title: .fr

abstract: .fr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for France. It is administered by AFNIC. The domain includes all individuals and organizations registered at the Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération (AFNIC). Since 2004, websites registered with the.fr domain are archived and preserved by the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

text:
# .fr

**.fr** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for France. It is administered by AFNIC. The domain includes all individuals and organizations registered at the Association française pour le nommage Internet en coopération (AFNIC).

Since 2004, websites registered with the .fr domain are archived and preserved by the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

## Requirements

In order to purchase and use a .fr domain, they must be a resident of the European Union or an EFTA member state (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein).

### British restrictions

Due to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, since 1 January 2021 UK residents are not able to register new .fr domains. However, the AFNIC has stated that all domains registered before 31 December 2020 by Britons will not be affected.

## Other domains under French administration

## InfoBox

.fr
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced | September 2, 1986 (1986-09-02) |
| TLD type | Country code top-level domain |
| Status | Active |
| Registry | AFNIC |
| Sponsor | AFNIC |
| Intended use | Entities connected with France |
| Actual use | Very popular in France |
| Registered domains | 3.979.042 (9 October 2022) |
| Registration restrictions | Restricted to residents of the European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein |
| Documents | Registration Agreement |
| Dispute policies | Alternative Dispute Resolutions |
| DNSSEC | yes |
| Registry website | AFNIC |


title: 1919 in Catalonia

abstract: Events from 1919 in Catalonia.

text:
# 1919 in Catalonia

Events from **1919 in Catalonia**.

## Incumbents

## Events

* 24 January – the Assembly of the Commonwealth of Catalonia approve the project of Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, later repealed by the Spanish Cortes in Madrid.
* 5 February – 16 March – La Canadiense strike paralyze the industry in Barcelona, achieving the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


abstract: The 1927–28 Union Skating Dutchmen men's ice hockey season was the 15th season of play for the program. The Skating Dutchmen represented Union College and were coached by Harold A. Larrabee in his 3rd season.

text:
# 1927–28 Union Skating Dutchmen ice hockey season

The **1927–28 Union Skating Dutchmen men's ice hockey season** was the 15th season of play for the program. The Skating Dutchmen represented Union College and were coached by Harold A. Larrabee in his 3rd season.

## Season

After poor weather ruined any chance for home games in '27, Union began the season with a smaller schedule or just 7 games. team captain Drake Hyland was the team's most experienced player up front and he would have to lead the offense with two new starting wingers as his partners. Hopes for a good winter appeared to be dashed when the team was forced to use the Mohawk Golf Club's rink for practices because theirs was still out of commission in early January. Sure enough, the first two home games of the season were cancelled and the team opening with a delayed match at Rensselaer. Once they hit the ice, Union shot out of the gate and scored three goals in the first. Hyland finished off his hat-trick in the third but the team was unable to hold their lead and saw RIT answer every score. Bob Beale nearly netted the game winner in the waning moments of the match but a spectacular save kept the game tied. Due to fading light, no overtime was played and the two settled for a draw. Weather forced the postponement of the rematch with RPI and the team's next game required them to travel to Williams. The Garnet fought hard despite their lack of practice time but they were unable to overcome the early 2-goal lead by the Ephs. Hyland recorded the only goal for the Dutchmen.

During the exam break, he team finally got the cold weather needed for a home game and managed to meet Rensselaer for a rematch. Unfortunately, the absence of Bob Beale hampered the team's offensive ability while a broken skate for Jack Beale, his brother, kept an apt replacement out of the lineup for the first half. In that period, the team's defense was unable to stop the Engineers' offense and RPI rung up 3 goals in the first period. Rensselaer was then able to play defense for the rest of the match and skate away with a victory over Union. One bright spot was the appearance of Foster in goal for the Garnet. While the game started rough, he rounded into form as the match progressed and played a solid game in his first outing.

Unfortunately, the weather didn't hold and the team was unable to get any on-ice practice heading into their game with Hamilton. Despite their handicap, the Garnet kept he game close and were tied with the Continentals entering the third. In the final period the lack of conditioning proved fatal and the Dutchmen surrendered 3 goals for the third consecutive loss. A few days later, Union ended its season with a 4–7 loss to Cornell with poor weather ruining what could have been a solid season.

## Roster

| No. | S/P/C | Player | Class | Pos | Height | Weight | DoB | Hometown | Previous team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **John S. Beale** | Sophomore |  |  |  | 1908-11-06 | Schenectady, New York |  |
|  |  | **Robert B. Beale Jr.** | Junior | LW |  |  | 1906-10-06 | Schenectady, New York |  |
|  |  | **Conway** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Drake** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **DuBois** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Edward P. Foster Jr.** | Freshman |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Elmer D. Goodale** | Senior |  |  |  | 1906-07-31 | Swanton, Vermont |  |
|  |  | **Morton J. Henafelt** | Sophomore | / |  |  | 1906-11-03 |  |  |
|  |  | **Donald F. Hyland** () | Senior |  |  |  | 1904-12-14 | Utica, New York |  |
|  |  | **Arnold W. Kahn** | Freshman |  |  |  | 1909-04-07 | Waterville, Maine |  |
|  |  | **James W. Kellogg Jr.** | Junior |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Paul E. Schultze Jr.** | Senior |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Ronald H. Smith** | Sophomore |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | **Roger T. Stone** | Senior | LW/RW |  |  | 1906-04-05 |  |  |
|  |  | **Weed** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Standings

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Intercollegiate | | | | | | |  | Overall | | | | | |
| | GP | W | L | T | Pct. | GF | GA | | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA |
| Amherst |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 |  |  |
| Army | 8 | 1 | 7 | 0 | **.125** | 6 | 36 |  | 9 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 9 | 44 |
| Bates | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | **.500** | 21 | 26 |  | 12 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 26 | 28 |
| Boston College |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 19 | 25 |
| Boston University | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | **.722** | 42 | 23 |  | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 42 | 23 |
| Bowdoin | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | **.375** | 16 | 27 |  | 9 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 20 | 28 |
| Brown |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 4 | 8 | 0 |  |  |
| Clarkson | 10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | **.900** | 59 | 13 |  | 11 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 61 | 14 |
| Colgate | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | **.000** | 4 | 18 |  | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 18 |
| Cornell | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | **.400** | 11 | 29 |  | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 29 |
| Dartmouth |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 64 | 23 |
| Hamilton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 |  |  |
| Harvard | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | **.833** | 28 | 8 |  | 9 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 45 | 13 |
| Holy Cross |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Massachusetts Agricultural | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | **.000** | 5 | 17 |  | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 17 |
| Middlebury |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 |  |  |
| MIT | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | **.250** | 6 | 35 |  | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 35 |
| New Hampshire |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 33 | 26 |
| Norwich |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 |  |  |
| Princeton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 5 | 7 | 0 |  |  |
| Rensselaer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |  |  |
| St. Lawrence |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 |  |  |
| Syracuse |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Union | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | **.100** | 10 | 21 |  | 5 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 10 | 21 |
| Williams | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | **.750** | 27 | 12 |  | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 27 | 12 |
| Yale | 13 | 11 | 2 | 0 | **.846** | 88 | 22 |  | 18 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 114 | 39 |
| YMCA College | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | **.333** | 10 | 15 |  | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 15 |

## Schedule and results

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Regular Season** | | | | | | | | | | | |
| January 14 | at Rensselaer* | RPI Rink • Troy, New York (Rivalry) | **T** 4–4 | 0–0–1 |
| January 21 | at Williams* | Sage Hall Rink • Williamstown, Massachusetts | **L** 1–3 | 0–1–1 |
| February 11 | Rensselaer* | Central Park Rink • Schenectady, New York (Rivalry) | **L** 0–3 | 0–2–1 |
| February 18 | at Hamilton* | Russell Sage RinkClinton, New York | **L** 1–4 | 0–3–1 |
| February 25 | at Cornell* | Beebe LakeIthaca, New York | **L** 4–7 | 0–4–1 |
| \*Non-conference game. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1927–28 Union Skating Dutchmen
ice hockey season | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conference | Independent |
| Home ice | Central Park Rink |
| Record | |
| Overall | 0–4–1 |
| Home | 0–1–0 |
| Road | 0–3–1 |
| Coaches and captains | |
| Head coach | Harold A. Larrabee |
| Captain(s) | Drake Hyland |
| **Union Skating Dutchmen ice hockey seasons**
« 1926–27 1928–29 » | |


title: Amnesia (Pousette-Dart Band album)

abstract: Amnesia is the second album by the rock band Pousette-Dart Band, released in 1977. The album drew a mostly negative review from David Cleary of Allmusic, who awarded the album 2.5 stars. He called it "bland" and the lyrics "noncommittal", and compared it to The Eagles and James Taylor. He said that "Yaicha" was "easily the album's best song," and "a brief and lovely singer-songwriter number with an attractive melody and intriguing chord changes." The song "Fall on Me" was featured in the 11th episode of the second season of Lost.

text:
# Amnesia (Pousette-Dart Band album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Amnesia*** is the second album by the rock band Pousette-Dart Band, released in 1977. The album drew a mostly negative review from David Cleary of Allmusic, who awarded the album 2.5 stars. He called it "bland" and the lyrics "noncommittal", and compared it to The Eagles and James Taylor. He said that "Yaicha" was "easily the album's best song," and "a brief and lovely singer-songwriter number with an attractive melody and intriguing chord changes."

The song "Fall on Me" was featured in the 11th episode of the second season of *Lost*.

## Track listing

All songs composed by Jon Pousette-Dart except where noted.

1. "County Line" (John Curtis, Jon Pousette-Dart)  3:28
2. "Fall on Me"  2:25
3. "Amnesia"  3:11
4. "I Think I Know"  3:11
5. "May You Dance"  3:20
6. "I Don't Know Why"  3:06
7. "Winterness"  3:03
8. "Who's That Knocking" (John Curtis)  2:54
9. "Listen to the Spirit"  3:30
10. "Yaicha"  2:00

## Personnel

* Jon Pousette-Dart - vocals, acoustic and electric guitar, slide guitar
* John Curtis - electric and acoustic guitar, mandolin, banjo, vocals
* John Folsom Troy - bass guitar, vocals
* Norbert Putnam \- synthesizer, Fender Rhodes
* Michael Utley, Bobby Emmons \- keyboards
* Kenneth Buttrey, Jeff Teague, Allison Cook - drums, percussion
* Farrell Morris - percussion
* Harvey Thompson - tenor saxophone
* Billy Puett - flute
* Ginger Holladay, Janie Fricke, Lea Jane Berinati - backing vocals

## Chart positions

| Chart (1977) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 143 |

## InfoBox

| Amnesia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Pousette-Dart Band | |
| Released | 1977 |
| Genre | Soft rock |
| Length | 30:08 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Norbert Putnam |
| Pousette-Dart Band chronology | |
| *The Pousette-Dart Band*
(1976) ***Amnesia***
(1977) *Pousette-Dart Band 3*
(1978) | |


title: Anandavadi

abstract: Anandavadi is a village in the Sendurai taluk of Ariyalur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is also a Ashram in South India Anandavadi (Ashram)

text:
# Anandavadi

**Anandavadi** is a village in the Sendurai taluk of Ariyalur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is also a Ashram in South India Anandavadi (Ashram)

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Anandavadi had a total population of 3854 with 1893 males and 1961 females.

## InfoBox

| Anandavadi | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| AnandavadiLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaAnandavadiAnandavadi (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°11′21″N 79°11′27″E / 11.18917°N 79.19083°E / 11.18917; 79.19083 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Ariyalur |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 3,854 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TN- |
| Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |
| Sex ratio | 1036 / |
| Literacy | 51.74% |


title: Ampelakiakos F.C.

abstract: Ampelakiakos Football Club is a Greek football club, based in Ampelakia, Attica (region), Greece.

text:
# Ampelakiakos F.C.

**Ampelakiakos Football Club** is a Greek football club, based in Ampelakia, Attica (region), Greece.

## Honours

### Domestic Titles and honours

## InfoBox

Ampelakiakos
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1937 |
| Ground | Ampelakia Municipal Stadium, Ampelakia, Greece |
| Chairman | Michael Spanopoulos |
| Manager | Panagiotis Agkelakis |
| League | Gamma Ethniki |
| 2017-18 | Piraeus FCA champion Group B |


title: Amphimallon naceyroi

abstract: Amphimallon naceyroi is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

text:
# Amphimallon naceyroi

***Amphimallon naceyroi*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon naceyroi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. naceyroi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon naceyroi***<br>Mulsant, 1859 | |
|


title: Amphimallon lusitanicum

abstract: Amphimallon lusitanicum is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that can be found in Portugal and Spain.

text:
# Amphimallon lusitanicum

***Amphimallon lusitanicum*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that can be found in Portugal and Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon lusitanicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. lusitanicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon lusitanicum***<br>(Gyllenhal, 1817) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Monotropus angulicollis* Fairmaire, 1859 | |


title: Amphimallon menori

abstract: Amphimallon menori is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

text:
# Amphimallon menori

***Amphimallon menori*** is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Amphimallon menori* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Amphimallon* |
| Species: | ***A. menori*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amphimallon menori***<br>Baguena, 1955 | |
|


title: Deux femmes sur la route

abstract: Deux femmes sur la route is a 2007 drama film directed by Farida Bourquia.

text:
# Deux femmes sur la route

***Deux femmes sur la route*** (English: *Two Women On The Road*) is a 2007 drama film directed by Farida Bourquia.

## Synopsis

Amina is trying to reach Tetouan where her husband has been arrested and imprisoned for drug trafficking. When her car breaks down, she meets Lalla Rahma, who is also trying to get to Tetouan in hopes of hoping to finding out what happened to her son, who left as a stowaway on a boat to Europe. Bound by their despair, the two women take the bus together.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Deux femmes sur la route | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Farida Bourquia |
| Written by | Youssef Fadel |
| Starring | Mouna Fettou, Mohamed Bastaoui, Aïcha Mahmah |
| Cinematography | Kamal Derkaoui |
| Edited by | Marcela Figueroa |
| Music by | Younes Megri |
| Production<br>company | Espace Production |
| Release date | * 2007 (2007) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | Morocco |
| Language | Moroccan Arabic |


title: Denis Kinchela

abstract: Denis Kinchela is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s.

text:
# Denis Kinchela

**Denis Kinchela** (born c.1965) is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s.

## Playing career

Kinchela was graded by St George in 1982 as a seventeen year old and instantly made the first grade team as a winger in his debut year.

He played 21 games during 1982, but injuries cost him his first grade position until 1985 when he played on the wing for St George in the 1985 Grand Final.

He stayed at Saints for one final season in 1986, but in 1987 he moved to Western Suburbs to reignite his career, but the move was ultimately unsuccessful.

## InfoBox

Denis Kinchela
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Denis Kinchela |
| Born | c.1965 (age 5859) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Wing |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1982–86 St. George Dragons 45 13 0 0 45  1987 Western Suburbs 3 0 0 0 0  Total 48 13 0 0 45 | |
| Source: Whiticker/Hudson | |


title: Dorothy Riddle

abstract: Dorothy Riddle is an American-Canadian psychologist, feminist and economic development specialist. She is known as the author of the Riddle homophobia scale and published work on women's studies, homophobia, services and metaphysics.

text:
# Dorothy Riddle

**Dorothy Riddle** (born January 12, 1944) is an American-Canadian psychologist, feminist and economic development specialist. She is known as the author of the Riddle homophobia scale and published work on women's studies, homophobia, services and metaphysics.

## Biography

### Early life

Dorothy Irene Riddle was born on January 12, 1944, in Chicago, United States.

With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, foreigners were forced to leave the country and the family moved to India as refugees. The early experience of poverty and social issues in China and India came to influence much of Riddle's studies and professional career in later years.

### Education

Riddle started school in 1950 at Woodstock School, a boarding school in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India, where her grandfather, Allen Parker, had been principal. She graduated it as the valedictorian of her class in 1960 and moved back to United States to attend college.

Riddle studied psychology and philosophy at the University of Colorado and graduated with B.A., summa cum laude. She received a Ph.D. in clinical psychology, with a minor in statistics and research methodology, from Duke University in 1968 and an M.B.A. specializing in service industries from the University of Arizona in 1981.

### Professional life

Dorothy Riddle's professional career has concentrated on the issues of feminism and women's studies, homosexuality and homophobia, and on services and economic development, focusing on the initiatives that empower disadvantaged groups and economies. She has also written extensively on metaphysics and spirituality.

#### Women's studies

After receiving her doctorate in 1968, Riddle had difficulty finding work in academia, as many universities at the time were not used to hiring women professors. Witnessing the injustice, Riddle became passionate about women's issues. She became a founding member of the Association for Women in Psychology, and introduced feminist analysis in the seminar 'Psychology of Social Issues' at the College of William and Mary where she was hired as an assistant professor of psychology. She traveled frequently to Washington, DC to lobby for the Equal Rights Amendment against discrimination based on person's sex or gender, and pressured the American Psychological Association to address women's issues fully by acting as the spokesperson of the Association of Women in Psychology. In 1969, after an Association for Women in Psychology group had worked on a series of demands, Riddle and Phyllis Chesler presented the demands at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. Chesler prepared a statement on the APA's obligations to women and demanded one million dollars in reparation for the damage psychology had perpetrated against allegedly mentally ill and traumatized women.

In the early 1970s, Riddle spoke and wrote on women's health, sexuality and sex roles and taught courses on these topics. In 1971, she launched the first BA-granting women's studies program at Richmond College (now the College of Staten Island, City University of New York (CUNY)) and was appointed to the first CUNY affirmative action committee.

She co-founded a feminist counseling service (Alternatives for Women) in 1973 in Tucson, Arizona where she conceptualized the empowerment model used in feminist therapy, and introduced the use of political analysis in psychotherapy.

In the 1990s, Riddle started to advocate for women business owners and helped to organize the first trade missions between Canada and the U.S. for women business owners. She is currently a Research Associate with the University of British Columbia Centre for Women's and Gender Studies where she continues to focus on women services business entrepreneurs.

#### Homophobia

In 1974, Dorothy Riddle was appointed to the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Status of Lesbian and Gay Male Psychologists, leading to APA's official statement in 1975 that homosexuality is not a mental disorder, and their condemnation of the conversion therapy to change a person's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. The APA's position paved the way for the official change in status of homosexuality from a psychiatric disorder to a lifestyle.

In parallel with her work on the APA Task Force on the Status of Lesbian and Gay Male Psychologists, Riddle developed a scale for measuring homophobia while a professor in the Psychology Department of the University of Arizona. The tool became known as the Riddle homophobia scale and was adopted by many organizations in anti-discriminatory training and for measuring changes in a range of other social attitudes as well.

Riddle showed in her studies that lesbians, gays and bisexuals have the potential to be positive role models of nontraditional gender roles, individual relationships and individual diversity, she investigated the psychological effects of negative self-image caused by society's stigmatization of homosexuality and the lack of same-sex support systems, and argued that lesbian patients need lesbian psychotherapists free from heterosexual bias to better understand their problems.

#### Services

In 1981, Riddle joined the faculty of the American Graduate School of International Management in Glendale, Arizona where she developed the first courses on international services trade and international services management.

In 1986, she published *Service-Led Growth: The Role of the Service Sector in World Development*, an analysis of the service sectors of 81 countries at four levels of development. It was the first major study to focus on the critical role of the service sector in economic development and has been widely credited for that.

### Personal life

In 1993, Riddle immigrated to Canada.

## Recognition

Riddle is listed in the *Who’s Who of American Women*, the *World Who’s Who of Women*, and the *International Who’s Who of Professionals*.

## InfoBox

| Dorothy Riddle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1944-01-12) 12 January 1944 |
| Alma mater | University of Colorado Duke University<br>University of Arizona |
| Known for | Riddle scale |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Psychology, women's studies |
|  | |


title: Amatriciana sauce

abstract: Amatriciana sauce, known in Italian as sugo all'amatriciana or as salsa all'amatriciana, is a pasta sauce made with tomatoes, guanciale, pecorino romano cheese, black pepper, extra virgin olive oil, dry white wine, and salt. Originating in the comune (municipality) of Amatrice, the amatriciana is one of the best known pasta sauces in present-day Roman and Italian cuisine. The Italian government has named it a prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (PAT) of Lazio, and amatriciana tradizionale is registered as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) in the EU and the UK.

text:
# Amatriciana sauce

**Amatriciana sauce**, known in Italian as ***sugo all'amatriciana*** (Italian: \[ˈsuːɡo allamatriˈtʃaːna\]; *alla matriciana* in Romanesco dialect) or as ***salsa all'amatriciana***, is a pasta sauce made with tomatoes, guanciale (cured pork cheek), *pecorino romano* cheese, black pepper, extra virgin olive oil, dry white wine, and salt. Originating in the *comune* (municipality) of Amatrice (in the mountainous province of Rieti of the Lazio region), the amatriciana is one of the best known pasta sauces in present-day Roman and Italian cuisine. The Italian government has named it a *prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale* (PAT) of Lazio, and *amatriciana tradizionale* is registered as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) in the EU and the UK.

## Development

Amatriciana derives from a dish called *pasta alla gricia*. The origin of the word *gricia* is unclear. In papal Rome, the *grici* were sellers of common edible foods, who got this name because many of them came from Valtellina, at that time a possession of the Swiss canton of Grigioni. According to another hypothesis, it is named after the *frazione* (hamlet) of Grisciano, in the *comune* (municipality) of Accumoli, near Amatrice. The sauce—nowadays named also *amatriciana bianca*—was, and still is, prepared with guanciale (cured pork cheek) and grated *pecorino romano*. At some point, a little olive oil was added to the recipe. In the 1960s, amatriciana sauce was still prepared in this way in Amatrice itself.

The invention of the first tomato sauces (and the probably earliest date for the introduction of tomato in the *gricia*, creating amatriciana) dates to the late 18th century. Tomatoes were introduced to Europe through the Columbian Exchange via Spain. The first written record of pasta with tomato sauce can be found in the 1790 cookbook *L'Apicio Moderno* by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi.

The amatriciana recipe became increasingly famous in Rome over the 19th and early 20th centuries, due to the centuries-old connection between Rome and Amatrice. The recipe was well received and rapidly went on to become a classic of Roman cuisine, although it originated elsewhere. The name of the dish in the Romanesco dialect eventually became *matriciana* due to the apheresis typical of this dialect.

While tomato-less *gricia* is still prepared in central Italy, it is the tomato-enriched amatriciana that is better known throughout Italy and elsewhere. While in Amatrice the dish is prepared with spaghetti, bucatini is now most commonly used in Rome. Other types of dry pasta (particularly rigatoni) are also used.

## Variants

The recipe is known in several variants depending, among other things, on the availability of ingredients. In Amatrice, use of guanciale and tomato is typical and onion is not favoured, although it is shown in the classical handbooks of Roman cuisine. The former mayor of Amatrice, Sergio Pirozzi, went so far as to say, "Garlic in amatriciana, never. And no onion, either, whatever some may say." When the celebrity chef Carlo Cracco stated that an unpeeled clove of garlic could be sautéd with the other ingredients and removed before serving, calling it his "secret ingredient", the municipal government of Amatrice retorted on its official website that "the only ingredients in a true amatriciana sauce are guanciale, pecorino, white wine, San Marzano tomatoes, black pepper and *peperoncino*". For frying, olive oil is most commonly used, but *strutto* (lard) is used as well. For cheese either *pecorino romano* or Amatrice's pecorino (from the Sibillini Mountains or Monti della Laga areas) can be used.

## Bibliography

* Zanini De Vita, Oretta; Fant, Maureen B. (2013). *Sauces & Shapes: Pasta the Italian Way*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-08243-2.
* Blasi, Benedetto (1923). *Vie piazze e ville di Roma nel loro valore storico e topografico* (in Italian). Roma: Libreria di scienze e lettere.
* Boni, Ada (1983) \[1930\]. *La Cucina Romana* (in Italian). Roma: Newton Compton Editori.
* Gosetti Della Salda, Anna (1967). *Le ricette regionali italiane* (in Italian). Milano: Solares.
* Carnacina, Luigi; Buonassisi, Vincenzo (1975). *Roma in Cucina* (in Italian). Milano: Giunti Martello.
* Faccioli, Emilio (1987). *L'Arte della cucina in Italia* (in Italian). Milano: Einaudi.
* Ravaro, Fernando (2005). *Dizionario romanesco* (in Italian). Roma: Newton Compton. ISBN 9788854117921.

## InfoBox

Amatriciana
| *Bucatini all'amatriciana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Alternative names | *Sugo all'amatriciana* (in Italian), *alla matriciana* (in Romanesco dialect), *salsa all'amatriciana* (in Italian) |
| Type | Sauce |
| Place of origin | Italy |
| Region or state | Amatrice (province of Rieti), Lazio |
| Serving temperature | Hot over pasta |
| Main ingredients | Tomatoes, guanciale, *pecorino romano*, black pepper, extra virgin olive oil, dry white wine |
| Variations | Onion, garlic, *strutto*, *peperoncino* |
|  | |


title: Ebenezer Magoffin

abstract: Ebenezer "Ben" Magoffin (1817–1865) was a Confederate officer in the American Civil War who carried a Missouri State Guard's colonel's commission and became a prominent figure in the early phase of the war in Missouri. He was sentenced to death by a Union Army military commission in 1862, but was spared execution after Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin pleaded for the life of his brother with Abraham Lincoln.

text:
# Ebenezer Magoffin

**Ebenezer "Ben" Magoffin** (18171865) was a Confederate officer in the American Civil War who carried a Missouri State Guard's colonel's commission and became a prominent figure in the early phase of the war in Missouri. He was sentenced to death by a Union Army military commission in 1862, but was spared execution after Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin pleaded for the life of his brother with Abraham Lincoln.

## Early life

Ebenezer Magoffin was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky to Beriah Magoffin, Sr., and Jane (McAfee) Magoffin. Among his siblings were a Kentucky governor Beriah Magoffin and James Wiley Magoffin, a U.S. consul in Mexico. On July 12, 1836, he married Margaret Ann Hutchison and they had nine children. Around 1856, he relocated his family to Boone County, Missouri and then purchased 2,160 acres in Pettis County, Missouri for $16,000 naming the new farm, *Prairie Lea*.

## Civil War

In May 1861, Ebenezer Magoffin presented himself to Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson and received an instruction to raise a regiment of cavalry for the Missouri State Guard. The regiment took part in the Battle of Boonville under the command of Major Thomas E. Staples while Magoffin stayed at his farm; he joined his regiment in the Battle of Carthage where he acted as an aide to Governor Jackson. Magoffin raised another regiment for General Price on Jackson's request, of which he was elected a colonel. The regiment at three companies strength was mustered in at Prairie Lea and left under the command of Col. Edwin Williamson Price, the eldest son of General Price.

On August 29, 1861, he was apprehended in Georgetown, Pettis County, Missouri by Col. Henry M. Day of the First Illinois Cavalry, after a shootout that took life of Sergeant George W. Glasgow, 1st Illinois Cavalry, and placed under arrest in Lexington. After the Battle of Lexington Magoffin was exchanged for former Missouri Governor Austin A. King and stayed with Gen. Price's army. In December 1861, he asked for and received a 10-day pass from Col. Frederick Steele, Union Army of the West to see his wife who was dying; Union military authorities assumed that Magoffin asked for and was paroled. On his return from Prairie Lea, Magoffin was taken prisoner with his two sons, Elijah H. Magoffin, 24 years old, and Beriah Magoffin, 19 years old, at Milford, Johnson County, Missouri, while traveling with a detachment of Confederate troops under Col. F. S. Robertson.

On orders of Union General Henry W. Halleck, commanding the Department of Missouri, Ebenezer Magoffin was brought to St. Louis and charged with the murder of Sergeant Glasgow in Georgetown in August 1861 and violation of his alleged parole after rejoining the Confederates.

## Escape from prison

Magoffin was sentenced to death on February 20, 1862, by a military commission under General David S. Stanley, which absolved him of the murder charges but found guilty of violating his parole. His brother, the Governor of Kentucky at the time, sent a letter to President Lincoln asking for clemency. Lincoln suspended the sentence pending review but Magoffin escaped Alton Prison, where he had been confined, on July 25, 1862. Magoffin's sons, Elijah H. Magoffin and Beriah Magoffin were instrumental in digging in twenty days the 60-foot-long tunnel leading to freedom; altogether, 36 Confederate prisoners escaped.

## Later life

The Magoffins went to Arkansas where they served under General Shelby. Elijah Magoffin was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in July 1864.

According to reports, Ebenezer Magoffin was stabbed to death in 1865 while trying to break up a tavern fight. Elijah Magoffin traced the killer from Arkansas to Texas and hanged him to avenge his father's death.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Colonel
Ebenezer Magoffin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1817
Mercer County, Kentucky, US |
| Died | 1865 |
| Relations | Beriah Magoffin (brother) |


title: 1862 in India

abstract: Events in the year 1862 in India.

text:
# 1862 in India

Events in the year **1862 in India**.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Law

* Indian Stock Transfer Act (British statute)
* Habeas Corpus Act (British statute)
* Fine Arts Copyright Act (British statute)

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in India<br>Timeline of Indian history |


title: EduSAT

abstract: EduSAT is an Italian microsatellite which was launched in August 2011. The satellite was built and is operated by the Sapienza University of Rome in conjunction with the Italian Space Agency ASI, and is primarily used for educational outreach and technology demonstration. EduSAT is a 10-kilogram (22 lb) satellite, measuring 31.5 by 31.5 by 26.0 centimetres. The spacecraft is powered by surface-mounted solar cells. It carries an experimental analogue Sun sensor, a magnetometer and a temperature sensor. The satellite also tested a prototype PocketQube deployer and a passive deorbit mechanism. As of September 2013 it remained operational. EduSAT was launched aboard a Dnepr carrier rocket from Site 370/13 at the Dombarovsky launch site in Russia. The launch was conducted by Kosmotras with liftoff occurring at 07:12:20 on 17 August 2011. The rocket carried six other satellites, with an additional payload bolted to the upper stage. The satellite was placed into a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit. As of 22 November 2013 it was in an orbit with a perigee of 644 kilometres (400 mi), an apogee of 699 kilometres (434 mi), 98.20 degrees inclination and a period of 98.04 minutes.

text:
# EduSAT

**EduSAT** is an Italian microsatellite which was launched in August 2011. The satellite was built and is operated by the Sapienza University of Rome in conjunction with the Italian Space Agency ASI, and is primarily used for educational outreach and technology demonstration.

EduSAT is a 10-kilogram (22 lb) satellite, measuring 31.5 by 31.5 by 26.0 centimetres (12.4 in × 12.4 in × 10.2 in). The spacecraft is powered by surface-mounted solar cells. It carries an experimental analogue Sun sensor, a magnetometer and a temperature sensor. The satellite also tested a prototype PocketQube deployer and a passive deorbit mechanism. As of September 2013 it remained operational.

EduSAT was launched aboard a Dnepr carrier rocket from Site 370/13 at the Dombarovsky launch site in Russia. The launch was conducted by Kosmotras with liftoff occurring at 07:12:20 on 17 August 2011. The rocket carried six other satellites, with an additional payload bolted to the upper stage. The satellite was placed into a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit. As of 22 November 2013 it was in an orbit with a perigee of 644 kilometres (400 mi), an apogee of 699 kilometres (434 mi), 98.20 degrees inclination and a period of 98.04 minutes.

## InfoBox

EduSAT
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mission type | Technology
Educational outreach |
| Operator | ASI
Sapienza |
| COSPAR ID | 2011-044A |
| SATCAT no. | 37788 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Manufacturer | Sapienza |
| Launch mass | 10 kilograms (22 lb) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 17 August 2011, 07:12:20 (2011-08-17UTC07:12:20Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Dnepr |
| Launch site | Dombarovsky 370/13 |
| Contractor | Kosmtras |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Sun-synchronous |
| Perigee altitude | 644 kilometres (400 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 699 kilometres (434 mi) |
| Inclination | 98.20 degrees |
| Period | 98.04 minutes |
| Epoch | 22 November 2013, 05:10:16 UTC |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 100th Grey Cup

abstract: The 100th Grey Cup was a Canadian football game between the East Division champion Toronto Argonauts and the West Division champion Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League to decide the Grey Cup champions of the 2012 season. The game took place on Sunday, November 25, 2012, at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario. This was the fourth Grey Cup game played at Rogers Centre, and the 46th in the city of Toronto. The Argonauts defeated the Stampeders 35–22 to win their 16th Grey Cup title. This was the third meeting between Calgary and Toronto for the Grey Cup championship and the first since the 79th Grey Cup in 1991. This was also the second consecutive year that the Grey Cup game involved, and was won by, the team from the host city. The result of the game also meant that Argonauts owner David Braley became the first team owner to win back-to-back Grey Cups with two different teams; Braley also owned the 2011 champions, the BC Lions. Over 5.8 million viewers watched the game, with roughly 5.5 million originating from English Canada, making the game the most-watched Grey Cup ever recorded on English-language television. Following the game, Toronto running back Chad Kackert was named the Most Valuable Player. His teammate, defensive end Ricky Foley received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the Most Valuable Canadian.

text:
# 100th Grey Cup

The **100th Grey Cup** was a Canadian football game between the East Division champion Toronto Argonauts and the West Division champion Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League to decide the Grey Cup champions of the 2012 season.

The game took place on Sunday, November 25, 2012, at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario. This was the fourth (and last) Grey Cup game played at Rogers Centre (by the next Grey Cup game that Toronto hosted in 2016, it was played at BMO Field), and the 46th in the city of Toronto.

The Argonauts defeated the Stampeders 35–22 to win their 16th Grey Cup title.

This was the third meeting between Calgary and Toronto for the Grey Cup championship and the first since the 79th Grey Cup in 1991. This was also the second consecutive year that the Grey Cup game involved, and was won by, the team from the host city. The result of the game also meant that Argonauts owner David Braley became the first team owner to win back-to-back Grey Cups with two different teams; Braley also owned the 2011 champions, the BC Lions (Braley has since sold the Toronto Argonauts). Over 5.8 million viewers watched the game, with roughly 5.5 million originating from English Canada, making the game the most-watched Grey Cup ever recorded on English-language television.

Following the game, Toronto running back Chad Kackert was named the Most Valuable Player. His teammate, defensive end Ricky Foley received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the Most Valuable Canadian.

## Host city selection

On February 5, 2010, news agencies reported that the game had been awarded to Toronto. On June 11, 2010, it was officially announced by the CFL that the city of Toronto would host the game. Toronto hosted the first Grey Cup and has been the site of the most Grey Cup games. It was the 46th time that Toronto hosted the event (and 4th at Rogers Centre).

## 100th Grey Cup celebrations

The league promoted the 100th Grey Cup in several ways. The Grey Cup 100 Train Tour, with three CFL-themed railway coaches, criss-crossed Canada for ten weeks. Starting September 9 at Pacific Central Station in Vancouver, the Grey Cup was placed on board the train during an official ceremony. The coaches traveled east across Canada, visiting over 100 communities including all eight CFL cities as well as Ottawa, Quebec City, Moncton, and Halifax. It also made stops in Nunavut and Newfoundland and Labrador. The train arrived in Toronto on November 17, 2012. It featured a museum car, a railcar with contemporary memorabilia, and a car containing the Grey Cup itself.

Canada Post celebrated the 100th Grey Cup by issuing a series of commemorative postage stamps, designed by Bensimon Byrne of Toronto. Stamps have been produced for each team; every franchise chose one player in its history to be on the foreground of their team's stamp and the background features a historical moment from a past Grey Cup.

| **Team** | **Foreground** | **Background** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| BC Lions | Geroy Simon | Lui Passaglia |
| Edmonton Eskimos | Tom Wilkinson | Warren Moon |
| Calgary Stampeders | Wayne Harris |  |
| Saskatchewan Roughriders | George Reed | Dave Ridgway |
| Winnipeg Blue Bombers | Ken Ploen |  |
| Hamilton Tiger-Cats | Danny McManus |  |
| Montreal Alouettes | Anthony Calvillo | Sonny Wade |
| Toronto Argonauts | Pinball Clemons |  |

In the week leading up to the game, the Canadian government recognized the historical significance of the Grey Cup at a ceremony at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, which hosted the Grey Cup game twenty-nine times between 1909 and 1957. Because of this recognition the Grey Cup will be placed in Canada's system of national historic sites, persons and events.

On November 22, the Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, issued a message recognizing the hundredth edition of the game, as well as the 48th edition of the Vanier Cup, which was played two days prior to the Grey Cup. In her message, the Queen noted the monarchial ties of both championships and wished an enjoyable weekend for the teams, players and fans.

## Path to the Grey Cup

### Calgary Stampeders

The Stampeders finished second in the West Division with a 12–6 record, including four consecutive victories leading into the playoffs. As a result, they hosted the third place Saskatchewan Roughriders in the West Semi-Final at McMahon Stadium. Calgary was led by running back Jon Cornish, whose total of 1,457 rushing yards during the season set a league record for most by a Canadian-born player. Stampeders' head coach John Hufnagel named first-string quarterback Drew Tate the starter even though it would be his first full game since suffering a shoulder injury on July 7 against Toronto. Tate excelled in the game; he completed 22 of 26 passes for 363 yards and was named the CFL's offensive player of the week to lead Calgary to a 36–30 victory in the game. The game ended in dramatic fashion as, after a Calgary field goal with 1:22 remaining in the game put the Stampeders up 29–23, Saskatchewan quarterback Darian Durant engineered a quick touchdown drive to give the Roughriders a one-point lead with one minute to play. However, Tate connected on a 68-yard touchdown pass to Romby Bryant with 19 seconds remaining to complete the Calgary victory.

The victory advanced the Stampeders to the West Final, played in Vancouver, against the 13–5 BC Lions. It was revealed in the days leading up to the November 18 game that Tate suffered a broken wrist late in the game against Saskatchewan that ended his season. Veteran backup Kevin Glenn, who was the team's primary quarterback for much of the season due to Tate's injuries, was named the starter against BC. Glenn threw three touchdown passes to lead the Stampeders to a 34–29 win over the defending champion Lions. Cornish rushed for 112 yards on 18 carries and caught two passes for 42 yards was named the CFL's top Canadian for the week.

### Toronto Argonauts

The 9–9 Argonauts finished second in the East Division and hosted the division semi-final against the Edmonton Eskimos, who at 7–11 finished fourth in the West but crossed over by virtue of having a superior record to the third place team in the East, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Toronto quarterback Ricky Ray was the focus of the game, as he spent the first nine years of his CFL career as Edmonton's franchise quarterback until a trade prior to the 2012 season sent him to Toronto. Edmonton struggled throughout the season to replace him, and in the East Final, starter Kerry Joseph completed only four passes for 64 yards before being replaced at half time. Backup Matt Nichols replaced him until suffering a serious ankle injury in the second half. Ray, meanwhile, completed 23 of 30 passes for 239 yards and led the Argonauts offence to a team-record 31 points in the second quarter en route to a 42–26 victory.

The Argonauts then faced the division leading Montreal Alouettes (11–7) in the East Final. Toronto receiver Chad Owens, who led the CFL with 3,863 all-purpose yards, was a former Alouette who was traded by the team to Toronto in 2010. He led all players in the East Final with 207 receiving yards on 11 catches, and was named the league's most outstanding player of the week. Ray threw for 399 yards and Toronto took advantage of turnovers to defeat the favoured Alouettes 27–20.

### Head-to-head

Calgary and Toronto met twice in the regular season, both games won by the Argonauts. The first, a 39–36 victory on July 7 in Toronto, was the game where Tate suffered the shoulder injury that forced him onto the injured list for 14 games. The second win came in Calgary, a 22–14 victory on August 18. Despite the outcome of their two regular season meetings, Calgary was named a two-point favourite over Toronto in the Grey Cup by sports betting agencies.

It was also the third meeting between the two teams in Grey Cup play. They first met in the 59th Grey Cup in 1971, when the Stampeders won a defensive battle 14–11. It was Calgary's first Grey Cup victory since their perfect season in 1948. The two teams met again 20 years later in the 79th Grey Cup. Calgary quarterback Danny Barrett set Grey Cup records of 39 pass completions and 56 attempts as the Stampeders more than doubled the Argonauts offensive production, 406 yards to 174. Special teams were the difference in the game however, as Barrett was intercepted three times and Toronto's Rocket Ismail ran an 87-yard kickoff return for a touchdown en route to a 36–21 Argonaut victory.

## Game summary

Calgary, being the designated away team, made the call of heads for the coin toss; the result was a tails, allowing Toronto to choose to receive the ball for the first half of the game. The roof of the Rogers Centre was closed for the entirety of the game.

On Toronto's first offensive play of the game, quarterback Ricky Ray was intercepted by Quincy Butler. It was Ray's first interception since October 27. However, Calgary was unable to capitalize on the turnover and was forced to punt the football to end their first drive. Calgary committed their first turnover of the game on their next possession when running back Jon Cornish fumbled the ball on a handoff from quarterback Kevin Glenn. Toronto ended up opening up the scoring on the ensuing drive thanks to a five-yard touchdown run by the league's Most Outstanding Player Chad Owens.

The Stampeders responded to the touchdown with a field goal by Rene Paredes to cut the score down to 7–3 and they quickly regained possession of the ball, but the drive was cut short when Glenn was picked off by Toronto cornerback Pacino Horne, who ran the ball in for a touchdown to put the Argos up 14–3 early in the second quarter. On their following possession, Toronto found themselves at Calgary's 12-yard line following a 62-yard pass from Ray to Jason Barnes, but were forced to settle for a field goal by the Stampeders defence. Calgary responded with a field goal of their own to reduce the Argo lead to 17–6. Toronto would add another touchdown before halftime on a one-yard touchdown catch by Dontrelle Inman from Jarious Jackson.

Having received the ball at the start of the second half, Calgary moved the ball from their own 10-yard line to scoring range thanks to a 15-yard pass from Glenn to slotback Marquay McDaniel and a Toronto pass interference penalty. However, the Toronto defence again forced the Stampeders to kick a field goal, cutting the score to 24–9. Following a Toronto field goal midway through the third quarter, Calgary's Larry Taylor ran the ensuing kickoff 105 yards for an apparent touchdown, however the play was called back around midfield due to a holding penalty called against Keon Raymond. The penalty negated the score, and the Stampeders were again unable to overcome the Argonauts defence, punting the ball. On their next drive, the Stampeders were unable to capitalize despite a penalty to Toronto player Adriano Belli, who received a disqualification after an altercation with Calgary offensive lineman Jon Gott; Calgary was forced to punt the ball, but was able to force Toronto to concede a safety three plays later to end the third quarter.

The fourth quarter opened promisingly for Calgary. On a second-and-long play by the Stampeders, a pass interference penalty was called on Argos defensive back Ahmad Carroll to put them in scoring range. However, the Argonauts defence again prevented the Stampeders from reaching the end zone and Calgary settled for their fourth field goal of the game. With 5:56 left in the game, Ricky Ray threw his second touchdown pass of the night to put the Argos up 34–14. Stampeders receiver Maurice Price scored his team's lone touchdown of the game with twenty seconds remaining on the clock and followed up with the two-point conversion. After a failed onside kick, Toronto allowed the clock run down, winning the game by a final score of 35–22.

Toronto's Chad Kackert was named the Most Valuable Player of the Grey Cup after rushing the ball 20 times for 133 yards and adding 62 yards from 8 pass receptions. Defensive end Ricky Foley, a native of Courtice, Ontario, won the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game's top Canadian player after recovering a Calgary fumble early in the game and for helping to limit Calgary's Cornish to 57 yards rushing for the game.

### Scoring summary

First Quarter TOR – TD Owens 5 yd pass from Ray (Waters convert) (7:32) **7 – 0 TOR** CGY – FG Paredes 40 (4:09) **7 – 3 TOR** Second Quarter TOR – TD Horne 25 yd interception return (Waters convert) (14:46) **14 – 3 TOR** TOR – FG Waters 16 (9:25) **17 – 3 TOR** CGY – FG Paredes 18 (2:33) **17 – 6 TOR** TOR – TD Inman 1 yd pass from Jackson (Waters convert) (0:22) **24 – 6 TOR** Third Quarter CGY – FG Paredes 27 (6:29) **24 – 9 TOR** TOR – FG Waters 30 (3:01) **27 – 9 TOR** CGY – Safety (0:04) **27 – 11 TOR** Fourth Quarter CGY – FG Paredes 19 (9:58) **27 – 14 TOR** TOR – TD Durie 7 yd pass from Ray (Waters convert) (5:56) **34 – 14 TOR** TOR – Single Prefontaine 53 yd punt (1:42) **35 – 14 TOR** CGY – TD Price 12 yd pass from Mitchell (Price 2-pt convert) (0:20) **35 – 22 TOR**

## Ceremonies and associated events

A "fan parade", called the *Sun Life Grey Cup Fan March*, took place on November 25, moving from Varsity Stadium at the University of Toronto to Rogers Centre. The coin toss, using the first 100th Grey Cup commemorative coin struck by the Royal Canadian Mint, was executed by Governor General of Canada David Johnston, as was the ceremonial kickoff.

## Entertainment

The CFL unveiled an "all-Canadian, all-star lineup" of musical acts to perform the pre-game and halftime shows at the game. Burton Cummings, former lead singer of 1960s–1970s rock band The Guess Who, performed "O Canada", and country artist Johnny Reid performed as part of the pre-game show. The halftime show featured pop artists Justin Bieber and Carly Rae Jepsen, along with rock band Marianas Trench and balladeer Gordon Lightfoot. CFL commissioner Mark Cohon explained that the lineup spanned multiple generations of music, was "quintessentially Canadian and undoubtedly world class", and would "command a huge and diverse audience, entertaining our most loyal fans and attracting new ones to our game's greatest showcase."

Despite the CFL's endorsement, many questioned the league's choice of performers. In particular, the selection of Justin Bieber was criticized for his lack of appeal to the demographic attending the game. During the halftime show, Bieber was booed throughout his performance, whereas Gordon Lightfoot's shortened performance of "Canadian Railroad Trilogy" was met with raucous approval from the crowd. Burton Cummings also received criticism for accidentally omitting a line "God keep our land" from the national anthem.

## Television

The game was broadcast in Canada on TSN in English and its sister station, RDS, in French. TSN commissioned a documentary series, *Engraved on a Nation*, to commemorate the centennial. The game was televised in the United States by NBCSN.

With an average of 5.5 million viewers for TSN, it was the most watched Grey Cup game of all-time on English television. Including RDS, viewership averaged 5.8 million, while over 13 million Canadians watched at least part of the contest. While these totals represented a 28% increase over the year before, both fell short of the all-time records of 6.1 million viewers on average and 14 million total set in the 97th Grey Cup in 2009. The half-time show averaged 6.1 million viewers.

## InfoBox

100th Grey Cup
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Calgary Stampeders Toronto Argonauts  (12–6) (9–9)  22 35  Head coach:
John Hufnagel Head coach:
Scott Milanovich | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **Calgary Stampeders** 3 3 5 11 22  **Toronto Argonauts** 7 17 3 8 35 | |
| Date | November 25, 2012 |
| Stadium | Rogers Centre |
| Location | Toronto, Ontario |
| Most Valuable Player | Chad Kackert, RB (Argonauts) |
| Most Valuable Canadian | Ricky Foley, DE (Argonauts) |
| Favourite | Stampeders by 2 |
| National anthem | Burton Cummings |
| Coin toss | Governor General David Johnston |
| Referee | Glen Johnson |
| Halftime show | Justin Bieber, Carly Rae Jepsen, Marianas Trench and Gordon Lightfoot.

Pregame: Johnny Reid |
| Attendance | 53,208 |
| Broadcasters | |
| Network | TSN, RDS
NBC Sports Network |
| Announcers | (TSN): Chris Cuthbert, Glen Suitor, Dave Randorf, Jock Climie, Matt Dunigan, Chris Schultz, Milt Stegall |
| Ratings | 5.8 million (average)
13 million (total) |
|  | |


title: 1882 Wakanui by-election

abstract: The 1882 Wakanui by-election was a by-election held on 16 June 1882 in the Wakanui electorate during the 8th New Zealand Parliament. The by-election was caused when the election of the incumbent MP Cathcart Wason in 1881 was declared void. The by-election was won by Joseph Ivess. He was opposed by Alfred Saunders.

text:
# 1882 Wakanui by-election

The **1882 Wakanui by-election** was a by-election held on 16 June 1882 in the Wakanui electorate during the 8th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was caused when the election of the incumbent MP Cathcart Wason in 1881 was declared void.

The by-election was won by Joseph Ivess. He was opposed by Alfred Saunders.

## Results

The following table gives the election result:

1882 Wakanui by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent** | **Joseph Ivess** | **605** | **52.79** |  |
|  | Independent | Alfred Saunders | 541 | 47.21 |  |
| Majority | | | 64 | 5.58 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1146 |  |  |


title: 1888 in China

abstract: Events in the year 1888 in China.

text:
# 1888 in China

Events in the year **1888 in China**.

## Incumbents

### Viceroys

## Events

* Sikkim expedition, an 1888 British military expedition to expel Tibetan forces from Sikkim in present-day northeast India.
* March 12 — Qing government signed a treaty with the US banning Chinese laborers from entering the US in accordance with the Chinese Exclusion Act
* Lingnan University established in Canton, Kwangtung Province, China (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China). It was a private university established by a group of American missionaries in 1888
* October 1 — The Scott Act (1888) signed into law, was a United States law that prohibited Chinese laborers abroad or who planned future travels from returning, met with opposition in China, especially Guangdong

## Births

* Zhan Dabei (1888, Hubei \- 1927) was a Chinese revolutionary and politician. He was an anti-Manchu rebel active at the time of the 1911 Revolution

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1888<br>History of China    Timeline    Years |


title: Echidnophaga myrmecobii

abstract: Echidnophaga myrmecobii is a stickfast flea that is native to Australia, and is commonly found on marsupials and rabbits. It is also found on European hares, cats, and dogs. On rabbits, the flea is most commonly found on the head and body, whereas the related flea, Echidnophaga perilis, is more often found on the feet. E. myrmecobii is a minor vector of myxomatosis between rabbits in Australia. Adult E. myrmecobii can jump 16.5 cm high.

text:
# Echidnophaga myrmecobii

***Echidnophaga myrmecobii*** is a stickfast flea that is native to Australia, and is commonly found on marsupials and rabbits. It is also found on European hares (*Lepus europaeus*), cats, and dogs.

On rabbits, the flea is most commonly found on the head and body, whereas the related flea, *Echidnophaga perilis*, is more often found on the feet. *E. myrmecobii* is a minor vector of myxomatosis between rabbits in Australia.

Adult *E. myrmecobii* can jump 16.5 cm high.

## InfoBox

| *Echidnophaga myrmecobii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Siphonaptera |
| Family: | Pulicidae |
| Genus: | *Echidnophaga* |
| Species: | ***E. myrmecobii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Echidnophaga myrmecobii***<br>Rothschild, 1909 | |
|


title: Amanda Olivares

abstract: Amanda Beatriz Olivares Phillip is a Mexican beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country in the 1988 Miss Universe pageant, held in Taipei, Taiwan on May 23, 1988, and obtained the second runner-up. Amanda married and always wanted to be a Home maker, Mother and Wife. During Miss Universe, Amanda Olivares was also the only contestant from the Americas, as well as the only non-Asian to make it into the top five that year. She is the best friend of Mercedes Rodriguez Silva, Gabriela Silva, Laura Ortega and Zandra Rodríguez. Amanda has 3 daughters; Amanda, Joyce and Tania Tame Olivares. She is happily married to Esteban Pedroche Gomez and is still living in her Home Town Puebla in Mexico.

text:
# Amanda Olivares

**Amanda Beatriz Olivares Phillip** (born March 3, 1966, in Puebla, Mexico) is a Mexican beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country in the 1988 Miss Universe pageant, held in Taipei, Taiwan on May 23, 1988, and obtained the second runner-up. Amanda married and always wanted to be a Home maker, Mother and Wife.

During Miss Universe, Amanda Olivares was also the only contestant from the Americas, as well as the only non-Asian to make it into the top five that year. She is the best friend of Mercedes Rodriguez Silva, Gabriela Silva, Laura Ortega and Zandra Rodríguez. Amanda has 3 daughters; Amanda, Joyce and Tania Tame Olivares. She is happily married to Esteban Pedroche Gomez and is still living in her Home Town Puebla in Mexico.


title: Amblyseius paraaerialis

abstract: Amblyseius paraaerialis is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Amblyseius paraaerialis

***Amblyseius paraaerialis*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Amblyseius paraaerialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Amblyseius* |
| Species: | ***A. paraaerialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amblyseius paraaerialis***<br>Muma, 1967 | |
|


title: Amblyseius ovalitectus

abstract: Amblyseius ovalitectus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

text:
# Amblyseius ovalitectus

***Amblyseius ovalitectus*** is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Amblyseius ovalitectus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Phytoseiidae |
| Genus: | *Amblyseius* |
| Species: | ***A. ovalitectus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Amblyseius ovalitectus***<br>van der Merwe, 1968 | |
|


title: Early Joni – 1963

abstract: Early Joni – 1963 is a compilation album by singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, released on October 30, 2020, by Rhino Records. The album, which is the second overall and the first auxiliary release of the Joni Mitchell Archives, features one of Mitchell's first live performances, a broadcast set on Saskatoon radio station CFQC AM. The cover art for the release features a self portrait drawn by Mitchell that is based on an early photo in her personal archive, and marks the first visual artwork that she had completed in several years. This separate title was pressed exclusively on vinyl, though it serves as a companion to Joni Mitchell Archives – Vol. 1: The Early Years (1963–1967), the box set from which its material is derived.

text:
# Early Joni – 1963

***Early Joni – 1963*** is a compilation album by singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, released on October 30, 2020, by Rhino Records. The album, which is the second overall and the first auxiliary release of the Joni Mitchell Archives, features one of Mitchell's first live performances, a broadcast set on Saskatoon radio station CFQC AM. The cover art for the release features a self portrait drawn by Mitchell that is based on an early photo in her personal archive, and marks the first visual artwork that she had completed in several years. This separate title was pressed exclusively on vinyl, though it serves as a companion to *Joni Mitchell Archives – Vol. 1: The Early Years (1963–1967)*, the box set from which its material is derived.

## Background and recording

In 1963, now-retired radio DJ Barry Bowman of CFQC 600 lived with three of his friends in downtown Saskatoon, Canada. During that summer, Bowman and his friends met and befriended Joni Mitchell, who at the time was still going by her birth name of Joni Anderson. The group would frequently congregate with Mitchell at the large house they were renting, the local swimming pool, or the South Saskatchewan River, where they "drank beer and ate hot dogs." One of Bowman's friends and co-tenants, Danny Evanishen, referred to that period of time as being "the summer that Joni came to \[them\]." Evanishen is also attributed as being the person who encouraged Mitchell to take up playing the guitar, loaning her his guitar to play in lieu of her ukulele. Encouraged by Mitchell's budding talent, Bowman invited her to the radio station to record nine traditional folk songs over the course of two nights. He gave her a copy of the audition tape and kept the masters, which were later unearthed by his ex-wife in 2015.

## Track listing

Side one
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "House of the Rising Sun" | Traditional | 2:54 |
| 2. | "John Hardy" | Traditional | 2:25 |
| 3. | "Dark as a Dungeon" | Merle Travis | 3:07 |
| 4. | "Tell Old Bill" | Traditional | 3:00 |
| 5. | "Nancy Whiskey" | Traditional | 3:23 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Anathea" | Traditional | 4:10 |
| 2. | "Copper Kettle" | Albert Frank Beddoe | 2:18 |
| 3. | "Fare Thee Well (Dink's Song)" | Traditional | 2:48 |
| 4. | "Molly Malone" | Traditional | 2:46 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Discogs.

Performers * Joni Mitchell – vocals; guitar

Production and recording * Allison Boron – project assistance
* Barry Bowman – recording
* Marcy Gensic – project assistance
* Bernie Grundman – mastering; lacquer cutting
* Joni Mitchell – reissue producer
* Patrick Milligan – reissue producer
* Jane Tani – project assistance

Design * Barry Bowman – liner notes
* Sheryl Farber – booklet editor
* Lisa Glines – art direction; design
* Joni Mitchell – cover illustration
* Doran Tyson – product manager
* Shannon Ward – packaging manager

## Charts

Chart performance for *Early Joni – 1963*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Current Albums (*Billboard*) | 72 |

## InfoBox

| Early Joni – 1963 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Joni Mitchell | |
| Released | October 30, 2020 (2020-10-30) |
| Recorded | 1963 |
| Studio | CFQC (Saskatoon, Canada) |
| Label | Rhino Records |
| Joni Mitchell chronology | |
| *Joni Mitchell Archives – Vol. 1: The Early Years (1963–1967)*
(2020) ***Early Joni – 1963***
(2020) *Live at Canterbury House – 1967*
(2020) | |


title: American Muscle Car Museum

abstract: The American Muscle Car Museum is a private non-profit museum in Melbourne, Florida. It is not open to the general public; instead, it is used for charitable fundraising events. This 123,000 sq-ft facility displays over 420 muscle cars, many considered rare versions with very low mileage. They are each maintained in drive-ready condition. The collection belongs to Mark Pieloch and has an estimated worth of $32 million. Pieloch has collected cars since 1974 and the models in the museum start from 1955, with many from the 1969-70 period. The museum includes a conservation area to restore cars. The facility is a "green building" deriving 100% of its electrical requirements from solar energy with 1,200 panels. In addition to automobiles, the collection includes vintage balloon tire bicycles, automotive-related neon signs, antique gas pumps, jukeboxes, pedal cars, vintage coolers, and motorcycles. The museum has conducted several fundraisers for charitable causes, including selling valuable cars from the collection and donating the proceeds.

text:
# American Muscle Car Museum

The **American Muscle Car Museum** is a private non-profit museum in Melbourne, Florida. It is not open to the general public; instead, it is used for charitable fundraising events. This 123,000 sq-ft facility displays over 420 muscle cars, many considered rare versions with very low mileage. They are each maintained in drive-ready condition.

The collection belongs to Mark Pieloch and has an estimated worth of $32 million. Pieloch has collected cars since 1974 and the models in the museum start from 1955, with many from the 1969-70 period.

The museum includes a conservation area to restore cars. The facility is a "green building" deriving 100% of its electrical requirements from solar energy with 1,200 panels.

In addition to automobiles, the collection includes vintage balloon tire bicycles, automotive-related neon signs, antique gas pumps, jukeboxes, pedal cars, vintage coolers, and motorcycles.

The museum has conducted several fundraisers for charitable causes, including selling valuable cars from the collection and donating the proceeds.

## InfoBox

American Muscle Car Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Florida | |
| Established | 2016 |
| Location | 3500 Sarno Road<br>Melbourne, Florida |
| Coordinates | 28°07′15″N 80°41′23″W / 28.1209°N 80.6897°W / 28.1209; -80.6897 |
| Type | Automobile |
| Key holdings | Muscle cars |
| Collection size | 250 vehicles |
| Founder | Mark Pieloch |
| Website | American Museum Car Museum |


abstract: The American Moving Labor Professionals Association (AMLPA) is the non-profit trade association representing moving labor companies moving industry based in the United States and Canada. With approximately 150 member companies they consist of fully licensed moving companies, moving labor services, and vendors to the moving industry suppliers. The AMLPA offers moving labor services varying levels of a quality certification program, aimed at consumers. Federal and local statutes regulating the moving labor industry are almost non-existent so the AMLPA acts as a non-profit group to set standards for its members.

text:
# American Moving Labor Professionals Association

The **American Moving Labor Professionals Association** (AMLPA) is the non-profit trade association representing moving labor companies moving industry based in the United States and Canada. With approximately 150 member companies they consist of fully licensed moving companies, moving labor services, and vendors to the moving industry suppliers.

The AMLPA offers moving labor services varying levels of a quality certification program, aimed at consumers. Federal and local statutes regulating the moving labor industry are almost non-existent so the AMLPA acts as a non-profit group to set standards for its members.

## History

The AMLPA was formed with three goals. To set standards for the moving labor industry which at this time is relatively unregulated, to raise consumer awareness about an alternative to traditional moving companies, to form a body of industry professionals and gain market share while differentiating themselves from unlicensed and uninsured day laborers.

On October 6, 2016 the link to the AMLPA website reported: "The AMLPA is no longer in operation. We apologize for any inconvenience."

## Membership

Member companies include local and national companies that offer moving labor services. Members must abide by an ethical code of conduct and comply with any state laws, federal transportation safety regulations or consumer protection regulations.

* "www.amlpa.org/news/58-amlpa-launches-". AMLPA. October 19, 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
* "www.amlpa.org/news/60-amlpa-announces-board-of-directors". AMLPA. October 29, 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2009.

## InfoBox

American Moving Labor Professionals Association
| Formation | 2009 (precursor) |
| --- | --- |
| Type | trade association |
| Headquarters | Tampa, Florida |
| Location |  |
| Membership | 150 |
| President & CEO | Brandon Scivolette of Elite Moving Labor |
| Website | AMLPA.org |


abstract: United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 5, 1901, in six states. Virginia holds its gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, following the United States presidential election year. New Jersey at this time held gubernatorial elections every 3 years. It would abandon this practice in 1949. Massachusetts and Rhode Island at this time held gubernatorial elections every year. They would abandon this practice in 1920 and 1912, respectively. Iowa and Ohio at this time held gubernatorial elections in every odd numbered year. In Rhode Island, the gubernatorial election was held on the same day as federal elections for the first time. Elections in this state had previously been held in April.

text:
# 1901 United States gubernatorial elections

**United States gubernatorial elections** were held on November 5, 1901, in six states.

Virginia holds its gubernatorial elections in odd numbered years, every 4 years, following the United States presidential election year. New Jersey at this time held gubernatorial elections every 3 years. It would abandon this practice in 1949. Massachusetts and Rhode Island at this time held gubernatorial elections every year. They would abandon this practice in 1920 and 1912, respectively. Iowa and Ohio at this time held gubernatorial elections in every odd numbered year.

In Rhode Island, the gubernatorial election was held on the same day as federal elections for the first time. Elections in this state had previously been held in April.

## Results

| State | Incumbent | Party | Status | Opposing candidates |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Iowa** | L. M. Shaw | Republican | Retired, Republican victory | **Albert B. Cummins** (Republican) 58.09%
T. J. Phillips (Democratic) 36.81%
A. U. Coates (Prohibition) 4.01%
James Baxter (Socialist) 0.89%
Luman H. Weller (People's) 0.20%
 |
| **Massachusetts** | **Winthrop Murray Crane** | Republican | Re-elected, 57.26% | Josiah Quincy (Democratic) 35.24%
George H. Wrenn (Social Democrat) 3.29%
Michael T. Berry (Socialist Labor) 2.74%
John B. Lewis (Prohibition) 1.47%
 |
| **New Jersey** | Foster McGowan Voorhees | Republican | Term-limited, Republican victory | **Franklin Murphy** (Republican) 50.88%
James M. Seymour (Democratic) 46.14%
Joel W. Brown (Prohibition) 1.49%
Charles H. Vail (Socialist) 0.97%
Frank W. Wilson (Socialist Labor) 0.53%
 |
| **Ohio** | **George K. Nash** | Republican | Re-elected, 52.70% | James Kilbourne (Democratic) 44.53%
E. Jay Pinney (Prohibition) 1.19%
Harry C. Thompson (Socialist) 0.89%
John H. T. Juergens (Socialist Labor) 0.36%
John Richardson (Union Reform) 0.33%
 |
| **Rhode Island** | **William Gregory** | Republican | Re-elected, 53.64% | Lucius F. C. Garvin (Democratic) 39.93%
William E. Brightman (Prohibition) 4.08%
James P. Reid (Socialist Labor) 2.35%
 |
| **Virginia** | James Hoge Tyler | Democratic | Term-limited, Democratic victory | **Andrew Jackson Montague** (Democratic) 58.20%
John Hampton Hoge (Republican) 40.58%
O. C. Rucker (Prohibition) 0.95%
H. D. McTier (Socialist Labor) 0.14%
J. J. Quantz (Socialist Labor) 0.14%
 |

1. Gregory died on December 16, 1901, before his re-inauguration, and was succeeded by the Lieutenant Governor, Charles D. Kimball (R).

## InfoBox

1901 United States gubernatorial elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  6 governorships | |
| Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic  Seats before **26** 18  Seats after **26** 18  Seat change    Seats up **5** 1  Seats won **5** 1   ---  Third party   Party Silver   Seats before 1   Seats after 1   Seat change    Seats up 0   Seats won 0 | |
| ---  Democratic gain      Democratic hold
Republican gain      Republican hold | |


title: Donald A. Haggar

abstract: Donald Abraham Haggar was an American lawyer, businessman, and politician.

text:
# Donald A. Haggar

**Donald Abraham Haggar** (March 12, 1924  February 23, 2013) was an American lawyer, businessman, and politician.

## Life and career

Born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Haggar served in the United States Army during World War II. He received his law degree from University of South Dakota School of Law and practiced law. Haggar was elected to represent Minnehaha County in the South Dakota House of Representatives in 1958, as a Republican, and in 1960 was appointed director of the South Dakota Highway department. After serving as director, he operated a real estate firm, Haggar Action Reality, which dealt mostly in ranches and agricultural property. Haggar died in Sioux Falls at the age of 89.


title: Alex Hutchinson (video game director)

abstract: Alex Hutchinson is an Australian video game director and designer. He is best known for his work as the creative director for Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed III and Far Cry 4. After a long stint at Ubisoft, he has since co-founded his own video game development company, Typhoon Studios.

text:
# Alex Hutchinson (video game director)

**Alex Hutchinson** is an Australian video game director and designer. He is best known for his work as the creative director for Ubisoft's *Assassin's Creed III* and *Far Cry 4*. After a long stint at Ubisoft, he has since co-founded his own video game development company, Typhoon Studios.

## Career

Hutchinson began his career in the games industry as a designer at Torus Games in Australia but quickly left for an opportunity at Electronic Arts subsidiary Maxis. There, he worked as a Lead Designer on the popular gaming series, *The Sims,* as well as leading the design on *Spore*. In 2008, he moved to Canada to take on a role as Creative Director at EA Montreal, working on *Army of Two: The 40th Day.* He later transitioned to Ubisoft Montreal, where he served as Creative Director for *Assassin's Creed III* and *Far Cry 4*. *Assassin's Creed III* was showcased at E3 2012, and *Far Cry 4* at E3 2014, where it was presented by Hutchinson himself.

In 2017, Hutchinson co-founded Typhoon Studios, a video game studio based in Montreal, with his partners Yassine Riahi and Reid Schneider. The studio gained attention when its first game, *Journey to the Savage Planet,* was announced at the 2018 Game Awards. In December 2019, Google, under its Stadia brand, acquired Typhoon Studios. Unfortunately, Typhoon Studios, along with Google's Stadia Games and Entertainment (SG&E) division, was shut down in February 2021. However, the development team behind *Journey* *to the Savage Planet*, including Hutchinson, Schneider, Yannick Simard, Erick Bilodeau, and Marc-Antoine Lussier, reunited and founded Raccoon Logic in 2021.

## Works

| Video Games | Year Released | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *The Sims 2* | 2004 & 2005 | Lead Designer |
| *Spore* | 2008 | Lead Designer |
| *Army of Two: The 40th Day* | 2010 | Creative Director |
| *Assassin's Creed III* | 2012 | Creative Director |
| *Far Cry 4* | 2014 | Creative Director |
| *Journey to the Savage Planet* | 2020 | Creative Director |

## Controversies

On October 22, 2020, Alex Hutchinson tweeted the following:

> The real truth is the streamers should be paying the developers and publishers of the games they stream. They should be buying a license like any real business and paying for the content they use.

Which generated public backlash. Following, Google stated that what Hutchinson said does not represent the company's vision.

## InfoBox

| Alex Hutchinson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Australia |
| Education | Melbourne University |
| Occupation(s) | Video game director and designer |
| Known for | Co-founder of Typhoon Studios |


title: Douglas Township, Audubon County, Iowa

abstract: Douglas Township is one of twelve townships in Audubon County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 210.

text:
# Douglas Township, Audubon County, Iowa

**Douglas Township** is one of twelve townships in Audubon County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 210.

## History

Douglas Township was organized in 1873.

## Geography

Douglas Township covers an area of 36.8 square miles (95.4 km2) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Douglas Township and Ebenezer.

## InfoBox

| Douglas Township, Audubon County | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 41°43′38″N 095°02′21″W / 41.72722°N 95.03917°W / 41.72722; -95.03917 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Audubon |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.8 sq mi (95.4 km2) |
| Land | 36.8 sq mi (95.4 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,381 ft (421 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 210 |
| Density | 6/sq mi (2.2/km2) |
| FIPS code | 19-91026 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0467724 |


title: Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa

abstract: Douglas Township is one of seventeen townships in Boone County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,344.

text:
# Douglas Township, Boone County, Iowa

**Douglas Township** is one of seventeen townships in Boone County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,344.

## History

Douglas Township was established in 1858.

## Geography

Douglas Township covers an area of 17.4 square miles (45 km2) and contains one incorporated settlement, Madrid. According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Cassel, Dalander, Fairview and Mount Hope.

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. Goldthwait, Nathan Edward (1914). *History of Boone County, Iowa, Volume 1*. Pioneer Publishing Company. p. 225.

## InfoBox

| Douglas Township, Boone County | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 41°54′41″N 093°51′00″W / 41.91139°N 93.85000°W / 41.91139; -93.85000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Boone |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.4 sq mi (45.06 km2) |
| Land | 17.24 sq mi (44.66 km2) |
| Water | 0.15 sq mi (0.4 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,030 ft (314 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 2,344 |
| Density | 136/sq mi (52.5/km2) |
| FIPS code | 19-91029 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0467725 |


title: Dong Qing

abstract: Dong Qing is a Chinese television host. From 2005 to 2017, she has hosted the annual CCTV New Year's Gala. She has won the Golden Mike Award's for Television in 2001 and 2006, and has received Golden Eagle Award for Best Programme Host in 2006.

text:
# Dong Qing

**Dong Qing** (Chinese: 董卿; pinyin: *Dǒng Qīng*; born 17 November 1973) is a Chinese television host. From 2005 to 2017, she has hosted the annual CCTV New Year's Gala.

She has won the Golden Mike Award's for Television in 2001 and 2006, and has received Golden Eagle Award for Best Programme Host in 2006.

## Biography

Dong was born in a highly educated family in Shanghai in 1973, both her father and mother were graduates of Fudan University.

Dong secondary studied at Jiaxing No.1 High School, she graduated from Shanghai Theatre Academy in 1993, where she majored in broadcast, then she studied at East China Normal University.

Dong worked in Zhejiang Television from 1993 to 1995 and OTV from 1995 to 2002.

From May 2002 to present, Dong worked in China Central Television.

Dong hosted the CCTV New Year's Gala from 2005 to 2017.

In 2016, she began her plan to produce a show about reading. The first episode of her show *Readers* went on air in February 2017 and became an instant hit.

## Awards

## Personal life

Her first love was a Zhejiang University graduate student. She next had a relationship with a civil servant in Shanghai. She later married Chinese businessman Chunlei Mi.

## InfoBox

| Dong Qing | |
| --- | --- |
| 董卿 | |
| Born | (1973-11-17) November 17, 1973
Shanghai, China |
| Alma mater | Shanghai Theatre Academy
East China Normal University |
| Occupation | Host |
| Years active | 1993 - present |
| Television | China Central Television (CCTV) |
| Awards | Golden Mike Award
2001
Golden Mike Award
2006
Golden Eagle Award for Best Programme Host
2006
 |


title: Dong Qichang

abstract: Dong Qichang, was a Chinese art theorist, calligrapher, painter, and politician of the later period of the Ming dynasty.

text:
# Dong Qichang

**Dong Qichang** (Chinese: 董其昌; pinyin: *Dǒng Qíchāng*; Wade–Giles: ***Tung Ch'i-ch'ang***; courtesy name **Xuanzai** (玄宰); 1555–1636), was a Chinese art theorist, calligrapher, painter, and politician of the later period of the Ming dynasty.

## Life as a scholar and calligrapher

Dong Qichang was a native of Hua Ting (located in modern-day Shanghai), the son of a teacher and somewhat precocious as a child. At 12, he passed the prefectural Civil service entrance examination and won a coveted spot at the prefectural Government school. He first took the imperial civil service exam at seventeen, but placed second to a cousin because his calligraphy was clumsy. This led him to train until he became a noted calligrapher. Once this occurred, he rose up the ranks of the imperial service passing the highest level at the age of 35. He rose to an official position with the Ministry of Rites. Qichang's calligraphy drew inspiration from prominent calligraphers Wen Zhengming and Zhao Mengfu and of the masters of the Jin and Tang dynasties.

His positions in the bureaucracy were not without controversy. In 1605 he was giving the exam when the candidates demonstrated against him causing his temporary retirement. In other cases he insulted and beat women who came to his home with grievances. That led to his house being burned down by an angry mob. He also had the tense relations with the eunuchs common to the scholar bureaucracy. Dong's tomb in Songjiang District was vandalized during the Cultural Revolution, and his body dressed in official Ming court robes, was desecrated by Red Guards.

## Painter

His work favored expression over formal likeness. He also avoided anything he deemed to be slick or sentimental. This led him to create landscapes with intentionally distorted spatial features. Still his work was in no way abstract as it took elements from earlier Yuan masters, specifically, the Four Masters of the Yuan Dynasty. His views on expression had importance to later "individualist" painters.

## Art theory

In his art theoretical writings, Dong developed the theory that Chinese painting could be divided into two schools: the "Northern" school, characterized by fine lines and colors, and the "Southern", school noted for its quick calligraphic strokes, as first suggested to him by his friend and older contemporary Mo Shilong. These names are misleading as they refer to Northern and Southern schools of Chan Buddhism thought rather than geographic areas (hence a Northern painter could be geographically from the south and a Southern painter geographically from the north). He strongly favored the Southern school and dismissed the Northern school as superficial or merely decorative. Maintaining that the Northern school realized truth gradually, while the Southern school intuitively brought the actualization of such insight.

His ideal of Southern school painting was one where the artist forms a new style of individualistic painting by building on and transforming the style of traditional masters. This was to correspond with sudden enlightenment, as favored by Southern Chan Buddhism. He was a great admirer of Mi Fu and Ni Zan. By relating to the ancient masters' style, artists are to create a place for themselves within the tradition, not by mere imitation, but by extending and even surpassing the art of the past. Dong's theories, combining veneration of past masters with a creative forward looking spark, would be very influential on Qing dynasty artists as well as collectors, "especially some of the newly rich collectors of Sungchiang, Huichou in Southern Anhui, Yangchou, and other places where wealth was concentrated in this period". Together with other early self-appointed arbiters of taste known as the Nine Friends, he helped determine which painters were to be considered collectible (or not). As Cahill points out, such men were the forerunners of today's art historians. His classifications were quite perceptive and he is credited with being "the first art historian to do more than list and grade artists."

## Sources


title: Effin GAA

abstract: Effin GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Effin, County Limerick, Ireland. The club is primarily concerned with the game of hurling, but also fields teams in Gaelic football.

text:
# Effin GAA

**Effin GAA** is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in Effin, County Limerick, Ireland. The club is primarily concerned with the game of hurling, but also fields teams in Gaelic football.

## History

Located in the village of Effin, County Limerick, Effin GAA Club was founded in 1887. The club has spent most of its existence operating in the lower grades, winning the Limerick JAHC title and 2010. Effin gained a second consecutive promotion after winning the Limerick IHC title in 2011. The Munster Club IHC title was later claimed after a defeat of Ballyduff in the final.

## Honours

## Notable players

## InfoBox

Effin
| *Eimhín* | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded: | 1887 |
| County: | Limerick |
| Colours: | Green and white |
| Grounds: | Effin GAA Grounds |
| Playing kits | |
|  | |


title: *-autonomous category

abstract: In mathematics, a *-autonomous category C is a symmetric monoidal closed category equipped with a dualizing object ⊥. The concept is also referred to as Grothendieck—Verdier category in view of its relation to the notion of Verdier duality.

text:
# *-autonomous category

In mathematics, a **\*-autonomous** (read "star-autonomous") category **C** is a symmetric monoidal closed category equipped with a dualizing object $\bot $. The concept is also referred to as **GrothendieckVerdier category** in view of its relation to the notion of Verdier duality.

## Definition

Let **C** be a symmetric monoidal closed category. For any object *A* and $\bot $, there exists a morphism

$$\partial \_{A,\bot }:A\to (A\Rightarrow \bot )\Rightarrow \bot $$

defined as the image by the bijection defining the monoidal closure

$$\mathrm {Hom} ((A\Rightarrow \bot )\otimes A,\bot )\cong \mathrm {Hom} (A,(A\Rightarrow \bot )\Rightarrow \bot )$$

of the morphism

$$\mathrm {eval} \_{A,A\Rightarrow \bot }\circ \gamma \_{A\Rightarrow \bot ,A}:(A\Rightarrow \bot )\otimes A\to \bot $$

where $\gamma $ is the *symmetry* of the tensor product. An object $\bot $ of the category **C** is called **dualizing** when the associated morphism $\partial \_{A,\bot }$ is an isomorphism for every object *A* of the category **C**.

Equivalently, a **\*-autonomous category** is a symmetric monoidal category *C* together with a functor $(-)^{\*}:C^{\mathrm {op} }\to C$ such that for every object *A* there is a natural isomorphism $A\cong {A^{\**}}$, and for every three objects *A*, *B* and *C* there is a natural bijection

$\mathrm {Hom} (A\otimes B,C^{\*})\cong \mathrm {Hom} (A,(B\otimes C)^{\*})$.

The dualizing object of *C* is then defined by $\bot =I^{\*}$. The equivalence of the two definitions is shown by identifying $A^{\*}=A\Rightarrow \bot $.

## Properties

Compact closed categories are \*-autonomous, with the monoidal unit as the dualizing object. Conversely, if the unit of a \*-autonomous category is a dualizing object then there is a canonical family of maps

$A^{\*}\otimes B^{\*}\to (B\otimes A)^{\*}$ .

These are all isomorphisms if and only if the \*-autonomous category is compact closed.

## Examples

A familiar example is the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over any field *k* made monoidal with the usual tensor product of vector spaces. The dualizing object is *k*, the one-dimensional vector space, and dualization corresponds to transposition. Although the category of all vector spaces over *k* is not \*-autonomous, suitable extensions to categories of topological vector spaces can be made \*-autonomous.

On the other hand, the category of topological vector spaces contains an extremely wide full subcategory, the category **Ste** of stereotype spaces, which is a \*-autonomous category with the dualizing object $\mathbb {C} $ and the tensor product $\circledast $.

Various models of linear logic form \*-autonomous categories, the earliest of which was Jean-Yves Girard's category of coherence spaces.

The category of complete semilattices with morphisms preserving all joins but not necessarily meets is \*-autonomous with dualizer the chain of two elements. A degenerate example (all homsets of cardinality at most one) is given by any Boolean algebra (as a partially ordered set) made monoidal using conjunction for the tensor product and taking 0 as the dualizing object.

The formalism of Verdier duality gives further examples of \*-autonomous categories. For example, Boyarchenko & Drinfeld (2013) mention that the bounded derived category of constructible l-adic sheaves on an algebraic variety has this property. Further examples include derived categories of constructible sheaves on various kinds of topological spaces.

An example of a self-dual category that is not \*-autonomous is finite linear orders and continuous functions, which has * but is not autonomous: its dualizing object is the two-element chain but there is no tensor product.

The category of sets and their partial injections is self-dual because the converse of the latter is again a partial injection.

The concept of \*-autonomous category was introduced by Michael Barr in 1979 in a monograph with that title. Barr defined the notion for the more general situation of *V*-categories, categories enriched in a symmetric monoidal or autonomous category *V*. The definition above specializes Barr's definition to the case *V* = **Set** of ordinary categories, those whose homobjects form sets (of morphisms). Barr's monograph includes an appendix by his student Po-Hsiang Chu that develops the details of a construction due to Barr showing the existence of nontrivial \*-autonomous *V*-categories for all symmetric monoidal categories *V* with pullbacks, whose objects became known a decade later as Chu spaces.

## Non symmetric case

In a biclosed monoidal category *C*, not necessarily symmetric, it is still possible to define a dualizing object and then define a \*-autonomous category as a biclosed monoidal category with a dualizing object. They are equivalent definitions, as in the symmetric case.

* Barr, Michael (1979). *\*-Autonomous Categories*. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 752. Springer. doi:10.1007/BFb0064579. ISBN 978-3-540-09563-7.
* Barr, Michael (1995). "Non-symmetric \*-autonomous Categories". *Theoretical Computer Science*. **139**: 115–130. doi:10.1016/0304-3975(94)00089-2. S2CID 14721961.
* Barr, Michael (1999). "\*-autonomous categories: once more around the track" (PDF). *Theory and Applications of Categories*. **6**: 5–24. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.39.881.
* Boyarchenko, Mitya; Drinfeld, Vladimir (2013). "A duality formalism in the spirit of Grothendieck and Verdier". *Quantum Topology*. **4** (4): 447–489. arXiv:1108.6020. doi:10.4171/QT/45. MR 3134025. S2CID 55605535.
* star-autonomous category at the *n*Lab


title: Angel (perfume)

abstract: Angel is a 1992 perfume from Thierry Mugler and the first modern gourmand perfume, with notes of patchouli, praline, red berries, and vanilla. The perfumiers were Olivier Cresp and Yves de Chirin. The design of its bottle is an irregular shaped star. Angel, along with the company's companion scent Alien, accounts for $280 million in annual sales. The perfume continued to be produced after Mugler's luxury monobrand women's line folded. As of 2011, the fragrance was the fifth best-selling perfume of all time in the United States, according to The NPD Group. It once surpassed Chanel's No. 5 fragrance as the best-selling perfume in France, and remains one of the best-selling perfumes in Europe.

text:
# Angel (perfume)

**Angel** is a 1992 perfume from Thierry Mugler and the first modern gourmand perfume, with notes of patchouli, praline, red berries, and vanilla. The perfumiers were Olivier Cresp and Yves de Chirin. The design of its bottle is an irregular shaped star.

Angel, along with the company's companion scent Alien, accounts for $280 million in annual sales. The perfume continued to be produced after Mugler's luxury monobrand women's line folded. As of 2011, the fragrance was the fifth best-selling perfume of all time in the United States, according to The NPD Group. It once surpassed Chanel's No. 5 fragrance as the best-selling perfume in France, and remains one of the best-selling perfumes in Europe.

## Marketing

Previous faces of the Angel perfume line have included Jerry Hall, Naomi Watts, Eva Mendes, Toni Garrn, and Georgia May Jagger. In 2023, American actress Hunter Schafer was announced as the new face of the Angel perfume line.

## Awards

* FiFi Award Hall of Fame 2007

## InfoBox

| Angel | |
| --- | --- |
| Fragrance by Mugler | |
| Category | Gourmand |
| Designed for | Women |
| Top notes | * Bergamot |
| Heart notes | * Praline |
| Base notes | * Patchouli |
| Released | 1992 (1992) |
| Label | Mugler |
| Perfumer(s) | Olivier Cresp and Yves de Chirin |
| Concentration | Eau de Parfum |
| Flanker(s) | * + Angel Nova     + Angel Elixir     + Angel Sunessence     + Angel Eau Croisiere     + Angel Muse |


title: Aneurus inconstans

abstract: Aneurus inconstans is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Aneurus inconstans

***Aneurus inconstans*** is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Aneurus inconstans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Aneurus inconstans | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Aradidae |
| Genus: | *Aneurus* |
| Species: | ***A. inconstans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aneurus inconstans***<br>Uhler, 1871 | |
|