title: Dress Gray

abstract: Dress Gray is a 1986 American television miniseries starring Alec Baldwin, Lloyd Bridges and Hal Holbrook. The program, about a cadet at a West Point-like military academy who investigates the murder of a fellow cadet, was adapted for the screen by Gore Vidal from the novel of the same name by Lucian Truscott IV. Dress Gray originally aired March 9–10, 1986 on NBC.

text:
# Dress Gray

***Dress Gray*** is a 1986 American television miniseries starring Alec Baldwin, Lloyd Bridges and Hal Holbrook. The program, about a cadet at a West Point-like military academy who investigates the murder of a fellow cadet, was adapted for the screen by Gore Vidal from the novel of the same name by Lucian Truscott IV. *Dress Gray* originally aired March 9–10, 1986 on NBC.

## Plot

*Dress Gray* is set during the era of the Vietnam War. A new class of cadets arrives at the Ulysses S. Grant Military Academy for its 100th anniversary. Ten months later one of those new cadets, David Hand (Patrick Cassidy), is found dead, apparently drowned despite being a top swimmer. Following an autopsy, academy physician Major Consor (Ron Rifkin) informs the investigating officer, Colonel King (Lane Smith), that Hand was murdered and possibly raped. With the school under public scrutiny in the wake of recent drug and cheating scandals, the commandant, Brigadier General Charles Hedges (Hal Holbrook), initiates a cover-up. Upper classman Rysam Slaight (Alec Baldwin) learns of the cover-up and soon finds himself not only the prime suspect in Hand's murder but also the target of a false honor code violation accusation as well as an independent investigation implemented by Judge Hand (Eddie Albert), Cadet Hand's wealthy and powerful father.

As Slaight seeks to clear his name, he learns that the manipulative Hand was gay and in love with him, a fact David revealed to his sister Elizabeth (Susan Hess), whom Slaight used to date. Elizabeth and Ry rekindle their romance and work together to solve David's murder. They discover that a USGA cadet had visited David's high school on a recruiting trip. David got the cadet drunk, took him to a hotel and took sexual advantage of him.

General Hedges threatens to have Slaight charged with murder, but Slaight counters that he will have the general charged with obstruction of justice. Stymied, the General induces a member of the academy's Honor Court to file a charge of lying against Slaight.

Elizabeth visits the hotel where David took the cadet and the manager signs an affidavit identifying the cadet from his photograph. Over her father's objections, Elizabeth has the affidavit delivered to Ry, who is before the Court. Slaight identifies Cadet Winant as the man who was with David in the hotel and who later raped and killed him.

Slaight is cleared by the Honor Court and reports to Elizabeth that Winant will be locked in a mental institution for a year or two. General Hedges tenders his resignation as Commandant of Students. Slaight plans to resign from the academy but following a talk with Superintendent Axel Rylander (Lloyd Bridges) decides to stay and graduate.

## Cast

## Production

Truscott, who attended West Point, reportedly based *Dress Gray* on fact. The project was first adapted by Vidal in 1979 as a planned theatrical film, with Herbert Ross attached to direct. Ultimately Glenn Jordan, who also produced, directed the series. The project filmed on location at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell.

Writing for *The New York Times*, John J. O'Connor described *Dress Gray* as "absorbing, but...never quite as powerful as it clearly intends". He questioned the casting of Holbrook and Albert while singling out Baldwin, Hess, Cassidy and Bridges for particular praise.

While perceiving some weaknesses in the overall story, the *Chicago Tribune* found that *Dress Gray* was "entertaining and a cut above most mini-series" although declaring Baldwin to be not a strong enough actor to carry off the heroics required of the lead role.

The *Orlando Sentinel* sharply criticized Vidal's script, calling the program "turbid" and "unpleasant" in large measure because of Vidal's "wooden, often inscrutable dialogue that makes some fine actors...look silly".

Part one of the miniseries finished 24th for the week in the Nielsen ratings.

## Awards and nominations

*Dress Gray* was nominated for three Emmy Awards: Outstanding Miniseries; Outstanding Writing in a Miniseries or Special; and Outstanding Achievement in Costuming For a Miniseries or Special.

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

* Russo, Vito (1981, rev. ed. 1987). *The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality In the Movies*. New York, HarperPerennial (a division of HarperCollins). ISBN 0060961325.

## InfoBox

| *Dress Gray* | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Genre | Crime
Drama |
| Based on | *Dress Gray*
by Lucian Truscott IV |
| Written by | Gore Vidal |
| Directed by | Glenn Jordan |
| Starring | Alec Baldwin
Lloyd Bridges
Hal Holbrook
Eddie Albert |
| Theme music composer | Billy Goldenberg |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 2 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Frank von Zerneck |
| Producers | Glenn Jordan
William Beaudine Jr. |
| Production locations | New Mexico Military Institute - 101 W. College Boulevard, Roswell, New Mexico
Stage 25, Warner Brothers Burbank Studios - 4000 Warner Boulevard, Burbank, California
Stage 27A, Warner Brothers Burbank Studios - 4000 Warner Boulevard, Burbank, California |
| Cinematography | Gayne Rescher |
| Editors | Paul Rubell
David A. Simmons |
| Running time | 192 minutes |
| Production company | Warner Bros. Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | March 9 (1986-03-09)
March 10, 1986 (1986-03-10) |


title: Drakes Broughton

abstract: Drakes Broughton is a village in Worcestershire, England. The village is located on the B4084 road 2 miles north-west of Pershore and 7 miles south-east of Worcester. The village has two pubs; the Old Oak and the Plough and Harrow. Its school, St Barnabas, contains a Pre-School, First School and a Middle School, which then feeds into Pershore High School in nearby Pershore. Drakes Broughton has a recreation ground, on which the village's football teams play. The recreation ground is situated next to the village's church, St Barnabas School, and the village hall. Drakes Broughton has other amenities including a general store, hairdressers, and a fish and chip shop. The village gave its name to an early composition by Elgar, written in about 1878, a hymn tune with words by Francis Stanfield (1835–1914).

text:
# Drakes Broughton

**Drakes Broughton** is a village in Worcestershire, England. The village is located on the B4084 road (previously the A44) 2 miles north-west of Pershore and 7 miles south-east of Worcester. The village has two pubs; the Old Oak and the Plough and Harrow. Its school, St Barnabas, contains a Pre-School, First School and a Middle School, which then feeds into Pershore High School in nearby Pershore. Drakes Broughton has a recreation ground, on which the village's football teams play. The recreation ground is situated next to the village's church, St Barnabas School, and the village hall. Drakes Broughton has other amenities including a general store, hairdressers, and a fish and chip shop.

The village gave its name to an early composition by Elgar, written in about 1878, a hymn tune with words by Francis Stanfield (1835–1914).

## InfoBox

| Drakes Broughton | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Drakes BroughtonLocation within Worcestershire | |
| Population | 2,746 |
| OS grid reference | SO9248 |
| London | 111 miles |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Pershore |
| Postcode district | WR10 |
| Dialling code | 01905 |
|


title: Alex Russell (footballer, born 1973)

abstract: Alexander John Russell is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. His father, Alex Russell played professionally for Southport, Blackburn Rovers, Tranmere Rovers and Los Angeles Aztecs. In January 2008 Russell joined League One side Cheltenham Town on a one-month loan. On 31 January, Russell's loan was extended to the end of the season. He signed permanently for Cheltenham Town on 17 June 2008 after he was released by Bristol City. Joined League Two side Exeter City on loan in February 2009 until the end of the season with a view to a permanent deal. He signed a permanent one-year deal with Exeter City in July 2009. On 14 May 2010, it was announced that he had been released by Exeter, along with eight other players. On 4 January 2011, it was announced that a move to League One Yeovil Town had been finalised. He was informed by the club at the end of the 2010/11 season that he was one of seven players who would be re-signed, Russell later rejected this offer and returned to Bath City. But he left when Bath was relegated at the end of the 2011–12 season from the Conference National, Russell signed with Southern League South & West Division side Clevedon Town in the summer of 2012. On 10 March 2013, he announced on Twitter, "Officially retiring from playing! 24 yr career,not a bad effort! #greattimes". After spells coaching at Bristol City, Tranmere Rovers, Oldham Athletic and Southport, Russell came out of retirement and played for Shepton Mallet and Bristol Manor Farm before emigrating to Australia and started coaching at Jamie Gosling's football academy in Cairns while also turning out for Stratford Dolphins at the age of 46. In 2020, he moved to another FNQ Football league side Leichhardt Lions in a dual player/assistant coach role, and won the FNQ Football Men's Premier Player of the Year award in 2021 – aged 48.

text:
# Alex Russell (footballer, born 1973)

**Alexander John Russell** (born 17 March 1973) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. His father, Alex Russell played professionally for Southport, Blackburn Rovers, Tranmere Rovers and Los Angeles Aztecs.

In January 2008 Russell joined League One side Cheltenham Town on a one-month loan. On 31 January, Russell's loan was extended to the end of the season. He signed permanently for Cheltenham Town on 17 June 2008 after he was released by Bristol City. Joined League Two side Exeter City on loan in February 2009 until the end of the season with a view to a permanent deal.

He signed a permanent one-year deal with Exeter City in July 2009. On 14 May 2010, it was announced that he had been released by Exeter, along with eight other players.

On 4 January 2011, it was announced that a move to League One Yeovil Town had been finalised. He was informed by the club at the end of the 2010/11 season that he was one of seven players who would be re-signed, Russell later rejected this offer and returned to Bath City. But he left when Bath was relegated at the end of the 2011–12 season from the Conference National, Russell signed with Southern League South & West Division side Clevedon Town in the summer of 2012.

On 10 March 2013, he announced on Twitter, "Officially retiring from playing! 24 yr career,not a bad effort! #greattimes".

After spells coaching at Bristol City, Tranmere Rovers, Oldham Athletic and Southport, Russell came out of retirement and played for Shepton Mallet and Bristol Manor Farm before emigrating to Australia and started coaching at Jamie Gosling's football academy in Cairns while also turning out for Stratford Dolphins at the age of 46. In 2020, he moved to another FNQ Football league side Leichhardt Lions in a dual player/assistant coach role, and won the FNQ Football Men's Premier Player of the Year award in 2021 – aged 48.

## Honours

**Individual**

## InfoBox

Alex Russell
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1973-03-17) 17 March 1973 | | |
| Place of birth | Crosby, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Leichhardt Lions FC | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1994 | Burscough |  |  |
| 1994–1998 | Rochdale | 101 | (14) |
| 1995 | Glenavon (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 1998–2001 | Cambridge United | 81 | (8) |
| 2001–2005 | Torquay United | 153 | (20) |
| 2005–2008 | Bristol City | 56 | (6) |
| 2007–2008 | Northampton Town (loan) | 13 | (1) |
| 2008 | Cheltenham Town (loan) | 13 | (2) |
| 2008–2009 | Cheltenham Town | 23 | (0) |
| 2009 | Exeter City (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Exeter City | 29 | (1) |
| 2010–2011 | Bath City | 12 | (2) |
| 2011 | Yeovil Town | 14 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Bath City | 31 | (1) |
| 2012–2013 | Clevedon Town |  |  |
| Total |  | **537** | **(55)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Alexis Dos Santos

abstract: Alexis Dos Santos is an Argentine film director and producer, screenwriter and editor. He has also shot a number of short and directed music videos. He is considered part of the New Queer Cinema movement. Dos Santos studied in Buenos Aires and Barcelona before relocating to London in 1998, where he attended the National Film and Television School. He started filming short films like Meteoritos, Watching Planes, Axolotll, Snapshots and Sand. In 2006, he wrote and directed his debut long feature Glue about young musicians in drug use and sexual exploration. It won a number of prizes including the MovieZone Award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR) in 2007 In 2009, he directed Unmade Beds that was featured at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and at Febiofest 2010. The film was partially funded by the UK Film Council and was nominated for Grand Jury Prize - World Cinema / Dramatic in Sundance Festival. For the Cinema Reloaded project, in 2011 he directed the short film Random Strangers.

text:
# Alexis Dos Santos

**Alexis Dos Santos** (born 1974) is an Argentine film director and producer, screenwriter and editor. He has also shot a number of short and directed music videos. He is considered part of the New Queer Cinema movement.

Dos Santos studied in Buenos Aires and Barcelona before relocating to London in 1998, where he attended the National Film and Television School. He started filming short films like *Meteoritos*, *Watching Planes*, *Axolotll*, *Snapshots* and *Sand*.

In 2006, he wrote and directed his debut long feature *Glue* (full title *Glue - Historia adolescente en medio de la nada*) about young musicians in drug use and sexual exploration. It won a number of prizes including the MovieZone Award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR) in 2007 In 2009, he directed *Unmade Beds* that was featured at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and at Febiofest 2010. The film was partially funded by the UK Film Council and was nominated for Grand Jury Prize - World Cinema / Dramatic in Sundance Festival. For the Cinema Reloaded project, in 2011 he directed the short film *Random Strangers*.

## Filmography

### Directing and screenwriting

Feature films Shorts * 1997: *Meteoritos*
* 2001: *Sand*
* 2002: *Axolotl*
* 2011: *Random Strangers*

### Editing

### Producing

* 1997: *Meteoritos*
* 2006: *Glue*
* 2013: *Night*

### Acting

* 1997: *Meteoritos*
* 2009: *Unmade Beds* as Alejo

### Music videos

(Selective)

## Awards and nominations

*Glue* * 2006: Won MovieZone Award at the Rotterdam International Film Festival (IFFR)
* 2006: Won Best Local Film at Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema
* 2006: Won Young Audience Award at Nantes Three Continents Festival
* 2006: Nominated for Golden Montgolfiere at the Nantes Three Continents Festival
* 2007: Won Best First Feature - World Cinema at the San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival

*Unmade Beds* * 2009: Nominated for Grand Jury Prize — World Cinema / Dramatic during Sundance Film Festival
* 2009: Won Crystal Arrow at Les Arcs Film Festival
* 2009: Won Quebec Film Critics Award / Special Mention at Montréal Festival of New Cinema

## InfoBox

| Alexis Dos Santos | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1974 (age 4950) |
| Nationality | Argentine |
| Occupation(s) | Film director and producer, screenwriter and editor |
| Known for | Part of the New Queer Cinema movement |
| Notable work | Glue |


title: El-Mannan Mohsin Atta

abstract: El-Mannan Mohsin Atta is a Sudanese footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

text:
# El-Mannan Mohsin Atta

**El-Mannan Mohsin Atta** (born 1948) is a Sudanese footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

El-Mannan Mohsin Atta
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 1948 (age 7576) | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Sudan |  |  |


title: Don Rosler

abstract: Don Rosler is an American lyricist, songwriter and record producer. Rosler collaborated with ten-time Grammy Award winner Bobby McFerrin and award-winning co-producers Linda Goldstein and Roger Treece on VOCAbuLarieS, which garnered three 2010 Grammy nominations. McFerrin's experimentation for new and innovative voice improvisations led his composer and producer to Rosler, who translated McFerrin's wordless vocal articulations into rhythmic lyrics using a collage of languages, including McFerrin's own invented one. Rosler was the recipient of a SESAC 2010 Jazz Award in recognition of his outstanding contribution; the most compelling masterpiece, as Jazz Times notes, is "Messages," "a cornucopia of languages constructed by lyricist Don Rosler that rises like a melodious Tower of Babel, exalting the incomparable beauty of universal harmony." Of the many compositions Rosler lyrically wrote for VOCAbuLarieS, "Brief Eternity" and "Messages" were originally commissioned by Grant Gershon, Artistic Director of the Los Angeles Master Chorale. These compositions had their world premiere at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in 2003. Rosler and Treece also teamed up to write a vocal rendition of Pat Metheny/Lyle May's "September 15th" for the Swimming to London album by The King's Singers and a composition called "When Love Wins the Day" for the Chicago Children's Choir. Rosler is also the co-writer and co-producer of John Margolis' debut album John Margolis: Christine's Refrigerator, the first of many creative collaborations between these two artists. The title track was awarded Song of the Year by Just Plain Folks Music Organization and was featured on the Kitchen Sisters' "Kitchen Stories" report and on their audio-book, "Hidden Kitchens." In 2013 Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, Jim Dwyer wrote about "Christine's Refrigerator" in The New York Times for his "About New York" column after singer-songwriter Christine Lavin created a video for the song with the help of fans and enthusiasts of the song. Another track from the John Margolis: Christine's Refrigerator record "Tanta Belleza" was prominently featured in the HBO/Cinemax film The Kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt. Most recently, Don Rosler is the writer and producer of the acclaimed concept album Rosler's Recording Booth, featuring Spottiswoode, Tam Lin, Terry Radigan, Jeremy Sisto, John Margolis, Jon Albrink, Isabel Keating, Tamara Hey, Kathena Bryant and Rosler. Rosler's Recording Booth was nominated by the Independent Music Awards for "Best Concept Album" in 2011 and one of the songs "Doris From Rego Park" was featured in The New York Times. Many other tunes from this record received considerable airplay across the U.S.

text:
# Don Rosler

**Don Rosler** is an American lyricist, songwriter and record producer.

Rosler collaborated with ten-time Grammy Award winner Bobby McFerrin and award-winning co-producers Linda Goldstein and Roger Treece on *VOCAbuLarieS*, which garnered three 2010 Grammy nominations. McFerrin's experimentation for new and innovative voice improvisations led his composer and producer to Rosler, who translated McFerrin's wordless vocal articulations into rhythmic lyrics using a collage of languages, including McFerrin's own invented one. Rosler was the recipient of a SESAC 2010 Jazz Award in recognition of his outstanding contribution; the most compelling masterpiece, as Jazz Times notes, is "Messages," "a cornucopia of languages constructed by lyricist Don Rosler that rises like a melodious Tower of Babel, exalting the incomparable beauty of universal harmony."

Of the many compositions Rosler lyrically wrote for *VOCAbuLarieS* , "Brief Eternity" and "Messages" were originally commissioned by Grant Gershon, Artistic Director of the Los Angeles Master Chorale. These compositions had their world premiere at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in 2003. Rosler and Treece also teamed up to write a vocal rendition of Pat Metheny/Lyle May's "September 15th" for the *Swimming to London* album by The King's Singers and a composition called "When Love Wins the Day" for the Chicago Children's Choir.

Rosler is also the co-writer and co-producer of John Margolis' debut album *John Margolis: Christine's Refrigerator*, the first of many creative collaborations between these two artists. The title track was awarded *Song of the Year* by Just Plain Folks Music Organization and was featured on the Kitchen Sisters' "Kitchen Stories" report (NPR's "Morning Edition") and on their audio-book, "Hidden Kitchens." In 2013 Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, Jim Dwyer wrote about "Christine's Refrigerator" in *The New York Times* for his "About New York" column after singer-songwriter Christine Lavin created a video for the song with the help of fans and enthusiasts of the song. Another track from the *John Margolis: Christine's Refrigerator* record "Tanta Belleza (So Much Beauty)" was prominently featured in the HBO/Cinemax film *The Kidnapping of Ingrid Betancourt*.

Most recently, Don Rosler is the writer and producer of the acclaimed concept album *Rosler's Recording Booth* (original songs inspired by Wilcox-Gay Recordio and Voice-o-Graph booth records), featuring Spottiswoode, Tam Lin, Terry Radigan, Jeremy Sisto, John Margolis, Jon Albrink, Isabel Keating, Tamara Hey, Kathena Bryant (from The Hippy Nuts) and Rosler. *Rosler's Recording Booth* was nominated by the Independent Music Awards for "Best Concept Album" in 2011 and one of the songs "Doris From Rego Park" was featured in *The New York Times* . Many other tunes from this record received considerable airplay across the U.S.


title: 'Ushsh el-Ghurab

abstract: 'Ushsh el-Ghurab is a hill located just north of Jericho in the West Bank. Its peak is −87.7 meters (−288 ft) relative to sea level, although it still rises appreciably above the still lower Plain of Jericho around it. Separated from the Mount of Temptation by the Wadi ed-Duyuk and the village and refugee camp of 'Ein ed-Duyuk el-Foqa, it was formerly identified as the location of part of Jesus's Temptation by the Devil.

text:
# 'Ushsh el-Ghurab

**'Ushsh el-Ghurab** is a hill located just north of Jericho in the West Bank. Its peak is −87.7 meters (−288 ft) relative to sea level, although it still rises appreciably above the still lower Plain of Jericho around it. Separated from the Mount of Temptation by the Wadi ed-Duyuk and the village and refugee camp of 'Ein ed-Duyuk el-Foqa, it was formerly identified as the location of part of Jesus's Temptation by the Devil.

## Name

*Jebel ʿUshsh el-Ghurāb* (جبل الغراب) is Palestinian Arabic for "Mountain of the Nest of the Raven" or, idiomatically, "of the Mushroom". It has also been variously transcribed as *'Ush Ghurab*, *Ush el Ghurab*, *'Osh el Ghūrâb*, and *Jabal ʿUshsh al Ghurāb*.

## Legend

As late as the 19th century, the nearby waditoday the Wadi 'Ushsh el-Ghurab (وَادِي الغراب)was known as the "Wadi of the Ascent of Jesus" (*Wadi Mesāʾadet ʾAīsa*). This preserved the local Arab legend that it was the summit of 'Ushsh el-Ghurab, rather than the nearby Mount of Temptation, where Jesus had been taken by the Devil to be offered dominion over all the kingdoms of the world.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* *Jordan: Official Standard Names*, vol. 212435, Washington: United States Board on Geographic Names, June 1971.
* *Gazetteer of the West Bank and Gaza Strip*, Washington: United States Board on Geographic Names, December 1992.
* Abu Sitta, Salman H. (2006), *The Return Journey: A Guide to the Depopulated and Present Palestinian Towns and Villages and Holy Sites...*, London: Palestine Land Society.
* Conder, Claude Reignier; et al. (1883), *Sheets XVII.–XXVI. Judea*, The Survey of Western Palestine, London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
* Sandrezky, Charles (July 1872), "List of Names East of Jordan", *Palestine Exploration Quarterly*, **4** (3), London: Palestine Exploration Fund: 123–150, doi:10.1179/peq.1872.017.
* Sato, Tsugitaka (February 2004), "Visits to the Tomb of the Saint Ibrahim", *Acta Asiatica*, vol. 86, Tokyo: Toho Gakkai.
* Saunders, Trelawney (1881), *An Introduction to the Survey of Western Palestine: Its Waterways, Plains, & Highlands*, London: Richard Bentley & Son.

## InfoBox

| ʿUshsh el-Ghurāb | |
| --- | --- |
| 'Ushsh el-Ghurab in the 1941 Survey of Palestine | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | −87.7 m (−288 ft) |
| Prominence | c. 250 m (820 ft) |
| Coordinates | 31°53′40″N 35°27′24″E / 31.89444°N 35.45667°E / 31.89444; 35.45667 |
| Naming | |
| Native name | جبل الغراب |
| English translation | "Mount Raven's Nest" |
| Geography | |
| Location | Israeli-Occupied West Bank |
| Country | Palestine |
| Governorate | Jericho |
| Municipality | Jericho |


title: Alonzo T. Jones

abstract: Alonzo Trévier Jones was a Seventh-day Adventist known for his impact on the theology of the church, along with friend and associate Ellet J. Waggoner. He was a key participant in the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Session regarded as a landmark event in the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

text:
# Alonzo T. Jones

**Alonzo Trévier Jones** (1850 – May 12, 1923) was a Seventh-day Adventist known for his impact on the theology of the church, along with friend and associate Ellet J. Waggoner. He was a key participant in the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Session regarded as a landmark event in the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

## Biography

Jones was born in Rock Hill in Lawrence County, Ohio, in 1850. When he was 20 years old, he joined the United States Army, serving until 1873, and participating in the Modoc War in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon. While serving in the armed forces, Jones spent his spare time poring over historical works, primarily of ancient history. Applying the knowledge thus gained to the prophecies of the Bible, Jones later wrote four large volumes dealing with the subject of Bible prophecy (*The Two Republics*, 1891; and *The Great Empires of Prophecy*, 1898; *Ecclesiastical Empire*, 1901; *The Empires of the Bible*, 1897).

Upon discharge from the army, Jones became a baptized member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1874 and began preaching in California; he was eventually ordained as a minister in 1878. His proclivity for writing led him to connect with the editor of *Signs of the Times* magazine, an evangelistic periodical published by the church. In May 1885, he became assistant editor of that publication. A few months later, he and Dr. E. J. Waggoner became co-editors; Jones held this position until 1889.

In addition to this position, together with E.J. Waggoner, in 1887 Jones also became editor of the *American Sentinel*, the official organ of the religious liberty department of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (later known as the *Sentinel of Liberty*, and finally simply *Liberty* magazine). Jones served as editor of this publication until 1896. In 1897, Jones was voted into the General Conference Committee, serving until 1899. Also in 1897, he was appointed editor of the church's flagship publication, *Review and Herald* magazine (now the *Adventist Review*), where he served until 1901 with Uriah Smith as his associate editor.

Jones's most significant contributions were his sermons on Christ and His righteousness presented at the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference session, as well as General Conference sessions in 1893 and 1895. He is also known for later writings on that subject, and his work in preserving the liberty of conscience guaranteed under the First Amendment.

In 1889, A.T. Jones spoke before a United States Congressional subcommittee; the topic of discussion was the “Breckinridge Bill” which proposed the compulsion of Sunday observance in the Washington, D.C., environs. Jones's testimony helped to defeat this bill, and Jones became known for his abilities in defense of and knowledge regarding freedom of religion. In 1892, he was again called to speak before the U.S. Congress regarding the Sunday closure of the Chicago World's Fair, known as "World's Columbian Exposition".

From 1901 to 1903, Jones served as president of the California Conference of the church. Leaving this position, he accepted an invitation to work with Dr. John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium at Battle Creek, Michigan, which was under Kellogg's directorship. Because Kellogg was at that time in conflict with the leadership of the church, Jones was counseled by Ellen White and church leaders not to pursue this course. Coupled with tensions arising from theological opposition that had dogged him since the 1888 General Conference session, Jones's association with Kellogg soon soured his allegiance to the Church and ceased his denominational employment and fellowship.

Though separated from fellowship, A.T. Jones remained loyal to the doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist Church until his death of a stroke on May 12, 1923, in Battle Creek at age 73.

## 1888 General Conference Meeting

The historic debate over righteousness by faith at the SDA General Conference session in Minneapolis, Minnesota, autumn, 1888, resulted from a series of studies presented by A. T. Jones and E. J. Waggoner. Jones along with Waggoner presented a message of Righteousness by Faith. Their message presented Christ in all His glory as the Saviour of all mankind, it brought balance between Justification and Sanctification. When properly understood through a heart appreciation of what it cost the Godhead to redeem fallen man from sin, this truth results in a heart surrender to the will of God, producing faithful obedience to all the commandments of God.

Focusing upon the merits of Christ as the sole basis for Justification, they warned fellow workers against what they considered a legalistic trend the church was tending to drift into. Seeing in this emphasis a threat to the law and other distinctive doctrines, key denominational leaders strenuously opposed the men and their message.

From the onset of the 1888 Minneapolis Conference, Ellen White perceived that a battle over truth was erupting within the denomination.

Ellen White was convinced that God had "raised up" for this moment these two young ministers, E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones, to give a message to the delegates at the conference."I believe without a doubt that God has given precious truth at the right time to Brother Jones and Brother Waggoner. Do I place them as infallible? Do I say that they will not make a statement or have an idea that cannot be questioned or that cannot be error? Do I say so? No, I do not say any such thing. Nor do I say that of any man in the world. But I do say God has sent light, and do be careful how you treat it."

Adventist taught that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ, but the emphasis had tended to be more on works then on sanctification. Placing righteousness by faith squarely on the foundation of Christ and His righteousness, and Christ's work as our High Priest during the antitypical Day of Atonement brought a fresh perspective to the doctrine as it had previously been preached from Adventist pulpits.

Ellen White saw the importance of the 1888 message Jones and Waggoner brought and why it was needed for the members can be seen in her comments on the message of righteousness by faith.

> Many had lost sight of Jesus. They needed to have their eyes directed to His divine person, His merits, and His changeless love for the human family. All power is given into His hands, that He may dispense rich gifts unto men, imparting the priceless gift of His own righteousness to the helpless human agent.
>
> *Testimonies to Ministers*, 92

The uplifted Saviour is to appear in His efficacious work as the Lamb slain, sitting upon the throne, to dispense the priceless covenant blessings, the benefits He died to purchase for every soul who should believe on Him. John could not express that love in words; it was too deep, too broad; he calls upon the human family to behold it. Christ is pleading for the church in the heavenly courts above, pleading for those for whom He paid the redemption price of His own lifeblood. Centuries, ages, can never diminish the efficacy of this atoning sacrifice. The message of the gospel of His grace was to be given to the church in clear and distinct lines, that the world should no longer say that Seventh-day Adventists talk the law, the law, but do not teach or believe Christ." Ibid.

Ellen White promoted the message of righteousness by faith presented by E. J. Waggoner and A. T. Jones, leading to a more Christ-centered theology for the church. When church leaders resisted her counsel on this and various other matters, she was sent to Australia as a missionary.

However, the intense discussions on righteous by faith continued to the close of the century, during which time White gave strong support to the Minneapolis message by voice and pen.

## Sinless Perfection

In addition to the message of righteousness by faith, A. T. Jones held that Christ was made "in all things" like unto us and was also our example and there must be a moral and spiritual perfection of the believers before the end time. In *The Consecrated Way to Christian Perfection*, he wrote:

> Sanctification is the true keeping of all the commandments of God. In other words, this is to say that the will of God concerning man is that His will shall be perfectly fulfilled in man. His will is expressed in His law of ten commandments, which is "the whole duty of man." This law is perfect, and perfection of character is the perfect expression of this law in the life of the worshiper of God. By this law is the knowledge of sin. And all have sinned and have come short of the glory of God—have come short of this perfection of character....In His coming in the flesh—having been made in all things like unto us and having been tempted in all points like as we are—He has identified Himself with every human soul just where that soul is. And from the place where every human soul is, He has consecrated for that soul a new and living way through all the vicissitudes and experiences of a whole lifetime, and even through death and the tomb, into the holiest of all at the right hand of God for evermore....Perfection, perfection of character, is the Christian goal—perfection attained in human flesh in this world. Christ attained it in human flesh in this world and thus made and consecrated a way by which, in Him, every believer can attain it. He, having attained it, has become our great High Priest, by His priestly ministry in the true sanctuary to enable us to attain.
>
> *The Consecrated Way to Christian Perfection*, A. T. Jones. Chapter 12, 43, 45

## Further reading

* *National Sunday Law, The* Argument of Alonzo T. Jones before the United States Senate Committee on Education and Labor Dec. 13, 1888.

* R.W. Schwartz. *Light Bearers to the Remnant* (Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press, 1979).
* Robert J. Wieland. *1888 Re-Examined* (Uniontown, Ohio: Glad Tidings Publishers, 1987).
* George R. Knight. *From 1888 to Apostasy* (Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald, 1987).
* \____________. *Seventh-day Adventist Commentary Reference*, vol. 10 (Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald, 1996).

## InfoBox

| Alonzo T. Jones | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1850
Rock Hill, Ohio |
| Died | May 12, 1923(1923-05-12) (aged 72–73)
Battle Creek |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Editor of the Adventist Review |


title: 1986–87 Cupa României

abstract: The 1986–87 Cupa României was the 49th edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition. The title was won by Steaua București against Dinamo București.

text:
# 1986–87 Cupa României

The **1986–87 Cupa României** was the 49th edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition.

The title was won by Steaua București against Dinamo București.

## Format

The competition is an annual knockout tournament.

First round proper matches are played on the ground of the lowest ranked team, then from the second round proper the matches are played on a neutral location.

If a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, if the scored is still tight after 120 minutes, then the winner will be established at penalty kicks.

From the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.

## First round proper

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **10 December 1986** | | |
| Automatica Alexandria (Div. C) | 2–2 (a.e.t.)(1-4 ) | (Div. A) **Gloria Buzău** |
| FEPA '74 Bârlad (Div. B) | 0–2 | (Div. A) **Victoria București** |
| Metalul Bocşa (Div. B) | 0–1 (a.e.t.) | (Div. A) **Argeş Piteşti** |
| **ICIM Braşov** (Div. B) | 3–0 | (Div. A) Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea |
| Progresul Vulcan București (Div. B) | 1–2 | (Div. A) **Petrolul Ploiești** |
| IS Câmpia Turzii (Div. C) | 0–1 | (Div. A) **Rapid București** |
| **FC Constanța** (Div. B) | 2–0 | (Div. A) Universitatea Cluj |
| **Jiul Petroşani** (Div. A) | 4–1 | (Div. A) Corvinul Hunedoara |
| CIL Sighetu Marmației (Div. B) | 0–2 | (Div. A) **Oțelul Galați** |
| Victoria Tecuci (Div. C) | 1–3 | (Div. A) **SC Bacău** |
| CS Târgovişte (Div. B) | 0–1 | (Div. A) **Sportul Studenţesc București** |
| Flacăra Moreni (Div. A) | 1–2 | (Div. A) **FCM Brașov** |
| Minerul Paroşeni (Div. B) | 1–1 (a.e.t.)(4-5 ) | (Div. A) **Universitatea Craiova** |
| **28 February 1987** | | |
| **Explorări Câmpulung Moldov.** (Div. C) | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | (Div. A) Olt Scornicești |
| **1 March 1987** | | |
| Gloria Bistrița (Div. B) | 3–5 | (Div. A) **Steaua București** |
| **6 May 1987** | | |
| Metalurgistul Cugir (Div. C) | 1–4 | (Div. A) **Dinamo București** |

## Second round proper

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **27 May 1987** | | |
| **Steaua București** | 2–0 | ICIM Braşov |
| **Victoria București** | 2–2 (a.e.t.)(3-2 ) | Sportul Studenţesc București |
| **Dinamo București** | 4–0 | Explorări Câmpulung Moldovenesc |
| **Universitatea Craiova** | 5–3 (a.e.t.) | FC Constanța |
| **Oțelul Galați** | 2–0 | Petrolul Ploiești |
| **Rapid București** | 1–0 | Jiul Petroşani |
| **Argeş Piteşti** | 4–2 (a.e.t.) | Gloria Buzău |
| **FCM Brașov** | 2–0 | SC Bacău |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **16 June 1987** | | |
| **Steaua București** | 1–0 | Rapid București |
| **Dinamo București** | 2–1 | Oțelul Galați |
| **FCM Brașov** | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Argeş Piteşti |
| **Victoria București** | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Universitatea Craiova |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **23 June 1987** | | |
| **Dinamo București** | 4–2 | Victoria București |
| **Steaua București** | 4–0 | FCM Brașov |

## Final

| Steaua București | 1–0 | Dinamo București |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bölöni  25' | Report |  |

23 August, BucharestAttendance: 60,000Referee: Radu Petrescu (Brașov)

## InfoBox

1986–87 Cupa României
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Romania |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Steaua București |
| Runner-up | Dinamo București |
|  | |


title: (−2,3,7) pretzel knot

abstract: In geometric topology, a branch of mathematics, the (−2, 3, 7) pretzel knot, sometimes called the Fintushel–Stern knot, is an important example of a pretzel knot which exhibits various interesting phenomena under three-dimensional and four-dimensional surgery constructions.

text:
# (−2,3,7) pretzel knot

In geometric topology, a branch of mathematics, the **(2, 3, 7) pretzel knot**, sometimes called the **Fintushel–Stern knot** (after Ron Fintushel and Ronald J. Stern), is an important example of a pretzel knot which exhibits various interesting phenomena under three-dimensional and four-dimensional surgery constructions.

## Mathematical properties

The (2, 3, 7) pretzel knot has 7 *exceptional* slopes, Dehn surgery slopes which give non-hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Among the enumerated knots, the only other hyperbolic knot with 7 or more is the figure-eight knot, which has 10. All other hyperbolic knots are conjectured to have at most 6 exceptional slopes.

## Further reading

* Kirby, R., (1978). "Problems in low dimensional topology", *Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Math.*, volume 32, 272-312. (see problem 1.77, due to Gordon, for exceptional slopes)

## InfoBox

| (−2,3,7) pretzel knot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Arf invariant | 0 |
| Crosscap no. | 2 |
| Crossing no. | 12 |
| Hyperbolic volume | 2.828122 |
| Unknotting no. | 5 |
| Conway notation | \[−2,3,7\] |
| Dowker notation | 4, 8, -16, 2, -18, -20, -22, -24, -6, -10, -12, -14 |
| D–T notation | 12n242 |
| Last / Next | 12n241<sub> </sub> / 12n243<sub> </sub> |
| Other | |
| hyperbolic, fibered, pretzel, reversible | |


title: Andreas Paulson

abstract: Andreas Paulson was a Norwegian bank accountant, and also a literary and theatre critic. He was born in Bergen as the son of politician Olav Paulssøn (1822–1896) and Anna Kristine Christofa Hagerup (1824–1917). His family had moved from Jølster the year before he was born, and Paulson spent most of his life in Bergen. He married Amalia Marie Geist in October 1888. He was a younger brother of Ragnvald Paulson. Paulson did not finish his secondary education, but he spent formative years in the Bohemian movement and later the labour movement. In 1895 he was hired as a literary and theatre critic in the socialist newspaper Arbeidet. From 1898 he was also a music critic. He worked here until 1929, and then in Bergens Arbeiderblad from 1929 to 1941 with a second period after World War II. He also wrote humorous texts, both in Bergens Arbeiderblad and Hvepsen. The newspaper Arbeidet both belonged to the Labour Party and the Communist Party while Paulson worked in the newspaper, but as he was not involved in party politics, he was not affected by the schism between the two parties. His roots was in the labour movement as such, and he was widely known for his book Hvad skal Arbeiderne læse? (1914), where he sought to propagate the interest of literature in the working class. He believed in the concept of class struggle as a driving force in history, but also in the refinement and actions of individuals; being described by professor Harald Beyer as "an independent individualist". Nonetheless, he was also involved in more bourgeois endeavors, being a consultant for the theatre Den Nationale Scene from 1928 to 1933. He also contributed to the biographical dictionary Norsk biografisk leksikon, and supported Riksmål as a written form of the Norwegian language. Parallel to his writing career, he worked for the Bank of Norway, being an accountant in its Bergen branch from 1901 until his retirement in 1929. He was honored with a Festschrift on his ninetieth birthday. He died in March 1953 in Bergen. He was a grandfather of Finn Ludt and Bjørn Paulson.

text:
# Andreas Paulson

**Andreas Paulson** (16 February 1861 – 1 March 1953) was a Norwegian bank accountant, and also a literary and theatre critic.

He was born in Bergen as the son of politician Olav Paulssøn (1822–1896) and Anna Kristine Christofa Hagerup (1824–1917). His family had moved from Jølster the year before he was born, and Paulson spent most of his life in Bergen. He married Amalia Marie Geist in October 1888. He was a younger brother of Ragnvald Paulson.

Paulson did not finish his secondary education, but he spent formative years in the Bohemian movement and later the labour movement. In 1895 he was hired as a literary and theatre critic in the socialist newspaper *Arbeidet*. From 1898 he was also a music critic. He worked here until 1929, and then in *Bergens Arbeiderblad* from 1929 to 1941 with a second period after World War II. He also wrote humorous texts, both in *Bergens Arbeiderblad* and *Hvepsen*. The newspaper *Arbeidet* both belonged to the Labour Party (from 1905) and the Communist Party (from 1923) while Paulson worked in the newspaper, but as he was not involved in party politics, he was not affected by the schism between the two parties. His roots was in the labour movement as such, and he was widely known for his book *Hvad skal Arbeiderne læse?* (1914), where he sought to propagate the interest of literature in the working class. He believed in the concept of class struggle as a driving force in history, but also in the refinement and actions of individuals; being described by professor Harald Beyer as "an independent individualist".

Nonetheless, he was also involved in more bourgeois endeavors, being a consultant for the theatre Den Nationale Scene from 1928 to 1933. He also contributed to the biographical dictionary *Norsk biografisk leksikon*, and supported Riksmål as a written form of the Norwegian language. Parallel to his writing career, he worked for the Bank of Norway, being an accountant in its Bergen branch from 1901 until his retirement in 1929. He was honored with a Festschrift on his ninetieth birthday. He died in March 1953 in Bergen. He was a grandfather of Finn Ludt and Bjørn Paulson.


title: Electronic toll collection

abstract: Electronic toll collection (ETC) is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads, HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels. It is a faster alternative which is replacing toll booths, where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card. In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an automated radio transponder device. When the vehicle passes a roadside toll reader device, a radio signal from the reader triggers the transponder, which transmits back an identifying number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an electronic payment system charges the user the toll. A major advantage is the driver does not have to stop, reducing traffic delays. Electronic tolling is cheaper than a staffed toll booth, reducing transaction costs for government or private road owners. The ease of varying the amount of the toll makes it easy to implement road congestion pricing, including for high-occupancy lanes, toll lanes that bypass congestion, and city-wide congestion charges. The payment system usually requires users to sign up in advance and load money into a declining-balance account, which is debited each time they pass a toll point. Electronic toll lanes may operate alongside conventional toll booths so that drivers who do not have transponders can pay at the booth. Open road tolling is an increasingly popular alternative which eliminates toll booths altogether; electronic readers mounted beside or over the road read the transponders as vehicles pass at highway speeds, eliminating traffic bottlenecks created by vehicles slowing down to go through a toll booth lane. Vehicles without transponders are either excluded or pay by plate – a license plate reader takes a picture of the license plate to identify the vehicle, and a bill may be mailed to the address where the car's license plate number is registered, or drivers may have a certain amount of time to pay online or by phone. Singapore was the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing, in 1974. Since 2005, nationwide GNSS road pricing systems have been deployed in several European countries. With satellite-based tolling solutions, it is not necessary to install electronic readers beside or above the road in order to read transponders since all vehicles are equipped with On Board Units having Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in order to determine the distance traveled on the tolled road network - without the use of any roadside infrastructure. US Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area in 1959. In the 1960s and the 1970s, the first prototype systems were tested. Norway has been a world pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology, beginning in 1986. Italy was the first country to deploy a full electronic toll collection system in motorways at national scale in 1989.

text:
# Electronic toll collection

**Electronic toll collection** (**ETC**) is a wireless system to automatically collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads, HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels. It is a faster alternative which is replacing toll booths, where vehicles must stop and the driver manually pays the toll with cash or a card. In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an automated radio transponder device. When the vehicle passes a roadside toll reader device, a radio signal from the reader triggers the transponder, which transmits back an identifying number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an electronic payment system charges the user the toll.

A major advantage is the driver does not have to stop, reducing traffic delays. Electronic tolling is cheaper than a staffed toll booth, reducing transaction costs for government or private road owners. The ease of varying the amount of the toll makes it easy to implement road congestion pricing, including for high-occupancy lanes, toll lanes that bypass congestion, and city-wide congestion charges. The payment system usually requires users to sign up in advance and load money into a declining-balance account, which is debited each time they pass a toll point.

Electronic toll lanes may operate alongside conventional toll booths so that drivers who do not have transponders can pay at the booth. Open road tolling is an increasingly popular alternative which eliminates toll booths altogether; electronic readers mounted beside or over the road read the transponders as vehicles pass at highway speeds, eliminating traffic bottlenecks created by vehicles slowing down to go through a toll booth lane. Vehicles without transponders are either excluded or **pay by plate** – a license plate reader takes a picture of the license plate to identify the vehicle, and a bill may be mailed to the address where the car's license plate number is registered, or drivers may have a certain amount of time to pay online or by phone.

Singapore was the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing, in 1974. Since 2005, nationwide GNSS road pricing systems have been deployed in several European countries. With satellite-based tolling solutions, it is not necessary to install electronic readers beside or above the road in order to read transponders since all vehicles are equipped with On Board Units having Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in order to determine the distance traveled on the tolled road network - without the use of any roadside infrastructure.

US Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area in 1959. In the 1960s and the 1970s, the first prototype systems were tested. Norway has been a world pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology, beginning in 1986. Italy was the first country to deploy a full electronic toll collection system in motorways at national scale in 1989.

## History

In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a similar system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area. He proposed that each car would be equipped with a transponder: "The transponder's personalized signal would be picked up when the car passed through an intersection, and then relayed to a central computer which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of day and add it to the car's bill." In the 1960s and the 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the undersides of the vehicles and readers, which were located under the surface of the highway. Plans were however scrapped and it never came into actual implementation. Modern toll transponders are typically mounted under the windshield, with readers located in overhead gantries.

After tests in 1974, in 1975, Singapore became the first country in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system known as the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme for purposes of congestion pricing on its more urbanized roads. It was refined in 1998 as Electronic Road Pricing (ERP).

Italy deployed a full ETC in motorways at national scale in 1989. Telepass, the brand name of the ETC belonging to Autostrade S.p.A. now Autostrade per l'Italia, was designed by Dr. Eng Pierluigi Ceseri and Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi and included a full operational real time Classification of Vehicles and Enforcement via cameras interconnected with the PRA (Public Register of Automobiles) via a network of more than 3.000 Km. optical fibers. Telepass introduced the concept of ETC Interoperability because interconnected 24 different Italian motorway operators allowing users to travel between different concession areas and paying only at the end of the journey. Dr. Eng. Mario Alvisi is considered the father of ETC in motorways because not only co-designed Telepass but was able to make it the first standardized operating ETC system in the world as European standard in 1996. He acted as a consultant for deployment of ETC in many countries including Japan, United States, Brazil. In Japan, only the ETC System was constructed in all of the controlled-access expressways in 2001. By 2019, 92% of drivers are using ETC.

ETC was first introduced in Bergen, Norway, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of completely unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating with electronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is called (see AutoPASS). In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls in the country, the Via Verde, which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations. The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states, though many U.S. toll roads maintain the option of manual collection.

> ETC 2.0 is not only capable of sending and receiving a large amount of information in both directions between the road and the vehicle, but also of providing route information. Thus, ETC 2.0 has far more advanced functions than ETC 8 (which provides only toll collection function on toll roads). The ETC 2.0 system provides a variety of advantages to road users through information provision services, such as congestion avoidance, safe driving support, etc., and route information collected by the road side devices and greatly contribute to ITS promotion.
>
> white paper on traffic safety in Japan 2018

As of March 2018, in Japan, a total of approximately 2.61 million vehicles are equipped with devices compliant with the ETC 2.0.

## Overview

In some urban settings, automated gates are in use in electronic-toll lanes, with 5 mph (8 km/h) legal limits on speed; in other settings, 20 mph (35 km/h) legal limits are not uncommon. However, in other areas such as the Garden State Parkway in New Jersey, and at various locations in California, Florida, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Texas, cars can travel through electronic lanes at full speed. Illinois' Open Road Tolling program features 274 contiguous miles of barrier-free roadways, where I-PASS or E-ZPass users continue to travel at highway speeds through toll plazas, while cash payers pull off the main roadway to pay at tollbooths. Currently over 80% of Illinois' 1.4 million daily drivers use an I-PASS.

Enforcement is accomplished by a combination of a camera which takes a picture of the car and a radio frequency keyed computer which searches for a drivers window/bumper mounted transponder to verify and collect payment. The system sends a notice and fine to cars that pass through without having an active account or paying a toll.

Factors hindering full-speed electronic collection include:

* significant non-participation, entailing lines in manual lanes and disorderly traffic patterns as the electronic- and manual- collection cars "sort themselves out" into their respective lanes;
* problems with pursuing toll evaders;
* need, in at least some current (barrier) systems, to confine vehicles in lanes, while interacting with the collection devices, and the dangers of high-speed collisions with the confinement structures;
* vehicle hazards to toll employees present in some electronic-collection areas;
* the fact that in some areas at some times, long lines form even to pass through the electronic-collection lanes;
* costs and other issues raised when retrofitting existing toll collection facilities
* unionized toll collectors can also be problematic.

Even if line lengths are the same in electronic lanes as in manual ones, electronic tolls save registered cars time: eliminating the stop at a window or toll machine, between successive cars passing the collection machine, means a fixed-length stretch of their journey past it is traveled at a higher average speed, and in a lower time. This is at least a psychological improvement, even if the length of the lines in automated lanes is sufficient to make the no-stop-to-pay savings insignificant compared to time still lost due waiting in line to pass the toll gate. Toll plazas are typically wider than the rest of the highway; reducing the need for them makes it possible to fit toll roads into tight corridors.

Despite these limitations, if delay at the toll gate is reduced, the tollbooth can serve more vehicles per hour. The greater the throughput of any toll lane, the fewer lanes required, so construction costs can be reduced. Specifically, the toll-collecting authorities have incentives to resist pressure to limit the fraction of electronic lanes in order to limit the length of manual-lane lines. In the short term, the greater the fraction of automated lanes, the lower the cost of operation (once the capital costs of automating are amortized). In the long term, the greater the relative advantage that registering and turning one's vehicle into an electronic-toll one provides, the faster cars will be converted from manual-toll use to electronic-toll use, and therefore the fewer manual-toll cars will drag down average speed and thus capacity.

In some countries, some toll agencies that use similar technology have set up (or are setting up) reciprocity arrangements, which permit one to drive a vehicle on another operator's tolled road with the tolls incurred charged to the driver's toll-payment account with their home operator. An example is the United States E-ZPass tag, which is accepted on toll roads, bridges and tunnels in fifteen states from Illinois to Maine.

In Australia, there are a number or organizations that provide tags known as e-TAG that can be used on toll roads. They include Transport for NSW's E-Toll and Transurban's Linkt. A toll is debited to the customer's account with their tag provider. Some toll road operators – including Sydney's Sydney Harbour Tunnel, Lane Cove Tunnel and Westlink M7, Melbourne's CityLink and Eastlink, and Brisbane's Gateway Motorway – encourage use of such tags, and apply an additional vehicle matching fee to vehicles without a tag.

A similar device in France, called Liber-T for light vehicles and TIS-PL for HGVs, is accepted on all toll roads in the country.

In Brazil, the Sem Parar/Via-Fácil system allows customers to pass through tolls in more than 1,000 lanes in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Sem Parar/Via-Fácil also allows users to enter and exit more than 100 parking lots. There are also other systems, such as via expressa, onda livre and auto expresso, that are present in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana and Minas Gerais.

Since 2016, National Highway Authority of Pakistan implemented electronic toll collection on its motorway network using a RFID-based tag called the "M-TAG". The tag is attached to the windscreen of vehicles and is automatically scanned at toll plazas on entry and exit, meanwhile debiting the calculated toll tax from a prepaid M-TAG account.

The European Union issued the EFC-directive, which attempts to standardize European toll collection systems. Systems deployed after January 1, 2007 must support at least one of the following technologies: satellite positioning, mobile communications using the GSM-GPRS standard or 5.8 GHz microwave technology. Furthermore, the European Commission issued the Regulation on the European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) which must be implemented by all Member States from 19 October 2021. All toll roads in Ireland must support the eToll tag standard.

From 2015, the Norwegian government requires commercial trucks above 3.5 tons on its roads to have a transponder and a valid road toll subscription. Before this regulation, two-thirds of foreign trucks failed to pay road tolls.

## Use in urban areas and for congestion pricing

The most revolutionary application of ETC is in the urban context of congested cities, allowing to charge tolls without vehicles having to slow down. This application made feasible to concession to the private sector the construction and operation of urban freeways, as well as the introduction or improvement of congestion pricing, as a policy to restrict auto travel in downtown areas.

Between 2004 and 2005, Santiago, Chile, implemented the world's first 100% full speed electronic tolling with transponders crossing through the city's core (CBD) in a system of several concessioned urban freeways (Autopista Central and Autopista ). The United Arab Emirates implemented in 2007 a similar road toll collection in Dubai, called Salik. Similar schemes were previously implemented but only on bypass or outer ring urban freeways in several cities around the world: Toronto in 1997 (Highway 407), several roads in Norway (AutoPASS), Melbourne in 2000 (CityLink), and Tel Aviv also in 2000 (Highway 6).

Congestion pricing or urban toll schemes were implemented to enter the downtown area using ETC technology and/or cameras and video recognition technology to get the plate numbers in several cities around the world: urban tolling in Norway's three major cities:

Singapore in 1974 introduced the world's first successful congestion pricing scheme implemented with manual control (see also Singapore's Area Licensing Scheme), and was refined in 1998 (see Singapore's Electronic Road Pricing), Bergen (1986), Oslo (1990), and Trondheim (1991) (see Trondheim Toll Scheme); Rome in 2001 as an upgrade to the manual zone control system implemented in 1998; London in 2003 and extended in 2007 (see London congestion charge); Stockholm, tested in 2006 and made the charge permanent in 2007 (see Stockholm congestion tax); and in Valletta, the capital city of Malta, since May 2007.

In January 2008, Milan began a one-year trial program called Ecopass, a pollution pricing program in which low-emission-standard vehicles pay a user fee; alternative fuel vehicles and vehicles using conventional fuels but compliant with the Euro IV emission standard are exempted. The program was extended through December 2011 and in January 2012 was replaced by a congestion pricing scheme called Area C.

New York City considered the implementation of a congestion pricing scheme. New York City Council approved such a plan in 2008, but it was not implemented because the New York State Assembly did not approve it. (see New York congestion pricing)

In 2006, San Francisco transport authorities began a comprehensive study to evaluate the feasibility of introducing congestion pricing. The charge would be combined with other traffic reduction implementations, allowing money to be raised for public transit improvements and bike and pedestrian enhancements. The various pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008, with final study results expected in 2009. (see San Francisco congestion pricing)

**Taiwan Highway Electronic Toll Collection System** (see Electronic Toll Collection (Taiwan)) In December 2013, the old toll stations were replaced by distance-based pay-as-you-go all-electronic toll collection on all of Taiwan's major freeways. All tolls are collected electronically by overhead gantries with multi-lane free flow, not at traditional toll booths. Taiwan was the first country to switch from manual tolling to all-electronic, multi-lane free-flow tolling on all of its freeways. To simulate the previous model, where a vehicle would not pass toll collection over short-distance travel, each vehicle receives 20 kilometers per diem of free travel and is billed NT$1.2 per kilometer thereafter. Buses and trailers are subject to heavy vehicle surcharges. The highway administration may alter fares (e.g. remove the per diem) during peak travel seasons to facilitate distribution of congestion to midnight hours. The toll gates divide the highway into segments, each having a price value determined by distance to the next gate (interchange). A daily gate count is calculated at midnight, and the total charge is deducted in 48 hours. Each vehicle receives a further discount after the first 200 kilometers, and eTag subscribers with prepaid accounts get a further 10% reduction. Non-subscribers are billed by license plate recognition and mail statements, or can make a payment at chain convenient store at third day after vehicle travel, since a subscription to ETC is not mandated by law. Taiwan was the first country to transfer from flat-rate toll stations to a distance-based pay-as-you-go tolling system on all of its freeways. It has the longest ETC freeway mileage in the world.

## Use for non-toll transactions

## Technologies

Electronic toll collection systems rely on four major components: automated vehicle identification, automated vehicle classification, transaction processing, and violation enforcement.

The four components are somewhat independent, and, in fact, some toll agencies have contracted out functions separately. In some cases, this division of functions has resulted in difficulties. In one notable example, the New Jersey E-ZPass regional consortium's Violation Enforcement contractor did not have access to the Transaction Processing contractor's database of customers. This, together with installation problems in the automated vehicle identification system, led to many customers receiving erroneous violation notices, and a violation system whose net income, after expenses, was negative, as well as customer dissatisfaction.

### Automated vehicle identification

Source:

Automated vehicle identification (AVI) is the process of determining the identity of a vehicle subject to tolls. The majority of toll facilities record the passage of vehicles through a limited number of toll gates. At such facilities, the task is then to identify the vehicle in the gate area.

Some early AVI systems used barcodes affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles.

Most current AVI systems rely on radio-frequency identification, where an antenna at the toll gate communicates with a transponder on the vehicle via Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC). RFID tags have proved to have excellent accuracy, and can be read at highway speeds. The major disadvantage is the cost of equipping each vehicle with a transponder, which can be a major start-up expense, if paid by the toll agency, or a strong customer deterrent, if paid by the customer.

To avoid the need for transponders, some systems, notably the 407 ETR (Express Toll Route) near Toronto and the A282 (M25) Dartford Crossing in the United Kingdom, use automatic number plate recognition. Here, a system of cameras captures images of vehicles passing through tolled areas, and the image of the number plate is extracted and used to identify the vehicle. This allows customers to use the facility without any advance interaction with the toll agency. The disadvantage is that fully automatic recognition has a significant error rate, leading to billing errors and the cost of transaction processing (which requires locating and corresponding with the customer) can be significant. Systems that incorporate a manual review stage have much lower error rates, but require a continuing staffing expense.

A few toll facilities cover a very wide area, making fixed toll gates impractical. The most notable of these is a truck tolling system in (Germany). This system instead uses Global Positioning System location information to identify when a vehicle is located on a tolled Autobahn. Implementation of this system turned out to be far lengthier and more costly than expected.

As smart phone use becomes more commonplace, some toll road management companies have turned to mobile phone apps to inexpensively automate and expedite paying tolls from the lanes. One such example application is Alabama Freedom Pass mobile, used to link customer accounts at sites operated by American Roads LLC. The app communicates in real time with the facility transaction processing system to identify and debit customer accounts or bill a major credit card.

### Automated vehicle classification

Source:

Automated vehicle classification is closely related to automated vehicle identification (AVI). Most toll facilities charge different rates for different types of vehicles, making it necessary to distinguish the vehicles passing through the toll facility.

The simplest method is to store the vehicle class in the customer record, and use the AVI data to look up the vehicle class. This is low-cost, but limits user flexibility, in such cases as the automobile owner who occasionally tows a trailer.

More complex systems use a variety of sensors. Inductive sensors embedded in the road surface can determine the gaps between vehicles, to provide basic information on the presence of a vehicle. With clever software processing of the inductive data a wide range of vehicle classes can be derived by careful analysis of the inductive profile. Treadles permit counting the number of axles as a vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle installations, also detect dual-tire vehicles. Light-curtain laser profilers record the shape of the vehicle, which can help distinguish trucks and trailers. In modern systems simple laser light curtains are being replaced with more technically advanced Lidar systems. These safety critical systems, used in autonomous vehicles, are less sensitive to environmental conditions.

### Transaction processing

Source:

Transaction processing deals with maintaining customer accounts, posting toll transactions and customer payments to the accounts, and handling customer inquiries. The transaction processing component of some systems is referred to as a "customer service center". In many respects, the transaction processing function resembles banking, and several toll agencies have contracted out transaction processing to a bank.

Customer accounts may be postpaid, where toll transactions are periodically billed to the customer, or prepaid, where the customer funds a balance in the account which is then depleted as toll transactions occur. The prepaid system is more common, as the small amounts of most tolls makes pursuit of uncollected debts uneconomic. Most postpaid accounts deal with this issue by requiring a security deposit, effectively rendering the account a prepaid one.

### Violation enforcement

Source:

A violation enforcement system (VES) is useful in reducing unpaid tolls, as an unmanned toll gate otherwise represents a tempting target for toll evasion. Several methods can be used to deter toll violators.

Police patrols at toll gates can be highly effective. In addition, in most jurisdictions, the legal framework is already in place for punishing toll evasion as a traffic infraction. However, the expense of police patrols makes their use on a continuous basis impractical, such that the probability of being stopped is likely to be low enough as to be an insufficient deterrent .

A physical barrier, such as a gate arm, ensures that all vehicles passing through the toll booth have paid a toll. Violators are identified immediately, as the barrier will not permit the violator to proceed. However, barriers also force authorized customers, which are the vast majority of vehicles passing through, to slow to a near-stop at the toll gate, negating much of the speed and capacity benefits of electronic tolling. Furthermore, a violator can effectively block a toll collection lane for an indefinite time.

Automatic number plate recognition, while rarely used as the primary vehicle identification method, is more commonly used in violation enforcement. In the VES context, the number of images collected is much smaller than in the AVI context. This makes manual review, with its greater accuracy over fully automated methods, practical. However, many jurisdictions require legislative action to permit this type of enforcement, as the number plate identifies only the vehicle, not its operator, and many traffic enforcement regulations require identifying the operator in order to issue an infraction.

An example of this is the vToll system on the Illinois Tollway, which requires transponder users to enter their license plate information before using the system. If the transponder fails to read, the license plate number is matched to the transponder account, and the regular toll amount is deducted from the account rather than a violation being generated. If the license plate cannot be found in the database, then it is processed as a violation. Illinois' toll violation system has a 7-day grace period, allowing tollway users to pay missed tolls online with no penalty the 7 days following the missed toll.

In the United States, a growing number of states are sharing information on toll violators, where toll agencies can report out-of-state toll violators to the Department of Motor Vehicles (or similar agency) of the violator's home state. The state motor vehicle agency can then block the renewal of the vehicle's registration until the violator has paid all outstanding tolls, plus penalties and interest in some situations. Toll authorities are also resorting to using collection agencies and litigation for habitual toll violators with large unpaid debts, and some states can pursue criminal prosecution of repeat toll violators, where the violator could serve time in jail, if convicted. Many toll agencies also publicize a list of habitual toll violators through media outlets and newspapers. Some toll agencies offer amnesty periods, where toll violators can settle their outstanding debts without incurring penalties or being subject to litigation or prosecution.

## Privacy

Electronic toll collection poses a concern to privacy because the systems record when specific motor vehicles pass toll stations. From this information, one can infer the likely location of the vehicle's owner or primary driver at specific times. Technically speaking, using ecash and other modern cryptography methods, one could design systems that do not know where individuals are, but can still collect and enforce tolls. From the legal standpoint, a proper privacy framework can pose strict bounds on the data retention and rights to access and utilization, especially after the tolls have been successfully paid. For example, images of ANPR cameras may be required deletion as soon as possible for successful tolls.


# Equatorial Guinea at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Equatorial Guinea participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, which was held from 15 September to 1 October 2000. The country's participation in Sydney marked its fifth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included one middle-distance runner, one short-distance sprinter and two swimmers: José Luis Ebatela Nvo, Mari Paz Mosanga Motanga, Eric Moussambani and Paula Barila Bolopa respectively. All four athletes qualified for the games through wildcard places. Moussambani was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. The four athletes were unable to advance beyond the first rounds of their respective events, with Moussambani and Bolopa attracting attention for their poor performances, but were applauded by the crowds.

## Background

Equatorial Guinea participated in five Summer Olympic Games between its debut at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. No Equatoguinean athlete has ever won a medal at the Olympic Games. Equatorial Guinea participated in the Sydney Summer Games from 15 September to 1 October 2000. The four athletes who were selected to compete at the Sydney Summer Games were athletics competitors José Luis Ebatela Nvo and Mari Paz Mosanga Motanga and swimmers Eric Moussambani and Paula Barila Bolopa. Along with the four athletes, the team was accompanied by their manager Enrique Roca Nguba and attache Derrick Samuel Heywood. Moussambani was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.

## Athletics

José Luis Ebatela Nvo was the oldest person to represent Equatorial Guinea at the Sydney Summer Games at the age of 27. He had not participated in any previous Olympic Games. Nvo qualified for the Games through a wildcard place because his fastest time of four minutes and 15.22 seconds, recorded in the Equatorial Guinean capital of Malabo on 27 April 1998, was 35.72 seconds slower than the "B" qualifying standard for his event, the men's 1500 metres. In an interview before the Games he said entering the Olympics was the culmination of his career regardless of his finishing position. Nvo was drawn in the competition's second heat on 25 September, finishing 13th (and last) out of all athletes, with a time of four minutes and 6.14 seconds. He finished 40th overall out of all the finishing runners, and did not advance to the semi-finals because he was 15.18 seconds slower than the slowest athlete who made the later stages.

At the age of 17, Mari Paz Mosanga Motanga was the youngest person to take part for Equatorial Guinea in the Sydney Olympic Games, and made her first appearance in the quadrennial event. Like Nvo, she qualified for the Games by using a wildcard because her quickest time of 13.62 seconds, set at the 1999 World Youth Championships in Athletics, was 2.02 seconds slower than the "B" qualifying standard for her event, the women's 100 metres. She took part in the contest's first heat in the first round on 23 September, finishing seventh out of eight competitors, with a time of 12.91 seconds. As the first three finishers of each heat and the next two quickest progressed to the next round Motanga was eliminated and placed 75th out of 84 entrants. After her heat ended, Motanga stated that while she would have preferred to have clinched the victory, she had to be realistic and was now able to compare her time with the remainder of the world.

### Key

* **Note**–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **NR** = National record

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| José Luis Ebatela Nvo | 1500 m | 4:06.14 | 13 | did not advance | | | |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Mari Paz Mosanga Motanga | 100 m | 12.91 | 7 | did not advance | | | |

## Swimming

At the age of 22, Eric Moussambani was the sole male swimmer to compete for Equatorial Guinea at the Sydney Summer Games. He had not taken part in any previous Olympic Games. Moussambani attained qualification to the Games through a wildcard place because he did not meet the minimum qualification standards for the men's 100 metre freestyle, and was the first Equatoguinean athlete to compete in the discipline at an international level. Before the Games Moussambani had never seen a 50-metre (160 ft) long Olympic-size swimming pool. He took up swimming eight months before the Olympics and had practiced in a lake, and later a 20-metre (66 ft) swimming pool in a hotel in Malabo, and trained by himself early in the morning for three days a week. After arriving in Sydney, Moussambani trained with the United States swimming team and received additional assistance from a South African coach in order to improve his technique.

He was drawn in the event's first heat on 19 September, finishing first out of three entered swimmers, with a time of one minute and 52.72 seconds. The time established a new Equatoguinean swimming record in the discipline. Moussambani was the sole competing swimmer after the heat's two other competitors were disqualified for false starts. He used a large amount of energy in the first 50 metres, and as his legs stiffened, his pace reduced. Officials decided against retrieving him from the pool after he was observed to sink below the water shortly before finishing and he was cheered by the crowd throughout. Overall Moussambani finished 71st (and last) out of all athletes, and did not progress into the semi-finals after finishing one minute and 2.91 seconds slower than the slowest swimmer who made the later rounds. After completing the event, he said that it was "a very special moment" of which he would not forget and the crowd cheering motivated him to finish: "Gold medal is not everything in the Olympics. I am really happy with what happened, it was all worth it. I want to come back next time for the 2004 games in Athens." Moussambani earned admiration from millions of people around the world, received a plethora of publicity for his effort, and was given the nickname "Eric the Eel" by the press.

Paula Barila Bolopa was Equatorial Guinea's only female competitor to participate in swimming at the Sydney Olympic Games and was 20 years old at the time of the quadrennial event. She had not entered any previous Olympic Games. Like Moussambani, Bolopa qualified for the Games as a wildcard because she did not meet the minimum qualification standards for the women's 50 metre freestyle. She began swimming two and a half months before the Games. Bolopa took part in the first heat on 22 September, finishing second out of three entered participants, with a time of one minute and 3.97 seconds. The time set a new record as the slowest for a female athlete in the Olympic history of the women's 50 metre freestyle and was double the slowest time of the fastest overall swimmer in the displicine. She received loud support and encouragement from spectators. Bolopa finished second behind the heat's winner Moe Thu Aung of Myanmar (26.80 seconds) after the third participant Fatema Hameed Gerashi of Bahrain was disqualified for a false start. She finished 73rd and last out of all swimmers, and did not progress into the semi-finals because she was 35.90 seconds slower than the slowest competitor who advanced beyond the first round. After the event, Bolopa said that she was very tired because it was the first time she had swum in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Eric Moussambani | 100 m freestyle | 1:52.72 **NR** | 1 | did not advance | | | |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Paula Barila Bolopa | 50 m freestyle | 1:03.97 | 2 | did not advance | | | |

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## InfoBox

| Equatorial Guinea at the<br>2000 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | GEQ |
| NOC | Olympic Committee of Equatorial Guinea |
| in Sydney | |
| Competitors | 4 in 2 sports |
| Flag bearer | Eric Moussambani |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


# Equatorial Guinea at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Equatorial Guinea competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, which was held from 13 to 29 August 2004. The country's participation at Athens marked its sixth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two athletics competitors: Roberto Mandje and Emilia Mikue Ondo in the long and middle distance disciplines respectively. Mikue Ondo was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Both athletes did not advance further than the first round of their respective events with Mandje failing to make the start of the men's 3000 metres steeplechase.

## Background

Equatorial Guinea participated in six Summer Games between its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. No Equatoguinean athlete has ever won a medal at the Olympic Games. Equatorial Guinea participated in the Athens Summer Games from 13 to 29 August 2004. The two athletes selected to represent Equatorial Guinea in the Athens Games were athletics competitors Roberto Mandje and Emilia Mikue Ondo. Eric Moussambani, who gained international recognition with his performance at the previous Olympics in Sydney in 2000, was denied entry into the Athens Olympics as officials could not find his passport photograph. Mikue Ondo was chosen as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Mandje carried it at the closing ceremony.

## Athletics

Roberto Mandje was the only male athlete representing Equatorial Guinea at the Athens Olympics. He had not previously competed in any prior Olympic Games. In an interview with BBC Spor prior to the Games, Mandje spoke of the pressure he faced from people in his home country expecting him to do well and wanted to quash comparisons to Moussambani he had been receiving: "I feel pretty ready and we will see how I finish. I hope I don't turn it into a racewalking event!"

He was drawn in the first heat of the men's 1500 metres on 20 August, finishing twelfth out of thirteen competitors, with a time of 4 minutes and 3.37 seconds. Mandje's time set a new national record in the discipline. Overall he finished 37th out of 39 runners who ran the whole heat, and did not make the semi-finals since only the top five finishers in each heat and the quickest next nine runners could advance to the next round. He was drawn in heat one of the men's 3000 metres steeplechase the following day but was unable to start the discipline.

Competing at her first Olympic Games, Emilia Mikue Ondo was the youngest athlete to represent Equatorial Guinea in Athens at the age of 19. She competed in the women's 800 metres and was drawn in the fourth heat. Mikue Ondo completed the heat in a time of two 2 minutes, 22.88 seconds for seventh and last out of her heat. As the top three runners in each heat and the following six quickest were allowed to go through to the semi-finals, Mikue Ondo's competition ended in the first round since she was 41st out of 42 finishers overall.

### Key

* **Note**Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* **DNS** = Did not start
* **NR** = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Roberto Mandje | 1500 m | 4:03.37 **NR** | 12 | Did not advance | | | |
| | 3000 m steeplechase | DNS | |  | | Did not advance | |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Emilia Mikue Ondo | 800 m | 2:22.88 | 7 | Did not advance | | | |

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## InfoBox

| Equatorial Guinea at the
2004 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | GEQ |
| NOC | Olympic Committee of Equatorial Guinea |
| in Athens | |
| Competitors | **2** in 1 sport |
| Flag bearers | Emilia Mikue Ondo (opening)
Roberto Mandje (closing) |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |