Empire: Explorers and Exploration in Australian Fiction* (2004) ISBN 1863355537
* Anne Pender, *Christina Stead: Satirist* (2002) ISBN 1863350837
* Susan Lever, *Real Relations: The Feminist Politics of Form in Australian Fiction* (2000) ISBN 1875684417
* Alison Bartlett, *Jamming the Machinery: Contemporary Australian Women’s Writing* (1998) ISBN 0958712123
* Leigh Dale, *The English Men: Professing Literature in Australian Universities* (1997) ISBN 0646311611
* David Carter, *A Career in Writing: Judah Waten and the Cultural Cringe* (1997) ISBN 0958712107

Other publications ASAL has sponsored are:

* *The Oxford Literary Guide to Australia* (1987, revised 1993)
* the *Penguin New Literary History of Australia* (1988) and
* the *Macquarie Dictionary of Australian Quotations* (1990).

## InfoBox

Association for the Study of Australian Literature Ltd
| Founded | 1977 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Literary and educational; Australian public company, limited by guarantee (from date 17 May 1984) |
| VAT ID no. | ABN 37 002 755 599 |
| Registration no. | ACN 002 755 599 |
| Location |  |
| Area served | Australia |
| Website | www.asal.org.au |


title: Epicephala lanceolatella

abstract: Epicephala lanceolatella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the Ryukyu Archipelago. The wingspan is 8.8–10.3 mm. The forewings are brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 2/3 of the entire length and three narrow white bands beginning at the dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of the wing and extending obliquely toward the wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of the wing. There are white spots scattered on the costal half and a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from the costa to the dorsum at 5/6 length. The distal 1/6 is orange-brown with a black dot centrally, flanked by a short white band near the dorsum. The distal end fringed has a narrow white band. The hindwings are brown. The larvae feed on the seeds of Glochidion lanceolatum.

text:
# Epicephala lanceolatella

***Epicephala lanceolatella*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found on the Ryukyu Archipelago (Amami Island, Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island and Yonaguni Island).

The wingspan is 8.8–10.3 mm. The forewings are brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 2/3 of the entire length and three narrow white bands beginning at the dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of the wing and extending obliquely toward the wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of the wing. There are white spots scattered on the costal half and a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from the costa to the dorsum at 5/6 length. The distal 1/6 is orange-brown with a black dot centrally, flanked by a short white band near the dorsum. The distal end fringed has a narrow white band. The hindwings are brown.

The larvae feed on the seeds of *Glochidion lanceolatum*.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the name of the host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Epicephala lanceolatella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Epicephala* |
| Species: | ***E. lanceolatella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epicephala lanceolatella***<br>Kawakita A, Kato M, 2016 | |
|


title: Asphyx (album)

abstract: Asphyx is the third album by Asphyx. It was released by Century Media Records in 1994. The song “Valleys In Oblivion” was used in The Inbetweeners in the episode Spa Time

text:
# Asphyx (album)

***Asphyx*** is the third album by Asphyx. It was released by Century Media Records in 1994.

The song “Valleys In Oblivion” was used in The Inbetweeners in the episode Spa Time

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prelude of the Unhonoured Funeral" | 3:54 |
| 2. | "Depths of Eternity" | 7:01 |
| 3. | "Emperors of Salvation" | 4:59 |
| 4. | "'Til Death Do Us Apart" | 6:17 |
| 5. | "Initiation into the Ossuary" | 9:49 |
| 6. | "Incarcerated Chimaeras" | 5:01 |
| 7. | "Abomination Echoes" | 2:43 |
| 8. | "Back into Eternity" | 6:43 |
| 9. | "Valleys in Oblivion" | 7:16 |
| 10. | "Thoughts of an Atheist" | 5:23 |
| Total length: | | 59:18 |

Source:

## Personnel

Source:

Asphyx * Sander van Hoof - drums
* Eric Daniels - guitars
* Ron van Pol - bass guitar/vocals
* Heiko Hanke - keyboards
* Tonny Brookhuis - lead guitar and intro on "Thoughts of an Atheist"

Production * Andy Classen - producer, mixing, engineering
* Axel Hermann - cover art
* R. Kampf - executive producer

(Note: Sander van Hoof is actually Roel Sanders (at the time also in Malignant together with Ron van Pol so they choose this "stage name")

## InfoBox

| Asphyx | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Asphyx | |
| Released | July 16, 1994 |
| Recorded | January and February 1994 |
| Studio | "Stage One Studio", Bühne, Germany |
| Genre | Death metal, death-doom |
| Length | 59:18 |
| Label | Century Media |
| Producer | Asphyx & Andy Classen |
| Asphyx chronology | |
| *Last one on Earth*
(1992) ***Asphyx***
(1994) *God Cries*
(1996) | |


title: Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua

abstract: Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua is a species of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. The larvae induce galls on Rudbeckia laciniata in North America. It was first described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1878.

text:
# Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua

***Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua*** is a species of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. The larvae induce galls on *Rudbeckia laciniata* in North America. It was first described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1878.

## InfoBox

| *Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Asphondylia floccosa* gall | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Cecidomyiidae |
| Supertribe: | Asphondyliidi |
| Tribe: | Asphondyliini |
| Genus: | *Asphondylia* |
| Species: | ***A. rudbeckiaeconspicua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asphondylia rudbeckiaeconspicua***<br>Osten Sacken, 1878 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Asphondylia conspicua*  Beutenmuller, 1907 | |


title: Asphondylia sarothamni

abstract: Asphondylia sarothamni is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. The larva gall the leaf-buds and seed-pods of broom.

text:
# Asphondylia sarothamni

***Asphondylia sarothamni*** is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. The larva gall the leaf-buds and seed-pods of broom (*Cytisus* species).

## InfoBox

| *Asphondylia sarothamni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Cecidomyiidae |
| Genus: | *Asphondylia* |
| Species: | ***A. sarothamni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Asphondylia sarothamni***<br>(Loew, 1850) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cecidomyia sarothamni* Loew, 1850 | |


title: Astragalus sinuatus

abstract: Astragalus sinuatus is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Whited's milkvetch. It is endemic to Washington in the United States, where it is limited to one creek drainage on the western edge of the Columbia Basin. Its range measures about ten square miles in Chelan and Kittitas Counties in the central part of the state. This perennial herb has stems up to about 45 centimeters long. In April and May it produces yellowish or cream-colored flowers with purple-tinged keels. The fruit is a legume pod which is so tough it sometimes requires pliers to crack it open. The pod is 2.4 to 2.7 centimeters in length. This plant grows on harsh, dry, rocky land in the shrubsteppe. Other plants in the habitat may include Lupinus sulphureus, Erigeron linearis, Phlox longifolia, Physematium oreganum, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Lomatium dissectum, Lithophragma bulberifera, and Astragalus purshii. Precipitation amounts to only about 9 inches per year. There are about 8 populations of the plant, totalling about 5000 individuals. Threats to the species include fire suppression, which has led to a buildup of organic matter that facilitates hotter fires when they do occur now. Other threats include habitat loss, invasive species of plants, herbicides, and predation of seed pods by insects.

text:
# Astragalus sinuatus

***Astragalus sinuatus*** is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name **Whited's milkvetch**. It is endemic to Washington in the United States, where it is limited to one creek drainage on the western edge of the Columbia Basin. Its range measures about ten square miles in Chelan and Kittitas Counties in the central part of the state.

This perennial herb has stems up to about 45 centimeters long. In April and May it produces yellowish or cream-colored flowers with purple-tinged keels. The fruit is a legume pod which is so tough it sometimes requires pliers to crack it open. The pod is 2.4 to 2.7 centimeters in length.

This plant grows on harsh, dry, rocky land in the shrubsteppe. Other plants in the habitat may include *Lupinus sulphureus*, *Erigeron linearis*, *Phlox longifolia*, *Physematium oreganum*, *Balsamorhiza sagittata*, *Lomatium dissectum*, *Lithophragma bulberifera*, and *Astragalus purshii*. Precipitation amounts to only about 9 inches per year.

There are about 8 populations of the plant, totalling about 5000 individuals. Threats to the species include fire suppression, which has led to a buildup of organic matter that facilitates hotter fires when they do occur now. Other threats include habitat loss, invasive species of plants (such as *Bromus tectorum*), herbicides, and predation of seed pods by insects.

## InfoBox

| *Astragalus sinuatus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | *Astragalus* |
| Species: | ***A. sinuatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Astragalus sinuatus***
Piper | |
|


abstract: The 1948 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was the 27th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912. Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Limerick in the Munster final. The All-Ireland final replay was played on 31 October 1948 at Páirc Tailteann in Navan, between Meath and London, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Meath won the match by 2-07 to 2-05 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 21 years.

text:
# 1948 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship

The **1948 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship** was the 27th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1912.

Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Limerick in the Munster final.

The All-Ireland final replay was played on 31 October 1948 at Páirc Tailteann in Navan, between Meath and London, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Meath won the match by 2-07 to 2-05 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in 21 years.

## Results

### All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship

#### All-Ireland semi-finals

| 22 August 1948 Semi-final | **Limerick** | **4-05 - 2-05** | **Galway** | Gaelic Grounds |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 29 August 1948 Semi-final | **Meath** | **8-11 - 1-01** | **Donegal** | St. Loman's Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

#### All-Ireland home final

| 19 September 1948 Home final | **Meath** | **5-09 - 2-01** | **Limerick** | O'Moore Park |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

#### All-Ireland finals

| 10 October 1948 Final | **London** | **3-05 - 3-05** | **Metah** | New Eltham |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 31 October 1948 Final replay | **Meath** | **2-07 - 2-05** | **London** | Páirc Tailteann |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1948 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
| All Ireland Champions | |
| --- | --- |
| Winners | Meath (2nd win) |
| All Ireland Runners-up | |
| Runners-up | London |
| Provincial Champions | |
| Munster | Limerick |
| Leinster | Meath |
| Ulster | Donegal |
| Connacht | Galway |
| 1947  1949 | |


title: Erebomaster acanthinus

abstract: Erebomaster acanthinus is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Travuniidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Erebomaster acanthinus

***Erebomaster acanthinus*** is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Travuniidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Erebomaster acanthinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Cladonychiidae |
| Genus: | *Erebomaster* |
| Species: | ***E. acanthinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erebomaster acanthinus***<br>(Crosby & Bishop, 1924) | |
|


title: Erebomaster

abstract: Erebomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Travuniidae. There are at least three described species in Erebomaster.

text:
# Erebomaster

***Erebomaster*** is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Travuniidae. There are at least three described species in *Erebomaster*.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus *Erebomaster*:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Erebomaster* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Erebomaster* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Cladonychiidae |
| Genus: | *Erebomaster*<br>Cope, 1872 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * Phalangomma  Roewer, 1949 | |


title: Erebonasteridae

abstract:
Erebonasteridae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Cyclopoida. Genera:
  - Ambilimbus Ivanenko, Defaye & Huys, 2005
  - Centobnaster Huys & Boxshall, 1990
  - Erebonaster Humes, 1987
  - Nansennaster Martínez Arbizu, 1999
  - Tychidion Humes, 1973

text:
# Erebonasteridae

**Erebonasteridae** is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Cyclopoida.

Genera:

## InfoBox

| Erebonasteridae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lateral view of Erebonasteridae-See food of animal origin | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Copepoda |
| Order: | Cyclopoida |
| Suborder: | Ergasilida |
| Family: | Erebonasteridae |
|


title: 1998 Costa Rican general election

abstract: General elections were held in Costa Rica on 1 February 1998. Miguel Ángel Rodríguez of the Social Christian Unity Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 70%, the lowest since the 1950s. An economic recession, a teachers' strike due to a pensions' reform and some corruption scandals made President José María Figueres' government highly unpopular. Thus, government endorsed candidate José Miguel Corrales tried to distance himself from Figueres as much as possible. Corrales won over former President of Congress Jorge Walter Coto Molina in PLN's primaries but the discovery of Voter fraud damaged PLN's image and split the party. On the contrary in PUSC, previous candidate Miguel Ángel Rodríguez was seen as the natural nominee for this election, and despite the fact that deputy Luis Fishman was rumored as a possible internal opponent, he finally declined and Rodríguez was nominated without the need of primaries, thus keeping the party united. During Figueres' administration the so call Figueres-Calderón Pact was signed between the leaders of the two main parties; him and Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier to approve several mutually beneficial laws for both major parties, something that caused outrage among large segments of the population and started the downfall of the two-party system.

text:
# 1998 Costa Rican general election

General elections were held in Costa Rica on 1 February 1998. Miguel Ángel Rodríguez of the Social Christian Unity Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 70%, the lowest since the 1950s.

An economic recession, a teachers' strike due to a pensions' reform and some corruption scandals made President José María Figueres' government highly unpopular. Thus, government endorsed candidate José Miguel Corrales tried to distance himself from Figueres as much as possible. Corrales won over former President of Congress Jorge Walter Coto Molina in PLN's primaries but the discovery of Voter fraud damaged PLN's image and split the party. On the contrary in PUSC, previous candidate Miguel Ángel Rodríguez was seen as the natural nominee for this election, and despite the fact that deputy Luis Fishman was rumored as a possible internal opponent, he finally declined and Rodríguez was nominated without the need of primaries, thus keeping the party united. During Figueres' administration the so call Figueres-Calderón Pact was signed between the leaders of the two main parties (and sons of the two caudillos of the 1948 civil war); him and Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (Rodríguez political rival) to approve several mutually beneficial laws for both major parties, something that caused outrage among large segments of the population and started the downfall of the two-party system.

## Results

| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Miguel Ángel Rodríguez | Social Christian Unity Party | 652,160 | 46.96 |
|  | José Miguel Corrales Bolaños | National Liberation Party | 618,834 | 44.56 |
|  | Vladimir de la Cruz | Democratic Force | 41,710 | 3.00 |
|  | Walter Muñoz Céspedes | National Integration Party | 19,934 | 1.44 |
|  | Sherman Thomas Jackson | Costa Rican Renewal Party | 19,313 | 1.39 |
|  | Álvaro González Espinoza | Democratic Party | 12,952 | 0.93 |
|  | Federico Malavassi Calvo | Libertarian Movement | 5,874 | 0.42 |
|  | Jorge González Martén | National Independent Party | 4,218 | 0.30 |
|  | Alejandro Madrigal Benavides | Christian National Alliance Party | 3,545 | 0.26 |
|  | Norma Vargas Duarte | United People | 3,075 | 0.22 |
|  | Rodrigo Gutiérrez Schwanhäuser | New Democratic Party | 3,025 | 0.22 |
|  | Marina Volio Brenes | National Rescue Party | 2,681 | 0.19 |
|  | Yolanda Gutiérrez Ventura | Independent Party | 1,377 | 0.10 |
| Total | | | 1,388,698 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | 1,388,698 | 96.98 |
| Invalid votes | | | 36,318 | 2.54 |
| Blank votes | | | 6,897 | 0.48 |
| Total votes | | | 1,431,913 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 2,045,980 | 69.99 |
| Source: Election Resources | | | | |

### By province

| Province | Rodríguez % | Corrales % | de la Cruz % | Muñoz % | Thomas % | González % | Malavassi % | Other % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| San José | 42.94 | 46.72 | 3.33 | 2.16 | 1.81 | 1.15 | 0.58 | 1.31 |
| Alajuela | 46.86 | 45.67 | 3.13 | 0.96 | 1.21 | 0.92 | 0.30 | 0.95 |
| Cartago | 44.35 | 47.69 | 3.16 | 1.37 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.29 | 1.34 |
| Heredia | 43.39 | 46.35 | 3.45 | 1.63 | 2.12 | 1.41 | 0.35 | 1.30 |
| Guanacaste | 55.63 | 40.61 | 1.76 | 0.30 | 0.58 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.83 |
| Puntarenas | 56.23 | 38.57 | 1.88 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.40 | 1.67 |
| Limón | 59.58 | 32.18 | 2.62 | 0.88 | 1.51 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 2.06 |
| **Total** | 46.96 | 44.56 | 3.00 | 1.44 | 1.39 | 0.93 | 0.42 | 1.30 |

### Parliament

The country was for the time still under a heavy two-party system dynamics and the two main parties at the time; National Liberation Party and Social Christian Unity Party won most of the votes. Nevertheless, some third forces also won seats on the Parliament, among them left-wing Democratic Force won two seats. It was also the first time that liberal Libertarian Movement and Christian conservative Costa Rican Renewal won seats (one each) in the Parliament both for their future presidential candidates Otto Guevara and Justo Orozco respectively. The small party National Integration Party led by medic Walter Muñoz won its only seat in history until the 2018 election.

|  | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|  | Social Christian Unity Party | 569,792 | 41.18 | 27 | +2 |
|  | National Liberation Party | 481,933 | 34.83 | 23 | –5 |
|  | Democratic Force | 79,826 | 5.77 | 3 | +1 |
|  | Libertarian Movement | 42,640 | 3.08 | 1 | New |
|  | National Integration Party | 38,408 | 2.78 | 1 | New |
|  | Costa Rican Renewal Party | 27,892 | 2.02 | 1 | New |
|  | Democratic Party | 17,060 | 1.23 | 0 | New |
|  | Agrarian Labour Action Party | 16,955 | 1.23 | 1 | +1 |
|  | United People | 15,028 | 1.09 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National Independent Party | 12,794 | 0.92 | 0 | 0 |
|  | General Union Party | 12,583 | 0.91 | 0 | 0 |
|  | New Democratic Party | 12,476 | 0.90 | 0 | New |
|  | National Rescue Party | 9,588 | 0.69 | 0 | New |
|  | Christian National Alliance Party | 9,176 | 0.66 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National Agrarian Party | 7,497 | 0.54 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Cartago Agrarian Union Party | 7,138 | 0.52 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Alajuelense Democratic Action | 6,614 | 0.48 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Independent Party | 6,025 | 0.44 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Change Now | 2,223 | 0.16 | 0 | New |
|  | National Convergence Party | 2,197 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Authentic Limonense Party | 2,167 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Cartago Agrarian Force Party | 1,892 | 0.14 | 0 | New |
|  | Independent Guanacaste Party | 1,623 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 1,383,527 | 100.00 | 57 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 1,383,527 | 96.71 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 32,709 | 2.29 |  | |
| Blank votes | | 14,343 | 1.00 |  | |
| Total votes | | 1,430,579 | 100.00 |  | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,045,980 | 69.92 |  | |
| Source: Election Resources | | | | | |

#### By province

| Province | PUSC | | PLN | | FD | | ML | | PIN | | PRC | | PD | | PU | | Others | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S |
| San José | 37.60 | **8** | 36.21 | **8** | 7.31 | **2** | 4.64 | **1** | 4.69 | **1** | 2.44 | **1** | 1.60 | **0** | 0.88 | **0** | 4.63 | **0** |
| Alajuela | 40.89 | **4** | 35.52 | **4** | 5.20 | **1** | 1.40 | **0** | 1.30 | **0** | 1.38 | **0** | 1.08 | **0** | 0.41 | **0** | 12.82 | **1** |
| Cartago | 39.39 | **3** | 36.49 | **3** | 5.14 | **0** | 1.71 | **0** | 2.08 | **0** | 0.97 | **0** | 1.15 | **0** | 1.75 | **0** | 11.32 | **0** |
| Heredia | 39.20 | **3** | 35.85 | **2** | 7.12 | **0** | 2.45 | **0** | 3.22 | **0** | 2.48 | **0** | 1.76 | **0** | 1.12 | **0** | 6.80 | **0** |
| Guanacaste | 50.05 | **3** | 33.66 | **2** | 4.19 | **0** | 1.08 | **0** | 0.55 | **0** | 3.10 | **0** | 0.21 | **0** | 0.62 | **0** | 6.54 | **0** |
| Puntarenas | 50.50 | **4** | 32.42 | **2** | 3.05 | **0** | 3.95 | **0** | 0.97 | **0** | 1.16 | **0** | 0.70 | **0** | 1.60 | **0** | 5.65 | **0** |
| Limón | 47.71 | **2** | 24.30 | **2** | 2.70 | **0** | 3.29 | **0** | 1.11 | **0** | 2.49 | **0** | 0.74 | **0** | 2.88 | **0** | 14.78 | **0** |
| **Total** | 41.18 | **27** | 34.83 | **23** | 5.77 | **3** | 3.08 | **1** | 2.78 | **1** | 2.02 | **1** | 1.23 | **0** | 1.09 | **0** | 8.02 | **1** |

### Local governments

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Alderpeople | | | +/– | Municipal
syndics | +/– |
|  | Social Christian Unity Party | 564,531 | 40.87 | 271 | +39 | 295 | +190 |
|  | National Liberation Party | 488,870 | 35.39 | 226 | –43 | 145 | –178 |
|  | Democratic Force | 85,313 | 6.18 | 24 | +2 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Libertarian Movement | 33,544 | 2.43 | 4 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Costa Rican Renewal Party | 25,654 | 1.86 | 0 | New | 0 | New |
|  | National Integration Party | 23,896 | 1.73 | 3 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Democratic Party | 19,204 | 1.39 | 0 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Agrarian Labour Action Party | 15,157 | 1.10 | 7 | +7 | 2 | +2 |
|  | National Independent Party | 14,975 | 1.08 | 2 | +2 | 0 | 0 |
|  | General Union Party | 13,378 | 0.97 | 3 | –1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | New Democratic Party | 12,804 | 0.93 | 2 | New | 0 | New |
|  | United People | 12,216 | 0.88 | 1 | +1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National Rescue Party | 11,385 | 0.82 | 2 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Escazu's Progressive Yoke | 9,699 | 0.70 | 4 | New | 3 | New |
|  | Independent Party | 8,095 | 0.59 | 3 | +3 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National Agrarian Party | 7,827 | 0.57 | 5 | –2 | 0 | 0 |
|  | 21st Century Curridabat | 5,117 | 0.37 | 2 | New | 1 | New |
|  | National Convergence Party | 4,044 | 0.29 | 1 | +1 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Alajuelense Democratic Action | 4,027 | 0.29 | 1 | –2 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Party of the Sun | 3,628 | 0.26 | 2 | New | 2 | New |
|  | Christian National Alliance Party | 2,787 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Independent Guanacaste Party | 2,610 | 0.19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Cartago Agrarian Force Party | 2,430 | 0.18 | 0 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Authentic Limonense Party | 1,871 | 0.14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Humanist Party of Montes de Oca | 1,870 | 0.14 | 1 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Change Now | 1,790 | 0.13 | 0 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Independent Belemite Party | 1,386 | 0.10 | 1 | New | 0 | New |
|  | New Alajuelita Party | 1,350 | 0.10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Humanist Party of Heredia | 1,128 | 0.08 | 0 | New | 0 | New |
|  | Golfitenean Action Party | 694 | 0.05 | 0 | New | 0 | New |
| Total | | 1,381,280 | 100.00 | 569 | +34 | 448 | +19 |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 1,381,280 | 96.55 |  | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 49,341 | 3.45 |  | | | |
| Total votes | | 1,430,621 | 100.00 |  | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,045,173 | 69.95 |  | | | |
| Source: TSE | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1998 Costa Rican general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Presidential election | |
| Turnout | 69.99% (11.12pp) |
| Candidate **Miguel Ángel Rodríguez** José Miguel Corrales Bolaños  Party PUSC PLN  Popular vote **652,160** 618,834  Percentage **46.96%** 44.56% | |
| ---  Results by canton | |
| ---  **President before election**
José María Figueres
PLN **Elected President**
Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
PUSC | |
| Parliamentary election | |
| ---  All 57 seats in the Legislative Assembly
29 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–  PUSC Miguel Ángel Rodríguez 41.18 27 +2  PLN José Miguel Corrales Bolaños 34.83 23 −5  PFD Vladimir de la Cruz 5.77 3 +1  PML Federico Malavassi Calvo 3.08 1 New  PIN Walter Muñoz Céspedes 2.78 1 New  PRC Justo Orozco 2.02 1 New  PALA Guido Octavio Vargas Artavia 1.23 1 +1   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract:
General Winfield Scott Hancock is an equestrian statue of Winfield Scott Hancock, by Henry Jackson Ellicott together with architect Paul J. Pelz.
It is located at Pennsylvania Avenue in United States Navy Memorial Park at the northwest corner of 7th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C. It was commissioned on March 2, 1889, and dedicated on May 12, 1896, by president Grover Cleveland. It cost $50,000. The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, DC, of the National Register of Historic Places. The statue is featured in the opening of the Netflix series House of Cards.

text:
# Equestrian statue of Winfield Scott Hancock

***General Winfield Scott Hancock*** is an equestrian statue of Winfield Scott Hancock, by Henry Jackson Ellicott together with architect Paul J. Pelz. It is located at Pennsylvania Avenue in United States Navy Memorial Park at the northwest corner of 7th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C.

It was commissioned on March 2, 1889, and dedicated on May 12, 1896, by president Grover Cleveland. It cost $50,000.

The statue is a contributing monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, DC, of the National Register of Historic Places.

The statue is featured in the opening of the Netflix series *House of Cards*.

## InfoBox

| General Winfield Scott Hancock | |
| --- | --- |
| Statue in 2009 | |
| Artist | Henry Jackson Ellicott |
| Year | 1896 |
| Type | Bronze |
| Dimensions | 270 cm × 210 cm (9 ft × 7 ft) |
| Location | Washington, D.C. |
| Owner | National Park Service |
|  | |
| Equestrian statue of Winfield Scott Hancock | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Washington, D.C. |
| Coordinates | 38°53′37.46″N 77°1′20.12″W / 38.8937389°N 77.0222556°W / 38.8937389; -77.0222556 |
| Part of | Civil War Monuments in Washington, DC. |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000257 |
| Added to NRHP | September 20, 1978 |
|  | |


title: Ellisville, Florida

abstract:
Ellisville is an unincorporated community in Columbia County, Florida.
Coordinates: 29°59'40"N 82°35'27"W. Ellisville is the community where Interstate 75 has an interchange with US 41-441 at exit 414.

text:
# Ellisville, Florida

**Ellisville** is an unincorporated community in Columbia County, Florida. Coordinates: 29°59'40"N 82°35'27"W.

Ellisville is the community where Interstate 75 has an interchange with US 41-441 at exit 414.

## InfoBox

| Ellisville, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| EllisvilleEllisville | |
| Coordinates: 29°59′40″N 82°35′27″W / 29.99444°N 82.59083°W / 29.99444; -82.59083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Columbia |
| Elevation | 75 ft (23 m) |
| GNIS feature ID | 294755 |


title: Edge Hall Road

abstract: The Edge Hall Road Community Stadium is a multi-sport stadium, located in Orrell, Greater Manchester. From 2024, it will be the home of football club, Wigan Athletic Women and rugby league side, Wigan Warriors Women. Originally built as the permanent ground of the local Orrell rugby union team in 1950, the club departed the stadium in 2007, with the development team of Wigan Warriors beginning to use the ground that same year.

text:
# Edge Hall Road

The **Edge Hall Road Community Stadium** is a multi-sport stadium, located in Orrell, Greater Manchester. From 2024, it will be the home of football club, Wigan Athletic Women and rugby league side, Wigan Warriors Women. Originally built as the permanent ground of the local Orrell rugby union team in 1950, the club departed the stadium in 2007, with the development team of Wigan Warriors beginning to use the ground that same year.

## History

### 1950–2007: Orrell senior team

Edge Hall Road became the permanent residence of Orrell R.U.F.C. in 1950, replacing several locations previously used by the club, including Kitt Green and Abbey Lakes, both areas within Orrell.

Orrell RUFC were once a successful rugby union team, but the advent of professionalism saw them struggle to return to the Guinness Premiership following their relegation in 1997.

With mounting debt, the club was sold to Dave Whelan, then owner of Wigan Warriors and current Wigan Athletic chairman. Following his takeover of the club, and the death of the landlord, the ground and its surrounding land was sold to Mr. Whelan's company, Whelco Holdings. After several successful seasons, Whelan withdrew his financial backing and the club again began to struggle, Whelan charging £1,000 per match to use the stadium. This excessive rent, coupled with Whelan's decision to ban the club from accessing the clubhouse, forced the club to relocate to playing fields at St John Rigby college for the 2007–08 season.

### 2007–2019: Wigan Warriors Training Complex and Development Squad

In January 2007, the clubhouse was converted into a state of the art training facility for the Wigan Warriors Rugby League Club.

The pitch is currently used for training and Wigan Academy games. Wigan chairman Ian Lenagan has recently suggested that he will be investing in ground improvements to enable the Warriors to play lower-key games in the near future. While the ground has a technical capacity of 5,500, the safety certificate only allows 3,000 at present, due partly to damaged terracing. Expected improvements would be replacement of this terracing and a permanent food and drink outlet. As of the 2008 season, fans have been banned from parking inside the ground and have faced increased admission prices.

On 7 July 2008 Wigan Warriors announced a new three year sponsorship deal with the Co-operative and as part of the deal changed Edge Hall Road to The Co-operative Community Stadium. In April 2013 the ground was renamed The Wigan Laundry Company Community Stadium after a draw. Twelve months later, the naming rights went to Solid Strip.

### 2024– Wigan Athletic Women and Wigan Warriors Women

In May 2024, a joint statement by Wigan Athletic and Wigan Warriors announced that Edge Hall Road would be redeveloped 'as an elite training centre for Women’s Football and Rugby League, with the facility being used as the home ground for the football club, who will begin their inaugural season in 2024/25.

1. "Orrell to quit Edge Hall Road". Wigan Today. 24 January 2007.
2. "Wigan can wait says coach Ged". News and Star. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008.
3. "Wigan Announce Partnership with The Co-operative". Wigan Warriors Official Site. 7 July 2008.
4. "Community Stadium Re-Named". wiganwarriors.com. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
5. "Wigan Athletic & Wigan Warriors to invest in a new Women & Girls elite training centre". 15 May 2024.

## InfoBox

Edge Hall Road
| The north stand pictured in 1997 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Edge Hall Road Community Stadium |
| Location | Orrell, Greater Manchester, WN5 8TG |
| Coordinates | 53°31′53″N 2°42′23″W / 53.53139°N 2.70639°W / 53.53139; -2.70639 |
| Capacity | 3,000 |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1950 |
| Opened | 1950 |
| Tenants | |
| Orrell (1950–2007)
Wigan Warriors (2007–19)
Wigan Athletic Women (2024–)
Wigan Warriors Women (training base; 2024–) | |


abstract: The 1981 Australasian Individual Speedway Championship was the sixth annual Australasian Final for Motorcycle speedway riders from Australia and New Zealand as part of the qualification for the 1981 Speedway World Championship. This was the final time the Australasian Championship was staged. It was held at the 300 metres Liverpool City Raceway in Sydney. The Final was easily won by six time World Champion Ivan Mauger who scored a 15-point maximum to win his second Australasian Championship. Surprisingly, Australia's leading riders Phil Crump and reigning Australian Champion Billy Sanders failed to qualify for the Overseas Final to be held at the White City Stadium in London, England. Sanders won a runoff with Crump to be the reserve rider in London.

text:
# 1981 Australasian Individual Speedway Championship

The **1981 Australasian Individual Speedway Championship** was the sixth annual Australasian Final for Motorcycle speedway riders from Australia and New Zealand as part of the qualification for the 1981 Speedway World Championship.

This was the final time the Australasian Championship was staged. It was held at the 300 metres (330 yards) Liverpool City Raceway in Sydney. The Final was easily won by six time World Champion Ivan Mauger who scored a 15-point maximum to win his second Australasian Championship. Surprisingly, Australia's leading riders Phil Crump and reigning Australian Champion Billy Sanders (who was actually riding on his home track) failed to qualify for the Overseas Final to be held at the White City Stadium in London, England. Sanders won a runoff with Crump to be the reserve rider in London.

## 1981 Australasian Final

| Pos. | Rider | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ivan Mauger | 15 |
| 2 | Danny Kennedy | 11+3 |
| 3 | Larry Ross | 11+2 |
| 4 | Phil Herne | 11+1 |
| 5 | Billy Sanders | 10+3 |
| 6 | Phil Crump | 10+2 |
| 7 | Gary Guglielmi | 9 |
| 8 | Mitch Shirra | 8 |
| 9 | John Titman | 7 |
| 10 | Mick McKeon | 7 |
| 11 | Tony Briggs | 6 |
| 12 | Wayne Brown | 5 |
| 13 | David Bargh | 2 |
| 14 | Steve Regeling | 2 |
| 15 | Mike Fullerton | 1 |
| 16 | Graeme Beardsley | 1 |
| 17 | Robert Maxfield (RES) | 1 |


title: Aycliffe railway station

abstract: Aycliffe railway station served the village of Aycliffe in County Durham, England. The railway station was served by trains on the East Coast Main Line between Darlington and Durham.

text:
# Aycliffe railway station

**Aycliffe railway station** served the village of Aycliffe in County Durham, England. The railway station was served by trains on the East Coast Main Line between Darlington and Durham.

## History

Opened by the Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway, and then the North Eastern Railway, it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923, passing on to the Eastern Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was then closed by British Railways.

## The site today

Trains still pass at speed on the now electrified East Coast Main Line.

* Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). *The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present* (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
* Jowett, Alan (2000). *Jowett's Nationalised Railway Atlas* (1st ed.). Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 978-0-906899-99-1. OCLC 228266687.
* Jowett, Alan (March 1989). *Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day* (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.
* Station on navigable O.S. map

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Darlington Bank Top
Line and station open |  | North Eastern Railway
East Coast Main Line |  | Bradbury
Line open, station closed |

54°35′46″N 1°33′32″W / 54.596°N 1.559°W / 54.596; -1.559

## InfoBox

| Aycliffe | |
| --- | --- |
| Site of the station in 1991 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Aycliffe, County Durham
England |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway |
| Pre-grouping | North Eastern Railway |
| Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 19 June 1844 | Station opened |
| 2 March 1953 | Station closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Axiocteta

abstract: Axiocteta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Turner in 1902.

text:
# Axiocteta

***Axiocteta*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Turner in 1902.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Axiocteta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | ***Axiocteta***<br>Turner, 1902 |
|


title: Antonie Boubong

abstract: Antonie Boubong (1842–1908) was a German portrait, genre, and landscape painter.

text:
# Antonie Boubong

**Antonie Boubong** (1842–1908) was a German portrait, genre, and landscape painter.

## Life

Antonie Boubong was born on 8 June 1842 in Werneck, Bavaria. She studied at the Stuttgart Art School with Wilhelm von Lindenschmit the Younger in Munich.

Antonie Boubong worked in Strasbourg. She had exhibitions in Munich, Berlin, Vienna, and Düsseldorf. She became nationally known when Kaiser William I and Empress Augusta presented one of the annual exhibitions organised by the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen at the Akademie der Künste and bought one of her paintings there.

### Citations

1. Oliver, ed. 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
2. "Vereinschronik: Allgemein". n.d. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

### Bibliography


title: Earl Caddock

abstract: Earl Caddock was an American professional wrestler and World Heavyweight Champion who was active in the early portion of the twentieth century. As the first man to bill himself as "The Man of 1,000 Holds", Caddock was one of professional wrestling's biggest stars between the years of 1915 and 1922.

text:
# Earl Caddock

**Earl Caddock** (February 27, 1888 – August 25, 1950) was an American professional wrestler and World Heavyweight Champion who was active in the early portion of the twentieth century. As the first man to bill himself as "The Man of 1,000 Holds" (a nickname used many times since), Caddock was one of professional wrestling's biggest stars between the years of 1915 and 1922.

## Early life

Earl Caddock was born February 27, 1888, in Huron, South Dakota, to parents of German Jewish heritage. His family name may have been "Caddach," "Craddock," or "Caddack," but he used the spelling "Caddock" exclusively throughout his wrestling career.

As a child, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and the family moved to Chicago where he could be treated. Swimming was recommended as part of this treatment and he was given a membership in the local YMCA to facilitate this. During his time at the YMCA young Earl Caddock was exposed to wrestling. After his father was killed in a bizarre accident in which he fell down a manhole, Earl Caddock moved to his uncle's farm in Anita, Iowa. He continued to wrestle and won many local championships.

## Amateur career

In 1907 Earl Caddock returned to Chicago to enter college. There he received further training from Benny Reubin and joined the Chicago Athletic Association. It was around this time that he met Charlie Cutler and Ernest Kartje, two professional wrestlers. From 1914 to 1915, Earl Caddock won the AAU Lightheavyweight Championship twice, and the AAU Heavyweight Championship once.

## Professional career

Through Cutler and Kartje, Caddock was introduced to Frank Gotch and Martin 'Farmer' Burns who began to train him for Professional wrestling. On June 8, 1915, Earl Caddock made his professional debut in a match against Jesse Westergaard. His popularity grew and on April 19, 1917, he defeated Joe Stecher for the World Heavyweight Championship in Omaha, Nebraska.

In December 1917 a tournament was held with the winner to be declared World Heavyweight Champion. Caddock walked out of this tournament over promoter Jack Curley's refusal to bill him as World Heavyweight Champion. Wladek Zbyszko won the tournament and was declared the new World Heavyweight Champion. The appetite for a match between Caddock and Zbyszko was fierce and on February 8, 1918, it happened. The result was predictable with Caddock once again becoming World Heavyweight Champion.  In August of that year his wrestling career was temporarily put on hold for his service in the First World War.

Caddock was discharged from the Army on June 1, 1919, and he returned to his career in wrestling. The World Heavyweight Championship had changed hands a few times while he was at war and was once again held by Joe Stecher. A match between the two was immediately set. On January 30, 1920, fans packed Madison Square Garden to see Stecher defeat Caddock. This match was filmed by pioneer cinematographer Freeman Harrison Owens, and is currently the oldest surviving filming of a professional wrestling match. Video on YouTube

Caddock's career continued successfully for the next few years but he wouldn't be in another World Title match until 1921. In January of that year Caddock faced Ed "Strangler" Lewis for the championship. Caddock's loss to Lewis in this match resulted in a near riot. Another title match in November against Stanislaus Zbyszko resulted in another failure to recapture the World Heavyweight Championship.

Earl Caddock's final match took place on June 7, 1922. He lost his last bid to regain the World Heavyweight Title to Ed Lewis.

## Retirement from pro wrestling

After he retired from wrestling Earl Caddock would continue to run his own business which he started while still wrestling. He ran a Ford agency selling cars, tractors and heavy machinery to farmers in Walnut, Iowa. He would also go on to become President of the United Petroleum Corporation. Earl Caddock died in 1950 after major surgery for a heart attack.

## Championships and accomplishments

### Amateur Wrestling

### Professional Wrestling

1. Hornbaker, Tim (2016). "Caddock, Earl". *Legends of Pro Wrestling - 150 years of headlocks, body slams, and piledrivers* (Revised ed.). New York, New York: Sports Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-61321-808-2.
2. Biography by wrestling historian Steve Yohe
3. "Inductee: Earl Caddock". *National Wrestling Hall of Fame*. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
4. "Earl Caddock". *the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum*. Archived from the original on 2008-08-20.

## InfoBox

| Earl Caddock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1888-02-27)27 February 1888
Huron, South Dakota, U.S. |
| Died | 25 August 1950(1950-08-25) (aged 62)
Walnut, Iowa, U.S. |
| Professional wrestling career | |
| Ring name(s) | Earl Caddock |
| Billed height | 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) |
| Billed weight | 182 lb (83 kg) |
| Trained by | Benny Reubin
Frank Gotch
Martin Burns |
| Debut | June 8, 1915 |
| Retired | June 7, 1922 |


title: Argyractoides leucogonialis

abstract: Argyractoides leucogonialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Panama and Honduras.

text:
# Argyractoides leucogonialis

***Argyractoides leucogonialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Panama and Honduras.

## InfoBox

| *Argyractoides leucogonialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Argyractoides* |
| Species: | ***A. leucogonialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Argyractoides leucogonialis***<br>(Hampson, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Argyractis leucogonialis* Hampson, 1906 | |


title: Epirochroa dujardini

abstract: Epirochroa dujardini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1970.

text:
# Epirochroa dujardini

***Epirochroa dujardini*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1970.

## InfoBox

| *Epirochroa dujardini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Crossotini |
| Genus: | *Epirochroa* |
| Species: | ***E. dujardini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epirochroa dujardini***<br>Breuning, 1970 | |
|


title: Employee monitoring software

abstract: Employee monitoring software, also known as bossware or tattleware, is a means of employee monitoring, and allows company administrators to monitor and supervise all their employee computers from a central location. It is normally deployed over a business network and allows for easy centralized log viewing via one central networked PC. Sometimes, companies opt to monitor their employees using remote desktop software instead.

text:
# Employee monitoring software

**Employee monitoring software**, also known as **bossware** or **tattleware**, is a means of employee monitoring, and allows company administrators to monitor and supervise all their employee computers from a central location. It is normally deployed over a business network and allows for easy centralized log viewing via one central networked PC. Sometimes, companies opt to monitor their employees using remote desktop software instead.

## Purpose

Insiders are the leading cause of data breaches around the globe. IBM found that 60% of all cyberattacks were caused by insiders. In its annual Data Breach Investigations Report, Verizon found an even higher impact, with 82% of all data breaches caused by unsecure or unintentional behaviors of employees. IT organizations have turned to employee monitoring software to help detect and prevent insider threats.

Employee monitoring software is used to supervise employees' performance, prevent illegal activities, avoid confidential info leakage, and catch insider threats. Nowadays employee monitoring software is widely used in technology companies.

## Features

An employee monitoring system can monitor almost everything on a computer, such as keystrokes, mouse movements and passwords entered, websites visited, chats in Facebook Messenger, Skype and other social media. A piece of monitoring software can also capture screenshots of mobile activities. E-mail monitoring includes employers having access to records of employee’s e-mails that are sent through the company’s servers. Companies may use keyword searches to natural language processing to analyze e-mails. The administrator can view the logs through a cloud panel, or receive the logs by email.

Other kinds of monitoring include webcam and/or microphone activation, and "invisible" monitoring. Employee monitoring software has been called a form of spyware. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of these systems by companies to monitor their employees increased.

## Criticism

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), which originated the term "bossware", has denounced employee monitoring software as a violation of privacy. The Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) denounced bossware as a threat to the safety and health of employees.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, members of the r/antiwork subreddit shared various mouse jiggler strategies to combat monitoring software intended to monitor the productivity of remote workers.

A study by Reports and Data predicts that the global market for employee remote monitoring software will hit $1.3 billion by 2027.


title: Ao (turtle)

abstract: Ao is a large marine turtle in Chinese mythology. He was thought to have lived in the South China Sea during the time of the formation of the world. When the goddess Nüwa, creator of mankind, was repairing the sky after a disaster, she chopped off Ao's four legs and used them as supports. Another myth claims that Ao still lives and resides in the Bohai Sea, where he carries the three islands of the Eight Immortals upon his back. He is thought to have been an influence on the later half-dragon, half-turtle figure of Bixi in imperial Chinese sculpture. Bixi was considered a son of the Dragon King who was able to carry enormous weights upon his back; figures of the dragon-turtle bearing memorial stelae are common monuments throughout East Asia.

text:
# Ao (turtle)

**Ao** (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: *áo* \< Old Chinese (ZS): **ŋaːw*) is a large marine turtle in Chinese mythology. He was thought to have lived in the South China Sea during the time of the formation of the world. When the goddess Nüwa, creator of mankind, was repairing the sky after a disaster, she chopped off Ao's four legs and used them as supports.

Another myth claims that Ao still lives and resides in the Bohai Sea, where he carries the three islands of the Eight Immortals (Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou) upon his back.

He is thought to have been an influence on the later half-dragon, half-turtle figure of Bixi in imperial Chinese sculpture. Bixi was considered a son of the Dragon King who was able to carry enormous weights upon his back; figures of the dragon-turtle bearing memorial stelae are common monuments throughout East Asia.

## In toponymy

While place names using the word *gui* ("turtle") are ubiquitous throughout China (typically referring to a turtle-shaped hill, *gui shan*), place names referring to an *ao* are more characteristic of China's southeastern coast (Zhejiang to Guangdong). This includes the Ao River (Aojiang) in southern Zhejiang, with the town of Aojiang on its northern shore, as well as the Liu'ao ("Six ao") peninsula in southern Fujian.


title: Antonov A-13

abstract: The Antonov A-13 was a Soviet aerobatic sailplane flown in the 1950s and 1960s. It was a small, single-seat, all-metal aircraft developed from the A-11 which could optionally be fitted with that aircraft's longer-span wings. It was a mid-wing monoplane with a tadpole-like fuselage and a V-tail. In February 1962, an A-13 was fitted with a small turbojet engine to set a world airspeed record of 196 km/h (122 mph) for an aircraft weighing up to 500 kg. This jet-powered version was known as the An-13

text:
# Antonov A-13

The **Antonov A-13** was a Soviet aerobatic sailplane flown in the 1950s and 1960s. It was a small, single-seat, all-metal aircraft developed from the A-11 which could optionally be fitted with that aircraft's longer-span wings. It was a mid-wing monoplane with a tadpole-like fuselage and a V-tail.

In February 1962, an A-13 was fitted with a small turbojet engine to set a world airspeed record of 196 km/h (122 mph) for an aircraft weighing up to 500 kg. This jet-powered version was known as the **An-13**

## Variants

* **A-13** : Single-seat aerobatic sailplane.
* **A-13M** : Motor glider version, fitted with a low-powered piston engine.
* **An-13** : Jet-powered version.

## Specifications (Antonov A-13)

*Data from* *The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde Volume II*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Length:** 6 m (19 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 12.1 m (39 ft 8 in)
* **Height:** 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) at cockpit
* **Wing area:** 10.44 m2 (112.4 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 13.8
* **Airfoil:** TsAGI R-32-15
* **Empty weight:** 254 kg (560 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 360 kg (794 lb)

**Performance**

* **Stall speed:** 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn)
* **Never exceed speed:** 350 km/h (220 mph, 190 kn)
* **Rough air speed max:** 350 km/h (220 mph; 190 kn)
* **Aerotow speed:** 200 km/h (120 mph; 110 kn)
* **Winch launch speed:** 120 km/h (75 mph; 65 kn)
* **g limits:** +8.66 -3.9 at 300 km/h (190 mph; 160 kn)
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 25 at 112 km/h (70 mph; 60 kn)
* **Rate of sink:** 1.14 m/s (224 ft/min) at 97 km/h (60 mph; 52 kn)
* **Wing loading:** 34.5 kg/m2 (7.1 lb/sq ft)

**Related development**

**Related lists**

1. Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson (1963). *The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde Volume II* (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 243–245.
* Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson (1963). *The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde Volume II* (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 243–245.

## InfoBox

| A-13 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Sailplane |
| Manufacturer | Antonov |
| Number built | ~200 |
| History | |
| First flight | 1958 |


title: Amnesia (Red Sun Rising song)

abstract: "Amnesia" is a song by the American rock band Red Sun Rising. It was released on May 25, 2016 on their third album Polyester Zeal as the third single.

text:
# Amnesia (Red Sun Rising song)

"**Amnesia**" is a song by the American rock band Red Sun Rising. It was released on May 25, 2016 on their third album *Polyester Zeal* as the third single.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Mainstream Rock (*Billboard*) | 8 |
| US Rock Airplay (*Billboard*) | 28 |

## InfoBox

| "Amnesia" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Red Sun Rising | |
| from the album  *Polyester Zeal* | |
| Released | May 25, 2016 |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Genre | Hard rock, alternative rock |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | Razor & Tie |
| Songwriter(s) | * Ryan Williams * Mike Protich |
| Producer(s) | Bob Marlette |
| Red Sun Rising singles chronology | |
| "Emotionless"
(2016) "**Amnesia**"
(2016) "Unnatural"
(2017) | |


title: Ampeliscidae

abstract: The Ampeliscidae are a family of amphipods, distinct enough to warrant placement in a monotypic superfamily Ampeliscoidea. They are benthic, found at the bottom of seas and oceans. They are distributed worldwide, and are often abundant in areas with fine sediments. They live in infaunal tubes, constructed from "amphipod silk" and sediment.

text:
# Ampeliscidae

The **Ampeliscidae** are a family of amphipods, distinct enough to warrant placement in a monotypic superfamily **Ampeliscoidea**. They are benthic, found at the bottom of seas and oceans. They are distributed worldwide, and are often abundant in areas with fine sediments. They live in infaunal tubes, constructed from "amphipod silk" and sediment.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Ampeliscidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ampelisca brevicornis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Parvorder: | Synopiidira |
| Superfamily: | Synopioidea
Bousfield, 1979 |
| Family: | Ampeliscidae
Costa, 1857 |
|


title: Amphimallon maevae

abstract: Amphimallon maevae is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Cyclades islands.

text:
# Amphimallon maevae

***Amphimallon maevae*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Cyclades islands.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon maevae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. maevae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon maevae***<br>Montreuil, 1999 | |
|


title: Amphimallon nigripenne

abstract: Amphimallon nigripenne is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Turkey.

text:
# Amphimallon nigripenne

***Amphimallon nigripenne*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Turkey.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon nigripenne* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. nigripenne*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon nigripenne***<br>Reitter, 1902 | |
|


title: 1916 Cork Senior Football Championship

abstract: The 1916 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 30th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. Nils were the defending champions. On 3 December 1916, Collegians won the championship following a 0–03 to 0–01 defeat of Fermoy in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. This was their first ever championship title.

text:
# 1916 Cork Senior Football Championship

The **1916 Cork Senior Football Championship** was the 30th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.

Nils were the defending champions.

On 3 December 1916, Collegians won the championship following a 0–03 to 0–01 defeat of Fermoy in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. This was their first ever championship title.

## Results

### Final

| 3 December 1916 Final | **Collegians** | **0-03 - 0-01** | **Fermoy** | Cork Athletic Grounds, Cork |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Referee: T Iriwn (Cork Co. Board) |

## Championship statistics

### Miscellaneous

* Collegians became the first college side to qualify for the championship final and won a first title.

## InfoBox

1916 Cork Senior Football Championship
| Champions | Collegians (1st title)
James Mulvihill (captain) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Fermoy
Arthur Hallinan (captain) |
| 1915 (Previous) (Next) 1917 | |